-------
Completion Rcpoit FY 72-7, 1971.11 p. 22 ref
•OWRRA-009MASSW.
Descriptors: 'Firm wastes. 'Treatment facilities.
Dairy industry. 'Waste treatmenl. Sub-turfice ir-
rigation, Tertiary treatment. CitUc. Solid wattei.
Water reuie. • Waste dispoial, Aerobic treatment
Stationary sloping screens were used to remove up
to 73% of the solids in diluted dairy cattle manure.
Two bench-scale aerobic treatment systems were
then tiled to treat icreened effluent. Two replicate
systems, one using distilled water and one using
system final effluent to dilute incoming manure
were used to determine the effecli of renovated
water reuse. BOD reductions greater than 95% and
COD reductions greater than 90% were obtained in
all systems. No adverse effecti of water reuse
were found. Phosphate level was not affected and
there was no appreciable build-up of fecal
coliform or fecal streptococcus. A one-cow scale
modified activated sludge system was used to treat
120 pounds of manure and] 66 gallons of dilution
water daily for more than lU months. The final ef-
fluent was disposed of by a sub-surface irrigation
system. Plastic nozzles were found satisfactory to
release the liquid to the toil. BOD and COD were
further reduced by about 95% in the tertiary treat-
ment system (sou). Best performance was ob-
.tained in the two treatments in which activated
sludge effluent was periodically applied to the soil
0733-A2, B2, B3, B4, Dl,
D3, E2, Fl
ALTERNATIVES FOR WASTE MAriAUEMENT
FOR OPEN BEEF FEEDLOTS,
Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. DepL of
Agricultural Engineering
A. F. Butchbaker, I. E. Canon. O. W. A.
Maboney, M. D. Paine, and A. Wetmore.
Paper number SWR 71-403 presented at 1971 An-
nual Meeting Southwest Region of the American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Sequoyah State
Park, Oklahoma. April 1-2,1971. 20 p, 3 fig, 1 ub,
16 ref. FWQA Grant 13040 FXO.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes, 'Runoff, 'Solid
wastes, Confinement pens. Disposal, Farm
lagoons. 'Waste disposal, Cattle, Cost com-
parisons, 'Waste storage, 'Design criteria.
Feedlota.
Identifiers: 'Cattle feedlots, Runoff treatment.
Mechanical removal
During the 1960's, the number of fed cattle mar-
keted in the United States Increased from 1) mil-
lion to 25 million. This increase in fed cattle
produced resulted in a corresponding increase in
waite production. Daily manure production of a
beef animal is about 6% of his body weight The
object was to develop open beef feedlot design
criteria to minimize pollution from runoff wastes
and to facilitate handling of solid and liquid animal
waste and to examine alternative feedlot waste
disposal systems to determine minimum cost
systems for effective waste dispoial. Six systems
of waste handling were investigated; tractor loader
and dump truck, commercial loader and dump
truck, tractor loader and pull spreader, commer-
cial loader and spreader truck, rotary scraper, and
an elevating scraper. Several types of runoff con-
trol systems were also investigated; solids settling
and detention, solids settling and lagoon, detention
and lagoon, detention pond only, broad bate de-
tention, and batch detention. The characteristics
of the solid waste material and the changes it un-
dergoes during storage in a feedlot were alto stu-
died. (Doriand-Iowa Sute)
0734-A2, A4, B2, C3, E2
CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE PROBLEMS,
Kansas Sute Univ., Manhattan.
R. I. Lipper, J. R. Miner, and G. H. Larson.
Paper presented at Oklahoma Cattle Feeders
Seminar, February 2-3. 1967, Stillwaler,
Oklahoma. 9 p, 5 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wattei, 'Feed lots. Runoff,
'Sprinkler irrigation, Water pollution, Cattle.
•Kansas, Coliformi, Water reuie.
Identifier!: 'Impounding.
Cattle feedlot runoff became recognized at a
problem in Kantai during the late 1950's. In-
cidents of septic streams and fishkilli were noted
immediately following rainfall in areas where no
known municipal of industrial waste ditcharges
existed, and where chances of insecticide and her-
bicide reiiduet teemed remote. To study feedlot
runoff, two experimental feedlols were con-
structed. One was entirely surfaced with concrete;
the other had concrete only around feed hunks.
Rather than wait for natural storms, simulated
rainfall wat provided through six part-circle irriga-
tion sprinklers spaced at the periphery of the lots.
•The first method for control of runoff to be stu-
died involves impounding the runoff water until it
can infiltrate adjacent land without producing
further runoff. New animal research facilities art
being planned at Kansas State University. Funds
are being sought to incorporate research lystemi
for processing total watte production from
animals reared in several covered pent with
concrete floors. Hopefully resulti will be used in
setting standards for cattle feedlots. (Bundy-Iowa
Slate)
0735-B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D3,
E4
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF HOC WASTE
IN AN ANAEROBIC STABILIZATION POND,
North Dakota Water Resources Research Inst..
Fargo.
Robert G. Butler.
North Dakota Water Resources
Research Institute Report WI-22I-OM-69,
December, 1969. 35 p, 4 fig. 11 tab, 44 ref. OWRR
Project A-OIO.NDAM I).
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic conditions. Biochemical
oxygen demand, 'Oxidation lagoons, Farm wastes,
•Bacteria, Waste water treatment, 'Anaerobic
bacteria, Phoiosynthetic bicteria. Microorganisms,
Chemical analysis.
Identifier!: 'Hog wastes.
This study relates the physical and chemical
characteristics of the contents of an anaerobic sta-
bilization lagoon to the bacteria that are responsi-
ble for the stabilization of the waste. The lagoon is
fed by effluent from a settling lank that receives
wastes from a hog barn. The lagoon operated as an
unhcated digester and maintained a pH between
7.2 and 8.1. The Redox potential varied from -370
to -403 millivolts. The mean concentration of
volatile acids was 403 mg/1. The average level of
BOD for the lagoon water was 366 mg/1. A BOD
loading of 3,250 pounds per acre per day did not
produce lagoon failure. Sulfate reducers were
grown on Postgale's Media E. Methane producing
organisms were detected. Photosynthetlc organ-
isms were grown on two different media.
0736-C3
SALMONELLA IN WASTES PRODUCED AT
COMMERCIAL POULTRY FARMS,
Rutgers • The State Univ., New Brunswick, N J.
D. J. Kraft, Carolyn Olechowski-Gerhardt, J.
Berkowitz, and M. S. Finstein.
Applied Microbiology, Vol 18. No 3. p 703-707,
November 1969. 4 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Salmonella, 'Poultry, Bacteria,
Sampling, Pathogenic bacteria, Waste disposal.
Farm wastes.
The potential of poultry excreta and manure from
commercial farms to contaminate the environment
with salmonella was determined. Composite sam-
ples of fremhly voided eicrela from 91 poultry
houset were tested qualitatively for salmonella
Twcnty-sii (29%) were positive Of the 36 farms
tested, 18 showed positive simples In a separate
quantitative study salmonella dennties ranged from
lets than I to over 34.000 per gram eicreta (dry
weight). Those samples from floor and caged birds
were comparable with respect to the incidence of
salmonella. As shown in a qualiuiivc survey there
were distinct differences High densities of the
Eathogens were found in freih eicreta from caged
ut not floor birds. It is concluded that the spread-
ing of these wastes could hive disaeminated sub-
stantial numbers of salmonella onto the toil
possibly lending to the contamination of water via
isurface run-off. It is suggested that the recently
developed plow-furrow-cover method of manure
application may be advantageous in burying the
waste thereby preventing its transport by surface
run-off. (Hancuff-Texas)
0737-B2, C2, D3, El
REDUCTION OF NITROGEN CONCENTRA-
TIONS IN SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT BY
BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION,
Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dcpt. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
J. K. Koelliker, and I. R. Miner.
In: Proceedings, Industrial Waste Conference.
25th. May 5-7. 1970, Purdue University, Engineer-
ing Extension Series No. 137, Part I, p 472-480.6
tab, 11 ref. PHS Grant EC 00283-02.
Descriptors: 'Farm wattes, 'Denitrification.
•Biological treatmenl, Hogs, Liquid wattes, Ef-
fluents, Nitrogen, Anaerobic conditions, Irriga-
tion, Lagoons, Aerobic conditions, Oxidation-
reduction potential, 'Waste treatment, Waste
disposal.
Identifiers: Carbon source. Anaerobic lagoons.
Conventional schemes that treat liquid animal
wattes are designed to reduce organic material and
to reduce solids volume before final disposal.
Removal of nitrogen by such operations it in-
cidental. If such lagoon effluent were released into
the environment, problems would arise from the
quantities of nitrogen remaining. Becaute of these
problems, or potential problems, with irrigation
dispoial of anaerobic twine lagoon effluent, a
ttudy was undertaken to explore the feasibility of
reducing nitrogen concentrations before disposing
of the effluent. Reduction of nitrogen concentra-
tion by biological denitrification is discusted. The
conditions necessary for denitrification arc a
source of N03-N, an available or|tnic carbon
energy source, a population of denitrifying bac-
teria, pH 5-9, little or no molecular oxygen, and
temperature 5-60 degrees C. There is not sufficient
ont-nie carbon in a well-nitrified nwine watte ef-
fluent, however, adding raw swine manure at a
feed rtif of BOD3 -- 3.26 NO? N (tivcs an effi-
ciency of nitrogen removal of '
-------
nonlinear differential equations using analog com-
puter simulation. Since the feedlot runoff ijrtlem
doei not generally remain at Heady itale, a dynam-
ic model can represent the lyilem more realisti-
caJly than a static model. For a lyitem of three
parameter!, fitting data by an analog timulation
can be uied effectively when high accuracy U not
required. However, for a complei system with a
large number of unknown parameter!, the analog
limulation approach can be very tedioui and time
consuming. The quaii-linearizalion technique it
thown to be a useful tool for ettimiting parameter!
in a feedlot runoff system. The advantage of the
quaiilinearization technique U that, if the proceir
converge!, it converge! quadratically. Thil
technique hai been proved useful not only in
parameter eitimition, but alto in solving nonlinear
boundary value problem! in partial and ordinary
differential equation!. The quasilinearization
technique also ha! disadvantage!; two of the molt
important one! are the ill-conditioned problem!
and the convergence problem. (Bundy-lowa State)
0739-A4, A5, A12
NITRATE AND WATER,
Missouri Univ.!-C°lu<>'D'a- Dept. of Soili.
M. Christy, J. R. Brown, and L. S. Murphy.
Science and Technology Guide, University of Mis-
souri Extension, Columbia, p 9808-9809, March
1965,2 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Nitrogen, Fertilizers,
Legumes. Missouri, Alfalfa, Livestock, 'Water
pollution sources, 'Nitrates, 'Public health.
Nitrates in some water supplies have caused con-
cern. A statewide survey showed that animal
manures, inadequate sewage systems, and soil or-
ganic matter comprised the primary sources of
nitrate in water luppliei. Even though nitrate has
been found in (hallow wellt ill over the state, the
largest percentage of such wells have been found
in areas with greatest livestock numbers. Other
source! include the nitrogen from legumes and fer-
tilizers. Ponds usually have > low nitrate level. On
the other hand, water of springs contains nitrate,
thought to originate from natural soil teachings and
bat guano deposits in nearby caves. The annual
flow of some large springs may contain many,
times more nitrate-nitrogen than the total fertilizer
nitrogen used annually in Missouri. The reason for
concern is potential health hazards. Nitrate can be
especially hazardous to infants. One problem is
that boiling will not remove nitrates. (Bundy-lowa
State)
0740-A6, All
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DUNGING
BEHAVIOR OF PIGS IN CONFINEMENT,
Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dcpt. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
J P. Hultgren.aodT. E.Hazen.
Paper number MC 71-101 presented at the 1971
Mid-Central Meeting of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Missouri,
April 16-17,1971.15 p, 5 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes, 'Animal behavior,
•Design criteria. Hogs, Training, Environmental
effects, Light intensity, Temperature, Photog-
raphy, Confinement pens, 'Odor.
Identifiers: Dunging behavior. Time-lapse photog-
raphy. Statistical analysis.
Each year in the United States, an increasingly
larger volume of hogi are produced in confine-
ment. Greater and greater emphasis is being placed
on the control of offensive odon. Pen and pig
cleanliness are important in odor control. Both are
largely dependent on defecation behavior and
feces placement. A research project was initiated
to determine if pigi had a predictable defecation
pattern and what housing design f acton might in-
fluence this behavior. Time-lapse photographic
observations on 180 pig! indicated that they spend
an average of 11.1 percent of each 24-hour period
sleeping, 7.6 percent standing, 10.0 percent eating,
0.9 percent drinking, and 0.4 percent defecating.
Tested for effect on the dunging behavior were 3
levels each of air temperature and lighting, and 3
location! of air placement. When statistically
analyzed, the treatment differences were seldom
significant. The pigs developed some established
activity pattern!, however, which provide a basis
for improved building design and sanitation. (Dor
land-Iowa State)
0741-A4, A5, B2, B4, D3,
E2, F2
RULES AND GUIDELINES FOR THE CON-
TROL OF WATER POLLUTION FROM
LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT FACILITIES
AND GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF*
SEALED EVAPORATION AND RETENTION
PONDS.
Colorado Department of Health, Water Pollution
Control Commission, Denver, April 10,1968, U p,
3 fit.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes. Feed lots, Confine-
ment pens, 'Colorado, Lagoons, Regulation,
•Water pollution control.
The Colorado Water Pollution Control Commis-
sion established rules for the prevention of water
pollution from livestock confinement facilities in
the state of Colorado. Guidelines established by
the commission are included. Some of them per-
tain to preliminary considerations, pond surface
area, pond storage volume, discharge and percola-
tion, and pond shape, pond fencing and main-
tenance, land disposal system, embankments and
dikes, pond bottom settling tank and biological
treatment. (Wallin-Iowa State)
0742-A11, C3
INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS:
COMPARATIVE FREQUENCIES OF ISOLA-
TION FROM FECES AND ORGANS OF BROOK
TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINAUS),
Guelph Univ. (Ontario). Dept. of Veterinary
Microbiology and Immunology.
C. Frantii, and M. Savan.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Vol. 2S. No. 7, p 1064-1065. 1971. 1 tab, 4
ref.
Descriptors: 'Fish diseases, 'Brook trout,
•Viruses, Trout, Fish, Bacteria. Fish hatcheries.
Fisheries, Fish management, Pollutant identifica-
tion.
Identifier!: 'Stress. Feces, Organs, Infectious
pancreatic, 'Necrosis vini!.
When isolation of infectious pancreatic necrosis
(IPN) virus was attempted simultaneously from
feces and organs of brook trout, the virus was iso-
lated more frequently from organ! than from
fecei. However, the greater the degree of stress on
the fuh, the closer the number of isolations from
fecei appeared to approach that from organs, and
the virus wai isolated from both organs and feces
of each of 10 fiih accidentally exposed to low ox-
ygen concentration for 4 days. The finding! sug-
gest that masked viral and bacterial infections may
be detectable if fish are plaed under siren. (Dor-
land-Iowa State)
0743-A2, E2, Fl
GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING COMMER-
CIAL FEEDLOTS IN KANSAS,
Kansas State Univ.. Manhattan. Cooperative Ex-
tension Service.
D. B. Erickson, and P. A. Phar.
Kansas Stale University, Cooperative Extension
Service, Number C-418. (April 1970). 30 p, 2 fig,
20 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Feed lots. Csltle.
Economics, Irrigation. Feeds, Runoff, Kansas.
Costsnalysis
Guidelines are provided on costs of financini and
constructing fcedlots. The development of large
feedlots handling 10.000. 20,000 and 30.000 head
has been inspired by economics of scale and very
favorsble cattle and feed prices. The average in-
vestment for a 10,000 head capacity lot would be
about $43.15 per head, while for a 30.000 head
capacity lot the requirements drop to about S33.I7
per bead. The total feed and operating cost per
head [or each size (ecdlot is: 10,000 head - S85.36;
20,000 head - J83.89. 30,000 head -182.24. The ex-
pansion of the large feedlots in Kansas will depend
on the availability of feed, wster, labor and cattle.
Some areas will have the capscity to expand faster
than others dependini on existing grain production
and development of irrigation. Shipping grain a
considerable distance adds to cost of production.
Knowledge of the cumber of cattle and hogs to be
fed, crop production and the location of the mar-
ket that will return the greateit income to the cattle
ownen is necessary for an assessment of the local
potential for a feedlot. Expulsion of the picking
industry areas where feeding is increasing creates
a greater opportunity for producers to sell their
cattle. (Bundy-lowa State)
0744-A4, A5, A6, A7, B2,
B3, F2
ANIMAL SLAUGHTER AND PRO-
CESSING,
National Industrial Pollution Control Council,
Washington, D. C.
S. S. Cross, R. W. Renaker.
Animal slaughtering and Processing National
Industrial Pollution Control Council, Sub-Coun-
cil Report February, J971, 14 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm Wastes. 'Industrial Waates.
Air Contamination, Solid Wastes. Wastewater,
Regulations, By-Products.
Identifiers: 'Rendering, Animal Processing
Wastes, Poultry and Animal Products.
The United States poultry and animal products
Industries include approximately 7,500 establish-
ments, The pollution problems of these industries
cover the normal range of water, air. and
solid pollutants. Substances collected in the
process water include organic matter from
•blood, meat, or paunch contents, fats, oils.
grease, nutrients, and dissolved inorganic solids.
The rendering industry considers objectionable
odors from edible and inedible rendering opera-
tions as its primary pollution problem. Ground
manure is the principal solid waste from feed-
lot operations. New technology is needed to de-
velop* a standard water sampling procedure,
design a program to identify where nu-
trient losses are occuring in processing opera
Uons, and design a program to study the ef-
fects of reduced water usage. The poultry and
livestock - based industries have long demon-
strated an awareness and a concern for envi-
ronmental problems and have voluntarily initiated
programs to develop corrective procedures. Gov-
ernment policies should continue to encourage
and assist these industries in the identification
and solution of major pollution problems.
(Schmitt - ISU).
0745-B2, B4, E2, E3
ANIMAL WASTES.
National Industrial Pollution Control Council,
Washington, D.C. Staff Report, February
1971. ISp, 1 fig, 2 tab. 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Industrial wastes.
Flow control, Byproducts, Waste storage, Pollu-
tion abatement. Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: *Animal processing wastes. Render-
ing.
Increased pollution from animal wastes is at-
tributable to two of the fundamental factors be-
hind most pollution problems - population in-
crease and the adoption of more efficient produc-
tion or processing methods. Farm animals produce
165
-------
over one billion tons of fee*] wastes and 400 mO-
Uon tons of liquid excrement per year, with a
human population of BOD equivalent of ovei 3 bil-
lion persons. Animal processing wastes frequently
include blood, paunch contents, and clean-up
materials. Only shout 40% of a beef animal
slaughtered for human food is considered edible.
The rendering process, which involves the cooking
of various types of carcass material!, is a signifi-
cant source of pollution. Remedial actions being
undertaken to deal with the animal waste problem
include construction of water diversion structures
around livestock feedlots and excrement collec-
tion in large storage tanks for later return to the
land. Currently, research it under way to assess
the use of chicken Utter as a feed for ruminants.
Pollution control in the meat packing industry is
largely a matter of 'by-product recovery. Blood
recovery, paunch handling, edible rendering, in-
edible rendering, and clean-up are the five key
recovery processes. Completely enclosed animal
factories with complete control of inputs and out-
puts are expected to become a reality in the not too
distant future. (Schmitt-Iows State)
0746-B2, Cl, Dl, D3, E3,
Fl, F5
RECYCLING SYSTEM FOR POULTRY
WASTES,
Lake Tahoe Area Council, Tahoe City, Calif.
G. L. Dugan, C. G. Golueke, and W. J. Oswald.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Voi.
44, No. 3 p 432-440, March 1972,3 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
EPA Grant 5R01 U100566 03.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Poultry, Nitrogen,
Lagoons, Pumping, Aerobic treatment, Biochemi-
cal oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen demand,
Nutrients, 'Wastetreatment, 'Algae, Costs.
Identifier!: 'Oxidation ditch. Hydraulic manure
handling.
An integrated waste management system was
developed in which animal enclosure sanitation
was integrated with waste treatment. It was a lar-
gely closed hydraulic system involving an anaero-
bic phase and an aerobic phase in which oxygena-
tion could be accomplished eilier by the
pholosynthetic activity of algae or by mechanical
aeration. When photosynthetic oxygenation was
used, algae were harvested. The range of applica-
tion of the process is from small-scale to large-
scale operations. Algae reclamation would be.
practiced in large-scale operations and induced
aeration in smaller ones. An important operational
feature of the system is to keep the solids content
of the manure slurry to less than 3 percent, wet
weight. At concentrations of 3 percent or less, 70
percent or more of suspended solids in manure
slurries settle out of suspension in less than 30
min. Pond depth should not exceed 12 in. (30.5
cm). The indicated pond area per bird was 2 sq. ft.
(0.19 sq. m.). An economic evaluation based on an
...icgjaiea system of 100.000egg layers and the ap-
plication of the low-loading, high-cost, and over-
designed components used in the research in-
dicates that the waste-handling costs of the system
would be at the most, $0.02/dozen eggs. If the
value of the algal crop were credited to the opera-
tion, the net waste-handling cost would be about
SO.Ol/dozen eggs. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0747-A2, B2, B3, Cl, C2,
C3
ALTERNATIVES IN CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Iowa Univ., Iowa City. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
R.R.Dague.
In: Proceedings, Industrial Waste Conference,
25th, May 5-7,1970, Purdue University, Engineer-
ing Extension Series No. 137, Part 1, p 258-265, I
fig, 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment,
•Design criteria, Runoff, Waste water disposal,
Waste water treatment. Waste disposal. Physical
properties, Chemical properties. Biological pro-
perties. Control systems. Economic feasibility.
By-products, 'Feed lots, Cattle.
Identifiers: Population equivalents, Pollution
potential.
In the 32 leading cattle-feeding states there ire
about 200.000 cattle feedlots. In 1967, the 22 mil-
lion cattle produced in these feedlots produced
about 200 million Ib/day (dry weight) of manure.
The control practices employed in a given region
or state may be necessary and effective in that
area but be unnecessary or ineffective in another
area. The form of the wastes as they enter the en-
vironment may bear only a slight resemblance to
what they are like when fresh. The manure accu-
mulation on the feedlot surface is one waste—the
runoff is another. The expression- if animal waste
quantities in terms of • human population
equivalents is very misleading, the important fac-
tor is the amount and characteristics of the materi-
al that actually enters the stream. The steps that
should be involved in solving feedlot waste
problems are: (1) Can the waste volume and/or
strength be reduced at the source (2) Can the
physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
of the waste be improved at the source. (3) Is it
possible and feasible to recover by-products from
the waste. (4) What systems will most economi-
cally accomplish the necessary degree of waste
control or treatment. Management of the manure
and the runoff are discussed. (Dorland-Iowa State)
0748-A6, B3, C2, Dl, D2
THE ELIMINATION OF ODOUR FROM THE
EFFLUENT GASES OF CHICKEN MANURE
DRYING PLANT,
Loughbdrough Univ. of Technology (Ontario).
A. S. Hodgson.
Journal Agriculture Engineering Research, Vol.
16, No. 4, p 387-393, December 1971, 3 fig, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, 'Odor,
Dehydration, 'Drying, Feed, 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Pilot experiment, Waste gas,
Scrubber, Cyclone separator.
Practical means of reducing odor from a chicken
manure drying plant waste gas stream were in-
vestigated. The cause of the odor and possible
means of removal from the waste gas were stu-
died. Although odor removal was possible, the
cost is high. The problem should be considered
during the plant design stage. A chicken manure
drying plant must be designed initially with the
problem of effluent gas odor of primary im-
portance. For the plant studied, operation was
consistent with the operating manual. Recycle
rates were lower than expected which may.in-
crease the odor problem. The odor in the gas
stream from the chicken manure plant is caused by
ammonium salts of carboxylic acids, free acids
and neutral material and possibly other material.
The drying of chicken manure must be accom-
plished in a system which does not produce gase-
ous effluent with strong odor. The ultimate result
of not considering the odor problem at the initial
design stage is to risk having the plant shut down
as a public nuisance. A closed system is probably
the only satisfactory method for overcoming this
problem. Modifications to a plant for odor removal
are difficult and expensive. (Bundy-Iowa State)
.0749-A6, A7, B2, D3, Fl
ROTOR AERATION OF SWINE WASTES,
Illinois Univ., Urbana. Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
D. L. Day, J. C. Converse, and D. D. Jones.
Illinois Research, University of Illinois Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, p 16-17, Spring, 1968 4
fig
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Oxidation, Aeration,
Hogs, Gases. Odors, Confinement pens, Am-
monia. 'Waste water treatment. Costs, Waste
treatment.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, Foaming, Rotor
aeration.
Laboratory tests on aeration of hog watlei in-
dicated that it might be feasible to develop an ox-
idation ditch in a confinement twine house. With
this method, self-cleaning slotted floors could be
used without objectionable gases and odors com-
ing from the gutter. Eighty pigs averaging 120
pounds were used. The gutter was filled with Up
water, and 100 gallons of activated sludge from the
Urbana waste-treatment plant was added as an in-
oculum at the beginning of the test. The major
problem was foaming which began during the fifth
week of operation. On the basis of an electricity
rate of 2 cents per kilowatt hour, the power to
furnish the proper oxygen supply costs about a
half a cent per pig per day. During the second lest,
a rotor with a 3/4-horsepower motor was used to
supply 0.9 pounds of oxygen per pig per day.
Foaming was not as serious as during the f[rst test.
On the second test, an ammonia odor was very
evident in the building, and appeared to be coming
from the aerated waste. This odor subsided, how-
ever, dunng the ninth week and did not recur. Be-
fore the oxidation ditch can be unconditionally
recommended for swine confinement buildings,
several problems must be solved. The most im-
mediate of these is the control of foaming. (Bundy-
Iowa State)
0750-A6, B2, Cl, C2, D3
LAGOONINC OF LIVESTOCK WASTES IN
SOUTH DAKOTA.
South Dakota State Univ., Brookings. Dept. of
Civil Engineering.
J. N. Dornbush, and J. R. Andersen.
In: Proceedings, Industrial Waste Conference
19th, 1964, Parti.p317-325,2 fig, 2tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Lagoons, Anaerobic
conditions, Aerobic conditions, Poultry,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen
demand, Ammonia, Nitrogen, 'South Dakota,
Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: 'Dry solids, Volatile solids, Cages.
Current studies of lagoons in South Dakota have
elucidated some,of the basic factors influencing
the design and operation of farm manure lagoons
in a northern climate. To serve as an economical
final method of disposal of farm manures, the
lagoons must maintain anaerobic biological action
and should be loaded on a volatile solids (VS) basis
as are other sludge digesters. A loading rate of five
to 10 Ibs of VS per 1,000 cu. ft. of lagoon volume
has been found satisfactory where winter condi-
tions result in storage of manures for prolonged
periods. Mixing the lagoon contents to disperse
sludge deposits appears essential to avoid offen-
sive odors. An adequate water depth to facilitate
mixing is desirable and lagoon depths of five to
eight ft. warrant consideration. (Bundy-Iowa
State)
0751-A11, D2, D3, E3
ANIMAL WASTE VALUE-NUTRIENT
RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION,
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Au-
burn. Dept. of Animal Sciences
W.B.Anthony.
Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 32. No 4 Aoril
1971. p 779-802.46 ref. "".April
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, Swine Cat-
tle, Feed lots, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal"
Identifiers: 'Packing bouse wastes. '
Livestock organic waste far exceeds the organic
waste output of the human population in the
United Stales. Livestock waste can be convened
into a great resource but most waste management
research is concerned with humans. However
some research has been done on using poultry
166
-------
watte as a feed or feed component. Tests have
been made on the feeding of autoclaved poultry
manure (APW), cooked poultry manure (CPW),
and soybean meal (SBM) to wethert and steers
Poultry manure has alto been uted indirectly for
chick feed. In Britain, the feeding of poultry
manure to sheep and cattle teems to have been
widely accepted. In addition to poultry, waste
management research has been carried out on pigs
and cattle. Dried pit feces have been inserted into
twine finishing rations and have been fed to swine.
Steer manure hat been an acceptable component
of swine rations and in recent years has alto been
uted for cattle feeding The feeding of steer
manure to cattle has proven satisfactory because it
(I) largely eliminated noxious accumulation of
manure in the feedlot, and (2) improved the effi-
ciency of the cow at a convener of feed to human
food. To avoid harvesting steer manure each day
to blend with the grain prior to feeding, the
wastelage concept was developed. Wastelage is
the conversion of feedlot manure into silage.
Manure may also be made useful for feed by yeast
fermentation or by lactic acid fermentation. (Bun-
dy-Iowa State)
0752-A2, Bl, Fl
ROLE OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SER-
VICE IN DESIGN OF FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT FACILITIES,
Soil Conservation Service, Lincoln, Neb.
D. R. Vallicott.
(1970). 2 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Design criteria. Con-
struction costs. Cost sharing, 'Standards, Runoff,
Government supports.
Identifiers: 'Feedlot runoff, 'Soil Conservation
Service, Runoff control.
The Soil Conservation Service works with fanners
snd ranchers in the planning and installation of toil
and water conservation practices on their firms or
ranches and, since feedlot runoff control can be
effected by the installation of a system of conser-
vation practices, it comes within the scoope of Soil
Conservation Service responsibility. Assistance to
the fanner or rancher comes from three sources:
the Extension Service, the Soil Conservation Ser-
vice, and the Agricultural Stabilization and Con-
servation Service for cost sharing where applica-
ble. The Soil Conservation Service has, based on
its knowledge in the design and performance of
certain conservation practices, prepared an En-
gineering Standard and Specification for what has
been termed 'Feedlot Runoff Control'. The stan-
dard has been prepared using what are considered
proven methods snd procedures. It is anticipated
that improvements wUI be made at other methods
and procedures are proven to be sound. (Dorland-
Iowa State)
0753-B3, D3, E3, Fl
MANURE CAN BE PROCESSED AND
SOLD AT A PROFIT
Agricultural Extension Service, University of
California, Los Angeles.
J. Van Dam, and C. A. Perry.
A Publication of the Dow Chemical Company,
The Practicing N'utrionist, Vol. 3. No. 4, pp.
40 * 42.
Descriptors: 'Farm waste*, 'Feedlot, 'cattle,
market value, waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Los Angeles County, Composting,
stockpiling, packing cost.
A study to determine the actual cost of removal
and dimMHf' of manure from a beef feedlot
In Los Angeles' County was made by the Agri-
cultural Extension Service, Manure was prepared
for marketing In three basic forms and sold un-
der four pricing conditions. Manure processing,
packaging and marketing began witH the mound-
ing of the manure In the corrals, followed by
Its removal to a compost stockpile. Based on
the volumes of the different product forms
handled In the fecdlot studied, the comported
unprocessed manure had the greatest market
potential. However, the processed bulk product
had the greatest net revenue based on net re-
turns, product form volumes and weighted aver-
age price, less total costs. While this study was
not intended to determine the market for ma-
nure, it did determine that there was a market
for various product forms - all within a com-
petitive price range, and it is probable that
a feedlot operator can make a profit from
the sale of manure. (Bundy - 1SU).
0754-AA, A9, B2, D3, El,
E2
WASTE WATERS FROM FARMS.
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Notes on Water Pollution No. 17, June, 1962, 4 p,
Href.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Irrigation, 'Waste
disposal. Biochemical oxygen demand. Nitrogen.
Biological treatment, 'Waste water treatment
Identifiers: 'Soakaways.
Disposal of waste waters from farms has become a
major problem as farmers have turned away from
bedding down animals. Methods of disposal sug-
gested include irrigation on land, soalaways,
discharge to a sewer, and biological treatment and
discharge to a stream. Silage liquor, herbicides,
and pesticides all create a disposal problem. Con-
sulting the local water quality authorities is usually
the best procedure before attempting to dispose of
liquors capable of water pollution. (Wallin-Iowa
Suit)
0755-B2, C1,C2, Dl, D3,
E2
FF.ED LOT WASTF. IN FLORIDA.
Orange County Pollution Control Dept.. Orlando.
Fla.; and Soil Conservation Service, Orlando. Fla.
C. W.Sheffield, and B. Seville.
In: Proceedings, Industrial Waste Conference.
25th. May 5,6, and 7,1970. Purdue University En-
gineering Extension Series No. 137, Part 2, p 914-
918,1 fig
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Biological treat-
ment, 'Waste disposal, Subsurface drains. Sprin-
kler irrigation. Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic
digestion. Dairy industry, Cattle, Biochemical ox-
ygen demand, Turbidity, Retention. 'Farm
wastes, 'Feed lots, Cost*..
Identifiers: Grit chambers. Polishing ponds. Sand
traps.
The problems associated with animal waste
disposal are becoming tremendous compared to
just a few years ago. An increased number of
animals has created a problem of wastes from
feedlots. It has been estimated that animal waste is
ten times that from human waste, or approximate-
ly 55 pounds of manure per person would be one
way of estimating the amount of manure from a
feedlot operation. Therefore, it could be assumed
that approximately two pounds per day of BOD as
runoff is associated per steer or cow. Various
methods of treating animal wastes from feedlot
operations were reviewed and the most practical
and economical means of treating the waste from
dairy and beef cattle was determined. Construc-
tion and maintenance costs for a waste treatment
facility for 800 dairy cows is presented. The treat-
ment method consists of a grit chamber followed
by an anaerobic pond, then an aerobic pond and a
polishing pond. The effluent is discharged through
a three to five acre sub-surface drain and a five
acre spray.irrigation system. (Dorland-lowa State)
0756-A2, A3, A4, A5, A6,
Bl, F2
SWINE-WASTE MANAGEMENT.
Illinois Univ., Urbana Dept- of Agricultural En-
gineering
D. G. Jedele, and D. L Day.
Paper No. 69-934, presented at the 1969 Winter
Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers at Chicago, Illinois, 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm waslet, 'Legal aspects,
'Design criteria, Hogs. Odor, Treatment facililiea.
Water pollution. Water quality. Design standards.
Specifications, 'Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: 'Odor control. Stream pollution,
Guidelines
Producers of Livestock arc experiencing difficul-
tiet in the design of watte treatment facilities.
These producers, motivated by a desire to avoid
lawsuits or a desire to be good neighbors, are hard
pressed to determine exactly how much treatment
and what type of treatment is needed to prevent
objectionable odors and stream and groundwater
pollution. Most references and guidelines contain
terms such as 'if you are not too close to your
neighbors' and 'they sometimes release objec-
tionable odors.' Producers want to know such
things as how close is close and just how objec-
tionable are the objectionable odors. Producers
need to know their chances of being the object of m
lawsuit or producing runoff that will result in pol-
lution to water. Some type of guideline is needed
to tell a producer what type of treatment he needs
to satisfy his circumstances. (Dorland-Iowa State)
0757-A4, A6, B2, C2, D3,
El
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF SWINE
WASTE
Research Associate, University of Illinois. Ur-
bana.
R. L. Irgens. and D. L. Day.
In: Illinois Research, University of Illinois Ag
ricultural Experiment Station, Fall 1965. pp.
14 • IS. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm Wastes, Aerobic Treatment,
Swine, Confinement Pens. Aeration, Biochemical
Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand,
ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, hydrogen Ion Con
centration. Odor.
Identifiers: 'Moorman Swine Research Farm,
A laboratory investigation was made to deter-
mine: How well can swine waste, which U
more concentrated than municipal waste, be
stabilized by aerobic treatment. How much
must the liquid manure be diluted to obtain
satisfactory results? How much air is required
for the process of aerobic stabilization? Aerobic
treatment of swine waste proved to be odor
free and did not attract flies. Carbon dioxide
was the only gas produced. The effluent had
a low BOD, 12 to 20 ppm which will not pollute
streams if discharged into them. Results of
these experiments gave the following design
requirements for an aerobic treatment plant:
Volume in aeration tank or ditch — 6 cubic
feet per pig: quantity of air required — 2500
cubic feet per pound of BOD at 3 percent ef-
ficiency of oxygen utilization. In the laboratory
treatment system, results were more satisfac-
tory when small amounts of manure were added
daily than when large amounts were added
weekly or monthly. It was thus concluded that
odorless aerobic treatment could be integrated
with self-cleaning slatted floors so the pig ex-
creta would be deposited directly into the treat-
ment plant. The manure collection gutters could
be connected at the ends to make a continuous
channel and an aerator would keep the solids
suspended, circulate the liquid manure, and add
the necessary oxygen. Facilities to field - test
this method are being constructed. (Bundy-ISU).
0758-A2, A4, A5, B2, D3,
E2, F3
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE,
Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock.
R.C.Albin.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 32. No. 4, April
1971. p 803-810. 2 tab. 71 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lota, Cattle,
Water pollution. Biochemical oxygen demand!
'Waste disposal, 'Oxidation Ugoont, 'Watte
167
-------
water treatment.
Identifiers: Liquid handling tyitemi, Anaerobic
lagoons.
The exponential expansion of cattle (ceding in the
United States during the last decade has created
many challenges, among which we the handling
and disposal of a by-product, feedlot waste. It can
be categorized a> solid or semi-solid waste and ru-
noff water for most feedlou, or as a liquid suspen-
sion frosa confined feeding operations. The chemi-
cal and pollution*! characteristics are variable.
Numerous handling and disposal systems an
available for management of cattle feedlot waste.
The disposal system for a commercial feedlot
could be characterized as a function of aeveral
parameters, such as climate, type of ration and
cattle, feedlot surface, and cattle and human popu-
lation densities, with the solution stated in
economic equivalents. Final diaposal of feedlot
waste has been on the land in most instance!. The
oxidation ditch and a combination of aerobic and
anaerobic systems offer possibilities. Socic-indus-
try relationships might require ultimate diaposal of
runoff and effluent into streams with dehydration
and/or incineration of the solid waste. UK of
feedlot waste as a resource material often un-
limited po*sibu°itie* as a conservation approach to
feedlot waste management The need for research
in feedlot .waste management is Urgent. Critical
evaluations of fc«nHiing and disposal systems for
cattle feedlot waste are needed in the areas of land
use, socio-legal-industry relationships, environ*
mental pollution, conservation and economics.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0759-A2, A4, C2, C3
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEEDLOT RU-
NOFF,
Kansas State Dept. of Health, Topeka. Environ-
mental Health Services.
J. L. Mayei, S. M. Smith, and I. R. Miner.
Paper presented at the Fourteenth Annual Con-
ference on Sanitary Engineering, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, January S, 1964. 24 p, 4 fig, 8
tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Feed lots, Kansas,
Runoff, Biochemical oxygen demand. Chemical
oxygen demand. Ammonia, Nitrogen, Fishkill,
Cattle, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Water pollution
sourcn. 'Water pollution effects.
During the investigation of water pollution com-
plaints and fish kiOs, the Kansas State Department
of Health has found animal feedlot runoff to be (he
ctutf of i number of water pollution problems.
The principal problems have occurred in water
courses below feedloti where Urge numbers of
farm animals, primarily cattle, are concentrated in
feeding areas. Water pollution studies of streams
polluted with feedlot runoff indicate that the i--
ooff is characterized by a high biochemical oxygen
demand, Ugh ammonia content, and heavy bac-
terial populations. The pollution problem is inter-
mittent since it occurs during the following runoff,
but it causes a severe slugging effect on the
stream. Serious depletion of the dissolved oxygen
content of the stream may occur, especially if the
stream is small or the waste load it large. Present
knowledge does not allow a quantitative prediction
of the degree of pollution that can be expected
from a given feedlot operation on a given occa-
sion. This seems to be dependent upon a variety of
factor* such as the size of the lot; the cleanliness
of the lot when runoff occun; general topography
of the area and the location of the lot with respect
to receiving walen; the amount of rainfall, its in-
tensity and pattern within the drainage basin; the
size of the receiving stream and the pollution con-
trol measures in use. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0760-A11, Bl
HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENT EF-
FECTS ON GESTATING SWINE,
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Still-
water.
G. W. A.Mahoney, I. T. Omtvedl, D. F. Stephens,
E. J. Tunnin, and R. Edwards.
Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the
Southwest Region, American Society of Agricul-
tural Engineers, April 3-5. 1968, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana, 14 p, 3 fig, 3 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Farm wastes. Confinement pens,
•Swine, Ventilation, Cooling, 'Temperature, 'En-
vironmental control.
Identifier!: 'Slotted floor. Farrowing, Control
chamber.
The objectives were to investigate the effect of
high ambient temperatures on swine prior to
breeding and during gestation on the estrual cycle,
conception rate and subsequent embryo survival;
to attempt to determine the 'critical' periods of
temperature stress prior to breeding and during
gestation for subsequent testing; and to evaluate
the performance of the environmental chamber!
constructed for this study. There was a definite
tendency toward reduced corpora lutea, fewer via-
ble embryo, lower survival ratei and smaller emb-
ryos for the gilt! in the heat stress chamber. The
differences were significant (p < 0.03) for reduced
viable embryo and lurvival rate! for gilts stressed
1-15 days postbreeding. Rectal temperature! were
significantly higher for gilts in the heat chamber.
Also, six gilts, of the 32 in Trials 1 and 11, died due
to heat prostration. The environmental chambers
performed satisfactorily but needs some modifica-
tion and improved instrumentation and controls.
Humidity controls are needed so effects of en-
vironment with various high humidities and tem-
peratures can be investigated. Present modifica-
tions of the heating system are currently in
progress and should result in better control of high
temperatures and result in more uniform tempera-
ture, rather than the present 6 degrees variation, or
plus.or minus 3 degrees above and below 102
degrees F. (Bundy-Iowa Slate)
0762-A6, B2, B3, B4, Cl,
C2, C3, Dl, D3, E2, E3,
Fl, F2
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
Proceedings International Symposium on
Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, American Society of Agricultural En-
gineer*. St. Joseph, Michigan, 1971, ASAE Publi-
cation PROC-271,3«0p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Odor*, Economics,
Drying, 'Aerobic treatment. Runoff, Cattle,
Swine, Poultry, Dust, 'Aerobic lagoons. Hydrau-
lic structures, Water pollution control. Waste
water treatment. Waste disposal, 'Pollution abate-
ment.
Identifiers: 'Solid-liquid separation, Canada. Eu-
rope, 'Anaerobic lagoons.
The proceedings of the International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes includes approximately 100
papers. The topics include waste disposal syitemi,
beef feedlot syttems, legal and administrative con-
siderations, characteristic*, hydraulic transport,
composting, drying, economics, aerobic treatment
and storage, land disposal, refeeding, and solid-
liquid separation. Contribution* were received
from Canada and Europe, as well a* the United
Stale*. Each paper attempted to demonstrate
technique! that allow the coordination of various
waste treatment unit* into workable systems.
Research of more than 200 scientisti from 30
state* and 9 nation! was reported. Some were
rather novel approaches that might be several
yean from acceptance and others an modifica-
tions of known technology with good prospect* for
more immediate acceptance.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0763-A6, A12, Bl, C2, E2,
Fl
ANIMAL WASTES AND AMERICA THE BEAU-
Department of Agriculture, Washington D C
N. D. Bayley. ' '
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
Vo7Vk ^V1"1 Obi° SU'e UBiv«™«y. April
y/i, p. Q-/.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Confinement pen*
Odor*, Nutrients, Pathogens, Waste disposal'
Economics, 'Research priorite*.
Along with the moving of animals from open range
to confinement pens came waste management
problems including odor*, nutrients, and disease
All of these should be managed in such a way to
make America more beautiful and a better place to
live. The highest item on research priorities should
be to find more and better ways to dispose of or-
ganic wastes on land. The next priority should be
to control odor* from wastes. Very litde is known
about this problem. A third priority for research
should be to look at the entire technology required
to deal with animal waite*. This would include
•tailing with the feed produced for the animal to
the ditposal of the animal waste. Research must be
able to evaluate all cost* and benefit* - tangible
values such as outdoor recreaction and fish and
wildlife enhancement, secondary benefits thai are
to some extent quantifiable, such as benefit* to the
economy - local, regional, or natural and intangible
benefits we have not always considered, such a*
the preservation of natural beauty.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0764-A12, Fl
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR ANIMALS
AGRICULTURE,
Ohio Slate Univ. Columbia. Col] of Agriculture
and Home Economics,
R. M. Kottman, and R. E.Geyer.
'-i: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wanes. Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971. p. 9-18. II lab. P
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Economica. Income,
Agriculture, Livestock, Poultry.
Identifiers: Diet-health relationships.
The opportunity for U.S. animal agriculture to pro-
vide larger supplies of all animal products during
the next 30 years offers an exciting challenge.
United States animal agriculture will however
face stiff competition from other food sources, but
such competition will assist the U.S. animal
agriculture by forcing it to remain progressive. To
remain competitive. United States livestock and
poultry producers, as well as processors of animal
products are challenged to: (1) produce continually
higher quality products on the farm with greater
eficiency; (2) develop and implement dramatic
new methods to control pollution and to utilize
waste resources; (3) develop new, low-cost, con-
venient and tasty foods from animal sources; (4)
encourage expansion of research designed to
eliminate current unknowns regarding diet-health
relationships; (5) DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT
NEW AND GREATLY EXPANDED PRO-
GRAMS TO EDUCATE CONSUMERS AS TO
THE HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL PROPER-
TIES OF ANIMAL FOODS; (6) substantiaDy in-
crease industry-wide consumer marketing pro-
grams, especially zeroing in on the markets foi
protein, calcium, iron and other animal-derived
nutrient- essential to human growth and health
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0765-B1, F2
ROLK OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF
AGRICULTURE IN PROBLEMS OF ANIMAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT,
National Association of State Departments of
168
-------
Agriculture. Washington. D.C.
S.Cath.
ID: Livestock Waste Management and Pollutjoa
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
OD Livestock Wastes, Ohio Slate University, April
19-22.1971. p. 21-22.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Federal Govern-
ments, 'State Governments, 'Local Govern-
ments, Regulation, Control, Research priorities
Waste disposal.
State Departments of Health, Agriculture, and En-
vironmental Protection, and Livestock Sanitary
Commissions are tome of the agencies thai put
regulations and control on cattle, hog, tbeep, and
poultry operations. The National Association of
State Departments of Agriculture, at their 1969
convention, in resolution form, urged that the
Secretary of Agriculture and the land-grant univer-
sities give a higher priority to waste disposal and
requested the Congress to provide additional
funds to carry out the necessary research. Also,
the Stale and Local Governments must develop
methods to prevent (arm-_urt>an confrontation on
the waste and pollution problem. In the practical
seme however, good regulatory enforcement of
livestock waste disposal can only proceed as fait
at the re lulls of good research. Regulatory en-
forcement should never exceed the atate of the art.
Livestock industries should not have to cope with
tnfair regulatory demands that cannot be met.
(Buody-Iowa State)
0766-A7, A9, Bl, Fl
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PROFESSIONAL
SOCIETY TOWARD URGENT SOCIAL
PROBLEMS,
Texas A and M Univ. College Station. Dept. of
Agricultural Engineering.
R. E. Stewart.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p. 23-24.
Descriptors: 'Technology, Engineering, Atf pollu-
tion. 'Social needs, Environment, Urbanization.
Identifiers: 'American Society of Agricultural En-
gineers, 'Professional societies.
Today is an age of growing doubt and mistrust of
technology. Many of the benefits technology has
brought to the West (and they are many) are being
downgraded by the increasing concern over pollu-
tion, ugly environment, exploited resources, and
disregard of human values. The engineer is in-
creasingly cast in the role of a mindless villain for
whom efficiency is measured only by dollar profits
and losses. The ducmnja, as it appears, to be poied
for the American. Society of Agricultural En-
gineers (ASAE) and the community of agricultural
engineers, is examined from the two viewpoints of
urbanization and environmental quality; both of
these factors represent urgent contemporary so-
cial problems. ASAE could help to reduce the
urban crisis by turning massive attention to rural
development, including redeployment of industry
into the countryside. ASAE could help to solve the
environmental problems by increased zeal in
working with the public on chemical pesticides,
wastes recycling, soil erosion, and wiser exploita-
tion of natural reiourco. Such effort must be sup-
ported by the will of the people, as expressed
through the public budgets. The benefits of such
work should be at least equal to those derived
from tic mighty efforts applied to outer space.
Moreover, this can be done without sacrifice of
any capacity for food production.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0767-B1, Fl, F3
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER,
N.H. Curry.
In: Livestock WasU Managmement and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
?? KiV?JV5ck *»"*'• Ohi<>,Stale University, April
19*22, 1971, p. 25-26. '
Descriptors: 'Federal government. Stale govern-
ments, Budgeting. Design. Engineering.
•Research and Development, 'Planning, 'Pro-
jects, 'Project planning. Facilities. Bidt.
Menti/iers: Contractor*.
The normal ttept in the development procen -
from project conception to new facilities operation
- for institutionally or corporately-owned research
and demonstration installations, ai well ai pnvat-
ley or corporately-owncd watte treatment and
handling units uted in production operations.
Some predictable problem! and pitfalls are
ditcuited. Due to the lonj procen of develop-
ment, many changit may be anticipated ai the
project pUai d«veloo. These include: (1) a general
upgrading of the proposed quality of construction
and the incorporation of more sophisticated equip-
ment; (2) a belter relation of the project facility
design with the statistical deiign and operational
procedures of the proposed experiment!, or an im-
proved solution to practical problems in a produc-
tion facility (the tine delay it not all bad); (3)
changes in research, administrative, and elective
official pertonnel; (4) project expansion or
development of interdisciplinary programs; (5)
continued construction cost inflation: i«) competi-
tion for funds with other projects; (7) a tendency
of administrators in dealing with state legislatures
or congress to 'horse trade', or drop smaller pro-
ject! in order to assure obtaining the 'big ones '
This is not necessarily bad from an overall stand-
point • few administrators are promoted for think-
ing small - but this ii faint consolation to the in-
dividual or group badly in need of a new facility.
(Bundy-Iowa Slate)
0768-B2, B3, B4, Dl, D2,
E2, Fl
SYSTEMS FOR THE DEHYDRATION OF
LIVESTOCK WASTES: A TECHNICAL AND
ECONOMICAL REVIEW,
H.G.SchoU.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971. p. 27-29,5 fig. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wallet, 'Biological treatment,
Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic digestion. Swine,
'Dehydration, Drying, Liquid wattes, Poultry,
Wastes water treatment. Economics.
Identifiers: 'Huroui manure.
Both biological decomposition and incineration
result into a final product which is not marketable.
On the other hand, dehydration followed by pul-
verization of livestock wutet offeri the possibili-
ty of a product which can be bagged and sold aa
toil amendment. It it even possible, under Europe-
an conditions, to have the returns from tuch a
tyttem redeem the capital and operating coil of
the plant. Such a tyitem hat been designed and it
in operation in Europe. In this system, wattet ire
homogenized and then conveyed to • rotary drum
drier. Moisture it removed, and the dried material
it conveyed to « cyclone and baged. Flue gat it
scrubbed by pumping freth liquid manure from the
building into a verturi tcrubber. Manure, heated
through contact with the flue gat, falls, into a
itorage tank which it also ua«d to aid in reducing
the moisture content of the manure. The contenlt
of the tank are mixed thoroughly to increaie the
evaporation surface area of the liquid. This mixing
alto helpi homogenize the manure before it ii
pumped into the rotary drum. Waitei from
poultry, dairy cattle and iwine need be treated dif-
ferently before the drying takes place. Different
designs incorporating such pretreatmentt are
described and illustrated with photos.
(Bundy-Iowa Stale)
0769-B1, B4, E2, Fl, F6
A COMPUTER MODEL FOR STORAGE AND
LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES,
Florida Dcfl of Agricultural Engineering. Univ.,
Gainesville.
R. A. Nordstedt, H. I. Barre, and E. P. Taiganides.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abasement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Slate University, April
19 22,1971. p. 30-33,6 fig,4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Computer models.
Mathematical model, Waste storage. 'Waste
disposal. Optimization. Nutrients, Model studies,
•Scheduling.
Identifiers: 'Manure spreading, Tank wagon, For-
tran IV Language.
A model was developed for optimizing and studio g
long-term scheduling decisions for removing
livestock wastes from storage aod spreading them
on agricultural lands. The itorage and land
disposal system was modeled as a multistage deci-
sion process. Dynamic programming techniques
were used to find the optimal disposal schedules
(time and quantities). The maximum quantity
which can be disposed in each lime period is con-
strained by storage capacity, quantity of waste
generated and land area available for spreading the
wastes. An important feature of this model is that
most parameters are permitted to be functions of
time. Transport vehicle capacity, operation times,
and cost of labor arc not as significant as fixed
storage cost, but they were sufficiently important
to merit consideration in the design and operation
of the system. Land availability and nutrient effec-
tiveness (as compared to inorganic fertilizers) as a
function of time were also significant. The model
it sufficiently flexible/or use as a decition tool in
the design of operational systems as well as for use
as a simulation tool in studying storage and land
disposal systems. (Bundy- Iowa State)
0770-A2, A3, A4, A5, B2,
B3, D3, E2
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
THE CONSERVATION PLAN,
Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D. C. En-
gineerineeriog Div.
C.E. Fogg.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Sympoiium
' UDive"ity> April
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Aerobic lagoons
Liquid wastes. Federal Government!, Local
Governments, State Governments, Grouodwitcr,
Runoff, Biochemical oxygen demand, Irrigation
ty items. 'Watte disposal, WasU water treatment.
Identifiers: Anaerobic lagoons. Health agencict.
WV'e ."anagement systems mutt provide for
utilization or disposal of livestock waitet without
pollution or surface or ground waters and without
objectionable odort. A tound syttem should (1)
divert clean water away from areas where
livestock wastes are concentrated, (2) provide
controlled drainage of runoff from tuch areas (3)
PREVENT LEACHING OF CONTAMINANTS
INTO GROUND WATER, (4) collect polluted ru-
noff; and (5) treat or lately dispose of collected ru-
noff. Solid manure should be removed and
stockpiled until it can be safely spread on the land
or deposited in the land. Liquid manure resulting
from many dairy, swine and poultry operations at
well as polluted runoff from concentrated
livestock areas can often be disposed of by a water
spreading or irrigation system utilizing the soil and
plant cover for treatment. Nutrients in such wallet
are used by the plants or tied up in the toil pro-
vided amount! applied are kept within recom-
mended limits. Aerobic and anaerobic lagoont
uted singularly or in combination often provide at
least partial treatment of liquid manure wattes.
169
-------
They are ususlly supplemented by application of
the effluent to the land by land spreading or irriga-
tion (Bundy-Iows Slate)
0771-B1, E2, Fl
TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL CON-
CEFTIONS OF MANURE HANDLING IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
Vyzkumny Uitav Zemedelike Techniky, Repy (C-
zechoslovakik).
M.Velebil.
In: Liveitock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi InUrnalJonal Symposium
on Livestock Wastes. Ohio State University, April
19-22. 1971. p 36-3», 4 fig.. 2 tab.. I chart.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Cattle, Litter. *Wasle
disposal, Cleaning. Hogi. Economics.
Identifiers: 'Czechoslovakia. Barn cleanini
Sbtted floor.
The technology and techniques of handling swine
and dairy manure are discussed. Results of labora-
tory and field reiearch and eiperimentation,
theoretical analyses and conceptions, and
economical evaluations are included. Manure
removal from the stibles and its application on the
field are described. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0772-A4, A6, A7, B2, B4,
E2
A LAND RECYCLING LIQUID MANURE
SYSTEM FOR A LARGE-SCALE CONFINE-
MENT OPERATION IN A COLD CLIMATE,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa (Ontario). En-
gineering Research Service.
J. E. Turnbull, F. R. Hore, and M. Feldman.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement. Proceedings Inlertalional Symposium
on Livestock Wailei. Ohio Sute University. April
19-22,1971, p. 39-43,2 fig., 6 tab., 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Water pollution, Con-
finement pens, Odor, Cattle, Liquid waste, Air
pollution, Water reuie.
Identifier!: Sluice-gate recirculation system,
Plow-cover injector tystem.
A full-scale liquid manure system is described for
the confined housing of approximately 800 dairy
cattle, 1,500 sheep, and 40,000 poultry situated on
a 2,100 acre animal research site adjacent to subur-
ban housing nesr the city of Ottawa. The system is
based on the established practice of recycling
animal wastes to cropland. Through design,
planning aad management, the system comet very
close to meeting presently accepted criteria for the
control of water, air ind soil pollution. The system
contains a total of sin-months storage capacity to
avoid the potential for water pollution from winter
Isnd application of manure. Waste removal from
trench stonge in cattle and sheep barns is assured
by use of the European hydraulic flushing system,
and conventional scraping is used for poultry.
Manure is held in storage under quiescent, low
odor conditions. When manure is agitated for
removal from stonge, some odor is produced at
lie building site and a nuisance potential it
created. However, site planning makes this poten-
tial problem practically non-existent since
adequate space separation between the barns and
surrounding neighbor! was provided. Enclosed
tankers control odors during transport and by ap-
plying the principle of rapid soil cover of manure,
a relatively odor-free method of land disposal it
achieved. The development of an inexpensive
hooded tanker outlet which directs manure
downward in a four-foot wide swath allows a trac-
tor and plow to straddle and cover the manure in
several seconds. Manure application rates do not
exceed presently accepted levels for soil pollution
control. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0773-A2, Cl, C2
MEASUREMENT OF RUNOFF AND RUNOFF
FEEDLOTS WAS™ ™°M COMM«CIAL
South Dakota Stale Univ., Brookings. DepL of
Agricultural Engineering.
J. M. Madden, and J. N. Dornbush.
In: Livestock Watte Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! Inlernitional Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Stale University Anrfl
19-22. 1971.p. 44-47. 2 fig., 6 tab.. 4 ref P
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes. Feed lots. Runoff.
Biochemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen
demand, Phosphate, Cattle. 'South Dakota Path
of pollutants.
The objectives were It) (I) determine the quantity
and quality of runoff from livestock feeding opera-
tions in South Dakota, (2) to relate the above infor-
mation to hydrologies! and geological considera-
tions in order to appraise the overall influence of
this runoff on specific beneficial uses of receiving
water, (}) determine the influence of spring runoff
as it occurs in northern climates, and (4) determine
the polluuonal characteristics attributable to the
suspended matter in the feedlot runoff in order to
extrapolate the effectiveness of proposed lagoon-
ing methods of treatment. Measurements have
been made on four commercial sized feedlots for
two years and an additional two lots for one year.
Runoff has been quantified and composite and
grab samples have been analyzed to determine the
BOD, COD, dissolved and suspended solids,
nitrogen forms, and phosphate content. The
results have been used in the development of
feedlot regulations and engineering standsrds for
the control of feedlot runoff. Suggestions are also
being made as to the type of treatment and
management practice which will reduce the pollu-
tion potential. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0774-A2, A4, B2, C2, C3,
E2
MANAGEMENT OF BARNLOT RUNOFF TO
IMPROVE DOWNSTREAM WATER QUALITY,
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center. Wooiter.
W. M. Edwards. F. W. Chichester. and L. L
Harrold.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University Anrfl
19-22.1971, p. 48-50,5 fig., 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wsstet, Sprinkler irrigation,
Runoff, Chemical analyses, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Water quality.
Identifiers: 'Biological analyses.
Quality of runoff from a small sloping baralot is
related to that of tie larger farmland watershed of
which the barnlol is a 0.005 part Livestock waste
was allowed to enter the stream iystem for a two
year period, during which time the rate, volume,
and quality of runoff was measured at the barn lot
and downstream site. During the third year, barn-
lot runoff was diverted into a temporary storage
pit and subsequently distributed through a sprin-
kler iystem onto nearby pasture land. Under these
conditons no effluent from the barnlot was al-
lowed to enter the stream system. Continued
bydrologic and quality evaluations defined the ef-
fect of the barnlot runoff disposal iystem on
downstream water quality. Chemical and biologi-
cal analyses of runoff samples were made to relate
water quality to bydrologic performance. BOD
values for baralot samples ranged from 10 to 420
mg/l as compared to <1 to 40 mg/1 for stream
samples taken at the watershed outlet. Concentra-
tions of nutrient! (mg/1) in the liquid phase of the
barnlot runoff ranged from 10 to 70 total N, N. <1 to 30 NH4 (+)-N. 5 to 60 organic
N, and 1 to 10 P. Concentrations associated with
the 0.1 to 1.5% w/v solid material separated from
the runoff samples were <1 to 150 ppm NO3(-}-N,
100 to 2.000 ppm NH4 ( +)-N, 10,000 to 40,000
ppm organic N. and 300 to l.200ppm P.
(Bundy-Iowa Sta'cl
0775-A2, A3, A4, Bl Cl
C2, C3 '
TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS FROM SLOP
ING CATTLE FEEDLOTS AS AFFECTEDI 1Y
RAINFALL INTENSITY, DURATION AND
RECURRANCE. UKATION, AND
Agricultural Research Service. Lincoln Nebr Soil
and Water Conservation Research Div
N.P Swanson. L.N.Mielke.J.C Lorimor T M
McCalla.indJ.R. Ellis. ^ "nmor.T.M.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Symposium
.on l.ivF*tnr!r W*>t*> m.:A c,-•-•,_• ...
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Feed lots, Runoff
Cattle, Microorganisms, Rainfall. Nitroten'
Phosphorus, E. Con, Bacteria. Fungi, Conform'
Cropi. Path of pollutanti, "Central U.S.
Identifiers: Rainfall simulator.
The pollution of surface wateri by cattle feedlot
runoff ii of icrious concern in the midwcsurn
United States. Pollutanti are traniportcd in solu-
tion, in suspension, and ai bedloads by feedlot ru-
noff. The pollutants may be chemicals, microor-
ganisms, organic materials, and toil sediments
Research on a feedlot instrumented for continuing
runoff measurement and sampling, and reiearch
using a rainfall simulator on runoff plots on 8- and
13-percent slopet in another feedlot indicate that
the pollution potential is not a direct function of
only the yield of runoff. In one experiment on an
1-percent slope, a simulated rain of 2.8 inches per
he- • provided runoff with initial rates of lots per
acre per hour of 4680 Ibs. of total solids 1 160 Ibs
volatile solids, 1 1 .6 Ibs. phosphorus, and 66 9 Ibs
of organic nitrogen. Both the chemical contents of
runoff (conductivity, total N. NH4N, NO3N and
COD) and the volume of solids decreased with
continuing runoff. Runoff samples contained ap-
preciable numbers of E. coli, Enterococci, total
bacteria, fungi, bacilli, and clostridium. Higher in-
tensities of rainfall provide added energy for in-
creased detachment and transport of solids which
adds to the pollution potential of each unit of ru-
noff. The chemical content of feedlot runoff it
compared with analyses of runoff from cropland
recently published by other researcher! in the mid-
western United States. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0776-B1, B5, C2
CHARACTERISTICS OF MANURE AC-
CUMULATIONS REMOVED FROM
OUTDOOR, UNPAVED, BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOTS.
Agricultural Engineer, Lincoln, Nebraska
S ref.
. 2"!
Descriptors: •Farm wastes. Cattle, Feedlots
*Nebrllsl0' FieW Laboratory, Unpaved
Manure management is a necessary practice for
beef feedlot operators unless area provide? p£
aruraal is great enough to eliminate significant
manure buildup on toe fetdlot surface A itudv
was initiated in 1968 to determine the effect 5f
surface slope and cattle density on the quantity
and quality of manure accumulation on outdoor
beef feedlots. New feedlots with 3. 6, and 9%
slopes were completed in July, 1968. Cattle were
«"««« I to «ch P«ir of lots at densities T of im
and 200 sq. ft. per head. Results ha" shown
that considerable soil was mixed with accuou°
ated manure by normal cattle movement with-
in the lot. Dry matter removed from the lots
170
-------
averaied 1.3 times more lor cattle denjIUes ol
100 •«. ft. per head than lor loU with cattle
deMlu« ol JOO .q. It. per head. Feedlot Hope
appeared to have little ellect on the amount of
material removed. Approximately 30% of the
total eolldi removed was volatile. BOD and
COD values were highly variable. Further, each
ton ol dry matter removed contained 24 to 34
jioundt of N, (Bundy-lowt State).
0777-A6, A7, A10, All, B2,
B3, C2, D3. E2
FEEDLOT MANURE MANAGEMENT IN A
DESIBT CLIMATE,
California Univ., Divii. Dept. of Agricultural En-
cioccriiu-
S. R. MorriioB, O.P. Lofgreen. and T. E. Bond.
In: Livettoek Watte Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Livestock Watlei. Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971. p. 60-61. 2 fig.. 2 tab., I ret.
Deicriptori: 'Farm wntei. Odor, Duit, Nitrogen,
Lagoon, Sludge disposal, Evaporation, Aerated
Ugooni, Sprinkler irrigation.
Identifier!: •Anaerobic lagoon, Imperial Valley
(Calif).
Manure manigemcnt problemi are icmewhat dif-
ferent in desert climatei from thoie In region! with
higher rainfall, and in tome reipecti are leu
•even tince runoff ii not likely to cailse lUeam
pollution. More uiual problemi are impairment of
human environment due to duit, odon, and flier,
manure disposal without available cropland; and
cattle performance impaired by muddy loti In
winter and beat and dual la lummer. To overcome
these problemi in the Imperial Valley of California
a lyitem uiing ilatled floori, anaerobic pill, tart-
lion Ugooni, and t iludge diipoul tret Ii under
investigation. Initial teitt were done to determine
the effect of loading rate on decomposition of or-
•enic miner tnd nitrogen, and the lurface tret
required for ivtporttion of liquid waitei. Two
210-day teiti have been completed uiing ittndtrd
feedlot practice! ud ulmtli on 190 percent con-
centrate rttion. Reduction of organic matter
teniraUy Ucreaied with dtcreailng loading rate,
with about TO per cent being loit tt 0.02)
Ib/day/fO. About 50 per cent of the nitrogen wn
removed tt thla loading rate. A lurface aret of 50
iq. ft. per animal wai lufflcient to evaporate the
water from the wait*. The cattle performed
istiifactorily OB the ilatted noon, which had alio
functioned well In teiti of a sprinkling lyilem for
hett-itnii relief. (Bundy-lowaState)
0778-A2, A8, B2, B3, C2,
E2
LAND DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
Kaniai State Univ., Manhattan. Dept. of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
H. L. Mangel, L. A. Schmld, and L. S. Murphy.
In: Liveitock Weite Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Liveitock Waitei, Ohio Slate Uaivenity, April
19-22,1971, p. 6245,4 fig., 1 tab., 4 ref.
Deicriptori: 'Farm waitei, Cattle, Feed loti, Ru-
noff, Lagoon, Rainfall, Nitrogen, Phoiphorut,
Corn, Irrigation, Chemical oxygen demand, Crop
response.
Identifier!: "Frail Feed lot.
The objectivei are 1) to characterize itormwater
runoff from a feedlot, 1) to characterize manure
generated in t feedlot, tnd 3) to determine the in-
fluence of different lagoon water and manure
loading! on the toil, itormwater runoff from the
diipoaal tret, and com yieldi. Analyse! of runoff
from rainfall have ahown a COD of 4,000 to 10,000
mill, nitrogen of 100 to JOO ppm., phoiphorui of
40 to 500 ppm. and total itlta of 5,000 to 6,000
ppm. Analyiei are being made to determine the
concentration of other cttioni. Runoff from inow-
melt hai had a pollution lotd icvertl timet that
from rainfall. During 1970, com wai grown on
plot! which received 0, 2, 4, (, and 16 inches of
lagoon water. Each plot wai replicated 4 times and
irrigated with weD water ai needed. Forage corn
yieldi were meaiured. During 1970, corn alto wai
grown on plot! on which manure wai plowed
down atratei of 0,10,20,40, SO, 160, and 320 toni
per acre. Each plot wai replicated four timei and
irrigated with well water. The manure wai relative-
ly high in nitrogen, calcium, iron and pounium
with letter amount! of magneiium. phoiphorui,
lodium tnd zinc. Plant population decreased ti
rate of manure application increased. Forage
yieldi incrcned ai rate of manure application in-
created up to SO toni per acre. Above SO toni
manure per acre, com yielda were deprened.
(Bundy-lowa State)
0779-A2, B2, B3, El, F4
EVALUATION OF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES,
Oklahoma State Univ., Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering. Stillwater.
A. F. Bulchbaker. I.E. Carton, O. W. A.
Mahoney, and M. D.. Paine.
In: Liveitock Watte Management tod Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Liveitock Wtitei, Ohio State University, April
19-22 1971, p. 66-69.6 fig., 2 tab.. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Pacific Northwest
U.S., Wtite treatment, Wtite diipoitl. Cattle,
•Feed loti, Confinement pent, Runoff, Deiign,
Coin. *Deiign criteria, Southwell U.S., Central
U.S., Computer prognmi.
Identifier!: Southern High Pltini, Liquid flush
tyitem, Slotted floor.
The objective! were: (1) to develop beef feedlot
design criteria to minimize pollution from runoff-
earned waitei and to facilitate handling of lolld
and liquid animal waitei, and (2) to examine alter-
native beef feedlot waite dlipoial lyitemi to ob-
tain minimum coit lyitemi for effective wtste
diipoul. Waste handling lyitemi for beef feeding
opentioni were obierved In the upper Mldweit,
Southern High Plaint, deiert Southwell, and
Pacific Northweit. The lyitemi itudied included:
•lurry, loUd, and runoff-carried wait* handling
lyitemi. The ultimate dlipoial of the wait*
material wai considered for each system. The
design criteria developed represent! the itate of
the art for moil deiign consideration! for confine-
ment feeding facilities and open feedlot facUitiei.
The rciults are presented in termi of flow dia-
gram! and graphi comparing the varioui lyitemi.
(Bundy-lowa Slat*)
0780-B1, B2, D3
THE WASTE PATTERN OF BEEF CATTLE ON
SLATTED FLOORS,
Agricultural Reiearch Service, St. Paul, Minn.
Liveitock Engineering and Farm Structures
Research Branch.
R. 0. Hegg> and R. E. Lanon.
In: Liveitock Waste Management tnd Pollution
Abttement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Waitei, Ohio State Univenity, April
19-22.1971 p. 70-72,2 fig., 4 tab.. Href.
Descriptors: 'Farm wtites, Celtic, Confinement
pens, Oxidation Ugooni, Waler pollution, Aerated
Itgoons, Path of poUuttati.
Identifiers: 'Slatted floors, High energy ration.
The distribution of waitei from beef cattle on t
sUtted floor with respect to the location of the
feeding tret tnd the watering tret wts deter-
mined. Seven Iritis wen run to determine the
watte pattern on a ilatted floor over an oxidation
ditch tt the Univenity of Minnesota Experiment
Station it Rosemount, Minnesota. The tint four
trials (I-IV) were run with the self-feeder and
waterer along the same lide of the ilatted floor
area. Triali (V-VH) were run with a walertr
againit the wall oppoiite the iclf feeder. Trial! I
through IV ihow that approximately 60% of the
urine and 60% of the fecal miller were collected
on the half of the floor that wai neareit the feeder
and the waterer. Moving the waterer to the op-
polite wall for triali V-VII cbinged the urine pat-
tern inch that 62% of the liquid wai collected on
that half of the floor ncareit the new location of
the waterer. The fecal pattern also changed bit not
to the extent that the urine pattern changed. The
average daily collection of total dry iclidi ranged
from 3.1 to 5.2 Ibs/animal. The average total liquid
collected each day ranged from 1.3 gilloni to over
4 gallons/animal. The triali indicate that placing
the wateren tnd feeder! in one area of the con-
finement unit tendi to concentrate the waitei in
that area. (Bundy-lowa State)
0781-B2, C2, Dl, D2, D3,
Fl
ANALYSIS OF OUCK FARM WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS,
D. D. Schulte. and R. C. Loehr.
la: Liveitock Waite Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Liveitock Waitei, Ohio Slate Univcrilty, April
19-22.1971. p. 73-76.9 fig.. I ref.
Deicriptori: 'Farm waitei, Model iiudics,
Aerated lagoons, Phoiphorui, Biochemical ox-
ygen demand, Water coniumption, Waile treat-
ment. Ducks (Domestic), 'Dynamic programming.
Mathematical modeli.
In order to eitabliih a rational baiii upon which al-
ternative duck farm waite water treatment
lyitemi could be eveluated. a mathematical model
wai developed. Thii model provided a itructure in
which the effect of the following itemi on the total
annual colt of weitewater treatment could be con-
sidered: (a) capital costs of land tnd equipment;
(b) Interest tnd tmortizttion rates; (c) operating
coits of equipment and chemical coin; (d) treat-
ment requirement! for BOD. phoiphorus. and
suspended solids; (e) treatment lyitem deiign; and
(f) operational decliioni inch ti water use rate and
duck popuUUon. The efficlenclei of three treat-
ment alternatives, (plain ledlmentation. chemical
precipitation, aad aerated Ugooni), ware
titabliihed through bench icale taili and from
mathematical equations and published informa-
tion. Application of thii model to a particuUr duck
farm demonitnted the feasibility of using analyti-
cal models for agricultural waite management. In-
formation avalalable from thii kind of approach
providei a tounder baiii for dtciiion making. The
niulti of thii project, which wai completed u
June of 1970, will be uied ai an example of how
mathematical modeli can be applied to problemi
of agricultural waite management.
(Bundy-lowa State)
0782-A4, A8, B2, C2, D3,
E2
MULTISTAGE LAGOON SYSTEMS FOE
TREATMENT OF DAIRY FARM WASTE,
Florida Univ., Oaineiville. Dept. of Agncultural
Engineering.
R. A. Norditedt. L. B. Baldwin, and C. C.
Horteniline.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Sympoiium
on Liveitock Waitei, Ohio Stale Univenity, April
19-22, J971, p. 77-SO, 7 tab., S ref.
Descripton: 'Farm wastes. "Sprinkler irrigation.
Lagoons, Cattle, Biochemical oxygen demand,
Groundwaler, Weter pollution, Aerobic Ugooni,
Nitrogen.
Identifier!: 'Dairy, Multiitage lagooni. Anaerobic
Ugooni.
The objective! are to (1) determine the deiign and
operational parameter! for treatment of dairy farm
171
-------
waite by multiilage lagoon tyttemi in arcat with
warm climalei, landy toil, and high water table..
(2) determine the groundwater pollution potential
from thii type of tyitem and any Decenary cor-
rective meaiuret, and (3) determine the effect! of
the effluent from thii type of tyitem on a icepage
irrigated pitlurc. A multiilage lagoon tyitem hat
been designed and con.lructed on a 600-cow dairy
farm. The lyitem con.i.lt of one anaerobic and
two aerobic lagoon, in a tenet arrangement. The
efflent from the third lagoon flow, by gravity into
a 40macre leepage irrigation lyitem in permanent
pa.ture. Influent and effluent of each lagoon it
tampled in two week interval!. Ten well, are
located at 15, 50 and 100 fool interval, from the
anaerobic lagoon and at IS and 100 foot interval.
from the tecond lagoon. Water ii drawn from 30
lamplmg tubei in the leepage irrigated puture at
three week interval!. Retultt from the fir»t five
monthi of operation indicate an average influent
ttTftAA ,, mi/1 " » n°w of approiimately
60,000 galloni per day. BOD reduction! of 89%,
x* and 1% m the firit, tecond and third lagooni.
retpeclively, have been achieved fora total reduc-
tion of 95%. (Bundy-Iowa Stale)
0783-A4, A6, A7, A10, B3
Dl, E2
DEHYDRATION.
YC"ity ?"k- D«"'
0. 0. Breuler. and E. L. Bergman.
Ah.,.» t and PoDution
Abatement. Proceeding. International Sympotium
Detcripton: 'Farm wittei. Anaerobic conditont,
Odor Drying, Poultry, Bacteria. Economic!
Dehydration, Air pollution. Water pollution '
Uentifier.: -Heater dryer, High velocity air. Time
clock, Two-itage lyitem.
Poultry manure handling it a two-pronged
problem, high moi.ture content and anaerobic bac-
terial activity cauiing obnoxioui odort. The objec-
tive! were I) to remove ai much moi.ture ai potti-
ble from the poultry manure intide the poultry
houie to let.en the weight of the material to be
handled; 2) to eliminate odon and fliei; and, J) to
develop an automatic lyitem of manure handling
to eliminate manual labor. A two-iuge drying
tyitem achieving Ihete objective, ha. been
developed. Stage 1 drying occur, intide the
poultry houie by application of high velocity air to
the manure and itirring the manure frequently. In
thit itage manure it dried to about 30% moi.ture.
which it 1/3 of the original weight and it ii relative-
ly free of obnoxioui odori became odor producing
bacteria are deitroyed. Movement of air at high
velocity (500 feel per minute) It accompliihed by
operating contlnnouily 20-inch fani ipaced about
35 to 40 feel apart lengtbwlie to the manure bayi
or pit! iniide the poultry home. Stirring Ii iccom-
. pUihed with a ipeclally detlgned rake and cleaning
device which turni, churai, tumblet, and mUei
the poultry droppingi ti they fall to the floor un-
derneath the blrdt. The dry, powdery product Ii
free of obnoiioui odort, hai ibelf life, and Ii in t
form acceptable for merchanditing at an organic
fertilizer. Income now being received for thii
product cxc«edi the com of Stage I and 2 drying
melhodi. (Bundy-Iowa Stale)
0784-A8, B2, B4, E2
^J^A" SCA" DAIRV WA8« DISPOSAL
SYSTEM,
Waihington State Univ., Pullman.
D. 0. Turner, and D. E. Proctor.
In: Liveitock Watte Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceed ingi International Sympotium
f? «'¥f Ji'i'* ^f ""• 9.hio Sui« Univenity. April
I9-22, 1971 , p. «5-M. 4 fig., 4 tab., 6 ref.
Deicripton: 'Farm waitei, Cattle, Sprinkler ir-
rigation. Confinement peni, Lagooni, Nitrogen
Rotation!, Watte diipoial, Wane ilorage, Crop
reiponte, Waihington.
Identifier!: 'Large annual rainfall, Plaitic irriga-
tion pipe.
Live.lock wa.te. from beef feed loll and from the
dairy cattle induitry are produced in large quanti-
tiei in tmall areai. A lyitemi approach to waite
ditpoia) hat been developed by Waihington State
Univeriity in conjunction with the Waihington
State Department of Inttitutioni' Honor Farm at
Monroe. Thii ty.lem utet a covered confinement
area to exclude excettivc rainfall; a collection and
tranifer lyitem to move waitei from confinement
areai to itorage lagooni; and pipeline and tprin-
kler tyitemi to move wa.te. from confinement
areai or lagooni to areai of ultimate diipoial by
field application Animal watte from a herd of 250
mature Hol.leini it .craped, flushed, and Irani-
ported with minimum water into two 1,000 000-
gallon capacity lagooni where it it held in winter
itorage for field dittribution during the growing
•eaton. The organic degradation and nutrient
recycling capability of .oil ai a receiver of waitei,
coupled with aeaional application, appean to be
the key to tuch watte diipoial. Loading leveli are
being defined under field condition.. Cropt under
itudy are tilage corn, cereal rye for grccnchop,
and gran legume pa.ture., at thete cropt comple-
ment dairy operation! and tend to recycle
nitrogen. Mea.urement. are being taken of dii-
tribution pattern! by the iprinklen, infiltration
ratet, bacteria turvival, nitrate-nitrogen concen-
tration, in the forage and through the toil profile to
a 4-foot depth, BOD counti, botanical competi-
tion of forage itandt, and crop yieldi.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0785-B2, B3, D2, D3, E3
A TOTAL BIOCHEMICAL RECYCLE PROCESS
FOR CATTLE WASTES,
Babton Broi. Co.. Elmhunt, m. Environmental
L.O.Carlion.
In: Liveitock Waite Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Sympoiium
?9 h"?!??* Ic^V ?W2 SUte Univeriity, April
iv-ii. 1471 _ n 8Q.Q1 1 ft* € _./
Deicriptori: •Farm waitei, Cattle. Liquid waitei,
Phoiphaui. Proteini, Biochemical oxygen de-
mand, Chemical oxygen demand, Nitrogen, Potai-
lium, Mieroorganlima.
Identifier!: *Babion Biochemical Procen, Reac-
tion tower.
The Babion Biochemical Proce.i accept! cattle
waitei, tuch n liquid manure, and recover! un-
digeited lolidi, ai waihed and cleaned paniculate
matter, from t counter-current claiiiflcation
lower. The lolidi are pelletized into ilugi two
inchei In diameter and one-half inch thick. The
remaining liquid, coniiitlng of impended lolidi,
dinolved tolidi, and tome colloidal matter, Ii
pumped to i Reaction Tower, Reaction Vettel,
and Enzyme Veuel complex, wherein, bubble!
are formed at t function of the rate of matt
tranifer, and ii key to til. biochemical procen.
The reildence time it i few hourt with partial
recycle to keep enzymatic activity high. Recovery
of activity U very rapid, even after teveral weekt
in the endogeneoui phate. The effluent ii then
tent to t flocculation/coagulation (F/C) lyilem,
where pboiphatei, proteint, poly.accharidei,
metal iont, etc. ire removed, dried, and fortified
to make a fertilizer which Ii .low to dii.olve. The
liquid effluent from the F/C veneli it then de-
ionized and decolorized, and uted for drinking
water, or partially de-ionized, and uted for corral
fluthtng of manure into a common pit.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0786-A4, B3, D2, D3, E3
THE VK RECONCILIATION OP MODERN W-
TENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING WITH A
BASICALLY UBBAN SOCIETY
Agricultural Development and Advitory Servke
London (England). «"•».
K.B.C.Jonet.
In: Livettock Watte Management and Pollution
Abatement. Proceeding. International Sympoiium
niv'riity- April
Deicripton: 'Farm wa.tet. -Animal populatio.t
Confinement pent, Poultry, Cattle, Biochemical
Inteniive liveitock production will continue to be
centered on thoie parti of the UK where die toil.
and climate are moil favorable and where worker.
have the technical tkill.. and m.naaeme.i the
financial and marketing abilitiei to lucceed. It it
molt likely that ai now, theie unit, will be in
lowland area, near big centen of population
Wherever po.iible, correlation will be maintained
between tize of liveitock unit kept and area availa-
ble for manure ipreading. In time, the law may
make thii concept on obligation. Planning permia-
lion for non-agricultural development may be
refuted if it U too near an exitling liveitock unit
Zoning may be more wideipread. New deveton-
menta already require the intereila of yett
neighbor!, planning authority, river authority and
public health intpector to be met. Theie utereitl
are achieving a better undemanding of the
farmer:! needi and of each other:! point! of view
(Bundy-Iowa State!)
0787-A6, Bl, Cl, C2, El,
E2
ISSJSr^J01! °/».5*»9NW. COM-
AT-
Iowa State Univ., Anet
L.D.Hartung, E.G. Hammond, and J R Miner
* '
c
"W L" ,""? '""• M°""«t.il«d iSicaUw
of h j' .L"1 d00,' '° delermjne """^ compound^
of theie three clane. are retpon.ibl. to, r odor
Thli Information ihould b« valuable for ev.ntui
l Uchnology. Cirbonyl can
(tic), which allowed quan"
ita uve meaiurem.nt of thoie compound! prei«
In Urgett concentration!. In theie «... ".
denv.tive wat leached from the tic m Material
diluted to a meaiured volume, and the nlnivWai'
abtorptio. ma, wa, m.atured Cirbon'li
Identify to date and their concentration? when
mea.ur.ble are: aceto.e (12J ppb by volume)
ethtn.1 buunal. methyl ethyl keton, (JJppS)
pentanal. non.nal. (Bundy- fowa State)
0788-A4, A5, A6, Bl, B4,
IMPACT OP FARM ANIMAL MODUCTION
172
-------
AND PROCESSING ON THE TOTAL ENVIRON-
MINT
Ohio State Univ.. Columbut. Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering.
E. P. Taiganidet. and R. L. Stroshine.
IB- Liveitock Waate Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
OB Livestock WasUs, Ohio State University. April
19-22.1971. p 95-91.1 fig. 7 Ub. 13 ref.
Descripton- 'Farm wastes. Biochemical oxygen
demand. Chemical oxygen demand. Odor, Waste
water (Pollution). •Environmental effect!.
Identifiers: 'Animal waate impact. Odor nuisance.
Soil oxygen demand.
A long-term ttudy under the autpicet of the
Agricultural Pollution Control Research Laborato-
ry at Ohio SUte Univeraity will attempt to
delineate the full impact of the world farm animal
industry, from birth to the point of consumption,
ultimate use. or death by decay, on the quabty of
the natural environment. The impact from the
production of animals on USA farma waa deter-
mined by using animal population figures from the
1969 U.S. Agricultural Sutistics. Depending on the
geographic region, variout aasumptions were
made aa to the amounts of manure which could
reasonably be expected to be discharged into natu-
ral water bodies or disposed on land or into air
resources. Assumptions on percenUge of animals
in toUl confinement, pasture or partial confine-
ment were made to f aciliute estimatea of water ru-
noff and land diaposal. Odor nuisance could only
be evaluated in qualitative terms by making as-
sumptions on the extent of urbanization at each of
the six geographic regions. A quantiutive value
for the impact of by-products and wastes from
animal industries on the natural environment waa
obuined using BOD, COD, fertility nutrienU.
volatile solids, SOD (Soil Oxygen Demand) and
physical quantities. An attempt was made to com-
pare these values with values from other basic m-
duttrkt, such aa car manufacturing and aome
chemical industries. (Bundy- Iowa SUU)
0789-A1, A2, F2
LITIGATION EXPERIENCES OF FIVE
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCERS,
Iowa SUte Univ.. Ames. Dept. of Agricultural Bn-
TJL wfirich. and I. R. Miner.
In: Liveitock Waate Management and Pollution
Abatement. Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wattei, Ohio SUU Univenily, April
19-2J.l97l.pW-10l.7ref.
Descripton: 'Farm wasUs, Odor, 'Legal aapecU,
Water pollution. Swine, Cattk, Poultry, Mittouri,
lowa.ftdicialdecUioni.
Identifien: 'Law suits, Odor nultance.
Several livestock and poultry producen have
faced Uw luitt from neighboring nsidenU baaed
upon eomplainU of odor and water pollution. Such
oubKe and private nuisance sniu demand that
Sroducers consider the possible effecu of their
mite selection and wasU management practices
upon neighbon. Cases concerning three beef
producers, two swine producen and a poutoy
.rowing operation are considered in detafl. The
physical features of the systems an described, at
wen as the operation of the facOibea. Both swine
producen were Btflixing confinement taciUt.es
with manure storage facilities beneath partially-
slotted floon. IB the Mittouri eate. both localized
water ooUution and odon were found to have
"used damaget to two nearby rural neighbon.
Subsuntial punitive damagca were awarded. The
case in Iowa involved odon and their influence on
neighbors located approximately JOO feet north of.
the operation. The fint hearing of the case
resulted in a hung jury. The poultry operation was
to B0rth*•«
Uie odora was employed. The compounds tenta-
tively identified using the column selected for
hydrocarbons and tuHur compound! were
hydrogen sulfide. methanethiol. methyl tulf.de.
diethylsulfide. propyl acetate and n-butylaceute.
The amine compounds delected were
uimethylamine and ethylamine. Aeration
eliminated or diminithed the productioa of the
principtl odors identified. (Bundy-lowa SUte)
0793-A6, A7, A13, Bl,
C*Z) DX
CONTROL OF ODORS FROM POULTRY
BOUSES,
Agricultural Research Service, BeltsvOk, Md.
Liveitock Engineering and Farm Structures
Research Branch.
O.B.Wfllson.
IB: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Waatea, Ohio SUte Univenity. April
19-ji, 1971. p 114-1!«. 2 fig, 1 Ub, 4 ref.
Descripton: 'Farm waatet, Odon, DutU,
Poultry, FiKeri, Ammonia. Control. Air pollution.
Identifien: Water apray tyatem. Pad-type filter,
'Dry filten, Burlap.
Odor and, to a letter extent, the dust in ventilation
air exnausted from poultry houses constitute aa
aesthetic nuisance. Use of fDten and water spray
chambers were evalreted for their eff ectivenesa in
removing the odor and dust Three variations of
baffle impingement filters with and without a
water spray were tested. Dust removal efficiencies
were determined by particle counts on filten
through which n measured quantity of air had been
dnwB. Odor strength wai evaluated ortanolepti-
173
-------
cally. The biffk impingement fillers reduced th<
odor although they only removed a negligible
•mount of duiL Introduction of I water spray
•head of the baffle improved the dull removal to
around 50% ud practically eliminated the odor.
Control of odor and duti would enhance the
desirability of poultry houtei at neighbors. UH of
the water ipray baffle impingement filtere should
reduce air pollution compbinta
(Bundy-Iowa Stale)
0794-B2, Cl, C2, F6
TRAKTMICHirES»°Jli7ION FROM CONCEN-
\»riculin,S D E" MANIJRK SLURBIES,
\gncu tural Retearch Service. Ithaca N Y
A1™"1?1 En«iB«™« Re,e.rch Div
In Liv ", T'^ "" D C LudiDiton
* """"•' "d Polh"i<«
',. ntfn"U°n»' Symposium
'- Aprii
. -Chicken
e, Pick's Second Law.
with Ik. ["aptn.lttn »•« liinificant correlation
>orpUon
00 °nhe foUow
_.- • T I.. "-VMWU ui uoQiiiocuica *m-
»m "'A™ ? " C0n»u"'t«- The amount of base
to deleeminemwh° "" *""'* P" *" reco™e"
ficient in stripping ammonia. Below pH foTthe're
is a direct relationship between the ratio of base
required to ammonia removed and oH Ahnv* nU
ifl n IK* __,* • - j •*•-»!• WIM j/n. /\DQVC p*i
iu.0 the ratio is independent of pH.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0795-A4, A12, B2, C3, F6
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND RESISTANCE
TRANSFER BETWEEN BACTERIAL ISOLATES
IN A WASTE LAGOON.
North Dakota State Univ., Ftrgo. Depl. of Bac-
teriology.
M. Bromel, Y. N. Lee, and B. Baldwin.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 122-125, 2 fig, 6 tab. Href.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Liquid wastes, Sal-
monella, Microorganisms. Cattle, E. coli, Public
health, Pathogenic bacteria, Transfer,
Identifiers: "Public health hazard. R factors.
The incidence and pattern of antibiotic resistance
in bacterial isolates from liquid and solid bovine
wattes and from the Red River of the North were
determined by disc assay and tube dilution
methods. Subsequent in vitro mating experiments
were performed between the enteric members of
these two groups of isolates so that the patterns of
antibiotic-resistance transfer could be elucidated.
Levels of antibiotics present in watte lagoon water
and river water were determined by microbiologi-
cal assay. Complete resistance to aureomycin, ter-
ramycin sulfamethtzine and tulfaethox-
ypyridazine was shown by isolates of the genera
Salmonella, Proteus, Streptococcus and
Etcherichia. Developing antibiotic rcsiitance wai
•shown by isolates of the ten era! SnigeUs and Kleb-
siella. Drug sensitivity was shown only by clos-
Iridial isolates. Successful trantfer of multiple
drug resistance to lulfamelhsiine, penicillin and
lUepromycin was obtained from a Proleut sp. to
u Escherichia sp. Remits from tie rollings of the
recombinants with drug-sensitive typhoid and
dytenlry organisms are reported. In some in-
stances, detectable levels of terrain vein and aureo-
mycin were found in waste waters. The possibility
for drug reiisUnce transfer between organisms in
livestock wastes and pathogens in public waters
was significantly high and constitutes s potential
public health hazard. (Bundy-lowa Stale)
0796-A2, A3, A4, C3
DIFFERENTIATION OF RUMINANT FROM
NON-RUMINANT FECAL SOURCES OF
WATER POLLUTION BY USE OF ENTERIC
BACTERIA.
South Dakota State Univ., Brookings. DepL of
Bacteriology.
F. R. Middaugb, L. R. Koupal, R. L. Pierce. Jr., J.
E.Tiede.acdJ. W.Zerfts.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Sympotium
on Livestock Wattes, Ohio Stale University, April
19-22.1971. p 126-128.1 fig. 35 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Runoff. •Colilormt,
Microorganismi, Bacteria, •Streptococcus,
Nitrogen, Cattle. Sheep, Ooatt. Ltgoont. Pollu-
tant identification.
Identifiers: *S. bovii, Fecal pollution.
Studies on methods for improving the land
disposal of animsi wattes or on methods to
minimize storm run-off watte pollution of streams
or lakes would be tided if feed lot wastes in water
could be differentiated from non-ruminant or
human waste sourcei. A laboratory study was
based on the pretence of a fecal streptococcus,
Streptococcus bovit, in fecet of rumintnl farm
animalt, cattle, sheep and goats which have from 1
to 20 million cells per ml. of rumen fluid. In a
preliminary survey of fecal streptococci occurring
in lakes and rivers and in municipal wastes and a
dairy lagoon the predominant organism wai
Streptococcus faecalit and itt varieties which
represented 90% of the fecal streptococci. S. bovit
constituted only 3% at the streptococci. The stan-
dard media uted to cultivate gut bacteria were
highly inhibitory for S. bovit cells which were
added to water samples. An improved medium
with reduced sodium tzide, 0.02%. improved
anaerobic culture conditions and the quantitative
collection of the bacteria on membrane filters led
to a selective method using a starch hydrolysis
overlay. The improved medium quantitatively de-
tected J5. bovis bacteria added to river water lam-
pies and allowed their routine isolation. Of the iso-
latct, 92% were found to be Streptococcus bovis
and 8% were S. faecalis variety liquefacieni. To be
•n effective pollution indicator, S. bovis mast sur-
vive sufficiently to be readily detected.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0797-A11, B3, C3, D2, E3
GROWTH KINETICS OF RUMEN BACTERIA
W SOLUTIONS OF POULTRY EXCRETA
Kentucky Univ.. Lexington.
H. E. Hamilton, 1. 1. Rots. /. J. Begin, and S W
Jackson.
In: Livettock Watte Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Sympotioni
Poultry eicrela contains nutrients thai can be util-
ized as a livestock feed. Successful feeding triilt
with untreated Utter have proven the feasibility of
utilizing eicreta as a feedstuff. Excreta from hens
fed a drug-free diet was blended and diluted with
water, tterilized. and placed in a fcrmentor
equipped with an indirectly driven agitator, auto-
matic pH controller, temperature controller foam
controller, and sampling device. The solution wat
then inoculated with rumen fluid from a tleer
being maintained on a diet containing sterilized
chicken manure and fermented anaerobically for
48 hours. Samples were taken at the fermentation
process progressed and diluted and plated for
microflora counts. The colonies in the inoculated
tubes were counted after 7 days of incubation
There wat logarithmic growth beginning about
three hours after inoculation and tubtiding about
ten hours after inoculation. High tolidi levels
decreased the maximum population and increasint
and/or decreasing the pH from that in the rumen
altar** the msximum population.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0798-A4, A5, A6, A8, B2,
B3, C2, Dl
THE BOLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN THF
™
Lincoln.
Nebraska"1
T. M. McCalla, and L. F. Elliott
to: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement Proceedmg, Internat
Descriptors: -Farm wastes. Cattle, Feed lots
Microorganisms. Pathogenic bacteria. Nitrogen
Crops, Odors. * '
Animal wastes on feedlots may leave the (eedlot
by mechanical removal, runoff, percolation
through the sou profile, volatilization, or decom'
posiuon. Of these mechanisms, microbial decom-
posiuon plays a major role in the rate and route of
manure Ion. Laboratory and feedlol tludiet at
Lincoln and Central City. Nebraska, indic'ate
mechanical removal of manure from the feedlol
may be necettary only after several year, of accu-
mulation The manure in the feedlol can be
mounded to provide i protected drained area for
the animals, and the manure serves as a compost
pile to aid tn^competition. The feedlol ttudied i,
level with • high water table and limited runoff oc-
curt_Laboratory itudiet have indicated at much
at 90% of the nitrogen and 30% of the carbon in
the manure and urine can be lost by decompoiition
m a 4-month period. Soil microorganism, can be
managed to reduce odors and to dispose of animal
wastes without pollution of surface or ground
waters. If the surface of the feedlot is aerobic
many odor-causing compounds can be'
metabolized before they reach the atmosphere It
may also be desirable to maintain aerobic condi-
tions at the feedlol surface for sanitary reason.
Laboratory itudie, conducted at Lincoln showed
SabnoneUa ,p. added to beef manure died rapidly
under aerobic condition, but survived under
anaerobic conditions. Feedlot soil atmosphere .In-
dies found high concentration, of CH4 and CO?
(Bundy-Iowa Slate)
0799-B2, Dl
AGITATION IN LIQUID MANURE TANKS
ifnrtftmff fT«!u Ir* .......:ii. trx . . . . *
J. I.SeweU.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Poultry, Feeds
Descriptors: -Farm wastes. Model studies, Liquid
174
-------
wastes. Pumps. Slurries, Design, On site tests.
Cattle. Miiing.
Few problems with agitation were encountered in
two full-scale field tests of liquid manure systems
at dairies. Adding water to the tanks immediately
after emptying greatly facilitated agitation. As the
Quantity of waste hay. silage, and green chop en-
tering the pits increased, agitation became more
difficult. Scraping manure into the tanks before
appreciable drying had occurred also facilitated
agitation. Minimizing the entry of twine, wood
chilli, snd coarse hay into the pits reduced
downtime. While the results of the model studies
sugiested that best agitation could be achieved in
pita equipped with side and center baffles, effec-
tive agitation was achieved in pits constructed
with cover support columns and without baffles.
As the model studies suggested, cover support
columns did not adversely affect agitation. In
designing liquid manure pits where agitation dif-
ficulties are expected, center and lide bafflei
should be considered (Bundy-lowa State)
0800-B1, B2
MEASURING METHOD FOR EVALUATING
THE ABILITY TO PUMP SEMI-LIQUID AND
MANURE,
Bayeriiche Landeianitalt ue Landlechnik,
Weihenitephan (West Germany).
K. OrinnD, andG. Langenegger.
In: Livestock Waite Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wailei, Ohio State Univenity, April
19-22,1971. p 138-141,145,9 fig, 10 ret.
Descriptor!: 'Farm waitei, Liquid wastei, Pump
testing, Measurement, Pumpi.
Identifier!: Consistency factor, Manure pump.
Manure consiitency.
A large number of pumpi are on the market; some
are very well adapted to pumping liquid manure
and tome lack several things which one could wiih
for. A technical measurement (or the capacity of
individual pumpi to booit liquid manure is neces-
sary in order to put the individual pumpi to work
at the correct place and to be able to plan liquid
manure installation!. Teiti haves shown that all
aemiliquid and liquid manure mixtures may be
evaluated in a relatively simple way insofar at the
ability to be pumped it concerned. Measuring
manure coniiitency by the ball method it
described. Thii method of measuring provides a
uniform prerequisite for testing pumps and
thereby makes an exact examination possible with
varied semi-liquid manure mixtures with different
consiitencies. (Bundy-lowa State)
0801-B2, B4, C2, C3, E2
PUMPING CHARACTERISTICS, BIOLOGICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DAIRY
MANURE SLURRIES,
British Columbia Univ., Vancouver. Dept. of
Agricultural Engineering.
L. M.Staley.N.R. Bulley.andT. A.Windt.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Sute University, April
19-22,1971, p 142-145.6 fig, 2 lab.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes. Cattle, Irrigation,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Hydrogen ion con-
centration, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, Am-
monium, Sprinkler irrigation, Waste disposal,
Design pumps.
Identifiers: •Dairy, Piping losses.
A manure handling system has been designed to
permit a zero grazing management practice and
utilize above ground storage and sprinkler irriga-
tion methods of waste disposal. Manure from the
exercise yard and holding area is scraped into a
288 cubic foot below grade sump. From this point
the complete system is operated by a 30 HP elec-
tric motor and Holz helical type manure pump.
The pump is used tor filling the 100,000 US gallon
above ground storage tank; for agitation and mix-
ing within the tank and returning the slurry to the
sump for dilution if necessary, before pumping
through a 4 inch diameter aluminum irrigation
aystem to a standard No. 104 Rainbird sprinkler.
BOD, COD, pH, ammonia, organic and nitrate
nitrogen, total and ortho phosphate, sodium,
potassium, chloride, total volatile and suspended
solidi were determined at bi-weekly intervals for
(I) water inputs, (2) manure into and out of storage
and (3) water outflow! from field drains. Sampling
began June 2, 1970 and will continue throughout
the winter season. (Bundy- Iowa State)
0802-A6, A7, B2, B3, B4,
C2, Dl, D3, E2, E3
AUTOMATED HANDLING, TREATMENT AND
RECYCLING OF WASTE WATER FROM AN
ANIMAL CONFINEMENT PRODUCTION UNIT,
Ohio State Univ.. Columbus. Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering.
E. P. Taiganides. and R. K. White.
In- Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State Univenity, Apnl
19-22,1971, p 146-148,4 fig, 3 ref.
Deicriptors: 'Farm wastes. Confinement pens.
Oxidation, Odora, Dusts, Aerobic treatment,
Biological oxygen demand. Waste water treat-
ment. Water reuie, Hoga.
Identifiers: •Automatic flushing. Flushing tank!.
Solids separator, Fuch's oxygenator.
Manure is flushed out by Hooding the gutten of a
confinement building where 500 pigs are raised
from 20 to 220 Ibs. This way no labor is needed to
scrape the manure out plus no offensive odora are
released into the buDding because of frequent
flushing. The flushed waitewaterii pumped onto a
screen which separates the solidi from the liquid.
The solidi are aerobicaUy digested, deodonzed
and stored before final disposal onto agnc»lturmllv
productive land. The liquids separated at the
screen are discharged into an oxidation ditch.
Ditch effluent ia clarified and the supernatant is
pumped back into the building as flushing water.
Provisions to disinfect the recycled water for odor
and diiease control are present in the system.
Laboratory-scale model was tested to arrive at
maximum loading rates for odor control. Four
loading rates ranging from 30-80 Ibs VS/1000
ft/day were tested. Preliminary reiulti snow tnat
hourly loading is better than daily slug loading. AU
loading rate! can be effective, but the higher ratea
require cloier luperviiion. Odors given off are am-
monia-like at first but change to earthy or musky
inoffensive odora after the 6th day. Foaming was
much greater with slug loading. However, the set-
tling characteristici of the slug-load unit were
better than hourly-loading. (Bundy-lowa SUle)
0803-B2, C2, Dl, D3, E3
MANURE MANAGEMENT IN A 700-HEAD
SWINE-FINISHING BUILDING; TWO AP-
PROACHES USING RENOVATED WASTE
WATER,
Iowa State Univ.. Ames. Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
R. J. Smith, T. E. Hazen, and J. R. Miner.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement. Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastei. Ohio State Univenity. April
18-22.1971, p 149-153.7 fig, 2 tab. 14 ref.
Descriptor!: *Farm waste. Confinement pens.
Swine, Chemical oxygen demand, Settling, basin,
Oxidation treatment. Sludge. Water reuse.
Identifiers: 'Flushing gutter. Anaerobic lagoon.
Iowa Slate University had used fresh water for
flushing manure from a confinement building but
difficulties in effluent disposal stopped this prac-
tice. Two systems of waste water renovation were
examined. Preliminary studies showed that
adequate manure removal and reduced water use
could be obtained by intermittent diicharge of a
tank of cleaning water. Mechanisms for con-
trolling such discharge are described. The
presence of an open flushing gutte. in the pen area
was found to affect defecation habiu very
favorably, also the action of the pits' feet im-
proved manure transport. The effect on the pigs of
exposing them to their renovated effluent was
unknown; hence, the first scheme included an
anaerobic lagoon followed by an oxidation ditch,
both external to the building. Total trudge return to
the oxidation ditch wat used by incorporating a
settling tank. Conventional sanitary engineering
measurement! were made at various points in the
cycle; these included oxygen demand, solids, vari-
ous inorganic ions and a membrane filter count of
coliform density. Test! were started in January
1969. and it was found that a stable, odorless ef-
fluent of less than ISO mg/1 BOD5 could eisfly be
obtained, even at low ditch temperatures.
(Bundy-Iows State)
0804-B2
IMPROVING WATER UTILIZATION EFFI-
CIENCY IN AUTOMATIC HYDRAULIC WASTE
REMOVAL,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltivilk. ltd.
Agricultural Engineering Research Div.
E. E. Jones, O. B. Wiflson, and W. F. Schwieiow.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings, International Symposi-
um on Livestock Wastes. Ohio State University.
April 19-22.1971,p 154-158.11 fig,8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Velocity, Automa-
tion, Hogs. Water utilization.
Identifiers: 'Automatic hydraulic waste removal.
Flush tank.
One of the goals of the USDA Farmstead Water
Systems Research is to improve water utilization
efficiency in livestock sanitation. Reports of large
volumes of water being used to remove lolidi
from under ilotted Hoora led to theoretical and
model itudies of automatic hydraulic waste
removal in 1963. I» 1966 certain principles
developed from these studies were incorporated in
a partically slotted floor swine building. A max-
imum design Hush volume of 3 gallons per pig (300
gallons) was used. Movie film analysis of waste
removal revealed that as much as 90% of the water
was discharged clear at the end of the gutter.
Reducing Hush volume to 160 gallons resulted in
incomplete waste removal. Major factors limiting
water utilization efficiency have been identified
and verified in design modifications. Unsteady
How conditions and the modification of fluid pro-
perties by dissolved and suspended solids result in
velocities about 30% higher than predicted by
Manning's formula. Above velocities of 3 fps the
relationships between waste deposition, depth of
How and duration of flow determine water utiliza-
tion efficiency. Automatic hydraulic waste
removal by making possible daily or more frequent
waste removal will provide a batter livestock en-
vironment at leu cost. (Bundy-lowa Slate)
0805-A8, B3, B4, Cl, C2,
D3, E3
HIGH RATE POULTRY MANURE COMPOST-
ING WITH SAWDUST,
North Carolina Sute Univ.. Raleigh. Dept. of Civil
Engineering.
W.S.GaDer. and C. B.Davey. .
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement. Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State Univenity, April
19-22,1971, p 159-162,9 fig, 2 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastei. Poultry, Aerobic
treatment. Carbon, Nitrogen, Grains. Cation
exchange, Crop response, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Composting, SawdusL
175
-------
The legibility o( high rate, Ibermophilic compost-
ing of animal wastes mixed with carbonaceous
material! ajd the affect of the compoit on plant
growth were investigated. Poultry manure aod
lawduit were initially selected in order to let the
proper moisture content and carbon to nitrogen
ratio (C:N). Each batch was characterized chemi-
cally in order to determine the moisture content,
the proper C:N and available phosphorus, potassi-
um, calcium, and mainesium. Siiteen batch stu-
dies were made using a 45 cubic foot routing drum
approximately two-thirds full. The composting
mass was aerated continuously. The effects of
aeration, agitation, C:N, and moisture content
were studied. The pH, temperature, and oxygen
uptake were studied for each run. Mass balances
were made to determine nitrogen losses. Cellulose
degradation was also studied. After removal from
the composter. cellulose degradation took place as
a fungus developed in the pile. The cellulose eon-
tent decreased during the storage phase by over
M* in four to six weeks while the cation exchange
capacity rose from 35 mini-equivalents per 100
grams to 67 mOli-equivalents per 100 grams.
Nitrogen losses for the properly run process
averaged about 3.5%. The final product had a
blackish-white color and an odor resembling a
tresn humus sol Greenhouse studies were made
using tomatoei. wheat, millet and greenbeans. The
plants were planted in soil compost mixture rang-
ing from 0% to 100% compost by weight.
(Bundy-Iowa Slate)
0806-A6, B3, Cl, D2, E3
COMPOSTING DAIRY COW WASTES.
Agricultural Research Service, Beltiville Md
Livestock Engineering and Farm Structures
Research Branch.
O.B.Willson.
In: Liveitock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
?5 «Vfo!,OCk Wlllel' Oh'° State University, April
19-22,1971. p 163-165.4 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Aerobic treatment.
CatUe, Hay, Silage, Grains. Odor, Waste treat-
ment.
Identifiers: •Composting:.
Composting is a biological process for the
degradation of solid wastes. It has been used to
reduce municipal wastes to an odorless, stable
material that may be used as a soil conditioner
The compost may be easily handled or stored.
Like other biological degradation processes, the
process may be either aerobic or anaerobic or a
combination. The aerobic process is faster and
produces more heat, which mainuins the elevated
temperatures required. The aerobic process,
which seems to have merit for treatment of farm
animal wastes, was studied. Waste from the gutter
of a stanchion barn was used. Two types of
bedding, straw and wood sawdust, were evalu-
ated. Several of the process parameters have been
investigated on a pilot icale with approximately
one-half Ion hatches and on a bench scale. These
parameters include air flow rate, moisture content,
temperature, pH, and agitation frequency. Dry
matter was reduced about 60%. The total weight
was reduced about 80%, including the effect of
jowering the moisture content from 75 to 50% dur-
ing the process. Volume was reduced 30 to 50% on
a loose basis. The final product has a faint musty
odor in a moiit condition. It is odorless when air-
dried to about 10% moisture content.
(Bundy-Iowa Stale)
0807-A4, Bl, B2, C2, C3,
D3, El, E2
QUALITY OF EFFLUENT FKOM FARM
ANIMAL PRODUCTION SITES,
Louisiana Tech Univ., Huston. Dept. of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
J. W. D. Robbins. G. J. Kriz. and D. H. Howelli
In: Livestock Waste Management.and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livetlock Wanes, Ohio Slate University, April
19-22, 1971, p 166-169. 5 fig. 4 lab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Farm wastes, Coliforms, Biochemi-
cal o»ygcn demand, Chemical oxygen demand.
Carbon, Lagoons, Runoff. Water pollution
sources. Water pollution control, Watte disposal.
Effluents from twelve animal production sites
representing three types of waste management
operations-land disposal, lagooning and direct
discharge into streams—were measured and more
than 1500 samples were collected for analyses.
The water simples were analyzed for (a) bacterial
densities-total coliforms, fecal coliforms and
fecal streptococci: (b) degradable organics-
biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon,
total solids and volatile solids; and (c) nutrients-
organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total phosphate and
orthophosphale. Other measurements included
pH, conductivity, initial dissolved oxygen and
temperature. Site data were collected in order to
evaluate the pollutions! potential of each site and
the management factors determining the amount
of wastes that reached water courses. These data
included the number and size of animals, types
and amounts of feeds, types of waste handling
facilities and practices, waste retention or
drainage times, soil classifications, rainfall, tem-
perature, flow rates and some characterization of
waites produced. Study results point to the need
for and superiority of land disposal for animal
wastes to effectively control water pollution.
Direct dumping of animal wastes into streams is
essentially predictable by characterization of fresh
wastes and should be prohibited. Effluents fiom
waste lagoons were found to exceed raw domestic
sewage in strength and should not be discharged
without further treatment. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0808-B2, C2, D3, F5
WATER HYACINTHS TO FURTHER TREAT
ANAEROBIC LAGOON AFFLUENT,
Iowa State Univ.. Ames. Depl. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
1. R. Miner, I. W. Woolen, and J. D. Dodd.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings, Internstional Symposi-
um on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Slate University,
April 19-22,1971. p 170-173. 4 fig, 7 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Finn wastes, Water hyacinth. Aero-
bic treatment. Oxidation kgoons. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Chemical oxygen demand. Waste
water treatment.
Identifiers: *Anierobic lagoon effluent.
Effluent from an anaerobic lagoon treating liquid
awine manure was pumped through a series of four
pools, each ten feet in diameter. Water hyacinths
were grown on these pools in an effort to provide
further treatment. The plants flourished, neces-
sitating weekly harvesting of one-fourth of the
growth. During the month of July 1970, nine
pounds of ammonia were added to the system in
the influent and less than one-fourth pound
discharged in the effluent. During this same
period, 28 pounds of COD were added and 2.6
pounds discharged. Extrapolating the system to a
per acre basis indicates ammonium nitrogen
removal to be in excess of 35 pounds per acre per
day, COD removal to exceed 100 pounds per acre
per day and phosphate, removal to exceed 15
pounds per acre per day. "Nitrate release was less
than 0.3 pounds per acre per day. In one sample
weekly harvest (Aug. 14 - Aug. 21), 450 plants with
a total wet weight of 90 Ibs. were removed from
two of the ponds having a combined area of ap-
proximately 160 sq. ft This corresponds to an in-
crease of over 17,000 new plants per acre per day
and an increase in wet weight of over 2500 pounds
per acre per day. At a 4% dry weight conversion
factor, this equals 100 pounds of dry weight per
acre per day. The system has performed satisfac-
torily showing potential as a mesns ol removing
nutrients from psrtially treated animal wastes
which are not removed by currently used
processes. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0809-B1, C2, Dl, D2, D3,
F6
ENZYME-FACILITATED M1CROBIAL
MEaCN?,'.I-OSIT10N °F CATTLK TODLOT
MANLIKE,
Colorado Slate Univ., Fort Collins. Depl. of
Microbiology.
G. K. Elmund, S. M. Morrison, and D. W Grant
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University Anril
19-22. 1971. p 174-175, 4 fig, 7 ref. ""'^P™
Descriptors: -Farm wastes, Cattle. Feed lols En
zyn.es Biochemical oxygen demand, Microbial
degradation. Ammo acids, Proteini.
Identifiers: 'Enzymatic hydrolysis.
The cleavage of the macromolecular fraction is a
rate-limiting step preceding its oxidation or as-
sunilstion during the initial microbial decomposi-
tion of cattle feedlot manure Increasing the initial
rate of hydrolysis of the macromolecules may
stimulate the development of a microflora actively
involved in the subsequent stages of the decom-
position process. Methodologies have been
developed to evaluate and optimize conditions for
enzymatic hydrolysis of manure substrates as well
as bioassay techniques to meaiure the resultant in-
creased rates of microbial activity. The results of
studies with proteolytic enzymes are presented as
a model system. Fresh manure from fccdlot cattle
receiving a high concentrate ration was ex-
haustively dialyzed, lyophilized and ground in a
Waring blender.The non-dialyzable manure com-
ponents contained 94 percent of the dry mailer of
fresh manure. The material contained 275 mg/gm
protein of which 75 mg/gm was soluble protein
After three hours incubation with Pronase B trade
(Calbiochem), essentially all of the soluble and
17.5 perccnl of the insoluble protein was
hydrplyzed. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein
fraction of feedlot manure appeara to significantly
increase the initial rate of microbial oxidation of
the manure substrate. The remits give promise to
the uie of hydrolytic enzymes to facilitate the
overall rate of manure decomposition
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0810-C2, D3, F6
iV " ^ D"" "^cultural
E.P Taiganides, R. K. White, and R. L. Slroshine
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes Sullur
Nitrogen. Waste treatment. Biochem c.l
demand. Analytical techniques
me'^w rK*S°a "yi" demMd-
method, Warburg respiromeler.
pl>Ced »
st.nd.rd BODdu%n^7lle'D"cihnrS,
-------
Winkler method or oxygen meter miy be used
with similar accuracies in the measurement of dis-
solved oxygen in BOD battles. Warburg
reipirometer i> > good apparatus to u>e to deter-
mine oxygen dcm«nd of animal wailei. A tett to
measure the rale and ultimate oxygen demand of
animal manure incorporated into top toil ii called
Soil Oxygen Demand (SOD). In the SOD teit,
waitc is placed ID BO air-tight Warburg flask con-
taining soil. As microbes decompose the waste,
oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is
released. The carbon dioxide is absorbed by •
solution of 40 percent potassium hydroxide which
is plsced in a vial in the flask. The quantity of ox-
ygen consumed is determined by measuring
changes in the pressure in the flask and calculating
the change in quantity of gas. using the ideal fas
law. (Bundy-Iowa State)
0811-B2, B5, C2, F6
BOD ANALYSIS OF SWINE WASTE AS AF-
FECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES,
North Carolina Slate Univ., Raleigh. Dept. of
Biological and Agricultural Engineering.
J. D. Ariail, F. I. Humenik, and G. J. Kriz.*
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22. 1971, p 180-182.8 fig. J ref.
Descriptors: *Farm wastes. Swine, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Copper. Zinc, Sewage. Lagoons.
Analytical techniques. Feeds.
Identifiers: "Feed antibiotics.
The effect* of feed antibiotic, copper and line
concentrations, and sample dilution upon the stan-
dard BOD5 analysis for swine wastes were in-
vestigated. Analyses were made on swine fecei.
lagoon influent and lagoon effluent. Antibiotic
concentrations in the swine waste were fouad by
modifying the AOAC (1963) microbiological
method for the asny of chlortetrscycline in animaj
feeds. The copper and zinc concentrations of
digested samples were determined with an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. The amount of
each inhibitory substance present in the BOD bot-
tle for the various sample dilutions was deter-
mined. The amount of metal or antibiotic present
was related to the amount of organics. Therefore
til BOD dilutions that result in aa acceptable ox-
ygen depletion have similar concentrations of or-
gaaics and inhibitory substances. Recommenda-
tions presented for the selection and determination
of the most reliable BOD5 data for animal waste
are different from commonly accepted criteria for
obtaining the statistically best BOD) results for
domestic and industrial wantcwater. The mem-
brane (ilter technique outlined in Standard
Methods for the determination of the fecal
streptococcus content of sewage and animal waste
is superior to the membrane filter technique utiliz-
ing Bacto-KF streptococcus broth.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0812-A12, B3, B5, C3, F6
PORCINE KNTEROV1RUS SURVIVAL AND
ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTION,
Illinois Univ., Urbans. Dept. of Microbiology; and
niinois Univ., Urbana. Dept. of Veterinar)
Pathology and Hygiene.
R. C. Meyer, F. C. Hinds, H. R. Isaacson, and T.
D. Hinesly.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971. p 113-114.2 fig, I tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Sludge digestion,
Viruses, Swia*. Anaerobic digestion.
Little information is available on the effect of
anaerobic sludge digestion upon viruses. Labora-
tory anaerobic digesters of I liter capacity were set
up in duplicate employing sludge obtained from
the local municipal sewage treatment plant. The
digesters were monitored and upon stabilization
after 4 to 5 days, they were seeded with 100 ml. of
a virus suspension containing 10 deg PFU/ml. of a
swine enterovirus. At time intervals ranging from
1/2 hr. to 12 days 25 ml. samples were withdrawn
from each digester and pooled. The presence of in-
fectious virus in the respective samples was deter-
mined by the capacity of a 20 ml. volume, upon
oral administration, to infect 10-14 day old germ-
free piglets. Fecal samples were collected from
each pig twice a day (A.M. and P.M.) on the 3rd
and 4th day post challenge and pooled. Possible in-
fection of piglets by the indicator virus was deter-
mined by standard virologic procedures employing
diploid porcine kidney cell cultures. Virus, when
recovered from the piglets was identified by
serologlc procedures as the test agent. Virus could
not be detected or demonstrated by pig challenge
after the 4th day in the anaerobic digesters.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0813-A6, B3, Cl, D2, D3,
E3
THROUGH-CIRCULATION DRYING OF
MANURE IN SUPERHEATED STEAM,
Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, Pa. D«pt. of Chemical
Engineering.
J. R. Thygesoo, E. D. Orossmann, and J.
MacArthnr.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April'
19-22,1971. D l««-189. 7 fig. 1 tab,«ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Drying, Odor,
Moisture content. Waste treatment, Waste
disposal. Steam.
Identifier!: 'Superheated steam. Continuous con-
veyor dryer.
Treatment of livestock waste to produce a
biochemically stable and odor free product capa-
ble of uac as a feed additive, soil conditioner, or
fuel is described. The process involves the drying
of a packed bed of wet manure extrusions in a
closed cycle system employing superheated steam
as the drying medium. The prospective advantages
of this method of waste treatment include: (1) high
production rate per unit area of plait; (2) minimum
environmental pollution associated with the
process; ()) relative inaeaiitivily to changes in en-
vironmental and fe«d conditions; (4) capability of
treating the undiluted manure; (5) production of a
stable, odorless, free-flowing solid convenient for
storing or transporting. Preliminary experimental
studies on the extrudability of the wet manure and
on the pressure drop and drying characteristics of
the packed bed indicate that the material can be
dried successfully in a through-flow system. The
steam was forced through the bed of wet extru-
sions in a laboratory-scale teat apparatus which
permitted easy removal of the test section for
periodic weighing. The equipment was capable of
achieving the following limits on the drying
parameters: bed depth of 9 inches; superficial
velocity of 1000 (Ml p«r minute; fluid temperature
of 350 dag F; superheat equivalent to 140 deg F.
Provision for pressure drop, flow, and tempera-
ture measurement was incorporated in the system.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0814-A6, D2, E3
PYROLYStt OF LIVESTOCK WASTES,
Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Dcpt. of Agricultural
Engineering.
R. K. While, and E. P. Taigaaides.
ID: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 190-191.3 fig, J tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Anaerobic conditions,
.Poultry, Swine, Cattle, Thermal capacity. Odor,
Waste treatment. Incineration.
Identifiers: *Pyrolysis.
Pyrolysis is the 'anaerobic* incineration of wastes
in contrast to combustion which might be termed
'aerobic' incineration. Pyrolysis is the chemical
decomposition of materials heated to high tem-
peratures in the absence of free oxyfen. Animal
manures were heated to 800 deg C at a controlled
rate and in an airtight vicor tube placed iniide a
standard muffle furnace. The released gases were
collected by displacing a brine solution and their
composition was determined by a standard burrett
gas analyzer. Quantities of gas produced and their
average composition are tabulated. Advantages of
pyrolysis include the production of gases which
can be reclaimed for heat energy and a dry and in-
nocuous resjdue product with reduced volume.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0815-B3, B4, C2, Dl, D2
OK VINO POULTRY WASTE,
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of
Agricultural Engineering.
T. C. Surbrook, C. C. Sheppard, J. S. Boyd. H. C.
Zindel. and C. J. Flegal.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement. Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971. p 192-194.4 fig, 4 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Odor. Drying.
Proteins, Poultry, Potassium, Phosphorus, Tem-
perature, Time, Storage.
Identifiers: Pneumatic drying process, High tem-
perature drying.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate a com-
mercial poultry excreta drier and to minimize
nutrient losses in the resulting product. The output
of this machine was 340 pounds per hour of dried
poultry waste. Drying is a potential way of han-
dling poultry wastes from an economic stand-
point. The final product, dried poultry waste, is in
a form which can be easily handled. Samples of
dried poultry excreta show a wide (11-38 percent)
variation in protein content. From 50 to 65 percent
of the available protein remains in the dried
poultry waste. Trials were conducted to relate
protein loss to the amount of beat as measured at
one point in the drier. In temperature ranges from
450 deg to 700 deg F. there was a range of three
percent on a dry basis from the same unprocessed
waste. Generally speaking, the low range of tem-
peratures were less destructive of protein. There is
a relationship between protein loss and storage
time. This is not evident for 14 days or less storage
time. Protein loss is evident for storage periods of
four to lix months in commercial poultry houses.
(Bundy-Iowa State)
0816-B1, C2, D3, E2, E3,
Fl
ECONOMICS OF WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINED LIVESTOCK,
Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Dept. of Agricul-
tural Economics.
W.H.M. Morris.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
oa Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971, p 195-196.4 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, 'Economic feasibili-
ty, 'Waste treatment, Aerobic treatment, Costs,
Fertilizers, Nutrients, Waste disposal, Oxidation
lagoons.
Identifiers: 'Field spreading.
The coils of handling livestock wastes must be
considered in the framework of the total produc-
tion system, and this may change the location,
volume, consistency, and composition of the
waste. Furthermore, such items as slotted floors
and oxidation ditches often comprise a large part
177
-------
of the total coil of a building. Under U.S. condi-
liont, the coil of disposal of livestock wastes ex-
ceeds their vilue. No one tyitem of disposal U the
lent costly or the moil profiuble under all cir-
cumstances. Fictori lucb as the coil of labor and
of cipiul and availability of land in different
•eaiont determine the economically optimal
lyttem. No profitable method can be foreseen for
induithal ordometlic utilization of any significant
part of the livestock waste produced. It ia ex-
pected that the producer will continue to uie the
presently available systems of disposal for the
foreseeable future. Spreading on land, anaerobic,
and aerobic treatment and feeding all seem practi-
cal alternatives. The economic choice depends on
the species, the environment, and many other fac-
tors. (Schmitl-Iowa State)
0817-B2,B3,B4,D1,D3,E1,F1
MARKETING CONVERTED POULTRY
MANURE,
Pennsylvania Stale Univ.. University Park. Dept.
of Animal Industries
H.C.Jordan.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Live,lock Wastes, Ohio State University April
19-22,1971, p 197-198.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Fertilizers,
•Nutrients, 'Poultry, Market value, Byproducts
Odor, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'Compost, Soil conditioner.
Surveyi were MDI to firms engaged in processing
and marketing poultry manure as a fertilizer or or-
ganic soil conditioner. The needs for a marketable
product are: (I) Total anaerobic microbe count
must be reduced through drying to control odor:
(2) Odor must be reduced to nil and then may be
mashed with a plesant odor for lawn and garden
trades; (3) Nitrogen in the form of urea and uric
acid must be stabilized so that il is not released
quickly and does not burn plants for lawn and
garden sale; (4) The product mult How through a
Lawn spreader and be easy to handle for lawn and
garden trade: (5) The product must be stored in
bags without picking up water and giving off odor
for lawn and garden market; (6) Advertising and
sale mull be done without 'poultry manure' in the
name of the product because of consumer or buyer
resistance, with the possible exceptions of indus-
trial sales and naming an organic product 'com-
posted poultry manure'. One may need to guard
against negative advertising of odors, diseases,
burning plants, and drawing fliea.
(Schmitt-lowa State)
0818-B2, B3, B4, Dl, D3 ,"E1, Fl
THE ECONO'MICS or SWINE WASTE
DISPOSAL,
Environmental Research and Applications, Inc.,
Wilton, Conn.
R. W. Okey, and S. Balakrishnan.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Slate University. April
19-22, 1971, p 199-203. 5 fig. 8 tab, 26 rcf.
Descriptors: "Finn wastes, 'Costs, •Economic
feasibility. Aerobic treatment, Nitrification,
Denitrification, Waste treatment, Waste disposal.
Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Phosphorus removal.
II is desirable to codify and apply research
findings from several applicable disciplines and to
review Ihe cost/effectiveness ratio of waste treat-
ment procedures ia the light of new pollution con-
trol laws. The essential requirements of treatment
are considered to be the total stabilization of car-
bonaceous and nitrogenous materials with no crea-
tion of odors. Possible treatment methods include
(I) ground disposal, (2) lagoon storage, (3) totalox-
idative treatment, (4) organic solids separation and
treatment of the liquid stream, (5) primary treat-
ment plus nitrogen and/or phosphorus removal
and/or dissolved solids removal. The costs for
wane treatment for a 5,000 animal swine system
ranged from $17,600 for a 'solids separation prior
to oxidative conversion of ammonia' system to
$35.500 per year for a 'basic oxidation treatment
with nitrogen and phosphorus removal* system. If
total solids removal was required, Ihe overall
management costs of either system would be in-
creased by $7,)00 by adding a membrane system
to remove all the inorganics. In addition, a
satisfactory point of ultimate disposal must be
found for the solids which were separated out. For
small livestock systems, the cost per unit will be
increased slightly for most treatments.
(Schmilt-Iowa Slate)
0819-A1, B2, B3, B4, D3,
E2, Fl, F2
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION FOR CON-
FINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS,
Oklahoma Slate Univ., StUlwater. Dept. of
Agricultural Economics.
.D. D. Badger, and G. R. Cross.
.In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Stale University, April
19-22.1971, p 204-207. 3 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Confinement pens,
Costs, Regulation, Farm lagoons, Cattle, Hogs,
Oklahoma, Waste treatment.
Recently instituted air and water quality standards
and resulting Slate legislation have caused con-
fined animal feeding operators to invest con-
siderably more in construction and operation of
their production system. Approaches being used to
handle the animal waste and water runoff problem
include stockpiling of manure, land spreading, use
of oxidation ditches, and use of stabilization
ponds. B^ef wastes are handled mainly by scrap-
ing, loading, hauling, xnd dumping. Costa (or this
type of handling are 0.15 to I.Ocenla per pound of
gain for sizable feedlots. Hog operations are
generally either pasture, feeding flow-no lagoons,
slotted or solid feeding floor with adjacent lagooa,
or slotted floor with lagoon directly below. Pasture
systems had waste handling costs of 0.] to O.I
cents per pound of gain, solid feed floor-no lagooa
systems had costs of 1 to 0.2 cents per pound, and
totally slotted floors had labor costs of 0.3 to 0.3
cents per pound of gain. Implications are that site
selection will be much more critical in the future.
Increased use of zoning to keep incompatible
operations and urban areas separated will be
necessary. (Scbmitt-Iowa Slate)
0820-A2, A4, Bl, B2, B3,
El, E2, Fl
COST OF MAINTAINING SPECIFIED LEVELS
OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOE CON-
FINED CATTLE FEEDING OPERATIONS FOR
THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS,
Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock. Dept. of Agricultural
Economics.
H. Y. Lee, and T. R. Owens.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971. p 207-20S. 1 fif, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Cattle, 'Agricultural
runoff, Confinement pens, Fred lota, Costa, Tex-
as, Water pollution control.
Identifiers: 'Southern High Plains.
The Southern High Plains of Ihe U.S. has wit-
nessed the rapid expansion of confined cattle feed-
ing operationi. From less than 500,000 head of fed
cattle marketed in 1959, the figure increased to
over 2.3 million head by 1969 in the slate of Texas
alone. Surplus feed grain supply, abundant feeder
cattle supply, dry and mild climate, gentle terrain.
and an excellent transportation network con-
tributed to the development. Some of these factors
have .also contributed to serious water pollution
problems. An immediate solution to the problem
might be the utilization of collection basins to col-
lect feedlot runoff for subsequent discharge to aa
open field or modified playa lake or alternatively
left for natural evaporation. The two runoff con-
trol systems are termed, respectively, 'mechanical
discharge systems' and 'evaporative discharge
systems'. Annual costs would range from $1,011 to
J3.I25 for 5,000 and 25,000 head lots, respectively
This is an average cost of 8.2 cents per head of oc-
cupancy. Disposing of solid manure is alilla major
problem with these systems. A 'modified environ-
ment system' consisting of concrete slotted floors
and a roof covering the pen area and collection pit*
appears promising. This type of construction ia
estimated at about $75 per head, compared with
S25 per head for a typical cattle feedlot.
(Schmitl-Iowa Stale)
0821-B2, B5, C2, D3, E2
AN OXIDATION DITCH FOR THE HANDLING
AND TREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES
Cornell Univ.. Ithaca. N.Y. Dept. of Agricull,™!
engineering.
R. C. Lochr, D. F. Anderson, and A. C.
Anthonisen.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposia
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Aeration. 'Aerobk
treatment. -Poultry. Biochemical oxygen demand
Chemical oxygen demand. Waste slorate *Wa.i»
water treatment, 'Oxidation lagooai. '
An oxidation ditch was used to handle and treat
poultry wastes from a cage layer operation. The
results showed that an oxidation dilch ii a reasoaa-
ble alternative for handling, treatment a«d
disposal of poultry wastes where odor control
liquid waste handling and reduction of the oxyten
demand are desirable or accessary goals ia a
poultry operation. Mixed liquor should not be
disposed of ia surface waters; however bad
disposal is an acceptable disposal method Then
was no overflow from this dilch due to the kkh
evaporation rale. The ditch acted as aa aerated
holding lank. Total solids exceeded 8% when the
ditch was emptied after 274 daya of operation
BODS was 4200 mg/l and total nitrogen wa™3MO
mg/1 when the ditch w\s emptied ia Jaauary HrTI
Balances on the system showed 3J percent total
solids, 62 percent volatile solids. 13 pereeat
BOD3. 63 percent COD. and 31 perceal^S.
total aitrogea were lost over Ihe 274 day ran Tfce
"^"J.^'"".? °f lhe ditch w" 1MO ««Uoaa. To
offset 2100 gallons of evaporation, a total of 2900
gallons of water was added intermittently After
startup, the pH ranged from 5.0 to 6.5 -
«
244 birds. (Schmitt-lowa State)
0822-A6, B2, B5, C2, D3
DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND 1IOLOCICAL
ASSESSMENT OF A PASVEER OXIDATION
DITCH ON A LARGE BRITISH COLUMIIA
SWINE FARM. ««SSM*
Department of Agriculture, Abbotaford (British
Columbia).
T. A. Windt, N. R. BuDcy, and L. M. Stsley.
Ia: Livestock Waste Management and Pollutioa
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposmm
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971. p 213-216.1 Ub.7fii. 11 ref.
Descriptors: •Farm wastes, •Aeration, •Oxidation
lagoons, Hogs. Waste Storage. Biochemical ox-
ygen demand, 'Waite water treatment, Odor
Identifiers: Pasveer ditch.
One )50 to 400 hog unit of a 25,000 commercial
178
-------
swine enterprise was equipped with • Pssveer ox-
Idition ditch. The ditch wn • opacity of 5,000
cubic feel ind it approximately 220 (eel long, 3
feet deep, ind filled and miintained at a 22 inch
liquid level. Hop were placed in the itnicture in
early June 1970. Foaming occurred about one
month after placement and was controlled with an
antifoam agent. The oiidation ditch hat given
complete odor control of the watte. The effluent
from the ditch ia caiily handled by most pumpi for
final ditpoul. The coit of operating the 5 hor-
aepower rotor for the ditch wat about 25 cenU per
finished hog, at an electricity cott of 1.1 cents per
Kw-br. The oxygen concentration in the ditch
measured at two-week intervals has varied from 3
to 6 ppm oxygen. The theoretical loading rate of
volatile solids was based on a value of 5.9 pounds
of volatile solids per day per 1000 pounds of live
weight. The BOD has ranged from 600 to 2,000
ppm in the oxidation ditch, compared with a BOD
value of 40,000 ppm for the raw 2atte. There
seems to be a cyclic nature to the quality of con-
tents in the oxidation ditch but this is not
completely understood. (Schmilt-Iowa State)
0823-B2, B4, Cl, C2, D3,
E2
BEEF WASTES AND THE OXIDATION DITCH
TODAY AND TOMORROW.
Minnesota Univ., SI. Paul. Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering.
R. E. Larson, and J. A. Moore.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 217-219.4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Aeration, 'Oxidation
lagoons. Waste storage, Cattle, Biological oxygen
demand, *Waste water treatment.
The oxidation ditch can be operated as a batch
system for treatment of beef animal wastes in cold
climates. Its role as a management system, how-
ever, will be limited to that of collection, odorless
temporary storage and partial treatment. Seconda-
ry and complete treatment of wastes will probably
be accomplished by land disposal. In areas with
below zero winter temperatures, a 'ditch' cjn be
operated successfully (or a 150-day batch period.
After starting with a loading rate of 50 cu. ft. per
animal, the solids concentration builds up to about
10-11%, which appears to be a maximum (or suc-
cessful operation. An estimated 20-30% REDUC-
TION IN SOLIDS HAS BEEN ACCOM-
PLISHED. These results and the other measured
parameters indicate the design criteria (or usa o(
the oxidation ditch (or beef systems will b« vary
critical and additional research Is necessary. Than
la also a n«ed to study the interrelation between
ventilation system design and the efficient opera-
tion of the ditch. Solids handling, especially with
high roughage and whole grain rations, present
tome unsolved problems. (Schmltt-Iowa Slate)
0824-B2, B3, B4, Cl, C2,
D3
AEROBIC TREATMENT Of LIQUID AND
SOLID POULTRY MANURE,
Ouelph Univ. (Ontario).
I. Pos, R. 0. Ball, and I. B. Robinson.
In: Livistock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Slate University, April
19-22,1971. p 220-224.7 tab, 6 fit, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Oxidation lagoons,
Biodegndatlon, Nitrification, Denilrification,
Aeration, Poultry, Waste storage, 'Waste water
treatment.
Identifiers: 'Compost.
Effects of aerobic treatment on liquid and solid
poultry manure have been evaluated in a number
of pilot studies. The changes in composition of
liquid manure continuously aerated in 'fill and
draw' oxidation ditches have been monitored over
a number of 28-day storage periods over the last
two years. While BOD reductions were less than
had been expected on the basis of theoretical rotor
efficiency, losses of nitrogen caused by nitrifica-
tion-denitrification were very large and exceeded
50% of input as soon as active population of
nitrifiera had become eitabliihed. Solid manure
aeration was evaluated in a drum fitted with an in-
ternal mixing rotor. The input consisted of equal
volumes of poultry manure and soft wood
shavings. The compost when discharged, after six
days retention within the machine, was dark
brown in color and had a strong but short-lived
odor of ammonia. Although not completely stabil-
ized, the compost could nevertheless be stored (or
extended periods of time without developing ob-
jectionable odors. (Schmitt- Iowa State)
0825-B5, C3,D3
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AEROBI-
CALLY TREATED SWINE WASTE,
School of Agriculture, Aberdeen (Scotland). Bac-
teriology Div.
K. Robinson, J. R. Saxon, and S. H. Baxter.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio SUte University, April
19-22,1971, p 225-223.7 fig, 2 lab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Aerobic treatment.
Aeration, Chemical oxygen demand. Salmonella,
Streptococcus, Pathogenic bacteria, 'Waste water
treatment.
Identifiers: 'Staphylococcus.
The aerobic microbial degradation of swine wastes
was evaluated in field studies. Studies on the in-
fluence of diet on the composition of waste as a
microbial substrate have shown the excretion of
inhibitory levels of copper. Chemical analysei of
some of the soluble components have made it
possible to compare the rates of breakdown of
these components with changes in pH and the rate
of removal of Chemical Oxya.cn Demand. A
progressive and marked (all in oxygen solubility
occurs as the waste concentration increases.
Suspensions of Salmonella, Streptococcus, or
Staphylococcus were inoculated into aerating
urine cultures;these organiimi survive (or periods
exceeding I daya. It is possible to produce i
biologically stable effluent, occasionally with t
satisfactory BOD, and i clean, odorless, residual
solid. Further work Is needed to show how the
process of purification can be improved and more
clearly understood. (Schmltt-Iowa Slate)
0826-A8, E2
CROP PRODUCTION AND SOIL ANALYIEI Al
AFFECTED BY APPLICATION! OF CATTLE
FIEDLOT WASTE,
Southwestern Great Plaint Research Ctrittr.
Buthland, Tax.
A. C. Mathers, and B. A. Stewart.
In: Livestock Wast* Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Ststa University, April
19-22,1971, p 229-234.2 tab, 6 fig, 3 raf.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Drain sorghum,
•Crop response. Soil testa. Leaching, Nitrates,
Cattle, Feed lots, Irrigation effects.
A field study wat Initiated in 1968 to determine the
effect of varying rates of cattle fecdlot watt* on
crop growth, nitrate content at (ortge, and accu-
mulation of nitrate, chlorides, and other con-
stituents In the ioS profile. Rates of fecdlot watte
were 0.10,30,60,120, and 240 T/A applied to the
same plots annually. One treatment received 240
T/A the first year only. Commercial fertilizer
treatments of 240-0-0 and 240-50-50 Ibs/A applied
annually were also included to compare to the
waste treated plots. Wastes were tpresd and
plowed under in the spring. In 1969, the plots were
not irrigated prior to seeding grain lorghun, but
they were in 1970. Seasonal irrigations were ap-
plied as needed to provide adequate moisture for
plant growth. Soil samples were taken before the
experiment was started, at seeding times, and fol-
lowing harvests. Samples were analyzed for
nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, chlorides, and conduc-
tivity. Yield values and soil analyses concerning
the first two years of the study are presented and
discussed. (SchmitMowa Stale)
0827-A8, B2, C2, D3, E2
A BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER
RENOVATION SYSTEM FOR REMOVING
PHOSPHATE AND NITROGEN FROM LIQUID
FEEDLOT WASTE,
Michigan Slate Univ., East Lansint. Dept. of
Agricultural Engineering.
A. E. E nekton. J. M.Tiedje, B. G. Ellis, andC. M.
Hansen.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University April
19-22.1971, p 232-234.2 fig. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Nitrification,
Denitrification, Nutrient removal. Feed lou.
Hogs, 'Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: 'Barriered Landscape Water Renova-
tion System.
A Barriered Landscape Water Renovation System
(BLWRS) consists of an inexpensive impervious
water barrier installed below the surface of sand
toils. The barrier modifies the soil environment so
that an aerobic zone and an anaerobic zone are
formed in the soil. The liquid waste is spread on
the aerobic zone where the organic matter is
decomposed and the nitrogen compounds nitrified.
The nitrate is leached into the anaerobic zone
where denitrif ication takes place. The phosphate is
removed from the system by adsorption on a
phosphate adsorber and in the soil. The renovated
water, tow in adsorption on a phosphste adiorber
and in the soil. The renovated water, low in
nitrogen, photphate, and organic matter, teepi off
the edges of the barrier into the aquifer or the
water can be collected and recycled, Anaerobic
swine wast* was spread on this barrier. The total
nitrogen content of the wattewater was 440 ppm
nnd of the effluent lest than 2 ppm. The average
phosphate content of the watte wat 31 ppm and of
the effluent 0.04 ppm of phosphate. This simple.
Inexpensive, and efficient way of dispoial of
(atdlot wtsttwater will alto prelect surface and
underground waters from contamination.
(Schmitt-Iowt State)
0828-A3, A4, A5, A8, E2,
Fl
DISPOSAL OF BEEF MANURE BY DEEP
PLOWING,
Texts A tnd U.Unlv., College Station. Dept. of
Agricultural Engineering.
D. L. Reddell, W. H. Johnson, P. J. Lyerly, ud P.
Hobgood.
In: Livestock Witt* Management and Pollution
aba tern ant, Proceeding! International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 235-231.4 (ig. 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptor*.: 'Farm wattet, 'Deep tillage. 'Cost
companions, Cattle, Crop production. Crop
response, Trenches, Waste disposal.
Four Ullage techniques (or deep plowing Urge
quantities of manure into the soil were evaluated
nt El Paso and Pecos, Texat, during the summer of
1970. The toil at El Paso it a sandy loam, with a
179
-------
tandy lubioil. The toil it Pecoi It a tilty city
loan. UP to 900 loni of manure per acre can be
plowed under with a 30-inch moldboard plow >t a
minimum coit of 4.3 centi per Ion. In tandy loili,
tbc di>k plow should be able to plow under at leatt
600 loni per acre with a minimum coit of 2.1 centt
per ton. The 18-inch plow it limited to about 300
toni per acre. The trencher teemi moil venatile
from the ttandpoint of high ratei and toil penetra-
tion deptbi. The coiti will be high and in the order
of 50 centt per ton at the 900 ton level. The
complete mixing of manure and toilai done by the
trencher ii imprenive. At thit time, the water
quality program thowt DO terioui pollution
problem for lurface witer runoff. The toil water
iamplei al the 4-foot depth indicate that denitrifi-
cation it Uking place. The major groundwater and
toil pollution problem would appear to be from
todium chloride. (Schmitt- Iowa State)
0829-A3, A6, A10, B2, B3,
E2
WATER QUALITV'OF RUNOFF FROM GRASS-
LAND APPLIED WITH LIQUID. SEMI-LIQUID.
AND -DRV DAIRY WASTE,
Auburn Univ., Ala. Dept. of Animal and Dairy
Science.
T. A. McCtikey, 0. H. Rollint, and I. A. Little.
In: Liveitoclt Waite Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympotium
on Liveitock Wallet, Ohio State Univertity, April
19-22.1971, p 239-242.1 fig, 5 tab, 4 ref.
Deicripton: 'Farm wattet, 'Return How, Water
quality. Ctttle, Odor, Biochemical oxygen de-
mand. Agricultural runoff, 'Water reute, Watte
diipoial.
Idenlifien: •Field-tpreiding.
Dairy watte wat applied to runoff plott to timulaU
ratei of application employed on Auburn Univer-
tity Agr. Eip. Station: (i) irrigation of watte from
a holding tank; (b) tpreading by a tank wagon, and
(c) conventional manure tpreader for applying
'dry watte'. Irrigation of liquid manure on gran-
land at 0.96 tomt per acre (dry batit) once each 3
weekt hat been practiced with commercial equip-
ment for 21 monthi. There were no tignificaot
odort, flies, or manure accumulation problem! at
the diipoial tile. The application of 0.6 toni per
acre once or twice during a three-week period by a
tank ipreader for 19 monthi aho did not cauie any
problem!. The application of watte by the conven-
tional method on permanent ditpoial tilei it ratei
greater than 3.2 toni/acre once each three weeki
retulted in marked accumulation of manure aolidt.
Ratei exceeding thote accomplithed with one or
two applicitioni per three-week cycle are not ad-
vited unlen a cropping tyitem ii uied. The
average BOD5 wai 147 mg/1 for runoff from gnu-
land applied with an accumulative total 6f 34 toni
(dry batii) per acre ai irrigated watte, 45 mg/1 for
22 toni/acre of icmi-liquid waite, 87 mg/I for 122
toni/acre dry watte, and 17 mg/1 for the control.
(Schmitt-Iowa State)
0830-A5, A8, C2, E2
FATE OF INORGANIC FORMS OF N AND
SALT FROM LAND-DISPOSED MANURES
FROM DAIRIES,
California Univ., Rivenide. Dept. of SoU Science
and Agricultural Engineering.
D. C. Adriano, P. P. Pratt, and S. E. Bithop.
In: Liveitock Waite Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Livettock Wallet, Ohio State Univertity, April
19-22,1971, p 243-24«. 1 fig, 7 tab, 8 ref.
Deicripton: 'Farm waitet, 'Nitratei, 'Leaching,
Ammonia, Denitrification, Saltt, Chloridei, Cat-
tle, Path of poDutanta, Waite diipoial.
Identifier!: 'Field-ipreading.
Became land diipoial without pretreatment il the
moil common method of diipoial of cattle wattet
in Southern California, talti and nitntei in tolli
and groundwaten mutt become important (acton
in dairy watte management. Average nitrate-
nitrogen concentrationi of 92, 74, and M ppm in
toil lolutlont at the 10 to 19 foot depth for corrali,
paiturei, and croplandi, reipectively were found
In the Chioo-Corona dairy area. Theie lolutioni
will eventually reach the underlying groundwater,
which at the time of lampling, had lower nitrate
concentrationi. Reducing the pretent cow popula-
tion of 10 per diipoial acre to about 3 per acre
would keep nitrate-nitrogen leveli at leu than 10
ppm in toil tolutioni beyond the root zone, in toil
profile! under croplandi and patturei. Under ex-
iitinj conditioni, manure from 20 dairy cowl had
about the tame amount of tall ai 3 acre-feet of ir-
rigation water. Maximizing ammonia volatilization
from manure before incorporation into the toil will
reduce the nitrate-nitrogen pool in the toil.
(Schmitt-Iowa State)
0831-A8, B3, C2, E2
EFFECT OF RATE OF POULTRY MANURE AP-
PLICATION ON SELECTED SOIL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES,
Arkaniai Univ., Fayetteville. Dept. of Agronomy.
L. H.Hilenan.
In: Livettock Watte Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Livestock Waitei, Ohio State Univcnily, April
19-22,1971, p 247-248,5 fig.
Deicripton: 'Farm wattei, 'Poultry, •Fertiliza-
tion, Crop reiponte. Salinity, Soil properties,
•Soil chemical properties Salti.
Identifier!: 'Field-ipreading.
Poultry manure, etpecially broiler litter, it a valua-
ble by-product of the poultry induitry. Long-time
uie by farmer! hai indicated toil imbalance retultt
from continuoui heavy applicationi. On a dry
weight baiii, broiler liner containi 4.11% nitrogen,
1.45% phoiphorut, and 2.18% potaiiium. Broiler
litter containing 26% moiiture wai mixed into the
upper 4 inchei of Rutton tandy loam, Sharkey
clay loam, and Captina lilt loam, at ratei of 5, 10,
15, and 20 toni per acre for a greenhouie itudy.
Ky-31 Feicue wai planted but did not germinate.
A rapid rite in toil temperature and in pH wai
noted on all loili. The ammonia releated may react
with the aoil clay exchange capacity reiulting in
high leveli of Ca, K, and Mg ioni in the toil, con-
tributing to the toluble tail level. Soil potaiiium
leveli incrcaaed greatly. High leveli of potaiiium
combined with ammonia inhibit the germination
and growth of moit crop planti. Even at the 5-ton
rate, tevere talt toxicity wai found on all three
toili three monthi after Utter incorporation. Salt
problems can be determined by loll conductivity
meaiurement. (Schmitt- Iowa State)
0832-A5, A8, B2, B3, C2,
E2
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION DUE TO HIGH
ORGANIC MANURE LOADINGS,
Rutgen - The State Univ.. New Bruniwick, NJ.
Dept. of Environmental Sciencai.
T. J. Concannon. and E. I. OeneUlli.
In: Liveitock Watte Management and Pollution
•Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Liveitock Waitei, Ohio State Univertity, April
19-22,1971. p 249-253,4 fig, 3 ttb, 15 ret.
Deicripton: 'Farm waitet, •Qroundwater, Water
pollution. Salinity, Poultry, Fertilization, Bio-ln-
dicaton. Sampling, Waite diipoial.
Identifier!: "Oroundwaler pollution
Four ipecific method! of diipoiing of organic
manurei utilize toil at the ultimate diipoial media.
Theie include lagooning, tanitary landfilling, tub-
toil injection, and the PFC method. All thete
method! could cauie terioui pollution of ground
waten due to heavy loidingi of organic and inor-
ganic material!. Contaminant! itudied were total
organic carbon (TOO, NH4 + , SO4, P04.CI, Na
Mg, Ca, and K. Bacteriological inalytei were ilio
performed. Four loading ratei, 0, 15, 30 and 45
toni of dry poultry lolidi per acre were uied la
field ploti at well at laboratory toil columni
Although TOC concentration leveli were high in
the field ploti, no sigoificsnt difference could be
found between control and treatment!. NiIrate
concentration! exceeded USPHS limiti, but the
leveli were not tignlficantly different from the
control. Chloride concentration did not exceed
USPHS limiti, tulfate concentrationi tlightly ex-
ceeded the limiti. All fecal coliform teui were
negative. Soil columni provided a controlled
meant for itudying the toil n an effective diipoial
media for tolid waite. (Scbmill-Iowa Slate)
0833-A3, A8, B2, C2, D3,
E2
EFFECT OF MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS
ON PLANT NUTRIENT CYCLING. """*"
Wiiconun Univ., Maditon. Dept. of Soil Science
R. F. Heniler, W.H. Erhardt, and L.M Walth
In: Llveitock Wnte Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Liveitock Waitei. Ohio Stale Univenitv Anrfl
19-22,1971. p 254-257.6 lab. 4 fig, 7 ref P
Deicripton: 'Farm waitei. •Fertilization. 'Crop
response, Aeration, Farm lagooni, Nutrienu, Cat-
Identifiert: Plant nutrient cycling.
Fraih, fermented (Hacked), aerobic liquid and
anaerobic liquid cattle manure handling lyitemi
were compared with regard to plant nutrient
utilization by com. In greenhouie ituditi dry
matter yieldi and recovery of nitrogen
phoiphonii, and potaiiium were about the lami
for freih, fermented, and anaerobic liquid
lyitemi. but were tignificantly leu for the terobic
liquid tyitem. Total corn yieldi and recovery of
nitrogen and phoiphonii were not greatly affected
by oat itraw and wood ihavingi bedding ntet uc
to 8%. but at the 16% rate, yieldi and nitrogen
recovery generally were significantly lower. Re-
gardleu of the handling method, manure increaied
corn yieldi la field ttudiei. Yield increaiei wen
greateit for fermented and anaerobic liquid
manure applied in the ipring. Runoff louei of
total nitrogen ranged from 3 to 24 poundi ptr ten
annually for winter applied manure at compared to
about 3 poundi per acre for non-manured toil and
tpring-applied manure. The concentration of
nutrient! in the runoff wai greater from the tod
compared to the fallow tolli and greater for fertil-
izer compared to manure treatmenti
(Schmitt-Iowa Stale)
SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF LIQUID
MANURE,
Penniylvania State Univ., Univenity Park Dept
of SoU Fertility.
H. D. Bartletl, and L. F. Marriott.
In: Liveitock Watte Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedingi International Sympoiium
on Liveitock Waitei, Ohio State Univertity. April
19-22.1971. p 258-260, 2 tab. 3 fig.
Deicripton: 'Farm waitei, 'Wnte diipoial, Un-
derground waite diipoul, Fertilization, Waite
iterate, Cattle.
Identifier!: Field-ipreading.
The application of animal manure below the toil
lurface providei a diipoial method which
eliminate! problem! of odon, fliei. and runoff.
Available equipment appliei liquid manure four
inchei below the lurface at approximately one gal-
lon per tquarc foot, a rate approaching that of lur-
face tpreading practicei. The annual application of
15 toni of dairy manure per acre added approxi-
180
-------
mately 700 Ib. N to the toil eich year. Even after
Allowing for estimated crop removal and various
lostei other thin through leaching, a considerable
amount of N remained in the toil. Water soluble N
accounted for about 160 Ib. per acre in the 4 fool
profile; it wai assumed some moved below that
level. The optimum rate of manure application is
not substantially greater than that which will
supply the maximum nitrogen required by any
crop, plus some' allowance for losses other than
leaching. (Scbmitt-lowa
0835-B2, B4, C2, D3
AEROBIC STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE,
Greenmount Agricultural and Horticultural Coll.,
Muckamore (Northern Ireland).
T. A. Stewart, and R. Mcllwain.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio SUte University, April
19-22,1971, p 261-262,2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Aeration, 'Aerobic
conditions, Waste assimilative capacity, Poultry,
•Waste storage, 'Oxidation lagoons.
The use of an oxidation ditch, built directly un-
derneath a 936 bird let of California cages, to aero-
bically store poultry droppings hai been in-
vestigated for the past two years. The 2-foot long
rotor is fitted with angle-iron type blades and is
driven by a 1.3 H.P. electric motor ml a fixed speed
of 120 r.p.m. Droppings output of the birds during
the first year of operation averaged 245 Ib. per
day, giving a total solids loading of 59 Ib., of which
71% was volatile. The BOD of the fresh droppings
during this period averaged 40,860 ppm.. which
was a daily BOD loading on the ditch of 10.3 Ib. To
avoid sedimentation, it was necessary to empty
the ditch when the solids content of the liquid rose
above 30,000 ppm. A nutrient budget at the end of
the first yearly cycle showed that 43 percent of the
total solids, 56 percent of the volatile solids, 60
percent of the COD and BOD and 66 percent of
the nitrogen entering the ditch were lost through
bacterial activity during storage. Foaming, floating
feathers, and mechanical failure of rotor bearings
were the main problems encountered. Electricity
consumption averaged 1 kilowatt per hour.
(Schmitt-Iowa Suit)
0836-A11, A12, B2, B4, C3,
D3
SURVIVAL AND DETECTION OF LEP-
TOSPIRES IN AERATED BEEF CATTLE
MANURE,
Minnesota Univ., St. Paul. Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering.
S. L. Diesch, B. S. Pomeroy, and E. R. Allred.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Slate University, April
19-22.1971. p 263-266.2 fig. 1 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Pathogenic bacteria. 'Farm wastes,
•Aeration, Cattle, Aerobic conditions, Waste
storage, Pollutant identification, Oxidation
lagoons, Public health.
Identifiers: Leptospira pomona.
Leptospira pomona, a pathogen capable of infect-
ing both man and animals, was studied in an ex-
tended aeration method of animal manure treat-
ment. A laboratory oxidation ditch model was
developed for studying leptospirei at simulated
winter environmental conditions. A fluorescent
antibody technique was developed and utilized for
detection of leptospires. Findings indicate that
pathogenic Icptotpires are capable of survival for
up to 18 days in an aerated model oxidation ditch
and 11 days in effluent and sludge. These findings
do not determine the ability of leptospires isolated
from a manure environment to establish infection
of man and animals. There must be public concern
for potential contamination of the environment
and the development of health hazards because
shedding of leptospires may occur for long periods
of time in infected cattle. The disease is of major
economic and public health importance and
widespread in animal reservoirs. Treatment of
sludge and effluents by chlorination or other
methods is needed before discharge.
(Schmitl-Iowa State)
0837-A6, B2, C2, D3
AERATION WITH ORP CONTROL TO SUP-
PRESS ODORS EMITTED FROM LIQUID
SWINE MANURE SYSTEMS.
Illinois Univ., Urbana. Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
I. C. Converse, D. L. Day,I. T. Pfeffer, and B. A.
Jones.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971, p 267-271,4 fig. 6 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Aeration, 'Odor,
Biodegradation, Hogs, Hydrogen tulfide, Organic
acids, 'Waste water treatment. Oxidation-reduc-
tion potential.
Five levels of aeration of a completely mixed
liquid swine manure system were studied to deter-
mine the effect on odors produced and to study the
degradation of manure under each system. Oxida-
tion-Reduction Potential (ORP), pH, temperature,
and dissolved oxygen levels of the mixed liquor
were recorded daily. Analyses of the mixed liquor
and off-gas were performed. The average ORP (E-
cal) values for chambers 1 through 5 were +143, -
212, -344, -425, -482 mv, respectively. An average
D.O. of 4.68 mgfl was maintained in chamber 1
while measurable D.O. was only occasionally
found in chamber 2, and never found in the
remaining chambers. The total volatile acids con-
centration in chambers 2 and 3 was about 30 and 10
times less, respectively, than in chambers 4 and 5.
The average total sulfides concentration in the
mixed liquor of chambers 2 and 3 was about 22 and
3 times less, respectively, thin in chamber 5. No
hydrogen sulfide was found in the off-gaset of
chambers 1 and 2. Chambers 3, 4, and 5 had an
avenge of 0.59, 5.78 and 21.57 aig/day as S
washed from the off-gases. If the ORP in the liquid
is maintained in a range from -300 mv to -340 mv
and the pH is in the range from 7.7 to S.5 the
system will be relatively odorless when compared
to systems undergoing anaerobic degradation.
(Schmitl-Iowa State)
0838-B2, B4, C2, D3
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING
AEROBIC DIGESTION AND DENITRIFICA-
TION OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTES,
Purdue Univ., Lafayette. Ind. Dept. of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
A. C. Chang. A. C. Dale, and I. M. Bell.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971, p 272-274,1 tab, 7 fig. 6ref.
Descriptors. 'Farm wastes, 'Nitrification,
'Denitrification, Aeration. Aerobic conditions.
Cattle, Nitrogen cycle, 'Waste water treatment.
Besides biodegradable material, livestock wastes
also contain large amounts of plant nutrients,
which cause pollution problems if they are
released to the environment without control. This
study investigates the fate of nitrogen during
anaerobic digestion of dairy cattle wastes and
seeks a possible way of removing nitrogen before
final disposal. The reduction of total nitrogen was
found mainly due to the volatilization of ammonia
during the aerobic digestion. Temperature has a
significant effect on the stability of the digested
wastes. For complete denitrification of the
digested dairy cattle wastes, acclimated sludge and
a sufficient supply of organic carbon are needed.
The amount of glucose required for complete
denitrification is 150 per cent of the amount
theoretically calculated. This results in a 90 per
cent reduction of total nitrogen. The amount of
manure slurry needed for complete denitrification
of digested diiry cattle manure is an equivalent of
149 mg COD per mg of oxidized nitrogen. With a
sufficient supply of organic carbon, the average
rate of denitrification is 13.26 mg of nitrogen per
hour. (Schmitt-Iowa State)
0839-A4, B2, B3, C2, D3,
El, Fl
AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL BREAKDOWN OF
FARM WASTE,
Rijkszuivel Agrarische Afvalwater Dienst, Arn-
hem (Netherlands).
P. Ten Have.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 275-278,1 fig, 7 tab, I ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Dcoitrification,
•Aeration, 'Activated sludge. Aerobic conditions.
Cattle, Hogs, Costs, Waste water treatment. Slur-
ries.
One of the ways to reduce dung surpluses is the
exposure to aerobic biological breakdown. The
aim of this treatment is not only the reduction of
the suspended solids in the manure, but also of the
volume by producing effluents which are
discharged to watercourses. When using the ac-
tivated sludge process with a load of 200-300 g
BOD per cubic meter per day. the effluent BOD is
normally 50-100 ppm. The activated sludge settles
very well (Sludge, volume index mostly below 50),
so sludge levels greater than 10 Kg MI.SS per
cubic meter can be maintained. The result is a low
sludge load of less than 30 g BOD per Kg MLSS
per day. When pig slurry is treated, about 40 per-
cent of the original solids has to be removed as
surplus sludge. With urine only, breakdown
reaches 75 percent. The surplus sludge must be
disposed but has a smaller volume, better de-
walerability, and lack of obnoxious odors. A large
part of the nitrogen is lost by denitrification, with
30 percent discharged with the effluent. Biological
degradation is only economically justified in The
Netherlands when agricultural use is impossible
within a range of more than about 10 kilometers.
(Schmitt-Iowa Stale)
0840-A6, B2, B4, C2, D3
LOW-VOLUME, SURFACE-LAYER, AERA-
TION-CONDITIONED MANURE STORAGE,
Clemson Univ., S.C. Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
C. L. Barth. and L. B. Polkowtki.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Aeration, 'Odor,
•Waste storage, Cattle, Farm lagoons, Aerobic
conditions, Waste water treatment. Slurries.
Identifiers: 'Surface-layer aeration.
Storage periods for wastes up to six months are
necessary to maintain the quality of water
resources and to complement schemes for inten-
sified livestock production. A preliminary in-
vestigation of the procedure of low volume, sur-
face layer aeration of stored, diluted dairy manure
was made. Air was introduced into the supernatant
of stored manure at various rates and depths. The
supernatant of properly aerated storage units was
characterized by higher oxidation-reduction
potential, dissolved oxygen, and pH than poorly
aerated and anaerobic storage. It also had lower
volatile organic acid, ammonia, BOD, suspended
solidi and odor intensity. The sludge of the well-
aerated unit was characterized by hither solids
181
-------
concentration and * diitioct surface separating tie
iludge and supernatant tonei. Low volume, sur-
face layer aeration effectively reduced odor
production, produced i scum-free turficc lod i
more concentrated sludge layer. Fivorible storage
conditioni were associated with ORP greater than
•50 mv (Ec), D.O. greater than 1.0 mg/1 and pH
ireater than 1.0. An aerated depth of 20 to 24
inchei wai desirable. After sixty days itorafe,
•bout 15% of total volume, 15% o( the COD and
79% of the nitrof en wai recovered.
• (Schmittelowa State)
0841-A6, B2, C2, Dl, D3,
E2
SHOBT TERM AERATION OF DAIRY CATTLE
MANURE FOR IRRIGATION,
Purdue Univ., Lifayette, Ind. Dept. of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
J. R.Ogilvie.and A.C. Dale.
In: Liveitock Wsste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Symposium
on Livestock Waitei, Ohio State Univeriity, April
19-22,1971, p 283-285,4 fij, 12 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes. 'Aeration. 'Odor,
Sprinkler irrigation. Waste storage, Cattle, Chemi-
cal oxygen demand.'Waste water treatment.
Short-term aeration reduce! odon from dairy Cat-
tle waitei. This wai demonstrated by use of a 2
H.P. floating aerator in a 15 foot diameter, 42 inch
deep tank into which raw concrete yard manure
was loaded in batch made to a maximum mixed
liquor total solids content of 1.75 percent and a
COD of 17,600 mg/1. Daily irrigation removed the
excess liquid. The mixed liquor was odor free at all
times, in the tank and on grassland. There is a con-
version of soluble organics to cell material, as
about 80% of the soluble COD is removed. The
process requires very good mixing to prevent par-
ticle! of roughage from settling. The mixing may
be performed by a turbine in a baffled vessel or by
a Kessener brush in a rectangular tank. Dilution of
lie raw manure is necessary to allow treatment but
the extra two volumes of water are usually availa-
ble from rainfall, washwater. or special addition.
The volume of treatment facility is much reduced
from the oxidation ditch. The input oxygen is the
same or somewhat reduced. In cold climates, this
process could be used with an additional aerated
lagoon to take the winter effluent.
nd supplement or corn, supplement and
ground hay. All manure voided by yearling s'teers
fed in confinement was collected and made into
waslelage (57 parts manure. 43 parti ground hay)
The wastelage produced daily using the excreta
from one full-fed yearling steer averaged 51
pounds. A portion (6 Ib.) was fed to the deer that
produced the manure and the remainder (45 Ib.)
was fed to a beef brood cow. Cottonseed meal
added to a corn-waslelage ration did not ap-
preciably increase animal gain. Spread of infection
of internal parasites and other common ailments of
feedlot cattle did not occur when manure was fed
over a long period to cattle and sheep. Larvae of
common stomach nematodes did not develop in
wastelage. (Schmilt-Iowa Stale)
0846-A11, B3, C2, C3, Dl,
E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE
FOR CATTLE,
Cornell Univ.. Ithaca, N.Y. Dept. of Animal
Science.
L.S BuD, and J.T.Reid.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971, p 297-300,7 tab, Href.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling, 'Cattle,
•Poultry, Animal pathology, Coliforms, Nutrient
requirements, Costs.
Identifiers: 'Airdried chicken manure.
Chicken manure, as voided, contains about 75 per-
cent water and 4 percent nitrogen. 70 percent of
the nitrogen is derived from urinary lourcei and 30
percent from fecal matter. More than 60 percent of
the total nitrogen is in the form of uric acid. 9 to 10
percent in ammonium salt! and the balance Is p*q
of the fecal material. The use of urea and ammoni-
um salts by rumen microorganisms is well docu-
mented. Acceptability, intake, digestion, and
balance trials were conducted with dairy cattle and
steers to determine the value of air dried chicken
manure (ADM) as a source of nitrogen, calcium,
and phosphorus. The dry matter content of the'
ADM as fed was 81.5% and the percentages of
crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus were 30.1,
7.6, and 1.2, respectively. The gross energy value
wai 2688 Kcal per Kg as fed. Palalability was not a
182
-------
icnoui diet problem «i long ii the ADM contained
less than 20% moisture. ADM may be used as the
sole source of supplemental N (or steers and dairy
cowt fed low-protein baial dieti. N, Ca, and P in
ADM are readily available and well utilized by the
animal. The economic advantage! (or producing
ADM in Urge quantities are significant at current
cost estimates. (Schmitt. Iowa Slate)
0847-A11, A12, B3, B4, C2,
C3, Dl, D2, E3
STUDIES OF PROCESSING, NUTRITIONAL
VALUE, AND PALATABILITY OF BROILER
LITTER FOR RUMINANTS,
Virginia Polytechnic In*t , Blsckiburj. Dept. of
Animal Science.
J.P.Fontenot.K.E. Webb, B.W. Harmon R E
Tucker, and W. E. C. Moore.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State Univenity April
19-22, 1971.p301-3M.5tab, 1 fig, |6ref.
Descriptor!: "Farm wastes, 'Recycling, 'Poultry,
Cattle, Animal pathology, Nutrients, Watte treat-
ment.
Identifiers: Poultry litter.
A possible public health hazard exiiu when
poultry litter is fed to ruminanti. The objectives of
this research were to develop a sterilizing method
which win destroy pathogenic organisms in broiler
b'tter, to determine the effect of sterilizing
methods on the nutritional value of litter, to itudy
variation in chemical composition of b'tter among
producers and to study the palatabQity of cattle ra-
tions containing Utter. The me of dry heat at 150
degrees C for 4 hours or longer wai the only
method which was consistently effective in
sterilizing broiler litter. Autoclaving and the nse of
bela-propiolactone or ethylene oxide did not con-
sistently affect chemical composition of Utter. The
use of dry heat at 100 or 150 degrees C resulted in a
substantial decrease in crude protein content
There was loss of ammonia upon dry beating. In a
series of nitrogen balance trials with sheep,
nitrogen utilization was similar for litter au-
toclaved for 40 minutes, dry heated at 150 degrees
C for 4 hours, or acidified to pH 6 and dry heated
at 150 degrees C for 4 hours. There was considera-
ble variation in the chemical composition of
poultry litter samples obtained from different
areas. No substantial amounts of pesticide
residues were detected in broiler litter or in tissue
from animals fed'processed Utter. There appears
to be adaptation to acceptability of litter by cattle.
(Scbmitt-Iowa State)
0848-A11, B3, E3
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE (DPW) AS A
FEEDSTUFF IN POULTRY RATIONS,
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of
Poultry Science.
C. I. Flegal, and H. C. Zindel.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastei, Ohio State Univenity, April
19-22,1971. p 305-307.7 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling, 'Poultry,
Dehydration, Nutrients, Wiste treatment.
Identifier!: Eggs, Dehydrated poultry wastes.
Poultry excreta, from caged layers, wai collected
and dehydrated. The resulting product of dehydra-
tion (DPW) was put into the diets fed growing
chicks and laying hens to determine its nutritional
value. The 4 week mean body weight of leghorn-
type chicks wai not influenced when up to 20 per-
cent of the diet was DPW. When diets of 10 or 20
percent DPW were fed to broiler-type chicks, a
significant reduction in mean body weights
resulted at 4 weeki of age. Feed efficiency was in-
versely related to the level of DPW in the diet. In
two laying experiments, involving leghorn-type
laying hens, incorporation of up to 20 percent
DPW did not influence egg production or feed effi-
ciency to produce eggs. Eg( quality (acton were
not adversely influenced by adding up to 40 per-
cent DPW in the laying ration. Supplementation of
the diets containing DPW in one experiment with
calcium, phosphorus, methionine and energy had
little influence on the criteria measured. The taste
panel was unable to determine a difference
between egg' from hens fed the control diet and
ef*> produced by hem fed diets containing 10, 20,
and 30 percent DPW. (Schmitt-Iowa State)
0849-A11, B3, C2, E3
DRIED ANIMAL WASTE AS A PROTEIN SUP-
PLEMENT FOR RUMINANTS,
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of
Animal Husbandry.
H. F. Bucholtz, H. E. Henderson, J. W. Thomas,
and H. C. Zindel.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971. p 308-310,6 tab, 4ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling, 'Poultry,
Dehydration, Nutrients, Ruminants, Proteins,
Feeds.
Identifier!: Dehydrated poultry wanes.
A 134 day feeding trial utilizing nine yearling
steers per group wai employed in studying the
value of dried poultry waste as a protein source for
feed lot cattle. The ration was comprised of 80%
corn silage and 20 percent shelled com on a dry
matter basil. Crude protein levels were adjusted to
12 percent of dry matter with one of the foDowing
protein supplement!; dried poultry waste (DPW),
1/2 DPW - 1/2 urea, 1/2 DPW - 1/2 soybean meal.
urea, and soybean meal. Average daily gain for the
respective ration! was: 2.75, 3.03. 2.88, 3.10. 3.35
pounds respectively. Gain differences were highly
significant. Feed efficiency value! were 10.43,
7.31, 8.14, 7.23, and 6.9* pounds respectively. The
relatively poor performance of beef animals fed
DPW.may be related to the high proportion (32
percent) of product used in the ration. Digestibility
and nitrogen balance values for sheep indicate that
the animal manures can be successfully used as a
source of energy and nitrogen in ruminant rations.
From management and nutritional considerations,
dehydrated animal waitei must contain more than
25 percent crude protein to economically compete
with other supplemental nitrogen lourcei for rumi-
nants. (Schmitt-Iowa State)
0850-A11, B3, D2, E3, Fl
THE EFFECTS OF INCLUDING DRIED
POULTRY WASTE IN THE FEED OF LAYING
HENS,
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Wor-
cester (England). Poultry Husbandry Advisor.
B.Hodgetts.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State Univenity, April
19-22,1971. p 311-313,9 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastei, 'Recycling,
•Dehydration, Poultry, Costs, Drying, Feeds.
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry waste.
A farm trial was arranged to test the feasibility of
including artificially dried poultry waste in the
feed of a Hock of 1800 caged laying hens. A flock
of 800 birds was maintained ai a control. The
waste came directly from battery cages and wai
dried in a rotary drum type dryer. After prelimina-
ry trials it was decided to use an inclusion level of
10% dried poultry waite. After 58 weeks of lay. no
real differences could be detected in terms of egg
yield, mortality or egg gradings. The flock receiv-
ing dried poultry waste consumed 0.27 ounces of
feed/bird/day leu than the control. Body weign.
checki showed them to be 0.21 poundi/bird heavi-
er at the end of the trial. The overall coil of the ra-
tion wss reduced to S4.SO per ton by including
dried poultry waste. This trial indicated that for
the conditions prevailing it was technically, nutri-
tionally and economically feasible to recycle
poultry waste to the layers at a level of 10%.
(Schmitt-Iowa State)
0851-A11, B3, D2, E3
NUTRITIVE EVALUATIONS OP UNTREATED
AND CHEMICALLY TREATED DATJtY CAT-
TLE WASTES,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltiville, Md.
Animal Science Resesrcb Div.
L. W. Smith, H. K. Goering, and C. H. Gordon.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceeding! International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State Univenity, April
19-22, 1971, p 314-318,1 tab. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling, Drying.
Cattle, Sheep, Nutrients, Chemical degradation,
Lignins, Cellulose, Wood wastes, 'Waste water
treatment
Studies were conducted to determine the extent to
which digestibility of manure plus urine and hard-
wood sawdust (barn waste, BW) or manure alone
wai increased by chemical treatments when
reused as feed (or sheep. Dairy cattle wastes were
collected from a gutter cleaner. BW were (1) un-
treated or treated by adding and mixing either, (2)
3% sodium hydroxide, (3) 3% sodium peroxide, or
(4) 3% sodium chlorite with the wet wastes. All
were stored in plastic-sheet covered piles for 4
weeks before drying with forced hot air. The four
materials were ground through a 3/8 inch hammer-
mill screen and mixed as 83% BW, 10% cornmeal,
and 7% soybean meal. These were pelleted and fed
ad Ub in a completely randomized experiment for
30 days. During the last 7 days, consumptions and
digestibilities were measured. Dry matter digesti-
bilities were: untreated, 23.05; sodium hydroxide,
27.32; sodium peroxide, 34.63: and sodium
chlorite, 35.28. Cell wall digestibilities were: 9.67,
10.50,17.11, and 21.92, respectively. Digestibilities
of chemical treated fecei were not increased to the
extent observed in nitro. The ksi than predicted
fiber digestibility may be the result of rapid
passage of fecsl fiber through the rumen or lesi
than optimum treatment conditions.
(Schmitt-Iowa State)
0852-A11, B3, C2, D3, E3
BIODEGRADED REN MANURE AND ADULT
HOUSE FLIES: THEIR NUTRITIONAL VALUE
TO THE GROWING CHICK,
Agricultural Research Service, BeltsviDe, Md.
Agricultural Engineering Research Div.
C. C. Calvert, N. O. Morgan, and H. J. Eby.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State Univenity, April
19-22,1971, p 319-320,6 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastei, 'Recycling, 'Insecti,
•Larvae, Poultry, Drying, Nutrients. Feeds.
Identifiers: House (lies, Muica domestics.
Initial itudiei demonstrated the feasibility of using
the house fly larvae to biodegrade or process
caged laying hen manure. Studies conducted on
the comparison of processed hen manure, fresh
dried hen manure, and soybean meal used these
material! to constitute 22% of the diet The materi-
als contained 2.7, 5.2 and 8.0% total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, respectively. Chicks receiving the two
type! of manure in the three week growth studies
weighed 93 grams less than those receiving
soybean meal 22% manure does not support op-
timum chick growth. Newly emerged houie flies
contain about 69% moisture, and the dry material
183
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it 75% protein and 7% (at. Dried ground (dull
house flict were diluted with cellulose to bring the
protein content to 50% and this material wni sub-
•tituted in the chick diet of the growing chick. The
lotnl amount of fly meal in the chick diet wni 22%
and this wai compared with 22% of SO* soybean
meal. The adult house fly meal tupporti growth
equally ai well ai soybean meal during the tint
three weeki of the f rowing period
(SchmitMowa State)
0853-A8, All, B3, E2
RECYCLING BROILER HOUSE LITTER ON
TALL FESCUE PASTURES AT DISPOSAL
RATES AND EVIDENCE OF BEEF COW
HEALTH PROBLEMS.
Department of Agriculture, Watkinsvilk, On.
S. R. Wilkinson,;. A. Stuedemann. D. J. Williams,
I. B. Jones, and R. N. Dmwion
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
°» Livestock Wastes. Ohio State University, April
19-22.1971, p 321-324. 5 Ub. 3 fig, 17 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes, "Fertilizers. »Crop
response, NutrienU. CttUe, Fescues. Animal
pathology.
Identifiers: Grass tetany, Nitrate toxicity, Lipo-
matosu.
Grass tetany, nitrate toxicity, and lipomatosis
problems have occurred with beef grazed in tall
fescue pastures heavily fertilized with broiler
litter. Two Kentucky-31 fescue pasture systems
were initiated in 1968 with one receiving 9.3 VIT
dry broDer hruse titter* per acre per year, and a
control receiving a maximum of 202 Kg N per ha
per year from inorganic sources. These pastures
were treated as ecosystems and changes in soil.
plant, and animal components were evaluated..Soil
from the surface 5 cm of the littered pasture had a
higher percent of the exchange complex saturated
with K, higher water soluble P and NO3. and a
lower C/N rntio. Plant samples showed increased
total N and potentially toxic levels of NO3-N ac-
cumulations during summer months in the forage.
Perloline levels in fescue varied from a low in
early spring and fan (160 micro g/g) to n maximum
in August (830 micro g/g). Differential rales of up-
take of K/Ca/Mg during early spring resulted in
grass having K/Ca + Mg ratios greater than 2.2.
Fat necrosis was detected by rectal palpation in 2
of 21 and 7 of 21 cows after 1 and 2 yean of study
in the broiler Uttered fescue anj none in 1 of 14 in
the control herd. (Schmitt- Iowa State)
0854-A8, C2, E2
MOVEMENT OF POLLUTANT PHOSPHORUS
IN SATURATED SOILS,
Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Dept of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
P. R. Goodrich, and E. J. Monke.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 325-328.8 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: •Farm wastea, "Fertilizers,
•Phosphorus, Nutrient removal, Phosphorus
radioisotopes. Sprinkler irrigation. Leaching, Clay
loam, Path of pollutants, Saturated soils.
The irrigation of animal wastes containing high
concentrations of phosphate onto the soil was
simulated. Two different sou's and three concen-
tration! of radioactive phosphate were used to
dynamically trace the pollutant movement in satu-
rated soil. The sandy loam with its higher clay con-
tent absorbed up to four times as much phosphate
as did the sand nsed in this study. Soils do have a
limited capacity to adsorb phosphate from solu-
tion. While this fact can be safely ignored with
normal applications of phosphorus fertilizers, it
must be determined and considered in the design
of disposal fields for wastes when phosphorus
concentrations can be quite high. The rale of ab-
sorption may be slower than implied by most
literature references because the soil mass at any
depth is unlikely to react quickly in total to the
phosphorus influx. This was more true for the
finer textured soils, than for the coarser onea.
Although the finer textured soils adsorbed more
total phosphorus, the phosphorus front still
reached depths much quicker than if the sop be-
hind the front had been totally reactive. The
linearized diffusion equation also predicted a
much sharper adsorption front than wns observed
with the two soils tested. (Schmitt-Iowa State)
0855-A8, B2, C2, D3, E2
TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK-LAGOON EF-
FLUENT BY SOIL FILTRATION,
Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
J. K. Koelliker, J. R. Miner, C. E. Beer, and T. E.
Hazen.
In: Livestock Waste Management 1Dd Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 329-33), 2 Ub, 6 fig. 5 ref.
Descriptors: •Farm wastes, •Nutrient removal.
Fertilization, Sprinkler irrigation, Farm lagoons.
Leaching. Phosphorus, Nitrate, 'Waste water
treatment. Filtration, Iowa.
Identifiers: Soil filtration. Anaerobic lagoon ef-
fluent
In Iowa, anaerobic manure lagoon effluent can be
successfully treated and disposed of between mid-
April and early November by sprinkler irrigation.
To minimize the possibility of runoff, the applica-
tion rate should be less than half the suggested in-
filinlion rate for clear water on the same soil. On
poorly drained soils, a total application of 2 inches
was the amount that could be applied at 0.40 inch
per hour without runoff. Soil filtration removed
from 79-93 percent of the COD, 90-97 percent nf
the total P, and 48-47 percent of the total-N when
14.8 to 31.4 inches of lagoon effluent were applied
in one season to field plots. The total-N is the con-
stituent that likely will limit the amount of liquid
that should be applied in n season because of high
nitnte-N (130-190 mg/1 N) found in the tile
drainage with intense applications. 600 pounds per
acre of N per season is recommended. Fescue,
brome, and ryegrass have grown satisfactorily
where lagoon effluent was applied as long as the
soil did not remain flooded. Over a three year
period, measures of the chloride ion, an indication
of total salt content, show approaching equilibri-
um, the concentration in the tile drainage about
equal to that of the lagoon effluent.
(Schmill-Iowa State)
0856-A8, B2, E2
GROWTH RESPONSE OF PLANTS UNDER
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION WITH DAIRY
WASTE,
Florida Univ., Gainesville. Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering.
A. R. Overman, C. C. Hortenstine, and I. M. Wing.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University. April
19-22.1971, p 334-337.6 Ub. 9 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptor!: "Farm wastes. Sprinkler irrigation.
Crop response. Fertilizers, Cattle, Nutrient
removal, Leaching, Slurries.
Identifiers: Dairy wastes.
The soil-plant system was used as a sink for the
nutrients in dairy waste. Manure slurry of about
0.2 percent solids was applied to plants by sprin-
kler irrigation at various rates to determine growth
response curves. For oats the rates were 1/4, 1/2
and 1 inch per week, while sorghum received 0.1
and 2 inches per week. Ground water samples
were collected periodicslly and analyzed for
nitrates ud phosphates. Growth response of both
crops is described quite well by the Miucherlich
equation, which emphasizes relative yield. Rtkt-
tivc yields of oats were 40, 65, nad 88 percent of
optimum for application rales of 1/4,1/2 and 1 inch
per week respectively. Maximum yield (green
weight) for oats was estimated to be 12.25 tons per
hectare (5 tons/acre), while the value for sorgham-
sudan«nss was 90.7 tons per hectare (3*4
tons/acre). Oats grown with dsijy manure mtanre
up to those grown with inorganic fertilizer a
chemical composition, palaubility, and digestibili-
ly. (Schmitt-Iowa State)
0857-A8, B2, C2, D2, E2
NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM SEWAGE
WATERS BY PLANTS AND SOIL,
Maryland Univ., College Park. Dept. of Agrono-
my.
V. Linen, and J.H. Alley.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wnstes, Ohio Sute University, April
19-22.1971.p3J8-340,6Ub,17ref.
Descriptors: •Farm wastes, •Nutrient removal.
•Soil filters, Denilrification. Nitrogen compounds.
Ammonia, Leaching, Sewage disposal. Filtration
Identifiers: Soil filtration.
The addition of 3000 pounds per acre of nitrogen,
50 tons of organic matter and 200 acre inches of
water per year to plants and soil was studied in
reference to changes in sewage as it enured the
soil and passed through the soil to a depth of 30
feet. AI this depth these waters were returned to
the surface by pumps. By use of chloride na a
tracer, ground witer dilution estimates were made
and a nitrogen balance sheet for the changca,
losses, and destinations of nitrogen throughout the
cycle wns developed. The 65 ppm of N in sewage
when applied at a rate of 508 cm per year (200
inches per year), was reduced to 11 ppm of NO3-N
after the sewage has passed through } meters of
water unsaturated soil and 6 m of water saturated
soil. Deoitrif ication and immobilization of nitrogen
were the two most important factors in nitrogen
removal when treatment rates were 11.7 to 23.7 cm
per week. (Schmilt-Iowa State)
0858-B2, B4, C2, C3, Dl,
D3, E2
RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR
DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE,
Massachusetts Univ., Amherst. Dept. of Food and
Agricultural Engineering.
R. E. Graves, I. T. Clayton, and R. G. Light
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio Sutc Univenity, April
19-22,1971.341-344, 5 fig, 3 tab. 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Slurries, 'Screens,
Cattle, Aeration, Recycling, Coliforms, • Water
reuse, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Bar screening.
Slurries of dairy cattle manure contain many solids
which form scum mats and sludges in holding
unks and cause other problems during treatment
A stationary sloping screen with a 0.02 inch bar
spacing used as n prelreatment step removed over
50% of the total solids present in manure slurries
ranging from 50:1 to 2:1 (water to wet manure by
weight). Two aerated treatment systems were stu-
died, one using settled screen effluent and the
other the entire screen effluent. Each system was
duplicated with one using recycled effluent in the
loading slurry and the other using fresh water. No
adverse affects on treatment operations were at-
tributed to recirculation. there wns little dif-
ference in the effluents between systems. Concen-
tration of salts and minerals increased'in the recir-
184
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culalcd systems which might cause problems
eventually. Population of two indicator organisms
did not increase in the recycled systems. Clogging
and damage to pumps and nozzles in irrigating
systems is reduced for the screened liquid. Storage
for intermittent application requires less volume,
and scum mats are eliminated from ponds by
screening. (Schmilt-lowa State)
0859-D1
THE SEPARATION OF 'SOLID AND LIQUID
PARTS OF PIG SLURRY,
lastituul voor Lindbouwbedrijfsgebouwen,
Wageningen (Netherlands).
J. C.GIerum.G. Klomp.and H. R. Poelma.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings Internationa) Symposium
01 Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22, '971. p 345-347, 2 lab, 5 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Slurries, 'Separation
techniques. Sieve analysis. Sedimentation, De-
watering, Hogs, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Centrisieve, Decanter centrifuge,
Vibroscrecn, Rotary vacuum filter.
Experiments designed to separate solid and liquid
parti of pig slurry were made with a centnsieve.
two decanter centrifuges, a rotary vacuum filter, a
vibroscreen, and a sedimentation silo. With the aid
of a centrisieve between 30 and 40% of the dry
matter could be removed from pig slurry with t
dry matter content of 5 to 8%..The separated
material has a dry matter content of 14 to 19%.
High demands are made on the homogenily and
supply of the slurry. The material separated by the
decanter centrifuge was quite dry, but the energy
consumption per unit capacity was very high. The
teparation capacity of the vacuum filter equaled
that of the decanter centrifuge but had a lower
energy requirement. The sepirated material from
the vibroscreen continued loo wet and the capaci-
ty was also low. The sedimentation tilo showed
the biggest reduction of the slurry was initially
high (15-19%) and the storage time was long. The
centrisieve performed best based on results,
capacity and initial expense. The sedimentation
ailo also performed well. (Schmitt-Iowa State)
0860-C1, Dl
DEWATERING POULTRY MANURE BY CRN-
TRIFUGATION,
Kentucky Univ., Lexington. Depl. of Agricultural
Engineering.
I. j. Ross, J. I. Begin, and T. M. Midden.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971. p 348-350.2 fig, 1 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Poultry, "Dewater-
ing, Centrifuiation. Waste water treatment,
Moisture content, Time, Temperature.
Identifiers: Imperforate basket type centrifuge,
Manure washing.
Poultry manure is excreted at a moisture content
of approximately 75 percent (wet basis) and can be
dewatered by centrifugalion. Tests have been con-
ducted to determine the amount of fluid that can
be removed from fresh manure in an imperforate
basket type centrifuge. The variables investigated
include (I) time of cenlrif ugation -1 to 12 minutes,
(2) centrifugal force • 2000 to 10,000 g, (3). initial
moisture content - 75% to 95% and (4) temperature
- 40 to 120 degrees F. As much as 40% of the water
can be removed from the manure at 75% moisture
content and as much as 70% can be removed at
95% moisture content. Time of centrifugation in a
bowl centrifuge for 1 to 12 minutes has little effect
on the percentage of water removed except at low
relative centrifugal forces (RCF) and high solids
concentrations. Increasing the RCF significantly
affects the percentage of water removed only at
high solids concentrations. Increasing the tem-
perature in the range of 40 to 160 degrees F in-
creases the percentage of water that can be
removed by cenlrifugation. (Schmilt-lowa State)
0861-All, A12, C2, C3, E3
CONCENTRATION OF PROTEINACEOUS
SOLIDS FROM OXIDATION DITCH MIXED-
•LIQUOR,
Illinois Univ., Urbana. Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
L. W. Holmes, D. L.pay, and J. T. Pfeffer.
In: Livestock Waste Management and Pollution
Abatement, Proceedings International Symposium
on Livestock Wastes, Ohio State University, April
19-22,1971, p 351-354, 8 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Recycling, Aeration,
•Centrifugation, Hogs, Nutrients, Proteins, Water
reuse, Waste water treatment.
Biodegradation of swine waste in an under-the-
floor oxidation ditch produces a mixed-liquor that
contains minute, protein-rich panicles. The 82.6
percent (dwb) portion of a swine ODML sample
that passed through a 200 - mesh screen contained
75.6 percent (dwb) crude protein. Centrifuged
samples of swine ODML contained a greater per-
centage (dwb) of crude protein and essential amino
acids than corn. Centrifugation ii one possible
method of suspended solids concentration. The
solid bowl basket-type centrifuge used in pilot
plant trials was capable of concentrating the
proteinaceous solids in swine ODML from an ini-
tial value of 1.2% S.S. to a desired concentration
of 6 to 8 percent S.S. This represents a volume
reduction of 85 percent. This removes a substan-
tial amount of liquid that contains no measureable
amino acids. COD reduction closely followed S.S.
recovery values. Investigations into potential
health hazards to man and animal arising from in-
fection by pathogenic organisms in the manure will
need to be conducted before this method of
manure recycling may be advocated for common
use. (Schmilt-lowa State)
1000-B1
EQUIPMENT AND FACIHTIES FOR
MODERN METHODS OF SWINE MA-
NURE DISPOSAL,
Oregon State University, Corvallls, Agricultural
Experiment Station.
A. J. Muehling.
Reports of the Twelfth Annual Swine Day, De-
cember. 1970, p. 17-23. 8 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Waste disposal,
•Bogs, Feed lots.
Identifiers: 'Building deiign. Slotted Floors,
Farrowing house. Construction methods. Nursery'
building, Finishing building. Sow confinement.
Hog production systems.
The use of slotted floors In swine bousing has
accelerated the use of confinement housing In
hog production systems In the United States. Spe-
cific faculties which axe necessary for swine
production and which successfully employ the
slotted floors are described. Detailed Instruc-
tions for constructing toe farrowing house, nur-
sery building, and finishing building are given.
Concrete slotted floors appear to endure better
than wood or steel. However, manure probably
is worked through expanded metal better than
almost any other slotted floor material. All
types of slotted floor materials are considered.
The advantages of various construction mater-
ials and methods are dlscusjaed. Floor plans
and pictures depict the Mtual building struc-
tures and give additional construction Informa-
tion. (Dudley - East Central)
1001-A6, C3, D3
INCLINED-PLANE 'TRICKLING FIL-
TER FOR SWINE WASTE,
University of Georgia. Athens. Agricultural En-
gineering Department
L. A. Mulkey, and R. E, Smith.
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Ill-
inois, December 11-15. 1972, Paper No. 72-952.
Order No. N172 • 952. 16 p., 2 tab.. 1 fig., 14 ref.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment, "Aerobic treat-
mem. Odor, Trickling filters. Flow rates, •Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Farm wastes, "Hogs,
Feed lots.
Identifiers: 'Inclined plane. Contact time. Or-
ganic removal, Psychoda fly larvae. Design
equations.
Operating results of an aerobic Inclined plane
trickling filter to treat swine wastes are re-
ported The results Indicate that this device can
be used as a component in a waste handling
system, The organic removal Is erratic due to
Piychoda fly larvae but a definite relationship
exists and the equation s/So •= exp (—0.03L/Q)
(where s/So «« BOD concentration ratio, L «=
plane length in feet and Q «= flow rate In
gal/hr-ft) may be used as * design guide In
waste handling systems. Contact time for waste-
water and biological growth Is determined by
to = 17.25 L/Q. Odor control was found to be
a desirable attribute of the system and actions
of macroorgonisms could aid in the transport
of organic solids across the inclined plane.
(Marquard - East Central)
1002-A6, A7, F2
USING ODOR INTENSITY LIMITS IN
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS,
Clemson University, Clemson. South Carolina,
Department of Agricultural Engineering.
C. L. Earth.
Paper presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot
Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No.
72-441. 3 tab.. 19 ref.
Descriptors: "Air pollution. "Odor. "Regulation,
Clean Air Act. "Farm wastes. Livestock, Mea-
surement. Quality. Feed lots.
Identifiers: Intensity,' Primary odor list. Syringe
dilution procedure, Osometer.
Because problems with the production and con-
trol of animal agricultural odors are sure to
continue, tighter regulations governing odor In-
tensities will occur. Related difficulties are: (1)
Problems in establishing a list of basic odors,
(2) difficulty in measuring odor intensities and
In making objective odor quality measurements.
Regulations governing odor control vary great-
ly from state to state. Conditions and termino-
logy for odor control need to become more uni-
form. The status of odor regulations for each
state is given. (Dudley - East Central).
1003-A2, A4, A5, A7, B2,
B3, El, E2
CATTLE FEEDLOTS AND THE ENVI-
RONMENT,
Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, Wash-
ington.
Cattle Feedlots and the Environment, U. S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Region X, Seat-
tle. Washington, April, 1972. 63 p.. 6 tab., 35
fig., 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Design criteria, 'Air
pollution, 'Water pollution. Farm wastes, La-
goons, Runoff, Waste Disposal, Pacific North-
west U.S.
Identifiers: Waste management. Site selection.
Manure mounds.
This Environmental Protection Agency booklet
presents comprehensive guidelines for the con-
trol and abatement ot pollution originating from
cattle feedlot operations, Feedlot wastes should
be considered a natural resource capable of
being recycled. Proper site selection, feedlot
design, and management are needed to ac-
complish this. Site selection is the most Im-
portant factor in minimizmg water pollution.
Guidelines call for feedlots to be Isolated from
waterways and outside of a 10 year flood plain.
Feedlot design should retain all wastes on the
premises until ultimate disposal. This may be
done by manure mounds, holding , ponds, or
lagoons. Land disposal is currently the only
industry-wide method acceptable for ultimate
disposal of feedlot wastes. (Maxquard • East
Central).
185
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1004-A6, A7, B4, Cl, C2
CORRELATING OIL AND ODOROUS
COMPONENTS IN STORED DAIRY.
M A Nf TR.F
Clemson University. Clemson. South C»roUn».
and University of Wisconsin. Madison.
C L Barth. D. T. Hill. and L. B. Polkow»ki.
piper presented «t 1J7Z Winter Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago.
DUnoU. December 11-15. 1972: Paper No. 72-950.
Order No. M172-950. 17 p.. 2 lab., • ng.. 24 re(.
Descriptor!: 'Odor. "Chemical properties. Phy-
lical properties. Air pollution. Dairy Industry,
•Farm wastes. Cattle, Waste storage. Ammonit,
Hydrogen aulflde,
Indentiflers: 'Odor Intetulty Index. Liquified
wait* management. OdoranU. Volatile organic
acid. Acetic add, pR.
Three common OdoranU were Identified and
measured In stored dairy manure. A panel was
•elected to *idge these odors which were pre-
sent In only one of three flasks per set The
odorous flasks represented various degrees of
aeration treatment Result! of the experiment
showed that odorous components derived from
lower aeration depths were the most difficult
to distinguish. An odor Intensity index (On>
was established from the experimental resulti.
Volatile organic add correlated best with the
On. Second best was hydrogen sulflde and
poorest was ammonia. (Frantx - East Central).
1005-A2, A4, B2, B4, C2,
D3, E2
FACILITY DESIGN
Wilson Company, Engineers k Architects, Salina,
Kansas.
R. E. Crawofrd.
Presented at the Continuing Education Semi-
nar: Topeka, Kansas, January 23, 1569; Hutch-
Inson. Kansas, January 28, IMS, 14 p., 9 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Runoff, 'Water pollu-
tion control. Design, 'Farm waste*. Livestock,
Hydrology, Precipitation, Waste treatment,
Waste storage, 'Waste disposal. Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Waste management facilities.
Runoff control is an Integral part of feedlot
operation and cost. The principle steps art
collection, storage and/or treatment and ulti-
mate disposal. Biochemical oxygen demand,
chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxy-
gen data were taken to determine stream-
flow conditions due to feedlot runoff. Runoff
variables of slie of feedlot, topography', stream
location, and flow and precipitation patterns
wen studied. At present the use of a retention
system appears to be the most economical
solution to preventing stream pollution from
feedlot runoff. Two general plan* Involving
holding basins of ponds are examined In de-
tail. (WetheriU - East Central).
1006-A11, Bl, Fl
HYPOTHALAMIC TEMPER ATURE
REGULATION IN CATTLE,
Texas AfcM University. College Station.
R. E. Stewart, and E. M. Bailey, Jr.
Paper presented at 1972 Annual Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineer*, Hot
Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30, U72, Paper No.
72-511, 20 p.. 2 tab., 10 fig., 9 ret.
Descriptors: 'Cattle. Temperature control. Hu-
midity.
Identifiers: •Hypothalmui, •Crulotomy, Can-
nalae. Respiration rate. Thermal environment,
Eypothalmlc heating, Rectal temperature. 'Ly-
pothalmic temperature.
It was theorized that routine access to the hy.
MthalamiM by the means of in-dwelling can
nulM would allow rapid testing of efficiency
In control of body temperature of cattle, A
«eml-*tereotaxlc method for cannolae Installa-
tion was developed. The heat loss center of
two female beel calve* wa» heated by RF
energy; some degree of correlation was ob-
served between hypotnalamie temP*".to" .an<1
re*pir*Uon rate. Animal* were subjected to •
step change In thermal environment (78' to
95- wUhvery high humidity); rectal and hy-
pothalamic temperatures were found to be cou-
pled by the respiration rate, with marked In-
dividual differences. The approach appear* to
have merit* a* a system for rapid IndenUllca-
Uon of heal tolerant breeds and individuals.
(WetheriU • East Central).
1007-E1, E2, Fl
FEEDERS SCOLDED FOR FAILING
TO LEARN THEIR "MANURE ECO-
NOMICS",
Beef, Vol. 9, No. 7. p. 43. 66, March. 1973. 1 flg.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. •Economics, Cattle,
•Feedlots, -Waste disposal. Fertilizer, Texas,
Irrigation.
Identifiers: Retention ponds. Playa lake*.
In these excerpts from s speech given at U.S.
Department of Agriculture Southwestern Great
Plains Research Center. Bushland. Texas, feed-
lot operators are urged to ftmlllarlie them-
selvej with the economics of animal wastes
used as fertilizers. The approximately one ton
of manure a steer produces while in the feed-
lot is viewed as a liability by most feeders.
Manure can be an economic opportunity for
the operator who takes the time and makei
the effort to turn It Into a marketable com-
modity. (Wetherill - East Central).
1008-A2, A4, A5, A6, A8,
D3, E2
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL AND CON-
TROL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF,
Cooperative effort of Northern Plains Branch,
Soil and Water Conservation Research Division,
ARS, USDA, and the departments of Agronomy
and Agricultural Engineering, Nebraska Agri-
cultural Experiment Station • Headquarter* in
Lincoln. Nebraska. 4 p.. 29 ref.
Descriptor*: Feed lots. 'Waste disposal. 'Run-
off, 'Water pollution, 'Soil contamination. Farm
waste*. Cattle, Odor, Groundwater, Terraces,
Sedimentation. Irrigation. Water table. Nitrates.
Nebraska.
Evaluation and control of soil and water pol-
lution from cattle feedlota and studies of the
factors affecting feedlot pollution potential are
the objectives oT research studies Initiated at
Lincoln, Nebraska in 19«8. Emphasis I* on
waterborne materials, but attention I* also giv-
en to air transport and odor 'problems. Ter-
rain, water (able, runoff, sedimentation, vltrate
concentrations, and climatic factor* are studied
at four test sites; Soil core samples confirm that
Oat feedlota are not major contributor* to
groundwater pollution. Corn fields were In-
creased and no problems of nitrate or salt
accumulations were discovered after applica-
tion of runoff effluent to crops. Oxidation ditch
studies have shown that, with aerobic mainten-
ance of the ditch, odors are absent. Plans have
been completed for two additional research
sites. (Wetherill • East Central).
1009-A2, A4, B2, Cl , C2, .
. __
STREAM POLLUTION FROM CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
R. K. White.
Project Completion Report No. 393X, United
State* Department of Interior, December. U72.
33 p.. 5 tab., 14 flg., S ref.
Descriptor*: 'Water pollution, *C*ttU. •Farm
waste*. 'Feed lots. Runoff, Biochemical oxygen
demand. Nitrogen. Water quality. Climates.
Rainfall. Waste disposal. Irrigation. Ohio,
The extent to which downstream waters an
polluted by animal wastes from barnlot runoff
1* studied. Sixty beef steers wen placed In
a .42 acre unpaved barnlot with a 13% south-
ern slope. They remained then from Novem-
ber to May. Barnlot runoff was discharged Into
an Intermittent waterway through an- H-flume.
Samples were collected in gallon bottles and
kept at 4' C. Result* (bow runoff occur* with
a .5 inch rain. Biochemical oxygen demand
concentration and transport were higher la
winter and lea* In summer. Antecedent soil
moisture conditions significantly affect the
amounts of solids, biochemical oxygen demand,
and chemical oxygen demand In the runoff, with
Increased amounts following dry periods. Run-
off can be reduced by utilizing grassed water-
ways or collection ponds and Irrigation. (Mar-
quard - East Central).
1010-A2, A4, A5, A7, A8,
Bl, B4, D3, F2, F4
PROCEEDINGS: LIVESTOCK WASTE
MANAGEMENT RESEARCH REVIEW,
Proceeding: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review. Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education, Lincoln, Nebraska, 133 p, November
29 30, 1972, 2 tab., 88 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Livestock, 'Farm wastes, •Man-
agement, 'Air pollution, Water pollution, 'Soil
contamination, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste stance
•Wrste disposal. Runoff. 'Feed lots. 'Nebraska!
This multi-disciplinary team effort revealed the
objectives and priorities in fighting agricultural
pollution. Specific governmental and university
programs wen pinpointed, outlined, and re-
viewed. The pap»>r» presented were. In most
Instances, rather general. (Frantz • East Cen-
tral),
1011-A2, A4, A6, A7, A8,
E2, E3, E4
NATIONAL LIVESTOCK WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT PROGRAM,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Mary-
land, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
R. C. Yeek.
Descriptor!: 'Farm watte*. 'Feed lot*. Ground-
water, Recycling, 'Livestock. Air pollution, Wa-
ter pollution, SoU contamination, Runoff, Waste
disposal. Waste treatment. Odor, Nebraska,
Identifiers: 'Livestock waste management re-
search.
Farm waste research project area* an dis-
cussed In an overview. Some areas of research
receive adequate concentration while other topic*
such a* recycling farm wastes, are inadequate-
ly considered. Projects which need perfecting
Include those seeking to control feedlot runoff
and odor .due to land applications of farm
wastes. Researcher* are urged M cooperate and
to work concurrently on related project* to
prevent land, air, and water pollution. Recent
cuts Into research allocations necessitate In-
creased teamwork. (Frantz • East Central).
1012-A1, Bl, F3
REGIONAL LIVESTOCK WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT PROGRAM,
R. W. Klels.
Proceedings: Livestock Waste Management Re-
T^*£*fZjf*r£&.S?l*T '« Co»tinuln,
Descriptor*: 'Research and development, 'Live-
stock, 'Farm wastes. Management, Air pollu-
tion, Water pollution. Waste treatment. Waste
storage. Waste disposal. Recycling, Nitrogen.
Nutrients. Confinement pens. *
Identifiers: 'Soil. U.S. Department of Agricnl.
ture. Environmental Protection Agency.
Livestock waste management project* and ob-
jectives are listed for state agricultural ex-
periment stations. The primary purpose 1* to
enhance the total effectiveness of all participa-
ting agencies and Institutions while preventing
unnecessary duplication. Pnsent effort* have
been building up, a* have problems of waste
management, for fifteen year*. Needed are
projections of not only economic costs, but
also of social and environmental coat*. (Frantz -
East Central).
1013-A4, A5, A6, A7, B4,
E2
POLLUTION OF AIR, WATER, AND
SOIL BY LIVESTOCK,
U.S. Department of Agricultun, Lincoln, Ne-
braska.
186
-------
L. F. Elliott.
Proceeding: Livestock Waate Management Re-
•eirch Review, Nebraska Center (or Continuing
Education. Lincoln. Nebraaka, p. 23-2t. Novem-
ber 29-30, 1*72, 21 rel.
Deicrlptora: 'Air pollution. "Water pollution,
•Sell contamination, 'Farm waitia, Fecdlots,
Odor, Surface wateri, Oroundwatera, Livestock.
Identifier!: Spectroscopy Chromatography, Ni-
tratei, Oxidation, Soil profiles, Nebraaka, Kan-
aaa,
Air, water, and aoll pollution research project!
art discussed. Air pollution atudlei Include at-
Umpti at developing compound! which can
reliably Indicate odori. While lurfact watar
pollution from feedlota la no looter deemed
a major problem, reaearch haa been naceaaary
lor the prevention o< Mil pollution and (round-
water pollution at feedlot sites. Sealanta In
holding ponda and debtia baalna and manage-
ment practlcei lor land application ol feed-
lot waatei are also belnf itudled. (Frantz • Eaat
Central).
1014-A2, A3, B2, B3, Dl,
D2,D3, E2, E3, F3
APPLICATION, UTILIZATION AND
DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK WASTE,
Unlverilty of Nebraaka, Lincoln, Agricultural
Engineering Department.
H. Wttrmua.
Proceedings: Llveatock Waate Management Re-
aearch Review, Nebraika Center for Continuing
Education, Lincoln. Nebraaka. p. 31-33. Novem-
ber 29-30, U72.
Descriptors: *Waste disposal, 'Waste treatment,
•Farm waatea, 'Livestock, Feed lota. Runoff,
Irrigation, Nltratea, Nebraaka, Kanaaa, North
Dakota.
Identifiers: Mounding.
Disposal from unpaved, beef cattle feed lota
haa the greatest pollution potential. Separation
of liquid and solid waatea Is Important. Separ-
ated liquldi have been applied at up to 31
Inchea a year for two yean without problem!,
however, long range effects of effluent applica-
tion need further atudy. Llkewlae needed la the
determination of the hlgheat auatained rites at
which solid wastes may be applied without aotl
deterioration and eallniiaUon. Mounding some-
times aldi In denitrifying waatea. Other waate
management systems uaed with varying degree!
of aucceu an: (1) drying entire waate. (2)
Incineration, (3) composting, (4) reteedlag, (6)
protein production, (6) building block!, (7) raw
material for oil, (S) methane production. Frantz-
Eaat Central).
1015-A2, A6, B2, Dl, E2,
Fl
DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF
RUNOFF SYSTEMS,
Agricultural Reaearch Service, Lincoln, Nebraa-
ka, U, S, Department ol Agriculture.
J. A. Nlenaber.
Proceedings: Llveatock Waate Management Re-
aearch Review, Nebraaka Center for Continuing
Education, Lincoln. Nebraaka, p. 3M3, Novem-
ber 29-30, 1972, II ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm waatea, 'Feed lota. Cattle,
•Runoff, Drainage, Flumea, Terracing, Nebraaka
Identl/ieri: •Runoff control ayitem, Debria baain.
Holding pond, Dlapoaal area,
A runoff control ayitem haa been aucceufully
operated an two 1000 head feedJota. Designed
from the Unlvenity of Nebraaka Field Labora-
tory, the system consists ol three components:
debria basin, holding pond, and controlled dia-
poial area. This ayitem was proven auperlor
to the one-pond system for liquid and solid
waatei. Broad baaln terracea may be beneficial
la flood protection aa well aa In runoff con-
trol. Shallow debria baalna are recommended
for minimizing waate odon, Wooden dami
with crushed rock nleaae runoff from debria
baalna. The auggeated disposal area la from
one half up to the full alze of the feedlot llaelf,
Rainfall, alope length, and alze of operation are
among factors which affect runoff control de-
sign. Alternative runoff control system! and
their relative costs are diicussed. (Frutx • Eut
Central).
1016-A2, A4,A5, Cl, C2,
C3, F3
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL
WASTES AND RUNOFF,
U. S. Department ol Agriculture, Lincoln, Ns>
braaka,
J. R. ElUa.
Proceedings: Llveatock Wiatc Management Re-
March Review, Nebraika Canter lor Continuing
Education, Lincoln, Nebraakt, p. 49-63, No-
vember J9-30, 1»T>. 29 ret.
Deacripton: 'Conductivity, •Farm waatea, •Run-
off, Thermal properties Nutrienta, NItratel,
Phosphorus. Ammonia, Pathogenic bacteria, Wa-
tar pollution, 'Physical Properttea. •Chemical
properties. 'Biological properties. Animal para-
altes, Amlno adds. Waste disposal.
Identifier!: 'Pollution potential. Waste manage-
ment.
Chemical, physical, and biological properties
of farm waatei muat be further itudled to cor-
rectly determine the pollution and management
problem! they present. The pollution potential
discharged Into itreams requlrea chemical analy-
all of farm waatea, while design of runoff con-
trol structures lends Itaelf to determination of
physical properties. Further research la like-
wise needed In assessing life of mlcroorganlimi
in feces and In runoff control ayitema. Because
comparatively little Information haa been ea-
labllahed regarding the physical properties of
farm waatea, further reaearch la suggeited in
characterizing feces, urine, and boused feed lot
wastes, eapedally regarding gross energy, Ireez-
ing point, and thermoconductlvlty. (Franti •
Eaat Central).
1017-A11, Bl
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL
PERFORMANCE,
Unlvenity of Nebraska, Lincoln, Animal Science
Department
S. Farlln.
Proceedings: Llveatock Waatc Management Re-
aearch Review, Nebraaka Center for Continuing
Education, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. S7-M, Novem-
ber 28-30, an. 5 ref.
Deacripton: Teed lota. 'Farm waatea, •Waste
treatment. Nutrition, Nebraaka, Missouri, Iowa,
Minnesota,
Identifiers: 'Gains, Animal performance.
Mounding, Cold/warm alot housing.
Increasing animal performance, hence profits,
dapenda upon feed lot modification* such aa
mounding waatea in winter and decreasing cat-
tle denalty. AIM. cattle with access to sheltered
lota generally ihow Increaaad gains, higher grade
carcaaaas, and higher dreislng percentage! than
cattle In open Iota. Additional research may be
the key to making more aeeurat* estimate* on
tha effect! of houilng and waata management
on return! from feeding cattle. (Franti • Eut
Central).
1018-A6. Bl. B2, El, F3
EDUCATION, ACTION AND REGULA-
TORY PROBLEMS OF ANIMAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Unlvenity of Nebraika, Lincoln. Department ol
Agricultural Engineering.
E. A, Olaon.
Proceeding!: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review, Nebraaka Center for Continuing
Education. Lincoln, November 29-30, 1972, p.
63*66.
Deacripton: "Nebraska, •Economic!, Oxidation
rSZ?1' I?ow',rJWMU ««I. Ventilation.
Farm waatea. O4or, 'Feed lota. Cattle. Hogs,
Inleta
-------
are discussed, Current problems include waste
management, waste utilization, runoff control
systems, effluent disposal and effect* of disposal
on agricultural land. (Frantz - Eut Central).
1022-A2, A6, B2, F6
RESEARCH NEEDS FOR" THE DE-
SIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF BEEF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL SYS-
TEMS,
Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nehru-
ka, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
N. P. Swanson.
Proceeding!: Livestock Waste Management Re-
View, Nebraska Center for Continuing Educa-
tion, Lincoln, Nebruka, p. 93-97, November 29-
30. 1972, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lot, 'Waste disposal, Nebras-
ka, 'Farm wutes. 'Pollutant*, 'Cattle, Gravity,
Irrigation, 'Runoff, Effluent*. Infiltration.
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency,
Buffer strips. Field disposal. Meat Animal Re-
search Center. University of Nebraska Field
Laboratory, Soil Conservation Service.
Current resesrch should partially resolve feed
lot runoff problems, but the goal is let for
"zero pollution." New plans and objectives for
overland Dow, buffer strips, feed lot floor de-
sign and topographical research are dlicuued.
These methods require researched proof of en-
vironmental acceptability. Proper distribution of
effluent Is of major concern to the Soil Con-
servation Service. Odor, because of nuisance
suits, may be the greatest runoff problem. The
facilities of the University Field Laboratory
and Meat Animal Research Center Is aiding re-
search in several runoff control areas, (Frantz •
Eut Central)
1023-A2, B2, Cl, C2, C3,
El, F3
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVESTOCK
WASTE AND RUNOFF,
AgT'culQiral Research Service. Lincoln. Nebras-
ka, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Proceeding: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review, Nebraska Center of Continuing
Education, Lincoln. Nebraska, p. 101-103, Novem-
ber 29-30. 1972. 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Physical properties,
•Chemical properties. 'Feed lots. Coliforms.
Pathogenic . bacteria. Lagoons, Management,
•Waste disposal, Degradation. Runoff. Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Galenic nutrients, Mounding, Micro-
Dial properties. /
Defining physical, chemical and mlcroblal char-
acteristics is bade to current and future farm
waste disposal and runoff control, Three proj-
ects whose alms are determining physical and
chemical properties in relation to the mechanics
of waste disposal are discussed. Approximately
three years will be required to complete needed
resesrch In these areas. CFrantj • Eut Central).
1024-A6, B2, B3, C2, El,
F3
WASTE-INDUCED PROBLEMS OF
HOUSED LIVESTOCK,
U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural
Research Service, Clay Center, Nebraska, U.S.
Department of Agriculture.
Proceedings: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review, Nebraska Center for ContlnuUn
Education, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 107-110, Novem-
ber 29-30. 1*72. 1 tab,
Descriptors: 'Sheep, 'Cattle, 'Hogs, Nebraska,
Recycling. Pollutants. Odor, Waste disposal,
•Confinement pens. Teed lots. Nutrients, Oxida-
tion. Waste treatment. Transportation.
Identifiers: 'Housed confinement. Meat Animal
Resesrch Center.
Although farm waste problems are in great
need of research, livestock confinement' Provide*
numerous advantages: greater mechanization
• of chores, animal protection, and potentially
Increased production. Specific problems related
to waste collection, treatment, transportation
and disposal are listed In order to priority:
odors, nutrient or chemical control or adjust-
ment, treatment for reduction, land disposal,
re-use, and aystem selection. Housed livestock
research facilities at Nebraska's Meat Animal
Research Center are described and possible re-
search suggestions are listed. OTrantt • East
Central).
1025-A2, B2, B3, El, F3
OTHER RESEARCH NEEDS.
University of Nebraska, Department of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
W. E. Splinter.
Proceedings: Livestock Waste Management Re-
aearch Review, Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education. Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 113-114. Novem-
ber 29-30. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Proteins. Runoff,
•Feed lots. 'Waste disposal, •Recycling. Con-
finement pen. Aquatic animals. Hogs. Cattle.
Fillers. Nebraska.
Identifiers: 'Paunch manure. Hones.
While needs are being met In many research
fields, several areas will require lncrea»ed at-
tention. Alternate method* of recycling cattle
manure, the use of grass as a runoff filter.
and the treatment and disposal of swine, bone
and aquatic wastes should further be explored.
(Frantz - East Central).
1026-F6
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR'S SUM-
MARY.
Agricultural Research Service, North Central Re-
gion. Peorla. Illinois, U.S. Department of Agri-
culture.
T. B,. Klnney, Jr.
Proceedings: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review, Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 117-119. Novem-
ber 29-30. 1*72.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Research.
The regional administrator encourage* research
efficiency by Increased cooperation among state,
federal and Industrial group*. Research priorities
must be justly established and sound research
must be carried out on high priority prob-
lemi. (Frantz • East Central).
1027-F3, F6
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR'S SUM-
MARY.
Agricultural Research Service, North Central
Region. Peorla. Dllnols. U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
H. M. Teeter.
Proceedings: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review. Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education, Nebraska, p. 121-U4. November 29-
30. 1872.
Ideittflen: 'Program Planning Review.
Researchers should be required to do fewer
reviews and reports that could be done through
the Program Planning Review, The Program
Planning Review plans and evaluates research
programs and assesses the quality and effective-
ness of research. (Frantz • Eut Central).
1028-F1, F6
AREA DIRECTOR'S SUMMARY,
'Agricultural Research Service. Clay Center.
Nebraska. U,S. Department of Agriculture.
K. E. Gregory.
Proceedings: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review, Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education. Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 12S-126.. Novem-
ber 29-30. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Feed
lot*.
Identifiers: 'U.S. Meat Animal Research Cen-
ter, Agricultural Research Service.
High priority problems call for specific research
approaches. Shortage of funds necessitates con-
solidation of some programs and reduction of
others. Resources snould be budgeted for effi-
cient research at all locations. (Frantz • East
Central).
1029-A6, A8, El, F3, F6
CONCLUDING COMMENTS,
Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Ag-
riculture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
a W. Ottoson.
Proceedings: Livestock Waste Management Re-
search Review, Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 127-129. NoTenT
her 29-30. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Crop production
Livestock, Soils, Msrketlng, Waste disposal
Odor, Feed lots. Confinement pens. Nebraska,
Identifiers: 'Agricultural Research Service. En-
vlronmental Protection Agency. Land application.
The livestock waste manigement conference
was a success. The conference was a bench
mark Inventory on which research in livestock
waste management may be planned In the fu-
ture. (Frantz • East Central)
1030-C2, Dl, E3, Fl
RECOVERY OF ANIMAL FEED
FROM CATTLE MANURE .
Northern Marketing and Nutrition Research Di-
vision. Agricultural Research Service, Peorla
Illinois. U.S. Department of Agriculture
R. W. Jones, J. H. Sloneker, and O. E. Inglett.
Proceedings IttH Annual Institute of Environ-
mental Sciences, p. 267-269. 3 tab.. 17 ret.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes. "Cattle,
•Feed lots, Wsste disposal. Amlno adds. Pro-
teins, Filtration, CentrUugatlon. Illinois.
Identifier!: 'Fractionating.
In the United States over 10 million tons of
high grade protein are produced annually In cat-
tle manure. Separating useful feed from fecal
waste ha* become a valuable process which
lowers feed costs and aids in waste disposal,
Four methods for fractionating manure to re-
move undesirable constituents to produce high-
protein feed supplement an described. Manure
may be refined to remove the residue frac-
tion, yielding a soluble fraction and a feed frac-
tion that contains M% of the original nitrogen.
The feed fraction la higher In amino add con-
tent than corn or wheat. The average steer
annually produces 134 to 139 worth of feed
fraction. Feed savings alone could be used to
properly dispose of less usable wast* fractions
(Frantz - East Central),
1031-A6, B3, Cl, Dl, E2,
Fl
ELECTRIC IN-HOUSE DRYING OF
POULTRY WASTE.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Dsoart.
ment of Agricultural Engineering "•»»"
D. R. Price. A. T. Sobel. and H. R. Davis
Paper presented at the 1B72 Winter Meeting of
the Americsn Society of Agricultural
tun. Fertilizers, 'Waste disposal
Identifiers: New York. 'In-house ' drying. Hlrt.
h°Ui*' Clrcu"Ull» '•»•• Exhaust
Forced air over manure removes water con.
Hnuously in a high rise poultry house designed
to house 30,000 caged birds. The drying Vr*
cess removes one-half of the wastes' total welcht
5!f. "$ic"*J?¥r by mlnlmmng bacterlalic.
ttvlty. The dried manure 1* spread only once a
year, thus recycling nutrient* through enplane!
Design figure* for a high-rise poultry boa**
and operation cost* for the drying system „,
Included. (Frantz • East Central)
188
-------
1032- A6, A8, B2, E2, F6
NEBRASKA IS NO. ONE.
C«U Newt, p. 3M», July. 1972. vol. 10. No. 7.
* (U.
. Descriptor!: "Feed Iota, Cattle. •Farm wastes,
Odor. Irrigation. Laboratories. PercclatloB. Soli
analysis. Nebraska.
FadUUei of tbe Agricultural Research Service
at the University of Nebraska were obwrved
by CALF, A well equipped laboratory wai
found that nippliei data which a computer
•torei and disseminates. Field sampling iltei
wen examined. Runoff, air and water pene-
tration Into the aoll. Irrigation, and cattle breed-
ing are only a few of the atudiea made through
use of these facilities. (Wetherill • East Cen-
tral).
1033-A4, A7, C2, D2, D3
NITROGEN IN INDUSTRY.
Ultimate Disposal Research Program, Advanced
Waste Treatment Research Laboratory. Water
Quality Office. Environment**) Protection Agen-
cy. Cincinnati, Ohio.
J. B. Farrell.
Presented at symposium on Nitrogen In Soil and
Water. Hespeler. Ontario, Canada. March 30-31,
1971, 14 p.. 3 tan.. 2 fig.. 13 ret. (PB-213 731.
N.T.I.S.).
Descriptors: •Nitrogen. 'Industry, 'Fertilizers.
•Water pollution. Ammonia, Farm Animals,
Urea, Activated carbon, Chlorlnatlon, Denltrifl-
cation. Industrial wastes. Waste treatment. Air
pollution.
Identifiers: Nitric acid.
The extent of water pollution from Industrial and
fertilizer production sources is examined. Ni-
trogen from industrial production represents
only « portion of the nitrogen distributed to
water Nitrogen water pollution from industrial
sources then is restricted to Isolated point
sources. Large tannage processes produce nitro-
genous effluents in gaseous forma thus causing
air pollution and not water .pollution. Small
tonnage production, however, can lead to large
quantities of nitrogen tost Recovery is imprac-
tical because of the economies involved in sepa-
rating nitrogen from the wastes. Nitrogen may
be removed biologically by changing nitrogen
to ammonia or nitrates, then through ehlorina-
tion. ion exchange, or FeSO4 reduction can re-
move nitrogen entirely or convert It to a gas,
(Marqaard - East Central).
1034-C3, D2, F6
TECHNIQUES FOR THE SAMPLING
AND HANDLING OF ANAEROBIC MI-
CROBES IN WASTE FERMENTATION
SYSTEMS,
University of Kentucky, Lexington. Agricultural
Engineering Department, Baylor College of
Medicine. Houston, Texas. Dermatology Depart-
ment.
H. E. Hamilton. L J. Ross, and S. W. Jackson
Transaction* of ASAE. Vol. 1C. No. t. p. 172-
17S. 1973. I fig.. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Autoclaves, 'Farm wastes. •Poul-
try. Livestock. Anaerobic conditions. 'Fermen-
tation. Analytical techniques. Dilution.
Identifiers: Rumen sampling, Fermentor samp-
ling. Test tubes, Pipetting device. Inoculation,
MlcroUal growth. Colony counting. Chemical
changes.
An equipment and technique experiment In-
volved the fermentation of autoclaved chicken
excreta with rumen microbes obtained from a
flstulated steer being fed a diet containing 23%
chicken manure. The equipment pictured and
described was designed and constructed for Im-
proving the efficiency of preparing teat tubes
for enumerating microbes in the fermented
samples. This equipment successfully aided In
the experiments requiring rspid handling and
processing of large numbers of samples.
(FTantz • East Central),
1035-A8, E2
IMPLICATIONS OF CROP-PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY,
Illinois Univ., Urbana. Dept. of Agronomy.
S. R. Aldrich. W. R. Oschwald, and J. B.
Fehrenbacher.
Environmental Geology Notes, Illinois State
Geological Survey, No 46, p 7-24, Msy 1971. S fig.
6 tab, ref.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Environment, •Farm
wastes. 'Crop production. Farm management.
Identifiers: 'Crop-production technology. Environ-
mental quality.
Illinois b used as a model to examine tome effects
or technology on the environment. The effects of
selected modem crop production technologies are
examined, including the use of nitrogen and
phosphorus as fertilizer!. Recent restrictions on the
use of certain production technologies and attacks
on fertilizer use have led to analysis in greater
detail of the possibilities for an consequences of
producing crops with leu use of available technolo-
gy. Return to more primitive agricultural methods,
however, is regarded as unwise. The Justification
for using each practice and subsystem of produc-
tion must be challenged to Insure the least un-
desirable impact on the environment. The utiliza-
tion of the best available crop-production
technology will likely meet the needs of society
with the least harm to the environment. (Wray-
Chicago)
1036-A2, A4, A5, A9, B2
B3, C3, Dl, E2
AGRICULTURE: THE UNSEEN FOE IN THE
WAR ON POLLUTION,
N.William Mines.
Cornell Law Review, Vol 55, p 740-760. 1970. 21
P. 111 ref.
Descriptor*: 'Agriculture. 'Water pollution,
•Pesticides. •Fertilizer!. Chemicals. Farm wastes.
Nitrogen compounds. Phosphorus compounds,
Water pollution sources. Water pollution effects.
Irrigation practices. Leaching. Confinement pens.
Domestic wastes. Soil disposal fields. Waste
ditpotal, Eutrophication, Waste assimilative
capacity. Smlinity. Saline soils. Salt tolerance. Sedi-
mentation, Sediment Control, Soil conservation.
Agricultural wastes have received practically no at-
tention in recent efforti to prevent and abate water
pollution. Control of municipal and industrial
wastes may be cancelled by failure to control the
four major source! of agricultural pollution: animal
wastes, chemicals, sediment, and salt. Pollution
from animal wastes results primarily from the use
of feed-lots to fstten beef. Feedlot runoff is high in
oxygen demand, depleting oxygen supplies in
streams; furthermore, the various nutrients in such
wastes cause eutrophicalion. Pollution from
feedlots may be controlled by treating drainage and
disposing of accumulated solid wastes, although the
latter solution has proved difficult. Both agricul-
tural fertilizers and peiticides are major factors in
water pollution. Fertilizer, through its chief
nutrients-nitrogen and phosphorus—is also respon-
sible for eutrophication. Moreover, use of fertilizer
n virtually unregulated. Although pesticide usage is
strictly regulated, present regulations are not
directed towards water pollution. The potential
harm of pesticides has not been thoroughly evalu-
ated. Quantitat ively, sediment is the most serious
agricultural water pollutant; inefficiency of soil
conservation districts is primarily responsible. Ex-
cessive salinity affects agricultural productivity. Ir-
rigation increases the problem, and an adequate
solution has been evasive. (Hart-Florida)
1037-A4, A5, A8, E2
NITROGEN IN AQRICULTURE: THE
PROBLEMS AND THE EFFECT ON THE EN-
VIRONMENT,
Edinburgh Univ. (Scotland).
Stephen Watson.
Advancement of Science, Vol 27, No 131 p 25-37
Sept 1970.5 fig. 5 tab, IJ ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Water pollution effects.
•Land management. 'Environmental effects. 'Fer-
tilizers, Ammonia, Nitrates, Ureas, Nitrogen fixa-
tion. Crop response. Nitrogen filing bacteria.
Nitrogen cycle. Legumes. Oraues, Proteins. Soil
microorganisms. Sewage. Farm wastes.
About 80% of the world's human population util-
izes only 20% of the world's svallable protein. The
problem U not one of redistribution but of increas-
ing protein supplies. World supplies of fixed N arc
divided into 60 million tons in animals. 1000 mil-
lion in plants and 150,000 million in the soil. To '
this, 100 million toni are annually added by biolog-
ical fixation and 10 million by industrial fixation.
The production of N by soil microorganisms and
the utilization of N by plants are reviewed in dcuil.
The problem of proper pasture mixtures between
grasses and legumes in combination with controlled
grazing is considered and the phenomenon of in-
creased N fertilizer application to grasslands is
described. Combinations of legumes and grasses
result in improved pastures and soil fertility but the
process is too slow to rule out N fertilizer applica-
tions in combination with appropriate water appli-
cations. Field drying is a brittle process which may
result in great protein loss unless carefully
managed, particularly because of the high cost of
evaporating water. The problem of water pollution
due to increased N fertilizer application and inten-
sified cattle feeding is considered in detail. Such
pollution may be considerable, but will not be of
the same order as that due to biological fixation,
town sewage and industrial wastes. (Casey-
Arizona)
1038-A3, A4, A9, C2, El,
E2
CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF,
Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock. Dept. of Civil En-
gineering; and Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock. Dept.
' ofChcmistry.
Dan M. Wells, Ellis W. Huddleston, and Robert O.
Rekers.
Partially supported by FWQA. Water Resources
Bulletin. Vol 7. No I, p 124-132, Feb 1971. 9 p. 3
tab.
: Descriptors: 'Lakes. 'Water quality, 'Texas,
•Farm wastes, 'Water pollution sources. Runoff,
Nutrients, Solutes, Nitrates, Phosphates, Herbi-
cides, Pesticides, Playas, Overland flow.
Identifiers: Agricultural runoff.
Eighteen rural lakes in Lubbock County, Texai.
were sampled on a routine basis following runoff-
producing rainfall for a period of approximately
eighteen months to determine whether or not ru-
noff from intensively farmed agricultural areas con-
tained significant concentrations of nitrates,
phosphates, herbicides, or insecticides. An addi-
tional fifteen lakes lying within a triangle bounded
by the cities of Plainview, Canyon, and Hereford,
Texas, were sampled one time during the summer
of 1969 to provide additional data regarding the
nature and extent of the potential problem in an
area with a different soil type and a slightly dif-
ferent cropping pattern. Based on results of
detailed analyses of approximately two hundred
samples of water collected from the lakes and an
equal number of sediment samples collected from
the same lakes at the same time, it appears that the
concentration! of all chemical pollutants in runoff
from agricultural lands in the High Plains are well
below the allowable concentrations for drinking
water. (Knapp-USGS)
189
-------
1039-A3, A4, C2
NUTRIENTS IN STREAMS DRAINING
WOODLAND AND FARMLAND NEAR
COSHOCTON,OHIO,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Md. Soils
Lab.
A. W. Taylor, W. M. Edwards, and E. C. Simpson.
Water Resources Research, Vol 7, No 1, p 81-89,
February 1971. 9 p, 3 Tig, 6 ub.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Runoff, 'Forests,
•Farms, 'Ohio, Nitrogen, Nitrates, Phosphates,
Potassium, Data collections. Water quality, Path of
pollutants, Eutrophication, Appalachian Mountain
Region. Farm wastes, Statistical methods. Fertil-
izers, Leaching, Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: Woodlands, Farm lands, Coshocton
(Ohio).
Nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium concentra-
tions were measured in streams draining woodland
and farmland watersheds at Coshocton, Ohio 1966
through 1969. Temporal variations in the nutrient
concentrations were much smaller than the
changes in the rate of streamflow. No relationship
was found between any nutrient concentration and
streamflow, and no seasonal changes in concentra-
tion were detected. Nutrient losses from farmland
were significantly greater than those from
woodland. The nitrate-N concentration In the farm
runoff was below 2 ppm except for one short period
when it rose to 10 ppm. The Input of nitrogen in the
ram was greater than the loss in runoff from both
watersheds. The average concentration of
phosphate in runoff was 22 ppb (of P) from the
farm and IS ppb from the woodland. The analysis
of the data shows that total nutrient losses cannot
be calculated meaningfully unless both hydrologic
and chemical data are available. The volume of
water flow is the most important variable in this
calculation. (Knapp-USGS)
1040-B2, D3, F6
STABILIZATION OF DAIRY WASTES BY
ALGAL-BACTERIAL SYMBIOSIS IN OXIDA-
Ak-\.indr.ii L'niv. (Egypt) Mich Inst. of Public
Health
F M F.|.Snarl jtti. and S. K Moawad
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation.
Vol 42. \n l.p 115-125. January l"7() 4 fiu 5 lah
I7rel. *
Descriptor*: 'Dairy industry. 'Oxidation lagoons.
•Pilot plants. Algae. Biochemical oxygen demand.
Uiological treatment. Photosynthesis. Stabilization.
•Waste water treatment. "Farm wastes.
Identifiers "Alexandria (Ej!ypt). Pandorina. Solu-
hlc organic solids.
A pilot-plant study of BOD reduction of milk
processing wastes is reported. A synthetic dairy
waste of 750 mg/I BOD was fed continuously to
rectangular concrete basin's with sloping sides to
minimize sludging. The detention period was 10
days. An influent pH of 9.8 was'maintained to keep
the pH at a level conducive to algal growth. Tank
depth was important in maintaining balance
between the algal and bacterial fractions of the
system. The microflora showed plasticity in adapt-
ing to environmental variations. Pandorina con-
stituted a major member Of the flora highly adapta-
ble to interaction with dairy wastes. Pandorina
could tolerate wide temperature variations (11 dcg
to 32 dcg C) at a constant depth of 75 cm. Other
organisms were responsive to specific conditions
and when the dominant groups suffered a aerious
setback, the subdominants flourished. Biochem^al
oxygen demand (BOD) reductions were 80 to 90
percent at a BOD loading rale of 220 Ibs/acre/day
(246 kg/dia/day) (Aguirrc-Texas)
1041-A5, C2, E2
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF SALINITY
AND NITRATE CONTENT AND TRENDS
BENEATH URBAN AND AGRICULTURAL
AREA-FRESNO, CALIFORNIA,
Agricultural Research Service, Fresno, Calif.
Ground water Recharge Field Station.
Harry I. Nightingale.
OrouiuJwater, Vol t. No I. p 22-28, Jan-Feb 1970.
7 p. 6 Itg. 5 Ub, (ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Ground-
water, *Califoniia, •Nitrate*, 'Salinity, Water
well*. Aquifer*, Irrigation water, Fertilizer*, Ur-
banization, Statistical methods, Surveys, Conduc-
tivity, Farm waiui, Regression analysis.
Identifiers: Fresno (Calif).
The salinity and nitrate content of well water for an
urban tone (Fresno-Clovis, California) and the Im-
mediate surrounding Irrigated tgricultural zone
were compared using data for 1950 through 1967.
Time trend* In these water chemical properties
were evaluated statistically by dividing the 18-year
period into three 6-year periods. Salinity of the
urban zone groundwater has increased with time,
whereas that of the agricultural zone has fluctuated
considerably. Poaaible reason* for change* are
discussed. The nitrate content of well water from
both zones has increased with time, with water
from the agricultural zone showing the greatest in-
crease. (Knapp-USOS)
1042-A3, A4.E2.F2
THE PROBLEM OF AGRICULTURAL POLLU-
TION IN WATER TREATMENT,
Pawtucket Water Dept, R.I.
John A. McMahus.and Albert A. Zatfa.
Journal of the New England Water Works Associa-
tion, Vol. 83.No. 4, p 311-321, Dec. 1969. 11 p, 2
tab. 2 Tig,
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Animal
wastes, 'FertUizers, Farm wastes. Water pollution
treatment, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: • Pawtucket (Rhode Island).
The main concern of the Pawtucket, Rhode Island
water supply system is the problem of pollution due
to farmers using animal wastes for fertilizer. Due to
the lack of large reservoir at the lowest end of the
drainage basin feeding the treatment plant, the
results of the animal wastes on the fields are severe
at the point of treatment. The drainage and the
seasonal usage of the water supply systern are
described: The pollution problem is in part at-
tributed to one cattle company which hauled their
waste material into the basin and deposited the
solid and liquid wastes in gnat quantities. Because
of the lack of dilution or detention time, high bac-
terial levels resulted. A schematic diagram Of the
water treatment plant is shown and its capabilities
are described. The problem is that existing state
law does not allow the prohibition of fertilizing
agricultural land with animal wastes, even if such
methods result in water pollution. (Grossman-Rut-
gers)
1043-A4,A5,A7,A8,A9,All,
A12,B1,C2,D3,F3,F6
WASTES IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Md. Soil
and Water Conservation Research Div.
Dep'Agr MUc Publication No I06S, Mar 1968. 112
p, 1 fig, 4 tab, 139 ref, 4 append.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Water pol-
lution effects, 'Agriculture. 'Forestry, Agricul-
tural chemicals. Fertilizers, Pesticides. Farm
wastes. Farm management, Organic wastes, Indus-
trial wastes, Forest management, Sediment load,
Microorganisms.
Identifiers: Farm ind forestry wastes.
The sources and effects of wastes contributed to
air, water, and soil by agricultural and forestry
management practices are briefly discussed. The
major waste categories considered are radioactivi-
ty, chemical air pollutants, airborne dusts, sedi-
ments, plant nutrients, inorganic chemicals, or-
ganic wastes, infectious agents, allergens, industrial
and agricultural chemicals, and heat. A bibliog-
raphy of 139 entries is included. Appendices
discuss wastes adversely affecting agriculture and
forestry, research on waste management, and
problems in waste management needing more at-
tention. (Knapp-USGS)
1044-A3, A5, A8, A12, B2,
B3, El, E2, F4
EFFECT OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON MOVE.
MENT OF NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL
PROFILES AND ON TRANSFORMATIONS OF
SOIL NITROGEN,
Wisconsin Univ.. Madison.
R.J.OIscn.
Univ of Wisconsin, Water Resources Center, Re-
port 1969. 79 p. OWRR B-OO4-Wis.
Descriptors: 'Nitrification, 'Soil nitrogen, 'Public
health, 'Soil leaching, Groundwater, Soil profiles.
Water table. Surface runoff. Farm wastes. Aerobic
conditions. Incubation.
Identifiers: 'Lake eutrophication, 'Soil
phosphorus, Alfalfa-bromegrass, Spring thaws. Fer-
tilizer-nitrogen.
There is increasing evidence that agriculture is con-
tributing to the increase in nitrate-nitrogen in
streams, lakes, and domestic water supplies. High
amounts of nitrate-nitrogen in water ai*e a health
hazard and contribute to lake eutrophicatior.
Methods by which nitrogen may enter the wa". ?
from agricultural sources include the leaching of
nitrate-nitrogen through the soil profile to the
water table and surface runoff, especially during
spring thaws from manure applied to frozen toil
during the winter. The data obtained from field ex-
periments indicate that pollution of groundwater
with nitrate-nitrogen can be limited by avoiding ex-
cessive rates of fertilizer nitrogen; providing a crop
cover on the soil during the growing season; use of
hay crops, such a* alfalfa-bromegrass, in rotation
with corn or other crops receiving fertilizer
nitrogen; and not permitting unprotected manure
to accumulate during the time of year when
leaching can occur. Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen
by three successive corn crops and as soil inorgank
nitrogen following the last crop ranged from 72 to
88 percent. The average concentration of nitrate-
nitrogen in the soil solution at the lowest profile
depth sampled ranged from 14 ppm for virgin soils
to 21 ppm for manure contaminated soils and to 33
ppm for cultivated soils. Rate of nitrification was
directly related to the rate of manure application,
presence of aerobic conditions, period of incuba-
tion, and soil phosphorus. The average recovery of
nitrogen by chemical analysis of the soil receiving
the higher manure rates after 37 weeks of incuba-
tion ranged from 247 for anaerobic conditions to
73 to 80 percent for the aerobic conditions. These
data suggest that where animal manure is not to be
• used as a fertilizer, lagoon ing of the manure under
anaerobic conditions may be an effective method
of disposal with a minimum risk of water pollution.
(Olsen-UnivofWis)
1045-A3, A4
AGRICULTURE'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE
FERTILIZATION OF CANAL LAKE.
Ouelph Univ. (Ontario). Dept. of Soil Science
F. R. Campbell, and L. R. Webber.
J Soil and Water Conserv, Vol 24, No 4, p 139-14)
Aug 1969 3 p, 2 fig. 2 tab. 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Eutrophication, 'Nutrients, 'Water
pollution sources, 'Agriculture, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Fertilizers, Runoff, Farm waste*.
Productivity, Aquatic plants.
Identifiers: 'Canal Lake (Ontario).
190
-------
Water quality, weed growth, and nutrient loading!
of Caul Lake, Ontario were studied between May
and November 1968. Relatively little nitrogen and
phoiphorut are contributed by the area's low-level
agriculture. Precipitation contribulei more
nitrogen than itreami. Agriculture contribute*
about 0.15 Ib/acre, about a twentieth of the yield
from an equivalent nonfertilized area. Moil
nitrogen probably comet from lake aedimenu,
plant*, and fixation of nitrogen in the lake. About
$41 of the phosphorus probably originate* in a
lake upitream of Canal Lake. The agricultural yield
ia only about 63 Ib from 30.000 acres. Theie con-
tributiont. of nutrients are negligible considering
the total nutrient! in the lake, the nutrient load of
the itreami and other sources of nutrients. (Knapp-
USOS)
1046-B2, Fl
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POULTRY
PROCESSING WASTEWATER IN DELAWARE
AND APPROPRIATE MUNICIPAL SEWER
TAXATION,
Delaware Univ., Newark. DepC of Agricultural
and Food Economic*.
B.L. Hudson.
M. S. Thesis. June, 1970.92 p. 28 fig. 4 lab. 40 ref.
3 append. OWKR B-003-DEL (3).
Deacriptoii: ' 'Waste water (PoDution),
•Economics, 'Waste water treatment, 'Poultry,
•Water pollution source*. Biochemical oxygen de-
mand. Industries, Delaware. Sewage districts,
Taxea.
Identifiers: •Sewage assessment*.
One important •characteristic of the poultry
processing industry is its high water usage rate.
This characteristic baa become cause for great
concern among processors due to the newer and
more rigid water pollution regulations of both the
federal and state governments. Five of Delaware's
six poultry processing plants were studied primari-
ly to determine the sources of waste and waste-
water. The general study procedure involved
isolating and analyzing effluents from individual
in-plant operations. The scalding, dressing,
eviscerating, and chilling operations are the main
sources of wastewater. The clean-up operation
also produces sizable amounts of wastewater
although precise measurement! were unavailable.
Average main effluent volumes per processed bird
varied considerably between plants, ranging from
3.2 to 8.2 gallons. A case study of Mflford,
Delaware's wastewater treatment operation* in-
dicated that sewage assessments may take the
form of (1) annual contributions by firms to the
municipality, (2) cost-sharing payments for con-
struction and maintenance, and (3) payments
based on variable rates. Equity and efficiency con-
sideration! suggest, however, that a combination
property-marginal cost tax system might be more
desirable. (Settle-Wisconsin)
1048-A8, C2, C2, D3, E2
SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF ANAEROBI-
CALLY TREATED SWINE WASTES AS
LIMITED BY NITROGEN CONCENTRATION,
Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Agricultural En-
gineering.
J.K.Koeli]
He Koeliker.
Ph.D. Thesis, 1972. 203 p, 11 fig, 66 tab, 60 ref 16
append. OWRR A-021-IA (6).
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic conditions. Irrigation,
•Chemical oxygen demand, Denitrificau'on,
•Nitrogen, Application rates. Phosphorus,
Lagoons. 'Farm wastes, 'Wastewater treatment,
•Water reuse, 'Sprinkler irrigation. Soils, Hogs,
Wastewater disposal, Saodi, Clays.
Identifiers: 'Swine wastes.
The effectiveness of soil as a final treatment and
disposal system for anaerobically treated (wine
wastes was examined. Anaerobic lagoon effluent
was applied to grass covered and tile drained field
by sprinkler irrigation during the May-October
season. Over a 3-year period, average concentra-
tions in the tile drainage were 5-21 percent of the
COD, 20-40 percent of the nitrogen and 1-10 per-
cent of the phosphorus applied in the anaerobic
lagoon effluent. In 4-ft. laboratory sofl columns
with soils ranging in texture from sand to silty clay
loam, less than 10 percent, on a mass basis, of the
nitrogen added in anaerobic lagoon effluent was
lost; unless the soil became so waterlogged that at
some time during a 45-wk. period it would no
longer infiltrate the 2 inches/wk. applied. Addition
of 20 tons/acre of oats straw as an energy source
to the top six inches of half the columns did not
improve nitrogen losses. All textures of soils
removed more than 95 and 99.8 percent of the
COD and phosphorus, respectively, from the per-
colate. Soil has a great potential to remove ox-
ygen-demanding material (COD) and phosphorus
from anaerobic lagoon effluent; however, its ef-
fectiveness as a final treatment system is limited
by an inability to successfully remove nitrogen.
Therefore, anaerobic lagoon effluent should be
considered as a very dilute solution of liquid
nitrogen and its application to soil restricted to
rates thai are consistent with the nitrogen require-
ments of crops grown on the disposal area.
(Powell-Iowa State)
1049-A3, B2, C2, Fl
ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT: EXEMPLIFIED BY SPECIFIED POLLU-
TANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF,
Iowa State Univ., Ames.
J.J.Jacobs.
Ph.D. Thesis. 1972. 208 p, 5 fig, 58 tab, 129 ref, 2
append. OWRR B-015-IA (2).
Descriptors: Economics. Water quality control.
Pollutants, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Sediments.
•Phosphorus, Iowa, 'Water management (Ap-
plied). Water pollution sources, 'Cost analysis,
Cultivation.
Identifiers: 'Nishnabotna River Basin, Minimum
tillage.
The role of economics in environmental quality
management was analyzed, with particular
reference to the optimal level of water quality in a
selected use area. Sediment and phosphorus in
agricultural runoff were the pollutants selected in
depicting the role of economics in water quality
management. The agricultural land in the Nish-
nabotna River Basin in Southwestern Iowa was
the study area. This land wai split up according to
six capability classes, supplied by the Conserva-
tion Needs Inventory. These capability classes in
combination with crop rotations, tillage methods
and conservation practices are regarded as a
cropping system. For each system the annual costs
and returns in addition to sediment and
phosphorus losses were estimated. With this infor-
mation the minimum cost of achieving specified
levels of water quality, i.e., sediment and
phosphorus, were obtained. The study results
point up the dominance of minimum ullage and
continuous row crops in the optimal solutions. The
results also indicate that the magnitude of the
delivery ratio and the phosphorus constraints have
a relatively small impact on the cost of the pro-
gram. Furthermore, it was shown that the most
stringent constraint could be met at an estimated
cost of about $4.75 per acre with a delivery ratio of
.25. While this cost does not appear to be un-
reasonable, comparing the control cost with the
benefits to a municipal use indicates that this level
of quality control can only be justified economi-
cally if there is a large reuse of the water (80-400:1)
or substantial aesthetic benefits. (Powell-Iowa
State)
1050-A4, A5, A7, A8, Bl,
F2
THE LEGAL fUTURlt HEW THEORIEI Of
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
CaJtforata Uahr.. Berkeley.
P. i. ferry.
h: Traaecrtpts of dM Ipaaeaaa. National COB-
faraaoa oa Bavtroaawatal Law. a 111-207.
November I *70.M a.
Daacilutms. •Barlrouaeata]
•Rawdlea, •Lagialatioa. •Pollalioa
Nataral rasoarcea, Rasoarc* allocate*. Bavtroa-
•natal afbcta, Coaaervattoa, WaUr poBeHoa,
Water poDunoa coatroL Air poDatioa. Federal
government. State governments. Administrative
agractea, Ooverameat thane*, laduatrlee. Fora*
manafemeat. Oil Industry. Urmtoct, Miming,
Lumbering. Land management, Taias, Dadetoa
making. Legal aspects.
Ueatiften: National Environmental Prolectioa
Act.
Historical approaches to coaMrving natural
resources through statutory aad common law
means provide solely remedial measures. Recast
tread* la tort law evideac* stronger methods of aa-
vtroameatal protection. This ha* been achieved by
broadening the concept of causation aad imagina-
tive application of the public trust doctrine. Com-
prehensive protection of the environment may
result from either a consthutioaal amendment
creating a new chrU liberty or stronger state
statutes. The 1970 Michigan Environmental Pro-
tection Act ia diacuieed, with eaphasia upon what
this new legislatioB will accomplish. The National
Environmental Policy Act is cribcUed for its failure
to prohibit ecologically unsound activities. The
concept of corporate reepoasibuity for private in-
dustry is discuieed, and the traditional polarity
between the private profit motive aad national en-
vironmental preservation is considered. Environ-
ment*! solution* must aher the bask nature of
private industry. Possible means of attaining this in-
clude: (I) national law. (2) state law, and (3)
voluntary charter amendment Proposals are sug-
gested for revising taxation objectives. The Public
Land Law Review Contmisaion's Report is
criticized, and alternative* to ha findings are
proposed. (Reea-Flonda)
1051-A4, B2, C2, C3, El
POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF SALMONID FISH
HATCHERIES.
Washington Univ., Seattle. Water and Air
Resources Div.
Water and Sewage Works. Vol. 117, No. 18. p 291 -
297, August 1970.6 fig, 3 tab. 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fish hatcheries, 'Salmonids. "Water
pollution sources. "Biochemical oxygen demand.
•Dissolved oxygen. *Hydrogen ion concentration.
•Ammonia. • Nitrites, 'Phosphates. 'Solid wastes.
'Animal wastes (Wildlife), Water pollution con-
trol. Food abundance. Chemical oxygen demand.
Pathogenic bacteria, Animal parasites. Silts.
Identifiers: 'Feces, Drugs.
The water pollution potential of sslmonid hatchery
operations was studied by surveying the literature.
by questionnaire surveys, and by field tests. The
study i began in February 1969. and ended in
February IV70. Pollution problems reported to be
associated with fish hatchery operations included
nutritional enrichment, algae and weed growth.
taste and odor, sctlleable solids, pathogenic bac-
teria and parasites organic matter, chemicals and
drugs. The literature review produced no positive
results. The questionnaire survey revealed thai 13
of 46 hatcheries responding indicated that they
have hud pollution problems. Field tests were con-
ducted at the Green River Salmon Hatchery and
the Kowliu Trout Hatchery in the state of
Washington to determine COD. BOD, and DO, pH.
ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, suspended solids, dis-
solved solids, scttleuble solids, total solids, and total
191
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volatile solids ll wat delermined thai the greatest
pollution occurred during pond clcimoul. and the
niral prevalent pnllutunu were fish fccul wustes
and residual food. The mull of the discharge of
these pollutants was that: (I) the dissolved uiygcn
level was lowered in the effluent. (2) nutrient pol-
lutant* (Nitrate und phosphtile) resulting from
decomposition of fish food were increased. (3)
solid pollutants both dissolved and settleable were
significantly increased. It was further found that
there were relationships between pollutant produc-
tion rates, feeding rates, fish size, loading densities.
and water supply rates. (Little-Batlclle)
1052-A4, A5, A8, E2, F6
EFFECT OF ANIMAL WASTES APPLIED TO
SOILS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
SYSTEMS,
Maine Univ.. Orono. DepL of Soil Sciences.
F. E. Hutchimon, R. A. Hoffman indR F
Jeffrey. Maine Water Resources
Research Center. Orono. Project Completion Re-
POJVSeptember 1972. 38 p. 8 fig, 21 tab. OWRR
A-020-ME (I).
Descriptor!: 'Water pollution sources, •Ground-
water, •Farm wastes, 'Nitrogen, 'Maine, On-site
investigations, Analytical techniques, Poultry,
Path of poD.utao.ts., Sou1 properties. Rates of appli-
cation. Infiltration rates. Data collections.
Identifiers: 'Poultry manure.
This research project was conducted in Maine to
determine the maximum acceptable rates of appli-
cation of manure in: (1) excessively drained glacial
outwash, (2) well drained glacial till and (3) poorly
drained Maine soils, using field plots and a rysime-
ter study. Periodic analyses of soil, ton water and
groundwater samples from a Windsor loamy sand
treated annually for two yean with poultry
manure at nitrogen rates up to 1400 pounds per
acre. Results indicate that mineralization of N oc-
curred rapidly and that nitrate content of the sub-
soil just above the groundwater became high at
times at rates above 350 pounds of nitrogen per
acre. Nitrogen did not move downslope in any
form at the top of the fragipan in a Charlton fine
sandy loam beyond a distance of 20 feet on a 10
percent slope below plots treated with rates of N
up to 1400 pounds per acre (or two consecutive
years. When nitrogen in poultry manure was ap-
plied to a poorly drained Scantic silt loam, an
unacceptable amount of nitrate N moved through
the profile into the free water table from applica-
tions greater than 200 pounds of N per acre.
(Woodard-USGS)
1053-AA, C3, F6
BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
ANALYSES OF METHODS FOR DETECTING
FECAL POLLUTION,
South Dakota State Univ., Brookings.
Paul R M iddaugh. Comple-
tion Report April, 1970. 14 p. OWRR Project A-
OI9-SDAK(I).
Descriptors: Water pollution sources, 'Farm
wastes, Bacteria Ecoli, Coliforms, Pathogenic bac-
teria, 'Sewage bacteria, E coli, Enteric bacteria.
Streptococcus bovis. Streptococcus faecalis, 'Pol-
lutant identification.
The initial or laboratory research phase of objec-.
lives were achieved. These were to improve the
specificity, speed and reliability to bacteriological
methods for determinging kinds and number of
fecal bacteria in water resources. The major objec-
tive of distinguishing between human and animal
sources of pollution was partially achieved by im-
proved isolation of the rumen organism
Streptococcus bovis. The objective of determining
the survival of selected fecal coliform and fecal
streptococcus in river water with and without filtra-
tion was completed in the M.S. Thesis study by
Joseph Zerfas.' He compared river water in labora-
tory flasks with environmental river esposure
chambers to determine survival effect of tempera-
ture from 10 to 30C, decreased both coliform and
streptococci equally with increased temperature.
Added organic nitrogen fertilizalion of river from
normal level 2.5 ppm N to 10 to 39 pom N stimu-
lated growth and lengthened survival lime. Both
kinds of organisms increased in survival in water
with reduced dissolved oxygen compared to
aerated water. In untreated river water fecal
coliform bacteria lived longer than fecal
streptococci, 7<* and 0.1* survival respectively
after 7 days. Water membrane filtered to remove
protozoa gave 20<* coliform and IOOQ streptococ-
cus survival after 7 days. In M.S. Thesis study by L.
Koupal. methods for detecting the rumen organism
Streptococcus bovis resulted in a rapid, sensitive
selective method using membrane filter for quan-
titative recovery from river witer and selective
medium incubated in 25* C02+75* N2 gas grows
S. bovis which is then detected by starch agar over-
lay. Only ruminants have S. bovis in numbers in
feces so S. bovis in river survival studies was proven
to be a useful tracer for ruminant pollution of sur-
face waters. More rapid and sensitive methods for
both indicator and pathogenic bacteria were being
investigated when the project was terminated.
1054-A2, B2, B4, Cl, C2,
D3, F6
APPLICATION OP SEWAGE TREATMENT
TECHNIQUES TO FEEDLOT RUNOFF,
Nebraska Univ., Lincoln. Dept. of Civil Engineer-
m*-
T. McGbee, and R. L. Torrens.
Paper presented at the
16th Annual Great Plains Waste Water Design
Conference, Omaha, Nebraska, March 28, 1972.
18 p. 4 fig. Stab, 13ref.OWRR-A-022-NEB(I).
Descriptors: *Biological treatment, 'Farm wastes,
Feed sola. Cattle, 'Waste water treatment.
Biochemical oxygen demand, 'Agricultural ru-
noff, •Chemical oxygen demand, 'Sewage treat-
ment, 'Aerobic treatment.
Laboratory studies of the aerobic treatment of
feedlot runoff were conducted to determine the ef-
fect of such handling upon waste characteristics
and the design parameters required for such treat-
ment. Liquid retention times (organic loading rate)
and biological solids concentrations were varied.
Studies of the application of the BOD test to this
waste were also conducted. Liquid retention time*
in the laboratory system varied from one to eight
days. The conclusions were: (1) An aerobic system
can effectively treat this'waste with COD reduc-
tions of 60 percent or more. (2) Retention time* of
three day* or more are adequate to insure treat-
ment of solids concentrations (MLSS) of 2000
mg/L. (3) The color of the runoff i* affected only
alightly by such treatment (4) COD analysis is su-
perior to BOD analysis in measuring the strength
of this waste.
1055-A4, A5, A9, Cl, C2,
F6
ANNUAL REPORT OF ACTIVITIES DURING
FISCAL YEAR 1*71.
Maine Univ., Bangor. Water Resources Center.
Annual Report No 7,1971. 18
p. 3 append. OWRR A-999-ME (7).
Descriptors: 'Water resources, 'Water users,
•Planning, 'Projects, Legal aspects. Bottom sedi-
ments. Geochemistry, Hydrology, Coniferous
forests. Rivers. Lakes, Biochemical oxygen de-
mand. Dissolved oxygen. Management, Livestock
wastes, Water quality. Education, Eulrophicalion,
Phosphates, Water poUution control. Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides. Model studies, Tu-
bificids, Physicochemical properties. Gases,
Political aspects, Attitudes, Environment.
The research program conducted under the
auspices of the University of Maine's Water
Resources Center to solve Maine's water
problems are described. Twelve projects explored
the following tress: Hydrologic relationships ia a
coniferous forest; An investigation of the causes,
effects, and control of eutrophicau'on in Maine
lakes; Phosphate retention by lake sediments;
Geochemical cycles involving flora, lake water,
and bottom sediments; Legal aspects of water pol-
lution control through implementation of the ef-
fluent charge concept: Effect of animal wastes ap-
plied to soils on surface and ground water
systems; The effects of DDT and other
chlorinated hydrocarbons on the growth of eu-
ryhaline microalgae; Phase Ill-Study of a river
system as i chemical reactor; Effects of burrow-
jog tubificid worms on the exchange of
phosphorus between lake sediments and overlying
water; A study of the physico-chemical parame-
ters affecting the removal of colloidal particles
from water by porous media; Dissolved poUution
product gates in natural waters; and Political and
environmental attitudes of voters and public offi-
cials related to alternative levels of water quality
and correlated alternative systems of management
of the Penobscot River. The Center's researchers
extend their findings to users in in active coor-
dination, information, education, and training pro-
gram. (Auen-Wisconsin)
1056-B1, Fl, FA, F6
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION,
Iowa State Water Resources Research lost.,
•Ames.
N. E. Harl, R. A. Baldwin, and D. W. Hubly.
. ., . Iow» w«»«r Resources
Research Institute. Ames, Completion Report
ISWRRM3, November 1971. 261 p. 7 fit 27 lib
l22ref.8«ppend.OWRRB-009-IA(2).
Descriptors: 'Permit system, Economic efficien-
cy. Water quality. Water resource investment,
•Iowa, 'Model studies, 'Cost analysis, "Water al-
location (Policy), Competing uses, Legal aspects,
•Linear programming. Cost allocation. Evalua-
tion.
The study contains three pans. In Pan I, the litera-
ture of water allocation is reviewed and (he permit
system of administrative allocation is analyzed in
terms of rational guidelines for allocating water as
a scarce resource among competing alternatives.
Special attention was given to the Iowa permit
system, with the conclusion that the system
acknowledges only two consistently identified
points on • water user's production function (1)
the point of zero output and zero water use, and
(2) the point of maximum tolaJ product where the
marginal physical product becomes zero. The
system guidelines are insufficient for allocating
water on efficiency bases if supply is limited and
maximum physical productivity from water at a
variable input is unattainable. In an effort to
generate information about water productivities,
to the en'd that additional points on the production
function might be identified administratively as
permits are granted under conditions of limited
water supply in a particular area, a general model
is constructed in Part II using a linear pro-
gramming approach to resource allocation within
an identified hydrologic area. In Part m, the
general model was extended and refined to include
detailed water quality considerations using both
linear programming and simulation. The resulting
Tandem Program System* (TPS) Model makes
possible cost adjustment* in producing activities
based upon the character of the waste* produced
thereby, the assimilative nature of the stream and
the treatment costs for maintaining a pre-deter-
mined level of water quality in the stream. Data
from both the general model and the TPS model
are presented. (Powell-Iowa Slate)
192
-------
1057-A2, A3, A4, All
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION. ESPECIALLY
FROM FEEDLOTS, ON FISHES IN THE UPPER
NEOSHO RIVER BASIN,
Kansas Stale Univ.. Manhattan. Water Resources
Research Insl.
F. B Cross, and L. M Cavin.
Completion Report 1971; 50 p,
6 fi|. 7 tab, Mref. OWRR A-026-KAN(I).
Descriptors: 'Fishkill, 'Water pollution effects,
Sampling. Habitats.
Identifiers: 'Fccdlol pollution, 'Upper Neosho
River Basin. Nocomis asper, Nolropis rubellus,
Noturus nocturnus, Notonis placidus, Notropis
lulrensi:, Notropis camurus.
In sprint, summer, and early autumn, 1969 and
1970, a tout of 49 collections of fish were made at
17 localities in the upper Neosho River Basin:
Fifty-three species were recorded, approximately
as many as were known from the same area prior
to severe drought in the early 1950's, establish-
ment of three mainstream impoundments in the
I960's, and severe pollution from feedlots in 1966-
67. Species lists were not identical to those ob-
tained in similar but less intensive surveys in 1952
and 1967. Changes in sr>ecies composition are at-
tributable partly to effects of impoundment (in-
cluding introductions of some species) and partly
to organic enrichment. Diversity indices are being
determined for each collection, allowing com-
parisons among samples from the same site on dif-
ferent dates, between years, and among localities
throughout the area. Three species known to have
occupied these streams in the 1950's were not
found in 1969 or 1970: the recently-described red-
spot chub, Nocomis asper, Lachner and Jenkins,
1971; the rosyface shiner, Notropis rubellus; and
the freckled madtom, Noturus nocturnus. Several
additional species were found only rarely in 1969-
70, including the Neosho madtom, Noturus
placidus, the only species endemic to the Neosho
basin. These four and others affected adversely
are characteristic of clear, well-oxygenated
streams haying clean gravel riffles; their depletion
is most logically; attributable to effects of pollu-
tion. The two species selected for detailed study,
with respect to differential trends in their popula-
tions associated with the period of organic pollu-
tion, were the red shiner, Notropis lutrensis, and
the bluntface shiner, Notropis camurus. The red
shiner became more abundant and more
widespread within the streams studied, following
fish-kills in 1966-67. Its increase seemingly oc-
curred at the expense of the bluntface shiner, its
nearest relative in the Neosho fauna. Apart from
the advantage of comparing closely-related spe-
cies, the blunlface shiner was chosen as the 'pollu-
tion intolerant' form because other species fitting
that description were not obtained in numbers
adequate for the kinds of comparisons desired.
The comparative study involved habitats occupied
and relative abundance; population structure and
growth rates; reproductive requirements, fecundi-
ty, and spawning period; and response to reduced
oxygen concentrations (routine metabolism,
behavior under oxygen stress, loss of equilibrium,
and capacity for recovery from temporary stress).
1058-A2, A4, C2, E2, F6
DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL
MODEL TO PREDICT THE ROLE OF SUR-
FACE RUNOFF AND CROUNDWATER FLOW
IN OVERFERTILIZATION OF SURFACE
WATERS,
Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Water Resource*
Research Center.
Jack D. Johnson, and C. P. Slraub.
Minnesota Water Resources
Reseirch Center, Minneapolis, WRRC Bulletin 33.
June, 1971, 176 p. 38 fig, 63 tab. 78 ref, 4 append.
OWRR Project B-OI2-MINN (I).
Descriptors: 'Mathematical models, 'Watershed*
(Bsiint), 'Nutrients, Nitrogen, Phoaphonis,
Streamnow, Sewage treatment. Effluents, Annual
wallet, Fertiliien, Precipitation (Atmospheric),
Soils. Water pollution sources, Model studies, Min-
nesota. Snowmelt, Treatment facilities. Nitrogen
tuition, Denltrification.
Identifier!: 'Manure spreading, "Spring runoff,
Depletion processes, Nitrogen transformation,
Agricultural practices, Feedlot drainage. New
Prague (Minn).
A nutrient enrichment accounting mathematical
model was devised for the New Prague walenhed
in Minnesota. The New Prague watershed is 23.3
square miles in area and is predominitely a rural
watershed. M odel input data was collected over a 2
l/2-ycar period from a stream (aging station and
two automatic sampling nations. Over 800 water
ssmples were analyzed. Extensive effort was placed
on better understanding the nitrogen and
phosphorus cycles. It is evident that the spring ru-
noff process and accumulative winter fertilizer ap-
plications constitute the major portion of diffuse
sources of nutrients in the watershed. Point sources
from feedlots and municipal and industrial ef-
fluents contribute only 11 percent of the sigma N
(total nitrogen, four components) and 7 percent
TP (total phosphorus). Disperse sources accounted
for 19 percent of Sigma N snd 93 percent of TP.
with spring runoff in the two months of March and
April accounting for 79 percent of the annual
sigma N and 64 percent of the TP. The nutrient
output from the watershed could be decreased by
increasing penetration of the large amount* of
sigraa N and TP in snowpacks into the toil through
land terracing to retart rapid tpring runoff! and
tub-surface draint to allow rapid drainage during
the crop season.
1059-A5, Bl, C2
NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN KANSAS
GROUNDWATER.
Kansas Water Resources Research Insl., Manhat-
tan.
Larry S. Murphy, and Jay W. Gosch. Project
Completion Report. March 1970. 56 p, 13 tab. 19
fig. 38 ref. OWRR Project A-016-KAN
Descriptors: 'Nitrates. 'Groundwater, Fertiliza-
tion, Irrigation, Nitrogen, Farm wastes. Fertilizers.
Ammonium compounds, Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: 'Nitrate movement. Feedlots.
A study of nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soils
underlying feedlots in Kansas revealed accumula-
tions of as high as 5000 kg/ha in a 4 meter soil
profile. Age of the feedlots was found to be directly
related to the amount of nitrate-nitrogen which had
accumulated in the soil. Vertical movement of
nitrate-nitrogen in feedlot soils had occurred even
in areas of low rainfall (40-45 cm per annum).
Large accumulations of ammonium-nitrogen but
no nitrate-nitrogen were noted in a feedlot soil with
a very low cation exchange capacity. Analyses of
groundwater at that location were inconclusive in
relating lack of nitrate-nitrogen in the soil profile
with higher levels of nitrate-nitrogen in shallow
aquifers. An investigation of the effects of high
rates of applied inorganic nitrogen on nitrate-
nitrogen accumulations in soil and groundwater
was conducted azt two locations. Downward move-
ment of nitrate-nitrogen under irrigated conditions
was detected by deep soil sampling (5-6 meters)
and comparisons of nitrate-nitrogen concentration
peaks in the soil profile. Much variation in the
amount of nitrate-nitrogen in the soil profile was
noted even with uniform rates of nitrogen applica-
tion. Investigation of nitrate-nitrogen accumulation
in groundwater by means of check wells in the
areas receiving large amounts of inorganic nitrogen
revealed large fluctuations in the nitrate-nitrogen
content over the life of the study but did not
produce indications of definite trends. (McKenna-
Kamas)
1060-A4, F2
FOULING Of WATERS A MISDEMEANOR.
North Dakota Century Code Ann MCI 61-01-12
thru6l-OI-l4uimended(Supp 1969).
Descriptor* 'North Dakota. 'Water pollution
sources, 'Water pollution control, 'Waste
disposal, Water quality. Water quality control,
Wutei, Industrial waatca. Reftue, Sewage ef-
fluenta, Oaaoline, OU wade*. Farm WMIC*, Cattle,
Sheep, Hot«, Sewage disposal. Stream*. Riven.
Public health, AdminUlntlve agencies.
Section 61-01-12 provide* that the fouling of
public waters by depositing ga> tart or other refine
from any gaa house Into streams, riven or aewera
(hat empty into public waters B • misdemeanor.
Section 61-01-13 provide* the fouling of public
waten with dead animals, offil, or other refine by
depositing tame on the banks or In any lake or
stream within the jurisdiction of the itate la •
miademeanor punishable by a flne of frotn $20 to
J|00. Section 61-01-14 provide* that section 61-
01-13 ahall be construed to include: (I) privies and
privy vault*; (2) any liable, ahed, pen, yard,or cor-
ral where farm animal* are located whbin sixty feet
of the top of any take or strewn; and (3) any
slaughterhouse, graveyard or cemetery within
eighty feet of these water*. However, In an emer-
gency, the*e provisions do not prevent any mu-
nicipality from dumping untreated sewage Into
these waten provided they are not determined
detrimental to public health. (Rces-Fkjrida)
1061-A4, El, F2
RULES FOR CONFINED FEEDING OPERA-
TIONS WASTE WATER DISPOSAL.
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission, Del
Moine*.
1969.3 p.
Descriptor*: 'Iowa. 'Farm waitea, *Live*tock,
•Confinement pen*, 'Water pollution source*.
Cattle, Treatment facilities. Water pollution. Watte
disposal, Warte water treatment. Water pollution
control. Regulation, Permits, State governments.
Administrative agencie*. Legislation, Legal
aspects, Poultry, Organic wastes. Adoption of prac-
tice*. Waite water dupoaal.
Confined feeding operations for livestock and
poultry in which potential pollution may exist and
be subject to regulation are defined a* a cattle
feedlot or several cattle enclosure* on a tingle pro-
perty containing at least one hundred cattle and an
animal population of greater than one animal for
each six hundred square feet. Registration of the
operation is required where one or more of the fol-
lowing conditions exist: (I) the number of cattle
confined exceeds a thousand head, (2) the feedlot
contribute* to a watercoune draining a specified
acreage of land above the lot. and (3) the runoff
water from a feedlot flow* into * buried conduit or
well. Persons engaged in or intending to initiate
livestock operations shall register such operation
with the Water Pollution Control Commission. If
the State Department of Health determines that an
operation does not constitute a water pollution
problem, provisions for control facilities will not be
required. If an operation is polluting state waten,
the operator shall obtain a permit for waste water
disposal and shall provide necessary water pollu-
tion control facilities. Requirements for such facili-
ties are specified. Such facilities shall be operated
so as to prevent water pollution. (Shelnut-Florida)
1062-A11, B3, C2, D2, E3
CONTINUED RECYCLING OF CAT-
TLE MANURE,
University o( California, Davis.
C. L. FerrelL and W. B. Ganett.
193
-------
Proceedings. Western Section. Americin Society
of Animal Science. Vol. 24. p. 415-419. 1973. 5
Ub., S reX.
Descriptors: •Cattle, 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling.
Nitrogen. Calcium, Nutrient Requirement*;,
•Waste disposal. California.
Identifier!: 'Ration. Digestion stalls, Forced air
ovens. Digestibility.
Four Hereford steers were confined In diges-
tion stalls and fed the basal ration at a main-
tenance level. Their manure and urine were
recycled In forced air ovens at 100'C. for 48
hours. The recycled wastes -were mined, digested,
then recycled again. It was found that the less
digestible components of the feces Increased
while digestible components decreased substan-
tially during each recycling. Less energy was
digested In subsequent receding. Mineral and
nitrogen content increased with each recycling,
resulting in the only significant nutritional value
<» .manure afler recycling. (Franti • East Cen-
1063-A4, A5, A8, C2, E2
AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT,
W. H. Carman.
Vol- **' N0i 9<
Descriptors: 'Photosynthesis, -Water pollution,
Nitrates Phosphates. Soils, Eutrophication,
1±?.S, *<* A«rjculture. 'Farm wasted Farm
ainmaJs, 'Fertilizers. Feed lots. Algae, Plank-
tn,elU!-.. Cllrbon dioxide- WeU
of nature.
Questions regarding agriculture and the balance
of nature are answered, the use of nitrogen
fertilizers can under some circumstances be
harmful to farm animals, but has never pre-
sented a human health problem. Fanning and
nitrate fertilizers seldom, except under extreme
circumstances, contribute to nitrate levels In
streams, lakes, and water wells. Fertilizers sel-
dom cause excessive algae growth. Long term
experiments show that fertilizer use has not dam-
aged coils. CFrantz - East Central)
1064-A9, AID, D2
TOXICITY TO HOUSE FLEES AND
HORN FLD3S OF MANURE FROM IN-
SECTICIDE FED CATTLE,
Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Re-
search Service, Kerrville, Texas, U. S. Depart.
ment of Agriculture.
R. O. Drummond.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 56, No. 3,
p. 344-347. June. 19«, 2 Ub.. 6 ref.
Descriptor): Toxicity, 'Farm wastes. Feed lots.
Larvae', 'Insecticides.
Identifiers: 'House flies (Musca domestic*),
•Horn flies (Hacmatobia irritans) Bayer 22408.
Butonate, Bayer 37342, Famophos, Bayer 37341,
Thodia IP 9895, Dipterex, V-C 13. General Chem-
ical 1072, Bayer 29493, Stauffer P-1504, Chlori-
nated hydrocarbons, U.S. Department of Agri-
culture Animal Disease and Parasite Research
Division.
Insecticides were added to cattle rations on
long and short term experiments. In a 91-day
test Co-ral and Bayer 22408 proved 100% ef-
fective in preventing development of larvae of
horn flies and partially effective against house
flies in the manure tested. Ten Insecticides were
psed in lu-day tests. Some Insecticides were ef-
fective against both species, while others were
at least partially effective with either or both.
(Frantz • East Central)
1065-A8, B2, D3, E2
EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOON EF-
FLUENT OF THE SODL AND PLANT
TISSUE,
Iowa State University, Ames, Department of
Agricultural Engineering; Department of Agri-
cultural Engineering; and Department of Agron-
omy, respectively.
C. V. Booram, T, E. Hazen, and L. R. Fred-
erick.
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, June 17-20,
1973, 19 p.. 17 tab.. 1 fig., 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, Cattle. Iowa, 'Farm wastes.
Confinement pens. 'Lagoons, Anaerobic condi-
tions. 'Effluents, 'Nutrients, Electrical conduct-
ance. Salts, 'Waste disposal. 'Irrigation, •Toxi-
city, 'Water pollution. Corn (field), 'Soil con-
tamination. Water quality.
Identifiers: 'Clarion-Webster Soil, Tile-drained
grass plots. Plant tissues.
Twelve 40 x 60 feet tile drained plots of Clarion-
Webster soil were given applications of anaero-
bic lagoon effluent. The soil received 0. 3.7.
11.3. and 22.6 Inches of effluent per season.
There were no significant plant population dif-
ferences at the 0.10 level. Corn tissues were
analyzed for 14 nutrients. (NJ>.K.Mg,Ca, Na,
Si, Mn. Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Sr, and Mo). In the
tissue analysis P. Na, Fe and Al Increased
while Mg content decreased with Increasing
applications of effluent. After 4 years of anaero-
bic lagoon effluent applications the electrical
conductivity of the soil showed little change.
(Frantz - East Central).
1066-A3, A4, B2, C2, C3,
El, E2
WATER POLLUTION BY SWINE PRO-
DUCTION OPERATIONS,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Department
of Agricultural Engineering.
J. Robblns.
PH. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University.
Department of Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering, 1970. 440 p.. 4« tab.. 51 fig.. 57 ret
Discriptora: 'Effluent. 'Waste disposal, Hydro-
graphs, 'Hogs. North Carolina. Nutrients, La-
goon:., Soils. Runoff. Influent, Bacteria, Surface
waters, "Water pollution. Drainage. Streams,
•Farm wastes. Hydrologlc systems. Sampling,
Biochemical exygen demand. Nitrogen, Phos-
phates, Biodegradation.
Ideitlfiers: 'Organic carbon.
Seven swine production operations, three using
lagoons, one direct discharge, two land disposal.
and one control watershed were studied to de-
termine the extent of effluent contribution to
stream pollution. Data were collected to deter-
mine the effluent strength to be discharged
Into streams. An analysis was made for more
than 1000 effluent and stream samples. An or-
ganic carbon analysis was successful in deter-
mining strengths of wastes and waste waters.
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/total
organic carbon (TOC) ratio provided an indi-
cation of the ease of biodegradation and/or
the degree of stabilization. It was found that
anaerobic lagoons are not satisfactory as the
sole means of treating hog wastes. Direct dis-
charge of wastes into wat«r creates gross pol-
lution and should be prohibited. Land disposal
was found to be the superior method for pro-
tecting water quality. Slope, degree of erosion.
and drainage patterns are the important factors
in determining the quality of streams draining
agricultural basins. (Frantz-East Central).
1067-A6, A7, B4, C2, E2,
F6
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL WASTE STOR-
AGE AND LAND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS,
HDDseraon. Ohio State University, De-
partment of Agricultural Engineering, 1969. 101
p., 25 Ub.. 17 fig.. 23 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Odor, 'Waste dis-
posal ^Waste storage.' Air pollution. Livestock.
Feed lots. Fertilizers, Nutrients, Nitrates. Ei-
fluent. Diffusion.
Identifiers: 'Scheduling model.
Systems which Interact with storage and land
disposal of farm wastes were analyzed and
relevant interfaces and variables were identified.
A mathematical model describing storage of
wastes and their timely disposal on agriculture
land was developed and tested. Odor nuisance
potential of farm wastes spread on land was
also dellnlated. A scheduling model Has de-
veloped. It could be an effective tool in thr
design and operation of waste storage and land
disposal systems. The model takes Into account
all important system variables. The waste stor-
age facility was the most significant Investment.
based on results of the scheduling studv Nu-
trient effectiveness as a function and land
availability were significant. The pattern of the
latter was a critical factor In determining mini-
mum storage capacity. (Frantz • East Central).
1068-B3, C2, D2, E3, Fl,
F2
NEW FEEDLOT CONCEPT USES CON-
VERTED MANURE AS FEED
T. ZurowsU.
Vo1- * N°- •••
Identifiers: 'Kef ceding., Cowmel. Farm Ecol
ogy Company, Food and Drue Administration
•Cowdominliun.
A Washington operation. Farm Ecology, has
made plans for a cowdomlnlum. This Is a feed
storage and a waste conversion plant. There
the wastes are subjected to heat, pressure and
either addle or alkaline chemicals. The recy-
cled product, Cowmel. Is i highly nutritions
and finely (round pellet. Economic feadbUltv
and FDA approval 1* presently imcertaiiL
(Train - East Central). i"««n™.
1069-A8, C2, E2
MANURING OF POTATOES ON FEN
SILT SOILS IN HOLLAND, LINCOLN-
SHIRE,
Agricultural Development an dAdvisory Ser'vice.
Cambridge; Rothamsted Experimental Station.
C Bcrryman, T. Batey, T. H. Caldwell, and
D. A. Boyd.
Journal of Agricultural Science. Vol. W. p. 289-
211. April. 1973. 12 tab.. 1 fig.. 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Silts. 'Fertilizers, 'Potatoes, Nitro-
gen. Phosphorus. Potassium, 'England. •Nu-
trients, Drainage. 'Farm wastes. 'Waste dis-
posal. Soil profiles.
Identifiers: Tuber blackening.
Eighteen potato manurlal experiments were con-
ducted on silt will in England between 1953
and 1963. The mean response to nitrogen in
these soils was much larger than In most Eng
Uih soils, but responses were varied from site
to site. The nitrogen was effective In Increasing
tuber size and yield of ware; Phosphorus In-
creased tuber numbers and decreased ware per-
centage, Because of the heavy potassium con-
tent of the soils tested, responses to the potas
slum were -slight. Cooking tests snowed little ef-
fect of manurial treatment on the amount or
degree of tuber blackening. The recommended
fertilizer nutrient requirements for light and
medium silt soils are N— 200 kg/hi. P,0j— '
130 ka/ha. and KsO— 190 kg-ha. The same nu-
trient recommendations for the heavy silt soils
were 200 kg-ha. 310 kg ha. and 100 kg-ha respec-
tively. (Franlz • East Central).
1070-B2, D3, E3, F5, F6
PERIODICITY OF THE BLUE-GREEN
ALGAE AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE
EFFICIENCY OF MANURE-DISPOSAL
LAGOONS,
Agricultural Engineering Research Division, Ag-
ricultural Research Service. U. S. Department
of Agriculture; National Bontanle Garden*
Lucknow. India, respectively.
H. J. Eby, and V. P. Singh.
Government Printing Office No. 0100-1575. Wain.
ington. D. C.. April, 1»72. S p.. 2 lab.. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Nutrients, 'Waste water
•Lagoons, 'Algae. Bacteria. 'Sewage. Oxidation
Climatic zones, Proteins, Farm wastes.
194
-------
Identifier*: 'India Waste dlapo«al lagoon*. Sea-
•00*1 growth.
Research wa* dom to provide • (tartlng point
for expanding feed production and aiding In the
biological purification of wait* water. Reiearch
In India reveal* that blue-green alfae has aeli-
limiting tendencies and may be UMd advant-
afcoualy. Sine* (rovrth period) In the ipcdei
vary, sdentiit* might poulbly anticipate each
aped*'* population pcakt thereby controlling
algae growth. Harvesting of alfae aervee two
purposes: (1) to remove organic matter from
becoming a pollutant, and (2) to aerve ai po-
tential llveatock and poultry feed. (Frantx • Eait
Central).
1071-A4, A6, All, B2, C2,
C3, D3
A COMPARISON OF THREE SYSTEMS
FOR TRANSPORT AND TREATMENT
OF SWINE MANURE
Agricultural Engineering Department. ADO.
Iowa: Agricultural Engineering Department. Cor-
valll>. Oregon.
H. L. Person, J. R. Miner, T, E. Ham, aid
A. R. Mann.
Presented at the 1873 Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineer!, Rot Spring*.
Arkanaaa. June 27-30, U72, Paper No. 71-439,
X f, 1 tab.. I flg.( I rcf.
Deacrlptora: 'Hog*. 'Watte treatment. •Farm
waate*. Feed lota. Iowa, 'Aerated ligooni, *Oxl-
datton lagoon*, •Effluent. Nutrient*. Bacteria.
Fungi, SUme, Odor. Pumping, Maintenance.
Water quality.
Identifier!! • Waate tranaport. 'Wuta manage-
ment ayitema. Rotating biological contractor.
Fliuhlng gutter. Hydraulic cleaning.
roar engineer! have demonatraled and evaluated
three ayatema for hydraulic transportation aid
disposal of manure. The aeration basin, lagoon
aeration baaln, and rotating biological contractor
ayatema all successfully uaed treated effluent aa
• cleaning medium In awlne farrowing and
Onlahlng bulldlnfa. Aeration baalna treated liquid
manure. Pumping wai done economically and
excess water proved virtually odorleaa. The
proceaa dldnt add significantly to either water
pollution or animal health problem.. Syatema
and equipment are described la detail. (Franti -
East Central).
1072-A4, A5, A6, A8, B3,
Cl, C2, C3, D3, E2
HUMAN AND ANIMAL WASTES AS
FERTILIZERS
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago I Univeraity of Nabraaka, Lincoln) Uni-
veralty of Mianurl Colombia, reioecflvely.
J. R. Peteraon. T. M. McCalla, and O. E. Smith.
Fertilizer Technology and Uae. Snd edition. Soil
BcUmoe Society of America, p. U7-5M. 1S7L
27 tab., I flf.. 42 ref,
Deacrlptora: "Farm waatee, 'Sewage, 'Waste
dlapoaal. Irritation, Nitrate*, Soil profile!. La-
gooni. Pathogenic bacteria, 'Fertllltera. «WaUr
pollution, 'Soil contamination. Odor. Leaching.
Chemical properties Phyalcal propertlea, Mlcro-
Mal compoelUon. Crope, Toxldty.
IdenUfUn: 'Human waitea, Plant yield*. Dilut-
ed iludga.
Solid wait* from municipal waatewater treat-
ment Planta In the United State* la analysed
cuantttatlvely and qualitatively. If properly di-
gested, the aludge haa little odor and la rela-
tively free of pathogen*. The uae of dlfeated
dodge to ameliorate aptdU haa been proven.
Three yean* uae of dlgeated iludg* on corn
land haa reeulted In Increaaed grain ylelda with
M vUual toxic aymptoma to the plant*. Quali-
tative and quantitative atndlea were aleo mad*
en animal wutee. Altbouch meet pathogena are
generally destroyed In the holding of waate*,
weed infeatatlon* may be a problem with the
application of animal waate to aoll. Specific in-
ttanoe* of waate utilization for aoll Improve-
ment are cited for varlooe atate*. (Wethertll -
Eaat Central).
1073-A8, B2, E2
NITRATE CONTENT OF PERCOLATES
FROM MANURED LYSIMETERS
University of Ouelph, Ouelph, Ontario, Depart-
ment of Land Reaource Science.
D. O. Blelby, M. H. Miller, and L. R. Webber,
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Vol.
2», No. 3. p. 124-126, May-June. 1873. 4 tab..
1 ref.
Descriptor*: 'Nitrate*. 'Farm waate*. •Lystmet-
era. 'Corn. Shirrte*. 'Waate dliposaL Ground-
water. Soil*. 'Poultry. Irrigation, Denltriflca-
Uon, Ontario.
Identifier*: 'Percolate*, Guelph aandy loam.
The quantity and concentration of nitrate* In
percolate* from lyiimeten receiving liquid poul-
try manure application! were determined over
a 3-year period. Nitrogen removed by corn,
plua that In percolate*, accounted for leu than
23 percent of the amount applied to the toll.
Moat nltratea In the percolatea were discharged
from the lyatmetcra after corn harvest. The
average concentration of nltratea In percolatea
from all treatmenta and for all yean exceeded
10 part* per million. (Blelby. Miller, fc Webber—
Unlvenlty of Ouelph).
1074-A11, Bl
SHRINKING CATTLE FOR RELIEF
FROM HEAT STRESS
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Davia. Cali-
fornia; Imperial Valley Field Station. El Cen-
tra, California, Department of Animal Science.
S. R. Morrison. R. L. Given*, and O. P. Lot-
green.
Preaenl
Pruented at the 1972 Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineer*, Hot Spring*.
Arkania*. June 27-30, 1*72. 12 p., 5 tan.. 1 fig.
Deicriptora: 'Cattle. 'Sprinkling. Feed lota. Air
conditioning, Temperature, Performance, Califor-
nia.
Identifier*: 'Heat itreu, Re»plratory rate.
Sprinkling cattle under ahadea during the sum-
mer In the Imperial Valley of California for
on* minute every 30 minute* when the tempera-
ture we* above M'F reaulted In significantly
higher feed connunptlon and rate of gain, com-
pared with cattle under ahadea and not iprink-
led. Efficiency of feed convenlon, although
favoring the iprlnkllnc operation, wai not all-
nlflcantly Improved over1 that of uncooled cat-
tle. Sprinkling we* aa effective a* a refriger-
ated air conditioned barn, at TS'F In one trial
and more effective during • lecond trial. Sprink-
ling and refrigeration promoted greater com-
fort u Indicated by the prevention of increajea
In respiratory rat* and body temperature ob-
served la the afternoon with control cattle. Both
noncooled and cooled cattle consumed more
teed and gained more weight with 40 leet per
bead of apace than with JO feet. (Morrlaon,
Given*, ft Lofgreen—U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture * Imperial Valley Field Button).
1075-B1, B5, Cl, C2, F6
THE EFFECT "OF RATION ON EN-
GINEERING PROPERTIES OF BEEF
CATTLE MANURE.
Agricultural Engineer*. Chief Solid Waate Dl-
vlilon, Lincoln, Nebraska Department of En-
virenmental Con troll Agricultural Reaearch Ser-
vice, University ol Nebraska. Lincoln. U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture.
O. A. Frecki, and C. B. OUbertaon.
Presented at the Mth Annual Meeting. Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineer*. Univer-
aity of Kentucky, Lexington. June 17-20. 1973.
Paper No. 71-442. 24 p.. « lab.. • fig,. 20 ref.
Descriptor*: •Cattle. 'Farm waitea. Kentucky.
•Feed*. 'Dlgeition, Volatility. Shrinkage. Poro-
tity. Chemical propertie*. Phyalcal properties
Volumetric analyst*, Sieve analysis. Density.
•Waate treatment, •Waal* alorac*. Solid*. Mole-
ture content, Chemical oxygen demand, 'Engin-
eering.
Identifier*: 'Radon, Drying rate*.
B«ef cattle were fed a hl|h concentrate ration
(HCR) and a high roughaie ration (HRR) for
five dayi. Sample! of tece* and urine were
collected and analyzed to assist In the engin-
eering design ol material* handling and pro-
cessing equipment and atorage fadUtiei. The
total, volatile, and fixed aollda content was not
affected by the ration. Of the HCR waate*, 20%
waa retained on a 2mm. sieve as compared to
2% for the HRR waste*. Volume change from
original moisture contents to dry solid* waa
U% for the HCR end 7.4% for the HRR feoes.
Due to It* more porous structure the HRR
feoes dried at twice the rate of the HCR.
(Frantt - Eaat Central).
1076-B1, Cl, C2, C3, Dl,
D2, E3
HIGH-TEMPERATURE, HIGH PRES-
SURE EXTRUSION OF CHICKEN EX-
CRETA,
University of Kentucky. Lexington, Department
of Agricultural Engineering; Department of Ani-
mal Sciences, respectively.
F. A. Payne, I. J, Rosa. H. E. Hamilton, and.
J. D. Fox.
Presented at the Annual Meeting, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineer!, Hot Springe.
Arkaniai, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-450.
22 p.. 1 tab.. « fig.. 17 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wute*. 'Poultry. 'Waste
treatment, 'Recycling, Temperature, 'Pressure,
Moiiture content
Identifier*: 'Extrusion, Thermal deatructlon,
Uric add. Chemical changea. Phyalcal change*.
Sterilization, Flash voUtallzation, MlcroUal or-
Chicken excreta and an excreta-feed mixture
were extruded at a temperature range of 250*
SOOT, for periods of (.6 to 2L4 aeconda. Free-
rare* of 300 to WO pal were utilized with the
high temperature* to aid in mlcroblal deitruc-
tton An analysis Include! chemical and physical
changea in the extruded material. Also given
1* an equation which can be u*ed to predict ml-
croblal deitruction. When extruded, chicken ma-
nure (which normally contain* disease organ-
lama) may become a versatile, low-coit. and
highly productive food material. (Frantz • East
Central).
1077-A5, A8, C2, E2
SOIL CONDITIONS UNDER FEED
LOTS AND ON LAND TREATED WITH
LARGE AMOUNTS OF ANIMAL
WASTES.
Southwestern Great Plalna Reaearch Center,
Bushland, Texas, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture.
B. A. Stewart and. A. C. Mathers.
Contribution from Soil and Water Conservation
Reaearch Division, Agricultural Research Ser
vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture In coop-
eration with the Texa* Agricultural Experiment
Station, Texaa A fc M Unlvenlty. 3 p.. 1 tab.,
2 fig., I ref.
Descriptor*: 'Feed lot*. 'Farm wastes, 'Water
pollution, 'Soil contamination. Cattle. 'Nitrates,
•Pollutant*. Soil profile*. 'Waste dlapoaal. Water,
Salt, Leaching.
Identifier*: 'Soil condition!. Cropland*.
Nitrate and other pollutant* often accumulate
In *oU profile* under large feedlot*. Water move-
ment through theae profile!, however. 1* usually
very alow or doe* not occur, eapedally In the
more arid area*. A greater pollution hazard
result* from *preadlng large amount* of ani-
mal wastes on cropland for the purpose of
wute disposal rather than for improving *oil
conditions or crop growth and quality. A recent
itudy showed that aubatantlal quantitie* of
nitrate accumulated when manure waa applied
to land at rate* of 30 tone/acre or greater.
Salt accumulation waa also nigh enough to
cause some Injury to plant growth. Leaching can
reduce the *alt concentration, but may Increase
nitrate pollution of the drainage water. Indica-
tion* are that pollution hazards are eliminated
only when the growing crop utilize* most of
the applied nitrogen. When the rate of manure
195
-------
application is loo high, nitrate Mill accumulate
in the «>U and in some crops or will move
through the soil with percolating water. (Stewart,
Mathers—U. S. Department of Agriculture).
1078-A11, A12, C2, F6
EXCRETION STUDIES IN SWINE FED
ARSANILIC ACID,
Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois, Nu-
trition Research Department.
L. R. Overby and, D. V. Frost.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 19, No, 1, p
140-144, January, I960, 2 tab.. 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Arsenic, "Farm wastes, "Swine,
•Diets, 'Feeding. Poultry.
Identifiers: 'ArsanUic add.
The rates of arsenic excretion were determined
In the ieces and urine of mine receiving ar-
sanillc add at 30. 60 and 90 gm. per Wn of
leeo. Much more arsenic was excreted In the
Ieces than In the urine. After 10 days of ar-
•amlic acid feeding, total excretion was in ap
rj^.X,Ur'"i£,baif°ce with lnuke "' the ««<> low"
levels of feeding. After the arsenical was with-
drawn from Uie ration, the characteristic excre
tion level continued for two days, then de-
creased rapidly. Thi, conforms with knowledge
of the rate of disappearance of arsenic from
tomes of animals fed arjanilic acid The na-
ture of the major part of the arsenical excreted
w« n , ,determlne<1- Unchanged arsanllic acid
it, , ctel) in the """«• but WM present
in me ieces In an amount representing about
1079-A11, B3, C2, E3
UTILIZATION OF DIFFERENT LEV-
ELS OF POULTRY LITTER NITRO-
GEN BY SHEEP,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Blackaburg, De-
partments of Biochemistry and NutrlUon and
Animal Science.
A. N. Bhstlacharya, and J. P, Fontenot.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. U, p. 1174-117$,
M«S, 4 tab., 2t ref.
Descriptors: 'Sheep, 'Nitrogen. FerUlliers, 'Pro-
tein, 'Feeds, Farm wastes. Nutrition, 'Chemi-
cal properties, Ssmples, 'Metabolism, 'Recycling.
Identifiers: 'Digestibility, 'Nitrogen retention,
•Poultry Utter, Peanut hulls, Crude protein. Soy-
bean protein.
A aeries of three metabolism Wall were con-
ducted with eight yearling wetheri lo study the
utilization of the nitrogen In auto-claved peanut-
hull broiler Utter, containing 22.5% crude pro-
tein (dry basil). Poultry litter nitrogen replaced
approximately 25, 50 and 100% of the nitrogen
of a purified ration containing Isolated soybean
protain as the nitrogen source. Apparent digesti-
bility of crude protein In the rations decreased
significantly with each Increase In Utter nitrogen
Itvcl above 25%. However, the deprenion waa
small when litter supplied 50% of the nitrogen,
When Utter supplied 25 and 50% ol the nitrogen,
dlgattlbUlty of Utter crude protein calculated
by difference was «7 and WA, respectively,
compared with 71% when only soybean protein
was used. Nitrogen retention, expressed as
grams per day, percent of nltroien Intake or
percent of absorbed nitrogen, was significantly
lower at the 100% Utter nitrogen level than
when no Utter was used. There were no con-
sistent differences In ammonia and non protein
nitrogen content of rumen fluid and In concentra-
tion of various nitrogen fractions In the blood
plasma o{ sheep fed the different rations.
(Bhatucherya and Fontenot - Virginia Poly.
(echoic Institute)
1080-A4, A5, A7, A8, A12,
C2, F4
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN NATUR-
AL WATER—A REVIEW,
U. S. Gcogoglcal Survey. Menlo Park, California.
J. H. Feth.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 2, No. 1. p. 41-
M, 1st Quarter, 1K«, > tab., 1 flg., 57 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, Water, 'Farm wastes,
Groundwater. Public health. Fixation. 'Nitrogen
cycle. 'Water pollution. Air pollution. Soil Con-
tamination, Fertilizers, Proteins. Rocks, Leach-
ing, Precipitation, Atmosphere, Ammonia, Aero-
sols, Water quality, Geochemistry.
Nitrogen compounds in natural water are signi-
ficant In pubUc health, agriculture. Industry
and geochemistry. The many source* of nitro-
gen compounds and the deep Involvement of
nitrogen In the U/e processes of organisms
makes the study of such compounds difficult. The
sources Include natural aerosols, precipitation,
fixation by micro-organism* In soil and water.
decaying organic matter, and animal and in-
dustrial wastes, as well H probably undiscov-
ered source! In consoUdated and unconsolldated
rocks. Nitrogen compound! are both oxidized
and reduced by organisms, Some nitrogen com-
pounds are absorbed on clay. The theoretical
end product In water and the compound prob-
ably most often determined is NOs-1. The con-
centration of nitrogen compounds ranges from
0.0 to > 100 ppm. (parts per million) In surface
water and from 0.0 lo > 1000 ppm. In ground-
water. Seasonal fluctuations occur. Much fur-
ther research Is needed. Including Improvements
in methods of analysis, further Investigation of
sources, and detailed atudy of the nitrogen
cycle In small drainage basins. (Feth—U. S.
Geological Survey).
1081-D2, E3
CONVERTING ORGANIC WASTES TO
OIL,
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
H. R. Appell. V. C. Fu. S. Friedman. P. M.
Yavorsky, and I. Wender.
Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation/!!?!.
RI 7560, U. S. Department of Interior. 1971. V,
p.. 10 tab., 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Sewage sludge, 'Farm
wastes. Agricultural wastes. Wood. LJfnlns. Wa-
ter, Temperature, Catalysts, Solvents, 'Conver-
sion, 'OU. 'Solid wastes.
Identifiers: 'Low-sulfur oil, refuse. Carbon mono-
xide, 'Liquid fuels, "Waste products, "Continu-
ous reactor. Sucrose.
The Bureau of Mines ls experimentally convert-
Ing cellulose, the chief constituent of solid waste,
to a low-sulfur oil. All types of celluloslc wastei.
Including urban refuse, agricultural wastes, sew-
age, sludge, wood, Itgnin, and bovine manure,
have been converted to oil by reaction with car-
bon monoxide and water at temperatures of 310*
to 400' C and pressures near 4,000 pslg, and
In the presence of various catalysts and solventi.
Cellulose conversions of M percent and better
(corresponding to oil yields of 40 to 50 percent)
have been obtained. A continuous reictor for use
at maximum conditions up lo 500* C and 5.000
pslg has been operated luccessfully. Using suc-
rose as a feedstock, operation In this system
has permitted a simplified and preliminary
chemical study of the conversion procsss, Oil
yields of over 30 percent have been obtained
with this unit, (Appell, Fu, Friedman, Yavorsky,
fc Wender • Pittsburgh Energy Research Cen-
ter).
1082-B3, D2_, E3, E4, Fl
COSTS FOR LARGE SCALE CONTIN-
UOUS PYROLYSIS OF SOLID WASTES,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Department of
Chemical Engineering.
H. W. Parker, C. J. Albus. Jr., and O. L. Smith.
Presented at the 74th National Meeting, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, New Orleans,
March 12, 1973, Paper 43 b-rv, 4 tab., I fig..
17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes. 'Costs. CatUe, Feed-
lots, 'Waste disposal. 'RecycUng, 'Electricity,
'Farm wastes. Gases, Fuels, Fertlllzeri, 'By-
products, 'Sodium chloride.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysls, Municipal wastes, 'Re-
tort, Char, 'Pollution abatement
Conceptual process designs which utilise the re-
cently developed TTU retort to pyrolyse 2,000
tons per day of either municipal solid waste
or cattle feedlot waste are reported. The major
product of these processes Is the production of
30 megawatts of electricity. A governmental
entity which could finance the required U mil-
lion dollar investment with < per cent bonds
over a 20 year period would have to charge
users $1,70 per Ion of municipal refuse pro-
ceased or $0.70 per ton of fecdlot waste pyrol-
yzed. (Parker. Albus. Smith - Texas Tech Uni-
versity).
1083-A4, A7, B2, D2, E3,
E4
CONTINUOUS SOLID WASTE—FEASI-
BILITY STUDY.
Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas, r>n-
tract Research Department and Texas Tech , -J.
venity, Lubbock, Department of Chemical •'n-
glneenng.
J. R. Msssle, Jr.. and B. W. Parker
Paper presented to the 7«h National Mettinr
of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
New Orleans. March 12-13. 1973; Paper NO
43a. 31 p., 12 fig., 6 ref. w °"
Descriptors: 'Cattle. 'Farm wastes. 'Waste dis-
posal, RecycUng. -Solid wastes. Oxidation. Ten-
perature. Energy, By-products, Economies. Tex-
ss. Air pollution, Water pollution. Drying
Identif:ers: Pyrolysli, 'Continuous retort. Muni-
dpal refuae. Agricultural crop wastes,' Char
Continuous pyrolysis of a solid waste, cattle
manure containing 30% moisture, wu demon
slrated ID a six Inch diameter retort at a mass
flow rate of 13« Ib/hr fls. The retort was an
open cylinder with a ml* at the bottom. Cyclic
injection of oxygen containing and oxygen free
gas served to limit the heated tone of the rT
tort to Its mldsectlon. which contained no me-
chanical parts. Maximum temperatures U the
hot lone wen controlled by mlxini oiv>»
free gas with the injected air. This retort may
also be used for municipal refuse, agricultural
crop waste, or natural resources such as oU shale
and coal. When Integrated Into a process energy
and by-products can be recovered from the
retort as justified by economics, also air and
water pollution problems can be easily eon-
trolled. (Masai., Parker - Dow Chemical Com-
1084-B3, D2, E3, E4
CONVERSION OF URBAN REFUSE TO
OIL,
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Bureau of
Mines, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
H. R, Appell, I, Wender, and R. D. Miller
Conversion of Urban Refuse to OU, Bureau of
Mines Solid Waste Program, Technical Pngrue
Rsport-28, U.S. Department of Interior, May
1*70, 6 p., | tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Temperature, •Sewaie
sludge, 'Oil, Water, Oas, Bteam, Sulfur. Organic
mBttatr,
Identifiersi "Processing, Furnact, 'Fueli, •Urban
refuse, 'Cclluloslc wastei. Carbon Monoxide
Urban refuse, cellulosic wastes, and senaii
sludge have been converted to heavy oil to
heating under pressure with carbon monoxlds
and steam, Conversion of the organic nat-
ter lo oil, water, and gas have averaged
near M percent at temperatures of 150*
to 400* C and pressures of L400 to 5,000 pel
The yield of oU, based on the dry organic mat-
ter of the wasu mstsrtala, is usually near 40
percent. This Is the equivalent of non than
1 barrels of oil per ton of dry, ash-free waste
material. The oU from urban refuse and cellu-
losic wastes has a sulfur content near 01 MT
cent, Thli low sulfur content makes the oil
from refuse a desirable source of fuel oil (An.
peU. Wender, Miller - Pittsburgh Energy Re-
search Center).
1085-B2, Cl, C2, C3, Dl,
El
CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL
196
-------
RUNOFF FROM A BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT,
.Environmental Protection Agency
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center,
Ada. Oklahoma.
R. D. Krels. M. R. Scale, and J. McNabb.
' Environmental Protection Agency report numbei
EPA.RZ-72-O61. September, 1S72, 43 p., 10 tab.,
2 fi(.. 26 ref.
Descriptors: •Cattle. •Confinement pans. •Rain-
fall-Runoff relationships, 'Pollutants, .Farm
waitet. NutrienU. Bio-chemical oxygen demand,
Chemical oxygen demand. Collform*. StreptO-
COCCUS,
Uentlflera: *Feedlot. 'Manure wastes, 'Wastes
characteristics. Solids. Total organic carbon.
Rainfall runoff from a 12,000-head capacity
commercial beel cattle leedlot wu characterized
and a treatment-disposal system used by the
feedlot was evaluated. Fifty percent of the rain-
fall evenU produced measurable runoff from the
feedpens. A four-U> ten-Inch manure mantle of
the feedpen surface was found to prevent run-
off from 0.2— to 0.3-inch rainfalls depending on
Intensity and antecedent moisture conditions. The
total runoff from the teedpens was equivalent
to 39 percent of the total rainfall daring the
study period. Direct runoff from the feedpens
contained pollutant concentrations In the form of
oxyfen demand, solids, and nutrients that were
generally an order of magnitude greater than
concentrations typical of untreated municipal
sewage Dilution from direct rainfall and a few
days of sedimentation In the runoff collection
ponds reduced the concentrations of the pollu-
tants op to M percent. The total weight of solids
and oxygen demanding materials was reduced
by about one-half, but the total weight of nu-
trients was not significantly reduced. The re-
mainder of the treatment disposal system pro-
duced no appreciable Improvement In the quality
of the waste water. Final discharges still con-
tained pollutant concentrations two to three times
those of untreated municipal aewage. (Krela.
Scalt, McNabb - Environmental Protection
Agency).
1086-A11, E3, F6
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING LAYING
HENS VARIOUS LEVELS OF COW
MANURE ON THE PIGMENTATION
OF EGG YOLKS.
A H S Animal Science Research Division. Poul-
try Research Laboratory, Georgetown. Delaware,
U S. Department of Agriculture.
L, H. UttleOeld. J. K. Bletner, and O. E. Goff.
Poultry Science. Vol. 82. No. I. p. 179-181, Jan-
uary. 1173. 3 tab.. 10 ref.
Descriptor*: 'Recycling. Cattle, 'Farm wastes.
Poultry 'Diets
Identifiers: 'Blood xanthophyll levels. "Yolk pig-
mentations. Blood.
Dried cow manure was added at the rate of
0. 2.5, S. or 10 kilograms per 100 kilograms
of diets containing 0 and 23 milligrams of
xanthoohylls per kilogram of diet to determine
the effect on blood xanthophyll level, and the
pigmentation of yolks produced by bens on
these diets. There was a high positive linear
correlation between the amount of cow manure
added and the amount of xanthophyll in the
blood, the amount of xanthopyhll In the egg
yolk and the yolk visual score. There was
a high negative linear correlation between pig-
rnenung efficiency and the amount of cow
manure added to the diet. Although cow ma-
nure wu a good source of xanthophylls. It -was
not efficiently utilized by the hen as a source of
SnthophyUs. (UttleOeli Bletner, Goff - U.S.
Department of Agriculture).
1087-A4, A3, A7, All, A12
ENRICHMENT OF THE ATMOS-
PHERE WITH NITROGEN COM-
POUND VOLATILIZED FROM A
LARGE DAIRY AREA.
SoU scientists. U. S. Department of Agrlcultare.
and Sraff Research Associate. University of Call-
fornla, Riverside,
R. E. Leubs. K. R. Davis, and A. E. Laag.
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No.
1, p. 137-141. January-March, 1373, 3 tab., 3
fig., U ref.
Descriptors: *Dalry Industry, "Cattle, 'Nitrogen,
Ammoua. *Alr pollution. Feed lots. 'Water pol-
lution, Toxlclty, 'Farm wastes. Sampling, Tem-
perature, Humidity, Winds, Rainfall.
Identifiers: 'Distilled nitrogen, NondistilUble ni-
trogen. Atmospheric NH3, Enrichment.
A dairy cow population of 143,000 in an area
of ISO KM, enriched the atmosphere with distill-
able N (mostly NH3) over an area In excess of
560 KMa, over an area of 39 KM2, where cow
population density was approximately 1,600 cows
KM,, the concentration of distlllible N in the
atmosphere was between 20 and 30 times greater
than ai a control site outside the dairy area.
Highest concentrations of N were associated with
wet corral surfaces and favorable evaporative
conditions. Approximately 20% of the total N ab-
sorbed by acid-surface traps In the dairy area
was nondlstillable N while filtered air samples
contained 5% or less. Rainfall delivered three
times as much N to the land surface inside
than outside the dairy area.. (Luebs, Davis.
Laag-U.S. Department of Agriculture and Uni-
versity of California).
1088-A11, B5, C2
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF
PROTEIN INTAKE AND STAGE OF
GESTATION ON THE PROPORTION
OF URINARY NITROGEN EXCRETED
AS UREA IN SHEEP,
Rowett Research Institute. Bucksburn, Aberdeen,
^J.ISblnson. D. Scott, and C. Fraser
The Journal of Agricultural Science. Vol. M,
No 3. pT363-3M. June. 1973, 3 Ub,, 4 fig.. 14
ref.
Descriptors: 'Sheep, Diets, Energy.
Identifiers: 'Protein intake, 'Gestation. 'Urin-
ary nitrogen. Nitrogen retention.
The effect of altering the level of protein
Sake on urea excretion In •"«*•»•"«•?
In two separate experiments. In Experiment i.
14 ESgnart (during the last 20 days of gesta-
tion) and 10 non-pregnant ewes were each of-
fend a different level of digested N intake In
ft. rantt 5-25 g/day. At all levels of protein
Stakeu£a N excretion was lower In pregnant
San in non-pregnant ewes. In Experiment 2,
21 pregnant ewe lambs were each offered one
if three diets supplying mean intakes of 83
CT 1) 113 CT 2) or 147 (T 3) g crude protein/day.
During the last 100 day. of gestation the mean
levels of urea N excretion were 6.9, 11.0 and
15 2 g/:day for T 1, T 2 and T 3. respectively.
The corresponding values for urinary N excre-
Uon were »T M and M.* g/day. At all levels
ol woteta intake urea N excretion was lower
Suat prior to parturition than 95 days prepar-
tum; tto difference *» correlated with lamb
Wrto weight and maternal body-weight change.
Anotable feature of both experiments was the
low level of urea N excretion by tte pregnant
ewes in late gestation, at low protein n'akes.
It would appear that when energy Intake is
adequate the decrease in urea N excretion as-
aodated with pregnancy la a direct result of
an Increased N requirement for maternal and/or
foetal growth, (Robinson, Scott, and Fraser -
Rowett Research Institute).
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Feeds. 'Swine, 'Farm
wastes. Aerobic conditions. Water. Nutrients,
•Oxidation lagoons. Proteins.
Idcn'ilicrs; Odor control. Rats, 'Waste manage-
ment.
An intriguing amount o( protein was noticed
in swine oxidation ditch mixed liquor at the
University of Illinois in 1967. Studies have been
In progress since then to measure the nutritive
value of the aerobically processed product and
use it as a feed supplement in feeding trials
to rats and hogs. Several methods of concentrat-
ing and feeding the product have been tried.
Utilizing this product provides a source of water
and nutrients lor swine while minimizing envi-
ronmental pollutants (air, water, soil). There
is odor control and little U any effluent from
the building. The results have been very fav-
orable and economics appear competitive with
other methods of waste management with a
nigh degree of pollution control. (Day, Harmon -
University of Illinois).
1090-A9, A10, All, A12, Bl
COUMAPHOS AS A FEED ADDITIVE
FOR THE CONTROL OF HOUSE FLY
LARVAE IN COW MANURE,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Mary-
land and Tifton, Georgia. U. S. Department of
RfrlW. "Mu'ler, C. H. Gordon. N. O, Morgan,
M. C. Bowman, and M. Beroza.
Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 63. No.
3, p. 853-855, June, 1970, 3 tab., 14 ref.
Descriptors: -Feeds, -Additives. 'Cattle. -Farm
wastes. Dairy industry, 'Mortality, Milk, •In-
secticides, Larvae.
Identifiers: •Coumaphos, 'House Hies. Musca
domestic L.
The mortality of first-stage larvae of the house
iy? Muse, dimestica L.. seeded Into the manure
of dairy cows consuming 0-144 ppm coumaphos
in their ration increased as the concentration
of coumaphos in the ration was increased. At
the 144 ppm level, larval mortality approached
100% Although coumaphos residues were found
Inthe eces no residues L 0,002 ppm) ap-
peared in the milK of cows at any level o(
coumaphos fed. Neither feed intake nor mttt
^cuon waVaffected by the feeding of couma-
phos. The blood cholinesterase of 1 cow fed
150 ppm coumaphos over a b-week period
dropped to 20% of pre-experimental levels*
(Miller, Gordon. Morgan, Bowman, Beroza - U.
S. Department of Agriculture).
1091-A9, A10, Bl
TOXICITY OF DROPPINGS FROM
COUMAPHOS-FED HENS TO LITTLE
HOUSE FLY LARVAE,
58- No-
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Farm wastes, 'Toxicity.
desFULarvmry. Coumaphos
"al Srench plwder, Fannia canicularis, white
leghorn hens.
1089-B2, C2, D3, E3, Fl
A RECYCLED FEED SOURCE FROM
AEROBICALLY PROCESSED SWINE
WASTES,
University of Illinos, Urbana, Agricultural En-
gineering Department and Animal Science De-
partment, respectively.
D. L. Day, B. G. Harmon.
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago. Illi-
nois, December 11-15, 1972, Paper No. 72-954.
10 p.. 7 tab., 5 fig., 21 ref.
feed The meaS mortalities of larvae of Fannia
cariculari* (L.) exposed to ap-
ddee
passage of the insecticide through the birds.
(Eversole. Lilly, * Shaw - University of Mawa-
chu setts).
197
-------
1092-A9, A10, Bl
EFFECT OF BACILLUS THURIENG-
S1S IN CATTLE MANURE ON HOUSE
FLY LARVAE.
Animal Science Research Division. Agricultural
Research Service, Beltsville. Maryland; Ento
SSvlS "Sf.^H "S"011- A«icultural Research
Service, BelUville, Maryland.
R. W. Miller, L. G. Pickens. and C. H. Gordon
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 24 No
4. p. SOZ-803. August, IWL 2 tab., 11 ref
thurinaitn-
BTB 1M-25 w wan tvA la
of
complete control
1093-All, A12, B3 E3
DEHYDRATED POULTRY MANURE
acturfrs' rh<> University ol Mary
with vh I1» •» "lets supplemented
™»n,,^y , °U meal- Nitrogen from broiler
manure supplemented diets was not signlficantlv
• «J" ^M nitrogen and was re*
"™ "? equllUy wejl- The t™« di-
f DPM-N was determined to be 81%
a value of similar magnitude determined by
JSSf*?f dry;mixed conventional feeds. Arsenic
SXSi ^"""11 '?lrces ine«'«J by sheep was
detected in all tissues assayed. Withdrawal of
arsenic from feed results in a rapid decrease
in tissue arsenic concentration. Significance of
arsenic in poultry manure processed for rumin-
ant CP supplements will depend on individual
feeding regimes, arsenic concentration in ma-
nure and permissible levels established for lamb
and mutton. (Smith, Calvert, and Menear - U S
Department of Agriculture).
1094-A4, A7, A9, Bl, Fl,
F2
AGRICULTURE AND POLLUTION
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS,
University of Kentucky. Lexington, College ol
Agriculture.
A. F. Bordeaux, Jr.
Presented at the College of Agriculture Annual
Conference. University of Kentucky, January
S-7, 1S7L p. 1-7, 6 ret
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Economics, Sur-
face waters. Technology. 'Fertilizers. Conserve
tion, Insecticides, 'Farm wastes. Nitrates, Farm
prices. Costs. 'Waste disposal. Water treatment,
DDT, Regulation, Kentucky, Agriculture.
As the Interest in environmental protection
heightens in the United States, farmers are in-
creasingly criticized as polluters of air and
water. Costs of pollution must be met and farm-
en, declining in political power, feel the most
pressure. Alternative chemicals are available to
replace the DDT family, but they are less ef-
fective and more expensive, Providing for econo-
mical environment protection requires the co-
operative efforts of economists, engineer! aid
scientists. (FranU - East Central).
1095-A3, A4, A7, A8, A9,
A12
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AGRICUL-
TURE'S EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMEN-
TAL QUALITY.
University of Kentucky, Department of Ento-
mology.
H. W. Dorough.
Presented at the College ol Agriculture Annual
Conference, University of Kentucky. Januan
5-7. 1971, p. 8-13.
Descriptors: •Agriculture, Kentucky, Runoff,
Farm wastes. Surface waters. •Ipsecticides, Toxi-
city. Soils, Dairy industry, Efision, Fertilizers,
Livestock, "Air pollution, *Wa?cr pollution, 'Soil
contamination. Sedimentation.
Identifiers: 'Tobacco Industry, 'Environmental
quality.
Agriculture depends upon maintaining a quality
environment. But, it may have various detri-
mental effects on that environment. The En-
vironmental Quality Task Force in the Univer-
sity of Kentucky College of Agriculture was
established to evaluate the following problems-
pesticides, sediment, farm wastes and fertilizers
Concentrated pesticide use contaminates surface
water, air and especially soil. Erosion and sedi-
mentation aid In the transportation of pollution
in streams. The phosphorus and nitrogen from
farm wastes and certain nutrients from fertiliz-
ers are major sources of water pollution. Evalua-
tion of the general use of pesticide contamina-
tion problem in Kentucky Indicates cause for
concern, but the situation is not yet critical.
CFrantz - East Central).
1096-A4, A5, A6, A8, B2,
B3, Dl, D2, D3, El, E2
ENGINEERING A G R I CULTURAL
WASTES,
University of Kentucky, Lexington. Agricultural
Engineering Department.
B. J. Barfield, H. E. Hamilton, and I. J. Ross.
Presented at the College of Agriculture Annual
Conference, University of Kentucky, January
5-7, 1971, p. 8-13.
Descriptors: 'Dehydration, Land use. Proteins,
Erosion, Technology. 'Waste disposal. Lagoons,
Kentucky, Insecticides, Odor, Livestock, Oxida-
tion lagoons, 'Farm wastes, 'Air pollution,
•Water pollution, 'Soil contamination.
Identifiers: Composting, Microbial disposal.
The extension of cities into farming areas, de-
mands for more uniform quality products, in-
creased farm production and increasing de-
mands for processed foods are among recent
trends causing problems for agricultural waste
management. Soil erosion accounts for approxi-
mately 88% and livestock wastes for ll<7c of
all agricultural pollution. But the amount of
livestock waste that must be handled by mass
management methods is expected to double by
1S80. Soil disposal and mJcrobial disposal media
are the most common while composting and
dehydration are also used. All agriculture waste
problems must be met with technological, social
economical acceptability. (Frantz - East Cen-
tral).
tral
y, Nebraska
started
»
L097-A5, C2
NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN
GROUNDWATER BENEATH A BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Gunnison,
Colorado and U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Lincoln, Nebraska.
J. C. Lorimor. L. N. Mielke, L. F. Elliott, and
J. R. Ellis.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 5, p.
999-1005. October, 1972, 3 tab,, 4 fig., 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates. 'Cattle, Teed lots, 'Wa-
ter pollution. Irrigation, 'Farm wastes, 'Ground-
water, 'Water quality. Aquifer, 'Samples, Ne-
braska, Wells.
Identifiers: 3-day study, transmissvity.
tratlon for the previous 2 yJa«™f%.£,OC"1-
Mielke. Elliott, Ellis - U « S. J"*1""*.
Agriculture). b' Department of
L098-A4, E3
BIBLIOGRAPHY Of PRODUCTS DERIVED
FROM AQUATIC ORGANISMS.
Coastal Plains Center (or Marine Develonmeni
Servicei. Wilmington, N.C. ^^^
Center Publication No 71-3, August 1971. 1 13 p.
Descriptors: 'Aquatic plants, 'Fun, Poultry
Mink, Swine, RuminanU. Feed*. 'Water pollution
control, Sewage treatment.
Identifier!: 'Animal husbandry, 'Fish protein.
367 REFERENCES INCLUDE INFORMATION
ABOUT BOTH FOOD AND MEDICAL
PRODUCTS WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED
FROM AQUATIC ORGANISMS. Reference! on
direct consumption of ie* product!, iticb ai do-
ing methods and the use of fresh fish or iheflfiih,
are excluded. Main emphasis is on conversion of
aquatic plants and «nitn«i« to product! lucb as fer-
tilizers, food supplements for domestic «"i™«ih
and man, drugs, other Pharmaceuticals, and
aquatic organism! for water pollution control
There is a permuted title index and an author in-
de.:.
1099-A4, A9, A12, B2, B3,
C3, D3
SUMMER CONFERENCE OF SOCIFTV
Officeof Naval Research, London (England)
Jerencei. -Public health. Riveji. -Sew^T
Biochemical oxygen demand, Solid wastes Am
SI""*: Ni?°«en compound!. Nitrmtei"
Phosphate!. Sludge treatment. Dissolved oiy«en'
Bacteria. Fungi, Protozoa, Fermentation Bac-
tenophage. Nutrienti. Filter. Equipment. Oxida-
tioo. Lakes, Wiiconiin, Anaerobic dijeitiion Al-
gae. Eutrophication, Biodegradation. PlatticT
Pboiphorui compound!. Soil fungi p,. '
dpmonas Dairy industry. Municipal waste!
bicides. Soil bacteria, Pe.ticides. Indui
waitei, DDT. Trace elements, Water quality
^"i"-/"111 """"• Urinc- Aero°K bacteria
Carbohydrate!. Bactericidei. Cloitridimn'
Streptococcu.. Salmonella. Water purification'
Sheep. Yeasts, Foods, Anaerobic bacteria Soil
contamination, Waste treatment. Organic matter
Digestion. Activated iludge. Actinonycete!
Hydrocarbon pesticides. Viruses, Water pollution
louree!. Water pollution effect!. Path of potra-
Identifier!: Bdeflovibrid. Pelodiclyon
Polioviruiei. Plssticizen. Phthalate. ThermophiKc
fungi. Polyethylene, Polypropylene. Bacillu!
Corynebactena. Streptothru hyorhina. Cadmium'
Dimethylnitroiamine. Amine!, Carcinoieui'
Torulopiii spp., Aiperginui, Penicillium. Fusaria'
Vioru. *
The annual conference of the Society for Applied
Bacjtenology
•M ' » »y»POiuaon
Microbiol Aipects of Pollution' and a one-div
•ession devoted to piper, on individual reiearch
198
-------
The following topics were discussed: (1) water pol-
lution by domestic, agricultural and industrial
wastes, (2) sewage treatment using combined aero-
bic-anaerobic systems, (3) raicrobial ecology of
the activated sludge process, (4) microbial aspects
of pollution in the food and dairy industry, (5) pol-
lution of freshwaten with inorganic nutrients. (6)
microbial degradation of plastics, herbicides, and
pesticides, (7) aerobic methods for the treatment
of farm wastes, (8) factors affecting algal blooms,
(9) the role of obligate anaerols in the digestion of
organic material. (10) health hazard of pollution,
and (11) sewage pollution of natural waters. In-
dividual research topics included (I) 'An Evalua-
tion of Procedures for Enumerating Bacteria in
Activated Sludge', (2) 'The Microbial Pollution of
Water Courses as a result of the Sewage and
Animal Wastes and the Application of Animal
Slurry to Land', and (3) 'Methods for Analyzing
the Microbial Decay of Solid Wastes'. (Jefferis-
Battelle)
1100-A4, All, C2
DETERMINATION ON MERCURY IN SAM-
PLES FROM THE DUTCH ENVIRONMENT,
InteniniversiUir Reactor Initituut, Delft (Nether-
lands). . .
J.J.M.DeGoeij. Report No IRM33-71-17.
Descriptors: •Mercury, 'Neutron activation anal-
ysis Chemical analysis, 'Industrial wastes. 'Pol-
lutant identification. Water pollution lourcei,
Heavy metals. Separation techniques, Irradiation,
Sediments, Cattle, Bird«, Foods, Plants. Marine
fith, Toxicity, Milk, Water analysis. Marine
animali, Salmon. Herringi. Commercial fith, Au-
tomation.
Identifiers: 'Biological lampks, "Methyl mercu-
ry 'Rhine River, Seals (Animali), Tuna,
Mackerel, Pilchard. Cod. Haddock, Liver. Brain,
•Netherlands, Body fluids, Environmental sam-
ples.
Samples of sediments; biological tissue* and fluids
(birds, fishes, and man); human hair; foodstuffs;
industrial products and pharmaceuticals; and
plants and water were analyzed (or mercury by
neutron activation analysis. These samples, rang-
ing from 100 mg-l/g, were irradiated ia quartz vi-
als automatically decomposed and oxidized by
suHuric acid aid hydrogen peroxide. and volatil-
ized at 200C with HBr into a sodium acetate solu-
tion Inactive mercury was added to the solution
and stirred for 1 hr to break the mercury into small
droplets to ensure isotopic exchange. The Hg wai
then collected on a sintered glass filler, washed
with water then acetone, and finally dissolved in
nitric acid and counted in a weD type sodium
iodide crystal. A sensitivity and an accuracy of
1. 0-0. 1 ppb/gram sample and 97-98 percent yield
were achieved, respectively. Results showed that
(1) one quarter of the birds tested had been killed
by methylmercury; (2) in the food chain: sedi-
ments - gnu - cow - milk, cumulative effects were
absent; (3) Rhine River sediments showed in-
creases of 18-23 ppm compared to previous tests;
and (4) whuc Dutch fish, teals and coastal marine
organisms were generally contaminated, imported
canned fish and cod Kver oil were in low ranges.
Separate measurements showed not only that tuna
had higher concentrations but that about 80 per-
cent of the mercury in an fish was present as upo-
phflic methylmercury. (Mackan-Batteue)
EHE-7O-06. CRWR-55, 132 p. March 1970, 9 Dg.,
144 tab.. 60 ret.
Descriptors: 'Algae. 'Cultures, 'Enteric Bac
teria, "Oxidation lagoons, "Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: AutogomtsUc effects, 'Axenic cul-
tures, "Dieoff fates. Aftergrowth, Blue-green
algae. Field studies, Green algae. Laboratory
studies.
A aeries of experiments involving the effects ol
blue-green and green algae on the dleoff rates
of selected bacteria were conducted. Aexmlc
cultures of anabaena cycllndrica. A. niculans,
osclllatoria chalybia, chlorella pyrenoidoso and
•cendedcsm obluguui among others. Cultures
of enteric bacteria species (adcaligeues, faecalis.
enterobactec aerogenes, E, coli proteus vulgaris.
psudomonas aerorginosa, and serratio rnarcer-
cens) were added to the oxenic algal cultures
during different periods of the algal life cycles.
Filtrate from actively growing algae was ex-
posed to cultures of enterics to determine
whether any antibiotic compounds were im-
parted to the medium during lag phase growth
of algae. To determine aftergrowth of the
enteric species, the duration of the tests wan
extended to about 90 days. Mixed cultures of
greet; ar.d blue-green algae were exposed to
both single species of enteric bacteria and
mixed cultures. Mixed algal cultures cause a
greater dieoff among the enteric bacteria than
do Individual species of algae. The dieoff char-
acteristics of pathogenic species, namely Sal-
monella Typhosa. S. Paratyplin, Shigella Cysen-
Uriae, S. Paracysentesiae, and Vibrac Comma
were also determined. The pathogenic species
did not survive as long as the enteric te&t
species under similar test conditions. Virtually
no aftergrowth was detected on the part of
Pathogenes. (Aguirre - Texas).
1101-C3, F6
BACTERICIDAL EFFECTS OF ALGAE
ON ENTERIC ORGANISMS,
Texas University, Austin, Center for Research in
water resources.
Ernen Davis, and Earnest Glcyna.
FWPCA grant 18050 DCL, Technical Report
1102-B2, C3, D3, Fl
MICROBIOLOGY OF A WASTE STABILIZA-
TION POND,
Central Public Health Engineering Research Inst.,
Nagpur (India).
M. V. Bopandikar.
In: Advances in Water Pollution Research.
Proceedings Fourth International Conference on
Water Pollution Research, held in Czechoslovakia,
April 2I-2S, 1969: London. Pergamon Press, Ltd,
Sec II, Paper 16, September 1968. 7 p. 32 ref.
Descriptors: 'Biological treatment, 'Microbiology,
•Oxidation lagoons. Bacteria, Efficiencies,
Lagoons. Microorganisms, Organic Loading,
Pathogenic bacteria. Ponds, Viruses.
Identifiers: 'Bacterial removal, Viral removal.
Stabilization ponds developed by the author in
India successfully treat sewage with an average
BOD of 300 mg/1 to 10 mg/1 at a cost of only Rs.
40,000/MOD as against Rs. 1,000.000/MGD with
conventional treatment. No work, however, has
been done in India on the reduction of pathogens
by pond stabilization treatment. Many variables af-
fect the types and quantities of enteric viruses that
occur in sewage and the limitations of available
techniques for their detection further complicate
attempts to judge their significance. A review of the
techniques developed for sampling and concentra-
tion of viruses from large volumes of water is
presented. Methods employed for collecting
sewage samples for quantitative determination of
viruses include: (1) the gauge pad or swab method,
(2) resin adsorption method, and'(3) ultr»-cen-
trifugation. It is shown that conventional secondary
treatment (including chlorination) is not effective
in removing virus contamination. However,
marked reduction in the yield of viruses occurred
during passages through oxidation ponds. Reduc-
tion in coliforms of fecal E. coli and fecal
streptococci during 30 days passage through oxida-
tion ponds ranged between 96.0 and 99.9*.
(Aguirre-Texas)
1103-A4, A5, A12, F2
ENFORCEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION
LAWS IN OKLAHOMA.
Oklahoma Law Review. Vol 22. No 3. p 317-345
(1969). 29 p. ISOref.
Descriptors: 'Oklahoma, 'Water pollution
sources. 'Administrative agencies, "Pollution
abatement. Watercourses (Legal), Surface waters,
Groundwater, Water supply. Water reuse, Water
sources. Industrial wastes. Farm wastes. Sewage,
Waste disposal. Waste treatment. Water users,
Water quality. Standards, Wildlife conservation.
Oil industry. Saline water intrusion. Toxins,
Sediments, On-sitc investigations, Hydrologic
cycle.
The article examines first the factors determining
the nature and extent of water pollution: (I) the
character of the state's water resources, their
quality, quantity, and availability; and (2) the
causes of water pollution categorized into ^the
petroleum and other industries, agriculture, and
municipal wastes. The second section of the article
examines water pollution law as implemented by
case law, legislation, or regulatory agencies' rules.
Private remedies are discussed in regard to: (1)
injuries to land and chattels; (2) nature of
defendant's act; (3) nature of recovery; (4)
plaintiffs standing; (5) defenses; (6) injury to
water use rights; and (7) statute of limitations. The
growth of a comprehensive state administrative
program is explained. There are six agencies which
administer this program: (I) the Pollution Control
Coordinating Board has various coordinating
functions; (2) the Water Resources Board
performs industry plant inspections', (3) the
Corporation Commission regulates the petroleum
industry's activities; (4) the Health Department
regulates the water supply and sewage disposal; (5)
the Department of Agriculture regulates pesticides,
and (6) the Department of Wildlife Conservation.
(Rees-Florida)
110A-A10, A12, C3, F3
FISH AS POTENTIAL VECTORS OF HUMAN
BACTERIAL DISEASES,
Fort Detrick. Frederick, Md. Medical Sciences
Labs.
Werner A. Janssen.
1970. 7p,40ref.
Descriptors: Diseases, Vectors (Biology),
Pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas, Fish, Oysters,
Crabs. Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli,
Bioindicators, Bullheads, White perch, Mycobac-
terium.
Identifiers: Aeromonas, Staphylococcus, Pasteurel-
la, Leptospira.
The similarities between pathogens which infect
humans and those found in fish suggests that fish
may act as passive or active hosts for pathogens
which infect man. Review of the relatively few stu-
dies conducted in the past and the author's own ex-
perience demonstrate the feasibility of this thesis.
Because of the increased use of fish for food, the
contamination of water, especially with human
wastes, and the contact between man and the
aquatic environment, research on this subject
should be expanded. (Liltlc-Battelle)
1105-A4, F2
RULE AND REGULATION FOR THE REGIS-
TRATION OF FEEDLOTS.
Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council, Lin-
coln.
Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council, Lin-
corn, Neb, nd, 2 p.
Descriptors: 'Nebraska. 'Water pollution control.
•Waste disposal, "Domestic animals. Legislation,
Feeds, Water pollution sources. Water policy. Ad-
199
-------
raintetratlve agencies, Regulation. Pro|nml. Stan-
dards, Streams. Riven, Pollution abatement. Ad-
ministration, Cattle, Poultry, Water fowl, AnimaJt,
L«gal aipect*, Wutc disposal. Farm wutet.
To* Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council ia
empowered to effectuate a comprehensive pro-
gram of water pollution control. Feedlot regiitra-
tipn ia a necessary portion of an overall waate
diapoaal inventory. For clarity in Implementing thia
Refutation, the word Yecdlot' ii defined aa the con-
fined feeding of food, fur, or pleaaure animal, in
buildings, lota, or pondt not normally used tar ratt-
ing crept or grazing annual.. The confined feeding
of enumerated animal., when grouped in number!
herein specified, thall come under this regulation
Any confined feeding within JOO feet of any water-
courae alao comet within the provisions of the
Regulation. Regiatration of existing feedlott, prior
to July 1, 1968, and proposed feedloti, at leaat sixty
days prior to conatruction, it mandatory. Such re-
gmrauon muat be accomplished on forms aupplied
L^f CouncU- Detailed information mu.l be pro-
vsded on each feedlot. A failure to register is made
punuhable by statutory penalties. (Rees-Florida)
1106-A1, AA, A5, A9, Bl,
F4_.
MANAGING OUR ENVIRONMENT
Agricultural Research Service. Washington, D. C.
Dept or Agriculture, Washington D C. Agriculture
Information Bulletin No 351, April 1971. 48 p.
?A^'h'I: '"""WM. -Environment.
Agriculture, -Water pollution control. Sediments
Nh, , ^S> Nulri«". Phosphorus. Algae
L tock wa'e; r*- s*inity- p'»«««
n,h !i .' d"P°"l. Oxidation lagoons.
Dehydration, Runoff. Rad.o.ctivily. Fallout
SrSm ' I"5"' """""' 'r"8ition P««»"°".'
P?«?n?t.7' /V r"isuin<:e. '««' attractants.
Preciptation (Atmospheric). Genetics. Erosion
control. Air pollution. Trees
Identifiers: Feedlots. Composting. Plant residues.
Recycling food Processing wastes. Pathogen,
Bioenvironmental controls.
Some of the major problem, in agricultural
research dealing with new and older methods of en-
vironmental management are described in an effort
toward interesting the public in preservation of the
^juality of our environment. General material is
presented under the subjects 'Protecting land
water and waterways,' 'Management of farm
wastes,' 'Recycling food processing wastes,' 'New
*ays to fight pests-allernalives to pesticides ' and
A green world-a clean world.' Among the
problems discussed are prevention of animal wastes
reaching waters, phosphorus from human wastes
and detergents, multiple water reuse, and salinity in
irrigated lands of the Southwest. Scientists are try-
ing to prevent pesticide residues in soil and water
and avoid pesticide overuse. Fallout from nuclear
weapon testing calls for various decontamination
treatments; food processing waste disposal and
recycling is described, and recovery of potable
water from seawater by reverse osmosis. Alterna-
tives to pesticides are destruction of insects and
weeds by introduction of predators, parasites, and
pathogens which feed on or infect pests; resistant
varieties, altractants, genetic control, bioenviron-
mental controls, and hormone and daylight
manipulation. (Jonei-Wisconsin)
1107-A2, A3, AA, El, E2,
Fl, F2, FA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LEGISLA-
TION, AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF, PART 6.
Congress, Washington, DC.
Hearings before the Committee on Public Works,
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, 92d
Cong, 1st Sess. April 2. 1971. p 2515-3188, 64 fig,
208 tab, 9 chart, 420 ref.
wastes. 'Farm wastes. -Livestock, -Water pollu-
tion sources, Missouri. Kansas, Runoff. Fertil-
izers, Pesticides, Waste disposal. Nitrates.
Leaching, Salts, Associated costs, F.utrophica-
tion. Legal aspects. Social aspects. Nutrients.
Bodies of water. Legislation. Federal government.
Identifiers: -Agricultural runoff.
Testimony was heard by the Senate Subcommittee
on Air and Water Pollution, as part of its investiga-
tion into the effects of agricultural waste runoff on
water. Agricultural operations in Kansas and Mis-
souri are examined. Agricultural water pollution
results primarily from surface runoff of silt,
animal wastes, peiticidcs, fertilizers, and other
chemical and biological agents. The problem of
concentrated animal wastes from large-scale
(eedlols is explored. Current methods of con-
trolling agricultural pollution, changes needed to
correct current problems, and cost impacts are
covered from the viewpoint of industry, science,
and elected public officials. An extensive appen-
dix includes articles and scientific papers relating
to water pollution from agricultural runoff.
Methods of curtailing and preventing the discharge
of concentrated organic wastes into rivers and
streams are explained. The contamination of sur-
face water from plowing under concentrated
fcedlol manure is discussed. The contamination of
water supplies by inorganic fertilizer salts is also
examined. (Grant-Florida)
1108-A2.A3, A4, C2, C3
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE ON
THE QUALITY OF SURFACE RUNOFF,
Tennessee Univ., Kaoxville. Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering.
J. L Sewell, and J. M Alphin.
Mimeographed paper presented at the Southeast
Region Meeting of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers and Southern Section, Soil
Conservation Society of America in Richmond,
Virginia, February 14, 1972. 8 p. 3 tab, 7 ref.
OWRRA-021-Tennd).
Descriptors: -Water quality, Feedlou, Lagoons,
Tennessee, -Farm wastes, On-site investigations.
Water pollution sources, -Land use. Nitrates,
Phosphates, Dissolved oxygen, Coliforms. Bac-
teria,
Surface water samples form twenty-four sites at
four locations in Tennessee were analyzed to
determine the effects of agricultural land use on
the quality of surface runoff. The results showed
that bacterial counts and chemical concentrations
of surface water samples were dependent on Und-
ue activities; however, the most important fac-
tors affecting the measured levels of these
parameters were the location of the sampling
points with reference to the source of the pollu-
tants, dilution of the pollutants, and the lime dur-
ing the runoff cycle at which samples were taken.
Concentrations of livestock increased the BOD,
ortbophosphates, and especially the bacterial
counts of surface runoff samples from the areas
affected. Of thirteen agricultural sites examined
on flowing streams, none had dissolved oxygen or
total nitrogen levels which failed to meet FVVPCA
standards for public water supplies, and only one
site failed to meet the bacterial criteria.
1109-B2, C2, D3
AN EVALUATION OF AN ANAEROBIC
LAGOON TREATING SWINE WASTES,
Mississippi State Univ., State College. DepL of
Civil Engineering.
James H. Scarborough.
Master's Thesis, August 1970. 92 p, 24 fie I tab
44 ref. *
digestion, Slurries. Confinement pens. Farm
management. W rn.lt treatment. Sampling,
Biochemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen de-
mand. Phosphate, Hydrogen ion concentration. Al-
kalinity, Nitrogen, Sedimentation, Water pollution
aource*. Odor, -Oxidation lagoons, Wa.tr water
treatment.
Identifiers: New-light swine farm
Interest in the treatment of livestock wastes has
grown in recent years due to concentration of
livestock in areas where they are raised for com-
mercial use and the migration to urban areas of
those who are seeking a less polluted habitat In
Mississippi, an aerobic lagoon which treated swine
wastes was studied for quality of incoming waate
and effluent, u well aa performance under varying
temperatures. Random grab samples of influent
and effluent were taken approximately once a week
from February 10 to April 23, 1970, and again on
May 19, 1970. The samples were studied for
biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen de-
mand, phosphorous -expressed as phosphate
volatile solids, total solids, most probable number
of conform bacteria per 100 ml, alkalinity, and
total nitrogen. Results showed that anaerobic
lagoons would reduce the pollutions! charac-
teristics of the waste considerably. The lagoon still
contained an appreciable amount of oxygen de-
manding material and still caused highly odorous
conditions, indicating that the effluent should
receive further treatment. Perhaps anaerobic
lagoons should only be used as a preliminary step
rather than a complete treatment facility and
should be followed by other means of treatment
prior to the adequate and safe diipoul of the ef-
fluents. (Atkins-Texas)
1110-AA, All, A12
LAKE TERMINOLOGY: WATER BLOOM.
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.
J. O. Veatch. and C. R. Humphry*.
Bull Mich Agric Coll Exp Station. Eafl Laming, p
Descriptors: 'Eutrophication. Algae. Ducks
Color. Fishkill. Lakes. Odor. Toxicity. Water pollu-
tion effects. Water quality. Cattle.
Identifier!: •Definitions. "Water bloom. Toiic al-
gae. Recreational use.
This lexicon of lake terminology defines a water
bloom as: 'A prolific growth of plankton. A Woorr.
of algae may be so dense that it imparts a greenish.
yellowish, or biownish color to the water. Tlvj
growth may be so concentrated m some pans of..
Like that it interferes with swimming and boating.
The algae not only imparts a disagreeable odor, but
it may be a cause of fish mortality, jnd some jpc-
t ics may be poisonous to cattle jnd ducks and a
menace to drinking water supplies.'This entry in-
cludes an aenal photograph of an algal bloom con-
centrated in. bav of a lake. (Eknhom-Wu)
1111-A9, All, A12, F3
POLYCHLORDMATED BIPHENYLS,
David B. Peakall, and Jeffrey L. Lincer.
BioScience, Vol 20, No 17. p 958-964. September
1,1970. 1 Tig. 2 tab, 62 ref.
Descriptors: -Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
•Food chains, 'Pesticide loxicity, Physical proper-
ties. Chemical analysis, Persistence, Absorption
DDT, Chemical properties, Plastics, Paints,'
Rubber, Resins, Gas chromatogrsphy, Spec-
trophotometry, Mallard duck. Poultry, Songbirds.
Wading birds, Mussels, Herrings, Path of pollu-
tants. Water pollution sources, Water pollution ef-
fects.
Identifiers: -Biological magnification, -Aroclon
•Polychlorinated biphenyls, Chemical structure.
Descriptors: -Agricultural chemicals, -Chemical Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, 'Anaerobic The structural and physical properties, uses,
200
-------
analytical methods, toxicology, levels in nature.
and biological magnification of PCBs, and the ratio
of DDT to PCB in the environment are turn-
marized. Although nothing is known about the
biological decomposition of PCBs, it is likely that
they are more stable than DDT and its metabolites
and thus have a tendency to accumulate up the
food chain. No figures on the amount of these
materials produced annually are available. Analysis
of PCBs has been carried out by means of a com-
bination of high resolution gas chromatography
and mass spectrometry. Nitration and saponifica-
tion have been used to separate PCBs from other
residues for analysis. Although several studies have
been carried out on the toxicology of PCBs, toxic
levels are still largely undefined. Studies have
shown, however, that there are striking alternations
in the internal organs of some mammals and birds.
Data taken from several studies indicate that the
PCBs are capable of biological magnification of the
food chain. Because of the apparent danger of
these materials it is necessary to discover the major
sources of their escape into the environment. Sixty-
two references have been cited in this summary.
(Little-Battelle)
1112-A2, B2, B4, C2, C3
CATTLE "FEEDLOT RUNOFF NATURE AND
BEHAVIOR,
Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. Dept. of Bac-
teriology.
J. R. Miner, L. R. Bernard, L. R. Fina, G. H.
Larson,and R. I. Lipper.
Proceedings, Industrial Waste Conference, 21st,
May 3.4, and 5.1966, p 834-M7.9 fig, 9 tab. 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Surface
runoff, 'Cattle, 'Farmwastes, Rainfall intensity.
Chemical properties, Bacteria, Nitrogen,
Coliform, Streptococcus, Laboratory tests. Data
collection, Analysis.
Identifiers: FeedloL
Stormwater runoff is becoming recognized as an
•important water pollutant. Runoff from cattle
feedlots is particulary strong. Three types of ex-
periments were conducted to evaluate the charac-
teristics and behavior of feedlot runoff. Two
feedlots (0.05 acres each) were constructed, one
with a dirt surface and the second with a concrete
surface. Ten head of cattle were maintained in
each lot and rainfall was simulated by a series of
sprinklers. The runoff was collected and tested for
chemical and bacterial contamination. Tray ex-
periments were conducted to determine bac-
teriological changes in manure lying on the feedlot
surface. Anaerobic bottle studies were made to
determine the effects of storage in deep ponds.
Cattle feedlot produces a high strength waste with
considerable quantities of nitrogen. Waste
strength increased with low rainfall rates, warm
weather and moist lot conditions. Runoff from the
concrete surface lot was nearly twice as strong as
from the unsurfaced lot. The bacterial nature of
the stored feedlot runoff and Utter changed con-
tinuously. Changes were a function of temperature
and storage time. The fecal coliform: fecal
streptococcus ratio does not appear to be an en-
tirely reliable tool to identify the cause of an ob-
served water pollution problem. (Goessling-Texas)
1113-B2, C2, Dl, D2, D3
AKRATED LAGOON TREATMENT OF LONG
ISLAND DUCK WASTES,
Cornell Univ..Ithaca, N.Y. Dept. of Civil Engineer-
ing; and Cornell Univ.. Ithaca, N.Y. Dept. of
Agricultural Engineering.
Raymond C. Loehr, and Dennis D. Schulte.
2nd International Symposium for Waste Treatment
Lagoons, June 23-25, 1970, Kansas City, Missouri,
p 249-258. 7 fig. 2 lab, II rcf.
Descriptors: "Oxidation lagoons, 'Farm wastes.
Pilot plants, Chlnrination, Phosphates, Mixing,
Coagulation. Flocculation, Diiiolvcd oxygen,
Biochemical oxygen demand. Aerobic conditions.
Anaerobic conditions, Coil analysis, Denign
criteria. Mathematical models, Wule water treat-
ment.
Identifier! 'Aerated lagooni, 'Duck wittei.
Laboratory treatahilily studies were conducted in
1965 to determine the feasibility of treating duck
wastes in a number of treatment systems. Pilot
scale tests were then run on a aerated lagoon
system in 1967. The pilot plant had a 250,000 gal-
lon' capacity, an 8 fl depth, and a 5 HP floating
aerator. 35% of the duck waste water systems sub-
sequently installed provided in excess of 90% BOD
reduction, and 50% provided in excess of 85%
BOD reduction, with aerator power relationships
ranging from .008 to .04 nameplate horsepower per
10OO gallons. These syfitems included aerated
lagoons, settling ponds, and chtorination. Studies
are presently being conducted on the new method!
of phosphate removal, with some type of removal
to be implemented as soon as possible.
(Lowry-Texai)
1114-A6, B2, C2, D3, E2,
Fl
ANIMAL MANURE LAGOONS, A QUESTIONA-
BLE TREATMENT SYSTEM,
Samual A. Hart.
2nd International Symposium for Waste Treatment
Lagoons, June 23-25, 1910, Kansas City, Missouri,
p 320-324. I tab. 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Oxidation lagoons,
Organic loading. Infiltration, Evaporation, Percola-
tion, Aeration, Oxygenalion. Odors, Sprinkler ir-
rigation. Aerobic conditions. Anaerobic condi-
tions. Biochemical oxygen demand. Waste water
treatment.
Identifiers: Aerated lagoons.
Doth oxidation lagoons and oxidation ditches can
be of significant value to the agriculture induitry.
Firm introduced in the early 1950 s, these lagoons
proved to be inexpensive to build and offer a
minimum of maintenance. However, this system
must be carefully designed in order to provide
adequate treatment of agricultural wastes, and this
care in design has not been inherent to lagoons in
the past. Comprehensive Held studies on cow
manure have indicated that 60 ft to the third power
of aerated lagoon volume is necessary to treat 1 Ib
BOD 5/day. In between totally mixed and aerated
lagoons, and conventional oxidation lagoons are
various degrees of anaerobic and aerobic treat-
ment. Similar studies conducted on hng waxles
Hied loading rates at 12 ft to the third power/400 Ib
pig ai being capable of providing sufficient treat-
ment. Oxidation lagoons were also studied, with
loading ratei of 30 ft to the third powcr/lb BOD5.
Costs for the oxidation ditch treatment are $6 per
hog of aeration equipment and i-006 per hog per
day of power requirements. Overall, oxidation
lagoons and ditches, and aerated lagoons can pro-
vide sufficient treatment if properly designed and
maintained. • (Lowry-Texas)
Aerobic treatment
loVntinVrs •Nitmtvn rvnimal.
The trend in iiiviii \cars for the confinement feed-
ing of li»eslovk anil for increased numlvn of
animals per production unit tcMilis in highly con-
ivnlralctl. lov. .\oliimc w aste flows * hic.h icprcsvnt
it nollulional li.i/.nd It) ground- anil surface watcis.
I ho pollutions! contribution from these activities i«
manifested li) excessive miliicill eoncenlialions.
chiefly high iVvcl* of nitro|:in. microhial iinpaii-
uieiil ol' nitifiU'C waters, release of containment*
thai complicate subsequent water treatment opera-
tions', anj depletion of dissolved oxvgcn in Mnf.iee
waters. Control ol' such \\astes commences with
containment. I he microbial synthesis which occuis
tlunnf containment reduces nitrogen levels to a
certain extent. Further removal* can be accom-
plished by ammonia stripping using diffused aera-
tion or by nitrification-dcniliification. The most
suitable method of disposal Toi treated wastes in on
the land, where the remaining nutrients can be in-
corporated into crop*. (Knapp.US(iS)
1116-AA, A5, B2, B3, B4,
Dl, D2, D3, E2
MANAGING LIVESTOCK WASTES TO CON-
TROL POLLUTION,
Minnesota Univ., St. Paul. Dcpt. of Agricultural
Engineering.
James A. Moore.
Water Pollution by Nutrients-Sources, Effects and
Control, Water Resources Research Center,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, WRRC Bul-
letin 13,p 29-34. June 1969. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Pollution control, 'Organic loading,
•Cattle, 'Hogs. 'Sheep, 'Farm wastes, Water pol-
lution sources, Water quality, Waste disposal, Min-
nesota, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Aerobic
treatment, Water pollution control..
Identifiers: 'Manure processing. 'Manure disposal.
Livestock industry, Manure storage, Oxidation
ditch.
High costs and larger quantities of inert and biolog-
ically stable materials prohibit many municipal
waste treatment systems being used for animal
waste disposal. No system has been designed to
remove nitrogen and phosphorus in animal wastes.
Four steps in the management of manure arc sug-
gested: (I) collection, (2) processing, (3) storage,
(4) utilization or disposal. Drying manure simpli-
fies sanitation problems because it is stable, rela-
tively odorless, and breeds few Pies. Energy
required for drying limits method. Anaerobic
lagoons arc a popular method for stabilizing or-
ganic matter, because disposal problems are mostly
eliminated. Animal waste can ho treated in aerobic
oxidation ponds with oxygen supplied by algae and
natural reacration supplemented by mechanical
aeration. Impervious-bottom tanks and storage
areas should be considered to prevent nutrient
leaching during extended holding periods.
Although economically non-competitive, more ef-
fort'to dispose animal waste as fertilizer would al-
leviate the problem and prove beneficial to soils.
(Bannerman-Wisconsin)
1115-A4, A5, B2, C2, D3, m7-A4, A6, All, A12, C2,
E2
COM KOI. OF MTKOGKN FHOM ANIMAL
XVASI'F. UAIK.KS.
CoiiH-ll I'niv.. Ithaca. N.Y. Dvpt. »!' Civil and
Agiiciillural rnt!in>-cring.
Katmoml C. I. iti-hr.
Proceedings I .?lh Sanilar) l:n£>iH*ering Conference
on Nilialo ami Water Supply: Source and Control.
Ichruar) 11-12. I')7II. L'ni\ersil> of Illinois. Ur
h;ina: Illinois l'm\cr»ilv. ColK-jic of F.ngincering
Publication. p l77-ixy."l"7i>. H p. 4 fig. I lab. 22
ivf. I- v. OA Project WP. U'< \.
IX-M.riplors: Mann wastes. « Nitrogen compounds.
•\Vask- treatment •Nitrification. 'IViiitriiiiMlion.
Coiirntcmcilt pen*. Kirm lagoons. Oij'.inic wastes.
\Vastc \\alvr treatment. Hiotk^raiVilion. Aeration.
El
WATER POLLUTION BY NUTRIENTS-
SOURCES, EFFECTS AND CONTROL, PAPERS
PRESENTED AT 1966 ANNUAL MEETING OF
MINNESOTA CHAPTER SOIL CONSERVA-
TION SOCIETY OF AMERICA.
Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Water Resources
Research Center. WRRC
Bulletin l'3, Minnesota Water Resources Research
Center, June 1969. 79 p. OWRR Project A-999-
MINN.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Water pol-
lution effects. 'Eutrophication, 'Nutrients, Algae,
Fish population, 'Water pollution control. Farm
wastes. Municipal wastes. Septic tanks. Recreation
201
-------
wastes. Water quality.
Identifiers: 'Nutrient sources.
The Bulletin includes the papers presented at a
conference on 'Nutrient Pollution - Sources, Ef-
fects and Control' held in Minneapolis. Minnesota
on January 8. 1969. The conference was planned as
the Annual Meeting of the M innesota Chapter, Soil
Conservation Society of America. The papers, all
individually abstracted, include the following titles:
Nutrients and Other Forms of Pollution. Diagnos-
ing Pollution in Lake Minnelonka. Effect of
Eutrophication on Fish and Related Organisms,
Health Aspects. Surface and Groundwaters,
Animal Waste Disposal Problems and Trends in
Minnesota. Managing Livestock Wastes to Control
Pollution. Runoff and Sediment as Nutrient
Sources. Controlling Nutrients and Organic Toxi-
cants in Runoff. Treatment of Municipal Wastes
Septic Tank Effluents, Water Pollution in Recrea-
tional Areas - Sources and Control, and Setting
Water Quality Standards and Regulating Nutrient
Sources. Implementing Pollution Control
1118-A2, A3, A4, A5, C2
o5 o
105 p.
I" Whher"w- Edi""' ""' *»'«
m."1"tr"il>n W"" Pollution Control
03° DYV 6/69' Octob" '"°
rogram I3030DYY.
WSt,rr""rM .'C""'"™"*. 'VVa.er quality.
irT. -I ^ Ul".m >MU":ei- 'Water P"»»«i°n con-
trol. Arid lands. Irrigation, Agriculture, Evapora-
l;<.n. Salini.y. Farm wastes* Surface witers
NuuiSnu!""' PbnninS' 'rfigl"ion e(Tecls- W»sl"'
An international conference cnlilled 'Arid Lands in
a Changing World' sponsored by the American As-
tociaiion for thc Advancement of Science Commit-
tee on Arid Lands and the Univcrsfly of Arizuna
was held at Tucson in June. 1969. The Federal'
Water Quality Administration provided financial
support for ihc conference and solicited papers to
be presented in the Water Management and Salini-
ty and Desalini/alion sessions. This report presents
a selected group of the papers presented at those
sessions which should benefit those concerned with
waler quality management problems in arid re-
gions. The title of the papers included in this report
are as follows: nitrate removal from agricultural
waste waler; the effects of salinity standards on ir-
rigated agriculture in the Colorado. River basin;
problems of pollution of irrigation waters in arid re-
gions; waler quality requirements and re-use of
waste waler effluents, salinity control in return now
from irrigated areas-a demonstration project;
water quality control problems in inland sinks-
natural pollution in arid land waters; distillation of
wasle waters: a water resource for arid regions; *nd
animal wasle runoff-a major waler quality chal-
lenge. (Woodard-USGS)
1119-B2, D3
TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS AGRICULTURAL
WASTES FOR CLEAN WATER AND FOR
M1CROBIAL PROTEIN PRODUCTION,
Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Chemical En-
gineering.
O. T.Two. towa State Water Resources
Research Institute, Ames. Completion Report ISW-
RRI-33. Engineering Research Institute ISU-ERI,
Ames-99959 April, 1971. 34 p. 27 fig, 12 ref.
OWRR Project A-032-IA (6).
Descriptors: Oxygen. Absorption, 'Foaming.
•Aeration. 'Cytological studies, Farm wastes.
Waste water treatment, 'Biological treatment.
Identifiers: Waldorf aerator, Cell growth, -Whey.
Cheese whey containing 35.000 ppm BOD is the
most concentrated liquid waste that can be found
in large quantities. It foams excessively when bub-
bled with gas. Cheese whey was successfully
treated in a Waldhof aerator by Saccharomyces
fragilis. This yeast can reduce about 85% of the
BOD and produce single cell protein. A batch as
well as a continuous growth process of this yeast
was successfully developed. A fundamental study
on the transient and steady state behavior of cell
growth was also conducted. Through computer
simulation, it wa. possible to predict growth pat-
tern in batch and continuous proce.se.. Oxygen is
important in any aerobic biological process. The
Waldhof aerator not only provides good aeration
for yeast growth, but is also capable of handling
highly foamy liquors like whey through its foam
recycling mechanism. A sysmetical study on thc
working mechanisms of a Waldhof aerator was
conducted. Foam fractionation of the yeast and
other microbiological cells was also studied. Foam
decay was found to follow a second-order rate pat-
tern. A theoretical investigation was conducted on
gas-liquid inlerfacial oxygen absorption. Thc effect
of viable microbiological cells that consume thc
transferring solute on the rate of oxygen absorption
was analyzed.
1120-A3, A4, C2
SOURCES OF PHOSPHATE, AMMONIUM AND
NITRATE CONTAMINATION IN SOME CEN-
TRAL NEW JERSEY STREAMS,
Rutgen-Thc-State Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.
Dept. of Soil, and Crops.
Aytekin Bilgin.
M Sc Thesis, Rutgers University Graduate School,
March 1971. 11 3 p, 29 fig. 7 map, 1 tab. 60 ref.
OWRR Prbject A-027-NJ (I).
Descriptors: 'New Jersey, 'Water pollution
sources, •Pollutant., •Phosphates. 'Nitrate., Sur-
face runoff, Leaching, Sewage disposal. Chemical
wastes. Domestic wastes. Farm wanes. Industrial
wastes, Fertilizer., Ammonia, ^Nitrogen cycle.
Nutrients, Nitrification, Decomposing organic
matter, Eutrophication, Balance of nature.
Biochemical oxygen demand. Aquatic productivi-
ty-
Identifier.: 'Middlesex County (N J), •Somerset
County (N J), 'Mercer County (N J), New Brun-
swick (N J). Princeton (N J).
A study was made from April to October 1970 of
pollution in seven stre.ms located in Middlesex,
Somerset, and Mercer Counties, New Jersey. The
objective of this investigation waa to determine the
origin, source, and concentrations of phosphate,
ammonium, and nitrate polluting the stream.. The
following were the area, studied: Beaverdam Brook
(E. Brunswick), Mile Run (New Brunswick), Six
Mile Run (New Brunswick), Millstone River (Prin-
ceton), Rock Brook (Zion), Duck Pond Run (Prin-
ceton), and Big Bear Brook (Hightatown). Of
these. Millstone River, located near a sewage
disposal plant, and Mile Run, near a chemical
plant, produced the highest phosphate and am-
monia levels. Mile Run had the greatest BOD
because of the heat and waates polluting it. Nitrate
contamination developed principally in area.
where cutrophic condition, existed for some yean,
and where surface runoff leached out fertilizer
residues from suburban lawn, and cultivated
agricultural soils. Moderate nitrate contamination
was seen in Six Mile Run, Big Bear Brook, and
Duck Pond Run. The highest nitrate level occurred
in Beaverdam Brook where the adjacent watershed
had been completely altered some 5 yesra earlier
by bulldozing and grading operations. This activity
completely destroyed the original soil profile and
broke up and buried the former organic layer so
that mineralization and nitrification was rapidly in-
creased (Clasby-USGS)
1121-A2, A3, A4, A9, All,
C2, C3, El, E3
WATE« POLLUTION «OM LAND lONOfT
Aincultur.l Rctcarch Service. US Depart mew' of
A|ncullurc. *^ w
K. C. Walker. and C. H. Wadleigli
DescriDlon: •Runoff. 'Water pollution Infihra-
lion. Scdimcntt. 'Sediment «eld "l"
Eutrophicaiion lnor(anic eompoundi.
Phosphite. Calciua. M.gneiium.
A|ncullu«lchcniicih. F«hk!ll.
Irritation. Acid mine water.
Identifier.: •Live«ock waste., Runnel,.
•Land runoff. Manure recycling, BKle
tion.
Contributions of agricultural activities to Ike nollu
lion of runoff is .urveyed. and it h found tkailedt
ment is by far the mo.1 prevalent entity that !„££
««« qwlny. Of the average ,BBU,| pTtcipiSucT
30% become, runoff and leu than I* infiltrate.'
deeply. Sediment yield in thc MiuiuiprJ *£
iver»|ei 390 ton. annually per iq mf Lane
amount, of nutrient! are low with itdimeJitsTlror
eiample the load Mr yr of nitrogen b 500000
ion.; prxMpkate. fso.000. cifciu;.. 5.WOO?
w *«••«••.•_ 1 ^rV/\ /U\A ... * ~t"^"».
«
contain, h,,h ni.rate, and
usually ,,c present hut in low concem,,,
r,,,,,on increase, the r.tur.l ult, cone
1122-A3, A4, A5, A8, All
A12, B2, B3, C2, E2
NITROGEN CYCLE IN SURFACE AND
SUBSURFACE WATERS,
Wisconsin University. Madison
Water Resource. Center, University of Wiscon-
Decembei
Descriptor.:: 'Domestic animals. 'Wastes In
Utoers. -Essential nutrients. •NitriflcaOon. eroS'
tojddty, sou porosity, irrigation, ground watir'
runoff, frozen ground, soil erosion, water pol-
lution. Dentrtfication. phosphonu compound.
algae, aquatic plants. i~««»,
Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification have
been studied with 191 samples of shaHow
WMter £°m »treams- '«nn ponds and adjacent
soils. Of 47 chosen for repeated te,ts. « pro-
duced no sub 2-N ranging 5-154 micrograjn/ML
Av. 48 microgram/ML. Only 2 produced no sub
3-N at 33 and 46 microgram/ML. Of 167 stock
cultures of soil fungi, the main producers were
in the aspergillus flavus-oryiae and A WentU
groups (75% yielded 65-100 mlcrograms' of Jo
sub 3-N) and the penicillura genus <21 of 24
species yielded 7-1S mlcrogram/ML of no sub S.V
from no sub 2-N. not from organic N). NitriOera
Of no sub 2. no sub 3 type were found In i lothS
genera. Residual DO sub 3 following crop maturitv
migrates downward from 12 Inches to aquifer
depth at 20 feel over winter on waupun and
plainfield soils, respectively. -One Wisconsin
community had 86 wells with 34,5% unsafe con
taining Ugh no sub 3 and another had 5SO wVli,
with 1/3 unsafe. Surface water. reeeiVed te£
than 5.7 Ib. N and 2.53 Ib. p. per A. In flood
flows from a 1346 A. watershed; 3.62 Ib N
and 1.14 Ib. p per A. from 3 farm areas total-
ing 246 A. Lancaster plots receiving u ions
dairy cow wastes per A. lost 19.«% more N
and 11.3% more P when applied on frozen
ground In a year of high winter runoff
202
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1123-B2, B3, B4, Dl, D2,
D3
A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A LIVESTOCK
WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM INVOLVING THE
REUSE OF WATER,
North Dakota State Univ., Fargo.
George L. Pratt.
Research Project Technical Completion Report to
Office of Water Resource! Research. December
1968. Washington, D. C. 24 p. 11 tab, 2 ref. OWRR
Project A-001-NDAK.
Descriptors: 'Water reuse, Stock water. Domestic
animals. 'Firm wastes. Potable water. Solid
wastes, Urine, Water pollution, Aeration. Aerobic
treatment, Biological treatment, Coagulation, Fil-
tering systems. Filtration, Flocculation, Oxidation,
Waste storages, 'Waste water treatment, Water
purification, Water treatment.
Separating solid materials from liquid wastes that
have been removed from a livestock barn can be
accomplished in several ways. In trials at the North
Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station settling
unks and sand Titters were evaluated. In one phase
of the work treatment of overflow from i settling
tank that collected beef waste was emphasized. No
treatment, aeration, and treatment with aluminum
sulfate (alum) were tested for the settling tank
overflow. The settling tank removed the bulk of the
solids Alum treatment of the overflow was effec-
tive in reducing total solids to the point where it
was nearly feasible to provide final treatment. In
the second phase of the work a slow sand filter was
tested under controlled conditions to determine its
adaptability for final treatment of. reclaimed water.
Tests were run at three temperatures. 45 deg F. 70
del F and 100 deg F. Controlled amounts of or-
ganic 'material were mdded to the influent of the
filter The filter was easily managed and adaptable
to • wide range of conditions, lu^performance was
better »t 70 deg F than at 45 deg F or 100 deg F.
1124-A3, A4, A5, A8, A12,
B2, B3, C2, El, E2
EFFECT OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON
MOVEMENT OF NITRATE NITROGEN
IN SOIL PROFILES AND ON TRANS-
FORMATIONS OF SOIL NITROGEN,
Wisconsin University, Madison.
R. J, OLsen.
University of Wisconsin, Water Reaourcei Gen-
!er7 Report 1»6». n p. OWRR B-004-Wls.
De«criptora: 'Nitrification, -Soil nitrogen, 'Pub-
uchealth, 'Soil leaching, Groundwater. SoJ
profiles. Water Ubla, Surface runotf. Farm
wastes. Aerobic conditions, Incubation.
Identifiers: Lake EuropWcalion, 'Soil phosphorus.
Xualfa-BronMgrase. Spring thawa, FerUUser-nl-
trogea.
There !• Increasing evidence that agriculture
i contributing to the Incnaat In nltraU-nltro-
na In streams, laku, and domestic water sup-
Sues Hilh amount* oi rutrate-nltrogsn In watu
area health baiard and contrlbat* to lak.
iutrophlcauon. Methods by which nltrogsn may
uur the water trom agricultural sourest In-
clude tht laachlng of nitrate-nitrogen througn
Si soil prolil* to tha waur table and suriac*
runoff, especially During aprlng thaws trom ma-
BUjTappUtd to frown §oU during DM wlnUr.
Tha data obtained from (Kid (xperunanli Indi-
cau that pollution of groundwattr with nitrate-
utrogin can ba limited by avoiding txceiuvi
ratu of fertiliser nitrogen; providing a crop
covar on tha soil during tha growing ataaom
uui of hay crop*, men aa alfalfa-bromegraas.
in rotation with corn or other cropa receiving
fertiliser nitrogen: and not permitting unpro-
tected manure to accumulate dunng tha tinu
of year when leaching can occur. Recovery
of fertiliser nitrogen by thne auceeselve com
crow and u aoll In organic nitrogen following
the laat crop ranged from 72 to M percent.
Th« average concentration of nitrate-nitrogen
in th* soil solution at the lowut profile depth
•ampled ranged from 14 ppm tor virgin aoila
to U ppm for manure contaminated Mil* and
to 33 ppm for cultivated aolla. Rat* of nitri-
fication waa directly related to the rate oi
mar.iire application, preaence of aerobic condi-
tions, per.'od of incubation, and toll phoiphonu.
The average recovery 01 nitrogen by chemical
analysis of the aoll receiving the higher ma-
nure rates after 37 week* of Incubation ranged
from 24% for anaerobic conditions to 73 to >0
percent for the aerobic conditions. These data
suggest that where animal manure U not to
be used as a fertilizer, ligooiung of the ma-
nure under anaerobic conditions may be an
effective method of disposal with a minimum
risk of water pollution. (Ouwn • University of
Wisconsin).
1125-A3, A4, E2, Fl
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS AND
TRENDS IN MINNESOTA,
Minnesota Univ., St. Paul. Dcpt. of Agricultural
Engineering.
Evan R. Alfred
Water Pollution by Nutrients-Sources. Effects and
Control. Water Resources Research Center,
University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, WRRC Bul-
letin 13. p 22-28. June 1969. 2 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Wastes, 'Farm wastes,
Organic wastes, Minnesota, Biochemical oxjtgen
demand, Farms, Pollutants, Water pollution
sources, Eulrophicalion.
Identifiers: 'Livestock waste disposal, Broiler
farms, Livestock wastes comparison, Fcedlots,
Munurc production. Food production wastes. Pro-
jected livestock farms. Wastes management.
The growing problem of animal waste disposal
resulting from the trend toward concentration of
livestock on fewer farms is discussed. Data com-
piled in Minnesota indicates large percentage of
these farm animals arc on feed and in confinement.
The problem will accelerate as herds grow larger to
meet future population demands. By 1980 there is
a projected 10-fold increase in the average hog and
feed-cattle herd size in Minnesota. Three reasons
given for failure to solve animal waste disposal
problems arc; (I) reluctance to monetary expendi-
tures on adequate methods. (2) because the
problem has been considered unrelated to other
parts of society, and (3) approaches have been
used that arc only applicable to other types of
waste. Cost involved and the enormity of the
problem arc realized when data presented indicate
a 250,000 bird poultry enterprise has a biochemical
oxygen demand waste equivalent to a city popula-
tion of 25,000. Eutrophication is increased by
spreading manure on frozen ground and the con-
sequent runoff in ipring thaw. Since the cost of a
treatment plant and storage is prohibitive to in-
dividual farmers, it it concluded thut no immediate,
simple solution U in sight. (Banncrman-Wiiconsin)
streams is by leaching of rocks and soil, as com-
pared with the lower level in large reservoirs
which is comparable with the level in rainfall (ex-
cept in cases of salt water intrusion). Other studies
include: radiation effects on ecosystems involving
(respectively) microorganisms, fish, and broiler
chicks; and nutrient studies in ecosystems involv-
ing aquatic macrophytes, harvester ants, an old-
field mouse, small mammals, snakes, mosquito-
fish, turtles, and lizards. (Bopp-ORNL)-
1127-A5, C2
WHY NITRATES IN WA! IR SCl'mES,
O. E. Smith.
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol 110. No U, p I04S-I049,
September 25,1965.3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, Feed lots. Fertilizers,
•Farm wastes, Missouri, Water supply. Water
wells, Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: 'Water contamination.
Studies show that 75% of Missouri's water U con-
taminated by nitrates, primarily from feedlots.
Shallow wells are most affected, but deep ones
can be if improperly cased. To solve the problem,
new properly encased wells should be dug some
distance from feedlots. (Marquard-East Central)
1128-B2, C2, D3, E4, F5
USE OF DUCKWEED FOR WATER TREAT-
MENT AND ANIMAL FEED,
Louisiana Stale Univ., Baton Rouge. School of
Forestry and Wildlife Management
D.D.Culley.Jr.,andE.A.Epps.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol
45, No 2, p 337-347, February. 1973.1 fig. 5 tab, 28
ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Waste water treat-
ment, Farm lagoons. Nutrient removal. Feeds,
Livestock.
Identifiers: 'Duckweed, Lemnaceae.
This scientific study was established to search for
aquatic plants suitable for nutrient reduction in
animal waste lagoons and for utilization in animal
feeds Criteria for evaluating the aquatic plants are
liJen Chemical composition of plants from the
family kmnaceae are shown in tables based on
eight test sites. Duckweed shows great potential.
but minor problems include toxic buildup and ex-
cess water content (Marquard-East Central)
1126-A1, A4, A8, C2, F6
SAVANNAH RIVER ECOLOGY LABORATORY.
ANNUAL REPORT, 1971.
'Georgia Univ.. Athens. Inst. of Ecology.
Robert J. Beyers,
1. L. firisbin, D. C. Coleman. J. B. Gentry, and J.
W. Gibbons (editors). August 1971. Parts 1 and 2.
420p.AT(38-l)-310.
Descriptors: 'Boron. 'Nutrient requirement,
•Cycling nutrients. 'Radioactivity effects. Water
pollution effects. Ecosystems, Thermal pollution,
Radioecology, Southeast U.S.. Microorganisms.
Bass. Ecology. Snakes. Poultry. Rodents. Aquatic
habitats. Aquatic plants, Amphibians, Turtles,
Aquatic life, Path of pollutants, Reservoirs,
Streams, Soil-water-plant "relationships. Absorp-
tion.
Work at the Savannah River laboratory is reported
which Includes basic ecology (16 projects).
radioecology (3). ecosystem radiation effects (2).
and thermal effects on fish (2). Analysis of
southeastern United States surface waters for
boron showed levels which were usually less than
100 ppb. It appears that • higher level in most
1129-A2, B2, Cl, Dl
BEEF CATTLE FKEDLOT RUNOFF. 8OUM
TRANSPORT AND SETTLING CHARAC.
TERISTIC8,
Nebraska Univ., Lincoln. ...-,« .
C. B. OUberUoo. J. A. Nknaber, T. U. McCiBa, I.
R. Ellis, and W.R. Woods. _,„._.
Transactions of the ASAF (American Society of
Agriculture Engineers). Vol 15, No 6. p 1132-1134,.
1972.6 fig, I ref. Support in part by EPA.
Descriptor*: 'Feed lou, Runoff. Continuous (tow.
•Farm wastes. Cattle, 'Waste water treatment
Identifiers: 'Solids removal lysUmi, Batch
system.
Removing stttleaNe solids from beef earth fMtdlot
runoff requires a working knowledge of the r»U.
tiooshrp. between precipitation, runoff, sohds,
transport, and settling at the transported sohds.
¥hV authors .Wphyskal descriptions of th.
working ana and develop estimating equations
which can be used to assist IB design of solids
removal systems in geographic anas with similar
climatic and feedlot conditions. Two systems, a
•batch system', and a 'continuous flow' system.
were constructed. In laboratory tests (Imhoff COD*
tests), about 40% of the total solids transported
(by weight) settled In 1* to II minutes at tero
203
-------
velocity of flow. Calculated butt density of settle-
able solid* was 6.71 ft. per cu. fl. with I standard
deviation cf 3.69 to. per cu. ft It was recom-
mended that an open channel should be equipped
with barriers to restrict runoff flow lo near rero
velocity to remove sufficient solids to maintain a
satisfactory condition within the holding pond.
(Wetberin-F-.it Central)
1130-B3, D2, E3
THE OPCCO DRYER-
Agricultunl Engineering, Vol 53, No 6, p 16-17,
June, 1972.1 til.
Descriptors: •Recycling, Drying, Fertilizers,
•Farm wastes, *Waste treatment. Poultry, Feeds.
A solid waste management system, developed and
patented by Harvey Wenger and manof sctured by
Organic Pollution Control Corp., has been placed
on several large poultry farms to turn poultry titter
into fertilizer or into a feed additive for livestock.
Michigan State University's Dr. Howard Zindel
and other experts feel that the dryer, used so far
primarily with poultry manure, can successfully
handle all forms of animal wastes phis packing
house offal, vegetable and fruit peel and pulp, and
municipal sewage. Requiring an area of about 20-
40 feet, the 40 ton per day unit operates on either
natural or LF gas. Plans for developing other
power supplies are being studied. The drying
process is described and a schematic of the flow
path is shown. The process is not inexpensive, but
it does supply a solution to the waste problem.
(Welherill East Central)
1131-A2, All, Bl
FIVE FEEDING SYSTEMS COMPARED.
Feedlot Management, p 34-37, January, 1971. g fig.
Descriptors: 'Feed lou. Performance. Runoff.
•Farm wastes. Cattle, Confinement pens.
Identifiers: Animal density, Open lot Open shed
Cold barn, Warm bam. '
Preliminary results are given on the influence of
vinous housing systems on beef cattle aadtbe ef-
fect of animal density on feedlot performance. Il.ii
indicated that housed conf inemeat should be used
lo capacity and maintained year round for max-
imum benefits. Housed confinement lends to con-
trol iDneis and high, density does not seem to
jeopardize health or feed efficiency. Advantages
and disadvantages are given for each type of hous-
ing studied. The five types of housing arc open lot,
open shed, manure pack shed, cold ban and warm
barn. All five systems are designed to contain aH
animal wastes.(East Central)
1132-B5, El, E2, E3, Fl
THE GREAT MANURE DILEMMA,
I. Centner.
The Furrow, p 1-7, September/October, 1970.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, Waste treatment.
Recycling, 'Farm wastes, Livestock.
Disposing of animal wastes cheaply and without
pollution is fast becoming one of agriculture's
knottiest problems. United Stales livestock
produce about two billion Ions of liquid and solid
wastes per year, enough to fill a square mile 10
feet high every day. Complicating the slate of
'overproduction is the development of cheap com-
•mercial fertilizer. The large differences in
livestock operations make one ultimate solutiojto
manure handling doubtful, if nol impossible. The
characteristics of manure change with the type of
animal, feed, and climate. The requirements for
practical disposal vary with the operation's .fee.
location, and amount of land available. Some
methods being developed are: feeding processed
manure to livestock, burying effluent, spreading
and deodorizing it. and selling it The animal waste
problem is likely to prove less technical than
economic. fWetherfll-East Central)
i -i TO_
1J.JJ •
F2
POLLUTION CRACKDOWN.
The Furrow, p 4. September/October, 1970.
Descriptors: 'Feed lou, 'Regulation, Waste
disposal. Recycling, 'Farm wastes, Legal aspects,
Livestock.
Cattle feeder George Reynolds was one of many
stockmen forced to move farther away from ex-.
pending city limits. Many, like lames Sinning,
have faced law suits as high as 190,000 from peo-
ple who moved next door after their feedlota had
been established. Some stockmen are working
with authorities to prevent embarrassing or costly
law suits in the future. Lawsuit tips. Locale
fcedloti away from neighbors and streams. Ag en-
gineer E. H. Davis says, Try to make friends with
your neighbor, so you understand his problems
and he understands yours.' (Wetherill-East Cen-
tral)
1134-D3, E2
FEED 'KM TRASH, CUT POLLUTION.
Beef, p 11. July. 1971.
Descriptors: Cellulose. Brush control, •Farm
wastes, 'Recycling, Proteins, "Feed lots. Texas.
Feeds.
Texas Tech researchers have devised a process
that takes paper, manure, brush, or any substance
with cellulose and converts it to protein and sugar.
The product can be used for animal feed and
possibly in the future for human consumption.
(Martroard-East Central)
1135-A2, B2
ENGINEER SAY8 FEEDERS CAN HANDLE
MOST POLLUTION CONTROL PRACTICES.
Beef, p 15. July. 1971.
Descriptors: 'Feed loci, Runoff,.•Farm waales,
Water pollution control, Nebraska.
75* of feedlol poOutioa problems can be con-
trolled by the individual. Small operators can
receive help from the Soil Conservation Service
while large operators must go to engineers to solve
the other 2i%. Nine suggestions are offered for
control of runoff. (Marquard-Easl Central)
1136-B2, B4, D3
FEEDERS BEAR WOES Of CONFINEMENT
START.
Beef, p 16-17. July, 1991.
Descriptors: Ammonia, Feed lots. Waste storage.
•Faro wastes, Oxidation, Proteins, Iowa, •Oxida-
tion lagoons, Waste water treatment. Livestock.
Problems of an oxidation ditch at Iowa State
University are described. Because the start-up
period was during the winter, ammonia foam
resulted. Later, equipment malfunctions, protein
foam, and freezing of sewage created problems.
How each problem was met, is described.
(Uarquard-Eul Central)
1L37-A4, B2, El, E2
REGISTRATION IS REQUIRED AS GOVERN-
MENT MOVES TO CONTROL WATER POLLU-
TION FROM LARGE FEEDLOTS,
J.Ricbter.
Beef, p 20. July. 1971
ifeicnptors: *Feed lots, 'Waste disposal, Farsn
wastes, Legal aspects, Water poDution control.
Identifiers: 'Registration.
As of July 1, 1771, feedloli with over 1,000 bead
must apply for permits to discharge effluents into
waterwaya. Smaller units, those that don't
discharge from a single point source, or those that
are in states of tougher control do not have to re-
gister. Agencies involved are the EPA and the
Army Corp of Engineers working with the Refuse
Act of 1199. (Marquard-East Central)
1138-A2, B2, B3, E2
BOUSED CONFINEMENT - AM ANSWER FOR
FEEDING IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA,
E.W.Manthey.
Feedlot Management, Vol 14, No 2, p 10-16.
February, 1972.* photos, I fig.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, *Waite disposal, •Farm
wiiiet, California, Confinement pens, Cattle.
Identifier!: Cow tcuet
Physical facilities are described and pictured lor a.
housed feedlol that takes advantage of northern
Cihiorois's market and fe«d supply and over-
come! the problem of the wet season. Construc-
tion time/cost are cut by new methods of casting
concrete slotted floors in place. The pit beneath
the lot is scraped continuously by a cabk driven
blade and disposed of on 160 acre fields by sprin-
kle irrigation. Rain runoff and overflow of troughs'
are piped to a pond. (Marquard East Centr-n
1139-A11
BOW WEATHER AFFECTS FEEDLOT STR.
FORHAKCE.
Feedlot Management. Vol 13, No I, D M-3t.
February. IP7I-
Descriptors: 'Mud, •Rain, 'Winds, 'PecdloU.
Farm wastes, 'Weather effects. Winter, Produc-
tivity.
Identifiers: Shelter.
Studies were made of weather factors associated
with winter as possible causes of reduced fecdlot
performance. Tells wen performed under artifi-
cially produced conditions. U lid was the most seri-
ous cause of reduced production. Rate of gain was
reduced and the amount of feed required in-
creased. Artificial areas are described and result-
ing data are given. (Fomby-Eait Ceatral)
1140-D2, E2, E3
ANOTHER POSSIBLE PROCESS FOR
MANURE.
Catf News. Vol U. No I, p 3*. lanuarv i«71.
Descriptors: Feedlota, Farm wastes. • W»«U treat-
ment, Fertilizers, Ammonia.
A theory has been developed for (be processing of
manure which could produce 1.000 ton* of am-
mocil per day from the manure deposits of aroosd
600,000 cattle. This theory proposes that ths>
manure be partially oxidized in the presence of tie
correct amount of air so that a synthetic gas ia
produced ia the correct ratios to bt used for am-
monia production. By this proceu, the manura
would be convened into an easily transported fer-
tilizer which then would go back lo the land to in-
sure high crop yields. This proceu may aha provt
an answer to the problem of cattle feedlot potte-
tion. (Anderson-Bait Central)
204
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1141-A5, All, A12, C2
NITRATES DANGER FOR HUMANS, TOO,
J. E. Gniodmu.
Mittouri Rurali«t, p J4-M, February V, 1963.
Detcripton: Feed JoU. 'Water weHt. 'Nitratei,
•iW wutet. 'MJitouri. W.ler pollution
lource..
Identifien: Nitrite cyaootit.
Nitnle contamination of well water in Mittoun
b» been recognized in recent yean. Although
tampling U incomplete tod data not totally conclu-
live; nitrale ponulion appear, to be clo«ly linked
with proximity to (eed k>U »nd Uve.tock wa.le..
.ilo drainage, manure pOei. and Kptk tank.. In-
fant, not yet con.uming wlid food, are lubject to
nitrate cyano»it from the intake of high-nitrate
water in feedlot «re»t. A high nitrate content alto
account, lor a number of maladiei in lixeitock.
Suiieitioni for combating nitrate pollution are
given. (Andenoa-Eatt Central)
1142-A7, All, A12, B2, C2,
WASTE-CAUSED AT* POLLUTANTS AM
MEASURED IN 8WINB BUILDINGS.
niinoii Univ., Urbana. Agricultural Experiment
Station.
D. L. Lebeda, and D. L. Day.
miaou Rewarch, p 1 J. Fan. 1963.
Dctcriplon: Ventilation, •Farm wulet. 'Feed
loti. Airpolhjtion, •Hoc*.
UentiTicn: ^Tolerance leveU. Gai concealrationt.
Thmhold leveU.
The practice of eouectini twine watte under par-
tally or totaDy tlotled floon hai created a need to
discover what poDutanti are produced and to
determine the tolerance leveU of the iwine to
theie potntanU. Untreated ponded twine watte.
could hypotheucaBy be expected to produce the
ume «aiet that untreated municipal watte createt
uaderanaerobic condition.. A ttady WM un-
dertaken to determine the concentration, of am-
monia hydrogen tutfide, carbon dioxide, and air-
boree bacteria, with and without forced ventiU-
tion, in twine buildinp with ftaid manure. None of
the cm. concentrabVioj approached the threshold
kvelt for human occupancy, and retearch u now
beint planned to determine the tolerance kvelt of
iwine. (Dudley-Bait Central)
1143-A6, All, A12, Bl, C2,
D2
A LOVELY NSW SCENT FOR MANURE.
Call New.. Vol9, No 10. p4. October. 197:
Deteriptorr. «Air pollution. •Sagebnuh. 'Farm
wattet. Odor, Water poDutioo control.
A method of reducing manure odor witha tage
bnitb feed additive hat been dUcovered. Thit ad-
ditive, which cautet cootinuout production of
volatile oflt in manure and urine, tecmt to improve
the health of the cattk with no detectable change
in the u.t« of the beef. Flan, for future retearch
include ipraying of feedlot. with une ou». The oiU
can be tyntheticaUy produced, but there u MI
abundance of natural tage. The product U not yet
commercially avaOableTFomby-Eart Centre!)
1144-A2, A4, A7, All, Bl
CONFINEMENT FEEDING - PROS, CONS. A1WI
TIPS.
IDinoi. Univ., urbana.
D G ledek.
Feedlot Management. Vol I). No I. p 21-23.
January,1971.
Detcripton: Runoff, Water pollution. Air pollu-
tion. Performance, •FeedloU. •Farm wattet, D-
linoit. •Confinement pen*.
Advantage, and disadvantage, of conruemenl
feeding are deKribed. A.pectt the feeder ihould
inve.tigate before beginning conrtruetion of eon-
fincmcnt building, arc ducuiied. (Fomby-Eatt
Central)
1145-E3, Fl
FEED RECYCLING SHOWING PROMISE.
Calf Newt. Vol 11. No 1. p 28-29, 52, January
1973.
DeKriplon: Feed lott. 'Farm watte.. 'Recycling.
•Feed.. Equipment, California, Feed..
Thi. i. a progreit report on the Feed Recycling
Company, a company telling equipment that take.
manure from feedlot. and convert, it into feed..
The equipment i> capable of converting a ton of
manure into .ugart. fibert, and 400 pound, of
protein Initial co.l for the unit i. $180.000 and
operating co.tt are five doll«r» a ton. The end
product i. worth thirteen cent, a pound, which
could mean return, up to $600.000 a year for
watte, from a feedlot Feeding te.U for the feed
are now being run at a California reiemrcn .ution.
(Marquard-Eatt Central)
1146-A12, B3, C2, E3
FEEDLOT WASTE UTILIZED EFFICIENTLY
BY ANIMALS.
Oklahoma State Univ.. Stillwaler.
Agriculture at OSU. Summer, 1972.1 p.
Infiltration rate, of contaminated water from
manure pond, are di«u.»d. Inf UtraUon rate, of a
dairy watte pond were meajured with imption.
water before manure water wat applied. Infihre-
tion decreated from 48 inche. per day with clean
water to 0.2 inche. per day with manure water
after 4 month.. (Lee-Eatt Central)
1149-A2, A5, B2, Fl
MANURE SLURRY IRRIGATION SVSTTM
RECEIVING LOT RUNOFF,
Tennet.ee Univ., Knoxville. DepL of Agricultural
Engineering.
J.LSewcll.
Paper preiented at 1972 Annual Meeting. Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineer., Hot
Spring., Arkanut. June 27-30,1972. Paper no. 72-
443.l3p.7fig.Iref.
DeKriptort: 'Pollution abatement. Runoff,
Groundwitet. •Sluniet. Irrigation tyitem.. •Cat-
tle, Farm wa.te., Wa.te di.poul. Management,
Feed loU
Plan, for facilitiet and .y.tem de.ign for a manure
•lurry irrigation .y.tem are pre.ented.Thii .y.tcm
conmtini of a .torage tank, chopper-agitator-
pump unit, fluth pita, irrigation pipe and a large
sprinkle performed durably in letting and offered
poiiibilitiei for improved efficiency in manure
management U created a minimum of pollution
problem.. The operational plan, and .y.lem coat.
are outlined. (Fomby-Eait Central)
Detcripton: 'Farm wattet, Sheep, 'Feed lott,
•Protein..
Identifier!: •Digeitibility.
Feedlot dry wa.te. from an open feedlot were fed
to tbeep. Though the wattet were high in digetti-
bk protein and nulricnU, a potential hazard U the
entry of toxic material, into the human food chain.
Theie tint te.U were limited and need to be re-
peated more thoroughly before any recoi
tion. will be available. (Lee-Eatt Central)
1147-A5, A8, B3, B5, E2
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR CATTLE
rt til LOTS,
Texai A and M Univ.. College Station. Dept of
J.^Sweelen. W. S. Allen, and D. L. ReddeU.
Cattle Feeder.' Information. Publication No L-
1094. (1973), 4 p.
Detcriptort: *Sobd wattet. 'Storage. •Ultimate
di.poul. Groundwater. PoUutantt, Aquifen.
•Watte water treatment. Fertilize™. 'Feed lot..
Cattk. Farm wattet.
Information it pretented for commercial cattk
feedlolt on method, and co.u of K>Ud feedlot
wa.te management; equipment .election
guideline.; and agronomic effect, of applying
feedlot manure to cropland. (Lee-Ea.t Central)
1148-A5, B2
DAIRY WASTE PONDS EFFECTIVELY SELF-
-SEALING,
Agricultural Retearch Service. Rivenide CaSf.
Sofl and Water CoaMrvatioB Reiearch Div.
S. Davit, W. Fairbank, and H. Weitheit
Paper pretented at 1972 Annual Meeting, Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineer., Hot
Spring!, Arkantat, June 77-30,1972. Paper no 72-
222,10 p. 2 tab, I fig. 10 ref.
Detcripton: Oroundwater poUutioo. Farm watut.
•Infiltmuoo rale.. •Farm Ugoooi. Sewage pood*.
•Sealing, Cattk. Dairy Induttry.
1150-B2, B3, B4, E2, Fl
OBSERVATIONS OF DAIRY MANURE HAN- .
DUNG SYSTEMS,
MinnetoU Univ., St Paul. DW "« Agncultnr«l
D.W.Bttet.
Paper pretented at 1972 Annual Meeting, Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineen. Hot
Sprinp, Afkantat. Jo»* T'-^>. I°7I. P«perNo72-
413. 3 p.
Detcriplon: *Waitc dupoaal, *Watte .torage,
•Farm wattet, Wa.te treatment, Cattk. Dairy tn-
Idenlifien: Stall barn. Stacking tyitem. Bedding.
Solid alkyt. Slatted alkyt. Liquid manure
tyttenu.
Becaiuc of the need to reduce labor in handbag
manure, the cott of bedding, and regulationt deal-
ing with the handling and diipotUkm of animal
manure old manure diapotal method, are being.
replaced by new. Varion. tyilemt f or the d«fly
hauling win depend tomewhat on whether the
farmer hat a ttaO barn or f ree-itaD bam. Slatted or
•olid alley., antomatk tcrapen. and a new manure
pump which force, manure from a collection point
in the barn through n pipe to an external manure
pit for ttorage and later removal are ductuied.
Storage capacity it an important facet for
dairymen, particularly in the colder region, of the
country. Advantage! of figuring construction cotta
prior to building,, and ditadvantage. of 'adding on
are ditcutied lbudky-Ea»t Central)
1151-All, Bl
IMPROVED BEEF CONFINEMENT FACTLI-
TIES THROUGH PIT VENTILATION AND
TEMPERED AIR INTAKES,
Northern State. Power Co.. Minneapoht, Minn.
M.Nabben. , .
Paper prewnted at 1972 Annual Meeting. Amer
ican Society of Agricultural Engineen. Hot
Spring.. Arkantt.. June 27-30. 1J72, Paper No.
72-449.7 p.
Detcripton: 'Ventilation, 'Farm watte..
•Virutet, Animal dueatet. Cattk.
Identifier.: Fogging. Velometer te.t.
205
-------
The high incidence of virus pneumonia in animals
with cough problems in a feeder beef cattle herd
prompted the owner and veterinarian to teek the
cause and solution. They believed that the ventila-
tion system (which is described in detail) wai the
main factor causinf Qlness. The air flow patterns
in the building were rearranged; exhaust fans were
installed to remove gases created in the liquid
manure pit; and electric beaters were installed in
every fresh air intake to eliminate fogging. Before
these changes were made, there was a 10% death
loss of cattle and frequent visits were made by the
veterinarian. After the changes were made (during
the 1971-72 winter), there were no deaths™
veterinarian trips. (Dudley-East Central)
1152-A12, Bl, B2, D3
PERFORMANCE OF BEEF ANIMALS AH a»
FECTED BY CROWDWC AND THRBMA7 »N~
VTRnVMVKrr v\imC^A *"** lUfiKMAL Efl«
raONMENT DURING A FALL-WINTER
Fryrea:
' A *• Butchbaker. and J. L
Identifier,: Crowding, Slotted ftooV,. Weight,™
sumption or 3 ™ ?roucon «"<» t«* con-
ute ta *• Southwe'L
1153-A11, Dl, F6
MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF ENERGY
METABOLISM IN BEEF ANIMALS,
Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater.
M. D. Paine, J. A. Witz. A. F. Butchbaker, C. M.
Bacon, and I. E. McCroskey.
Paper presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineers. Hot
Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30. 1972, Paper No.
72 510,25 p. 8 Eg. 2 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Mathematical models,
•Energy. Systems analysis, Farm wattes, Cattle,
•Animal metabolism.
Identifiers: Bioeocrgetici.
A mathematical model is presented that deter-
mines the amount of energy gained and lost in a
feedlot situation by using a systems approach.
Validation of the complete modelindkated that
more experience with model parameters wQl be
necessary. However, the model did show potential
for making valid estimates of animal growth and
feed consumption. Possible applications of the
model are demonstrated and discussed. Figures
and tables list feedkx variables considered and
predictions vi. experimental data in determining
the validity of this mathematical model.
(Marquard-Esst Central)
1154-A11, Bl
WINTER AND SUMMER SHELTER FOR BEEF
CATTLE IN LOUISIANA.
Louisiana State Univ.. Alexandria. Dean Lee
Agricultural Center.
J. Pontjf, W. A. Nipper, A. F. Loyacano, and H. J.
Braud.
Paper presented at 1972 Annual Meeting. Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot
Springs. Arkansas, June 27.30.1972. Paper No 72-
425.23 p, 6 fig, 7 lab. ore*.
Descriptors: 'Feed lota, •Farm wastes, •Loui-
siana, Windbreaks, •CHmatei, Cattle, FeeifloU.
Identifiers: Shelters, Fans.
The purpose was to learn what advantage in
feedlot performance of fattening cattle could be
attributed to winter shelter and summer shade and
fans under Louisiana feedlot conditioni. Experi-
mental procedures are detailed. Findings are re-
ported in figures and tables. It was found that (1)
winter roofs did not improve gain, (2) windbreaks
were detrimental to daily gains because they
prevented drying of wet floors, (J) fans did not in-
crease gaipt, and (4) summer shades were most
beneficial in promoting, gains. (Marqu*rd-East
Central)
1155-A11, F6
THE FATE OF SOLUBLE MUCHIN IN THE
CASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF SHEEP,
Cambridge Univ. (England). Dept. of Veterinary
Clinical Studies.
J. F. Hecker.
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol 80, p 63-69,
I973.4tab,40ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Sheep, Enzymes,
Hydrolysis.
Identifiers: 'Soluble mucins, 'T.C.A.-soluble mu-
cin, Rumen liquor. Caeca! liquor, Faecal liquor,
Gaslrc-inteitiiuvl tracts, Fucose, Rhamnose, Hex-
ose. Methyl pentose, Histology.
The fate of soluble mucins in the gastro-intestinal
tract of sheep was determined. Incubation of a
soluble mucin with liquor from large intestinal
contents resulted in loss of mucin. Some of this
loss was due to soluble enzymes. 'The loss of
mucin was less when incubation was with rumen
liquor and varialbe when with ilea) liquor. The
mean amounts of nitrogen in a soluble mucin frac-
tion which was soluble in trichloroacetic acid
(T.C.A.-tolublc mucin) were 2.5, 7.3, and 20.0 mg
per 100 ml in rumen, caecal and faecal liquors
respectively. Tbcie amounts were only a small
proportion of the total soluble nitrogen in these
fluids. Amounts of T.C.A.-soluble mucin, mea-
sured by sugar content, were greatest in contents
from the small intestine. When the amounts of
T.C-A.-soluble mucin were compared with the
amount* of Ugnin in the samples, there was an in-
crease between the atxunasum and the first part of
the small intestine and than a decrease to the
caecu. Amounts relative to Ugnin were low in other
parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. The liquors was
in ileal liquor. The presence of the methyl pen-
loses, fucose and rhamnose indicates that the
T.C.A.-soluble mucin is derived from mucus and
bacteria. (East-Central)
1156-B3, B4, Cl, C2
SEEPAGE LOSSES AND FERTILIZER PRESER-
VATION IN MANURE STACKING PRACTICE,
Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering.
T. S. Hsu. C. O. Cramer, and J. C. Converse.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
Paper No. 72-442,1972.23p, Slab, II fig., 15 ref.
Descriptors •Seepage, 'Farm wattes, Cattle
•Solid wastes, Organic matter, 'Nutrients'
Nitrogen, Physical properties. Chemical proper-'
ties. Volatility, Degradation (Decomposition)
Dairy, 'Waste disposal. 'Waste storage. Wiscon-
sin, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical ox-
ygen demand.
Identifiers: 'Manure stacking. Bedding. Steam
distillation method.
A model study pf manure stacking using a 3i3 fac-
torial design with two replicates was conducted to
determine the effect of type and amount of
bedding on seepage losses, manure degradation
and volumes. Corn stalks and oat straw were util-
ized in the experiment at 3 levels: (1) the control
(no bedding), (2) the addition of 1.5 Ib. of bedding
material per 60 Ib of fresh manure, and (3) the ad-
dition of 3.0 Ib. of bedding material per 60 Ib. of
fresh manure. The following conclusions were
reached: the addition of bedding material to fresh
manure decreases the losses of organic matter
solids, and nutrients in the seepage from the'
manure stacks; com stalks significantly reduce the
losses of seepage and nitrogen, COD, BOD, and
solids in the seepage while oat straw does not; a
high percentage of organic matter, nutrients and
solids are preserved in the stacks; and higher
quantities of BOD5, COD, solids, and nutrients
were lost in the seepage from the stacks with a
lower level of treatment before the freezing period
and immediately after the spring thaw. Experimen-
tal procedures and results are outlined (Dud lev
East Central)
CANADA ANIMAL WASTE MANAGE-
MENT GUIDE,
Canada Committee on Agricultural Eniiineerin.
Canada Animal Waste Management GiSae?c2nl
da Animal Waste Management Guide CominU
*" «".£?er,..the »uUlortty <" Canada
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Livestock 'Prodi,..
~-
Current Canadian practices which provide nm
sonable approaches to handling aiumal w.rti"
u7n« t£T.''dd *"" particul" "mphas?,"™
Efe H ? " ' '"^""S Wem Detailed :
information is given for (1) manure manage-
rnent, (2) utilization of manure In crop
duction, (3) (ite selection, zoning and
construction of manure h.noZJ* ."?e
(4) processing of animal waste? ndcVaM u.
Islatlnn on animal wast* manlgernen, f,^ ?'.'*£
province and addresses o( .q
1158- A2, B2, B3, E2
T° MOVE 'EM OR CAN YOU
trvice-
. Nebr.
Nebraska Farmer, p 13. 15. February 3. 1973. ,
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. Runoff
By using help from government agencies it i.
possible to control runoff from feed tou which
previously might have had to relocate A, M „
ample, the Soil Conservation Served ^3'
206
-------
lural engineers developed a dike system for a
problem feedlot on the banks of a stream. The dike
prevents runoff and floods and provides weather
1 protection for the cattle. A basin collects the ru-
noff which is then pumped into a sump and then
the water is disposed of by irrigation. The solids
are spread across the top and slopes of broad-
basin terraces or mounded in the feedlot.
(Marquard-East Central)
1159-B2, B3, B4, D3, E2
METHODS OF SWINE MANURE DISPOSAL,
Illinois Univ., Urbana.
A. J. Muehling.
In: Oregon State University, Corvalh's, Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Special Report 316, p
10-13, December 1970.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Management,
•Waste disposal, 'Hogs. Lagoons, Irrigation,
Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Solid floors with bedding. Slotted
floors.
Due to new anti-pollution laws, swine producers
are compelled to plan ahead before enlarging or
building new facilities for their swine. Guidelines
for planning such facilities are accompanied by
descriptions of the following manure handling
systems: (1) solid floors with bedding - store and
haul, (2) slotted floors - store and haul. (3) slotted
floors - combination of lagoon and hauling. (4)
slotted floors - oxidation ditch-lagoon, (5) flushing
gutter-lagoon-imgation. (Dudley-East Central)
1160-A2, Cl, C2, F6
CHARACTERISTICS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
SURFACE RUNOFF,
J C Ward,E.M.Jex.andT.E.Norton.
Typescript, (1970), 4 p, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, •Surface runoff. Dis-
solved solids. Biochemical oxygen demand, 'Cat-
tle, Conductivity, Hydrogen ion concentration.
Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: Volatile solids, Van'l Hoff-Arrhenius
relationship, Onsager equation.
This study has two parts: (I) the complete mixing
of cattle manure with distilled water to obtain
characteristics of the manure, and (2) examination
of surface runoff samples from cattle feedlols in
order to ascertain their characteristics as a func-
tion of several hydrologjc variables. In part I, the
supernatant from samples was examined for con-
ductivity, pH, dissolved solids, volatile solids, and
BOD. In part 2. a simulated rainfall apparatus was
utilized to obtain runoff samples. These samples
were analyzed on the spot and in the laboratory for
ultimate BOD, conductivity, alkalinity, settleable
suspended solids, volatile solids, and dissolved
tolids. (Dudley-East Central)
1161-A11, B2
COMMON MISUNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT
HEATED DISCHARGES,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Southeast Region, Atlanta, Ga.
C B. WurU.
In CLEAN WATER FOR THE NATTON-S
ESTUARIES, Transcript of Public Meeting, Biloxi,
Mississippi, January 17,1968,p 4.
The author describes five common misunderst-
nadings about the effects of healed discharges on
aquatic life. These misunderstandings relate to the
belief that an increase in water temperature will:
(1) Cause a reduction in the capacity of the water
to retain dissolved oxygen. (2) Cause a deteriora-
tion in the 'quality' of the biological community.
i.e., less desirable species of organisms will replace
more desirable species. This is usually argued as an
increase of only two or three degrees without any
scale being mentioned. (3) Cause fish to spawn
earlier, and at a time when suitable food organisms
for survival of the young stages will not be present
(4) Change metabolic rates to the extent that in-
dividual organisms will be living under conditions
of physiological stress, and thus be vulnerable to
adverse conditions they may have otherwise re-
sisted. (5) Cause an increase in the numbers of
predators, .parasites, and/or pathogens, and thus
cause significant deterioration of a fisheries
resource or create a public health hazard.
1162-A8, C2, E2
PERSISTENCE OF MANURE PHOSPHORUS
AVAILABILITY IN CALCAREOUS SOIL,
Arizona Univ., Tuscon. Dept. of Soils, Water and
Engineering.
I. L. Abbott, and T. C. Tucker.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol
37, No 1. p 60-63, January-February. 1973.1 fig. 5
tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertility, 'Waste disposal,
•Phosphorus, Nitrogen. 'Calcareous soils, Cot-
ton, Barley, Alfalfa, Arizona, Cycling nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Plant nutrition, Pollution control.
The contribution of P from manure to Calcareous
soils was studied on a Mohave clay loam. Manure
treatments involved different amounts and
frequency of manure application, and were split
with nitrogen variables of 0, 84. and 168 kg/ha.
Total P content of manures ranged from 3-5 kg per
metric ton during the course of study. The results
indicated that manure is an effective source of P as
illustrated by the increased P content of cotton.
barley, and alfalfa tissue as well as soil analysis.
Manuring at 2 or 3 year intervals at 22 metric
tons/ha assures adequate P availability, while P
availability from phosphate fertilizers may be
negligible over the same period. (Marquard-East
Central)
1164-A11, A12, C3
SALMONELLA IN THE LAVING HEN. I. SAL-
MONELLA RECOVERY FROM VISCERA,
FECES AND EGGS FOLLOWING ORAL IN-
OCULATION,
Louisiana State Univ.. Baton Rouge. Dept. of
Poultry Science.
N. A. Cox, B. H. Davis, A. B. Walti, and A. R.
Colmer.
Poultry Science, Vol 51, No 2, p 661-666, March.
1973, 3 tab. 21 ref.
Descriptor*: 'Salmonella, "Farm wastes.^
•Poultry, Bacteria, Diseases, Analysis, Tissues,
•Contamination, Eggs.
Identifiers: Inoculation, Seftenberg, Thompson,
Typhimurium.
A study was made to determine the fate of Sal-'
monella organisms after ingestion by the laying
hen. Three species of Salmonella were used, i.e.,
senftenberg, thompson and typhimurium. Approx-
imately one million cells of each species were in-
troduced into the crop of 12 White Leghorn type
laying hens for 10 days. The trials involving each
species were carried out consecutively with
thorough disinfection of equipment between trials.
From each hen, feces and eggs were analyzed
daily for Salmonella for the 10 day period. At the
end of the 10 day trial a sample of blood was
drawn from each hen for Salmonella analysis. In
addition, the hens were slaughtered and a sample
of the ovaries, kidneys, heart, liver and lungs was
aseptically removed for analysis. Approximately
25% of the fecal samples contained the species of
Salmonella under study. The percentage of posi-
tive recoveries from egg shells was less than 10%
for all three species studied. Among the egg con
tents examined for all three species, only one egf
yielded a positive recovery. All tissue samples
were negative. It was concluded that there was no
contamination of body tissues even after continu-
ous ingestion of Urge doses of Salmonella organ-
isms. Neither was there a problem of egg meat
contamination among intact eggs. (East Central)
1165-A9, A10, All, Bl
FLY CONTROL AND CHROOTC TOWCTTY
rcED1NC
1163-B3, C2, D3, E3
ACTIVATED SLUDGE AS A SOURCE Or
PROTEIN, . , _
Iow» State Univ.. Ames. Dept. of Chemical En-
gineering.
A. S. Al-Zakri, and A. L. Frey.
Paper No. 72-581, presented at 1972 Winter Meet-
ing, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
Chicago, Illinois. December 11-15, 1972. 18 p, 3
tab., 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Activated sludge. Bacteria,
•Proteins, Amino acids, Nitrogen, Iowa, 'Sewage
treatment, Freezethaw tests. 'Extraction, E. coli.
Recycling, 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Bacillus megaterium, Biuret reaction.
Activated sludge from a municipal sewage treat-
ment plant was extremely high in protein content
A clear solution obtained from settled activated
sludge was frozen and then dried in an oven to
Descriptors: 'Hydroelectric plants. 'Heated water. >*" • '.»«<» containing by weight 16.25%; ""roge^
•Ecology'Aquatic animals. 'Thermal pollution, A purified protein form was denved through_a
»T-™"°{. D.ikn.,.;r *.„*,.,;. Pk«iMo.i^,l complicated extracting process. This protein com-
pared favorably with whole cow's milk in ammo
acid contents. Extraction methods involved are
expensive, but another technique, treatment for
bacterial breakdown as required with recycling to
animals, is promising. (Frantz-East Central)
Predation, Pathogenic bacteria. Physiological
ecology. Animal metabolism. Animal parasites,
Water quality. Bacteria, Electric powerplanu, En-
gineering structures, Industrial plants, Structures,
Powerplants, Afterbays. Spawning. Wildlife, Dis-
solved oxygen, Fish, Animals, Aquatic life. Food
chains. Water types. Fisheries, Public health,
Microorganisms, Plants.
turc.
M. Sherman, andR.B.Hemck. _._„„.,
Poultry Science. Vol 52. No 2, p 741-747. March,
1973, 3 tab, 3 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Pesticide toxicity, 'Farm wastes.
•Poultry, Larvae, Feeds, Additives.
Identifiers: Dursban. 'Fly control
The effects of administering technical Durban at
concentration of 25, 50, and 200 ppm in the feedof
laying hens were studied over a 52 week penod.
The estimated mean daily intake of Dursban was
r4. 5.12, and 20.44 mg. per hen for those receiv-
ing 25. 50, and 200 ppm, respectively. Duncan at
50 ppm resulted in excellent control of Urvac of
Mu.cTdome.tica L.. Fannia pusio (Wiedemann),
Chr^omya megacephal. (F.). and BoeUcbensc,
pVregrin. (Robineau-Desvoidy) but only moderate
control of Parasarcophaga ."By1011"™;
(Robineau-Desvoidy). No hen mortality occurred
that could be attributed to the insecucidal treat-
Sent. There was a direct relationship between
Dursban concentration and blood plasma
choline.ter.se inhibition. However, overall feed
consumption, body weight, egg production, feed
efficiency, egg weight, interior egg quality, and
shell thickness were normal. Eggs from treated
hens had no detectable off-flavors or off-odors.
(East Central)
207
-------
1166-A5, A8, C2, E2,
HOW MUCH MANURE PER ACHE.
E. D.
F2 were easily applied to adjacent cropland. The
researchers recommended the use of fifly gallons
c.. u. nuuciauii. of water per cow each day and Ihc partial cmpty-
The Farm Quarterly. Vol 27, No 5, p 44-45, Fall, ing of wasle ponds every four lo six months.
1972. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
Hogj, Cattle, •Cycling nutrients. •Fertilizers,
Groundwatcr pollution, 'Legal aspects. Nitrates,
Productivity, Potassium, Phosphorus, Regulation,
Toxicity.
The laws of many slates reflect concern over the
harmful effects of manure on soil and water
Specific regulations for Kansas, Missouri, and In-
diana are discussed. Concern is also reflected in
university studies. One study was conducted at
Michigan State University to determine a feasible
rate of manure application. Manure applications at
rates of 10, 20, and 30 tons per acre were made an-
nually from 1963 to 1971 to Conover-Hodunlc loam
and Metea «andy loam. Soil samples »ere taken,
corn yields were recorded, and mineral analyses of
the com were made. The optimum rate for apply-
ing manure to sandy loam was 10 tons per acre.
Higher rates posed the hazard of nitrate con-
tamination of ground water and buildup of availa-
ble nitrogen and potassium. (Dudley-East Central)
1167-B1, F4
MANAGEMENT
Ohio State Univ.. Columbus.
E. P. Taiganides.
In: Frontiers in Conservation. Proceedings, 24th
Annual Meeting, Soil Conservation Society of
America, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
August 10-13. 19«9.p 90-92, (1969) 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Pollution 'Waste
disposal, Subsidy, Chemicals, Confinement pens.
•Municipal wastes, 'Management.
Identifiers: Urban-rural interface.
Our nation's fundamental problems arc poverty,
pollution, population, and politics. It is necessary
lo have integrated and coordinated management of
resources at the urban-rural interface to prevent
environmental pollution. Although particular at-
tention is given to waste management from animal
confinement units, all production systems create
waste. Regardless of the source-urban or rural- all
of these wastes are either organic or inorganic and
either solid or liquid. The wastes from all rural and
urban areas must be considered as a regional
problem whose solution will need the cooperation
of the agricultural, industrial, urban, and other
political sectors of the nation. A need exists to
demonstrate the benefits of cooperation between
the rural and urban sectors with an integrated re-
gional scheme of using agricultural soils and non-
productive rural land for waste disposal. (Dudley-
East Central)
1168-A2, A5, B2, B4, E2
CALD70RNIA WASTE PONDS ARE PASSING
THE TEST,
M. L. Elam.
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol 118. No 5, p 311 362
March 10, 1973, 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation storage ponds, Leaching.
Effluent, Nitrates, Salts, Leakage, Pump,
Recycling, Dairy industry. 'California, 'Waste
water (Irrigation). Fertilizers. 'Farm wastes.
Three California researchers have supported
waste ponds as safe and legal means by which
dairymen may eliminate waste drainage problems.
It is doubtful if the use of waste ponds harms other
water supplies. They have little odor and insect
production, may be minimized. In a wide variety
of soils tested, seepage and transfer of nitrogen
and salts into soil were not problems. Farm wastes
(Frantz-East Central)
1169-A4, A5, A8, C2, E2
CROP YIELDS 'FROM LAND RECEIV-
ING LARGE MANURE APPLICA-
TIONS,
Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas,
and Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, El
Paso, Texas, and Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station, Pecos, Texas, respectively.
D, L. Reddell, P. J. Lyerly, and J. J. Hefner,
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-15, 1972, 14 p.. Paper No.
72-860, 7 tab,. 2 fig., 9 re'.
Descriptors: 'Application methods, 'Cultivation,
•Crop yiejd. Nitrates, Forage, Salinity, •Farm
wastes. Cattle, 'Waste disposal, Texas, Ground
water. Irrigation. Aquifer, •Fertilizers, Moisture
content. Nutrients.
The objectives were lo evaluate the pollution
and crop growth due to deep plowing large
amounts of beet manure. Two problems faced
by feed lot operators have been finding suf-
ficient land on which to use large quantities
of feed lot waste and contending with the ex-
cessive salinity of such waste. Three locations
with Hoban sllty clay loam, and Vinton fine
sandy loam were used and graduated amounts
of watte up to 900 tons per acre were applied
at depths of 14 to 36 Inches. Rates of applica-
tion and nitrate content! of crops yielded are
recorded. Results of the study show peak yield
and nitrate composition of crops to be on those
acres with 25 and 50 tons of farm waste.
However, In all locations researcher! found
that tcres with 900 tons per acre yielded more
than the check plot (0 tons per acre) and that
those most heavily laden plots presented no
major surface water pollution problem. (France -
East Central).
1170-A5, A8, B2, C2, E2
POLLUTION LOADS IN PERCOLATE WATER
FROM SURFACE SPREAD SWINE WASTES
Maryland Univ., College Park. Dept. of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
H. L. Brodie. Water Resources Research
Center, University of Maryland, College Park,
Technical Report No. 13. October 1972. 25 p, 1 fig,
6 tab. 21 ref. OWRR A-OI9-MO (I).
Descriptors: 'Groundwalcr pollution, 'Farm
wastes, 'Hogs. 'Percolation. 'Flood irrigation.
•Waste disposal, Nitrogen, Chemical oxygen de-
mand, Phosphates, Chlorides, Sulfates. Maryland.
The effectiveness of the soil as a receptor for the
concentrations of nutrients and organics in
periodic high rate flood applications of liquid
•wine wastes was investigated. A lyumcter was
used for collecting toil percolate waters after flood
application of liquid waste or Up water and after
rainfall in order to lest the soil as a high-rale physi-
cal and biological filter for liquid swine wastes.
Samples of the saturated flow were removed at
depths of 25. 50, and 75 centimeters in.the profile
and tested for concentrations of chemical oxygen
demand, ammonium nitrogen, chloride, total
phosphate, and sulfate. The concentrations were
compared with the concentrations of the applied
liquid to determine net decrease of concentration
through the soil profile. Results indicated that
flood irrigation can lead to groundwater pollution.
(Marquard-East Central)
1171-D2, E3
MOKFORT LOOKS AT TREATED MANURE
FOR TILE AND PLASTIC.
Calf News. Vol 10. No 8, p 4, August. 1972.
Descriptors: Feed lots. Plastics, 'Tiles. Insulation,
•Farm wastes, 'Recycling, Waste disposal'
•Waste treatment. 'Ohio.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis, Building materials.
Because future laws may restrict land application
of feedlol manure, one feedlot has decided to use
its wastes in a pyrolysis process lo manufacture
tile. While this will be the first commercial field
test, laboratory results show that Ihc product is su-
perior lo conventional tile. By using different pro-
portions of manure and ground glass most building
materials or insulation can be made. (Marquard-
East Central)
FEED
1172-B2, C2, D3, E3
OXIDATION DITCH IS CATTLE
SOURCE.
Beef, Vol 8, No 2, p 24, October. 1971.
Descriptors: Oxidation lagoons, 'Feeds, 'Ef-
fluent, Cattle, Aerobic bacteria. Proteins, 'Waste
treatment, 'Recycling, Iowa.
Effluent from an oxidation ditch was used as a
feed source. A feed acceptance test found that
animals on the effluent ration consumed signifi-
cantly more feed. The United States Department
of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administra-
tion found the carcasses acceptable but warned
that further lests must be run before commercial
operators can use the effluent as a feed source.
One limiting factor has been the protein level-
regular feed rations contain under 20% protein
while Ihis effluent contains 46.8% protein
(Marquard-East Central)
1173-A6, B2, B3, B5, C2,
D2
NEW ODOR CONTROL PROJECT.
Calf News. Vol 10, No 7. p 22, July, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Odor, Waste disposal, 'Feed lots
•Lagoons. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Potas-
sium. Ash. Cattle, 'Farm wastes, 'Air pollution
•Waste treatment, 'Oklahoma.
A new product to control odor and reduce manure
volume from feedlots is now being produced by
RAD Limited. Inc., of Yale, Oklahoma. The
product works on dead organic matter only; and in
treated lagoons, no odor gases are produced. On
the feedlots. dry solids are decomposed to
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and ash. Further
tests will determine the proper amounts to be used
to prevent a cracking problem which is now en-
countered in the lagoons. (Marquard-East Central)
1174-B2, Dl, E2, Fl
LIQUID WASTE SEEPS FROM ONE BASIN TO
ANOTHER.
Feedlot Management, Vol 13, No 6, p 56-57 June
1971.
Descriptors: Aquifer, Cattle, 'Farm wastes. Feed
lots, Fertilizers, Irrigation systems, 'Settling
basins, 'Lagoons, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste
disposal, 'Water pollution control, Nebraska.
In the waste handling system manure solids and
liquids go into a 'debris basin' where solids settle
to the bottom. The liquid passes through a rock-
filled retaining wall, seeps through a median strip
to the 'blackwater basin,' and is pumped back up
hill onto land. It is then channeled through irriga-
tion outlets to surrounding croplands where it
seeps into the ground, gives up its plant food
nutrients, goes to an underground aquifer, and
eventually deposits pollution-free water into the
Missouri River. Total cost of the feedlot. including
the $400 per acre cost of the pollution control
system (built with farm labor and equipment most
farmers have available) amounted to $27,000-527
per animal. (Hisle-Easl Central)
208
-------
1175-A2,A4,A5,A_6,A10,F2
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL,
MonUru Sute Depl. of Heilth, Heleni. Div. or
EnvironmenUl SiniUtion.
C. W. Brinck.
In: Montana Agriculture - Focui on Improving ihe
Environment, (Proceedings), College of Great
Falls. December 3-4,1970. p4I-4J. (1970).
Descriptors: 'Water Uw, •Regulation, •Permits,
•Feed loti, WnU disposal. Waste trettment.
Water pollution control, Cattle, 'Monuna.
Montana water pollution laws are traced from 1907
through the 1970 regulation attempt to require
feedlot location permits by 1973. Permit* are to be
iitued OD the batit of proximity of the feedlot to
iti neighbor!, the possibility of odors being carried
toward urban areai, fly problem, prevention of
drainage to streami, the pollution of underground
water and the potential for good feedlot main'
tenance. Penniti will be required for all new con-
struction. For existing feedlou, it is proposed that
a permit be required for any feedlot located closer
than one mile to the boundary of an incorporated
city or town within one year after passage of the
regulation. (Hisle-East Central)
1176-A5, A8, Bl, C2, E2
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL,
'Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
New Haven Dept of Soil and Water.
C R Frink.
Compost Science, p 14-15. November-December.
7ref.
Descriptor*: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal.
Water pollution. Nitrates. Nutrients, Sewage
treatment, •Fertilizer*. 'Farm practices.
Recent data ihow that manure applied to field
crops does not improve yields enough to offset the
cost of hauling and spreading. Alternatives are (1)
stop producing manure. (2) hide it on the 'back for-
ty ' or (3) place it in a sewage treatment plant.
These are not acceptable because we^ need the
food produced by the animals, 'hiding it' may con-
taminate drinking water, and sewage treatment is
too expensive. With alternative method* ex-
hausted, the data must be re-examined for applica-
tion of manure to field crops. Studies Indicate that
unproved agronomic practices will increase the ef-
ficiency of nitrogen utilization and reduce the total
nitrogen imparted on the farm. It is alto suggested
that when feasible, animal wastes be applied to
forest lands. (Marquard-East Central)
1177-A2,A8,B2,B3,C2,E2
DISPOSAL Of BEEP FEEDLOT WASTES ONTO
CROPLAND, .
Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. D«pt.-of Agricul-
tural Engineering.
H L Manges, L. S. Murphy, and E. H. Goering.
Paper No. 72-961, presented at 1972 Winter Meet-
ing American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
Chicago. Illinois, December 11-15, 1972, 12 p, 5
fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal, Cat-
tle 'Feed lots, Runoff, 'Rates of application, 'Ir-
rigation, Corn (Field), Soil properties, Nitrogen.
Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Salinity.
Identifiers: Greensberg sflty clay loam. Plant
population. Forage yields.
A series of field plots were established to deter-
mine the influence of waste loading rates on com
forage yield and on soil properties. Separate field
plots of Greensberg silly clay loam soil were
established for disposal of runoff and manure. Ru-
noff was applied to the land during the irrigation
season; manure was spread after com harvest and
plowed under to a depth of 12 inches. Corn was
surface planted on these plots with no pre-irriga-
lion. Herbicides were used to control weeds, and
irrigation water (from a well) supplemented runoff
treatments and provided adequate moisture for the
manure plots. The plants were counted to evaluate
effects of treatments on population; the forage
wn weighed when ready for ensiling; and soil
samples were taken at a depth of 10 feel, with ad-
lilional samples at 3 feet in the manure plots, prior
to corn planting, to assess decomposition of the
manure. Conclusions were that com plant popula-
tion decreases linerily with increasing accumu-
lated feedlot waste loadings; annual application of
10 inches of feedlot runoff gave maximum com
forage yields: and land disposal of feedlot wastes
can lead to *aline soil conditions and high nitrate-
nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile. (Hisle-
East Central)
1178-A6,A7,A11,A12,B2,
BA,D3
ODOR CONTROL MAY BE A BIG CONCERN,
Wisconsin Univ., Madison.
J. C. Converse.
Hoard's Dairyman. Vol 118, No 13, p 819, July 10,
1973.
U.S. Patent No 3.744,637, 5 p, 2 fig, 7 re(; Official
Gazette of the United Stales Patent Office, Vol
912. No 2. p 550. July 10.1973.
Descriptors: 'Patents, Equipment, 'Aeration,
Separation techniques, 'Waste water treatment.
Water pollution control. Pollution abatement,
Water quality control, • Baffles.
Identifiers: Clarification.
A waste treatment tank has a baffle dividing it into
an aeration and a clarification section. Air flow is
introduced into the tank at the bottom of the baffle
in the aeration section and at the top of the baffle
in the clarification section. Aeration section air
flow creates a circulatory mixture flow upward
along the lower wall surface of the baffle. Air in-
troduced into the clarification section skims
sewage solids from that section and forces solids
into the aeration tank section. (Sinha-OEIS)
1179-A2,B2,B4,D1,E2,F1
THE PRICE TAG TO STOP FEEDLOT RUN-
•OFF,
Beef. Vol 8. No 8, p 6-7. April, 1972,4 Ub.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Feed lots. Settling tpsins. Lagoons, Irrigation,
Nutrients, Runoff, Diversion structure). Terraces
(Agricultural), Missouri. 'Installation costs.
•Operating costs, Cattle.
A Missouri engineer calculates the cost of a
system to prevent feedlot run-off at $1,000 to
S3,500 plus $300 to S600 yearly operation costs.
His system consists of a diversion terrace to catch
run-off, a settling basin to eliminate most solid
waste in run-off, and a lagoon to hold runoff
water. Irrigation equipment to pump run-off to ad-
jacent farmland is included in the cost. Pumping
rates vary and liquid may be distributed by gated
pipe, hand carried sprinklers, or traveling Big Gun
systems. The lagoon, ranging from 110,000 cubic
feet upward, require* an earthen dam. Costs on all
aspects of Ihe system have been itemized in tables •
according to capacity lot sized from 200 to 1,200
head. (Frantz-East Central)
1180-A2,A5,A8,B2,B4,D3,E2
Fl
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY,
Texas Tech Univ., Lubboek. Water Resource*
D. M. Wells, E. A. Cokman, W. Grub, R. C.
Alhin.andG.F.Meenaghan.
Interim Report No. 1 to Texas Water Quality
Board, November, 1969.34 p, 6 fig, 11 Ub.
Descriptor*: 'Cattle, 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes
•Waste disposal, 'Waste treatment. Runoff,
Precipitation. Water pollution. Irrigation. Percola
lion. Waste storage. Ponds, Management.
Biochemical oxygen demand. Nitrogen. Aerobic
treatment. Anaerobic digestion. Field crops. Ger-
mination. Texas, Cattle.
Identifiers: Flushing.
Alternative feedlot manaiement and waste
disposal systems were evaluated and agronomic
studies were conducted for ihe economic utiliza-
tion or treatment of feedlot wastes. Both dirt and
concrete-surfaced feedlols were used in a conven-
tional manner. It was tentatively concluded that
conventional aerobic treatment processes are not
economically feasible solutions to the problem of
treatment and disposal of cattle feedlot runoff
resulting from natural precipitation; that runoff
from feedlots operated in a conventional manner i*
not suitable for direct application as irrigation on
most field crops. thai anaerobic Ireatmenl
processes offer the best hope for treatment of
feedlot runoff; and that storage of feedlot runoff
in unlined ponds and treatment and disposal of
feedlot runoff on agricultural lands may pose a
hazard to groundwater pollution. Recommenda-
tions were that further study be given to the possi-
bility of changing feedlot practices to provide for
daily flushing and treatment by conventional
means; that the agronomic studies be continued lo
determine safe rates of application and safe dUu-
tion factors for selected crops; and that the infil-
tration studies be continued and expanded to in-
clude the analyses of cores laken in the vicinity of
storage ponds and the construction and operation
1181-A4, B2, E3
SALMON THAT NEED NEVER SEE THE SEA,
Rhode Island Univ., Kingston.
T. L. Meade.
The American Fish Farmer, Vol 4, No 5, p 9-10,
April, 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recirculated waler, 'Salmon,
Rhode Island.
Identifiers: 'Controlled environment, "Toxic
wastes, Denitrification column.
A system capable of raising salmon in a controlled
environment was developed. Salmon were cul-
tured in this controlled environment from incuba-
tion of eggs through the grow-out phase. This
facility is outdoors and consists of four insulated
silo-like tanks, 5 feet in diameter and 12 feet high.
These tanks provide two separate culture units,
each consisting of two tanks and associated
biological filters, pumps, refrigeration, heating,
and oxygen units. The system is essentially closed
with continuous reuse of the water until the buil-
dup of nitrate nears an unacceptable level. The
results of these studies have seen incorporated in
the design of a denitrification column which, when
placed in operation, should eliminate the need to
discharge water from Ihe system. (Hisle-East Cen-
tral)
1182-C2, C3, D2, E3
BACTERIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES FOR
ANALYZING WET AND DRIED POULTRY
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Dept. of
Poultry Science.
H. C.Zindel, T.S.Chang, and G.R. Carter.
Journal Article No. 5928, Michigan Agricultural
Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, Michigan Sute University,
East Lansing, 1972,4 p, 2 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes, 'Dehydration.
•Poultry. 'Bacteria, • -Chemical analysis.
Recycling' Incubation. Michigan.
The accurate analysis of feces, both wet and dry,
for chemical and bacteriological content is impor-
tant since animal feces is a raw product which has
209
-------
great potential if properly lathered, processed and
utilized. When Michigan SUte Univenity begin a
dehydration proceti several yean ago, il obtained
bacteria count and identification at well ai chemi-
cal analysis for both wet and dry fecal samples.
Tbe bacteria present in the fecei after the drying
process were identified and recorded. Some bac-
teria were present alter the drying proccn, but
they were not thought to be tignificant because
moat of them were normal flora in the intestinal
tract of chickens and some of then are commonly
known contaminants. Their presence either sug-
gested that the retention time of the feces in the
dryer wai not long enough to destroy all bacterial
populations or that they were recontaminated
while leaving the drying unit. (Hisle-East Central)
1183-A8, B2, B3, E2
CONFINEMENT. IN ARIZONA.
Descriptors: 'Farm management, -Farm wastes
Confinement pens. 'Feed lots. 'Cattle, Effluent
Waste disposal. Irrigation system, Fertilize™, Al-
falfa, Arizona.
Arlington Catlle Company decided to expand their
Arizona feedlot operations through confinement
i^r"8-!-!!1 ?rne' to make manure «»"«teinent
easier. The following advantages were listed for
confmement housing: (I) more economical. (2)
easier to handle animals, (3) better working condi-
A n ( ),l£tter Inana«"nen> of mud, dust, odor.
SM nm ' T "^ings ™ manure !>»»
™£« A*!?*!,' " "!,"?" wilh *' flood irriga'io
system. Alfalfa will be grown on this
H84-A4, A5, A7, Bl, Dl,
D2, E2, E3, F5
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HAWAII,
Hawaii Univ., Honolulu. Dept. of Civil Engineer-
ing.
G. L. Dugan, R. H. F. Young, and G. Takamiya.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol
45, No 4, p 742-750, April, 1973, 1 fig., 4 Ub., 22
ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Livestock, 'Waste
disposal, 'Waste treatment. Air pollution, Water
pollution, Goundwater pollution. Waste water
treatment, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Nitrogen, Ponds, Drying, Incineration, Recycling,
•Hawaii.
Identifiers: Subtropical environment. Land
spreading. Composting.
The unavailability of land suitable for accepting
animal excrement near large animal raising facili-
ties is a very critical problem in Hawaii. The
problem is intensified by the pollution potential
caused by the close proximity of land to the ocean.
Various methods of managing animal waste rang-
ing from land spreading to drying and incineration
arc discussed. A waste handling system that seems
to be adaptable to a subtropical environment is a
hydraulic recycling system incorporating
pholsynthetic reclamation. The process is based
on hydraulic handling of animal excrement; gravi-
ty liquid-solids separation; aerobic biological treat-
ment in which oxygenation can be accomplished
either by the photosymthetic activity of algae or by
mechanical aeration; anaerobic biological treat-
ment; and harvesting algae from the aerobic
phase, which provides the potential for nutrient
recovery in the form of a high-protein animal feed
supplement. (Dudley-East Central)
1185-A2, A3, A4, A5, A9,
Bl, Fl, F4
ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
Economic Research Service. Washington, D.C.
J. P. Biniek.
In: Frontiers in Conservation, Proceedings, 24th
Annual Meeting, Soil Conservation Society of
America, Colorado State Univenity, Fort Collins,
August 10-13.1969. p 102-106 (1969) I tab . 10 ref
Descriptors: 'Pollution, 'Water pollution,
'Economics, Herbicides, 'Water pollution con-
trol, Animal wastes. Waste disposal. Livestock,
Feed lots. Runoff, Waste treatment. Percolation,
•Management
In broad, general terms many problems in the
economic area of pollution control are discussed.
Pollution is defined as 'the unfavorable alteration
of our surroundings, wholly or largely as a by-
product of man's action.' Many means of ridding
ourselves of pollutants often result in further pol-
lution. The difficulty of securing a balance
between production needs and the externalities of
economics (the beneficial) and diseconomies (the
harmful) is discussed along with the costs of pollu-
tion control, the economics of agricultural pollu-
tion and the role of economics at a whole.
(Dudley-East Central)
1186-A4, B2, B3, B4, C2,
D2, El, E2, Fl, F2
TECHNICAL AND LEGAL CONTROLS FOR
THE DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca. N.V. Depl. of Agricultural
Engineering.
Raymond C. Loehr.
Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference
23rd. 1968. p 507-519. 2 fig, 5 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Runoff, 'Manage-
ment, 'Farm management, 'Aerobic treatment,
•Water pollution, *Water pollution control.
•Water pollution treatment, 'Solid wastes. 'Legal
aspects. Runoff forecasting, Cattle, Hogs, Poultry,
Farm wastei.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Agricultural runoff.
Anaerobic lagoons.
Several alternatives eiist for disposal of animal
wastes: (I) land disposal of liquids and solids, (2)
solids combustion with land disposal of liquid, and
(3) discharge of solids and liquids to receiving
waten. All these alternatives are potential sources
of water pollution. The quality of treated and un-
treated animal waste waters, both from a legal
point of view and a farmers point of view, are
discussed. Animal wastes are normally semi-solid,
thus high in BOD, COD, suspended solids. Na,
NH3. If rainfall runoff is allowed to mix with the
animal wastes, a larger volume of waste will need to
be treated. Many states now consider large
livestock operations to be industrial processes and
require treatment of wastes in such a manner that
receiving waten are not harmed by discharge of
animal waste waten. Waste water runoff holding
ponds are commonly used with intermittent
discharge to receiving waten or land disposal.
Several processes are used for treatment of animal
wastes, the more common being anaerobic lagoons.
aerobic lagoons, aerated lagoons, oxidation
ditches, or a combination of anaerobic-aerobic
treatment. In more arid areas, runoff holding ponds
are sometimes satisfactory. Handling and treating
animal wastes as a liquid usually involves less labor,
leu expense, and thus is more commonly found in
large livestock operations where concrete pens are
found and confinement is practiced. Since liquid
wastes require more treatment, handling the animal
wastes directly as a semi-solid with land disposal
might be a more economic method. (Mskela-Tci-
as)
1187-B2, B3, C2, D3, E3,
F5
Washington Stale Univ., Pullman. Coll. of En-
gjneerinf.
Donald E. Proctor.
Proceeding! of the Industrial Waste Conference
23rd, 1968. p 554-566.1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastei. Management 'Farm
management. 'Dairy industry, 'Algae. 'Cattle
Slurries. Spraying. Activiled sludge. Farm wastes. '
Identifiers: 'Manure, Anaerobic lagoon. Aerated
lagoon.
Dairy manure can be either an aitel or a liability
depending on the farmer's management policies
Increated demand for livestock-derived products'
•pecialiution of farm oper.tions, confinement'
rearing, cheaper chemicil fertilizers, urban sprawl
and farm area encroachment, and higher aesthetic
•tandard, >rc all facets of the changing problem of
manure disposal. Of these changes, confinement
rearing is most sigmficant. Not only is ihe manure
concentrated into i smaller area, but rainfall runoff
can treble the watte volume to be handled Two
Washington State dairy farms received Federal
Demonstration Project Grants, the Knot! Dairv
Farm of the Washington State Univenity receivin.
a grant from the FWPCA, and the Monroe Honor
Farm of the State of Washington Institutional Farm
Industries receiving a grant from the Public Hearth
Service. The two-year project at the Knon Dairv
Farm proposed to (1) demonstrate the capabilities
of an anaerobic Ujoon for first stage treatment of
dairy manure. (2) demonstrate the comparative
capabilities and economic* of activated sludte and
naturally aerated lagoons for second stage treat-
ment and (3) determine whether it is possible and
practical to reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus
content of the treated effluent by algae propagation
and harvesting for use as cattle feed. The Monroe
Honor Farm project proposed to (1) demonstrate
the capabilities of an anaerobic lagoon for first
stage treatment of dairy manure. (Makela-Texu)
11S8-A6, A7
IDENTIFICATION OF
FEEDLOT ODORS,
BEEF CATn >
CATTLB
R. M. Bethea, and R. S. Narayan
Transactions of the ASAE. America Society of
AgnculluralEngineen.pl 135-1 137 1972 2fi. •>
tab.. 10 ref. (Order No. T 1 135). •"*"2
Descriptor!: «Air pollution, «Odor, 'Cattle 'Feed
c°f 1i*f"° WMtei- •°««». Gas chromatognphy
Solubility, Alcohols. ~»-«poy.
Identifier Amines, Aldehydes, Ester.. Carboo-
TTie qualitative nature of the ,.,„ preaent i,, ^
atmosphere around a beef cattle feedlot was Mu!
died. The selective solubility method was adooted
for identification of volatile organic compounds
caused by cow manure. Gas chrom.toirapuj
analysis extended the finding, of the sTubflfty
tests. A feedlot chamber was «, up for ."go
pound steer in order to obtain information about
compounds present in Ihe atmosphere of enclosed
feedlon The chamber wat manned three «»7
One week il wa> thoroughly cleaned and washed
each day. The next week it was shoveled out bm
not washed. The third week it was not cleaned TM
all. During the fint phase, only . few odoriferous
contaminants were generated. When daJlv
waslungs were discontinued, indolc and skalnli
were detected in the chamber atmosphere Tbe
number of compounds present in this atmosDhen.
increased threefold during the last phase It Jsin!
ferred that chamber management has tremendous
influence on the organic compounds present in the
er
210
-------
1189-C2, E2, Fl
A FF.EDF.R LOOKS AT ANIMAL WASTK
DISPOSAL.
Miller Feed Ixil. Shepherd, Mont.
A I Miller
In: Montana Agriculture - Focus on Improving the
Environment, (Proceedings), College of Great
Falls. December J-4. 1970. p 44-46. (1970).
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Waste disposal.
•Feed lots, •Fertilizers. Cattle, Nitrogen.
Phosphorus, Silage, Missouri, Montana.
January I, 1970, figures are given for the number
and size of the nation's feedlots. The possibility of
using animal wastes as a fertilizer is emphasized.
The Miller Feed Lot analyzed its animal waste to
«ee if it would he profitable as a fertilizer. Its value
from the nitrogen phosphorus alone was about
SI .00 to JJ 00 per ton, so the company decided to
sell the fertilizer to the farmers at not over 50 cents
per ton. In order to do this quickly, a five yard
capacity front-end wheel loader was used to stack
the fetilizer in expanded pens and to load it on the
farmers' trucks. (Hisle-F.ast Central)
1190-B5, C2
NUTRITIONAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF
DIETARY CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND
MAGNESIUM IN SHEEP,
Florida Univ., Gainesville. Dept. of Animal
Science.
C. F. Chicco, C. B. Ammerman, J. P. Feaster, and
B. G. Dunavant.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol 36, No S, p 986-
993, May 1973,1 fig, 6 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: •Calcium, •Phorphorus, 'Magnesi-
um, 'Sheep, Metabolism.
Identifiers: 'Nutritional interrelationships.
Plasma, Fecal excretion, Basal diet, Femur
deposition.
Four experiments were conducted with 116
wethers to study dietary interrelationships of cal-
cium phosphorus and magnesium. Including all
experiments dietary levels varied as follows: calci-
um 0 13 to 0.78%, phosphorus 0.12 to 0.36%, and
magnesium 500 to 7,750 ppm. Treatment effects on
fecal, urinary, plasma and bone mineral levels
were'obseived. In two experiments, the utilization
of oral Ca and P was measured. High dietary calci-
um increased calcium in plasms (P<.05) and feces
(P< 10 to P<.01) and decreased magnesium in
bone and plasma (P<.05). High calcium increased
fecal phosphorus (P,<.01) and tended to reduce
plasma phosphorus.' Excess dietary magnesium
reduced plasma calcium (P<-01), appeared to in-
creased fecal loss of calcium but had no effect on
bone calcium. High magnesium increased the level
of magnesium in urine (P<.01), plasma (P<.05 to
p< 01) and bone (P<.03 to P<.01). High dietary
phosphorus with a Ca:P ratio of 1:3 increased fecal
calcium (P<.05), but, at a higher level of calcium
with a Ca:P ratio of 1:1, phosphorus enhanced cal-
cium retention. Supplemental phosphorus in-
creased plasms phosphorus and reduced plasma
calcium (P<.01). (East Central)
1191-A1, A6, A10, B2, D3,
El
MOVE TO NEW LOCATION SOLVES MANY
PROBLEMS FOR CUSTOM FEEDER,
E. W. Manthey.
Feedlol Management, Vol 13, No 8, p 34-44. Au-
gust, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Relocation, 'Farm wastes, 'Feed
lots, Arizona, Cattle.
Identifiers: Retention pond. Fly parasites, Biologi-
cal fly control. Preconditioning. Feeding out and
finishing.
Ecology and odor complaints from residents living
near the Phoneix stockyards plus the problem of
disposing economically of cattle wastes in an
urban area were only two of the reasons why the
Producers Livestock Marketing Association built
a new feedlot of Maricopa. Another factor was
plentiful nearby farmland which could absorb cat-
tle-produced wastes in the new location at a fair
return. The new feedlot was graded to include an
anti-pollution pond for bacterial and anaerobic
breakdown of animal wastes and for retention of
the effluent on the land. A detailed description of
the construction of the feedlot is given. Both the
feeding put and finishing cattle process, and the
preconditioning of tlocken and feeders are
discussed. Gnats (2 or 3 kinds that come from
Africa) are used for biological fly control.
(Dudley-East Central)
1192-A2, A4, Bl, El, Fl,
F2
IMPLICATIONS OF WATER QUALITY LAWS
FOR THE FEEDLOT INDUSTRY,
Oklahoma State Univ., Slillwater. Dept. of Agricul-
tural Economics.
Ron E. ShatTer, and Daniel E. Badger.
Oklahoma Current Farm Economics, March 1970,
Vol43, No I.p 3-11.2lab. 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control, 'Pollution
abatement, 'Water management (Applied),
•Wmter Quality Act, 'Environmental effccu.
Lagoons, Water pollution effects. Waste disposal.
Cost sharing, Legal aspects, Social aspects, Fertil-
i/ers, Benefits, Arid lands, Dry seasons. Waste dilu-
tions. Stabilization, Dissolved solids, Oklahoma,
Texas, Return (Monetary), Profit. Water utiliza-
tion. Productivity, Streams, Legislation, Cattle,
Water treatment, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Quality alteration, 'Trade off."'Feed
lot industry, 'Beef feeding industry, 'Feed Yards
Act.
Agricultural water users historically considered the
amount of wastes and impurities that could be
discharged; recent emphasis is to keep pollutant!
from streams. Feedlot operators must integrate and
coordinate the total production process to effi-
ciently use resources for a profitable return. They
must know what legal and social requirements they
have in environmental protection through water
management. Large-Kile operations in Texas and
Oklahoma, with up to 40,000 head capacity,
predominate the beeffeeding industry. The Water
Quality Act and Feed Yards Act require elimina-
tion of interstate water pollution and water-
resource enchancement. Oklahoma requires feed-
lot licensees to provide reasonable waste disposal
and drainage to avoid pollution. Feedlot runoff is
discussed in terms of removing undesirable solids
by stabilization lagoons and dilution. These
methods present special problems in dry seasons
and in arid lands. Waste disposal of manure as fer-
tilize sales is not economical, but social and legal
benefits of pollution-free riven are high. Cost shar-
ing waste control projects are outlined. Future
feedlot locations must consider access to waste
disposal as well us beef markets. Environmental
quality is a dimension new to the industry, which
will be developed when society can tradeoff
between pioduction efficiency and environment, or
develop cost-sharing programs. (Popkin-Arizona)
1193-B2, Cl, C2
CHARACTERISTICS OF MILKING CENTER
WASTE EFFLUENT FROM NEW YORK STATE
DAIRY FARMS,
Cornell Univ.. Ithaca. N. Y. Dept, of Food
Science.
R-R-Zan.
Journal of Mflk Food Technology, VoL 35. No. 1,
P53-JS. 197Z Hig.6tab.3reT^
Descriptor*: 'Sewage effluent*. 'Waste identifi-
cation, 'Dairy industry. 'Cattle. Effluent*, Farm
wastes. Biochemical oxygen demand. Water pollu-
tion sources. Nutrients, Nitrates, Nitrites.
Waste profile studies of milking center (mflkhouse
tod milking parlor) wastes from twenty-four New
York State dairy farms in 20 different countries
were conducted to determine the characteristics
and amounts of wastes. Composite samples were
collected in small plastic awimming pools, and
two-quart portions transported to the laboratory
where biological and chemical analyses were per-
formed. Waste volumes were physically measured
at the farms. Sixty percent of the experimental
sites sampled showed a sewage losvj of less than 10
Ib. of BOD per day [arm with approximately 4 gal
of waste per cow per day from milking center
operations. The amounts of nitrates and nitrites
were no greater than the levels from sewage treat-
ment plant effluents. Also, there were relatively
small differences in soluble N and P compounds
when compared with animals/farm or with pounds
of BOD produced in milking centers. The principal
solids in the wastes were manure, feed, bedding,
and hood dirt. (Snyder-Battelle)
119A-A2, A3, A4, All, A12,
Bl, C2, Fl, F3, FA
REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH POLICY
ON EUTROPHICATION PROBLEMS,
Water Pollution Research Lab.. Stevenage (En-
gland).
A. L. Downing.
Journal of the Society for Water Treatment and El-
imination, Vol 19. Part 3. p 223-238, 1970.
Discussion.
Descriptors: 'Eutrophication, 'Algal control.
Financing, Plant growth. Touchy, Nutrients,
Water quality. Nitrates, Planning, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Reservoirs, Fisheries, Water supply,
Costs, Water demand. Economic justification.
Aquatic weed control. Rivers, Agriculture, Rooted
aquatic plants. Drainage. Runoff, Fertilizers,
Livestock, Economics, Fish kills, Inhibitors, Water
pollution sources. Human diseases.
Identifiers: 'Research policy, 'United Kingdom,
•Future trends, Cladophora, Research strategy,
Thames River (Enfland), Lee River (England).
For new water supplies and for greater recreational
exploitation of natural waters in the United King-
dom, appropriate levels of activity and lines of
inquiry are needed. Cost incurred at a result of
eutrophication will probably not increase to more
than about double the present expenditures by this
century's end. If algal and weed growth were fully
understood, perhaps some comparatively simple
preventive measures could be applied for eliminat-
ing these nuisances. A balanced program is
required for basic research and for empirical in-
vestigations, especially on static waters. Since fac-
tors influencing algal growth vary geographically,
examining the influences of location of water may
show that one method of control may be more ap-
propriate than another. Though it is unlikely
elimination of phosphates from detergents would
materially reduce algal problems, search for trou-
ble-free substitutes should continue. Processes
used in removing nitrogen and phosphorus from ef-
fluents should be examined for suitability of remov-
ing other substances (carbon adsorption, ozonia-
lk>n), and ability of effluents to support algal
growth by unsuspected components is profoundly
important. Growth of weeds in rivers and effect of
sewage effluent on Cladophora needs investigation.
Insuring that present effort! are well coordinated
takes precedence over embarking on many new in-
itiatives. (Jones-Wisconsin)
1195-A2, A3, A4, A5, A9
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION OF WATER
BODIES,
Agricultural Research Service. Washington, D.C.
William M. Edwards, and Lloyd L. Harrold.
The Ohio Journal of Science Vol 70, No I, p 50-56.
Jan 1970.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Farms,
•Livestock, 'Phosphorus, 'Nitrates, 'Pesticides.
211
-------
p
b
•Soil conservation. Runoff. Erosion. Percolation.
Sediment. Waste.
Identifiers: Lake Erie. Barnyard, Solids. Liquids.
Pollution of Ohio's water bodies is of growing
public concern; industrial, urban, and rural sources
are becoming the subject of critical examination.
Rural sources are soil sediment, plant nutrients,
animal waste, and pesticides. Pesticides and
phosphorus are absorbed rapidly and strongly to
soil particles. Therefore reductions in sediment,
phosphorus, and pesticide pollution are achieved
by soil-erosion-control farming practices. More
acres need to be brought under erosion-control
ractices. Nitrates dissolve in water and are carried
y surface flow to streams and lakes, and by per-
colating water to underground aquifers. Increases
in the use of nitrogen fertilizer, in evidence almost
everywhere, could result in serious contamination
of water bodies, if soil enrichment greatly exceeds
the crop demand. Areas where large icale livestock
and poultry production is concentrated are also
potential sources of serious pollution. In Ohio
animal-waste pollution problems are being studied
at The Ohio State University, and movement of
pollutants in surface and subsurface waters on
drainage plots near Castalia ire being studied by
the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center and on agricultural watersheds by USDA
Agricultural Research Service at Coshocton, Ohio.
(Harrold-USDA.ARS)
1196-A2, A3, A4, A9, El,
F2
CA1TLE FEEDERS MUST COMPLY WITH AN-
Tl-POLUrnONLAWS,
JtReiman.
The Cattleman. Vol. 38, No. 2. p. 43. 58. July 1971.
De»cripton: 'Legal aspects, 'Pollution abate-
ment, 'Agricultural runoff, "Return flow, 'Waste
disposal. Cattle. Pennitt. Discharge (Water).
Animal waste. (Wildlife). Feedlota. Texaa, New
Mexico, Oklahoma. Irrigation water, PolluUntt.
Surface waten, Water pollution control, Sediment
discharge. Erosion, Salinity, Fertilizers, Pesli-
cide». Water quality control, Taxes.
Current federal anti-pollution laws for cattle
feeders are reviewed. The Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (EPA) now require! that • permit be
obtained from the Army Corps of Engineer! be- •
fore any discharges or deposits can be made into a
navigable stream. The ruling applies to feedlota
with more than 1,000 animal units and all new
feedlots. It applies to at least 306 lots in Texas. 45
in New Mexico and 48 in Oklahoma. It is estimated
that 10,000 beef cattle on a feedlot produce 200
tana of daily waate, comparable to a 100,000 to
200,000-penon city. Agricultural runoff, irrigation
return flow and confined feeding operations con-
cern the EPA. The greatest! quantity of pollutants
in the surface waten of the country is sediment
caused by erosion. Increased salinity concentra-
tion in receiving waten ia a problem, especially
when coupled with fertilizers and pesticides.
Management of polluted waten is a growing
research area. Some practices qualify for tax
brealcs. (Popkin- Arizona)
119 7- A3, A4, A5, A12, E2
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL
LAND,
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Jealotfs Hill
(England). Jealott's Hill Research Station.
T. E. Tomlinson.
Outlook on Agriculture, Vol 6, No 6, p 272-278,
1971. 2 fig. 8 tab 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Eutrophication, 'Agricultural ru-
noff, Fertilizers, Nitrates, Percolation, Farm
wastes. Drainage water. Feed lots. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Riven, Leaching, Sofl
erosion.
Identifiers: Britain.
Considering problems of eutrophication and high
nitrate levels specifically toxic to infanta, a review
was made of known nutrient losses from agricul-
tural land and how these relate to farming, espe-
cially in England. Nutrients are lost from farmland
by drainage water percolating through the toil
leaching soluble plant nutrients, by inefficient
return of livestock excreta to the land, and by ero-
sion of surface soils or movement of fine soil parti-
cles into subsoil drainage systems. Lysimeter stu-
dies indicate that the nature of the cropping greatly
influences loss of nitrate in drainage and confirm
(he possibility of large losses from soil reserves in
certain circumstances. Many sou's contain large
reserves of nitrogen which can be released u
nitrate over long periods of time, even If the toils
are not cropped or fertilized. Phosphate levels of
drainage water from soils are low, as illustrated by
lysimeter studies. There is little danger that a larte
proportion of potassium fertilizer application will
be lost in drainage. It U concluded that, at the
present time, there do not seem to be grouous for
serious concern about a general nitrate level rise in
English riven. (Jones-Wisconsin)
1198-A3, A5, Cl, C2
CHEMICAL AND DETRITAL FEATURES OF
PALOUSE RIVER, IDAHO, RUNOFF
FLOW ACE,
Eastern New Mexico Univ., Portalcs. Dcpt. of
Biologicul Sciences.
Philip A. Busccmi.
Oikon. Vol 20, No I, p 119-127, 1969. 3 fig, 3 tub,
30 rcf.
Descriptors: 'Runoff. 'Groundwalcr, 'Scston.
•Sediments. Organic matter. Currents (Water).
Water pollution sources. Surface runoff. Rainfall.
Snowmclt, Surface waters, Streams. Hydrogen ion
concentration. Iron, Magnesium, Nitrates,
Phosphates. Algae, Detritus, Pulp wastes.
Livestock. Idaho.
Identifiers: Tree bark, Charcoal. Algal growth,
Stream concourse, Palousc River (Idaho)
Water and sediment samples were collected at four
stations established on Palouse River. Idaho. Deter-
minations included pH, nitrate, phosphate, iron,
manganese, hardness, suspended detritus (drifting
scston), and organic content of sedimentary
deposits. The results show influence of rainfall.
melt water, stream inflow, and mill pond on scston
concentration. Variation in chemical composition
of water indicated the effect of either melt water
runoff or subterranean discharge The increased
pollution of water and sediment enrichment in or-
ganic matter were correlated with locations of
lumber camps and cattle grazing. (Wilde-Wiscon-
sin)
1199-A9, All, A12, C2
IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN
MILK, MILK PRODUCTS; CHICKEN MUSCLE,
LIVER; AND EGCS,
Rutgers • The State Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.
Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology.
S. E. Katz, and C. A. Faaabender.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology. Vol 7. No 4. p 229-736. April 1972. 8
tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Antibiotics (Pesticides), 'Analytical
techniques, 'Evaluation, 'Pollutant identification,
•Milk. 'Poultry. Organic pesticides. Methodolo-
gy, Centrifugation, Bioassay, Pesticide residues,
Methodology. Foods.
Identifiers: 'Biological samples, 'Oxyletra-
cycbne, Milk products, Tissues, Muscle, Liver,
Eggs. Detection limits. BioaccumuUtion.
Recovery, Chlortetracyline.
The improved procedures for determining ox-
yletracycline in milk and dairy products, chicken
muscle tissue and livers, and eggs are evaluated
The procedures used were based upon those
developed for cblortetracych'ne in similar materi-
•Js "d "t compared to the procedures listed ia
tne FDA compendium of methods and protocols
The procedunl improvements include pH adjust-
ment, ccntrifugition, single agar layer, high tem-
perature seeding and spreading of agar. and the
use of a surfactant. A summary of the detection
limits and analytical measurement for the in-
dividual procedures shows that the centrifuge
modification, pH sdjustmenl where applicable
and the use of surfactant when necessary havt sit-'
nif.cantly improved the ability to measure residuli
' ""• •nd "
1200-A4, C3
PROGRESSIVE CHANGES IN THE
CLADOCERAN AND MIDGE FAUNA DURING
THE ONTOGENY OF ESTHWAITE WATER,
Indiana Univ., Bloomington.
Clyde E.Goulden
Verhandlungen der Internationalcn Vercinigung
furThcoretische und Angewandte Limnolosie Vol
13, p 1000-1005, 1964. 2fig, 1 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Midges, 'Lakes, Eutrophication
Pollen, Sediments, Climates, Productivity, Sheep,'
Hypolimnion, Anaerobic conditions, Daphnia.
Identifiers: 'Esthwaite Water (England)
•Cladocera, •Ontogeny, Chydoridae. Daphniidae'
Bosminidae. Sididae. Polyphemidae. Leptodoridac'
Deforestation, Chironomus. Scrgentia. Tinytarsus
Ceriodaphnia. *
Changes in total populations throughout Esthwaite
Water's history and successional changes of
Cladocera and midges associated with eutrophica-
tion are discussed. The Cladocera species were di-
vided into the chydorids' and the 'non-chydorids '
mostly planktonic in habit. The Cladocera and
midges suggest that Esthwaite Water was an
oligotrophic lake during most of its development
and only within the last 900 years became
eutrophic under man's influence. Further, they in-
dicate there were four periods of increased produc-
tivity during the lake's development associated
with climatic or cultural changes in the drainage
basin. Greater productivity is expected in these in-
tervals, and the fact that the Cladocera correctly
suggest this implies that they can be of great useful-
ness for dct.-rmining past productivity in lakes
Cladoccran remains in lake sediments appear to be
a valuable tool for palcolimnologists They may be
used to determine periods of climatic and cultural
changes and for deducing past limnological condi-
tions of a particular body of water. By studying the
distribution and abundance of individual species in
the sediment, we can estimate the ecological
requirements of these species This in turn will juo.
gest fruitful areas of further research on living
forms. (Jones-Wisconsin)
1201-A2, A4, F2
OKLAHOMA FEED YARDS ACT.
Oklahoma Statutes Ann Title 2, sect 9-208
(Suppl970). .
Descriptor!: 'Oklahoma. 'Water pollution
•W.tcr pollution control. 'Surface drainage Sur'
face waters, Surface runoff. Water pollution
sources. Livestock, Pollutants. Water quality con
trol, Domestic animals, Agriculture, Legal uixcti
Legislation. 1"™,
Each licensed feed yard operator is required by thii
statute to provide adequate drainage for turface
watert; avoid pollution of any stream, lake, river or
creek; and provide reasonable methods for the
ditpoul of animal excrement (Madten-Florid*)
212
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1202-A3, A5, A9, F2
OWENS V. UNITED STATES (LIABILITY OF
UNITED STATES FOR NEGLIGENT APPLICA-
TION OF INSECTICIDE, POLLUTING POND
OF ADJACENT LANDOWNER).
294 F.Supp 400-405 (S.D.Ala. 1968).
D«cnpton •Alabama, • Water pollution. 'Insecti-
cides, •Rainfall. Cattle. Pondt, Stream. Federal
government, Administrative agencies. Rain, Legal
upccu. Judicial dcciiions, Water pollution effects.
Water pollution sources, Pollutants, Water welli.
Damages, Remediei. Regulation.
Plaintiff cattle rancher sought to recover damages
for injury to his herd from defendant United Stales
under the Federal Tort Claims Act. Plaintiff's pro-
perty included part of a small pond from which the
cattle watered. The pond was supplied from rainfall
and water drainage. A dry-bed drainage creek
drained into the pond. Federal Department of
Agriculture employees treated the property adjoin-
ing plaintiffs with a chemical insecticide.
Thereafter, a heavy rainfall occurred which washed
this insecticide into the dry-bed creek, and ulti-
mately to plaintiffs pond. The pond was fenced off,
and the cattle were not poisoned. Nevertheless.
plaintiff claimed damages from loss of part of his
pasture, reduced milk production, increased food
cost, and the eipense of drilling a well for water.
Defendant contended that plaintiffs injury resulted
from the rainfall, an act of God. and that it was not
liable. The Federal District Court however, deter-
mined that under Alabama law an act of God would
not render defendant immune where its negligence
was also an acutal cause of plaintiffs injury. Since
4he court concluded that defendant's negligence
was an actual cause of the injury, defendant was
held liable. (Hart-Florida)
1203-A4, A12, F2
FOULING OF WATERS A MISDEMEANOR.
North Dakota Century Code Ann ten 61-01-12
tbru6l-OM4u amended (Supp 1969).
Descriptors: 'North Dakota, "Water pollution
sources. 'Water pollution control, 'Waste
disposal. Water quality. Water quality control.
Wastes. Industrial wastes. Refute, Sewage ef-
flucnU. Gasoline. Oil wastes. Farm watlea, Cattle,
Sheep, Hogs, Sewage disposal. Streams, Riven.
Public health. Administrative agencies.
Section 61-01-12 provides that the fouling of
public waters by depositing gaa tan or other refuae
from any gas house into streams, riven or sewers
lhal empty into public waters is • misdemeanor.
Section 61-01-13 provides the fouling of public
waten with dead animals, offal, or other refuse by
depositing same on the banka or in any lake or
stream within the jurisdiction of the state is a
misdemeanor punishable by a Tine of from S20 to
$100. Section 61-01-14 provides that section 61-
01-13 ahall be construed to include: (I) privies and
privy vaults: (2) any auble, shed, pen, yard, or cor-
ral where farm animals art located within sixty feet
of the top of any lake or stream; and (3) any
slaughterhouse, graveyard or cemetery within
eighty feet of these waten. However. In an emer-
gency, these provisions do not prevent any mu-
nicipality from dumping untreated sewage into
these waten provided they are not determined
detrimental to public health. (Reel-Florida)
1204-A2, A4, F2
OHIO STOCK FOOD CO V GINTLINC
(STREAM POLLUTION BY UPPER RIPARIAN
HOC FARM).
133 NE 341-345 (OhioCt App 1926).
Descriptors: 'Ohio, 'Municipal wastes, 'Garbage
dump*. 'Pollution abatement. Water pollution.
Wates disposal. Legal aspects, Judicial decisions,
Streams, Hogs, Riparian water, Riparian land,
Riparian rights. Farms, Farm wastei.
Defendant corporation owned a farm one mile
from plaintiffs farm. Defendant, under contract
with a municipality, received the city's garbage and
disposed of it by feeding it to hogs. A stream flowed
through defendant's property, then passed through
plaintiffs land. Plaintiff brought a nuisance action
for damages, alleging that during the operation of
its farm, defendant polluted the stream through
drainage of liquid, filth and refuse. Defendant con-
tended that its acts in the operation of its farm were
authorized by law, inasmuch as it had a contract
with a municipality to dispose of the garbage. The
Ohio Court of Appeals held that plaintiff was liable
for damages, notwithstanding the municipal con-
tract. An upper proprietor pi land cannot by artifi-
cial means pollute a stream to the injury of a lower
riparian owner. (Powell-Florida)
1205-A2, A4, F2
SUMNER V O'DELL (INJUNCTION TO
PREVENT POLLUTION OF SPRING WATER
BY CATTLE).
12 Tenn App 496-50O (1930).
Descriptors: 'Tennessee, 'Water pollution,
•Streams, 'Reasonable use. Cattle, Domestic
water, Riparian rights, Water quality, Spring
waters. Springs, Legal aspect!, Judicial decisions.
Water pollution sources. Remedies, Relstive rights.
Plaintiff lower riparian landowner sought to enjoin
defendant upper riparian landowner from polluting
the stream bordering their property. Plaintiffs and
defendant's tracts were previously owned by one
person, who conveyed plaintiffs tract fint, along
with the right to use the spring water flowing from
defendant's tract. When defendant purchased the
upper tract, he began using the lot through which
the stream flowed as a confinement for cattle. The
cattle polluted the water so thai it was unfit for
plaintiffs domestic uses. Apparently defendant's
actions were purposeful, and with some malice,
since the evidence presented clearly showed that
defendant could have erecttfd his fences to prevent
pollution of the spring water/The Tennessee Court
of Appeals held that defendant was utilizing his
property unreasonably with respect to plaintiffs
rights, and enjoined use of the lot aa a cow pasture
and path. (H art-Florida)
1206-A4, F2
WU UTiONOf SIKKAMS.
Del Code Ann lit 16, sets 1301. I302IIV53).
DcM-riptors- 'Delaware. 'Walrr pollution.
•Streams. 'Water pollution sources. Pollution
abatement. PuMie hc.ilth. Wastes. Industrial
wastes. Water qu.tiily. LiK-mcontrot, Sewage. Or-
ganic wastes, l.ceul.Uion. Judicial decisions. Water
supply. Hogs. Water quality control.
Identifiers: Dyc-stutts. Slaughter houses.
No person shall discharge or allow any dye-stuffs.
Jrui's, or chemicals which cause the stream to
become notions to ihc health or disagreeable to the
senses to cscap.: into any stream used at a water
supply In addition to imposing a fine for violation.
the court sh ill also IMUC an analemenl order within
20 Jays after conviction. I he abatement shall he
enforced by the sheriff No person shall place a
privy, hog-pen or slaughter house so as to pollute
any stream with the excrement or offal therefrom.
Violators shall be fined and the court shall order
Irv nuisance ihak-J immediately. (Hclwig.Ra)
1207-A4, A5, AID, A12, F2
FAIRES V DUPREE (WATER POLLUTION
FROM ANIMAL WASTES).
197 SW2d 735-738 (Ark 1946).
Descriptors: 'Arkansas, 'Hogs, 'Animal wastei.
'Water pollution, Cold springs, Farm wastes. Im-
paired water quality. Public health. Seepage.
Damages. Legal aspects.
Identifiers: 'Damages(Legal aspects).
Plaintiff brought action for damages resulting from
the operation of a hog ranch in an unsanitary
manner on land situated adjacent to plaintiffs pro-
perty. The court found there was insufficient
evidence to show an ascertainable monetary loss to
plaintiffs spring from defendant's operation of a
hog farm near plaintiffs land in such a manner that
seepage from garbage washed down filling plain-
tiffs spring, polluting the water, and infecting it
with maggots. However, evidence that plaintiff had
periods of vomiting, nausea, and general debility
presented a question for the jury as to whether
plaintiffs illness was caused by the imposition of
stench, flies, and filth or whether plaintiff was
overstating the corrupting causes. Therefore, case
was reversed and remanded for new trial. (Reed-
Fla)
1208-A4, F2
GKEF.N V MCCLOUO (ACTION TO ENJOlN
StU AGE FLOW).
303 Ky 207,W SW 2d 258-261 (19461.
Descriptors. 'Kentucky. 'Domestic wastes,
•Water pollution. Prescriptive tights. Sewage
siuJgc. Sewage effluents. Livestock wastes,
Disposal. Harm tvastcs. Decomposing organic
matter. Riparian waters. Dairy industry, Distribu-
tion systems. Nuisance (Wa.erlaw). Legal aspects.
Judicial decisions. Poultry.
Plaintiff broufht suit to enjoin defendant from in
u rtcring with a sewer line w hich belonged to plain-
lilf and another. Defendant filed a counterclaim.
cnn-jilnlatcd with an action against two others to
enioin them from allowing sewage from residences
and outbuildings to run through open ditches or bu-
red pipes in the heil of small stream near defen-
dant's property. From adverse judgments, defen-
dant appealed. While lucre is no prescriptive right
to maintain a nuisance, ihc fact that defendant
moved onto the land upon which the nuisance ex-
tiled is an important factor to he considered in
utiirminine the equities. The court found that the
evidence authtin/ed a findinv that the sewer line
emptying sewage from residences and outbuildings
«nu> the snwll sltcuni did not constitute a nuisance
which would be eni-rrctl and consequently at
f'r?indthe|uogr.'cn!s (KVcu-Flai
1209-A2,A4,A5,C2,C3,F2
ATKINSON V HERINGTON CATTLE CO (FEED
LOT OPERATOR'S AND CATTLE OWNER'S
JOINT LIABILITY FOR CATTLE WASTE RU-
NOFF).
436 P2d 816-828 (Kin 1968)
Descriptors 'Cattle, 'Waste water (Pollution),
•Damages, 'Kansas, Water pollution sources,
Farm wastes, Pollution abatement, Surface runoff,
Water pollution effects. Water pollution control,
Remedies, Legal aspects. Judicial decisions. Live-
stock, Stock water, Water supply. Water wells,
Coliforms, Sewage bacteria. Nitrates.
In an action for damages arising from the pollution
of plaintiff dairy farm owner's water supply by de-
fendant cattle rancher's feeding operations, the
Kansas Supreme Court held that the evidence was
sufficient to support a judgment for actual, but not
punitive, damages. The court agreed with plaintiffs
contention that there wai ample evidence to find
that the waten of a creek and plaintiffs well were
contaminated with coliform bacteria and nitrates
213
-------
followin| a runoff of rains from defendant's
premises The supreme court construed the lower
court's ruling to mean that runoff becomes a harm-
ful substance when it consists of contaminating
bacteria and chemicals in such amounts as lo
produce excessive pollution which results in injury
The fact that a business is lawful does not exempt il
from liability when contaminated or polluted water
escapes onto the land of another in such quantities
as to cause injury. The owner of the cattle being fed
by defendant rancher was held jointly and severally
liable since the bailment contract with defendant
rancher vested essential control over the operation
in the cattle owner-bailor. (Gallagher-Florida )
A/ AC ATI A 10 A 10.
-A4, AD, AJ-1, A_LZ, AJ.J,
F2
MEASURE AND ELEMENTS OF DAMAGES
FOR POLLUTION' OF A STREAM.
W R Habeeb
49ALR 2J253 314
Descriptors 'Judicial decisions. 'Damages,
•Water pollution. Reasonable use. Value. Market
value. Depremalion. Economic rent. Water ulili/a-
tmn. Odor. Trees. Crops. Recreation. Boating
Swimming, Fish, Livestock
Elements to bc considered when measuring
damages for stream pollution arc examined Where
permanent or irreparable damage results recovery
may be had for the depreciation of market value of
the property However, where the damage can be
remedied al a cost lower than the low in market
value, the cost of such repair becomes the measure
of damages Where the pollution is temporary or
abatable, the measure is the depreciation in the
rental or usable value of the property Special
damages may also be recovered, as may pum'ive
damages, depending upon the particular circum-
stances Particular items of damages such as im-
pairment of use and enjoyment of property, nox
iiius odors, discomfort and inconvenience.
sickness, trees, crops, deprivation of use of water
recreation privileges, fish, death and injury of
livestock, injury lo business, expense of repairing
injury, fencing, procuring water, expense of mill
operation*, and others arc also examined (S Scott
Hal
1211-B1
ELECTRIC POTENTIALS AND DOMESTIC
WATER SUPPLIES,
Washington State Univ.. Pullman
L. B. Craine. M. H. Ehlers. and D. K. Nelson.
Agricultural Engineering, Vol 51, p 415-417, July
1970, 2 fig, lub.
Descriptors: 'Water supply. Agricultural en-
gineering, 'Calde, Electrical grounding. Water
consumption, Electrical networks, Electric cur-
rents.
Identifiers: 'Electrical potential. Voltage.
Electric potentials on domestic water systems af-
fected water consumption and productivity of cat-
tle. The problem of annoying voltage resulted from
a single-phase two-wire multiple-grounded system
with primary distribution and secondary utilization
neutrals solidly bonded together. The problem was
solved by separation of grounded neutrals of the
primary distribution system from the farm secon-
dary system. An electrified fountain system was
built to test effects of controlled water system
voltages on animal water consumption. At current
levels of 19 ma and a' a level of 8 volts the cattle
would not drink for an 8 hour period. (Galwardi-
Teus)
1212-A3,A4,B4,C2,C3
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE USE ON WATER
QUALITY OF HIGH-MOUNTAIN
WATERSHEDS: BACTERIOLOGICAL IN-
VESTIGATIONS OF MOUNTAIN STREAMS,
Montana State Univ., Bozeman. Dept. of Botany
and Microbiology.
D. G. Stuart, G. K. Bissonnette, T. D. Goodrich
and W. G. Waller.
Applied Microbiology. Vol. 22, No. 6, p 1048-1054,
December 1971. 6 fig. 2 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water quality, 'Watersheds,
•Mountains, 'Bacteria, 'Water pollution Sources,
•Watarshed management, Coliforms, Enteric bac-
teria. Cultures, Sampling, Nutrients, Montana,
Recreation, Animal wastes, Streams, E. coli.
Lumbering, Camping, Water supply, Wildlife,
Chemical analysis. Salmonella. Pathogenic bac-
teria, Shiftella, Filtration.
Identifiers: Enterobacter aerogenes, Hyalite
watershed, Mystic watershed, Proteus,
Streptococcus faccium var durans. Streptococcus
faecalis var liquefaciens. Streptococcus bovis
Bacteriological studies in 1968 and 1969 cor-
roborated earlier findings that a municipal
watershed which had been closed to public entry
since 1917 yielded water with four to six times the
coliform count found in an adjacent mountain
watershed open to recreational activities.
Similarly, chemical investigations showed higher
concentrations of most ions in water from the
closed area. Physiological differentiation of
coliform and enterococcal bacteria revealed
similar types of organisms in both animal
droppings and stream, with fecal Coliforms ac-
counting for as much as 70 percent of the coliform
counts observed in the closed area in 1969. Open-
ing of the closed drainage for limited recreation
and expanded logging operations in the spring of
1970 coincided with an unexpected decrease in
bacterial contamination of that stream. It is postu-
lated that these human activities drove from the
watershed a large wild animal population which
had contributed substantially to the previous bac-
terial pollution. II would seem that the practice of
closing high-mountain watersheds to public entry
is questionable if governmental standards for
water quality are to be met, and it also seems that
the standards themselves should be reexamined.
(Jefferis-BalleUe)
1213-C3, F6
A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR IDENTIFYING
MICROORGANISMS,
QuincyColl.. DJ.
W. Gasser, and K. M. Gehrt
BioScience, Vol. 21, No. 20, p 1044-1045, October
15, 1971. 3 lab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Pathogenic bacteria, 'Enteric bac-
teria, 'Computer programs. Programming lan-
guages. 'Pollutant identification. Microorganisms,
Computer models. Automation, E. coli, DaU
processing, Pseudomonas, Salmonella,
Streptococcus.
Identifiers: Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeru-
ginosa, Alcaligcncs faecalis, Serratia, Scrratia
marcescns, Salmonella typhosa, Klebsiclla, Kleb-
siella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus. Slaphylococ-
cus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Diplococcus pneu-
moniae, Streptococcus pyogenes.
A computer program has been developed lo identi-
fy microorganisms from lest results. Results from
standard microbiological tests (e.g. gram stain, glu-
cose fermentation) are used in the program. Where
many organisms are identified from limited test
results, results from additional chemical tests may
be entered for complete identification. Some of
the advantages of the program are: ability to han-
dle several sets of input data, easy program
modification, and the need for minimal pro-
gramming knowledge. An identification matrix is
included for E. coli, Proteus vulgarus, Pseu-
domonas aeruginosa, Alcaligcnes faecalis. Ser-
ratia marcesens. Salmonella typhosa, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. sarcina lu-
tea. Diplococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus
pyogenes. (Muckan-Batlelle)
1214-A2, A3, B2, C2, D2,
D3, El, E2
THE DISPOSAL OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE,
Douglas Gowan.
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal p 303-308
June 1971. 2 lab, 10 ref.
Descriptors 'Waste disposal, 'Farm wastes. Water
pollution. Fertiliren. Farm management,
Livestock, Economics. Copper, Arsenic com-
pounds. Odor, Sewers. Biochemical oxygen de-
mand, Slurries, Chlorides, Ammonia. Nitrogen,
Dairy industry
Identifiers: United Kingdom, Farm income.
The present United Kingdom laws make it unlawful
to discharge farm drainage inlo a stream without
consent of river authorities; river authorities also
have power to control pollution of underground
water. Over 131,000 farm discharges lo watercour-
ses in the United Kingdom are known, the com-
bined efTecl posing serious consequences. The
basic need is cheaper methods of dealing with
manure and other wastes from large animal con-
centrations. Cattle wastes hive quite different
characteristics from domestic wastes and chemical
residues from feed additives can give rise lo serious
difficulties in the effects on biological treatment
processes. To control odor of animal excreta, am-
monium persulphate has proven effective Farm
wastes disposal onto land and into public sewers
are discussed and population equivalent! are con-
sidered. Every farm is different and must be treated
individually for assessing charges for reception and
treatment in the public sewer. Discharges from
dairy farms and from mixed fsrms are tabulated.
Today local authorities have the means of obtain-
ing relatively accurate information for design of
treatment plants as well as for the assessment of
charges. (Jones-Wisconsin)
1215-C2, D2, D3, F6
AUTOMATED COMBUSTION VERSUS
DIGESTION FOR TRITIUM MEASUREMENT
IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES,
Agricultural Research Service, Kerryville. Tex.
Toxicological Research Lab.
L. M. Hunt, and B. N. Gilbert.
International Journal of Applied Radiation and
Isotopes, Vol 23, No 5. p 246-249. Miy 1971.1 fie,
2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Digestion, 'Tritium, 'Automation,
Chemical analysis. Bioassay, Pollutant identifica-
tion. Suspension, Quenching, Aqueous solutions,
Animal wattes, Solvent extractions, Water pollu-
tion sources, Thiocarbamalc pesticides, Sheep.
Identifiers: 'Biological samples, 'Combustion,
Ferbam, Tissue, Recovery, Liquid scintillation,
Sample preparation, Lungs, Pancreas, Bone,
Heart, Brain, Spleen, Muscle, Liver, Kidneys
Feces. Blood.
In order to find the most feasible method for
analyzing tritium-tagged biological simples, the
more frequently used techniques for noncom-
bustion prcparstion, digestion, suspension, and
extraction were compared with the automated
combustion method. Sheep tissues were collected
and prepared, and ferbam, i dithiocarbamate fun-
gicidal compound, was used for recovery deter-
minations. With the automated combustion
method, the mean recovery for the first eight tis-
sues at the 25 milligram level Vas 95 percent com-
pared to 69 percent using digestion. When the sam-
ple sizes were increased, a notable difference in
the comparison was apparent, as the percentage
recovery was 82 percent for combustion and 40
percent by digestion. Il appesred that digestion
rather than combustion of the 25 milligram muscle
samples was superior. No corrections were made
for quenching in order lo get a true comparison of
the two methods of analysis. The disparity in
214
-------
methodology became marked with sample sizes of
50 and 100 micorlilers with combustion maintain-
ing a high efficiency, while digestion significantly
decreased as sample size increased. Combustion
had the advantage of speed (8-10 minutes per sam-
ple) with no clean-up between combustions.
(Byrd-BatteUe)
1216-C3, F6
IDENTIFICATION OF METABOLITES OF N -
(I, LDIMETtmrnOFYNYL) • 3,5 DICHLOR-
BENZAMINE IN RAT AND COW URINE AND
RAT FECES,
Rohm and Haaa Co., SpringhouK, Pi., Research
Labs.
Roy Y. Yin, and Colin Swithenbank.
Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. Vol. 19,
No. 2.1971 p 320-324.3 fig.. 3 tab., 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, Laboratory tests,
Chemical analysis. Metabolism. Radioactivity
techniques, 'Pollutant identification.
Identifiers: 'Metabolic pathways. Chemical struc-
ture, Metabolites
This is the continuation of studies to determine the
comparative metabolism of N- (1,1 -dimethylpropy-
nyl)-3,S-dichloroDcnzamide in soil, plants, and
animals. Nine metabolites were identified in soil
and alfalfa treated with this compound. This study
concerns the isolation, identification and synthesis
of these metabolites in rat and cow urine and rat
feces. Tentative metabolic pathways and its com-
parative metabolism in soils, plants, and mammals
are postulated. (Christenbury-lowa State)
1217-A4, A12, C3, F2
APPLYING BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAME-
TERS TO RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY,
E.Geldreich.
Journal of the American Water Works Association,
Vol 62, No2,p 113-120, Feb 1970. 8 p. 53ref.
Descriptors: 'Recreation, • Bioindicalprs, 'Water
quality, 'Bacteria, Aquatic bacteria, Aquatic
microbiology, Aquatic microorganisms, Coliforms,
Salmonella. Streptococcus, Water pollution. Water
pollution sources. Pollutant identification, Path of
pollutants. Animal wastes (Wildlife), Public health,
Standards, Farm wastes, Water zoning, Sediment-
water interfaces, Domestic wastes. Legal aspects.
Sewage bacteria, Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Fecal pollution.
Fecal contamination from all warm-blooded
animals is the natural link to pathogenic microor-
ganisms in polluted water. The fecal coliform test
accurately detects and measures such fecal con-
tamination. Use of the fecal coliform test as a mea-
sure of recreational water quality is recommended.
Data and tables are given to show a correlation
between fecal coliform and the probable occurance
of Salmonella, an easily detecting pathogen. Court
hearings are cited that establish the legal status of
the fecal coliform test. The water-sediment inter-
face of a stream or lake bottom can serve as a reser-
voir for fecal pollution 'fallout' from overlying
water. The fecal-streptococcus group's diverse sur-
vival rates and specific fecal origins make them
specific indicators for nonhuman, warm-blooded,
animal pollution. Various minimal bacterial densi-
ties are suggested to insure good recreational water
quality. (Cuevas-Florida)
1218-A4, A9, A12, Bl, Dl,
E3, F3
FUTURE WATER QUALITY DESIGN,
California State Department of Public Health,
Berkeley.
Frank M. Stead.
Journal of the American Water Works. Vol. 59. No
12, December 1967, pp. 1497-1501.
Descriptors: Water quality. 'Water pollution.
•Water quality management. Stream conditions.
Standards, Industrial wastes. Public health. Water
pollution sources. Municipal wastes. 'Waste water
disposal. Benefits.
Identifiers: Pathogens. Pesticide pollutions. Total
management. Aquatic system.
Pollution control alone will not preserve water
quality in the U.S. because it is based on a concept
of disposal of wastewaterl from municipalities and
industries. In both cases the sewage is no longer
wanted, and most often put back into the rivers.
With half the total annual water replenishment put
to use and converted to wastewatcr, it is important
to consider how much dilution is necessary to keep
waters up to present standards. There are three
basic choices; (i) discharge the entire waste stream
to the ocean or evaporate it. (2) through treatment
bring the wastewater up to a sufficient level of
quality so that when it is diluted it meets standards
for all uses. (3) through treatment bring each in-
dividual waste stream up to the standard of quality
for a specific use and put resulting 'reclaimed'
water to that use directly, without returning it to
either surface or ground waters. Current standards
concerning pathogens and pesticides have not been
given enough study to really indicate possible im-
pairment of human health. What is needed is a new
water policy for the U.S -a policy involving total
management of water resources. The entire aquatic
system must be analyzed and a new system of dis-
tribution in terms of benefits must be devised.
(Gargola-Chicago)
1219-A2, A3, A4, A5, A6,
A7, All, A12, C2, D2
NITRATES IN THE ENVIRONMENT,
Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Dept, of Civil Engineer-
ing.
M.Starr Nichols.
Journal American Water Works Association, Vol
57, No 10, p 1319-1327,1965. 25 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Atmosphere, 'Biosphere,
Fertilization, Nitrogen fixation, Denitrification,
Wastes, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Ammonia, Odor,
Aquatic plants, Groundwater, Toxicity, Waste
treatment.
Identifiers: Nitrogen deposits. Mineralization,
Methemoglobinemia, Livestock poisoning. Silage
gas. Odor prevention.
Atmospheric nitrogen, supplying 1600 pounds of
elemental nitrogen per square foot of the world, is
the 'most important source of nitrogen fertilizer.
Nonsymbiotic and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organ-
isms f x nitrogen in tne biosphere from atmospheric
supplies. These organisms include 10 species of
bacteria and 6 strains of blue-green algae. Denitri-
fying organisms cycle nitrogen back to the at-
mosphere. Nitrifying organisms, such as
Nilrobacler, oxidize organic nitrogenous com-
pounds in waste matter to nitrate after ammonifies-
lion occurs. Mineralization of nitrogen in waste
matter is responsible for most nitrogen mineral
deposits found in the world. Slightly alkaline buf-
fered environment and aerobic conditions will
produce nitrates at enormous rates to supply
nutrient needs. Aquatic growths in lakes from over-
fertilization may be nature's method of conserving
nitrogen fertilizer. Presence of nitrogen com-
pounds can indicate pollution. Nitrate concentra-
tion above 45 ppm might cause
methemoglobinemia. Livestock is susceptible to
nitrate poisoning. Sodium nitrate added to waste
treatment lagoons limits odors and enhances
biochemical oxygen demand reduction. Nitrates
arc added to natural water by leaching and runoff
from wastes and poorly managed fertilizing prac-
tices. (Bannerman-Wisconsin)
1220-A9, Bl, F3
WATER POLLUTION RESULTING FROM
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES,
Clemson Coll.. S.C. School of Agriculture.
H.J.Webb.
Journal of the American Water Works Associa-
tion. Vol 54, No 1, p 83-87, January 1962.2 Ub. 10
ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Farm
wastes, 'Pesticides, 'Farm lagoons, 'Fertilizers,
Chlorinated hydrocarbons. Nitrates. Insecticides,
DDT. Sewage lagoons. Waste disposal. Fertiliza-
tion, Farm management. Crop production. Lime,
Phosphates, Livestock, Hogs, Confinement pens,
Fish, 'Feed lots.
Fann practices are changing to grow more crops
on less land, and produce more animals in a
smaller area. More fertilizers and pesticides are
needed to do this with the result that water quality
is effected. Animal wastes will increasingly be a
problem in terms of disposal and treatment. Feed
yard waste treatment facilities often lack adequate
design. Pesticides, especially the chlorinated
hydrocarbons, pose increasingly serious problems
for fish life. Traditional treatment methods are not
effective in removing many of these pollutants
from domestic water supply systems. More
research and information is needed on the effects
of the evolving farm practices on water quality.
(Flack-AWWARF)
1221-C2
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN FOOD
PRODUCTS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS BY
AERATION AND FLAMELESS ATOMIC AB-
SORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,
Michigan Dept. of Agriculture. Lansing.
V.A.Thorpe.
Journal of the Association of Analytical Chemists.
Vol. 54, No. l.p206-210,1971.3fig,4tab,4ref.
Descriptors: 'Mercury, 'Pollutant identification.
Foods. Fish. Chemical analysis. Acids. Chemical
reactions. Oxidation, Feeds, Milk, Poultry,
Reduction (Chemical), Calibrations, 'Aeration.
Identifiers: 'Biological samples, Potassium per-
manganate, Stannous chloride, Sulfuric acid. Re-
agents, Blood, Urine, Meat, Eggs, 'Atomic ab-
sorption specu-opholometry, Precisian, Sample
preparation. Chemical recovery.
A modification of a method developed at the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada has been
used for determining mercury in fish, water, other
food products, and biological fluids such as meat,
poultry, eggs, mnit_ urine, blood, and animal
feeds. Samples were wet digested at 50 C with sul-
furic acid, oxidized with strong potassium per-
maganate solution, and reduced with stannous
chloride. Flameless atomic absorption spec-
iropholomeu-y was used lo measure vapor, and to
compare sample results with prepared standards
and standard curves. Replication of analyses on
different days showed good precision, and in test-
ing samples spiked with known amounts of mercu-
ry results showed adequate recovery. (Macltan-
Baltelk)
1222-D2
PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY METHOD FOR
ANIMAL PROTEINS. 1971 COLLABORATIVE
STUDY,
Moorman Mfg. Co., Quincy, IU.
A. J. Gehrt.
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, Vol 55. No 4, p 702-706. 1972. 1 tab. 4
ref.
Descriptors: 'Digestion, 'Filtration, 'Analytical
techniques, 'Protein, Centrifugau'on, Poultry,
Nitrogen compounds, Organic compounds,
Chemical analysis, Methodology, Quality control.
Identifiers: 'Pepsin, 'Interlaboratory tests, Col-
laborative studies. Biological samples, Method
validation, Data interpretation.
Twenty collaborating laboratories evaluated a new
method of filtering residues from a pepsin digesli-
215
-------
bility lest of animal proteins. When the fint action
method was modified by more detailed filterinf in-
ttnictioni, the analysts found increased sensitivity
and reproducibility. Based on the data from the
collaborative studies the method has now been
adopted as official first action for poultry by-
' product meal and hydrolyzed feathers and as final
action for other animal proteins. (Mortland-Bat-
lelle)
trations of faecal bacteria returned to their normal
levels over a period of 2 to 3 days. (Byrd-Batteue)
1223-A9, All, D2
THE
iuJeg- °yl ot E°«°'»ology.
aki. and O.C.Hodgson
R *? Bm V
K-A.Brust..i. an ..odgson
JEcon EntomoL Vol 64. No 5. p 1179-1183. 1971.
Identifiers; 'Poultry. Blood, 'Dursban. Cholin
eslerase. Witer pollution eff ecu.
"P*™"" »«« begun wl chick. 3 or
con^>U w!ih?0 •*'£'«»«. «"»«•« from the
1224-A3, A4, Bl, C3, E2
CONCKNTRA-
"-AND-
. R. Evans, and J. D. Owens.
"^------"•••ai v»ft^t,uf OUDIUriBCC GrUmcC EH-
tenc bacteria, Subsurface watersTHoiS Ftow
rates, Equabons, Water pollution sources. Per-
colauon, Soil water movement, Seepage. Pollutant
identification, Biochemical oxygen demand E
con. Filtration. Membranes, Discharge (Water).
Wefrgauges,day loam. Sands, Surfaci runoff.
Identifiers: Enterococci, Biochemical tests, Fecal
conforms.
The rate of discharge and the concentration of fae-
cal bacteria in the water from a subsurface field
drain were monitored by standard techniques ini-
tially for one winter without application of animal
excrement to the pasture, and, subsequently, for
two winters when pig excrement was sprayed over
the pasture. The concentrations of Escberichia
coll and enterococci in the water were affected by
three main factors: the flow rate of the' drain
discharge; the number of bacteria in or on the soil
and vegetation; and the application to the land of
large volumes of semihquid animal excrement
over short periods of time. In the absence of ex-
crement application, the concentration of faecal
bacteria in the water was related to the .flow rate
and to time by an equation of the form: log bacteri-
al concentration equals a plus b log flow rate
minus c dayi, where a, b and c ire constants. The
concentrations of bacteria in the water declined
with time, the 90 percent reduction times bemg_57
days for E. coh' and 96 days for enterococci The
spraying of pig excrement over the pasture
resulted in a 30- to 900-fold increase in the concen-
trations of faecal bacteria in the drain discharge
within 2 h of the start of the spraying. The concen-
1225-A2, A3, A4, A9, Fl
CONSERVING RESOURCES AND MAINTAIN-
ING A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Md. Soil
and Water Conservation Research Div.
Cecil H. Wadleigh, and Clarence S. Britt.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Vol 24
No4,p l72-175,Oct 1969.4 p, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water resource development,
•Water pollution. •Eutrophicstion, Government
supports, Soil conservation. Industrial wastes, Mu-
nicipal wastes. Fertilizers, Pesticides, Soil erosion.
Animal wastes, Economics, Nitrogen, Water con-
servation.
Identifiers: 'Soil runoff, Livestock.
Some of the problems involved in natural resource
conservation are presented, with particular empha-
sis on the water pollution caused by agricultural ru-
noff and livestock production. It is pointed out that
ti.e economics of the farming and livestock indus-
try are often in conflict with the conservationists'
interests. It is suggested that the Dept of Agricul-
ture adopt a cost-sharing program to encourage
solutions to some of the problems. The article
emphasizes the dangers of eutrophication induced
by animal wastes. The author concludes with a
statement of some of the accomplishments of the
conservation movement in the area of soil and
water resources. (Murphy-Rutgers)
1226-A2, A3, A5, C2
PHOSPHORUS AND WATER POLLUTION,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Md. Soils
Lab.
Alan W. Taylor.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, p 228-
231, November-December 1967.4 tab. 26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Phosphorus, •Groundwater, 'Water
pollution sources, Sewage effluents, Eutrophica-
tion, Irrigation, Water pollution control, Water
chemistry.
Identifiers: Manure, Feedlots, Phosphorus sources,
Agricultural fertilizers.
Phosphorus, an important nutrient in natural water,
will stimulate excess growth at 0.05 ppm. It is
quickly converted to insoluble form in soil and
strong sorblion by soil particles almost completely
immobilize it. Pollution from groundwater
phosphorus is therefore minimal even though ir-
rigation drainage may cause phosphorus concen-
tration of .08 ppm in groundwiter. Eroding topsails
can contribute phosphorus to natural water. Unlike
spasmodic erosion flow, manure in stockyards and
manure piles supply a steady flow of relatively high
phosphorus concentration in available form.
Phosphorus pollution from feedlots is significant
because concentration of output. Measuring total
phosphorus concentration in a water body does not
indicate phosphorus available for growth, which is
a small fraction of the total. Continuous monitoring
of total and available phosphorus concentrations
are necessary to assess nutrient sources. One pound,
of phosphorus dissolved in one acre-fool of wafer
yields a concentration of 0.03 ppm. Phosphorus
contamination from sewage effluent is significant,
based on a per capita consumption of 2.5 Ibs of
phosphorus. (Bannerman-Wisconsin)
1227-A2,A4,A5,A6,B1,B4,C1,
C2,C3,D3,E1,F2,F4
AGRICULTURAL (LIVESTOCK) WASTES
(LITERATURE REVIEW),
Water Pollution Control Federation, Wash! .gton,
D.C.
J. R. Miner.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
Vol42.No6.pl 171-1179.June 1970 59ref.
Descriptor!. 'Agriculture, 'Industrial wastes,
•Waste water treatment. Odors, Cattle, Crops'
Biological treatment, Dairy industry, Poultry. *
Identifiers: Manure, Feed lots.
Recent literature concerning agricultural waste
disposal is reviewed. The problems associated with
water pollution control related lo cattle feed lot ru-
noff were discussed in relation to the charac-
teristics, handling, treatment, utilization, disposal
and odor problems of livestock manure. A review
of research pertaining to swine waste management
includes discussions of manure properties, applica-
tion to cropland, treatment technology, alterna-
tives for disposal or utilization, and gases and odors
related to manure storage. The production, value
use, and disposal of poultry manure is also in-
cluded. The value of poultry manure as a fertilizer
for specific crops is discussed. A great deal of study
has been made on the gases knd odors evolved from
manure decomposition and a court case is sited in
which an award of $36,000 was made due to water
pollution and odors. Some wastes which are
characterized are from steer, sheep, poultry, and
storm runoff from a variety of cropland. A great
deal of study was done on cattle feed lot wastes and
various methods of treatment. The application of
partly treated livestock wastes to cropland has been
of growing interest. The largest problem occurring
with this type of disposal is the contamination of
the groundwater by nitrogen mostly in the form of
nitrates. A variety of biological treatment processes
were studied including lagoon, aerated lagoons, ex-
tended aeration, anaerobic digestion, and aerobic
digestion. (Hancuff-Texas)
1228-A2, A3, Bl, B2, D3,
E2, F4
ALTERNATIVES FOR THE TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES
Cornell Univ.. Ithaca, N.Y. Dept. of Civil 1Bd
Agricultural Engineering.
Raymond C. Loehr.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol
43. No 4, p 668-671.2 fig. 2 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Disposal, 'Treatment.
•Systems analysis. Runoff, Pollutant, Nutrients!
Aerobic treatment. Anaerobic digestion, Dentrifi-
cation, Nitrification, Effluents, Legal aspects
Waste water treatment, Waste disposal. '
Identifiers: Options, Land disposal. Oxidation
ditch, Pollutional characteristics alternatives.
The various systems for treating wastes from en-
closed confined animal production operations an
discussed. There b no one process or waste
management system that will be adequate for all
animal production operation!. Aeration systems
such as oxidation ditches art gaining acceptance
for waste handling and treatment. It is unlikely that
current liquid waste treatment systems for treatini
concentrated animal waste water will product tf-
fluenta that can be discharged to surface water
Land disposal is an Integral part of feasible animal
waste treatment systems. (Christenbury-lowa
1229-C2, C3, D3
ANAEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT nv
MILKING-PARLOR WASTES, "IMENT Of
Kansas Univ.. Lawrence. Dept. of Civil Engineer-
Raymond C. Loehr. and John A. Ruf
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
Vol 40, No I, p 83-94. Jan 1968.5 fig. 4 Iab7l4 ref.'
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic conditions, 'Industrial
wastes, 'Lagoons, Dairy industry Animals
Biochemical onygen demand. Coliforms. EfTicicn-'
cics, Sewage treatment. Sludge. 'Waste water
216
-------
treatment
Identifier! 'Dairy cattle, 'Field study. Milking
parlor, Waste characteristics
A Held study of an 80-cow milking parlor and ill
waste treatment facilities determined that the
uvcragc flow und BOD5 of the milking parlor waste
were 760 gpd (2870 l/d) and 1030 mg/l The now
varied considerably through the day The first cell
was loaded at 9 Ihs BOD5/d/IOOO cufl (144 g
BODS/d/cu.m). The summer BOD reduction was
851} while during the winter it was only 70r4. The
BOD5 of the supernatant from the second cell dur-
ing the summer ranged from 50 to 100 mg/l.
Removal of solids from the lagoons during cold
weather adversely influenced the performance of
the lagoons. Solids assumulatcd in the first cell dur-
ing winter and were degraded during spring
Coliforrfreductions in the system exceeded 99r/<
< Aguirrc-Tcxas)
1230-B2, D3, FA
LAGOONS AND OXIDATION PONDS (Liter*-
turt Review),
W.C.Boyle.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
Vol 42, No 6, p 910-916, June 1970. 39 ref.
Descriptor!:. 'Watte water treatment, 'Lagoons,
•Ponds, Oxidation, Biological treatment, Sewage
treatment, Aeration. Temperature, Industrial
wastes. Nutrients. Coliform. Efficiency, Poultry,
Tertiary treatment.
A review of the 1969 literature on lagoons and ox-
idation ponds is presented. The review includes
discussion of principles of aerated lagoon design. A
pilot plant study to treat box-board white water and
paper-board mill waste waters is outlined. Discus-
sion of several full scale aerated lagoons is
presented and includes the design and cost of treat-
ment. A variety of industrial wastes are treated
through pond and lagoons: Kraft mill wastes, pulp
and paper mill wastes, refinery and chemical
wastes, poultry wastes, hog slaughter house wastes,
animal wastes, dairy manure wastes and phenolie
wastes. Data are presented on the design, power
requirements, organic loadings, efficiencies, effects
of temperature, aeration requirements, nutrient
requirements, coliform and pathogen removpU
and influence of detergents. The use of ponds ai
tertiary process is also discussed for a variety of
waslewaters. (Hancuff-Texas)
1231-AA, C2
POLLUTION AND El'TROPHICATION
PROBLEMS OF GREAT SOUTH BAV, LONG
ISLAND, NEW YORK,
New York State Dept. of Conservation, Ronkon-
koma
Jack Foehrenbach.
J Water Pollut Contr Federation. Vol 41, No 8.
Part 1, p 1456-1466, Aug 1969 1 I p, 4 fig, I tab
16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Eutrophication. 'Bays, 'Farm
wastes. Poultry, Water pollution sources, Water
pollution effects, Dissolved oxygen, Oxygen de-
mand, Streamflnw, Sport fishing, Commercial fish-
ing. Recreation. Ecology, Economics, Fisheries,
Pesticides, Waste water disposal.
Identifiers: 'Great South Bay, Long Island (NY).
Great South Bay is located midway between New
York City and Monlauk Point. Each year sport
fisheries gross J4.539.000 In addition. 53.400 Ib of
finfish (JI2.000) and 4,792.000 Ib of shellfish
(S4,250.000) are harvested. Because of poor recir-
culation and small inflow of tidal waters, the creek
flows of 24 million cu ft/day and groundwater flows
of 28 million cu ft/day are helping to increase the
nutrient content of the 92-*q mile bay. much of
which is less than 8 ft deep. Although the bay has a
large assimilative capacity For some forms of pollu-
tion, it is reaching a point where additional loads
will affect adversely its ecology, economic, and
recreational value. (Knapp-USGS)
1232-d, C2, C3
WASTE WATER FROM SIMIAN PRIMATE
FACILITIES,
Tulane Univ., Covington, La. Delta Regional Pri-
mate Research Center.
E. W. Fritschi, and F. W. Macdonald.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation Vol
43, No 5, May 1971, p 883-889.
Descriptor!: 'Laboratory animali, 'Watte water
treatment, Design criteria, Sampling, Analytical
techniques, Evaporation, Biological oxygen de-
mand, Urine, Collformi, Pathogenic bacteria,
Animal parasites, Disinfection, Chlorination, Loui-
siana, 'treatment facilities.
Identifier!: 'Primates, 'Bacteriological analyses,
Feces.
Water and w»te water balances were performed
on the Delta Regional Primate Research Center in
Covington, Louisiana. Total input of both food and
water was measured for selected animals and urine,
feces, and vomilui of the animali were also col-
lected and analyzed. Average food consumption
was 3.0% of body weight, and an estimated 50% of
the food is wastes. Measurement of the BOD of the
collected waste materials established primate
wastes as being 3 to 6 times higher in BOD than
conventional municipal wastes. No correlation of
tout solidi with genera, age, weight, or KC of the
animals was discovered. Primate feces were found
to be cruder than human feces, also and considera-
ble difficulty in finding a suitable feed for the dilu-
tion water. Further study of this phenomenon has
been planned. Monitoring of daily water usage
revealed • fairly constant now. There was little
daily fluctuation in cage washwater, since the
animal population was fairly conilant, and all cages
had to be washed. Bacteriological analysis revealed
a wide variety of organisms including icvci.il non-
specific parasites and numerous pathogens. This
discovery nccceuitated that particular attention be
. given to chlnrination and disinfection. (Lowry-Tex-
1233-A2, A3, A4, A5, C2,
E2
LOSSES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND,
Rothamsled Experimental Station, Harpenden
(England).
G. W. Cooke, and R. J. B. Williams.
Journal of the Society for Water Treatment and Ex-
amination, Vol 19, Part 3, p 253-276, 1970. 7 tab,
34 ref, discussion.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Nitrogen,
•Nitrates, 'Agricultural watersheds, Phosphorus,
Leaching, Soils, Drainage, Lysimeters, Fertilizers,
Rainfall, Model studies. Analytical techniques,
Arable land, Grasslands, Clays, Liquid wastes,
Livestock, Solubility, Phosphates, Subsoil,
Domestic animals, Erosion, Wind erosion,
Suspended load.
Identifiers: 'United Kingdom, Plowing. Nitrogen
losses.
Nitrogen and phosphorus is introduced to water
supplies by leaching of drainage water through
agricultural land, by liquid wastes from stockyards
and surface runoff from saturated or frozen soil, by
'movement of fine soil particles down profiles and
entering drainage systems, and by erosion of sur-
face soil by wind and water. Drainage fror) well
farmed arable land in England contains, on the
average, 10 mg/l of nitrate-nitrogen. Nitr«t$ loss in
drainage from productive land cannot be prevented
because more nitrogen will be mineralized from
soil reserves and crop residues by microbial action
than arable crops can absorb at times. Drainage
passing through permeable subsoils to deep water
tables carries nitrate that persists in the water.
Soluble phosphate fertilizers leach down soil
profiles in podzols developed from Bagshol beds
which contain only 1-2% clay in the surface while
insoluble phosphates are better retained in these
topsails. Phophorus in manure applied in large
amounts annually for 20 years penetrated the sub-
toil of light land at Woburn, the only example of
soluble phosphates in arable soils reaching
drainage system-. Watercourse contamination may
occur when- vuH-.|c are kept on small areas. (Jones
Wisconsin I
1234-A2, B2, C2, C3, D3
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIMNOLOGY
OF A POND RECEIVING ANIMAL WASTES,
Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater. Dept. of Zoolo-
DaleW.Toetz.
Proceedings Oklahoma Academy of Science, *Vol
51, p 30-35.1971.4 fig, 2 tab. 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Oxidation lagoons, 'Water pollution
effects, 'Farm wastes, Oklahoma, Cyanophyla,
ChloreUa, Ions, Phytoplankton, Nitrates, Nitrogen
fixation, Algae, Conductivity, Chlorophyll. Pig-
ments, Dispersion, Runoff.
Identifiers: 'FeedloU.Lemna.
A small pond receiving runoff from a hog yard was
dominated by a large population of blue-green
algae and phytoflagellates during summer and by
Chlorella sp during winter. Heavy rainfalls
decreased the ionic concentration of water and al-
tered the phytoplankton composition. Occnsional
concentration of oxygen below 5 mg/l and high
ammonia content suggested that the pond is un-
suitable for warm-water fish culture. (Wilde-
Wisconsin)
1235-A2, C2, D3
BOD DETERMINATIONS ON FEEDLOT RU-
NOFF,
Nebraska Univ., Lincoln. Dept. of Civil Engineer-
ing.
T. J. McGhee, R. L. Ton-ens, and R. J. Smaus.
Water and Sewage Works, Vol 119, No 6, June
1972. p 58-61, 7 fig, 1 tab, 20 ref. OWRR A-022-
NEB (2).
Descriptors: 'Analytical techniques, 'Biochemi-
cal oxygen demand, 'Pollutant identification,
•Cattle, Organic matter, Chemical oxygen de-
mand, Oxygen demand, 'Fecil IOK, 'Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Cattle feedlot ntn.iff. Ultimate BO1).
During laboratory studies of the aciobic treatment
of feedlot runoff it was observed that significant
reductions in the COD of the waste were not
reflected in a similar reduction in BOD as deter-
mined by the standard 5-day tests. The rate at
which the oxygen demand was exerted, the dura-
tion of the BOD test necessary to actually measure
the pollution effect of such wastes and the general
applicability of the standard BOD lest to feedlot
wastes were investigated. It was concluded that
the standard 5-day BOD determination was not an
adequate measure of the pollution potential of
(eedlot runoff as feedlot runoff contained slowly
degradable organic materials which would exert a
significant oxygen demand over periods in excess
of 20 days. The chemical oxygen demand test was
a superior technique although it usually yielded
hif her results than the actual ultimate BOD. (Gal-
wardi-Texas)
1236-A5, A8, C2, G3
MIGRATION OF POLLUTANTS IN A GLACIAL
OUTWASH ENVIRONMENT,
Washington State Univ., Pullman.
James W. Crosby. Ill, Donald L. Johnstone, and
Robert L. Fenton.
Water Resources Research, Vol 7, No I, p 204-
217
-------
1971 S p, S fig, 11 ref. OWRR Pro-
Descriptor.: 'P.* of pollutant*. »Glacial drift.
•F«nn waste*, 'Confinement pen*. Coliform»,
Nitrates, Nutrient*, Solute*. SoU water movement,
Groundwatcr. Washington. Water pollution
lourcea, Chloride*. SoU moisture.
Identified Feedk>tiC*nle), Outwash (Glacial ).
A tot drilling program was conducted »l • dairy in
the Spokane valley, Washington, to determine the
c(Tecu of feedlot operation on groundwater quali-
ty. Colifonn bacteria, enterococci. and fecal
cotifomu were found to disappear 'within a relative-
ly few feet of the ground surface. Chloride* and
nitrate*, however, were peniitent in depth and m>y
actually reach the groundwater body. The tow
natural moisture content of the toil, coupled with
the apparent high mo'uture tension*. luggeit* that
toil mourture n not presently moving downward in
the syttem. It h concluded that the downward
migration of inorganic chemicals from the feedlot
environment must represent an early phase of the
operation, which a arrested u organic mattes arc
formed in ntar turijce layer*. (Knapp-USGS)
1237-A4, A6, Cl, C2, C3
POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF SALMONID FISH
HATCHERIES,
Kramer. Chin «nd Mayo. Seattle, Wuh.
Paul B. Liao.
Witer and Sewage Worka, Vol 117, No 12. p 291-
297, 197C 6fig,3ub. IS ref.
Descriptor*: • Water pollution source*. *Fuh
hstcheriu, 'Sahnonidi, Water requirements, Tem-
perature, Nutrient*. Algae, Weed*. Tute, Odor,
Pathogenic bacteria. Organic waitea, Solid watlea,
Chemical*, Michigan, California, Tubificid*,
Colorado, Water pollution control, Wwhinfton,
Chemical osygen demand, Biochemical oxygen de-
mand, Dissolved osygen, HydiO|en ion concentra-
tion, Ammonia, Nitratea, Pho*phal*», Suipended
load, Dissolved solids, Effluent*.
Identifier): Settleable aolidi, Hatchery effluenta,
Paraiilea, Jordan River (Mich), San Joaquin River
(Calif), Rifle Falla (Colo). Fiab fecal waitea,
Reiidual food, Green River (Wash). Cowliu Trout
Hatchery < Waih).
Water pollution problem auociited with aalmonid
hatchery operation include nutritional en-
richment, algae and weed growth, taite, odor, aet-
Ueable tolidt, pathogenic bacteria, paraiitei, or-
ganic matter, chemicali and dnip. Fiah fecal
watte* and retidutl food are mo*t teriout becaute
they are encountered continuoualy under normal
operating procedure*; after field testing, theae
waatea are claaaified inUM.rjaaic, nutrient and aolid
pollutants. The average biochemical otygen de-
mand (BOD) concentration of hatchery effluent*
during pond cleaning U several time* greater than
during normal operation; cloaely related to BOO. i*
the dissolved o»y|cn level. The nutrient pollutant*.
nitrate and phosphate, are end-product* of decom-
position of flab food. The hatchery effluent teited
may atimulaie algal growth and cauae algal bloom a
under certain condition. The high percentage of
suspended and aenleahle aolida indicate* dial moat
aolid* in the cleaning water will be depoalted on the
lueam bottom below the hatchery. Proper feeding
would greatly reduce rate of pollutant production.
The pollution potential of hatchery cleaning water
is comparably to domeatic aewage when diluted
with infiltration water. Hatchery operating im-
provement* should include proper full loading
technique*, proper feeding procedure*. »nd water
supply mdjuttraenu. (Jones- Wisconsin)
1238-B2, Cl, Dl, D3, E3
CLOSED SYSTEM WASTE MANAGEMENT
FOR LIVESTOCK,
Michigan Sute Univ., East Lansing. Dcpt. of
Agricultural Engineering.
P. O. Ngoddy, i. O. Harper, R. K. Collins. 0. D.
Wells, and F. A. Heidar
Copy available from OPO Sup Doc EP2.10:13040
DKP 06/71. $1.13; microfiche from NT1S a. PB-
211 012, $0.95. Environmental Protection Agency,
Water Pollution Control Research Series, June
1971, 110 p. 28 fig. 21 Ub. 19 ref. EPA Program
13040 DKP 04/71.
Descriptors: 'Farm wa«lei. 'Water reu*e,
•Separation technique*, Screen*. Suipended
solids, Particle aiie. Sludge, Odor, Economic
feasibility. Technical feasibility. Performance,
Cattle, Hogs, Analytical techniques, 'Waste water
treatment.
Identifier*: 'Waste management.
A vibrating screen separator has been developed
for liquid-solid separation of livestock w*itew»ler.
Pilot leata on »wint and beef cattle wattewaler
have shown that the resistant or slowly
biodegradable aolid* are effectively removed on
vibrating screen* ranging in mesh size from no. 60
to no. 120. Although measurably lei* efficient than
conventional d£ watering devicea auch at cen-
trifuges and vacuum filters, the gravity dewatering
vibrating screen separation ii better auited to the
economic scale of the average liveitock operation.
The removal of resistant solid* from waitewater
prior to tubilizalion substantially improves the
performance of biological treatment lyilemi by
enhancing the controlling transport and kinetic
mechanisms in such proceiaea. Screened aolida
are odorless, stable, and storable over long period*
without an odor nuisance or poUulional problem.
The liquid fraction can be partially reclaimed by
biodegrsdation and recycled u transport water. A
number of candidate liveitock *a*te management
designs integrating the salient feature* of the study
have been proposed. (Lowry-Texai)
1239-A5, A8, C2
DRAIN INSTALLATION FOB NITRATE
REDUCTION,
Southwestern Irrigation Field Station. Brawley,
California: Soil Conservation Service, Frano,
California; and U. S. Bureau ol Reclamation.
Sacramento, respectively.
L. S. Willaroson. B. D. Meek, L. B. Crass.
G L Wcfcey, »nd 3, W. Bailey.
Paper ^TWented at the W« Winter Mttring.
American Society of Agricultural Engineer*. Chi-
cago, niinois, December K-tt, 19«9. Paper No.
S9-734, » p.. Z tab.. 1 fig.
: -California, 'Drain*,
™es, Permeability, Sump*,
ElicteJcai conductance. Leaching, Percolation.
•Grounawater, 'DenltrulcaUon.
I*nS«r«: %«n Joaquin Valley. Panocbe «Uty
clay.
Because farmer* remove more nitrate* Irom
S«TaoU than they put Into U, denitrtficatton or
reducing nitrata to nitrogen ga». i* .•°™-?™7!.
ble A field experiment waJ ln*tall*d In
frt siif Jo.«l5« V«Uey to teat^^.ubmer.
ol drains u a mean* of denHrUlcation.
aWte sUty clay «e. *« itriV^l11±f
timJS during the months of July and Augiuit.
Sample* made ol U>e aoU dx)«*d that the tide
of the drain oriented toward the ground water
uniral bad the nlgbest reading of nitrate con-
£T™fta£e»te5 that .oil oenltnncauon de-
£ends ultimately upon .aturallon from Urtga-
uon w well as sufficient presence of organic
carto" matter and * .hortage of oitygei.Along
with aoU denitrlDcaHon. ground water with W«h
nJUrate content wa. al»o diluted. IFrantt - E«
CentraK.
1240-A11, A12, C3, F6
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE COLIFORM
RobertPA. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center Cin-
cinntti, Ohio. Div. of Water Supply and Pollufon
Harold F. Clark, and Paul W. Kabler.
Proc Rudolf* Ret Conf. R alters Univ. New Brun-
swick. NJ. Principles and Application* in Aquatic
Microbiology, Heukekkian. H and Dondern. Not-
man C (eds). John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.
pp 202-229. 1964. I fig, 2 lab, 32 ref.ditc
Descriptors: 'Bacteria. 'Colifoims, 'Pollutants.
Sanitary engineering. Water, FnuJs, Soils, Gate*.
Hydrogen. Carbon dioiide. Fermentation. Plants.
Cattle, Grains (CropsI, Biochemistry, Microorgan-
isms, Milk, Acid bacteria, Carbohydrates.
Physlochcmical properties, Animals, Statistical
methods. Birds, Human disuses, Sheep, Geo
Graphical regions. United Statct. Inspection,
pores. Hydrogen tulfide, E coli.
Identifiers. 'Physiology, 'Bacillus coli. Taionomy.
Health, Aerobacter acrogcnes. Fece*. Glucose,
Morphology, Bacterium coli, Bacterium acrogenct,
Motility, Coli communia, B lactei-aerogenet.
Sucrose, Lactose. Dulcitol, Raffmotc, Mannitol,
Methyl, Indole, Tryptophan, Ehrlich reaction.
Vibrio cholera, Pigs, Typei, Acetylmethyl-cv-
binol. Citrate, Uiic acid.Cellobiose. Liquefaction.
Eijkman ten
Although the methodologies foi distinguishing
between the cotiform strains of fecal and non-fecal
origin ate adequate for pollution, the perfect test
has not been developed. TKe (as »•*»
(Hydrogen Carbon dioiide) differential test
seemed to solve the problem of differentiating the
coliform bacteria of fecal origin from those of plant
01 toil origin but was unadaptable u a routine
method. As laboratory procedure, the methyl red
test was recommended a* of equal value. Since cer-
tain assumptions were not valid, it* use u a
reference procedure was rejected. The property of
producing indole from tryptophan has been eiten-
sively applied. The indole reaction by cotiform bac-
teria from feces of warm-blooded animals is
generally positive in eicesa of 90 percent.although
approximately one-fifth of the coliform bacteria
from unpolluted soils can also produce indole. The
Voges-Protlauer tell, traditionally used at a t*«-
onomic characteristic, is useful in separating fecal
from non-fecal coliform group when the data are
interpreted statistically. The citrate utilisation
reaction it useful, on a statistical basis, for separat-
ing fecal and non-fecal lypet. The test*, methyl red,
indole, Voges-Fruskauer, citrate, none entirely
satisfactory individually, combined (IMVIC lest),
yielded the best classification. The elevated tem-
perature tett was superior to other procedures in
simplicity. (Jones-Wise)
1241-C3, F6
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RUMEN PROTOZOA,
Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Md.
Animal Husbandry Research Div.
J. Gutierrez, and R. E. Davis.
Proc Rudolfs Res Conf, Rutgers Univ, New Brun-
swick. NJ. Principles and Applications in Aquatic
Microbiology, Keukelekian, H and Dondero, Nor-
man C (eds), John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp 394-
404,1964.2fig. I tab, 17 ref,disc.
Descriptors: 'Ruminant*. 'Protozoa, 'Bacteria,
Cattle, Reproduction, Metabolism. Amino acids.
Tracer*, Protein*, Chromalography, Fermentation,
Digestion, Lipids, Manometers, Streptococci!*, Al-
falfa.
Identifiers: 'Rumen, 'Physiology, Casein,
Isolrichi, Holotrichi, Paramecium, Itotricaa
prostoma, tsotricha intestinatis. Daiytricha,
Diplodinium ecaudatum, Enlodinium simples,
Ophryotcolei caudatui, Starch, Epidinium ecau-
datum, Diplococcus, Peptostreptococcu*.
Some functions carried out by rumen protozoa are:
producing fatty arid* which »re absorbed yielding
energy to the host; aiding digestion of ingcstediub-
stratei-itarch, cellulose, and bacteria.; serving u a
source of protein for the host. Tracer eineriments
showed they are able to incorporate ammo acids.
As a source of protein, the protozoa furnished 20%
218
-------
of the hoit requirement. Protozoan protein was
found to hive a higher nutritive value than bacteri-
al or yeatt protein. Protein contributed to the host
wai calculated for icveral protozoa with the cellu-
lar nitrogen content experiment*. Paper chro-
matograpny of acid-hydroiyzed luipeniioni hat in-
dicated a long lilt of amino acidi contained in the
protozoa! protein, available to the hoit. The quan-
titative expcrimenti on ammonia production from
casein ihow that, for tome rumen protozoa, am-
monia can be an important product of nitrogen
metabolism. They contribute to lipid metaboliim of
the rumen. All the common genera of protozoa are
bacteria feeden. Protozoan requirementa for
growth were studied by in vitro culture work. Of
the leveral media developed, ground rice March, al-
falfa, and Streptococcus bovii, made a tucceuful
medium. Attempt! to grow the protozoa without
living bacteria have been unsuccessful.
(Jones- Wiic)
1242-A8, Cl, C3, E2
THE MOVEMENT OF DISEASE PRODUCING
ORGANISMS THROUGH SOILS.
California Univ., Davis, Dept. of Civil Engineering.
R. B. Krone.
Symp on Munic Sewage Effluent for Irrig, July 30,
1968, Louisiana Polytech Inst, Ruston, p 75-104
1968. 30 p. 2 fig, 55 ref.
Descriptors: •Water reuse, "Pathogenic bacteria,
•Viruses, 'Groundwater movement, Municipal
wastes, Irrigation water. Artificial recharge, Filtra-
tion, Sorption, Infiltration, Percolation, Soil
disposal fields. Soil contamination. Soil physical
properties.
Identifiers: Municipal waste recharge.
The movement of pathogenic organisms through
soils recharged with contaminated water is
discussed. Pathogens have a wide variety of physi-
cal and biological characteristics, including wide
ranges of size, shape, surface properties, and die-
away rates. The processes of filtration by soil in-
clude straining at the soil surface, straining at inter-
grain contacts, sedimentation, and sorption by soil
particles. Straining of pathogens at the soil surface
and sorption of viruses near the soil surface is
desirable because it limits travel of pathogens most,
and it is subject to wide variations in temperature
and moisture, and it will assure aerobic conditions.
A soil containing clay should therefore be used for
irrigation with treated sewage. Wide experience in
irrigation with treated sewage indicates that it is
safe provided that at least primary treatment is
used, and provided that the crops are not con-
sumed directly by humans. Secondary treatment
and chlorfnauon is recommended for aesthetic
reasons. (Knapp-USGS)
1243-A2, A3, A4, F4
THF. IMPACT OF ANIMAL WASTES ON
WATER RESOURCES ACTIVITIES,
Kintal Univ., Lawrence, Kan*.
Raymond C Loehr.
Proceedings of the Third Annual American Water
Resources Conference. 1967, pp 314-324, 11 p, 2
fig. 1 Ub. 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes. Wastes. Water pollu-
tion sources. Cattle, Fishtill, Waste dupoul. Kan-
sas. Runoff, Nitrogen. Drainage. Diseases, Water
pollution cfTecu.
Identifier*: Animal production trends. Animal con-
finement trends. Organic pollution. Inorganic pol-
lution.
Until recently animal wastes have been considered
a« part of in: 'natural'pollution of a region Animal
production n cli»njin|i lu/m snull farm operations
HUO large stale industrial entcrpriiet. There » an
increasing trend to confine animals within small
areas 10 produce the greatest weight gain in the
almrtcst pcnod iH tine. Under such conJiiuvu, it it
not possible lur these animals to drop their wastes
on pauures where the wallet can be absorbed by
wlurc without adversely affecting the environ-
ment. Animal wastes have been shown to be a
major source of surface water pollution. This pape'
mentions cases of pollution that have been caiued
by animal wastes and animal production ocm.v
IMIU. It ditcuues the trend toward confinem, 13 fig. 7 tab, 9 ref, append. EPA
Procram 16080 OOP 07171.
Descriptors: Reservoirs, •FishJdB, •Ammonia,
•Dissolved oxygen, Runoff, 'FeecQou, Organic
wastes. Nutrients, Phytoplankton, Light penetra-
tion, Zooplankton, Bethos, •Farm wastes, Water
pollution sources, Cattle.
Identifiers: Solids concentrations.
Effects of rainfall runoff from • beef cattle feedlot
on the water quality of • small impoundment were
determined. Changes in chemical concentration of
impounded water and changes in the community
structure of aquatic organisms were measured and
related to the amount and competition of feedlot
runoff received. Water quality changes were alao
monitored in a nearby reservoir which received no
feedlot runoff to serve as a control. Rainfall from
feedloti was retained in collection ponds and
pumped into the impoundment over a relatively
abort period of time, creating in effect a 'slug*
discharge conditon. Changes in chemical concen-
tration or population structure of organisms were
not apparent for discharges of about one-put
feedlot runoff to 40 parts receiving water. Runoff
dischargea f or two pumping periodi with each con-
tributing one-fourth ol the volume of the receiving
water were shown to degrade water quality in the
impoundment. Several significant chemical and
biological changes occurred. The concentration of
salts, solids, oxygen-demanding organic com-
pound* and nutrients increased. Population levels
decreased for organisms having negative
tolerances for low dissolved oxygen and high am-
monia concentration!,. The most dramatic reduc-
tion in the biological community was the suffoca-
tion of about 90% of the game fish in the impound-
ment. Reduction in population levels of 'stressed*
organism* was followed by increased productivity
of phototrope* in response to higher nutrient con-
centrations. (Dorland-Iowa State)
1246-A1, Bl, F2
FKEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT.
Missouri River Basin Animal Waste Management,
Kansas City, Mo. Pilot (Steering) Task Group.
Environmental Protection Agency, June 1971. 45
p.lfig.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control. Confine-
ment pens. Cattle, Pollutants, Non-structural al-
ternatives. Path of pollutant*, Water law, Legisla-
tion, Regulation, Farm wastes. Livestock,
Management, Financing, Missouri River, River
basins.
Identifiers: Technical assistance.
Basic information on the problem of beef cattle
feedlot waste management and the pollution aris-
ing from th«s» operations la presented in • non-
technical manner. The factors that cause feedloti
to pollute and the magnitude pollutant* may reach
art discussed along with some management fac-
tors and structural and mechanical means to help
control water pollution. Sources of technical and
financial assistance in design and layout of control
facilities and the water pollution control agencies
for the ten Missouri River Basin states are listed.
Existing animal waste control regulations an also
furnished for these ten states. (EPA abstract)
1247-D1, El, F2
DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
Oregon Administrative Rules Compilstion, ch 340,
sees 43-005 thru 43-025 (1970).
Descriptors: 'Oregon, 'Industrial wastei, 'Watte
disposal, 'Pollution abatement, Water pollution,
Ultimate disposal, Regulation, Administrative
agenciei. Liquid wastes, Orgsnic wastes. Solid
wsstes, Pollutants, Waste water disposal. Legisla-
tion, Legal aspects, Farm wastes. Confinement
pens, Hogs, Cattle, Canneries, Industrial plants,
Foods, Poultry, Liveitock.
Unless the Department of Environmentsl Quality
provides an exemption, sll fruit and vegetable
processing plants shall provide efficient facilitiei to
remove all suspended and floating materials from
the wastes resulting from canning and freezing
procetiing. All solids retained by a standard twenty
mesh screen shall be removed from liquid wastes by
screening or other approved method and ditpoted
of in a non-polluting manner. Wastes from
slaughterhouses and meat packing planli shsll be
diiposed of in a manner thtt will prevent direct or
indirect entry into public waters. All blood shall be
collected and disposed of separately from other
wastes. Manure and hog stomach contents shall be
collected sepsrately and used as fertilizer, land-fill,
or in some other approved manner. All fleshings,
grease particlet, hair and other tolid materials shall
be collected by dry cleaning of floors and by
screening of wastes. Adequate grease recovery
basins shall be installed. Similiar provisions govern
the disposal of wastes in poultry killing and packing
plants. To prevent water pollution from solid
wastes, hog feeding ysrds and holding pens shall be
constructed so that they can and will be dry
cleaned before being washed down. (Gallagher-
Florida)
1248-A2, Bl, C2, C3, E2, ,
F4
LIVESTOCK INDUSTRIES IN TEXAS AS RE-
LATED TO WATER QUALITY, REPORT
NUMBER ONE.
219
-------
Texas Waler Quality Board. *"•''"•
D Pillman. and P. Harris.
Texas Waler Quilily Boird. Auitin. 1970. 30 p. 5
lab. lOref.
Dcicriplon: 'Texas. 'Water quality. 'Livestock,
•Farm wastes. "Waste treatment. •Poultry.
Waitcl. Solid wastes. Ctttle, Ho|i. Sheep, Watte
disposal. Farm management.
Trendi art discussed in animal populations in Tex-
aa, manaiement techniques employed by animal
producer*, and characteristics of animal wastes
and treatment methods uied. In addition, typical
and/or economical animal producing units in
Texas are described, with an explanation of cur-
rent practices used to control water pollution
caused by animal wastes. A number of conclusions
are made from the material presented. The num-
bers of beef cattle, sheep and poultry in Texas are
increasing. There it a trend to confine animals and
feed them for more efficient production. Charac-
teristics of animal wastes are variable making it
difficult to determine the pollutions! effecli of the
wastes and to recommend adequate treatment.
Biological and chemical changes often occur in
wastes from confined feeding areas. Conventional
domestic waste treatment systems are ai yet not
feasibly idspuble to animal wastes. Current
animal wsste management for controlling runoff
from confined feeding areas include the use of
diversion terraces, ditches and retention ponds
with irrigation facilities for dewatering the ponds.
(Poertner)
1249-A4, A12, F2
AND ""-ATED WASTES
.
Regulations No. 28-18-1 thru 28-18-4, Kansas De-
partment of Health. Environment*! Health Ser-
vkei. Topeka, Kansas, May, 1 967. 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Kansat. •Domestic
animals, 'Water pollution control. Water pollu-
tion, State governments, State jurisdiction, Ad-
ministration, Regulation, Admlniatrative agencies,
Legal aspects, Permits, Standards. Water pollution
sourcea. Treatment facilities. Public health, Cattle,
Sheep, Farm wastes. Farms.
The operator of any newly propoeed or existing
confined feeding operation mutt register with the
department of health. All application forms shall
contain information regarding general features of
topography, drainage course, and identification of
ultimate primary receiving streama. If a confined
feeding operation constitutes a water pollution
hazard the operator must provide water pollution
control facilities which shall be constructed in ac-
cordance with plans and specifications approved by
the department Such water pollution control facili-
ties shall not be placed In use until a permit has
been issued by the board of health. If a water pollu-
tion control facility's permit Is revoked, the owner
or operator of the confined feeding operation In-
volved (hall be allowed to finish feeding existing
animals, but may not place any more animal* in the
feeding area until the minimal requirements are
met. The regulation establishes the minimum
requirements for water pollution control facilities
used for the confined feeding of cattle, twine,
theep, and other animals. All tuch facilities mutt be
operated and maintained ao at to prevent water
pollution and protect the public health and the
beneficial uaea of the state's waters. (Horwiu-
Florida)
1250-A5, A8, C2, C3
DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES AND OTHER
WATER POLLUTANTS UNDER FIELDS AND
CORRALS IN THE MIDDLE SOUTH PLATTE
VALLEY OF COLORADO,
Agricultural Research Service. Fort Collins, Colo.
Northern Plains Branch; and Colorado Agricultural
Experiment Station. Fort Collinx.
HA Stewart, F.G. Victs, Jr.,G L. Hutchinxon,
W. D. Kcmpcr.and F. E. Clark.
U S Department of Agriculture. Agricultural
Rcucarch Service, ARS 41-1.14. December 1967.
2(16 p. 3 I fig. 25 tab. I3rcf.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, 'Ammonia, 'Water pollu-
tion sources. 'Cores, Fieldx. Plants, Alfalfa. Cereal
crt>px, Irrigated lund, Colorado. Grnundwuter. Per-
colation.
Identifiers: Native granges. Fecdlotx,Corrals. South
Plaltc Valley (Colo).
Cores representing nonirrigjlcd fields in native
grass, cultivated nonirrigatcd fields, irrigated fieldx
in alfalfa, irrigated fields in cropx other than alfalfa,
and corrals were obtained from northeastern
Colorado during 1966. Cultivated nonirrigatcd
fields usually contained small uccumululion* of
nitrate below the root nine. Native granit fieldx. or-
dinarily, did not show nitrate accumulation in core
profiles. SignificantCjuantitiesof nitrate were found
in most cores from irrigated field* with row crops
or cereal grains. Alternately, cores from irrigated
alfalfa fields generally contained insignificant
amounts of nitrate. Amounts of nitrogen as nitrate
found under corrals were extremely varied, ranging
from almost none to more than 5000 pounds/acre
in a 20-foot profile. Evidence disclosed that
dcnitrification win occurring under fcedlou, even
at teveral feet below the surface, consequently,
much of nitrate under fecdlots will probably never
reach the water table. Water samples beneath
several corrals contained large amounts of organic
carbon and ammonia and possessed offensive odor.
Bacterial counts under corrals were considerably
higher than under other areas, especially at lower
depths. These findings indicate some pollution of
groundwater by deep percolation is occurring from
corrals, but more studies are required before sig-
nificance and magnitude of this pollution cm be ai-
scssed. (Kccncy-Wisconsin)
1251-A4, A7
AIRBORNE AMMONIA EUTROPHIES LAKES.
Agricultural Research (USDA). Vol. 19, No. 2, p
8-9, August 1970.
Descriptor!: 'Ammonia, 'Eulrophlcation,
•Nitrogen, Algae, Water pollution sourcet,
Colorado, Cattle, Urine, Path of pollutants, Farm
waslet.
Identifiers: Feedlott.
Ammonia traps and rain gages were installed at five
sites and in two control areas in Colorado to deter-
mine the rate at which ammonia is adsorbed
directly from the air by water surfaces under dif-
. fercnt conditions of temperature and climate at
various distances and directions from cattle
feedlots. In one northeast Colorado lake a little
over a mile from a large fecdlot, the surfsce ad-
sorbed about 30 pounds of nitrogen aa ammonia
per acre per year. This amount is sufficient to
eutrophy a lake averaging 20 feet in depth to two or
three times the concentration needed for algal
blooms. Indications are that even small feedlots
may release enough ammonia to have an effect pn
nearby water surface and that airborne ammonia
from feedlots may contribute more nitrogen than
runoff and deep percolation from the same aources.
(Mortland-Battelle)
1252-A4, A5, C2, Dl, D3
NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER,
Illinois State Water Survey, Urbans.
Julius H. Duwes, Thurston E. Larson, and Robert
H. Harmeson.
In: Frontiers In Conservation, Proceedings 24th
Annual Meeting Soil Conservation Society of
America, August 10-13, 1969. Colorado State
University. Fort Collins, p 94.102. 1970. 9 p I fit
6 tub, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, •Ground-
water, 'Surface waters, 'Nitrogen compounds, Il-
linois, Hydrologic cycle. Fertilizers, Industrial
wastes. Decomposing organic matter, Organic
wastei. Domestic wastes, Liveilock, Precipitation
(Atmospheric), Water quality. Chemical analysis.
Soils, Soil water. Seepage, Sorplion, Crops]
Nitrates.
Nitrogen levels in surface waters that exceed
established standards arc evidence of mans intru-
sion in the environment and the cause of deteriora-
tion in walet quality. Thirty-nine million tons of
chemical fertilizers were applied in the United
States in 1967, of which tpproximately 6 million
tons was nitrogen. In Illinois about 23% of all water
samples from welts SO feet deep or less have been
found to contain an excessive concentration of
nitrate, that is, above the 45 milligrams per liter
level. The sources of nitrogen in Illinois surface and
subsurface waters are varied and often difficult to
identify. Known sources of pollution include
precipitation, human wastes, crop residues, decom-
posing animal or plant tissue, industrial wastes, and
nitrogen fertilizer. At the present time there is no
known practical and economical way of recovering
these excess nitrates. Membrane techniques and
biological methods both have potential for prevent-
ing pollution of water by nutrients, salts, and
minerals, whether the source is fertilizer, irrigation
water, sewage, or industrial wastes.
(Woodard-USOS)
1253-A5, B2, Cl, C2, D3,
E3, Fl
WATtR QUALITY CHANCES IN CONFINED
HOC WASTE TREATM r.NT.
Kanvu Univ.. Lawrence.
Rcr,;» E McKinney. and Robert Bella.
Cnti'ni) No 24, Kans Water Resources Res Inst
Pro; Conviction Rep. 1968. 88 p. 21 fig. 12 tab, 13
rcf. OW RR Project A-<> 11 -KAN.
Descriptor*: »Farm wastes. 'Waste treatment.
•Aerobic treatment. 'Hogs. Farm lagoons. Settling
basins. Soil dispuul fields. Sewage treatment,
Ditpoul. Environmental engineering. Sludge
mspoul. Waste storage.
Identifiers: Hog farm waste*.
Treatment methods fur the wastes of confined hogs
jrc tfumincd. Conl'mcd-animal wastes aic a major
pollution problem. There are about 55 million ho£»
in the US., and tneir wastes are largely untreated
When they occupy a large area, foraging for food.
this U no problem, but under confinement the
problem is similar to thai of municipal waste
disposal. A facility consisting of an aerobic biologi-
cal treatment system for 10,000 hogs was studied.
An important consideration wai odor control
oecause of a nearby metropolitan area. Recycled
effluent was used for raw-waste input dilution, and
paddle-wheel aerators were selected for high ox-
ygen transfer efficiency and low operating cost.
f-jch bui'ding had an aeration ditch under iui
slotted floor Ibr aerobic processing, and final
•lispusul was by a 2-itage infiltration pond svstcm
and f.ci'J spreading of solids. Measurements wet'.-
made of DO, BOD. COD. pH. suspended solids. N.
ind trace metals. Chemical analysis results and "_ost
d.iu are tabulated. Operation expense is about |.»
cent* per hoc P" day. Stream pollution is
prevented or greatly reduced and odors arc no
prob'er.v (Knipo-bSGS)
1254-C3
ISOLATION OF ANAEROBES.
Academic Prest, Inc., New York. N.Y. 1971. D.A
Sbapton and R. G. Board, editors. 257 p.
220
-------
Descriptor: "Isolation. 'Cultures, Soil bacteria,
Proloroa, Fungi, Photosynlhelk bacteia. Sulfur
Helena, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Soil microor-
ganisms. Clostndium, Enteric bacteria, Bioassay,
Animal wallet. Poultry, Ruminants, Sediments,
Foods, Soil!.
Identifiers: •Enuroralion. Enrichment, Cellu-
lolytic bacteria, Lipolytic bacteria, Bac-
teriodaceae, Biological samples, Bacteroides
fragilis, Sphaeropborus, Fusiformis, Zymomonas
anaerobia, Fusobacteria, Spirochaeles,
Microaerophilic vibrio. Anaerobes, Culture
media, Feces, Tissue, Entodinium caudatum, En-
todinium simplex, Epidinium ecaudatum cau-
datun, Polyplastron mullivesiculatum. Actino-
myces, Leptotrichia, Veillonella.
Methods an presented for culluring, isolating, and
enumerating anaerobic microorganisms including
Clostridia; enteric bacteria; anaerobic bacteria of
tnan, ruminants, poultry, and horses;
photosynthetic bacteria; nitrogen-fixing bacteria;
sulfur bacteria; protozoa; and fungi. The methods
arc used for isolating the bacteria from animal tis-
sue, food, feces, soil, intestines, bovine rumen
and the human mouth. (Holoman-Battelle)
1255-A4, All, Bl, F4
DISEASES OF FEEDLOT CATTLE,
R. Jensen, and D. R. Mackcy.
Lea and Febiger: Philadelphia, Pa. 1971. 2nd Edi-
tion. 377 p.
Identifiers: 'Animal diseases. Cattle, Feed lots.
Farm wastes, Water pollution sources.
Emphasizing the diseases of feedlot cattle, this
book brings together current literature pertinent tc
an expanding branch of veterinary medicine. Each
disease is considered under the headings of defini-
tion, occurrence, etiology and pathogenesis, clini-
cal signs, postmorten lesions, prevention and
treatment. Autopsy findings are presented exactly
as practitioners and students should have them to
make accurate diagnoses. Carefully selected post-
mortem and antemonem photographs augment the
test. In addition to individual treatments, mass
treatments for numerous cattle in a specific lot are
described. Many of the newer diseases are
discussed, with advice on vaccinations and
preventive methods found helpful in their control.
Full consideration is given to the causes, clinical
signs, diagnosis and treatment of viral bovine
rhinotracheitis and other respiratory diseases
which cause such serious losses to the cattle fat-
tening industry. All chapters are revised for this
edition, with up-to-date information added on
treatments, including the use of thiamine
bydrochloride for polioencephalomalacia. New
preventive measures are discussed, such as the
vaccine for the protection against shipping fever.
The economic importance of each disease is given
and the problems of feedlot pollution of water, soil
and air are considered fully. New chapters cover
such important topics as preconditioning, adapting
cattle to the change in diet from roughage to con-
centrate, bluetongue, necrotic posthiu's and high
mountain disease. A subject index is included.--
Copyright 1972, Biological Abstracts, Inc.
1256-A5, A8, C2, F6
MOVEMENT OF POLLUTANT PHOS-
PHORUS IN SATURATED SOILS,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Depart-
ment of Agricultural Engineering.
P. Goodrich.
FH D Thesis. Purdue University. Department
of Agricultural.Engineering, 1970. 135 p.. 3 tab,,
57 lit.. « ref.
Descriptors: 'Phosphates, Soil contamination,
•Saturated soils. Isotherms, Sands. Diffusion,
•Adsorption. Clay, 'Soil Columns, Radiolsotopes,
DenitriflcaUon, Waste water (pollution). Elec-
tromagnetic waves. Instrumentation. Effluents.
•Irrigation. 'Water pollution. 'Waste disposal.
Nutrients, Farm wastes, 'Monitoring.
Identifiers: 'Radioactive tracer solutions. Stimu-
lator. Automatic data collection. Sandy loam,
Land disposal. Influent.
A laboratory experiment was carried out using
uniform soil columns and radioactive tracer
solutions to monitor movement of phosphorus
Inside soil columns. An electronic data acquisi-
tion system was developed to monitor long
term study. Results were compared with ad-
sorption models already developed. Simulated
high-phosphate irrigation showed the limited ca-
pabilities of surface soil In preventing ground
water pollution. Sand and land loam soils
were tested. Results emphasized the importance
of clay minerals in phosphate adsorption. How-
ever, soils have a finite capacity for adsorb-
ing phosphate, and continuous flushing as In
irrigation may cause the phosphate to move
quickly to great depths, thus affecting ground
water. Therefore, the design of disposal fields
must be considered in order to prevent over-
accumulation of phosphorus In soil columns.
IFrantz - Ernst Central),
1257-B1, Fl, F4
EVALUATION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES,
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Still-
water.
A. F. Butchbaker, J. E. Carton. G. W. A.
Mahoney, and M. D. Paine.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Water Pollution Control Research Series,
November 1971. 322 p, 61 fig. SI Ub. 94 ref. EPA
Program 13040 FXQ11/71.
Descriptors: 'Farm waste*, TFeedkXs, 'Manage-
ment, •Agricultural runoff. Ultimate disposal.
Cost analysis. Water pollution control. Cattle,
Operation and maintenance, Separation
technique*. Oxidation lagoona, Transportation,
•Waste water treatment. 'Waste treatment
Identifiers: 'Feedlot waste management alterna-
tive*.
Alternative beef waste management systems were
examined to determine minimum cost systems for
effective waste disposal. Design and cost informa-
tion was obtained from feedlot visits and the litera-
ture. A computer program was developed for use
with a Conversational Programming System (CPS)
for calculating the sizes of equipment and facilities
and for estimating the facility and .machinery
operating and investment costs. For open feedlots,
two waste management systems, solid and runoff-
carried, were considered. The total system invest-
ment cost for a 20,000 bead unpmved feedlot with
pollution control was approximately $420,000 with
an operating cost of $0.133 per animal day (not in-
cluding feed mill and storage, office or land costs).
The pen facilities were about 63% of the total in-
vestment cost, the runoff control system about
10% and the solids handling about 23%. Confine-
ment buildings with slotted floors using slurry han-
dling methods or with solid floors using solid han-
dling methods offer a high potential for completely
controlling the animal waste and abating pollution.
A promising system for near optimum pollution
control is a cable scraper system underneath a
slotted floor for daily removal and disposal of the
wastes. A manure irrigation system costs about
rone-half as much as mechanically conveying the
' slurry to the fields. In semi-arid areas, evaporation
lagoons offer another ultimate disposal alterna-
tive. (Lowry-Texas)
1258-A4, A12, C3
RECOVERY OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
FROM HIGH QUALITY SURFACE WATER,
Colorado State Univ.. Fort Collins
1. f. Fair, and S. M. Morrison.
Water Resources Res, Vol 3, No 3, pp 799-803
1967. 5 p, 2 tab. 5 ref. Grant WP-00679.
Descriptors: 'Water quality. 'Aquatic microbiolo-
gy. 'Pathogenic bacteria. 'Wildlife. 'Livestock.
Salmonella. Potable water.
Identifiers: Arizona group pathoginic organisms
An investigation of the presence of enteric disease
producing bacteria in' a high quality mountain
stream in Colorado yielded 11 isolants of members
of the genus Salmonella and 51 isolants of organ-
isms belonging to the Aruona group. An improved
method for the recovery of these organisms from
high quality water was developed and used success-
fully. The presence of these potentially pathogenic
bacteria, which appeared to be the result of con-
tamination by wild or domestic animals, may be a
potential hazard to public health.
1259-A5, A6, A10, A13, B2
t>3
WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS FOR
AGRICULTURAL WASTES,
California Univ., Davis; and Kansas State Univ..
Manhattan.
Samuel A. Hart, and Marvin E. Turnet.
Advances in Water Quality Improvement, (Editors:
Gloyna, E. F., and Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr.),
Austin, Texas, Univ of Texas Press, 1968. p 457-
463.2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Stabilization,
'Ponds, 'Design criteria, 'Anaerobic digestion.
Sludge. Disposal, Odors. Mosquitoes. Insect con-
trol. Subsurface waters. Infiltration. Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen De-
mand (COD).
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Manure sta-
bilization pond. 'Livestock manure characteristics.
•Pond loading rates, 'Pond appearance and loca-
tion. Sludge digestion, Sludge disposal.
In contrast to sewage and other wastewater sta-
bilization ponds, manure disposal ponds are ex-
pected to accept very large amounts of organic
solid matter, often with scarcely enough water to
get the wastes into the pond. The objective is sta-
bilization and disposal of organic matter rather
than water purification; effluent is lacking; make-
up water is often needed. Biochemical oxygen de-
mand (BOD) loading ranges up to 1200
Ibs/acre/day; anaerobic conditions predominate;
and are functionally comparable to open unheated.
sludge lagoons or conventional sludge digesters.
Research during the past 5 years confirms depen-
dence on anaerobic processes to stabilize agricul-
tural wastes. Major design criteria are: (I) control
odors, (2) control fly and mosquito production, (3)
prevent infiltration of pond liquor to subsurface
natural waters, (4) proper siting for aesthetic pur-
poses. Other important design considerations relate
to: volume and depth criteria, summer sludge up-
welling requirements and winter sludge submersion
requirements, manure inlet location, sludge build-
up rates and removal, pond water levels, effluent
runoff control, pond geometry and, plant and in-
sect control. (D'Arezzo-Texas)
1260-A4, A5, A9, D2, D3,
E2, F4
NONPOINT RURAL SOURCES OF
WATER POLLUTION,
S. Lin.
ISWS-72-CIR111. Illinois State Water Survey.
Urbana. Department of Registration and Edu-
cation. 1972, 36 p.. 20 tab.. 4 fig.. M ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Rural areas,
Fertilizers, Pesticides, Erosion, Sediment, Farm
wastes. Nitrogen. Phosphorus, Runoff, Waste
treatment, Waste disposal, minols.
Identifiers: 'DDT, Soil conservation methods.
A literature survey of major sources of rural
water pollution was made. Major pollutants
are fertilizers, pesticides, erosion and sediment,
and animal wastes. In commercial fertilizers.
nitrogen and phosphorus pose the greatest pollu-
tion threat.. Pesticides are only slightly soluble
in water and then only five percent of that
applied reaches waterways. Soil erosion and
221
-------
sediment. which c«rry the greatest threat for
JoHution, can be minimized by contour farm-
ing terracing. cover crops and/or crop rotation.
Farm animal waite treatment may be accom-
plished by aerobic digestion. Ujoons. compost-
Ing land disposal, or chemical treatment, how-
ever. these are systems used In domestic waste
treatment and the same degree of success had
not been achieved with animal waste. (Mar-
quard - East Central).
1261-B1, Fl, F6
INTERREGIONAL COMPETITION IN
THE CATTLE FEEDING ECONOMY
WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ECO-
NOMIES OF SIZE,
Texas A t M University. College Station. De-
partment of Agricultural Economics and Rural
Sociology.
R. A. Dietrich.
Interregional Competition In the Cattle Feeding
Economy with Special Emphasis on Economies
of Size, B-1115, Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station (Project No. HM-2489) In cooperation.
with the- U.S,D.A.. September. 1971, 55 p.. 39
tab.. ft fig.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. "Cattle. 'Economics,
•Size.
Identifiers: Regional production characteristics,
Transportation rates. Least-cost shipment routes,
Feed grains.
Thia study utilizes a multi-dimensional trans-
shipment model to determine the least cost lo-
cation and optimum levels of cattle feeding
and fed-cattle slaughter among 27 specified
regions In the 48 contiguous states to satisfy
the demand for fed beef. Data showed that
readily available supplies of feed grain and
feeder cattle and economies of size In feedlot
operations are of major Importance In determin-
ing the optimum location and levels of cattle
feeding. Models were also developed to sys-
tematically measure the effects of specified
changes in regional feedlot size and projected
1975 regional feedlot sizes on the optimum re-
gional location and levels of cattle feeding
and slaughter. In addition, the study shows
the least-cost shipment routes for feeder cattle.
feed grains, fed slaughter cattle, and dressed
fed beef to meet the demand requirements in
the various sectors of the cattle feedinj-fed-beef
economy. (Wetberill - East Central).
1262-B1, B4, D3, F6
CLIMATE AND THE SELECTION OF
A BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYS-
TEM,
Oklahoma State University. Stlllwater, Agri-
cultural Engineering Department.
A. F. Butchbaker, O. W. A. Mahoney. 3. E.
Carton.
Paper presented at 65th Annual Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineer*. Hoi
Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30, 197J, Paper No,
72-410, 3! p., 1 tab., 10 fig., « ref.
Descriptors: 'Climates, 'Feed lot*. 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Cattle, Temperature, Moisture deficit.
Aerated lagoons, Management.
Identifiers: 'Slta selection, 'Beef housing ays-
tern. Anaerobic lagoons.
Climate classifications are defined and climate
effects on animals and waste management sys-
tems are discussed. As a result, two climatolo-
gical models for beef housing and waste man-
agement were developed to serve as a basis for
delineating areas that require different beef
housing and waste management practices. One
used January and July temperature limits for
beef production and moisture deficit Beef hous-
ing and waste management systems were
dfssifled by climatologlcal areas, Essei."^'
more humid areas require more complete hous-
,ing and waste management systems. Areas of
high moisture deficit are optimum for open
JefdlotiT Area, above 60'F require sunshades,
ud I vear around disposal of wastes on crop-
for winter wastes. (Marquard • East Central).
1263-All, B5, C2
CHROMIC OXIDE AND CRUDE PRO-
.TEIN EXCRETION IN THE BOVINE
AS INFLUENCED BY WATER RE-
STRICTION,
University Of Kentucky, Lexington. „ ._
D L. Cross, J. A, Bollng. and "• w. B raffl ey.
JoWnal of Animal Selene*. Vol. M. No. », f.
881-983. May, U7J. 4 tab.. » fl*., U ret
Descriptor.: 'Farm waste*. 'Proteins. 'Cattle,
Wen'tCsT' 'Chromic o,.d..« tUter restriction,
DrV matter digestibility. Fecal dry matter.
Twelve yearling Angus ateer. *«•
to two periods and two .«r»»bMJ!SJ0i
pertinent designed to study the efjert of
restriction on the excretion of chromic
and cnTde protein. Each itttr *f confined *J
a metabolism crtU »n4 reeeivid.4 W. « t
by • 7 day total collectloa of feces. The per-
ceV recovery of chromic oxide •»•"«•'. W
and 102.3 respectively for Uie ateer. off.red
water free choice or t% of free choice. There
waa no difference in the dlgwtioii
protein between treatments. Thtre *
crease in dry matter oWlbUUy
crease n
chromic oxide and crude protein.
East Central).
1264-A6, Bl, Cl, C3, D2,
D3 . .
PRINCIPLES OF FEEDLOT ODOR.
CONTROL,
Texas A It M University. Texaa Agricultard
Extension Service, Department of Agricultural
Engineering.
Texas A^liSl University, Texa. Agricultaral;
Extension Service, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, December t, vm, S p., 4 *ef.
Descriptors: «Alr pollution. 'Feed lots, •tfarm
wastes. Aerobic bacteria. Moisture contents.
Temperature, Waste treatment. Poultry, Lagoons.
Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Odor control. Odor measurement.
Odor intensity. Odor quality.
The major obstacle to developing effective odor
control techniques, writing guidelines for feed-
lot odor control, and litigation of leedlot Odor
cases la the lack of suitable quantitative meth-
ods (or measuring, the Intensity and quality
ol odort. Meuurtifc odor Intensity U usually
done by diluting with Jdor-free waters haw.
ever, measurement of odor (juality U difficult
because of the lack ol an aectJHed •tandjrd.
The physical variables Which affect the gen-
eration of malodon from manure are tempera-
ture and moisture content. Experiments with
poultry manure hare shown that manure odor
intensities are proportional to moisture con-
tent This has suggested two approaches to
odor control of feedlola — (1) maintenance of
aerobic condition* for decomposition, »nd «>
the chemical treatment of manure. Judicious
site selection of feedlota with respect to aur-
rounding land use pattern* and climatic factors
la a third alternative which has had some suc-
cess. (Dudley - East Central).
1265-A4, A5, Bl, B4, D2,
D3, E3, F2
WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1972
CORNELL AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of. the
1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York. 580 p. 160 fig,
151 tab. 265 ref.
Forty-nine papers were presented at the Cornell
Waste Management Conference. These papers
present varied aspects of waste management In-
cluding- (1) legal and legislative regulations.
(2) problems and alternatives for handling, treat-
ment, and disposal systems for dairy, hog, beef.
and poultry waste, (3) water quality, and (4)
utilization of wastes as a feed sourcs. (Mar-
quard-East Central).
1266-A1, A4, A7, A8, E3,
F4
AGRICULTURE IN THE *
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Protection Agency.
J. L. Buckley
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p, 1-7.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Environment, 'Farm
wastes. 'Air pollution, 'Water pollution, 'Soil
contamination, Industrial wastes. Municipal
wastes, Feed lots. Research and development.
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency.
National Environmental Research Centers.
This lead symposium paper for the Cornell Agri-
cultural Waste Management Conference called
for two basic accomplishments: (1) to find ways
to halt agricultural pollution, and (2) to find
uses for agricultural wastes. Agricultural pollu-
tion was defined and the EPA's role In elimin-
ating it was discussed. (Lynch-East Central).
.
ulations, 'Cattle, 'Feed lots. Poultry, Hogs. Agri-
cultural runoff. Recycling, Pollution abatement.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Composting. Re-
feeding wastes, Pyrolysis.
1267-A3, A8, Fl, F2, F3
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
CONTROL PROGRAMS
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
R. J. Doll
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York. p. 9-16, 3 tab,
3 append.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, Technology, 'Manage-
ment, 'Economic impact. 'Control. 'Regulation.
Agricultural runoff, Kansas, Feed lots.
Identifiers: 'Agribusiness, Tenth Federal Re-
serve District.
Flexible regulatory systems governed by en-
lightened administrations are reeded to replace
existing uniform pollution control programs for
agriculture. These systems should be viable
and flexible enough to adequately control the
environment without unduly restricting economic
growth. An example Is pollution caused by run-
off of nitrogen-based fertilizers and other chem-
icals. Such runoff must be brought under con-
trol. The real problem Is how to minimize such
pollution, but, at the same time, permit the
efficiencies achieved by technology. The pro-
posal that the amount of a given chemical used
per acre should be limited seems an Incorrect
approach because of the influence of such vari-
ables as soil type, climate, topography, method •
and time of application, and soil preparation
tactics. (Lynch-East Central).
1268-B1, Fl, F4
PUBLIC RELATIONS ASPECTS OF
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Graham Farms,
D. B. Graham
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca. New York. p. 17-24.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment.
•Recycling. Pollution abatement. Odor. Waste
disposal.
Identifiers: 'Public relations. 'Agricultural Waste
Management.
222
-------
An overview of animal waste management meth-
ods and economic implications is presented to
show that the public must be informed about the
farmer's pollution problems and solutions. There
is a need for public acceptance of farm wastjs
as a valuable recyclable resource. (Lynch-East
Central).
1269-A2, Bl, Dl, D2, El,
E3, F2
IMPLICATIONS OF THE PERMIT
PROGRAM IN THE POULTRY AND
ANIMAL FEEDING INDUSTRY
Office of Research and Monitoring, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency.
D F Anderson
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca. New York, P. 25-45. 8 fig,
9 tab, 35 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Water pollution
treatment, 'Water permits 'Feed lots. 'Agricul-
tural runoff, 'Waste treatment. Water pollution.
Water law. Waste water disposal. Livestock, Bi-
ochemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen de-
mand. Poultry.
Identifiers: 'Pollution discharge, Executive Ord.r
Number 11574. Zero discharge.
Now in suspension. Executive Order Number
11574 called for ths U. S. Army Corps of Engi-
neers to assume responsibility for issuing per-
mits for all industrial pollution discharges into
navigable streams and their tributaries, Permits
for agricultural discharges into waterways were
to apply to operations of 1000 animal waste
units and larger witH violators subject to fines
and/or injunction. The proposed national goal
was 'zero discharge" by 1985. New methods of
meeting discharge requirements such as sedi-
mentation, lagooning, and recycling were pro-
posed Pollutant concentrations in runoff and
water discharge as wall as methods of disposing
of animal wastes are cited. (Lynch-East Cen-
tral).
Descriptors: 'Regulation. 'Farm wastes. 'Live-
stock, 'Feed lots, 'Zoning, 'Civil law, Permits,
Water pollution. Legal aspects, Contracts, Air
pollution. Waste disposal. Pollution abatement.
Identifiers: 'Public regulation, 'Privat: regula-
tion. Licensing law. Injunctions, Site selection.
Ail states now have very similar public regula-
tory agencies which control pollution by adher-
ing to precise tolerance mandates. When toler-
ance levels are exceeded, the board may seek
an injunction, assess daily fines. Institute a law-
suit to recover damages or issue tax bills for
construction of adequate pollution control facili-
ties. Private regulation, uncertain and unpre-
dictable due to dependence on a jury, occurs
indirectly in civil lawsuits through the nuisance
laws Under these laws a plaintiff may sue tor
injunction, damages, or both. Feedlot operators
were advised to consider zoning, site selection,
and prior occupation in setting up new opera-
tions. (Lynch-East Central).
1272-B1, Fl, F2
IMPLICATIONS OF STATE
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
ON LIVESTOCK WASTE
MANAGEMENT
V. S. Department of Agriculture, Michigan
State University.
J. B. Johnson, L, J. Connor, C. R. Hoglund,
and J. R, Black.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
; Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 71-81. 4 tab.
7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economic efficiency, 'Legislation,
•Environment, 'Livestock, Pollution abatement,
Permits Control, Confinement pens.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Administrative
codes. Legislative proposals. Registration critera.
1274-A4, B4, E2, F2
DAIRY FARMER CONCERNS OF
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
AFFECTING ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
National Milk Producers Federation.
J. B. Adams
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York. p. 97-100.
Descriptors: "Dairy industry, 'Farm wastes
•Regulation, 'Legislation, 'Water pollution,
•Waste disposal. Permits.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. National Milk
Producers Federation, U. S. Public Health Ser-
vice.
The National Milk Producers Federation has
adopted an environmental issues policy which
recognizes the need for reasonable balance be-
tween animal agriculture, costs to consumers,
and future environmental quality. Dairymen
face a problem in complying with conflicting
federal regulations. According to the V. S.
Public Health Service, in order to maintain a
license to produce Grade "A" milk, a dairy
must regularly remove and deposit manure on
the land. On the other hand, most water pol-
lution regulations require a retention of the
manure or other means of preventing animal
wastes' entrance into public waters, Obviously,
dairymen can't comply with both regulations at
the same time. Many regulations also require
a permit to discharge animal wastes into navi-
gable waterways. This "across the board ap-
proach" fails to accomodate the flexibility re-
quired to enable producers to employ practical
solutions to individual problems. (Marquard-
East Central).
1270-A4, A5, F2
APPLICATION OF IOWA'S WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL LAW TO
LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
Iowa State Department of Health.
U. Agena
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 47-59.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Water law. 'Water
permits 'Water pollution control, 'Farm wastes.
•Livestock, 'Feedlots, 'Iowa, 'Waste disposal,
Waste treatment, Inspection, Poultry, Runoff.
Identifiers: 'Permit requirements, 'Iowa Water
Pollution Control Law, Rural Environmental As-
sistance Program (REAP), Water discharge.
In conjunction with the Agricultural Stabilization
Conservation Service, the Soil Conservation Ser-
vice, and the Cooperative Extension Servic;, th3
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission be-
came responsible for prevention, control, and
abatement of water pollution in that state in
1965. The commission registers feedlots, evalu-
ates feedlots for pollution potential, and issues
permits for waste disposal. Requirements for
feedlot registration and regulation basEd on the
number of confined animals and the destination
of the runoff water are defined and outlined.
(Lynch-East Central).
1271-A1, Bl, F2
A REVD3W OF PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE LIVESTOCK WASTE
REGULATIONS
Missouri University, Columbia.
D. R. Lev!
Waste Management Research. Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York. p. 61-69.
A 1971 survey of statutes in 27 major beef-pro-
ducing states revealed a mixture of general
statutes, specific registry statutes, administra-
tive codes, approval procedures, and permit sys-
tems. Tables show percentages of beef produced
in the states surveyed, the forms of state water
pollution statutes applicable to livestock waste
management, critera for registration require-
ments of livestock and poultry production firms,
and critera for registration requirements of per-
mits provided by general state water quality
statutes. Implications of these statutes for both
beef producers and society were broadly dis-
cussed. (Lynch-East Central).
.1273-F2
POTENTIAL CITIZEN INITIATED
LEGAL ACTION AGAINST
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
West Virginia University, Missouri University.
D. Colyer. and D. R. Levi.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 83-95. 37 ref.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Legal aspects, 'Con-
trol, 'Pollution abatement 'Common law. Dis-
charge.
Identifiers: 'Citizen initiated legal action, 'Agri-
cultural pollution, 'Mandamaus, Class action.
Constitutional provisions. Public trust doctrine.
1275-D2, El
PYROLYSIS AS A METHOD OF
DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTES
Midwest Research Institute.
W. Garner, C. E. Bricker, T. L. Ferguson,
C. J. W. Weigand. A. D. McElroy.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York p. 101-123. 7 fig,
5 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Feed lots, 'Cattle, "Cost analysis, Cellulose
Lignin, Differential thermal analysis.
Identifiers: Pyrolysis, Hemicellulose, Thermogra-
vimetric analysis, Organic fractions.
A program was conducted to determine the
economic feasibility of pyrolyzing feedlot wastes.
Background theory on pyrolysis of cellulose, he-
micellulose and lignin, and wood is given. The
pyrolysis process is pictured and diagramed and
test results are given. Composition of noncon-
densables, elemental analyses, material and en-
ergy balance, and economic evaluation of a
pyrolyzer for manure from a 40,900 head b3ef
cattle feedlot ara given. The conclusion was
that pyrolysis of feedlot wastss was uneconomi-
cal in relation to simple incineration because
cost of equipment to separate potential market-
able material was not offset by the market
value of the materials. (Marquard-East Cen-
tral).
Feasible individual or group action against pol-
lution is outlined. Citizens may seek a judicial
decree constraining administrators to perform
environmentally-related duties, usually through
mandamus, or bring direct suit against a pol-
luter. Plaintiffs may sue polluters under nui-
sance laws, illustrating intentional and unprivi-
leged entry onto land, or under trespass laws,
requesting an injunction, damages or both. They
may also utilize class or declatory judgment
actions. The Refuse Act of 1969, and the ninth
amendment to the Constitution have also guar-
anteed the rights of the individual to a clean
environment. (Lynch-East Central).
1276-B1, D2, D3, El, E2,
F4
DAIRY MANURE WASTE HANDLING
SYSTEMS
A. Grimm
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference Ithaca, New York, p. 125-144, 1 fig,
3 tab, 7 ref.
223
-------
Descriptors- 'Dairy Industry. 'Waste disposal,
Wast" treatment. Aeration, Activated sludg:.
Smers:%T/manure, -W^tc handling sys
ternsi •Ccntralixed dairies. -n^rntralized dai-
ries Dirt corrals. Paved corral*. Direct dispos-
al, Dewater solids. Compost, Liquid flush, Oxi-
dation ditch, Dairymen's FeriMwr Cooperat-v«
Pyrolysis. Southern California. Cerritos, Cali-
fornia.
Because of complete urbanization of such areas
as Cerritos, California, a program was initiated
in southern California to study and demonstrate
Improved methods of handling raw manures at
individual dairies and feedlots In highly popu-
lated areas. Individual system's costs are pre-
sented in tabulated form. Evaluations were
made for ten decentralized individual dairy wast?
handling systems- four for a dirt corral dairy
and six for a paved corraJ dairy. Eight cen-
tralized, regional dairy waste handling systems
were analyzed. A schematic shows a compari-
son of environmental effects of wast3 handling
systems and system operating cost. The conclu-
sions of the study were: (1) disposal of manure
from each decentralized dairy sh'ould be accom-
plished in the most economical manner with ths
least detrimental environmental effect, and (2)
in view of a diminishing number of dairies, con-
struction and operation of a centralized waste
disposal plant did not appear justified in the
Cerritos area. (Marquard-East Central),
1277-C2, D3
AERATION RATES FOR RAPID
COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE
United State Department of Agriculture.
G. B. Wilson and J. W. Hummel
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca, New York, p. 145-158. 12 fig,
Z tab, 9 ret.
Descriptors: "Dairy industry, 'Farm wastes,
Chemical oxygen demand. Nitrates, Ammonia.
Identifiers: 'Composting, 'Aeration ratss, 'Bench
composter 'Bin composter, 'Mechanized channel.
Oxygen consumption rate.
Studies were undertaken to develop design cri-
teria for composting operations. Bench compos-
ters, bin composters, and a mechanical channel
were the three methods used for development
of aeration rates. A generalized curve was de-
veloped showing (he effects of aeration on tem-
perature and rate of oxygen consumption at
any one time during the process. Aeration rates
should vary I" 'he process in the following se-
quence: (1) during warmup stage, aeration
should be applied at increasing rates; (2) when
thennophiluc temperature is reached, the aera-
tion rate should be increased to the top of the
temperature limit: and <3> as the level of activ-
ity decreased the rate of aeration should be
reduced to prevent cooling. (Marquard-Easl
Central).
1278-A6, B3, B5, D3
WINDROW COMPOSTING OF
SWINE WASTES
Cornell University.
J. H. Martin, Jr. and M. Decker, Jr. and
rC c DBS
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 159-172. 10 fig,
i tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Waste treatment, Hydrogen
IdenS:tr'Ctompostin«r, 'Swine waste « ;. W,nd-
row, Thermophilic environment, adulteration.
jihasi1*: fl) u-indrf"«- frrmnhun rri-.-ilme arrotiic
conditions conduri\e to thrimoiihilic acti^iU :nd
minimizing, time for completion when straw -vas
u*r
-------
S Bee! cattle feedlots with heavy, constant
stocking on loess hills do not create a ground-
water problem but nitrate buildup was found
In profiles of adjacent areas.
I The soil texture of the retention structure
and the procedure and materials used to seal
the structure are necessary considerations in
preventing nitrate accumulations In the soil
profile and groiindwater. (Marquard-East
Central).
1283-A2, A4, Cl, C2
BEEF BARNLOT RUNOFF AND
STREAM WATER QUALITY
United States Department of Agriculture.
H K. White, and W. M, Edwards
Waste Management Research. Proceedings of
the 1S7J Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 225-235 6 Re,
I tab, 6 ref,
Descriptors: 'Biochemical oxygen demand,
'Chemical oxygen demand, 'Water quality. Cat-
tle, Ohio.
Htntlflers: 'Barnlot runoff, 'Volatile solids,
Total solids, Clarksburg silt loam.
Objectives of the study presented wera to deter-
mine the concentration and amounts of solids
ud organic material in the runoff from a barn
lot anil to Identify the effect of rainfall and run-
oil patterns and seasonal conditions on barnlot
ronoU quality. Runoff for a 16-month period
Irom a 60 head beef cattle barnlot located on
Hit loam was sampled and analyzed for total
(Olios discharging effluent down
flushing gutters was an effective means of re-
moving manure from swine buildings, (2) treated
effluent did not inhibit normal swine growth,
(3) recycled wastes did not caus; excessive odor
problems, (4) the effluent from the RBC system
and lagoon, aeration-basin system presented a
few pumping problems, and (5) the aeration-
basin effluent contained more solids and had
clogged return lines more frequently. (Mar-
quard-East Central).
1288-A6, B3, Cl, C2, D2,
E3, Fl
DRYING POULTRY MANURE AND
REFEEDING THE END PRODUCT
J. F. BergdoU
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 269-293.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm Wastes, 'Recycl-
ing, Nitrogen, Costs, Nutrients, Odor, Fertilizers
Indiana.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding. 'Dried poultry manure.
Berry Best Egg Company's program for drying
poultry manure into a feed is reported. The ma-
nure is dried to a 10-157o moisture content No
odor is reported when 10% level is reached; how-
ever, from the 12-15% moisture level, there is a
slight smell. Cost for a dryer runs from 322,000
to 170,000 and total operational costs run from
$15 to $35 per ton. Nutrient Value/Nitrogen is
highest when manure is dried daily. Optimum
level for waste in a feed ration is 10 to 15%:
however, it is recommended that birds Mould
start eating a ration at eight weeks of age and
work up ot a 30%, level. Egg production results
are given. (Marquard-East Central).
1289-A11, B3, B4, C2, E3
THE EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS
RECYCLING AND STORAGE ON
NUTRIENT QUALITY OF
DEHYDRATED POULTRY
WASTE (DPW)
Michigan State University,
C. J. Flegal, C. C. Sneppard, and D. A. Dom
Waste Management Research, Proceedings ol
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 295-300. 5 tab,
5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
storage, 'Nutrients, Calcium, Phosphorous. Ni-
trogen.
Identifiers: Continuous recycling, 'Dehydrated
poultry wastes. Crude protein.
225
-------
One experiment was conducted to determine th3
influence of poultry waste storage tim? on th?
nutrient quality of dried poultry wastes. Another
experiment tested what continuous recycling does
to dried poultry waste nutrient quality. In the
first experiment, droppings were collected and
stored prior to drying from periods rang ng from
1 to 90 days. In general, when the material
was held for longer than 28 days, crud_> pro
tein content went down. In experiment 2, pullets
were fed rations for 412 days. The diets con-
taining DPYV were continuously recycled. At the
completion of 31 cycles, the proximate analyses
of the DPW from the birds fed the continuously
recycled DPW were quite similar. However,
both calcium and phosphorous were slightly
higher than DPW from hens fed a standard
cage laying ration. Hen housed egg production
of the birds fed the 12.5 percent DPW diet was
slightly higher than the hen housed egg produc-
tion of the other birds. Birds fed the diet con
taining 25 percent DPW consumed the most feed.
Mortality of the birds fed the three diets
ranged from 6.9 percent to 7.9 percent. (Mar-
quard-East Central.
1290-A11, B3, C2, E3, Fl
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED
POULTRY MANURE AS A
POTENTIAL POULTRY FEED
INGREDIENT
Cornell University
M. C. Nesheim
JI'*8'* Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
"^Conference, Ithaca. New York, p. 301-309.
I^^l0™1 *.?,0ultry- 'Farm Wastes- -'Feeds,
Recycling, 'Evaluation, Economics, Amino
acids, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding. -Dehydrated icultry
manure, 'Metabolizable energy. Egg production,
Feed consumption.
Cornell experiments were made to evaluate
poultry waste as a poultry feed ingredient. The
experimenters felt that the metabolizable energy
content of the poultry waste was the best single
overall measure of its potential value as a feed
ingredient. Test hens were fed computer formu-
lated rations of which diets 1 2, and 4 were
low energy content while diet 3 was a typical
cdmmercial energy diet. Diets 1 and 4 had 22,5%
poultry waste as an ingredient of their rations.
Results revealed that egg production was high
for all four diets; however, hens on diets 1, 2,
and 4 ate more than those on diet 3. There was
also a marked increase in excreta dry matter
for these hens. This indicated that only a por-
tion of the manure was actually lost in recycl-
ing. The computer analysis indicated that poul-
try waste would be used as a preferred source
of phosphorus in the ration until it reached a
cost of $26.00 a ton with the feed ingredients
used. Its high phosphorus content along with
the associated amino acids and energy made
it a preferred source of phosphorus in the ra-
tion compared to meat meal and decalcium
phosphate. (Marquard-East Central).
1291-A6, B2, D2, E2, F2
OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS OF
POULTRY PRODUCTION RELATED
TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Kreher Poultry Farms.
H J Krchcr
w'aste^ Management Research Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York. p. 311-316
Descriptors- 'Waste disposal, 'Poultry. 'Air pol-
lution" 'Odor, 'Legal aspects. Technology. Ozone.
New York.
Identifiers: 'Operational problems. 'Environmen-
tal quality. Liquid manure spreader, Soil in-
jection.
Waste disposal Is the main operational problem
of Kreher Poultry Farms, a 60.000 hen poultry
farm in New York. When land disposal of liquid
manure became objectionable to a nearby popu-
lation, ozone treatment was used to reduce
odors. Due to maintenance breakdowns, the
odors persisted and the farm owners were taken
to court. The owners were faced with a J200
settlement for their violations. These owners
feel that this was an unfair Judgement and
that there is a desperate need for an objective
third party—an agriculture industry panel made
up of people acquainted with agricultural prob-
lems and agricultural research. Such a council
could give sound recommendations to farmers
in trouble. (Marquard East Central).
1292-A6, B2, D3, E2
AUTOMATED HANDLING AND
TREATMENT OF SWINE WASTES
The Ohio State University.
E. P. Taiganides, and R. K. White.
Waste Management Research. Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 331-339. 12 fig.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm Wastes. 'Waste treat-
ment, 'Oxidation lagoons. Odor.
Identifiers: 'Automated handling. Flushing gut-
ters, Recycled waste water, Siphon tanks.
A plant was constructed on Botkins Feed and
Grain Company Research Farm, Botkins. Ohio.
in order to study the feasibility of automatically
removing swine wastes, treating them, and re-
cycling treated effluent back to the building to
flush out further wastes. The plant operated as
follows. A tank located at the end of the gut-
ter was filled with water which was siphoned
onto the gutter. The flushing water carried the
dung defecated on the gutter to a sump from
where the waste water was pumped onto a
stainless steel screen. At the screen, the solids
were separated from the liquids. Liquids were
discharged into the oxidation ditch, clarified and
the supernatant from the final clarifier was
pumped back into the siphon tanks In the animal
building. Meanwhile the solids separated by the
screen were aerobically digested, stored, and
pumped onto crop land. After twenty weeks of
operation, the automated removal of waste was
working extremely well and odor control was
good, but the oxidation ditch was malfunction-
ing and foaming. At the time of this report,
it was hoped that the system would be monitor-
ed two more years and that procedures would
be developed to make the plant operate opti-
mally at all times. (Marquard-East Central).
1293-A6, A8, All, B2, C2,
D3, E2
EVALUATION OF SWINE WASTE
TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
North Carolina State University.
F. J. Humenik, R. W. Skaggs. C. R. Willey.
and D. Huisingh.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca. New York. p. 341-352. 1 fig.
11 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treat-
ment, 'Evaluation, 'Waste disposal, Nitrogen
Chemical oxygen demand. Phosphorus. Heavy
metals.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal. 'Unaerated lagoons.
'Application rates, Cecil sandy loam, Norfolk
sandy loam.
This North Carolina study reports on the treat-
ment of swine waste by a single unaerated la-
goon, the treatment of swine waste by an un-
aerated scries lagoon system, and data for land
disposal of effluent from a single unaerated
lagoon. The experiment revealed that an un-
aerated series lagoon can handle twice the
number of animals that a single aerated la-
goon can take care of and there is no Increase
In odor. Specific conclusions drawn from the
•tudy were:
(1) Major constraints in using lagoon systems
In the Southeast are the disposal of excess
liquid and the potential of odor and excess
leakage,
(2) A conservative estlmite of allowable nitro-
gen loading when using llnd disposal of wastes
in the Southeast appears to be 15 Ib./acre/week
for Cecil sandy loam and 10 Ib./acre/week lor
Norfolk sandy loam.
(3) Heavy metal feed additives can pose an
environmental and health hazard. I.e. the cop-
per content of the soil-plant disposal syitem
may approach levels thst poison the soil and/or
are toxic for sheep and other animals. How-
ever, lagoons can be utilized as a copper trap
prior to land disposal. (Marquard-East Central).
1294-A2, B2, Dl, D3, D3,
Fl
DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM AND
A METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT
OF RUNOFF FROM CATTLE
HOLDING AREAS
Kappe Assoclatei, Inc.. RockvUle. Maryland.
D. S. Kappe.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Ithaca. New York, p 351-363
2 fig. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment 'Farm wastes.
'Agricultural runoff, 'Waste disopsal. 'Cattle.
•Dairies, 'Confinement pens. Aerobic treatment,
Anaerobic conditions. Sludge. Hydrogen ion con-
centration. Chemical properties. Economics
Maryland.
Identifiers: 'Waste management research. 'Aera-
tion tank.
At the time of this paper's presentation, Kappe
Associates Inc. and J. L. Mills Brooklawn Dairy
Farm had just completed construction of a
dairy farm waste treatment system. A descrip-
tion is given of the project site, the experimental
treatment syitem, and the studies that were to
be made. The treatment system consisted of a
concrete flow metering box; an aerated grit
chamber; a dual section aeration tank with a
hopper bottom; a chlorine contact tank, a pump
and piping tystem that enabled treated and
chlorinated waterwaste to be used for waihing
down the treatment facility and flushing the
holding area; and a small building, whlcb
housed two blowers for supplying air to the
aeration tank; the chlorinator for the facility;
the treatment system electrical control panel;
an air flow meter for measuring the air flow
to the aeration tanks; a wastewater flow re-
corder; and other mechanical equipment; as
well as the project site laboratory. The system
was designed essentially to utilize the extended.
aeration modification of the activated sludge
waste treatment procrss and to operate on a
"flll-and-draw" basis. The treatment methods to
be studied were based on biological processes
or combination of biological processes. {Mar-
quard-East Central).
1295-A4, A6, B2, B4, E2,
Fl
EVALUATION OF BEEF WASTE
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES
Oklahoma State University. Stlllwater Okla-
homa.
A. R. Butchbaker; J. E. Carton; G. W. A.
Mahoney; and M. D. Paine.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca. New York. p. 365-384. 7 fig.
6 tab. 21 ref,
Descriptors: 'Cattle. 'Farm wastes. 'Waste
treatment. 'Waste disposal, 'Waste storage. Cli-
mates, Slurries, Costs, Agricultural runoff. Solid
wastes. Farm lagoons, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: 'Waste management alternatives,
•Confinement buildings. Open feedlots, Site se-
lection.
226
-------
Waste management design alternative! are out-
lined for both open and housed feedlot feeding
facilities. Among the major conclusions are
these: (1) No treatment systems for liquid feed-
lot wastes produce an effluent suitable for dis-
charge to a stream. (2) Areas where mo.sture
deficit is greater than 10 inches, have high
potential for using evaporation for ultimate
control wastes. (3) Paving open feedlots re-
duces pen surface area and runoff control struc-
ture sizes to about one-third of the area and
•lies required for unpaved feedlots. (4) Con-
finement buildings offer a high potential for
pollution control. Capital costs are higher than
for open feedlots. but land areas are reduced.
rainfall runoff structures are unnecessary and
wastes may be removed either as a semisolid
or as a slurry. (5) A slurry hauling system
utilizing soil Injection for handling liquid wastes
from storage pits provides an optimum system
for abatement of odors and water pollution,
but is more expensive and slower than surface
spreading. (6) A manure irrigation system for
pumping a slurry or wastewater for field ap-
plication costs about one-half as much as me-
chanically hauling and spreading a slurry with-
in one-hall mile of the feeding facilities. (7)
Ultimate disposal of feedlot waste on agricultural
land should be encouraged. (Marquard).
1296-A2, Bl, B5, D3, E2
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES
FROM SOUTHWEST BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOTS
Texas Tech University.
Dan M. Wells; George F. Meenaghan; Robert
C. Albiii; Eugene A. Coleman; and Walter
Grub.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of the
1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca, New York, p, 385-404. 5 fig,
17 tab.
Descriptors: "Feed lots, "Farm wastes, 'South-
west U. S., 'Waste treatment, "Waste disposal,
Feeds, Slopes, Semiarid climates Texas.
Identifiers: "Concrete-surfaced feedlots, "Dirt-
surfaced feedlots. Waste characteristics, Com-
posting.
Texas studies conducted on concrete-surfaced
feedlots and on dirt-surfaced feedlots with vary-
ing degrees of slope yielded the following con-
clusions: (1) Pollutant concentrations of run-
off are in a rang: of one to more than two
orders of magnitude higher than concentrations
found In untreated municipal sewage. (2> Treat-
ment of runoff from Southwestern cattle feed-
lots is infeasible. (3) Concentrations of pollu-
tants in runoff resulting from precipitation on
concrete-surfaced lots are two to four times
greater than corresponding concentrations from
dirt-surfaced lots. (4) The quantity of solid
waste accumulating on the feedlot floor Is a
direct function of the fraction of roughage In
the finishing ration. (5) The fraction of incident
precipitation running off concrete lots is twice
the fraction running off dirt-surfaced lots. (6)
Stocking rates above 40 square feet per animal
on concentrate lots do not enhance animal per-
formance. (7) Limited feeding trials utilizing
a roof to eliminate runoff had no effect on
cattle performance. (8) Increasing slope of con-
crete feedlots from 7V4 to 15 percent makes lots
virtually self-cleaning. (9) Aerobic composting
of solid wastes is technologically feasible re-
gardless of the type of operation. (10) Extreme
caution must be exercised in application of feed-
lot runoff to agricultural crops. (Marquprd-East
Central).
1297-A8, B2, C2, D3
INITIAL OBSERVATIONS OF
SEVERAL MEDIUM SIZED
BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER
RENOVATION SYSTEMS FOR
ANIMAL WASTES
Michigan State University.
A. E. Erickson; J, M. Tiedje; B. G. Ellis; and
C. M. Hansen.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 405
410. 1 fig. 2 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: "Waste water treatment. 'Waste
disposal, "Farm wastes, 'Water pollution, "Soil
contamination. "Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus, Dentrill-
cation. Carbon, Livestock, Hogs, Nitrates, Ef-
fluent, Aquifer.
Identifiers: "Barriered Landscape Wate Renova-
tion System (BLWRS).
Adsorption and filtering action of soils can b«
used to renovate waste water, but the expense
of land and its management, as well as land
availability In many places, has forced the In-
tensive spreading of wastes on limited acreages
with the possible pollution of water resources.
Because there is a need for a method of re-
novation which is more efficient, doesn't re-
quire such large land areas, and is not as
expensive as conventional sewage treatment and
disposal, BLWRS (Barriered Landscapehsl:ws
Renovation System) has been developed. It con-
sists of a limestone or slag covered mound of
soil underlain by an impervious water barrier.
BLWRS's method is relatively inexpensive to
construct, requires a minimum of maintenance,
requires a smaller area than is needed for ir-
rigation spreading systems, and removes large
amounts of the nitrogen, carbon and most of
the phosphate from the local environment. Tests
are too incomplete for BLWRS's to be used
commercially, but so far its nitrogen and phos-
phate removal capability has been as high as,
99% for animal wastes. (Marquard-East Cen-
tral).
1298-B2, C2, D2, E2
REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM
LIQUID ANIMAL MANURE WASTES
Cornell University.
Raymond C. Loehr,
Waste Management Research. Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 411-427.
4 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Liquid wastes,
•Phosphorus, Waste water treatment "Waste dis-
posal. Alum, Hydrogen ion concentration. Poul-
try. Ducks (domestic). Cattle. New York.
Identifiers: "Chemical removal. Alum, Ferric
chloride.
This paper reports the results of detailed labora-
tory studies to remove phosphorus from duck,
poultry, and dairy manure wastewaters and
discusses the feasibility of such removal. The
studies investigated the effect of phosphorus
concentrations, pH control, different coagulants
and wastewater source. The three chemicals
used In the phosphorus removal experiments
were: alum—ALztSO^a; lime—CoO; and ferric
chloride—FeCL36H2O. Actual comparison of the
three chemicals was difficult since they were
used in wastewaters of different characteristics
and chemical demand. Chemical choice was de-
termined by required dosage, chemical cost.
and the costs of ultimate solids disposal. The
alum requirements were less than those of
lime lor most poultry manure wastewaters;
lime requirements were less for duck waste-
water. Controlled land disposal should be con-
sidered a high priority method for phosphorus
control from animal wastewaters because it is
more amenable to normal animal production
operations, avoids the need for chemical con-
trol and treatment plant operation, and elimin-
ates additional problems of chemical costs and
sludge production handling and disposal. (Mar-
quard-East Central).
1299-A6, A8, B2, C2, E2
CONTRIBUTION OF ANIMAL WASTE
TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL
The Pennsylvania State University.
L. F. Marriot, and H. D. Bartlett.
Waste Management Research Proceedings of
the Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 435-440. 1 fig.
2 tab. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Waste disposal,
•Nitrogen, 'Soils. 'Rates of application, 'Slurries,
•Water pollution. Groundwater. Dairy industry.
Odor.
Identifiers: H age r town illt loam. Suction lysi-
metera.
Research was done to determine the movement
and accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soil
after dairy manure slurry was applied below
the surface of grass sod. Odor control was also
to be determined. A liquid spreader spread
slurry of 12.5% solids and 2.35% total N (dry
matter basis) four Inches below surface at
treatment rates of 0, IS. 30, 45, 60, and 75
tons of moisture. Suction lysimeters were install-
ed in each plot at depths of 1 2, 3, and 4
feet for the purpose of sampling soil water.
Samples were taken at 14 day intervals in 1970
and at monthly intervals in 1971. Soil samples
were also taken. Both types of samples were
analyzed lor nitrate, ammonium nitrogen, chlor-
ide, and sodium. Even the lowest application
rate of 15 tons per acre indicated enough ni-
trate excess to be a potential pollution hazard.
Disposal of wastes in this manner practically
eliminated odors. (Marquard East Central).
1300-A8, C2, E2
HEAVY MANURE APPLICATIONS:
BENEFIT OR WASTE?
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Massa-
chusetts University.
M. E. Weeks; M. E. Hill; S. Karczmarczyk;
and A. Blackmer.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference. Ithaca, New York, p. 441-447.
6 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Waste disposal.
•Rates of application, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Salts, Connecticut, Massachusetts.
Identifiers: Manure, Corn crop. Agawam sandy
loam. Hadley sandy loam Chlorides.
A study was started to determine the effects
of high rates of manure on the growth and
yield of corn crops and on chemical and physi-
cal change in light textured soils. Three ex-
perimental sites with sandy loam soils were
used. After two years of experimenting, the
following was revealed: (1) Large manure ap-
plications on well-drained sandy loam soils
should not adversely affect crop growth or
yield. (2) Manure applications have a favorable
effect on general tilth and workability of
soil, (3) Nitrates, chlorides and other salts
move through the soil profile at all levels of
application, though during the growing season
a crop of corn would utilize much of the nu-
trients as they become available, probably
as high as 42 tons per acre. (4) Leaching
would occur mainly before the crop is estab-
lished and alter it is removed. (5) Annual ap-
plications of manure for purposes of disposal
on crop land should be made only after due
consideration is given to location and total
amount of area covered. The crops themselves
were not analyzed lor nitrate content. (Mar-
quard-East Central).
1301-A8, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF SOLID BEEF FEED-
LOT WASTES ON SOIL CONDITIONS
AND PLANT GROWTH
Kansas State University.
L. S. Murphy; G. W. Wallingford: W. L. Pow-
ers; and H. L. Manges.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1S72 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 449-464. 15
fig. 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: "Feed lots, "Farm wastes, 'Waste
disposal. 'Nitrogen. "Nitrates, "Phosphorus.
Rates of application. Nutrient removal. Plant
growth. Soil chemical properties Ions, Sodium.
Potassium, Cattle, Kansas.
.Identifiers: Electrical conductivity, Saturation
extract conductivity, Greensburg silly clay
loam, Silage yields.
Results of this two-year study indicate that large
applications of solid beef feedlot manure can
227
-------
depress yield* of corn silage. Silage yields were
found to have a quadratic relationship to ma-
nure applications. Maximum yields were real-
ized between 223 and 300 MT/ha. Depressed
yields were due to accumulation of salts from
manures. Electrical conductivity of the soil
saturation extract increased linearly with ma-
nure applications. Sodium, potassium, phosphor-
us, NO3-N and nitrogen were found In large
quantities In the soil; however. NO] -N and
nitrogen were not in large quantities of th;
corn silage, while phosphorus was. Results «ug-
gest that the detrimental effects of excessive
manure application may be reversed by con-
tinued cropping and adequate water penetra-
tion of the soil. (Marquard-East Central).
1302-A2, A8, C2, E2
GRASS RESPONSE TO
APPLICATIONS OF BEEF-CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
United States Department of Agriculture.
M. B. Satterwhite, and C. B. Gilbertson.
Jk ,0,0 a"a«ement Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornel] Agricultural Waste Manage-
f flg.
rhpm *r,eed lots' 'Agricultural runoff.
Chemical analysis. -Rates of application.
<£n ™r, ^l «*"»":» properties. Nutrients,
o profiles, Cattle, Nebraska.
S*?* grass' Utue Western,
**?* ""arygrass, Big bluestem,
r "jMtgrass. Brome grass. Side-
grama, Indiangrass.
Hated
kind.
lot
o d
ban
tra
T1 /reenh.ouse Investigations were Ini-
oi determine "* response to various
'8' to, application* of beef feed-
mical Mpeetj of the runoff,
n' 8rass Prol^on. Protein con-
"0" analyses are tabulated. It was
,y,ea/ly variauo» i" ™noff could lead
df ""'rolled greenhouse condi-
" °rder of """easing response
grass> Llttle """'em, Switch-
cfnaryKra«. Big bluestem, Inter-
Brome Srass. Side-Oats
(Marquard East Csn-
1303-A8, C2, E2
A STUDY OF CORN RESPONSE AND
SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMA-
TIONS UPON APPLICATION OF
DIFFERENT RATES AND SOURCES
OF CHIpKEN MANURE
Cornell University. •
K. MacMillan, T. W. Scott, and T. W. Bateman
Waste Management Research, Proceeding of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Ithaca, New York, p 481-494
B fig, 10 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Rates of applica-
tion, "Nitrogen, Potassium. Poultry, Electrical
conductance, Acidic soils. Salts, Hydrogen ion
concentration New York.
Identifiers: Chicken manure, Soil nitrogen trans-
formation. Corn response. Oxidation ditch ma-
nure. Diffused air manure.
A 37-day greenhouse experiment was initiated
to (1) determine corn response when extremely
different rates of treated manure sources were
applied to two typical New York soils differing in
pU and (2) determine soil nitrogen transfor-
mations under the above conditions. Raw ma-
nure was applied at rates 0, 75, 155, 310, and
620u gN/gm soil. All other sources (stored oxi-
dation ditch manure, oxidation ditch manure,
and diffused air manure) were applied at rates
0, 125, 250, 500, and lOOOu gN/gm, soil. It was
concluded that: (1) High rates of manure appli-
cations did not result in excessive amounts of
salts nor did it destroy the microbial popula-
tion. (2) Luxury Nitrogen and potassium con-
sumption resulted from the application of high
rates of the manure sources studied, (3) In
low pH soils the com grew well; In Ugh pH
sojls the effect of manure application was detri-
mental. This suggested that acid soils have the
greatest potential for manure disposal and crop
efficiency. (Marquard-East Central).
1304-A3, A8, C2, E2
SURFACE RUNOFF NUTRIENT
LOSSES FROM VARIOUS LAND
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY
MANURE
Agronomy Department, Cornell University.
P. J. Zwerman, S, D. Klausner, D. R. Bouldin,
and D. Ellis.
Waste Management Research, Proceeding* of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York p. 495-502. 3 tab,
12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Waste- dis-
posal, 'Farm wastes, 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus,
Nitrates, Dairy industry. Crop rotations. Corn,
Alfalfa. Oats, Wheat, Organic matter. Rainfall
simulators.
Identifiers: Nutrient losses, Manure, Soil loss
Orthophosphate.
Sixty randomly selected plot locations were sub-
ject to surface runoff tests with a rainfall simu-
lator. Storm frequencies corresponding to 2, 10,
and 20 years were applied in sequence to each
plot. Soil condition results represent the ef-
fects of fourteen years of past management on
seed beds prepared for corn. Heavy mineral
fertilization Increased runoff by 50%. Lack of
a 6 ton manure application Increased runoff
100%. Orthophosphate was Increased by In-
creased phosphate fertilizer. Runoff, nitrate and
Orthophosphate Increased with rain application.
Increased mineral fertilization doubled the loss-
es of soli, organic matter, total nitrogen, and
total phosphorus. Six ton manure applications
cut these losses in half. All losses Increased
with Increased water applications. The two-by-
four study again Involved six tons of manure
plowed down versus no manure on four crop
rotations. All were at moderate rates of min-
eral fertilization. The rotations were: (1) con-
tinuous corn; (2) corn-corn oats-alfalfa-alfalfa;
(3) corn-oat* alfalfa-alfalfa; and (4) wheat-alfal-
fa-alfalfa-alfalfa-alfalfa. Manure effect In these
rotations was non-significant. In (1) and (4).
manure decreased or did not effect runoff, soil,
and nutrient losses. In (2), manure significantly
Increased organic matter and total nitrogen loss.
It increased runoff, nitrates, soil loss, and total
phosphorus. In (3), manure significantly In-
creased total phosphorus. It decreased nitrate. It
increased soil loss, organic matter, and total
nitrogen. (Marquard-East Central).
1305-B2, Cl, C2, D3
A STUDY OF FOAMING PROBLEMS
IN AN OXIDATION DITCH TREATING
SWINE WASTE
Toronto University,
P. H. Jones, and N. K. Fatal.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. 503-515
14 fig. 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Swine, 'Oxidation
lagoons. 'Foaming. 'Waste treatment. Tempera-
ture. Hydrogen ion concentration, Suspended
solids.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Elactronlc foam
sensor, Beloit-Passavant Rotor, Foam suppres-
sants, Electrodes, Silicon controlled rectifier.
This study was conducted to examine the oc-
currence of foam and to determine the factors
affecting foam generation in a full-scale oxida-
tion ditch used for treatment of daily wastes
of approximately 400 swine. Foam formation
was monitored daily for 211 days and tempera-
ture, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended solids,
etc., were measured. A rotor operated within
the ditch to promote aeration. Breaking the
foam with water spray proved unsatisfactory.
By the 6th week, foaming was acute. The use
of winter fuel oil and commercial foam depress
sanU proved unsatisfactory. A five feet high
wooden head-box was constructed downstream
of the rotor to catch the foam but proved not
to be strong enough. After the winter freeze
the ditch was restarted May-August. 1S71, An
electronic foam sensor was devised. When foam
built up too much, the sensor caused (he rotor
to shutdown. A red warning lighted alerted
farm personnel. The foam sensor, operating In
conjunction with the head-box, completely elimin-
ated foam spillovers. Little maintenance was
required and the necessity of closely watching
the foam was removed. (Merryman-Ejujt Cen-
tral)
1306-AA, A6, B2, Cl, C2,
D3, E2, F3
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
SWINE WASTE
Greyhound Corporation.
T. J. MuIUgan and J. C. Hesler.
Waste Management Research. Proceedings of the
1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Ithaca, New York, p. S17-S36. I Bg.
4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment. 'Waste disposal,
•Farm wastes. 'Hogs. Confinement pens. Feeds,
Biochemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxyger
demand, Foaming, Aerated lagoons. Anaerobic
conditions. Odor.
Identifiers: 'Swine Refeedlng.
Several treatment systems for swine wastes
are reviewed. Specific studies are died and
formulas derived. Anaerobic lagoons and aerated
lagoons are found to reduce the organic con-
tents of wastewater. Discharge of the treated
settled effluent to surface waters after this
type of treatment, however. Is often unsatis-
factory due to the nutrient content and color
of the wastewater. Also, the remaining BOD,
suspended solids, conform, and salt content may
be objectionable In certain receiving water*.
Liquid wastewaters may be disposed ot by
spray Irrigation or evaporation ponds. Each of
these methods requires significant land area
and may be accompanied by an odor problem.
Wastes may be spread on the land or plowed
and furrowed, but again there is • potential
odor problem and large land area Is required.
Also In cold climates, the wastes would have
to be stored until they could be deposited on
the land. Wastes may be refed. but more re-
search Is needed. Many variables must be eval-
ued In determining ultimate treatment and dis-
posal of animal wast:. Imaginative approach-is
to the overall waste problem are needed. (Mer-
ryman-East Central).
1307-A6, A8, B2, C3, D3,
E2
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF SWINE
WASTE BY AERATOR- AGITATORS
("FUCHS")
Kiel University.
U. Riemann.
Waste Management Research. Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference, Ithaca, New York, p 537-544
2 ng, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs. 'Aerobic
treatment. 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal
Odor Salmonella, Liquid wastes. Foaming '
Identifiers: 'Swine. 'Aerator-agitators, 'Liquid
manure reactors.
Kiel Institute constructed an experimental plant
consisting of 3 liquid manure reactors (each
having a recirculatiug aerator), a pump sump
pit, and an earth1 reservoir for evaporation and
distribution of foam In order to investigate de-
odorization, biological disinfection, treatment,
and disposal of pig manure through use of an
aerobic treatment system. The pump sump pit
received the liquid manure from the third
reactor and the partially clarified liquid was
distributed or directed to a storage tank. It
was found that a nearly complete deodorization
of fresh manure could be achieved after a daily
refill or 3 m3 fresh manure. Bacteriological In-
vestigations using salnionellae Indicated that the
228
-------
bacteria wen dead six houn after entering
reactor at temperatures around 50'C. Sedimsn-
tatlon tests Indicated that organic and Inorganic
flocculinU have a poalttve effect on the s:para-
tion process. Fertilization trials revealed (1)
Aerated liquid manure la leas corrosive than
untreated manure to plants. (2) A total of
50m3/ha aerated liquid manure yields a 10%
higher crop of summer barley than does the
untreated. FertlUiatlon of 150m3/ha of aerated
liquid manure OB sugar beets gave a slightly
belter result than the untreated fertilization.
(5) Corn digests high liquid manure quantities.
Further investigations are In progress. (Merry-
man-East Central).
1308-B2, B4, C2, D3
NITROGEN LOSSES THROUGH
DENITRIFICATION AND OTHER
CHANGES IN CONTINUOUSLY
AERATED POULTRY MANURE
Cuelph University.
C. G. Dunn, and J. B. Robinson.
Waste Management Research. Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Conference. Ithaca. New York. p. 545-554.
10 fig, 1 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: -Nitrogen, -Farm wastes, •Poul-
try, 'Waste storage, "Waste treatment. Liq-iid
wastes. 'Oxidation lagoons DenUtrilication, Tem-
perature. Biochemical oxygen demand. Chemi-
cal oxygen demand, Ontario.
Identifiers: "Manure, Organic loading. Loading
rate. Total solids. Volatile solids.
The objectives of this study were to: (a) de-
termine the effectiveness of pilot scale oxida-
tion ditches In stabilizing the organic loading
placed on them, and (b) determine the condi-
tions of oxidation-reduction potential in the li-
quid waste under which nitrogen was eliminated.
Two trials were conducted. The first lasted
138 days during winter (average ditch tempera-
ture irC) conditions. The second lasted 160
days under summer (average ditch temperature
18'C) conditions. Two ditches were used which
bad dividing partitions separating the rotor in
the ditches from the birds. The rotor speed
on Ditch II was fixed at 95 rpm. The rotor
speed in Ditch I (which! was variable) was set
for the same ditch velocity. Forty-two cagei
housing 90-100 white leghorns were suspended
over each ditch and the droppings fell directly
into the ditch. The winter loading rate was
120 mg/Utre/day of biochemical-oxygen demand
and 375 mg/Utre/day of chemical oxygen de-
mand The summer rate was 150 mg/Utre/day
of BOD and 500 mg/Utre/day of COD. Experi-
mental results indicated that the oxidation ditch-
es used In this study were adequate for storing
and treating liquid chicken manure in an odor-
free condition for periods up to 160 days under
the experimental loading conditions. At this
loading rate, losses of 70-40% of the added
nitrogen could be expected with Uttle effect of
temperature in the range ll'C-18' C. (Merry-
man-East Central).
which were fed a high) concentrate ration. This
oxidation ditch also Included the removal of
some of the settled solids during the experiment.
The solids balance was made by comparing
the total solids, total volatile solids, and fixed
solids of the waste matter going into the
ditch with material taken out of the ditch. In-
put consisted of the fecal matter (4.6 pounds
dry matter per day) for each animal. The
output consisted of the settled solids (partially
digested corn) most of which were periodically
removed during the experimental period for
recycling. Total solids were reduced 39% and
total volatile soUds were relatively unchanged.
(Merrymin-East Central).
1310-B2, El
LAGOONS FOR MILKING CENTER
WASTES
United States Department of Agriculture.
R. Crowe, and R. L. Phillips.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agriculture Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca. New York. p. 563-567.
Descriptors: "Lagoons. "Dairy Industry, "Farm
wastes. "Waste storage. "Design criteria. Waste
treatment. Cattle. Biochemical oxygen demand
New York.
Identifiers: "Milking center wastes. 'Soil Con-
servation Service, 'Rural Economic Assistance
Program,
1309-B2, Cl, C2, D3
SOLIDS BALANCE ON A BEEF
CATTLE OXD3ATION DITCH
Livestock Engineering and Farm Structures Re-
search Branch. United States Department of
Agriculture.
R. 0. Hegg. and R. E. Larson.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of the
1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca. New York. p. 553 562. 3 Dg.
4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Cattle. "Oxidation
lagoons Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand. Hydrogen ion concentration. Li-
quid wastes, Minnesota.
Identifiers: "Solids balance, "Oxidation ditch,
•Beef. Total solids. Total volatile solids.
The objective of this experiment was to de-
termine the solids balance on a summer opera-
tion of an oxidation ditch for 36 beef animals
studied: (a) oxidation ditch, (b) undercage
drying-forced air, (c) undercage drying-fins,
and (d) diffused aeration. These experiments
proved that properly aerating a liquefied ma-
nure and removing sufficient moisture from
fresh manure will control odors In a poultry
bouse. If a high degree of odor control Is
necessary, then the properly aerated liquid ma-
nure system would be the one to select. If the
conditions are less severe, then undercage dry-
ing may accomplish sufficient odor control at
a reduced operating cost. The losses of nitrogen
for the various systems may or may not be
an advantage depending upon the local situation
and the point of ultimate disposal. The removal
of volatile solids does permit operation at a low-
er total solids concentration with less dilution
water. Specific trials and results are outlined
and tabulated. (Merryman-East Central).
1312-A8, C2, C3
USE OF CAISSONS FOR SAMPLING
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS BENEATH A BEEF
FEEDLOT
Nebraska University, Lincoln,
L. F. Elliott; T. M. McCalla; N. P. Swanson;
and F. G. Viets, Jr.
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 14. No. 6, p.
1013-1019, November-December, 1971. 4 fig. 2 tab,
2 ref.
Rural Environmental Assistance Program cost'
sharing by the federal government has spurred
many requests for assistance from the Soil Con-
servation Service in construction of lagoons for
milking center wastes. A farmer who requests
assistance is usually visited by the Cooperative
Extension agent. SCS. and a representative of
the health department. Location and practicality
of the lagoon Is Influenced by (a) nearest resi-
dence, (b) prevailing wind direction, (c) gen-
eral soils in the area. (d> type of outlet-gravity
or pumping, (e) discharge point, (f) stream
location, characteristics, and classification, (g)
herd size—present and future, (b) present waste
disposal system and (1) estimated cost of the
lagoon. Lagoon layouts are designed with a sur-
face area of 123 square feet per cow, are
usually partially below and partially above the
ground, and have a length to width ratio of
3:L Rectangular shape Is most economical.
Maximum depth should be 5 feet and mini-
mum 2 leet. The bottom should be level. Once
the details are worked out, a cost estimate la
made • and the drawings and estimate are re-
viewed with the landowner for his concurrence
and approval. The drawings and specifications,
with a summary design report and application,
are then submitted to the county health de-
partment for approval. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral).
1311-A6, B2, B3, Dl, D3,
Fl
PILOT PLANT COMPARISON OF
LIQUID AND DRY WASTE MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY
MANURE
Cornell University.
D, C. Ludington; A. T. Sobel; R. C. Loehr; and
A. G. Hashimoto.
Waste Management Research, Proceedings of
the 1972 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference. Ithaca. New York. p. 569-580. 2
Cg. 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Liquid wastes.
•Poultry, "Odor. "Oxidation lagoons. "Waste
treatment, Air pollution.
Identifiers: 'Waste management systems "Un-
dercage drying-forced air, "Undercage drying-
fins. 'Diffused aeration.
Two primary waste management techniques an
known to control the production of odors. The
first is removal of moisture from manure soon
after defecation. The second is to properly
aerate a liquified manure and maintain the
waste In an aerobic condition. Four different
systems based on these two techniques wen
Descriptors: "Feed lots, "Caissons, 'Sampling,
•Biological properties. 'Soil chemical properties
Surface-grounawater relationships, SoU contami-
nation. Cattle. Soil gases.
The caisson installation allows soil gas and
soil solution to be taken from the same sites.
in the feedlot soil profile, over extended pe-
riods of time. These samples provide a measure
of the chemistry and biological activity under
a feedlot which would be extremely difficult
without the benefit of the caisson Installation.
The sampling equipment required for this study
is delicate and requires protection from the
feedlot environment. To protect the instruments,
large cylindrical compartments, or caissons.
equipped with access ports, are inserted into the
feedlot soU profile. Values obtained Indicate the
system wUl permit the measurement of the ef-
fect of feedlot management on the downward
movement of pollutants. (BaUard-East Central).
1313-A10, All, Bl, Dl
MANURE IN PIT DRD2S TO 15%
MOISTURE
Poultry Extension
Tennessee University
Knoxville
Charles' H. Goan
Poultry Digest. Vol. 32. No. 381, p. 506-507,
November, 1973. 1 fig.
Descriptors: •Farm wastes, "Moisture content,
•Drying', 'Poultry', "Waste storage, 'Waste
treatment Aeration, Ventilation, Air circulation,
Tennessee.
•Manure, "Fans, 'Deep-pit poultry house. Bee-
tles. Marek's disease.
Manure in a high-rise or deep-pit poultry house
in humid Robertson County. Tennessee, dries
down to a moisture level of 15%. The 44x500-
foot house has a capacity' for 50.000 layers and
the pit area is approximately seven feet deep.
The pit is ventilated by fourteen 48 inch fans
located in the side of the wall of the manure
storage area An additional fourteen 30 inch
fans are located in the pit itself, Aiding In the
drying process, the burrowing action of beetles
of the lesser mealworm leave small holes and
tunnels in the manure which an believed to
greatly Increase the drying process. £o far the
beetles have caused no problems, but because
the beetles may be potential carriers of Marek's
disease, chickens should be obtained Jhat have
been vaccinated against this disease. (Ballard-
East Central).
229
-------
1314-A2, A8, All, Bl
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL
PERFORMANCE IN BEEF
FEEDLOTS
Nebraska University
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station
Omaha
W. Woods; T. M. McCalla; C. B, Gilbertson;
and J. R. Ellis
Nebraska Beef Cattle Report, EC 72-218, p. 26-
28. 1972. 2 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: "Feed Ijts, •Cattle, 'Performance.
•Control, Farm wastes. Density, Runoff, Con-
sumption, Nebraska.
Identifiers: "Waste management. Slope
Sheep. Feed lots.
Identifiers: -Wastelage, 'Waste management.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, -Farm wastes. 'Ruminant. 1319-AA All A1? PI -DC
•Recycling. -Microorganisms. 'Digestion. Cattle. „ » ^ » fij-* « Bl > B-> ,
- - - C3, D3
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND
AERATION ON THE SURVIVAL AND
GROWTH OF SALMONELLA
TYPHIMURIUM IN DAIRY WASTE
Auburn University. Alabama
M. A. Jaleel.
•n University, March. 1J72.
171 ref.
The value of wastelage. a feed made by com-
bining manure with bermudagrass hay, was e«
tablished in three feeding trials. In trial one,
the waste! age-fed ewes were more vigorous and
healthy than the hay-fed ewes. In trial two, the
corn-silage fed heifers gained more weight while
nursing calves than the wastelage-fed heifers.
In trial three, wastelage fed steers made the
best gain. Carcasses of both groups were equal
M <- Th»«(«
n *' «„,';
7" "' 6 "e> 3
nesi gain, carcasses of both groups were equal. rv«n~,,i ™th J-JJ-/ *"• j AJ.U , ut. , LJJ.
agement research program was developed with
these objectives: (1) to maintain or improve
our environment. <2> to permit growth and de-
velopment of livestock industry, and (3) to
recognize that changes in animal agriculture
THE PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY
SETTLING ON LIVESTOCK
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
must be economic illy sound. The research Agricultural Engineering Department, Throck-
.
program measured characteristics of runoff from
feedlots, percolation into the soil, and animal
responses to lot surface conditions, animal den
morton Purdue Agricultural Center.
J. C. Nye; A. L. Sutlon; and E. R. Baugh.
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting. American
sity, and lot slope. At the Mead Field Labora- Society of Agricultural Engineers. ' Paper No
* '"- 73-412. p. 7. June 17-20, 1973. 2 fig, 1 tab, 2 ref.
tory. a comparison was made of 100 and 200
square feet per animal. One lot at each density
was on 3, 6, and 9 percent slope. All cattle
were fed the same ration to permit direct com- Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Cattle, -Feed lots,
Parison of animal density and effect of slope -Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment. Agricultural . . -. ....... «c-
of lot upon performance. Having cattle at 100 runoff, 'Sedimentation, 'Settling basins, Weirs. tults snowed U»»t S. typhimurium survived
square feet per head reduced animal perform- Indiana. longer (mean .urvival time 44.4 days) at 10-C
, . eo
o growth. Wastes, .Conform.. Cattle 'Salmon!
ella, -Temperature. -Aeration. Pathogen^ bac-
teria. Epidemiology. Isolation. Separation tech
niques. Human diseases. Animal disease* Car
riers, Water pollution. Sampling. Cultures Hy
drogen ion concentration, Oxidation-reduction
potentials, Farm wastes. ^ucuon
Identifiers: 'Salmonella typhimurium, *Dalrv
wastes. Salmonella survival Detection proce-
Dissemination of Salmonella typhimurium by
dairy cattle leading to water contamination
prompted study of the viability of this bacter
turn in liquid bovine waste. Salmonella detection
and enumeration procedure of Cheng, et al wax
modified by concentrating the enrichment °med-
ium rather than the inoculum. Confirmation of
salmonella was accomplished by Inoculating the
suspected colonies from brilliant green ajar Into
triple sugar iron agar. Serological confirmation
was done by using polyvalent O antiaerura. Re-
Identifiers: Porous dams. Fly breeding.
. -—» to 200 square feet per head.
At 200 square feet per head, lot surfaces were
less than adequate and gains might be re-
duced. (Cameron-East Central),
1315-A11, B3
EFFECT OF CONSUMPTION OF
SHAVINGS ON HEMATOLOGY OF
TURKEY POULTS
Division of Poultry Science. Georgia University.
Athens.
K. W. Washburn and O. W. Charles. — „. ... ^. ™. ,~. ~,.™ ... „„« .^...- . „„_.„,„.,„
Poultry Science, Vol. 52, No. 3, p. 1200-1201, mended as design criteria for feedlots of less A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDKR
May, 1973. 2 tab. 6 ref. than 300 head -• --•"- • --••"— «.--•- — — —'»^«-.»v
be used in conjuiivuu,, T*HJ. i»fivn/,ia u« uiuc* T?D/\»» nrA»¥»T>wi
to lower the lagoon loading. Porous dams may r KUM VVAlriK
At Throckmorton Purdue Agricultural Center,
primary sedimentation criteria were used to de-
sign a settling basin for runoff from a 200 head
solid concrete beef feedlot. Sedimentation through
the settling basin, consisting of three parallel
chambers separated by porous dams provided
for settling rates of 3, 5.5. and 11 cubic feet
per hour per sq. feet of surface area for a
2-inch per hour rainfall intensity. Two prob-
lems were encountered — clogging of gravel
as compared to 3.4 days at 35C. A 9904 Ull of
S. typhimurium in the aerated .ample at 10'C
was much faster (18-21 days) when compared
to the 997. Ull in the nonaerated sample at
10'C (28-35 days). Mean survival time In aerated
dairy waste at 35'C was longer (16 day.) than
the mean survival time In the nonaerated .am-
ple (3.4 days). A 99% reduction of salmonella
In aerated waste occurred during 12-18 days of
incubation whereas In nonaerated waste 99%
reduction occurred between 3 and 6 dayi of in
cubatlon. (Jones— Wisconsin)
dams, and fly breeding. A surface settling of
4 cu, ft./hr./sq. ft. and a weir loading rate of 1320-B2 fl D1
100 cu. ft. per hr. per linear ft. were recom- .„„_.._„'.__»-_..__
mended as design criteria
than 300 head of cattle. A settling basin can TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLD3S
onjunction with lagoons In order „„„„ ,„.__,„ ""xi'uivE, oui^LUS
Descriptors: -Poultry, 'Feeds. -Litter, 'Diets
Identifiers: 'Wood shavings, -Hematology, 'Tur-
key poults, Basal, Folic acid. Mean cell volume,
erythrocyte count. Hemoglobin, Macrocytic ane-
mia.
An experiment was designed to study the ef-
fect of the consumption of new wood shavings
be eliminated by using liquid manure handling Agricultural Engineering Department
Kl"'- »-'••---'••• " ----- •••-
equipment to clean settling tanks. In some loca-
tions It may be possible to use this in con-
the need for lagoons or liquid handling equip-
ment. (Drewry-East Central).
State University, Corvalli.
W. E. Verley, and J. R. Miner
Junction with grass waterways and eliminate Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting American
.ho n..H ,„. .,.™-. „. ii_..u i...^,,.. ._.,_ society of Agricultural Engineers. University of
Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973 Panw
No. 73-410. 9 fig 3 tab. 6 ref.
ew wo savnfs 1O1O „, „ , „., ,
on the hematology of turkey poults. The ex- 1318-B1, B4 , Cl , Dl , Fl
+ -
Slufries- *W»t«r,
perimental design consisted of four dietary
treatments—(1) basal. (2) basal with wood shav-
ings, (3) basal with added folic acid, and (4)
basal with wood shavings and added folic acid.
The shavings were fed from a feeder designed
for determining individual feed efficiency. The
average consumption of litter from those fed
the basal diet was 291 grams, while thos3 fed
with folic acid added consumed 277 grams of
shavings. The hematological parameters meas-
ured were: erythrocyte counts, mean cell vol-
ume, hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell
hemoglobin concentration. No significant differ-
ences in the MCV or MCHC of any of the
groups indicated that the shavings consump-
tion did not affect the hematology of turkey
poults, (Cameron-East Central).
1316-A11, B3, E3
WASTELAGE—SOMETHING NEW IN
CATTLE FEEDING
Department of Animal Science.
Auburn University.
Auburn, Alabama.
W. B. Anthony.
Highlights of Agricultural Research, Vol. 16, No.
2. Summer, 1969. 1 fig.
MANAGING DEEP-PIT HOUSE TO
REDUCE DRYING COSTS
Egg Industry, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 31, 34. July,
1973. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, -Poultry, -Drying,
•Waste storage. 'Costs. -Waste treatment. Tem-
perature, Humidity Ventilation, Sampling, mois-
ture content. Maine.
Identifiers: -Deep-pit poultry house. Pit, Drop-
ping boards.
Research was done in Maine to try to reduce
Descriptors:
T»asie ireatmen.. ...»»«; u,apva«j, ~aeoimentx
Uon 'Separation techniques. Kinetics. Suspended
solids. Oregon. Pumps. Weirs. IrrigationT
Identifiers: 'Hydraulic manure transport mv*
terns, settleable solids, rotating flighted cyllnd..!."
concentrated solids, manure.
A rotating Inclined tube, fitted with a helical fin
on the inner surface was designed, built and
tested to remove solids from liquid manure
Initially, a manure slurry of approximately o 4
percent settleable solids was run through ui»
device at 0.5 gallon, per r1—• "
settleable solids removal of .. , .
sign of the device was revised from S .„,
£.*SeCeEJ? --UnCof(diiT'er,tube Md —
Ice offered an Increased vol-
manure drying costs. The research'was Das^S w^'lmmunTfc%5S.omb! '"Ue «""• «d
on a study of four poultry farms, three brown- £ 8imTe and^ h« S?iB?ui 11 ™e *****
egg type houses, and one white egg. At each everTt Is desired to ^^ •PPUcaUons wher-
of the four farms, trials were run In winter. water for reu« «r«n»?p /V^"*. °r a>Lim
spring, and late summer. Manure samples were ""**• (FrantI-Ea* Central).
collected after one, two, and three-day accu-
mulations—on both dropping boards and in the 1 T91—Afi RA n
pit, Observations revealed that manure dried J--Jf--L nu , D<+, 1^4.
faster in the pit than on the boards, after the THE MAINE DEEP PIT CAGE
first day. Manure dried to a lower moisture
content during spring and summer in both pen
LAYING HOUSE
and pit. The observations also indicated that Extension Agricultural Engineer. University of
under conditions -normally present in Maine cage
laying houses, the greatest amount of manure
drying occurred the first day—regardless of lo-
cation within the house. (Ballard-East Central).
230
Maine, Orono.
C. W. Kitteridge.
Presented at the 1970 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Ull.
noli, December 1-11, 1970, Paper No. 70-915
II p. 3 fiK, 1 tab, 1 ref.
-------
Descriptors 'Finn wastes. 'Poultry, 'Waste
storage. 'Maine. Coals, Moisture. Dehydration.
Drainage, Ferlillzen Confinement pens, Con-
•IrucUon.
IdenlUleri: 'Deep pit caged laying bouse*. Ma-
nure.
The deep pit caged laying house la a feasible
method of poultry waste handling In northern
climates, Wastes can be removed on a yearly
or two-year basis. The wastes dry to an approx-
imate moisture content of 50% and odors are
practically nil during the storage period. Exca-
vation of the deep pit Is about 8 feet. Proper
drainage must be insured and basement walls
and floors must be watertight. Deep pit caged
laying bouses are economical because of Infre-
quent waste handling. These systems, when
properly constructed and managed, have been
successful in Maine. (Franti-East Central).
1322-A8, C2, E2
AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION AND
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN
HIGH pH SOILS USED FOR BEEF
MANURE DISPOSAL
U S. Corps of Engineers, Vlcksburg, Mississippi.
Robert E. Peters, and Donald L. Keddell.
Presented at the Annual Meeting, American Soci-
ety of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky. Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper No.
73-128, 31 p. 8 flg, 9 tab.
Descriptors: -Ammonia. •Volatility, 'Hydrogen
ion concentration, 'Nitrogen, 'Soils, 'Sampling
Denitrification, Farm wastes, Cattle. Feed lots,
Carbon dioxide. Lime, Chemical properties. Fer-
tilizers. Texas.
Identifiers: 'Nitrogen transfomations, 'pH. Ta-
bor loamy fine sand, carbonates.
A study was conducted using 18 soil columns
to study ammonia volatilization and nitrogen
transformations In coils receiving manure appli-
cations Three of both limed (pH=12,0) and
unlimed (pH«=7.5> soil columns were evaluated
after 30, 60. and 90 day treatments. More NH3
was evolved from the limed soils than from the
nnllmed soils. C02 production was greater in
unlimed soils. Final chemical analyses of soils
revealed 10% and 20% losses In nitrogen from
.limed and unlimed soils respectively. These
nitrogen losses were greater in the upper 30 cm.
of the soil columns. Nitrogen losses from the
limed columns were believed to be by nitrifica-
tion and then denitrilication. (Frantz-East Cen-
tral).
1323-A2, All, Bl, B4, C2,
C3, Dl, D3, El, E2, Fl, F2
DAIRY HOUSING, NATIONAL DAOIY
HOUSING CONFERENCE
Dairy Housing. National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
February «, 1973, 469 p. 53 fig, 17 tab. 69 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry. 'Farm wastes.
•Waste treatment. "Waste disposal, 'Waste stor-
age, 'Environmental control, Legal aspects, Reg-
ulation. Air pollution. Water pollution. Eco-
nomics.
Identifiers: 'Free-stall housing, 'Stall barns.
Composting.
The National Dairy Housing Conference was an
attempt to bring appropriate disciplines together
to focus on the subject of dairy bousing. Em-
phasis was on practical information for use by
people In the field. Subjects included: free-stall
housing, stall barns, herd health, environmental
control, codes and regulation*, milking systems
planning, feeding systems, calf and young stock
housing, milk house and milking parlor wastes,
and manure management. (Janssen-East Cen-
tral).
1324-A6, B2, BA
CONVENTIONAL STALL BARNS
WITH GUTTER GRATES AND
LIQUID MANURE STORAGE
Agricultural Engineering Department. Minneso-
ta University.
D, W. Bales.
Dairy Housing. National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
February 6-8, 1973, p. 99-107. S fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage. 'Liquid wastes.
•Dairy Industry, Cattle. Ventilation, Odor, Min-
nesota.
Identifiers: 'Stall barns. "Manure tanks. Cutter
grates.
'Dairymen In cold climates have begun to em-
ploy manure storage tanks 9 months of the year.
For the new dairy barn, a practical place to
store manure Is directly beneath the barn for
removal as a liquid. With this method, the wall
of the manure tank can act as a foundation for
the barn and the floor of the barn can serve
as the cover for the manure tank. By using
gutters with grated bottoms, manure and urine
•drop directly into the storage pits, and the need
for a gutter cleaner is eliminated. A garden
rake may be used to work through manure that
hangs on the grates. Typical construction de-
tails for such a system are outlined. Already
existing dairy barns usually have to employ an
external manure tank. The gutter cleaner ele-
vator can be modified so manure will drop di-
rectly into the tank. Careful planning and man-
agement Is essential for . the success of either
system. (Janssen-East Central).
1325-A6, Bl, Fl
SUMMER ENVIRONMENTAL
MODD7ICATION SYSTEMS FOR
DAmY COW HOUSING IN THE
UNITED STATES
Agricultural Research Service. United States De-
partment of Agriculture, Columbia, Missouri.
LeRoy Hahn, D. D. Osburn, and J. D, McQuigg.
Dairy Housing, National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
February 6-8. 1973. p. 134-141. 3 fig. 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Environmental
control. Productivity, United States. Odor. Mois-
ture. Ammonia, Air Conditioning, Costs.
Identifiers: •Summer environmental modifica-
tion systems. Housing, Evaporating cooling. Par-
tial Air Conditioning.
Protective shelters for dairy cows are adequate
In many areas of the United Stales, considering
the normal levels of milk production and the
relatively small regions of advene summer cli-
mates However, for high-producing cows in
hot-dry or hot-humid climates, milk-production
losses which are a result of the direct influence
of climatic factors can be a severe problem
Managers of dairy herds in such areas should
consider adopting an environmental modification
system for Improved production. The form of
modification adopted must be rationally selected;
not all systems are profitable. The optimum
environment for maximum production is not the
economic optimum for current costs and returns.
Of the alternative systems considered in this
report, evaporative cooling appears to have the
most potential for application in areas with hot
summer climates. (Hahn-ARS. USDA).
1326-A1, Bl, El, E2
POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS
OF STATE POLLUTION CONTROL
ON DA1HY FARMS
Agricultural Economic Department. Michigan
State University.
L. J. Connor, and J. B. Johnson.
Dairy Housing, National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan Stale University, East Lansing.
.February 6-8. 1973. p. 182-19L 1 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economic Impact, 'Legal aspects.
•Dairy industry. 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treat-
ment, 'Waste disposal, Water pollution. Air pol-
lution. Feed lots. Cattle, Michigan.
Identifiers: 'State pollution controls. State stat-
utes.
Changes in livestock production and concern for;
the environment have resulted In enactment of
varied state statutes concerning pollution prob-
lems associated with livestock production facili-
ties and waste disposal areas. The impact of
state legal controls varies according to the type
of legal control enacted, herd size, housing-waste
handling systems, and specific location vari-
ables A Michigan study illustrates the varying
impacts upon dairy farms that would accru?
with specific herd size and housing waste handl-
ing systems for each of three selected legal
pollution controls. Individual dairy farmers are
advised to exercise caution in making any expan-
sion or adjustments in their businesses, and In
evaluating any potential environmental problems
in their farms. (Janssen-East Central).
1327-B2, B4, D3, El
DESIGN OF MILKING CENTER
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York.
R. T. Lorenzen, and R. W. Guest.
Dairy Housing, Natilonal Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
February «, 1973. P, 349-358. 2 fig. 1 tab.
11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry. •Design, 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste treatment, "Waste disposal,
•Waste storage. Lagoons, Biochemical oxygen
demand. Septic tanks,
Identifiers: 'Milking center, 'Waste manage-
ment systems. Aeration ponds. Effluent quantity.
Settling tank.
Design data from several recent studies are ap-
plied to the collection, treatment, storage, and
disposal systems for handling milking center
wastes. Included are parameters for quantity.
physical constituents, and biological, degradation
of milk room wastes, milking parlor wastes, and
human wastes. Point source and composition of
milking center effluent is outlined. Milking cen-
ter effluent routing options are discussed. It is
concluded that existing circumstances at the site
must be that paramount consideration in selec-
tion of a waste handling option. (Janssen-East
Central).
1328-A5, A6, B2, Dl, D3,
LAGOON DISPOSAL OF DAHIY
WASTES IN FLORIDA
Agricultural Engineering Department. Florida
University.
Dairy Housing & National Dairy House Confer-
ence, Michigan State University. East Lansing,
February 6-8. 1973, p. 359 370. 1 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors' 'Lagoon, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
disposal, 'Waste storage, 'Waste treatment,
•Dairy industry, 'Florida, Climates, Soil types.
Water pollution, Odor, Sludge.
Identifiers: Sand trap. Anaerobic lagoon. Stor-
age ponds, Dispersal field.
The dairy industry in Florida is characterized
by large milking herds. The type of waste man-
agement systems used are influenced by the
amount of labor and management input and by
climate and soils of Florida. The most common
waste management system used is the lagoon
system, consisting of a sand trap, anaerobic la-
goon, detention pond, and dispersal field. The
dimensions, volumes, efficiency and maintenance
requirements of each of the four major com-
ponents of the lagoon systems are discussed.
The Florida Department of Pollution Control has
set guidelines for the use of lagoons in Florida
and lagoon construction has accelerated in the
state, The lagoon system is successful in Flor-
ida due to climatic and soil conditions but may
not be successful in other states. Potential
ground water pollution must be carefully con-
sideced. (Janssen East Central).
1329-B2, B5, Cl, C2, D3
PROGRESS REPORT—AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC LAGOONING OF DAIRY
AND MOCKING WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina.
C. L. Earth, H. P. Lynn, and W. L. Northern.
•Dairy Housing, National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
February 6-8. 1973, p. 371-380. S fig. 5 tab, 6 ref.
231
-------
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Aerobic conditions, 'An-
aerobic conditions. 'Dairy Industry, 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste treatment, Sludge, Algae.
Identifiers: 'Dairy wastes, 'Milking wastes,
•Lagoon simulators. Volatile solids.
A progress report was made on the lagooning
of dairy wastes. One of the objectives was to
evaluate the feasibility of the no-dtschrage, ana-
erobic lagoon as a treatment facility for all
dairy production wastes in a warm climate.
Results of various research reports are com-
pared to results obtained through use of six
lagoon simulators. Among the results were
these: (1) Highest percent reductions of volatile
solids were about 51% and 15% for the dairy
TM wW"{f, *' the °P«ratln« temperatures
of 24.3'C and 11.5'C. respectively. (2) For the
parlor wastes, maximum reduction percentages
n»"V«^,Ut MJ" ™d 16% at temperature levels
of 24.6'C and 11.0'C. The Increasj of th>
higher over the lower operating temperature
nor , PPT"!UaJ£s the ""« of tnumb that ""
Mn£*f . ."„• C ln temperature doubles the
biological activity rate. (3) No apparent differ-
ence exisiei in ^ rate of sludgepu?su *££
»r,tmr?Ur?«W,,*.te "i Ule two °Pe">tin| tem-
peratures, (4) Using the range of 135 to 18 ft 3
o 7! fb' Sr«^,YA added «d the figure
390-520 ft" •, ,SJ,ly lb' <»w/day would produce
that Lon ™ SlUdj!.e *"• year' (5) " wa* *>»"<«
waste t»L^Pr0duced' six *allons °' Par'"
£? d'av ni producln* -MS <° -05 ft. 3 of sludge
per day of parlor wastes. (Janssen-East Cen
1330-A8, B2, E2
George.
Departm«"' Missouri
"' R" Pet<™»>' »"<> R. M.
Dair>' Ho
conduions-
The use of irrigation systems to distribute milk-
»ng center wastes to a soil-plant filter Is an
effective method of both waste disposal and pol-
lution prevention. An anaerobic lagoon is rec-
ommended for collecting and storing milking
center wastes The type of Irrigation system
selected should be based on size operation, soil
type, terrain encountered on the soil plant filter,
available capital, and the manager's preference
The four types of surface irrigation suited to
disposal of liquid wastes are: controlled flood-
ing, furrow irrigation, border irrigation, and
corrugation irrigation. (Janssen-East Central).
1331-B2, B3, B4
SOLID MANURE HANDLING FOR
DAIRY CATTLE
Agricultural Engineering Department. Wisconsin
University.
J, C. Converse, C. O. Cramer, T. J. Brevik.
and O. H. Tenpas.
Dairy Housing, National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
February 6-8. 1973, p. 389-397. 5 fig. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry. "Cattle, 'Solid
wastes, 'Liquid wastes, *Farm wastes, Opera-
tions research management. Waste storage.
Identifiers: Manure stacking. Bunker, Manure.
Solid manure research activities, management
techniques, and storage problems are discussed.
Two types of storage facilities are described.
One is a bunker type storage structure for solids
with a detention pond for liquids. The other
system consists of two storage units serving 28
and 26 cows each. One is a pivoting elevator
which is an extension of the barn cleaner while
the other one Is a thrower which places the
manure in a windrow. The liquids flow Into
detention fonda. Several field tyne units wing
low cost limestone or shale bases are also being
investigated. Fifteen recommendations and con-
clusions were drawn from this research. (Jans-
sen-East Central).
1332-A2, A5, B2, B3, B4,
Dl
MANAGING BARNYARD RUNOFF
FOR DAIRY CATTLE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Wisconsin
University.
J. D. Converse, C. 0. Cramer, T. J, Bsevlk,
C. B. Gilbertson, G. H. Tenpas, and D. A.
Schlough.
Dairy Housing. National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University. East Lansing.
February 6-8. 1973. p. 398-403. 2 Cg, 1 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water storage, 'Agricultural run-
off, 'Dairy industry, 'Waste disposal. Cattle,
Irrigation, Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: 'Waste Management.
Runoff control facilities. Installed at two Wiscon-
sin farms, are described and the chemical and
physical characteristics of the runoff are given.
The three requirements for control of runoff are
separation of solids, storage of runoff liquids,
and a. disposal area. Each of these farms
utilized these requirements in similar manner,
constructing a settling terrace, a settling basin,
a porous dam, and a detention pond. Among
conclusions and recommendations are the follow-
ing: (1) Flow velocities in the terrace or basin
should be less than 1 fps. with detention times
greater than 1 hour. (2) The slope of the
setting terrace must be essentially level to avoid
a build-up of solids near the porous dam. (3)
Removal of solids from the settling terrace soon
after accumulation is necessary to maintain
storage capacity for the next storm. (4) In Wis-
consin, the capacity of the detention pond should
be equal to 8 to 10 Inches of runoff from the
watershed because of winter precipitation. (5)
Detention ponds should be located in Imperme-
able soil so as to eliminate ground water pollu-
tion. (6) Detention pond slopes should be 3:1
to 6:1 with an 8 foot wide top on the berm.
Ponds should be fenced for safety. (7) Just be-
fore freeze up in late fall, the liquid level in
the detention pond should be lowered to provide
storage for winter and early spring runoff.
(Janssen-East Central).
1333-A2, A6, B2, B4, Dl,
E2
AGITATING, PUMPING, AND
INJECTING LIQUID MANURE
Director of Engineering, Starling, Inc.. Harvard,
Illinois.
A. K. Gillette.
Dairy Housing. National Dairy Bousing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
February 6-8, 1973, p. 404-408.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Liquid wastes,
•Farm wastes, 'Pumping, Waste storage.
Identifiers: 'Agitating, 'Manure. 'Soil injection.
Flowing, Disking, Agitator pump. Chopper pump.
Vacuum pump. Centrifugal pump. Auger.
Manure collected and stored in pits or tanks
usually must be agitated prior to emptying or
pumping. This may be accomplished by rse of
an agitator pump, a "chopper" pump, or a vacu-
um type tank spreader. Each of these methods
usually transports the liquid manure into a tank
spreader used for depositing the manure onto
the land's surface. The use of centrifugal
pumps and augers Is discussed but not encour-
aged. Soil injectors may be attached to the
tank spreader, discharging the liquid manure
into furrows and covering them up. Plowing
and disking are discussed as means for obtain-
ing similar results. Soil injection best achieves
elimination of odor and runoff pollution. "Plow-
down" rates next and disking rates last. All
these methods are better than surface spreading
for prevention of runoff and for odor control.
(Janssen-East Central).
1334-A6, B2, B4, Cl, C2,
Dl
MIXING AND HANDLING OF LIQUID
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE
School of Engineering, Guelph University
Guelph, Ontario. *
J. Pot. and H. E. Bellman.
Dairy Homing. National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East LanUn*
Febuary 6-8, 1973, p. 409-418. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry, 'Farm wastes
•Waste storage. •Aerobic treatment. 'Liquid
wastes, Nitrogen. Chemical oxygen demand. Bio-
chemical oxygen demand. Mixing, Handling
Slurries, Odor. Ontario.
Identifiers: Manure pump. Agitation. Total
solids.
A largely unsuccessful attempt was made tn
Ontario to evaluate several methods of agitating
large quantities of liquid dairy manure and to
Investigate several possibilities of aerobic treat-
ment to control odours in storage. The basic
plan was to use 4 pipelines to each of 2 storage
tanks; 3 for pumping manure Into the bottom
of each tank and a return line to the sump
Stones and wood shavings got Into the system
creating blockage problems. Another time, a
four inch plastic pipe burst emptying the liquid
manure Into the barn and Into a highway ditch.
During the winter the agitator pump froze up.
Data recorded December. 1972—January, 1973
revealed daily production of diluted manure for
104 dairy cows to be 225 cu. ft. of manure slurry
and 108 cu. ft. wash water from ths milk room
and milking parlour. Eventually the amount of
wash water was reduced, but the total diluted
manure production of 3.19 cu. ft., per cow still
exceeded the design specifications of 2 cu ft
per cow. Analyses during this time for NH4.I
Org. N, Total N, BOD, and COD were made
In January of 1973. the tank had 20,474 en. ft)
of manure with a 4-lnch thickness of frozen
manure on the surface. On the bails of total
solids and content, it appeared that a reasonable
mix of suspended solids below the frozen crust
was obtained after 30 minutes of mixing. Fur-
ther observations and analyses are continuing
to be made. (Janssen-East Central).
1335-B2, Cl, C2, Dl
FLUSHING SYSTEMS FOR FREE-
STALL DAIRY BARNS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Ohio State
University.
R. K. White, and R. M. Porter.
Dairy Housing, National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansinc
February 6-8. 1973, p. 419-428. 7 fig. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Dairy Industry.
Automation, Chemical oxygen demand. Biochem-
ical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: 'Flushing systems, Free-stall dairv
barns. Total solids. Volatile solids.
A new dairy science center was Installed at the
College of Agriculture at the Ohio State Univer-
sity with a flushing system for manure handling
A description of the facility is given. Two nine
hundred gallon tanks with vertical sluice gates
were used to discharge the flushing water. Pea-
nut hulls were substituted for straw as beddinx
to allow the manure slurry to be discharged
into the Columbus sewer system. Characteris-
tics of the manure slurry, estimated daily water
use. and manure output are tabulated. The
flushing system will allow automation of a dairy
facility and will reduce labor costs. (Janssen
East Central). —-»*«•
1336-A4, B2, B3, BA, Dl,
D2, D3, El, E2, E3
LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY
COW WASTE
Director of Research. The DeLaval Separator
Co., Poughkeepsie, NY.
Bernard Hoffman, and Lois S. Crauer.
Dairy Housing, National Diary Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lanxinf
February 6-8, 1973. p. 429-440. 4 fig. "-"••
232
-------
Descriptors: 'Farm waste*. "Dairy Industry.
•Cattle. 'Waste treatment. 'Wast* disposal.
•Wastewater treatment. Water pollution. Aerobic
bacteria, Thermophilic. Ammonia. Biochemical
oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: •Composting, 'Liquid wastes. *LI-
com System.
Surface water and groundwater can be contam-
inated by manure through runoff and infiltra-
tion. A liquid composting system (Licom), de-
veloped by The De Laval Separator Company.
deodorizes, pasteurizes, and biologically decom-
poses dairy cattle wastes with the use of diges-
tion tanks and bacteria. Several mod:s of Li-
com System operation are available. Effluent
from Licom I is completely stabilized and r*s-
teurized and can be stored for long periods
Isbefore returning it to the land. The Licom II
is a continuous system and operates more effic-
iently than Licom I. Licom III is also a con-
tinuous system and offers a method of separat-
ing the liquid and solid waste for discharge of
the liquid into surface waters. The Licom III
metllod efficiently met the New York Slate
standards for effluent released into surface
waters. The dry residue from Licom III may
be used as a soil conditioner or as bedding in
the barns. (Janssen-East Central).
1337-B3, D3
SOLID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY
MANURE
Agricultural Research Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture.
G. B. Willson, and J. W. Hummel.
Dairy Housing, National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
February 6-8, 1973, p. 441-459. 12 fig, 2 tab,
9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy indistry, 'Farm wastes.
Aeration. Moisture, Chemical oxygen demand,
Aerobic bacteria, Nitrates, Ammonia, Perme-
ability, Thermophilic bacteria.
Identifiers: •Compostiong, 'Manure.
cussed. The history of federal water pollution
control is traced from the 1886 River and Har-
bor Act to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act of 1972. It Is felt that this new law will
bring a profound and far-reaching change to
the system of pollution control because it (1)
establishes effluent limitations, (2) establishes
higher standards of pollution control. (3) creates
a national permit program and (4) establishes
tough penalties to enforce compliance. The most
immedate concern of thoss Involved in agricul-
tural production activities is how the permit
program will affect th?m. Proposed nilemaking
excludes discharges from agricultural and silvi-
cultural activities from NPDES (National Pollu-
tant Discharge Elimination System) require-
ments with the exception of large feedlots, cer-
tain types of hatcheries and fish farms, and
return flow from some medium- and large-
sized Irrigation systems. Although owners and
operators of the excluded point sources are not
required to obtain an NPDES permit, they must
comply with the other requirements of the Act,
including any applicable effluent guidelines,
standards of performence, toxic effluent stand-
ards or prohibitions; or pretreatment standards,
(Janssen-East Central).
1339-B1
CLIMATE AND THE SELECTION OF
A BEEF HOUSING AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Agricultural Engineering Department, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater.
A. F. Butchbaker. G. W. A. Mahoney, and
J. E. Carton.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16. No. 4. p.
734-739. Jidy-Aug.. 1973. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: •Climate, 'Climatic data, 'Climatic
zones. 'Feed lots. Farm Wastes. Waste treat-
ment. Waste disposal, Cattle, Temperature. Mois-
ture.
Identifiers: 'Beef housing. 'Location. Clima-
tological maps.
Water pollution abatement was an environmental
pollution problem for Texas cattle feeders, The
Texas Water Quality Board restricts seepage to
ground water and forbids discharg?s of feedlot
runoff from rainfall. To prevent this seepag?,
diversion channels, retention ponds and irriga-
tion systems are constructed near playa lakes..
Texas standards for feedlots may serve as a
model for forthcoming federal water pollution
limitations. Another environmental problem is
the large number of manure stockpiles. These
wastes are being disposed of by farmers inter-
ested in increased profits from crop production.
Research of the USDA at Bushland. Texas,
shows that 10-ton-per-acre applications of feed-
lot manure matched nitrogen-phosphorous-potas-
sium fertilization in production of grain sorghum.
Test results indicate that feedlot manure can
be safely and economically applied at 10 tons
per acre per year under many soil and crop-
ping conditions. Besides land disposal, recycl-
ing methods involve converting animal wastes
into animal feed, fuels, building materials and
other products. Solutions to feedlot odor prob-
lems need to be developed. Odor intensities.
climatic variables. and waste management
practices need to be understood before this can
be done. When these pollution problems have
been solved, feedlot waste management may
involve economic alternatives rather than being
primarily involved with pollution abatement.
(Cameron-East Central).
1341-A6, B2, Dl, E2
NO ODOR AND NO POLLUTION
Soil Conservation Service, Hondo, Texas.
E. L. Abbott.
Soil Conservation, Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 8-9, Sep-
tember, 1073. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Recycling. 'Farm wastes,
•Feed lots. Irrigation, Air pollution, Water pollu-
tion, Texas.
Identifiers: 'Feeding pens, 'Slatted floor, Ber-
mudagrass. Detention pit, Concrete tile line.
This paper is based on studies that were under-
taken to develop design criteria for composting
operations. Aeration data was obtained from
tests in small bench composters, and in one-hall
ton capacity bins. These data wsre substanti-
ated by the composting of dairy manure in a
mechanized channel. It was determined that
ideally the aeration rate would be varied dur-
ing the process in the following sequence: 1.
During the warmup stage of the process, aera-
tion would be applied at increasing ratss In the
low part of the temperature limiting range. 2.
When thermophilic temperature is reached, the
aeration rate would be increased to the top of
the temperature limiting range. If some dry-
ing is desirable, a higher aeration rate would
be selected. 3. As the level of activity de-
creases, the rate of aeration would be reduced
to prevent cooling. This operating procedure
will keep temperatures up until desired degree
of decomposition is reached. (Janssen-East Cen-
tral),
1338-A4, B2, F2, FA
WASTE MANAGEMENT
REGULATIONS AND PROPOSALS
Agricultural Pollution Control Research Program,
Office of Research and Monitoring. United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
D. C.
W. C. LaVeille.
Dairy Housing, National Dairy Housing Confer-
ence, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
February 6-8, 1973, p. 460-469.
Descriptors: 'Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, 'Regulation. 'Le-
gal aspects, Environmental control. Water pollu-
tion sources, Permits, Cattle, Hogs, Poultry.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Th> establishment, organization, and activities
of "the Environmental Protection Agency are dis-
Location of a beef feedlot Is Influenced by fac-
tors related to economics, local topography,
nearness to residential areas, soil type, roads,
microclimate, streams or lakes, area for waste
disposal, and climatic conditions. This report is
concerned with climate, one of the major con-
siderations in determining a feedlot location
because climate influences both capital invest-
ment and operating cost. Some of the climatic
factors affecting waste management systems are
those that also affect animal performance. These
include temperature, humidity, solar radiation,
wind, evaporation, precipitation, sunshine, and
storms. These topics are explained. Beef hous-
ing climatic zones were developed by using air
temperature, evaporation and precipitation. An-
other method of classifying beef housing and
waste management systems Is to develop a cli-
matological map utilizing mean annual air tem-
perature and moisture deficit. These clima-
tological maps may be used to select a general
waste management system. The waste manage-
ment systems in the various climatological areas
should be considered as those that are optimum
for that area. (Cartmell-East Central).
1340-A2, A4, A3, A6, B2,
B3, El, E2, E3, F2
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT:
PROGRESS AND OUTLOOK
Agricultural engineer—animal waste manage-
ment, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, De-
partment of Agricultural Engineering, Texas
A & M University.
J. M. Sweeten.
Texas Agricultural Progress, Vol. 19, No. 2,
p, 18-19,' Spring, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Waste treatment,
•Feed lots, 'Pollution abatement, 'Farm wastes,
•Water pollution control. Solid wastes. Odor, Re-
cycling, Irrigation, Fertilization, Rainfall, Solid
wastes. Regulation.
Identifiers: -Waste management, refeeding, Py-
rolysis. Odor intensities. Climatic variables.
Near Devine. Texas, is a cattle feedlot which has
a total recycling system for feedlot wastes. Feed-
ing pens, designed so that all waste material
on the floor drains downward, are all concrete
with half the area of each pen under roof.
Floors are flushed at regular intervals causing
waste material to drain into a concrete tile line
which carries it into a two-compartment con-
crete detention pit. There, quantities of clear
water are added to the slurry. The liquid is
Ijfted by a pump and flows under pressure
through an underground pipeline to pivoting
irrigation booms which sprinkle the "brown
water" on the soil of mowed fields. A second
concrete pit provides an overflow catch basin
which assures no escape of waste material.
Coastal bermudagrass is the best grass for this
type of fertilizer-irrigation. The grass goes
through a dehydration process before it is pel-
leted to be fed to the cattle. This type of feed-
lot has been designed and tested to be sure
that pollution was a thing of the past, This
particular feedlot has won many awards for its
success. (Cameron-East Central).
1342-B2, B3, B5, Cl, C2,
Dl, D3, E3
CONCENTRATION OF
PROTEINACEOUS SOLIDS FROM
AERATED SWINE MANURE
University of Briitsh Columbia, Canada.
Lloyd W. J. Holmes.
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, University of Illinois, 1971, 92 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, 'Aeration,
•Oxidation lagoons, 'Recycling, Suspended solids,
Sieves, Centrifugation, Amino acids, Proteins.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Refeeding, Proteinaceous
solids. Oxidation ditch mixed liquor.
This study was undertaken to determine what
fraction of swine oxidation ditch mixed liquor
(ODML) possessed a refeeding potential; and to
determine the best method of recovery and con-
centration of this fraction. Swine ODML sam-
ples were passed through a series of sieves.
233
-------
ranging In size from 20-to- 200 mesh. The solids
retained on each screen were dried, weighed and
analyzed for kjeldahl nitrogen. It was apparent
that the highest crude protein and larg.-st weight
fraction was contained In the smallest size frac-
tion, those suspended solids passing through a
200 mesh sieve. Preliminary investigations Indi-
cated that cectrifugation was a promising method
of ODML S.S. concentration. Centrifuging trials
were run on screened ODML to determine the
optimum feed rate and G force required to pro-
duce a concentrated cake of approximately 6-8
percent solids dry weight basis (dwb). Increas-
ing the fe«d S.S, concentration had ths effect
of decreasing S.S. recovery. Centrifuged sam-
ples of swine ODML were found to contain a
greater percentage of essential amino acids
than corn. Centrifugation has been shown to be
a feasible method of concentrating the amino
acid-nch portion of swine ODML. Liquid vol-
ume reduction on the order of 85 percent can
conforms In fish caught In this stream reflected
the warm-blooded-animal-pollution level of the
water. All fish used In this phase of the itudy
were caught during July, August, and Septem-
ber when the water temperatures were between
13 and U C. The fate of fecal conforms and
streptococcus faecalls in the fish Intestine indi-
cated that these organisms can probably survive
and multiply when fish and water temperatures
are 20 C or higher, but only wh;n the organisms
are retained In the gut for periods beyond 24 hr.
(Cartmell-East Central),
1345-A11,B1, Fl
ARIZONA OPERATORS QUESTION
FLUME CONCEPT
Editor of BEEF.
Paul D. Andre.
BEET, Vol. 10, No. 6. p. 44, February. 1974.
2 fig.
1347-A4, All, C3
THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE
ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO
SALAR L.) IN RELATION TO
ITS ENVIRONMENT
Department of Trade and
m
R. W. Horsley.
.
iauid"!"10.11!.' 1;cludinK the bu"< of the carrier
iqmd in the feed, (Cartmell-East Central).
1343-B3, D2, E3, Fl
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE
Descriptors: 'Wast* disposal, 'Flumes, 'Feed
lots, -Cattle. -Farm wastes. Design, Ammonia.
Costs.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Slotted floors.
Flushing.
was analyzed quantitatively; 5o"£n .
•ample, were analyzed qualitatively Th«^,fW
at each sampling station was also analyzed Vfr
principal genera on the .ton and gll™ £„ J?e
axella, Flavobactertum. Cyplophage and P..u2T
monas; members of Acinetobacter" B«^
Aeromonas. Vibrio, the Enlrobacteriacea?
coccaeae and some coryneforms were a
ent These analyses indicated that th- "
' K-
rouf ™, experimental study in which dried
a XariPtv".?, waVeacted with hydrogen und;r
of h H y , coitions to determina th2 yield
(L ».«•£?. ca"aon Products. Demonstrated is
nc ™ . iy converting manure to pipeline
Slant? .h large,.sca|e< For reasonably large
plants, the pipeline gas from this process is
eaper than from any other source except
fL^Ki gas' The Priory reason for these
favorable economics is that manure a assumed
to be free. Because of the important effect of
plant sue on gas price, more detailed estimates
will be made of smaller plants to determine
the minimum feasible plant size and thereby
determine the areas of the country where appli-
cation of this technology would be economically
feasible. (Cartmell-East Central).
1344-A4, All, C3
BACTERIAL POLLUTION
INDICATORS IN THE INTESTINAL
TRACT OF FRESHWATER FISH
Microbiology Section, Basic and Applied Science
Branch, Division of Water Supply and Pollution
Control, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 429-437,
May, 1966. 2 fig., 7 tab, 19 ref.
This was a test of a flume structure In Arizona.
The test building was 24 feet wide and 400 feet
long with two 12 inch flumes on 12 foot centers.
Various textures were used on the floor surface,
and the slope of the flumes ranged from M inch
to 1 inch per foot. During the feeding test,
80 head of cattle were placed In each pen. An
equal number of comparable cattle were put la
an adjacent slotted floor building and given the
same amount of space per head. Rations were
Identical. The following problems arose with
use of the flume structure: (1) insufficent clean-
ing, (2) difficulty of the men In maintaining
their balance, (3) the need for daily flushing.
(4) the need for the cattle to have shade. (5)
lack of ammonia control, and (6) the difficulty
of cattle in getting their footing. There was no
significant difference in the performance of the
groups of cattle and no significant difference
in the operating costs of the two operations.
(Cartmell-East Central),
1346-B2, Fl, F2
FEEDLOTS POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY: EFFLUENT
GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
PART H.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Federal Register, Vol. 39, No. 32, February 14,
1974, p. S706-5707.
1348-B3, D2, E3
BRICKS ARE BEING FORMED
FROM MANURE AND GLASS
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. -Cattle
ing, -Waste disposal. Dairy Industry
JdenUfleni: 'Glass. -Brick,. -M.nSe. 'BulJdta,
Dr. John D. Mackenzie. Los Angelea en«lBe,H..
professor, has perhaps found an answe? to iE"
problem of animal waste disposal H. h.7 -~s
fected building products! wrt „ brick. HlT
wall core materials, and garden stone*!™'
^'"re of dried cow manure and
bottles blended together
SSI ^ now'-T £
-3.
Descriptors: -Feed lots, 'Livestock. -Poultry,
•Hogs, 'Effluent., -Farm wastes. Technology.
Economics, Dairy industry.
Identitflers: -Standards. Open lot. Housed lot.
Stall barn. Free stall barn. Milkroom, Milking
center. Process waste water. Process generated
waste water.
container.. The University of C.Ufo?" .
pUed for patents covering the main
(Cameron-East Central).
1349-A2, A4, B2, B3, F3,
F6
ANIMAL FEEDLOT WASTE
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Treatment and Control Research Prorr.m
ert S. Kerr Research Center. EnviroTSoUl
tectlon Agency. Ada. Oklahoma ronmenul
Unpublished paper. April, 1971. 21 p. t flf
Descriptors: -Confinement pens. -
Uon source. -Farm waste,. Surface
Descriptors: "Bacteria, -Freshwater Fish, Coli-
form. Sampling, Temperature.
Identifiers: -Bacterial pollution indicators, 'In-
testinal tract. Fecal coliforms. Streptococci, Lit-
tle Miami River.
A study was made of the occurence, distribution,
and persistence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and
fecal streptococci in the intestinal tract of fresh-
water fish. A total of 132 fish representing 14
different spcies were used in various phases of
these experiments. Examination of the intestinal
contents of 73 fish from moderately polluted
sections of the Little Miami River indicated thai
fecal coliform densities were lowest in bluegills
and highest in catfish. Levels of fecal strepto-
cocci for these two species were 220 and 240,000
per gram, respectively. The occurrence of fecal
Environmental Protection Agency guidelines and
standards involving feedlots and waste production
are presented. The terms feedlot, process waste
water, process generated waste water, 10 year
—24 hour rainfall event, 23 year—24 hour'ralnfall
event, open lot. housed lot, stall barn, free stall
barn, milkroom, and milking center are defined.
Effluent limitations guidelines representing the
degree of effluent reduction attainable by the
application of the best practicable control tech-
nology currently available are presented. Also
effluent limitations guidelines representing the
degree of effluent reduction attainable by the
application of the best available technology eco-
nomically achievable Is discussed. Pretreatmenl
standards for existing sources, standards for per-
formance for new sources, and pretreatment
standards for new sources of waste are also
considered. (Russell-East Central).
.
Identifiers: Manure.
The growth and cause of water pollution t
animal feedlot waste is described The *
responsibilities of ths Federal
Control Administration are met y
and contract projects. Priority
project, 1. given in ,erm£ 0, ta,
range research needs. A list of m
research needs 1, grouped into s^cific
terization project, and specific i
project,. The long range Ve.earch d
vention of water pollution is described for
runoff, wild manure, and slurry .vst,
specilic project m« .»^^
** •"""""• Pollution control
tom*
234
-------
1350-AA, B2, B4, Dl
CONFINEMENT SYSTEM OFFERS
NEW SOLUTIONS TO OLD
PROBLEMS
Staff editor of FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT.
Toir. ZurowsW.
FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT. Vol. 15. No. 9. p.
44. 48, September. 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, "Con-
finement pens, 'Livestock. 'Farm management.
•Waste storage. Waste treatment. Costs.
Identifiers: Concrete holding ponds. Barn clean-
ers. Hot water haatlng system. Slatted floors.
Pollution.
Cliff Nybo and John Nilander built a workable
confinement system in Northfield. Minnesota. The
system Is composed o( a confinement barn, a
concrete holding pond, barn cleaners, and a spec-
ial hot water heating system in the floor of the
unit which helps make the entire system func-
tional. The barn Is divided into 8 pens. Each
pen has a capacity for 75 animals with approxi-
mately to sq. ft. of space per animal. The floor
is partially slatted. A steeply sloped pit is
located beneath the slatted area. Barn cleaners
are at the bottom of the pit. The cleaners dump
the manure into a concrete holding pond. To
prevent manure freeze up. hot water heating
lines are placed beneath the solid portions of the
floor. The system, not including cleaners, feed
storage, feeders, and waterers, cost $74,000. The
advantages of this system are that it Is pollution
proof and it Is easy to operate. Because it has
mo discharge from its pens, this operation will
comply when any new pollution control regula-
tion! are developed. (Cameron-East Central).
1351-A4, A5, A7, A8, E3
SYMPOSIUM: PROCESSING
AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES
G E. Inglett. editor.
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Munic-
ipal Wastes, New York, New York, August 27-28,
1972, 221 p. 90 fig, 66 tab, 301 ref.
Descriptors: -Research aand development,
•Waste treatment, -Recycling, -Waste disposal,
•Farm wastes. Municipal wastes. Industrial
wastes. Water pollution. Air pollution. Soil con-
tamination. Environmental control.
To meet the needs of the increasing world popu-
lation, cities become larger, Industries expand.
and agricultural operations become larger and
more automated. All of these necessary in-
creases in production result in a simultaneous
increase In waste production and the problem
of adequately dealing with this waste broadens.
The papers of this symposium indicate that this
problem is being met head-on, and technology
is being devised, tested, and re-examined to deal
with the waste problem. Advances in recycling
animal, poultry, and Industrial wastes have been
recorded, but much more has been shown to be
necessary. Various methods for utilization of
these by-products have been outlined and offer
very promising results. With the beginnings of-
fered at this symposium, there is little doubt
that the challenge of progress and increased
production in our society can be dealt with effic-
iently and economically. (Russell-East Central),
1352-F4
THE CHALLENGE OF WASTE
UTILIZATION
C. E. Inglett.
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Munic-
ipal Wastes, New York, New York. August 27-28,
1972, p. 1-5. 3 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Municipal wastes.
•Livestock, -Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
Agricultural wastes. Industrial wastes, Technol-
ogy, Environmental control.
Identifiers: 'Waste management 'Processing,
•Waste utilization. Meat consumption, Compost-
Ing.
Large concentrations of people, animals, and
manufactured goods create waste problems. In
1965. 575 billion pounds of solid waste were pro-
duced for disposal. Of this total. Industrial waste
accounted for 229 billion pounds. This leaves
60% of the total waste production to come from
agricultural waste. Concentration of animal
waste Is highly dependent on the present trends
of automation and centralization. In cattle.
swine, dairy herds, and poultry, feedlots are
becoming larger and fewer, thus causing greater
waste problems. Increasing consumption of meat
with concomitant population growth can predict-
ably bring more agricultural waste. For each
pound of beef produced. 25 pounds of manure
are produced. Thus, by 1980. 470 million tons
of cattle manure will ba produced for the esti-
mated 235 million beef consumers In the United
States. There is an immediate need for more
technology for developing systems for waste
management and utilization. Some of the pro-
posed processes and related technology in this
symposium may fill this need. (Russel-East
Central).
1353-B1, E3, Fl
ECONOMIC ISSUES IN
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION
OF WASTE
Alden C. Manchester, and J. G. Vertrees.
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Munici-
pal Wastes, New York, New York, August 27-28
1972, p. 6-12. 6 ret.
Descriptors: -Economic. -Waste treatment. •Re-
cycling. Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: -Waste management, -Waste utili-
zation. Public policy. Government cost-sharing.
There Is no universal solution to waste manage-
ment problems. Alternative waste management
methods exist for most firms, creating a need
(or economic analysis to determine the least-cost
solution. The economic choice is between waste
treatment and waste utilization. Utilization offers
more long term promise; but before launching
large projects, an analysis of waste utilization
should be undertaken. In determining economic
feasibility of utilization, three factors should be
considered: (1) the market potential of waste
utilization products; (2) the cost of such a pro-
cess; and (3) the cost ot waste management
alternatives. The potential for Increased utili-
zation of waste is dependent on public policy
toward utilization and on equity. Government
cost-sharing may stimulate industries into using
wastes, and even without significant aid or price
change, many firms will utilize waste from their
operations as a least-cost means of waste man-
agement when the costs of alternatives are eval-
uated. (Russell-East Central).
1354-B1, Dl, D3, E3, Fl
PROCESSING ANIMAL WASTES
FOR FEED AND INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS
J, H. Sloneker. R. W. Jones. H. L. Griffin. K
EsUns, B L. Bucher aand G. E. Inglett
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Munlc-
ipal Waste. New York. New York, August 27-28,
1972, p. 13-28. 1 fig, 8 tab. 20 ref.
Descriptors: -Farm wastes, 'Recycling, 'Feeds,
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal. Nitrogen.
Amino acids. Fermentation, Organic matter. En-
zymes, Proteins.
Identifiers: -Processing, 'Feed products. 'In-
dustrial products, Feedlot waste fractionation,
Hardboard.
Reprocessing animal waste offers promising pos-
sibilities for elimination of a huge waste man-
agement problem. The average feeder steer gen-
erates 2.2 pounds of protein per day. If proces-
sed, a feed of manure has a value comparable
to soybean meal and Is worth about $20 per ton
more than the cost of recovery. By a simple
screening process, approximately 707< of the
total nitrogen can be recovered from feedlol
waste as a potential feed fraction containing
35-40% protein and representing approximately
40% of the total waste solids. The remaining
bulky fiber» fraction can be converted into a
cheap, nonodorous ingredient for fiberboard like
products. Alternatively the fiber fraction and
solubles can be recombined and used as a Cer-
mentation substrate for the cellulolytic fungus,
T. virlde. Studies with whole manure and the
fibrous fraction indicate that more than 25% of
the organic matter Is digested by the fungus
with complete retention of the nitrogen. These
data illustrate that, potentially, T, viride en-
zymes, as an additive, can Increase the digesti-
bility and meiabolizable energy of feeds. (Rus-
sell-East Central).
1355-B1, D3, E3, Fl
PROCESSING ANIMAL WASTE BY
ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION
W. B. Coe, and M. Turk.
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Muroc-
pal Wastes, New York, New York, A-jgust 27-28.
1972, p. 29-37. 1 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: -Recycling, -Farm wastes. •Fer-
mentation. -Anaerobic conditions. Aerobic condi-
tions. Waste treatment. Feed lots. Chemical
analysis, Economics, Ammonia, Cattle.
Identifiers: -Processing, Releeding.
Wastes must be recycled Into products which can
be used by the producer of these wastes. The
recycling must be conducted In a non-polluting
and profitable manner. The most desirable ie-
cyllng product is a feed ingredient. The two
major systems lor degradation of manure utilize
microbial conversion and consist of aerobic pro-
cesses Recent efforts have been directed to-
ward aerobic techniques, but these processes
have proved to be costly. The anasjrobic pro
cess is technically and economically the most
attractive method of recycling animal wastes.
This process produces two products (a feed in-
gredient and a fuel in the form of methane)
useful to the animal feeder. It accepts all the
wastes produced without pollutional discharges
and is potentially profitable. The anaerobic pro-
cess requires two-thirds the capital investment
and one-half the annual operating expense of
the aerobic process. (Hussell-East Central).
1356-All, Dl, D2, Fl
AGRICULTURAL CELLULOSIC
WASTES FOR FEED
Terry Mopfenstein, and Walter Kaers.
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Munic-
pal Wastes, New York. New York. August 27-28.
1972, pp. 38-54. 13 tab, 33 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. -Feeds, -Cellulose,
•Waste treatment. Performance, Livestock. Sil-
age, Inhibitors. Alkalinity.
Identifiers: -Sodium hydroxide. Digestibility.
Roughage.
Agricultural cellulose wastes such as crop resi-
dues, fecal matter, paper, wood by-products and
similar materials represent a vast supply of
poorly utilized energy. Ruminants possess a
unique digestive system which enables them to
partially utilize the carbohydrate fraction of
these materials. There are two procedures for
enhancement of cellulosic waste usage. The first
is the addition of sodium hydroxide to low-qual-
ity roughage followed by ensiling. At the pres-
ent time, this appears to have practical appli-
cations, although the mechanics of collecting
these low quality roughages and addition of
sodium hydroxide and water would appear to be
the greatest problems. The second procedure
utilizes high pressure and temperature treatment
of forages. To be practical and economical, this
procedure would require on operation where ma-
terials could be collected and treated at a large
centrally located facility. However, with treat-
ment of large quantities, the cost could probably
be held within a practical range. (Russell-East
Central).
235
-------
1357-C2, Dl, D2, D3, E3
NUTRITIVE EVALUATIONS OF
ANIMAL MANURES
L. W. Smith,
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Munic-
ipal Wastes. New York. New York. August 27-28,
1972, p. 5571. 1 tig. 8 tab, 92 rel.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Farm wasUs. 'Re-
cyling, 'Feels, Chemical properties. Nitrogin.
Ruminants Fermentation. Cellulose.
Identifiers: 'Waste utilization. Processing meth-
ods. Digestibility, Wastelage.
Three major factors influence chemical composi-
tions of animal manures: (1) the species of ani-
mals; (2) the compositions of diets fed; and
C3> the plane of nutrition, reeding trials illus-
trate that poultry manure is high in nitrogen
and is mare advantageously utilized by rumi-
nants than by other animals. Ruminants also
have a lower digestibility of cell walls than do
monogastric species. Thus, monogaslric feces
are clearly shown to be superior in nutritive
value to ruminant feces, as indicated by the
higher nitrogen and low cell wall content of
higher digestibility. However, before manure
can be utilized as a nutritive feed, economical
processing methods must be developed. Several
methods have been reported for wing biological
intermediates for recovery of protein from ma-
ure. Also rapid advances In physical, chemical.
and fermentation technology will provide better
methods for conversion of manures into products
oi high mitrib've value for animal feeding. ( Rus-
sell-East Central).
1358-A1, AL3, BZ, D3, E3
AUTOMATED RECYCLE SYSTEM
FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE
TREATMENT
E. P. Taiganides, and R. K. While,
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Munic-
pal Wastes, New York, New York, August 27-28,
1972, pp. 7M3. 10 fig.
Descriptors; "Recycling, 'Farm wastes. 'Waste
treatment, 'Livestock, 'Automation, Oxidation
lagoons Effluent, Foaming. Influent, Biochem-
ical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Water Hushing. Sludge index.
In today's large confined swine facilities, the
waste handling and treatment system is often
the factor controlling the success of the opera-
tion. Certain criteria must be considered in
order to evaluate the livestock waste system—
namely, ecology, economics, esthetics, and tech-
nology. A five hundred pig swine unit was
tested by treatment and recycling of the effluent.
Automated flushing from the swine building
worked extremely well. There was little odor
in the confinement building and no odor in the
waste facility. Foaming of the oxidation ditch
was a problem but a foam-suppressing drum has
been the most suitable method for controlling
the foam. Over a ninety percent reduction in
the biochemical oxygen demand of the influent
to the oxidation ditch, as compared to the efflu-
ent for recycling, has been achieved. The use
of a Sludge Index has been found to be a good
parameter for monitoring the operation of the
oxidation o"ilch. (Russell-East Central).
1359-B3, D2, E3
FUEL FROM AGRICULTURAL
WASTES
Herbert R. Appell, and Ronald D, Miller.
Symposium: Processing Agricultural and Muiuc-
pal Wastes, New York, New York, August 27-28,
197Z, p. 84-92. 5 tab, 5 ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Fuels, 'Oil. -Waste
ESment, Organic matter Biode gradation
Waste water reclamation. Cellulose, Catalysts,
IdaernMe«:''Ash content. Carbon monoxide, Raw
materials.
Recognition of the Increasing severity of the
solid wastes problem has resulted in an Increas-
ed research effort to find uses for waste mate-
rials. The conversion of a variety of wastes
having a high carbohydrate content, largely eel-
lulos;, to a heavy oil has been one proposed
method A mechanism for the conversion of
carbohydrates to oil consists of the following
steps: U> reaction of sixjium carbonate and
water with carbon monoxide to yield sodium for-
mate: 12) dehydration of vicinal hydroxy groups
In a carbohydrate to an enol, followed by Iso-
merization to a ketone; <3) reduction of the
newly formed carboxyl group to the correpsond
ing alcohol with formate ion and watsri and
(4) the hydroxyl ion then reacts wilh additional
carbon monoxide to regenerate the formate ion.
Although manures are In some respects a
desirable feedstock for conversion to oil, the
high ash content, and the malodorus aqueous
effluent pose problems for further research,
(Russell-East Central).
1360-D2, E3
ENERGY FROM THE PYROLYSIS
OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES
M. D. Schlesinger, W. S. Banner, and D. E.
Wolfson. , ,
Symposium Processing Agricultural and Muntc-
pal Wastes, New York, New York, August 27-28,
1972, p. 93-100, 1 fig. 3 tab 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Waste treatment.
'Waste disposal, Volatility. Cattle. Energy.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis, 'Agricultural wastes.
Wood waste. Crop wastes. High moisture feed-
stock.
Experiments were conducted on various agricul-
tural wastes which involved pyrolysis, or the
heating of a material to a high temperature In
the absence of air. Materials that cannot be
burned cleanly in incinerators can be converted
to gases, oils, or solids that can be burned
cleanly by known methods. Generally, wastes
are not available on a year-round basis except
in a limited number of circumstances. Crops
are harvested at particular times of the year,
and feedlots may vary in their population. Be-
cause of this irregularity. It teems Important to
convert wastes of different composition and
quantity into a (orm that may approach com-
patability with Industrial firing practices. Pyro-
lysis provides this conversion and Is self-suHic-
ient in energy requirements. Practically all the
energy in the feeds is recovered in the products.
(Kussell East Central).
1361-A8, B3, D3, E2
COMPOSTING AGKICULTURAL
AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC
WASTES
S J Toth.
Symposium: Processing Agricullural and Munici-
pal Wastes. New York, New York, August 27-28
1972, pp. 172-162. * tab, B ttt.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Industrial wastes.
Moisture content, Aeration, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorous, Potassium, Livestock, Poultry, Sewage
sludge, Municipal wastes. Chemical properties.
Physical properties.
Identifiers: 'Composting, 'Agricultural wastes,
•Organic wastes. Organic residues, Cellophane
wastes.
Composts, like plant residues and organic wastes,
tend to produce changes In the physical and
chemical properties of soils in wh.ch 'hey are
incorporated. One of UK changes in physical
properties is an increase in soil aggregation.
Addition of composts to soils also adds to the
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash contents of Hie
soils Many factors such as moisture content,
aeration, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,
affect composting rates. When composting li
finished, th; idea! compost has a dark brown
color, BOTfc organic matter, a moisture levelof
10-209*. a water holding capacity of 150-2007=,
an ash content of 10-20%. a nitrogen content of
2.5-3,5%, a phosphorus oxide and potassium
oxide content of l-l.n, • pH of S.S-6.S7c,
and a illghtly musty odor. Composts Dot only
consist of animal wute», but also Industrial
wastes which are high tn carbon or organic
matter. Municipal garbage has been itudied as
• composting malenal, but these products havj
little agricultural value when spread OD land
(Russell-East Central).
1362-A5, A8, Cl, C2, C3,
E2
POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL BY
PLOW-FURROW-COVER
The College of Agriculture and Environmental
Science. Hulgrri Univ.—the Slate University of
New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903.
Descriptors: Agricultural machinery, 'Deposi-
tion, 'Organic wastes. Soils, fertilizers, 'Wastes.
•Waste disposal, 'Pollution, Slurries, Poultry,
Water pollution. Soil water. Contamination, Per-
colation, Equipment, Decomposition. Ground wa-
ter. Salmonella, Tent facilities. Recycling.
Identifiers: 'PlowFurrow-Cover technique,
•Poultry manure, Solid waste disposal. Resource
recovery, Fecal coliform, Suction lysimeten.
Technicon Aiao-Anlayzer.
This study consisted of 4 years of research con-
ducted to determine the feasibility of the Plow-
Furrow-Cover (PFC) method of manure dis-
posal. The purposes of the research included
development of equipment and techniques for ths
disposal of poultry manure in sotl, and measure-
ment of the consequent chemical, physical, and
biological changes. Various sections of the re-
port described the development of equipment;
effect upon ground water: laboratory decomposi-
tion studies and salmonella; and effect on soil
water and the soil. Poultry manure was used
as the organic waste, and there was no Indica-
tion of ground water pollution by fecal coliform.
The upper limit of poultry manure disposal ap-
peared to be less than 15 tons per acre of dry
material because of nutrient contamination in
the soil water. The PFC technique utilized the
soil media for degradation and the eventual utili-
zation and recycling of organic wastes by plants.
1363-C1, D3
EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE ON
THE AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
ANIMAL WASTE
James A. Llndley.
MS Thesis. Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Purdue University. 1970. 122 p. 31 fig.
41 tab, 38 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes, "Aerobic treatment,
•Particle size, Chemical oxygen demand, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Aeration, Sampling,
Analysis, Feeds, Dairy industry. Cattle, Waste
treatment. Volatility, Digestion, Nebraska.
Identifiers; Refeeding.
Design of efficient treatmenl processes (such as
aerobic biological treatment) requires a thorough
knowledge of the waste and elfecu of variation
in this material. Research was conducted to
study the effects caused from differences of frac-
tions with particle sizes that could be measured
by sieving techniques. The results of analyzing
24 samples of dairy farm wastes gave an aver-
age geometric mean particle size at 860.15 mic-
rons. The mean range was trom 1490 microns
to 402 microns. Organic content was found to
increase with particle siie of 860.85 microns.
The mean range was from 1490 microns to
402 microns. Organic content was found to in-
crease with particle size, while chemical oxygen
demand and biochemical oxygen demand varies
inversely with particle size. The rale of vola-
tile solids decomposition In an aerobic treatment
process may decrease with larger waste fineness
values, but the effect l« silent. (Frantz-East
Central).
236
-------
1364-B2, Cl, C2, Dl
SETTLING SOLIDS IN ANIMAL
WASTE SLURRIES
J. A, Moore. R. O. He«g. D. C. Sholz. and Egon
Strauman.
Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. University ol
Kentucky, Lexington. June 17-20. 1973, 17 p.
5 lit. 1 tab, 14 ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Slurries, "Sedi-
mentation, Sampling. Chemical oxygen demand.
Livestock, Waste treatment. Suspend>d solids.
Design data. Feed lots, Solid wastes. Minnesota.
Identifiers: 'Settling solids. Total solids. Vola-
tile solids.
Research was conducted to develop design curves
which may be used in applying sedimentation
principles to the treatment of animal wastes.
Samples of slurries were measured for solids at
the tops of cylinders at O, 1. 10, 100 and 1000
minutes. The chemical oxygen demand, total
solids o _o
1370-Aj, A8 , \j£ , LZ
TRANSACTIONAL DYNAMICS OF
_..-___-, MAKHTWI? TV cmi
POULTRY MANURfc IN &U1L,
1368-B2, B3, B4, El, FA
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTING
CONCEPTS OF BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTES MANAGEMENT
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Labor-
atory. Ada. Oklahoma.
L. R. Shuyler, D. M. Farmer, R. D. Kreis. and
M. E, Hula.
National Animal Feedlot Wastes Research Pro-
gram, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory, July. 1973. 283 p. 71 fit, 62 tab,
197 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, •Farm wastes, 'Design.
Regulations, Legal aspects. Climates. Sites. Agri-
cultural runoff. Slurries, Solid wastes. Liquid
wastes. Waste storage. Waste treatment. Waste
disposal.
Identifiers: Environmental protection. 'Pollution
control.
L. H. Hileman.
Paper presented at 1972 Winter Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 11-15, 1972. Paper No. 72956.
15 p. 6 fig. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry. 'Soils,
•Leaching ion exchange, Ground water pollution,
Calcium, Potassium, Ammonia, Manganese.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Transactional dynamics,
Poultry broiler manure was surface applied to
Taloka sUt loam soil columns at rate of 0, 2, 4,
6 8 10 20, and 40 tons per acre. The soil
columns were leached with distilled water at
the rate of approximately one acre inch per
week for 16 weeks. The gravitationally leached
water was collected for chemical analysis. Data
presented indicated the intensity of dynamic
transaction and cation exchange taking place in
the soU due to the large application of litter.
Potassium in the manure exchang:d for so.l
calcium Calcium in the leachate reached 800
ppm High levels of manganese were found in
the leachate Consideration must be given to the
SOU and to the soil water when applying high
rates of poultry manure. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
237
-------
1371-A1, Bl, F2
FEEDERS IGNORE POLLUTION
RULES: RISK STIFF FINES
BHSF? Vol. 10. NO. 7, P. 70-71, March, 1974.
3 fig.
SS3fu*rVf"1'Bul«. 'Pollution, 'Environmental
protection Agency, 'Wast* management, Dis-
charges.
Feedlot operators can be fin:d as high as
$25 000-a-day if they haven't filed for an Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency waste discharge
permit A large number ol feeders across the
United States are running Die risk of being rut
with these fines. Any feedlot operator who has
one thousand head or more in his feedlot must
have a permit in order to discharge wast? le-
gally. Also, anyone who is notified that h; is
a "significant contributor of pollution" must ap-
ply for a permit. After permits are drafted,
they are put on public notice for thirty days.
U there are public comments, then a hearing
must be held to clear up misunderstandings.
When a person files for a permit, his operation
is investigated and construction of waste handl-
ing systems is ordered if needed. The EPA
guidelines establish an effluent limitation of "no
discharge" by 1977, but exceptions will be mad?
for extreme weather. It is hoped that by such
action, pollution from animal wastes will bj con
trolled. (Russell-East Central).
SS-ffii.
SSSie^ •
Jot. Manure pack system. Insulated confinement
barn.
In the selection of . feedlot facility. «>"}<|"-
atlon must be given to factor, such u "*•*"•
pollution control regulations. the neec I to save
Ubor, and the desire to '1"™"'' b0^?"5Babie
to provide an environment whjcti would ena°":
catUeto have improved feed efficiencies and
(as er gains. Five types ol feedlot facilities
«"« rtSdied. These were: <1> the open confine-
ment shed; <2> the manure pack Astern; £>
the conventional open shed; (4) the «cl°*^
insulated confinement barn: and < > d^ntases
ot unit Of ttese systems each has advantages
and disadvantages. and the best system woujd
be the one that best lite a particular need and
operaUon. The lowest cost per head •!«*«"£
sample*. Among (actors tested were: Tempera-
ture pH, BOD, COD, total >nd suspended (Ollds,
ammonia, nitntt. nitrite. OHP, volaUle acidj
(high volume aeration) and DO (high volume
aeration). The low volume subsurface aeration
which ranged from 3.6 cfm had no measurable
effect on the hog lagoon. For »)l of the leiU
conducted there appeared to be no significant
difference between the means ol trie value* ob-
tained In the teit for the aerated and the
control cells. During the high volume serat.on
phase, an average of 228 mg/l of dissolved OX
was maintained In the aerated cell during the
'testing period. All of the le«U showed a. sig-
nificant difference of the means, except the total
solids, the suspended solids, the organic malUr.
and the ammonia. Based on the anaJysis ol
this experiment, it may be • beneficial to aerate
B hog lagoon with at least enough air lo rnwn-
tain some dissolved oxygen in Ih; lagoon. The
aeration would allow the lagoon to be loaded
at a higher rate and still maintain aerobic con-
ditions Economical considerations may make
this unfeasible. (Cartmell-East Central).
1372-D2, E3, Fl
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS
FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY
RESOURCES: III. ECONOMIC
EVALUATIONS
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, 66506.
W. P. Walawender, L. T. Fan, C. R. Engkr,
and L. E. Erickson.
Contribution Number 33, Department of Chemi
cal Engineering, Kansas Agricultural Experiment
Station, Manhaltan. July 1, 1973. 23 P. 9 tab,
45 ret.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Farm wastes. 'Recycl-
ing. 'Energy, 'Waste treatment. 'Waste disrosal,
Economics. Costs, Transportation, Carbon diox-
ide, Water.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Agricultural wastes.
•Liquifaction, 'Gasification, *Hydrogasification,
•Oil conversion, Cellulosic wastes. Processing,
Due to increasing waste problems and energy
demands, a study of the feasibility of chemical
processing of agricultural wastes was under-
taken The study dealt primarily with feedlot
manure becausu of its availability and Us pres-
ent hazards to environmental quality. Tins re-
port presents the results of an economic analysis
of three potential processing schemes for the
conversion of feedlot wastes to useful products.
Th' processes include (1) liquefaction to oil,
(2)" gasification to synthetic gas, and <3> hydro.
gasification to methane. Processing costs, on a
JUr ton of wet manure feed basis, were found
to be $4 27, $1.51 and S9.41, respectively. (These
costs Include credit only for the sale of the ma-
k»r product at approximately current prices.)
Capital ^vestment and th* break-even sates
eric" for the major product are presented. The
fSults strongly favor the synthesis gas process;
however; markets for the product require fur-
^consideration. (Bussell-Easi Central).
1373-A11, Bl, Fl
HOUSING AND SHELTER FOR
FEEDLOT CATTLE
R. P. Goodrich,
the open lot. In other words, no particular sys-
tern U superior to all others. Each sys em s
success is dependenl on a particular set of cir-
cumstances and. with all systems, good «>n'tru£
tion and alert manaeement are ""essary for
consistent returns. (Russell-East Central).
1374-B2, B3, Dl, D2, E2,
E3
A FEEDLOT WITHOUT WASTE
Editor of BEEF.
BEEF,AVo1"io. NO. 1, p. 56-66. 69-70. Sept, 1973,
5 fig.
•Feed lots, 'Farm wastes. 'Cattle,
pens, 'Recycling. 'Waste treat-
ment""'Waste disposal, Urine, Methane. Liquid
K3T »^T^«=.. «T
Identifiers: Kefeeding. Sterilisation.
A system or theory for the solution to thefw*
lot indJstry's manure problems has been ae
v^sed by Dick Hunger who is the preS dent of
Corral Industries Inc. He has called this the
"Closed Ecological Cycle Feeding System As
he sees it, leedUng in the future must be in
feeding produces the same gains as open feedlot.
but It produces better gains during bad weather.
This system first collects the waste and.*ep_ar-
atel urine and feces. The liquids then go to a
methane gas generator. The by-producM of the.
liquids are then safe to be spread on land
By running the iiquids through the «as gener-
g* rp'ora, ,
raUon. (Russell-East Central).
1376-A2, Cl, C2
POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF RUNOFF
FROM PRODUCTION LIVESTOCK
FEEDING OPERATIONS IN
SOUTH DAKOTA
Civil Engineering. Water Resource. Institute,
South Dakota State University.
j N Dornbush. and J. M. Madden.
Completion Report, April. 1973. J7 p. 3 fig,
12 tab, 3 rcf.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff. 'Feed lots,
•Livestock. 'South Dakota, 'Farm wastes. Nutri-
ents Rainfall-runoff relationships, Snowmen. Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen de-
mand. Solids. Pollutants.
Identifiers: 'Pollution.
The quantity and quality of runoff from six feed-
lots in eastern South Dakota has bien measured
over a 3 year period. Annual precipitation at
(he fecdlots ranged from 19 to 25 inches which
was about normal lor the area. Snow-melt ac-
counted for 277t of th; mean runoff ol 7.J inches
for the six lots. After snowmell runoU. rainfall
caused only about 10 runoff evenu per year and
about 50% of the runofl events were less than
0 25 inches. Average annual losses of waste
constituents in the runoff in Ibs/acre/jT werj
total solids-10,332, BOD ISIS, COD-749S. total
phosphate—351, and. KJeldahl nitrog:n—533; al-
though, there was wide variation between lots.
Removal of solids from the runoff would reduce
the pollution poiential by about 3S7t for most
constituents. L*ss than 5% of the total waste
generated on a lot was removed with surface
runoff. Minimum d:tention facilities, diverting
foreign drainage and reduction of rjnoll veloci-
ties, will reduce the pollution potential to less
than 2% of the total animal wastes produced.
(Dornbush and Madden-South Dakota State Uni-
versity),
1375-B2, Cl, C2, D3
THE EFFECT OF LOW VOLUME AND
HIGH VOLUME AERATION
ON A HOG LAGOON
is^hesTsy^eparlment ol Agricultural Engineer-
Ing, North Dakota Stale University, May, 1966.
85 p. 44 lig. 5 tab. 19 ref,
.
DLOMAA
EJVS PLANNER, November, 1973. P. «-52. M.
5 fig. 3 tab.
n
I Total solids. Volatile adds.
The objectives ol the study were to evaluate the
rrvz^g^ «srss s«
on low and high volume samples and control
1377-A11, Bl
WHAT TO DO ABOUT POULTRY'S
PROTEIN-ENERGY CRISIS
Poultry Science Department, University ol Geor-
gia, Athens.
L S. Jensen.
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32. No, 3S1. p. 489-492, No-
vember. 1973, 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Proteins. 'Energy, Am-
mino Acids. Feeds. Diets. Recycling, Manage-
WenVuiers: AntiboUcs. Fats. Calories.
It may be necessary to develop new sources of
nutrients, use existing sources more efficiently
and make some changes in management to off-
set the increasing costs ol feeds. Jensen cites
the following as means of Improving nutritional
formulation ol poultry rations: (1) Reduce pro-
238
-------
tein levela, (2) Use »>-ntheUc amlno acids. (3)
Improve feed quality control, (4) Consider ox-
Ira" caloric effect of (at. (51 Use effective anti-
holies for growth stirrmlaLon. (6) Consider pro
lein or amino acid sparing factors. Limiting
feeding, controlling feed wastage, and identify
Ing factors causing variations in the performance
among contract growers should also bring about
a better overall utilization of expensive broiler
feed. (Ballard-East Central).
1378-A1.D2 , D3, E2, E3
THE BUILDING OF A FEEDLOT
Mower Lumber Company. Eutawville, South Car-
olina.
p W Schumacher.
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 11-14, 1973, Paper No. 73-
4542, 7 p.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes. 'Cattle.
•Waste disposal. 'Dairy industry. Fermentation.
Feeds, Humidity, Recycling, South Carolina
Identifiers: 'Manure-Hush system. Refeeding,
Silos, Feed efficiency. Shade, Land spreading.
With the establishment and maintenance of a
feedlot operation on Walworth Farms. Eataw-
ville, South Carolina, it was shown that cattle
ferdinK can be done successfully in the South-
eastern United States. A liquid pipeline system
was constructed in which wastes were flushed
from sloping concrete pens, carried oft by pipe-
line and spread over the surround.ng sandy
cropland A fermentation feeding method was
developed which resulted In 10 to 12 percent
improved feed efficiency and 8 to 12 percent
weight gain increase. Also discussed are the
environmental effects of manure spreading and
of refeeding solid wastes separated by the liquid
handling method. (Hargrove-East Central).
(2) Feeding a limited amount of an energy-
dense feed formulated to supply daily require-
ments of essential nutrient*. Both methods have
drawbacks, however, which leads to the question
approached in the experiment—can feed Intake
be closely controlled through water restriction?
Three small pens (30* by 90') were adapted to
study the effect of water restriction on feed
consumption. Fifteen 450 pound steer calves
were placed in each pen. One pen cf calves was
fed chopped alfalfa hay, plus a 1:1 mixture of
salt and decalcium phosphate. The calves in
th? remaining two pens were changed to a high-
energy finisher ration. One pen of the calves
received only a measured amount of water each
day. The results showed that cattle health, gain,
and feed efficiency after fill were encouraging.
Water restriction is a useful way to reduce feed
consumption and restrict gain. Feed efficiency
in comparison to the hay-led cattle is marked
and with milo presently costing less than me-
dium quantity alfalfa hay, the economy of re-
stricting intake of a high energy ration by water
restriction is excellent, (Drewry-East Central).
1381-B1
BAFFLED CENTER CEILING
VENTILATION INLET
Agricultural Engineering Department, South Da-
kota State University, Brookuigs.
M. A. Hellickson.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 758-
760, July-August, 1973, 6 fig, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Ventilation, Temperature, 'In-
takes, 'Baffles, "Cattle. 'Air circulation.
Identifiers: 'Ceiling ventilation, 'Inlet. Exhaust
fans. Manure pit.
1379-B3, B4, D3, E2
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ALTERNATIVES
Vol. 15, No. 5, p.
B. Sullivan.
Feedlot Management
May, 1373.
2630,
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Farm wastes, 'Feed
tots 'Waste storage, 'Waste disposal, 'Econom-
ics,' Costs. Transportation. Fertilizers, Eqaip-
me'nt, Nitrogen, Cattle. .
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Commercial
loader. Spreader truck. Rotary scraper. Windrow
composting.
Solid manure management involves collection,
transportation, storage, proc:ssing and disposal
—operations that encompass an array of techru-
cues and equipment which can be used in many
combinations. The costs of these operations and
removal vary with feedlot size, annual days of
equipment use, and manure hauling distance.
An economic comparison is made of the use of
a commercial loader (skip loader) and a spread-
er truck, a rotary scraper attached to a tractor,
and a self-propelled elevating scraper. The pros
and cons of waste storage by composting in
windrows and of waste disposal on crop lands
are also considered. (Cameron-East Cental),
1380-A11, Bl, Fl
RESEARCH CONCEPTS
W O*Rourkc
Calf News, Vol. 10, No. 4, p. 16, 48, April, 1972.
1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Research, 'Cattle. 'Feeds, 'Water
consumption, 'Growth rates. Confinement pens.
Energy, Economics. Farm wastes, Tennessee.
Identifiers: 'Water restriction. Roughage,
Weight
In the summers of 1970 and 1971, studies were
made on the ventilation characteristics in the
Farmers' Union Grain Terminal Association's
48 by 40 ft. closed confinement beef unit. The
original ventilation system employed two ther-
mostatically controlled variable speed exhaust
fans and four constant speed exhaust fans. This
design allowed summer ventilation air to enter
the building through baffled 4 inch continuous
inlets along the north and south walls. The inlet
system was redesigned prior to use during the
summer of 1971. The new design employed
a center ceiling inlet for year-round ventilation.
Air movement in ths closed environment beef
unit during 1970 almost exclusively occurred in
the upper portion of the building, In 1971, air
circulation around the animals was clearly
noticeable and ventilation was much better.
Average temperature at animal level from June
26 to October 30. 1971, excjeded average outside
temperature by 4.4' F. In 1970, the average
temperature at animal level exceeded average
outside temperature by 9.6* F. In 1971 temper-
ing of ventilation air in the north half of the
attic ranged from 5' F above to 20° F below
and averaged 0.2° F above outside
hire from June 26 to October 30.
solar tempering was greatest during hot wea-
ther, ambient temperature exceeded outside tem-
perature more during periods of cooler tempera-
ture. (Cameron-East Central).
Third, decomposition of the solids produces odors
in warm weather. In 1969. a solids trap consist-
ing of a broad, flat channel 14 feet wide and
80 feet long was installed to pass the runoff
collected from a sloping 0.85 acre feedlot. Th?
channel was about 2V4 feet deep and sloped only
3 or 4 inches toward the discharge end. Mesh
galvanized hardwarecloth screens were install
ed vertically across the channel and placed 35
and 55 feet from the inlet end of the channel.
On July 23. 1971. 21 cubic yards of solids were
removed from the holding pond. This was th;
total accumulation of settleable solids from July
3, 1969. In this two-year Interval, the trap re-
tained 81 cubic yards of sediments from 12.33
inches of runoff produced by 50.77 inches of
precipitation. No problems arose In removing the
solids from the trap. Installation of a concrete
or crushed rock surface in the channel bottom
may be desirable where removal of solids with
higher water contents is required, (Drewry-East
Central).
1383-A11, B3, B5, C2, D3
BROILER LITTER MANAGEMENT
Department of Poultry Science, Oregon Stats
University.
R. W. Dorminey, and P. H. Weswig.
Unpublished paper, 3 p.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Litter, 'Management,
Broods, Weather, Chemical analysis, Nitrogen,
Oregon.
Identifiers- 'Broilers. 'Composting, Fir shav-
ings, Commercial additive. Cedar mulch.
Six instructions for composting litter were given
and discussed. A series of exp:riments was
conducted with four treatments being used: (1)
pens cleaned out and new fir shavings added
after each brood; (2) ons to two inches plus wet
spots removed and replaced with new fir shav-
ings; (3) fir shavings used once, then composted
after each brood using the commercial additive;
and (4) fir shavings used once, then composted
after each brood without the commercial addi-
tive. A total of eight different broods were
grown on composted litter. It was found that
if the litter is dry and the weather conditions
are moderately warm and dry when the litter
is composted, the litter will dry sufficiently and
broiler performance will equal or exceed that
obtained with etiher new litter or with litter
reused without composting. Litter can be com-
posted without a commercial additive with ex-
actly the same effects. Chemical analysis show-
ed higher percentages after the composting for
all elements except nitrogen. A material called
cedar mulch can be satisfactorily used as a
broiler litter and can be composted. (Cartmell-
East Central).
E2
Raising calves in a feedlot requires energy re-
striction. This may be done by (1) Feeding
roughages such as bay, straw, and corn.
and
1382-A2, A6, Dl
SOLIDS TRAP FOR BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
United States Department of Agriculture. Lin-
coln, Nebraska.
N. P. Swanson and L. N. MielB.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No, 4. p. 743-
745, July/August, 1973. 2 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Cattle. 'Feed lots, 'Agricultural
runoff, 'Solid wastes, 'Waste storage, 'Waste
treatment. Sediment transport, Physical proper-
ties.
Identifiers: 'Solids trap.
Solids transported by runoff from cattle feed-
lots and allowed to deposit in a holding pond in
uncontrolled quantities create three serious prob-
lems. First, runoff storage capacity is reduced
by deposited solids. Second, emptying by pump-
ing is difficult when solids have accumulated.
tempera- 1384-A6, All, B2, Dl,
Although CONCRETE AND ALUMINUM
FLOORS FOR CONFINEMENT
BEEF FINISHING
Professor and Associate Head, Agricultural En
gineering Department. University of Tennessee,
Knoxviue,
J. I. Sewell, and G. D. Miller.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973, 11 P. 2 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Concrete, 'Confinement pens,
•Cattle, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage, 'Waste
treatment. 'Waste Disposal, Performance, Costs,
Odor, Tennessee.
Identifiers: 'Slatted floors, 'Aluminum, 'Beef
finishing, Gains.
A slatted-floor- beef finishing facility was com-
pleted in the fall of 1971 at the University of
Tennessee Aluminum Company of America
Farm An existing barn with a concrete-slab
floor was remodeled to include aluminum slats
and reinforced-concrete slats installed over rein-
forced manure collection pits in half th? barn
(six pens), while the slab was left intact in
the other half (four pens). The liquid manure
in the pits was agitated, removed from the pits
by liquid manure tank-spreaders, and spread on
239
-------
crop or pasture land. Data were collected on
facility design, costs, manure accumulation rates,
manure removal procedures, slocking, density,
for man-jre management on slatlcd floor and con-
crete-slab floor systems. Bulls fed on floors of
aluminum slats, concrete slats, and concrete
slabs exhibited similar gain performance. After
two years, the aluminum slats have been only
slightly damaged by electrolysis or lh.2 weighl
of the cattle. Aluminum slats were noticeably
cleaneF than concrete slats. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
1385-B3, Cl, C2, D2, E3
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND
ESTIMATED DIGESTIBILITY OF
DEHYDRATED CATTLE MANURE
Bureau of Reclamation, Grand Junction, Colo.
£' ^ 5erg> G' L- Pratt- M- L- Buchanan, and
D. O. Erickson.
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
n°re'f December 11-14. 1973. 13 p. 7 fig. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, 'Dehydra-
tion. Chemical properties. Temperature. Mois-
ture content. Sampling. Silica, Lignins.
tent Fine1 'Manure> 'Digestibility, Mineral con-
Beef cattle manure samples were dried at 100°
I ,' nr 2J>°°F- At each temperature, samples
were dried to final moisture contents of 14, 8,
ana 1 percent, storage time was evaluated by
varying the number of days that elapsed be-
tween cleaning operations in the barn. These
intervals were 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. The man-ire
dSUf?!? Td about 20 to K Percent estimated
agestible dry matter. The mineral content of
tne manure was higher than the ration. Increas-
ing me Oj-ymg temperature from 100' to 200'F,
sTlirl , j" a" jncrease »" "Her, lignin and
were ifm a .[eduction in digestibility. There
were mile differences in chemical composition
or digestibility of manure dried at 14 pTrcen"
versus 8 percjnt, but 1 percjnt increased silica,
fiber and hgnin. Prot-in content decreased in
the man-ire dried to 8 perc-m compared with
that of 14 percent. Protein was reduced with
time in storage in the pit. (Cartmell-East C-n
1386-B1, B5, D3, E3
NEW CONCEPTS FOR DAIRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT
School of Public Health, University of California,
Los Angeles,
C. L. Senn.
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol 35,
No. 12, p. 703-707, December, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Farm wastes,
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Waste stor-
age, 'Recycling, Water pollution, Air pollution,
Feed lots, Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Composting,
Aeration, Earth corrals. All-paved corrals. En-
vironmental housing.
Public concern, coupled with that of health, agri-
cultural, and milk industry people, prompted a
dairy waste management project funded by the
Environmental Protection Agency. The study in-
cluded not only earth corrals, but also covered
all-paved corrals—both water-flushed and me-
chanically cleaned. A simple aeration process
produced compost at low cost. The product was
"pasteurized," weed-s?ed free, and an attractive
soil amendment. Aerobic composting with "en-
vironmental housing" and with aerobic treatment
of liquid dairy farm wastes, gives promise of
providing relatively nuisance-free and pollution-
free, high density housing for approximately 200
cows per acre. (Drewry East Central).
1387-B2, D3
HOW TO PLAN AND MANAGE
A LAGOON
Associate Swine Editor of Successful Farming.
B. Eftink.
Successful Fanning, Vol. 71, No. 8, p. H4, June-
July, 1973. 1 Eg.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons. 'Planning, 'Management,
•Waste disposal, 'Farm wastes. Hogs, Sludge,
Aerated lagoons. Anaerobic conditions. Livestock.
Identifiers: Bedding.
To plan and manage a lagoon properly and ef-
fectively, there are several steps to follow. The
lagoon must be built downwind from houses,
away from water wells, yet close to the animals.
The lagoon shojld also be large enough to con-
tain the sludge from the animalt. The lagoon
should also be large enough to contain the sludge
from the animals. Once the lagoon starts work-
ing, it's better to make frequent, small loadings
instead of uneven, large loadings which cause
bacteria fluctuations and poor decomposition.
(Ballard-East Central).
1388-B1, B5, D3, E3
BIODEGRADING POULTRY
EXCRETA WITH HOUSE FLY
LARVAE: THE CONCEPT AND
EQUD?MENT
Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Re-
search Service, United States Department of Ag-
ricultre.
N. O. Morgan, C. C. Calvert, and R. D. Martin.
ARS 33-136, United States Department of Agri-
culture, Agricultural Research Service. February,
1970, 3 P, 1 fig. 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Biodeg-
radation. Fertilizers. Organic wastes. Waste
treatment, Waste disposal. Recycling, Equipment.
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'House fly larvae. White
leghorns.
The excretion of one White Leghorn laying hen
amounts to 0.250.40 pound per day. This daily
production creates an enormous disposal prob-
lem. In biodegradation experiments in Beltsvllle,
Maryland, larvae of the house fly are being used
to process the raw excreta of hens to produce
a fertilizer or soil conditioner and a feed sup-
plement. These experiments Involve the hatch-
ing of the fly eggs on poultry feces. The eggs
hatch and the larvae develop. The larvae then
aerate the medium by their tunneling. (Ballard-
East Central).
1389-A6, A7, B3, B5, C2,
D2 E2 E3
POULTRY' ANAPHAGE is HERE
TO STAY
College of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
Michigan State University, East Lanslnc
H. C. Zindel.
Egg Industry, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 22, 2 fig, S ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Feeds,
•Recycling, Productivity, Fertility, Calcium, Phos-
phorous, Waste treatment. Waste disposal,
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry wastes, Hatchability.
Necropsy.
On the basis of research, feed costs, and feed
ingredient availability, dried poultry wastes were
found practical and suitable for poultry and live-
stock feed. At Michigan State University, a
12.S to 25 percent dried poultry waste diet re-
placement in poultry feeding over a 14 month
period caused no change in production, fertility.
or hatchability, and no discernible difference
was revealed by necropsy. Potential poultry
waste sales outlets are livestock and poultry -
feeds, mushroom culture media, and organic
fertilizers. Since phosphorous and calcium were
found to increase in recycling, feeding of dried
poultry waste as a diet replacement should not
exceed 25 percent. Keys to successful poultry
waste dehydration are: (1) operation economy
and ease, (2) packaging unity, (3) low service
and maintenance costs, (4) emission control, (5)
consistent and uniform production. (6) efficient
•continuous operation, and (7) compliance with
EPA odor, smoke, and particulate standards
(Hargrove-East Central).
1390-A11, Bl, B5, C2
FECAL ELIMINATION OF
ESTROGENS BY CATTLE TREATED
WITH DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
AND HEXESTROL
. *
M. R. Callanune, M. Slob, and F N
-«
euro, Hormons
sa-
"">.
1391-A2.B2, Cl, C2, D3
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
&t%n'eof,r En«"~** University 8f
Terence J, McGhee. R. L. Torrens. and R j
SiDAus, * *
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol
I*' re?' "65-1W3. Sept.. 1S73. 4 fig. 7 uj,;
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Agricultural runoff
•Aerobic treatment, 'Waste treatment. Cattle
Farm wastes. Physical properties, Chemical
properties. Chemical oxygen demand. Biochem-
ical oxygen demand. Liquid wastes, sludfe.
The feedlot runoff used In this study wu nk_
tained from the University of Nebrikl -ft
VUU, were operated .t liquid ret/ntton
of 1-8 days. The study was conducted at
temperature. It was determined S.T «
biological system can effectively treat
feedlot runoff. Reduction, of Ihemici o
demand of sixty percent may be obtalSel U
uid retention times of three dVys oTlnTre ut
sufficient to insure satisfactory treatment. Thl
color of the runoff Is affected slightly by .eroWc
treatment. Analysis of chemical oxygen denY«nd
is superior to the 5-day biochemical oxyiwde
mand determination in evaluating the efCdenor
of
1392-All, Bl, E3
MORE BEEF ON THE HOOF-
GOAL OF OHIO RESEARCH
Feedlot Management. Vol. 15, No. 11. n M14
November, 1973. P- **••*•
pescriptprs: •Ohio. «Rese«rch, 'C.tUe. 'Produc-
?rfV"»,,Farm.S"utelI> R«y<:"»<. Protein. Fe«£
Identifiers: 'Beef. Crossbreeding. R»]gro. Selen'
lum. Shipping fever, Diethylslilbestrol.
Research on crossbreeding, wastes, protein. Ral
gro, selenium and shipping fever has beea con-
240
-------
ducted by animal scientists at the Ohio Agricul-
tural Research awl Development Center. The
goal was to produce animals that manufacture
many pounds of quality beef as quickly and
efficiently as possible. A crossbreeding project
was established In 1970 to help identify the Im-
portant of breeding alternatives. The mating
scheme was designed to produce straightbred
Angus and Charolais cow herds. Results showed
Angus calves were smaller it birth, but had a
higher rate of survival and higher conformation
scores at weaning. They produced more pounds
of calf per unit of metabolic size than any other
crosses. Feeding animal wastes has potential
In starter rations for fat cattle or In rations
for brood cows or ewes. Feeding trials. Includ-
ing protein withdrawal, have proved animals
to require supplemental protein until calves
weigh between 760-790 Ibs. Then supplement
protein can be discontinued. Three trials involv-
Ing 100 heifers and 300 steers showed the per-
formance of DBS-treated cattle. Blood analyses
indicated the selenium content of whole blood
was increased 56 days following selenium injec-
tion Research is still being done on selenium
injections. Smith and Preston revealed a theory
that protein might be a factor in shipping fever;
however, results of the study were inconclusive,
(Drewry-East Central).
1393-B3
REDUCING LABOR DURING
BROILER GROWOUT
Extension Specialist for Broiler Production, Vir-
ginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg.
W. D. Weaver, Jr. _
Poultry Digest. Vol. 32, No. 382. p. 538-540, De-
cember. 1973. 6 Og.
Descriptors: •Automation. "Utter, "Farm wastes.
Labor. Cleaning. Virginia.
Identifiers: 'Broiler growimt. Spreading, Feeder
lids. Water Jugs.
Automation today probably has had a greater
Impact on how broilers are raised than any
other segment of agriculture. In Virginia, ob-
servations were made on tasks such as getting
new Utter In and old litter out of the poultry
house and on filling and cleaning feeder lids
and water jugs. New litter Is normally delivered
to the house in trucks that can be automatically
unloaded. Chain-bottomed trucks can spread the
Utter in a window through the center of the
house. From experiments, it has been found
that just as good a start can be obtained with-
out water Jugs, providing that at least four
eight-foot shallow "V water troughs are sup-
plied per 1.000 birds. Filling feeder lids has not
changed much during the past years and is still
done by wheelbarrow and coal bucket. However,
one grower in central Virginia used a motor-
cycle-powered cart. Because of the increasing
cost of new litter material, most companies
today are practicing a built-up Utter program.
Under this program, houses are cleaned out once
a year Clear span houses lend themselves best
to automated cleanout, although houses with
posts can be adapted to most automation. Re-
modeling can save labor wben properly done.
CDrewry-East Central).
1394-A8, E2
SOIL COLUMNS FOR SIMULATING
ANIMAL MANURE RECYCLING
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Mac-
donald Campus of McGUl University, Ste. Anne
de Bellevue 800, P.O., Canada.
J R. Ogilvie. and B. P. Warkentin.
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper No.
73-429, 13 p. 4 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Recycling. *SoUs,
•Waste disposal, DenitrificaUon. Degradation
(Decomposition), Chemical properties. Physical
properties. Biological properties. Microorganisms,
Drainage, Water, Ions, Chromatography, Chemi-
cal oxygen demand.
Identifiers: 'Soil columns, 'Animal manure.
Loading rates. Detention Ume, Flux.
Soil columns were used in two studies consid-
ering applications of carbonaceous slurry mate-
rial for soil recycUnf. The soil columns were
found to be useful guides to the effect of manure
recycling on soils. Since microbial dsnitrifio-
tion and degradation of the appUed manure was
desired, the study of detention time was of
major importance, as was maximum loading of
manure slurry. The study of the flux of differ-
ent solutions through the soil was instrumental
In deriving response curves for these experi-
ments. (Frantz-East Central).
1395-A6 A7 F2
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR AND
DUST FROM FEEDLOTS
Regional Extension Specialist, Feedlot Waste
Management.
M. D. Paine.
Cattle Feeders' Information. 1972. p. 7451-7454.
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, 'Odor, 'Dust. 'Feed
lots, 'Air pollution, 'Regulation, Zoning.
Identifiers: 'Nuisance laws. Site selection. Waste
management. Licenses.
Because of the current emphasis on environ-
mental quality, all businesses, including feedlpts.
will become more subject to pollution regulation.
A feedlot is subjact to both public and private
regulation. Pubb'c regulation is conducted by
most states through an agency to abate, prevent,
and police air pollution. These "clean air com-
missions" have made their initial efforts In our
major cities. Private influence on air pollution
occurs through the so-called "nuisance" laws
All persons have the basic right to enjoy their
property. Any unreasonable Interference with
such enjoyment Is legally a nuisance. In past
nuisance cases, the complaining party has asked
for: (1) An injunction. (2) Damages. (3) Both
an Injunction and damages. There are two
types of nuisances—public and private. When a
feedlot is run in such a manner as to disturb
the rights of a large number of people, this Is
said to be a pubUc nuisance. If the rights of
only a few are disturbed, this constitutes a pri-
vate nuisance. Selection, of a remote site may
be the most important thing a feedlot can do to
avoid nuisance law suits. Feedlot operation in
an area zoned for agriculture does not give
absolute protection against nuisance lawsuits.
There are three areas of pollution law affecting
agriculture which may change in the future.
These are: (1) A balancing of interest test used
to determine the outcome of an injunctive ac-
tion. (2) Expanding the concept of legal stand-
Ing so that private citizens may, in the public
interest, initiate actions against "polluters" and
(3) A model act to regulate animal feeding oper-
ations. (Cartmell-East Central).
1396-B1
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SITE
SELECTION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
National Animal Feedlot Wastes Research Pro-
gram. Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory. Ada, Oklahoma.
R. D. Kreis, and L. R. Shuyler.
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-
R2-72-129. November. 1972.
Descriptors: "Feed lots. 'Sites,* 'Cattle, Farm
wastes. Regulation, Topography, Soils, Odor,
Agricultural runoff. Waste storage. Waste treat-
ment. Waste disposal. Solid wastes. Slurries, Irri-
gation.
Identifiers: 'Selection. 'Environmental protec-
tion. Spatial requirements, Microclimates.
Considerations to be made when S3lecting a feed-
lot site fall into 6 categories—regulations, spat-
ial requirements, topographic features, micro-
climates, soils and geologic structures, and so-
cial considerations. While application of good
site selection principles is a matter of common
sense and the abUity to apply existing regula-
tions, this report does give the feedlot operator
some pointers on bow to deal with site selection
problems. Consulting engineers and govern-
ment agencies are listed which may be utilized
in solving unique site selection problems. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1397-A6, B2, B4, B5, D3
A BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING
WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH
Assistant to the Director. Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, University of Illinois. Urbana-
Champaign.
D. B. Bauling, W. D. Boston, and D. L. Day.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago. Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973, 12 p. 10 lit.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Oxidation la-
goons, 'Cattle, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage,
Design, Foaming, Ammonia, Odor, Aeration.
Identifiers: 'Recirculating system, Slotted-floor
pens.
A new cold-confinement unit for beef cattle was
placed in operation on November 30, 1972, at
the beef Research Farm on the Urbana-Cham-
paign Campus of the University of Illinois. The
unit was designed to receive the animal waste,
aerate it for odor control and decomposition, con-
centrate it for storage, and finally eliminate it
from the system. The unit features a totally
slotted floor, an oxidation ditch, a mechanically
aerated settling lagoon, and an aerobic holding
lagoon. All of these are tied together in a con-
tinuous recycling system designed to dispose of
all the waste without the need to clean the oxi-
dation ditch. The experiment has shown that
removal or replacement of cattle, changes in
animal diets, variations in dilution or aeration
rates, and changes In temperature can all ad-
versely affect the operation of the system. De-
sign considerations, operational problems, and
general observations are given, (Cartmell-East
Central).
1398-A2, A5, B2, C2, C3,
E2
EFFECTS OF SPREADING MANURE
ON GROUNDWATER AND
SURFACE RUNOFF
Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, University of Tennessse, KnoxvUle.
J. C. Barker, and J. I. Sewell.
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot
Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972. Paper No.
72-203. 10 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Agricultural rupoff,
•Groundwater, 'Irrigation, 'Waste disposal. Sam-
pling, Biochemical oxygen demand. Dairy indus-
try. Slurries, Physical properties, Bacteria, Ni-
trates, Nitrogen, Dissolved solids. Chloride.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Spreading, Saturation,
Fecal coliform bacteria. Orthophosphate.
An experimental manure slurry irrigation sys-
tem was established and the effects of the sur-
face spreading of dairy manure slurry on sur-
face runoff apd groundwater quality were studi-
ed. Grab samples of surface and groundwater
were collected on several dates between May
1971 and May 1972. Bacteriological analysas
were performed on the samples for both total
and fecal coliform bacteria. 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand tests were conducted. The
dissolved soUds content of the filtered samples
was determined, as well as nitrate nitrogen,
Orthophosphate, and chloride contents. Except
for isolated cases, the bacterial and chemical
concentrations of water samples from an area
saturated with manure slurry were within the
permissable criteria for raw water for public
suppUes. (Cartmell-East Central).
1399-A5, C2
FARM GROUND WATER NITRATE
POLLUTION—A CASE STUDY
Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana-Champaign,
W. H. Walker, T. R. Peck, and W. D. Lembke.
ASCE Annual and National Environmental Engi-
neering Meeting, Houston, Texas, October. 16-22.
1972. 25 p. 8 fig. 13 ref.
241
-------
Descriptors: "Groundwater pollution, 'Nitrates.
•Pollutant identification. "Wells, Chemical analys-
is, Aquifier, Septic tanks. Fertilizers. Soils, Sam-
pling. Livestock.
A detailed study of the nature of groundwater
nitrate pollution from farm-derived sources was
carried out In Washington County. Illinois. Sam-
ples were taken and nUrate concentrations were
expressed for different areas of the farmstead.
Within the study area, 8 different nitrogen
sources of pollution in the well could be Iden-
tified and their effects evaluated. These were
the septic tank, an old hog lot. inorganic farm
fertilizer, an old chicken house, an old privy,
an old horse barn and lot, an old cattle barn
and lot, and nitrate fallout. As was illustrated
In this study, wells located down gradient and
within the flow path of nitrates or similar chem-
ical pollution sources eventually will be adverse-
ly affected even though several years may be
required for the pollution to move through the
aquifer from the sourca to the well. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1400-C3, F6
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
VOLATILES, ALIPHATIC AMINES,
ON CHLORELLA ELLIPSOIDEA
GROWTH
1402-A6, Bl
EFFECT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND EGG PROCESSING ON THE
FLAVOR OF COOKED EGGS
Department oi Poultry Science, Cornell Univer-
sity. Ithaca. New York.
K. R. Nath. J, M. Darfler, and R. C. Baker.
POULTRY SCIENCE, Vol. S2, No. 3, p. 117S-
1185, May. 1973. 3 fit, 6 tab. * ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, "Environ-
ment, Hydrogen Sulllde, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Eggs, 'Flavor, "Processing. 'Waste
management, Cryovac bags. Egg storage, Al-
bumen, Yolk.
Four different chambers used for handling ma-
nure were compared In a study undertaken to
evaluate the effect of environmental odors on
the flavor of soft cooked eggs. Soft cooked eggs
were prepared by Immersing eggs In boiling
water for four minutes. Hard cooked eggs were
prepared by heating eggs for 20 minutes In
water at 93*C. Some hard cooked e'ggs were
stored in shells while other were peeled and
packaged in Cryovac bags. All storage studies
were done at 5'C. Hen-house environment has
no effect on the flavor of soft cooked eggs. In
hard cooked eggs, the flavor quality of both
albumen and yolk deteriorated at one week.
When eggs were peeled and packaged in Cry-
ovac bags albumen did not deteriorate as rap-
idly as eggs stored In shells. The loss of HaS
JB
«*
Just a problem; getting rid of It
an opportunity. (Russell-East Central) .
1405-A6, B3, Dl, D2, Fl
MANURE REDUCTION AND
CONVERSION METHODS
OF THE FUTURE
._. _____________________ ............. _
United States Department of Agriculture, Ft. Col- *rom cooked eggs Is responsible for the loss "of
Uns, Colorado
A. R, Mosier.
JOURNAL, OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
egg flavor. (Cartmell-East Central),
?"n"5irj; 0's>™POsl"m on Conversion of Poul
try Waste, Lancaster Farm fc Home Cenu,
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Novembei • 1™ lS7l" £
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Dehydration "W»,«.
S^r&or1^'* *"*"»""»' "»
Identifiers: Manure, Drying pits.
Pennsylvania State researchers have bc.n i-
vesigating dehydration of manure as M "
nomic solution to wast* problems an" have
veloped a two-st.ge drying sy,t«m " {? ,
one. the use of high velocity air movem.nl
mechanical stirring of the manure In to.
reduces each 2.9 tons of manure to 1 ^,n .
reduction of about 3 to 1. The resulting man'urJ
can be easily transported with a minimum of
odor, Stage two dries the
Vol. 3. No. 1. p. 26-28. January-March. 1974!
iog. 3 tab, 10 rei. 1403-D1, D2., E3, F3, F4
SUMMARY OF SYMPOSHJM ON
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Volatility. Algae, Tox- CONVERSION OF POULTRY WASTE
M.JI;-«-ltr°ge.n.',,Ammonia- In: Summary of Symposium on Conversion of wiuioui deterioration or odor formation" nlV""
sofdeaf AUphatic amin«- •Chlorella. EUip- Poultry Waste, Lancaster Farm & Home Center. ftatioa offers the best hope for tee' future"
in a dryer to a moisture level of about
cent. The result Is a fine, dry manure product
free from offensive odors and able to b^7tor~{
without deterioration or odor formation nX?
Klldea- Lancaster, Pennsylvania, November ~10, "l97li
60 p.
The purpose of this study was to determine the
effect of individual aliphatic amines that have Descriptors: "Farm wastes. "Poultry. "Waste
been identified as feedlot volatiles on chlorella disposal. "Waste treatment. Dehydration, Recyl-
ellipsoidea. The amines tested were methyl, di- Ing.
methyl, ethyl, diethyl, n-propyl, lio-propyl. Identifiers: Conversion.
n-butyl. and uc-butyl. Individual aliphatic
amines caused a 50% reduction In population
growth of chlorella ellipsoidea at concentra- Tn«« papers were concerned with poultry ma-
tions ranging from 1.2 to 143 ppm amlne-N. The nure waste management and disposal. The ben-
more closely the amine structurally resembles eflta of drying poultry manure and the potential
ammonia, the greater thee inhibitory effect. The of Poultry manure recycling were explored. It
primary amines were more toxic than the sec-. was determined that a great deal of research
iso-, or the dialkylamines. The algae could not and "e'd testing is needed to fully develop the
utilize any of the amines as N sources either Process of poultry waste conversion so that new
in the presenca of adequate N or under N-defic- Products can be used, marketed or safely dis-
Not only does this method have the
slve odors, its Influence on Improvement of th.
poultry house environment may show a*SUo?al
benefits. Working conditions for the caretaker
would also be Improved. These advaita^
very well off-set some of the costs of ha
East Central),
ient conditions. (Cartmell-East Central),
1401-E2, F2
THREE TONS IS ALL YOU GET
WESTERN DAIRY JOURNAL. Vol. 29, No. 8,
p. 12-13. June, 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Dairy industry.
charged Into our environment. (Merryman East
Central).
1404-B3, D2, E2, E3
24 MILLION POUNDS OF
OPPORTUNITY
Cloisterdale Farms, Incorporated, Ephrata, Penn-
sylvania.
G. Heir.
Summary of Symposium on Conversion of Poul-
try Waste, Lancaster Farm & Home Center,
1406-A6, A10, All, Bl
El, E3, Fl
ECONOMICS OF MANURE
HANDLING
Department of Agricultural Economics. Pennnvl
vama State University. University Park. y'-
A. P. Stemberger.
Summary of Symposium on Conversion of Poul
try Waste. Lancaster Farm * Home Cont^J
Lancaster, Pennsylvia, November 10. 1971/1 p
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Poultry. "Conv.,
sion. Waste disposal. Cost analysis^ Lonv«r-
Identifiers: "Waste management '
"Waste disposal, "Legal aspects, Cattle, Costs, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. November 10. 197^
en lrtl!rvi«« <>' »«-
" °^
Water Quality Control, Transportation.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
" P> 1 "*'
Data was
agers of eg
servation of
mation was collected regarding type of'wast^cr'"
ppsal systems used. Investment necessary owr"
i'.£? ^^Ttfsg^s**,** "-«<< pS£
,"?..'"21""?.!!' manu« remov-
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Waste disposal,
A decision by California's Santa Ana Regional
Water Quality Control Board states: The dis-
charge of manure waste to lands owned or con-
trolled by the discharger (dairvman) shall not
exceed three tons (dry weight) per acre per Pollution, Land spreading. Semi-dry waste. Re-
year. The amount figures to the equivalent feeding. Community Relations.
of 1.5 times the amount of manure produced
by one cow in one year. The dairymen assi*ne
that if they can't put the manure on thsir own Agri-waste not only is a problem to our environ-
properly, they must haul it away. But trans- ment, it also is a huge untapped resource.
Bortation and a placs to haul it will be a prob- Many problems stand in the way of utilization
fern Also, the decision raises costs and could of this resource, but if everyone work* together,
prevent dairymen from expanding herds to pay pollution caused by waste can be lessened and one. They are striving' to "find" ~a
for those increases. The newest order requires waste can be used beneficially Experiments at does not affect layer performance and* ,
dairymen to report any increase in the num- Cloisterdale Farms have Indicated that even a desired saleable end product After
ber of animals by 25% or 100 head-whichever '«r*e operations can handle their waste by grad- study of specific operations, results,
fc smaller (CartmeU-East Central). »«U'y converting waste to semi-dry; thus reduc- to be used with caution. (Russell^East
But, they also reallzethatheeasrot
of handling manure may not alwawThe
242
-------
1407-A1, A6, B3, Dl, E2
Fl
MODIFY YOUR POULTRY HOUSE
FOR MANURE DRYING
Poultry Science Extension, Pennsylvania State
University. University Park.
F. W, Hicks.
Summary of Symposium on Conversion of Poul-
try Waste, Lancaster Farm & Horns Center.
Lancaster. Pennsylvania, November 10, 1971, 6 p.
Descriptors: 'Modification, 'Farm wastes. Poul-
try. Drying. Dehydration, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal. Odor, Ventilation, Air condition-
ing, Environmental control, Lagoons. Aerobic
bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Poultry house, 'Manure, 'In-house
drying.
A lot of material is being written about efficient
and practical waste handling, but no one has
devised the system which could be considered
the final answer to poultry housing and waste
management. It seems that drying or dshyra-
tion is the best answer, and one easily utilized
drying method Is from the ventilation system
within the poultry house. The partially dried
waste could then be spread on land, allowed
to be broken down by bacteria, or stored. In-
house drying also reduces odors significantly,
and usually very little house modification is nec-
essary. No matter what type of waste handling
system is used. It must be: (1) Socially accept-
able to neighbors, (2) Economically feasible and
practical, (3) Mechanically possible and simple,
(4) Legal according to local and federal regula-
tion. U at all possible, waste should be dis-
posed of in such a way that it may be recycled
to avoid a drain on natural resources. (Russell-
East Central).
1408-A11, B3, E3, Fl
THE ECONOMICS OF RECYCLING
CONVERTED POULTRY WASTE
THROUGH CATTLE
Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania
State University. University Park.
Summary "of Symposium on Conversion of Poul-
tr,T Waste, Lancaster Farm & Home Center.
Lancaster. Pennsylvania, November 10, 1971,
6 p. 2 tab.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes. 'Poultry. 'Econom-
{rsMlecycUng, 'Waste disposal, Litter, Organic
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Poultry, 'Dehydra-
tion, 'Recycling, 'Waste treatment. 'Waste dis-
posal. Nutrition. Nitrogen. Proteins, Ruminants.
Bacteria, Insects.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, Uric acid, Environmen-
tal protection.
Disposing of poultry waste Is a problem which
is increasing in magnitude. Recycling as feed
offers promising results to researchers. Inclus-
ion of poultry manure Into diets of ruminant*
has been reported by many investigators, and
ruminants apparently can use many of the
ingredients found in poultry wastes. However,
incorporation of manure into the diets of poul-
try has had limited success. The major basis
for this is uric acid. Uric acid apparently 1*
detrimental to poultry by acting as an irritant
in the intestinal tract. Due to experiments, it
seems apparent that refeeding poultry manure
back into poultry has very limited possibilities.
Research into other areas of disposal is also
being conducted. Insect disposal of waste is one
possibility, but much study needs to be done
before we engage In targe scale use of insects.
Also bacterial fermentation is a possible avenue
for disposal. No matter what the method there
will be problems, but perhaps a feasible work-
ing solution will result from further research
and study, (Russell - East Central)
1410-B1, Dl, D2, D3, El,
F2
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM DESIGN CONFERENCE FOR
CONSULTING AND SCS ENGINEERS,
Livestock Waste Management System Design
Conference for Consulting and SCS Engineers.
Lincoln. Nebraska. February 15-16, 1973, 303 p.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Design criteria, 'En-
gineering. Legal aspects, Farm wastes. Waste
treatment, Waste disposal. Agricultural runoff.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, pollution.
This conference was conducted in order to bring
together those concerned with feedlot waste stor-
age, treatment and disposal systems. Actual
USDA-SCS guides drawn to Nebraska engineer-
ing standards and specifications for livestock-
waste control were included. (Marquard-East
Central)
. 'Refeedlng. Ensilage.
F-vneriments have shown that poultry manure
»nd litter fed to cattle as part of a balanced
ration can give satisfactory results. Poultry
waste is especially good as a ' protein supple-
ment lor ruminants, because rumen microorgan-
i?ms are able to utilize the nitrogenous com-
pels of the manure and synthetize bacterial
Sro,Jn which can then be utilized by the host
intmal Many factors favor use of poultry waste
JjTl f,ed It would be an economic and effic-
Snt use of a huge resource and would remove
the large problem of wast* management. Ex-
ririments were conducted on Hereford steers
Evaluate nutritional and economic feasibility
of using fresh poultry excreta as a major com-
ponent of wastelage. Three growing rations
Calculated to support 1.65 pounds of body weight
«ain uer day were devised and cost per hun-
dred pounds of gain calculated. When results
were tabulated, it was found that while all ra-
Sons gave economical gains, it would have cost
about 45% less per hundred pounds gain when
the cattle were fed corn wastelage as compared
S alfalfa hay. (Russell-East Central).
1409-A11, B3, C2, D3, E3
SOME POTENTIAL USES FOR
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTES,
Poultry Science Extension, Pennsylvania State
University. University Park.
Summary^oT Symposium on Conversion of
iE2£yWaste. Lancaster Farm t Home Center.
Lancaster. Pennsylvania, November 10, 1971.
11 p. 4 tab. 15 ref.
1411-B1, F2
RULES AND REGULATIONS
PERTAINING TO LIVESTOCK WASTE
CONTROL,
Presented at Livestock Waste Management Sys-
tem Design Conference for Consulting and SCS
Engineers, Lincoln, Nebraska, February 15-16,
1973. 13 p.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Legal aspects, 'Live-
stock, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, Ne-
braska, Farm wastes. Permits. Groundwater,
Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Rules, Registered municipal wells.
Nebraska rules and regulations concerning live-
stock waste control are delineated. Pertinent
terms are defined; permit requirements are
outlined; and requirements for livestock waste
control facilities are given. A list of the reg-
istered municipal wells in Nebraska is included.
Also listed, are the towns that have been Issued
permits to withdraw and use groundwater. (Mar-
quard-East Central).
1412-A2, B2, Cl
HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC
CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS,
United States Department of Agriculture Lincoln,
Nebraska.
N. P. Swanson.
Presented at Livestock Waste Management Sys-
tem Design Conference for Consulting and SCS
Engineers, Lincoln, Nebraska, February 15-16,
1973, 18 p. 2 fig, 1 tab. 26 ret.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Design. 'Farm wastes.
•Agricultural runoff. Feed lots. Waste storage.
Odor, Terracing. Nitrates. Rain, Slope, Solid
wastes, Nebraska,
Identifiers: Waste management systems.
A discussion is given on hydrologlc factors
which are pertinent to potential pollution from
feedlots. Experiments with a rainfall simulator
produced solids losses as high as 10.7 and 27.9
tons per acre foot of runoff on an 1.5 percent
slope. 13% slopes produced as high as 40.5 to
66 tons of solids per acre foot. Snowmelt causes
> higher concentration of suspended solids.
Solids transported by runoff and collected in a
holding pond pose three problems: (1) pond
storage capacity is reduced (2) emptying the
pond by pumping is more difficult and (3)
accumulation of solids causes odors. These prob-
lems may be overcome by terracing and lower-
Ing of slope. (Marquard • East Central)
1413-A2, B2, B4
FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL
SYSTEM DESIGN AND
INSTALLATION—A CASE STUDY
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Engineering Research Division
University of Nebraska. Lincoln
C. B. Gilbertson. and J. A. Nienaber.
Presented at Livestock Waste Management Sys-
tem Design Conference for Consulting and SCS
Engineers. Lincoln. Nebraska, February 1515,
1973, 16 p. 4 fig. 3 tab. 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff. 'Feedlots.
•Control systems, 'Design, 'Installation, Water
pollution. Farm wastes. Cattle. Waste treatment.
Waste storage. Waste disposal. Continuous How.
Settling basins. Solid wastes, Nebraska.
Identifiers: 'Debris basin, 'Holding pond. Settle-
able solids,
A case study was made for a 1000-head beef
feedlot for the design and installation of a debris
basin, holding pond and disposal area (or con-
trolling runoff. Design equations were formu-
lated. TNe continuous flow system removed
solids successfully in the debris basin. Solids
transported by snowmelt and rainfall were 2.6
and 18 tons per acre respectively. The debris
basin removed 50% of these solids. Problems
of wood board swelling developed with the
discharge control from the debris basin to th:
holding pond. The use of tile will prevent this
problem. It Is recommended that the holding
pond capacity be Increased to 100% of the
ten-year twenty-four hour storm when the feed-
lot represents a high pollution threat to the
surrounding area. (Marquard - East Central).
1414-A8, B2, E2
SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF
LIQUID WASTES FROM 'HOLDING
PONDS,
Howard Wittmuss
Presented at Livestock Waste Management Sys-
tem Design Conference for Consulting and SCS
Engineers. Lincoln, Nebraska, February 15-16.
1973. 7 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. 'Liquid wastes.
Chemical properties. Nitrogen. Effluent, Cattle,
Feed lots. Fertilizers, Phosphorus, Nebraska.
Identifiers: 'Holding ponds. 'Sprinkler applica-
tions. Chlorine.
A research study concerning disposal of liquid
wastes was conducted at Nebraska's Mead Field
Laboratory. The study included three repli-
cations each of effluent application, fresh water
application and a check (no watir application)
In sod planted com. One half of each plot
received 200 pounds of nitrogen fertilizer as
ammonium nitrate and the other half was un-
fertilized. The effluent and water were applied
at a graded rate from 1 inch to 3 inch appli-
cations on the same plot area. Soil moisture.
soil density, soil chemical analysis, 'effluent
243
-------
analysis, deep percolate analysis, crop yield.
and crop chemical analysis data wu collected
during the year, ResulU Indicated that effluent
could be disposed of In com fields by sprinkler
at a rate of 10 Inches a year for maximum
benefit from the effluent. (Merryraan - Bast
Central).
1415-A2,A4,A5,A6,B1,E2,F4
HOW TO GUARD AGAINST
POLLUTION FROM BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTES,
United States Department of Agriculture
Lincoln, Nebraska
T. M. McCalla, and G. E. Schuman
Presented at Livestock Waste Management Sys-
tem Design Conference for Consulting and SCS
Engineers, Lincoln, Nebraska, February 15-16,
1973, 9 p. 4 tab. 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, 'Water pol-
lution. 'Agricultural runoff, 'Feed lots. Ground-
water pollution. Waste treatment. Waste dis-
posal, Nitrogen, Odor, Nebraska.
Identifiers: 'Pollution, Effluent application.
Waste management
A description is given for the factors involved
in water pollution from feedlots. A literature
survey covers the topics of runoff, groundwater
pollution, effluent application, feedlot manage-
ment, odors, land utilization, housed feed lots
and mlcrobial pollution. It was concluded that
no matter what waste management design Is
used, management of the system is the key
factor. The less maintenance or attention re-
quired by the feeder, the better. (Marquard.
East Central).
1416-A2, B2, B4, D3, E2
DAIRY AND SWINE WASTE
SYSTEMS
E. A. Olson
Presented at Livestock Waste Management Sys-
tem Design Conference for Consulting and SCS
Engineers, Lincoln, Nebraska. February 15-16,
1973, 6 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Dairy industry,
•Cattle, 'Hogs, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste dis-
posal. Septic tanks. Agricultural runoff. Design.
Design criteria, Nebraska,
Identifiers: 'Waste systems, 'Waste manage-
ment. Holding pond.
Three systems are given for handling dairy
wastes. System A takes milkroom and toilet
wastes to an aerobic lagoon. The lagoon size
should be five feet deep and have 50-60 square
feet of surface area per cow. A holding pond
Is used to collect' runoff from the lot. In sys-
tem B, all wastes except washroom and toilet
go to a holding pond. The holding pond is emp-
tied as required. The washroom and toilet
wastes go to a septic tank and then field dis-
posal. System C is the same as B except it
replaces the holding pond with a closed storage
tank which has a 120 day storage capacity.
Regardless of disposal method, the dairyman
must have his plans approved by the Bureau
of Dairies and Foods to keep a Grade A dairy
standing. Swine wastes can be handled in the
same manner. Holding pond capacity should
be 34.5 cubic feet per hog. (Marquard - East
Central).
1417-A2, B2, B3, B4, E2
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS—MANAGEMENT AND
MAINTENANCE DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
United States Department of Agriculture, Lin-
coln, Nebraska.
N. P. Swanson and L. G. Jackson,
Livestock Waste Management System Design
Conference for Consulting and SCS Engineers,
Lincoln, Nebraska, February 15-16, 1973, 6 p.
Descriptors: 'Livestock. 'Cattle, 'Management.
•Maintenance, 'Design, 'Feed lots. Agricultural
runoff. Solid wastes. Liquid wastes. Irrigation
systems. Nebraska, Waste storage. Waste treat-
ment. Waste disposal, Effluent.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Pollution.
In -order to properly maintain a feedlot. one
must Include planning for emergencies. There
should be a means of feeding the cattle and
cleaning the feedlot during inclement weather.
The feedlot holding pond should have enough
capacity to hold a 10-year storm. For colid
waste management, land application for manure
Is an acceptable practice. Application rates
should be based on soils, crops, and cultural
practices. 1.5 tons of manure per animal per
year can be expected. Mounding may be used
to dispose of solids and to Improve bedding
areas for cattle. Debris basins provide solid
waste storage, but must be cleaned when ac-
cumulations reach 6 to 8 Inches. For liquid
waste disposal. Irrigation Is the only method
now recommended in Nebraska, 10 inches of
runoff per year can be expected in Nebraska
and may be applied by flooding, furrow or
sprinkler Irrigation. (Marquard - East Central).
1418-A2, B2, B4
TYPICAL AM) UNIQUE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS SURFACE DRAINAGE
United States Department of Agriculture, Lin-
coln, Nebraska.
N. P. Swanson.
Livestock Waste Management System Design
Conference for Consulting 'and SCS Engineers,
Lincoln, Nebraska, February 15-16. 1973. 2 p.
1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Feed lots, 'Surface drainage. Agricultural run-
off. Slopes, Groundwaler pollution. Waste stor-
age. Drainage, Basins, Nebraska.
Identifiers: Mounding.
Surface drainage on a level feedlot I* a con-
stant problem. Manure accumulation at T. C.
Reeves farm had reached 12 to IS Inches and
was causing problems. To solve the problem.
mounds were constructed and a moderate slope
was built into drainways between the mounds.
The drainage was passed on to three shallow
basins which were connected by underground
lines to a sump. Due to possible groundwater
pollution, the runoff was pumped from the
sump to an underground polyethylene-lined hold-
Ing pond. Heavy rains in the summer of 1972
and a wet winter have proven the value' of this
drainage system. (Marquard • East Central),
1419-A2, B2, E2
RUNOFF CONTROL FOR A CREEK
.BANK FEEDLOT
United States Department of. Agriculture
Lincoln. Nebraska
N. P. Swanson
Livestock Waste Manasumnnt System Design
Conference for Consulting and SCS Engineers.
Lincoln, Nebraska.
Descriptors: 'Livestock. 'Farm wastes. Waste
treatment. Waste disposal. Legal aspects, Ne-
braska.
Identifiers: 'Waste control facilities, 'Guidelines,
Permits, Pollution, Soil Conservation Service,
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control.
Unless it is controlled, runoff from a feedlot on
a flood plain or creek bank is a potential source
of pollution. However, many times relocation of
the feedlot by the owner is not feasible. One
feedlot owner met this pollution problem by
installing a ten foot high dike along the lower
side of the feedlot next to the creek. The dike
prevented runoff contamination of the water
and flooding of the creek. It also provided
comfort for the animals. Runoff from the feed-
lot was collected in a basin. Three riser Inlet*
drained the basin into a sump. From there,
the water was pumped to a holding pond from
which it Is spread as irrigation water to field
crops. (Marquard-East Central).
1420-B1, F2
GUIDELINES ON LIVESTOCK WASTE
CONTROL FACILITIES
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control.
Lincoln
Livestock Waste Management Design Confer-
ence for Consulting and SCS Engineers, Ua-
coin. Nebraska. February 1M6, 1973. ii J/
Descriptor.: 'Livestock. -Farm wastes. Waate
treatment. Waste disposal. Legal aspect*. Ne!
Identifiers: 'Wast* control facilities. 'Guideline*
Permits, Pollution, Soil Conservation Service'
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control.'
The steps required for obtaining a permit for
livestock operations where pollution potential
exlsta are given. Basically, the operator must
first request a permit:. The Department of En
vlronmental Control then makes an Inspection
If no controls are needed the permit la issued
If controls are needed, the Soil Conservation
Service engineers design the controls and the
operator places them into operation. Then the
permit Is Issued. Samples of the forms to be
filled out are included. (Marquard-East Ceo
1421-B1, F4
COORDINATED LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
United States Department of Agriculture. Lin-
coln, Nebraska.
N. C. Teter. and C. B. Cllbertson.
Livestock Waste Management System Design
Conference for Consulting and SCS Engineers,
Lincoln. Nebraska, February 15-16, 1973, 10 p.
4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, Farm waste*. Cattle.
Hogs, Waste disposal. Design criteria. Feed*.
Waste storage. Lagoons, Odor, Irrigation sys.
terns. Performance.
Identifiers: 'Coordinated production system.
Water systems, Electrical power system*.
This paper discusses the components necessary
for designing a complete livestock production
unit. Specific publications are recommended
which will aid in designing water system*.
feeding systems, and waste management sys-
tems. All variables sluuld be coordinated in or-
der to create a total system that Is easy to
manage. Even the best designed system will
fall if it U not properly managed. (Marquard-
East Central).
1422-A2, A4, A5, A6, B2,
B3, D2, D3, Fl
AN ANALYSIS OF BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT DESIGNS FOR POLLUTION
CONTROL
Agricultural Engineering Research Division. Ac
ricultural Research Service, Lincoln. Nebraska.
C. B. Gilbertson. "*•
Livestock Waste Management System Drain
Conference and SCS Engineers. Lincoln. N*.
braska, February 15-16, 1973, « p. 2 tab. 6 ret
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Design, 'Analysis
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal. Farm wastes'
Costa, Odor, Oxidation lagoons, Water pollution'
Design Agricultural runoff. Incineration '
Identifiers: 'Pollution control. Mounding Paved
feedlots. Unpaved feedlots. Housed feedlots Com
posting.
Feedlot waste management alternatives of
paved, unpaved and housed feedlots are dis-
cussed. Alternatives which are listed are mound-
ing, composting, incineration, oxidation ditches
and mechanical scraping, The physical require-
ments for each system are given. Th: method
to be used will vary considerably with the
cattle density; however, these observations can
be made: (1) odor problems will limit outdoor
feedlots in the future, (2) high labor costs and
dlicomfort to cattle will limit development of
244
-------
paved feedloU. (3> housed feedlots will Increase
in the future due to high labor cost and pol-
lution problems of outdoor feedlots, (4) for a
housed feedlot unit, the costs of structure is
about 50% of the total materials costs, and
(S) use of oxidation ditches with housed feed-
lots will Increase materials' cost* by 17 to 20%.
(Marquard-East Central).
1423-A4,A5,A12,C3,D1,D2
AFLATOXIN FORMATION IN
STERILIZED FEEDLOT MANURE
AND FATE DURING SIMULATED
WATER TREATMENT PROCEDURES
Department of Microbiology
Colorado State University
Ft. Collins
D. A. Hendrickson. and D. W. Grant.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, Vol. 6, p. 525 531, November-Decem-
ber, 1971. 2 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Water treatment,
•Feed lots, 'Water pollution, 'Groundwater pol-
lution. Agricultural runoff. Microorganisms, Tot-
Idly, Cattle. Decomposing organic matter, tem-
perature.
Identifiers: • Aflatoxin, Sand filtration. Chlori-
nation.
A study was undertaken to: evaluate cattle
feedlot manure during various stages of de-
composition as a substrate for aflatoxin forma-
tion of surface and ground water supplies; and
determine the fate of the aflatoxin during sim-
ulated water treatment procedures. It was
found that 0.2 mg per kg of aflatoxin B was
formed in fresh and partially decayed manure.
while only 0,01 mg per kg was formed in
stockpiled manure. Similarly, aflatoxin G was
found in small amounts in the partially decayed
manure and was absent from the stockpiled
manure. The lowest temperature permitting
aflatoxin formation in autoclaved fresh manure
was 10 to 15 C, while the upper limit was 37
to 41 C. It is concluded that fungal growth
and toxin formation in decomposing manure are
naturally modified by the growth of a varied
mlcroflora. although under proper conditions
stockpiled feedlot wastes may serve as sub-
strates for aflatoxin formation. Therefore, it is
likely that the aflatoxins formed in the wastes
could, via runoff and leaching, contaminate
water destined for domestic use. thereby neces-
sitating the application of precautionary decon-
tamination measures. Both sand filtration end
chlorination of aflatoxln-contaminated water
were found effective In removing or inactivat-
ing the contaminants, and the application of
one or both during all water treatment processes
Is recommended. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System).
were determined. These data may be valuable
in calculating detention times and storage ca-
pacities for solids settling facility design. The
results can also be used to calculate solids
accumulations in holding ponds to estimate main-
tenance requirements. (Cartmell-East Central).
1425-B1, F4
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
FARM ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Water Pollution Control Directorate
Environmental Protection Service
J. B. McQuitty, and E. M. Barber.
Environmental Protection Service Report Num-
ber EPS 3-WP-72-1, December. 1972, 522 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Bibliography.
This monumental volume contains 23J2 abstracts
of material which appeared (with very few
exceptions) between I960 and 1971. The classi-
fications adopted and the number of abstracts
in each class is as follows:
A. Abstracting Journals and bibliographies 641
B. Scientific and technical journals 67S
C. Conference proceedings 351
D. Books and monographs 58
E. Government, research center, and
university publications 318
F. Semi-technical publications 110
G. Unpublished scientific and technical
papers 196
(Whetstone. Parker, fc Wells-EPA)
1426-C1, C2, C3, Dl, D2,
D3, E2, E3
INDUSTRIAL WASTES - RESEARCH
AND PRACTICE IN ANIMAL WASTES
TREATMENT
Tippecanoe Laboratries
Eli Lilly fc Co.
Lafayette, Indiana
R. H. L. Howe
Water i Wastes Engineering, Vol. 6. No. 1.
p. A14-A18, January 1869. 7 fig. 7 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment,
•Water pollution, On-slte investigations. Chemi-
cal properties. Physical properties. Waste dis-
posal. Livestock, Biological treatment. Liquid
wastes. Solid wastes.
Identifiers: 'Animal processing wastes. Slaugh-
terhouse.
1424-A2, B2, B4, Cl
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Agricultural Research Service. United State*
Department of Agriculture, Nebraska University,
Lincoln.
C. B. Gllbertson, and J. A. Nienaber.
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 16, No. S. p.
997-1001. SepL-Oct. 1973, 3 fig.. 7 tab., 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural Runoff. 'Feed lots.
•Cattle. 'Farm wastes. 'Physical properties.
Chemical properties. Sampling.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control. Solids.
This paper represents basic information of
feedlot runoff for enhancing and simplifying de-
sign of runoff control facilities. Three runoff
control facilities were constructed and instru-
mented on feedlots with a capacity of 200 head
each. Two additional runoff control facilities were
installed with 1000 head capacity. Automatic
runoff samplers were installed on all sites to
obtain composite samples ot runoff from the
feedlots and on effluent discharged from th?
debris basins to the holding ponds. Laboratory
analyses were run and total solids concentra-
tion, (cttleable solids, and nonliltrable solids
To Investigate animal wastes problems, it is
necessary to determine the quantity of wastes
produced by each animal and the important
characteristics of the wastes. Charts are fur-
nished to show the composition and character-
istics of animal, human, slaughterhouse and
packinghouse wastes. Once the quantity and
characteristics are established, effective and
economical methods can be developed to serve
Industries and to help reduce the water pollution
load caused by animal production. It has been
found that solid wastes and liquid wastes must
be separated and handled differently for rea-
sons of economy. The liquid wastes are col-
lected and treated by aerobic oxidation, biologi-
cal adsorption, and flocculation followed bjr
clarification and filtration. In one case, a three
stage biological treatment is required for stab-
ilizing the liquid. The merits of this system
are: low cost, minimum operation with flexible
capacity and control, maximum safety, and
high efficiency. The treated effluent can be
used for irrigation and other agricultural or
Industrial purposes. Physical and chemical me-
thods of animal wastes treatment are also be-
ing investigated. The treatment of animal pro-
cessing wastes Involves the following steps:
separation of suspended solids and grease from
the liquid; chemical coagulation and clarifica-
tion of the clarified liquid; and chlorination
and oxygenaUon of the final treated effluent.
The processes are discussed In detail. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System).
1427-B3, Dl, D2, E3, E4
THK SOCIAL REDEMPTION OF
PURE GARBAGE
J. Solomon
Sciences. VoL 12, No. 6. p, 13-15. July-Aigust.
1972.
Descriptors: 'Reclamation, 'Wastes. California.
Anaerobic digestion. Methane, Fuels. Gasse*
Identifiers: 'Garbage* 'Pollution, Chlorine. Sulfur
Intriguing possibilities for converting garbage
into fuel are outlined. If garbage were effi-
ciently converted to power, It could furnish
up to 6 percent of total U. S. energy needs.
Each pound of garbage can supply 3,000 to
6.000 BTU of heat. One company fed pulver-
ized refuse into a power generating station.
Waste provides 10 percent of the energy fired.
In another process, solid waste U reduced in
size and fed to a pressurized, fluidized bed
combuster. Hot gasses are cleaned of particu-
lates and passed through a gas turbine to pro-
duce electricity. In both cases, however, chlor-
ine produced in the off-gasses is a potential
pollutant. A corporation in California is attempt-
ing to produce oil, fuel gas, and solid char
by exposing solid waste to iron removal pro-
cesses, air classification, shredding,, and py-
rolysis. Another firm reacts solid waste with
carbon monoxide in the presence of sodium
carbonate to yield low-sulfur fuel. If all ol
the nation's animal wastes were treated by
anaerobic digestion, half of the current methane
consumption would be produced. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
1428-A11, E3
RECYCLE ORGANIC WASTES AS
FEED FOR MEAT ANIMALS
Compost Science. Vol. 12, No. 6, p. 19, Novem-
ber-December, 1971,
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling, 'Farm
wastes, 'Organic wastes, 'Feeds, Livestock, Nu-
trients, Sawdust. Fertilizers
Identifiers: Meat
Zoologists at Perm State University have been
experimenting with feeding farm animals on sev-
eral forms of organic wastes, most1 of which
are of nutritional value. When adequately sup-
plemented with protein, vitamins and minerals,
wastes can serve as excellent animal feeds as
well as easing disposal problems in a manner
which Is more economically feasible than is
spreading them on fields as a fertilizer. Now
that DDT is no longer used on orchard trees,
apple pomace should be fed to ruminants, for
whom it is a satisfactory energy source. Ground
waste paper soaked in blackstrap molasses was
readily eaten by ruminants, as was sawdust,
a roughage substitute which seems to contribute
to lower rates of liver abscesses. Finishing ra-
tions containing sterilized poultry wastes bad
no effect on weight gain, meat, carcass quality,
or any other factors under study. None of these
feeds produced unacceptable levels of arsenic,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, or pesticides in meat,
fat. or liver tissue. Although consumer accept-
ance is one stumbling block to such a feed
program the technology for this form of waste
utilization is already available. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
1429-B2, Cl, C2, D3, E2
IN-THE-BUILDING OXIDATION
DITCHES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department
Illinois University
Urbana-Champaign
D. L. Day
Water fc Wastes Engineering. Vol. 7, No. 9. p.
E-23-E-24, September 1970.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Livestock. 'Waste
treatment. Aerobic treatment. Effluents, Nitrates,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Odor. Phosphates,
Lagoons, Waste storage. Waste disposal
245
-------
Identifiers: In the-bullding oxidation ditches. Bio-
logical oxidation. Land disposal
Aerobic treatment for the removal of biode-
gradable organic matter from liquid wastes IB
an odorless process consisting of two phases
operating simultaneously. One phase Is biologi-
cal oxidation that gives by-products such as car-
bon dioxide and water, and yields energy. The
second phase utilizes the energy from the oxida-
tion for synthesis of new cells. The in the build-
ing ditch for livestock wastes is a completely
mixed aerobic system having a long detention
time. The ditch is located beneath the self-clean-
ing slotted floors in a confinement building.
The liquid volume U about 30 cu ft/pound of
daily BODS, The liquid is shallow to keep the
solids suspended. The depth is kept constant by
using an overflow for the mixed liquor. Alter
the bioxidation system comes to equilibrium,
the mixed liquor BODS will typically be 3,000
to 5.000 mg/L, resulting in a BODS reduction
of about 90 percent. A low-labor waste treat-
ment system can be formed by allowing the
oxidation ditch liquor to overflow by gravity
Into a non-overflow aerobic lagoon with a fluc-
tuating depth. The effluent is not suitable for
direct discharge Into a stream, but may be
spread on land in an odorless state. Some ob-
vious concerns of this system are: nitratss In
the effluent disposed on the field; possible con-
sequences of high rates of application to fields;
nitrates, phosphates, and color of the effluent
if stream discharge were to be used; and op-
erating costs. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
1430-D3, E3
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO
RECYCLING. PART 2. ORGANIC
WASTES
Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley
C. G. Golueke
Compost Science, Vol. 13. No. 2. p. 20-23. March-
April, 1972.
Descriptors: -Recycling, 'Organic wastes, 'Waste
treatment. Feeds. Chemicals, Ponding, Ana-
erobic digestion. Activated sludge, Trickling fil-
ters. Stabilization. Oxidation lagoons
Identifiers: Pyrolysis, Fermentation, Soil, Ma-
nure
Methods oi recycling the major groups of or-
ganic wastes (such as food processing or can-
nery, .packing plant or slaughterhouse, manure,
and wood wastes) are discussed. Their recy-
cling creates three major products: soil, food-
stuffs, and useful chemicals. The present treat-
ment methods, concentrating on elimination of
wastes rather than reclamation, are reviewed.
Ponding is accomplished using anaerobic ponds,
facultative ponds, oxidation ditches, and high-
rate ponds. The treatment mechanism in the
trickling filter is aerobic-biological stabilization
of organic wastes suspended or dissolved in
water. The activated sludge works on the same
principle; it differs from the trickling filter
process because no surfaces are providad for
the attachment of a microbial layer; it is a
compact process, subject to fairly close con-
trol. The anaerobic digestion . process differs
from the preceding processes (except the ana-
erobic pond), as biological decomposition takes
place in the absence of oxygen, (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
1431-D2, E3, Fl
ANOTHER RECYCLING VENTURE
Calf News. Vol. 11. No. 4, p. 15-16, April,
1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Fermentation. 'Ana-
erobic conditions, 'Farm wastes, Amino acids.
Feeds, Fuels, Cattle, Feed lots. Gases, Methane.
Carbon dioxide. Costs, Waste treatment, Waste
disposal
Identifiers: Thermophilic
Hamilton Standard Initiated an experiment, In
December of 1970 to determine the feasibility of
converting animal wastes into usable by-pro-
ducts by anaerobic fermentation. At the time
of this report, two twenty-liter fermenters had
been used for 1V4 years. The operating tempera-
ture was In the thermophilic range and the
feed material was animal waste obtained from
cattle fed a high concentrate ration. Tank vol-
umes of only 1/3 that of municipal systems
were deemed practical. The system utilized
very thick waste concentrations, operated with
high process loading rates and small fermehter
volumes, had low power requirements and gen-
erated Its own fuel. Advantages of the process
were: (1) It produced two products (fuel and
animal ingredients) which could be used in the
feedlot operation. (2) It would accept all of the
solid wastes in the form available. (3) It had
no discharges of liquid, solid, or gaseous pol-
lutants. This study showed the anaerobic pro-
cess to require two-thirds the capital Invest-
ment and one-half the annual operating expense
compared to the aerobic process. (Lee-East
Central)
1432-D3, E3
COMPOSTED MANURE CALLED
'AVAILABLE FUEL SOURCE.'
Feedlot Management, Vol. 16. No. 4, p. 2*. 30,
April 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Fuels. 'Recycling,
•Waste treatment. 'Waste disposal. Aerobic bac-
teria, Thennophillc bacteria. Sulfur, Organic
wastes, Pathogenic bacteria. Moisture content.
Odor, Energy,
Identifiers: 'Compost, 'Manure, Pyrolysls
A method of converting the nation's animal
wastes into usable sulfur-free fuels through a
rapid composting process has been proposed as
a way to ease the energy crisis. Three billion
tons of organic wastes are produced each year.
If all these were available, they could be con-
verted to Vt of our natural gas requirements.
Manure doesn't lend Itself to easy burning un-
less it is composted because of high moisture
content. The action of thermophilic, aerobic
bacteria produces heats high enough to drive
off the moisture and kill pathogenic bacteria.
The resulting product is safe, stable and easy
to store. 15 to 28 BTU's are created for each
BTU expended and the composted fuel can be
added to other fuels to create higher energy
levels. (Lee-East Central)
1433-A11, Bl, E3
PERPETUAL-MOTION RECYCLING,
OR, PIG MANURE INTO FISH FOOD
M. Franz
Compost Science, Vol. 12. No. 5. p. 21, Septem-
ber-October 1771. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes, 'Live-
stock, 'Hogs, 'Feeds, 'Fish fanning, 'Fish
diets
•Fish food
A system has been proposed for recycling the
1,000,000,000 tons of animal manures generated
In the United States each year. The manures
are dumped into ponds where they stimulate
the rapid growth of the plant life on which some
fish feed. The fish can then be harvested for
human consumption. Also, an aquatic plant
species, Ipomoca repens, which is a suitable
pig feed, can grow rapidly in the manure-
fertilized ponds. A pig farm in Malaya flushes
the manure from 700 pigs into eight fish ponds,
covering 2V4 acres, and stocked with Siberain
white Amur and Tilapla mossambica. About
9,000 Ib of fish were produced in the first
year, and up to 1,250 Ib of Ipomoca . repens
can be harvested dally in peak seasons. The
white Amur, buffalo fishes, and Tilapia have all
been successfully farmed using this system.
and all are considered highly desirable for
h'umans. Several species of shellfish, large fresh-
water shrimp, and silver and spotted Amur
are also being considered u potentially adapt-
able to the system, both animal waste and idle-
land problems can be economically solved. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System)
1434-B2,B3,D1,D2,D3,E2,E3
ENERGY NEEDED TO MANAGE
ANIMAL WASTE
Electrical World, Vol. 171, No. S. p 70-72.
September 1, 1»72. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Energy, 'Farm wastes. 'Manage-
ment. •Recycling. 'Waste treatment. 'Waste
disposal. Feed lots. Feeds. Drying, Spreading.
Irrigation, Lagoons. Aeration. •
Identifiers: 'Animal waste. Pyrolysis
As the demand for tome form of animal waste
handling grows, so will the demand tor energy
necessary to drive these systems. The most
popular way of dealing with animal waste to-
day is to Incorporate air into liquid waste*
Processes of this type use teration wheels!
discs, or aeration pumps and are generally
electrically powered. Floating aerators, sprink-
ling systems, and oxidation Queues require
substantial amounts of energy since they typi-
cally use 3-hp motors for each aeration unit.
Animal wastes can also be dried and sold;
the market at present for dried manure la very
good. This process too requires heat energy
from some source, as doe* pyrolysis, a mean*
by which manure has been successfully con-
verted Into a range of product* Including crude
oil. natural gas, and treated manure. Recycling
of animal wastes as feed for the beast* that
produced tb« manure in the tint place prob-
ably holds more potential than almost any
other recent feeding discovery. The basic re-
quirement for the conversion of manure to
feed is heat to promote the mennopbilic bac-
terial reaction Involved. Another popular con-
cept—returning the wastes to land—will neces-
sitate either electrical or Internal-combustion
power supplies to operate me sprinkler system*
and pumps. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval)
1435-A3,A4,A5,A11,A12,B1,
AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL
ECOSYSTEMS: SOURCES AND FATP
Wisconsin University
D. R. Keeney. and L. M. Walsh
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen. 'Ecosystems. 'Sourw.
•Water pollution. •Groundwater pollution
wastes. Agriculture. Fertilizers, Uachinf.
This paper is concerned with the source* af
nitrate and other nitrogen compoundstaVn?
face and groundwater. The most critical prohlnn
associaled with nitron compound, u u,c £?
Jible adverse effect on aiu-nals and human.
Potential sources include p^cipitai on d 55!'
position of crop realdnc. ann ^ orwm? C"
ter, legumes, manure, and nltnuen icrtili,..
The nitrogen cycle Is explained, and a schemaS
diagram of the cycle is given: NoVa^rtauSS?
sources of nitrogen include commercial waste/
domestic wastes, urban runoff, industrial waatS'
runoff from non-agricultural land, wetland,, .
ologic sources, lake and river sedimenU a^d
nitrogen fixation in waters. Movement of kroSd
water accounts for 2 to 3 times more nitrogen
than surface runoff. The amount of letcMn* «
a particular location is largely related I
dittons affecting evapotranspiratioa. soil
cal conditions, and to precipitation
and intensity Efficient crop production require*
continued and perhaps even Increased luTof
nitrogen fertilizer, but fertilizer and
must be added in such a way to keen
ment pollution to a minimum Pra
mended for reduction of runoff losses inclnd
use of crop residues; slopes, and fertilization to
stimulate early growth of crops. Control of ti£
rate of pollution ol underground wateT ^
be exercised by methods explained. (SouS
Waste Information Retrieval System)
1436-B2, D3, Fl
ELECTRICAL METHODS OF
TREATING FARM EFFLUENT
SHOULD CUT COSTS
Electrical Review. Vol. 1»7. p. JL jui. „
WO. 1 Of. •""* "•
246
-------
Descriptor!: 'Waste treatment, 'Effluent, 4CosU,
•Farm wastes. Livestock. Equipment. Aeration,
Oxidation lagoon*. Stabilization
Identifiers: 'Electrical methods, Electiolytlc
flotation.
Three electrical methods of low-cost effluent
treatment were shown by the Electricity Coun-
cil at last week's Royal Agricultural Show at
Stonelelgh (Warwick!). The first method dem-
onstrated showed how effluent from a herd
of 90 to 100 cows, amounting to 150 to 200
fal/day. could be dealt with by spray aeration
In a two-section stabilization pond, with one
section deeper than the other. Settled liquor
is drawn from this deep section by a centri-
fugal pump and sprsyed over the shallow sec-
tion to aerate it The overflow passes back
over a weir into the deeper section. Total in-
stallation cost is estimated at $100 to $200.
The second method is for treating pig effluent
in an oxidation ditch. This process requires
less land for disposal of the residue than would
be required for untreated effluent and avoids
smell. Manure fed into the ditch is continually
aerated by an electric surface rotor consisting
of an inverted cone with specially shaped pad-
dles fixed to its underside. The third method
is suitable for the removal of finely divided
solids and has been tried at Capenhnrst on
paint as well u pig effluent. Charged hydrogen
and oxygen gas bubbles rising from two closely
spaced electrodes near the bottom of the treat-
ment tank attract suspended particles and carry
them to the surface. The floating sludge layer
formed can be removed mechanically. (Solid
Wastes Information Rerieval System)
1437-A11, B2, C2, D3, E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF
AEROBICALLY OR ANAEROBICALLY
PROCESSED SWINE WASTE
Illinois University
Urbana
B. G. Harmon. D. L. Day. D. H. Baker, and
A. H. Jensen.
Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 37, No. 2, p.
510-513, August, 1973. 6 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors:. 'Nutrients, 'Oxidation lagoons.
'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, 'Feeds, 'Recycling. Pro-
teins. Aerobic treatment. Digestion, Anaerobic
conditions. Performance, Diets
Identifiers: Rats, Residue. Oxidation ditch mixed
liquor
The studies presented in this investigation were
conducted to define nutritive value of wast;
processed by aerobic and anaerobic methods.
An oxidation ditch was used which provided
a means of collecting rwine waste and an en-
vironment for biologically enhancing the waste
to single-cell protein. Attempts to concentrate
solids by allowing a fraction of the ditch con-
tents to circulate through a settling-skimming
tank yielded a product low in protein. The
oxidation ditch mixed liquor serving as a nu-
trient solution combined with dry feed signifi-
cantly Improved weight sain and feed efficiency
of fir1*1*1"! swine fed a dry diet that was mar-
ginal in protein. The nutrient solution contain-
ing 3 percent dry matter Increased protein In-.
take 2.5 percent, and lysine Intake by 0.1 per-
cent. It was found that addition of. nutrient
solution to corn alone did not significantly In-
crease gain or efficiency. (Solid Waste Infor-
mation Retrieval System)
1438-A2,A3,A10,B3,C3,D3,E2
MANURE STACK FLY BREEDING
DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF
MANURE ADDED DAILY
W. L. Gajmerac
Hoard's Dairyman. Vol. 117, No. U p. 747.
June 25. 1972. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Breeding. 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
disposal. 'Waste storage. 'Dairy Industry. Agri-
cultural runoff
Identifiers: 'Manure stack. 'Flies.
Recent work on a 40 head Wisconsin dairy farm
showed that the daily summer addition of all
manure from a dairy herd will cause an in-
crease In housefly population. To help control
fly population, it 1s suggested that the dairy-
men stack all the manure during the winter
and spring, hold the stacked manure until
fall, then spread U and plow it under immed-
iately. This lets the dairymen haul the manure
in the fall when they have more free time
and it cuts down on polluted runoff into
waterways It Is believed that beneficial in-
sects and mites inhabit the old stacks and
eat the fly eggs and maggots. If only small
amounts of manure are added dally during
the fly breeding season theso beneficial in-
sects msnage to keep fly population low. Bow-
ever, If large amounts of fresh manure are
added dally, these insects cannot keep up with
the fly reproduction. It Is suggested that local
health officials be contacted concerning their
opinion toward flies before new manure handling
facilities are developed. (Lee-East Central)
1439-A10, B2, B4, E2
EVERYTHING IS ON SLATS
L. El am
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 117. No. 12, p. 745. June
25, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: •Farm wastes. 'Dairy Industry.
•Feed lots, 'Waste disposal. Irrigation
Identifiers: *Slats. 'Slatted floors
Charles Ochsner, of Stunner, Washington, has
utilized an easy and Inexpensive system of
manure handling on his dairy through the use
of slatted floors. This system cut one man
off the payroll and virtually eliminated flies. The
milking parlor, call barn, feeding barn and
free stall barn are arranged in a square with
• 95,000-galIon concrete liquid manure tank in
the center of the open square area, framed
by the. buildings. The free stall barn and feed-
Ing barn have slatted floors directly over pits
in which sufficient water is kept to make the
manure into solution. Each pit has sliding
gates which when lifted allow the material
to flow to the main pit by gravity. The gates
axe then closed and necessary water Is put
into the pit. The corral area over the main
pit Is all concrete floored. There is also a large
concrete watering trough, and an agitator and
pumping system over the center of the pit
Gratings which can be lifted out for inspection
are located over dralnways leading to the main
pit so manure can be scraped in. It takes
about a half hour daily to clean the corral
with a shovel. The corral and slats are never
washed down. Water and manure from the
holding corral and milking barn flow into the
pit through pipes. The liquid manure in the
large pit is pumped through 4 inch lines to
115 acres of pasture and is spread by a large
sprinkler. The pump, which is also used for
agitation, is powered by a 70 horsepower die*el
engine. (Lee-East Central)
1440-A4,A6,A7,B1,B4,B5,C2,
D3.E2
FEEDLOT ODOR
Regional Extension Specialist
Feedlot Waste Management
M. D. Paine
Great Plains Beef Cattle Feeding Handbook,
Cooperative Extension Service — Great Plains
States, GPE-7800, L-U01, November. 1972, p.
7800.1—7800.2.
Descriptors: Feed lots. 'Odor. 'Aerobic con-
ditions. 'Anaerobic conditions. 'Waste treatment.
•Ammonia. Biological oxygen demand. Nutrients.
Metabolism, Nitrogen. Aeration. Waste disposal.
Feedlot odor is caused by the anaerobic me-
tabolism of nutrients found in cattle manure.
However, when the nutrients are metabolized
aeroblcaUy the end products an heat, CO1.
and water. For aerobic metabolism to occur,
the oxygen transfer rate must exceed the bio-
logical oxygen demand. When the demand is
greater than the transfer rate, anaerobic me-
tabolism produces odor compounds. Ammonia
is also produced In feedlots. It Is lighter thin
air and has an irritating smell. It escapes as a
gas from urine, but will be absorbed by moist
manure. The transfer of nitrogen in ammonia
and amines not only produces irritating smells,
but may enrich ponds, hastening eutrophication.
Odor occurs In three places—the dry surface.
solid manure beneath the surface, and holding
ponds. Aerobic metabolism depends on tempera-
ture, oxygen, and water; the last two may
possibly be controlled. Moisture can be par-
tially controlled by good drainage, cattle den-
sity and water. Since a 40% moisture content
is required for best aerobic activity, sprinkling
may be required in dry seasons. Odor from
ponds may be controlled by diluting nutrients,
adding more water, or using aeration equip-
ment. Manure may be stockpiled into compost
heaps prior to being dispersed on farm land.
(Lee-East Central)
1441-A11, Bl, F6
SOLID STATE CONTROLS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBERS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Arkansas University
Fayetteville
T. R. Rokeby, G. S. Nelson, and G. C. Harris,
Jr.
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Hot Springs.
Arkansas, June 27-30. 1972. Paper No. 72-418.
11 p. 9 fig.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Performance, 'Environ-
mental control. Temperature. Air circulation.
Growth rates
Identifiers: 'Solid state controls. 'Environmental
cbtunbers. Drinking water. Feed conversion
Research was done to regulate temperature, air
flow and drinking water temperature in order
to examine the' effects on poultry performance.
Chamber design criteria included the following.
Dry bulb temperature ranged from 35'F to
105°F. Wet bulb temperature ranged from 35'F
to 95'F. Air movement didn't exceed 300 fpm
at the floor level. Air exchange was fixed
at 300 dm. Chamber size was t' by 12' by 7'.
Chamber ambient conditions were 80*F maxi-
mum dry-bulb. Temperatures ranged from 69*F
maximum wetbulb summer to 70*F dry bulb in
the winter. Drinking water temperature was
controlled. Different initial brooding tempera-
tures, different rates of temperature decline
with age, and different water temperatures
were investigated. Analysis of results was in-
complete but indicated that growth and feed
conversion were best with initial brooding tem-
peratures of B9'F (32'C), and that cooling the
drinking water could aid the chicken to adapt
to higher ambient temperatures. (Lee-East Cen-
tral)
1442-A11, Bl, F6
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF MEAT ANIMALS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Nebraska University
Lincoln
N. C. Teter, J. A. DeShazer, and T. L. Thomp-
son
Descriptors: 'Metabolism, 'Performance, 'Math-
ematical models, Temperature, Feeds, . Mud,
Energy loss. Environment
Identifiers: 'Operational characteristics, 'Beef,
Energy intake
Basic data published on the energetics of
beef animals combined with the basic theory
of metabolic changes in beef animals were used
to develop a model to predict characteristics
and production of growing beef as a function
of effective temperature, feed, and mud condi-
tions. In cold weather much -of the animal's
energy Is used to maintain body beat so more
feed Is required per pound of gain. The beat
247
-------
value of the feed, calculated la BTU'i. deter-
mines how much feed will be needed for each
pound of (ain. Mud condition are important,
for an animal must expend high amounts of
energy to move in mud that could otherwise
be converted into meat. (Lee-East Central)
1443-A2, A3, A4, All, A12,
Bl, C2, C3, E2
SURFACE WATER QUALITY IS
INFLUENCED BY AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES
Minnesota University
Morris
R. F. Holt
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers. Vcl. 16. No. 3, p. 565-
568. 1973, 3 tab. 34 ref.
Descriptors: •Surface waters, 'Water quality.
•Water pollution. Fertilizers, Farm wastei. Pe£
2£™' <£*riculta™1 runoff. Phosphorus. Ni-
trogen, Soil conservation. Waste disposal
e*A practicM-
teed fa.60'1 5 ferfiUzer IUB0"*' Peddles, and
are Primarily nutrien.
r
-
a, and mastitis. Al-
. -5
di.d i water -l1181"*- U manure is
disced in as soon as applied, runoff of nutrients
System) WMte Informil"on Retrieval
1444-A5, A8, C2, E2
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT MANURE ON
SOIL AND WATER QUALITY
Research Station
Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1
Canada Department of Agriculture
T. C. Sommerfeldt, U. J. Pittman. and R. A.
Milne
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2. No.
<, p. 423-427, October-December, 1973. 3 fig,
4 tab, IS ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes. 'Soil
contamination, 'Water pollution, 'Groundwater
pollution. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Effluent, Fer-
tilizers, Waste disposal. Cattle
Identifiers: 'Soluble salts, 'Manure
A study of soil pollution and (round water
pollution caused by feedlot manure was under-
taken In southern Alberta. The study also In-
vestigated long term effects of manure applica-
tions on the nitrogen, phosphorus, and soluble
salt content of cultivated soil under irrigation.
It was found that nitrate and phosphorus con-
tent of surface soil was higher in soil adjacent
to feedlots than in soil away from them. How-
ever, at depths greater than ISO cm, the differ-
ences were Insignificant. This was also found
to be true In ground water at depths of 1-5
meters. No evidence was found which Indicated
that nearby streams or lakes were polluted
by feedlot effluent. Long term effect studies
indicated that 40 annual applications of manure
did not elevate nitrogen, phosphorus or soluble
salt contents of the soil significantly. The uni-
que combination of soil, climate, and manage-
ment in southern Alberta has been an important
factor in limiting soil and water pollution from
manure. (Russell-East Central)
1445-B2, Dl
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING
SYSTEMS FOR SWINE
Agricultural Engineering Department
Missouri University
Columbia
R. M. George, and C. E. Browning
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, 1111-
nols, December 11-14, 1973, 11 p. 2 fig, 5 tab, 3
ref.
Descriptors: 'Design. 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes,
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Lagoons,
Effluent. Flow, Width, Depth
Identifiers: 'Gutter flushing systems, 'Swine,
Slope
Design procedures are given for designing open
gutter and under slat gutter systems for swine.
Cutters should be one half ai wide at the
exit as they are at the origin and should be
wide enough to induce hogs to utilize them.
Amounts of water needed vary with depth of
manure; width, depth, length, and roughness
of the gutter; and the velocity of the water
needed to flush the system, (Lee-East Central)
1446-A2.-A4, A5, C2
A STUDY OF FACTORS
INFLUENCING THE NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS OF
NEBRASKA WATERS
Nebraska University
Lincoln
J. Muir, E. C. Seim. and R. A. Olson.
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No.
4. p. 466-470. October-December, 1973. 1 fig, 5
tab. 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus, 'Water pol-
lution, 'Groundwater pollution, 'Nebraska, Irri-
gation, Agricultural runoff. Fertilizers, Nutrients,
Sampling, StreamOow
Research was conducted to determine amounts
and sources of nutrients and phosphorus in.
Nebraska waters. Results Indicate that the qual-
ity of Nebraska waters Is not being materially
Influenced by agricultural use of commercial
fertilizers. Exceptions exist when fertilizer nitro-
gen contributes to ground water nitrates. This
occurs when there is Intensive irrigation of
sandy soil and with irrigated crop production
In valley positions of shallow underlying water
tables. It was found that nutrient levels In the
water are governed more by livestock and hu-
man densities than by any other factor. The
high nitrogen content of streams during peak
flow can be attributed partially to direct runoff
into streams resulting from high rainfall inten-
sity. (Russell-East Central)
1447-A2, A5, C2, El
SEEPAGE OF FEEDYARD RUNOFF
WATER IMPOUNDED IN PLAYAS
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter
Bush]and, Texas
O. R. Lehman, B, A. Stewart, and A. C. Math-
ers
Descriptors: •Agricultural runoff. 'Seepage,
•Playas, 'Feed lots, 'Impoundments. Farm
wastes. Aquifer, Nitrates, Chlorides, Soil water.
Sampling
Identifiers: Ammonium
Research was conducted in a playa at Randall
County Feedyards Inc.. 10 miles. S.W. of Amar-
Illo, Texas, to determine if pollutants from
feedyard runoff water seep through playa nil
and contaminate groundwater. In August, 19K8.
•a large amount of runoff was Impounded In the
playa. In March, 1969, soil samples were taken
at various sites across the playa at depths from
1 to 13 feet. A second playa 3 miles North
was used as a representative before Impound.
ment of feedyard runoff. Soil samplei^er.
analyzed for nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, enter
ide. and water content. Concentrations of M
trite, nitrate, ammonium and chloride Mnl
found to decrease steadily with depth. Ttu,
percentage of soil moisture also decreased Mti
depth. Finding, suggest that MUe M no
"I «*« «ep ">«<«b the bottom of
with fine soil texture. The hazard of
water pollution may be greatest £
deeper playas with sloping, coarse aoUs
Eas?" Oey tr'alT" "* P'iy* b°Uom- <*"*
1448-A8,A11,A12,B2,C3,E2
THE INFLUENCE OF MANURE
SLURRY IRRIGATION ON THE
SURVIVAL OF FECAL ORGANISMS
IN SCRANTON FINE SAND
Department of Microbiology
Florida University
Gainesville
F. Dazzo, P. Smith, and D. Hubbell
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol I M
1 tib. Tref. Octobtr-D««»b«- «"•' « S
Descriptors: 'Sprinkler Irrigation. 'Farm wast*.
•Waste disposal. -Salmonella. 'Sou coatamintl'
Uon, Pathogenic bacteria. Enteric bacteria. Cat.
Identifiers: 'Manure, •Slurries. 'Survival.
This study was undertaken to examine the *f
fects of various rates of irrigation of cow mi
nure slurry on the survival of Salmonella «n-
U> ri tides serotype Enteritldis and fecal coUfornu
within scranton fine sand. Millet was Inoculated
with O, 1.27, 2.54, and 5.08 cm of U* «w»
manure slurry. The numbers of viable entcrlo
organisms were determined at various Urn.*
after inoculation. It was found the death rate
of both groups declined In soil which previoullv
had received manure application Results tadt
cate several long-term ecological effect* oftol
creasing the manure slurry irrigation rates on
the receiving soil. The potential danger at
health hazards associated with the use of eon.
laminated soil would be expected to increase"
with Increasing rates of application. This studv
on a pilot scale irrigation system snowed that
pathogen survival Is a problem which should
be considered and controlled In the design and
operation of a waste treatment process invorv
tag sprinkler Irrigation on land. (Russell-Bait
1449-A2, A4, C3
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN A
GREAT PLAINS STREAM RECEIVING
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Kansas State Teachers College
Emporia
C. W. Prophet, and N. L. Edwards
Water Resources Bulletin. Vol. 9, No 3 D sat
589, June. 1973. 4 tab, 1 ref. * 5*3'
Descriptors: Benthic fauna. 'Feed lot* '
cultural runoff, Kansas
Identifiers: *BentUc macrolnvertebrate
munity, •Environmental quality. 'Species
slty. 'Cottonwood River. Water pollution.
kill. Sampling, Environmental sires.
Due to the Increase and concentration of feed
lots, a study was undertaken to determine thi
effect of feedlot runoff on the ecological bal
ance and environmental quality of the Cotton'
wood River In Kansas. The effect was evaluated
by analysis of community structure of benthtc
macrolnvertebrates using the species diversit£
Index (d). Sixty-fiv* taxa were Identified duri£«
the study from 1968 to 1971. The species diver.
sity index was lower closer downstream from
248
-------
the feedlots and Increased at each station down
stream, but at all atatloiu It was lower than
at the control station. There was a significant
Increase In the Index after the feedlota were
closed. Results Indicate that runoff from feed-
lots had an adverse effect on the environmental
quality of the river, and this effect continued
long after water quality was restored. How-
ever, the recovery was rapid once the en-
vironmental stress was removed. (Russell-East
Central)
1450-A8, B3, E3
USING POULTRY LITTER,
IRRIGATION, AND TALL FESCUE
FOR NO-TILL CORN PRODUCTION
United States Department of Agriculture
Athens, Georgia
j R Carreker, J. E. Wilkinson. J. E. Box..
Jr, R. N. Dawson, E. R. Beaty. el a).
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2. No.
4, p. 497-500, October-December, 1973. 10 fig. «
tab,' 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Litter, 'Irrigation, 'Fes-
cues Crops, Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Potassium, Lime, Productivity, Farm wastes.
Waste disposal. Erosion control. Irrigation, Ag-
ricultural runoff
Identifiers: 'No-till corn, 'Southern Piedmont.
•Killed sod, Atrazine. Paraquat. Pollution
This study was undertaken because of the need
for a cropping system In the Piedmont area
which would Increase the production of forage
and grain, control erosion, and utilize the avail-
able nutrients in poultry litter. The objective
was to determine the response of irrigated
no-till corn, Zea Mays (L>, to applications of
poultry litter In tall fescue (Festuca arundi-
nacea Schreb.). Corn was planted and irrigated
in live soil and in soil that was killed with
2 2 and 0.28 kg/ha atrazlne and paraquat, re-
spectively. Poultry litter was tten added to
SOU plots at different rates. Nitrogen, phos-
phorus, potassium, and lime were added uni-
formly to all soils. Corn yields were higher in
killed sod than in live sod. The overall increase
was 80%. This method gave excellent runoff
and erosion control and produced needed grain
while utilizing a waste product with minimum
environmental hazards and with small amounts
of litter application. (Russell-East Central)
1451-A1,B1,D1,D2,D3,E1,F4
PROCEEDINGS: BIG ISLAND SWINE
CONFERENCE, CURRENT AND
FUTURE TRENDS IN SWINE WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference, Cur-
rent and Future Trends in Swine Waste Man-
agement. Miscellaneous Publication 82, Coopera-
tive Extension Service, University of Hawaii.
September 11, 1971. 21 p.
Descriptors: 'Hogs. 'Farm wastes, 'Hawaii.
•Waste treatment. 'Waste storage, 'Waste dis-
nosal Confinement pens. Production.
Identifiers: 'Pork Industry, 'Pollution. 'Swine,
•Waste management. Trends
This conference was held with the purpose of
discussing pork producers' problems and solu-
tions Planning, budgeting, production, pollution,
ecology, waste treatment, waste disposal, and
zoning were major topics discussed at this
meeting It was hoped that the 'conference
would be a major step forward in pushing
standards for quality, price stabilization, and
technological improvement in Hawaii. (Merry-
man-East Central)
1452-A2,A6,B1,B4,D3,E1
FEDERAL PRODUCER ASSISTANCE
PROGRAMS
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference. Cur-
rent and Future Trends in Swine Waste Man-
agement, Miscellaneous Publication 82, Coop-
•erative Extension Service, University of Ha-
waii, September 11, 1971, p. S.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Waste treatment,
•Cost sharing. Aerobic conditions. Anaerobic
Diversion structures, Hawaii
Identifiers: 'Federal Producer Assistance
To assist producers In Installing adequate treat-
ment facilities for animal wastes, the Agricul-
tural Stabilization and Conservation Service
provides payments In the form of cost-share for
installation of waste disposal systems, These
systems are usually one of three types: Lagoons.
Storage facilities, or Diversions. Lacoons treat
wastes in such a way that the waste can
either be directly discharged to a waste course
or on land. There are two types of lagoons-
Aerobic, which requires a large land area, and
anaerobic, which requires little land area but
produces an offensive odor. Storage facilities
are used temporarily until waste is removed
and spread on land for fertilizer as needed.
Diversions are used to divert excess runoff
from feedlots or waste disposal areas to treat-
ment locations. In Hawaii, lagoons should be
adequate to fill the needs for waste treatment
because they can function year round; whereas,
on the mainland temperature variations allow
them to function only eight to nine months
of the year. (Russell-East Central)
1453-A12,B2,B4,D3,E1,E2
BASIC REQUmEMENTS OF HOG
PEN CONSTRUCTION AND LIQUID
MANURE DISPOSAL
J. Nakahara
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference. Cur-
rent and Future Trends in Swine Waste Man-
agement, Miscellaneous Publication 82, Cooper-
ative Extension Service, University of Hawaii,
September 11. 1971, p. S-7.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens. 'Construction.
•Hogs. 'Liquid wastes, 'Waste storage. 'Waste
disposal, 'Hawaii, Cesspools. Septic tanks. La-
goons
Identifiers: Manure
Many problems of waste disposal have origin-
ated from confinement hog feeding. The tint
consideration to alleviate these problems is
construction of feeding facilities. Floors, feed
troughs, and gutters should be constructed so
that they are impervious to water and can be
properly flushed with water. Loose boards
should not be used unless they can be easily
removed. Feed bins and pens should be con-
structed so.that they are rodent-proof. Present-
ly, there are four methods of liquid disposal
commonly used. Cesspools and septic tanks can
be utilized in small operations, but aren't fea-
sible in large ones. Spreading of fertilizer can
be used, but a large land area is required.
Lagoons can also be constructed but should be
in accordance with guidelines laid down by the
Department of Health. Adequate manure dis-
posal can be controlled by proper design and
maintenance of lagoons. However, In Hawaii.
lagoons are often undersized because of the
scarcity of land. Regardless of the type of
waste disposal used. It must Include not only
the prevention of health hazards, but also the
prevention of aesthetic nuisances (Russell-East
Central)
1454-B1, F2
HOG PRODUCTION ZONING
REQUIREMENTS
P. Yoshimura
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference. Cur-
rent and Future Trends In Swine Waste Man-
agement, Miscellaneous Publication 82, Coop-
erative Extension Service, University of Hawaii,
September 11, 1971. p. 8-9.
Descriptors: 'Hogs. 'Zoning, 'Hawaii
Identifiers: Piggery, Non-Conforming piggery.
Residential agricultural zone. Unplanned zone.
Agricultural zone, Planning Commission, Proper-
ty line. Board of Health
By Hawaiian state law a piggery Is any premise
on which five or more weaned hogs are main-
tained. The maintenance of hogs is regulated
by zoning requirements and pigs may be al-
lowed In three zones: The RA zone, A zone,
and U zone. The RA or Residential Agricultural
zone applies to a low density suburban area
with a minimum allowable lot of one-half acre.
It is subject to the Department of Health and
It must be kept at least sixty feet from any
property line. The A or Agriculture zone applies
to an agricultural area with allowable lot
sized from 1-40 acres. It must be 1,000 feet
or more from any major public road and ac-
cessory buildings shall be at least 100 feet from
the front property line. The U or Unplanned
zone applies to areas not subject to sufficient
studies to adopt specific zones. Lot sizes
are a minimum of five acres. Pens cannot be
closer than 100 feet from any property line
or SO feet from any residence, and they must
be on sites approved by the Board of Health.
Variances from these regulations can be grant-
ed by the Planning Commission. Also piggeries
in existence before zoning may remain as long
as they do not enlarge. (Russell-East Central)
1455-A6,A10,A12,B1,D3,E2,E3
SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL AND
CONTROL
Department of Animal Sciences
University of Hawaii
Honolulu
Hugh Williams
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference, Cur-
rent and Future Trends in Swine Waste Man-
agement, Miscellaneous Publication 82, Coop-
erative Extension Service, University of Hawaii.
September 11, 1S71. p. 10-11. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Waste disposal, 'Control.
'Confinement pens. 'Farm wastes. Aerobic con-
ditions. Anaerobic conditions. Recycling. Live-
stock. Pollutants. Hawaii
Identifiers: Composting, Land spreading
The Hawaii Department of Health Studied 179
hog operations and found that *4 posed a prob-
lem to neighbors due to animal wastes. It Is
estimated that fifty percent of waste* were
from confinement areas, and this poses a parti-
cular problem In Hawaii because of scarcity of
land. The study found that pollution from ani-
mal manures arises because of: organic sub-
stances, inorganic substances, odors. Infectious
agents, and insects. Waste management systems
usually incorporate land spreading, biological
treatment, composting, or recycling as feed.
Land spreading is tire major method employed.
but it requires a large land area. Biological
treatment by means of lagooning is more fea-
sible In Hawaii, and there are two types— aero
bic and anaerobic. Anaerobic lagoons produce
odors but do not require as much land area as
the non-odorous aerobic lagoons. Composting or
drying Is also effective In that It reduces vol-
ume and weight by fifty percent. Recycling as
feed could become an effective means of waste
utilization, but the Food and Drug Administration
looks unfavorably on this method. However, ex-
perimental work has incorporated as much as
fifty-seven percent manure into cattle rations.
(Russell-East Central)
1456-B2, D3, El, E2
SWINE HOUSING AND WASTE
DISPOSAL DESIGNS
University of Hawaii
Honolulu
Donald Nelson
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference. Cur-
rent and Future Trends in Swine Waste Manage-
ment, Miscellaneous Publication 82, Cooperative
Extension Service, University of Hawaii. Sep-
tember 11, 1971, p. 13-23. S Q(. 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Design. 'Lagoons. 'Oxidation lagoons.
Aerobic conditions. Anaerobic conditions. Biolo-
gical treatment. Liquid wastes. Surface runoff,
Hawaii
Identifiers: 'Swine. Slatted floors
The system chosen for proper waste disposal
is very important. It should be adequately de-
signed to handle current and future wastes.
249
-------
and It should comply with all l»w«. To develop
• lagoon system, the (loon should be dotted
me they can be flushed with water. There ihould
be • (utter beneath the floon which could
either atore the wastes or carry them to a la-
goon or oxidation ditch. The Ufoon la either
• deep ditch called an anaerobic lagoon or a
•hallow one called an aerobic lagoon. The liquid
of both ihould be maintained and excess ahould
be apread on land. In oxidation ditchea, de-
cempoiitlon la accompliihed by aerobic bacteria.
These bacteria decompoae with virtually no
odor. Oxidation ditchea can alao be uaed In
conjunction with other dlapoial methods auch
u lagoona. A problem with lacoona and oxida-
tion ditcbei li runoff of rainfall. Thia, how-
ever, can unially be controlled by choice of
location!. (Russell-East Central)
1457-B1, F3
HAWAn, ISLAND OF HOPE FOE
PORK INDUSTRY
State Department of Agriculture
Hawaii
F. Erskine
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference, Cur-
S£L , El"™:; Trend* ln Swtae Waste Man-
"*"11811*01"* Publication S2. Coopera-
D«criptors: 'Hawaii, Hoga, Automation
2^JS™! AP2rS indu»'^. Swill collection. Su-
per farm. Agri-business. Tilapia production
cost
COIt °* 1M<1 m H*"*" h*» Cilu»* Ha-
,5r°duceri to ""Pet* with the main-
BiU, Wly to """"Pete with other
ta-to have » "P" '«™ »««>>
H«» Mricultural complex for produc-
.°°° of "«£• fork, feed, etc.. and to have a
large combined waste disposal system to ell-
miMte pollution. This super farm could some-
?L n*My- but. for the present, pork
producers must organize to improve the pork
industry by: finding capital, planning and de-
veloping for the industry's future, establishing
more efficient programs such as awill collec-
tion and processing, establishing standards of
quality and price stabilisation, developing and
supporting marketing programs, pushing tech-
nological research, and improving the aesthetic!
of the bog farm through landscaping and odor
reduction. (Russell-East Central)
1458-B1, F3
CURRENT PROBLEM FACING THE
PORK PRODUCERS — SOME
OBSERVATIONS
S. Roehrig
Proceedings: Big laland Swine Conference. Cur-
rent and Future Trends In Swine Waste Man-
agement, Miscellaneous Publication, 12, Coop-
erative Extension Service, University of Hawaii.
September 1L 1971. p. 21.
Descriptors: Hogs, 'Production, Processing, Ha-
waii
Identifiers: 'Pork industry, 'Slaughtering
It appears that Big Island pork producers face
a promising future. The chief way to insure
this future is to work together and have pe-
riodic meetings to consider problems of the
industry—problems auch as disease, production,
ecology, etc. It is also important that price
standards and uniform consumption policy be
adopted. Local pork producers should collectively
promote consumption of pork in the Islands. Yet.
the producers must face the problem of slaugh-
tering. Since there la only one slaughter house
on Oahu. the producers themselves ahould
construct and maintain a slaughter bouse. By
doing this, they coulld have some control
over the disposition of the carcasses. With a
Joint effort of the government and the pork
producers, the Hawaiian pork industry should
prosper la the future. (Russell-East Central)
1459-B1, Fl
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
County Extension Service
Hawaii
T. T. Yamainoto
Proceedings: Big Island Swine Conference, Cur-
rent and Future Trends In Swine Waste Man-
agement. Miscellaneous Publication 82. Coopera-
tive Extension Service. University of Hawaii.
September 11, 1971, p. 29.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, Confinement pens. Pollu-
tants. Ecology. Hawaii
Identifiers: 'Pork production. 'Waste manage-
ment
The theme of the Conference was: "Current
and Future Trends In Swine Waste Manage-
ment." It was "A step in the right direction"
as far aa the efficiency of the pork Industry
of Hawaii is concerned. Pork producers must
become more aware than ever of pollution.
ecology, and environment if the industry Is to
grow and fulfill the state pork needs. There
are now sixty sows on three-fourths acres of land
aa compared with twenty sows on four acres
of pasture land In the past before confinement
was adopted. This kind of change brings many
problem* which must be faced. In closlnf.
early planning of a waste disposal system 1s
vital for future expansion and productivity.
(Russell-East Central)
1460-A1, Bl, F2
AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT FEDERAL
POLLUTION CONTROLS
Wisconsin University
Madison
R. E. Grave*
Hoard's Dairyman. Vol. 119, No, 9, p. £14,
653. 1 fK.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Environmental control,
•Feed lota, 'Livestock. 'Poultry, Agricultural
runoff. Permits, Waste treatment. Waste disposal.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Identifiers: 'Federal pollution controls. 'Zero
discharge. Environmental Protection Agency
New EPA guidelines for feedlots were pub-
lished In February and were met with tremen-
dous reaction. One reason for the strong re-
action waa that they seemed to include live-
stock under every conceivable system of man-
agement. No distinction was made based on
numbers of animals, concentration of animals,
or location with respect to streams or lakes.
EPA considers any confined group of beef,
dairy cattle, swine, sheep, horses, chickens, tur-
keys, or ducks a potential feedlot. The most
drastic change found in the guidelines and
standards recently Issued was the exclusion of
smaller livestock firms. Exclusion from these
regulations does not mean that smaller live-
stock farms can forget about pollution con-
trol. Any person or firm Is still responsible
for water pollution resulting from its actions
or inactions. The most outstanding conclusion
and recommendation of this report deals with
"zero discharge." Without establishing a mean-
ingful definition of zero discharge or even
feedlot pollution, it was concluded that practi-
cable available technology Is available to' achieve
zero discharge from all feedlots by July 1,
1977. (Cartmell-East Central)
1461-A4, Bl
QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN THE
FISH-FAUNA OF THE UPPER
NEOSHO RIVER SYSTEM, 1952-1967
F. B. Cross, and M. Braasch
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science,
Vol.71, No. 1, p. 330-360, January 7. 1969. 1 fig.
1 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fish, 'Water pollution, 'Feed lots,
•Farm wastes. Kansas
Identifiers: 'Upper Neosho River. Fish fauna.
•Fish kills
A comparison obtained from extensive collections
from the Upper Meosho River System In Kansas
was made between species of fish collected la
1952 and 1967. The study Indicated rapid de-
terioration of the fish fauna. Numerous fish
kill! were noted to occur In 1966 and 19C7 and
were attributed to pollution from feedlots whose
wastes drained Into nearby streams. Five specie*
of fish collected ID 1952 were not found in 1967
Other species are in danger of disappearing
while some 20 species have declined In abun-
dance during the 15-year period. Fish which
predominated in 1967 were kinds whose sur-
face-dwelling habits enhance their tolerance of
waste pollution. It Is hoped that laws passed
In 1967 will be strictly enforced. If pollution
Is curbed, perhaps the number of fish kills
will be reduced. (Russell-East Central)
1462-B1, E2, E3
COPROLOGY:A POLLUTION
SOLUTION?
Ohio State University
Columbus
E. P. Talganldes
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 55. No. 4, p 21
April. 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes, Sewage
Municipal wastes, Pollutants, Foods. Ecology
Methane, Gases
Identifiers: 'Coprology, 'Pollution. 'Waste man-
agement. Building blocks
Coprology Is defined as the science of waste
management. The basic premise of coprolofy
is that there is no such thing as waste. Every-
thing is a resource. Research is being conducted
to find new ways of recycling wastes. It 1s es-
timated that livestock wastes in the United
States could be used to produce methane fas
in sufficient quantities annually to meet a large
part of our national gas requirements. The po-
tential value: of manure-derived methane gas
is over one billion dollars. Also, dry waste
refuse is being made Into building blocks or
Into heat energy. City sewage is being used
to Increase productivity of land. In the future
the need for more food will drastically increase
With this Increase will be a matched Increase
In waste production. The problems of waste
management must be d;alt with and controlled
and future Industrialization must not only be
Justified on economic and political terms, but
also on ecological terms. (Russell-East Central)
1463-A6, A8, B2, Dl, D3,
E2, Fl
MECHANICAL AERATION OF A
WASTE DISPOSAL MANURE PIT
Area Agricultural Engineering Specialist. Hi*
glnsvllle. Missouri
L. V. Ellis, and R. M. George
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, im.
nois, December 11-14. 1973. 6 p. I fig. 4 refT
Descriptors: 'Aerition, *Waste treatment. 'Waste
disposal. Mechanical equipment. Liquid wastes
Odor, Costs, Waste storage *
Identifiers: 'Milking machine compressor
A swine producer in Johnson County, Missouri
uses s milking machine compressor unit to
bubble air through liquid manure holding pits
Complete design for the system is given in
detail. The final results of this experiment are
not all known at this time, but the producer
wants to continue with this system of aerattnc
his manure pits. He feels the offensive odors
have been greatly reduced In the pits, bis build-
ing, and from the effluent when it Is spread OB
his fields. The solids In the pits are broken up
and held in suspension. The manure that was
spread on the fields gave good response in the
form of plant growth. Operating costs are
small; electricity costs about 3c an hour If
the unit operates for 16 hours In 24 hours, the,
cost is about 48c per day. (Cirbnell-East Cen-
tral)
250
-------
1464-A11, B5
FRACTIONATION OF A CHICK
GROWTH DEPRESSING FACTOR
FROM RYE
Department of Animal Science
Washington State University
Pullman
R. Fernandez, E. Lucas, and J. McGinnis
Poultry Science. Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2252-2253.
November 1973. 5 Ub, 16 ret.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Diets, 'Growth rites,
•Farm wastes. Ethers, Swine, Feeds, Perform-
ance, Water
Identifiers: Fractionatlon, 'Growth depressing
factor, 'Rye. Acetone. Extract
Four experiments were conducted to study the
nature of chick growth depressing factor or
factors present in rye. Chicks were fed acetone
extracted rye. Day-old chicks were used in all
experiments. Results obtained In Experiment 1
showed clearly that the acetone extraction of rye
did not remove the chick growth depressing
factor present in rye. The results of Experi-
ments 2. 3, and 4 consistently Indicated that
the fraction of rye that contains most of Its
chick growth depressing properties and also
contains the factor causing sticky droppings as-
sociated with feeding rye to young birds can
be removed by a simple water extraction. Ex-
periment 2 gave a clear indication that feces
stickiness by itself was not deleterious to chick
growth and that this effect was caused by a
factor that was different from the one that
causes growth depression. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
1465-F4, F6
NATIONAL ANIMAL FEEDLOT
WASTES RESEARCH PROGRAM
Environmental Protection Agency
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma
L. H. Shuyler
Environmental Protection Agency Report, EPA-
R2-73-157, February 1973.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Animals, 'Wastes. Wa-
ter quality control. Pollution abatement. Plan-
ning
Identifiers: 'National research program, 'Animal
feedlot waste*. Agricultural waste water
The status of the National Animal Feedlot
Wastes Research Program Is presented. Cur-
rent research projects and future program de-
velopment are discussed. Research and Investi-
gations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness
of potential treatment and control measures.
Examples of such projects are presented. Dem-
onstrations and educational activities will be
required to provide widespread acceptance of
new concepts. The future plans of the program
are presented on a PERT diagram. The time
frame for the PERT diagram is dependent on
funding and may be adjusted slightly in the
future.
1466-A1, A9, E3
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
Agricultural Engineering Department
Ohio State University
Columbus
E. P. Taiganides
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 51. No. 6, p. 358-
359, June, 1970.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Water pollution
sources. Effects. Irrigation effects. Insecticides,
Nitrates
Agricultural wastes contribute fifty percent of
the sediment load in rivers In the United States.
Animal wastes, crop residues, in addition to
insecticides, fertilizers, waste waters from agro-
chemical processing plants make up these pol-
luting agricultural wastes. The author contends
that 'recycling these wastes Into the production
system' if the only effective way to manage
these wastes. (Holmes Rutgers)
1467-A9, A10, C3
CONTROL OF LARVAE OF THE
HOUSEFLY AND THE HORN FLY
IN MANURE OF INSECTICIDE-FED
CATTLE
Entomology Research Division
Agricultural Research Service
USDA, Kerrville, Texas
R. O Drummond. T. M. Whetstone, and S. E.
Ernst
Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol 60, No
5. p. 1506-1308. October. 1967. 2 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Insecticides. 'Cat-
tle, 'Control. 'Larvae, Sampling
Identifiers: 'Flies
Short term feeding experiments were conducted
to see if certain insecticides fed to cattle could
be effective in controlling the common house
fly Musica Domestica L. and the horn fly
Hematobla Irritans L. Fly larva was Implanted
In the manure of Insecticide-fed cattle, and
the number of adults that emerged were cal-
culated In determining the effects of the treat-
ments. Mg per kg per day of insecticide ef-
fective against house fly larvae were- 50 of
Bay 37342, 10.0 of bromophos and SD-8447. Mg
per kg per day of insecticide effective against
horn fly larvae were: 0.5 of Bay 37341, 10 of
Bay 37340, 10.0 of bromophos. 2.5 5.0 of famphur.
0.5-1.0 of fenthion, 1.5 of Imidan. 10.0 ot Shell
SD-8447. and 2,5 of Stauffer H 3828. Perhaps In
the future insecticides can be combined with
a polymer to prevent them from being absorbed
in the gastro-intestinal tract and feed incor-
poration of insecticides can become a common
method of fly control. (Russell-East Central)
1468-C1, Dl, D2, E3, Fl
DEHYDRATION OF ANIMAL WASTES
FROM LIVESTOCK MARKETS
Columbia ARS Research Station
North Central Region
H. F. Mayes, and T. F. Webb
Agricultural Research Service Report, ARS-
NC-», 6 p., December. 1973, 3 fig. 1 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dehydration, 'Farm wastes
Waste treatment, 'Recycling, Livestock. Odor.
Dusu. Waste disposal. Moisture content. Dry-
Ing, Fertilizers, Costs
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes
Dehydration is a usable method of disposing
of large quantities of cattle manure and bed-
ding on livestock markets. The four plants cov-
ered In this study used converted alfalfa
dehydrators as rotary dryers. All of the rotary
drums contained internal flighting, which was
an integral part of the outer wall of the drum.
Materials processed through dehydrators consis-
ted of cattle manure and bedding. The heat for
drying was supplied by natural gas which
was burned either in one large nozzle or from
several small nozzles. All of the dehydrators
studied had a relatively large electrical power
demand. Material taken from the conveyor
ranged from 37.7 to 64.5 percent. Extremely
important is the moisture content of the dried
5!?« i?Veaving "" rotary drum- Uld " ta
difficult to control. Operating problems are dis-
cussed in detail. The operating cost of a
dehydrating plant consist of labor, fuel, elec-
tricity, repairs, and miscellaneous costs The
total operating cost for producing a pound of
dried product ranged from 1.6 to 2.2 cents De-
hydrating plants sell the dried product as a spec-
ialty fertilizer. (Cartmell-East Central)
1469-A7, All, Bl, C3
COLIFORM BACTERIA IN CHICKEN
BROILER HOUSE DUST AND THEIR
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO COLI-
SEPTICEMIA
Western College of Veterinary Medicine
Saskatchewan University
Saskatoon, Canada
H. C. Carlson, and G. R Whenham
Avian Diseases. Vol. 12. p. 297-302. 1968. 1 flg.
u rcf.
Descriptors: 'Conforms. 'Bacteria. 'Poultry.
•Dusts, Stress. Mortality. Humidity, Filters
Identifiers: 'Chickens, 'Broiler house, 'Coll- sep-
ticemia, 'Air sampling
This project was initiated to determine any
relationship between increasing levels of vis-
ible dust in the broiler houses, any Increase
In total bacteria and coliform counts, and the
coli-septicemla condition which appeared in the
flocks. Six broiler houses were selected for the
air sampling and humidity studies Four of
these were large dirt-floor houses holding ap-
proximately 11,000 birds each, while two were
small houses with concrete floors capable of
holding 5,500 birds. The conform count began
at 0 and then rose steeply, reaching a maximum
of approximately 33 organisms per cubic foot
of air between 2V, and 3 weeks. The level then
dropped sharply to 8 organisms per cubic foot
at approximately 6 weeks, when It again began
to rise, reaching 30 organisms per cubic foot
at nine weeks. The total count began at 0 and
rose until about 6 weeks, at which point there
was an average of 360,000 organisms per cubic
foot. Then it dropped and leveled off at 9 weeks
at approximately 200,000 organisms. Various fac-
tors (such as vaccination, chilling, overheating.
crowding, deficient ventilation, rapid growth,
change of feed, and inclement weather) have
been suggested as stress factors which could
complicate an E. coli infection. (Cartmell-East
Central)
1470-B1, El, F4
SWINE HANDBOOK HOUSING AND
EQUIPMENT
Midwest Plan Service, Swine Housing Subcom-
mittee
Midwest Plan Service. Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, 1972. 84 p. 130 fig.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Equipment, Buildings, Ven-
tilation, Waste disposal. Waste treatment. Waste
storage. Materials. Feed lots. Confinement pens
Identifiers: Housing, Fencing, Feeding, Fasten-
ers
This handbook summarizes what agricultural
engineering can offer swine producers. It deals
with the design and operation of the buildings
and equipment necessary for a profitable swine
business. The following are discussed in de-
tail: production alternatives; building selection;
ventilation; waste disposal; fencing; handling
equipment; feeding, materials; and fasteners.
Construction diagrams are included. (Cartmell-
East Central)
1471-A9, A10, Bl, D2
CONTROL OF FLD3S AROUND
FEEDLOTS
Texas Area Extension Entomologist
B. C. Clymer
Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural Ex-
tension Service. College Station. Great Plains
Feeding Handbook. L-1100. p. 7802.1-7802.2,
March, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Lar-
viddes, 'Chemcontrol, 'Insecticides, Drainage,
Sprinkling
Identifiers: 'Flies, 'Fly control. 'Waste man-
agement
Control of common houseflies around feedlots
presents feeders quite a problem. Effective
housefly control requires proper animal waste
management and good feedlot sanitation. Feed-
lots should be designed to allow proper drain-
age areas and prevent areas of waste accu-
mulation. The best means of control is preven-
tion of fly breeding areas. Pen drainage should
be such that "wet spots" are avoided. Manure
and spilled feed should be removed from fly
breeding areas. Chemical control should be used
in conjunction with proper waste management
techniques and not as the sole means of con-
trol, Larvlcides should be applied to areas of
intense larval development, whereas residual
251
-------
and ipace iprayi should be used to control
adult files. If sprinkling Is used to relieve cat-
tle heat stress or to control dust, efforts should
be made to make sure sprinkler heads do not
leak. The control and prevention of files Is
not an easy problem to overcome, but food
management of pen areas and of waste con-
trol go a long way toward alleviating the prob-
lem. ((Riusell-Eut Central)
1472-A11, B5
INFLUENCE OF LEVEL OF
DEHYDRATED COASTAL
BERMUDAGRASS OR RICE. STRAW
ON DIGESTIBILITY
Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station
Crowley
T. W. White, F. G. Hembry, and W. L. Rey-
nolds
Journal of Animal Science, Vol 38, No 4, p
844-849. April, 1974. 1 fig, 4 tab, 17 ref.'
Descriptors: 'Bermudagrass, Cattle, Energy,
Feeds, Farm wastes. Drying. Sampling, Chemi-
cal analysis
Identifiers: 'Dehydrated coastal bermudagrass.
•Rice straw, 'Digestibility. Roughage
Digestion trials were conducted on steers with
rations that contained various levels of dehy-
drated Coastal bermudagrass or rice straw.
The objective of these studies was to determine
tfte influence of roughage level on total ration
digestibility. The rations contained 0, 20, 40, 60,
80, or 100% bermudagass in trial 1 and rice
straw pellets In trial 2. As the level of Coastal
bermudagrass increased there was a linear de-
crease in energy, dry matter, organic matter,
ri^.gen"^ "tract, and ether extract diges-
tibility. With increase in rice straw, a linear
J; .?K.??atic - d'«ea« was observed in the
digestibility of all nutrients except crude fiber
and ether extract. As the rice straw level In-
creased, crude fiber digestibility Increased with
linear, quadratic and cubic effects significant,
Ether extract digestibility was not influenced by
level of rice straw. The type of roughage did
not appear to influence energy digestibility at
the 20% level but as the level increased the
decrease In digestibility was more rapid for
rice straw. (Cartmell-East Central)
1473-A11, C2, E3
DIGESTIBILITY OF FEEDLOT
WASTE
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station
R. R. Johnson
Animal Science Research, p. 62-65, 1972. 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Recy-
cling, 'Feeds, Cattle, Sheep, Ruminants. Pro-
teins, Organic matter, Oklahoma
Identifiers: •Digestibility, Dry matter. Nutritive
value
An experiment was Initiated to Investigate the
nutritive value of feedlot wastes as a compon-
ent of rations for ruminant animals. Three sam-
ples of feedlot wastes were obtained from ty-
pical feedlot operations. The first was a sample
from the mound of material, the second from
feedlot waste from a growing lot and the third
from a finishing lot. The feedlot wastes utilized
in these experiments were extremely high in
ash content varying from 35 to 43.5 percent. The
crude protein content varied from 15-1S percent.
Digestibility of the dry matter varied from
35 to 59 percent and the organic matter, from
42 to 56 percent. The digestible protein content
of the feedlot wastes was quite Ugh. Further
analyses are being made on these rations and
the feces from the animals in the digestion
trial to determine the true digestibility of the
energy In the ration to confirm the results
given. (Cartmell-East Central)
1474-C1, C2, D!3
DOUGLAS FIR BARK AS A
TRICKLING FILTER MEDIUM FOR
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
M. G. Cropsey, and P. U, Weswlg
Technical Bulletin 124, Oregon State University
Agricultural Experiment Station, February, 1973.
11 p.. 9 tab.. 9 ret.
Descriptors: 'Douglas fir trees, 'Bark, Trick-
ling filters, Farm wastes. Waste disposal. Bio-
logical oxygen demand. Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Turbidity
Identifiers: "Animal waste disposal systems.
Total solids
Douglas-fir bark, 3/4 Inch and 1V4 inch In size,
was tested in recirculatlng trickling filter 1, 2,
and 3 feet In depth, hydraullcally loaded at 2.27,
4.54, and 9.08 gallons per minute per square
foot (gpm/sq.ft.) with 2 and 4 percent poultry
manure slurry at 70'F. Preliminary tests In-
dicated the necessity of allowing the heavier
waste particles to settle by gravity. Samples
collected at the beginning and at intervals dur-
ing the run indicated that the reduction of
biological oxygen demand (BOD) followed close
to the formula BODt=BOD010-ltt. Also, as the
depth of filter and the rate through the filter
increased, the rate of removal of total solids in-
creased. However, the rate of flow through the
filter had little effect upon nitrogen removal.
as this was influenced by the length of time
circulated and the depth of the filler bed. BOD
and the total solids concentrations lowered at
a faster rate when the larger bark was used.
There was no Indication that the bark increased
In either nitrogen or phosphorous during the
tests. The turbidity on an average Improved
from 75 to 4.3 JTU (Jackson turbidity units)
for the 2 percent concentrations and from 157
to 16,4 JTU for the 4 percent concentrations
In 23 hours. (Cropsey and Weswig-Oregon State
University)
Descriptors: Water pollution control. 'Air pot-
lution, Odor. Pollutants. Livestock. Poultry. COB.
finement pens. Regulation. Iowa. Permlu
Waste disposal, Agricultural runoff rer™««.
Identifier!: 'Iowa Water Pollution Control Com
mission. Confinement feeding «"»r»i u«n.
low* hu eaUblUhed K-paratc agencies to d»»i
with air and water pollution. Tbelowa iJS
Pollution Control Commission has anttorit, *£
regulate au- pollutants. Including odorous *£.
stances. Its activities are pmenUy^ooceaS?"
ed on establishing and enforcing ligulaUonT to
control air pollutants felt to have public health
taplications. The Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission was established to prevent. ^
and control water pollution throughout the
of Iowa. Increased attention Is now beln*
toward control of pollution caused by Uv
and poultry operations. Copies of the eMn.
Iowa Water Pollution Control CommlssioncjiSi
feedlot regulation, and Uw proposed regulation^
for other animal feeding operations are atta**:
ed. The regulations are divided Into two mah.
type, of operations, open feedlot and confina.
ment feeding operations. These are defined
" ta deuu for both-
1477-A6,B2,B3,C2,D3,E2,E3,
Fl
AGRICULTURE WASTE UTILIZATION
VERSUS DISPOSAL
Management Consultant
DEKALB AgResearch, Inc.
DeKalb.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. 'Farm wasto
•Agriculture. Livestock. Poultry. Drying. Odor'
Sludge. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Moisture. La!
goons. Feeds. Recycling. Waste treatment kfZ.
thane. Research and development
Identifiers: 'Waste utilization
1475-A2, A4, A7, Bl, F2
POLLUTION CONTROL
REGULATIONS FOR CATTLE
FEEDING STATES
Oklahoma State University
M. Paine, and J. Sweeten
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 12. p. 42-44,
November, 1973. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Air pollution. 'Cattle, 'Runoff,
•Waste water disposal. Feed lots
Identifiers: Feeding
In 1972, Congress passed the Federal Water
Pollution Control Amendments Act which gave
the Environmental Protection Agency new pow-
ers to control discharges from feedlots. Effect-
ive July 5, 1973, feedlots with a capacity of
1,000 head were to be required to apply for a
permit to "discharge" into navigable waters. By
October 18, 1973, EPA was supposed to establish
"effluent limitations" for existing feedlots and
"standards of performance" for new feedlots.
This would mean that no water from the feed-
lot should enter public waters, unless an un-
usually large storm causes runoff. EPA's draft
report proposed no discharge of process
waste waters to navigable water bodies by
July, 1977, except for precipitation events in
excess of the 10-year, 24-hour storm. By 19(2,
no discharge would be required except for pre-
cipitation events in excess of the 29-year. 24-
hour rainfall. All new feedlots would be re-
quired to contain the 24-year, 24-hour rainfall.
(Drewry-East Central)
1476-A4, A6~, A7, A12. F2
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COMMISSION
Iowa State Department of Health
Des Moines
U. Agena
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission. 1971.
13 p. 5 tab.
The problem of agricultural waste disposal I.
a four point problem of: bird and anlmaTeon
centratlon; changes in management system*-
urban society moving to the source of produc
lion; and an awareness of aociety'i right to
clean air and water. Most people feel that
keeping manure dry Is the only method thai
should be used for maintaining odor control
This may be done by transferring molatUK
away from the manure particle by air move.
ment and /or heat. If composting would take
place within the building, the water from th-
fresh manure could be utilized for the aerobic
bacteria. Handling manure wet. or by the
hydraulic method is the easiest and simplest
way of getting it out of the house. The prob.
lem Is the anaerobic or septic odors In th»
lagoon or on spreading of the sludge on th*
land. A plastic bubble might be put over the
lagoon to collect the methane gas for the open
Uon of the electric generation equipment for
the farm. The true value of all the manure
produced by laying hens in the United State*
based on 8 cents/pound of N. 6 cents P and
6 cents K, Is $40,000,000/year. besides the value
of trace elements and humus. Livestock waste*
could be pasteurized and processed so they
could be a source of feed nutrient*. Michigan
State has indicated in a preliminary report
that It appears that processed poultry nutrients
are about equal to corn in value with no real-
due of either pathogens or chemical* (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System) '
1478-A6,B2,D2,D3,E2,E3
FARMS ARE NOT OUT IN THE
COUNTRY ANY MORE
Communications Center
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
C. J, Teller
Compost Science, Vol. 11, No. l, p. 8-9. Januarr.
February. 1970, 1 flj. ^*
Descriptori: 'Waste disposal. 'Livestock.
•Farms, 'Farm wastes, RecycUn*. Aeration!
New Jersey, Research and development. Dairy
Industry. Hog>. Odor *
Identifiers: 'Suburban areas. Land dlspoaal
Composting. Soil conditioner. Plowing t~~*-
252
-------
Dairy farms In New Jersey adjoin industrial
parks and only the width of • highway separ-
ate* a South Jersey hof farm from a n:w
housing development A series of projects Is
being carried out at the Rutgers College of
Agriculture and Environmental Science concern-
Ing the problems of agricultural solid wastes
In today's suburban society. A special "Animal
Waste Disposal Task Force" was organized
with representative* from 23 local. State, and
Federal public and private agencies and organi-
latlons Interested In animal waste disposal.
Environmental scientist*, engineers, and soil
chemists are studying the feasibility of Incor-
porating manure into the soil. Equipment has
been developed for making • furrow, placing
manure in It. then covering the manure and
opening another furrow all in the same opera-
tion. The feasibility of composting manure has
also been investigated. The first trial is now
under way, utilizing a roto-shredder to aerate
the windrows. It is not expected that compost-
Ing win turn out to be a profit-making venture.
Dairy and hog fanners may have to sail it at
about half what it costs to make It in order
to dispose of manure. The composition of odor*
and flavors I* being studied and a project that
will utilize fungi to convert carbohydrate waste
into protein supplement is being considered.
Walker-Gordon Farm in Plainsboro has been
drying manure, mixing It with cocoa shells
to deodorize it. and selling the mixture as a
soil conditioner. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System)
1479-A8, E2, Fl
CHICKEN MANURE: AN EFFECTIVE,
SAFE RANGELAND FERTILIZER
Compos^Science. Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 14-15. March
April. 1971. 1 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: •Poultry. 'Farm wastes, •Fertiliz-
ers, Costs. California. Forage grasses, Waste
disposal
Identifiers: 'Chicken manure. 'Rangeland
A report entitled "Fertilization of Annual Range-
land with Chicken Manure' is summarized. Four
plots were treated with: (1) no fertilizer; <2>
one ton chicken manure per acre; (3) two
tons; and (4) four tons. The mean yields in ex-
cess of the control plot (1) were (2) 1,422 Ib;
(3) 2.263 Ib; and (4) 3.533 Ib. To spread the
poultry manure on land costs from S3.10 to
$435 per ton. The extra feed has a value of
is'oo; thus a profit can be realized. The forage
produced 1* of a higher quality, and is avail-
able for longer periods. This type of fertili-
zation shows promise in area* close to a source
of supply. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
1480-A8, C2, E2
FATE OF NITRATE FROM MANURE
AND INORGANIC NITROGEN IN A
CLAY SOIL CROPPED TO
CONTINUOUS CORN
Department of Plant and Soil Sdence
Vermont University
jUrMn*Klinble, R. J. Bartless, J. L Mclntosh.
and K, E. Varney
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 1, No. 4.
r 413-415. October-December. 1972. 5 fig, 1 tab,
ref.
Descriptors: •Nitrates, 'Farm wastes. Nitrogen,
Fertilizer. Crops. Leaching, Denitrification,
Sampling. Soil profiles
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Corn. 'Inorganic nitro-
gen. 'Clay soil
Effects of dairy manure and nitrogen fertilizer
were studied on plots that had received in a
factorial arrangement two levels of manure
(0 and M metric tons, per hectare) and two
level* of nitrogen (0 and 224-kg per hnctare)
applied every spring for 6 years. Laboratory
Incubation studies using soil profile samples
•bowed potential denitriflcation to be greater in
soil from the manure treated plots than in plot*
receiving either inorganic nitrogen or no nitro-
gen. The amount decreased with depth to 96
cm, below which energy for anaerobic mlcrobial
activity appeared to be limiting. Laboratory
analysis of profile samples indicated decreasing
nitrate-nltnfen-to-cnlorlde ratios at all depths
from fall to spring, suggesting that denltrttlca-
tion rather than leaching was responsible for a
significant portion of the nitrate loss during
this period. Abrupt decreases in the nitrate-
nitrogen-to-chloride ratios from the surface to
the 45 to 71 cm depth indicated that denitriflca-
tion had taken place and that a nitrate bulge
at 96 to 122 cm probably was caused by djnitri-
cation above that depth. The results indicate
that more nitrate was lost by leaching when
nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate than
when applied as dairy manure, both because
there was more nitrate in the profile and be-
cause it was less susceptible to dtnllrification.
(Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
1481-A8, A12, E2, F4
FERTILIZERS, CROP QUALITY,
AND NUTRIENTS IN WASTES
J. Goldstein
Compost Science, Vol. 14. Nor. 3, p. 9-11. May/
June, 1973.
Descriptors: •Fertilizers. 'Crops. 'Nutrients.
•Farm wastes. Organic waste*. Agriculture.
Waste disposal. Foods. Quality control
Identifiers: 'Crop quality. Composting, Chemi-
cal fertilizers. Health, Soil conditioner
This article describe* a study being conducted
at West Virginia University on what effects
fertilizer applications have on plant composition
and the animals consuming the food. Early
findings raise questions about deficiencies de-
veloping in foods that can cause widespread
human health problems. The American public
is being alerted to the problem by being shown
the direct effect of fertilizer* on the food it is
buying, A survey of the literature is provided
whidi presents varied viewpoints on the use
of dhemical fertilizers.- (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
1482-A6, A10, B4, D3, Fl
INDIANA POULTRYMEN ARE
COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE
Extension Poultrymau
Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana.
J. G. Berry
Compost Science. Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 4-5, Jan-
uary-February, 1971. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes. Costs. In-
diana, Waste treatment. Odor. Waste storage.
Ventilation, Aeration, Waste disposal
Identifiers: 'Composting, 'Manure, Flies. Deep-
pit system
Poultrymen in Indiana have found a method
of composting poultry manure that reduces
labor costs, and virtually eliminates fly and
odor problems. Laying hen* are housed in
cage* or on slats above storage pits in which
the droppings are collected. If the pit is kept
dry, there is no odor at all. One pit, in opera-
tion for 6 years, had a 34-in. deep compost.
which was dry to a depth of It in., and moist
below. This system is generally successful, and
where problems occur, they are not as great
as those resulting from handling manure by
'conventional' methods. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System)
1483-A5, F4
GROUND WATER POLLUTION IN
THE SOUTH CENTRAL STATES
National Ground Water Research Program
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory
Environmental Protection Agency
Ada. Oklahoma
M. R. Scalf. J. W, Keeley. and C. J. LeFevers
environmental Protection Agency report number
EPA-R2-73-2«. June 1973. 1(3 p. 23 fig, 15 tab.
3(7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Ground water, 'Water pollution.
Water resources. Natural pollution. Oil-field
brines. Over-pumping
Identifiers: 'South-Central United States, Arkan-
sas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma. Texas
A study was conducted to determine the ground.
water pollution problems in the states of Ar-
kansas. Louisiana. New Mexico. Oklahoma, and
Texas. Information was obtained through review
of the literature and through interviews with
engineers, scientists, and government official!
concerned with water pollution in the five
states of the project area. Natural salinity was
the greatest factor affecting the quality of
ground water of the region. Disposal of oil-field
brines was the most widespread source of
man-made pollution. Other causes of ground-
water pollution Included poor well construction
and abandonment procedures, over-pumping, ir-
rigation return flows and land disposal of solid
and liquid wastes. (Scalf-R. S. Kerr Environmen-
tal Research Lab.)
1484-C2, E2, Fl
FERTILITY
Crops and Soils Magazine, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 28,
October. 1972. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Fertility. •Fertilizers, 'Waste dis-
posal. Economics, Cattle, Waste storage. Agri-
culture, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
Identifiers: 'Manure, Chemical fertilizers.
Spreading
This article discusses manure's cash value as
a fertilizer. One cow will produce about 15
tons of manure per year which contains nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium. If one purchased
this much fertilizer commercially it would
cost about $30. However, when manure is spread
in the open almost any time of the year it
will lose about a third of its original value.
Spreading the manure in the winter will Increase
the losses. The main losses come from spread-
ing, not storing, so it is best to plow the manure
down as soon as possible after spreading. There-
fore, the best method to use would be to store
the manure all year and spread it Just before
fall plowing. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
1485-B2, B3, Dl, D3
TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURAL
WASTES
E. R. E. Briscoe
Effluent Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 9, No.
t. p. 439-446, August, 1969. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Farm wastes,
•Livestock, Slurries, Lagoons, Oxidation La-
goons, Aeration, Drying, Food processing in-
dustry. Irrigation, Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Great Britain
Waste* from livestock farming and from veget-
able washing and packaging are of Immediate
concern because of the nature of the latter
polluting material and the large volume of
liquid used in the process. The four general
methods of dealing with the excreta from live-
stock in Great Britain are: dry-handling, semi-
dry handling, semi-liquid handling, and liquid
manure irrigation. It has been demonstrated
by practical experiment that comparatively sim-
ple forms of extended aeration systems are
capable of dealing with the slurries from calves,
pigs, and hens. Other experiments have -in-
volved a combination of lagoon with oxidation
ditch below slatted floors of a pig house, an
aeration system using large bubbles, poultry
manure drying, and a portable oxidation ditch.
The waste from vegetable washing and pack-
Ing is largely seasonal and varies considerably
in strength. The practice of passing this type
af waste through settlement U no longer pro-
viding a satisfactory solution. From research
work, it would appear that pre-screening down
to 52 or even 100 mesh is worthwhile in the case
of all. root crops. Biological treatment could
take the form of extended aeration, or high-
rate filtration units using plastics medium with
re-circulation, in each case possibly followed
by lagoons. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
253
-------
J.486-A5, Bl, C2
REDUCING FEEDLOT NITRATES
IN YOUR GROUND WATER
J. R. Watson
Crops and Soils. Vol. 24. No. 3. p. 17-18. Decem-
ber. 1971. 4 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates. "Feed lots, 'GroJndwaler
pollution, Soil profiles,, Nebraska, Leaching,
Sampling
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Agri-
cultural Research Service and Soil and Water
Conservation scientists, and the Department of
Agronomy at the University of Nebraska have
been studying the movements of nitrates and
other solubles In soil profiles under beef cattle
fecdlots. In general, oxygen and nitrogen con-
centrations are considerably depleted, while car-
bon dioxide and methane are plentiful. The am-
monium-nitrogen and total nitrogen concentra-
tions are higher near the surface, although there
were no nitrates found. To guard against the
possibility of nitrate leaching, however, the fol-
lowing procedures are recommended to all cattle
farmers: avoid frequent and excessive scraping
of the feedlot surface, and leave the surface
soil relatively undisturbed when removing ma-
nure from the feedlot. On-lot decomposition Is
encouraged. In this way. leaching of the soil
will be minimized as will its oxygen concin-
trations. Low oxygen concentrations are desir-
able since oxygen interferes with the reducing
environment in which nitrates are converted to
harmless nitrogen gas. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
1487-A5,A6,A8,A10,D3,E1,E2
E3
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
POULTRY MANURE REDUCES
POLLUTION
Harni Road
Baroda, India
J, D. Patel, and R. B. Pate]
Compost Science. Vol. 12. No. 5. p. 18-20. Sept.-
Oct., 1971. 2 fig.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment, 'Farm wastes,
•Poultry, 'Biological treatment, 'Aerobic condi-
tions. Anaerobic conditions, Gases, Fuels, Ef-
fluent, Fertilizers, Odor, Flies, Reclamation.
Identifiers: 'Manure, "Pollution, India, Digester,
Malaria, Pollution control
Animal and poultry wastes can be converted
either aerobically or anaerobically into valuable
soil amendments, with the former method be-
ing used for wastes with low organic solids.
With the latter method, which is used to treat
poultry manure at Papcock Farms of Baroda-6,
India, the manure is mixed with water, after
which it undergoes a 3-day digestion process
consisting of first liquidation then gasification.
The gaseous end-products are primarily carbon
dioxide and methane, with small quantities of
ammonia,' hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, hydro-
gen and oxygen. Th.se gases are utilized as fuel
to run the Incubator witb a capacity of 4.224
eggs, a small gas engine, the incubator fans,
and in domestic cooking. A low BOD effluent
is also produced, which has no odor and can
be diverted to « municipal sewer, or sold as
farm manure. As a fertilizer, the effluent pro-
vides a stable, well-balanced product, which con-
tains humus nitrogen-giving blue-green algae
are used on the drying effluent to increase
the nitrogen content of the final product, and to
prevent the breeding of the malaria carrier.
Further, the digestion process destroys all fly
larvae and pathogenic organisms, as well as
rendering end-products which do not contribute
to air, ground-water, or soil pollution. The op-
eration of the digester is described in detail.
(Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
1488-A8,B3,C1,D1,D3,E2,E3
NEW USES FOR POULTRY
MANURE? n T,
Compost Science, Vol. 11. No. 4, p. 19. July-
August, 1970.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling.
Feeds, Fertilizers, Ventilation, Drying. Organic
wastes
Identifiers: 'Great Britain. Composting. Soil con-
ditioners
In Great Britain, poultry droppings are being
fed to sheep and beef cattle In diets containing
12V4 and 25 percent dried manure, while derelict,
abandoned lands around coal fields are being
reclaimed and restored through manure appli-
cation. New developments In poultry house ven-
tilation and management are drying poultry
manure as well as the litter so that the total
moisture content of the product Is less than
30 percent to 20 percent by weight. This dry-
Ing in the house encourages the action of
aerobic bacteria and composting to take place:
Dry manure Is being sold In bulk to mix with
other organics to improve a mix of bagged
organic fertilizer. Most Pennsylvania poultry-
men still use poultry manure as a soil condi-
tioner along with lesser amounts of commercial
fertilizer on farm crops. Poultry manure dried
in the poultry house shortly after it Is produced
has the highest fertilizer value that any poultry
manure can have. Dry poultry manure causes
fewer farm problems with files, odor, gas
and spreading than wet or liquid manure. Using
the manure as feed, there are obvious dangers
of transferring diseases from poultry to other
livestock. Also, the animals would have to be
given time for the microflora of the rumen
to adjust to the new diet. Researchers at a
center of the National Agricultural Advisory
Service at Llanishen. Cardiff, began with glass-
house experiments, mixing Italian rye grass
with battery hen slurry and applying It to Up
material on a tray. Germination was poor ini-
tially. But when broiler litter was tested in the
same way, germination was as good as with
conventional fertilizer. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
1489-D3, E3
MANURE POWER — AN
OVERLOOKED ENERGY SOURCE
D. A. Barter
Pennsylvania Township News. p. 28-30, October.
1973. 3 Dg.
Descriptors: 'Energy, 'Farm wastes, 'Methane,
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling,
Cattle, Poultry, Water, Sewage bacteria. Or-
nanic wastes, Pennsylvania, Vermont
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Anaerobic digester, Ignit-
able gas, India, South Africa
The Environmental Improvement Committee for
Pennsylvania Agricultural Progress Days (held
August 28-30 In Hershey) built an experimental,
anaerobic digestor to demonstrate the process
of converting animal manure to methane gas.
They started with 30-, 40-, and 50-gallon steel
drums, some angle Irons, a few gas pipe fix-
tures, a gas light element, an electric heating
element, some chicken manure, and began to
assemble a generator. After research and ex-
perimentation, they found that the gas produced
by their slurry was about 72% methane. 189e
carbon dioxide, and 10% other gases. A "log"
record Indicated an average daily production of
about 2.5 cubic feet, of gas throughout the
six-week period needed for complete digestion
of the organic wastes. Experimental data show-
ed 10 cubic feet of methane could be generated
from two to three pounds of dry animal waste.
(Ballard-East Central)
1490-B1, F6
A MATHETICAL SIMULATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN
SWINE BUILDINGS
L, D. Good
M S. Thesis, Purdue University, Department
of Agricultural Engineering, 1S71. 58 p. 2 Of.
9 tab, 15 ref. 5 appendices
Descriptors: 'Environmental control, 'Swine,
•Buildings. •Mathematical models. Mathematical
studies. Confinement pens, Computer models.
Computers, Temperature, Humidity, Heat, Ven-
tilation, Weather, Input-output, Analysis
Identifiers: 'Mathematical simulation. Experi-
mental data
The objective of this project was the develop.
ment of a mathematical model and computer
program to facilitate the simulation of to* en-
vironment In confined swine buildings. An ad-
ditional objective was the design of input and
output forms and formats to make the model
accessible to interested persons. On the basia
of outside temperature and relative humidity
the building, ventilation control and habitation
the mathematical model which has been devel-
oped will predict the Inside temperature, rela-
tive humidity, the occurrence of condensation
on walls, weight gained by the livestock and
the amount of energy utilized for ventilation
and heating. Input and output forms were de-
signed to facilitate the use of this model by
persons not necessarily familiar with or hav-
ing access to computer facilities. The Input
forms allow the model to be flexible wMle the
output attempts to present the results in a aim-
pie concise form for use by non-technical people.
(Cartmell-Easl Central)
1491-B1, Dl, D2, D3, E3
METHANE RECOVERY FROM
CHICKEN MANURE DIGESTION
C. W. Savery and D. C. Cnnan
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol
44. No. 12, p. 2349 2354. December. 1972. J fig!
« rel.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Poultry. 'Farm wastes
•Digestion, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal.
•Recycling, Anaerobic conditions. Aerobic con-
ditions, Drying, Incineration. Thennophilic bac-
teria. Energy
Identifiers: 'Manure, Total energy system
To provide preliminary design data (or a farm
total energy system fueled by methane produced
by bacteria, an experimental anaerobic digester
was built and dally (as production rates and
compositions were determined for loadings of
fresh, chicken manure. Fresh chicken munre
was digested In an experimental 35-1 capacity
anaerobic digester. Batch reactor operation la the
thermopniUc bacteria range at M*C produced
130 1 of gas (69 percent methine)/kg of wet
manure reacted. Attempts to operate the ana-
erobic digester at 51'C In a continuous Cow
well-stirred mode with hydraulic retention times
of 4, 5, and 6.7 days resulted In retarded digest-
er operation. Anaerobic processing In conjunc-
tion with aerobic digestion, drying, or incinera-
tion offers promise of economic waste treat-
ment of chicken manure, particularly If Incor-
porated with a farm total energy system fueled
with the recovered methane. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
1492-A11; Cl, C3, D3
BROILER LITTER SILAGE FOR
FATTENING BEEF ANIMALS
Department of Poultry Science
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
C. R. Creger. F. A. Gardner, and F. M. Fair
Feedstuff!. Vol. 45, p. 25, January 15, 1973. 4
tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. 'Feeds, Cattle.
Poultry, Recycling. Pathogenic bacteria, Fer-
mentation
Identifiers: 'Broiler litter silage. Drugs, Trace
minerals. Fattening
Broiler Utter on pine shavings was ensiled at
35-38 percent moisture content In an airtight
silo for six weeks then fed with a 12 per
cent protein mix ad libitum to heifers for 120
days. The calves gained 2.54 Ib per head per
day. No drug carryover of any consequence
occurred. Pathogens were eliminated by the
heat of ensilage, A taste panel expressed tome
preference for steaks from control cattle but
found the litter-fed beef highly acceptable
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells — Texas Tech
University)
254
-------
1493-A11
TtfEADOW FORAGE QUALITY,
INTAKE, AND MILK PRODUCTION
OF COWS
Department of Animal Science
Colorado State University
C. L. Streeter. et. al.
Journal of Range Management. Vol. 27, No. 2,
March 1974. p. 133-135. 1 fig, 3 tab. IS ret.
Descriptors: 'Forage grasses, •Cattle, 'Nutrients,
Sampling, Nitrogen. Diets, Colorido
Identifiers: 'Meadows, 'Milk production. In vi-
tro digestibility. Dry matter. Animal wastes,
Bluegrass, Chromic oxide
This study was conducted to determine seasonal
changes in nutritive value of forage consumed
and the amount of milk produced by four breed-
ing groups of cows grazing native mountain
meadows. The experimental area was located
6 miles north of Gunnison. Colorado. Nutrient
concentration and digestibility were measured.
Fecal excretion was estimated using chromic
oxide as an external Indicator. Milk production
was measured every 14 days by measuring
calf weights before and after cursing, followed
by weighing milk obtained by machine milking.
Continuously grazed irrigated meadows produced
forage high in nitrogen. There was little or
no decline in dry matter intake as the sjason
progressed. Continuous grazing of the meadow
could eventually reduce the vigor of bluegrass
because of heavy pressure on bluegrass sites.
Conclusions concerning differences among breed-
Ing groups were given but must be regarded
as tentative because of limited numbers. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
1494-B1, Dl, D3
POWER REQUIREMENTS OF A
COMPOST CHANNEL FOR ANIMAL
WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department
Maryland University
j, W. Hummel, W. F. Schwiesow, and G. B.
VVUlson
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17. No. 1, p.
70-73, January-February, 1974. 3 fig., 3 tab. 6 ref.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes. 'Waste treatment.
Anaerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes. 'Composting, Me-
chanical Agitation
Composting of waste materials bas been done
for many years with small amounts of waste
being processed at slow rates under anaerobic
conditions But research has determined that
when sufficient oxygen is available, decom-
position is accomplished faster and with no of-
fensive odor when aerobic bacteria influences
the process. Interest in finding a proper me-
chanical aerobic compostor stimulated this ex-
periment. The experiment channel was construct-
ed out of plywood 37 ft. long and elevated 3
ft An elevating mechanism was designed to
agitate, mix and transport the composting mass
the length of the channel. The channel used
In the experiment appears to be a promising
system for composting agricultural wastes. Ac-
tual power measurement data indicated that
the carriage used is even heavier than neces-
sary The artificial test material used was ade-
quate in establishing the effects of design
change* on the power requirements of the sys-
tem, but actual waste material or test mater-
ials more closely resembling waste materials
are necessary to determine actual power levels.
(Russell-East Central)
1495-A11, Dl, E3
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATING
HEN MANURE INTO THE DIET OF
YOUNG CHICKS
Department of Poultry Science
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station
Gainesville
D H. Sloan, and R. H. Harms
Poultry Science, Vol. 52. No. 2. p. 803805.
Man* 1973. 3 tab, 4 let.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry. Diets.
Feeds, Proteins, Growth rates. Performance,
Waste treatment, Waste disposal
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng. Manure. Chicks. Air-
dried hen manure. Feed efficiency. Growth de-
pression, Uric add. Feed consumption
A study was conducted to determine the ef-
fect of adding air-dried hen manure to a chick
diet. Two experiments were conducted using
720 day-old broiler-type chicks. In the first ex-
periment, protein levels of 16, 20. and 24%
were fed with five levels of hen feces. Ma-
nure was substituted on a pound for pound
basis In the basal diet. Diets used in the sec-
ond experiment contained either 20. 24 or 28%
protein with three levels of manure, and 2
levels of sand. A decrease in growth was ob-
tained with each increase in manure level.
The incorporation of the manure at any level
of protein was detrimental to weight gain. A
decrease in growth and feed efficiency was
obtained by adding either 5 or 10% hen ma-
nure to the feed. The addition of 5% sand did
not influence growth or feed efficiency. When
the. level of sand was increased 10%, a
significant growth depression was obtained when
the diet contained only 20% protein. However,
growth was not depressed at levels of 24 or
287o protein. It would appear that some factor
is present in air-dried hen manure, perhaps
uric add, which masks ths birds ability to
eat and meet its energy requirements, thus
having a depressing effect upon body weight
gain and decreasing feed utilization. (Cartmell-
East Central)
1496-B1, El, E3
MANURE, HOW IT WORKS
Civil Engineering Department
Water Resources Center
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
D. M. Wells, G. A. Whetstone, and R. M, Sweazy
Presented at the American National Cattle-
men's Association—EPA, Action Conference. Den-
ver. Colorado. August 28-29. 1973. 2 tab. 14
ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm waste. * Waste treatment.
•Waste disposal. Recycling, Odor, Economics,
Feed lots. Cattle. Fertilizers. Chemical proper-
ties. Physical properties. Fuels. Methane. Oil.
Gases
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Waste utilization, Refeed-
lng, Gas synthesis. Composition, Land disposal
Due to the large quantities of manure being
produced by modern feedlots. the feeder is
faced with either a huge problem or a huge
potential resource. Manure can be used bene-
ficially in a number of ways, but it has a
negative value in virtually all the methods of
utilization currently in widespread use. Manure
Is composed of a variety of compounds, and the
sum product of the breakdown of these com-
pounds is usually on odorous process. However,
research is being conducted to find ways to
control and decrease the negative qualities of
manure. One of the most promising projects
currently underway is the synthesis gas proj-
ect. Other valuable projects are experimenting
with direct refeeding of wastes. Other tech-
niques have been devised for disposing of ma-
nure cheaply, and these processes will prob-
ably gain more attention until more sophisti-
cated systems come into widespread use. (Rus-
sell-East Central)
1497-A8, Bl, E2
MANURE GOOD 'PINCH HITTER*
FOR COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER
Feedlot Management. Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 26, April.
1S74
Descriptors: "Fertilizers. 'Phosphorus, 'Potas-
sium. 'Nitrogen. 'Saline soils, 'Farm wastes.
•Waste disposal. Livestock. Feed lots
Identifiers'. 'Manure, 'Land application. Loading
rates
Because of rising fertilizer costs, more and
more interest is being generated for using ma-
nure from livestock feeding operations as a
plant nutrient source. Tests were conducted
using manure as a fertilizer source and it was
found that 10 to 15 tons per acre Is enough
for most crops and anything over 20 tons
would not be beneficial, The main drawbacks
of using manure as fertilizer are the high
costs of hauling and applying the waste, the
possibility of introducing noxious plants to un-
contaminaled fields, the buildup of salt in the
soil, and the buildup of phosphorus in the soil.
Long term effects are hard to evaluate, but
at the present with moderate application rates
no problems are forseen. Above all, research
has indicated that with proper application and
management of wastes, excellent crop growth
can be achieved. (Russell-East Central)
1498-A2,A4,B4,D1,E2,F1,F2
MENACING RUNOFF CONTROLLED
WITH LAGOON SYSTEM
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 5, p. 13-14,
May, 1973
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Water pollu-
tion control, 'Lagoons, 'Waste storage, 'Waste
disposal. Farm wastes. Fertilizers, Feed lots,
Dikes, Settling basins. Regulation, South Da-
kota
Identifiers: Land disposal. Screening
Runoff from commercial feedlot operations, such
as that of the Thormodsgaards in South Dako
ta, creates many environmental hazards. To deal
with these hazards the government has passed
stringent anti-pollution regulations. To meet
these regulations the Thormodsgaards had to
take effective control measures to correct their
problem. The American Soil Conservation Ser-
vice (ASCS) aided them in developing an op-
eration which would meet these regulations.
Dikes were erected which would prevent field
water from running through the feedlots and
the water directly from the lots was divartfd
to a settling basin. It was then passed through
a screen into a retention pond. When the re-
tention pond became too full, the water was
pumped onto adjoining land. Each summer
the settled wastes were removed and spread
on land as fertilizer. The Thormodsgaards feel
that the wastes are not a replacement but a
supplement to their fertilizer program. Total
cost of the operation is about $6,500 with ASCS
paying 80% of the cost. With this type of
pollution control it is hoped that feedlots will
decrease their amount of pollutant dischargJ
into streams and rivers. (Russell-East Central)
1499-A4, Bl, E2, F2
ECONOMIC COSTS OF WATER
QUALITY PROTECTION ON DAIRY
FARMS
Department of Agricultural and Food Economics
Massachusetts University
M. Ashraf, and R. L. Christensen
Paper presented at Joint Regional Mejting of
The Northeast Division of ADSA and tire North-
east Section of ASAS. Kingston, Rhode Island,
July 15-17, 1973, 18 P. 1 fig, 9 tab. 5 ref.
Descriptors: "Costs, 'Economics, 'Dairy indus-
try, Waste storage, Waste disposal. Water pol-
lution, Nutrients, Water quality control. Labor,
Cattle
Identifiers: 'Water quality protection. Stacking,
Land spreading. Stanchion dairy operation. Free-
stall dairy operation
Nutrient pollution of surface waters from ani-
mal sources is a major public concern. Al-
ternative systems of manure disposal (such as
liquid storage or stacking) could be utilized to
minimize the pollution effect. Such changes
result in investment costs of three to five
times higher than daily spreading systems.
Smaller farms with a lot of pasture land ex-
perience a smaller impact on farm income as
compared with larger free stall farms where
pollution control systems are used. The selec-
tion of a particular system Is directed by such
255
-------
factors as: slope of farm land, soil type,
amount of rainfall, and the present level of
water pollution. The choice of a system Is also
dependent upon Imposed regulations. One: pollu-
tion regulations are imposed on a given farm.
It is then possible to specify a system which
would conform to these regulations and have
minimum Income impact. (Russell-East Central)
1500-A6
ODOR MEASUREMENT FOR
LIVESTOCK FEEDING OPERATIONS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service
Texas A&M University
College Station
J. M. Sweeten. D. L. Reddell. and H. B. H.
Cooper
Presented at Specialty Conference on Control
Technology for Agricultural Air Pollutants. Air
Pollution Control Association—Southern Rzg.on.
Memphis, Tennessee, March 1&-1S, 1974 25 p
1 fig, 8 tab. 25 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Confinement pens, 'Farm
wastes. Livestock, Air pollution. Hogs
Identifiers: 'Odor control, 'Odor measurement,
Scentometer. Intensity, Organoleptic tests. Vapor
dilution, Liquid dilution. Matching standards
tests
Odors are easy to detect, but hard to solve in
livestock feeding operations. The key to odor
control is odor measurement. This report con-
tains reviews of techniques used in odor detec-
?? K. measurement. The methods presented
which measure odor intensity include static and
dynamic vapor dilution, liquid dilution, and
matching standards tests. Results of experiments
measuring odor intensities at cattle feedlots are
presented. Also case studies involving scento-
meter readings are presented for a liquid ma-
nure system for swine, an open lot swine ope-
f £?!i. *Sr a confinement cattle feeding facili-
ty, with these case studies are conclusions and
suggestions concerning effective odor abatement.
Many areas of research concerning odor which
need to be studied are also reviewed, (Russell-
East Central)
1501-A2, Bl, B4, E2, Fl
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF APPLYING
SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL
MEASURES ON MICHIGAN DAIRY
FARMS
D. L. Good, C. R. Hoglund. L. J. Connor and
J. B. Johnson
Michigan State University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station Research Report 229, November,
1973, 12 p. 12 tab. 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Dairy Industry, 'Mich-
igan, 'Agricultural runoff. Waste storage. Waste
disposal. Labor, Dikes, Feed lots. Costs, Invest-
ment
Identifiers: Pollution control. Subsurface dis-
posal. Soil Injection, Stanchion housing, Open
lot housing, Cold covered bousing. Warm en-
closed housing
The economic impact of three selected control
measures was analyzed. The control measures
were: (1) mandatory control of surface runoff
from the production site; (2) prohibition of win-
ter spreading of dairy wastes; and (3) manda-
tory subsurface disposal of dairy wastes. The
net effect of the labor required for the entire
year for application of these pollution control
measures would be the reduction of the total
annual hours of labor needed for the adjusted
systems. Results from using facilities to control
surface runoff indicate that production costs
would be elevated. Also compliance with the
no winter spreading and subsurface disposal of
wastes would again elevate production costs.
The effect of complying with all three pollution
control measures would increase costs by twenty-
eight dollars per cow on the 40-cow dairy farm,
but would be less severe on larger operations,
(Russell-East Central)
1502-A6,A11,B3,C1,C2,E3
TURKEY ANAPHAGE
Department of Animal Science
Michigan State University
East Lansing
H. C. Zindel
Poultry Digest. Vol. 33. No. 384, p. 73, 76. 1 fig.
3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Waste treatment.
Chemical analysis. Performance. Phosphorus,
Protein, Nitrogen. Bacteria, Calcium, Sawdust
Identifiers: 'Turkey anaphage, 'Poultry ana-
phage, 'Dried "fcout try waste, Poultry litter. Ma-
nure
Turkey anaphage Is defined as a product com-
posed of turkey excreta that has been dehy-
drated to reach a moisture content of 10% or
less. The dehydration is also designed to djitroy
any pathogenic bacteria. Poultry anaphage was
fed at levels of 0. 5. 10, and 30% of the ration
to commercial grade large white turkeys, from
9 to 17 weeks of age. The poultry anaphage
used was as follows: calcium, 6.3% phosphorus,
2.6%;- crude fiber. 15.6%; ether extract. 3.4%;
moisture. 6.7%; crude protein. 19.5%; non-
protein nitrogen, 1.5%; true protein, 10.3%. Body
weight gain for the 9 to 17 week age period
was not significantly affected by feeding poul-
try anaphage to these growing turkeys. Research
has also Indicated that dryed layer hen manure
has a practical application as litter for brood-
ing and rearing turkeys, but it was hard to
manage and had an offensive odor. Turkeys
reared on DPW were heavier, had fewer con-
demnations, and fewer breast blisters. (Russell-
East Central)
1503-A4, A6, A7, B2, B3,
B4, E2, F2
WASTE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
GUIDELINES FOR INDIANA BEEF
PRODUCERS
Purdue University. Animal Waste Committee
Cooperative Extension Service Report ID-S4, Pur-
due University, Lafayette, Indiana, 1972, 13 p.
3 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. 'Cattle. 'Farm
wastes, Odor, Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, In-
diana, Regulation, Water pollution, Air pollution,
Design, Feed lots. Pastures, Confinement pens,
Waste storage. Waste treatment
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Guidelines, Waste
disposal systems. Beef producers. Land spread-
Ing, Nuisances
Indiana's confined feeding control law and pol-
lution laws and regulations affecting beef opera-
tions are discussed in these guidelines. The pas-
ture, feedlot, and total confinement systems are
presented with tips on design and management
of beef housing systems. Types of beef waste
handling and storage facilities such as solid
manure, liquid manure, and partial treatment
manure handling systems are also discussed.
Finally, guidelines for disposal of beef cattle
waste products are brought out. Tips are pro-
vided concerning land application rates and
odor control during disposal. It Is hoped that
these guidelines will aid beef producers In de-
signing and operating an efficient and pollution
free waste disposal system. (Russell-East Cen-
tral)
1504-B2, Dl
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS DESIGN AND OPERATION
Agriculture Engineering Department
Nebraska University
Lincoln
E. A. Olson
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973. Paper No. 73-4539.
t p. 12 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Waste treatment.
•Design. 'Operation Ic maintenance. Dikes.
Waste disposal. Education
Simple, practical livestock waste management
system, based on sound research are provln,
themselves effective In controlling UvestoX
waste In Nebraska. A well coordinated eduuT
Uonal program including the livestock lndu.t~
with state and federal agencies hu helped 17
ceptance of waste management. Most waste •??*
terns generally have a method for diveniim.£
runoff from a feedlot; for collection of ruUn
which U held in a debris basin? and fw £££"
ing the basin after the solids settle. However no
matter what the type of system, it is esaentiaJ
to have good management to assure satisfaetan,
operation. There are two jobs that need piti
cular attention by the feeder to Insure prop.*
waste management. These are: (1) perf -
of the holding pond. (Russell-East Central)"
1505-A4,A6,A9,B1,E1,F2
LEGAL RESTRAINTS ON
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
Army Corps of Engineers
"-—' ' ~ ' for
W. R. Walker
Agricultural Engineering. Vol. 51 No
636-637. November. 1»70
Descriptor!: "Legal aspects. Trespass. Pestidd..
Water pollution. Waste disposal. Odor J-^d
lots. Nitrogen. Lagoons ' *««d
Identifier.: -Agricultural pollution. LUbllitv
Chemical fertilizers. Private nuisance pTjKfj
. nusance p
nuisance. Pollution control. Legal re«traints, N«C.
Due to use of confined livestock feeding opera
Uons. chemical fertilizers, pesticides and he,
blcides. and intensive irrigation, agriculture
Joins the cities and Industries as a mate?
source of pollution. Legal restraints to agrteal
tural pollution usually Involve either IniTiduaj
action whereby the injured party seeks redr*»
for damages incurred by pollution or statuS.
and regulations by the State and Federal IM?
ernments. The basis for recovery under t£m"
mon law Involving Individual action
actions for trespass, private or public nui
negligence, and strict liability. The mon M
mon defenses in agricultural pollution cases
the statute of limitations and prescription. TnT
ditionally. the states establish water oualliJ
standards with the approval of the FediraJ iov
ernment. New types of regulations such s«
agricultural zoning to control pesticides are bZ
ing adopted by states in hopes that future XM
cultural pollution will be controlled. (Russell
1506-A1,B1,B4,D3,E1,E2,F3
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMEMTAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN DAIRY
MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Department of Agricultural Economics
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment
Station
New York State College of Agriculture k Llf,.
Sciences
Cornell University
Ithaca
J. J. Jacobs, and G. L. easier
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment SI.
don Report A. E. Res, 72-10. December, ism
31 p. 1 Og. 4 tab. a ref ' U7l>
Descriptors: •Economics. •Environmental con
trol. 'Dairy industry. 'Farm wastes. 'Wast.
treatment. 'Waste storage. 'Waste disposal Ti
goons, Water pollution, Odor. Costs. Labor*
Equipment. Research *
Identifiers: 'Questionnaires, •Manure. File*
Waste management system
Results of the analysis suggest that almost am.
realistic alternative to daily spreading will in.
crease the cost of manure handling on daln"
farms, but will not necessarily decrease -th*
256
-------
environmental Impacts. Preliminary attempt* to
measure and aggregate the environmental Im-
pact of alternative manure handling systems
Indicate that the difference among systems Is
not as great as that implied by those who have
suggested that dairymen should be doing some-
thing other than daily spreading. Storage or
lagoon systems are expensive and eventually
result In adverse effects on the environment.
This suggests further research must be done
on the environmental effects of alternative
manure handling before making overall recom-
mendations on what Is the appropriate system.
(Russell-East Central)
1507-A11, Bl, F5
SEWAGE-GROWN ALGAE AS A
FEEDSTUFF FOR CHICKS
Department of Poultry Husbandry
California University
Davis
C R. Crau, and N. W. Klein
Poultry Science, Vol. 36, p. 10461051, 1957. 6
tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Algae. "Feeds, 'Algae proteins,
•Poultry, Aluminum, Flocculation, Centrifugation.
Neutralization.
Identifiers: 'Chicks, 'Sewage-grown, Acid ex-
traction. Tolerance
Sewage-grown algae meals, which contain about
40% crude protein, have been studied as sources
of protein and other nutrients for young chicks.
All feeding trials were performed with White
Leghorn chicks which were fed a stock diet for
ten days after hatching, and were then fed th»
experimental diets for the next eight days.
Both alum-flocculated and centrifugated samples
were fed. The chicks tolerated diets containing
up to 20% aluminum-free algae meal. The pres-
ence of significant amounts of aluminum in
the meal depressed chick growth, Neutralization
and acid extraction have been unsuccessful in
removing the harmful effects of the aluminum.
The presence of dark, watery droppings was
the only observed adverse effect of feeding ths
algae meals. This condition was found with
alum-flocculated and alnuminum-free meals.
(Cameron-East Central).
1508-A6,B3,B5,C1,D3,E3
BR1DGETQN, N.J. SLUDGE
COMPOSTING PROJECT—A CITY-
FARM RELATIONSHIP
Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Department
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
M E. Singley
Compost Science. Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 18-21, Sep-
tember/October, 1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes. 'Stabiliza-
tion, Oxygen, Sewage sludge. Municipal wastes,
Bulk density. Odors, Recycling, Plastics
Identifiers: 'Composting, Windrows, Hog Ma-
nure, Vapor generation
A program, funded by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, was directed toward ths
feasibility of rapidly stabilizing swine and re-
ducing odors. Street refuse was used on bulking
materials in the process of swine waste compost-
Ing. Composted refuse, manure, and sludge were
turned twice daily during tests conducted by
Rutgers University. Composting time was re-
duced from four months to six weeks. The
color changed to brown as composting continued,
and the material began to look shredded. As
time passed, particle size was further reduced
and vapor generation declined. Bulk density
readings increased as the composting process
proceeded. The lowest density reading, about 19
pounds per square foot, was for the windrow
that bulked at the highest rate. At the end of
the composting process, all windrows were HP
to between 40-50 pounds per cubic foot. The
composted product was then used as a soil
amendment. The most difficult problem was
separating plastic from the composted material
to be salvaged. (Cameron-East Central)
1509-A8, Bl, Fl, D2, D3
E2, E3, F3, F4
SYMPOSIUM ON ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Symposium on Animal Waste Management.
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Res-arch Cen-
ter, Bushland, Texas, January 18, 1973, 50 p.
11 fig. 8 tab. 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Waste treatment,
•Waste disposal, Recycling, Feed lots. Cattle,
Nutrients, Nitrogen, Salts
Identifiers: 'Land spreading. •Pollution
This symposium was held to consider the prob-
lems of animal waste management, particularly
la relation to beef cattle. Animal waste treat-
ment and disposal were singled out in terms
of recycling and land disposal. Various forms
of recycling, i.e. refeeding, creating fuels, etc.,
are still largely experimental and in most
cases are not yet feasible. While land spread-
ing offers a much used means of waste dis-
posal, over-supply of nutrients In the soil is a
possible hazard. Research is still needed for
development of non-polluting feasible means of
disposing of animal wastes. (Merryman-East
Central)
1510-A8, E2
EFFECTS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
MANURE ON CROP YIELDS AND
SOIL CONDITIONS
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research
Center, Bushland, Texas
A. C. Mathers, B. A. Stewart, J. D. Thomas.
and B. J, Blair
Symposium on Animal Waste Management,
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bushland. Texas, January 18, 1973, p. 1-13.
6 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Cattle, 'Farm wastes,
•Waste disposal, 'Crops, Nitrogen, Salts, Rates
of application. Soil profile
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Soil conditions. 'Yields,
Land spreading
Definite conclusions cannot be obtained from
this report because only one to three years
data is represented. However, this data sug-
gests that manure applications of ten tons per
acre furnish adequate nitrogen for most crops
without creating high salt buildup in the soil.
Also, applications of ten tons per acre do not
affect organic levels of the soil. Higher rates
of manure can be added to soil without lower-
ing yields, but nitrate and salts accumulate,
eventually hampering crop yields. This prob-
lem can usually be alleviated by deeper plow-
ing depths. Conclusions on manure application
suggest that at Just ten tons per acre, land
area in even the most concentrated feeding
areas is adequate to dispose of manure. In fact,
only one-fourth of the grain sorghum cropland
in Texas alone would have to be treated to
dispose of the manure. The challenge is to de-
velop distributing and handling systems to
spread the manure on croplands most beneficial-
ly. (Russell-East Central)
1511-A11, Bl, B5, C2, E2
EFFECT OF RATION ON MANURE
SALT CONTENT
Texas Tech University Center at Amarillo
Pantex, Texas
R. H. Klett
Symposium on Animal Waste Management,
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bushland, Texas, January 18, 1973, p 26-
31. 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Diet, 'Salts, Farm wastes. Cattle.
Livestock, Feed lots. Performance
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Ration, 'Waste manage-
ment. Sodium levels. Excretion,
Data from this experiment illustrates that ex-
cessive levels of salt obtained from the diet
are excreted and tend to serve no useful pur-
pose for the nutrition of feedlot steers. Data
also suggests that levels of sodium In the form
of NaCL could be reduced below those nor-
mally recommended for feedlot rations without
affect on annual performance. In other words,
the correct amount of salt is the amount that
Is utilized by the animal. The excess salt serves
no useful function. Also, reducing feeding levels
of salt will result In lower levels of salt In
solid-waste and will allow higher incorporation
of manure into the soil as fertilizing material.
(Russell-East Central)
1512-A2,A5,B2,C2,D1,E1,E2
AMOUNTS, COMPOSITION, AND
MANAGEMENT OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF '
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research
Center
Bushland, Texas
R. N. Clark, and B. A. Stewart
Symposium on Animal Waste Management.
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bushland, Texas, January 18, 1973, p. 32-42.
3 fig. 2 tab. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Runoff, 'Feed lots, Chemical com-
position. Sampling, Seepage, Evaporation, Stock-
ing, Moisture content, Playas. Salinity, Irriga-
tion
Identifiers: 'Amounts, Rainfall-runoff relation-
ships, Waste management
Runoff amounts and concentrations were meas-
ured from a Texas High Plains cattle feedlot
at Bushland. The graphic relationship between
rainfall and runoff for runoff-producing storms
was linear with about one-third of the rainfall
ending up as runoff. Concentrations of runoff
constituents were higher than those found for
cattle feedlots elsewhere. This was probably
due to high evaporation and high stocking rates
which result in lots containing more salt. Soil
moisture samples indicated that there was no
significant seepage which would pollute ground
water from playas or lots. Before runoff could
be used for irrigation there would have to bj
a dilution of about four parts well water to one
part feedlot runoff. This dilution would reduce
salinity below levels hazardous to crops. Any
use of feedlot runoff for irrigation required a
close watch on salts in the water and soil.
(Russell-East Central)
1513-A2,A4,A6,B1,D2,E2,E3,
F2
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT
*Texas Agricultural Extension Servicj
Texas A&M University
College Station
J. M, Sweeten
Symposium on Animal Waste Management,
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bushland, Texas, January 18, 1973, p. 43-50.
7 ref
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Farm wastes, Water
pollution. Recycling, Fuels, Oxidation, Odor, Run-
off, Air pollution, Design, Slurries, Legal as-
pects
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Developments,
Land disposal, Refeeding, Pyrolysis, Composting,
Building materials. Soil conditioners
With rapid progress being made toward abating
water pollution and with the benefits and safety
of land disposal of feedlot manure, remaining
problems of feedlot waste management will
primarily entail developing more efficient and
odor-free methods of managing solid manure
and polluted runoff. Recycling waste as feed
offers one method, but the Food and Drug
Administration has banned this method for lack
of research. Many other recycling methods
such as developing manure into fuel oil have
been suggested. But, at the present, these meth-
ods are economically unfeasible. Perhaps one
of the most restricting problems of waste man-
agement is odor. This problem has a variety
of possible solutions, "but most incorporate im-
proved feedlot design. Once the problems have
been satisfactorily solved or bypassed, feedlot
waste management will no longer be a pollution
control issue but an economic one. (Russell-East
Central)
257
-------
1514-B1, Fl
PRIORITIES IN SELECTING DAIRY
FACILITIES
Kentucky University
Lexington
G. M. Turner
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineer!, Hot Spring},
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-415, 20
p. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Investment. •Priori-
ties, 'Facilities. 'Dairy Industry, Costs, Land,
Water, Silage, Feeds, Planning, Cattle. Ken-
tucky, Waste storage. Waste diiposal
Identifiers: Manure handling. Feed storage.
Field machinery
The reason for establishing priorities for dairy
facilities Is to determine which facilities are
absolutely necessary In order for a maximum
profit return of each investment to occur The
facilities are divided into two groups, (1) es-
sential, and (2) additional. The essential facili-
ties must be available before milk production
can start and continue. The additional facilities
lessen the time and labor load, but the margin
of profit return is not as great, A list of each
type of facility is given, along with an explana-
tion of each. A discussion of the economics of
Investment of each of the facilities la included
The cost figures are averages from dairy farms
1515-A4, A5, C2, E2
GROUND-WATER NITRATE
POLLUTION IN RURAL AREAS
Illinois State Water Survey
Champaign
W. H. Walker
niinols state Water Survey, Champaign. Illinois,
1S73, B p. 1 fig, 3 ref
Descriptors: 'Ground-water pollution, 'Nitrates,
Rural areas. Fertilizers. Farm wastss. Waste
disposal. Sampling. Illinois, Chemical analysis.
Aquifers, Groundwater recharge
Identifiers: Land application
Chemical analyses of samples collected through-
out Illinois indicate that, especially in the rural
areas, nitrate pollution o! surfidal aquifers Is
widespread. Nitrates readily enter the surfidal
aquifers during non-growing season precipitation
recharge periods. The nitrates then slowly move
through .the aquifer to wells, streams, and
drainage areas. However, little mixing with
ground-water appears to occur. Studies also in-
dicate that trees and plants store nitrates dur-
ing the growing season and release them dur-
ing non-growing seasons. In light of studies con-
cerning nitrates, it seems necessary to curb
nitrate fertilizer application during the growing1
season. Also application of wastes on land should
be confined to non-growing seasons to prevent
ultimate ground-water nitrate pollution. (Russell-
East Central)
1516-C1, C2, C3, D3, Fl
SEPTAGE: WASTES PUMPED FROM
SEPTIC TANKS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Connecticut University
S to ITS
J. J. Kolega, B. J. Cosenza, A. W, Dewey, and
R. L. Leonard
Transactions of the ASAE. p. 1124-1127, 1972. 4
fig, 1 tab, S ref.
Descriptors: 'Domestic wastes, 'Septic tanks,
•Sampling, Volume, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Chemical oxygen demand. Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Microbiology, Microorgan-
isms, Costs, Bacteria, Hydrogen ion concentra-
tion. Odor, Color
Identifier*: 'Septage, Concentration ratio
Septage disposal problems and feasible solutions
vary among communities. Samples were taken
from truck loads of septage brought to the
Metropolitan District Commission, East Hartford,
Connecticut Water Pollution Control Facility.
Each sample collected was Identified as to its
purpose, i.e.. bacteriological or physical—chemi-
cal. The following leptage analyses were con-
ducted: biochemical oxygen demand, chemical
oxygen demand, pH, settleable solids, lotal
solids, volatile solids, suspended solids, free am-
monia, and organic nitrogen. Physical and vis-
ual observations were used for recording data
on odor and color. Chemical and physical ob-
servations and results are discussed. When a
state-wide septage disposal system is being
planned or when a single disposal facility Is be-
ing designed, septage volume estimates by area
should be known. The costs per unit of volume
for treating ssptage at a water pollution control
facility are approximately 17 times the costs of
treating sewage of the same volume, (Cameron-
East Central)
1517-A1, A6, A10, Bl, B4,
El, E2, E3, Fl
POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT
ALTERNATIVES
North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service
.L. B. Driggers, J. M. Falter, D. G. Harwood,
G. J. Kriz, et. al.
North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service,
Circular 570, September, 1973, 19 p. 1 fig, 11
tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
treatment. 'Waste storage. Waste disposal. Re-
cycling, Drying, Economics, Pest Control. Wa-
ter pollution. Soil contamination, Slurries, La-
goons, Effluent, Leaching, Nitrogen
Identifiers: Waste management. Odor control.
Deep pit houses. Composting, Refeeding, Ma-
nure, Land application. Turkeys
This bulletin Is designed to give waste man-
agement alternatives which will help the poul-
try producers meet tneir problems In the most
practical and economical way. Producers or
prospective producers who plan to renovate
should look at the poultry production unit as
a total system and should attempt to: (1) lo-
cate in the center of a large land tract if
possible; (2) be sure that there is sufficient
land available for waste disposal; (3) not lo-
cate the operation In a heavily populated area;
(4) not locate the operation near drainage
ditches, streams, rivers, and estuaries. The bul-
letin consists of five sections; alternative waste
management systems, utilization and land re-
quirements, odor control, pest control, and eco-
nomics. Within the five sections the various
systems of waste disposal are discussed, ex-
amples of how mucb waste can be applied
per acre are given, suggestions are given for
reducing odor and pest problems, and estimated
cost data is presented. (Russell-East Central)
1518-A11, Bl, C2, E3
POULTRY MANURE AND MEAT
MEAL AS A SOURCE OF DIETARY
NITROGEN FOR SHEEP
Department of Animal Husbandry
Sydney University
Australia
J. Leibholz
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
and Animal Husbandry, Vol. 9, p, 589-593. De-
cember. 1969. 5 tab. 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Poultry. 'Nitrogen,
•Sheep, Amino adds, Energy, Performance,
Waste disposal, Chemical analysis
Identifiers: Poultry manure, 'Meat meal. Food
conversion. Roughage, Australia, Weight gain
1 Because poultry manure has been found to be
a potential sou re? of nitrogen for ruminant ani-
mals, experiments were conducted to And suit-
able maintenance rations for sheep., that were
adequate in nitrogen and energy content. The
experiments were designed to study the use of
manure from caged layers as a source of ni-
trogen In low energy diets. Two experiment.
were conducted. In the firit. sorghum waTusVd
as high energy source for the utilization of
urea, while wheat was used In the second
Also In the second experiment hardwood saw'
du«l was added. The experiments showed that
poultry manure can be used satisfactorily a*
the main supplementary source of nitrocen
when the sheep are fed a low protein.^S!
quality roughage. Results also Indicated that
15% sawdust can be Included in the diet of
E«tPC«*°aS! >dVe™ely """"a* Win.
1519-A2, C2
NUTRffiNT CONTENT OF BARNLOT
RUNOFF WATER
U. S. Department of Agriculture
W. M. Edwards, E. C. Simpson and M. H. Frere
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol l iu«
4, p. 401-405, October-December, 1972' '
Descriptors: 'Nutrients. 'Agricultural runoff
Feed lots. Farm wastes. Watershed, Nitrogen'
Nitrates, Potassium, Phosphorus, Ohio. Water
pollution. Sampling "«er
Identifiers: Barnlot
Runoff from a beef cattle barnlot was analyzed
to determine the concentration and transport nf
nitrate, total nitrogen, potassium, and oho*
phorus in the runoff water. The study »V."
conducted from March, 1S68 through Dcecm
her, 1970 and was conducted on a 60 bead
beef cattle barnlot. It was found that nitrau.
nltrogen concentration was less than 2 me/lib.,
for eight months of the year with a coneenhV
tion of £ mg/liter as the highest peak. Soluble
nitrogen was in a reduced form with a maid
mum monthly concentration of 70 mg/liter Pot"
asslum concentration ranged 100-350 mi/liter"
while phosphorus averaged less than 5 mc/UteY
during spring and summer with a peak of crcat
er than 10 mg/liter in September Durinc th.
drier warm month, nitrate concentration In-
creased. All other measured elements decr»»~i
during this period when the bam was not in
use. There appeared to be a high
1520-B2, B4, Fl
NEW CONCEPT CUTS COST FOR
BEEF CONFINEMENT
Managing Editor
Farm Building News
D. Peach
Farm Building News, Vol. 7, No. 4. p 1
July-August, 1973. 6 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle 'Co**.
•Farm wastes, Economics. Waste treatmentl^
goons. Waste storage. Design M"
Identifiers: Beef, Flume and flush system
Plans for a beef confinement building with
new floor concept which may drastically
the cost of the confinement feeding
have been developed by Iowa Beef
Dakota City. Nebraska* The neT cp
minates the digging of a manure pit. tjl Ji't
walls and floor, and the slats, repladng
with 2 inch slots and Humes under the
crete floor to catch the manure. The ma
is then flushed to a lagoon. The estimated
°-. ""&. ' _""t«m " aD01" «70 Per head capa.
city. The floor is sloped in the system to n»r
mil draining and the distance a feeder could
flush manure Is unlimited. The recommended
confinement barn would vary from 24 to 21
ft. of cattle space, measuring from a font
bunk in one end to the other end. Further
refinements are necessary, and experiment*:
tlon k being conducted so that It to hSh£
probable that confinement feeding can baa?
companied for $70 per head or less in th.
near future. (Russell-East Central)
258
-------
1521-A6, A9, Bl, D2
PILOT WASTE CONTROL AND ITS
EFFECT ON POULTRY LITTER
Department of Poultry Science
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
Texas ASiM University System
College Station
W. F. Krueger, J. Bradley, and W. Milberger
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Report.
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M
University. College Station. Texas, September,
1973. 8 p. 6 tab.
Descriptors: "Poultry. "Litter, 'Farm wastes.
Odor, Larvae, Larvicides. Waste treatment, Den-
sity, Quality control. Sampling, Air pollution
Identifiers: 'Pilot Waste Control, Manure, Fly
control. Chemical treatment
Odors and manure volume can be serious prob-
lems in cage layer and other types of poultry
operations. Chemical treatment of manur; may
offer some relief to poultry operations with odor
problems. A pilot study was initiated March
12. 1973. to evaluate Pilot Waste Control, a
chemical with potential odor control properties.
The objectives of the study were: to study the
effect of chemical treatment of manure on
odor; to determine the effect of litter treatment
on manure density and quality; and to de-
termine the number of treatments required to
control odor and manure quality. When complet-
ed, recommendations were made. They were: (1)
apply Pilot Waste Control to litter cones on a
biweekly basis using the lowest recommended
dilution rate; (2) add a larvacide to control fly
larva; (3) use noncorrosive equipment when ap-
plying the chemical to litter; and (4) begin
treatment when pullets are housed and con-
tinue through spring and early summer. (Rus-
sell-East Central)
1522-A11,B3,B5,C3,D3,E3
THE EFFECT OF PROCESSING
POULTRY MANURE ON DISEASE
AGENTS
Texas A&M University, College Station.
J. R. Howes. C, F. Hall, and W. F. Krueger
EPA Research Report 670/2-73-041. July, 1973,
31 p. 3 fig, 12 tab, 8 ret.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Diseases, 'Farm wastes,
waste treatment, waste disposal, recycling, ferti-
lizers, fungicides, Salmonella, ultraviolet radia-
tion, litter.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Processing, Recovery, Sur-
vival, Bacteriology, Shavings, Composts. Newcas-
tle disease. Inoculation, Solid waste disposal.
•Manure. 'Processing, Recovery, Survival,
Bacteriology, Shavings, Composts, Newcastle
disease. Inoculation, Solid waste disposal
Because poultry manure is an agricultural waste,
methods of disposing and treating it must be
found. The interrelationships between poultry
manure processing, bacterial load, pathogenicity,
and bird performance are poorly understood.
In an attempt to deal with these problems, six
experiments were conducted to compare ths
effects of various litter treatments on bird per-
formance to eight weeks of age. To producj
litter for broiler-type male chickens, the experi-
menters mixed poultry manure with other sub-
stances such as pine shavings, fresh sand, and
cleaned rice hulls. Some of the mixtures were
treated with a bacteria] preparation. Compari-
sons were mad: of the treatments to see if
the poultry manure could be incorporated into
a mixture that would be beneficial to the chick-
ens. The survival of disease agents in composted
poultry waste was also investigated. Observa-
tions were recorded for each experiment.
(Howes. Hall, and Krueger—Texas A&M Uni-
versity)
1523-A11, B3, Dl, E2, Fl
NUTRIENT RECYCLING BY LAYING
HENS
Department of Poultry Science
Texas A&M University
College Station
J N Quisenberry. and J. W. Bradley
Feedstuff*. Vol. 41. No. 5. p. 19, February 1,
1969, 7 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Nutrients, Waste treat-
ment. Farm wastes. Waste disposal. Drying,
Litter. Performance, Poultry. Feeds, Taste.
Costs.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Laying hens
Today many approaches are being used to
find satisfactory and economical solutions to
the problems of waste management. It is gen-
erally conceded that for most poultry opera-
tions, waste management problems could be
solved by concentrating on methods of obtain-
ing dry droppings and litter. The dried product
could then be used in a variety of ways.
One such way Is by recycling the poultry
waste. The experiment conducted was designed
to test the feasibility of poultry nutrient re-
cycling by refeeding laving hens. Varying pro-
portions of waste material were included in
the diets of the hens. Careful records were
kept, and effect on the taste of eggs was
tested. The layers fared well on litter and
mortality rate was no higher than on regular
rations. Also, the taste of the eggs varied in-
significantly. Not only was the litter of con-
siderable economic value when recycled, but
the return appears to be more than sufficient
to bear the expense of drying. (Russell-East
Central)
1524-A4,A5,A6,A10,A13,B3,F2
SOLID MANURE HANDLING FOR
LIVESTOCK HOUSING. FEEDING
AND YARD FACaiTIES IN
WISCONSIN
E. G. Burns, and J. W. Crowley
Publication No. A2418, Cooperative Extension
Programs, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
November, 1972. 83 p. SO fig. 17 tab.
Descriptors: "Solid wastes, 'Livestock, 'Facili-
ties, 'Wisconsin, Dairy industry. Legal aspects,
Planning, Design, Waste storage. Farm wastes.
Poultry, Equipment, Specifications
Identifiers: 'Manure,' Waste management,
•Housing, 'Feeding, Land spreading, Fly con-
trol, Pollution, Formulas
These guidelines for solid manure storage sys-
tems are the results of discussions, suggestions
and opinions by the Wisconsin Dairy Cattle
Housing Committee. It was found that, as a
general rule, manure should be returned to
Agricultural land, Problems which must be
controlled include pollution of surface or ground
water, odor, insects, aesthetic offensiveness, and
lower milk quality due to contamination by
manure. Dairy farmers should obtain approval
from their county zoning authority and have
a detailed building and management plan be-
fore beginning construction of their facilities.
Also, suggestions and guidelines for constructing
waste handling systems are presented. Proper
management maintenance and operation of the
livestock facility and the manure handling sys-
tem are essential. The suggestions for construc-
tion in these guidelines can meet requirements
only if combined with good management. (Rus-
sell-East Central)
1525-B1, Cl, C2, C3, D2
THE USE OF VOLATILE FATTY
ACIDS FOR THE CONTROL OF
MICROORGANISMS IN PINE
SAWDUST LITTER
Department of Poultry Science. North Carolina
State University, Raleigh.
C. R. Parkhurst, P. B. Hamilton, and G. R.
Baughman
Poultry Science. Vol. 53. No. 2, p. 801-806, March,
1974. 4 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Microorganisms. "Control. "Litter,
Molds, Hydrogen ion concentration. Poultry,
Performance, Temperature, Moisture content.
Nitrogen, Sampling. Waste treatment
Identifiers: 'Volatile fatty acids, 'Pine sawdust.
Acetic acid, Propionic acid.
Poultry men have for years used pine shavings
as a litter for growing broilers, but shavings
are becoming hard to get and expensive. Pine
sawdust Is more readily available, but it has
a history of increased disease and managem2nt
problems. This study investigated the iue of
volatile fatty acids In the sawdust for the
control of microorganisms, Acetic acid (60%)
and propionic acid (40%) were mixed into fresh
pine sawdust at 1% and 3% levels. Broilers
were placed on the Utter when one day old
and reared to eight weeks of age. At eight
weeks there appeared to be no significant ef-
fect on mean body weight, feed conversion ef-
ficiency, or mortality. The moisture content, final
nitrogen content, and litter temperature were
also unaffected by the treatments. Mold growth
was retarded slightly at the 3% level for the
first two weeks, and bacterial count was re-
tarded for at least a week. The *pH was re-
duced significantly from the control for three
weeks at the 3% level and for two weeks at the
1% level. The findings suggest that pine saw-
dust would serve adequately as a litter ma-
terial. (Russell-East Central)
1526-B2, C2, D2, E3
SOME CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
ASPECTS OF PHOSPHATE
PRECIPITATION FROM ANAEROBIC
LIQUORS DERIVED FROM ANIMAL
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Iowa State University, Ames
C. V, Booram, R. J. Smith, and T. E. Raz?n.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois. December 11-14. 1973. Paper No. 73-4522.
17 p. 6 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Chemical properties, 'Physical
properties, 'Phosphates, 'Farm wastes. Waste
treatment, 'Pipe flow. Lagoons, Anaerobic con-
ditions. Irrigation, Waste disposal. Sludge, Equip-
ment
Identifiers: 'Precipitation. Minerals
To be effective, all phases of a waste manage-
ment system must function efficiently. It has
been found that recycling anaerobic liigoon
•liquid to transport manure from swine con-
finement pens has resulted in magnesium am-
monium phosphate buildup in metal pipes. This
leaves two alternatives: (1) converting to aero
bic systems to oxidize ammonia or (2) develop-
ing equipment to overcome the buildup prob-
lem, Study indicates that overcoming this prob-
lem could best be accomplished by developing
equipment. The buildup is a result of the metal
interface which exists in the pipes. Therefore,
plastic should be used in all plumbing. Some
buildup will take place in plastic, but an acetic
acid solution should periodically be added to
control encrustation. Also irrigation equipment
used to apply lagoon effluent to land will pass
a lot less liquid per year than recycle equip-
jnent and will have less of a buildup problem.
(Russell-East Central).
1527-B2, C2
NUTRIENT REDUCTION TO WASTE-
WATER BY GRASS FILTRATION
Department of Agricultural Engineering
The Pennsylvania University
University Park.
R. M. Butler, E. A. Myers, J. N. Walter, and
J. V. Husted
Presented at the 1974 Annual Meeting of Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
12 p. 3 fig, 3 tab. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Waste water treatment,
•Filtration, 'Nitrates, Nitrogen. "Phosphorus,
Municipal wastes.
Identifiers: 'Grass filtration
Study was undertaken to determine the effects
of flow rate, flow distance, application fre-
quency, and seasonal changes on nitrate and
phosphate removal for a grass filtration waste-
259
-------
water renovation system. Renovation was great-
est with the lowest application rate and longest
How distance, as expected. Increasing applica-
tion frequency reduced removal efficiency in both
phosphates and nitrates. Laboratory and field
studies were undertaken. In the field study no
significant reduction In nitrates or phosphates
were observed. The laboratory studies indicat-
ed that much longer contact times were neces-
sary to obtain adequate nitrate renovation than
were employed In the field studies. The labor-
tory studies also developed a relationship be-
tween nitrate concentration, contact time, and
temperature that can be used to estimate the
detention time required for nitrate removal in
grass filtration systems. (Russell East Central).
1528-A2, Bl, C2
CATTLE FEEDLOT HYDROLOGY
Agricultural Engineering Department
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater
A. F. Butchbaker
Presented at Oklahoma Section, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, October 20, 1972, 25 p 7
fig, 10 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Cattle. 'Hydrology.
•Farm wastes, 'Runoff, Precipitation (Atmos
pheric). Design, Great Plains, Pollutants, Ni
trogen. Phosphorus, Chemical oxygen demand
.Identifiers: Runoff control. Cattle density. Total
solids
Many characteristics affect runoff from feed
lots, and knowledge of feedlot hydrology is
necessary to design runoff control facilities for
feedlots. Runoff is variable from feedlot to
feedlot. but certaian trends are evident in feed
lot hydrology. Evidence was gathered from re-
search that was conducted in the southern Great
Plains area. It was discovered that approxi-
mately the first one-half inch of rainfall is stored
on the feedlot surface with the rest as potential
runoff. The annual runoff of most feedlots is
forty to fifty percent of the annual rainfall. Re-
search also found pollutions! characteristics and
solid transport characteristics of feedlot runoff.
Much more research is necessary for the com-
plete picture of runoff, but the present available
information should be useful In the design of run-
off control facilities and the manaeemant of dis-
posal areas.
-------
add. unmonli salts, creaUne. creatintne, etc,
Neihelm reports that the actual protein content
of poultry manure ii only about 10.8% and
not 30-3570 ai previously assumed. Young and
Nesheim have found that the maximum amount
of poultry waste that can be fed to poultry
without affecting egg production is about 22
percent. This. In turn, would result In extra
manure which must be dealt with by other
waste management systems and would amount
to about 75 to 80% of the total manure pro-
duced by the hens. Calculations indicate that
the value of the manure is no greater than
J26 per ton. Also, when fed back to pojltry, the
manure is not a good source of protein and
ji a poor source of energy. (Russell-East Cen-
tral)
1535-A5, A8, Bl
SOIL PROFILE CONDITIONS
OF CATTLE FEEDLOTS
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Lincoln, Nebraska
L. N. Mielke. N. P. Swanson, and T. M. Me-
Calla
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3. No.
1. p. 14-17. 1974. 4 Kg. 2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soil profile. 'Feed lots. 'Cattle,
•Farm wastes. Soils, Water pollution. Soil con-
tamination. Organic matter. Infiltration
Identifiers: 'Feedlot surfaces, 'Layered soils.
Interface layer
Before one can assimilate the potentials for
soil and water pollution he must know the
conditions and characteristics of the soil. Feed-
lot surfaces are unique in that the packed
layer of organic matter behaves differently
than other soils. The profile of feedlot soils
can be described as three layers: the organic
matter, the Interface, and the underlying soil.
The profile of the underlying soil of a feedlot
has little effect on water movement into the
profile or on runoff. The bulk density at the
interface layer is greater in a feedlot than in
cropland at the same depth. Water movement
Is impeded because of the compactness and
effects on soil particle dispersion. The surface
layer of a feedlot may absorb large amounts
of water Into the soil, but actual Infiltration
of water Into the soil is minimal. When ma-.
nure Is present and covering an Interface,
nitrate-nitrogen is less likely to accumulate in
the profile. (Russell-East Central)
1536-A8, C2
THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL
ATMOSPHERE BENEATH A BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT AND A CROPPED
FIELD
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Lincoln, Nebraska
L. F. Elliott, and T. M. McCalla
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,
Vol. 36, p. 68-70, 1972. 1 fig, 5 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Cattle, 'Soils. 'Ground
water pollution. Gases. Denitrification. Samp-
ling. Soil profiles. Methane, Carbon dioxide.
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Identifiers: Composition. Cropped field
The purpose of this study was to measure the
sou gases beneath a level feedlot and a cropped
field The shallow water table beneath the
feedlot bad revealed NO3-N concentrations above
10/ppm only twice in a 3 year period. The
soil gases beneath the feedlot were measured
to discover why the feedlot was not contamin-
ating the ground water with NO3-N. The data
revealed that the feedlot soil profile was re-
duced, contained organic matter, and was favor-
able for denitrificatton. at least at time* during
the year, The high CH4 values recorded, when
precipitation was received and moderate tem-
perature prevailed, showed anaerobic conditions.
Soil core studies in the feedlot revealed low
Eh values. While 02 levels increased when th;
feedlot was dry or frozen, significant downward
movement would not be expected under these
conditions, so no mechanism existed for NO3-N
transport to the water table. The data also
showed the feedlot soil profile to be favorable
for denltrification when downward water move-
ment would be expected. Gas data was given
in detail and provided a possible explanation
as to why little NO3-N reached the water
table. (Cartmell-East Central)
1537-A6, B2, B4, C2, D3
THE EFFECTS OF LIMITED
AERATION ON THE ODORS OF
LIQUID DAIRY MANURE
K. D. Vicken
Unpublished M. S. Thesis, University of Idaho,
1972. 67 p. 13 fig. 7 tab. 24 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aeration, 'Odor. 'Liquid wastes.
•Farm wastes. 'Dairy industry. 'Slurries. Chemi-
cal oxygen demand, Amlno acids. Sampling.
Hydrogen ion concentration. Ammonia. Nutrients
This study was undertaken to determine
the best aeration volume that would re-
duce odors in liquid dairy manure storage pits
without losing nutrient value in the slurry. Tests
began using the volume of air that would re-
duce the Chemical Oxygen Demand by 10%
at an 8% oxygen transfer efficiency. Two runs
were then made using substantial air volume
reductions. A fourth run was made without
any aeration. As the aeration volume was re-
duced the odor increased. There was no nutrient
loss during any of the experiments during which
air was supplied to the manure slurry. During
the experiments the manure slurry was monitor-
ed for oxidation reduction potential, drainabil-
Ity, ammonia. Kjeldahl nitrogen, volatile acids,
oxygen, methane, pH, odor value, COD, total
and volatile solids, and total phosphorus. (Rus-
sell-East Central)
1538-A11, Bl, B5, C2
INFLUENCE OF THE
CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME OF
SALINE WATER ON THE FOOD
INTAKE OF SHEEP, AND ON THEm
EXCRETION OF SODIUM AND
WATER IN URINE AND FAECES
Rangelandi Research Unit
CSIRO, Riverina Laboratory
Private Bag, P. O.
Deniliquin. N.S.W. 2710
A. D. Wilson and M. L. DudzinsM
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research.
Vol. 24, No. 2, p, 24S-2S6. 1973. 8 fig. 1 tab.
12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sheep, . 'Saline water. 'Farm
wastes, Sodium, Water, Urine. Diet. Salts. Pot-
assium. Sodium chloride. Moisture content
Identifiers: 'Excretion, 'Feces, Food intake.
Salt tolerance
Merino sheep were given fixed volumes of
fresh and saline drinking water. The volumes
varied from O.S to 6.0 liter per day. and salt
content ranged from 1.5 to 2.0% sodium chlor-
ide. The Intake of food and the excretion of
urine and feces were then recorded. It was
found that food intakes increased with an In-
crease in either fresh or saline water. When
sodium chloride was added to the water the
food intake decreased but was restored by an
Increase in the volume of water given of C.
50% for 1.5% salt, and C. 100% for 2.0% salt.
When sheep were given saline water the sodium
content of the urine Increased, but the sodium
content of the faeces remained the tame. The
volume of urine excreted was related to the
amount of sodium and potassium t6 be excreted.
but the amount of water excreted in the
faeces was related to the type of diet and
the amount of faecal dry matter excreted.
(Russell-East Central)
1539-A1, Bl, El, E2, F2
SLURRY AND WASTE DISPOSAL
19 The Crescent
Taunton. Somerset
Great Britain
D. Gowan
Suffolk, England. Farming Press Limited, 1972.
244 p, 44 fig. 37 tab. 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Slurries. 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
disposal, 'Legal aspects. Soils. Economics, Wa-
ter pollution. Sampling, Poultry, Lagoons, Hogs,
Waste treatment. Aeration, Equipment. Odor.
Diseases, Cattle, Waste storage, Fertilizer*
Identifiers: 'Great Britain, Land disposal, Pol-
lution, Public health
Many problems face farmers today, and this
book examines problems in the area of animal
and agricultural discharges. There is a technical
discussion of the problems of waste disposal.
and the special problems of different forms of
effluent are discussed. A substantial part of the
book deals with the legality of discharges in
the area'of Statutory Law and Common Law.
This British author also discusses poultry, swine,
and cattle waste disposal problems. The final
sections of the book bring out effects of these
discharges on the soil, current research in th»
area of waste disposal, and prospects concern-
ing the future problems of the agricultural in-
dustry in the United Kingdom. The overall view
point of the book is that it is time for farmers
to get their heads out of the sand and start
working to solve these waste disposal prob-
lems. (Russell-East Central)
1540-A2, A4, A5, A8
WATER SOLUBLE ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES LEACHABLE FROM
FEEDLOT MANURE
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Ft. Collins, Colorado
A. R. Mosier, K. Haider, and F. E. Clark
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 1, No.
3, p. 320-323, July-September, 1972. 3 tab.
17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Farm wastes, 'Leachate,
'Organic matter, Sampling, Runoff, Soil profile,
Groundwater pollution, Phenols, Nitrogen, Wells,
•Manure
Little is known about the fate of the water-
soluble organic products of animal excretion
once they enter the soil, Because of this many
water samples were taken from feedlots, shal-
low wells near feedlots, a local river, and soil
from a grassland to see if organic materials
were readily dispersed from feedlot surfaces.
The organic materials readily move on the
ground surface due to runoff, but in soil be-
neath the feedlot or in soil away from the
feedlot only free phenolics were found to have
leached. Only trace amounts of low-molecular-
weight organics were found In ground water
samples. From the results, it was concluded
that there is no uniform or continuing move-
ment of organic material from the feedlot
surface through the soil profile to the ground
water under the sites examined. (Russell-East
Central)
1541-B1, Dl, E2, E3, Fl
SOLIDS-LIQUID SEPARATION—AN
IMPORTANT STEP IN THE
RECYCLING OF DAIRY COW
WASTES
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana 47807
Journal of Milk & Food Technology, Vol. 36, No.
A. C. Dale
S. p. 289-295. 1973. 2 tab. 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle,
'Dairy industry. Biochemical oxygen demand.
Economics, Waste treatment. Waste disposal.
261
-------
Biodegradation, Drying, Equipment, Compost-
Ing. Methane, Proteins, Oil
Identifiers: Solids liquid separation, Refeeding,
Land disposal, Building blocks.
For years dairy farmers have looked for a
waste management system which would lower
labor requirements, make mechanical handling
possible, improve automation, lower pollution,
and produce something of economic value. Solids -
liquid separation may be the answer to the
complex and expensive problem of waste dis-
posal. In solids-liquid separation, particles 5/u
or larger are removed from the liquid part of
the waste. The two fractions left are W3t solids
and a dilute liquid. The solids contain about
45-80% water. They have little or no odor and
may be dried and used for rcfeeding. mulch,
or bedding, thus giving it economic value. The
liquid fraction contains about 1-3% suspended
solids and about 85-90% of the five day Biolo-
gical Oxygen Demand. The liquid can be easily
handled by ordinary equipment and can be
irrigated directly onto crops and soils, (Russell-
East Central)
1542-A6, C2, D3
DETECTION OF CARBONYL
SULFEDE FROM BEEF CATTLE
MANURE
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Lincoln, Nebraska
L. F. Elliott, and T. A. Travis
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings.
Vol. 37, No. 5. p. 700-702, Sept./Oct., 1973. 1
tab, 5 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, 'Odor. 'Gases.
Farm wastes. Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Car-
bon monoxide
Identifiers: 'Odor detection, 'Carbonyl sulfide.
•Manure
Before odors and gases can be controlled thsy
must be identified and their intensity and quan
tity must be determined. Basic research was
conducted to identify and quantify some of the
sulfur compounds and gases emanating from
anaerobically incubated cattle manure. One
compound identified was carbonyl sulfide. It
was found in the headspace above fresh manure,
feedlot compost, a debris basin, and soil from
a feedlot. Carbonyl sulfide became progressive-
ly stronger from day 1 to 5 and then declined.
Hydrogen sulfide was similar and persisted for
16 days. Methane was also found and never
exceeded 7,5% over fresh manure. In the
headspace over compost, methane exceeded
36%, hydrogen sulfide appeared after 5 days.
and only traces of carbonyl sulfide appeared
(Russell-East Central)
1543-A2, B2, B4, E2, F6
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS
IN MINNESOTA
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Minne-
sota University, St. Paul.
C. L. Larson, L. G. James, P. R. Goodrich, and
J. A. Bosch.
Presented at the 1974 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4013, 17 p. 3 fig., 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Performance, 'Feed lots, 'Runoff,
•Minnesota, Waste storage. Waste disposal. Irri-
gation, Precipitation (Atmospheric). Mathemat-.
ical models. Slopes, Climatic data. Farm wastes.
Identifiers: Runoff control systems, 'Holding
pond. Land disposal. Formula.
Livestock.
Feedlots located on sites with a considerable
slope are potential polluters from runoff. Run-
off is generally controlled by involving a holding
pond with land disposal of the stored water. A
mathematical model was constructed to deter-
mine factors Influencing runoff control. Results
Indicate that in Minnesota, holding pond outflow
is caus-d by a series of rainstorms occurring
within a period of five to ten days. This is be-
cause disposal of stored runoff Is seldom passi-
ble during these times. If the holding pond Is
designed on the one-day rainfall and runoff data,
It should be increased by factor C to obtain an
overflow frequency. However, if the holding
pond is made larger than necessary, the amount
of land disposal can be reduced. For efficient
operation of a runoff control system, the holding
pond capacity should be equal to the sum of
three components: the design runoff, the mini-
mum pumpout, and the residual storage. (Rus-
sell East Central).
1544-A4, A6, A7, F2
SUPREME COURT UPHOLDS
JUDGEMENTS IN HBI CASE
L. Harper.
Missouri Ruralist, January 23, 1971, p. 12.
Descriptors: 'Air pollution, 'Legal aspects,
•Odor, 'Water pollution, 'Confinement pens.
Hogs.
Identifiers: 'Supreme court, 'Judgement, 'Plain-
tiffs.
Reported is the results of a long term legal
battle between Hog Builders, Inc. and Glen and
Doris Bower and Frank and Minnie Bower. The
suit was filed in 1969 by the Bowers who con-
tended that HBI had been negligent In their pol-
lution control, had devalued the Bowers' land,
and had impaired their living. The suit was
heard by a jury and the jury found HBI guilty
of both actual and punitive damages. The Bow-
ers were awarded $136,200 by the jury. The case
was then appealed to the Missouri Supreme
Court, but the court held with the Jury. HBI
awarded the Bowers $136,200 and sold the hogs,
The facilities were empty for several months
until HBI sold the land. This case has caused
many feeders to take extra precautions, and it
is hoped that this case does not lead to many
more law suits. (Russell-East Central).
1545-A10,A11,B1,E2,F1,F2
THE PLUS AND MINUS OF
CONFINEMENT
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15. No. 13, p. 2527,
30, 32, 46, December, 1973. 5 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle. 'Feed
lots. Farm wastes. Waste treatment, Waste dis-
posal. Fertilizers, Performance.
Identifiers: 'Confinement buildings. Land spread-
ing. Holding tank. Slotted floors. Open feed lots.
Confinement feeding is currently one of the ma-
jor methods of maintaining an efficient feedlot
operation. One sucb confinement feeder is Ray
Lawson of Maple Park, Illinois. His cold-air
confinement building has served for two years
and promises to enhance the operation for years
to come. The cost of a confinement feedlot oper-
ation is about $110 per animal unit. The waste
system consists of a holding tank beneath the
slotted floor in the confinement facility. The
wastes are then spread on land and the value
of the feritlizer is estimated at about $35 per
acre. Trials conducted on an uninsulated con-
finement facility and an open lot feedlot have
indicated that the performance of feedlot cattle
in an uninsulated confinement building is inferior
to that of cattle fed in open lots with access to
overhead shelter. However, construction of a
confinement building can be justified because
there is elimination of bedding costs, pollution
control, mechanization, the substitution of capital
for labor, less land area required, cleanliness of
cattle, better control over flies, and the possi-
bility of fewer health problems in a confinement
operation as compared to an open feedlot. (Rus-
sell-East Central),
1546-A1,B1,D1,E1,F1,F4
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT
ALTERNATIVES
L. B. Driggers, J. M. Faller. J. R. Jone«. C J
Kriz, J. F. Luti. et. al. '
Cooperative Extension Work In Agriculture and
Home Economics. North Carolina State Unlver.
9 tyab ' and USDA Cooperitln«- M P 1 fll'.
Descriptors: 'Hogs. 'Farm wastes -W..i.
treatment. -Waste disposal. 'Waste storage*]L»?
goons. Drying. Odor. Pest control. Economic!
Soils. Nutrients. Rates of application. Crop, Q*
fluent. Storage tanks. Chemical propertiesi Phv
sical properties. Leaching. Runoff. SlurrieT'c<«2"
Identifiers: -Swine. 'Waste management'. Land
spreading. Composting. Mechanical aeration.
Swine production is becoming a more stwdaliuH
and complex operation. This bulletin Is desicnld
to help swine producers meet problems In thi!
most practical and economical way, Alternative
waste management systems, utilization and land
requirements, odor control, pest control, and eco-
nonucs are discussed. The section on utilization
and land requirements presents guidelines and
examples of the amount of waste that can he
applied per acre. The sections on odor and put
control provide suggestions and methods tor
reducing odor and pest problems The section
on economics gives estimated cost data and con
tains a partial budget sheet so that comparU
sons between ths alternative waste manastment
systems can easily be made. No matter what
means of waste management system Is chosen
good management is necessary to maintain »i!
effective operation. (Russell-East Central)
1547-A6, B2, B4, C2
IDENTIFYING ODOROUS
COMPONENTS OF STORED DAIRY
MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering Clem '
son University. Clemson. South Carolina
C. L. Earth, and L. B. Polkowski
Presented at 1971 Winter Meeting, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago. niinohT
December 7-10, 1971. Paper No, 71-5W. 27™J£
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Farm wastes. 'Waste xtm-
age. 'Dairy industry. Cattle, Liquid wastes. Sam"
puns'. Sludge, Ammonia, Chromatography ^^
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Selective absolution
•Steam disUllation. 'Paper chromatogriphj'
•Odorants, Identification, Supernatant.
The biggest problem that livestock producer.
face is odor management. Livestock producer.
generally either try to eliminate the initial pro!
duction of the odorous components or control th.
odorous material after it Is produced. Befni
effective odor control can be achieved the odor
ous compounds must be identified. Procn*~
used in this experiment designed to idenM^
odorous compounds were selective absorDUoiT
steam distillation, and paper chromatopgraphy"
Selective absorption separated volatile organic
acids, amines, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide m»r
captans, and disulfldes for further Identification"
Steam distillation distinguished ammonia iSS
total volatile organic acids. Paper chromato?.
raphy proved to be a practical tool In identiflci
ton of odorous compounds. The odorous com-
pounds identified were: acetic, propionic. buryriS
and valeric acids: methyl-, dimethyl-, ethyl- «d'
dielhylamine; ammonia, hydrogen sulflde n»r
captans, and disulfides. (Rmsell-East Central)
1548-A8, Bl, 12, E2
MANURE APPLICATION
GUIDELINES FOR THE PACD7IC
NORTHWEST
.
T. L. Willrtch, D. O. Turner, and V V Volk
Presented at the 1974 Annual Meeting. America*
Society of Agricultural Engineers? offiSSS
State University. Stillwater. June 23-26 l»«
Paper No. 74-4061. 12 p., 5 tab, 2 ref.
262
-------
Descriptor*: 'Pacific Northwest U. S., 'Farm
wastes. *Waste disposal* 'Equations. Nitrates.
Fertilizers, Nitrogzn, Leaching, Livestock. Waste
storage. Lagoons, Irrigation, Volatility,
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Application rates, 'Land
spreading.
Most farmers who apply manure to land know
very little about how much to apply. Research
must supply the answers before ground water
supplies are polluted. Generally nitrogen is the
limiting factor in manure application because
it readily moves in the soil whereas phosphorous
and potassium are more static. Accurate ra-
tional equations must be developed to estimate:
(1) the amount of nitrogen which should be
added to the soil to maximize crop yields and
to satisfy the normal losses of nitrogsn from
the soil and the losses that occur when manure
nitrogen is substituted for synthetic nitrogen, and
(2) the amount of residual manure nitrogen which
remains for soil incorporation after the sub-
tracting all losses which occur before soil incor-
poration. Equations are presented, but future
modifications and refinements are essential to
correct weaknesses and errors which currently
exist. (Russell-East Central).
1549-A6,A11,C1,C2,E3,F2
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES. 1.
THE PROBLEMS OF DISPOSAL
AND REGULATORY ASPECTS OF
RECYCLED MANURES
Nutrition Section, Agricultural Research Council.
Poultry Research Center, West Mains Road, Ed-
inburgh EH9 3JS, Scotland.
R Blair, and D. Knight.
Feedstuifs. Vol. 45. p. 32. 34, March, 1973. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
disposal, 'Legal aspects. Drying, Odor. Micro-
organisms, Moisture, Nitrogen, Feeds, Sampling,
Diseases.
Identifiers: Animal wastes. 'Great Britain, 'Ma-
nure, Pollution, Refeeding. Feed additives.
Drugs.
Since feeding operations are becoming more In-
tensified there is no longer enough land on which
to spread manure. Recycling or feeding of ma-
nure to farm animals is one possible means of
disposing this by-product of modern day feed-
ing. This paper reports on preparation of ma-
nure for feeding and on the regulatory aspects
of recycling. Probably the most important aspect
of preparing manure is drying it. For commer-
cial purposes. Quality Control Standards suggest
that poultry manure should have less than 15%
moisture, not less than 5% nitrogen, and good
appearance with little odor. If it is being incor-
porated into feed, it should list any drugs or
additives and good hygiene should be practiced.
Regulations look unfavorably on recycling ma-
nure because it may contain drugs, antibiotics,
or disease organisms. However, when dried
poultry manure has been properly processed, it
appears to present no serious health dangers
when fed to ruminants. Further research is nec-
essary before the Food and Drug Administration
will approve us: of manure in feeds. (Russell-
East Central).
1550-B5, C3
A QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF
THE FAECAL MICROFLORA OF
BABOONS FED A NATURAL DIET
OR A SYNTHETIC DIET COMPLETE
OR DEFICBENT IN PYRIDOXINE OR
RD3OFLAVIN
Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, P.O. Box
43640, Nairobie, Kenya.
p. F. Uphill.
The Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 36,
No. 3. P. 501-511, September, 1973. 2 tab, 42 ref.
Descriptors: 'Diets. 'Microorganisms, Sampling.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Baboons, Faecal
microflora. Pyridoxine, Riboflavln
A group of baboons were fed a natural diet of
fruit and vegetables while three other groups of
baboons were fed a synthetic diet which either
Included pyridoxine and riboflavln or was defic-
ient In both. Quantitative analysis was then
made of the baboon faecal material to study its
microflora. There appeared to be no significant
difference in the microbial counts of baboons
fed diets deficient In pyridoxine and riboflavin
and baboons on natural diets. The groups fed
the synthetic diet had Increases In Clostridium
welchii and lactose-fermenting enterobacteria
with a decrease in lactobacilll. There was a
slight reduction of yeasts and a slight increase
of microccocd, staphylococd, and faecal strepo-
cocd. When the groups were first fed the syn-
thetic diet there was a marked change In micro-
flora which was very stable. When the groups
were then fed a natural diet, another marked
change In microflora occurred. (Russell-East
Central).
1551-A2, A3, Bl, F6
PROJECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL
AND MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
SECTION
Applied Science and Technology Branch. Office
of Research and Monitoring, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460.
K. Jacobson and W. J, Lacy.
Environmental Protection Agency Research Re-
port EPA-R2-73-171, March, 1973, 201 p.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Projects. 'Farm
wastes. 'Research and development. Forestry.
Agricultural runoff. Feed lots. Recreation, Oil
spills.
Identifiers: 'Marine pollution, Logging. Irriga-
tion return flow. Watercraft wastes. Hazardous
material spills.
Projects of the Agricultural and Marine Pollu-
tion Control Program—March 1973 is a compila-
tion of the information sheets of the 160 pro-
jects initiated from fiscal year 1972. Each sheet
contains the objectives, statistical Information
and a brief description of an initiated project.
General Introductory information on the Environ-
mental Protection Agency's Agricultural and Ma-
rine Pollution Control Program is also presented
to provide perspective on the magnitude of these
non-point pollution problems and the research
direction that must be pursued In order to de-
velop the technology to adequately control non-
point sources In the United States. (Jakobson
and Lacy-EPA).
1552-A1, A4, A6, F2
PHILOSOPHY ON LIVESTOCK
WASTE REGULATION
Missouri University, Columbia.
D. R. Levi.
Presented at 1971 Winter Meeting of the Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago,
Illinois. December 7-10. 1971. Paper No. 71-
918. 10 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Livestock, 'Regu-
lation, 'Legal aspects. Feed lots, Agriculture,
Biochemical oxygen demand. Effluent, Water pol-
lution. Odor, Zoning, Waste treatment. Damages.
Identifiers: Manure, Nuisance. Site selection.
There are two types of regulations under which
a livestock farmer can be prosecuted or fined
(or environmental damage. The first are public
regulations, such as the States and Federal Gov-
ernment have promulgated In the Water Quality
Act of 1965 and comparable State bills, These
laws usually provide objective criteria for mat-
ter discharged into water or air, for example.
maximal BOD levels for effluents discharged Into
streams. Private regulation usually takes the
form of nuisance laws, where the more objective
human tolerance for noise, odor, or water pollu-
tion is given a legal form. A fanner who endan-
gers his neighbors' health, well-being, or live-
lihood by polluting their water supplies, or mak-
ing their air foul-smelling is subject to damage
suits, injunctions, fines, or a combination of
these. Zoning helps to minimize suit* since It
Insures that the land use Is not unreasonable in
itself. However, a farmer In a zoned agricul-
tural area may still produce a nuisance and
be taken to court. Selecting a site for livestock
pens as far as possible from homes and com-
plying with all existing State laws and codes
can not only abate the pollution generated by a
farm creating a hazard but indeed has done
what the law requires. Waste treatment facili-
ties are the single best insurance against legal
action, and farmers and agricultural engineers
should cooperate to draft realistic and practical
laws in agricultural waste control. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System).
1553-A8, D3, E3
BIODEGRADATION OF ANIMAL
WASTE BY LUMBRICUS
TERRESTR1S
University of Georgia College of Agriculture
Experiment Stations, College Station, Athens.
O. T. Fosgate, and M. R. Eabb.
Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 55. No. 6, p. 870-
872, 1972. 1 tab, 4 ret.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes. 'Recycling, 'Waste
treatment, Biodegradation, Lime. Proteins, Cat-
tle, Dairy Industry.
Identifiers: 'Earthworms, 'Lumbricus terrestris,
•Potting soils* Cats. Dead animal disposal.
Earthworms on a diet of raw dairy cattle fecis
and water with sufficient lime added to main:
tain a pH of 7.0 produced 1 kg of worms for
each 2 kg of dry fecal matter. The earthworm
castings, a loose friable humus type of soil con-
taining three per cent nitrogen, provide an excel-
lent greenhouse potting soil weighing half as
much as the usual potting soil and providing
more flowers on more strongly rooted plants.
The earthworm meal, containing 58 per cent pro-
tein and 2.8 per cent fat, is very palatable to
domestic cats. (Whetsone, Parker, and Wells-
Texas Tech).
1554-C3, D2
TECHNIQUES FOR THE
ENUMERATION OF ANAEROBIC
MICROBES IN WASTE
FERMENTATION SYSTEMS
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Univer-
sity of Kentucky, Lexington.
H. E. Hamiltin, I. J. Ross, and S. W. Jackson.
Presented at 1971 Winter Meeting of the Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 7-10, 1971. Paper No. 71-570,
19 p., 9 fig., 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Anaerobic bacte-
ria. 'Fermentation. 'Waste treatment, 'Analysis.
Equipment, Design. Livestock, Diseases, Poultry,
Sampling.
Identifiers: 'Microbes, 'Plating, Manure. Ru-
men.
Although procedures for plating and counting
microbes, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
are well establshed, they are. especially under
anaerobic conditions, extremely time-consuming
and difficult. Special equipment is needed, par-
ticularly when large quantities of materials are
to be analyzed. Autoclaved poultry manure was
fermented with rumen microbes in this study;
new equipment and procedures were designed
for this purpose. A rumen sampling device, con-
sisting of a stainless steel wire mesh cyclinder
covered with two layers of cheesecloth and at-
tached to a stainless steel tube, served as a
probe and filter. This permitted rumen to be
removed from a fistulated steer under anaerobic
conditions. A special dispensing needle made
possible the preparation of culture tubes at a
rate of about 175 per hour. By placing a rack
with a series of manifolds under a plastic hood,
a number of test tubes could be inoculated rap-
idly. Colony counting equipment reduced the
time needed to mark tubes and count colonies.
(Solid Waste Information Retrieval System).
263
-------
1555-A2, C3, E3
ENTEROBACTERIA IN FEEDLOT
WASTE AND RUNOFF
Northern Regional Research Laboratory, North-
ern Marketing and Nutrition Research Division,
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois.
G. I. Hrubant, R. V. Daugherty. and R, A.
Rhodes.
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 378
383. September. 1972. 6 tab, 12 ret.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Runoff,
Waste disposal. Recycling, Sampling, Microorga-
nisms, Cattle.
Identifiers: •Enterobacteria. Manure, Ref ceding.
Health hazards.
Refeeding of wastes 1s currently being investi-
gated as a possible means of combating vast
accumulations of waste from animal production
However, little attention has been given to the
possible microbiological aspects of feedlot waste
This study was done to determine the types of
nucroflora found In feedlot waste and associated
sites. Samples were taken from feedlot waste,
runoff from the pens, and water from a large
drainage ditch at the feedlot, and they were
examined for Enterobacteriana*. Five-hundred
and fifty-three cultures were isolated in all Feed-
lot waste contains about 50.000.000 enterobacteria
£" gfam- More than 90% of these were
Escnenchia coli. Enrichment techniques allowed
isolation of four Proteus spp,, both Provideneij
•PP., Kltbsielli, Enterobacttr «ero«tne$, Arizona,
and single isolate of Salmonella. Neither Arlioni
nor Salmon.ll, were isolated from the drainage
diteh or runoff Results indicate that the refeed-
h °j ""sterilized leedlot waste is potentially
hazardous due to the wide spectrum of entero-
Cental" *" """* wastes-
•»nr< pr.ir.»iY<.n> i. in~,,i..t .!«„ .v- 'Cros '
sand. Pretreatment Is important since the
adsorptive capacity of any such medium is
limited. (Cartmell-East Central).
1559-D2, E3, F6
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANURE
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock,
K. L. Herzog. H. W. Parker, J. E. HalUgan.
Presented at the 73rd National Meeting of the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, De-
troit. Michigan, June 3-6, 1973. 17 p., 5 fig..
3 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Gases. 'Farm wastes. 'Recycling.
•Synthesis, Cattle, Feed lots. Oxidation, Hydro-
gen. Ammonia, Methane.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
With ammonia synthesis gas the objective, bench-
scale studies of the partial combustion of cattle
manure have been made. Results for continuous
partial oxidation of —40 +60 sieve manure parti-
cles at feed rates up to 0.17 Ib/hr in a 1.6 inch
I.D. fluidized bed reactor are presented. The
effect of increased reaction temperature, which
was studied from 1285 to 1432 degrees, was to
more than double ultimate HZ yields from 8.5
Crops, 'Waste disposal. Nitrates. Salts
sis. Irrigation. Soils, Physical properties
ical properties. Rates of application
Identifiers: 'Yields. 'Soil conditions
spreading. Saturated paste extracts
depths.
Data suggests that manure applications of 10
tons Per acre furnish adequate nitrogen for most
crops without high salt buildup In the soil AI~
applications of 10 tons per acre do not
organic levels of the soil. Higher rates o
nure can be added to soil '
yields of the soil. Deeper plox
ally alleviate this problem. ConciusionTof n^
nure application suggest that at Just 10 ton.
per acre, land area in even the most concen-
trated feeding areas is adequate to dispose of
the manure. In fact only about one-fourth of
I the cropland In Texas used for grain m
ing and handling systems to spread the muiur«
Centra?)" m0" t*M"CiMy- ««««»«S
, A12, C2, E3, Fl
REFEEDING FEED
more man aouoie Ultimate HZ yields from S.5 The FU'ITOW''^^ 7B n 15 11 »~-.i '*. "J i?**' Poujtry. Waste disposal, Oxi'
from 600,000 feedlot cattle, ammonia production 2a,,OD ditch> w"te treatment. Silage. Protein*
of up to 920 tons/day can be achieved. (Herzog. S?Ud,,,?rMl*i-._ , M
Parker, Halligan-Texas Tech) Identifiers: 'Refceding.
264
-------
Due to the Increase in confinement livestock
production, • growing effort is making manure
feeding a more systematic practice. Larg3 scalo
recycling of manure for feed might solve some
of the waste-disposal and pollution problems thai
confinement operations often create. Analyses
show that Uvestock wastes contain 12 to 40%
protein and 40 to 70% carbohydrates and are
produced at an annual rate of from 1.5 to 2
billion tons. Experiments with recycling raw
manure from feedlot cattle ai feed have had
promising results. Poultry waste and straight
litter also show promise as a ration ingredient.
An alternative to feeding waste itself is using
It as nutrition for various organisms that can
thjn be fed to cattle. However, before a large
scale commercial recycling program can begin,
many more tests must be conducted to examine
the economics, nutrition, and safety of recycling
wastes, But, the concensus seems to be that
whatever the problems, they can be overcome,
and there is no reason to doubt that animal
wastes will be a great asset in the future pro-
duction of meat protein. (Russell-East Central).
1563-A11, 12, E3
RECYCLING DPW FOR GREATER
RETURN
Texas AtM University.
J. R. Couch.
Poultry Digest. Supplement, Vol. 33, No. 384,
P. A-l-A-7. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Feeds, 'Poultry, Ru-
minants, Protein. Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Farm
wastes, Waste treatment. Waste disposal, Nutri-
Identifiers: 'DPW, 'Dried Poultry Waste, Lay-
Ing hens. Uric acid. Chicks, Manure, Turkeys.
Dehydrated poultry manure contains about 10%
true protein which may contribute significant
amounts of essential amino acids and phos-
phorous in formulated feeds. Growing chicks
can tolerate up to 5% DPW without adverse
effects DPW can compose up to 25% of thi
total ration of laying hens. It has been esti-
mated that the nutrient utilization of th: essen-
tial nutrients found in DPW will be 30-35%.
From the data reported, it is apparent that it
is not possible to recycle more than about 25%
of the total manure produced by laying hens.
This leaves 75% of the fecal material to be
disposed of through other waste management
procedures. It has also been found that rumi-
nants can efficiently utilize both the true pro-
tein and the nitrogen originating from uric acid.
Satisfactory performance has been obtained from
feeding poultry waste levels up to 50% of the
total ration. The use of poultry wastes in cattle
feeds would appear to be much more desirable
than the use in poultry feeds. (Russell-East
Central).
1564-B5, Cl, C2, Dl, D2
SHORT-TIME. HIGH-TEMPERATURE
EXTRUSION OF CHICKEN EXCRETA
Agricultural Engineering Department, Kentucky
University, Lexington.
F. A. Payne, I. J. Ross, H. E. Hamilton, and
J D. Fox.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 4. p. 750-
754. July-August, 1973. 6 fig., 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, Temperature, 'Farm
wastes. Heat, Moisture content.
Identifiers: 'Extrusion, 'Chicken exrcreta. Ster-
ilization, Chemical analysis. Uric acid, Micro-
bial analysis.
A study was done to determine the feasibility
of applying an extrusion cooking process for th?
sterilization of chicken excreta and a chicken
excreta-feed mixture and to determine some of
the chemical and physical changes in the mate-
rials resulting from this process. This short-
time high-temperature process has versatility,
a high productivity, low cost, and offers the
ability to control the time-temperature relation-
ship. An experimental extruder consisting of >
plunger, barrel and an electrically heated die
was constructed for the tests. The sterilization
parameters were found to be In the range of
those commonly used In food processing, but the
test design was not sufficient to prove the theo-
retical development. However, based on the
microbial parameters estimated, an extruder
could be used to sterilize chicken manure. The
extrudate was analyzed for changes in uric add,
ether extract and total nitrogen. The only sig-
nificant change found was the decrease in ether
extract of the chicken excreta-feed mixture with
increasing extrusion temperature. Loss of mois-
ture associated with flash volatilization and evap-
orative cooling was determined. (Cameron-East
Central).
1565-A2, A4, A5, A7, Bl,
C2, C3, Dl, D2, D3, El
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT
Albert A. Webb Associates.
Albert A. Webb Associates, Consulting Engineers,
Riverside, California, March, 1974, 177 p., 34 Dg.,
36 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Farm wastes,
•Management, 'California, 'Water quality, 'Wa-
ter pollution, 'Waste disposal. 'Watersheds. Bac-
teria, Runoff, Salts, Leaching, Recycling. Equip-
ment, Economics, Costs, Air pollution.
Identifiers: 'Santa Ana River Basin. Compost-
ing, Sanitary landfill.
One of the most productive regions in Southern
California Is the Santa Ana River Basin. How-
ever, over the years the water quality and quan-
tity have been difficult to maintain. Recogniz-
ing the problem, a cooperative effort which will
supply water users a continuous supply of good
quality water was undertaken. Some of the
major problems faced in the Santa Ana Water-
shed are: (1) salt imbalances which threaten
ground water supplies; (2) excess nitrates In
the domestic water supplies; and (3) bacterial
and viral contamination of surface waters. This
study was designed to determine economically
feasible methods by which the dairy industry
could reduce the amount of salts added to the
ground water of the basin to 0.3 ton per acre
per year. This study involves a survey of the
problems in the valley with: an evaluation of the
waste streams from individual cows to the dairy;
methods of collecting, treating, and disposing
of these waste streams; the economic and orga-
nizational aspects, of doing this; and recommen-
dations of a plan to achieve the objective.
(Russell-East Central).
1566-B1, E3, F2
CORN. MANURE AND SILAGE
MAKE AN EXOTIC RATION
Successful Fanning. Vol. 72. No. 5, p. B10-B11,
March, 1974. S Dg.
Descriptors: 'Silage, 'Feeds, 'Recycling. 'Farm
wastes, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, Performance, Costs.
Management. *
Identifiers: 'Corn. 'Manure, 'Refeeding.
The key to making refeeding animal wastes
practical is to mechanize handling and to de-
velop proper management of the unusual feed.
A Georgia feedlot owner feeds a mixture of 45%
cracked shelled corn, 15% corn silage and 40%
manure to his cattle. The ingredients are mixed
in a large mixer wagon and blown into a sealed
silo. After fermenting, the sweet smelling feed
makes a 12% protein ration that includes 70%
total digestible nutrients. The mixture is cheap
and efficient and handling is easy. Rate of gain
Is nearly a quarter of a pound more per day
than on a normal ration (80% shelled corn,
7% hay and 12% protein supplement). The Fed-
eral Drug Administration allows farmers and
feedlot operators to recycle waste from their
own .operation. (Cartmell-East Central).
1567-A6, Bl, C2, D3, E3
SOLU) SUBSTRATE FERMENTATION
OF FEEDLOT WASTE COMBINED
WITH FEED GAINS
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Northern Regional Research
Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois.
R. A. Rhodes, and W. L. Orton.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 84-3032, 18 p., S fig., 4 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots. 'Waste
treatment, 'Fermentation, 'Feeds, 'Proteins,
•Recycling, Odor, Liquid wastes. Nitrogen, Incu-
bation. Aerobic conditions. Bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Grains, 'Refeeding. 'Solid substrate
fermentation.
Manure is recognized as being a potential nutri-
ient source for feed, and generally the manure
is fed directly as a nitrogen source. But a new
and different process is being developed involv-
ing ensilage of the liquid fraction of feedlot
waste and cracked grains. This process is called
solid-state fermentation. The liquid contains 10%
solids in the form of microbial cells and fine
waste components. When added to cracked grain
such as corn the thick liquid adheres to grain
surfaces. The grain-waste mixture is incubated
by tumbling slowly in a revolving vesssl and
rapidly undergoss acid fermentation caused by
the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Yeasts
emerge after incubation, and the bacteria cells
grow rapidly. The odor quickly disappears as
0.1 meq of acid per gram is generated, but the
nitrogen is conserved. Lactic, acetic, proprionic,
and butryic acids are formed in the process.
The fermented product has 18% more protein
than the unfermented grain. This process shows
'positive results for the generation of higher pro-
•itein content grain-based rations. (Russell-East
Central.
1568-A1, A9, F3
NONPOINT AGRICULTURAL
•POLLUTION: STATUS OF
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo.
A. Aleti, S. Y. Chiu, and A. D. McElroy.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26. 1974,
Paper No, 74-4025, 16 p., 2 fig., 2 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Water pollution,
•Model studies, Nutrients, Microorganisms, Pesti-
cides, Salts, Runoff, Pollutants.
Identifiers: 'Nonpoint pollution. Prediction, Sed-
iment.
Agriculture is a major contributor to nonpoint
pollution. Agriculture pollutes water quality with
such substances as sediments, salts, nutrients,
pesticides, biodegradable organics. and micro-
bial populations. These pollutants are the results
.of natural factors and source practices. The
present difficulty with nonpoint pollution control
is the inability to assess, in quantitative terms,
the effect of control measures. The overall need
is to develop comprehensive models which in-
clude all pollutants, which are sensitive to the
causes of these pollutants, and which recognize
interdependencies between pollutants in order to
facilitate development of simplified control meas-
ures Some of the needs basic to the construc-
tion of these models are: data gaps; analyses
of transport phenomena; evaluation of current
and past case studies; model-orientated case
studies conducted on a wide scope; collection
and storage of information; and, systematic an-
alysis of large volumes of data. (Russell-East
Central).
1569-D2, E3, F6
CRUDE OIL FROM MANURE
C. Gross.
Calf News, Vol. 9, p. 3, October. 1971.
265
-------
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes, 'Oil, 'Organic
wastes. 'Feed lots. 'Recycling. Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Dr. G. Alex Mills, Chief of the U. S, Bureau of
Mines Energy Research Center in Pittsburgh,
has perfected a pilot project in which organic
waste and carbon monoxide are subjected to
1200 psi pressure at a temperature of 720"F
"Voila! You've got crude oil!" Two tons of
manure yield a ton of oil with a BTU content
of 14.000-16.000 per lb., and a ton of wit™. The
low-sulphur oil is excellent for power plants
™° ™ - annual manure supply would
- ••-•* the nation's annual oil
Parker,
least 880 million tons of this Is molsture-and
ash-free organic material (dry organic solids),
representing a potential energy source of signifi-
cant magnitude that is not being utilized. Bureau
of Mines scientists have developed methods for
converting these wastes to convenient energy
forms. This report Itemizes and evaluates for
the first time in detail the quantities and sources
of moisture-and ash free organic material con-
tained in manure, urban refuse, industrial
wastes, sewage solids, and agricultural wastes
In the United States. Furthermore, estimates
are presented for amounts of organic wastes
collected or concentrated. Th« potential for fuel,
either oil or gas, from both the total organic
wastes generated and those collected or con-
centrated is also estimated. (Anderson-Utah
1570-A2, A4, A5, Bl, B4,
C2 E2 F4
STREAM'POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL
PRODUCTION UNITS
T^h^v.r^i Engineering Department, Louisiana
Technical University, Huston.
Kriz Robbil». D. H. Howells, and G. J.
i?Urw^' ^ater PolluUon Control Federation, Vol.
«, No, 8, p. 1536-1544, August, 1972.
Tater tMatiOD- 'Streams. 'Feed
.- — _. ~- --——*•• wwi*. tviniiimjiis, s*firiuuilurcU
clrolL ¥'e storage- Design, Rainfall, North
Ho« Ph mp,lln*- Waste IfcPOsal. Livestock,
m?as;reCmeTDes!gnnalycSeri^trientS- V^™
Identifiers: Land spreading. Plowing.
I^a ",!*"?• sumn>ar'Ies a 2-year study of actual
fariiiii.1 •£ Wlution from animal production
of nr« . ? '"vesUgation included: assessment
mef^r a,nimal waste management practices:
'torn I?™"",1 ," P°llutanls reaching streams
if™ ^ '?Pical a«ri<:u»«al rites in North Car-
P*f?ma?eV,eK°Pment of Predictive relationships to
esUmate the pollution potential of similar animal
production units; development of recommenda-
„„„ if ">rrective action; and IdentificaUon of
researchable problem areas. The following con-
elusions were made. Anaerobic lagoons as the
sole means for animal waste treatment is an
unsatisfactory practice in areas where rainfall
exceeds evaporation. Although the amount of
sip-face discharge and resulting stream pollution
from lagoons can be lessened by reducing the
amount of wash water, diverting runoff and lo-
cating lagoons to prevent subsurface inflow, at
least intermittent subsurface discharge occurs
unless deep seepage is excessive. Research is
needed to develop reliable design standards for
storage lagoons with economical secondary treat-
ment units. The practice of dumping fresh ani-
mal wastes directly into streams causes exces-
sive pollution and should be prohibited. The nat-
ural pollution load on streams draining agricul-
tural basins devoid of farm animals can be
appreciable under certain rainfall conditions and
should be taken into consideration in water qua-
lity management. Land spreading of manure
is a very effective means of minimizing water
pollution. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System).
1571-E3, F4
ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM
ORGANIC WASTES: A REVIEW OF
THE QUANTITITES AND SOURCES
Utah University.
L. L. Anderson.
U. S. Bureau of Mines. Information Circular
8549. 1972, 16 p., 3 fig., 3 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Organic wastes, 'Energy, 'Farm
wastes, 'Fuels, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste dis-
posal. Oil, Gases, Sewage, Industrial wastes,
C&tt]6 Feed lOtS LiVCStOCk* ReCVCliHf
Identifiers: -Quantities, 'Sources, Refuse, Ma-
nure, Crop wastes. Conversion, Logging residues.
Enormous quantities of organic wastes are pro-
duced each year in the United States. The total
amount Is in excess of 2 billion tons and at
1572-B1, Dl, D3, E3
NEW AEROBIC PROCESS TURNS
WASTE TO NUTRIENTS
AgChem and Commercial Fertilizer, Vol. 27-28,
No. 12-1, p. 24-27, December 1972 January, 1973.
7 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Nutrients, 'Ferti-
lizers, Feed lots. Cattle, Water, Feeds, Urine.
Identifiers: 'Aerobic process. Manure, Digestor.
The first animal-waste, large scale sterilized
organic fertilizer capability is being devoleped
by the operator's of Ohio Feed Lot—the world's
largest pollution-free enclosed cattle feedlot.
Cattle manure is collected by front-loading trac-
tors, dumped into large fan ventilated vats and
fed to an aerating digester. Once the manure
is sterilized it is then bagged and packaged
in 5, 10, 25, and 50 pound bags of organic ferti-
lizer and sold. Great pains have been taken
to make this feedlot operation as self sufficient
and environmentally ameliorating as possible,
Utilization of natural air flow (aided by fans).
the creation of an impermeable feedlot surface.
and the development of a guarded cattle diet
using the feedlot's own corn-based feed all con-
tribute to the creation of the completely self
sustaining and ecology-proof environment that
Ohio Feedlot founder W. C. Hackett hopes to
develop. (Drewry-East Central).
1573-A6, Bl, C2
GASES AND ODORS IN
CONFINEMENT SWINE BUILDINGS
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Illinois
University. Urbana.
D. L. Day, E. L. Hansen, and S. Anderson.
Transactions of ASAE, Vol. 8. No. 1, p. 118-121.
1965. 117 fig., 7 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Gases, 'Odor, 'Confinement pens,
•Hogs, 'Farm wastes. Slabs, Ammonia, Carbon
dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide. Methane, Waste stor-
age.
Identifiers: "Confinement buildings. 'Swine, 'Ma-
nure, Slotted floors.
The objective of this Investigation was to quali-
tatively analyze the gases and odors produced
In confinement swine-finishing building, with and
without fluid manure waste handling, A cold
trap gas collector was used in an attempt to
concentrate condensable gases from the build-
ing atmosphere. Ammonia was found In the
solid-floor building that was cleaned daily by
scraping. The odors In this building, which
were very strong and offensive, were collected
on a special glass-fiber paper along with feed
and dust particles In the atmosphere. Gases
detected in ths totally slotted floor building with
underfloor pits were carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, methane, and possibly ammonia. They
were evidentiy produced by the biological activ-
ity In the ponded wastes. Thus far, there have
been no conclusive tests of detrimental effects
of the gases and odors on the pigs. However,
there have been numerous reports of an unex-
plained decrease In the rate of gain at about
150 lb. in weight when pigs were raised In
confinement buildings with underfloor ponded
wastes held In the building for a month or lon-
ger. The cold trap, as operated, was not effec-
tive In concentrating contaminant gases In the
condensate to the extent that they could be
analyzed with infrared spectroscopy. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1574-A2, A4, A5, A8, B2,
B4, E2
THE EFFECTS ON RUNOFF,
GROUNDWATER, AND LAND OF
IRRIGATING WITH CATTLE
MANURE SLURRIES
Tennessee University. Department of Airlml
tural Engineering, Knoxvllle. Afrtenl.
J. I. Sewell, and J. C. Barker.
Research Report No. 31, Tennessee Water IU-
. ,. •>—.-_.. ...... Knoxvllle. October 4J
,
1973> M
,
b' 3
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle. •Water n>.
use, Waste disposal. Slurries, 'Waste man«i£
ment, •Organic wastes. Irrigation, Water auibtv
Groundwater, Surface runoff. Nitrates.
Humid
The manure slurry Irrigation syitem receivinc
lot runoff bas performed satisfactorily and has
been durable. Careful management is required
to maintain itorage capacity for lot runoff white
controlling surface runoff of Irrigated slum
Dilution water must sometimes be added to U»
storage tank to facilitate solids removal Dry
matter contents of slurry up to about 4 percent
did not appreciably reduce system discharge
rates Manure slurry apparently Infiltrated into
the shallow groundwater on the downslope aid"
of the test area. Surface runoff from the ma
nure-saturated area on occasions contained both
'
. jie maximum standard for raw sur
face water for public supplies. All median sur.
face runoff nitrate nitrogen concentrations were
within the permissible criteria. An average M.
plication rate of 5.55 tons of dry matter per acre
per month applied in the form of dairy maoon
slurry presented no problems of solids accumu-
lation on the ground iurface. Field irrigation
with the manure slurry resulted in a 88% redac-
tion In the total solids content of surface runoff
and groundwater compared with that of th»
slurry. (Sewell-Tennesaee University).
1575-A2. Bl. Fl, F2
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT LAWS AND
CLIMATE ON OPEN FEEDLOT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering. OU».
homa State University, Stillwater.
A. F. Butchbaker. J, E. Carton, G. W. Maloney.
Presented at 65th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. JuneJMO
1972. Hot Springs, Arkansas. Paper N™ ySS'
38 p.. 12 fig.. 6 tab. 16 ref. ' if^**-
Descriptors: 'Feed lota, 'Regulation, •Legal a*
pects. •Climate*. 'Farm wastes, 'Manatem.nl"
•Design. Costs. Precipitation (Atmospheric)
I*0™*- Evaporation, Water pollution. Irrigation.'
Identifiers: Storm rainfall. Open feed lot. Bold.
ing pond.
The effects of climate and the impact of feedlot
laws on waste management systems were exam.
Ined. Analysis of the engineering design reqcdre.
ments for feedJots was made by «earchinirth,
literature, observing feedlot operations Terfo™
Ing operational analysis of waste handling snl
terns, and from personal conversations. Feedlot
laws for regulating runoff control are aimed it
reducing the water pollution potential by rieani
of holding ponds. For the waste manuement
lystems, the major climatic factors are: annul
precipitation, storm rainfall, annual evaporation
and temperature. Analysis of the various alter!
natives for handling the feedlot waste was don.
by analyzing the field observations and ntllMn*
the computer to generate design InformatioTto
perform calculations for comparing the coat %
various systems.. For a 20,000 head open fc«n«!
with pollution control, the toSS sySem™
{feedlot construction plus waste management imT
terns) are approximately O.OUis dollars ner Zni
mal day with an Investment cost of «T
mately $416,000. (Cartmell-East Central)
266
-------
1576-B2,B3,B4,E2,E3,F3
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ANIMAL WASTES AND WATER
QUALITY
Environmental Protection Agency. President'!
Water Pollution Control Advisory Board.
President's Water Pollution Control Advisory
Board. Environmental Protection Agency Report
of Recent Meetings. October. 1971 and January.
1972. 33 p.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, 'Water quality. Re-
cycling. Waste disposal. Lagoons. Basins, Fuels,
Oil. Gases, Fertilizers, Feeds, Research and de-
velopment, Feed lots. Water pollution. Runoff,
Colorado, Nebraska. Kansas, Illinois, Indiana,
Public health, Monitorings, Strip mines.
Identifiers: 'Animal waste. Land disposal, Build-
Ing materials. Refeedlng, Site selection.
The Board held meetings In Colorado 26 29. Oct.
71 and in Illinois and Indiana 24-28, Jan. 72 to
hear testimony on the animal waste pollution
problem. Field trips were combined with both
meetings. The paper summarizes the bearings.
As a consequence of the meetings, the Board
presented ten recommendations to EPA. That
on uses of animal wastes is: "The Board be-
lieves that recycling animal wastes back onto
the land is the best practical approach in most
situations, particularly for smaller operators,
through the use of catchment basins, lagooikng
systems, and/or solid waste handling techniques.
There are also other possible uses which should
be given full consideration. Testimony presented
to the Board Indicates that promising possibili-
ties exist in converting animal wastes into fuels
such as oil or back into animal feeds. It is rec-
ommended that the Environmental Protection
Agency give high priority to funding for research
and development projects which may develop
practicable and tale alternate uses for animal
wastes." (Whetsone, Parker, Wells-Texas Tech
•University).
1577-D3, E3
GE OPENS RECYCLING PLANT
Calf News. Vol. 10, p, 34. 80-81, October, 1972.
2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Art ion a, 'Farm
wastes, 'Cattle, 'Feeds, Thermophilic bacteria.
Proteins, Livestock, Organic wastes. Feed lots.
Identifiers: 'General Electric Company, 'Recycl-
ing plant, 'Refeeding.
GE opened • test facility at Casa Grande, Ari-
zona, on 31 August to treat the wastes from 100
head of cattle by means of thermophllic bac-
teria to produce a pasteurized high-protein live-
stock feed supplement. Cattle manure consists
largely of plant fiber constituents digested only
slowly by usual strains of bacteria. Results are
expected by mid-1973. (Whetsone. Parker, Wells-
Texas Tech University).
1578-A8, E2, Fl
MANURE PROMOTED FOR
CROPLAND
Call News. Vol. 10. p. 18. December, 1972.
D'scripton: 'Farm wastes, 'Crops, 'Fertilizers,
Rates of application. Salts. Nitrates, Irrigation.
Costs, Nebraska, Nutrients, Feed lots. Soil con-
tamination. Water pollution, Soils, Slopes.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Soil conditioner. Yields.
Manure acts as a fertilizer; buffers alkaline
soils; and improves porosity, granulation, water
Infiltration rate, and moisture retention. Resid-
ual effects may result in a profit even where
handling costs exceed one-year value. Salt ac-
cumulation should be checked. Maximum appli-
cation rates recommended are 10-15 tons/acre
depending on precipitation and irrigation prac-
tices Brief notes on the same page report in-
creased hay yields on manure-fertilized land in
California anud warn of nitrate pollution In Ne-
braska. (Whetsone, Parker. Wells-Texas Tech
University).
1579-A7, All
INFLUENCE OF DtST AND
AMMONIA ON THE DEVELOPMENT
OF AIR SAC LESIONS IN TURKEYS
Department of Veterinary Science, Wisconsin
University, Madison,
D. P. Anderson. R. R. Wolfe. F. L. Chemu, and
W. E. Roper.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol.
29, No. 5, p. 1049-1058. May, 1968. 18 Eg.,
5 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dusts, 'Ammonia, Poultry, Air
pollution. Mortality.
Identifiers: 'Air sac lesions. Turkeys, Feed
conversions, Airsacculltii.
This experiment was undertaken to determine
the effects that long exposure (10 weeks) to
ammonia and dust air pollution have on turkeys
living under conditions of commercial poultry
production. Mortality, feed conversion, incidence
of air-sacculitis, and histologic changes were the
responsa criteria used. Four treatments were
designated in terms of factor levels: A—high
dust and low ammonia; B—low dust and high
ammonia; C—high dust and high ammonia; and
C—high dust and high ammonia; and D—low
dust and low ammonia. The temperature was
kept near 21'C. Increasing the dust concentra-
tion from the low to the high level caused more
than doubling of the Incidence of airsacculitis
This occurred regardless of the mycoplasma
Infection rate. The turkeys exposed to treatment
D were consplcious by the lack of lesions. The
lesions in tissues of turkeys exposed to treat-
ments, A, B, and C usually were loss of cilia
from the columnar epithelial calls lining the
lumen of the trachea, increase in mucus-secret-
ing goblet cells in the trachea, consolidation and
inflammation in areas of the lung, lymphocytic
infiltration of air sacs, and occasionally masses
of caeous exudate in the air sacs. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1580-B1,C1,C2,C3,E3,F1
MARKETING POULTRY MANURE
Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
H. C. Jordan.
Presented at Proceedings of the 1969 National
Poultry Litter and Waste Management Seminar,
September 29-30, 1969, University of Delaware
Substation, Georgetown, p. 18-23.. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry.' Farm wastes, 'Market-
ing, 'Fertilizers, Drying, Bacteria, Odor, Nitro-
gen. Phosphorous. Additives.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Surveys were conducted in an attempt to find
answers to the manure marketing problem. The
questionnaire and the answers that were re-
ceived are given in detail. The needs for a
marketable product appear to be the following:
(1) poultry manure must be dried to below
20 per cent moisture; (2) microbe count must
be reduced; (3) aerobic bacteria that release
COg and water are the only ones that can be
tolerated; (4) odor must be reduced; (5) nitro-
gen in the form of urea and uric acid must be
fixed; (6) nitrogen, phosphorous and potash
should be kept in original amount in the end
product; (7) chemical and biological additives
must be controlled for mushroom production;
(8) the product must flow through a lawn
spreader and be easy to handle; (9) the product
must store without picking up water and giving
off odor; (10) advertising and sale must be done
without "poultry manure" in the name of the
product. (Cartmell-East Central).
1581-C1, C2
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BEEF
MANURE
Ghel Company, West Bend, Wisconsin,
R. L. Houkom. A. F. Butchbaker, and G. H.
Brusewitz.
Presented at 65th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, June 27-30,
1972, Hot Springs. Arkansas. Paper No. 72-316.
34 p., 11 fig., 4 tab. 14 ref.
Descriptors: Thermal conductivity. 'Farm
wastes, 'Cattle, Specific heat. Bulk density. Phy-
sic il properties, Chemical properties, Analysis.
Equipment, Moisture content, Viscosity.
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Thermal diffusivity.
Objectives of the experiment were to determine
the effect of moisture content on the specific
heat and thermal conductivity of fresh cattle ma-
nure, to determine the chemical and physical
properties of manure for engineering application,
and to estimate the thermal diffusivity of ma-
nure from experimental values- of specific heat,
bulk density, and thermal conductivity. Manure
was analyzed at 257o. 657o, and 85% moisture
levels. It was found that moisture content is
statistically significant in variation of thermal
conductivity. Specific heat is also dependent
on moisture levels whereas thermal diffusivity
appears to be independent of moisture levels.
Particle density of beef cattle manure was about
the same as dairy cattle manure, but particle
size of the dairy manure averages larger than
beef manure particles. It was also found that
bulk density of manure reaches a maximum at
about 65% moisture content with a great varia-
tion of bulk density and thermal conductivity
between 45% and 65% moisture levels, (Russell-
East Central).
1582-A6,A8,B2,B5,C1,C2,D3,
E2
MANAGEMENT OF SWINE WASTE
BY A LAGOON SYSTEM
Agricultural Engineering Department, Coopera-
tive Extension Service, Washington State Uni-
versity. Pullman.
R. E. Hermanson, and J. L. Koon.
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 16, No. 6. p. 1172-
1174, 1178. Nov.-Dec., 1973, 4 fig., 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Management, 'Farm wastes,
•Hogs, Lagoons, Waste treatment. Water pollu-
tion, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic conditions,
Odor, Effluent, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Chemical oxygen demand. Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Bacteria, Sampling.
Identifiers: 'Swine, Land disposal.
A two-stage anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system can
provide a significant reduction in pollutional char-
acteristics of swine waste. The addition of an
aerated second stage to an anaerobic lagoon
resulted in effluent with mean BOD and COD
reductions in the aerated lagoon of 72 and 45%,
respectively. A detention time of 2 weeks in
the aerated lagoon resulted in average BOD and
COD reductions almost equal to the 4 or 5 week
detention time for the anaerobic lagoon, Total
nitrogen was reduced an average of 187o for the
2 week detention in the aerated lagoon and 53%
for the 9 week detention,. Although significant
reduction in effluent concentrations were achiev-
ed, the end product was still quite polluted.
The levels of BOD. COD. Nz, and P along with
solids and color, in most states, limited the
discharge of wastes from this two-stage system
into receiving streams. Disposal on land was
the only feasible alternative. The primary effect
of the aerated lagoon was the reduction of odor
and the amount of pollutants that the land was
forced to handle. (Russell-East Central).
1583-A6,B2,B5,C1,C2,D3
ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF
SWINE MANURE MIXED WITH
MUNICIPAL DIGESTER SLUDGE
Associate Agricultural Engineer, Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, Canton,
Illinois.
J. L. Roll, D. L. Day. B. A. Jones, Jr., J. T.
Pfeffer.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Dli-
nois, December 11-14. Paper No. 73-4521, 15 p.,
3 fig,, 6 tab. 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Degradation
(Decomposition), 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, Waste
storage. Waste treatment. Odor, Physical proper- >
ties. Chemical properties. Sampling, Analysis,
Gases.
267
-------
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Swine, 'Municipal diges-
ter sludge.
This study was undertaken to determine If the
addition of non-lagooned digester sludge to liquid
swine manure aided anaerobic activity and odor
control, There were two trials lasting two weeks
each and a third trial lasltng forty-five days.
All studies Indicated that adding digester sludge
to manure yielded excellent anaerobic digestion.
Different manure-sludge ratios were tried, and
It was found that a 2:1 manure to sludge mix-
ture underwent the most digestion, but it also
emitted the most odor. However, odor was al-
ways less when sludge was added than when
manure was stored alone. So adding digester
sludge to a holding pit may help control odors
and aid in stabilization of the manure It was
concluded that odor control and increased degra-
dation of waste is'due to enhanced anaerobic
activity. (Russell-East Central).
158A-A4. A12, Bl, F2
PRESENT AND FUTURE ZONING
REGULATIONS AFFECTING
LIVESTOCK PRODUCERS
B. A. Parks.
Unpublished paper, 4 p.
' «' effective.
b? m»H. M'J?" °r three changes """ mi*ht
be made to the existing law If it is applied to
hvestock production. The major changT would
be to recmd section 358A2 which grants agri-
cultural exemption to county zoning As a sec-
ond alternative, the agricultural exempUon might
be retained with an amendment added which
specifically subjects livestock production to zon-
ing controls. A third alternative could be an
opinion by a court that livestock production Is
subject to zoning. (Russell-East Central)
1585-A6, B2, D3, El, Fl
NEW LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS
Beef, Vol. 10. 'No. 8, p. 37-38, April, 1S74. 2 fig..
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Waste disposal.
Confinement pens. Lagoons, Effluent, Odor.
Costs, Missouri, Design, Farm wastes. Waste
treatment.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Flush system.
Flush systems manure handling is rapidly be-
coming one of the most prominent methods of
waste disposal in the Midwest. The flush setup
offers low original cost and promises to be rela-
tively odor free. Many men have given their
reasons of installing the flush system. Most give
the reason that it is an efficient, inexpensive
method of waste disposal. It is based on the
concept of a single slot at the end of a concrete
slab draining from the feedbank, Some have
been installed in the open, while others have
been in cold confinement barns, but all have
proved to be satisfactory for proper removal.
The effluent is flushed periodically from the slab
to a lagoon. To be effective in this process, the
lagoon must be loaded daily. If the lagoon is
loaded at longer intervals, the bacteria action
will not be effective. At least once a year the
lagoon .must be diluted. As a rule of thumb,
about half of the lagoon should be removed and
replaced with water. Perhaps the flush system
will offer the bsst and cheapest method of waste
disposal in areas where weather is not extreme.
(Russell-East Central).
1586-A11, Bl
NEW ALUMINUM SLATS AND
CONCRETE SLATS COMPARED
Feedlot Management. Voy. 16, No. 4, p.
April, 1974. 1 fig. 1 tab.
10-11,
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens. Cattle, Perfor-
mance. Traction, Iowa, Tennessee.
Identifiers: •Aluminum slats. 'Concrete slats.
Concrete slats have long been accepted for beef
cattle feeding, but, due to the expenses and
impracticably of concrete, aluminum Is now be-
ing us 3d in place of concrete. Experiments
which compared aluminum and concrete slats
were conducted at Alice Farm In Iowa. After
three winters and two summers, data was evalu-
ated. Results indicated that the average dally
gain values for the two types of slats during the
three winter tests were almost identical. Aver-
age feed conversion values were also very simi-
lar. During the summers, the gains were also
similar, and although feed conversions slightly
favored concrete, the difference was not signifi-
cant. After numerous tests and changes, Alcoa
researchers have developed the slats to the point
that cattle also get the same traction as on
concrete. The future of confinement feeding
seems definitely to be going to aluminum slats
instead of concrete. (Russell-East Central).
ducted to determine the energy value and feed
Ing Potential of pupa, from the common boult'
fly Musca domestica L, and/or digested pouUrV
manure Results showed that pupaecontam liih
levels of many nutrient. import.,* |n £„?,"
nulriUon. Analyses showed that the pupae con
tamed 61.47. protein and ».3% f
acid composition of pupae wa, .ar
of meat-and bone meal or fi.h meal and
better than soybean oil meal. Results of
Ing trials showed that there wa. ™ sigrt
difference in weight gain In pupa™ fed c
from 1 day to 4 weeks of ag? than w\th o
fed soybean meal. However, chicks fed digested
poultry manure showed Inferior food conversion
Protein and higher fiber content of thV dfcStSi
manure may account for the different Th
metabollsable energy value of pupaeand £
gesled manure was found to be 10-6 and »j
0 " """'
1589-A2, Bl, Fl
PIERCED STEEL PLANKING
SURFACING FOR FEEDLOT
RUNOFF CONTROL
""'- S""h Dak
JR.
- L3'
1587-A1,A6,A10,A11,B1,F1
SLATS IN THE SOUTHWEST?
Editor, BEEF.
P. D. Andre.
Beef, Vol. 10, No.
1973. 3 fig.
p. 62, 70, 71, September,
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Performance.
Cattle, Costs, Lagoons, Sprinkling, Waste dis-
posal.
Identifiers: 'Slats, Southwest U. S.. Open feed
lot.
Operational facilities are given for a confinement
facility with a capacity for 10,000 head of cattle.
The advantages of the confinement pen versus
the open pens are given in detail. Only seven
acres are needed for the confinement pen versus
30 for the open pens. Confinement, it is esti-
mated, should save hiring two men, as com-
pared to open lots. Since the feed truck only
has to travel over seven acres rather than 30,
another savings of $1,800 is listed. Among the
other advantages are: more pleasant working
conditions for employees, ease of handling ani-
mals, possible improvement in conversion rates
and death loss, odor' and fly control, pollution
prevention, easier management and supervision,
more consistent quality of beef, faster turnover
of cattle at lighter weights, and longer total life
of the facility. Severe performance slumps due
to weather can also be avoided; consequently,
management can project business more accur-
ately. There is an estemated $100,000 yearly
advantage for this Arizona feedlot in going to
confinement over open lot. (Cartmell East Cen-
tral).
14. Chicago, Illinois, 16 p.. iTfig.. if"^
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Runoff, 'Control
treatment. Farm wastes. Cattle ~ '
Water pollution. Infiltration rates '
Costs.
Identifiers: -Pierced steel planking. Manure.
The concept of using pierced steel planking in •
dish shaped fetdlot with a porous surface oS
a 53Kd bed ^ Partial|y ^eat the liquids which
had been separated from the solids proved unlaf
Isfactory. It was unsatisfactory because the
waste material from the cattle combined with
""* H V*-'0™ a" imP«meable layer on the
sand and this prevented vertical water move
ment. However, the pierced steel lot did show
certain advantages over concrete lots Some of
these advantages were: the cattle adapted read
ily to the steel; the surface remained staWe-"
the surface could be cleaned easily the lurf?*'
could be cleaned when concrete lots remained
frozen; the lots were cooler than concrete lota
during the wara months; the lots were dust fr*t
during dry seasons; and the lots could be easUy
remodeled by arranging the sections differently
with a tractor. The price of the steel pierced
lot varies as do other surfaces with eadj «et
of conditions. (Russell-East Central).
1590-A11,D1,D2,E2,E3,F1
NUTRD3NT RECOVERY: NEW
CONCEPT IN WASTE HANDLING
P. D. Andre.
March-
1588-A11, Bl, D3, E3
NUTRITIVE CONTENT OF HOUSE
FLY PUPAE AND MANURE
RESIDUE
Department of Animal Science, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins.
J. S. Teotia, and B. F. Miller.
British Poultry Science, Vol. 15, p. 177-182, 1974.
1 fig., 5 tab. 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Poultry. 'Nutri-
ents. 'Recycling, Metabolism, Energy, Amino
adds. Proteins, Analysis. Feeds, Waste treat-
ment. Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'House fly pupae, Refeed-
ing.
Fresh poultry manure was inoculated with house
fly eggs and incubated. Tests were then con-
Descriptors: 'Nutrient removal, 'Farm wastes
•Waste treatment. Recycling, Water purification'
Confinement pens. Model studies, Bacteria &£
aration techniques. Irrigation, Fertilization'
Identifiers: -Waste handling, Refeeding. '
In the near future, cattle feeders may begin la
use a nutrient recovery system as an integral
part of a confinement feeding building Such a
system has been developed and is currently un
dergomg experimentation. This system stirU
with raw manure and through a series of o^
stages removes the organic and inorganic nutr£
enU for animals and field crops, ending up with
C'ea! £"' f ID "* ""' sUg*- 30% °"h* tou5
available dry solids can be pulled out The «J?
ond stage, which can involve up to 'five «t»n«"
removes most of the remaining nutrients The
third stage Is a water purification itage The
cost of such a system is very high, but exniri
ments indicate that returns from the system can"
be considerably higher than the cost T™
268
-------
enl value of the extracted waste* appears to be
very high, and a well balanced high protein teed
Is the result of the process? Although th?re are
minor problems to overcome, the Corrall Nutri-
ent Recovery System's designers are confident
that It will offer substantial gains for confine-
ment feeding. (Russell-East Central).
1591-A6,B1,B4,D1,D2,E2
PNEUMATIC TRANSPORTATION
OF MANURE
Manager Laboratory of Mechanization. All-Union
Research Institute of Cattle-breeding. Podolsk,
Moscow Region, USSR.
A N. Shimko.
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 16, No. 6, p, 1170-
1171. Nov.-Dec.. 1973. 1 fig. 3 ref.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment. 'Waste storage.
Fertilizers, Nutrients. Economics. Organic wastes.
Identifiers: "Manure. 'Pneumatic transporation.
Holding tanks. Manure pits. Land spreading.
In Russia, the work involved In loading, unload-
ing and transporting manure accounts for ap-
proximately 40% of all the labor expended on
farms. About one-half of this amount is required
for handling manure. At the Mechanization Lab-
oratory of the All-Union Research Institute of
Cattle-breeding, a pneumatic system was design-
ed to transport and load manure Into storage
structures on livestock farms of 100 to 2,000 head
of cattle. This system eliminated tractors, trans-
port units, and traffic in moving manure from
barns to pits. It also provided the means to
convey, receive, and store for long periods high
quality organic fertilizer without the loss of nutri-
ents The system involves transportation of
manure from barns to the manure bank. When
the tank is full, it becomes pressurized to about
6 atmospheres The manure Is then sent through
a pipeline and stored at the bottom of a pit.
The upper layers of the pit dry and reduce
odors When needed, the top layers are removed
and used for fertilizer. (Russell-East Central).
1592-A5, A6, B2, B4, Dl,
D2, D3, Fl
ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND
LAGOONS
Oregon State University, Corvallis.
T L Wlllrich.
Unpublished paper, 1971, 3 p.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion. 'Lagoons,
Waste storage, Waste treatment. Sludge, Munic-
ina? wastes. Odor. Groundwater pollution. Waste
storage. Organic wastes. Costs.
Identifiers: Manure.
The anaerobic digester Is used to treat solids
and scum that are removed from munidual sew-
ace and it is used to treat animal manure,
The anaerobic lagoon Is usually used for the
storage or treatment, or both, of some industrial
organic wastes and animal manure. The anae-
robic digester involves a closed vessel, capture
of cases heating, dally sludge removal, and con-
tinuous mixing. The anaerobic lagoon Involves
an open impoundment, release of odorous gases.
no artificial hi at, sludge accumulation, no con-
trolled mixing. The anaerobic lagoon Is an Inex-
oensive device for the temporary storage of ma-
nure or the primary treatment of manure, or
both The limitations and advantages of the
anaerobic lagoon are listed. Also recommenda-
tions for the design of the anaerobic lagoon are
given (Cartmell-East Central).
1593-AlO, Bl, D3
DUNG BEETLES: BIOLOGICAL
WEAPON AGAINST HORN FLJES
The Cattleman, p. 76-77, March, 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. Texas. Cattle. Aus-
tralia. Waste treatment. Diseases.
Identifiers: 'Files, 'Manure. 'Dung beetles.
A species of Afro-Asian dung beetle, Onthopha-
gus gazella. Introduced to South Texas from
Australia, shows promise of helping control ma-
nure-breeding flies that affect cattle. Under opti-
mum conditions, a cow dropping can be broken
down In 24 hours through the cooperative efforts
'of about SO conjugal pairs of beetles. Onthopha-
gus appears to be able to survive winter wea-
ther and droughts. The beetle operates by work-
ing beneath the manure, breaking it down and
burying it In underground tunnels. Being a
night flier, it Is less subject to such predators
as cattle, egrets, meadowlarks. toads, and wild
turkeys. H is also less apt to become an Inter-
mediate host of parasites than are day crawling
Insects, (Whetsone, Parker, Wells-Texas Tech
University).
1594-A8, E2, Fl
EFFECT OF CAGED-LAYER
MANURE ON PASTURE LAND
North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
D B. Harwood. T. B. Morris. Jr.. G. A. Martin,
J. A. Phillips, and J. V. Gaird.
Unpublished paper, 1973, 4 p.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes. 'Poultry. 'Pastures.
Fescues, Fertilizers, Clovers. Rates of applica-
tion. Litter. North Carolina, Costs. Forage
grasses.
Identifiers: 'Caged-layer manure. Yield.
In 1969. the authors solicited the cooperation of
Maurice and Eugene Pickler of Springdale
Farms, Inc., in conducting field trials of appli-
cation rates of coned caged layer manure on
pasture land. The farm had been seeded to
tall fescue and ladino clover several years ear-
lier, had been generally underfertilized and over-
grazed, and had become a mixed sod of species
seeded and native grasses and clovers. The
experimental area was divided into four plots.
600 Ibs./A of 16-16-16 fertilizer was applied to
Plot 1; 5 tons/A of manure from caged hens
was applied to Plot 2: 10 tons/A of the manure
was applied, to Plot 3; and IS tons/A of the
manure was applied to Plot 4. Measurement of
forage was taken at Irregular intervals. Yield
was increased 28, 48, and 118% by the addition
of 5, 10, and IS tons of coned cage manure on
alternative yean. At the low rate of applica-
tion, carry-over effect was only 14% of direct
effect, but at the higher application rates, carry-
over effect was more than 60% as large as
direct effect. At SOc/lb. of beef, the yield would
be worth $30.80 per ton of manure, or, at 30c/lb.
of beef, the yield would be worth 118.48 per ton
of manure applied. (Cartmell-East Central).
1595-B3, Cl, C2, C3, Dl,
E2, E3
AIR DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE
UNDER FULLY STEPPED CAGES
IN DEEP PIT HOUSES
Durham, England.
H. A. Elson. A. W. M. King, and C. L, Benham.
Unpublished report, March, 1972. 4 p. 6 taab.
Descriptors: 'Drying, 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes.
Waste treatment. Waste disposal. Feeds, Fertili-
zers, Recycling, Molds. Moisture content. Bac-
teria, Proteins, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. Postas-
sium. Larvae.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Deep pit houses. Slats.
Ref ceding.
In order to use or dispose of poultry manure.
It Is logical to consider drying it since this
considerably reduces Its mass and renders It
more convenient to handle. In a search for an
economical and efficient method of drying ma-
nure, trials were set up, in which slats of vari-
ous widths were installed under cages. Samples
of manure were taken every two months and
analyzed for moisture content, molds, patho-
genic bacteria, fly larvae, fertilizer and feeding
values. With regard to'fertilizer value, an analy-
sis of a typical sample was: dry matter 74.1%,
nitrogen 8.88%, phosphorus 2.13%, potassium
2.19%, CaCOa 5.36%, The feeding value of this
•ample was crude protein 25%, crude fiber
12.2%. oil 1.0%. ash 23.4%. It was concluded
that this method of utilizing slats under cages
to dry poultry manure had proved efficient and
economical. The narrower the slat, the quicker
the drying tak^s place; the narrower the gap
the quicker the manure bridges It—preventing
further drying. Subject to certain limitations,
the dried material is suitable for use as a feed
or fertilizer, which considerably enhance its
value. (Carlmell-East Central).
1596-A11, D2, E3
THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF
HYDROLYZED POULTRY MANURE
FOR BROILER CHICKENS
Division of Poultry Husbandry, Georgia Univer-
sity, College Experiment Station, Athens.
K. E. Wehunt, H. L. Fuller, and H. M. Ed-
wards. Jr.
Poultry Digest, Vol. 39, p, 1057-1663, 1960. 5 tab,
17 ref.
Descriptors:'Hydrolosis. 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes.
Performance, 'Feeds, GrowtW rales, Litter.
Identifiers: 'Nutrition, 'Manure, 'Broiler chick-
ens, 'Refeeding.
The objective of this study was to determine the
value of hydrolyzed poultry manures as ingredi-
ents in broiler diets by obtaining a measjre
of the bilogical value of their protein, and by
determining their unidentified growth factor ac
tivity in comparison with recognized sourcss of
such factors. The results indicated that chicks
can utilize a portion of the protein of hydrolyzed
broiler litter when it is added to diets that are
sub-optimal in protein. The chicks receiving sup-
plemental protein from manure required more
crude protein per gram gain in body weight than
those receiving equal amounts from the other
sources. Thus, on the basis of crude protein,
the manures were less efficient than either soy-
bean oil meal or the casein-gelatin combination.
Based on chemical determination performed dur-
ing this investigation, only about one half of Ih3
crude protein of hen manure and slightly more
than one-third of that of broiler manure existed
as true protein. It appeared that autoclaved
poultry manure was approximately equal to con-
densed fish solubles and dried disWlers' solu-
bles combined, and superior to either in supple-
menting corn-soybean oil meal type rations con-
taining no other UGF supplements, as such.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1597-A11, Bl
SPRINKLING CATTLE FOR
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cali-
fornia University, Davis.
S. R. Morrison, R. L. Givens, and G. P. Lof-
green,
California Agriculture, Vol. • 27, No. 8, p. 7-9,
August, 1973. 1 tig.. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Sprinkling, 'Cattle, 'Control, 'Heat,
Temperature, Refrigeration. Performance, Mud.
Identifiers: 'Heat stress. Slotted floors. Space.
Two studies were conducted at the Imperial Val-
ley Field Station. In one study cattle were sprin-
kled for 1 minute every 30 minutes when the
temperature was above 80°F, or they were hous-
ed in a refrigerated barn maintained at 75°F.
Results of this first experiment showed cattle
cooled by either refrigeration or by sprinkling
ate significantly more feed and gained weight
faster than did the uncooled control cattle. How-
ever, efficiency of feed conversion was not great-
ly affected. The control cattle were under some
degree of heat stress, as their respiratory rates
and body temperatures were higher than those
of animals cooled by refrigeration or sprinkling.
In experiment two, both uncooled and cooled
cattle consumed more feed and gained more
weight when alloted 40 sq. feet per head of space
than with 20 sq. feet. Other results were fairly
comparable to experiment one. (Cartmell-East
Central).
269
-------
1598-A8, Bl, B2, B5, C2
POSSIBILITY OF REDUCING
NITROGEN IN DRAINAGE WATER
BY ON FARM PRACTICES
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclama-
tion. Fresno Field Division, Fresno, California
J, W. WillUord, and D. R. Cardon.
Agricultural Wastewater Studies, 1971, Report
No. REC-R2-71-11. 83 p., 18 fig., 31 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: "Nitrates, 'Agricultural waste, 'Fer-
tilizers, Lysimeters, Sub-surface drainage, Denit-
rification, Ammonia, Crop prodjction. Animal
wastes. Municipal wastes, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'San Luis Service Area, California,
•Nitrogen Budget. Mineralization, Organic nitro-
gen, Drainage water. Farm practices.
A nitrogen balance study of the San Luis Service
Area determined that the average annual nitro-
gen contributions from all sources other than
residual soil nitrogen were approximately equal
to the nitrogen removal by crops and gaseous
losses. This would indicate that, although in
many instances the residual-nitrates would re-
place some of the contributed nitrogan, espec-
ially fertilizers, animal and municipal wastes,
the amount of nitrates moved to the drains
would be proportional to the amounts of soluble,
naUve nitrates in the soil. A soil sampling study
fha(Se.h Sltes thro»«l>oul the area indicated
uLn, nferel(We,re a wide range in toe concentra-
it, .1 ^tratef- ammonia and organic nitrogen
in the soils and subsoil. There were extremely
^rt^nC?I! aUOns of ""rates «n 'hose soils lo-
cated on the mterfan positions between the lar-
fhn Vh63,"1?- Fertilizer studies in lysimeters
show that in medium to heavy textured soils
under normal irrigation and fertilkar manage-
£ «! plac.uces verv '"tie nitrogen is leached
to the drains. Nitrate type fertilizer contributed
more nitrogen to the drainage effluent than
ammonia and slow release sulfur coated urea
le™!;?ers- I' was concluded that tie best pos-
sibilities to reduce nitrogen in drains by on
farm practices will be to establish Farm Ad-
yisory Programs to encourage the most effic-
ient farm management and fertilizer practices
and to design drain systems to promote denitrifi-
cation and reduce the area swept by the drain
flow lines. (Williford-U. S. Bureau of Reclama-
tion).
•1599-A5, Bl, Fl
RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSULTING
ENGINEERS IN PREPARING
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
PLANS
Nebraska University, Lincoln.
W. A. Olson,
Extension Service, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, November, 1972, 2 p.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Farm wastes, 'Man-
agement, Feed lots, Design, Wells, Topographic
mapping. Planning.
Identifiers: 'Consulting engineers, Cost sharing,
Debris basin. Holding pond.
Eleven steps were given for consulting engineers
in preparing livestock waste management plans.
In short, they include: (!) prepare a topogra-
phic map of existing or proposed feedlot areas;
(2) prepare a topographic map showing the total
land area to be used for disposal of feedlot
waste; (3) prepare a design for the livestock
waste management system; (4) discuss man-
agement aspects of proposed system with oper-
ator; (5) discuss with operator cost-sharing from
ASCS; (6) make the operator aware of existing
feedlot problems; (7) check on quality of drink-
ing water from domestic wells; (8) include with
plans completed Department of Environmental
Control Forms; (9) engineer should prepare the
field layout; (10) provide recommendations for
sealing the debris basin and holding pond; (11)
prepare written contract between the consulting
engineer and operator. (Cartmell-East Central).
1600-A8, C2, E2
ACCUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF
MANURE AND N ON CONTINUOUS
CORN AND CLAY SOIL. 1. GROWTH,
YIELD, AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE
OF CORN
Department of Plant and Soil Science. Vermont
University, Burlington.
J. L. Mclntosh. and K. E. Varney.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 64, No. 3, p 374-379,
May-June. 1972. 3 fig., 8 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Nitrogen, 'Corn
(Field), 'Soils, 'Growth rates. 'Nutrients. Phy-
sical properties. Chemical properties. Potassium,
Magnesium, Calcium, Moisture, Rainfall.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Yield. Mineral composi-
tion.
The objectives of the study were to study the
effects of continuous corn and manure and N
treatments on the physical and chemical prop.
erties of the soil and on the growth, yield, and
mineral composition of the corn plants over a
period of at least 5 years. The results are re-
ported in this paper. During years of normal
or less than normal rainfall, manure application
significantly increased yields of corn grain and
stover. During relatively wet years, manure had
no beneficial effect on corn growth and yield.
Manure treatments increased percentage K by
as much as 0.30% in the corn ear leaves but
decreased Ca and Mg. Manure had little effect
on percentage N and P. In a wet year, manure
reduced N from 2.72 to 2.44% when averaged
over all treatments of N. Chemical analysis of
small plants showed the same trends as did
analysis of ear leaves. Manured plots were
slightly but consistently higher in soil moisture.
Small differences of about 1% were measured
when the soil was near saturation (43% mois-
ture). Differences of 2.5% were measured 1
week later when the soil was near 30% moisture
(Cartmell-East Central),
1601-B2, B4, C2
.SUBFLOOR MONITORING OF SHADY
GROVE DAIRY LIQUID MANURE
HOLDING POND
Farm Advisor, California University Extension
Service, San Bernadino County.
J. C. Oliver, W. C. Fairbank, J. L. Meyer, and
J. M. Rible.
California Agriculture. Vol. 28, No 4 D 6-7
April, 1974. 1 'ig., 6 tab.
Descriptors: 'Monitoring, 'California, 'Dairy In-
dustry, 'Liquid wastes. 'Sealants, 'Seepage con-
trol, Analysis, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: 'SuWloor. 'Manure 'Holding pond.
Subfloor monitoring of the Shady Grove Dairy
liquid manure holding pond was begun in June.
1972, with the installation of duplicate tensio-
meter cups at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9 ft. below the
pond floor. Extracts for analysis were collected
weekly from ceramic cups for the first six weeks
after the pond was filled with manure water
Chemical analyses of soil solution extracts from
beneath the pond were given. This subfloor mon-
itoring technique established that the dairy waste
pond had become effectively sealed. The soil
solution analysis as compared with original soil
analysis data, leads to the conclusion that seal-
ing of ponds takes place essentially in the upper
6 ft. of soil in a pond bottom. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1602-A6, A7, A10, All, Bl
SPRINKLING FDR DUST
SUPPRESSION IN A CATTLE
FEEDLOT
Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of
Agricultural Engineering, California University,
Davis.
J. J. Carroll, J. R. Dunbar, R. L. Given*, and
W. B. Goddard.
California Agriculture, Vol. 28. No. 3. p. 12-14.
March, 1974, 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Sprinkling, 'Dusts. Teed lots
•Cattle. Temperature. Humidity. Dew point, Perl
formance, Odor, Mortality. Morbidity, California.
This report summarizes an Investigation of the
effectiveness of sprinkling open, unpav.d feed
tot cattle pens for dust control and the effect
£ *F£nmy °n ^ temperature and refaUve'
S"3"Vtyi, One ">rinw^ feedlot and one unaprin'
Wed feedlot. located In the Imperial Valley of
California, were studied. A program of .prink?
Ing the pens for 2 hours, beginning at l m
fDT a"^««ajn tot 1V4 hours beginning about
5 pm PDT, should reduce the total dusUness by
at least half. Sprinkling appears to reducetoe
maximum temperature reached for the day leu
than 10'F while raising the ambient relative hu
nudity by not more than about 10%. No deiet",
ious effects on animal performance, morbidity
or mortality resulted from sprinkling No In
crease In fly or odor problems could be traced
to sprinkling. (Cartmell-East Central) u"cea
1603-B1, B4
DRINKING WATER CONTROL IN
DEEP PIT LAYING HOUSES
Agricultural Experiment Station, Maine Unlver-
sity, Orono.
F. V. Mulr, G. B. Jaeger, and H. C. Whel-
den. Jr.
Research In Life Sciences. Vol. 20. No 4 4 t,
September, 1972. 3 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Water, 'Control Wast*
storage. Farm wastes. Flow control. Waste «ui
posal.
Identifiers: 'Water supply. 'Deep pit 1 tying
houses, 'Flow-through trough.
Commercial poultry houses designed with a deep
pit provide a manure storage area which per.
mils greater flexibility in manure disposal alter
natives. Manure can be allowed to accumulate
in the pit for a time period In excess of on-
year. The method of watering the layers In the
houses has been an Intermittent flow-throuch
system. Three trials were conducted to deter
mine the consistency of now rates from flow
control valves; to measure flow rates from £
gallon per minute flow control valves installed
in varying locations in a 4-row double deck
deep pit cage system; and to measure the time
required for water to flow from the inlet to
the overflow end of trough waterers. The results
indicated that flow control valves can be ustd
In commercial poultry houses to equalize the
flow rate into the individual trough of an inter-
mittent flow-through watering system. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1604-A3, A5, A8, C2, E2
POLLUTIONAL ASPECTS AND CROP
YD3LDS RESULTING FROM HIGH
MANURE APPLICATIONS ON SODL
Agricultural Engineering Department, Nebraska
University. Lincoln.
O. E. Cross.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting of American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University. Stillwater. June 23-2S 1974
Paper No. 74-4059, 29 p., 21 fig,. 1 tab. uTef.'
Descriptors: 'Water pollution. 'Rates of aoDli
cation. 'Soils, 'Farm wastes. 'Waste disposal"
Runoff. Groundwater pollution, Feed lots. Cattli'
Nitrates, Irrigation, Sodium. Potassium. H»
trical conductance.
Identifiers: 'Crop yields, 'Manure. Land spread-
ing.
Beef cattle manure was applied on the test lilci
at levels of 0, 40. 80. and 160 tons per acre for
four years. The sites were plowed at depths of
4. 8. and 12 Inches. Crop* were planted on th«
sites at three plant densities: 'now", "medium"'
"Mgh". The crops were then irrigated, and data
was gathered concerning crop response, pollution
of underground water supply, and polluUonal
270
-------
potential from surface runoff. It was found that
plant densities or plow depth had no effect on
crop yield, and over the four year period crop
yield had not decreased on sites where manure
was added. The underground water appeared to
have retained its potable quality throughout the
test. Nitrogen displacement in the runoff ex-
ceeded the potable water allowable of 10 ppm
only during the first 90 minutes of Irrigation on
heavily manured sites. The sodium concentra-
tion of the runoff never exceeded the maximum
for potable water, but It is acceptable to be
reused for irrigation. Also electrical conductance
was never above Water Quality Standards. Re-
sults indicate that runoff from manured areas
can be reused as irrigation water. (Russell-East
Central).
1605-A6.A11,B2.B4.D1,D3,E2
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
B Horsefield, J. Gottbrath, and J. Kadlec.
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting of the
American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chi-
cago niinois. December 11-14. 1S73, Paper No.
73-4517, 33 p., » fig., 10 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treat-
ment. 'Management. "Evaluation, Costs, Lagoons,
Confinement pens. Economics. Waste storage.
Separation techniques. Transfer, Transportation.
Waste disposal. Odor, Water pollution. Irrigation,
Performance.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch. Slatted floors, Col-
lection, Land disposal.
Five unique waste handling systems for confine-
ment finishing hogs were studied and were com-
pared with two common systems. The five sys-
tems were: (1) a deep pit with wood slats and
earth bottom; (2) partial wood slats, a shallow
pit and a two-stage lagoon; (3) full wood slats
with a shallow pit and lagoon; (4) a solid con-
crete floor with flushing and a two-stage la-
goons; and (5) partial slats and air diffusion
oxidation. The two common systems were:
(A) concrete slats and concrete pit; and (B)
concrete slats and pit with oxidation ditch and
outside storage. Both cost and noncost factors
were taken into consideration. The costs ranged
from $75 to $3.89 per head produced if the
nutrient value of the wastes were ignored. (Rus-
sell-East Central).
1606-A1, E3, F2
CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM
ANIMAL FEEDLOTS AND REUSE
OF ANIMAL WASTES
Committee on Governmental Operations.
93rd Congress, 2nd Session, House Report No.
93-1012. 68 p,. 1 lie.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution. 'Control. 'Feed
lots 'Farm wastes, 'Livestock, Legal aspects.
Permits, Regulation, Fertilizers, Fuels, Recycl-
ing Waste treatment. Waste disposal. Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Pollution, 'Reuse, Environmental
Protection Agency.
This report looks at the Federal Government's
efforts to control pollution from animal feedlots
by more efficient management of wastes and by
encouragement of their reuse as fertilizer and
fuel It discusses the nature of feedlot pollu-
tion'from feedlots, and the current EPA policies
for control. Also discussed is the pollution prob-
lem versus the administrative problem. A lengthy
portion deals with permit requirements for point
source polluters. Three appendices discuss the
types of animal feedlots, the EPA's authority to
exclude point sources from the permit program,
and a photograph of a beef cattle feedlot, respec-
tively Supplemental views of Hon. John C. Cul-
ver and dissenting views of Hon. Charles Thone
are included. (Russell-East Central).
1607-A11,B3,C1,C2,D2,E3,F1,
F2
$500,000,000, MARKET—IF FDA
SAYS OKAY
C. Cooper.
Egg Industry, Vol. 6. No. 7, p. 15, 18, 20-21,
July, 1973. 3 flg.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Poultry, "Feeds,
•Recycling, 'Waste treatment. Moisture content.
Proteins, Nutrients, Costs, Performance, Dehy-
dration, Drying,
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste (DPW), Food
and Drug Administration, Pasteurization.
A half-bullion dollar market for DPW (dried
poultry waste) as a feed Ingredient may be just
around the corner If the Food and Drug Admin-
istration yields to pressure from many industry
sources, and on Capitol Hill, to recognize It as
a safe and effective feed additive. Major road-
block to final FDA sanction is the promise of
that intense fight from consumer groups. Vari-
ous other countries are already utilizing DPW
as a feed ingredient. Smaller eggmen will have
the option of purchasing smaller driers and pro-
cessing their own wastes or selling the raw ma-
nure to a bigger operator. Most scientists agree
that the lower the moisture content of the raw
manure when It's fed Into the drier, the better.
But, they also agree that if poultry manure Is
left in the houses for more than three days,
the protein value of DPW deteriorates, bringing
down with It the expected selling price. Reduc-
ing the cost of producing a dozen eggs by one
per cent of feed cost, through quality control
in the feed mill, can mean a S17.3 million dollar
savings to tic egg industry. (Cartmell-Kast
Central).
1608-B2, Dl
SETTLING BASIN DESIGN FOR
RACEWAY FISH PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Center, Georgia Uni-
versity, Athens.
J. L. Chesness, W. H. Poole. and T. K. Hill.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974.
Paper No. 74-5005, 13 p.. 3 fig, 5 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Settling basins, 'Design, 'Organic
wastes, 'Fish, 'Sedimentation, Recirculated wa-
ter, Model studies. Effluent. Analysis.
Identifiers: Raceway fish production systems,
•Fish wastes.
A new type of fish production system is a flow-
ing water culture of fish in a redrculaUng earth-
en raceway. This system .reduces substantial
amounts of fish, but if production in this closed-
loop system Is to continue, techniques must be
found for the removal of waste products. This
study was undertaken to: (1) determine the
quantity of solids and the settling characteristics
of suspended solids; and (2) design and test a
settling basin for the removal of these solids.
A trapezoidal-shaped settling basin was designed.
Field evaluations showed that the basin would
remove about 48% of the filterable solids. This
was 82% of the predicted removal efficiency, but
only 6% of the total organic solids would ba
removed by sedimentation. This study indicates
that effective removal of waste organics in warm
water fish culture redrculaUng raceway systems
cannot be attained by physical sedimentation
alone. (Russell-East Central).
1609-A6, A13, B2, B3, E2
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANIC
WASTE SLURRY INJECTOR
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Colo-
rado University, Fort Collins.
R. C. Gold, and J. L. Smith.
Presented at Winter Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 11-14, 1973. Paper No, 73-4529, 12 p.
6 fig., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Organic wastes,
•Waste disposal, 'Slurries, 'Injection, Irrigation.
Odor, Aesthetics, Economics, Ground water. Run-
off, Soil analysis. Insects.
Identifiers: 'Land spreading. Pollution, Deep
plowing.
Organic waste disposal methods have changed
little over the past several decades. However,
these usually create aesthetic and pollution prob-
lems which have resulted In an attempt to find
new and better ways to dispose of organic
wastes. The presence of organic matter and
some plant nutrients makes the idea of recycling
organic wastes to the soil very desirable. The
four usual methods for returning materials to
the soil are irrigation, surface spreading, deep
plowing or burial, and shallow plowing or Injec-
tion. Since surface application creates problems,
experiments were conducted using a slurry Injec-
tion system. This type of system offers these
advantages: (1) It is inexpensive; (2) it is capa-
ble of handling large volumes of wastes; (3) It
eliminate; odors, visibility, and aesthetic pollu-
tion problems; (4) it can be used in any part
of the country with sufficient storage capacity
for cold weather; (5) it can be operated by
one person; and (6) the wastes are recycled
and their benefits are not lost. (Russell-East
Central).
1610-B1, B4, E2, Fl
TAILOR MADE CONFINEMENT
BARN
Managing Editor of BEEF.
B. Fleming.
Beef, Vol. 10, No. 7, p. 8-9, March. 1874. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Confinement pens,
•Management, Fertilizer, Design, Oxidation la-
goons, Lagoons. Costs, Ventilation, Insulation,
Waste disposal. Waste storage, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Barns. Land spreading. Slats.
A confinement barn operation should fit a feed-
er's personal needs, Lee and Roy Stoll had that
in mind when they designed their own confine-
ment barn. It consisted of a 256 ft. long barn.
The south side of the barn was always open.
The cattle were fed by a 250 ft. belt feeder
which ran down the middle of the building. The
manure handling system consisted of an eight
ft. deep pit system. The manure was then re-
claimed as fertilizer at an estimated savings
of about $23 per acre. Other unique arrange-
ments in the barn were varied pen siie and
slats for the background lot. The Stolls elimin-
ated drafts by using wall-like dividers and insu-
lation. The manure pit was eight ft. deep, but
only about two feet of that was below grade.
The rest was built above ground and then fill
dirt was added. The stall operation is a care-
fully matched setup, and is tailored for their
specific operation. (Russell-East Central).
1611-B2, C2, D3, Fl
METHODS OF REMOVING NITRATES
FROM WATER
Robert S. Kerr Research Center, Ada, Okla.
P. P, St. Amant, and L. A. Beck.
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry.
Vol. 18, No. 5, p, 785-788, September-October,
1970. 1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, 'Water. 'Algae, 'Bacte-
ria. 'Denitrification. 'Desalination, 'Nitrogen,
•Nitrates, Oxidation, Costs, Tile drainage. Osmo-
sis, Hectrodialysis, Proteins, California, Filters.
Identifiers: 'Algae stripping. Pond.
Due to salt accumulation in the water collected
by tile systems in the California San Joaquin
Valley, it is necessary to dispose ultimately of
this water. Reports show that nitrogen, primar-
ily in the nitrate form, is a serious potential
pollutant. Two basic methods of nitrogen re-
moval are being evaluated at the Agricultural
Waste Water Treatment Center. These methods
are termed bacterial denitrification and algae
stripping. Two methods of bacterial denitrifica-
tion are being evaluated: pond denitrification and
271
-------
filler denitrification. Desalir.jtion of the tile
drainage Is also used. The report has «plana.
lions 01 each method. Also, the eff!Ciency • of
each method is discussed. Land requirements
for these UirM systems will vary i'"1'^-
Initial cost estimates for nitrogen removal Dy
these three biological systcm» are nearly the
same—around *25 to WO per million gal. based
on an average influent nitruli'-nitrogen concen
tration of 20 mg per 1. CCami-ron-East Central).
1612-A1, A6, All, B3, E3,
Fl
CAN WE REFEED FEEDLOT
WASTES?
E. Wilborn.
Progressive Farmer. Vol. 89, No. 3, p. 53,
March, 1974. I fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, *Farni wastes, "Feed
lots. Cattle, Livestock, Performance, Costs, Odor,
Waste treatment. Waste disposal. Feeds.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding.
Now research is proving that ferdlot wastes can
be an important source of livestock feed. Sev-
etral important developments on the subject were
reported at the winter meeting ot the American
Society of Agricultural Engineers in Chicago.
Beef cows can be trained to eat pelleted feedlot
manure mixed with barley as a supplement to
dry pasture feeding. Three grocjw of pregnant
Hereford cows were fed on dry range for 84
days. One group's diet was supplemented with
pelleted cottonseed meal; one with a pelleted
mixture of 75% (eedlot manure ajid 25% barley;
and one group received no diift supplement.
Cows given the manure-barley pellet had a
higher body weight than cows gii'en the cotton-
seed meal supplement. Costs for refeeding oper-
ation were lower thafl for a standard feedlot
operation but initial investment and labor for
the refeeding operation were lu'gmer. Odor re-
duction and solving of environmental pollution
problems are two benefits. (Carcmell-East Cen-
tral).
1613-A11, E3, Fl
SOME REFLECTIONS UN IDRIED
POULTRY WASTE
California University, Riverside.
M. H, Swanson.
Poultry Digest, Vol. 33, No. 38S, p. 118-121,
March, 1974. 2 fig., 13 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Pouiltry, "Drying,
•Recycling, Fertilizers, Fuels, Pemormance.
Identifiers: "Refeedjng, Dried puiultry waste
(DPW).
Agricultural and food processing wcastes, includ-
ing those from poultry, hive thrree principal
alternative uses: (1) as fertilizers and soil
amendments; <2> as feed ingredienus for recycl-
ing through livestock and poultry; C3> as sources
ol fuel (energy). Poultry wastes uas fertilizers
and fuel are discussed briefly. A more profit-
able potential for utilization of poulLffy waste Is
the recycling of the product as a feecd ingredient.
Complete composition of dried poulcry waste is
given. Modification in the composition of poul-
try droppings occurs during the hoolding period
prior to araficlal drying and duriang the dry-
ing period itself. Indigestible comi.pon.nUi are
rendered digestible through bacterial action ind
cheS breakdown. Exposure of : the produc
to too high a temperature reduces .its nutrient
valoT Total nitrogYn and crude prcotein values
for DPW are high. DPW is a 1 low energy
product. When DPW was fed to laaying hens.
egg size and shell thickness was reduced with
increasing levels Of DPW. But the *£"">" °f
DPW did produce higher albumen qquality. The
u£ of dried poultry waste In some poultry ra-
tions may result in reduced costs; ssUil greater
saving? can be realized by using DP°W in rumi-
nant rations. (CartmeU-East Central.).
1614-A2, C2
HATER QUALITY OF STORM
RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS
a, Conege. TiUon.
Georgia. T n^AAf-ti
G. c. WJ«- »n* D-kJS meeting, American
Drainage area,
A study of feed lot runoff w« ,
,owed the variauons In total .tMO* co
Potassium, '^"-"S to fie sediment load.
SS? cScaTcoSu Ji" ----- P^-
.. area one.
(Frantz-East -Central).
Identifier!: "Open lot*-
5S
Central).
1616- All, Bl
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FIVE
BEEF HOUSING SYSTEMS
West Central Experiment Station, University ol
£ "rLlndorl^'A. Jordan, »'. E. Smith. H. E.
Hanke, et. al. -ai etin. American
Production data was gathered In five bee!
Ins ivstems. The data concerned animal wastes.
environments, average daily gain, and feed effic-
iency for 680 head of 425 pound hereford steers
led over « two-year period. Housing systems!
were compared. It was found that there was •
manure build-up on top ol the slats In the cold
«iat barn during extreme winter weather. The
manure pit froie In the cold barn soon after U»
outside temperature dropped below J2 degrees.
Before pumping the pits. It was necessary to ugl-
tale « t° » hours to prevent wilds from build-
tog up OB the Pit floor. It was also found that
an 8 ft, deep pll was adequate for tvetatt out
«ZJ pound steers to marXet weight. The aloplni
floorsln the scrape barn aided movement of
waste into the scrape ally. It was concluded
that the environmental modification provided by
the heavily insulated warm barn might be super-
fluous, (Hiissell-EasI Central).
1617-A6, A7, Bl
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEDLOT
SITE SELECTION
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A
& M University. College Station.
J. M. Sweeten.
Prepared for publication by Regional Extension
Project for Ftedlot Waste Management through
the Great Plains Extension Feedlot Committee,
July 9. 1973. 6 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: -Feedlots, "Sites. 'Wind, "Odor.
Precipitation (Atmospheric), Wind velocity, Cat-
tle.
Identifiers: "Site selection. Climatic patterns,
Wind direction. Buffer lone.
Confined feeding of cattle In feedloU Inevitably
leads to the production of odor. Consequently,
the most important element of a feedlot odor
abatement consists of judicious (lie selection.
which involves a study of local climatic (acton
to mlnimiie the probability of odor drift Into
nearby population centers or closest neighbor*
In the direction of least probability of wind oc-
curance. The optimum direction can be deter-
mined from published "wind rose" diagrams
or from tabular wind direction data. An alter-
native objective In feedlot site selection, where
' sufficient data Is available, Is to minimize the
I probability of both a rainfall event and a speci-
fied wind direction occurring simultaneously.
r If feedlot odors are minimized daring the most
critical periods of adverse moisture and temper-
ature, the wind speed factor Is probably lea*
important than wind direction considerations.
(Russell-East Central).
IS tab.
1618-A11, C2, E3, Fl
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF
PROTEIN WITH PLS
Progressive Farmer. Vol. W. No. 11. p. 44-lS,
November, 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors- "Coats, 'Proteins, 'Feeds, "Pool-
try, "Litter, "Silage, Cattle. Performance. Re-
cycling, Waste disposal.
Testa are being made by Graham (arm In Lex-
ington, on a new kind of feed for dairy cattle
called Poultry Litter Silage (PLS), The Gra-
hams using broiler Utter given them from, their
neighbors, feed heifers and steers proteins that
cost about one-twentieth as much as soybean
meal Here's how they figure It. Soybean meal
with'38% diaegtltle protein sells for ROo a ton
w 3» cents per pound (digestible). PLS is M*
digestible and costs K a ton. This Is z cjnu
per pound of digestible protein. Making tils
new feed Is an art which must be carefully
tested to assure safety. Cattle fed PLS gained
weight satisfactorily and calved with no 111
effects. Quality and taste of the meal seem
to be good Since the FDA doesnt sanction the
feeding of poultry manure to other animals, cat-
tie owners are liable If any harmful residue*
or contaminants can be traced back to their
feeding operations. With PLS costing only one-
twentieth of soybean meal cost, the Grahams,
and many others believe the present evident*
mates the risk of feeding PLS worth Using.
(Cameron-East Central).
272
-------
1619-A8, B3, E2
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY
LOT MANURE
J. M. Rakes, Q. Hornsby, and G. Barr.
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 23, No 1, p 8
January-February, 1974. 2 tab
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Dairy industry, 'Feed
lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal, Sampling,
Analysis, Chemical properties, Nutrients, Forag*
grasses.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Yield.
A study was undertaken at the Maine Experi-
ment Station utilizing dairy lot manure as ferti-
lizer. Two methods of manure handling were
compared: scraping the manure Into a pile and
loading with a front-mounted tractor loader, or
loading from a concrete ramp. Fresh dairy lot
manure was applied at two rates of wet mate-
rial—10 tons versus 100 tons per acre—on 1 acre
plots In a field. The material was incorporated
into the soil, and Boone orchardgrass and Vic-
toria alfalfa were sown In the fall. Three types
of soil were represented In the field. Yields
were recorded and proximate analyses were
made of the forage produced. Yield was con-
sistently higher with the high level of manure
application in all three cuttings. The data from
this study suggest that, if cattle wastes are
available, increased yields can be obtained by
a high rate of application, balanced with limited
commercial fertilizer. (Cartmell-East Central).
1620-A11, B3, Dl, D2, F3
PROTOTYPE OF A BROILER
CAGE SYSTEM
L. D. Andrews, G. S. Nelson, and G. C. Harris,
Jr.
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 9,
January-February. 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, Perfor-
mance.
Identifiers: 'Cage system, 'Broilers, Cross au-
ger. Feather follicles. Dropping boards.
Interest in caged broiler housing has been grow-
ing for several reasons: (1) the broilers may
be removed from cages to a transport truck
with a minimum of manual labor; (2) more broi-
lers can be reared in a given space; (3) no Ut-
ter Is required; (4) manure is more easily re-
moved; (5) less clean-up is needed between
growouts; (6) heating costs are lower; (7) de-
beaking may not be necessary; (8) there is less
bruising by catching crews; and (9) feed con-
version and weight gain may be improved. Also.
the growth rate of caged broilers is comparable
to that of floor-reared birds. Within this four-
tiered cage system Is an automated feeding sys-
tem, heating cables, and fans and scrapers
which remove manure from the dropping boards
beneath the cages. The manure is removed
from the building by a cross auger. Among
disadvantages are brittle bones, infected feather
follicles, breast blisters, a high investment cost.
and difficulty in observing birds in the cages.
Finding a way to reduce these defects is the
next step in perfecting caged broiler production.
(Russell-East Central).
1621-A6,D1,D2,D3,E3,E4
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR
CONTROL PROBLEMS—A CRITICAL
REVIEW
Office of Engineering Analysis Control Systems
National Environmental Research Center, Re-
search Triangle Park, North Carolina.
R. M. Bethea.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.
Vol. 22, No. 10, p. 675-773, October, 1972. 1 tab.
52 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Odor. 'Control. 'Air
pollution, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment. Poul-
try. Bogs, Cattle, Livestock. Management, Costs.
Feeds, Recycling, Oxidation, Analysis Measure-
ment,
Identifiers: Refeeding, Ozonation Incineration,
Gas washing and scrubbing.
This critical review begins with a description of
the air pollution and odor control problems asso-
ciated with animal feedlots and poultry houses.
A brief description is given for dairy odors,
poultry odors, swine odors, and cattle odors.
Prevention of the release of odoriferous com-
pounds would be the most efficacious long-range
solution to agricultural odor control problems.
The elimination of odors by incorporating humic
acid into the feed ration appears to offer a
promising possibility as a control technique for
cattle, swine, and sheep feeding operations.
Other methods of odor control that are discussed
in detail with comparative cost and effective-
ness data are: odor reduction by recycle feed-
ing, odor reduction resulting from Improved
waste handling procedures, odor control by
chemical reaction, odor control by ozonoation.
odor control by gas washing and scrubbing, and
odor elimination by thermal and catalytic incin-
eration. Discussion and recommendations for
future research are presented. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1622-B3,D1,D2,D3,E3,E4,
THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTES BY PYROLYSIS
Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boule-
vard, Kansas City, Missouri.
W. Garner and I. C. Smith.
Environmental Protection Agency Report Num-
ber. EPA-R2-73-096, January, 1973. 99 p. 15 fig,
9 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Qualitattive organic
separation. 'Gas condensation. 'Farm wastes,
Cattle, 'Waste treatment. 'Waste disposal. Fuels.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis, 'Feedlot waste, 'Eco-
nomic alaysls.
Beef cattle( steer) manure was obtained from
a source that was free of soil contamination,
and subsequently dried and pulverized. Repli-
cate batch pyrolyses were carried out in stain-
less steel, glass, and iron tubes utilizing axial
flow, at various levels of elevated temperature,
and at atmospheric and lower pressures. Ex-
hausts were carried by inert (as to traps and
condensers. Qualitative separations and extrac-
tions were performed to determine the presence
and quantity of various gases, ash, tar, and
organics. Many constituents were extracted, but
In such small quantities that their value may
not pay for the cost of pyrolyzing. Larger scale
pyrolyzlng units should be tested to either con-
firm or disprove. (D. F. Anderson-Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. OR&M).
1623-B1, B4, Dl, E2
DEWATERING BOVINE ANIMAL
MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Penn-
sylvania State University, University Park,
H. D. Bartlett. R. E. Bos. and E. C. Wunz.
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting of the Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers. Univer-
sity of Kentucky. Lexington, June 17-20, 1973,
Paper No. 73-431. 26 p. 3 fig, 11 tab. 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Dewatering, 'Cat-
tle. 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal. *Waxte
storage. Slurries, Irrigation. Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Manure. Fibers,
Research was conducted to develop methods of
dewatering bovine manure and determine the
properties of the resulting fibrous and liquid
components. Methods investigated were: sta-
tionary screens (hydrosieve). vibro-energy rotary
screen (sweco), pressure filtration (d'Arcy equa-
tion), porous belt with press-rolls, perforated-
shell cone centrifuge, and perforated-shell screw
conveyor. Results of the dewatering methods
are given and the fibrous and liquid components
are analyzed. The liquid contained most of the
nutrient value, with nearly half of the nutrients
in the particle size range smaller than 325 U.S.
Mesh, The chemical oxygen demand was ap-
proximately the same for the fibrous component
and for the filtrate. Dewatering of manure
would allow the liquid to be stored in earthern
ponds for later use for crop Irrigation. The fib-
rous solid could then be stockpiled without seep-
age, odor, or fly problems. (Frantz-East Cen-
tral).
1624-B2
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING
CENTERS
Food and Agricultural Engineering Department.
Massachusetts University. Amherst.
R. G. Light.
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting. American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers. Hot Springs.
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-414.
11 P. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Drainage systems, 'Dairy Indus-
try, 'Design, Farm wastes. Waste treatment.
Slopes, Construction.
Identifiers: "Milking centers.
The design and construction of milking center
floor drainage systems are often mishandled.
resulting in continuing problems for the opera-
tor such as water ponding on floor surfaces.
continuously wet floors, and excessive time In
clean up after milking. These problems can
be avoided by proper attention to required ele-
vations at the site in advance of construction
and by considering the following points: instal-
lation of piping of proper material, size and
slope; properly trapped and vented drains; ad-
vance study of external manure and waste treat-
ment requirements before construction; proper
curbs, thresholds or elevation differences at door
openings to control How of floor wash water;
slope rates of V&-V4 inch per foot for all floors
subject to washing; and other structural designs
which allow visual check of equipment malfunc-
tion, storage and reuse of milk room wash
water, and lift stations for transferring wastes
to treatment systems (if needed). (Lee-East
Central).
1625-B2, B4, BA, C2, D3
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM FOR
THE TREATMENT OF ANIMAL
WASTES
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Purdue
University, Lafayette. Indiana.
A. C. Dale.
Unpublished Paper, February IS, 1968, 20 p. 30
fig, 2 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Construction, 'Operations,
•Oxidation lagoons, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treat-
ment. Aeration, Digestion, Aerobic bacteria, Ana-
erobic bacteria. Oxygen, Odor, Volatility, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand. Nitrates, Nitrites, Tem-
perature, Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Batch-type oxidation ditch. Facul-
tative bacteria. Continuous treatment system.
A continuous oxidation ditch was developed by
the Research Institute for Public Health Engi-
neering, TNO, The Netherlands, as a low-cost
method for purifying sewage emanating from
small communities. The system Is a modified
form of activated sludg: process and may be
classified in the extended aeration group of odor-
less aerobic treatments. For either batch or
continuous oxidation ditches to work satisfactor-
ily, an aerator is used to "beat" oxygen into
the waste to support the growth of bacteria and
to hold the solids in suspension. Unlike the
continous system, wastes are dumped into the
batch oxidation ditch periodically and the aera-
tor Is not run continuously. The batch-type
ditches reduce dry matter by about 40 to 50%
by converting organic matter into carbon diox-
ide and water. The ditch releases some nitro-
gen but converts most of It into nitrites and
nitrates. The pit (ditch) storage time may be
Increased by 80 to 90% provided effluent level
can be controlled and oxygen transfer is possi-
ble at the greater suspended solids content. The
oxidation ditch also concentrates the minerals
and salt, by about 70 to 90% in the batch pro-
cess. The design and operation of the oxida-
tion ditch system Is discussed in this report.
(Cameron-East Central),
273
-------
1626-B2, B3, BA, Dl, D3,
F5, F6
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS
FOR THE FUTURE
Associate BEEF Editor.
B. Eftink. and L. Searle.
Successful Farming. Vol. 72. No. 1, p.
January. 1974. 11 tig.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agri-
cultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
T. M. McCalla,
Proceedings, Workshop on Livestock Waste Man-
agement. Ft. Collins, Colorado, Great Plains Ag-
ricultural Council Publication 56, p. 11-21. 1972.
47 ref.
26-29,
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment,
•Waste disposal, •Recycling. Lagoons. Oxidation
lagoons. Waste storage. Fish farming. Econom-
ics, Costs,
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Future. Composting.
Host research efforts are Incorporating the use
of manure as an asset Instead of a liability. The
future promises that manure disposal will be
designed to make It pay for Itself and. In some
cases, profitably. There are many methods for
manure disposal, and this Issue outlines some
of them. They are: (1) Composting manure and
selling It; (2) Recycling the liquids and treat-
lag manure; (3) Using treatment tanks to de-
f m«*,nu£: (4) Ugln* a hog manure sup-
t; (5) Piping manure underground to a
i ta"k:, <6) S^ntaf out the solids; (7)
Using an oxidation ditch; (8) Storing manure
*% ,'K" Growln« "*" «» m«"«
* the" nine methods of ma-
I "°w beln« U8ed- while °"*™
and ™ ,>, S°me *"' prove to °« u«"»
ana economical, and some will be impractical.
The positive approach of researchers and pri-
Mt7rnHl«V'erenjUri to manure disposal is both
enterprising and reassuring. (Russell-East Cen-
1627-C1, C2, D3
ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC LAGOON
TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE
WASTES
Environmental Engineering Section, Engineering
Research Division, Washington State University,
Pullman.
D. E. Proctor.
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA 660/2-74-030, May. 1974, 47 p. 10 fig. 7 tab,
6 rex.
Descriptors: •Aerobic treatment, 'Anaerobic di-
gestion, 'Farm lagoons, 'Dairy industry, •Farm
wastes. Foam separation. Harvesting of algae.
Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Dairy manure, Pacific Northwest,
Washington State University, Anaerobic lagoons.'
The removal of manure from dairy cattle con:
finement areas by improved hydraulic flushing
techniques was attempted in conjunction with an
attempt to treat the resulting manure slurry In
an anaerobic, lagoon and activated sludge pro-
cess. Algae cells were allowed to propagate in
the activated sludge process effluent in an at-
tempt to then harvest the cells and accomplish
nutrient removal as a Dnal polishing step. While
manure could be hydraullcally moved by high
velocity flushing Jets, it resulted in a slurry
that was too thick to flow by gravity to catch
basins within the cattle confinement areas. The
anaerobic lagoon-activated sludge process ie-,
quence did accomplish overall pollutional strength
reductions as high as 90%. The activated sludge
process effluent was still too high In organic
strength, color, and nutrients to be discharged
to surface waters, however. Dissolved air flo-
tation of algae cells produced in shallow propa-'
gallon ponds was ineffective. (Boydston-EPA,
PNERL, NERC, Corvallls. Oregon).
1628-A2, A5, A6, A8, B2,
B3, E2
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE
RESEARCH
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Research and de-
velopment, 'Nebraska, 'Feed lots, Runoff, Crop
production. Costs, Management, Facilities. Odor,
Terracing, Effluents, Water chemistry. Hydrol-
ogy, Nitrates, Caissons, Waste disposal, Ground-
water, Hydrology.
Identifiers: Loading rates.
Several different types of animal waste research
are being studied. A discussion on each of the
following is Included in this paper: (1) land load-
ing with manure, (2) costs for livestock waste
management facilities, (3) feedlot runoff control
and application of runoff on crops, (4) feedlot
runoff control and feedlot waste management,
(5) feedlot soil and water chemistry and ground-
water hydrology, (6) runoff effluent disposal on
cropland, and (7) odors. There is an explana-
tion of each of these different studies; together
with plans for continuing the research. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
1629-A7, Bl, Dl, Fl
C6NTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE
FEEDLOTS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
AiM, College Station,
J. M. Sweeten.
Texas Agricultural Extension Service Report,
Texas AIM University, College Station, April,
1974, 13 p. 2 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Control, 'Dusts, 'Cattle, 'Feed
lots. Rates of application. Sprinkling, Equipment,
Air pollution. Sampling. Measurement, Stocking.
Moisture. Costs.
Identifiers: Manure. Chemical application.
J. M. Sweeten.
Feedlot dust control methods including water
application rates, equipment, treatment costs,
and alternate strategies are described. The most
important step in effective dust control is to
attack the problem early and maintain steady
control. The best means of feedlot dust control
la water application. Either permanent sprink-
lers or mobile equipment can be designed, man-
aged, and operated to provide effective feedlot
dust control. Conclusions are that the cheapest
and most effective means of dust control is ap-
plication of water to the feedlot surface at a
rate of 1 gallon per square yard per day (0.18
inches per day) initially, followed by daily water
treatments of Mi gallon per square yard per day.
Dust control practices should be Initiated when-
ever the moisture content of loose surface ma-
nure falls below 20% (wet basis). (Cartmell-
East Central).
1630-D3, E3
MANURE AS A FUEL
Calf News, Vol. 12, No. 3. p. 48, 86-87, March,
1974. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Fuels. 'Farm wastes. 'Waste treat-
meat, 'Waste disposal. *
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Composting, 'Agricultural
wastes.
If all agricultural wastes from plants and ani-
mals were available, they could be converted to
energy equal to one-fifth of the petroleum or
one-fourth of our natural gas requirements. A
low-cost, high volume method of converting ani-
mal and plant wastes Into a sulfur-free fuel
through • new rapid composting process has
been proposed as an immediate and practical
way to face the current energy crisis, Feedlot
manures alone would supply energy exceeding
the total propane and other fuels would be freed
to operate tractors and trucks or for other uses
such as heating schools, homes and hospitals
Scientists have learned that organic wastes when
composted produce a clean, sulfur-free fuel re-
sembling lignite. This compost fuel can also be
produced at a lower cost than oil, propane, nat-
ural gas, coal, or other such fuels. The fuel la
also stable and safe to handle or store (Rus
sell-East Central). '
1631-A6, A10, A13, B2.B5.
D3
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
OF ANAEROBIC LAGOONS FOR
POULTRY WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department. Iowa State
University. Ames.
E. P. Taiganldei.
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska Lin
coin. May 19-20, 1964, 12 p. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons. 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Anaerobic
conditions, Odor, Design.
Identifiers: Flies.
Lagoons for the treatment and disposal of farm
animal wastes are not the panacea they are
reputed to be by the farm press. They have not
been found suitable for the treatment of animal
manures because of their high land surface and
water requirements. The design criteria for the
reduction of the solid matter of manure have not
been established. Generally, lagoons will be
Judged by the following criteria: stabilization of
the Influent, control of odors, control of flies.
and appearance. A properly functioning anaero-
bic lagoon should produce no vile odors. Ths
main factors In anaerobic digestion are: temper-
ature, loading rate, solids concentration, deten-
tion periods, volatile add concentration, solid
matter accumulation and scum formation, essen-
tial nutrients concentration, toxic substances.
and pH. Some of the design criteria for ana-
erobic lagoons discussed are: size, water depth
Inlet, outlet, shape, and location. The most.ad-
vantageous time to start a lagoon is during the
summer. Seeding procedures are discussed. Mix-
ing aids the manure degradation process. File*
will not breed In an anaerobic lagoon unless
a scum forms. Good bacteria husbandry dic-
tates the continuous feeding of the lagoon, except
when it is frozen. The value of anaerobic la-
goons will be better defined after the end of
experiments now in progress. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System),
1632-A11, C2, E3, F1,F2
FEEDING STEERS DPM
Calf News, Vol. 11. No. 7, p. 26. July, 1973,
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Poultry, 'Cattle, Proteins
Performance. *
Identifiers: 'Dehydrated poultry manure. Food
and Drug Administration.
The poultry people have a product they an
eager to bring into the cattle feeding market-
dehydrated poultry manure. Properly processed
poultry waste can be produced In large volumes
for a cost to the producer of around $35 to S4O
a ton. The holdup, up to now. has been the fact
that the Food and Drug Administration has not
given approval to use this product as a feed
ingredient. On the other hand, there are sev-
eral thousand cattle that are being fed poultry
waste. As the law Is now written, as long as
one feeds the dried poultry wute In the State
(other than transporting it across State lines)
the Food and Drug Administration will cause
you no problem. Because dehydrated poultry
manure is Inexpensive and has nutritional value,
cattle owners may turn to this product as a
cheaper source of supplement to their cattle ra
tions, (Cartmell-East Central).
274
-------
1633-A2, B2, BA, E2
FAST FLUSH SYSTEMS
R. H. Brown.
Feedlot Management, Vol. IS, No. 11, p. 10-12,
November, 1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, 'Waste
treatment. 'Waste disposal. 'Feed lots, "Irriga-
tion, Slopes. South Carolina.
Identifiers: Forage yields.
A southeastern U.S. Cattle farm uses fast Hush-
ing to remove wastes from concrete floors. Wai-
worth Farms, feeding up to 5,000 head of cattle,
flushes the 2Vi7c sloping floor with up to 9,000
gallons of water. Runoff flows into a catch
ditch to an underground pumping station which
further liquifies it and then it flows into port-
able irrigation pipes. The runoff irrigates up
to 1,600 acres of grassland and cropland. The
farm also employs two lagoons to handle excess
water when there are heavy rains. (Franz-East
Central).
1634-A2, A4, B2, B3, B4,
Fl
HE SOLVED HIS MANURE
HANDLING PROBLEM
T. J. Brevlk.
Hoard's Dairyman, p. 357, March 10, 1973. 1 fig.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Dairy industry,
•Waste treatment. "Waste storage, 'Feed lots,
•Runoff, Water pollution. Design. Wisconsin.
A Wisconsin fanner developed a waste handling
system that prevented barnyard runoff from run-
ning down a slope into a nearby stream. The
plan included a 50x50x11 ft. concrete storage pit
and curbs which diverted runoff from its natu-
ral course. A manure thrower was positioned
at the end of the barn to sling wastes into the
pit A 40x60x7 ft. detention pond was recently
added. Costs for the project were shared by
ASCS. (Frantz-East Central).
1635-A6, B2, Dl, D3
MINIMUM AERATION FOR CONTROL
OF ODORS FROM SWINE WASTES
J C. Converse, and D. L. Day.
nunois Research, Vol. 14. No. 1, p. 12-13, 1972.
1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: "Aeration, "Odor, 'Hogs. 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste treatment. Oxygen, Oxidation-
reduction potential. Oxidation lagoons.
Identifiers: "Swine,
A study was conducted to determine whether
odors could be kept at an acceptable minimum
If a liquid swine manure system was operated
so that no residual dissolved oxygen was pres-
ent A second objective was to determine how
much the manure would be degraded under snch
conditions. The study was over a 22-week
period. The system consisted of five chambers,
each holding a constant volynme of 15 liters.
Contents of the chamber were mixed continu-
ously so a representative portion of the liquor
was removed dally. Chamber 1 was excessively
aerated, but chamber 5 did not receive any air
»t all Air was added continuously to chambers
2 3 'and 4 at rates to maintain the oxidiUon
reduction potential CORP) at -200, -300, and -400
millivolts, respectively. Data and figures are
eiven as to the results from each of the 5 cham-
bers As a result of this test, It was found the
ORP should be maintained In the range of -300
to -340 and pH in the range of 7.7 to 8.5. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
1636-B1, D3, E3, E4, F5
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN
v TV \fanthpv
Feedlot Management, Vol. 16. No. 3. p. 18-22.
March, 1974. 5 fig.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Cattle, -"Feeds,
•Proteins, "Recycling, 'Waste treatment. Nutri-
ents, Fermentation, Thermophllic bacteria.
Identifiers: "Manure. 'Refceding, 'General Elec-
tric.
A breakthrough In development of a process to
convert cattle manure Into feed so that it can
be recycled in the feedlot was announced by
General Electric. GE has opened a plant de-
signed to convert cattle manure into a pasteu-
rized protein powder by an aerobic fermentation
process. This process feeds the manure to a
strain of thermophilic bacteria that thrives on it
under conditions set up in the plant. GE then
harvests and dries the bacteria into a high pro-
tein feed supplement that can be fed to cattle.
All of the manure is consumed In the process
and even the water Is used. The end product
is bland, grayish powder that analyzes 55%
protein. The system harvests 1V4 pounds of pro-
tein per one pound of waste fed into the sys-
tem. The product is actually the bacteria them-
selves, and the manure is only a source of
energy. It is hoped that after experimental
feeding proves the process a success. GE will
begin marketing and producing the product on
a large scale. (Russell-East Central).
1637-A11, Bl
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR
RUMINANTS. U. EFFECTS OF FAT
ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL
PRIOR TO ENSILING ON
DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY
INTAKE OF THE SILAGE
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center, Wooster.
R. R. Johnson, and K. E. McClure.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 397-
40E, February. 1973. 8 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Silage, "Ruminants, En-
ergy, Limestone, Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Rations, 'Fats, 'Digestibility, Vol-
untary intake.
Saturated and unsaturated animal and vegeta-
ble fat were included with corn silage at levels
of 4%, 8% and 12%. Beef steers and sheep were
fed the silages on a voluntary consumption ba-
sis. A limestone addition alleviated an intake
depression effect of unsaturated fat for cattle
and sheep. The fat provided a larger contribu-
tion, 33%, of energy requirements, than had
previously been successful. The organic acids
in each of the 12 silages were analyzed. Feces
were analyzed to determine the digestibility of
each silage. The fat content of each silage is
shown. (Frantz-East Central).
1638-A2, A4, B2, F2
EPA PREPARING TO "RAILROAD"
THROUGH NEW POLLUTION. RULES
COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Beef, Vol. 9. No. 12, p. 4-5. August. 1973.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Cattle. "Farm wastes,
•Effluent. "Water pollution, 'Regulation. Live-
stock, Runoff.
Identifiers: "Environmental Protection Agency.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, un-
der a court order, is attempting to write regu-
lating guideline* for effluent limitations on all
industries. EPA has contracted Hamilton Stand-
ard to write the report. The proposed regula-
tions do not allow any effluent discharge, re-
gardless of weather conditions. Industry leaders
are puzzled about the regulations and are hop-
ing to have some Influence on them when they
go through the Federal Register. The regula-
tions must be put Into effect by October 18.
1973—the court-imposed deadline. (Frantz-East
Central).
1639-A3,A5,B2,C1,C2,C3,E2
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION
WITH DADXY MANURE SLURRIES
ON THE QUALITY OF
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE
RUNOFF
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Ten-
nessee University. Knoxvllle.
J. C. Barker and J. Sewell.
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 804-
807, July-August, 1973. 1 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: "Irrigation, "Dairy industry, 'Farm
wastes, "Slurries, "Water quality. Ground water.
Surface runoff. Bacteria, Nitrates.
Identifiers: "Manure.
The major objectives of this study were to deter-
mine the effects of slurry irrigation on surface
runoff and ground water quality and to develop
techniques for irrigating with dairy manure
slurry. One acre of concrete lot. loafing area,
and building roofs at a dairy with about 125
milking cows was served by a slurry irrigation
system where manure slurry, rainfall runoff, and
wastewater were collected into drains and deliv-
ered by gravity flow into a 75,000-gallon concrete
storage tank. The slurry was delivered through
4-in. portable aluminum irrigation pipeline to the
field sprinkler. Grab samples of surface and
groundwater were collected and analyses were
made for bacteria, biochemical oxygen demand,
dissolved solids content, nitrate nitrogen, ortho-
phosphate, chloride, and residues. All median
surface runoff nitrate nitrogen concentrations
were within the permlssable criteria for raw
water for public supplies. All surface runoff
chloride concentrations were well within the per-
mlssable criteria. The dissolved solids content
of the manure-saturated surface runoff generally
exceeded acceptable standards. The coliform
bacteria concentrations for the surface runoff
from both the manure-saturated and the conven-
tional pasture exceeded the standard. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1640-A2,A8,B2,B4,E2,F1
IRRIGATION FOR LAND
APPLICATION OF ANIMAL
WASTE
Department! of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University.
B. C. Horsfield, R. Z. Wheaton, J. C. Nye, and
J. V, Mannering.
Bulletin, Agricultural Engineering Department,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. 20
p. 7 fig, 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Irrigation, 'Waste
disposal. Livestock. Crops, Soils, Runoff, Costs,
Equipment, Indiana.
Identifiers: "Land application, 'Animal wastes.
Irrigation may be the best means of putting
farm wastes back onto the land. Runoff deten-
tion, combination manure-and-runoff. and covered
manure facilities are described. Major soil and
cropping factors affecting irrigation rate are
evaluated. Irrigation equipment and systems
costs arc described. Tips are given on waste
storage management, irrigation equipment use,
soil conditions, and crop utilization practices.
Only with proper management can the farmer
attain the desired results of irrigation. (Frantz-
East Central).
1641-B2, D3, E3, F5
TEST SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS
Iowa State University.
T. Hargrove.
Wallace's Farmer, Vol. 96. p. 30, July 24. 1971.
3 fig.
Descriptors: "Hogs, "Waste disposal, 'Farm
wastes, "Testing, Water pollution, Air pollution.
Lagoons, Sprinkler irrigation. Water hyacinth.
Nutrients, Effluent.
Identifiers: "Swine, Gutters, Flushing.
275
-------
Iowa State has Installed a gutter system in a
hog house with a 100-gallon flush lasting 20 sec-
onds once an hour. The swine cooperate. Flush-
ings may be routed to an anaerobic lagoon, an
oxidation ditch, or the lagoon and dilch in lurn.
The excess Is spread on corn and/or grassland.
Flushing water Is recirculated. Water hyacinths
are being tested for removal of nutrients from
effluents followed by use as cattle roughage.
Iowa winters will keep them from becoming a
nuisance. (Whetsone, Parker. Wells-Texas Tech
University).
ogens. residues, etc. Those mlcrobial activities
of intestinal bacteria which contribute to the
welfare of the host potentially could terve in
the utilization of waste products, as evidence
indicates that intestinal bacteria are capable of
synthesizing several vitamins, and those vita-
mins are found in the feces. Further research
into the microbiology of poultry waste must in-
clude techniques for the quantitative and quail*
tative evaluation of complex populations. (Solid
Wastes Information Retrieval System).
Presented at the Southeastern Poultry and Egg
Association 1971 Poultry Health Seminar. Oct
18-19. 1971. 7 p.
'Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
storage, "Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Re-
cycling. Oxidation lagoons, Lagoons, Dehydration
Hydraulic equipment. Fertilizers. '
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land spread-
Ing. Pollution, Refeeding.
1642-B1, Dl, D2, D3.E2
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES
Vice President, Henry B. Steeg and Associates,
Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana.
C. F. Niles, Jr.
Proceedings, Industrial Waste Conference, 22nd,
Purdue University, May 2-4, 1967, Vol. 52, No. 3,
p, 334-341. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage,
•Waste disposal, 'Poultry, 'Waste treatment,
Drying, Anaerobic digestion. Incineration, Sedi-
mentation. Centrifugation, Hydroponics. Sampling.
Lagoons, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Egg laving house. Land disposal.
Experiments were undertaken to find the best
and most economical method of disposing wastes
from the Berry Best Egg Company of Kockport,
Indiana. The company houses approximately
205,000 laying hens. Manure, dead birds, and
contaminated water were found to be the ma-
jor types of wastes produced. Processes con-
sidered for use at the Berry Best Egg Company
faculties included drying of the solids, controlled
anaerobic digestion, land disposal, incineration.
aerobic treatment, sedimentation, centrifuging,
and hydroponoc agriculture. Each process was
investigated and experimented with to determine
which would be the best method. During experi-
mentation, wastes were pumped from holding
tanks into two trucks and hauled to farmland
for disposal. After extensive investigation, it
W^ .t°u"? that disposal of manure by drying
and the disposal of the hen carcasses by mixing
with manure was a satisfactory method of dis-
posal The waste water is then eliminated by
irrigation. It is hoped that the material pro-
duced by drying will find a commercial market.
but it is too early to determine whether or not
it will. (Russell-East Central)
1643-A6, All, A12, Bl, C3
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
POULTRY WASTES
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Texas
A&M University, College Station.
B. H. Lewis.
Proceedings: Second National Poultry Litter and
Waste Management Seminar, College Station,
Texas, Sept. 30 and Oct. 1, 1968, p, 77-81. 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, 'Microbi.
ology. Nutrients, Odor, Pahtogenic bacteria. Lit-
ter, Management, Texas.
Microbial mechanisms can assist in the efficient
management and utilization of poultry waste.
There is need for fundamental information on the
general nature of the complex microbial species
comprising poultry waste products and the sub-
strate conversions which those bacteria bring
•about. The primary population of poultry waste
consists of the fecal flora as it exists in the
animal intestine. Recent studies on the intes-
tinal flora of the domestic fowl reveal that orga-
nisms classified under the lactobacillius, lactic
streptococcus, and bacteroid groups are the pre-
dominate types of organisms in feces. The na-
ture of the secondary population of poultry
waste is poorly understood since research is
lacking. Specific activities upon environmental
substrates which would make the utilization of
poultry waste products feasible are divided into
two categories: (1) those activities which would
serve to synthesize nutrients for animal or plant
use and (2) those activities which would reduce
or eliminate undesirable factors as odors, path-
1644-B2, B3, Dl, D3, El
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES
AT THE GREENFIELD
LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY
AND COMPANY
Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, Indiana.
T. W. Bloodgood.
21st Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings,
Purdue University. Vol. 50. No. 2. p. 56-61,
March, 1966, 1 tab, 1 ret.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Farm wastes.
Livestock, Waste disposal. Lagoons, Aeration,
Effluent, Sewage.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Greenfield Labor-
atories, 'Eli Lilly and Company.
This paper describes the waste treatment facili-
ties at the Greenfield Laboratories that handle
the wastes generated by the thousands of ani-
mals used in the various production and research
programs. There are five separate waste treat-
ment plants that are located throughout the lab-
oratories to serve the various research areas.
Detailed description of wastes, treatment and
disposal methods, and construction costs are
given for each plant. The five plants are oper-
ated by two men from the Maintenance Depart-
ment assigned to the Waste Treatment Opera-
tions. Total operating costs for all plants, not
including utility costs, are approximately $55.000
a year. (Cartmell East Central).
1645-A11, C2, Dl, D2, E3
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
J. H. Qulsenberry.
Latin American Poultry Congress, Mexico City,
Mexico, March, 1972, 1972, 9 p. 7 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Nu-
trients, 'Recycling, Poultry. Cattle, Fertilizers,
Dehydration, Drying, Litter, Nitrogen. Phosp-
hhorpus. Potaassium, Moisture, Analysis. Per-
formance, Feeds.
Identifiers: Animal wastes. 'Ref ceding, Drop-
uings. Pasteurization.
Not only was poultry Utter found to be of con-
siderable economic value when recycled, but
the return appears to be more than sufficient
to bear the expense of drying when artificial
drying is necessary. By this process the waste
management problem may be reduced or solved,
and if it is found desirable, the return may be
sufficient to pay for pasteurization treatment
and still leave some margin of net profit. Ani-
mal wastes to be recycled must be free of toxic
or harmful residues. Ruminants were found to
utilize poultry waste better than poultry be-
cause of the high concentration of nitrogenous
compounds In poultry manure. Cattle feeding
trials found that poultry manure contained ade-
quate protein, low fiber content, adtequate cal-
cium and phosphorous, but insufficient vitamin
A and D. (Russell-East Central).
1646-A1, A6, B2, B3, B4,
D2, D3, E2, Fl
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR
HANDLING POULTRY WASTES
Department of Poultry Science. Cornell Unlver-
scity, Ithaca, New York.
C. E. Ostrander.
The problems of waste management have be-
come Increasingly important to poultry men pri-
marily because of Increase in flock size, con-
centration of birds, and the population migration
to the country. Problems of odor, noise, and
proper waste disposal must be faced, and no
one system la the answer. Many different «vt-
tems are now being used each with lu own
advantages and disadvantages. Some poultrymen
have deep pits to hold the waste until it can be
spread on land. These pits must be kept rea-
sonably dry and must be cleaned at least once
a year. Another system Is the hydraulic system
In which the droppings are pushed out by water
pressure into a storage facility. Waste then
must be placed in an aerobic lagoon to prevent
odors. Some men use oxidation ditches. Some
attempt storage for long periods of time. A3 a
general rule, waste must eventually be spread
on land. Recently, dehydration and recycling as
feed has gained attention. Price has been the
discouraging factor in dehydration, and only
about 10% of the waste can be recycled as feed
leaving the rest to be disposed of by some other
method. Perhaps through more research the
best method will some day be found
East Central).
1647-A9, AID
HOUSE FLY CONTROL IN CAGED
LAYER HOUSES
J. Aikman, and J. L. Lancaster, Jr.
Arkansas Farm Research. Vol. 21, No 4 n 4
July-August, 1972. 3 fig. ••*.».
Descriptors: Larvae.
Identifiers: 'Fly control, 'Caged layers houses
•Manure, 'Adultlcides. '
House fly control tests were conducted In three
environmentally controlled houses for caged lay-
'en. The tests determined the effectiveness ol
manure removal coupled with applications of
selective adulticides for house fly control. In
the first house, manure was removed four times'
with water added. In the second hojs:, ma--
nure was removed five times. But in the last
house, a regular manure removal schedule wai1
not malntaned. In each of the three houses bait
was used to control adult flies. House fly counts
were consistently higher in house #3. On the
basis of this test, manure removal should begin
early In the season and continue on a regular
schedule for the entire fly season. This, along
with applications of selective adulticides, will
have good house fly control. (Cameron-East
Central).
1648-A2, A6, All, B2
ODOR INTENSITD3S AT CATTLE
FEEDLOTS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
AfcM University. College Station.
J. M. Sweeten, D. L. ReddeU. L. M. Schake,
and B. Garner.
Presented at the 1st Annual Symposium on Air
Pollution Control in the Southwest, Texas AfcM
University, College Station, Texas, November
5-7, 1973. 17 p. 3 lit, 7 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Feed lots. 'Cattle. Air pol-
lution. Runoff, Farm wastes. Measurement. Wea-
ther data. Moisture, Settling basins.
Identifiers: •Scentometer, 'Calcium Bentonlte.
Odor Intensity index.
276
-------
Odor Intensities measured at two cattle feedlots
In Texas, ranged from 2 to 170 dilutions to
threshold (DT) which nearly covered the m?as-
urement range of the scsntometer, The average
odor reading for the surface of a 4000 head feed-
lot, determined by monitoring four randomly se-
lected pens for 7 months, was 30.7 DT. Th?
'runoff settling basin and retention pond aver-
ages 68 and 47 DT, respectively. Half of the
odor intensities were more than 23 DT (which
exceeds the odor standards in several states).
At a 12,000 head feedlot, trials using calcium
bentonlte as a ration supplement (at 0.0, 0.8,
and 2.0% levels) showed a reduction In odors
from the 27° bentonlte treatment. Bentonlte also
improved average dally gain of cattle during the
first 21 days. The scentomcter was found to be
a useful. If somewhat Imprecise, diagnosis tool
for Identifying the primary sources of odors
within a cattle feedlot. (Russell-EastC entral.)
1649-A6, Cl, C2, B3, D3,
Fl
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE
WITH FEEDLOT WASTE
Texas Agricultural Extension Service. The Texas
AiM University, College Station.
J. M. Sweeten.
Presented at the Fourth Annual Composting and
Waste Recycling Conference, May 2-3, 1974, El
Paso. Texas, 14 p. 3 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Municipal wastes, 'Feed lots,
•Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste dis-
posal. Fertilizers, Odor, Nutrients, Moisture con-
tent. Costs, Economics, Sludge.
Identifiers: 'Sanitaary landfill, 'Land disposal,
•Composting. Manure.
The characteristics and composting of both feed-
lot and municipal wastes are discussed in detail.
Benefits of combining municipal solid wastes
with feedlot waste appear to be on the side of
mundpalities rather than the feedlot operator.
At present day waste management costs, feed-
lot manure at $1.00-3.75 per ton is a bargain to
farmers in terms of price and nutrient values
as compared to municipal solid waste, which
costs at least J7.75/ton composted and $2.00 3.80
per ton shredded only. In concentrated cattle
feeding areas, sites suitable for sanitary land-
fills are usually plentiful, and municipalities will
probably find sanitary landfilllng a cheaper alter-
native than combining the .refuse with animal
waste for application on croplond. Raw or di-
gested sewage Is a more logical waste material
to combine with municipal refuse since it is
readily available, has similar properties to feed-
lot waste and presents a disposal problem of Its
own in nearly all cities. The concept of com-
bining municipal refuse (composted or uneom-
posted) with feedlot manure doss not appear
feasible at this time, since municipal solid waste
serves to dilute the nutrient value of manure,
(Cartmell-East Central).
1650-A6, A7, C2
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A
NUMERICAL MEASURE OF
ODOR LEVEL
J. D. Frus.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Iowa State University, 1969, 101 p. 21 fig.
21 tab, 40 ref.
Descriptors: 'Chemical oxygen demand, 'Odor.
•Measurement, 'Farm wastes. Gases. Sampling,
Bogs, Confinement pens. Temperature. Humidi-
ty, Ventilation, Iowa.
Identifiers: 'Swine.
The specific objectives of this project were to
determine if the chemical oxygen demand tech-
nique could be used as a quantitative measure
of the organic gases present in a confinement
swine building atmosphere and to determine if
the level of organic gases could be correlated
with: observed odor level, period of time animals
are in the building, air temperature, relative
humidity, rate of dilution by ventilation, and
characteristics of the waste. Samples were test-
ed once a week but, in this project, drawing
definite conclusions appeared to be almost Im-
possible, A satisfactory technique was develop-
ed to measure the COD of the atmosphere In a
confinement swine building. Determinations of
what the air COD value Included were not con-
clusive, but some suggested trends are: (1) The
air COD -values can be correlated with notice-
able differences in odor level as detected by
the human nose; (2) The air COD technique de-
tected more different gases when the pH of the
manure was above 7.0 than when it was below
7.0; (3) The air COD value rises sharply when
the ventilation is turned off and drops sharply
when it is turned on again; (4) The air COD
values are the lowest when the pR of the ma-
nure In the pit is in the range of 6.8 to 7.2.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1651-A6, B2, B5, D3
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A
PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY
STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE
R. J. Smith.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1076,
99 p. 18 fig, 10 tab, 64 def.
Descriptors: "Aerobic treatment, 'Anaerobic
conditions, 'Lagoons, 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, Oxi-
dation lagoons. Biochemical oxygen demand.
Waste treatment. Cellulose, Equipment, Effluent,
Sludge, Odor, Foaming, E. Coll, Analysis, Ani-
mal behavior.
Identifiers: 'Manure transport. 'Piggery, Hous-
ing.
Lack of satisfaction with the quality of effluent
provided by an anaerobic lagoon as the sole bio-
logical treatment process for a confinement
swine finishing house caused an investigation to
be made of a combined anaerobic/aerobic treat-
ment system. The performance of the total
scheme has proven satisfactory. When using the
system, no fresh water is required for manure
transport. Continuous manure removal serves to
keep odors at a low level in the building, and
the systems treat and transport manure auto-
matically. This reduces labor requirements for
management of the operation. The effect of an
anaerobic lagoon has proven to be beneficial in
that Its a good means of degrading cellulose.
Also with a lagoon being used to remove a large
fraction of the BOD from the waste before it
enters the oxidation ditch, no serious foaming
problems were encountered. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1652-A2,B2,C1,C2J)3 Fl
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A
FEEDLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT
SYSTEM
D. S. Backer.
J^nSft 5mversi'y of Nebraska. Department
of Civil Engineering, 1973, 46 p. 10 fig, 9 tab.
34 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, -Runoff. 'Feed
lots. 'Design, Operation and maintenance. Equip-
ment, Costs, Automation. Odor. Aeration. Chem-.
icai oxygen demand. Suspended solids, Effluent",
Hydrogen ion concentration. Analysis.
This study dealt with the design, start up, and
operation of a pilot plant built to treat feedlot
runoff. The plant's purpose was to provide a
system whicn was substantially automatic and
economical in operation. The plant was evalu-
ated for simplicity of construction, ease of oper-
ation and maintenance, cost of operation, effec-
tiveness of treatment, and comparability to the
laboratory unit. The design of the pilot plant
was based on an aerobic unit that featured an
air lift pump to return solids to the aeration
chamber. Laboratory analyses were run on
PH. chemical oxygen demand, and suspended
solids. COD and suspended solids removals in-
creased with increased detention time. The unit
operated In the pH range 6.5-8.5. The net cost
per animal was approximately $.60 for the expe-
rimental system. The field unit was easy to
construct; required very little maintenance and
was simple to operate. (Cartmell-East Central).
1653-A8, B2, C2, E2
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN
NORTHERN ISLAND TO N, P, AND
K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL
SLURRIES. I. EFFECTS ON
DRY-MATTER YIELD
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Department
Queen's University at Belfast. Northern teTand.'
o, N. Adams.
iJOUf?',ai,,0' IA«ricu"u"»l Science, Vol. 81. pt. 3.
.P. 411-417, December. 1973. 1 fig, 6 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizer!, 'Slurries, 'Farm
wastes. Potassium, Nitrogen, Ammonium, Phos-
phorous, Nutrients, Soils, Waste disposal. Rates
of application.
Identifiers: 'Pasture response, 'Northern Ire-
land, 'Land spreading.
In Northern Ireland, experiments were conducted
from 1969 to 1972 to measure effects on yield
of 0, 180, or 360 kg of nitrogen 0, 30, or 60 kg
of phosphorous; and 0, ISO, or 300 kg of potas-
sium/ha/year, both with and without 138,000
liters of slurry/ha. Results indicated that there
was almost always a large increase in pasture
• yield when nitrogen was added. There were
slight increases in yield when potassium was
added and almost no effect either positively or
negatively by phosphorous. In tests when slurry
was added, the response of the yield to nitrogen
was reduced and almost eliminated In phos-
phorus and potassium applications. The effect
on yield was an increase because the ammo-
nium-nitrogen in the slurry contributed the nec-
essary nitrogen. Also when slurry was applied
the nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous con-
centrations were high and variable. This forces
the conclusion that slurry application is a very
Inaccurate method of fertilizing. In fertilizing,
the deficiencies of the farm as a whole should
be evaluated to determine the proper amount ol
nutrients to add to the soil. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1654-A8, B2, C2, E2
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN
NORTHERN DtELAND TO N, P, AND
FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL
SLURRIES. H. EFFECTS ON
MINERAL COMPOSITION
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Department.
Queen's University of Belfast. Northern Ireland
s. N. Adams.
Journal of Agricultural Science. Vol «L pt 3,
P. 419-428, December, 1973. 3 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Slurries, «F a r ni
wastes. Potassium. Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Nutri-
ents. Calcium, Magnesium. Sodium, Rates of
application.
Identifiers: •Pasture response, 'Northern Ire-
land. Minerals. Herbage.
In Northern Ireland, pasture samples were taken
and analyzed to determine the percent of nitro-
gen, phosphorus, potassium, caldum, magne-
sium, and sodium present. These analyses were
conducted to find out the effect of nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potassium fertilizers and slurry
which had been added to the pasture. The data
was then evaluated to see if a fertilizer policy
designed for maximum yield should be modified
after taking mineral content into account. It
appears that the nitrogen amount to be added
should be considered independently and with dis-
regard to mineral content to achieve maximum
yield. The amounts of phosphorus and potassi-
um fertilizers added should be determined to
avoid excess or depletion. Potassium and phos-
phorus fertilizer Is much more effective than
slurry amounts. In calculation of the proper
amount of slurry to be added, one should also
calculate the proper amount of potassium and
phosphorous fertilizer which should be added to
the slurry, On first cut, the slurries provided
on an average: 115 kg NH«-N/ha; 114 kg K/ha;
86 kg P/ha. (Russell-East Central).
277
-------
1655-A8, B2, C2, E2
THE RESPONSE OF PASTUKES IN
NORTHERN ISLAND TO N, P AND
K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL
SLURRIES. III. EFFECTS IN
EXPERIMENTS CONTINUED FOR
EITHER TWO OR THREE YEARS
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Department.
Queen's University at Belfast, Northern Ireland.
S. N. Adams.
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 82, pt. 3,
p. 129-137, February, 1974. 3 fig. 4 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: "Fertilizers, 'Slurries, "Farm
wastes, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. Potassium, Am-
monium. Rates of application.
Identifiers: 'Pasture response, 'Northern Ire-
land, Herbage.
Experiments were conducted in Northern Ireland
on pastures to determine the effect on yield and
mineral content of 0, 180, and 360 kg Nitrogen,
0, 30, or GO kg phosphorus, and 0, 150. or 300 kg
potassium/ha/year both with and without 138.000
liters slurry/ha. Thes? were cond"cted in 1970
and 1971 on the same sites and with the same
applications as previous experiments in 1969.
The nitrogen content in the soil in th? second
and third seasons was similar to the first sea-
son with good yields and no nitrogen buildup.
Evidence showed that the soil reserves of phos-
phorus were not being depleted, and the slurry
phosphorus seemed to be adequate to maintain
the proper level. The potassium in the soil on
the other hand was getting smaller with accom-
panied reductions In yield. Adding fertilizer'
potassium prevented this reduction, but the po-
tassium in the slurries was less effective. This
is probably because the potassium in the slur-
ries is organically bound, (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1656-A2, A4, F6
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND
SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
MANURE WASTES
S. Rang.
MS Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Kansas State University, 1969, 150 p. 36 fig,
14 lab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: 'Mathematical models, 'Systems
analysis, 'Feed lots, 'Runoff, Cattle, Water pol-
lution, Dimensional analysis. Simulation analysis,
Rainfall.
Identifiers: Analog computer, Quasilinearization.
The control of water pollution by feedlot runoff
can not be accomplished effectively without an
appropriate understanding of the system. In this
study, the emphasis was on obtaining a mathe-
matical relation which relates the important de-
pendent variables of the system to the impor-
tant independent input variables. A simplified
nonlinear model of the systems is first pro-
posed.. An analog computer is used to solve
the nonlinear equations. Correlation of the sys-
tem parameter to the rainfall intensity is dis-
cussed. Analog computer simulation was found
to be satisfactory in the study of transient be-
havior of the system. Based on the proposed
model, the injection rate of the organic matter
Into the runoff solution is found to be very ap-
proximately linear with respect to the rainfall
intensity. This injection rate is somewhat inde-
pendent of the surface condition of the feedlot
system. For a complex physical system, the
response of the system under varied input vari-
ables may be the most informative knowledge
to justify a proposed modeling. It is suggested
that additional hydraulic and concentration data
be taken systematically and in a shorter time
interval. (Cartmell-East Central),
1657-B2,B3,D1,D2,D3,E3
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN
IN MANURES MADE FROM
SPENT-SLURRY
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chem-
istry, I.A.B.I.. New Delhi. India.
R. D. Laura, and M. A. Idnanl.
Soil Biological Biochemistry, Vol. 4, p. 239-243.
1972. 3 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Fertilizers, 'Slurries,
Urea, Dehydration, Absorption.
Identifiers: 'Mineralization, 'Manure, 'Spent-
slurry. Composting.
The problem of using liquid spent-slurry or
sludge was studied from three aspects: (1) the
dehydration of slurry by absorption in materials
like green leaf powder; (2) the use of slurry
to initiate composting of other waste materials;
and (3> the production of concentrated organo-
mineral fertilizer by adding urea to the dried
slurry. Manure prepared by absorption in green
leaf powder proved to mineralize rapidly, which
would indicate that this is a valuable means of
utilizing slurry. Sun drying reduced mineraliza-
tion considerably more than absorption. Liquid
slurry was also found to be superior to farm
compost. Mineralization was increased with alter-
nate wetting and drying and with 1% sodium
hydroxide added to the dry slurry. The organo-
mineral fertilizer prepared by adding urea yield-
ed over 50% nitrogen which was 30% less than
from urea alone. (Russell East Central).
1658-A3, A5, A6, A7, Bl,
C2, Fl, F6
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM
AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Department of Agricultural Economics. Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York.
J. J. Jacobs.
Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff, Paper No.
72-20, June, 1972, 16 p. 2 fig, 4 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sediment control, 'Nutrients, 'Ag-
riculture, 'Phosphorus, Farm wastes. Livestock,
Water pollution. Runoff, Model studies. Costs.
Sources of potential pollutants from agricultural
production are: sediment from erosion; plant
nutrients; livestock manure; pesticides; waste
from processing plants; air pollution, primarily
odors and dusts. Sediment and phosphorus were
cause of the magnitude of sediment as a pollu-
tant, the increased emphasis on phosphorus as a
likely key nutrient in limiting growth of aquatic
plant life, and the diffuse source of such pollu-
tants from agricultural runoff as compared to
point sources. Surface runoff from agricultural
cropland is the primary transport agent of sedi-
ment entering surface waters. Therefore, plan-
ning (or the control of sediment requires knowl-
edge of the relations between those factors that
cause loss of soil and those that help reduc:
such losses on croplond. The methods allowed
for controlling sediment and phosphorus losses
are presented. The question of which control
methods and at what level depends on the level
of water quality desired, the unit cost coeffici-
ents of alternative methods, and the technical
coefficients of the alternative methods. A sum-
ma^y of the cost coefficients are presented. Sed-
iment and phosphorus coefficients were also esti-
mated for each management system listed. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1659-A8, Bl, E2
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES
TO SOIL
Battelle Memorial Institute. Pacific Northwest
Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
R. C. Houston, and R. E. Wildung.
Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Se-
ries, VpJ. 65, No. 97, p. 19-25, 1969. 49 ref.
Descriptors: 'Wastes, 'Farm wastes. Ultimate
disposal. Recycling, Waste storage. Dispersion.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Ammonia, Ion ex.
change, Filtration.
Identifiers: Soil, Dilution. Soil Interconverslons
Buffers, Organic materials. Transformations
Soil is a complex medium which Is capable of
reacting with a broad spectrum of extraneous
materials. The nature of these reactions Is such
that soil may function u • medium for either
waste storage or for ultimate waste disposal
Soil is composed of inorganic minerals, organic
materials, and a living population of organisms
A soil system Is a highly reactive system which
may bind or alter the composition of waste solu-
tions added to It. Soil properties Important to
the efficient use of the soil as a disposal medium
include Ion exchange capacities, buffer capacity
filter characteristics, and microblal transform*'
lions, The ultimate disposal alternatives avail-
able with respect to soil systems are the reuse
and transformation of waste. In the reuse cate-
gory are those solute disposanti which are major
essential elements to plants. In the transforma-
tion category are the Inorganic or biological
components which can be transformed to be
useful for plant growth. The elements nitrogen.
phosphorus, and sulfur would be most amenable
to biological Interconverslons. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1660-A5, C2, E2
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE
CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN
ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL
CONTAMINATION TO AN AQUIFER
OF A SEMIARID CLIMACTIC
REGION
Eastern New Mexico University, Portales.
R. G. Taylor, and P. D. Blgbee.
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 8, p. 1155-1161 Au-
gust, 1973. 1 fig, 4 tab. 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, 'Fluctuations, 'Water pol-
lution. 'Aquifers, Semlarid climates, 'New Hex-
ico. Investigations, Agriculture, Sampling.
Identifiers: Health, Concentration, Agricultural
practices. •
This study was conducted to observe fluctua-
tions in nitrate concentrations in an agricultural
area near the eastern border of New Mexico.
Nitrate concentrations have been utilized in this
study to demonstrate their applicability to ex-
amining agriculture practices which contaminate
aquifier water. Areas treated with nitrogenous
fertilizers and subsequently Irrigated were found
to contain aqulfier fluctuations In nitrate content
directly In proportion to Irrigation seasons
Agricultural Industries with high animal densll
ties per land area, and high water consumption
for maintenance, were found to have high, but
con-fluctuating, nitrate concentrations. Areas
with high animal density per land area with
low water usage for maintenance; areas with
low animal density per land area; and agri-
cultural practices for which little or no nitro-
g-'nous fertilizers were used demonstrated low
aquifier nitrate concentrations regardless of wa-
ter usag;. It was concluded that fluctuations
in nitrate concentrations in an aquifier can be
utilized in assessing the contamination result
ing from agricultural practices In Semlarid
climates. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System).
1661-A6, B2, D3, Fl
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES
ODORS, MANURE HANDLING
AND POLLUTION
Compost Science, Vol. 13, No. L p. 28. January-
February, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Oxidation, Farm waste*, 'Odor
•Hogs, 'Aeration. Poultry, Slurries, Costs, Waste
treatment.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation wheel, 'Manure.
278
-------
Paul Smart \s using an oxidation wheel that Is
economically feasible and virtually maintenance
free. The key to Smart'i success is his new
wheel design. He Is using 26 of the massive
units—which measure 36" wide by 60" In dia-
meter. The big diameter on the new wheel lets
the bearings sit up on the walls of the pit away
'from the Blurry. The wheels whip oxygen Into
the manure slurry as It flows around in a race-
track-shaped pit. The aeration encourages growth
of aerobic bacteria, which break down manure
without forming the usual foul-smelling gases.
University of Kansas tests show the new design
puts 4 Ibs. of oxygen per hour per wheel Into
the pit. The result is a thick reddish sludge
that oozes from each house to an evaporation
pond. Costs for operation of the wheels is 89c
per hog marketed. One wheel costs about $37
a month to run. Smart Is confident the wheel
will work well for poultry, but admits to reser-
vations for cattle. (Cameron-East Central).
1662-B1, D2, D3, E2
THESE STOCKYARDS' SOLUTIONS
COULD WORK FOR YOU
Feedlot Management. Vol. IS, No. 5. p. 48-52,
May, 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Farm wastes, 'Feed
lots, 'Management. Waste treatment, Waste dis-
posal, Lagoons, Incineration.
Identifiers: 'Stockyards.
A tour of several markets turned up a number
of methods for successfully handling livestock
wastes. These techniques might be adaptable to
feedlot operations. Features that will make
waste removal faster and more efficient include
a flow-through alley system, new concrete floors
to replace brick floors, and steel pens instead
of the present wooden ones. Most large markets
are successfully meeting the challenge of con-
trolling pollution. Major remodeling programs.
and such new concepts as lagoon systems, dis-
posal districts, and incinerators require large
financial expenditures. (Cartmell-East Central).
1663-A4, A5, C2, E2
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY
IN NEBRASKA: A SURVEY OF
STREAMS, GROUNDWATER AND
PRECIPITATION
°f Asronomv' Nebraska University,
H. A. Olson, E. C. Seim, and J Muir
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol 9. No '2 n -ini
311, April. 1973, 3 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref. P- W"
Descriptors: 'Water quality, 'Nebraska 'Sur
veys, 'Water pollution. Nitrogen. Phosphors"
Fertilizers. Farm wastes. Industrial wastes, few-'
Identifiers: Agricultural practices.
The objective of this investigation was to deter-
mine if agricultural practices in Nebraska are
contributing to pollution of the state's water re-
sources. A water-sampling program was Initi-
ated throughout Nebraska in 1970 for the pur-
pose of establishing the sources of nutrients en-
riching Nebraska's waters. Particular empha-
sis was placed on measuring the forms and
amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus—two of the
primary nutrients contained in fertilizers. Signif-
icant quantities of N and P were found in the
precipitation of Nebraska, ranging from 5-7
pounds N/A in the west to 10-14 pounds in the
east and V4-1 pounds P/A in the same directions.
Elevated nutrient levels of Nebraska's streams
were more often than not traceable to Indus-
trial, livestock, and sewage waste intrusions.
Phosphorus content has remained essentially
constant, but there Is evidence of a small in-
crease in the average NOs-N content, of Nebras-
ka groundwater during the past 10 years, a
period during which fertilizer N use has quad-
rupled. Some individual cases of misuse of fer-
tilizers are recognized, but the weight of evi-
dence from this investigation Indicates that fer-
tilizers aren't contributing significantly to the
degradation of surface and groundwater qua-
lity in Nebraska to date. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
1664-A2, C2, F6
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR
RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS
Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln. Nebras-
ka.
N. P. Swansea.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16. No. 4, p. 790-
792, July-August, 1973. 5 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. "Runoff, 'Bed load,
•Nebraska, 'Sampling, 'Pollutant identification.
Chemical analysis. Rain gauge, Hydrograph an-
alysis. Farm wastes.
Identifiers: Feedlot research. Quantitative an-
alysis.
A programmed, automatic sampler that collects
a sequence of composite samples of runoff and
accompanying bedloads has been In use on a
feedlot research installation near Lincoln, Ne-
braska, for over four years. The sampler con-
sists of an arm and dipper electrically driven
by a gear reduction motor through sprockets
and a chain, a tipping bucket that collects the
samplings from several rotations of the dipper
and delivers them as a single sample, a turn-
table holding successive sample containers, a
gear reduction motor moving the turntable by a
friction drive, and a program timer. Compos-
itad samples are collected over five minute sam-
pling periods with volumes of about three liters.
The sampler can be programmed to obtain indi-
vidual samples for any of the 144 five minute
periods during 12 total hours of actual opera-
tion. The runoff need not be continuous. The
time of collection of each sample is recorded
to relate to the runoff hydrograph and record-
ing rain gauge chart. Bedload particles up to
5/8 inch in diameter can enter the rotating
sampler dipper which passes under the dis-
charge. The sampler permits both qualitative
and quantitative analyses of runoff with rela-
tion to time for an event. Maintenance and
field servicing requirements have been minimal
(Merritt-FDlL).
1665-A2, A4, A12, B2, Cl,
C2, C3, F6
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND
INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE
IN A FARM WASTE LAGOON
Young Nam Lee.
J?8,. 7he.?s' Department of Bacteriology. North
?ata°b £t*£funiversit¥' June- 1971, 56 p. 10 Rg.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, '
<
, -
Sfm ,BaC'e£a> '°«y. FeedrAntibioa
Sampling. B.ochemical oxygen demand. Hydro-
gen Ion concentration. Algae "yaro-
Identifiers: 'Drug resistance.
Th? rrhaSeSK °' research constituted this study.
Jl«l h?i KhaS,e ,WM to !ludy the ™>nlhly phy.
sical, biochemical, and microbiological variation
kof" w"?1 iTa.Ste I3800" located near N°r»> D»-
inlo ih nUHnine.rS"y' Fargo- This laS°°n 0"'ns
-i* Cd RtV." and any »n»*"°Uc resistant
-H Pr«ent could come In contact with
TKUman "atn°«en» '" • Public water
ha .HhSJ" "eCO"u. ?hase """med assays of
the antibiotic sensitivity spectra of lagoon Iso-
lates originating from the intestinal tract of ani-
mals on feed supplemented with antimicrobial
".££. Data indicated fat this lagoon may
constitute a potential health hazard due to a
low. but consistent, population of anlibiotic-resis-
jant enteric pathogens which may gain access
to public waters. More than three hundred and
liny gram negative bacteria were Isolated and
screened for determination of the resistance to
antimicrobial agents commonly used as growth
promoting feed additives. Conjugation experi-
ments were also conducted to demonstrate the
transferablltty of R factors carrying multiple
antibiotic resistance. The release of organisms
carrying R factors from farm animali on con-
ventional feedi may play a role In the spread
of multiple drug-reil>Unt strains, (Rusiell-Eut
Central).
1666-B2, D3
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR
IN AN OXIDATION DITCH
R. S. Knight.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engi-
neering. Iowa State University, 1965, SI p. 15 fit,
5 tab, 30 ref.
Descriptors: 'Oxidation lagoons, 'Performance,
•Farm wastes, Aeration, Equipment, Velocity,
Waste water treatment, Activated sludge. Floe-
culation, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Cage rotor.
The cage rotor aerator tested In this study Is a
very efficient method of mechanical aeration and
should have definite applications In waste water
treatment. The rotor was capable of transfer-
ring up to 5.65 Ibs. of oxygen per foot of rotor
at 12 Inches immersion at 100 rpm and should
be capable of greater transfers at higher speeds.
The most efficient immersion depth of the rotor
was 3 Inches, and it was capable of efficiencies
of 5.28 to 6.76 pounds of oxygen per kilowatt
hour at this Immersion. There also appears to
be a relationship between the velocity of the
water In the ditch and the oxygen transferred
at any constant output of the rotor. If the
power output is held constant, the oxygen trans-
ferred tends to Increase as the velocity de-
creases. However, all velocities at all rotor
speeds and Immersions appear to be sufficient
to keep an activated sludge floe In suspension.
One other finding was that the oxygen transfer
possibilities are effected by the volume or shape
of the aeration tank. In other words, the re-
sults of rotor performance studies In one type
of aeration tank should not be accepted as
accurate transfer values for the same rotor In a
tank of different size and shape, (Russell-East
Central).
1667-B2, C3, D3
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL
OXIDATION OF HIGHLY
CONCENTRATED SUBSTRATES
Stuttgart University, Institute of Siedlungswas-
serbau, 7 Stuttgart 1, Mallwek t, Federal Re-
public of Germany.
F. Popel and CH. Ohnmacht.
Water Research, Vol. «. p. M7-815, 1972. 6 Og,
3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Thermophilic bacteria, 'Farm
wastes, Industrial wastes. Oxidation, Aerobic
bacteria.
Identifiers: Mesophllic bacteria. Pasteurization,
Substrates.
Disposal of substrates with high amounts of path-
ogenic bacteria and oxidlzable organic matter
can be accomplished without polluting resources
after proper stabilization, pasteurization, and
deodoriiation. This is accomplished by heating
them long enough to degrade the pathogenic
bacteria and organic matter. The heat Is pro-
vided by exothermic reactions in aeration tanks
to which the sludge has been added. The sludge
must be continually recirculated to aid mcso-
philic and/or thermophilic bacteria and to pro-
vide an oxygen balance in the circulating liquid.
Exothermic reactions heat the substrates up to
65-70 degrees centigrade which accelerates the
rate of degradation of the organic matter and
pasteurization of the substrates. Also large quan-
tities of humus compounds are produced during
the oxidation. This process can be used on
highly concentrated substrates with a high
BODg such as sewage sludge, liquid manure
from animals, or industrial waste. (Russell-East
Central).
279
-------
1668-B2, B5, C2, D3, E2
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION
DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE
A, C. Chang.
PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engi-
neering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,
January. 1971. 116 p. 30 fig. 46 tab. 48 ret.
Descriptor): "Nitrogen, "Asroblc digestion, 'Cat-
tle, 'Dairy Industry, 'Farm wantos, 'Waste treat-
ment. Water pollution, Denitrlflralion, Chemical
oxygen demand. Ammonia, . Nitrates, Nitrites.
Sampling.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Land disposal.
Because of the high content of nitrogen In live-
stock waste and because of the possibilities of
pollution by nitrogen, this study was undertaken.
The fate of nitrogen during aerobic digestion of
dairy cattle wastes was Investigated. Also, the
study was designed to seek a possible way of
removing nitrogen before final disposal. Results
Indicated that dairy cattle wastes can be stab-
ilized by aerobic digestion. Analyses also show-
ed that temperature has a significant effect on
the total nitrogen and stability of the digested
wastes at the 5% level. It was concluded that
nitrogen loss during aerobic digestion was due
to volatilization of ammonia and the nltrlfica-
tion-denitrification sequence. After digestion was
complete, the Inorganic nitrogen In the heavily
treated cattle waste can be removed by denltrl-
ilcation. However, this denltriflcaUon must be
aided by a sufficient supply of organic substrate
and some acclimated sludge. The overall efflc-'
lency of total nitrogen removal on a dally feed
Is 78.8% with the use of glucose as organic
substrate and la 56.22% with the use of a dairy
11 £ manure «lurry as organic substrate. (Rus-
sell-East Central).
1669-A9, A10, B5
TOXICITY TO FLY LARVAE OF THE
FECES OF INSECTICIDE-FED
CATTLE
Entomology Research Division. Agricultural Re-
search Service. United States Department of Ag-
riculture, Corvallis. Oregon.
G. W. Eddy and A, H. Roth.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 54, No.
3, p. 408-411, June, 1961. 3 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: Toxlclty, 'Larvae. 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle. 'Insecticide.
Idenitfiers: 'Files, 'Feces, 'Insecticide-fed cat-
tle.
An experiment was conducted to determine lar-
val development of face flies (Mu»co auloumn-
allf DeCret) and house files (Mutca dorms-
lica L.) In the feccs of cattle fed a grain and
Insecticide ration. Co-Ral and Bayer 22408 were
administered for 5 dayi at rites of .5 and 1.0
mg per kg. of cattle weight. Ilonncl was
administered at rates of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. The
feces was Infested with both face fly and house
fly larvae. Both Co-Ral and Bayer 22408 Inhlb-
'Ited larval development at both dosage levels.
Ronnel was effective against both species' lar-
vae at the higher level and effective against
face files at the lower level. (Frantz-East Cen-
tral).
1671-A2, Bl
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES
IN KANSAS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Kansas State University
Manhattan
J. K. Koelllker. H, L. Manges, R. I. Upper.
Presented at 1974 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stlllwater, June 23-26. 1974,
Paper No. 74-4012, 17 p. t lit, 3 tab., » ret.
Descriptors:' 'Feed lots, 'Runoff, 'Control, 'Kan-
sas, 'Models, Performance. Design, Disposal,
Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Watershed.
A continuous watershed model utilizing dally In-
puts has been developed to evaluate expected
performance for feedlot runoff control facilities
for Kansas conditions. In Kansas, runoff control
structures sized to contain the entire volume
of the 10-year and 25-year 24-hour precipitation
from the feedlot and dispose of 10 percent of
the design volume per disposal day would con-
trol from 9.13 to 99.4 and 43.0 to 100.00 per-
cent, respectively, of all runoff from an un-
surfaced feedlot from east to west across the
state. About one-third of the average precipita-
tion in Kansas Is expected to run off of an
unsurfaced feedlot while about forty-four percent
Is expected to run off of a surface lot. Based
upon results of this watershed model, evapora-
tion pond sizes to provide as good or better
control for Kansas than land disposal systems
would be 6 feet deep for a surface area 120
percent of the minimum surface area and 4 feet
deep for a lurface area 150 percent of the
minimum surface area. Use of this watershed
model allows prior evaluation of various al-
ternative systems for both the level of pol-
lution control expected as well as management
feasibility. (Cartmell-Eut Central).
feces was M ppm as compared to 1460 ppm
for the high copper fecei. Results from the
high copper feces area Indicated that the
copper Increased substantially In the soil bat
only slightly In the corn ear leaf. During the
one growing season copper did not appear to
move down In the soil. Phosphorus, calcium
and magnesium content of the soil Increased
with no change In the amount of magnesium and
calcium In the plants. There were no changes
In the levels of potassium, zinc, and Iron in
the soil or plants. Phosphorus appeared to move
down while magnesium and calcium remained
In the surface of the soil. (Russell-East Central)
1673-A11, B2, C2
TROUT METABOLISM
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE
RATIONAL DESIGN OF
NITRD7ICATION FACILITIES FOR
WATER REUSE IN HATCHERIES
Department of Civil Engineering
Texas University
Austin
R. E. Speece
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Vol. 102, No. 2. p. 323-334, April. U73. 14 fli
12 ref, ^'
Descriptors: Trout, 'Metabolism, 'Data collec-
tions, 'Design, Nitrification, 'Facilities, 'Water
reuse, 'Fish hatcheries. Oxygen requirements.
Ammonia, Suspended solids. Temperature, Feed-
Ing rates. Biochemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Nomograph.
This paper is an attempt to bring together
the available Information on trout metabolism
and nitrification with the objective of establish.
ing a rational procedure for the design of nitri-
fication facilities for water reuse In trout hatch-
eries. The same rationale as used In this paper
can be used for other types of fish through
the use of the appropriate ammonia production.
oxygen requirement, and water requirement
data. Data have been taken from the literature
on trout culture to mathematically define the
ammonia production, oxygen requirements, BOD
and SS production, water requirements, and
loading rates as a funetion of trout length and
water temperature. The temperature dependence
of feeding rate and nitrification capacity has)
been incorporated Into a nomograph which pre-
dicts the nitrification volume requirements for
recycling. Another nomograph was constructed
to predict water now requirements and pollu-
tion resulting from trout hatchery operation
(Cartmell-East Central).
Twenty-five Insecticides were tested {or their
effectiveness against the larvae of leces-breed-
Ing flies. The cattle were given a ration of
feed and insecticides for five days. Bayer
22408 and Co-Ral, proving lethal at 1.0 mg. per
kg. of animal weight, were most effective com-
pounds were also added to fresh manure to
determine minimum lethal concentrations. Lar-
val toxlcity was determined at lethal and sub-
lethal levels of dosage. There was a wide range
of effectiveness for the Insecticides tested.
(Frantz-East Central).
1670-A9, A10, B5
TOXICITY TO FACE FLY AND
HOUSE FLY LARVAE OF FECES
FROM INSECTICIDE-FED
CATTLE
Agricultural Research Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture.
Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 54, No. 3,
p. 406-408, June, 1961, i Kg. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Toxldty, 'Larvae, 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle, 'Insecticides.
Identifiers: 'Files, 'Feces, 'Insecticide-fed cat-
tle.
1672-A8, 12, E2
EFFECT OF APPLYING SWINE
FECES ON SOIL AND PLANT
MINERAL LEVELS
J. D. Hedges; E. T. Kornegay, and D. C.
Martens.
Livestock Research Report, Research Division
Report 153. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24081,
July. 1973, p. 1-7, 4 tab.
1674-A6, B2, D3, Fl
Descriptors: Hogs, 'Farm wastes. 'Waste dls-
SS£L ^ , C°p^T- Sampling, Rates of ap-
plication. Potassium. Phosphorus, Zinc, Cal-
cium, Hydrogen ion concentration.
Svfi T: *'Swiml. *Manure, 'Plant mineral
levels. Land spreading.
nn«H( ..fi01" 'ilushln*- »»«« fed ra-
ttons with and without copper was spread on
I « JS"" ?U ,to determl»e ">« effect on thS
growth and mineral composition of corn and
on the movement of these minerals in the soli
Msnure was applied at the rate of 6.9 tons
per acre between rows when corn was four
Inches tall. The copper content of the control
R. J. Fee.
Successful Farming, Vol. 71, No 9 „
August. 1973. 2 flg. p'
•Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Waste treatment.
ZX&SZ.
Identifiers: Pits.
A new concept In odorless waste handling far
hogs Is being used on the Orville Luedute' far™
In Iowa, The basic principal of theflUnvS
system is that It uses atmospheric oxyjSJ^
maintain and aerobic condition In the waitL f£
fast, odor free organic material digestion? 53
waste treatment Is done within the buildlzur
using centrifugal force, circulating sewar.'
pumps to agitate and aerate the material in the
pits. Unlike other confinement operations the
"racetrack design" pits in the Luedtke's sys
tern can be much more shallow than usual
The centrifugal force sewage pumps are placed
at strategic locations to propel the diluent IS
a circular fashion around the building Coat
depends on the size and type of structure
Sizing of pumps and motors Is based primar'
Uy on the dally animal manure input into th.
system. (Camernn-East Central).
280
-------
1675-A11, B2, C2, D3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF
AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED
SWINE EXCREMENT
Illinois University
Urbana-Champalgn
B. G. Harmon
Journal of Animal Science. Vol 34, No, 3. p
403-407. 1972. 1 Kg. 7 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Swine, "Farm wastes,
Aerobic conditions. Oxidation lagoons. Proteins.
Identifiers: 'Excrement.
The aim of this study was to m?asure trn
nutritive val-ie of solid residue collpct~d from
aerobically-maintalned swine oxcrem-nt present
in an oxidation ditch. Four sti'jdies wr- con-
ducted with the solid precipitate of aeroblcallv
sustained swine waste. Settled solids (ODR)
collected from an oxidation ditch and containing
27.7% protein were substituted lor oth'r nrotein
sources in studies with weanling rats. The pro-
tein of ODR could replace one-third to one-
half of the protein of casein or soybean m-al
and support similar weight gains although
gain/feed ratio decreased as ODR was In-
creased in the diet. Feed Intake was not re-
duced by the addition of ODR in any of th?
studies. The protein and energy digestibility
values for ODR was less than those for th«
casein containing basal diet. The addition of
lysine or tryplorhan individually to a corn-ODH
diet did not influence gain while the combi-
nation significantly increased gain and gain/feed
suggesting that these amino ac'do were most
limiting and nearly equally limiting in that
diet. (Cartmell-East Central).
1676-A11,B1,C2,D1,D3,E3
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT
OF POLLUTION-FREE FEEDLOT
Anonymous
Feedlot Management. Vol. IS, No. 13, p. 9-12,
December. 1973, 4 Og.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers. 'Pollution. 'Feed lots,
•Cattle, 'Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Organic fertilizer, 'Digester. Dis-
ease control.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Larvae, 'Farm wastes,
•Livestock, 'Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Feed additives, 'House fly larvae,
•Feces, Musca domestlca L.
This investigation was to test Polybor 3 as an
additive to a steer ration for control of house
fly larvae In feces. Control of house fly larvae
was obtained in steer manure treated with
Polybor 3 at one gm/kg but not at half this
rate. Polybor 3 fed at rates up to 100 gm/head
day to a steer weighing about 700 IDS., resulted
in no significant control of house fly larvae
in manure. Spores mixed directly with steer feces
at a rate of 300 mg/kg prohibited fly develop-
ment (egg to adult) and 100 mg/kg reduced
It significantly. No effect on fly development
was evident in manure treated at 50 mg/kg. The
development of house flies was prevented In
feces from a steer fed 20 gm of B. thuringien-
sis spores/day. Feed intake of this steer did not
appear to be affected by including spores at
this rate in the ration. Although the ration in-
cluded 72 mg of aureomycin/day. this did not
nullify the effect of B, thuringiensls on develop-
ment of house flies in feces. Aureomycin did
not decrease the pathogenicity of B. thurin-
giensis for house flies. (Cartmell-East Central).
1678-A4, Bl, F2
LOCATING A NEW FEEDLOT
Extension Agricultural Engineer
Nebraska University
Lincoln
E. A. Olson
Cooperative Extension Service Report GPE-
5/01. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 4 p.
5 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Locating. Farm wastes.
Water pollution. Livestock, Regulation, Zoning,
Topography. Water supply. Transportation. Mar-
keting.
The selection of a site for a livestock feedlot
directly affects the success of the feedlot. Fact-
ors to consider in choosing a feedlot location
include: environmental considerations, streams,
topography, water supply, land area, towns and
zoning laws. Other items include a source of
livestock and feed, transportation (roads), and
marketing facilities. Finally the operator must
determine the size to build with provision for
expansion. (Cartmell-East Central).
The Ohio Feed Lot Inc. Is developing the first
animal waste, large scale sterilized organic
fertilizer. By means of a digester, a machine
capable of circulating air through the accumul-
ated manure. Ohio Feed Lot is speeding up
nature's aerobic process. The digester, housed
in a 700 by 120 ft. pre-coated galvanized steel
building, is fed 400 tons of manure daily. The
manure is collected by front-loading tractors
and dumped into large vats where high-power
fans circulate the air, inducing heat to aid
the digester In speeding up the process by
months. Once sterilized, the manure is packaged
ready for use. With eight steel roofed pen
buildings, the Ohio Feed lot, eliminates one
problem or rural water pollution — runoff caused
by an effluent of cattle feces and urine. The
mixture of feces and urine gives off two
gases, ammonia and carbon dioxide. To con-
trol the ammonia level, the buildings are placed
to give a maximum drying and cooling effect.
Natural air is maintained in the barns. The
use of an enclosed environment has also com-
pletely self-sustaining environment—and a com-
pletely ecology-proof environment. (Cameron-
East Central).
1677-A9, A10, Bl, F6
FEED ADDITIVES FOR CONTROL
OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN
LIVESTOCK FECES
Fort Hays Branch
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station
Hays
T. L. Harvey and J. R, Brethour.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. S3, No
5, p. 744-776. October, 1960. 4 tab, 12 ref.
1680-A8, B2, Cl, C2,E2
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON
WATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
SELECTED KANSAS SOILS
D. O. Travis.
P.H.D. Dissertation. Department of Agronomy,
Kansas State University, Manhattan. 1970, 97 p,
12 fig. 26 tab, 93 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, "Lagoons, 'Soil chemi-
cal properties. Soil physical properties, Kansas,
•Soil cores, Farm wastes. Waste disposal, Waste
treatment. Irrigation, Infiltration rates. Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'Lagoon water. Dilution.
Cores from four Kansas soils were treated un-
der unsaturated flow conditions with lagoon
water collected as runoff from a Kansas State
University experimental feedlot. This was done
in order to determine the probable effects of
applying such material to the soil as supple-
mental irrigation water and as a means of
water disposal. Soil cores were collected and
analyzed while in the natural state. Additional
cores were collected and treated with the
lagoon water. Changes in the infiltration rate
while the lagoon water was percolating through
the soil cores were measured and recorded.
The resulting filtrates were analyzed for their
chemical constituents during the duration of the
experiment. An examination of these treated
cores at the end of the experiment indicated
a greatly increased monovalentcation concen-
tration (especially Na) and an increased total
nitrogen concentration within the soil resulting
from the lagoon-water treatments. Dilution is
proposed as a solution for this waste disposal
problem. (Cartmell-East Central).
1681-B2,B3,B4,D1,D3,E2
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES
FOR SOLUTIONS
Department of Agricultural & Civil Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca. New York 14850
R. C. Loehr
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 1, No.
1, p. 71-78, Jan.-March, 1972. 2 tab. 11 ref.
1679-A3, A5, A8, B2, E2
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT
BY SOIL PERCOLATION
P. H. Rath.
M. S. Thesis, Dept, of Agricultural Engineering,
Iowa State University. 1966, 116 p. 6 fig, 2 tab,
72 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
•Livestock, 'Lagoons, 'Effluent, 'Soils, Percola-
tion, 'Infiltration, Liquid wastes. Organic wastes.
Water pollution, Permeability.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal.
Treatment of liquid livestock wastes by soil
percolation is a possible means of disposing
of huge supplies of wastes. However, to be
effective, soil percolation must deal with factors
such as (1) the rate at which the wastewater
can be applied without significant runoff, (2)
the frequency of application most favorable to
maintenance of the agronomic usefulness of the
land, (3) the seasonal variation, (4) the d--
gree of assurance that the quality of the ground
water will be Impaired due to excessive seep-
age, and (5) the equipment needed. In view
of the information which has resulted from
this investigation, it is evident that actual field
applications of soil percolation will bs necessary
to determine if soil percolation is feasible or
sound to use in the long run. However, this
study gave promising results for soil percola-
tion and no significant drawbacks were en-
countered. (Russell-East Central).
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Con-
finement pens. Livestock, Waste treatment.
Waste disposal, Legal aspects. Liquid wastes.
Solid wastes.
Identifiers: Animal wastes, 'Guidelines, Land
disposal.
Increased efficiency of agricultural production
has caused new environmental problems for
agriculture. Confined animal production opera-
tions produce large volumes of animal wastes for
disposal. The most satisfactory solutions for
animal wastes include some type of initial treat-
ment (natural drying systems, aerated liquid
systems, runoff control measures, waste holding
units) followed by land disposal. The long
term approach for animal production must be
based upon both optimal production of th:
product and on maintenance of acceptable en-
vironmental quality not only to the animals and
the producers, but to society as a whole. (Mer-
ryman-East Central).
1682-B2, B3, B4, E2, Fl
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS
FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN
SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN
Area Engineer
Ann Arbor, Michigan
B. E. Boesch and D. F. Kesselring
Presented at the 1973 Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky:, Lexington. June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-414, 13 p. 2 ref.
281
-------
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. "Michigan, 'Pollu-
tion abatement, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Waste storage, 'Design, Equipment,
Costs, Livestock, Feed lots. Lagoons, Irrigation,
Construction costs.
Seventy-nine pollution abatement systems for
farm wastes were installed in southeast Michigan
during 1970 to 1972. The systems varied greatly
in size, but they can be categorized into farm
functions: diversion, collection, storage, and dis-
posal. The systems used to perform these func-
tions are discussed. Included in the discussion
are: liquid manure tanks, holding ponds, semi-
liquid manure storage units, solid storag? units,
earthen holding pits, conventional manure-hand-
ling equipment, tanker wagons, and spray dis-
tribution systems. Actual design, construction,
costs, and guidelines for these wast? manage-
ment systems are given. (Frantz-East Central).
1683-A6, All, Bl, B4
PERFORMANCE OF
EXPERIMENTAL CLOSE-
CONFINEMENT (CAGED)
CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater
G. W. A. Mahonev, G. L. Nelson, and S. A.
Ewing.
Transcript No. 67-405 presented at the 60th An-
nual Meeting. American Society of Agricultural
Engineers meeting jointly with the Canadian So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineering. Sasakatoon.
Saskatchewan, June 27-30. 1967, 20 p. 12 fig, 5
tab.
Descriptors: Performance. 'Feed lots. 'Confine-
ment pens, 'Cattle, Farm wastes. Waste stor-
age. Waste disposal. Odor.
Identifiers: 'Clos» confinement feeding systems.
The objectives of this test were to determine
the performance of cattle in crowded housing
and to develop design parameters for confined
housing facilities for cattle. Cattle behavior.
activities, and health were studied extensively.
The following results were noted: (1) Cattle
limited to 15 square feet of slatted floor space
required 20 percent more feed per pound of
gain than cattle allowed 25 square feet of slat-
ted floor space, or cattle in dirt lots with 100
square feet of space per animal. Daily rate
of gain was 20 percent and 34 percjnt less.
respectivefy. (2) Some sore feet were noted
on animals on concrete slotted floors but this
condition seemed to pass without incident and
no detrimental effects were noted. (3) No pre-
ference was shown by the animals for any par-
ticular grid slat and slot width configuratioq.
All four combinations tested performed well,
with the 1 3/4 inch slots performing best in
freezing weather. The wide slat and slot con-
figuration, 5 inch slat with 1 3/4 inch slot, was
the most economical to construct. (4) Animal
waste accumulated at the rate of 0.3034 cubic
feet per head per day. When the liquid portion
was allowed to drain out of the pits, the ac-
cumulation rate was 0.2212 cubic feet per head
per day. However, the latter wastes proved
difficult to pump and this practice, of draining
the pits, would prove costly in both time and
equipment in cleaning. (Wetherill-East Central).
1684-B1, B5, Cl, C2
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS
—PROPERTIES OF MANURE
ACCUMULATIONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Ne-
braska University, Lincoln
C B. Gilbertson, J. R. Ellis, J. A. Niena-
ber, T. M. McCalla. and T. J. Mopfenstein.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Okla-
homa State University, Stillwater, June 23-2«,
1974, 20 p. 5 flg, 5 tab. 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Feed lots, Chemi-
cal properties. Physical properties, Nebraska,
Nitrogen. Phosphorite.
Identifiers: 'Beef, 'Manure, 'Surface slope.
•Animal density. 'Climatic conditions. Volatile
solids.
Outdoor be.-f cattle feedlots were constructed
with 3, 6, and 97t slopes at the University of
Nebraska Field Laboratory to study the char-
acteristics of wastes. The results of this four
year research show that the physical and chem-
ical characteristiecs are affected by surface
slope, animal density, and uncontrollable cli-
matic conditions. The slope did not have a
predictable effect on the average moisture
content of material removed. Material was
removed semlannually from the feedlot surface
to the depth of the soil-manure Interface. The
total solids removed averaged 25 and 35% vola-
tile for the 200 and 100 sq. ft./head lots, respec-
tively. pH. nitrogen content, and phosporous
content were also measured. Completely remov-
al of material down to the soil-manure inter-
face is not recommended because the large
quantities of soil removed must be replaced.
(Cameron-ECU)
1685-A11, A12, B2, C3, D3
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA
TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL
MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL
OXIDATION DITCH
L. A. Will, S. L. Diesch. and B. S. Pomeroy.
American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 63, No.
4. p. 322-326, April, 1973. 1 fig, 2 tab, 21 ret.
Descriptors: 'Salmonella, 'Farm wastes, 'Live-
stock, 'Waste disposal, 'Oxidation lagoons. Cat-
tle, Pathogenic bacteria. Model studies. Effluent,
Sludge, Measurement.
Identifiers: 'Survival, Seeding
In order to evaluate the potential health ef-
fects of pathogens in cattle manure, research
was conducted In a laboratory model oxidation
ditch to measure salmonella survival time, to
develop and Improve bacteriologic methods of
measurement of detection and survival of path-
ogens in beef cattle manure. Salmonella typhi-
murium survived for 17 days post seeding in
the model oxidation ditch at summer tempera-
tures. The microorganism survived for 47 days
at winter conditions. The data Indicated that sur-
vival is of greatest duration in the sludge por-
tion of the settling chambers. Based upon re-
sults obtained, the three sampling methods,
temporary swab, prolonged swab, and Increment
removal, were comparable In Isolations made.
The greatest success for measuring survival
thus far has been achieved utilizing BG—Bile
and Selenite-BG-sufadiazine as the enrichment
phase, and SS and Selenlte-BG-sulfadiazlne the
plating phase for isolation. Perhaps one ap-
proach to controlling the salmonella problem
in animal manures Is to chlorinate, or other-
wise treat, the wastee emanating from confine-
menet housing units. (Cartmell-East Central).
1686-A6, D3, Fl
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
POULTRY WASTES
J. H. Martin, R. C. Loebr, A. C. Anthonisen, and
S. P. Nieswand.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cor-
nell University, Ithaca. New York.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University. Sttllwater. June 23-28, 1974,
39 p. 10 fig. 6 tab. 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic tereatment. 'Farm
wastes 'Poultry,- Oxidatelon lagoons, Odor, Con-
struction. Operation and maintenance .Coats.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch.
The relaetionship between fundamental concepts
and design criteria for the aerobic treatment
of poultry wastes are presented. The results
of an evaluation of a full scale oxidation ditch
system were used to illustrate this relation-
ship ™nd™ characterize the potential of ero-
bic treatment for these wastes In term* of con-
struction and operating costs. The full scale
oxidation ditch system that was evaluated to
located on a commercial poultry farm approxv
Imately Dve miles north of Ithica, New York.
The farm Is owned and operated by Mr. Charles)
Houghton. The system consists of two inter-
connected ditches that were evaluated as a
total system. A plan-view and cross-section of
the Houghton facility are shown. Throughout
the course of study, the Houghton Farm oxida-
tion ditches have achieved the objective of odor
control. The absence of complete nitrification.
i.e. no residual mixed liquor ammonia, except
for a brief period indicated Inadequate oxygen-
ation capacity. It was determined In laboratory
studies that nullifying organisms were present.
A summary of the capital and operating expens-
es associated witeh the Houghteon oxidation
ditches are given. (Cartmell-East Central).
1687-B2, B4, E2
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF
LIQUID MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ken.
lucky University, Lexington.
H. E, Hamilton, and I. J. Ross.
Descriptor*: 'Waste storage. 'Liquid waste,
'Design, Dairy Industry, Operation and main-
tenance, Kentucky.
Idenetlflen: Liquid manure, 'Above noud
storage.
Presented at the C7th Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklaho-
ma State University, Stlllwater, June 23-zS,
Two experimental above ground liquid manure
storage systems were Installed at the University
of Kentucky dairy research center In order to
determine theoperatlng characteristic* and de-
sign critria for farm applications. The 1X000
gallon tanks were constructed of chromiaed
steej sheets. The design la basically the same
as that used for high moisture train storage
Conventional manure pumpa were modified and
Installed In a collection pit. Valvlng was arrang-
ed to allow agitation In the collection pit
pumping Into the storage tank, or pumping
to a spreader. All the systems functioned well
except the nozzles inside the tanks. (Cartmell.
Eaat Central).
1688-A6,A10,B3,C1,C2,D3
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION
OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE
Martin, 1. D.
H, S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lnbbock.
January. 1971. JO p. t flg. 1 tab. • ref. ^~"»
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment. 'Solid waste*.
•Farm wastes, 'Feed lots. 'Cattle. 'Watte
treatment. Carbon, Nitrogen, Chemical oxygen
demand. Decomposing organic matter. Tempera.
ture. Moisture. Phosphorus, Odor. Digestion.
Identifiers: 'Composting, Files.
The objective of this study was to determine
the feasibility of waste stabilization by aerobic
decomposition. The feedlots from which beef
cattle waste was recovered were located on the
Texas Tech University agricultural farms in
Lubbock, Texas. Four different lot treatments
were used In the study. Temperature, moisture
carbon nitrogen ratio, and phosphorous eon
tent affected the rate of digestion. Under
proper, effective management, beef cattle feed-
lot waste can be successfully composted reduc-
ing raw teedlot manure to an innocuous material
of low energy potential. Odors, as well as fl»
and maggot infestations, cease shortly after the
process begins. The optimum moisture range
of manure to be composted is from 30 la 50%
The C/N ratio should exceed 30 to obtain opU
mum composting rates. Aeration rates should
be maintained between 3 and ( Uter/mln. DCT
100 kg. of waste or regulated to yield an • to IB
282
-------
1689-B2, C2, Dl, D3, E2,
E3
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF
WATER FOR DILUTION AND
HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE
R. E. Gravra.
PhD Thesis. University 01 Massachusetts, Am-
herst. June. 1971. 120 p. 31 fig, u tab, 61 rel.
Descriptor!: 'Farm waste, 'Cattle. "Dairy
Industry, 'Water, 'Hydraulic transportation. Wa-
ter pollution. Chemical oxycen demand. Bio-
chemical oxygen demand. Ammonia, Nitrates,
Waste treatment. Liquid wastes. Phosphate,
Chlorides, Slurries. Aerobic treatment.
Identifiers: 'Renovation, 'Reuse, 'Dilution,
•Screening.
Work was undertaken to evaluate the concept of
pretreatment by screening combined with aerobic
stabilization and reuse of water as they might
apply to the hydraulic handling of dairy cattle
manure. Performance of a stationary sloping
screen for separating solid material from dairy
manure slurries was evaluated using different
bar spadngs and different slurry mixtures Two
different systems were used to treat screen ef-
fluent. One system consisted of primary settling,
aeration and final settling; the other of aeration
and final settling, No adverse effects on the
treatment systems were noted from the reuse
of water. Screening of water-manure slurries
removes a significant amount of material from
the liquid and makes subsequent treatment and
handling easier. Screen effluent may then be Ir-
rigated, stored aeroblcally, or treated to allow
reuse for hydraulic cleaning. The addition of
screening will improve the operation of many
systems now used for treatment of animal ma-
mire slurries. (Russell-East Central).
1690-A2, AA, B2, Cl, C2,
D2, El, E2, F6
ZETA POTENTIAL OF COLLOIDAL
SUSPENSION FROM A BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT SURFACE
J. C. Lorimor.
M. S. Thesis. Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment. University of Nebraska. 59 p. 12 fig. u
tab* 29 ref.
Descriptors: "Zeta potential, 'Feed lots, 'Cat-
tle, Runoff. Water pollution. Hydrogen ion con-
centration, irrigation. Waste treatment. Sam-
pling. Temperature. Statistical models
Identifiers: 'Colloidal suspensions. Quadratic
equations. Alum,
Runoff from beef cattle feedlots U one source
of potential water pollution. Two alternatives
are available to prevent feedlot runoff from
polluting streams: .(1) the water can be spread
on agricultural land as Irrigation water, or (J)
It can be treated before It is released to the
streams. Zeta potentials on colloidal solids In
feedlot water samples were investigated as one
method of treatment control. Zeta potentials
were found to average -49.5 millivolts on un-
treated samples. The potentials varied with pH
and solids concentrations according to theory
Particle zeta potentials were found to be conl
trolled by chemical treatments and high chemi-
cal dosages were required to reduce the zeta
potentials to near the isoelectric point. Also,
quadratic equations could be written to accurate-
ly define the relationships between zeta poten-
tials, chemical dosages, and solids concentra-
tions. (Russell-East Central).
1691-A6, Bl, B2, Dl, D3,
El, F2 _ _
NEBRASKA UNIVERSITY
SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Second National Symposium on Poultry Indus-
try Waste Management. University of Nebraska.
Lincoln, May ls-20, m«, 262 p.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes. 'Waste
disposal. Lagoons, Odor. Legal aspects. Equip-
ment,
Identifiers: 'Waste management.
Waste management is an Issue that the poultry
Industry must be prepared to deal with. This
Second National Symposium did a great deal to
inform the poultry industry of current waste
management alternatives. As expected, lagoons
were discussed extensively throughout the sym-
posium. Many problems such as poultry waste
disposal on the farm, in the hatchery, and in
the processing plants were discussed. Hydraulic
manipulation of wastes was presented along
with considerations of proper odor control In-
formation concerning legal, social, and economic
*255 .. °\.wute m»n»*ement were also dealt
with. Much more study and research Is needed
so that the poultry Industry can better deal with
••Jf°PleJ?1* •nd chl">8e» o' the future. (Rus-
sell-East Central).
1692-B2, Cl, C2, D3, F3
WASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS
Professor of Sanitary Engineering. Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Indiana.
D. E. Bloodgood,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Indus-
try Waste Management, University of Nebraska.
Lincoln. May 19-20. 1964, p. 1-9,
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. -Farm wastes.
•Poultry, 'Lagoons. 'Anaerobic digestion. Chem-
ical properties. Design.
Identifiers: Loading rates.
The adoption of the anaerobic process for dis-
posal of chicken manure in large production
operations appears to be an excellent idea.
Through the process of anaerobic digestion, the
organic solids of the wastes are digested by an-
aerobic bacteria to ideally produce carbon diox-
ide and methane. Factors important in success-
ful anaerobic digestion are: (1) pH; (2) alkalin-
ity; (3) volatile adds; (4) nitrogen: (S) load-
i Lratef: •nd <6) temperature. Each of these
factors Is Important In maintaining a proper
balance in a lagoon. Lagoons can be constructed
in a variety of shapes and sizes with a variety
of methods for starting them Initially. Poultry
manure offers many variables to lagoon opera-
tion such as buildups of ammonium carbonate
or hydrogen sulfide. and each lagoon will have
V?frUculJ!r ?' °* v«ri»Wes to deal with. More
studies will be necessary to determine the la-
yoon's capabilities in digesting dead chicken
tral) cM<*«n feeds. (Russell-East Cen-
wlll not be created; and legitimate water uses
will be protected. Waste stabilization ponds are
probably the best treatment tools for waters be-
cause they make use of natural biological re-
actions. In the aerobic type of ponds, algae
produce oxygen which permits aerobic bacterial
degradation of the organic material. Pond load-
Ing is an Important factor which varies with cli-
matic conditions. Pond size and depth are also
variable. Estimates of aerobic pond capabilities
state that one acre of an aerobic pond will pro-
vide adequate treatment of manure wastes from
3,000 chickens. More data is accumulating about
aerobic ponds, and although they are not the
answer In every case, they do provide the poul-
try farmer with a valuable and economic tool for
waste disposal. (Russell-East Central).
1694-A6, B2, B4, Dl, D3
ODORS AND THEIR CONTROL
Barnebey and Chancy. Columbus, Ohio.
O. L. Barnebey.
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, Hay 19-20, 1964. p. 57-65.
Descriptors: 'Odor, .'Control, 'Equipment,
•Poultry. 'Farm wastes. 'Waste treatment. An-
aerobic conditions.
Identifiers: Feathers.
Odor is a perplexing and burdensome problem
to the poultry farmer. It Is difficult to solve and
often expensive. There are five main problems
to be dealt with to help curtail odors. The first
is general housekeeping. The excrement from
the poultry undergoes anaerobic reactions and
noxious odors are produced which should be
pumped Into a digester. The second problem
is feathers. The feathers should be promptly
removed to eliminate buildup. The third prob-
lem Is odor from cooking feathers and dryer
gases. These odors or gases should be piped In-
to scrubbing towers. The fourth problem is feath-
er meal dust. This dust should also be piped
to the scrubbing tower to remove odors. The
fifth problem is balding ponds for the waste.
This is the area most subject to public con-
demnation and should not be used if possible.
After the problems are identified, the poultry
fanner should then select the equipment which
would best eliminate the odors from his par-
ticular operation. (Russell-East Central).
1695-A6, Dl, D2, D3, F2
roENTD7ICATl6N~AND CONTROL
OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES
Livestock Farm Advisor, Agricultural Extension
Service. California University.
C. A. Perry,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln. May 19-20. 1964. p. 67-73.
rn
*-L
tin .in , Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Control. 'Farm wastes.
A10, A12. A13 B2 Anaerobic conditions. Aerobic conditions. Feed
-">"'-> iots- cattle. Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes.
PRJNCD?LES AND PRACTICES OF
AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY
WASTE DISPOSAL: AEROBIC
STABttlZATION PONDS
R. Forges,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Lln^. ^!nl^m™ '' Unlvenity of Nebraska.
Lincoln. May 10-20. 1964. p. 23^3. 2 fig. 4 tab!
*Farm .
disposal. 'Aerobic treatment.
: *Aerobic «t«bUlzaUon ponds. Load-
Animal wastes produce noxious odors when they
undergo anaerobic digestion. On the other hand.
little or no odor b produced by aerobic diges-
tion. However, to accomplish aerobic digestion in
a cattle feedlot. some sort of mechanical agi-
tation must be employed. In Pomona. California.
odor from two cattle feedlots outside of town
was a source of complaint. To prevent legal
problems, the feedlots began to remove accumu-
lated wastes, to use chemicals to control odors.
and to mechanically agitate wastes with a har-
row to promote aerobic bacteria. An odor panel
in Pomona was started to keep records of odors.
The odor panel kept records for a year with few
reports of feedlot odor during the last few
months. Pomona now gets few complaints from
citizens about feedlot odors. Good management
Is probably the most important factor in odor
control (Russell-East Central).
283
-------
1696-B2, C2, D3
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS: THEORY
AND PRACTICE
Agricultural Engineering Research Division, Ag-
ricultural Research Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture.
U. J. Eby,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management. University of Nebraska. Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 77-91. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Lagoon*. 'Anaerobic conditions,
•Design, Biochemical oxygen demand. Waste
treatment. Farm wastes. Sewage, Livestock.
The function of any lagoon, whether It be aero-
bic or anaerobic, is to reduce the BOD of the
materials entering the lagoon. It Is difficult to
maintain a totally aerobic or anaerobic condi-
tion in a particular lagoon because so many
variables exist which affect the mlcroblal
growth. Sewage treatment can be accomplished
much more easily than farm waste treatment
because sewage flow is regular and stable
whereas the loading rate and flow of livestock
MJJ*^, !J.uctu»Un* »"<> erratic. Recommenda-
Uons for the proper design of an anaerobic la-
goon are presented. These recommendations
~f.?S c?n^rtl11* Population equivalents to
pounds of BOD, Also there are suggestions on
H£ f™per management and detention time of
!» . ,g?Sn- 2esearcn ""«* have been devised
.Hi" e"ectiv«w«s of anaerobic lagoons in
livestock wastes. (Russell-East Central)
1697-A4,A5,A7,A8,B1,F2
SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS
OF ORGANIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT
1 °' Environmental Sanitation, Cal-
°f pBbUe
F. M. Stead,
d"*""1 Nation"! Symposium on Poultry Industry
waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 18-20, 1864, p. 93-114.
Descriptors: 'Organic wastes. 'Management.
•Legal aspects, 'Public health. Environmental
control. Waste treatment. Waste disposal
Identifiers: Pollution. "
In the past, Americans felt that the land was
so vast and Its resources were so great that
nothing could ever overload the environment.
Consequently, for years Americans poured
wastes into the air, land, and water. Within
the past few years, people have started to be-
come aware that our natural resources must
be protected. The environmental problem Is ex-
tremely complex. Environmentalists have adopt-
ed the systems approach in hope of controlling
the environment, because our resources such
as water, air, and land must be preserved.
The question is— who is to decide what shall
be done? Should it be the courts, the people,
or scientists? The legal aspects of curtailing
pollution are unprecedented and difficult to es-
tablish, but they must be established. The en-
vironment must become regulated by man be-
cause it is dominated by man. Organic waste
Is essential and vital to man's existence, and
the future holds dim prospects if man does not
begin now to solve these problems. (Ricsell-
East Central).
1698-A6, A10, B2, B4, Dl
HYDRAULIC COLLECTION OF
POULTRY WASTE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cor-
nell University, Ithaca, New York,
D. C, Ludington, and A. T. Sobel,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln. May 19-20. 1964, p. 115-135. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes. Waste
storage. Waste treatment. Odor. Design, Clean-
ing.
Identifiers: 'Hydraulic collection. Storage pits.
Hydraulic waste control systems offer many
possibilities to the poultry farmer. Hydraulic
collection of wastes reduces odors and permits
scheduled cleaning. Hydraulic systems reduce
labor requirements, lower fly production, and
give more uniform Indoor temperatures. The
biggest advantage of hydraulic waste control
is flexibility In the cleaning system, but clean-
ing cannot be accomplished efficiently without
mechanical assistance. The pits which contain
the waste should be confined by walls and lim-
ited to three feet in depth for safety and ease
of cleaning. As In most processes, the hydraulic
system does have disadvantages. The major one
Is the amount of material that Is handled. Since
dilution Is required, more material must be han-
dled with the hydraulic system than with other
systems. (Russell-East Central).
1699-A6, A10, B2, E2
HYDRAULIC MANURE HANDLING
IN LAYING HOUSES
Extension Poultryman, Cornell University, Itha-
ca. New York.
C. Ostrander,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 137-147.
Descriptors: 'Hydraulics, 'Farm wastes, 'Poul-
try, 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
There is no one cure-all system of waste dis-
posal that can be used In all poultry situations.
However, it appears that hydraulic handling of
liquid wastes will work satisfactorily in many
situations. Hydraulic collection provides flexibili-
ty in time of cleaning, reduction of odors, reduc-
tion of labor, reduction of mechanization, control
of flies, and control of temperatures in the poul-
try house. The system Itself Is not a lagoon and
does not reduce or digest the wastes. The main
disadvantage is that the system does not dispose
of the manure, and it must still be hauled away
and spread on land. Hydraulic systems have no
place In a poultry operation which Involves de-
hydration or incineration. It appears, however,
that the advantages greatly outwelght the dis-
advantages in making the hydraulic handling of
poultry manure an effective means of waste dis-
posal. (Russell-East Central).
1700-A6, B2, B4
HYDRAULIC MANURE SYSTEMS
Chairman, Poultry Science Department, Nebras-
ka University, Lincoln.
J. L. Adams,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management. University of Nebraska. Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 149-159. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Hydraulics, 'Waste treatment,
Waste disposal. Odor, Design, Cleaning, Waste
storage. Liquid Wastes.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Fly control.
The need for good methods of waste storage,
transportation, and disposal Is greater than ever
before. Hydraulic systems provide many answers
to the poultry man's problems. Investigators
have determined that poultry waste contains
about 80% water; thus making It an excellent
substance to be handled hydraullcally. It has
also been found that a simple diaphragm type
pump Is sufficient for moving large quantities
of manure with up to 20% solids. Difficulties of
hydraulic systems are the odors produced, the
difficulty of disposing of the liquid manure after
it has been collected. However, the advantages
are flexibility of time of cleaning, ease of hand-
ling the manure, less possibility of noxious gases,
control of flies, relatively Inexpensive equipment,
and control of constant temperatures. (Russell-
East Central).
1701-B2, B4, D3, E2, Fl
LIQUID HANDLING PROCESSES FOR
POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION
Agricultural Engineering Department, Massachu-
setts University. Amherst.
C. A. Johnson.
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management. University of Nebraska. Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 161-181. 3 fig. 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Waste treatment.
•Waste storage, 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, •Sta-
bilization. Septic tanks.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
An Integrated system concept for liquid manure
handling that has been operating for a year and
five months is described. This system was de-
signed for a 7000 bird cage layer flock on the
Rolland Congdor Farm in Longmeadow. Massa-
chusetts, The system Involves flushing the ma-
nure from under the cages to a large heated
septic tank. The effluent from the septic tank
Is recycled to eliminate high water usage. This
system provides ease of handling the manure.
There are few moving parts with only a pump
and motor operating about 20 minutes per day.
No noxious odors are produced, and there Is no
manure accumulation pit or buildup. Water as-
age Is relatively small since the effluent Is re-
cycled. Disposal of the manure Is simple and
seldom because a tank wagon can replace
spreaders and Irrigation systems can replace
' batch handling. Also the system Is economical.
The floating scraper and small pump can re-
place about $4.000 or more worth of mechanical
cleaning equipment. With slight design changes
and further experiments. It 1s hoped that this
liquid manure system will become very profit-
able to use. (Russell-East Central).
1702-A1, B2, DA
LAGOONS—SINK OR SWIM
Brender's Leghorns, Ferndale. New York.
M. Brender,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management. University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 113-192.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons,. 'Farm wastes, 'Poul-
try, "Waste storage, 'Waste treatment. Odor.
"Indoor" and "outdoor" "lagoonlng" are two
methods often employed by poultry farmer* for
waste storage and treatment. With either type,
the poultryman fights an odor problem. To pre-
vent odor and to beneficially handle manure, the
poultry man should catch manure in waterproof
tanks; keep it covered with water at all times:
move It out before it settles down; either h?ul
It and spread II on crops or stabilize U In an
outdoor lagoon; and move wastes by gravity.
The author predicts that present and future re-
search will solve many of the current lagoon
odor, decomposition and pollution problems.
(Russell-East Central).
1703-A9, Bl, C5, El
HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY
WASTE DISPOSAL
Robert A, Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cin-
cinnati. Ohio.
C. W.. Chambers, and N. A. Clarke,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska Lin-
coln. May 19-20. 1864, p. 193-212. 18 ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal.
•Public health. Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Dis-
eases.
Interest In the disposal of poultry waste has stir-
red Interest in the health aspects of poultry
waste disposal. Many diseases are possibly com-
municable to man from poultry wastes. These
diseases are caused usually by bacteria, fund,
or viruses. There are many avenues of trans-
mission of the disease, such as direct contact
with waste; Ingestlon of waste; Inhalation of
waste; and direct or Indirect contact with vec-
tors such as insects. Many diseases, such as
those caused by the Salmonella species, can
be transferred to man. To prevent the spread
of disease, the poultry farmer should attempt
to control conditions which result In multiplica-
tion of disease-producing organisms. The source
of the disease-production should be eliminated
If possible. The waste should be processed In
a way which would breakdown the chain of In-
fection. Above all. the poultry fanner should
practice good management and remain rational
about the subject of disease and disease poten-
tial. (Russell-East Central). ^
284
-------
1704-A1, Bl, Fl, F2, F3
SOCIAL, LEGAL, AND ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL
PRODUCTION IN URBANIZED
AREAS
Planning Director. Omaha. Nebraska,
A. Auit.
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Wajte Management. University of Nebraska. Lin-
coln. May 19-20. 1964, p. 225240.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Management. 'Legal as-
pect*. 'Economics. 'Urbanization.
Within the last forty years, our country has
undergone extensive urbanization. The poultry
farmer or Industrialist must lace the ever grow-
ing urbanization of our society to effectively
function in the world of today and tomorrow.
There are three social developments which have
been accentuated by urbanization that restricts
the location of animal processing plants. These
are: (1) the growth of large concentrations of
people crowded together: (2) the tremendous
technological advances of our society: and (3)
the growing affluence, education, and cultural
sophistication of our society. Because of these
social changes many legal developments have
.taken place In the past few years. New legal
restrictions or controls on the animal Industry
usually fall into four main categories: (1)
planning controls; (2) public health controls; (3)
public safety codes; and (4) aesthetic controls.
Closely related to social and legal development!
are the economic considerations affecting the
locating of new processing plants and the op-
eration of existing plants. There are three cours-
es of action open to the poultry Industrialist in
terms of economics. These are: (1) the laissez-
faire or do-nothing approach; (2) the self-suffi-
cient approach; and (3) the good citizen ap-
proach is economically the best approach to the
poultry man. (Russell-East Central).
1705-A1, Bl, F4
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
Extension Poultry Scientist. Federal Extension
Service, United States Department of Agricul-
ture. Washington. D.C.
W. R, Jenkins.
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management. University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20. 1964. p. 243-290,
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Waste disposal, 'Water
pollution, 'Farm wastes. Research.
The future of the poultry Industry is dependent
on many factors. One of the most important
factors that the poultry industry must deal with
is proper waste disposal. Much hai been dealt
with In this symposium, but the poultry farmer
should not mislead himself by believing that he
has all of the answers. In the future, there
will be increased concern about contamination
of .by-products, high quality water, and the dis-
posal of large quantities of water. New and
better systems of disposal will be devised, and
It is hoped that the future will be bright for the
poultry Industry. (Russell-East Central).
1706-A2, C2, C3
WATER QUALITY OF STORM
RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF
FEEDLOT
G. O. Wise m.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing. Texas AIM University. August. 1972, 166
p. 34 fig, 79 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: "Water quality, 'Storm runoff,
Texas, 'Feed tots, 'Cattle, Sampling, Equip-
ment. Chemical oxygen demand. Phosphorus,
Nitrogen, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride. Slope.
Waste treatment Water pollution.
One of the major sources of pollution from high
density beef feedlots is storm runoff. Efforts
were made to determine the variation in chemi-
cal and physical properties of storm runoff from
a beef feedlot area of Texas and to correlate
the water quality variations with storm charac-
teristlcs and hydrologic properties of the feedlot
drainage area. The average concentrations of
water quality parameters In the feedlot runoff
did not change as much with variations In rain-
fall intensities, runoff rates, and runoff volumes
as Indicated by similar runoff studies The con-
centrations of COD, phosphorus, and KJeldahl
nitrogen in the runoff were directly related to
the total soils concentration. The concentrations
of filterable solids, potassium, sodium and chlor-
ide were greater when the content lime between
the surface and the runoff was Increased. The
higher average concentrations of total solids,
COD, phosphorus, and KJeldahl nitrogen; and
lower average concentrations of filterable solids.
potassium, sodium, and chloride from one area
was due to the greater slope causing an in-
creased sediment load and decreasing the con-
tact time between the runoff and the feedlot
surface, (Russell-East Central)
1707-B2
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF
LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS
R. P. Kesler.
MS Thesis. Agricultural Economics Department,
University of minols, 1966, 97 p. ( fig. 25 tab,
38 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Evaluation. 'Liquid
wastes. 'Confinement 'pens. 'Hogs. Lagoons.
Waste disposal. Nitrogen, Illinois, Fertilizers,
Costs, Equipment. Sampling. Analysis
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Hauling and spreading.
Pollution.
Manure Is a valuable by-product of the hog In-
dustry. When applied to cropland, the chemical.
physical, and biological properties of the soil
are improved. Animal wastes must be removed
from confinement buildings If production is to
continue, and this study dealt with three types
of waste removal: (1) total hauling and spread-
Ing; (2) partial hauling and spreading and la-
goonlng; 3) total lagoonlng. Based on the find-
15*. °/ .*¥*.. *t?dy- °>e conclusion can be made
that total hauling and spreading and lagooning
to the lowest net cost method of manure dis-
posal. Partial hauling and spreading and la-
goonlng is the second lowest net cost method of
m!Efr.e ""f0"1' »Bd »°t»J lagoonlng is the
highest net cost method of disposal. Another
cone uslon it that the net cost of manure dis-
posal, for all three methods, declines as the
volume of hog production Increases. The choice
between hauling and spreading manure la still la
the innovative stage of development. However,
when cropland la available for utilizing the sal-
vaged value of the manure as a replacement
for commercial fertilizer, there appear to be
strong economic considerations favoring the
hauling and spreading method for disposal of
hog wastes. (Russell-East Central).
1708-B2, DA, E2
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A
RENOVATION MEANS FOR
LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT
J. K. Koelllker.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
30*tab°W3» IS" Univeralty> 1969> 1M P- u *>«•
Descriptors: 'Soils. 'Percolation, 'Livestock,
•Lagoons, 'Effluent. 'Farm wastes, 'Sprinkler
irrigation. 'Waste treatment. 'Waste disposal.
M^l* "%r ,tr«»tal«nt- So" Profiles. Hogs,
Moisture. Chemical oxygen demand. Nitrogen.
Phosphorus, Chlorides, Tile drains. Sampling,
~^.*' .AMC7""f conditions. Hydrogen ion con-
centration. Analysis.
A field experiment was operated from June
through September. 1968, In central Iowa to
study the use of a grass covered, Clarion-Web-
ster sllty clay loam soil profile as a treatment
media for anaerobic manure lagoon effluent-ap-
plied by sprinkler irrigation equipment. Effluent
was applied at four loading rates-1.5 and 30
inches at 707r available soil moisture and L5 and
3.0 inches at 95% available soil moisture. Sam-
pies were collected on the surface. 3, 6, 12, and
30 Inches deep In the soil profile, as well as
from water flowing from the tile drains in each
plot. Reduction In COD concsntration was about
95% between the surface and the tile drains
Nitrogen concentration reduction was about 80%
Phosphorus concentration reduction was 99% in
the top 3 Inches of soil. The chloride concentra-
tlon in the tile drainage water was reduced
about 30%. The pH was reduced from 7.8 to 7.2
as the liquid percolated through the soil profile.
No gross changes were observed in the soil
where lagoon effluent was applied The results
Indicated that a soil profile Is an excellent
treatment media for anaerobic lagoon effluent
(Cartmell-East Central).
1709-B1, C2, C5, D4
NUTRD3NT CHANGES IN POULTRY
EXCRETA FERMENTED WITH
RUMEN BACTERIA
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univer-
sity of Kentucky, Lexington,
H. E. Hamilton. I. J. Ross, J. D. Fox, and J. J.
Begin,
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Hot Springs.
Arkansas, June 27-30. 1972, Paper No. 72-454, 18
P. 8 fig. l tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients. 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry
Fermentation, Nitrogen, Hydrogen ion concentra-
tion, Anaerobic conditions.
Identifiers: 'Poultry excreta, 'Rumen bacteria.
Uric acid, Inoculum, Ether extract. Ash, Solids
levels. Manure.
Proximate components and uric acid were mea-
sured In poultry excreta during anaerobic fer-
mentation with rumen fluids as an inoculum.
Nitrogen, ether extract, and ash were affected
by pH and solids levels. There was an increase
in the ether extract Index at lower solids levels
than for higher solids. Increasing the solids lev-
el or lowering the pH delayed the decomposition
of uric acid. The uric add was virtually de-
composed after 22 hours at pH levels of 6,8 and
7.3 and 5 percent solids. The nitrogen, ether ex-
tract, and ash were also affected by the length
of the fermentation period. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
1710-A2, Bl, Cl, Dl, El
MONITORING ON-FARM WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Iowa.
S. W. Melvin, D. H. Vanderholm, and J. C.
Lorimor.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting. American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago. Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973, Paper No. 73-5542,
» P.
Descriptors: 'Monitoring, 'Farm wastes. 'Man-
agement. Hogs, Cattle, Feed lots. Runoff. Odor,
Costs. Livestock. Corn Belt. Iowa.
Identifiers: Beef.
Research and demonstration sites were establish-
ed to study waste management alternatives ap-
plicable In the Corn Belt. These sites were all
commercial livestock operations including a wide
variety of beef and swine handling systems.
Among the data collected were runoff quality
and quantity, waste characteristics, climatic
data, cost data, and operating characteristics
and problems. Results of the study showed that
regular cleaning and maintenance o. a low
stocking rate in open feedlots results In pollu-
tional strength of retained feedlot runoff of near-
ly 1/10 the pollutional strength of lots seldom
cleaned, heavily stocked, and heavily packed
with manure. Most debris basins or settling
channels required a stabilized bottom of concrete
or gravel to allow proper cleanout and main-
tenance. These sites have proved to be valuable
resources In the animal waste management edu-
cational program carried on by Iowa State Uni-
versity extension staff. (Cameron-East Central).
285
-------
1711-B1, C3, D4
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE
WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE
Agricultural Enigneer, Chicago Sanitary District.
J. L. Halderson. A. C. Dale, and E. J. Kirsch.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting. Amsrican
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, Illi-
nois. December 11-14. Paper no. 73-4532. 15 p.
6 fig. 2 tab, 21 ret.
Descriptors: "Anaerobic digestion, 'Dairy In-
dustry, "Cattle, 'Farm wastes. Chemical char-
acteristics, Design.
Identifiers: "Manure, "Substrate. "Loading rates.
This study Investigated the dynamic response
of anaerobic digestion when that system was sub-
jected to several levels of step rate changes In
loading, Laboratory sized, four liter digesters,
constructed of acrylic, maintained at 35*C. and
continuously mixed were used to Investigate the
response when dairy cow fecal matter was the
substrate. The units were batch fed once per
day, with a 15 day detention time being main-
tained throughout the experiment. Dependent
parameters measured were pH, total and volatile
solids, total alkalinity, COD. gas production and
composition, and total volatile acid concentra-
tion and composition. The experimental design
consisted of a randomized block design with four
factors and five levels of treatment. The fixed
loading levels were considered to be the treat-
ment with all other factors being held constant
when possible. Individual digesters were nested
within digester pairs and treatments. Results in-
dicated that the biological system could respond
In a satisfactory way to any of the applied tests
of loading rates of waste. There were no storng
Indications that maximum loading rates or a
maximum magnitude of step had been achieved.
The responses of all the measured parameters
are listed. (Russell-East Central).
1712-A1, B3, E2
MOVEMENT OF MANORIAL
NITROGEN IN COOL, HUMID
CLIMATES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Cornell
University. Ithaca. New York.
M. F. Walter. G. D. Bubenzer. and J. C. Con-
verse.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater. June 23-26, 1974. Paper No, 74-2018,
21 p. 10 flg, 4 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: "Model studies. "Nitrogen. "Nit-
rates, "Movement, "Anaerobic conditions, "Cli-
mates, "Farm wastes. Temperatures, Dairy in-
dustry, Crops, Ammonificatlon, Nitrification,
Denitrificatlon, Soil moisture. Solutes.
Identifiers- "Manure. Ammonia volatilization,
Ammonium fixation.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Management,
•Livestock, "Confinement pens, "Waste treat-
ment, "Waste storage. "Waste disposal, 'Feed
lots, "Economics, "Legal aspects. Lagoons, Run-
off.
This conference was held In order to give an
overview of animal waste management alterna-
tives as they are practiced nationally, regionally,
and by state. Animal waste characteristics.
waste treatment facilities, waste disposal meth-
ods, and open lots vs housed confinement all
come under close scrutiny. Legal and regulatory
aspects of confinement are discussed. Activities
of the Environmental Protection Agency, Soil
Conservation Service, Agricultural Stabilization
and Conservation Service, and Iowa Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission are discussed as well.
(Merryman-East Central),
1714-B1, Fl, F2, F4
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-
COMMENTS ON THE NATIONAL
SITUATION
Industrial Specialist, Environment Improvement,
Agricultural and Natural Resources Division,
Extension Service, United States Department
of Agriculture.
K. R. Majors.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971. 7 p.
2 tab.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes. "Management,
•Livestock, Feed lots. Confinement pens. Eco-
nomics, Legal aspects. Technology.
Identifiers: "Animal wastes.
The character and magnitude of the problem
of animal waste management; the impact of
waste management and requirements of pollu-
tion control now mandatory for livestock pro-
ducers; and the waste-management phase of
livestock production are discussed. Agriculture
does rank high as a generator of wastes—from
both animal and crop production—but agriculture
Is unique in that It makes use of biological pro-
cedures almost entirely. The total animal waste
figure is generally placed around two billion
tons per year, or 55 million tons per day. Con-
finement housing systems for all animal pro-
duction with quite different waste management
systems than those for feedlots, must handle
the same amount of waste per animal. Waste
management and pollution control have become
a concern In the livestock marketing system
as well. Discussed briefly are various basic
aspects of waste management including: tech-
nological requirements; regulatory requirements;
economic factors; and social, political, legal,
and related factors. Additional funds, expan-
sion of activities, shifts In program emphasis,
legislation for waste control, and cost sharing
and broadening of provisions for financial as-
sistance for feedlot operators are the key Items
desired by governmental agencies in order to
make their programs more effective. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1716-A1, Bl, Cl, C2, C3
RIOLOGY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa
Slate University, Amci.
Animal Wailr ManaKrment Conference. Iowa
Stale University, Ames. October 19-1}, 1971 4
P. 1 HI.
Descriptors: 'Biology. -Wastes. •Management,
•Microorganism!, Bacteria, Algie, Protozoa,
Metabolism.
This outline on the biology ol watte management
was prepared as a study aid for registrants at
the Iowa Slate University Animal Waste Man-
agement Conference. The main topics of this
outline were: bacteria, algae, protozoa and larg-
er animals, bacterial physiology, population dy-
namics, environmental factors, food sources, hy.
drogen Ion concentration . trace nutrients,
and temperature. (Carlmell-East Central),
1717-A6, B2, D3, Fl
AEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana.
D. L. Day.
Animal Waste Management Conference. Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15. 1971. 14
P. 3 fig. 6 lab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment.
•Aerobic conditions, 'Oxidation lagoons, 'Aerat-
ed lagoons. Municipal wastes, Design, Odor,
Costs, Livestock.
Several forms of aerobic treatment relative ' to
use In municipal waste treatment plants and
adaptations for treatment of livestock metabolic
wastes are discussed. Aerobic lagoons may be
divided Into two classifications, dependent upon
the method of aeration: oxidation ponds (natural-
ly aerated lagoons) and aerated lagoons (me-
chanically aerated lagoons). An oxidation pond
is usually a shallow basin 3 to 5 feet deep for
(he purpose of treating sewage under climatic
conditions (warmth, light, and wind) that pro-
mote the introduction of atmospheric oxygen and
that favor the growth of algae to produce oxy-
gen. An aerated lagoon is one that has a de.
vice that beats or blows air Into the water with
a portion of the oxygen being dissolved. The
oxidation ditch I* a modified form of the acti-
vated-sludge process. Aerobic bacteria use the
organic matter in the waste as food for their
metabolic processes, thus reducinf the biologic-
ally decradable organlcs to stable material, with
carbon dioxide and water as the major by-pro-
ducts. Design recommendations for ln-the-build-
ing oxidation ditches are given. Some form of
aerobic treatment Is likely to be used in live-
Ktock waste management schemes because of the
low level of odors associated with1 this method
of treatment. (Cartmell-East Central).
A quantitative computer model was developed
to predict the vertical nitrate soil distribution
resulting from heavy land applications of an-
aerobic liquid dairy waste applied to coarse
textured soil. Parameters used in the model
were developed for (1) soil with a deep water
table, (2) soil temperatures of 0 to 20'C, and
(3) soil matric potentials of 0 to -0.3 bars. Nitro-
gen Immobilizations, ammonification. and nitri-
fication were the primary transformations found
to occur in the soil system. The two dominant
forms of Inorganic nitrogen found in these sofl
systems were ammonium and nitrate. Nitrate
movement was based on predicted one-dimen-
sional unsaturated flow and solute dispersion.
Dispersion was assumed dependent on solute dis-
placement but not on soil water velocity. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
1713-A1, Bl, Cl, Dl, El,
Fl F2 F4
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONFERENCE
Iowa State University.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15. 1971.
1715-A2,A4,A5,A6,B1,F2
THE STATE AND REGIONAL
SITUATION
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State
University, Ames.
S. W, Melvtn.
Animal Waste Management Conference, .Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, ISfc. 9 p.
6 tab.
Descriptors: "Feed lots, "Confinement pens,
•Farm was'es. "Livestock, "Management, Water
pollution. Odor, Flshkill, Runoff.
Identifiers: "Midwest, "Corn Belt.
The Midwest is now and will continue to be a
great livestock-producing area in the future.
Waste management problems have resulted from
Increased densities of animals In confinement.
The water pollution hazard of many animal pro-
duction units has been recognized. Regulations
for control of this problem presently exist In
most of the mldwestern states. Odor is still a
problem to many producers. The technology of
animal waste management must develop rapidly
to solve many of the producers' problems. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
17I8-B2, B3, Dl
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO
SEPARATE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Agricultural Engineering Department. North Da-
kota State University. Fargo.
G, L. Pratt.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971 7
P. 3 fig.
Descriptors: "Solid wastes. "Liquid wastes.
•Separation techniques, 'Waste treatment. Feed
lots. Livestock. Settling. Filtration, Cenlrifuga-
lion, Slurries.
Identifiers: Gravity flow.
The separation of solids from the liquid com-
ponent of livestock manure adapts to many
waste treatment and handling systems. Separa-
tion of these components Is being Introduced In-
to systems where the material Is separated prior
to treatment as well as afler the combined ma-
terials have undergone a treatment process. Two
general methods are being used to accomplish
the separation of manure components. These
286
-------
are settling and mechanical separation. In all
devices that arc used In settle solid materials
Irom th; liquid component of livestock waste.
He velocity of flow of the liquid solid sluirv
!• relord.'d to the point where trdimcntatlon
can occur. Concrete tank* und earth dugouts
arc being used for settling container* fur the
manure slurries. For runoff from feedloU, §eg-
regaling (he colid material from the liquids may
be accomplished by settling channels. Mechani-
cal separation Includes filtration and centrifuga-
tion. Filtration of the combination solid liquid
waste from livestock systems can often be de-
signed to provide satisfactory installations. Ad-
vantages of the centrifuge are given. Gravity
now of liquids away from the solid manure Is
being Investigated. Equipment improvements
must be perfected before the system can be
recommended. (Cartmell-East Central).
1719-B2, B3, B4, Dl
SWINE MANURE COLLECTION AND
REMOVAL SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Ames.
L D, Van Fossen.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
Slate University, Ames, October 13-15: 1971, 6 p.
Descriptors: "Hogs, 'Farm wastes, Confinr
ment pens. Labor, Hydraulic transportation. La-
goons, Cleaning.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Manure. 'Collection, 'Re-
moval, Stockpiling, Slotted pits. Flushing tanks.
This publication outlines collection and remov-
al systems for swine manure. The topics con-
sidered arc: <1) hand cleaning, (2) mechanical
cleaning. (3> pumps and stockpiling, (4) moving
manure witH a hydraulic head, (5) manure stor-
age in the building, and (6) hydraulically hand-
ling manure. (Cartmell-East Central).
1726-A2,A4,A5,Af3lC2,C3
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR" OF
MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Iowa
Slat-? University, Ames.
.J. R. Miner.
Animal Waste Management Conf-rence, Iowa
State University. Ames, October 13-15, 1971, B p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Water pollution,
•Feed lots. 'Runoff. Odor, Organic matter, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand. Ch?mical oxygen de-
mand. Nutrients, Microorganisms, Hogs, Gases,
Confinemente pens.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
This outline was prepared as a study aid to the
registrants at the Iowa State University Animal
Waste Management Conference. The major topics
outlined are: (1) Manure as a potential water
pollutant, (2) Feedlot runoff, and (3) Odor.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1721-A2, Bl, C2
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN
FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State
University, Ames.
S. W, Melvin.
Animal Waste Management Conference. Iowa
State University, October 13-15, 1971. 5 p.
Descriptors: "Feed lots, "Runoff, "Control, "De-
sign, "Farm wastes, Chemical characteristics,
Waste disposal. Waste treatment, Iowa.
This outline of feedlot runoff pollution and con-
trol defines the following: (1) feedlot runoff. <2>
problems caused by feedlot runoff, (3) [actors
affecting feedlol runoff quality, and (4) com-
ponent design of runoff control facilities. Sug-
gestions for minimizing (eedlot complaints are
listed. (Cartmell-East Central).
1722-B2,B3,B4,C1,C2,C3
WASTK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FOK KOOFKD BERF CONFINEMENT
FACILITIES
Agricultural Encinrrrinji Department, Minnctola
University, St. Paul.
J. A. Moore.
Animal Waste Manaj:cm»'nl Conference. Iowa
Stale University, Ames. October 13-15, 1971 6 p
1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Management, "Cat-
tle. 'Confinement pens. Performance, Oxidation
lafloons, Liquid wastes.
Identifiers: 'Roofed beef confinement, "Waste
management systems, Pollution control.
The major objectives considered when discuss-
ing a waste management system are pollution
control, saving of labor, and an Increase in
animal productivity. The system may bo divid-
ed into four components: collection, storage.
treatment, utilization and/or disposal. In the
discjssion of roofed beef confinement, the facili-
ties are divided into three caleRories: (1) en-
vironmental conditions (cold and warm units),
(2) floor type (solid or slatted), and (3) mois-
ture content of the waste (less than 1% to over
50C> total solids.) The right types of confine-
ment facilities discussed are dry solid cold, dry
solid warm, dry slatted cold, dry slatted warm.
liquid solid cold, liquid slatted cold, liquid solid
warm, and liquid stalled warm. Climate has a
direct relationship upon the selection of these
systems. By listing objectives, properties of
waste material, and the design of the system,
an optimum design can be obtained. (Cameron-
East Central).
1723-A11, Bl, B4, B5, Fl
SWINE SYSTEMS FOR IOWA AND
NORTH CENTRAL STATES
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Amos,
L. D, Van Fossen.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
Slate University, Ames. October 13-15, 1971, 3 p.
Descriptors' 'Hogs, "Farm wastes. 'Management.
Mowa. Environmental control, Confinement pens,
Waste storage, Waste disposal, Arrangement,
Identifiers: "North Central States, 'Swine.
Before building a swine facility, the producer
must compare the features of the alternate
systems in order to select the ones most ap-
propriate for his needs. The goal to develop
successful swine facilities is to minimize ex-
treme and uncomfortable environmental stress
conditions that adversely effect pig performance;
utilize natural pig habits to properly select the
building features and operate the facility; and
provide convenience for the swine producer.
Items to be considered are: < 1) level of en-
vironmental control, (2) environmental modi-
fying systems, (3) manure collection and re-
moval systems, (4) manure disposal systems. (5)
feeding systems, (6) pen size, (7) animal and
man access, (8) arrangement. (9> pen partitions.
(10) building location, and (11) operating the
system. (Carlmell-East Central).
1724-A3, A4, A5, A6, A7
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS
Graduate Assistant in Agricultural Engineering,
Iowa Slate University, Ames.
J. K, Kaclliker.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames. October 13-15, 1971. 8 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Application meth-
ods. 'Soils. Fertilizers, Economics, Waste dis.
posal. Water pollution. Nutrients, Bacteria, Odor,
Soil contamination. Groundwater pollution, Deni-
trificalion.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Surface water pollu-
tion.
Manure disposal can cause air, water, or soil
pollution. Air pollution may be caused by odors
emitted during spreading or from manure left
uncovered following spreading. Air pollution dur-
ing spreading can be avoided by spreading only
when meteorological conditions are favorable
for good air mixing and when the 'wind will
dissipate odors Into an unpopulated area. Direct
Injection of liquid manure can eliminate nearly
all odor during spreading. Surface water pollu-
tion Is caused by inadequate incorporation of
manure into the soil surface. Consequently,
runoff from this soil may result In excessive
organic load, excessive nutrients, and possible
bacterial contamination of streams and lakes.
Spreading on steep slopes, frozen or snow-cov-
ered ground, or flood plains should be avoided
unless incorporation can be done immediately.
Groundwater pollution may result from excess
nitrogen and from bacterial contamination from
farm wastes. Soil contamination may also result
from manure disposal. Heavy manure applica-
tions can result in anaerobic conditions caused
by rapid decomposition and excess soil water.
Design criteria and recommendations are given
for combatting these pollution problems. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1725-A9, All, C2, E3, Fl
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE
Extension Veterinarian, Iowa State University,
Ames.
J. B. Herrick.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University. Ames, October 13-15, 1971, 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling, 'Feeds,
•Poultry, 'Cattle. Proteins, Insecticides, Costs,
Additives.
Identifiers: •Animal wastes, 'Refuse, 'Refeed-
ing. Disease spread.
A great deal of concern is being generated
over animal waste reuse or recycling. Animal
scientists and agricultural engineers are schem-
ing elaborate and complicated systems to reuse
animal wastes. Recycling animal manure Into
feeds has provided one answer. While such
feeds have been shown to have nutritional
value, other factors need to be considered.
The use of drugs, hormones, and antibiotics
on the animals may have significant effects on
animal wastes. Insecticides are sometimes pres-
ent in manure to be refed to animals. The
problem with animal waste reuse centers around
cost; disease spread; and the effect feed addi-
tives will have on the animal wben waste is
reused. (Cartmell-East Central).
1726-A11, Bl, B4, B5, Fl
EFFECT OF HOUSED
CONFINEMENT ON ANIMA.
PERFORMANCE
Extension Livestock Specialist. Iowa State Uni-
versity, Ames.
W. G. Zmolek.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971,
6 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: "Confinement pens, 'Cattle, 'Per-
formance, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage. Waste
treatment. Runoff, Labor, Costs.
Identifiers: 'Housed confinement, 'Floor types.
At several experimental locations, individual
facilities are in operation that control or modify
the environment of beef cattle. From the data
reviewed, it has been concluded that the housing
of feedlot cattle Increases their daily gain and
decreases their fe«d requirements. Furthermore,
there is little, if any, difference in cattle re-
sponse to different types of housing and floor
types. Therefore, the waste handling system
selected will dictate the type of floor to use
more than animal performance. Housed systems
will continue to grow in use because of the
several side benefits they offer. Some of these
are: surface runoff of waste is eliminated;
slotted floors eliminate the cost of bedding and
labor; protection from sun and rain maintains
the fertilizer value of the waste; less labor is
287
-------
needed to handle manure; cattle are more
docile and easier to handle; less land Is needed
and site development is easier; less labor is
required in yard repairs; cattle are cleaner;
hired workers take more pride in a confined
operation; and less labor Is required for feeding
and management. (Cartmell-East Central).
1727-B1, El, Fl
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES
OF CONFINEMENT AND WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR SWINE
AND BEEF
Professor of Economics, Iowa State University,
Ames.
E. G. Stoneberg.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15. 1971,
5 P.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Confinement pens,
•Waste disposal. 'Hogs. 'Cattle. Costs.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Beef, Environmental stand-
ards.
Some of the critical factors which influence the
selection of types of confinement and waste
systems are presented. The use of confinement
systems in beef or swine production substanti-
ally increasas the capital Investment within
tils enterprise. Because of the high capital
requirements of confinement systems, considera-
tion must be given to the potential advantages
and disadvantages of this investment and to
some of the characteristics of the investment.
Although there are wide variations in the in-
vestment per animal unit capacity in confine-
ment systems, observation indicates that the
average investment per head of annual capacity
in a cattle confinement system is normally in
the range of $75 to $150. This do-s not normally
include feed storage or processing facilities and
may not include feed distribut'on equipment.
Ths annual ownership costs of a confinement
facility will probably fall in th3 range of 13
to 20 percent of the original cost. Any type
of confinement system for pork or beef produc-
tion requires some provision for animal waste
disposal. Environmental standard; for disposal
of animal wastes may change Itn structure of
the swine and beef Industries if these standards
are very severe. (Cartmell-East Central).
1728-A1, Bl, Fl, F2
LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Professor of Economics, Iowa State University,
Ames.
N. E. Harl.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15. 1971.
H P.
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, 'Livestock, 'Farm
wastes, 'Management, Economics, Costs, Ethics,
Negligence, Trespass.
Identifiers: 'Production. 'Pollution. Nuisance
laws. Registration.
Pollution Is an economic problem. Three basic
approaches are possible to shift the external
costs back onto the polluter. Develop an ethic
of environment preservation: create appropriate
economic incentives or disincentives to achieve
a d-sired behavior pattern; or impose legal
regulations or legal sanctions to circumscribe
undesirable behavior patterns. The idea of an
environmental ethic is unlikely to be sufficiently
effective to improve environmental quality at
an acceptable pace. Most ethical standards re-
lied upon by society have come to be backed
by the force of law. The concept of taxes or
charges on those polluting to (1). encourage
substitute production methods that are less
harmful to the environment, (2) increase the
cost to consumers of products having an adverse
effect upon the environment with the result
that consumers tend to consume more of the
less harmful products, and (3) generate revenues
to fund public efforts to Improve environmental
quality holds considerable economic appeal,
although relatively little use has been made of
this approach in the past. It has become
abundantly clear that the rights Inherent in
land ownership do not sanction or protect ac-
tivities contributing to environmental pollution.
Livestock producers must recognize that fact or
face serious legal difficulty either through
private litigation, public response to violation
of environmental quality standards, or both.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1729-B1, Fl, F2, FA
EPA'S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL
WASTE PROBLEM: PANEL
DISCUSSION
Rural Environmental Assistance Program Spe-
cialist, Agricultural Stabilization and Conserve-,
lion Service, United States Department of
Agriculture.
H. Andrew.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15. 1971, 6 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Farms, 'Costs,
•Federal government. Pollution abatement. Iowa.
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency,
•Animal wastes. 'Federal programs.
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Serv-
ice, an agjncy of the United States Department
of Agriculture, administers several programs.
Included are loans to farmers on corn. Hoy-
beans, and other farm produced commodities;
loans for storage facilities; the feed grain and
wheat programs which involve direct payments
to farmers; a commodity storage program; and,
tin Rural Environmental Assistance Program
(REAP). All of these programs are administered
at the county level by a local office staff
headed by a three man committee of farmers
elected by community commitleemen who were
elected by their neighbors. These county com-
mittees oversee the handling of millions of dol-
lars of government funds each year. They
make yield adjustments. They are also charged
with the onerous job of deciding who to approve
for REAP assistance. Under REAP the Federal
Government shares the cost with farmers for
doing certain approved conservation and poll*
tion abatement work Including animal waste
management practices. A brief history of con-
servation work done on farms is given. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1730-A2,B2,B4,D3,F1,F2
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
PROGRAM IN ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
State Conservation Engineer, Soil Conservation
Service, Des Moines. Iowa.
D. T. Bondurant.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University. Ames. October 13-15, 1971, 6 p.
Descriptors: 'Soil conservation, 'Farm wastes,
'Lagoons, 'Anaerobic conditions, 'Runoff, Storage
tanks.
Identifiers: 'Soil Conservation Service, 'Animal
wastes.
The feedlot registration program In Iowa went
into effect on July 1, 1969, and In September,
1969, rules were adopted regulating feedlot run-
off from cattle operations. The Soil Conserva-
tion Service believed that It could help with
this program and. after consulting with the
staff of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Com-
mission, formulated a policy regarding activities
in this work. Since then standards and specifi-
cations have been established for runoff con-
trol, anaerobic lagoons and waste storage tanks.
Any operatoar who feels that he has a potential
pollution problem. • even if his operation does
not require registration, may be assisted, pro-
vided that he secures the approval of the
plans developed for his runoff control facilities
from thj Iowa Pollution Control Commission.
The policy of the Service in giving assistance
on manure storage tanks is to furnish one of
tho available standard plans if It can be used
directly or can be safely adapted. The Service
will not design concrete storage tanks for In-
dividual installations. (Cartmell-East Central).
1731-A6, D2, D3, E2, Fl
MANURE DEODORANTS . . . HOW
WELL DO THEY WORK?
Hot editor.
R. Wilmore.
Farm Journal. Vol. 96. p. 52, 31. June,
Identifier!: 'Manure, 'Odor control. •Deodorant*
Soil Injection. Land dlspoial. '•»».
Dozens of producLs are now available which
promise to control manure odor*. The moat
comprehensive research haa been run by Cor
nell Unlvenlty. A panel compared odon from
treated samples with those from raw manure
Only three things are sure: no product dim'
lnate« all odors; some are more effective than
others; some don't work at all. The problem
of using products to control odor Is the coat.
The products are felt to be too expensive for
what (cud they do. (Cameron-Eait Central).
1732-B1
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE
DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS
IN CONFINEMENT
M. S. Thesis. Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa 1*71
129 p. 31 fig. 38 tab. 33 ref. '
J. P. Hultgren.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Confinement pens, •Farm
wastes. 'Animal behavior. Economic*. Temper.
ature. Light. Design, Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Behavior patterns, Time lapse pho-
tography. Cleanliness, Air velocity. ^^
The defecation behavior and feces placement of
growing pigs was analyzed. Time lapae photos'
graphy was used to study three group* £r
pigs subject to changes in three different en.
vlronmental stimuli (air temperature, light l«v
els. and air velocity placement). A sununarv
of the results Indicated that the pigs spent IBB
average of (1.1% of the day sleeping. 7 gnu
standing, 10% eating. Q.t% drinking, and 0*4%
defecating. Results Indicated that the pigs eatab.
llsh quite logical activity patterns. It was alao
found that pigs defecate from (-12 time* per
day. Other studies were concerned with th*
Initial establishment of dunging area* in the
pen and the effect of pen and pig cleanliness)
was found to be heavily Dependent on area of
pen per pig and area of pen slotted. Evidence
was presented that time lapse photograph* li
a useful technique in studying behavior and
activity patterns. No matter what technique u
used, however, swine defecation remain* a verv
complex and perplexing behavior. (RusseU-Kin*
Central). —•«•« &•**
1733-Al, A4, All, A12, Bl,
E3, Fl, F2
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE
FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA
Department of Agricultural Economic*. Arizona
University, Tuicon. ^
E. L. Menzle. W. J. Hanekemp. and G. w.
Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. Tn«_
son. Technical Bulletin 207. October. WJ aa^T
36 fig. 57 tab. 35 ref. ' " *•
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Farm waste*. 'Cattl.
•Zoning. 'Cost analysis. 'Arizona. Marietta*
Legal aspects. Water pollution source*. Environ!
mental effects. Economic*. —•»«••.
Major objectives were to determine change* In
the growth and structure of the cattle feedln>
Industry, costs of operation, cost* of custom
feeding, production problems affecting the ram
petltlve nature of the Industry, and to analn»
the nature of growth and development '•Th.TT
market*. Data are based on 1S7J informaUoT
and projections have been made to 1867. Con!
288
-------
siderable attention Is paid to the Arizona feed
situation, supply of feeder cattle for Arizona.
controls affecting livestock feeding; sources,
methods, and costs of finance for feedlols
and feeding, marketing of fat cattle and beef,
and an assesment of Arizona's competitive
position in beef production and marketing, along
with the role of changing technology in the
, Industry. The section on controls includes a
review of health and sanitation problems of
Arizona feedlots, the control ol feed supple-
ments, and environmental Issues. A particular
case involving a suit brought by a land devel-
oper against a cattle feeding operation with a
non conforming prior usage right is described;
the developer was required to pay for costs
Involved In the relocation of the feedlot. Con-
sideration of the effect of feedlot wastes on
water quality has given rise to a number of
research investigations relating to recycling,
conversion to other products, confinement feed-
ing, etc., all of which should be accelerated
because of the rising demand for beef at the
same time that feedlot controls are creating
limitations on this type of bee! production.
(Paylore-Arizona).
1734-A11, C2, E3
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING
VALUE OF WASTELAGE
L. S. Bandel.
M S. Thesis, Department of Animal Science,
Auburn University. 1969, 67 p. 3 fig, 18 tab,
52 ret.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Digestion, 'Waste disposal,
•Recycling, Nutrient requirements. Farm wastes.
Cattle, Lambs, Hogs, Poultry, Nitrogen, Pro-
t;in. Carbohydrates, Chemical analysis. Feed
lots, Performance, Diets.
Identifiers: 'Wastelage, "Digestibility, Nylon bag
test, Dry matter. Corn.
For the purpose of studying the feeding value
of wastelage, six yearling steers were allotted
to five groups of twelve animals each and were
fed a variety of ratios of wastelage and ground
or whole shelled corn. The first group was fed
a normal steer fattening ration, while groups
two through five were fed ratios of 1:4. 2:3,
2:3, and 3:2 of wastelage to corn. After a
fourteen day adjustment period, the five groups
of cattle were fed for 110 days. R-suits Indicated
that feeding wastelage and ground corn im-
proved feed efficiency by eight percent. Also
increasing the fiber content by increasing the
amount of wastelage in the ration decreased
digestibility. A nitrogen-balance test study was
conducted with lambs, and It was found that the
addition of wastelage to a ration usually low-
ered the crude protein and dry matter intake.
Adding corn to wastelage usually improved the
dry matter intake, crude protein digestibility,
and the nitrogen retention. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1735-A6, Bl
ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN
CONFINEMENT HOUSING
W. C. Hammond.
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, University of Illinois, 1964, 83 p. 24 fig,
21 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Hogs, Confinement pens,
•Farm wastes. Analysis, Ammonia, Ventilation,
Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Gases, Humid-
ity, Temperature.
Identifiers: "Confinement housing, Concrete floor.
This project was undertaken to find out what
makes confinement swine* buildings have objec-
tionable odor, where the odor originates, and
some methods which reduce or destroy the odor.
A comparison was made between buildings with
solid concrete floors with a center gutter and
totally slotted concrete floors with ponded waste
under the whole floor area. The comparison
of odors was made by an odor panel. Odor
jdmples were collected and dilution thresholds
rang'd from 0.0 to 6.0. The 6.0 meant that no
panel member could detect the odor present
In the swine building when 6 parts of clean air
were mixed with one part odor. The results of
ammonia analyzed from the floor lead one to
believe that the floor liberated a large part
of Ihe odor. This is a result of acid fermenta-
tion within the concrete. Statistical analysis fails
to indicate any correlation between odor pro-
duced by swine in confinement buildings with
respect to pig weight or floor temperature. The
Indication is that the swine odor is defined in
terms of other variables such as humidity, dry
bulb temperature, ventilation, or bacteria in the
swine's atmosphere, or some other variable.
(RussdI-East Central).
1736-A6, D3, F3
ODOR, CONTROL AND
DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE
WITH MINIMUM AERATION
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana-Champaign.
J. C. Converse.
PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Cham.
.paign, 1970, 198 p. 58 fig, 48 tab, 36 ret.
Descriptors: 'Odor, "Control, 'Degradation (De-
composition), "Farm wastes, 'Hogs. Confinement
pens. Aeration, Gases, Anaerobic conditions. Am-
monia, Hydrogen sulfide. Analysis, Chemical
oxygen demand. Hydrogen ion concentration.
Waste storage. Waste treatment.
Identifiers: "Swine, "Manure, Foaming.
Many problems are facing today's confinement
swine production. One major problem is odor.
Odor not only brings public indignance, it also
is potentially harmful to swine enclosed in a
confinement pen because of the gases which
cause it. In total confinement, manure is often
stored in pits for long periods of time. If good
anaerobic decomposition occurs carbon dioxide
and methane, which are odorless, will be given
off. However, the condition which usually exists
in an undisturbed pit is one in between good
aerobic and anaerobic decompisition. As a result,
CO*, HaS, NH3, and CH4 are emitted. Also
many organic intermediates are found. Some of
the intermediates are very odorous. Most re-
searchers have concluded that an excessive
amount of air is necessary for optimum manure
degradation, but this results in high costs to
maintain an excessive amount of air. However,
the results of this study indicate that it is possi-
ble to aerate liquid hog manure with a small
amount of air and still maintain relatively
odorless conditions. What is necessary now is
field applications to determine the feasibility
of operating a system with minimum aeration.
(Russell-East Central).
1737-A11, Bl
SLOTTED FLOORS FOR HOGS —
PROGRESS AND TRENDS
Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
A. J. Muehling.
Presented at 1971 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 7-10, Paper No. 71-930, p. 1-17.
26 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Design,
•Construction, Materials.
Identifiers: 'Slotted floors. Wood slats. Concrete
slats, Metal slats.
Use of self-cleaning slotted floors for hog
raising has made great changes in the industry.
Labor costs for removal of manure have drop-
ped, while sanitation and hog health have
risen markedly. Three types of slats are used
for flooring. Wood, usually hardwood laid green,
is the cheapest, but does not last very long
and warps easily. Because of the warping, it
is difficult to maintain equal distance between
th; slats, a real problem when the pens are
used for baby pigs. Concrete slats are very
effective when they are well made, that is,
when th? reinforcing bar is laid on the bottom
and when the tops are smoothed to eliminate
abrasions on the animals' knees. The problem
with concrete slats has been that commercially
produced ones, of good quality, are hard to
obtain, and transport costs are very high. The
alternative is to cast them on the site, but not
every farmer has produced slats of adequate
quality when casting them himself. Metal slats
are more expensive and may wear quickly If
exposed to manure; this depends on the metal
and on the amount of moisture present.
The present trend is to all-slotted floors, rather
than the partially slotted ones used a few
years ago. They can be used, with adaptations,
for all phases of hog-raising — farrowing,
finishing, and sow gestation. Many sows will
not breed on slats, however; perhaps it is too
difficult to get a foothold. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System).
1738-B2, B4, C2, Fl
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS
UNDERFLOOR TANK FOR DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE
Agricultural Engineering Department
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences
University of Wisconsin
Madison
J. C. Converse. C. O. Cramer, H. J. Larsen,
and R. F. Johannes.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-3028. 13 p. 5 fig. 4 tab. 6 ref.
Descriptors: "Waste storage. 'Farm wastes, "La-
goons, 'Cattle, 'Dairy industry, 'Costs, Confine-
ment pens. Liquid wastes. Chemical character-
istics.
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Slotted floor-underfloor
tank, 'Manure scrape-storage lagoon
The following liquid manure handling systems
were compared during a 2V4 year study: slotted
floor-underfloor tank, manure scraper-storage la-
goon for insulated housing, and manure scraper
storage lagoon 'or uninsulated housing.Each
system handled 20 cows in free-stall housing.
As was hoped the automatic manure scraper-
storage lagoon provided a feasible alternative
to storage of manure in tanks under slotted
floors. For tHe size herds studied, investment
costs for the manure scrape-storage lagoon
system were approximately $200 cheaper per
cow than for the slotted floor-underfloor tank.
Annual costs for the manure handling system
were approximately $20 cheaper per cow for
the manure scrape insulated barn than for the
other two systems. (Cartmell-East Central).
1739-A2, B2, C2, E2
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION
STUDY
Department of Agronomy
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
E. A. Coleman, W. Grub, R. C. Albin, G. F.
Meenaghan, and D. M. Wells.
Interim Report No. 2 to Texas Water Quality
Board, Texas Tech University Water Resources
Center. Lubbock, Texas. April, 1971. WRC-71-2,
12 p. 8 tab.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
•Cattle, "Feedlots, 'Irrigation, "Runoff, Applica-
tion rates, Soil contamination, "Farm wastes.
Salts. Cotton. Grain sorghum. Soybeans, Her-
mudagrass.
Germination studies, test plot studies, and field
studies were made to determine beneficial or
non-harmful rates at which runoff from cattle
feedlots can be applied to growing crops. Re-
sults indicate that such runoff must be applied
with caution to most crops, as it is very detri-
mental to the germination of most field crops
in the High Plains area of West Texas and is
also detrimental to seedlings in the same area.
However, relatively low application rates are
beneficial to mature crops at least on a short
term basis. The buildup of soluable salts in the
upper 30 inches of th: soil profile indicates that
land disposal may not be the ultimate solution
to runoff disposal. (Wetberill-East Central)
289
-------
1740-A2, B2, B3, C2, E2
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR
PAVED DAIRY CATTLE YARDS
Agricultural Engineering Department
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences
Wisconsin University. Madison
C. O. Cramer, T. J. Brevik, G. H. Tenpas and
D. A. Schlough
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American So-
ciety o{ Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper
No. 74-4016, 22 p. 11 fig. 6 tab.
Descriptors: 'Runoff control, 'Dairy industry,
Precipitation (atmospheric), Effluent, Chemical
properties.
Identifiers: 'Paved cattle yards, 'Solid separa-
tion, 'Detention pond.
Runoff control systems were developed and
monitored for two dairy cattle yards. One sys-
tem was for 200 milk cows plus heifers in cold
free stall barns with yard feeding. The other
was for 32 cows in a stanchion barn with paved
exercise yard for heifers and dairy beef in
loose housing with yard feeding. Both systems
used the same principles of solids separation,
liquid storage and land application of wastes.
At the first farm 49 and 45 perc2nt of the pre-
cipitation falling on the paved and unpaved
yards and contributing roof areas was collected
as runoff for the two years of study. The cor
responding volumes of effluent removed from
the detention pond were 2.7 and 1.7 million gal-
lons. At the second farm, the percentage of
precipitation collected was 84. 67, and 71 per-
cent for Ihe three periods of study. Th? volume
of effluent removed was 0.6 and 0.5 million
gallons for the first two full years. Character-
istics Of the detention pond effluents varied
widely. Rock-filled porous dams were unsatis-
factory for primary liquids-solids separation.
Expanded metal screens were better. Detention
ponds in both systems had ins-ilficient capacity
to allow effluent to be applied only when soil
conditions were favorable. Considerable labor
and management were required for successful
operation of the runoff control systems. (Merry-
man-East Central)
1741-A2, B2, B4, E2, Fl
CHANGES WE'VE MADE IN
MANURE HANDLING
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 118, No. 3, p. 152-153,
204-205, February 10, 1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Waste storage,
•Waste disposal, 'Runoff, 'Costs, Cattle, Dairy
Industry, Equipment.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Four dairymen with hards ranging from 30 to
230 cows discuss changes in their waste hand-
ling methods. All have switched to storage pits
and then to land disposal at costs ranging from
$850 to $6.000. Each farmer explains his varia
'ion of waste storage with respect to less fre-
quent handling and controlling runoff. Costs,
disposal practices and manure pits of each
system are discussed. (Frantz-East Central).
1742-A2, A6, B2, D3, E2
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED
LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM
WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM
FOR DAIRY WASTE DISPOSAL
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Purdue Universijy, 1971, 81 p. 24 fig. 23
tab, 2r> ref.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Aerobic conditions, 'Ir-
rigation, 'Waste disposal, 'Dairy industry, Farm
wastes. Waste treatment, Waste storage, Costs,
Odor, Runoff. Labor, Equipment, Construction,
Indiana.
A comparison was made between the conven-
tional waste handling system and an aerated
lagoon and Irritation system at Purdue Dairy
Center. The cost of the conventional system was
$32.90 per cow per annum, but was largely de-
pendent upon weather conditions. It showed
high variable and labor costs. The newer meth-
od was a mechanically aerated deep lagoon,
whose level was controlled by irrigation on ad-
jacent land. Cost per cow was $48 per year,
but much of 'the extra cost was reclaimed in
greater flexibility of the farm operation and
in labor utilization. Nitrate pollution in runoff
Into water was zero. The system was odorless
while it was economically comparable to other
systems.' The influence of weather conditions
and usage of labor were minimized. The new
method was acceptable from the odor and
pollution control aspect and would be acceptable
to commercial enterprises. (Frantz-East Central).
1743-B1, B4, D3, E2
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR
GRIDS FOR CONFINEMENT CATTLE
FEEDING SYSTEMS
North Dakota State University
Fargo
Presented at 1966 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago. Illi-
nois, December 6-9, 1966, Paper No. 66-924, 21
p. 9 fig, 4 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle, 'Live-
stock, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Design.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal. 'Storage pits, 'Floor
grids.
Perforated floor systems are being used in
barns as devices for collecting waste material
from livestock. Movement of the livestock on
the floor forces the waste material through the
perforations into storage pits below the floor.
Livestock waste collected in this way can bj
spread on fields as fertilizer or can be stabilized
by the action of microorganisms. These meth-
ods of livestock waste disposal are proving to
be more efficient than conventional solid waste
handling systems have been. Structural design.
parameters, and equations are given. (Wetherlll-
East Central).
1744-A1, B2, B4, D3, Fl
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF
SELECTED BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE
HANDLING SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer
University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign
D. H. Vanderholm, jr. C. Lorlmor. and S. W.
Melvin.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4015, 9 p. 5 fig, 2 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle. 'Farm wastes, 'Manage-
ment, 'Feed lots, Monitoring. Waste storage.
•Waste disposal. 'Corn Belt, Oxidation lagoons.
Identifiers: 'Pollution control.
Four feedlots were selected as research and
demonstration sites to study waste management
alternatives in the Corn Belt. Two were un.
surfaced open lots utilizing holding ponds. The
other two were cold confinement slotted-floor
barns, one with a conventional deep pit manure
storage and one with an under-floor oxidation
ditch system. No attempt was made to rate
the systems relative to one another, but data
and observations were Intended to provide a
basis for evaluating the systems Individually
and collectively. All of the systems described
in this paper were properly managed, (Cartmell-
East Central).
1745-A8, Bl, E2
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEP
FEEDLOT MANURE TO FIELDS
Cooperative Extension Service
Kansas State University
Manhattan
Kansas State University
A publication of the Cooperative Extension
Service, Kansas State University. Manhattan.
1974, 11 p. 9 fig. 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
disposal, 'Cattle. Nutrients, Nitrogen, Salinity
Identifiers: Land application. 'Guidelines.
This publication gives guidelines for applying
solid beef-cattle, feedlot manure to agricultural
land. Guidelines on solid manure given here
can be used to determine (1) the amount of
manure needed to supply enough nitrogen for
crops, or <2> maximum rates when sou It
used as a disposal medium for feedlot manure.
These steps are suggested when applying beet
cattle feedlot manure to soil: 1. Have the ma-
nure and Irrigation water analyzed. 2. Deter-
mine the texture of the soil receiving the ma-
nure. 3. If the manure -Is to be a source of
nitrogen, determine application rates for each
year. 4. If the manure is applied to irrigated
land, determine each maximum annual appli-
cation rate. 5. If the manure is applied to non-
Irrigated land, determine the maximum annual
application rate. 6. Have annual salt-alkali and
soil fertility tests performed on the soil to check
for salt buildup and nitrate accumulation. (Cart-
mell-East Central),
1746-D2, E3, Fl
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE
GAS — A PROCESS STUDY
Chemical Research Engineer
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
Bureau of Mlnei
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanii
H. F. Feldman, K. Klang. Chin Yung Wen.
and P. M. Yavorsky.
American Society of Mechanical Enclneen Pub-
lication. 73-Pet-21, 1973, 7 p. 1 fig, 3 tab. 6 ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. •Cattle. 'Oases
•Fuels. Pipelines. Costs, Waste treatment. Waste
disposal.
Identifiers: Manure, Hydrogastflcation
A process study based on experimental manure
hydrogasificatlon data demonstrates the feasibil-
ity of converting manure to pipeline (as on •
large scale. For reasonably large plants, the
pipeline gas from such a conversion process la
estimated to be considerably cheaper than gas
from any other source, except natural cas cur-
rently being produced In the lower 4t states
The primary reason for these favorable econl
omlcs Is that the manure It assumed to be
free. Because of the Important effect of plant
size on gas price, more detailed estimate* will
be made of smaller plants to determine the
minimum feasibile plant size and thereby deter-
mine the areas of the country where applica-
tion of this technology would be economically
feasible. (Cartmell-East Central).
1747-A11, Bl, E3
FLY PUPAE AS A DIETARY
INGREDIENT FOR STARTING
CHICKS
Department of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
J. S. Teotla and B. F. Miller
Poultry Science. Vol. 52. No. S, p. U30-1I3S
September. 1873. 6 tab.. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Diets, •Poultry. •Proteins. •Per-
formance, Feeds.
Identifiers: 'Fly pupae, Catabollzed manure.
Since fly pupae have been demonstrated to
have high quality protein. 2 feeding; trials were
290
-------
conducted to determine their feeding value for
broiler chicks. In the first trial. White Plymouth
Rock broiler chicks were fed a standard chick
starter ration and a diet containing 28'7< dried
fly pupae as the only protein source. Chicks
fed pupae as the only protein supplement
showed no significant difference In weight gain
when compared with chicks fed the control diet
during the seven weeks of experimental period.
In thr second trial, fly pupae replaced fish
meal and meat and bone meal. Catabolizcd
manure was used from five to ten percent to
replace mito In the ration. New Hampshire and
Indian River broiler chicks were fed these ra-
tions from one day through four weeks of age.
No significant differences in body weight or
feed conversion were found among the different
treatments. (Cartmell-East Central).
1748-B2,C2,C3,D2,D3,E3,F1
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR
RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE
SOLIDS
Agricultural Research Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Northern Regional Laboratory
Peoria, Illinois
H. W. Jones, J, H. Sloneker, and G. Frankl.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, June 23-26. 1974, Paper No. 74 4037,
7 p. 7 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Flocculations, 'Cattle, 'Farm
wastes, 'Solid wastes, Proteins, Oxidation la-
goons. Microorganisms, Settling, Nitrogen, Poly-
mers.
Identifiers: 'Flocculating agents, 'Solids recov-
ery, Manure.
.A potential feed protein can be recovered from
the solids of a cattle oxidation ditch. In some
ditches, a viscous biopolymer interferes with
settling and collecting suspended solids. A floc-
culating agent was found that increases recov-
ery of suspended malter from 67 to 89 percent
and of nitrogen from 45 to 82 percent. Expendi-
ture of SI.00 for chemicals increases the quan-
tity of feed fraction by an equivalent amount.
A flocculating agent also raises ths yield of
feed from whole manure. Eight flocculating
agents are listed. (Cartmell-East Central).
1749-B2, Cl, C2, F2
A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
EFFLUENT FROM COMMERCIAL
CATFISH PONDS
Agricultural Enigneering Department
Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana
D. B. Beasley and J. B, Allen
67th Annual Meeting. American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No. 745004,
28 p. 16 fig, 5 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Effluent, 'Fish farming, 'Farm
wastes. Water sampling, Ponds, Biochemical oxy-
gen demand, Nutrients.
Identifiers: •Commercial catfish ponds. Total
solids.
This investigation was carried out to obtain a
meaningful chemical and biochemical charac-
terization of the effluent from commercial cat-
fish ponds. The water samples were taken
from commercial catfish ponds in both the
Mississippi and Arkansas Delta areas. The
ponds ranged in size from 10 to 40 acres and
the stocking rates included 1800, 2000, and 3000
fish per acre. All of the ponds were sampled
on the surface, and one pond at each stocking
rate was also sampled at the bottom. This data
was arranged in order to compare both the
differences in stocking rates and the difference
in sampling depths. The water quality in the
ponds monitored usually met or exceeded stand
ards set forth for recreational waters by th;
Mississippi Air and Water Pollution Control
Commission. In a majority of cases, the values
of most of the parameters obtained from sam-
ples taken from the bottom of these ponds
was slightly Higher than corresponding values
obtained from samples taken at the surface.
Also, the ponds stocked at hicher rates usually
had slightly higher values of BOD, nutrients,
and total solids. (Cartmell-East Central).
1750-A9, A10, D2
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS
AND PERSISTANCE OF CERTAIN
INSECTICIDES IN POULTRY
DROPPINGS AGAINST LARVAE OF
THE LITTLE HOUSE FLY
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
College of Agriculture
University of Massachusetts
J. W, Eversole. J. rf. Lilly, and F. R. Shaw.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 58, No
4, p. 704-709. August, 1965. 3 tab., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Insecticides, 'Poultry, 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste treatment. 'Larvae. 'Toxicity,
Massachusetts, Cultures.
Identifiers: 'Little house fly, 'fannia canicularis
L,
Selected insecticides were added to poultry
droppings and then compared. Each insecticide
was added at five levels ranging from 0.25
mg/kg. of droppings to 4.0 mg./kg. Little house
fly (fannia canicularis L.) larvae were added
to the cultures at both 0 hr. and 43 hr. and
placed in an incubator for seven days, Dimetho-
ate was substantially more effective than the
other insecticides. It produced substantial larval
mortalities at the 0.25 mg./kg. level and re-
mained effective after 46 hr. at the 1.0 mg/kg.
level. Diazinon and coumaphos remained ef-
fective after 48 hr. at the 1.0 mg/kg. level.
Other insecticides were less effective. (Frantz-
East Central).
1751-A8, C2, E2
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOLIDS
USED FOR BEEF MANURE
DISPOSAL
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Texas A Si M University
College Station
D. L. Reddell. R. C. Egg, and V. L. Smith.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers. Oklahoma State University.
Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No. 74-4060,
28 p. 13 Ug. 5 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Sampling, 'Soils, Rates of application,
Nutrients, Nitrogen, Nitrates, Ammonia, Sodium,
Chloride, Potassium, Texas.
Identifiers: Land disposal, 'Pullman clay loam
soil, Crop yields. Pollution.
To study the effects of large manure applica-
tions on land, research was started by the
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and the
Texas Cattle Feeders Association. Manure was
applied to Pullman loam soil in the High Plains
of Texas at rates of 0, 224, 33S. 672, 1345, and
2017 mtons/ha and deep plowed into the soil.
A second manure application was made on the
0. 224, 336, and 672 mton/ha plots and a third
application on the 0, 224, and 336 mton/ha
plots. Soil samples were collected 17 months
after the initial application. The sodium, chlor-
ide, potassium and conductivity of the samples
increased greatly for the large manure ap-
plication of 2017 mton/ha. Total nitrogen was
greatly increased in the 0 to 30 cm soil layer.
Crop yields for corn and grain sorghum were
considered good for the 224, 336, and 672
mton/ha plots, but a 50 percent reduction
Crop yields occurred on the 1345 and 2017
mton/ha plots. The following conclusions were
made: 1. Increased soil salinity problems caused
by repeated large manure applications (1345 and
2017 mton/ha) will greatly decrease crop growth
capabilities, 2. Annual manure applications of
224 to 336 mton/ha can probably be made for
several years without decreasing crop yields
substantially or causing serious environmental
problems. (Cartmell-East Central).
1752-A6,B1,C2,D3,E2,F1
ANIMAL WASTES AERATION
IMPROVES BIOREDUCTION BY
FLY LARVAE
Entomology Research Division. Agricultural Re-
Rep'if«Cv.nSer«Ce' ,US ^P31-""*1" ol Agriculture,
Beltsville, Maryland.
N. 0. Morgan and H. J Eby
Presented at Annual Meeting. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers. Hot Springs. Arkan-
sas, June 27-30. 1972. Paper No. 72-453. 9 p
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, 'Aeration. "Larvae.
Poultry. Climate. Odor. Profit, Proteins, Salts,
Ammonium salts, Carbonates
Identifiers: Biological reduction. 'Fly larvae.
Manure.
An effective process for aerobic decomposition
of livestock wastes and the production of use-
ful byproducts was demonstrated by Calvert et
al. (1970). House fly larvae were selected as
the bioreducing agent. Aeration of manure was
the key condition to successful fly larval re-
duction of large volumes of manure in a mini-
mum of space. When given the advantage of
a controlled climate within a manure reduc-
tion cell, house fly larvae can convert 100
pounds of manure to 2.53.0 pounds of good
protein feed supplement and 5050 pounds of
semidry, practically odorless soil conditioner
Although a dollar and cents value has not
been calculated to include all of the products
of tb» controlled wastes reduction program, the
total recycling of livestock wastes could have
quite a bearing on the stockman's economy.
(Cemeron-East Central).
1753-A2,A3,A4,A12,C3,D3
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL
WATER QUALITY: A STUDY IN
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
INTERPRETATION
Chief Bacteriologist, Water Supply Research
Laboratory, National Environmental Research
Center, United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
E. E. Geldreich.
Water Research, Vol. 6, p. 913-924. 1972. 5 fig,
43 ref.
•Water quality. 'Bacteria, 'Water pollution,
•Sewage effluents, 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes.
Coliforms. Texas.
•Buffalo Lake.
Descriptors: 'Water quality, 'Bacteria, 'Water
Pollution, "Sewage effluents, 'Feed lots, 'Farm
wastes, Coliforms, Texas.
Identifiers: 'Buffalo Lake,
Bacteriological measurements of fecal pollution,
fecal coliform correlations with salmonella oc-
currence, and fecal streptococci significance in
water are discussed. Buffalo Lake, some 30
miles southwest of Amarillo, Texas, is part of
a national wildlife refuge managed by the U S
Fish and Wildlife Service which permits various
designated recreational uses including fishing,
boating, water-skiing, swimming and camping.
The major source of water entering Buffalo
Lake is derived from Tierra Blanca Creek and
its largest intermittent tributary, Frio Draw.
The most significant pollution contribution dur-
ing the dry weather occurs at a location
where the sewage of Hereford, Texas, is pro-
cessed through an Imhoff Tank into a trickling
filter, and then passed into a series of 6 la-
goons for further treatment prior to being
discharged into the creek. Other pollution oc-
curs from pasture and farmland drainage and
from cattle feedlot runoff. Although this survey
failed to demonstrate a significant public health
hazard to recreational users of Buffalo Lake
during the May to July, 1968, field study, a
combination of factors necessary to produce un-
satisfactory bathing water quality will continue
to be a serious threat that could erupt in the
future. Any sudden increase in fecal contamina-
tion of the bathing water will also introduce
a concurrent rise in the probability that entero-
virus, Salmonella, Leptospira, or other patho-
genic strains will occur. Control measures are
recommended. (Cartmell-East Central).
291
-------
175A-A2, B2, B3, C2, E2,
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING
SETTLING
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Nebraska
Lincoln
T. J. McGhee
Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University
of Kentucky. Lexington, June 17 20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-413, 19 p. 12 fig, 1 tab, 13 ret
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Runoff,
•Waste treatment. "Biological treatment. Activat-
ed sludge, Design. Costs, Chemical oxygen de
mand, Effluent.
Identifiers: Settling,
An activated sludge system designed for the
treatment of settled feedlot runoff has b-en
studied both in the laboratory and in the field.
Initial studies utilizing the gravity solids re-
turn system demonstrated that reductions in
COD of approximately 60% were attainable at
liquid retention times of 4 days or more. From
the data obtained in the laboratory study, it was
concluded that the field system should be de-
signed to operate at a liquid retention time of
two days or more and at an organic loading
rate of less than 1.0 Ib. COD per Ib. MLSS per
™Hi CalcV a"ons based upon the average an-
nual runoff from the lots and of the annual
rates of precipitation and evaporation in east-
ern Nebraska indicated that the required vol-
ume would be 890 gallons assuming that op
eration woiild be possible for 180 days per
?eaJr . e cost °' effectively treating settled
feedlot runoff with an aerobic biological sys-
tem has been estimated to be $0.65 per head
•Ki. c'lmatic conditions of eastern Nebraska.
IMS cost is dependent upon animal density.
climate, and the balance between holding pond
and treatment unit size. (Cartmell-East Central).
1755-A8, C2, E2
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN
ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT
SAMPLES
Soil Scientist
United States Department of Agrculture
G. E Schuman. M. A. Stanley, and D. Knuds?n.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings.
Vol. 37, No, 3. p. 480-481, May-June, 1973 2 fig,
2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sampling, 'Soils, 'Nitrogen, Diges-
tion, Automation, Farm wastes, Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Plants. Soil research.
Pollution-oriented research, dealing with com-
mercial fertilization and animal wastes, necessi-
tates analysis of large numbers of samples to
characterize the problem. A digestion-analysis
system that can digest large numbers of sam-
ples and analyze these digests at the rate of
30 samples per hour, is described, The locator
digester and Technicon Auto Analyzer, has
proved to be as reliable as the standard micro
Kjeldahl procedure and the system is compact
and involves fewer steps for analytical error.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1756-A2, B2, B4, C2, E2
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM
SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS
FEEDLOTS
Agricultural Research Service •
United States Department of Agriculture
Bushland, Texas
R. N. Clark, A. D. Schneider, and B. A. Stew-
art.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting. American
Society of- Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No.
74-4017, 11 p. 6 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Runoff, "Analysis, 'Feed lots,
•Rainfall-runoff relationships, 'Farm wastes,
Cattle, Plants, Irrigation, Salts. Waste dilution,
Slorm runoff. Great Plains,
Identifiers: Catchment basins.
Runoff amounts and chemical quality have been
measured from a Southern Great Plains calllc
feedlot. The rainfall-runoff relallonshlp for run.
off-producing storms was linear with aboul one-
third of the rainfall in excess of 0.40 Inch end-
ing up as runoff. Two types of runoff catchment
basins were used which met Ihc zero discharge
requirements of water control agencies One was
a natural-occurring, wel-weathcr lake called a
playa. The other type was a manmade hold-
ing pond generally excavated downslope from
Ihe fcedlol. High evaporation rates and high
stocking rates caused Ihe manure pack in the
feedlots to contain more salts, thus allowing
increased concentrations in runoff. For mosl
holding ponds, a dilution ratio of 5 parts well
water to 1 part feedlot runoff would reduce the
salinity hazard for irrigation. Runoff caught In
playas had enough natural dilution to be used
with a minimum salinity hazard. (Cameron.
East Central).
1757-B2, B4, D3, E2, Fl
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WATER
BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT
AT A MODERN DAIRY
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Department
Mississippi Stale University
Mississippi State
J. B. Allen, J. F. Beatty, S. P. Crockett, and
B. L, Arnold.
Preserved at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State Universily. Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4038, 28 p. 15 fie, 3 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water. 'Budgeting, 'Analysis.
•Waste treatment. 'Farm wastes. 'Dairy indus-
try. Lagoons, Irrigation, Mississippi.
The objectives of this study were to investigate
the water budget at a modern 130-cow dairy
and to investigate the operating efficiency of a
combined anaerobic-aerobic lagoon waste treat-
ment system at the dairy. The water usage at
a 114-cow dairy utilizing alley and milking
parlor Hush systems averaged 16, 738 gpd. The
overall treatment efficiency of a 2 cell lagoon
system receiving the dairy waste averaged
86.57e. The final effluent had an average BOD
of 98 mg/1. Excess discharge from the lagoon
system had an average BOD of 98 mg/1. Ex-
cess discharge from the lagoon system required
disposal by irrigation on pastures during summer
months. A reservoir with 15 acre-ft. of storage
capacity will be required during winter months
(Cartmell-East Central).
1758-A3, A6, B2, Cl, C2,
D3, E2
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Agricultural Waste Management Program
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
T. B. S. Prakasam, R, C. Loehr, P. Y. Yang,
T. W. Scott, and T. W. Bateman.
Environmental Protection Agency report number
EPA-660/2-74-OG3, July, 1974, 218 p. 82 fig, 35
tab, 60 ref.
Des
w;
tr
lescriptors: 'Liquid aeration systems, 'Farm
wastes, 'Oxidation, lagoons, 'Design, *Waste
treatment. Nitrogen transformations, Nitrogen
losses. COD removal, Odor control. Land dis-
posal, Rates of application. Corn. Orchard and
bromegrass response. Runoff losses.
Identifiers: Animal wasle treatment. Design
parameters, Plant response to treated and un-
treated pouitry manure.
Laboratory, pilot plant, and full-scale studies
evaluated design parameters for liquid aeration
syslcms Irealing livestock wasle. Of the various
approaches tested, the mass balance approach
is the preferred approach since it yielded re-
sult* comparable to other approaches and In-
volved fewer assumptions. Equation! were de
veloped to predict the COD and suspended solids
concentrations in the effluent from the aeration
syilems. A design example is Included for both
odor control and stabilization of the waste In
eluding minimal aeration as well as nitrification
In laboratory and full-scale livestock waste
treatment systems uncontrolled nilroicn lour*
occurred. Preliminary Invesligations Identified
tho engineering opportunities for the control
of nitrogen In aeration units by either consei
vatlon or removal. Acid soils conserved nitrogen
In poultry manure, Neulral soils accumulated
N02 at toxic levels. Untreated manure was in
ferior to treated manure as a N source Rate*
over 30 tons damaged corn. Runoff losses of
N ami P were slight. Orchard grass responded
but biomegrass did not respond to poultry ma
nure applications. (Prakasam. Scott - Cornell
University).
1759-A2, B5, Cl, C2, C3
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL
FEEDLOTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Kansas State University
Manhattan
R. I. Llpper.
Kansas Water Resources Research Institute
Manhattan, Project Completion Report, Contribu'
tion No. 121. May. 1973. 19 p. 17 fig. 13 tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots. 'Water pollution sources
•Farm wastes. 'Rainfall simulators. Runoff'
Hydrology. Chemical oxygen demand. Btochemi
cal oxygen demand. Nitrogen compounds. Bac-
teria. Solid wastes, Water pollution control
Identifiers: 'Beef animals. Characterization!
Two lest feedlots. each with an area of 0 OS
were stocked with beef animals on a finishini
ration at a rate of 200 animals per acre (10
steers per lest lot). One feedlot was entirely
surfaced with concrete, the other only al feed
bunk and waterer. Slope was 2 percent. RainI
fall was simulated by sprinklers capable of an.
plication rules from 0,4 to 2.5 per hour Rui
off was measured and sampled. Runoff rate
and volume were compared to application rate
and volume. Concentrations of BOD. COD nl
trogen compounds, solids, and bacteria were Oe-
termlned. The effect* of certain management
practices on runoff characteristics were ob-
served. (Water Resources Scientific Information
Center)
1760-B2, D3, E3, E4, F5,
F6
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF
POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED
INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY
SYSTEM
California University al Richmond and Berkelev
C. G. Golueke. and W. J. Oswald
Presented at Proceedings of the 1969 National
Poultry Litter and Waste Management Seminal
Salisbury, Maryland. September 29-30, 1969 D'
57-58, 6 fig, 14 rel. ' p'
Descriptors: 'Poullry, 'Farm wastes. 'Hydraul
Ics, 'Waste treatmenl. 'Algae. Recycling Set
tling tanks, Digestion tank. Feeds, Effluent
Aerobic conditions. Anaerobic conditions Centri
fugation.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Algae pond. Loading rates
Because of Increasing pollution regulations and
urbanization of rural areas, the problems of
disposal of animal wastes are becoming more
complex. Disposal by land spreading has in
the past been the major means of disposal
but in many areas this method is no lonV-r'
feasible. New and economically feasible methods
of disposal are being developed and adopted
One such method U photosynthetic reclamation'
with the Incorporation of a manure hydraulic
flushing and transport system. At the University
of California's Sanitary Engineering Research
Laboratory a three year project U being con-
ducted. Its objective! are to reduce the nuiianc-»
qualities of wastes and in the process, research
292
-------
ers arc trying to recover algae which would be
fed back to the animals. The project also In
volves the laboratory studies and design and
construction of an algae growth pond. Plans
for the future call for experiments in which the
anaerobic phase will be by-passed. Also th?
algae which is harvested as a product of th?
wastes will be fed to ruminants to determine
its nutrient potential. (Russell-East Central).
1761-A2, B2, B4, C2. D3
HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
W. J. Fields
M. S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
May, 1971, 79 P. 12 fig, 10 tab, 50 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hydrologic properties, 'Water qual-
ity, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, "Runoff, Farm wastes,
Lagoons, Waste storage.
A study was conducted on a commercial cattle
feedlot to determine runoff quantity and pollu-
tion parameters resulting from natural rainfall,
to evaluate methods for predicting runoff quan-
tity, rate, and pollution concentrations, and to
develop and evaluate equations for estimating
hydrologic and water quality characteristics of
runoff from a beef feedlot. Two areas, No. 2
(25 pens covering 27.4 acres) and No. 119 (1 pen,
1.72 acres), were studied for runoff character-
istics. Both areas drained into an anaerobic
lagoon, Results indicated that mean pollutant
concentrations from snowmelt runoff were 2 to
2.5 times greater than concentrations from
rainfall runoff. Volatile solids percentages in-
creased with decreasing temperatures. A chem-
ical oxygen demand equation was determined
for the runoff. A reliable basis for predicting
feed lot runoff volume was developed. An equa-
tion for predicting maximum runoff flow rate
was also developed. (Frantz-East Central).
1762-A8, C2
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS
INFLUENCING DENITRIFICATION
IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN
WITH A SURFACE LOADING OF
LIVESTOCK WASTES
C. V. Booram, Jr.
M. S. Thesis. Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
May, 1971, 75 p. 22 fig, 14 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Denitrification, 'Farm wastes, 'Ni-
trates, Soils, Aerobic conditions. Anaerobic con-
ditions, Equipment, Leaching, Kansas.
Identifiers: 'Soil columns, 'Surface loading.
Two experiments were conducted to determine
factors affecting denitrification in a laboratory
loamy sand soil column. The first experiment
was conducted under aerobic conditions for 17
weeks while the second was conducted under
anaerobic conditions for 3 weeks. Water was
added at a rate of 3.75 inches per week in
both experiments, While the manure lost about
75% of its nitrogen concentration in exoeriment
one, the soil gained. Approximately 79.6Vr of
the nitrogen lost was due to leaching while the
remainder was due to denitrification. Soil was
sampled at 4 inch intervals and analyzed for
pH, organic matter, ammonium nitrate, nitrate
nitrogen, and total nitrogen. Water samples
were analyzed for both COD and BOD. Gas
analysis equipment problems prevented the suc-
cessful elimination of atmospheric air in ex-
periment two. It was hoped that replacing at-
mospheric air with 80% helium and 20CV oxygen
would enable the chromatograph to detect a
change in nitrogen conecentration. (Frantz East
Central).
1763-B3, B4, Dl, E2, Fl
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH
SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST
VENTILATION AIR
Agricultural Engineering Department
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
B. C. Horsfield
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-411, 12 p. 14 fig, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Drying. 'Farm wastes, "Ventila-
tion, Confinement pens. Waste treatment, Waste
storage, Waste disposal. Compulation, Indiana,
Costs. Heat. Humidity, Temperature.
Identifiers: 'Solar energy, 'Computer study,
•Solar dryer, 'Animal wastes.
A computer study was conducted to determine
the technical feasibility of solar dehydration
of farm wastes. The process involved the pe-
riodic removal of wastes from a slotted or
partially-slotted floor, conveyance of waste in-
to a continuously operating exhaust ventilation
dryer, and conveyance and spreading of wastes
into a solar dryer for ultimate drying and
storage until the opportune time for spreading
it on crop land. The solar dryer is essentially
a large greenhouse with ample ventilation to
prevent condensation. A computer simulation
for three years of weather in central Indiana in-
dicated that a solar dryer as large as the
confinement unit can adequately dry the wastes
under typical weather conditions (Frantz-East
Central),
176A-A2, A4, A6, A10, B3,
D3, El, E3, Fl
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT
Charles L. Senn
City of Cerritos, California
C. L. Senn
Environmental Protection Agency Report (SW-
58d>. 1973, 152 p. 49 fig. 21 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management,
•Dairy industry, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste stor-
age, 'Waste disposal. Cattle, Water pollution.
Odor, Recycling, Costs.
Identifiers: Composting, Flies.
This report defines and evaluates the major
environmental problems in managing solid
wastes produced by high-density cow housing
located in close proximity to residential devel-
opments. This study was conducted through a
variety of approaches including public opinion
surveys, environmental ranking systems, and
actual on-site study of dairy farms. Evaluation
is made of the various types of cow housing
and solid waste management facilities, from the
viewpoint of environmental and economic accept-
ability. Economic and environmental evaluations
of the various systems for utilization or dis-
posal of dairy wastes are also made. Methods
and systems which will minimize fly production,
odors, and drainage problems from earth cor-
ral dairies, especially in wet weather, must
be developed. There is also a need for the
development of a process to economically and
efficiently compost manure on dairy farms
(Senn-Cerritos, California).
1765-A11, B2, B4, Dl
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD
IN OHIO
A. Mackiewicz
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119, No. 19, p 1160,
October 10, 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Gases, "Farm wastes, 'Cattle,
•Ohio, Ventilation, Waste storage. Dairy indus-
try,
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Slatted floor building.
•Agitator.
Twenty-four bred heifers and a bull were found
dead in a slatted floor barn where they had
been overcome by gas from a liquid manure
Pit. An agitator, used to break down solid
manure into a slurry, created the gases in the
air. Th2 ventilation fans didn't pull out enough
gases and the animals were killed. D. W. Bates,
extension agricultural engineer. University of
Minnesota, gave recommendations for agitation
and pumping in slatted floor buildings. A high
capacity ventilation system usually will ex-
change air in the building rapidly enough to
keep gas concentrations below lethal levels,
but the only completely safe way to protect
animals from the toxic effect of gases is to turn
them out of the building. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
1766-A11, B2, D3
WINTER PERFORMANCE AND
THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF
SWINE IN A MODIFIED
OPEN-FRONT HOUSE
D. D. Snethen
MS Thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Department of Agricultural Engineering. 1971.
92p. 31 fig. 17 tab. 58 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Temperature. 'Confinement
pens, 'Farm wastes. 'Waste disposal, Heat
transfer, Kansas, Oxidation, Instrumentation,
Thermometers, Feeds, Thermal conductivity.
Thermal insulation.
Identifiers: 'Thermal environment, 'Weight
gains, Psychrometer, Thermocouple, Dry-bulb,
Black-globe.
Previous studies of swine performance showed
that the optimum air temperature for hogs
varies from 61'F to 73°F depending upon hog
weight. An open-front building was constructed
In 1968. For the 1970-71 winter the open-front
was covered with plywood and clear polyethy-
lene. Propane burning radiant heaters were in-
stalled over the hogs' sleeping area. Comparisons
were made between hog performance of the
1968-69 and 1969-70 winters and the 1970-71 win-
ter. It was found that growing and finishing
the hogs was successfully aided by the modifi-
cations. Daily weight gains were significantly
improved over swine housed in an unmodified
building. Ventilation requirements were reduced
because moisture was condensed on the poly-
ethylene film and ran out of the building. The
modification also allowed a liquid manure oxi-
dation pit to operate throughout the winter
without impairment from freezing. (Frantz-East
Central).
1767-A5, A8, B2, B3, C2,
D3, E2
MANURE WASTE PONDING STUDY
California State Water Resources Control Board
D. Baier, J. L. Meyer, and D. R. Nielsen.
Contribution from the Cooperative Extension and
the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Uni-
versity of California and the California State
Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento.
14 p. 4 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Waste storage.
•Waste disposal, 'Groundwater pollution, 'Ni-
trates, Leakage, Denitrification, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Salts, Tensiometers, Poultry,
Soils, Percolation.
Identifiers: 'Holding ponds, 'Manure.
Seventeen manure holding ponds were studied
to determine rates at which the ponds sealed
against leakage into underlying groundwater,
rates of denitrification in the ponds and stratifi-
cation of chemical constituents and BOD within
the ponds. Additionally, the fate of nitrates and
other salts were evaluated when field-dried ma-
nure was applied as fertilizer. Tensiometric
techniques were used to determine hydraulic
potential gradients and to obtain samples of the
soil solution beneath the ponds. The solutions
•vere analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids
(TDS), and nitrates. In addition to the analyses
of the solution, soil samples taken by auger
just outside the edge of the ponds from the
same depths were analyzed for nitrates and
TDS, Even on coarse textured soils, ponds ef-
fectively sealed in 60 days or less. Almost no
salt was lost from the ponds, but there was
substantial denitrification. Applications of 40
yards of manure . per acre resulted in higher
nitrates in percolating leachates and slightly
higher salinity than applications of 12 yards
of manure per acre. (Cameron-East Central).
1768-A11, B3, E3
IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN
MANURE POSSIBLE?
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32. No. 373, p. 130, March,
1973.
293
-------
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes,
Fermentation. Digestion, Cellulose.,
Identifiers: 'Manure, Polysaccharidcs, Hemicellu-
lose, Microblal decomposition. Thermal decom-
position.
Studies in the USDA's Agricultural Research
Service laboratory and at Michigan Slat: Uni-
versity point to methods for converting all ma-
nure from caged laying hens to feed for the
hens. Caged hens are now fed a ration of
25% dehydrated poultry waste. Refceding at a
level of 30% would allow total recycling of the
waste. An absence of fiber buildup in recycled
hen manure suggests that either microbial or
thermal decomposition occurs during recycling.
Maximizing Increases in microbial fermentation
and in digestibility in the bird probably will
permit refeeding at the 30% level, or total
recycling. (Cameron-East Central).
1769-B1, B5, D2, E3
CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES
TO OIL
Area Resource Development Agent
Cooperative Extension Service
Pennsylvania State University
D. A. Harter,
Pennsylvania Township News. Vol 27, No 4
p. 26-27. April, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Oil, 'Fuels, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling, Cellu-
lose. Energy. Air pollution. Pressure. Sulfur.
Economies, Pennsylvania
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis, 'Manure, Carbon monox-
iue.
Scientists at the Research Center in Pittsburgh
have discovered that by a pyrolysis technique,
manure can be converted to oil. The manure
is placed in a reaction vessel with carbon
monoxide at a pressure of 4000 p.s.i. and heated
with little or no oxygen to 662-752°F for 15
minutes. Based on dry manure, the yield of oil
is three barrels per ton. The oil produced has
an energy content of 14,000 to 16,000 B.t.u. per
pound compared to normal oil's B.t.u, value of
20,000. This source of energy is low in sulfur—
an impoitant property due to the need for
low-sulfur oils to alleviate air pollution. Pyroly-
sis research on agricultural wastes has been
stnctly experimental to date. Due to the ex-
perimental nature of the work definite informa-
tion on costs is now available. (Cameron-East
Central).
1770-A4, B2, B3, Dl, E2,
Fl
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLH) AND
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, p. 58, January.
1973.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Waste disposal,
•Liquid waste, 'Farm wastes, 'Costs, 'Solid
wastes, Settling basins. Lagoons, Irrigation, Le-
gal aspects, Missouri.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land disposal.
An animal waste disposal system was developed
that meets Missouri law with respect to keep-
ing waters of the state clean. Basically, the
system involves returning waste solids and li-
quids to agricultural land and preventing them
from getting into water resources. The liquids
are drained off into a lagoon; the solids settle
oul in the settling basin. Solids are deposited
on the land by using a conventional manure
spreader. The liquids are spread through ir-
rigation equipment. The annual costs to own
and operate the system range from a low of 75c
per head for a 400 head operation using the
hand carry system to a high of $1.37 per head
for a 1,200 head operation using the traveling
gun system. (Cartmell-East Central),
1771-All, B3, C2, E3
DPW'S POULTRY FEED VALUE
IS LIMITED
Manager, Meat Bird Research Division
Ralston Purina Company
St. Louis, Missouri
K. E. Rlnehart
Poultry Digest. Vol. 33, No. 386. p. 158-159,
April, 1974. 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Feeds. 'Waste disposal.
Amino acids, Calcium, Corn, Energy.
Identifiers: 'Dehydrated poultry wastes (DPW),
'Refeeding. Broilers, Hens, Excreta. Egg weight.
Feed conversions, Purina Research Farm.
Studies indicated that the value of dehydrated
poultry waste (DPWj as a feed Ingredient for
poultry and livestock is limited. Mctabolizable
energy determinations indicated DPW to have
approximately 67r of the energy value of corn
for hens; whereas, there was no energy volume
in broilers and hens fed the DPW, indicating
poor utilization. When rations were lowered to
807. of the amino acid level felt to be required,
there was a numerical enhancement of produc-
tion and egg weight. Feed conversions were
depressed as level of DPW increased, sug-
gestive of a lower energy worth than assigned.
Extrusion of DPW fed in a ration with an ex-
cess of amino acids (110%) failed to enhance
th; energy value measured by feed consump-
tion It is concluded that DPW has no value
lor the young broiler with a value up to 6%
of corn for hens. (Cameron-East Central).
1772-A11, B3, E3
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO
EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS
Arkansas University
P. W, Waldroup and K. R. Hazen
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 23, No. 3. p.
10, May-June, 1974. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Feeds.
'Diets, Waste disposal, Production, Mortality,
Energy.
Identifiers: 'Dried Poultry Waste (DPW). 'Re-
feeding, 'Laying hens.
Recently there have been a number of studies at
laboratories regarding use of dehydrated poultry
manure in poultry diets, especially in diets of
laying hens. The following study was conducted
to assess the value of this practice. Diets were
formulated which contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and
25*7c dehydrated poultry manure. The diets were
fed for 112 days and records were kept on
rate of production, feed consumption, egg size,
and interior egg quality. Mortality during the
trial was minimal and not influenced by dietary
treatment. No significant differences were ob-
served in egg size, but the interior albumen
quality increased with the use of poultry waste.
This can be attributed in large part to the re-
duction in rate of egg production. Daily feed
intake increased as the amount of poultry
waste in the diet increased. The energy con-
tent of the poultry manure is probably less
than 400 M.E. kcal/lb. Became of this, it prob
ably would not be a useful ingredient in diets
in which high-energy feedstuffs are desired,
(Cartmell-East Central).
1773-B1, Cl, C2, Dl
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID:
SOLID SEPARATION WITH A
SCREW PRESS
J. R. Menear and L. W. Smith.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 36, No. 4, p.
788-791, April, 1973. 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Cattle, 'Farm
wastes, 'Physical properties, 'Chemical proper-
ties, 'Waste disposal. Proteins, Nitrogen, Liquid,
Organic matter.
Identifiers: 'Screw press. 'Press cake. Dry mat-
ter, Cell walls.
It Is hoped that mechanical separation of the
substances present In livestock manure mav
provide alternative and more economical rneth
ods for manure management and utilization
A conllnuously-fed screw press fractloned m.
nure Into two totally different frictions The ma"
nure press cake was high In cell wall mrl"
tent (70.0%). The liquid was hfgti 7n cr?£
protein content I49.67«> on a dry baais
description of the screw press, the
IWanTasY Centra?,'.'
1774-A7, All, Bl
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC
AMMONIA AND THE STRESS OF
INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
VACCINATION ON LEGHORN MALES
Department of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
H. F. Kling and C. L. Quarles
Supported by the Colorado State University Ei
perlment Station and published as SdenUflr
Series Paper 17 p. 1 fig, 4 tab, M ref.
Identifiers: 'Leghorn males. 'Infectious bronchi
tls vaccination. "ncni
Ammonia at levels of 0. 25 or SO parts n»r
million (p.p.m.) was introduced Into 12 oon-
Irolled-envlronment chambers containing mili
Leghorn chicks. Ammonia wu introduced con-
tinupusly into the test chambers from the 4th
to ath week of the experiment. An infectious
bronchitis vaccination was administered to ai
chickens at 5 weeks of age. Body weights and
feed efficiencies were determined at 4, « and
8 weeks of age. At 4.5,6 and 8 weeks of ace
lung and bursae of Fabriclus weights, hematoc!
rits and air sac scores were determined Bodv
weights and feed efficiencies were significanUv
reduced In the ammonia chambers. The bursae
of Fabriclus of the ammonia-stressed chicken.
were significantly larger than those of con
trols at 5 weeks of age and significantly small"
er at 8 weeks of age, Chickens grown in am
monlated environments had significantly larxer
lungs at 8 weeks. Hematocrlts were not ri«ni
flcantly different among the treatments Totij
air sac scores were significantly higher'In UM!
ammonia-stressed chickens at 8 weeks Result!
Indicated that chickens are affected' by th.
atress of ammonia at leveli of 25 or SO p D W,
and infectious bronchitis vaccination (Kline and
Quarles—Colorado State University)
1775-A1, A4, Bl, Fl, F2
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN
FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
Economics Division, Economic Research Servic*
United States Department of Agriculture Ur
bana, Illinois, and East Lansing. Michicu'
respectively. "«•«.
H. N. Van Arsdall and J. B. Johnson.
United States Department of Agriculture EC
onomic Research Service report ERS-SOt' n.T
cember. 1972. 44 p. 3 fig. 27 tab.
Descriptor!: 'Economics. 'Water pollution MB.
ire'' *Farm waslM> *Manl*e"'e'>t. 'Livestock"
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes. 'Family operated
A high-quality environment U Important to
farmers, but Impediment* to chance exist- en
Farmers and lenders are not certain of the
performance of alternative methods of pollution
control or the level of environmental oualltv
that will eventually be required; (2) The market
offers no economic Incentive to chance- csi
Diseconomies of ilze exist; <4> Ale and' ten
ancy make durable investments unattractive*
and (5) Technical assistance U not yet available
294
-------
In the amount that will be required by new
and pending legislation. State water pollution
control statutes that apply to livestock pro-
duction in the Northeast and North Central Re-
gions are summarized, (Merryman-East Central)
1776-A1, A4, Bl, B4, Cl,
C2, C3, El, Fl, F2, F4
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF
ANIMAL WASTES. A FORWARD
ORIENTED REVIEW
Kansas University
Department of Civil Engineering
Lawrence
R. C. Loehr
FWPCA Project. Kerr Water Research Center.
Ada. Oklahoma, July 1968, 175 p. 12 fig. 4 tab,
141 ret.
Descriptors: •Cattle, 'Hogs, 'Poultry, 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste disposal, Costs, Legal aspects.
•Water treatment, Water pollution sources, Pol-
lution abatement. Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes.
The purpose of this review was to present a
forward oriented state-of-the-art of pollutional
Implications which must be faced with the ever
Increasing trend toward confinement feeding
large numbers of livestock. The manure wastes
from all varieties of livestock under feed in
the United States are characterized and related
both to human population equivalents and beef
cattle equivalents. The potential environmental
hazards which may result from Improper hand-
ling, storage, and disposal of these wastes were
discussed. The effectiveness and economics of
various conventional wastes treatment and dis-
posal methods as related to confinement feed-
Ing vastes were evaluated. (Sh'iyler-EPA).
1777-A8, B2, C2, E2, F6
MOVEMENT AND
TRANSFORMATION OF MANURIAL
NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT
LOW TEMPERATURES
Agricultural Engineering Department
Wisconsin University
Madison
M. F. Walter, G. D. Bubenzer, It J. C. Converse.
Sixth National Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Rochester, New York, March 25-
27, 1?74. 26 p. 6 fig, 5 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: -'Nitrogen, 'Movement, 'Soils,
•Farm wastes, 'Temperature. 'Mathematical
models. Livestock, Soil profiles. Ammonia, Eva-
poration, Liquid wastes. Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Transformation.
Livestock waste has been Implicated as a ma-
jor source of environmental nitrogen pollution.
An approach to the development of a quantitative
mathematical model which predicts the concen-
tration of nitrate In the soil solution based on
empirical equations for the principal nitrogen
transformations is described. This information is
then combined with equations describing the
movement of water and dispersion of nitrate
through the soil profile. Parameters for equa-
tions to be used with the model were based
on laboratory studies with Plalnfield sand and
heavy ammonium applications In the form of
liquid dairy waste. The model was designed to
quantitatively predict movement of relatively
large quantities of nitrate in the soil solution,
and it is particularly suited for heavy applica-
tions of ammonium because the early spring
conditions for which it was developed occur
for only a few months. The present model
does not Include plant uptake of nitrogen nor
soil water movement due to evaporation. There-
fore, the model Is not applicable to systems
with appreciable living vegetation nor can It
be used in systems where evaporation has a
significant effect on soil water movement. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1778-B2, B3, B4, Dl, E2,
Fl
MODELS FOR HANDLING
SOLID MANURE
Associate Swine Editor
B. fcfllnk and L. Searle
Successful Farming, Vol. 71, No. 11, p. 28-30,
October, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Farm wastes. 'Man-
agement, Feed lots. Hogs, Cattle, Waste stor-
age, Irrigation, Lagoons, Runoff, Costs. Capacity,
Illinois,
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Handling.
Solid waste handling systems are discussed.
One waste system requires less than SO hours
per year handling manure from 2,500 hogs. It
utilizes 100 feet lengths of perforated poly vinyl
chloride plastic pipe for irrigation holding pond
water. Costs, capacities and problems of irri-
gating, scraping, storing and stacking animal
wastes are discussed. (Frantz-East Central).
1779-A4, A8, Bl
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS
Nebraska University
J; Boyce
PhD Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, University of Nebraska, 1970. 73 p. 21
fig. 9 tab. 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Feed lots, 'Farm
wastes, 'Soils, 'Cattle, Nitrates, Nitrites, Model
studies. Anaerobic conditions. Aerobic conditions.
Water pollution.
This study was carried out in model systems
to determine the fate of applied nitrogen under
simulated feedlot conditions and to examine the
factors that influence the nitrogen regime of
feedlot soils. The accumulation and form of
nitrogen in soil materials incubated under sim-
ulated feedlot conditions were dependent ui»n
the soil material, the rate of urea application,
and the temperature-moisture regime of the in-
cubations. The data indicated that the majority
ol the nitrogen added to feedlot soils Is lost
as NH3. Nitrates were found to persist in feed-
lot soils and manure in spite of anaerobic con-
ditions. The rate of nitrogen loss from manure
(feces and urea) was Increased by the addition
of 10 npm N-Serve under aerobic conditions and
by anaerobic conditions in the absence of N-
Serve. It Is suggested that feedlot soils can
be managed In such a manner as to signifi-
cantly increase the loss of N as NH3. Maximiz-
ing NH3 voliUllzatlon and maximizing the dis-
tance between feedlots and surface water may
result in a minimizing of the detrimental en-
vironmental effects often associated with beef
cattle feeding operations. (Cartmell-East Central)
1780-A1, Bl, Fl, F4
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL
WASTE DISPOSAL
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Ohio State University, Columbus
E. P, Taiganides
Management of Farm Animal Wastes, Proceed-
ings National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, Michigan State University, May 5-7,
1967, p. 5-8. 1 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Livestock. 'Poultry, 'Confinement pens. La-
goons, Odor, Runoff, Water pollution. Costs.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes. Land application.
Animal wastes are one of the six sources of
farm wastes whose management and disposal
have become one of the most challenging prob-
lems of modern farming. The factors which
cause and/or aggravate the animal waste dis-
posal problem are: properties of animal wastes,
current methods of livestock and poultry pro-
duction, expansion of urban centers into rural
areas pltts public awareness of the need for
healthy and aesthetically pleasant environment.'
and inadequacy of present methods of manure
handling and disposal. On the basis of popula-
tion equivalence data reported by Taiganides
and Hazen (1966) the daily wastes from poultry,
swine, and cattle alone are equivalent to 10
times the wastes of the human population of
the United States. American animal producers
seek waste disposal methods which have low
labor requirements, reduce nuisance conditions,
and Improve sanitation. They are limited by
lack of technical information and by the mis-
conception that they should be able to dis-
pose of manure at no extra cost. This lack of
both the basic and applied knowledge necessary
for successful handling, treatment, and dis-
posal of farm wastes makes research in this
area a unique challenge. (Marquard-East Cen-
tral).
1781-A2, A4, B2, B4
THEY'RE GETTING THE JUMP ON
POLLUTION CONTROLS
R. Graves and C. Hartman
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119, No. 12, p. 468,
June 25, 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Control, 'Con-
finement pens, 'Farm wastes, 'Runoff, 'Diver-
sion, Dairy Industry. Waste storage. Livestock.
Identifiers: Manure, Environmental Protection
Agency.
Farmers in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, are
demonstrating that they will respond to positive,
sensible programs aimed at controlling pollu-
tion and stream degradation from confinement
livestock operations. With impetus provided by
the county extension office and soil and water
conservation district, many groups and agencies
are involved in making the "Environmental
Eye" a community project. The Idea behind
this project began in the spring of 1972. An en-
vironmental eye Is both a real thing and a
"gimmick." Looking at a hillside farmstead
as an eyeball, a diversion up hill from the
buildings forms an eyelash. A collection chan-
nel or diversion below the buildings completes
the eye. These two diversions are important
parts of any barnyard runoff control project.
For most small yard situations, the diversion
of water from above the barn prevents manure
from being flushed or washed out of yards or
storage areas. Rain falling directly on the
yard will Mash away little manure. This usually
can be controlled by directing it away from
streams or ditches to nearby pasture or crop-
land. If more control is necessary, a solids
separation area, detention pond, or both, can
be added at the end of the collection channel.
(Cartmell-East Central)
1782-A4, B2, Cl, C2, F4
POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH
PRODUCTION — REVIEW AND
PROJECTIONS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Georgia University
Athens, Georgia
J. C. Barker, J. L. Chesness, and R. E, Smith.
Environmental Protection Technology Series Re-
port EPA660/2-74-064, July, 1974. 121 p. 24 fig,
25 tab, 51 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fish farming, 'Catflshes, 'Water
pollution, 'Organic wastes. Ponds, Effluent
Identifiers: Waste concentrations. Waste dis-
charge. Biological organic removal, Raceways.
A literature review and Oeld study was under-
taken to determine the waste concentrations and
discharge loadings occurring in the waters from
catlish-culturing ponds and raceways. Water
quality analyses were performed on samples
taken during a 240-day growing season and
at drawdown (assuming drainage at harvest).
The natural biological degradation of the raw
wastes in the ponds and raceway systems re-
sulted in BOD reductions of 96.8% and 98.0%
respectively when compared to waste levels pro-
duced in indoor single pass tank systems with
no waste removal facilities. Reductions In total
295
-------
nitrogen of 97.27' and 97.7% occurred In ponds
and recivays respectively, while ammonia nitro-
gen was reduced by 94.47, and 99.47< respect-
ively. Sedimentation and blodegradation resulted
In ar 83.67< reduction In suspended solids in
ponds and an 84,27' suspended solids reduction
In raceways. Total phosphate levels were re-
duced by 98.57r and 97.47' In ponds and race-
ways respectively. (Chesness-Georgia Univer-
sity).
1783-A5, A8, B2, C2, E2
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF
FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER BY
PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL
UNDER NATIVE PASTURE
Kansas Water Resources Research Institute
Manhattan.
W. L. Powers. L. S. Murphy, and B. R Bock.
Contribution No. 131. January 1974. 50 p 15
fig. 14 tab. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots. 'Percolation, 'Soil chem-
ical properties. "Water reuse, 'Waste water
treatment. 'Bromegrass. 'Phosphorus. Ground-
water. Potassium. Absorption. Nitrogen.
Beef feedlot retained In catchment lagoons was
applied as an irrigant for bromegrass to deter-
mine the effects of this practice on bromegrass
™tai bro!ne8r?ss N- P. K concentrations and
uptake, selected soil chemical properties, and
groundwater quality beneatli the application
of"; H ",'*" "PPl'cations of 9.3 and 19.0 cm.
no wnSir.±rHll!f0ne irri*au°n ««oi> produced
J?Lr, „ ' *"er«>ces. Lagoon water applica-
K ?„ Sh UC^' "" »CCI""ulation of extractable
for all . S°.1 Pr°file at *** °-to Mcm depth
nrLrJ i tr.MUP«l"»s largest accumulation was
men! ,„ '" lhe straight la«°°n wal<=r '"at-
thnut'h lncrea» Of from 470 to 588 ppm. Al
added in Pfhr0''VIlately twice M much P wa,
rVmnv i i I**00" waler treatments as was
season ,hy the bro™«rass in one growing
for T.: n,e ,™"aw weak Brav "tractable P
d/Dlh H W)Jcn1 depth and for °" °-to 3°-cm
depth decreased lor all treatments. After the
mod,»? ?" °f larx>n water applications, a
moderate Increase in the average water soluble
lor fh, «?. °Lfr0m 3 to 5 ppm was observed
water J?" i300?" depth' Ana|y»« of ground-
.r,» ,. .. £v '""" oeneath the application
SJSfiJi ?e5S* °' '•* and 21m revealed highly
significant differences between thise depths rel
ative to concentrations of N03--N. Ca. Mg. K,
Na. C1-, rnd electrical conductivity values Con-
centrations greater than 10 ppm for N03-N
in the shallow wells were common while the
mean 'or all NO3-N values Irom the deep wells
was 0.04 ppm. Mean values of 012 and 011
ppm were lound lor NH4+-N in the shallow
and deep wells respectively. (Power-Kansas
Water Resources Research Institute)
1784-B2, D3, Fl
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE
TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY
Water Resources Research Institute
Mississippi State University
State College
J. B. Allen, J. F. Beatty, S, P. Crockett, and
B. L. Arnold
Completion Report, July 1373. 30 p. IS llg. 3 tab.
7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry, 'Hydrologic budget,
•Waste treatment. 'Mississippi. 'Waste water
treatment demand, lagoons. Industrial wastes.
Biochemical oxygen demand.
This study was concerned with an analysis of
the dairy water budget and an evaluation of the
efficiency of a 2-celI lagoon waste treatment
system for a modem 130-cow dairy at Holly
Springs, Mississippi. The water budget at the
dairy was determined by means of water meters
installed on the main supply line, the alley
Hushing system, the milking parlor rush tanks.
the prep stalls, the milk-room and the water-
erers Data collection began on June 15. 1972.
and continued through June 15, 1973. The water
budget was summarized on a weekly basis by
means of a computer print-out. For an average
of 114 cows, the average water usage was
16.734 gallons per day (gpd). The amounts of
water used In the various components of the
dairy were: alley Hushing systems, 5.372 gpd;
milking parlor flush tanks. 6.169 gpd; prep
stalls. 809 gpd; milk-room hot wster. 320 gpd;
cattle waterers, 2,113 gpd; and miscellaneous.
1.2SS gpd. The BOD of the milking parlor wastes
entering the first cell of the waste treatment
system averaged 699 mg/1, and the BOD of the
free stall alley wastes entering the first cell
averaged 75» mg/1. The overall treatment ef-
ficiency of cell 1 (reduction In BOD) was 62.97,,
The overall treatment efficiency of cell 1 plus
cell 2 was
1785-A4, A7, A12, Bl
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN
THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
D. C, Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee.
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA
SAB-73 001, December, 1973, 117 p.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Waste water treatment,
•Water pollution control, 'Nitrogen compounds.
•Farm wastes. Landfills, Ecology. Water pollu-
tion, Water pollution effects, Groundwater. Run-
off, Urban areas. Sewage, Industrial wastes,
Sanitary engineering. Air pollution, Nitrites, Fer-
tiliers. Wastes, Food Supply. ,
Identifiers: Sanitary landfill leachate. Nltrosa-
mines.
This report Is a series ol papers on the sources
and methods of control and the environmental
health effects of nitrogenous compounds. Diverse
aspects of municipal and Industrial sources are
discussed—waterborne. atmospheric, agricultural,
and Industrial processes generating nitrogenous
compounds. Attention Is given to nitrogenous
materials in waste and surface waters, efficiency
of sewage treatment, effectiveness ol the con-
ventional BOD test, and the contribution ol ur-
ban runofl and landfill leakage to the overall
nitrogen load In the environment. Concentrations,
sources, sinks, the transformation ol nitrogen-
ous materials In the lower atmosphere, control
measures for stationary and mobile sources,
retrolit systems lor used cars, and new engine
systems are reviewed. Plant nutrients. Including
fertilizers, and animal wastes are considered.
The growing problems resulting Irom concen-
trated centralized livestock leedlots and meth-
ods of control are pointed out. Nitrogen Is dis-
cussed as a nutrient essential to living organ-
Isms and as a toxicant within the aquatic en-
vironment. The carclnogenlcity of nltrosamlnes
and their precursors Is described as a potential
danger to health. Individual nitrogenous com-
pounds are appropriately Identified through the
report. Analytical procedures for the Identifica-
tion and quantlfica'lon of nitrogenous compounds
axe reviewed. Presented are the major concerns
regarding nitrogenous compounds In the environ-
ment as these related to the following EPA
activities: research, monitoring, and regulation.
(Malone-EPA).
1786-AA, A5, All, A12, C2
NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE
NITRATE PROBLEM
Department ol Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
School of Veterinary Medicine.
University of Missouri
Columbia
A. A. Case. G. Garner. G. E. Smith, and W. H.
Pfander.
Science and Technology Guide, University ol
Missouri Extension Division, 1964, p, 9800-tBOl.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, 'Nitrites. 'Farm wastes.
•Pollutants. 'Water pollution, 'Forages.
Identifiers: Melhomoglonemia, Fuming silos. Ani-
mal wastes.
Excessive nitrate content of forage plants, and
"loaded" water supplies Is being recognized In
the corn belt states (Kansas. Iowa, and Mis-
souri) as a serious problem The major cause
of these excetslve nitrates seems to be animal
wastes. Fuming tilot are another source of ni-
trate polsoninc. Fuming sltos are grain storage
silos which give off an often lethal gas during
the filling and a week or so afterwards. This
gas comes from forage that contains excessive
amounts of nitrate or nitrite, but the amount
doesn't have to be very high. Juice draining
from fuming allot Is also a dangerous toxic
agent for anylhlni e»po»rd to It. Nilrate poi-
soning of human Infants and of livestock Is
discussed. Symptoms are described. (Drewry-
East Central).
1787-A5, A8, A9, C2, E2
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Department of Soil
Minnesota University
Minneapolis
R. G Gut and P. R. Goodrich.
Paper No. IMS Miscellaneous Journal Series,
Minnesota Agricultural Eiperlmenl Station, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, p. 7911. 1 dg, 4 tab. •
rel.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, •Ground-
water, "Farm wastes, 'FerUllun. Nitrogen.
Water quality. Nllratei. Waler pollution.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution.
Agricultural croplands constitute about IS** of
the total land area ol the state ol Minnesota
and consequently overlay extensive groundwattr
reserves. Agricultural practices on these lands
often involve application of large quantities of
herbicides, pesticides, and nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium In fertilizers and animal wastes
which pose potential threats to groundwater qual-
ity, All ol these msterlals escept nitrogen art
strongly absorbed by the soil and DOM little
threat to groundwaters. Nitrogen (as nitrate) Is
mobile and will move Into groundwaur II al-
lowed to accumulate In the sou. Optimum crop
yields can be sutlalned without nitrate aecumu-
latlons in the soil If proper fertilisation rates
are used. II animal wastes are concentrated In
a small area, they move almost directly Into
the groundwaler by such mechanisms as sink-
holes and defective well casings or by saturated
flow through soils. Contamination ol ground-
waters from such sources can be minimized by
locating larger operations consistent with proper
soil and hydrologlc rondjtions. (Knapp-USGS)
1788-A2, C3
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF
FEEDLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED
SITES
Agricultural Research Service
Pforla. Illinois
R. A. Rhodes and G. R. Hrubanl
Applied Microbiology. Vol. 14. No. 3. p. 3» 377.
September. 1972. 4 fig. 1 lab, 14 rel.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. *F««d lots. 'Cattle.
•Runoff. •Pollutant Identification. •Microorgan-
Isms, Confinement pens. Conforms. Anaerobic
bacteria. Yeasts. Fungi. Water pollution sources.
Sampling, Methodology. Bacteria. Isolation. Soil
disposal fields. Domestic animals. Ruminants.
Analytical techniques.
Identifiers: Sample preparation. Culture media.
Streptomycetes, Enumeration.
A quantitative determination was made every
2 months for s year of the microflora of beef
cattle waste and runoff at a medium sued mid-
western feedlot. Counts were obtained for se-
lected groups of organisms in waste taken from
paved areas of pens cleaned daily and. there-
fore, reflect the flora of raw waste. Overall. In
terms of viable count per gram dry weight, the
feedlot waste contained 10 billion total organ-
Isms, on: billion anaerobes. 100.ooo.ooo gram-
negative bacteria. 10,000,000 conforms. 1.000.000
sporelormers, and 100.000 yeasts, fungi, and
296
-------
alreptomycetes. The specific numbers and pat-
tern of these croup* of organUms varied only
•lifhlly during the iludy In tplte of a wide
variation in weather. Dan Indicate that little
mlcrobial growth occur* In the waste ai It ex
liU in the feedJot. Hunoff from the pens con
talned the same general population pal tern but
with greater variation attributable to vulume of
liquid. Comparable determination! of in asso-
clated field di«po-,al area (before and after
cropping), atockpiled wa«le. and elevated dirt
area* in the pens indicate that fungi, and es
peclatly slreptomycetta, are the aerobic organ-
lams most associated with final stabilization of
the wutc. Yea»u, which are the dominant ty|>e
of organism in the ensiled corn fed the cattle.
do not occur in larje numbers In the animal
waste. Large ditches receiving runoff ind tub
surface water from the fit-Ids have a popula-
tion similar U> the runoff but with fewer coll
forma. (Holoman Hattelle).
1789-A6, Bl, B5, C2
SWINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED
BY FEED ADDITIVES
S. H. Ingram. R. C. Albln. C. D. Jones. A. M
Lennon, L. F. Tribble. et at.
Texas Tech Laboratory
Lubbock
Presented at the Annual Meeting. American So
clely of Animal Science, Southern Section, At-
lanta, Georgia, February 47, 1873. 5 p, 6 tab.
acldophllus.
A grain soybean meal diet was fed to 4 week-old
hogs. Fecal samples were evaluated by olfactory
panels. Reduction In volatile matter was scaled
by using comparison* between the b»*l diet and
dietary treatments. A lyophilyzed yeast culture
1790-B1
A FAECES COLLECTOR SUITABLE
FOR MALE CALVES
Immunology Unit. Department of Veterlnsry Sur-
gery,
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
Summerhall. Edinburgh
E F Logan, and D. J, Ormrod.
The Veterinary Record. Vol. H. No. 4. p. KM-
103. July 28. 1973. 2 fig. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle. Adhesive*.
Identifiers: 'Farces collector. 'Male calves.
Using latex rubber adhesive. I^ogan and Orm-
rod designed a faeces collector suitable for male
calves, A cast was made out of Ihe hindquart-
ers of a new born Ayrshire calf. Using plastic
and glass containers which were held In petition
by plaster of paris bandage, Ihe cast was built
up into a conical shape. The mould was cov-
ered wllh layers of rubber latex adhefeive and
surgical gauze to a thickness of 1/8". Webbing
straps with buckles were fixed to the collector
by contact adhesive—two dorsally. two ventrally
and two latterally. To the end of Ihe latex cone
I long, S In. wide nylon sleeve was itlached.
The collector was fltlrd over the calf's rump and
fastened by the straps to a webbing body belt,
which was fixed to a collar around Ihe calf's
neck to prevent Ihe body bell slipping back-
wards. The collector has proved to be effective,
very durable and easily cleaned. The use of
latex rubber and gauie gives the collector elas
tlclty. allowing faeces to be efficiently chan-
nelled Into the nylon sleeve even when calves
•re recumbent. (Cameron-East Central).
1791-A8, B2, Cl, C2, C3,
E2
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A
PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE
SYSTEM
F. S. Chuang
PhD Th»l>. University of Massachusetts. Am-
hent. June. 1971. 155 p. 51 lig. 13 lab, 70 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Effluent, -Waste
duposal, 'Soils, Pollutants. Sewage. Irrigation.
Chemical characteristics, Physical characteris-
tics.
Identifiers: -Animal wastes. 'Subsurface disposal
system.
This study was undertaken to determine re-
liable subsurface waste disposal procedures and
to study the effects of flow through the soil of
processed animal waste effluent on the quality of
percolate water and soil environment systems.
The experiment* were satlstlcally designed for
two treatments of toll bulk density and four
treatments of now with three replications. In
order to show the reliability of the comparison
for (1) the degree of tertiary treatment by Ihe
soil. (2) chemical and microorganism charac-
teristic changes In the soil, and (3) the results
of now rate, two confidence levels (9»% and
»S7»> were selected. Data revealed that once-
a-»eek dosing was an efficient treatment when
used In a subsurface disposal system. It was
concluded that the waste stabilization system
utilized provided a final effluent which was suit-
able for this system of disposal. (Russell-East
Central).
1792-A2, Cl, C2, El, E2,
Fl
SOME PHVSICAL AND ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT
RUNOFF
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
T. R. Owens, D. Wells, W. Grub, R. C. Albin.
and E. Coleman.
Unpublished Paper, Texas Tech University. Lub-
bock. 20 p. 8 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Control, 'Run-
off, 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle. 'Eco-
nomics. 'Waste treatment, 'Waste storage,
•Waste disposal. Costs. Texas. Chemical proper-
ties. Irrigation, Basins, Model studies. Rainfall,
Evaporation, Performance.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Slotted floors. Manure.
Playa lake disposal.
Quantitative and qualitative aspects of feedlot
runoff are studied. Average concentration! of
pollutants In feedlot runoff are determined. Col-
lection basin designs were discussed as runoff
control measures. Comparative operating and In-
vestment cost* are approximated with limita-
tions discussed. Open land disposal has been
attempted but modified environmental feeding on
slotted floors is recommended ai an approach
to the problem. Pros and cons of the latter are
discussed, (Wetherlll-East Central).
1793-A2, A5, A8, A9
DISPERSION DURING FLOW IN
POROUS MEDIA WITH BILINEAR
ADSORPTION
School of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette. Indiana
S. P. Gupta and R. A. Greenkorn
Water Resources Research Vol 8. No 5 p
1357-1368, October, 1873. 4 fig, 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dispersion. 'Flow. 'Porous media.
•Bilinear adsorption, 'Oroundwster pollution,
•Measurement, Feed lots. Runoff, Farm wastes.
Fertilizers, Pesticides. Herbicides. Cultivated
lands. Domestic wastes. Industrial wastes.
Major sources of the pollution In underground
water are various compounds thai may come
from the runoff of cattle foedlots. from the
runoff of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides
from the cultivated lands, and from domestic
and Industrial wastes. In this paper the solu-
tion is presented for a bilinear rale of adsorp-
tion. This adsorption mechanism was propose!'
for Ion exchange and adsorption columns The
mechanism Is appropriate for »dnorptlon In soils
and columns of soil. Morever the solution can
easily be modified for a flrsl-or second-order
rate of adsorption. The equations for Ih; move-
ment of chemicals In porous media with disper-
sion and adsorption using a bilinear rate of ad-
sorption may be solved by the Crank-Nicolson
method for homogeneous porous media. The so-
lution for a field model 100 feet long Is reported
to 2 pore volumes; 31.6% of the solute is being
adsorbed, and the system will require 36.5 pore
volumes at saturation. (Cartmell-East Central)
1794-A2, AA, A3, All, A12,
B2, D3, E2
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT
FOR SWINE OPERATIONS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service
Texas AtM University System
College Station
B, R. Stewart and J. M. Sweeten
Report MP-1128. Texas Agricultural Extension
Service, Texas AtM University, College Station,
• P.. April. 1874. 5 fig. 4 tab.
Descriptors:: 'Liquid wastes. 'Management.
Aerobic lagoons. Irrigation, Design.
Identifiers: 'Swine. Storage pits, Anaerobic \l-
goons. Land disposal. Application rates. Tank
wagons, Soil Injection.
Swine waste management Involves the control
of runoff from open lots and management of
manure and waste* water from confinement
systems. The objective of manure handling
should be to collect, transport and dispose of
waste on land In an efficient and odor-free man-
ner. Two basic approaches to manure handling
are solid and liquid handling. Liquid manure
handling systems can be characterized according
to the methods of collection, storage, treatment
and disposal. Liquid manure management sys-
tems Involve substitution of water and mechani-
cal equipment for labor and bedding. This re-
sults In quick separation of the animal from Its
wastes. Improved general sanitation and re-
duced opportunities for disease transmission. La
goons provide a means of biological treatment
and storage of liquid manure from confinement
swine buildings. Regardless of the manure hand-
ling or treatment system employed, raw or
treated waste should ultimately be disposed of
on pasture or crop land In a manner that will
reuse nutrients and prevent pollution of surface
and ground water. (Cameron-East Central).
1795-A6,A11,B2,C2,D3,E3
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM
SWINE WASTES
Department of Animal Science
University of Illinois
B. G. Harmon.
Proceedings of 23rd Annual Minnesota Nutri-
tions Conferer.ce, 1972. 8 p. 10 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients. 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes.
Waste treatment. Oxidation lagoons. Confine-
ment pens. Odor. Aerobic treatment.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch mixed liquor (ODML)
The magnitude of swine excreta production In
!fr,*e, con"ne'n«nt operations presents the poten-
tial for liquid, solid and gaseous pollution. Aero-
bic treatment of the excreta with a system like
an oxidation ditch minimizes the opportunity for
odor problems. The nutritive value of fresh
excreta Is enhanced by the oxidation ditch's
aerobic mlcrobiota which digest the excreta and
assemble single cell protein. It has been found
that adding oxidation ditch mixed liquid to a
diet marginal In amlno acids improves the
performance of finishing swine. Utilization of
this liquid product provides a source of water
and nutrlenu for swine, while minimizing any
"°r *°Ud poUulion- «C«rtmell-
297
-------
1796-A8,B3,C2,C3,E1,E2
SLUDGE DISPOSAL: A CASE OF
ALTERNATIVES
water Pollution control Federation Manforce.
Deeds and Data. December, 1971, p. D 1—D-4.
Descriptors: 'Sludge disposal, 'Waste treatment.
•Waste disposal. Fertilizers. Irritation, Soils. In-
cineration. Lagoons.
Identifiers: 'Alternatives. Land disposal. Ocean
disposal.
A panel discussed alternatives (or sludge dis-
posal. Some treatment plants can transport
sludfie to crop lands. Guidelines can be written
for heated anaerobically digested sludge to be
applied at rates up to 100 dry tons/acres (or any
coll type. Cadmium, lead, mercury, copper and
chromium In the sludge do not appear to be
detrimental to crops. There are also extremely
few pathogen problems. Cities like New York.
however, don't have available land to dispose
of effluent. Other disposal methods are incin-
eration, ocean disposal, and lagoonlng. Very lit-
tle survey work cost data has been published
on various methods of sludge disposal. It is ob-
vious that much more experimentation and re-
search is needed in order to solve the sludge dis-
posal problem. (Wetherill-East Central)
Cost sharing.
Identifiers: 'Laws, Farm pollution.
Several stales now administer Federal discharge
permits. Only one permit Is needed which covers
both state and Kederal regulations. Hut In rr>O4t
states, you need two permits—both slate and
Federal. All livestock facilities, which have a
waste discharge and which hold for 30 davi the
following number of animals, must apply tor a
permit: slaughter and feeder cattle—1.COO; ma-
ture dairy cattle—700; all swine over 55 Ibv —
2.500. Livestock confinement facilities Include
open feedlou*. confined feeding operations, stock
yards, livestock auction barns and buying sta-
tions. Non-point source regulations are galnlnc
consideration. Information and inKlruclior.* on
how to apply for permits and where to eel cost-
sharing help Is given. (Cameron-East Central).
the quantity of fly
was Increased significantly. pro.l
days were required for the fly e«Y to
verted to pupae In th, ,r,,h >„*,*£ Si
27 degrees Cenllirade and 41 PercJnl RH
eggs can be used to digest Ih
1797-B1, D3, E3
WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS
PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF
Beef. Vol. 11, No, 2. p. 13. October, 1974.
*5" wastes'
Fe*d lots' F
«" '"""'ed I"
'n. i .Vs the P°lenual " « feed In-
, r, ??»'• Samuel Huttenbauer. Jr.,
' f U'B-P- 8tated ""> P"">t "«> 8've
"' WasU: di"p08al «° ""Prove the sani-
. *ram *?d an 0PP°rtunity to participate
developing a feed ingredient for cattle feed-
industry. (Cameron-East Central)
1798-A5, A6, B2, B5, D3
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC
LAGOON TREATING SWINE WASTES
Sanitary Engineering Department
Mississippi State University
State College
A. Shindala and J. H. Scarbrough
Transactions of the ASAE, p 1150-1152 1972 4
fig, 2 tab. 3 ret.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Anaerobic conditions.
•Waste treatment. 'Farm wastes. 'Hogs. Odor.
Waste disposal. Water pollution.
The .effectiveness of a single cell anaerobic la-
goon In the treatment of swine wastes was in-
vestigated. Compiled data revealed that anae-
robic lagoons would provide considerable re-
duction in the pollutions] characteristics of ani-
mal wastes. The effluent, however, was still of-
fensive and required further treatment prior to
discharge. (Marquard-East Central).
1799-B1, Fl, F2
FARM POLLUTION: HOW
REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU
Successful Farming, Vol. 72. No. 8. p. 30; June-
July. 1974.
Descriptors: 'Permits, 'Regulation. 'Livestock.
'Farm wastes, Waste storage. Waste disposal.
1800-A8, E2
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS (ZEA
MAYS L.), MANURING, AND
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON
YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF
THE GRAIN AND ON THE SOIL
NITROGEN CONTENT
Department of Agronomy
Nebraska University
Lincoln
F, N. Anderson and G. A. Peterson
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 65, No. 5. p. 697-700,
September-October, 1973. 4 ng. 4 lab, « ref.
Descriptors: 'Corn, 'Nitrogen, 'Fertilizers, 'Pro-
teins, 'Soils, Nitrogen depletion
Identifiers: 'Manuring, 'Yield
The specific objective of this paper was to re-
port the cumulative effects of 60 years of contin-
uous corn on yield and protein content of the
grain and the nitrogen supplying capacity of the
soil. II was concluded from the data thai ma-
nuring Is a valuable practice In maintaining soil
productivity. It was shown that nitrogen fertili-
zation alone was capable of restoring most of
the production capacity of the soil. Initiation of
nitrogen fertilization resulted In a much more
rapid recovery of yield than did the Initiation
of manuring. Protein levels In the corn grain
were consistently highest on manured treatments
at all bu* the 180 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer rale.
Cultivation without manuring or nitrogen fertili-
zation decreased the soil nitrogen content forty
percent after 30 years of continuous corn pro-
duction. Manuring from 1M1 to 1972 Increased
the total soil content to 90 percent of the level
present In the soil In Its native condition. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1801-A6, A10, B3, Cl, D3
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF
HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY
MANURE
Department of Avian Science
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
J. S. Teotla and B. F. Miller.
Environmental Entomology, Vol. 2, No, 3, p.
329-333, June. 1973. 3 fig. 7 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, -Poultry, 'Larvae,
•Blodegradatlon, Temperature, Moisture content.
Odor. .
Identifiers: 'Development. 'Manure, 'House fly
larvae. Pupae.
The studies reported here were to determine
the optimum conditions for house fly larvae to
blodegrade poultry manure. Fly eggs were col-
lected, separated from manure, weighed and
inoculated In the fresh poultry manure In plastic
tubs (14 x 12 x 5 Inch deep) dally. Inoculation
rates varied frlm 2 to 5 g of eggs per 4 kg of
poultry manure. These tubs were stored at differ-
ent temperatures (22 degrees 34 degrees Centi-
grade) and RH conditions (19-80 percent) In a
modified chick Incubator. Optimum yield of dry
d, T »•« "•»«
duced. The mouture content of the dt
manure varied from 50 0 to 67 J percent »
as the mol.ture content of undigested
was 80 percent. (Carlmell-East Central)
1802-A2, A6, B2, B4, D3,
E2, Fl '
ENVIRONMENTAL. ECONOMIC. AND
PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE
G, L. Casler and E. L. LaDue
New York's Food and Life Scieiu-ra n, ,11.11.
'Socla' «*»««= AfMcrt.ur^to.SSta. "NO*""
No. 20. 23 p. October. 1972. 10 lab. « ref.
Descriptors: -Dairy Industry. 'Cattle -Farm
wastes. 'Waste storage. 'Waste treatment wtLT.
?"">"'• •"*•« *..'„,. Odor! Runo7f 'i££
U>
Identifiers: Land spreading. Stalled Doors. Open
The environmental, economic, and physical Im
Plications of liquid manure handling for dai«
cattle is considered. II was found that ai« monu2
storage of liquid manure for dupo,,! ™ Si
spring is not alu.y. beneOdal Large »anU
Oes of manure spread In the spring Just be**.'
heavy rain may cauae more stream pon^uij
wlM.r"mIi "U!^!!U" Ipr"d <••">' dul^l "hi
winter. Also, odor Is more offensive l« the
spring. An investment of tt7.OOOU7.000 would
be required for a 100 cow liquid manure .v.7...
with a .1, month ,,or.,e cCci™ Ubor^™
Ings and Increased manure value offael onl.
. im.ll pan of the annual «,u <* . uSSd
manure system. The lotal return lo the fa™
operator will rarely offw, o» cJu IncurJJ?
f=v«.» •» costs and benefits could b. u£™7|
lied lo the farm level rats would usually ««
ceed benefits. (Bsllard East CeniraJ)
1803-A11, B3, E3
FEEDLOT ANIMAL WASTE
COMPARED WITH COTTONSEED
MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR
PREGNANT RANGE COWS
Davia
J. L. Hull and J. D, Doble
Descrlplora: 'Farm wastes. -Feed lots
'Baiy **" m<°"
three groups of pregnant raws grailng drv
native range were supplemented wi
m , , '
mentation. This etperlmenl lasted
•umed mor. («d Ih.n «. « l
meal supplement, bul they also had T hher
body weight. The Individual row variation, i.
consumption of the manure barley supplement
298
-------
were ilmllir to those fed cottonseed mril sup-
plement. This experiment ihows that manure
In combination with barley may be fed as a
lupplement to pregnant range row>. Thli pro
vide* an alternative to In* u*e of high protein
(UpplemenU. Uiinc waste as a range supplement
provides a means of recycling the nutrients con
talned In the watte and a method lor waste
dltpoial. (Rutaell -East Central).
1804-B1, B4, E2, Fl
FEEDLOT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
D Gill and M. D. Paine
Feedlot Manaiement. 1973 Cattle Feeder's Plan-
ner. Vol. 14, No. 12. p. 34-JS. M November.
1972. 1 (1C.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Farm wastes. 'Con
(fraction, 'Design, Cattle, CosU, Wane storage.
Waite dltpoial.
Identifiers: 'Facilities. Equipment, Land dispossl.
Feedlota should be constructed on a well drained
site suitable for expansion. The center of the
feedlot should be on the hlfhesl gro-ind with
4-10 percent slopes away from It. The amount of
land for the site, making illowanc-s for facili-
ties and for expansion of feedlot. should b**
about 1.4 acre* per 100 head or 12 acres prr
1,000 head. Adequate land for stockpiling waile
should be available. To control runoff, a d-ten
Uon pond system should be used Arrangement
of facilities upon the site should be carefully
considered These facilities are (1) receiving
and loading facilities, (2) pens, (!) alleys. (4)
fencing, (5) water facilities. (6) windbreaks and
shades as required and (7) feeding facilities. The
size and location of these facilities Is deter-
mined by herd size. Proper design of fe-dlots
can reduce travel distances by approximately
23 percent compared to unplanned layouu. A*
t result, annual operaUng coils can be reduced
by 8-10 percent. A modern feedlot must be
designed to do an efficient >ob of feeding cat
lie, however, Investment cosu must be In line
with the Income potential! of cattle feeding.
(Cameron East Central).
1805-A1, A7, B2, B3, D2,
D3, El, E2, E3, F3
FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
R. C. Albln
Proceedings of the 1970 Beef Cattle Conference.
Texas Tech University Animal Science Depart-
ment. Lubbock. and Texas Tech University Re-
search Center, Pantex. October M. 1(70. p. 117.
26 ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots. Pollut-
anU, Waste treatment. Waste disposal, Runoff,
Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions. La
goons. Dehydration, Incineration, Recycling.
Identifiers: 'Waste management systems. Land
spreading. Composting.
The rapid expansion of cattle feedlots In the
U S created the problem of handling and
dlsposlnf of a vast quantity of ferdlot wastes.
The chemical and pollutions! characteristics of
feedlot wastes vary. The type of ration, size of
cattle, climate, feedlol surface, and moUture
content are all Important factors In developing
I waste management system. Numerous hand
ling and disposal systems such as anaerobic and
aerobic systems, lagoons, composting, oxidation
ditches, dehydration. Incineration, and nutrient
recycling are available. However, final disposal
of feedlot waste has been on land In most In-
stances. The Great Plains Agricultural Council
report recommended that research efforts be In-
tensified In th- areas of air pollution, land dls
posal, pollution under feedyardt, systems an-
alysis, complete economic evaluation of current
alternatives tor waste disposal, and socto-letal
Implication. (Dudley-East Central).
1806-A8,B3,C2,C3,D3,E2
FEEDLOT MANURE, A
POTENTIALLY VALUABLE
MATERIAL
Compost Corporation
Canyon, Texas
F. Sims
Compost Science, Vol. 14. No. 4, p. 24-23, July-
August. 1971.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
treatment. 'Waste disposal. Carbon, Fermenta-
tion. Cosu, Texas, Crop production, Yields, Fer-
tilizers.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Toxic fermentation. Com-
posting. Land spreading.
After reviewing other methods of feedlot waste
disposal and/or reuse, Fletcher Sims turns to
composting as perhaps the best alternative for
waste handling. He quotes Dr, William Albrecht
as saying that there Is only enough carbon In
the world to support 8,000 pounds of vegetstion
per land surface area. Thus this carbonaceous
material should not be wasted. Fermentation
or composting of feedlot wastes can mean vast
Improvement for poorly treated land and can
serve as an alternative In feedlot waste hand-
ling problems. The main problem In composting
Is pathogens. Mr. Sims controls these by at-
taining • 140 degree temperature In treating
the material. A Howard Rolovator Is used In
sizing and mixing the material. An Inexpensive
600-ton-per-hour turning machine Is used for
spreading the material. Improved yields and im-
proved nutrient balance may be attained through
use of sttch composu on crop lands. (Cameron-
East Central).
1807-A6,A11,B1,E2,F1
CONFINEMENT PAYS — IF
WEATHER IS BAD!
Beef. p. 38-M. March. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pena, 'Costs. 'Weath-
er. Odor. Feed lots. Performance, Winter. Mis-
souri, Waste storage. Waite disposal.
Identifiers: Waste handling. Manur.e, Land
spreading.
At a Missouri Cattle Feeders Seminar, four
speakers concluded that a confinement aystem
will pay In a bad winter, but It'a pretty mar-
ginal In a mild winter. Flint McRoberU felt
that many factors determine whether a con-
finement barn Is a sound Investment. Among
the factors were cosu, stocking rates, out-
door lot conditions, time of year cattle are fin-
ished, number of cattle and adjoining pastures.
Problems he mentioned were odors, manure
handling, and flies. McRoberU listed alternate
possibilities to confinement barns. Three Uni-
versity of Mlsaourl experts compared open lots
and conflnemet barns on cost, performance of
cattle, and profitability. Nell F, Meador found
the entire bill for « near 500 head operation to
be (76,030 or SlOtl per head, allowing 20 square
feet per animal. A. .1. Dyer found that in *
bad winter, the cattle In confinement gained
faster. During a mild winter, the cattle in the
outside, lota gained slightly faster. Myron Ben-
nett concluded that clearly, the barn would pay
In a bad winter—but not In a mild one. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
1808-B1, D3, E3
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND
PLANT WITH MANURE
Calf News. Vol. 12, No. t. p. 12, June. 1974. 1
Descriptors: 'Fuels, /'Methane, 'Farm wastes,
'Waste treatment. .Runoff. Natural gas. Feed
loU. Anaerobic digestion. CosU. Odor. Fertilizers.
Air pollution. Water pollution. Cattle.
Identifiers: Manure, Waste handling.
Monfort of Colorado, Inc., Greeley, has (ranted
an option to/Shelley B. Don and Associates of
Denver for construction of a facility to produce
four n.lllion cubic feet of methane Ras per day
from manure. The process also redurcs the odor
associated with manure handling while enhancing
the value of the residue as a fertilizer. An
anaerobic digestion process would be utilized In
the methane production within a cloned or cov-
ered system which will not generate air or
water pollution. There will be no water runoff
from the process, Estimates on the cost of pro-
ducing a thousand cubic feet of pipeline quality
gas from a large efficient plant ranice from
a low of 60 cents to three dollars. Conservative
estimates place the yield of gas that can be
produced from the manure of one animal on
feed at 40 cubic feet per day. (Cameron East
Central).
1809-A6, B2, D3, E3, Fl
MANURE REFEEDING CUTS ODOR,
SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR
THIS HOGMAN
B. Coffman
Farm Journal, Vol. 98. No, 10, p. H-6, Novem-
ber. 1974. 1 fi{.
Descriptors: 'Electricity, 'Waste disposal. Hogs,
Odor, Slurries.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Oxidation ditch. 'Paddle-
wheels, 'Refeeding.
Instead of hauling hog manure, Paul Smart,
Douglas County, Kansas, uses more than 3 dozen
paddlewheels churning round the clock in oxida-
tion ditches In 11 buildings. He buys about
$13,000 of electricity annually to run the entire
complex. In a 500 ft. long building completed
this summer, Smart installed 12 custom-made
paddlewheels, and is experimentally refeedlnc
the oxidation ditch slurry in two pens. To re-
feed liquid manure. Smart's farm manager fash-
ioned a 40 ft. long rectangular steel tubing (3" x
5") Into a trough long enough to serve 2 pens.
Liquid Is lifted from the oxidation ditch by the
paddlewheel as It churns at 100 rpm. The li-
quid flows through the trough by gravity—run-
ning continuously. Smart hasn't hauled manure
In eight years, and he is marketing 13,000 to
15.000 head a year. (Cameron East Central).
1810-A9, A10, Bl, E2
NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL
FOR 1974
W, L. Gojmerac
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119. No. 10. p. 674-675.
May 25 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Pest control, 'Dairy industry,
•Farm wastes. Waste treatment. Waste disposal,
Organic wastes.
Identifiers: 'Fly control. Manure, Sanitation,
Insecticides. Decaying, Land spreading.
The basis of fly control or pest management
Is to consider the total environment and, by one
of several different means, use management
techniques which keep pests at a low or reason-
able level. In the summer, all essential ingred-
ients for fly production are present on a dairy
farm. Maggots need decaying organic matter to
live. It can be manure, wet hay or straw found
under and around feed bunks, or even lawn
clippings on a compost pile near the house.
Sanitation used in reference to fly control re-
fers to locating and removing decaying. organic
matter, such as cleaning calf pens and feed
alleys regularly. Farmers can either remove
the manure and stack It away from the build-
Ings or spread It on a field If one is available.
Insecticides can also be used by dairymen. Be-
cause of anticipated shortages and/or higher
prices of Insecticides In 1974, sanitation may
be relied upon more. (Cameron-East Central)
1811-A2,B2,B4,D3,El,E2
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION
W. Waltner and E. Waltner
Feedlot Management, Vol. IS. No. 5, p. 35-36,
May, 1973. 3 tig.
299
-------
Descriptors: 'Runoff, 'Feed lots. 'Farm wastes.
•Irrigation, 'Evaporation. 'Playas. "Lagoons,
•Waste storage. 'Waste disposal.
Identifiers: •Pollution. Pump-out system. Drain-
age, Dams. Land disposal.
Various evaporation and Irrigation systems are
used to prevent runoff pollution. Several specific
feedlots and their runoff control measures are
cited for feeders located In the Southwest. Some
feedlot owners direct their feedlot runoff Into
playas. Others construct lagoons to catch the run-
off and to provide a means of irrigation of ad-
joining land. Others use septic tanks to store
the runoff water. The water Is then pumped to
irrigate adjoining fields. An Oklahoman con-
structed 2 storage ponds for consecutive storage
of the wastewater and ultimate evaporation
when It is pumped into shallow evaporation
pans. Solids are removed to a storage area for
composting. These and other systems constructed
to meet individual feedlot problems show that
while big feedlots in the southwestern states are
comparatively "young," they are mature in
grappling with pollution runoff control. (Cam
eron-East Central).
1812-A11, Bl, B5
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN
AFFECT WASTE
mem «. S: ~Farm wastes, 'Feed lots. Confine-
ment pens, Texas, Cattle, Slopes
Shade 'Waste accun""«tion. Roughage,
th» ^ff!"foments were conducted to determine
lot tl«i """ronmental factors upon feed-
neiir-P I ."^cumulation. Results showed that
feedlo. « f °r unshaded Pens nor slope of
producprt p? a"ected the amoun< of »«»«
Ini Jl M „ a"0ns *"h no roughage were f£d
cent ^rn ^h 2'2 lbs of waste <*r "»*• Ten per-
""' roughage ration yielded 4.5 lbs per day
«r di T'H 'roughage yielded 5 lbs-«'««"«
reueh«- dec,rease °f 12 percent to 8 percent
amfun. nf *" " ^""ficantly decrease the
»«?™ I ,Waste "cumulation without affecting
animal performance. (Frantz-East Central)
1813-A2,A8,B2,B5,C2,Dl,E2
EXPERIENCE WITH A
SPRAY-RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR
TREATING BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Agricultural Engineering Department
Kansas State University
Manhattan
D. E. Eisenhauer. R. I. Upper and H. L,
Manges
Presented at 1973 Mid-Central Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph,
Missouri, April 6-7, 1973, Paper No. MC-73-302.
22 p. 2 fig, 11 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment. 'Cattle. 'Feed
lots. 'Runoff, Biochemical oxygen demand. Ni-
trogen, Salinity, Alkalinity, Soil profile.
Identifiers: 'Spray-runoff system, 'Pollution.
An experimental study was conducted to examine
the spray-runoff technique as a possible alter-
native to disposal practices of beef cattle feed-
lot runoff. A detailed discussion of the construc-
tion of the system and test results are given.
While treatment of the feedlot runoff by using
the spray-runoff system did occur, a satisfac-
tory effluent for direct release to the environ-
ment was not produced. Concentration reduc-
tions of BODS and Kjeldahl nitrogen were from
40-60 percent under the most favorable condi-
tions. Mass reductions of BOD., and Kjeldahl ni-
trogen were as high as 90 percent. Accumula-
tions of salt, sodium and potassium were found
in the soil profile after 29 inches of the waste-
water had been applied but no serious saline
or alkali hazards had developed. (Dudley-East
Central).
1814-A4, A5, A7, Bl, E2,
FEKDLOT POLLUTION
Public Health Engineer. Chief. Water Pollution
Conlrol Section, Division o( Environmental Sani-
tation, Mortana Stale Department of Health,
Helena
D. G, Wlllems
Montana Agriculture -Focus on Improving (he
Environment. Annual Agricultural Seminar.
Great Kails, Montana, December 3-4. 1970, p,
Descriptors: "Feed lots. 'Air pollution, 'Wal^r
pollution. 'Montana, 'Reflation, 'Legal aspects,
•Permits, Waste disposal.
Identifier*• 'Point source wastes. Land disposal.
The Montana water pollution control law prior
to 1970 is .dclinated. It« greatest effect was upon
industry and municipalities because their point
source wastes were easy lo Identify and treat.
But agricultural pollution must be met as well.
Confined animal feeding drainage may well be
the largest point source discharge In terms of
organic material. The purpose of the proposed
1970 confined animal feeding regulation Is: (1)
to see that feedlot operations are properly lo-
cated with respect to municipalities and resi-
dential areas, and (2) to control air and water
pollution problems. The regulation would require
new feedlots and expanding feedlou to secure
a permit from the Department of Health as
soon as the regulation It adopted. (Hisle East
Central).
1815-B3, B5, C2, Dl, F6
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING WASTE
FROM CAGED LAYERS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Georgia University
Athens
J. M. Allison and G. R. Bishop.
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. University of
Kentucky. Lexington, June 17 20. 1973. 12 p.
Paper No. 73-347, 5 fig, 4 tab. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Poul-
try, 'Ventilation, 'Chemical properties. 'Model
studies. Moisture content. Blodegradatlon.
Identifiers: 'Electric heat, 'Moisture removal,
•Deep-pi to.
A model study was set up to study different
methods of removing moisture from caged-layer
wastes and lo study changes In chemical com-
position of poultry manure under various dry-
ing conditions. Natural ventilation and 100 FPM
were chosen for air movement lor four various
treatments. In all treatments the manure dried
uniformly with forced air ventilation; little dry-
ing occurred in the control (no heat) and In the
toe-drained treatments. The possibility was In-
dicated for well distributed forced air ventila-
tion to remove nearly as much moisture from
caged-layer waste as from forced ventilation
with electrical underheat. Chemical analyses of
dried wastes are included. (Franli-East Central)
1816-A11, Bl, B4
THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT
HOW SLATTED FLOORS HAVE
WORKED FOR THEM
D. W. Bates
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119. No. 6, p 3MO93,
March 25, 1974. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry, 'Cattle. 'Breeding,
Minnesota, Waste storage, Farm wastes
Identifiers: 'Slatted floors, Heat detection. Barns
Slatted-floor barns with manure storage beneath
have proved to be highly successful. This Is a
report on three such barns on Minnesota dairy
farms. All have slatted floors with manure
storage beneath; heavily Insulated walls and
flat. Insulated ceilings; and mechanical ventila-
tion. Landsverk Barn: The (tall unit U 26 feet
by 130 feel and the slatted section Is 40 feel by
U feet with a total of 120 free stalls for 130
cows The manure lank has a capacity for about
four month* Heal detection Is much easier
Breeding problems are fewer. Euerle Barn- This
barn has a sell emptying manure pit The barn
Is 39 by M8 feel and houses 10 cows. There
are M free stalls. The stalls are carpeted
and no bedding 1s used Heal detection Is harder
There have been no breeding problems Clawr
Barn: The barn Is 48 by 244 feet. There are M
free stalls, 2 malernlly pens, and 1 additional
pent In the center of the bsrn. The manure
link provides storage for about 11 months Rub-
ber mats are set In the stalls and no bedding
U used Heal detection ls easier and breeding
repeats have been a problem. (Cartmell-Eut
Central).
1817-A6, B2, 1)1, E2, Fl
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS
CONFINEMENT COSTS
Beef, p. IMS, February. 1»7J.
Descriptor*: 'Confinement pens. 'Callle. 'Firm
wane. 'CoiU, Wane treatment. Wane storage.
W«»le disposal, Nebraska. Lagoon*. Anaerobic
renditions. Odjr.
Identifiers: 'Klu*h system. Land disposal. Slat-
ted floors.
A confinement feeding system has been develop.
ed which cuts costs from 1100 per head to
$69 per head. Above floor level Is a semi open
building 510 feet long with closed north walls
• nd an open south uall Sliding doors along the
north wall provide summer cooling. The build-
ing la divided into six pens which allow 19
square feel of pen space for each 1.000 IDS of
body weight. The building has a capacity of 1..
050 head. On floor level, less than one half of
the are* U slatted. Ouuide aprons plus center
Islands are solid and sloped toward two flatted
areas. These ilau cover pita thai are two feet
deep. Wastes nillecled In these piu are flushed
every two days Into an anaerobic lagoon These
wastes are then applied to field crops. Prob-
lems: have been odors and manure buildup on
the gutters Odor was overcome after the la-
goon atabilired. Manure buildup was prevented
by a wooden sled placed Into the gutter. Water
pressure drives It along lo scrape the manure
Into the lagoon. (Marquard East Central).
1818-B2, BA, Dl, D3, E2,
Fl
BUDGET-PRICED CONFINEMENT?
Beef. Vol. 9, No. 9. p. 34-35. May. 1975. 2 flf.
Descriptors 'Confinement pens. 'Costi •Eco-
nomic.. -Cattle. 'Farm wastes. •Management.
Waste treatment. Waste storage. Waste duooul
Lagoons. Feed lota. H""'.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Stalled floor.
Two (eedlol operator bralnstorminf session*
have resulted In untried plans for a confine-
ment feeding system thai cuts costs In half The
system uses a reduced slsiied section running
full length of the building Instead of large gut-
ters underneath, a much smaller flume arrange-
ment Is i«sed. The wastes ihen run Into an
aerated lagoon. To control odors and winter
fret/.ing, warm air U pumped into the lagoon
by three thirty horsepower motors Land ap-
plication is then used for final disposal The
cost of such a confinement unit will be under
170 a head. (Marquard-East Central)
1819-B1. E3
GE ENTERS MANURE
RECYCLING RACE
Call Newa. Vol. 10. No. 4, p. 1. April, im. J
Descriptors: 'Farm uastrs. 'Feed lots 'Reev
cling-. 'Feeds. Proteins. Waste treatment. Waste
disposal. "'*
Identifier!: General Electric.
300
-------
Central Electric hM committed one million del-
UnTas a .l.rlrr on . pllol plant thai basically
conv.rU 2.000 pound. o( firm wastes Into 700
pounds ol W,'. proleln f«d supplement The re-
mainder of the mailer U disced In Ihe form
of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. How U> markel
Ihe process lo the feed lou I. undecided.
(FrsntzEast Central).
1820-A2, B2, D3, E2
CRASS-FILTER SYSTEMS . . .
ANOTHER NEW RUNOFF CONTROL
METHOD
Feedlot Management. Vol. 15. No. 5. p. 42. May.
1973.
Descriptors: 'Waste trealmtnl. 'Wail* disposal.
iRunoff. 'Control. 'Farm wa.te.. •Fe.cue..
Aerobic conditions Lagoon., Feed lou, Kaniat.
NutrienU.
Identifier*: 'Crasi filler lyitems.
A feicue grail-filler lyitem for atworblng and
treating runoff la being teited al Ihe 20000
head Blackjack Feedyards. Int. near Yale.
Center. Kansas, The ayilem ii baled on feicue
iraai over which lagoon collected rwwff la
sprayed IrrigaUon-ityle. A buildup ol .oil bac-
lerU which formi a mat on the ground dlge.l.
the feedlot waile lolldi purifying the runoff.
Mat depth mult be kept at le.i than 1 Inch
at all Umei or the ayitem will become anae
roblc Gr«i li necessary to hold Ihe Mild, on
[he land so thai In. b.clert. can multiply and
oSges? the material. Fe.cue gran I. a good
choice for eailern Kan.a. becauie of 1U adap
l.bllitv to heavy moi.lure. If winter Icing prob-
em. and year round mal buildup can be com-
baited effectively. It 1. hoped thai gra.. filler
systems will be an acceptable method of treat
log Md dl.po.lng of runoff. (Carlmell Ea.l Cen
trait.
1821-A2, A8, B2, E2
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL
FORAGE CROPS WITH FEEDLOT
RUNOFF
Agricultural Research Service
United Slate. Department of Agriculture
{fCpln
-------
California poullrymen have • developed or adapt
ed a number of schemes for the «Pld natural
drying of cane-house poultry manure. The pri-
mary objective Is to reduce moisture content
Sufficiently to prevent development of fly larvae.
On many ranches, this natural drying of ma
nure has resulted In a high level of fly control
during most of the year. Secondary benefits
are the conversion of heavy, sticky, repulsive
by-product to an easy-to-handle "fertillz=r, and
the prevention of further noxioun odors by main-
taining an aerobic condition. Thin-bed drying
can be adapted to either solid or liquid ma-
nure collection systems. Thin bed drying Is basi-
cally a dry-season process that has limited
use during wet weather. Fly control by thin-
bed drying may require cleanout within one
to seven days after the manure is dropped.
depending on the season and the rate of natural
drying. All of the manure-drying schemes.
methods, and variations fall into the broad cate-
gories: (1) Manure spreader (solid or liquid);
(2) Shallow bed with daily stirring; (3) Tiller
drying. These are discussed in detail, (Cart-
mell East Central).
1828-A11, A12, B3, B5,
D2
THE INFLUENCE OF
TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON
THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF
METHYL BROMIDE ON INFECTED
POULTRY LITTER
Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton
Huntingdon, England
E. G. Harry, W. B. Brown and G. Coodshlp
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 36, No. 2.
p. 343-350, June, 1973.
Descriptors: Temperature, -Moisture content,
Farm wastes, 'Poultry. -Waste treatment. -Dis-
injection, -Litter. Samonella.
Identifiers: -Methyl bromide.
The object of the present investigation was to
determine the effect of moisture and tempera-
ture on the disinfecting activity of MeBr gas
and to indicate the gas concentrations likely to
be required to disinfect materials such as poultry
house litter. The disinfecting activity of MeBr
is related not only to the level of exposure to
the gas but also to the moisture content of the
matenal exposed. The activity was also reduced
at a reduced temperature. At 25 degrees, ex-
posure to MeBr at a CT product of 800 mg h/1
was sufficient to prevent recovery of Salmonella
Typhimurium from all samples with 42 percent
moisture content and from 5 to 6 samples with
23 percent moisture content. It was isolated
from all samples of 73 percent moisture con-
tent exposed to a CT product of 1600 mg h/1,
At 10 degrees, exposure to MeBr at a CT prod-
uct of 1600 mg h/1 was insufficient to prevent
isolation of Salmonella Typhiumurlum from
all samples, irrespective of their moisture con-
tent. The E. coll present showed a susceptibil-
ity to MeBr similar to that of Salmonella Ty-
phimurium, but micrococci were more resistant.
Salmonella Typhimurium could be isolated from
samples of dry litter exposed to levels of MeBr
less than 800 mg h/1. The degree of disinfection
achieved, in terms of percentage reduction, by
levels as low as 100 mg h/1, was as high as 97
percent even at 10 degrees. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
1829-A6, B2, D3, Fl
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN
OXIDATION DITCHES
Department of Agricultural Economics
Purdue University
Lafayette. Indiana
W. H. M. Morris
Paper submitted to Purdue Agricultural Experi-
ment Station for publication. Research supported
by Purdue Agricultural Station Project* No. 1349
and 1407. 34 p. 12 fig, 6 tab, 49 ref.
Descriptors: -Farm wastes. -Waste treatment.
•Oxidation lagoons. Aerobic conditions. Odor,
Sludge, Costs, Design, Bacteria. Nitrification.
De nitrification.
Identifiers: -Manure, "Oxidation ditches.
The basic difference between aerobic and an-
aerobic waste treatment systems is that of odor
control. The best aerobic treatment for odor
control is an oxidation ditch. The basic form
of the system Is a race track shaped circuit.
In the circuit there Is an aeration rotor which
provides oxygenation and circulation of the li-
quid. When a certain level of liquid Is reached,
a float stops the rotor and a time clock lets
'he liquid settle for 35 to 40 minutes. Then fresh
water is pumped into the ditch and the efflu-
ent may run off through a alphon tube. Und?r
this process there will be an accumulation of
sludge. By maintaining the OC/HOD.i ration at
2:1, there will be some oxidation of the sludge.
Sludge may be removed by sludge traps or
pumping onto drying beds. Construction costs
of the ditch average about S8.50 $14 00/head
assuming 10.6 cu, ft/head. Results given from
test sites In Europe, United States and Canada
indicate that the oxidation ditch can treat live-
stock manure aeroblcally. The problems they
have encountered are sludge management, foam-
ing, freezing and the determination of the
proper aeration rotor size to prevent the ditch
from going anaerobic. (Marquard-East Central).
1830-A2, A4, B2, BA, El,
E2 F2
LIQUID MANURE
MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE
Texas Agricultural Extension Service
Texas A&M University
College Station. Texas 77840
B. R. Stewart and J.M. Sweeten
Agricultural Extension Service paper, Texas
A&M University. College Station. Texas. June
15, 1972, 24 p. 2 fig, S tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: -Liquid wastes, -Farm wastes,
•Management, -Hogs, Waste storage. Waste
treatment, Waste disposal, Legal aspects, La-
goons, Regulation, Runoff. Confinement pens,
Rates of application, Nutrients, Irrigation.
Identifiers: -Manure, Land disposal, Storage pits,
Texas regulatory guidelines are stated which
give minimum requirements for preventing wa-
ter pollution from confined feeding operations.
Treated or untreated wastes may not be (In-
ch irged to water courses except under rare
rainfall events; therefore, alternative measures
must be used. For confinement operations, this
may mean: (1) daily scraping and cleaning of
waste? for lagoon or pit storage, followed by
land disposal, (2) use of slatted floors for col-
lecting animal wastes in storage pits, followed by
land disposal, or (3) use of slatted floors for
catching animal wastes in shallow under-floor
pits which discharge continuously Into an out-
side lagoon. Pasture and open lot operations
require solid waste management techniques,
with the exception of having to catch rainfall
runoff In retention ponds. Specific design and
management requirements, are given for liquid
waste storage, treatment, and land disposal of
swine wastes. (Marquard-East Central).
.1831-A2, A4, B2, Fl, F2
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER
Executive Vice President
National Livestock Feeders Association
Omaha, Nebraska
B.. Jones
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. S3, No. 3, p. 30-
31, March. 1974. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Feed lots, 'Water pol-
lution control, 'Costs, 'Regulation, Runoff, Iowa.
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency,
Tenant farmers.
Livestock operators are faced with many In-
stallation and maintenance costs In maintain-
ing adequate pollution control facilities. One of
the problems is that such "investments" are not
cost-reducing or production-Increasing. It was
calculated that an Initial installation Invest-
ment for surface runoff control facilities or over
$700 million would be required for beef cattle,
hog, lamb and dairy control facilities in this
country In order to meet regulations requiring
the containment of surface runoff from a 10-
year, 24-hr, storm. Livestock operators usually
must absorb cost Increases. The cost of Im-
plementing environmental regulations may prove
the exception if many producers are forced out
of business. (Cartmell-East Central).
1832-A4, C2
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN
AQUARIA AND IN SKA WATER
USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE
The New England Aquarium.
Boiton, Massachusetts.
R. Gilbert, and A. M. Clay
Analytical Chtmlitry, Vol. 45. No. I. p. 17S7-
1799. August, 1973 1 fig. 1 lab. 7 ref.
Descriptor!: •Ammonia, 'Aquaria. 'Sea Water,
•Eleclrodea. Equipment, Sampling. Analysis,
Urea*, Temperature, iiydrofen Ion concenlra-
Uon.
Identiflera: 'Reagent*.
An experiment waj conducted with an electrode
for the anaJyala of ammonia In aqueous solution*.
The electrode consisted of a hydrophobtc fas-
permeable membrane which separated the alka-
line test aolutjon from an Internal solution O 1
M In ammonium chloride. A flau pll electrode
and a stiver chloride reference eleclrod; were
Immersed In the Internal solution. Experimental
apparatus, reagents, and procedure* arc given
In detail. Electrode response U a function o(
ammonia concentration with falter response at
higher ammonia levels. Several compounds were
atudied as possible Interference tn the ammonia
analysis. Urea and the lowest molecular weight
ami no acid, glyclne, did not Interfere. Making a
sample 10-4 M In dimethylamln? dd affect thj
electrode potential, The data ind.caled that the
electrode provides an accurate m«aru of analy-
llng ammonia In aea water and that II Is usually
more predae than the apectrophotometrtc meth-
od. (CartmeU-Eait Central).
1833-A1, Bl, Cl, C2, C3,
El, E3, F2
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Mississippi Slat* University.
State Collet*..
E. C. McGrllf and A. Shindala.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
43. No. 6 p. 1167-1173. June. 1973. 63 ref.
Descriptors -Farm wastei. -Livestock. Chemical
properties. Physical properties. Waste treatment.
Lagoons, Fuels. Recycling. Waste disposal. Meth-
ane, Feeds, Legal aapecU, Regulation. Permits.
Identifiers: -Agricultural wastes. Land disposal.
Pyrolyaii.
This review of data from many investigator*
concern* waite characteristics, pollution abate-
ment practices, waste lue and reuse, and waste
management and legal action. Specific Investi-
gations are died. No conclusions are made by
the author himself. (Frantz-Eaal Central).
1834-A2, B2, E2, Fl
YOU HAVE TO "THINK
MAINTENANCE" IN MANAGING
FEEDLOT RUNOFF SYSTEMS
Nebraska Farmer. February 3. 1»73. I p. 3 flf.
Descriptors: -Feedloli. 'Agricultural runoff,
•Operation and maintenance. COILS.
Identifiers: -Debris basin, 'Holding pond. Waste
management.
Feedlota need proper maintenance. The best de-
signed runoff control system can fail If It cannot
be maintained properly. To keep cleaning chore*
easy, this feedlot operator ha* Installed gate*
at the end of debris basins and lot fcnc-s on
the top of debris dike*. These are used so
that scraper equipment can remove manure
aollda which would have been left on the fpnc-
row and prevent the manure from being push-d
under fence Unei by livestock traffic. Thi final
phase of the runoff system Is a holding pond
which holds slorm runoff and pumps In- wast:*
onto field crop*. Problems of the system have
been clogged slots caused by manure aollds and
hair and problems In pumping the waste* out
of the holding pond onto field crap*. (Marquard
East Central).
302
-------
1835-B1, El
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT
HANDBOOK
Midwest Pl»n Service.
Publication MWPS-1. Midwest Plan Sirvic:, lo*a
State University. September, 1973. 3M p.
Descriptors: 'Planning. 'Structures. •Environ-
ment. 'Waste disposal. 'Design. Livsslock. Mat;-
riali. Loadi. Construction. Utilities.
Identifier*: 'Handbook*. Fruit and vegetable
storage.
Thli handbook la the fifth annual revision and
flrat overall rewrite of a continuing program
to bring facti. concept*, and relationships to
teachen. aludenti. and practlUonen In th- field
of farm atructurei. Four large sections presrnt
structures, waste disposal, the environment, and
the planning of a farmitead. Th- i-ction on
atructures deala with materials, d-s'gns. loads.
and conatrucUon of farm buildings. Th? environ-
ment section discuaari fundamental! of environ
mental control of buildings. It then appllei Ih's-
fundamentals to different animal building*. A'so
environmental considerations of trill and v-g--
table atorage la discussed In this i-cuon, M-lh
ods of waite disposal are pretent:d In In • n?xt
aection with tips on construction. Th; planning
lection presenla Information on rlinmng of live-
•tock. crops, and water supply. The handbook Is
concluded with an appendix on beam formulas.
(Russell East Central).
1836-A11, B3, E3
FEEDING POULTRY MANURE
TO ANIMALS
Department of Poultry Science.
Texas AIM University.
College Station.
J. R. Couch.
Feedstuffs. Vol. 44. p. 24-23, 27. July 31, 1972.
« ret.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Excreta, Sh™p. Nulrlenta.
Performance.
Identifiers: 'Dehydrated poultry wast*. 'Refeed
Inf. Layers. Swine. Energy cont-nt.
This review of recent research. Indicates thst
broiler chicks could tolerate five percent of de-
hydrated poultry w»«te (DPW), Growth de-
creased significantly when the percentage was
raiaed to ten and twenty due to low energy
content. No effect on egg tast- or storage
quality was detectable when laying h«ns w«r»
fed ten. twenty, or th'rty perc-nt DPW. DPW
wai recycled In th* same poultry Ihro'jgh 14
cycles or 12 daya each in some tests. At 12 Vi
percent no adverse effects appeared, b 11 at 25
percent the effects of the low energy content
were clearly present. The age of manure at th*
time of drying Is critical, and the method of
drying* la Important, Manure for feed should be
dried dally. Swine showed depressed f-ed con
version with aa little as five percent DPW. Sh*e»
can obtajn up to fifty percent of trr-lr total
nitrogen Intake from DPW without adverse ef-
fect*. Approximately forty nutritionists agree
unanimously that "the best place to we de-
hydrated poultry waste waa In be*f cattle
rations, (Whetstone. Parker and Wells Texas
Tech University).
1837-B2, Dl, D3, El, Fl
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAl,
AERATION AS RELATED TO
AGRICULTURAL WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM APPLICATION
J, J. Kolega.
PhD Thesis. Department of Agricultural Engi-
neering, Oklahoma State University. 19«8. 89 p.
23 flf. 6 tab. M ret.
Descriptors: 'Model studies. 'Aeration. Equip-
ment, Equations, Iowa. Slurriea.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch. 'Mechanical aera-
tors, Scotland.
Objectives for the study were to evaluate the
efficiency of mechanical aerators for agricul-
tural waste disposal systems and to develop a
prediction equation for describing the effective-
ness of a rotor paddle aerator for transferring
oxygen from air to a liquid. A unique labora-
tory method was developed for use in the engi-
neering design and analysis of a paddle wheel
aerator system. This procedure can be used to
obtain quantitative prediction equations for esti-
mating and evaluating mechanical aerator sys
terns. The oxygen transfer coefficient per revolu-
tion of rotor can be defined by the prediction
equation given. The oxygen transfer coefficient
per revolution of rotor is analyzed. (Frantz East
Central).
1838-A2, A4, C2, C3
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF
CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
J. R, Miner.
PhD Thesis. Department of Chemical Engineer-
ing, Kansas State University, 19C7. 151 p. 19 fig.
37 tab. 85 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fccdlots. 'Agricultural runoff,
•Cattle. 'Water pollution, 'Irrigation, 'Model
studies, Kansas, Analysis. Chemical properties.
Hydrology, Bacteria
The characteristics of cattle feedlot wastes and
their pollution potentials were evaluated in this
model study. Twelve Irrigation sprinklers pro-
vided simulated rainfall of 0.40 to 2.5 Inches
per hour onto two experimental feedlots. One
lot was unsurfaced; the other was concrete
surfaced. Data were collected to determine the
amounts of rainfall necessary to produce run
off under various feedlot conditions. Runoff
samples were collected and analyzed. A
COD/BOD quotient was determined from a
aeries of 48 runoff samples. Chemical consti-
tuents of the feedlot runoff were studied. Bac-
teriological populations In the runoff were found
to be higher In warm weather and under
conditions which produced maximum solubility
of feedlot wastes. It was concluded that cattle
feedlot runoff Is a high strength organic waste.
The decision on the best treatment and control
measures Is based on feedlot size, climate of
the area, the nature of the receiving stream.
the downstream water users, the space available
lor treatment facilities, and the overall cost of
suitable alternates. (FranU-East Central).
1839-B2, B4, El, Fl
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID
MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR
DAIRY CATTLE
Agricultural Economist, Farm Production Eco-
nomics Division Economic Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, sta-
tioned at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
N. D, KimbaJI. L. V. Lenschow. and R. E.
Rieck.
Bulletin R2199, College of Agricultural and Life
Science. University of Wisconsin. Madison. Au-
gust. 1970, 24 p. 8 fig. 5 tab.
Descriptors: Uquld wastes, 'Waste disposal
systems. 'Economics, 'Costs, 'Dairy Industry,
Waste storage. Equipment. Facilities, Labor.
This analysis reports experiences of the first
Wisconsin dairy farmers who Installed liquid
manure disposal systems. These liquid manure
systems Include: (1) free-stall, all liquid, (2)
free-stall, liquid-conventional, (3) stanchion, all-
liquid. (4) stanchion, liquid-conventional. Com-
parisons are made of liquid manure storage,
facility Investments, annual costs, and costs and
returns analysis. The most economical manure-
handling system depends on many variables.
The net disposal costs depend upon both the
value of the manure and the cost of disposing
the excrement. Dy changing the amount on
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium recovered
and making different assumptions regarding op-
erating and ownership costs, the optimum system
of manure disposal would change. In addition.
Installation costs are only the out-of-pocket costs
—farmers did not report a charge for their own
labor. Therefore, each farmer must ask himself
whether the assumptions used in this study
agree with his particular situation and then
Interpret the results accordingly. (Mcrryman-
East Central).
1840-A11, B3, Cl, C2, Dl,
D2, E3
PROCESSED POULTRY EXCRETA
RECYCLED AS A FEED
INGREDIENT
Department of Poultry Science,
Michigan State University.
H. C. Zlndel and C. J. Flegal.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Utter
and Waste Management Seminar, Salisbury,
Maryland. September 29-30. 1969. p. 103-118. 3
tab.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Performance, Sampling.
Identifiers: Dried Poultry Waste. 'Ref ceding,
Pollution,
Growth trials were conducted to determine the
nutritional value of the dehydrated poultry
waste product. Feed efficiency appeared to be
Inversely proportional to the amount of dehy-
drated poultry waste In the ration. In growth
trials, no slgnlflcent differences were found In
mean body weight of Leghorn type chicks fed
up to 20 percent of dehydrated waste in their
ration compared with broiler type chicks. When
more than 5 percent of the dehydrated poultry
waste was added to the ration, reduced four-
week mean body weights resulted. No differ-
ences were found In egg production, shell thick-
ness, or Haugh score when up to 40 percent of
the diet consisted of dehydrated poultry waste.
Also, taste tests indicated that the taste or
flavor of eggs from chickens fed DPW was no
different from eggs from chickens fed a normal
ration. Tests were also conducted to see what
would happen If the poultry manure from chick-
ens receiving DPW was redried and fed again
continuously. There was no egg production de-
crease; the crude protein level decreased; and
the color of the dried material appeared to
turn black. (Russell-East Central).
1841-A6, C2
PROCEDURE TO IDENTIFY
MALODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES
Department of Agricultural Engineering.
Ohio State University, Columbus.
R. K. White and E. P. Talganldea.
Presented at the 1969 Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers. Lafayette.
Indiana. June 22-25. 1969. Paper No. 69-425. 13 p.
6 fig. 19 ref.
Descriptors: Odor. 'Gas chromatography. Sam-
pling. Methodology, Analysis.
An equilibration collecting and concentration
procedure of sampling odors from animal wastes
for gas chromatographic analysis Is presented
and compared with other methods. Several
methods of sampling are reviewed: sampling
the source, salting out. selective chemical ab-
sorption and regeneration, cryogenic collection,
and equilibration sampling. In the equilibration
sampling technique used In this study, organic
volatlles arc passed over a liquid, stationary
phase until the whole amount of the stationary
phase reaches full equilibrium with the organic
volatlles. Using a nonpolar stationary phase
permits trapping the organic compounds while
most of the water vapor passes through, pro-
vided the collector temperature is above the dew
point. A variable stream splitter was Installed
In one of the columns of the gas chromatosraph.
This permitted sensory evaluation of each frac-
tion separated so that qualitative, quantitative,
and odor Intensity analyses might be made on
the significantly odorous peaks. Chromatograms
of samples collected by the equilibrium tech-
nique Indicated that some forty to fifty different
compounds are present In the head space gases
over dairy cattle wastes. This analysis of or-
ganic volatlles was considered to be more
representative' of the source than any of the
other known procedures. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System).
303
-------
1842-A6, B2, D2, D3, E3
WLJ PREVIEWS FIRST
COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM
G. Richardson.
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 51. No. 1. p. 1.
7. November 6. 1972. 1 lie.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment. Dairy industry.
Feedlots. Foam separation. Recycling. Lagoons.
Degradation (decomposition).
Identifiers: 'Li com waste treatment system,
•Odor control, Centnrator, DjLaval Separator
Company, Pasteurization.
DeLaval Separator Company has Introduced a
new Invention, the Llcom Waste Treatment Sys-
tem, which can turn farm wastes into clear
water and odor-free, pathogen-free mulch. Licom
Systems 1 and II may be used for smaller
operations while Llcom III Is us?d for thos;
feedlots which must meet rigid ecological re-
quirements. Llcom I uses a liquid manure
collecting pit which fills a reactor one; weekly
with wastes. In the reactor, aerobic bacterial
action raises the temperature Into the thjrmo-
philic range and in S to 7 days complete stabili-
zation, decomposition, and pasteurization have
occurred. Licom II uses the sam; proc d'jre
only with more reactors for more complete
decomposition. Llcom UI Is like Llcom II with
the addition of a flotation tank that separates
fibrous matter from the liquid. For feedlots
already using lagoons, a DeLaval Contrirator
may be Installed which will eliminate odors.
(Marquard-Easl Central).
1843-A8, E2
WATER INTAKE RATES ON A SILT
LOAM SOIL WITH VARIOUS MANURE
APPLICATIONS
Agricultural Engineering Department.
Nebraska University. Lincoln.
O. E. Cross and P. E. Fischbach.
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting. Am:rlcan
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Hot Springs.
Arkansas, June 27-30. 1972. Paper No. 72 218.
13 p. 9 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation.
Identifiers: -Water intake rates. "Silt loam soil.
Manure applications. Application rale.
The application of manure to cultivated and
Irrigated soils changes the intake rate of irriga-
tion water whjn compared to the Intake rate of
non-manured soils. This paper presents the
findings of two years of Irrigation study on
manured soils. Conclusions were:
(1) The initial water Intake rate increased a*
the quantity of manure application increased.
(2) The basic water intake rate increased as
more time from date of manure application
had elapsed.
(3) Manure application decreased the bas'c In-
take rate as compared to the basic intake
rate of non-manured silt loan soil.
(4) Depth of plowing did not appreciably affjct
the basic intake rate. (Marquard-East Cen-
tral).
1844-B1, B2, B4, Cl, C2,
D3
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN
ANIMAL WASTE
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana.
R. E. Jones, J. C. Nye and A. C. Dale.
Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting. Amir-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Univer-
sity of Kentucky. Lexington. June 17-20. 1973,
Paper No. 73-439. 15 P. 1 fig. 8 tab. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen compounds. Waste treat-
ment, Waste storage. Climates. Aerobic condi-
tions. Anaerobic conditions, Lagoons. Denltrifl-
cation. Indiana.
Wastes from an aerobic lagoon, an anaerobic
lagoon and a concrete manure storage tank
were studied to determine seasonal variations
on dcnltriflcalion. Waste samples from all over
Indiana were analyzed for KJeldahl nitrogen,
ammonium, and nitrate-nitrite nitrogen and
solids. It was observed that type of livestock
waste and type of waste management practice
Influenced the amount* of KJeldahl nitrogen.
In which most (arm waste nitrogen was found
to exist. Dairy wastes under either aerobic or
anaerobic conditions are Influenced by climatic
variations. While approximately 65 percent of
nitrogen is lost In aerobic conditions, great's!
nitrogen loss In twine wastes occurred under
anaerobic conditions. (Franti-Easl Central).
1845-A5, A8, C2, E2
ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE
MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Connecticut University, Storrs.
J. A. Lindley, A. C. Dale and J. V. Manncrtng.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stlllwater, June 23-26, 1974.
17 p. 6 fig, 11 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Groundwater pol-
lution, 'Nitrates, 'Leaching, •Denilriflcatlon, Soil
moisture.
Identifiers: 'Application rates, 'Land disposal.
Silt loam. Sandy loam.
An evaluation of high application rates of animal
wastes to land becomes necessary as the number
of animals per acre of land Increases. The
application rate must be controlled to prevent
ground water degradation. A laboratory study
was done to evaluate the effects of waste man-
agement on nitrate movement through soil. The
fate of nitrate is dependent on various condi-
tions. The most Important are soil moisture
conditions and the presence of sufficient organic
matter for microbla! activity. Soil type might
also affect nitrate movement. Leachatei of very
low nitrogen concentration can be produced even
with waste application of 24.6 pounds of nitrate
per acre-day. It was observed that the amount
of nitrogen lost increases with Increasing avail-
able energy (C:N ratio). (Kchl-East Central).
1846-A2, B2, B3
RISER INTAKE DESIGNS FOR
FEEDLOT SOLIDS COLLECTION
BASINS
Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Lincoln, Nebraska.
C. L. Ltnderman. N. P. Swanson, and L. N.
Mielke.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers. Oklahoma State University,
Stlllwater, June 23-26. 1974. Paper No. 74 3030.
7 p. 3 fig. 5 ref.
Descriptors: •Feedlot*. 'Solid wastes. Agricul-
tural runoff.
Identifiers: 'Collection basins, "Riser Intake de-
signs.
Given the size and shape of a feedlot debrii
basin, a riser Intake and conduit can be de-
signed to remove the runoff from the design
storm within a desired time. Either corrugatid
metal pipe or plastic pipe with 5/8-inch drilled
holes has proven very satisfactory for riser
Intakes. Comparison* of material requirements.
Installation labor, and operating experiences Indi-
cate that either type of Intake Is equally satis-
factory, with the choice dependent on operator
preference. Zinc-plated CMP 1* not excessively
deteriorated by contact with runoff and animal
wastes. If the basins are cleaned before iclldi
accumulation seriously Interfere* with drainage,
the Intakes will operate with little maintenance,
(Linderman, Swanson. It Mielke-USDA).
1847-B2, B3, Dl, E2, E3
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR
MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID
SOLID SEPARATION
Agricultural Engineering Department.
North Dakoti Slate University, Fargo
G. L. frail, M. L. Buchanan and R. L. Wltz.
PresenU-d at 1974 Summer Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Oklahoma
State University. Stlllwater. June 23 U 1974
14 p. I fig. 7 lab. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wattes. 'Solid waste*. 'Sep-
aration techniques. Doing. Design
Identifier*: 'Cable driven »craperi. Slatted
floor*. Land spreading, Refeeding.
An Integrated system for manure collection end
liquid solid separation satltfies several desirable
requirement* for manure management In closed
mechanically ventilated barm These require-
ments Include separation of manure from live-
stock by floor list*: dally removal of manure
from barns; and separation of liquid waste* from
•olid* for efficient handling aod utiluallon.
Pollution la kept to a minimum since no clean
water Is added to the lyitem. Free liquid waste*
make up about one third of the total weight of
the liquid in the manure from animals. The
fecal waste Is removed from the building at 80
percent moisture and handled with conventional
manure handling equipment. Because dewaterinf
1* accomplished by thli system, dehydration Is
more feasible. Moisture removal from the fecal
waste help* to control odors, reduces the bulk
of material that must be handled, and put* It
Into a form that 1* more readily acceptable for
utilization. (Cameron Eait Central).
1848-A8, C2, E2, F6
MODEL OF NITRATE PRODUCTION
AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE
DISPOSAL PLOTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering.
Pennsylvania Slate University.
University Park.
R. M. Butler.
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. University of
Kentucky. Lexington. June 17 20, 1*73. Paper No.
73-426, 27 p. 7 fig, e lab. 10 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Computer models, 'Nitrate*.
'Movement, Solids, DenltrUlcatioD.
Identifiers: Land application.
A digital computer model was developed for
simulating nitrate production and movement for
wastes applied to Mils. II accounted for nitrate
production, nitrate uptake by plants, dtmintlca-
lion, and nitrate movement with lh.> soil water.
Manure wa* ml»ed with sou at rale* of 0. 2 23
percent, 4.SO percent and 9.00 percent. Initially,
nitrate production decreased, then Increased ex-
ponentially. After 110 dayi, the rale of nitrate
production decreased for all four treatments;
after 200 days the nllrate nitrogen content of the
mixture wa* 23. 27, 32. and 41 mg/100 gm
dry matter, respectively. The digital computer
model wa* tested by comparing the predicted
nitrate-nitrogen production and the predicted ni-
trate concentration of the soil water with field
measurements for May through November. 1970.
(FranUEasl Central).
1849-A11, B5, C3, D2
THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE
FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL
AGENT IN BUILT-UP POULTRY
LITTER
Department of Poultry Science,
North Carolina Slate Univenlly. Raleigh.
J. R. Veloso. P. B. Hamilton and C. R. Park-
hunt.
Journal Series of the North Carolina Stale
University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ra-
leigh, Paper Number 1971. P. 7M3. 4 lab. 4 ref.
Descriptor*: 'Poultry. 'Litter, 'Waste treatment.
Performance, Mold*. Bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Formaldehyde ftakei.
Thi* study wa* designed to Investigate the effect
of different concentrations of formaldehyde
304
-------
flakes on the bacterial and fungal population!
of built-up litter and on the |*-rformance of
broilen railed on such treated litter Th- bar-
lerlal count of the litter containing 3 pcrcrnl
formaldehyde flakes wa» reduced to at leant on?-
tenth of the control value for thrre weeks, after
which the count returned to control value*.
The mold count was reduced at both 1 and 3
percent concentration* of formald.-hyd? flakes
for about 2 weeks The pll of th_- litter at 3
percent level of formaldehyde flakei was re
duced significantly for three weeks. Th-re was
an Increase In temperature of uv to 4 degrees
C above the control value In thv litter contain-
Ins 3 percent flakes and 3 decrees C In the
Utter containing 1 percent flake*. There were
some possible >ide benefits to the us.< of for
maldehyde flakes In litter. The number of Insects
and rodents In litter appeared to be cons.derably
reduced. The litter treatment had no significant
effect on the mean body weight, feed conver-
>lon. or mortality. (Cartmell East Central).
1850-AA, Bl, El, F2
RULES AND REGULATIONS:
CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS
Iowa Department of F.nvironmental duality.
Rules and Regulations: Confined Feeding Gyr-
ations, Iowa Water Pollution Control Commis
slon. 1971. 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Regulation. 'Iowa. 'Waste water
disposal. 'Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Open feedlot, 'Confinement feeding
operation, 'Registration.
An open feedlot (an unroofed or partially root-d
adjacent or nearby animal enclosure on a single
property) is defined In terms of specific animal
populations and population densities. Confinement
feeding operations (roofed or partially rooltd
adjacent or nearby animal enclosure* on a
single property from which wastes are removed
as a liquid or semi-liquid) are d fm':d in terms
of maximum number of animals confined at
one time. These data are given lor beef cattle.
dairy cattle, swine, sheep, turkeys, and chickens.
Conditions requiring registration are outlined
along with requirement* for th« facilities and
for operation of the facilities Feedlot pollution
control facilities constructed In accordance with
rules In effect at the time of constr^ct.on shall
not be required to be reconstructed due to
subsequent rule changes unless the commission
finds that waste discharge from such facilities
Is causing water pollution. Such facilities shall,
however, be brought Into compliance with rules
In effect at the tim? of reconstructing, enlarging
or otherwise modifying the confined feeding
operations or control facilities. (Merryman East
Central).
1851-A2,A6,B1,B4,C2,D3,F2
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
Agricultural Engineering Department.
Oregon Stale University. Corvallis 97331.
Report. Project Number S 802009. August. 1973.
127 P. 6 ««• 33 tab, 93 ref.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, Ammonia. Measure-
ment, Odor control. Management, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Desorptlon, Id.-nllficaUon. Feed addi-
tives. Chemical treatment.
Current livestock production techniques result
in the generation of odors which have become
a source of conflict between livestock prod'jc-rs
and society. The odorous gases responsible for
the nuisance are principally low molecular
weight compounds released during anaerobic d"
composition of manure. Manure manag.-nvnt
•vstems which control or modify this decom
position offer the greatest potential for odor
control Research to Identify the chemical com-
counds present In odorous air from animal wast;
degradation has yielded about 45 compounds to
date The amines, mercaptans, organic acids
and heterocycllc nitrogen compounds are gener-
ally regarded as being of greatest Importance.
Among the techniques for odor control are:
(a) tile selection away from populated areas
and where adequate drainage exist*.
-------
Identifier*: •Ensiled animal and crop wastes.
Digestibility.
Laboratory results Indicate that ensiled animal
and field waste can be used economically as
a source o.' nutrients (or ruminant animals,
thereby reducing the pollution problem. Ground
cornfield residue or oatstraw, 40 pcrc?nt. was
ensiled with cattle manure or poultry manure,
60 percent, on a fresh moisture basis. Sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium
hydroxide — each an alkali — was added, at
4 percent of the treatment dry matter, to each
combination. The moisture level of all silages
was adjusted to 55 percent and all treatments
were prepared In replicates of four. Each repli-
cate was stored at 86 degrees F during a 60 day
fermentation period. Contents were then analyzed
for crude protein and digestible organic mat-
ter. Silages containing oat straw wera superior
to those made with cornfield residue. Average
crude protein values were 13 percent for cattle
waste and 14 percent for poultry waste. Digesti-
ble organic matter was great:r for silages
treated with ammonium hydroxide than for th*
other treatments. However, when the cost, cor-
rosiveness. and possible dangers involv-d with
the use of alkalies are considered, th-; Incr-asi
In digestible organic matter Is probably not suf-
ficient to Justify its use. The best silag- In this
study was the oat straw.poultry waste combina-
tion. (Merryman-East Central).
1857-A2, A8, B2, E2, Fl
LOW-COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Lincoln, Nebraska.
N.P. Swanson and C. L. Linderman.
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 5S, No. 11. p.
20-21, November, 1974. 3 fig.
Descriptors: -Agricultural . runoff, •Feedlots,
•Disposal, -Costs. Irrigation.
Identifiers: Sprinkler Irrigation. Gravity flow.
Cattle feeders are required by law to control
runoff from their feedlots. The most practical
method for disposing of runoff is land disposal
through Irrigation. The feed-r n-«ds a lowcost
disposal system that Is fitted to a mlnlnrim
land area. The Soil Conservation S?rvlc- r-c-
ommends a disposal area IVi to 2 times larg-r
than the contributing feedlot, but th; soecific
area needed for d'sposal to empty th; holding
pond at any one time should be no longer than
the feedlot. The runoff may b- dlsrosed of by
a gravity now system or Ihro-'gh sprinkled
Irrigation. Gravity disposal through gated pipe.
hoses, or single point discharge may require
land preparation, some form of pump, protec-
tion from freezing, and it may require more
labor. Sprinkler distribution requires more pow™r,
may require a reme pit due to the runoff
caused by the distribution, and may caus» «xcess
wetting during the seedling stage or Just b-fore
harvest, thus damaging crops. Care must b'
taken In selecting irrigation comconents and In
scheduling field applications. The larger the
system, the more consideration should be given
to application and distribution efficiencies. The
most important considerations for smaller sys-
tems are low Investment and labor costs. With
either type, care must b: taken to avoid lond-
ing and mosquito breeding. Also the area sho-ild
be located to take advantage of prevailing wind*
to avoid odor build-up near residences. (Merry-
man- East Central).
1858-D3, E3
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR
HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY
Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 51, No.
12, p. 32 34. March 19. 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: •Fermentation. Recycling. "Waste
treatment. Proteins. Farm wastes. Mathematical
models. Feeds, Bacteria.
Identifiers: Drugs, Animal wastes. General Elec-
tric.
This paper contends that closer control of a
complex biological process—fermentation—prom-
ises large cuts In the costs of making drugs
and protein, and of recycling wastes. Scientists
are now mathematically modeling fermentation
processes and setting up computer systems to
find the best set of reaction parameters. The
energy squeeze could also figure largely In
the future of fermentation. The use of a com-
puter along with fermentation has provided a
system that can log and Instantly reduce and
analyze physical and metabolic parameters of
fermentation. As to applications of the process,
a mlcrobolic attack on animal wastes currently
Involves General Electric In a project raising
high-protein bacteria on animal wastes. Product
bacteria would be tested as animal supplements.
The market could also include fermentation ap-
plications In drug processing and enzyme pro-
duction. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem).
1859-A7, D2, E3
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL
WASTES TO OIL
Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 49. No.
33. p. 43, August 16, 1371. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes. 'Oil. 'Feed lots,
•Energy, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
Steam, Cellulose. Hydrogenatlon, Research and
development. Fuels.
Identiliers: 'Animal wastes. Carbon monoxide.
The U. S. Bureau of Mines' Pittsburgh Energy
Research Center has developed an effective
process, using carbon monoxide and steam, to
convert manure or any celluloslc waste to oil
with a percent yield. The mechanism of the
reaction Is unknown, although It may proceed
through a formate Ion. The constant product is
a heavy oil with an energy content of 14,000
to 16.000 Btu per Ib. The oil Is paraffinlc. and
It has a low sulfur content of 0.33 percent
which could prove useful In the future to the
prevention of urban air pollution. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System).
1860-A2, A3, AS, Bl, C2
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS
OF LAKES FROM NON-POINT
SOURCES
Wisconsin University. Madison. Water Resources
Center,
P. D. Uttormark, J. D. Chapln, and K. M,
Green.
Environmental Protection Agency report num-
ber, EPA-660/3-74-020. August. 1974. 112 p. 5
fig. 31 tab, 133 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, •Eutrophication, •Con-
trol, Management, Drainage. Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus. Agriculture, Estimating. Chemical prop-
erties, Runoff, Groundwater, Fallout, Sewage,
Precipitation (Atmospheric), Seepage, Urban run-
off. Forests, Marshes, Wetlands, Septic tanks.
Identifiers: Lake management. Nutrient load.
Nutrient sources.
Data describing nutrient contributions from too-
point sources were compiled from the literature,
converted to kg/ha/yr, and tabulated In a for-
mat convenient for estimating nutrient loadings
of lakes. Contributing areas are subdivided ac-
cording to general use categories. Including agri-
cultural, urban, forested, and wetland. Data
describing nutrient transport by groundwater
seepage and bulk precipitation are given along
with data for nutrient contributions from manure
handling, septic tanks, and agricultural fertiliz-
ers. Nutrient content of urban runoff was the
highest; forested areas were lowest. Nutrient
expert data for agricultural lands were tabu-
lated as seepage through vertical soil profile,
overland runoff, and transport by streams drain-
Ing agricultural wastersheds. The latter group
was Judged to be most applicable for estimating
nutrient loading .of lakes. Marshes appear to
temporarily store phosphorus and nitrogen dur-
ing the growing season and release them at a
later time: net nutrient runoff Is estimated to be
near zero. Nutrient contributions to lakes from
groundwater seepage require site-specific In-
formation for assessment. Phosphorus and nitro-
gen transport by grounduater can be sign:fl-
cant. Atmospheric contributions of nltrog-'n are
large in some areas, The technique of estimat-
ing nutrient loadings of lakes requires consid-
erable Judgment In selecting runoff coefficient*:
however, the approach provides Insight into po-
tential management options. (Uttormark-WUcon-
sin).
1861-A11, B3, Dl, E3
INCLUSION OF DRIED POULTRY
WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT
IN CATFISH RATIONS
Texas Agricultural and Extension Service. Texas
A 4 M University. College Station.
J. C. Fowler and J. T. Lock.
Feedsluffs. Vol. 46, No. 44. p. 36, Oct. 2». 1974.
1 fig, 2 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Catflshes. 'Diets. Proteins. Per-
(ormance. Taste.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste.
A study was done to determine the teas billty
of Including air dried poultry waste as a feed
ingredient in catfish rations Air dried manure
was used In the diets at a dietary level of 25
percent. All diets were calculated to contain
essentially equal amounts of crude protein as-
suming that the hen manure contained 21 per-
cent protein. Catfish consuming diets containing
air-dried poultry waste had belter weight gain
than catfish consuming the control diet over the
130 day feeding period. Taste panel evaluation
of the test tissue and control tissue revealed
no significant differences. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
1862-B2. Dl. D3
BASIC PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS FOR OXYGENATION
AND LIQUID CIRCULATION IN
ROTOR-AERATED LIQUID WASTE
SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Oklahoma
State University. Stillwater.
G. L. Nelson. J. J. Kolega. U. A(ena. Q.
Graves, and G. Hoffman.
Presented at 196* Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, nil-
nois. Dec. 10-13. Paper No. W-9W. 41 p. 15 fig.
5 tab. 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Rotors, 'Performance. 'Liquid
wastes, Equations.
Identifiers: Parameters, Rotor aerated tank. Oxy-
gen transfer, Liquid circulation.
A study was made which concerned perform-
ance characteristics of rotor-aerated ditch or
tank systems for livestock wastes. The pur-
pose of this study was to: (I) Identify the
physical parameters that characterize oxygen
transfer and liquid circulation effects in a rotor-
aerated liquid waste system; and (2) based on
these parameters, to develop prediction equa-
tions for oxygen transfer and for liquid circula-
tion effects for one class of rotors. Fhe study
Included experiments with two laboratory mod-
els, one each for oxygenaUon and liquid circu-
lation. Conclusions drawn from the study In-
clude: (1) For a class of rotors, the dimen-
slonless oxygen transfer parameter can be pre-
dicted for system design and operating pur-
poses, (2) the oxygen transfer coefficients, k*.
of two geometrically similar rotors are directly
proportional to the ratios of the products. (3)
liquid velocity for rotor-driven circulation *n
a ditch can be estimated. (4) the ratio of chan-
nel length to width is non-critical In Ute range
3.J to 10.0. and (SI the rotor Froude number
I* critical below a value of 015 for liquid cir-
culation effects In a rotor-driven ditch. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
306
-------
1863-A4, All, A12, C3
METHODS FOR RAPID
IDENTIFICATION AND
ENUMERATION OF
STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS FROM
WATER
L. R. Koupil
MS Thrill. Bacteriology Dt/partment. South Da
kola Sine University, 19S9. 53 p. > fit. 5 tab.
Dwcrtplon: 'Streptococcus bovls. 'Analytical
techniques. 'Pathogenic bacteria, 'Water pollu-
tion.
Identifiers: Identification. Rifltnoit.
TM( Investigation was undertaken to find an
Isolation medium and a technique to m«k? Iso-
lation of Streptococcus Bovli less difficult and
more consistent. An attempt was also made to
gather more information as to the lencth of time
Streptococcus Bovia may be viable in a stream
so that the value of this microorganism as •
tracer for animal fecal pollution will be more
clear. It was determined that raffinos- nrrvs
to make the basal medium mors selective for
Streptococcus Ilovis and that sodium azid* at
concentration* of 0,04 percent and greater in-
hibits the growth of Streptococcus Bovli. A 25
percent carbon dioxide and 75 percent nitrogen
atmosphere over the cultures enhances th*
growth of Streptococcus Bovis while It main
tains selectivity of u given medium. The starch
•gar layer method used In conjunction with
the membrane filter and spread plate technlq-i*
is an excellent method for rapid screening for
streptococcus Bovis. Streptococcus Bovts ex-
hibited the greatest persistence und?r th* fol-
lowing conditions: In an organic concentration
of .73 mg nitrogen per 100 ml. as peptone. In
an aerated state, and at a temperature of 10
degrees C. (Cartmell-Kaat Central).
1864-B5, C2, D3
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND
CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY
RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS
OF POULTRY EXCRETA
H. E. Hamilton
PhD Thesis. University of Kentucky. Lexington,
May. 1771. 139 p. 64 fig. 4 tab. 32 ret.
Descriptors: 'Kinetics, 'Nutrients, 'Conv-rslon.
•Poultry, Nitrogen, Microorganisms, Sampling,
Fermentation. Incubation. Anaerobic conditions,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Eth-rs.
Identifiers: Growth. Excreta, Rumen.
An experimental investigation was conducted to
determine the effects of pit and manure wh-n
fermented with rumen fluid as an inoculum. All
•sampling, fermenting, and incubation w»re strict-
ly anaerobic. Excreta from hens f-d a drug-
free diet was blendi-d and diluted with wat-r.
sterilized, and placed in fermentation equipment
with an Indirectly driven agitator, automatic
pH controller, temperature controller, foam con-
troller, and sampling device. The solution was
then Inoculated with rumen fluid and fermented
anaerobically for 48 no"ra. Samples w*r? taken
and freeze-drled as fermentation progressed.
The dried ssmples w?re ground and prox'maf?
analyses made to quantitatively determ'n* the
major components. The specific growth of In-*
microorganisms was higher for solution of pll
6,8 than for pll of 6.3 and 7.3. Maximum DO-HI-
latlon waa reached after 14 to 22 hours. Th-re
was no significant change In nitrogen and ether
extract Indices during the first 14 ho'in of
fermentation; after which nitrogen Index d-
creased and tin ether extract Ind-x Increased.
Trie ash index showed no chang* d"rtng th- first
6 hours of fermentation but steadily Increased
after that time. (Csrtmell-Esjt Central).
1865-A8, B3, D3, E3
ANIMAL WASTE COMPOSTING WITH
CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL
W. S. Caller
Summaries of Solid Waste Research and Train-
Ing Grants, EPA Publication No. SVV 5r. p. 6-7.
1971.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. Nitrogen. Carbon.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Composting, Saw-
dust, Soil amendment.
The objectives of the research reported are "to
develop a process for composting a combination
of chicken manure as a source of nitrogen and
sawdust initially as a source of carbon to pro-
duce a valuable soil amendment." Laboratory
studies of combinations of manure and sawdust
with carbon to nitrogen ratios of 25:1 to 40:1
found them to be nutritionally balanced for
mlcroblal growth. The compost has proven to
be a valuable soil conditioner. Swine manure
may also be composted satisfactorily with saw-
dust although the mixture required a week to
become thermophllic as opposed to one to two
days for the poultry manure. (Whetstone, Parker,
Wells—Texas Tech University).
1866-D3, E3, Fl, F5
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION
OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND
LIQUID WASTES
W. J, Oswald
Summaries of Solid Waste Research and Train-
Ing Grants. EPA Publication No. SW-Sr. p. 85-
86. 3 ret.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Liquid wastes, 'Ag-
riculture. Poultry. Anaerobic digestion. Algae,
Effluent. Aeration, Costs.
Identifiers: •Photosynthetic reclamation.
In a pilot plant at Richmond, Calfornla, the
wastes from a hen house were fermented in
an anaerobic digestion tank with the effluent
feeding directly Into an algae pond. Water from
the pond was used for flushing in the hen house,
and the algae were fed to the hens. The pond
was aerated during the winter. Algae production
was 30 to 40 tons (dry wt.) per acre of pond.
'The net waste-handling cost would be one
cent or less per dozen eggt." (Whetstone, Park-
er. Wells-Texas Tech University).
1867-A5, A6, B2, B3, Dl,
D2, D3, E2, E3
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY
WASTE PROBLEM
Department of Poultry Science
Cornell University
Ithaca. New York
C. E. Ostrander
Proceedings and Abstracts. XV World's Poultry
Congress fc Exposition. New Orleans, Louisiana.
August 11-16. 1974, p. 219-221, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Excreta. Anaerobic di-
gestion. Dehydration. Odor. Methane, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Deep pit housa.
High rise house. Oxidation ditch. Aerated pond.
Soil injection.
Choice of a poultry waste management tystem
Is dependent upon location, climate, size of op-
eration, amount of land, cropping possibilities,
etc. Among poultry waste management choices
are the following: (1) deep pit, (2) high rise.
(3) anaerobic systems, (4) aerobic systems
such as oxidation ditches and surface aeration.
(S) soli Injection, (6) dehydration and (7)
methane production. Of the two dry systems
(deep pit and high rise), the high rise house
maintains dry manure conditions more easily.
For both systems, groundwater seepage, excess
water, and air circulation may be problems.
Of the liquid systems, an anaerobic system
would only be recommended for an Isolated
area due to Its odor. Conversely, an aerobic
system would be better for • populated area.
Where odors are a problem at spreading time,
soil Injection may be used to eliminate the
problem. Actual recycling* of farm wastes
through methane production is still largely ex-
perimental. The use of dehydrated manure as
a fertilizer la also being eyed with interest.
(Merryman-East Central).
1868-B2, D3, E3
DIGESTER — A SOURCE OF
BIOELECTRICITY
The Papcock Farms. Inc.
Harnl Road
Baroda—390002. Gujarat. India
H. B. Patel and J. D, Pale)
Proceedings and Abstracts, XV World's Poultry
Congress It Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana.
August IMS. 1974. p. 221-223. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Gases. 'Poultry.
Identifiers: 'Digester. 'Bioelectrtcity. 'Blofertll-
Izer.
At Papcock Farms. Inc. In India, a self-con-
tained system of 'Bioconverslon* waa established
to convert poultry or animal wastes into an
energy source and a blofertiliz:r. The wastes
are mixed with water at a 1.2 ratio and fed
to a 'digester/ In the digester the wastes un-
dergo two basic processes—llqulfactlon and
gasification. The gas is collected and used as
fuel to run incubator brooders and a small gas
engine. The fas is also used for cooking for
a famUy of 40. The InstallaUon produces about
20 cubic meters of gas per day. The digested
slurry Is then nitrified by blue-green algae and
used as a 'blofertilizer* on crop lands. This
system has been used successfully since 1963
without sou or water pollution, odor, or occur-
rence of fecal-borne diseases. A similar, but
somewhat more sophisticated, study has been
performed by Dr, Frederic Staler of the United
Slates. A brief description Is given. (Merryman-
East Central).
1869-A11, B3, C2, Dl, D2,
E3, Fl, F2
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY
WASTES AS A WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre.
Klng'g Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh
EH» US
Scotland
R. Blair
Proceedings and Abstracts. XV World's Con-
gress- Ic . Exposition. New Orleans, Louisiana,
August 11 16, 1974. p. 225-227. 5 ret.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Ruminants. Economics,
Additives, Legal aspects, Public health.
Identifiers; 'Dried poultry waste. 'Dried, poultry
Utter. 'Waste management. 'Refeedlng, Non-
ruminants.
Solid waste as voided is about DO percent water.
Its bulk may be reduced through drying tech-
niques. In this paper, dried poultry waste (DPW)
and dried poultry Utter (DPL) are considered.
The main difference hi DPL and DPW is a
higher content of crude fiber In DPL due to
the mixture of the droppings with Utter. Studies
have Indicated that DPW and DPL are economic
feedstuffs for ruminants and that they can play
an Important part In keeping down feed costs.
They may also be used to supplement non-
mmlnant diets with the same effect. Variabil-
ity of composition of poultry waste can be •
drawback, however. Also, recycling of animal
waste Is banned In most EEC countries and In
the USA. In the UK the use of DPW Is not
prohibited unless It can be shown that the
feed contains deleterious ingredients. DPL is In
• different category since the presence of Utter
In a feed has to be declared. The main aim
of legislation must be to prevent farm animals
and the public from being exposed to unneces-
sary hazards as a result of recycling, DPL
presents more of a potential from residues than
DPW since birds on deep litter may also con-
tain mycotoxlns and wood preservation chem-
icals. Feeding this type of litter to ruminants
would be Inadvisable. Although risks exist, tests
for bacterial contamination, odor and taste on
milk, meat and eggs from animals fed DPW
have Indicated that they are acceptable for
human consumption. (Merryman-East Central).
1870-A11, E3
EVALUATION OF POULTRY
MANURE AS A FEED INGREDD2NT
Department of Poultry Science
Texas AIM University
College Station
307
-------
J. R. Couch
Proceeding] and Abstracts, XV World's Poultry
Congress i Exposition. New Orleans, Louisiana,
August 11-16, 1374. p. 231. 24 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry. 'Excreta. Performance.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, 'Refeeding.
An intensive interest has developed toward
using DPW from caged layers In feeds for chicks,
laying hens and turkeys. Dried poultry waste
Is defined by the Association of American Feed
Control Officials as "a product composed of
freshly collected feces from commercial laying
or broiler flocks not receiving medicants
thermally dehydrated to a moisture content of
not more than IS percent. It sball not contain
any substances at harmful levels. It shall be
free of extraneous materials . , . The product
shall be labeled to show the minimum percent
fiber. It may be used as an ingredient in sheep.
lamb, beef and dairy cattle, broiler and layer
chick feeds. Broiler and layer rations shall be
!&!»*.. *" 20 and 25 Percent DPW respectively.
DPW has been fed to chicks and broilers, lay-
ing hens, and turkeys with the following re-
sults. (1) Chicks and broilers—They can toler-
* * , T""' DPW """ UtUe eff«< on growth
and feed conversion. Weights and feed conver-
sion are depressed as the level of DPW is in-
creased up to 20 percent. Increase of DPW
vnhf™* *?.„ ncr!Se Of feed lnuke and '«"'
crl^T. , 7C/ ">•
^M f .(. ™ lntake and fecaj volume. Uric
add In the DPW cannot be utilized by a chick
and may even be toxic. ((2) Laying hens-
wiih^ . „* Used al levels 0| 22-5'25 Percent
without adversely affecting egg production or
feed conversion. Increase of DPW causes in-
SSL? °'H '?ed intake and 'ecaTvo"me (3)
Growing turkeys have been fed DPW at levels
^.HA , • d, M wrcent, 9-17 weeks, inclusive,
witt°"' s'g.m'lcant *««t on weight gain but
wi an adverse effect on feed conversion as
1871-A6, A7, B2, B3, D3
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA
CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO
CONTROL ODORS AND DECOMPOSE
ORGANIC WASTES FOUND IN
POULTRY PRODUCING UNITS AND
PROCESSING PLANTS
Development, Big Dutchman, A Division of
United States Industries. Inc
Zeeland. Michigan
J. F. Bergdoll
Proceedings and Abstracts. XV World's Poultry
Congress tt Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana.
August, 11-16, 1974, p. 233-235,
Descriptors: 'Bacteria, 'Enzymes, *Odor con-
trol. 'Organic wastes, 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Poultry houses. Poultry processing
plants. 'Poultry rendering plants.
Extensive work was done using dried bacteria
cultures and enzymes to control ammonia and
other odors produced by laying hens. Work
was also done vdth waste from poultry process-
Ing plants and poultry by-product rendering
plants. After much experimentation a bacteria
product was standardized which was primarily
composed of the following, per gram: 4 billion
aerobic bacteria, l.S billion anaerobes, 15,000
casein digested units Protease, 190,000 starch
liquefying units Amylase, 80 olive oil units, or
(8TAU) Lipase. The strains were basically
Bacillus subtllis and Asperigillus oryzae. In
addition, there were small quantities of buffers,
additional fermentation accelerating enzymes,
organic surfactants, anti-foaming agents, cal-
cium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, U.S.P. pine
oil and several natural oxidating agents. The
additives were varied slightly, depending on
whether the product was used to liquefy manure
in a pit or used on manure under a cage.
Several tests were conducted which used lh»
product to control odor, to reduce volume of
organic waste, to liquefy wastes, and to remove
fat and buildjp of blood in drain lines. In all
cases, the product gave satisfactory rfsilts. II
was found that odors and harmful gases can
be reduced In poultry houses, poultry processing
plants, and poultry rendering plants by the
proper use of the bacteria product. The total
volume of manure can be reduced from one-
third to one-half. Fly control was an added
boon. In all cases, the operator and caretaker!
felt that working conditions were vastly im-
proved by use of the product. (Merryman-Ea.it
Central).
1872-A4, A5, A8, Bl
AGRICULTURE: THE SEEDS
OF A PROBLEM
Editor
Biomedical News
W. E. Small
Technology Review. Vol. 73, No. 6. p. 41-53,
April. 1971. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture. 'Farm wastes, 'For-
estry, 'Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal. Pollution.
Farming and forestry produce more waste and
contamination In the United States than do
cities. Livestock and poultry waste is estimated
at 1.7 billion tons annually. Biological wastes
that were formerly recycled now accumulate,
presenting greater disposal problems. Farmers
generally Ignore the value of organic fertiliz-
ers due to high labor and equipment costs.
Groundwater pollution catwed by disposal of
livestock and poultry waste may effect changes
In taste, odor, and color of the water. Manure
treatment may Increase nitrate levels In ad-
jacent water supplies. Forestry leaves 25 mil-
lion tons of debris each year, some of It bene-
ficial, some of it a fire hazard or breeding
place for disease and pests. The cities are turn-
Ing to the farms for help with disposal of urban
wastes. Various recycling schemes have been
advanced to get valuable solid wastes back
into the soil, Solids removed as sludge from
domestic waste waters can be used for spread-
er application after treatment. Digested sludge
is applied to agricultural landa aa a liquid
with less than 10 percent of solids. If applied
at the rate of 2 in. per acre, It will supply
over 500 ib. nitrogen, 200 to 300 Ib. phosphorus
and 40 to 80 Ibs. potassium. The effects of long-
term continuous applications ire still under
study. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem).
1873-B2, B5, D2, D3
DEVELOPMENT AND
DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT
REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES
Agricultural Waste Management Program
Cornell University
Ithaca. New York
R. C. Loehr. T. B. X. Prakasam. E. G, Srinath,
and Y. D. Joo.
Environmental Protection Agency Report Num-
ber. EPA-R2-73-095. January. 1973, 340 p. 100
fig. 41 tab. 194 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen control, 'Phosphorus con-
trol. Nitrification, Denitrlfication. Ammonia
stripping. Chemical precipitation, Predictive re-
lationships. Animal wastes.
Identifiers: 'Nutrient control. 'Animal waste
treatment processes.
Laboratory and pilot plant studies evaluated
the feasibility of (a) chemical precipitation, (b)
ammonia removal by aeration, and (c) nitrifi-
cation and denltriflcation as methods to remove
nitrogen, phosphorus, and color from animal
wastewatcrs. Poultry and dairy manure solu-
tions were used over a broad concentration
range to illustrate the fundamentals of the pro-
cesses as applied to these wastes and to dem-
onstrate the fundamentals of the processes as
applied to these wastes and to demonstrate the
applicability of the processes. Alum. lime, and
ferric chloride can be used for phosphorus con-
trol In animal wastewater although the chemi-
cal costs sre from 2-10 times those quoted for
municipal wastewater. Two predictive relation-
ships were determined that appear useful for
design and operation ot phosphate were de-
veloped and verified la determine the am-
monia loss under specific environmental con-
ditions. Nitrification followed by denllnficalion
was found to be technically feasible. Parameters
affecting the deilgn and performance of these
processes with animal waslewaler were Iden-
tified, (Loehr-Carnell),
1874-A11, C2, E3, F4
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES AS
PROTEIN SOURCES
L. W. Smith
Alternative Sources of Protein for Animal Pro-
duction. Proceedings of • Symposium. Virgin)*
Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blackjburg. July 11. 1972. p. 144-171. 2 fig. 5 tab
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Animal wastes. 'Pro-
teins. Nitrogen compounds. Diets.
Identifiers: 'RefeedlRg.
The purpose of this literature review was to
discuss the use of animal wastes as a protein
source of various kinds of farm animals u
related to the diversity of nitrogen compounds In
animal wastes and to discuss some animal re-
cycling systems for efficient utilisation. It wu
concluded that animal waste nitrogen is utilised
when fed In livestock diets. Ruminants seem
la utilize animal waste nitrogen better than
other ipedes. Caged poultry dropping! appear
la be the most suitable for recycling to
nimlnanu. Th* author (cell that technological
advance will probably result In physical and
fermentative advance for conversion of animal
waste nitrogen Into products of even higher
nutritive value for livestock feeding. (Merry-
man-East Central).
1875-A11, C2
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND
NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR
CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS
PUNCTATUS)
Caterpillar Tractor Co.
Peoria, Illinois
O. L. Knepp. and G. F. ArUn.
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting. Ameri-
csn Society of Agricultural Engineers. Hot
Springs. Arkansas. June 27-30. 1972. Paper No
71137. p. > fig, 1 Ub. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Channel catfish. 'Ammonia. Toil-
city. 'Bass, 'Nitrate*. 'Fish farming. Resist-
ance. Water pollution sources. Commercial fish.
Fish management. Lethal limit. Bloauay, Fill-
erf. Filtration. Water purification. Water qual-
ity. Behavior. Fish toxins.
Identifiers: 'Iculuru* punctatus. 'Mlcroptenia
salmoides,. LCJO.
Ammonia toxidlr levels and nitrate tolerance
aro Important factors la effective channel cat-
fish farming. The results of this Investigation
Indicate that tne LCI00 value for total ammonia
1s 4S.7 and the LCSO Is 17.} ppm. Observations
of nitrate concentrations for channel catfish and
large mouth bass (Mlcropterus sslmoldes) In-
dicate tolerance as high u 400 ppm. First symp-
tom levels, such as the concentration values
of total ammonia when fish go off feed (30 ppm)
•re seemingly more Important la closed-sys-
tem fish farmers. Recovery from higher lev-
els than this Indicate tolerance for short periods
of time. (K»tx>.
1876-A2, B2, D3
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND-FLOW
TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory
Post Office Box UM
Ada, Oklahoma,
R, E. Thomas
Environmental Protection Agency Report No
EPA-MO/274-Ofii. December. It74, 21 p. 1 Urn.
12 Ub. I ref.
308
-------
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Feedlots. Ag-
ricultural wastes. Waste treatment, Nitrogen
cycle. Phoiphonu cycle. Lagoona.
Identifiers: Overland How, Loidlnf ratfi.
This report covers >li monlhi of pilot icalc ex
perlments and ill month* of data collection at
one field experiment The pllot-tcile studies
were conducted om plots which were 6-feet by
30-feet with * 4.S percent ilope. Thes: studies
Indicated that: (1) loadlnfa of 2 to 3 Inches
per week were suitable for field testing. <2)
the weekly load should be applied In fractional'
Increments at dally to three times per week
frequencies, and (3) Instantaneous spray rates
should be leas than 0.10 Inch per hour. The
field studies covered In this report were Initiated
•1 12.000-head capacity feedlot and utilized a
four-component train for runoff collection and
treatment. The treatment train Included collect-
Ion lafoons, a sttrafe reiervolr. the overland-
flow area, and a Dnal polishing pond. Data from
the short period of operation (six months) cor-
roborated the results of the pilot scale itudy
and Indicated that Inclusion of the final polish-
Ing pond substantially Improved the overall per-
formance. R. E. (Thomas).
1877-B1
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF
STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN
GRIDWORK PANELS FOR FLOOR
SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK
Oklahoma State University
C. L. Pratt
Ph D, Thesis. Department of Agricultural En-
gineering. Oklahoma State University, SUIlwater.
1967. 167 p. 37 fig. It tab, 23 ret.
Descriptors: 'Livestock. 'Design procedures.
•Equations.
Identifiers: 'Grldwork system. 'Perforated floori.
The problem considered In the Investigst'on w»«
the evaluation at deilgn procedures to be u»-d
for a grldwork system suitable for perforated
floor* for livestock. The objectives of th- work
were to determine If a prediction equation could
be developed from data collected In a s-ries
of tests using grid models; and lo validate
existing design procedurei by »s1ng the pre-
diction equations that might be developed.
Design data was given In d'taJI. It wan fo-nd
that prediction equations gave os-M Informa-
tion tn developing or validating design. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
1878-A8, B2, B3, Dl, D2,
D3, E2
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE
AND MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL
ON LAND
Miscellaneous Report 142. The Life Sciences and
Agricultural Experiment Station and the Coop-
erative Extension Service, University of Maine,
Orono, 1S72. 21 p. f. fig. 11 tab.
Descriptors: 'M»nur«. 'Sludge. 'Msln*. Nllro
gen, Lagoons, Irrigation, Land/Ills.
Identifiers: *Land spreading. Composting. Guide-
lines.
This standard Is concerned with condition! for:
(1) total recycling of nutrients through planned
crop production; (2) dispoilng of excess manure
on the land bjr spreading: (3) piling on the
land; (4) bulk burying In landfill; (S) compost-
ing; (6) lagoon treitment with sludge and II-
quid disposal; (T) disposal by Irrigation: and (I)
dehydrated manure disposal. Maximum rate for
spreading manure on land and tor other meth-
ods were developed from the physical and
chemical characteristic* of each Individual soil.
and from the available knowledge of the move-
ment of manure liquids and residues on and
through «»cn •oU type. The limiting factor In
determining application rate Is the pound* of
nitrogen per acre to be applied. An exlenalve
table 1* liven snmmsrizlng the permlssable dis-
posal practices and maximum manure applica-
tion rates for several Maine soils. (McQUlty.
Barber-University of Alberta).
1879-A2, AA, A5, B2, E2
THE STOCKMAN'S ROLE IN WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
Agricultural Engineer
Cooperative Extension Service
Washington Stale University
E. If, Davis an<< H. A. Dunten.
Extension Circular 361, Washington State Uni-
versity, Pullman. August. 1970, 6 p. II fig.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control, 'Legal
aspects, Feedlota, Agricultural runoff, Lagoons,
Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Land spreading.
Animals should be fenced away from streams
or waterways. Runoff from feedlot surfaces
and feed storage areas should be kept out of
streams by dikes, culverts or other such diver-
sion facilities. U lagoons are to be used to Im-
pound animal wastes, they should be lined with
an Impervious material to prevent seepage of
effluent and should be protected with dikes In
the event of floods. Equipment for applying
animal wastes to fields was described. (Me-
Qultty, Barber-University of Alberta).
1880-A5, Bl, FA
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering
North Carolina State University
Raleigh
G. J. Krtx
Presented at the 1971 Winter Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago,
Illinois, December 7-10. 1971. II p. U ref.
Descriptors: 'Aquifers. 'Effects. 'Animal
wastes.. Fertilizer*. Pesticides. Bacteria, Virtues.
Soils. Climates, Topography, Nitrates.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural practices, 'Ground-
water, pollution. Saline waste water*.
Literature published since 1969 Is reviewed
which concerns the effects of agricultural prac-
tices on aqulflera. One section 1* devoted specifi-
cally to animal wastes. On the bail* of pub-
lished research, It is reported that nitrate lev-
els beneath feedlots usually decline markedly
with depth, probably as a result of denltrlflca-
Uon and the effect on Infiltration of a manure
packed cover, Some type of pollution I* pro-
bably occurring beneath feedlots but how fast-
the pollutants are moving to the water table
and how far they move in aquifers la not gen-
erally known. (McQultty, Barber-University of
Alberta).
1881-B2, D3, E2, E3
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM
FOR SWINE UNITS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
J. R. Miner
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-
670/3-73-025, July, 1973. 220 p. 41 fig. 118 tab.
U ref.
Descriptors: 'Swine. 'Waste treatment. Ditch
Lagoons, Biochemical oxygen demand. Waste
wster. Soil water percolation. Effluents, Drain
tile*, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine wastes. 'Oxidation ditch, 'Ir-
rigation disposal, 'Solid waste management.
Reuae. Chemical oxygen demand. Solids reduc-
tion. Manure hauling, Ditch pump. Flush tanks.
Sou preparation.
The purpose of Ihis project was to develop
and characterize a swine manure management
system. The goal of the ayatem was to collect.
transport, treat, reuse and dispose of the ma-
nure in such a way that It would be compa-
tible with current confinement swine production
system*, yet minimize both labor and pollution
potential. Such a system was devised and
evaluated. 11* btsls was to hydraullcally flush
manure from shallow dunging gutters with the
treated wastewater. The treatment devices eval-
uated Included an anaerobic lagoon and an
oxidation ditch. Excess water from the system
was applied under controlled observation to
adjacent cropland using conventional sprinkler
Irrigation equipment. The overall validity of
this concept was proven. (Miner).
1882-A4, A8, Bl, El, E2
RELATING AGRICULTURAL
INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT
IMPROVEMENT: THE ROLE OF
LAND AND SOIL
Agricultural Chemistry and Soils Department
Arizona University
Tucson
W. H. Fuller
Journal Paper No, 1154 of the Arizona Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. University of Ariz-
ona. 1171. p. 69-72. 4 fig. 1 ret.
Descriptors: •Soils. 'Waste disposal. •Oceans.
•Water pollution, 'Soil contamination. Fertilizer*.
Soil conservation, Organic matter. Carbon diox-
ide. Bacteria. Nutrients. Municipal wastes. Ni-
trogen. Phosphorus, Sulfur, Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural Instruction, "Land dis-
posal, 'Manure, Transformation.
For many years people have warned the gov-
ernment and other people that man's waste
disposal problem should be controlled before it
(eta oqt of hand. In the past these warnings
were ignored, but today many people are wak-
ing up and working to alow down the pollution
of our environment. Pollution usually ends up
In either the soil or ocean. Resistance to pol-
luting the ocean has thrown most of the burden
of waste disposal on the soil. Pollution can be
controlled through the soil because it is an
excellent digester of waste*. The soil decom-
pose* organic matter. H produces nitrogen and
sulfiir through complex microblal cycles which
arc Initiated by organic material, and the end
product of most waste is csrbon dioxide, water,
and humus. What Is needed Is knowledge of
how to use these wastes to benefit the soil,
and this should begin In the colleges. Courses
should be developed to make people aware of
the problem* and the solutions. (Russell-East
Central).
1883-B2, BA, E2, Fl
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES
TO THE SOUTHEAST
B. Johnson
Progressive Fanner. Vol. 19, No. 4, p. 96, April,
1974. 1 Og.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, •Southeast U.S.. 'Waste dis-
posal. Costs, Fetdlots.
Identifier*: Feeding, Land disposal
Custom cattle feeding In the Southeast, con-
crete feedlot flush system, and reconstituted
hlfh-motsture corn are a few of the special
features of the new Walworth Farm* Feedlot in
Eutawvllle, South Carolina. To solve the high
rainfall and mud problems, Walworth ha* In-
stalled a flush system made by AGPRO, Inc.,
to remove manure dally. All 40 lota are paved
with concrete and can be flushed by pumping
water Into a reservoir and releasing It to run
across the pens. After this water flushes the
lob. It then goes Into a large holding tank
from which It li pumped onto the land to be
used for growing (tinge. (Cameron-Bast Central).
188A-A1, B3, Fl, F6
THE COWS VS. THE SUBURBS
College of Engineering
Washington State University
Pullman
D. C. Flaherty
309
-------
Quest. Vol. 6, No. 1. p. 1-7, March. 1968. 10
fit-
Descriptors: "Dairy Industry. Costs, Research
snd Development. Water pollution. Social as-
pects. Lagoons, Granu.
Identifiers: Land spreading.
The problem of cow-suburb co-existence, al-
though common in many parts of the United
States, is becoming especially acute In certain
areas of western Washington. Not only Is there
an aesthetic problem, but ev?n mor» critical
Is the potential water pollution problem. To
prove the belief that cows and surburbs can exist
together, an extensive research project was be-
gun last May with Dr. Donald E. Proctor, a
Research Division sanitary engineer, as the
chief investigator. The study is primarily be-
ing carried out at the Monroe Reformatory
Honor Dairy Farm. Because of flooding prob-
lems. Dr. Proctor asked for a Solid Waste Dis
posal Demonstration Grant. It is anticipated
that after the end of the three-year study, the
Monroe project facilities will remain In opera-
tion. The project facilities will continue to be
available for inspection by anyone int-restjd
In dairy management. Also, all operating data
and evaluation reports will be available for
study by interested individuals or ag-ncles
(Cameron-East Central)
1885-B1, Cl, C2, C3, E3,
CALIFORNIA ISSUES DPW
REGULATIONS
Poultry Digest, Vol. 33, No. 3«7, p. 197, May
Descriptors: 'Regulation
ern *Drie<1 animal wastes- License. Pro-
Ileoulremel»s. California Department of
and Agriculture.
of rJZ? 2' ."74> the Ca»""-nJa Departm-nt
of Food and Agriculture released proposed II-
censing and processing requirements for dried
animal wastes products within the state. Any-
one producing dried animal wast- products must
have a commercial feed license. The applicant
must submit a description of the facilities equip-
ment and processing procedures If satisfied.
the Department director will Isvie an endorse-
ment to the commercial feed license The di-
rector may require use of recording devices,
thermometers, periodic sampling and laboratory
examination, and such other records as he may
deem necessary. Under the general provisions,
dried animal wastes are defined as a processed
product composed of total excreta—with or with-
out litter from poultry or ruminant animals.
The final product cannot exceed 12 percent
moisture and must be free of pesticides and drug
residues and also free of pathogens. The prod-
uct shall not be fed for IS days prior to
slaughter. Specific animal waste products—dried
poultry waste, dried poultry litter, and dried
ruminant waste—are described. (Cameron-East
Central)
1886-A2, A10, All, Bl,
B4, B5
SLOTTED-FLOOR
COLD-CONFINEMENT BEEF
CATTLE HOUSING
Agricultural Engineering Department
Illinois University
Urbana—Champa! |fn
D. G. Jedele and F. W. Andrew
Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, U p. 22 fig, 1 Ub.
temperature. No bedding Is used. Manure falls
Ihroufh the slotted floor to the storage tank
below. Nine advantages of such a system are:
(11 Surface runoff is practically eliminated, (21
Slotted floors eliminate the cost of bedding and
the labor for spreading value. (3> Protection
from sun and rain maintains the fertilizer value.
(4) Less labor Is needed to handle manure, (S)
Flies are reduced. (6) Cattle are more docile
and easier to handle when sorted or treated.
(7) Cattle are usually clean and seem to be
favored by packers because of a 1 to 2 percent
better yield. (8) The herdsman can do a better
job of observing cattle, especially during bad
weather. (9) Less land Is net-tied, and the site
development is easier. Design recommendations
are given. (Merryman-Easl Central)
1887-A8, B2, B3, C2, E2
ALL OF A SUDDEN MANURE
DOESN'T SMELL SO BAD ANYMORE
Extension Agronomist
Pennslyvanla Stale University
W. W. Hlnlsh
Crops and Soils Magazine, Vol. 277. No. 3, p.
12-15, December, 1974. 3 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: •Animal wastes. 'Fertilizers, 'Nu-
trients.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
Animal wastes are once more being considered
as fertilizers because of the rising cost and
scarcity of commercial fertilizers. The nutrient
value of farm wastes Is high. They contain
primarily nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Half the nitrogen and two thirds of the potas-
sium is in liquid form. Almost all the phosphorus
is in solid form. Improper storage and leaching
can result In losses of the liquid nutrients. Prop-
er handling such as application at low rates
Just before plowing Increase the nutrient benefits.
Nutrients In the solid form must decompose.
Therefore, about half the nitrogen content of
cattle and swine wastes is not considered
available the year of application. But all the
nitrogen of poultry wastes Is considered avail-
able the year it Is applied. (Kehl-East Central)
1888-A8, B3, E2
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Associate Professor
Agricultural Engineering Department
Kansas State University
Manhattan
H. L. Mangel, D. E. Elsenhauer, R. D. Stritzke,
E. H. Goering.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University. SUIlwater, June 23-26, 1974. 10
P. I fig, 1 Ub, S ref.
Descriptors: 'Equations, Soils, Feedlots.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Water Intaake rates. •Ap-
plication rates.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, "Design, Performance.
Identifiers: 'Slotted floors, 'Cold confinement,
•Housing, Waste management.
Slotted-floor cold confinement systems for fin-
ishing feeder cattle have one side open exc?pt
for a fence which keeps the cattle Inside. In-
side temperature fluctuates according to outside
Feedlot manure from the 33,000 head capacity
Pratt Feedlot, Inc., located 10 kilometers north
of Pratt, Kansas, was applied to Farnum loam
soil annually at rates ranging from 0 to 977
metric tons dry matter per hectare to determine
the effects of feedlot manure application rates
on the basic water Intake rate, Feedlot ma-
nure was also applied to another area at rates
ranging from 0 to 589 metric tons of dry matter
per hectare. This area received no manure
In subsequent years. Multiple regression equa-
tions were developed to predict basic Intake rates
from annual application rates. Basic Intake rate
gradually decreased as manure application rate
increased during the first year. During sub-
sequent years, basic Intake rate Increased as
manure application rate increased up to 93 to
269 metric tons dry matter per hectare an-
nually and decreased as manure application
rate continued to Increase, (Battlei-East Central)
J889-A4, A5, A6, A7, A8,
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
Illinois College
Jacksonville
R. Graber
£«dlot Waste Management Regional Extension
Project. Oklahoma Stale University. SUIIwaler
July. 1974, H p. 17 fig. t Ub. W ret.
De'criptors: 'Feedlou. Management. Air pollu-
Uon. Water pollution. Groundwater pollution.
Anaerobic treatment, Lagoons. Fertilizers Cll
malology. Agricultural runoff. Coin.
A demand lor animal producu and meat! hu
reiulted In • concentratton ol anlmali In confin-
ed areaa. Animal waste*, a by-product of the
meat Industry, cause undesirable environmen-
tal modification*. Such modification! can be
minimized by proper management practices and
alte (election. Allhoufh groundwaler appears
to be relatively una/(ecled by active feedlota
aurface waten need to be protected. The soil
used lor feed production to run the leedlot
l« capable of safely assimilating the animal
wastes produced by the lot. Feedlot odor pro-
duction la a function of both management and
climate. Gaa dispersion Is dependent primarily
on wind speed and mixing height. Economic
parameters favor the location of laris facilitie*
In the same general area where climatic con
dltlona are most favorable. (Kehl-Eait Central!
1890-A2, Cl, C2, D3
LABORATORY STUDIES ON
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Department of Civil Engineering
Nebraska University
L. R, Chrislensen
MS Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering.
Nebraska University. April. I»7J, 77 p. II fig,
15 tab. 40 rel.
Descriptors: Animal waste*, Agricultural runoff.
Feedlot runoff. Waste treatment. Feedlot wastes.
Coagulation.
Laboratory studies, beginning In mid September,
1971. and continuing through the summer ol
1172, were made to determine the optimum
operating conditions for an extended aeration
system with air lilt solids return. Treatment
efficiencies were evaluated at relative equilibria
of the monitoring parameters of MLSS. effluent
SS. mixed liquor COD. effluent COD. and solu-
able effluent COD with respect to the Influent
waste COD and SS. Results of the study showed
that aerobic treatment with a forced solids re-
turn could operate at greater than XI percent
efficiency for both solids and COD removal at
detention times as low as 2 days without ad-
ditional treatment. It was concluded that feed-
lot runoff Is amenable to aerobic treatment
(Cameron-East Central)
1891-A2, A6, A10, B2, Dl,
D3. E2, Fl
WASTE TREATMENT aVSTEM FOR
CONFINED HOG RAISING
OPERATIONS
Midwest Research Institute
Kansas City. Missouri
W. E. Park
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-660/2-74-M7, May. 1*74, 73 p. 34 fig. 4 Ub.
Descriptors: Swine, Waste treatment. Aeration.
Settling pond.
Identifiers: Odor control. Economics. Surface
aerators. Flushing gutters. Aerobic digestion.
A waste treatment system was Installed In
conjunction with an existing confined swine
feeding operation at Schuster Farms. Cower.
Missouri. The system consisted of a concrete
aeration tank equipped with mechanical sur-
face aerators, followed by a settling pond.
Waalea from the 1,000-hog feeding operation
310
-------
v>cre flushed through a gutter In the concrete
(ceding noor Into Die aeration lank, where they
were aeroblcally dljeilrd All aeration lank dis
charges were retained In the si-tiling pond
where the liquid! evaporated. The waste treat
menl Uclllly operated conllnuoujly ind de
pendably over a 2-year period, with trealmenl
efficiency averaging « percent to «S percent
The lyilem effectively controlled otaj'ctionabl?
odora and IniecU. contained all llqild ninofl
emanating from the leedini operation, and left
only a dry. Inert residue suitable lor land dli
poial. Installation e«il for th? aytlem was
$12,000. Net oneratint costs. Including amorti-
zation of capital coiU, were *7.33 per day. Thui,
total environmental control was achieved at a
coal of approximately 11.00 per hof. or 1/1 cent
per pound (1.1 cent per kilogram) of welcht
gained while on the feeding Poor. (Water R--
lourcel Scientific Information Center)
1892-A1, A8, B2, BA, D3
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI
APPROACH TO SWINE WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST
MISSOURI
Area Agricultural Engineering Specialist
Kahoka, Missouri
j A Hoehne and R. M. Georf:
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting. American
Society of Agrlcullursl Engineers. Chicago. Illi-
nois, December 11 14. WJ. 4 p. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Missouri. 'Confinement
pens. 'Pollution abatement. Evaluation. Agricul-
tural' runoff.
Identifiers: Waste management. 'Swine. 'Stor
age basins. 'Anaerobic lagoons. 'Son-plant flit
era, Missouri Approach. Slotted floors.
The design and Implementation of animal waste
management «y»tenui u.ing th- h»«ic concepts
set forth In the "Missouri Approach" to Animal
Waste Management Is reviewed. The basic
components -of swine waste management ays-
temsln Northeast Missouri are concrete dM-n
Uon baslni, anaerobic lagoons, and soil-plant
(Uteri The waste management syil-ms form-d
by combinations of these components are eval-
uated. The design. Implementation and man-
agement of these waste manag-ment systems
appear to have many practical applications.
(Carlmell-East Central)
1893-A5, A8, B3, C2, C3,
E2
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY
MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL
WATER QUALITY AND SILAGE
COIN YIELD
Connecticut University
R "w. Wengel and J. J. Kolega
Presented at the 1972 Winter Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, De-
cember 11-15. \V1. 31 p. J fig. IS lab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Water quality. 'Lysl-
meters. Nitrates. Chlorides. Soil microorganisms.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'yields. Application
rates.
A field lyaimeter atudy was conducted concern-
ing the effects of hi|h poultry manure applies
Uon ralea on corn illage production as II re-
late! to crop and aoll water quality. The find
Ingi Indicated that for normal sou conditions,
the aoll was effectively filtering out microorgan-
isms for the two and one half foot depth. In
general nitrate and chloride concentration In
all lyalmelera were high during tho«e years
when manure was applied. The high rale of
application resulted In higher concentration* of
nitrate and chloride. The aoll water coming
from the manured plots had a greater degree
of acidity. The average COD concentrations of
the aoll water lor any drain waa less than
100 mg/1 Crop yielda were Inversely related
to manure application rates. Of the measure-
menu made, the nitrate Ion is the most critical
parameter In establishing the maitmum appli-
cation rates (or manure. (Cartmell-Eaat Central)
1894-A1, Bl, B4
HEAT AND MOISTURE
PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF
BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE
TANKS
Confinement Engineer
Morion Bulldinga
Spencer, Iowa
M. A. llelltckson, II, G. Young and W. B.
Wilmer
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No 3, p
533 U5, May-June. 1974. 4 (Ig, 5 ref.
Descriptor's: 'Design, 'Heat, 'Moisture. 'Stor-
age tanks. 'Sensible heat. 'Latent heat, 'Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Confinement building.
A study was established In order to determine
(1) total heat and moisture production from
a closed confinement beef building under actual
production conditions, (2) sensible and latent
heat production from a closed confinement beef
building, and (31 heat and moisture contribu-
tions to the environment from the manure stor-
age tank located under the slotted door. These
data are essential for proper design of live-
stock structures and environmental control ays-
terns. The following data were collected. Aver-
age dally total, sensible,- and latent heat pro-
duction from a building housing 47 head of
130 to 6401b. Hereford steers averaged 2870,
and 2110 Btu per hr. per head, respectively.
The effect of the manure storage tank located
under the slotted noon was 16 add an average
of 205 Dtu per hr. per head of latent heat
and the remove 175 Btu per hr. per head of
sensible heat from the animal environment. It
waa determined that latent heat production in
a confinement beef building decreases with In-'
creases of relative humidity and animal den-
sity. Latent heat Increases with Increasing tem-
perature. Sensible heat, however, decreases with
temperature Increase and Increases with rela-
tive humidity Increase. (Carlmell-East Central)
1895-AA, A5, Bl, C2, E2
AGRICULTURAL YtfiSTES AND
GROUND WATER QUALITY
California University
Davis
B. S, Ayera
Proceedings of 8th Biennial Conference on
Ground water. September 13-14, 1973, Francisco
Torres Conference Center. Goleta. California:
California University Water Resources Center
Report No. 26. p. »4-9«. December. 1973.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources. 'Farm
wastes. 'California. Leaching. Fertilizers
Groundwater, Water pollution control.
Irrigated agriculture's waste products Include
salts concentrated by evapotransplratlon. resi-
dues of fertilizers and aoll amendments not
picked up by crops, and animal manures from
dairy and feed lots. The contamination can be
minimized by establishing a favorable balance
where export of pollutants balances Import, and
at a sufficiently low level of pollutant that bene-
ficial uses are not affected. (Knapp-USGS)
1896-A4, C2, F3
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE
DISPOSAL IN MONTANA
Department of Botany and Microbiology
Montana State Univeralty
Bozeman
J. W. Jutlla
Montana Agriculture — Focua on Improving the
Environment, December 3-4, 1970, p. 61-6! 1
(If. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water quality. 'Waste disposal,
M"rOllUUOn •
01.l.1J1*t riveri >nd "reams are being
with human and agricultural wastes,
even at their headwaters, to the extent that
the quality of water of the Missouri River along
Its entire length may be seriously compromls-d,
Surface waters are becoming so fertilized bv
man's activities that objectionable growths of
water flora appear In abundance. In 1957. a-v-
eral teams of Investigators from the Montana
State University Investigated the nature of the
pollution problem in the East Gallatln River
and Its tributaries. Phosphates and nitrates
coming from sanitary sewer systems, synthetic
detergents, burial of solid wastes, and excreta
of farm animals, were found to be the primary
factors causing undesirable water changes. Fed-
eral and state agencies have sponsored studies
on the problem and solution of agricultural and
human waste disposal pollution, emphasizing
water quality studies. But far more research
Is required on the Identity, fate, and biological
and non-biological transformation of these pol-
lutant*. (Hisle-East Central)
1897-B1, C2, El
CHICKEN MANURE, ITS
PRODUCTION. VALUE,
PRESERVATION, AND DISPOSITION
C. F. EDO
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Chemical properties,
•Nutrients, 'Preservation, 'Disinfection, 'Waste
disposal, Dehydration, Leaching, Economics.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Composting.
Poultry waste is a good source of plant nu-
trient*. Factors affecting poultry waste produc-
tion rate* are age, breed of chickens, and
amount and kind of (eed and water consump-
tion. Poultry waste contains such major fertil-
izer constltuenta as nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P205) and potassium (K20>. Since the vast ma-
jority of poultry waste Is not us;d as produced,
aging causes many compositional changes. Poul-
try waste composition Is also Influenced by the
kind and amount of litter. Nutrient availabil-
ity -Is related to the form In which the ele-
ments occur. Fresh poultry waste may con-
tain nutrients In both organic and Inorganic
form. In many older accumulations, leaching
of Inorganic fractions results In a low nutrient
content and low availability. Leaching of solu-
ble compounds (primarily salts) and volatili-
zation are the primary routes by which nu-
trient* are lost. Methods of preservation and
disinfection are given. Methods of poultry waste
disposal and management are also discussjd,
(Kehl-East Central)
1898-B2, D2, D3
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL
Feedstuff*. Vol. 43. August. 1971, p. 30.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Canada, Aerobic treatment, Lagoons, Chlorina-
Uon Effluent.
Identifiers: Anaerobic treatment.
The National Hog Center discharges animal
waste Into the Fraser River In British Colum-
bia. A University of British Columbia team re-
ported that the National Hog Center is about
the only example in the area of a company
attempting to control pollution. The National
Hog treats Its effluent with a system which
Includes two primary lagoons and one secondary
lagoon. Much of the time, chlorlnatlon is also
used. This results In an effluent with a BOD
rating well under the specifications of their
Pollution Control Board License. Proposed
change* to make the system more satisfactory
and applicable to other areas were listed.
(Kehl-East Central)
1899-A5, A8, B2, B3, C2,
E2
NITROGEN LOAD OF SOIL IN
GROUND WATER FROM DAIRY
MANURE
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Engineering
311
-------
California University
D V for each of th- following categories
were drilled with power driven augers In th:
Chino Corona dairy area of California: (a) two
sites with no manure or Irrigation water ap-
plied, (b) six acres of Irrigated cropland for
disposal of barnyard and/or liquid manure.
five irrigated pasture sites for disposal of wastes
from milking operations, and (d) two corral
sites where manures were generally scraped
twice yearly and discharged to croplands and
pastures. Samples were collected and analyzed
for ammonium-nitrogen (NH-N), nitrate nitrogen
(NO2-N), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). Wat«r
from the water tables was sampled for NO3
and total salt analysis. Comparison was made
of water from adjacent domestic wells. NO3-N
concentration was highest under the corrals,
followed by the pastures, then the croplands,
and then the controls. While NO3 concentra-
tions in deep wells were considerably lower
than those of shallow wells, the NO3 concentra-
tions of deep wells exceeded the PHS standard
of 45 parts per million NO3. Thus dairy ma-
nure disposal to croplands and pastures I*
hazardous to ground water. If high rat?s of
manure disposal are to continue In this area,
research Is needed on: (1) recycling nitrog-n
and other nutrients under local conditions In
order to establish application rates. (8) re-
moving slats and nitrogen so that disposal
amount can be increased, and (3) development
of alternatives to land disposal of manure.
(Merryman-East Central)
1900-D2, E3
CONVERSION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTES TO AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
GAS
Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
J. E. Halligan, K. L. Herzog. H. W. Parker,
and R. M. Sweazy.
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-660/2-41-74-090, .December. 46 p. 7 fig. 5
tab. 38 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Feedlots. Cases. Equip-
ment.
Identifiers: 'Fluidized bed reactor. Anhydrous
ammonia. Synthesis fas.
A study was undertaken to determine the ro-
tentlal of a process to convert cattle feedlol
manure to anhydrous ammonia. Due to the fact
that ammonia is currently produced on a large
scale using natural gas and air. only the
processing associated with a reactor system
to convert the manure into a suitable synthesis
gas was considered in this study. The synthesis
gas can be further processed to anhydrous am-
monia using existing technology. (Halligan-Texas
Tech)
1901-B2, B3, E2, E3, F4,
F5
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE
UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL EXCRETA
EITHER DIRECTLY BY ANIMALS OR
INDIRECTLY THROUGH PLANTS
Unnumbered paper. Canadian Society of Animal
Science, Ottawa. Ontario, 1J p. 4 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. •Hydroponics.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land disposal. 'Refeeding
A literature review 1* presented concerning
three methods for recycling animal manures:
(!) recycling Into the crop production system
by field application of manure: (2) recycling of
manure by hydroponlc growth of algae, bacteria,
yeast, cereals, and/or grasses; and (3) recy-
cling by direct refeedlng of manur: to ani-
mals. The author concluded that hydroponics
and Integrated cropping systems are efficient
methods for utilization of manure. Direct re-
cycling of poultry manure through rumlnanU
may have potential worth developing. (McQuitty,
Barber-University of Alberta)
1902-A10, B3, C2, D3
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING
OF BROILER MANURE
Department of Environmental Biology
Guelph University
Guelph, Ontario
R. G. Bell and J. Poe.
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, No.
2, p. 60-64, December. 1971. 10 fig. 2 tab, S ret.
Descriptors: 'Winter. Aerobic conditions. Car-
bon, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'Broilers, 'Manure, 'Composting.
A high-rate composter consisting of a reinforced
concrete horizontal silo with an air distribu-
tion system incorporated into the floor was
tested In Ontario In January. Freezing rain.
sub-zero temperatures which required removal
of frozen compost from the wall* with chisels
and crowbars and rodents which were "using
the lower reaches of the composter as a cen-
trally heated' home" caused difficulties. It was
concluded, however, that (1) broiler manure can
be composted outdoors In a Canadian winter
without auxiliary heal, (2) a forced aeration
system Is essential for hijh-rate composltng
of broiler manure, (3) loading should be daily
(seven days per week), (4) the composter should
be roofed to avoid excessive wetting of the con-
tents by rain, and (5) the addition of a blend-
Ing material, preferably ground garbage, to
raise the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio well above Its
value of 14.3 for broiler manure would be ad-
rvantageous. (Whetstone, Parker, Wells,—Texas
Tech University)
1903-A11, C2, B3, C2, E3,
;F4, F5
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL
WASTES
Animal Science Research Division
USDA, ARS
Beltsvuie, Maryladn
L. W. Smith
Animal Waste Reuse—Nutritive Value and Po-
tential Problems from Feed Additives—A Re-
view, ARS 44-224, February 1971, p. 5-13. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Ruminants, Algae, Cattle.
Poultry, Hogs. Animal disease, Catfish, Waste
treatment. Dehydration, Feasibility.
Identifiers: 'Manure, "Literature review. Feed-
ing value.
This paper reviews the literature concerned
with feeding animal waste to livestock. Fiber
In diets for ruminants Is not digested to the
maximum possible extent during the Initial pass
through tha digestive tract. Other nutrients
also escape digestion. Feeding fects la not a
new concept. Early in the 1940*s cow manure
was looked upon as a source of B-complei vi-
tamins. Poultry and catfish have been succeaa-
fully fed rations containing feedlol manure.
There have been many articles concerning tha
use of poultry litter In ruminant feeding pro-
grams. Feeding poultry feces to poultry wai
reported to have no advene effect on bird
mortality or egg taste. Algie grown on sew-
age has been fed to rats. The authors Indicate
that algae Is a potentially valuable livestock
feed. (Christenbury—Iowa State)
1904-A6, A7, B2, B3, C2
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED
FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED
CHJCKEN MANURE
Cornell University
Ithaca. New York
D. C. Ludlngton, A. T. Sobel, and A. G. Ha-
shimoto.
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Vol. 14. No. 3. p. (334)9
September-October. 1>71. 11 fig. 1 lab. I ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Gases. Poultry, Ammonia.
Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen Sulflde.
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Dilution
Investigation and comparison of the release of
some gases and odors from stored chlckea
manure In both undiluted and diluted state*
la reported. Air was passed over the surface
of manure In two containers, one for each sys-
tem, at a flow raU of 1 standard cu. ft per hr.
This rate was checked dally with a wet test
meter. Container outlets were connected to a
manifold from which the air was distributed
to the carbon dioxide analyzer, to wet scrubber*
for ammonia and hydrogen eulfldc analy*U. or
to odor-strength measurinf device*. Whit*
Leghorn laying hens provided the manure.
which was added dally. Results of the study
Indicate that, with regard to production
and release of gases and odor*. sig-
nificant differences occurred between undiluted
and diluted manure. Undiluted manure released
slightly grester amounts of carbon diojlde than
diluted manure: the undiluted system likewise
released more ammonia. Manure stored In a,
diluted stale produced more hydrogen sulfldj
and ammonia than undiluted slate manure. Al-
though both release* were below threshold, hy-
drogen lulflde release from the diluted system
was twice that released from undiluted manure.
Odor strength of animal manure* can be meas-
ured by liquid dilution on a laboratory basis;
odor strength of released ga*t* can be meas-
ured by vapor-dilution methods. Diluted or
'liquid* manure produce* odors with a strength
comparable to odon> arising from undiluted ma-
nure. The quality of 'liquid* manure odor If
much more offensive than the ammonia odor
from the undiluted aystem. (SWIRS)
1905-B2, B4, C2, Dl, D3
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PIGGERY WASTE
School of Biological Science. University Sains
Malaysia, Penang. Malaysia.
J. D, Owens, M. R. Evans. T. E. Thacker, R.
Hlssett, and S. B lines.
Water Research, Vol. 7. No. 11. p. 1743-171*.
December. IfTJ. 11 Og. 7 Ub. IS ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment. Effluents, Sus-
pended solids. Nitrification. Biochemical Oxygen
demand. Sludge. Acidity. Alkalinity. Dcgrada.
lion.
Identifiers: 'Swine.
Two main type* of aerobic treatment systems
operated at different loading rale* and tem-
peratures were studied: one with floe formation
and gravity separation of liquid and solid ef-
fluents; and a second without floe formation
or separation of the effluent Into liquid and
solid fractions. A mixed liquor concentration
In the range 507-Jg 1-1 appeared suitable to
achieve liquid effluents having low suspended
solids concentrations. Tbe studied parameter!
most effected by loading rate* al U* C wen
(1) the properties of the liquid effluent: (I)
the pH value of the mixed liquor; (1) nitrifica-
tion; (4) the BODS of the supernatant from
the mixed liquor: and (S) sludge production
as • percentage of solids Input A sudden large
Increase In the loading rate ean result In a
complete breakdown of the biological process.
At 13' C the mixed liquors were addle or
neutral at loadings below about 0.10 g SS g
MLSS4 d 1 while they were moderately alka-
line at higher loading rate*. Nitrification seem-
ed lo cause addle conditions In the mixed
liquors. In the abeence of nitrification, the mixed
liquors remained alkaline. The concentration of
BOD3, the output of suspended solids..and the
output of chemical oxycca demand In the
supernatant from the mixed liquors Increased
with Increasing loading rates. Nitrification was
prevented at 3* but operation of treatment units
at temperature* of 3' and 10* had UUle effect
on the efficiency of degradation. At eertaJn
312
-------
loading rales. operiUon >t 13* C appeared to
Increase the amount of degradation compared
with that achieved at 15' C.
1906-A11, C2, E3, Fl
PROCESSED MANURE SEEN AS
PROTEIN OF FUTURE
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 43, September. OT4
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Refeedlng. Proteins. Costs,
Perlormance
Identifiers: 'Excreta
Protein from cattle excreta can be nutritionally
beneficial In supplementing feedlot rations prior
to the final month or two of finishing. The
benefit from the protein In the excreta waa seen
In Increased weight gains. Lower leed costs of
gain Is a favorable aspect of excreta fed cattle
when no charge Is made for the excreta and
processing of It through s silo. R. L. Vetler.
animal scientist at lows State University, and
his colleague, Wise Burroughs, found that as
much as SO percent of cattle excreta can b;
successfully recycled through feedlot caul* ex*
cept for the final month or two prior to mar-
keting. The scientists say more research Is need-
ed before results obtained in experiments thus
far can be recommended In cattle feed ng prac-
tice. (Cameron-East Central)
1907-D2, E3
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS
FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY
RESOURCES: II. PROCESS
DESCRIPTIONS
Department of Chemical Engineering
Kansas State University
Manhattan
W. P. Walawender. L. T. Fan. C, R. Engler.
and L. E. Ertckaoa
Project Report No. 43, Department of Chemi-
cal Engineering. Kansas Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Manhattan, March 1, 197], 31 p.
7 fig. 6 tab. 44 rtf
Descriptors: 'Feedlots. 'Energy, Design. Oil.
Gases
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Agricultural wastes. 'Li-
quefaction. 'Gasification, llydrogaslflcatlon
This report provides a description of three
potential chemical processing schemes for the
conversion of feedlol wastes to useful products.
A liquefaction process for the production of an
Oil-like material waa considered for processing
4,300 tons/day of wet manure. The oil pro-
duct obtained amounts to approximately 4.130
barrels per day. Two gasification schemes
were also considered. The first Is s gasifica-
tion to produce a synthetic gas. The synthesis
gas plant processes about 1,100 Ions/day of
wet manure from which some S million standard
cubic feet of gas Is obtained. The second pro-
cess la for hydrogaslflcatlon of 1.000 tons/day
of wet manure. The product Is essentially pure
methane In the amount of 6 million scf per
day. (Walawender-Kansas Stale University)
1908-B2, C2, D3, El
A STATUS. REPORT ON
AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS
IN MISSISSIPPI
Department of Agricultural and Biological
Engineering
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment
Station
J B. Allen and J. C. McWhorter
Presented st the etlh Annual Convention of In-
Association of Southern Agricultural Workers.
Richmond, Virginia. February 14. 1972, It p.
2 fig. * «•». * "'
Descriptors: 'Municipal wastes. 'Waste treat-
ment, 'Lagoons, 'Mississippi. Effluent
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes. 'Status report.
Bacteriological analysis. Chemical analysis
Results are given of a study to evaluate the
current use of, and attitudes toward, lagoons
as devices for waste treatment. II was re-'
ported that, at the time of a State survey.
there were 216 municipal lagoon systems, cov-
ering 2,972.3 acres, snd 241 animal waste
treatment lagoons, of which 221 were used for
swine. 16 for dairy, and 4 for poultry. The BOD
of the municipal lagoon effluent varied from
18.0 to 79.3 mg/1 compared to a range of BOD
from 92 to 170 mg/1 for agricultural waste
treatment lagoons. Agricultural waste treatment
lagoons hsve been readily accepted by farmers
and the number of lagoons Is expected to In-
crease rapidly, partially because the federal
government will cover »0 percent of the con-
struction cost. (McQultty. Barber-University of
Alberta)
1909-B2, D3, E3
COOKING WITH COW POWER
Popular Mechanics, Vol. 141, No. 3. p. 71,
March. 1974. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Anaerobic bacteria,
•Cattle. 'Fertilizers. 'Recycling, 'Waste treat-
ment. Slurries, Natural gas.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Dick Suttleworth, owner of a cattle farm at
Red Key, Indiana, his son and a couple of
expert consultants, built a prototype generator
that converts cow manure and other waste
materials Into methane—natural gas—and a ni-
trogen-rich fertilizer. Manure Is mixed with
water to form a slurry, Anaerobic bacteria
break down the solid matter to produce me-
thane. The Suttleworth's have used home-brewed
methane to run a variety of equipment: a gas
Ismp, a range, a gas refrigerator, a 1948 Chev-
rolet engine, and a space heater. It was estl-
msted that the manure from 36 head of cattle
would provide enough gas to heat the larg;
Sultleworth farmhouse. (Cameron-East Central)
1910-B2, B5, C2, Dl, D3
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A
RECYCLING AEROBIC WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEM
R. E. Smith and J. D. Jenkins
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 6. p. 1076-107S,
1971.
Descriptors: 'Salts. 'Recycling. 'Biodegradatlon.
'Aerobic treatment. Poultry. Biochemical oxy-
gen demand. Effluent. Equations.
Identifiers: 'Excreta
At the bio engineering laboratory of the Agricul-
tural Engineering Center at the University of
Georgia, research was done to study the ef-
fects of salt concentrations on the blodegrada-
Uon of poultry wastes. A recycling aerobic dl-
gestor was used to provide an effluent whose
Ionic spectrum was then determined. Synthetic
effluents with similar Ionic spectra were used
In aerobic digesters to determine the effect
on BOD and volatile solid* reduction by the
level of salts concentration. Tables show analy-
ses of the actual effluent and the synthetic ef-
fluents. Mathematical equations Tor the processes
used are given. It was found that there Is
little danger of adverse effects of salt concen-
tration on mlcroblal action In a recycling aero-
bic poultry-waste digester because sludge re-
moval will keep the concentration at an ac-
ceptable level. Salt buildup In this type of sys-
tem has little effect on BOD reduction and
volatile solids reduction up to a concentration
of soluble nonvolatile solids of about 20.000 mg
per liter of solution. A concentration of 230.000
mg per liter of solution of soluble nonvolatile
solids Impairs the BOD reduction rate slgnlfl-
csntly for the naturally occurlng mlcroblal
populations used In this study, (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
1911-B2, D3, E3
A CLOSED SYSTEM — NEW IDEA IN
POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL
D. W. Darden
Progrculve Farmer, Vol. M, No. 11, p. 43-43,
November, 1974. 2 lit.
Descriptor!: 'Poultry, 'Recycling.
Identifier!: 'Excreta. 'Anaerobic pond, 'Aerobic
pond, 'Cloaed system.
Specialist* and engineers at the Louisiana State
University Cooperative Extension Service have
developed a two-lagoon system that never has
to be dumped. Chicken manure Is flushed
from pita beneath laying pena Into an anaerobic
pond lor treatment. The water then flows Into
an aerobic pond lor further bacterial digestion.
Water Is then pumped from the aerobic pond
back to the laying houses where It once again
flushes the pits under the laying pens. An
adaptation of the system is being successfully
used by a commercial operation Just outside
Hammond, Louisiana. Major advantages of this
system are: no fly problem; reduction of labor,
better working environment, no runoff, and adap-
tability of the system. (Battles-East Central)
1912-A6, B2, B5, C2, D3
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES
FOR ODOR AND NITROGEN
CONTROL
A. G. Hashimoto
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 9, p.
HS-M2. Sept.-Oct., 1974. 6 fig. 2 tab. » ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Aeration,
•Biodegradatton, 'Slurries, Ammonia
Identifiers: 'Odor control
•Nitrogen,
This research was undertaken to study the ef-
fect of aeration rate on odor control and ni-
trogen removal In batch and dally fed sys-
tems. One to three day old manure from white
leghorn laying hens was diluted one part ma-
nure to three parti distilled water. It was fed
to reaction vessels In a dally fed study and
batch fed study. The dally fed systems were
started by pouring 4 liters of slurry Into four
separate vessels. Three vessels were stirred
and aerated at rates of 1, 2, snd 3 scfh/gal
(Standard cubic feet of air per gallon of slurry).
The final vessel was not aerated. The vessels
were fed and sampled. The batch system was
operated In a similar manner but manure was
not added to the batch system after the start ot
the trial, and only two reaction vessels aerated
at 2 scfh/gal were used. The study revealed that
\S-20 percent of the total nitrogen Is not readily
blodegraded and may be termed recalcitrant.
Carbon-nitrogen ratios of the recalcitrant ni-
trogen fraction were above 20 to 1, Indicating
little likelihood of mineralization when applied
to at>ll. Odor offenslveness of laying-hen ma-
nure slurries decrease exponentially with aera-
tion rate. Odors from batch aeration slurries
progress from reduced gases characterized as
'sour,* 'fishy,' 'amines,' to predominantly am-
monia odors as waste becomes stabilized. Dis-
solved oxygen leiels between 1 to 2 maVl must
be maintained to achieve adequate odor control.
(Battles-East Central).
1913-A6, A7, AH, Bl
EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON
AIK-FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A
MODEL SWINE CONFINEMENT
BUILDINGS
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
D. D. Schulte. J. A. DeShazer. and C. N. Head!
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers. Vol. 15, No. S, p. 947-950.
UT2. 4 fig. 3 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Ventilation, 'Model studio. 'Con-
finement pens. Gases. Design
Identifiers: 'Slotted floors, 'Swine
313
-------
A one-twelfth *c«le model of in existing sw no
confinement structure was used to determine
the effect! of various ventilation Inlet and ex-
haust lociUoni. baffle position, floor types and
pit depth upon the air-flow characteristics with-
in the building. Heater thermocouple anemometer
readings were recorded and analyzed itatlstl-
cally to determine the effects of the different
treatments. Iso-velocity lines were plotted to
provide visual Interpretation of the regions of
high and low velocities. Turbulent Intensities
were calculated to determine the effectiveness
of air mixing. Results showed that use of baf-
fles to direct air along the celling In hopes
of distributing the temperature and velocity
more evenly through the building Icnd-d to In
crease air velocity and the significance of both
the floor arrangement and pit depth. Also, use
of a baffled air inlet decreased th? turbulent
Intensities within the structure. thu« lessening
the degree of air mixing in the ventilated
space. High velocity regions near s!ott"d floor
openings appear likely to Introduce malodorous
and possibly toxic gases Into the animal envi-
ronment. The effect of slotted floors on air-flow
characteristics in a model swine confinement
building suggests that conventional Inlet-exist
location and design criteria In full scale build-
Ings may be Inadequate and may require new
design standards, however, full scale validation
of the results presented here should be ob-
tained. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
1914-A4, All, Bl, E3, F5
PAUNCH -MANURE AS A FEED
SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL
CATFISH FARMING
Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit
BSF&W
Oklahoma State University
Stlllwater
R. C. Summerfelt and S. C. Yin
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-660/2-74-046. May, 1974. 1H p. 12 fig. 3*
tab. SO ret.
Descriptors: Aquaculture. Water pollution, Agri-
culture wastes. Abatement. Beef cattl?. Water
quality
Identifiers: Channel catfish farming. Fish farm-
ing, Fish nutrition. Paunch manure, Abbattolr
wastes. Recycling animal wastes. Slaughter-
house wastes. Food processing wastes.
Part A of this report examines the feasibility
of using dried pa'Jnch at 10, 20 and 30 per-
cent levels in feed for pond-rearing yearling
catfish. Part B describes the effects of fish
culture, using standard feeds and paunch-con-
taining feeds, on water quality of fish ponds. In
all, one physical, one bacteriological, and fif-
teen chemical parameters were measured. Re-
gardless of feed type, pond-reared fish grew
faster than the cage-reared fish. There was
no significant difference in final weights at-
tained by fish given standard, and 10 and 20
percent paunch feeds but fish given 30 percent
paunch were significantly smaller. Feed coils
per kg of catfish produced using the standard
commercial sinking feed and sinking fe-d con-
taining 10 percent paunch were essentially
equal, but feed costs for making sinking f°ed
with 10 and 20 percent paunch w»re gr-at»r
than the standard. The cost of making a float-
Ing feed containing 10 percent paunch for race-
way or cage culture of channel catfish were
uneconomical. Neither the pond culture nor
the cage culture caused deterioration In water
quality in any of the ponds to any appreciable
degree in one growing season of 24 weeks, and
there was no significant difference In water
quality in general between the ponds In which
commercial feeds were used and those In which
paunch-containing feeds were used—this was
true In both pond and cage cultures. (Summer-
felt-OUahoma Stale University)
1915-A2, A3, A4, A5, A9,.
B2, B3
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR
CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION
FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT
SOURCES
Environmental Protection Agency Office of Watrr
Program Operations Publications EPA-430/0-73-
CIS. October 1973. S3 p. II fig. 34 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control. 'Farm
wastes, 'Sedimentation. 'Nutrients. Erosion con-
trol. Pesticides. Fertilizers. Wind erosion, Soil
conservation, Farm management
Potential nonpoint agricultural sources of sur-
face and groundwater pollution Include sedi-
ment, pesticides, fertilizer, and plant and ani-
mal wastes and residue from cropland, graz-
ing acres, and farm woodlots. Sound manage-
ment practices are the key to achieving ac-
ceptable water quality. Proper land use and
agricultural management practices will keep
soil, plant nutrients, and organic matter on
land, rather than allow them to become part
of the waterborne pollutant load. Erosion may
be reduced by means of conservation Ullage,
terraces, diversions, strlpcropping, contouring,
grassed waterways, crop rotations, and by man-
agement. Reducing nutrient losses from agricul-
tural operations can be accomplished by three
general approaches: (1) determining the proper
amount, time, and method of plant nutrient ap-
plications to ensure efficient use by plants,
(2) adopting approved cultural practices, In-
cluding tillage and crop rotation*, and (3)
reducing soil and water runoff. There are *ev-
eral approaches to reduce the quantity of
pesticides entering surface water and ground-
water. These Include: controlling erosion and
minimizing wind drift; reducing the quantity
of pesticides used, and using biodegradable.
rather than persistent pesticides. Appropriate
animal and land management practices should
be followed. These Include: (1) spreading ac-
ceptable rate* of manure uniformly on land;
(2) applying feedlot runoff effluent on land
a* recommended for .peciflc site conditions;
(3) maintaining an adequate land-to-livestock
ratio on pastures; and (4) locating feeder*
and waterers a reasonable distance from
streams and watercourses. (Knapp-USCS)
1916-A11, B3, C2, E3
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN
RECYCLED CHICKEN MANURE
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Northern Regional Research Laboratory
Peoria. Illinois
J. H. Sloneker. B. F. Kelson and C. J. Flegal
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stlllwater, June 23-26, 1>74,
a p. 7 fig. 2 tab. 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Poultry, Performance
Identifier!: 'Refeedlng. Egg production, Com-
positional changes
A study was undertaken to determine changes,
if any. In the composition of DPW recycled
at 12,5 and 23 percent levels In layer feed.
Cellulose, total neutral carbohydrate, Ugnln. ash,
nitrogen, and ami no acid composition were
followed for 23 feeding cycles. Some mlcroblal
activity occurred during storage (up to 7 months)
before analysis. Although carbohydrate content
of the DPW fluctuated randomly, average levels
of the major aldoses remained fairly constant.
The. llgnln content remained essentially con-
stant throughout the 23 cycles. Ash content
and ami no acid content Increased while total
nitrogen decreased. The data collected In this
study level without the accumulation of the
Indigestible plant tissues and without a signi-
ficant reduction In feeding efficiency and egg
production. (Cartmell-East Central)
1917-A11, B2, El, Fl
DO FLUMES REALLY WORK?
Beef Managing Editor
BEEF? Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 3-7, July, 1874. » fig.
Descriptors: 'Flumes, 'Performance, 'Con-
finement pens, 'Costs. Flood control. Design.
Operation and maintenance.
Identifiers: •Flushing. 'Western cornbelt. Traf-
fic patterns.
A tour was taken Into the Western CombeH to
get some first-hand views of the new slot and
flume confinement buildings. Not a sinale op-
erator was found who waa discouraged with
the system. The operators plan additional build-
ings, using the flume system. Only minor
changes are planned. Every operator contacted
admitted to flooding the floor, until II waa
learned how to control the flushing process.
To keep flumes from freezing, most operators
did Increase the frequency of flushing during
extremely cold weather. Dirty cattle seem to
be a problem the first weeks In a new barn.
Owners agree the bams seem to start damp-
then gradually Improve. AJ U> the number of
cattle In a pen. the American Beef expert
says, "The theory of II square feet per 1.000
pounds of body weight Is about right." Traffic
patterns In pen*, building design, and number
of flumes are discussed. II was concluded that
flumes can cut about «SO per head off the
cost of a confinement barn. (Cartmell-Easl Cen-
tral)
1918-B2, B4, El
NEW PUMP, NEW SYSTEM FOR
LIQUID MANURE
*s
Farm Journal. Vol. tJ. No. 1. p. D-». June,
im. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Liquid waste*. 'Cost*. 'Design.
Waste storage.
Identifiers: 'Piston-type pump, Outdoor ptt.
Clinton Nesaeth from Nesseth Farm*. Daftcr.
Michigan has Invented a manure transfer and
storage ayslem that store, .eml solid* tor six
month* In an outdoor pit. A pUlon-type puwp
force* the manure from the bam Into the pit
even In the coldest weather. REAP will pay
up to $2100 to help build the pit. In the win-
ter of 1*70. the pump pushed 1700 eu. yard*
of manure out to the pit through an under-
ground pipeline that enters the pit al the bot-
tom Ne*»eth estimate* the pump will ont
nooo Installed. Inquiries may be made at Nes-
seth Farms, Drafter. Mlchigaa 4*714, (Cameron-
East Central)
1919-B2, B3, El, E2
LAGOON SYSTEM CHEAPER FOR
SMALL DAIRY HERDS
Progre«Uv«"Farmer. Vol. «. No. 4. p. M. April.
1*74.
Descriptors: "Costs, 'Lagoons. Dairy Industry.
In an Auburn Experiment Station project, a
lagoon aystem lor dairy wast, disposal for
small herd*, was the cheapest lystem studied.
The four •ystems tested were (1) a conven-
tional lystem u*ln« a acraper-loader and ma-
nure spreader. (2) a flushing Irrigation system.
(3) a *emUlquld system using a holding tank
and a tank spreader, and (4) a two-stage
lagoon system. As herd rile Increased to slight-
ly more than 140 cows the conventional system
was the least expensive of the conflnment ays-
Urns. But the flush-Irrigation system became
Increasingly cheaper per cow a* herd sile
Increased. The lagoon system wa* the cheaper
of the partial-confinement systems up to It*
capacity of about 240 cow*. The capacity could
be Increased by constructing a larger lagoon
or several more lagoons. (Cameron-E»sl Central)
1920-A2, B2, F6
FARMLAND FARM STRESSES NO
RUNOFF, LATEST TEST RESULTS
Feedstuff*. Vol. 4*. No. SO. p. 13. December t.
1*74. t Of.
314
-------
Descriptor!: 'Agricultural runoff. 'Livestock.
•Experimental farms. Research and development.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Waste handling.
At Farmland Induilrlr> new rrs.-arch ind d*m-
onstrallon firm, under the supervision of Dr.
Buell W. Beadle, there la no runoff of live-
(lock wastes Into nearby ditches or crreki.
Located at Piper Cily. Kansas, th* farm it
fully self-contained. Oxidation dllch-s and aero
blc bacteria solve the manure handlinf prob-
lem! In the iwlne, poultry and dairy units. Th*
reaearch farm Includei a swln* unit. coruliUnf
of /arrowlm houie. nursery, flnlihlnf nous* and
gestation barn. The poultry unit hu a caps
city of 4,400 layer hena In the two houaei. It
Is environmentally controlled and the cages are
over an oxidation ditch. The beef cattle unit
hu a JOO-head capacity. The 20 pen* of cattle
aJ>o aerve aa teat gronos of feed formulations
or comparison* of COOP Feed versus com-
petlUve branda. Other facllltlea on the (arm
Include a feed mill, a atable for < horaea. a
•how arena, a necropsy unit with laboratory
and postmortem faculties, and a waste r»
search facility for studying new and Improved
methods of animal waste disposal. The work at
Farmland's Is closely coordinated to make lest
remits most meaningful to co-op members In
their own tarmlnf and ranching. (Cameron-
East Central)
1921-A8, Bl, C2
ABANDONED FEEDLOTS CAN
POLLUTE MORE THAN ACTIVE
ONES
Crops and Solli Magazine. Vol. 27. No. 3. p.
23, December. 1*74.
Descriptors: 'Feedloti, 'Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Abandoned feedlots. Nitrate concen
[rations, Pollution.
Lloyd N, Mlelke. U. 8. Department of Agri-
culture and University of Nebraska soil sd'nt
1st, has been conducting a atudv of the nitrate
concentrations beneath feedlols. Und-r abandon-
ed feedlots, he found an average concentration
of 3 2 tons of nitrates per acre In the too 30
feet of the soil. Under active feedlots. he found
only O.I tons per acre. The makeup of th*
surface of the feedlot Is In- rravm for Ihl*
difference. Active feedlots have an Impenetrable
seal on their surface that prevents air and water
from getting through. The nitrogen under this
seal Is kepi •» * relatively Immobile organic
form. (Cameron-East Central).
1922-A10, All, Bl, Cl
KAOLIN RESULTS IN DRIER
DROPPINGS
Poultry Digest. Vol. 31. No. 171. p. 34«, August.
vn.-
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Additives.
Identifiers: *E>ereU. 'Kaolin, Fly-control.
Some eg* producers In Central Georgia ar*
using clay (Kaolin) In small amounts In po-'l-
try feed. This material added In small amounts
can have several benefits. It keeps the InfsUnes
of the hens In belter condition and acts a* a
soothing agent. It makes droppings drier than
they would normally be. In caged layers. It helps
control flies since wet manure ls an Ideal fly-
breeding ground, One egg producer who keeps
dally feed Intake records on 1M.OOO hens claims
kaolin reduced feed Intake by as much as 4 per-
cent to I percent. (Cameron-East Central)
1923-B1, D2, E3
METHANE PRODUCTION NOT
EASY OR PRACTICAL
Crops and Soils, Vol. 27, No. 3. p. II, December,
U74.
Descriptors: Methane. Cattle. Recycling.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Crop residues.
With the shortage of fuel, there Is talk about
producing methane from manure or crop resi-
dues. R. E. Graves, agricultural engineer at
the University of Wisconsin, aaya this practice
is not yet feasible (or farmers. This gas Is
produced when the organic mailer decays If cer-
tain conditions are juat right. A special mach-
ine la needed to produce the correct conditions.
which Include mixing, a lack of oxygen, and a
relai!vel> constant temperature. Also, some
means of collecting and storing the gas is need-
ed. And, since the gas Is explosive, certain
safety precautions should be observed. The
total amount of output that could be produced
each day from the manure of a 100 head herd
of 1,400 pound cows would only be 10 percent
of what Is required to operate a crop dryer
for a day. (Cameron-East Central)
1^24-AlO, Bl, B5, Cl, C3,
BIOLOGICAL DIGESTION OF
MANURE BY DIPTERA
Colorado Slate University,
B. F. Miller
Feedstuffs, Vol. 41, No. 51, p. 31-32. December.
19€9. 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Manure, 'Diptera, Feeds
Identifiers: Biological digestion.
This research Involved a study of cultural
methods for the housefly. The adult breeder
files were housed In 2 x 8 x 3 foot cages. The
files were fed a dry mixture of skim milk.
yeast and sugar. It was felt that dried skim milk
might be sufficient for the adult Hies.- Water
was provided In Inverted beakers with a paper
towel to soak up the water. The flies sponged
this water from the moist paper towel. Manure
was used as a media for deposition of fly eggs.
The eggs were added to the manure at the
rale of 3 grams of eggs to 4.000 grams of fresh
man»jre. About 60 percent of the moisture In
the fresh manure was loit during digestion
Preliminary work Indicated that fly pupae were
a good protein source for chickens. A mi no acid
analysis Indicated that it was comparable to
fish meal as a protein supplement. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1925-A4, Bl, El, F2
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
TEXAS TECK UNIVERSITY
WORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON
FEEDLOT WASTE
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service.
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
slty Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University. Lubbock, July 28-29
1«71. 44 p. I fig. 6 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feedlots, Water
•juallty. Water pollution. Wute disposal. Design
Identifiers: Pollution abatement systems.
The session consisted of presentations dealing
with the state laws and procedures for protect-
In* Texas Waters from feedlot wastes. Factors
that affected the feedlot wastes and the quantity
and quality of such wastes were discussed.
Waste disposal methods and designs for feed-
Vii P?1'11"011 abatement systems were examined.
(Kehl-East Central).
1926-B1.B5
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND
QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT WASTE
COLLECTIONS
Water Resources Center
Texas Ttch University
Lubbock
D. M. Wells
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste.
Tl*.M T'ch University. Lubbock, July 28-29,
IvTli 3 p.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes, 'Slur-
ries. •Cases, 'Feedlols, Slopes. Feeds
Identifiers: Quality. Quantity. Feedlot surfacing.
Feedlot wastes occur In the liquid, solid, slurry
and airborne forms. Factors that affect the
pollution potential of these wastes are (1) size
of cattle, <2) density of cattle, (3) slope of'
feedlot. (4) type of surfacing material, (5)
type of ration fed. (6) climatic factors. (71
frequency of cleaning. The general way each
of these affected feedlot wastes is given. (Kehl-
Eaat Central).
1927-A6, A10, B3, B5, Cl,
C2, C3, D3
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE
BY STABILIZATION
Agricultural Engineering Department
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
W, Grub.
Descriptors: •Feedlots, •Cattle. Climatology.
Population densities. Odor, Insects.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. 'Waste stabil-
ization. •Composting, C/N ratio.
The organic stabilization of beef feedlot waste
by composting can be done In specially de-
signed digesters or In exposed open air piles.
A biologically liable organic product can be
obtained which la free from noxious odors and
Insect Infestation. Initial physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of the waste vary con-
siderably. These characteristics vary because
of differences In feed, population densities, cli-
matic conditions and waste management dur-
ing the accumulation period. The C/N ratio of
the accumulated waste varies from 3S to 9
according to the above conditions. Aerobic com-
posting requires at least 30 percent moisture
content (based on wet weight). An optimum
air supply rale of between 1.5 and 3 liters per
minute per 100 pounds of organic material la
required during the peak composting period.
Stabilization time Is dependent on feed type.
Initial waste condition and composting pro-'
cess management. (Kehl-Eaat Central).
1928-A2, A8, B2, E2
CROP RESPONSE TO WASTE
MATERIALS FROM VARIOUS
FEEDLOT COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Agronomy Department
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
E. A. Coleman.
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech University
Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste. Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, July 2I-29. 1971, 6
P. I tab.
Descriptors: 'Crop response. 'Feedlots. 'Agri-
cultural runoff. Slopes, Surfaces, Cattle.
Identifiers: Solute concentration. Solute accu-
mulation.
Feedlot runoff for crop production allows the
reuse of liquid that otherwise would evaporate
Into the air. Although Information is still being
gathered on waste materials, the present data
has Indicated several effects. The great varia-
bility In solute concentration Is due to rain-
fall evaporation, feedlot surface material, feed-
lot slope, feed ration, age of pit or catch basin
and other factors that have not yet been de-
termined. Runoff from concrete-surfaced lota
has a greater solute concentration than com-
parable sloped dirt-surfaced lots. There Is a
positive correlation between solute concentra-
tion and the slope of dirt-surfaced lot*. The
most susceptible period for all crops tested
was found to be germination and the period
Immediately following. Tolerance to feedlot
runoff varies greatly with the species. Finally.
It was determined that the solutes accumulate
0 lnch"of "" 'ou
315
-------
•1929-A2, B2, BA, E2
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER
IN RELATION TO FEEDLOT
OPERATIONS
Soil Conservation Service
Temple, Texas
H N. McGill
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech University
Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste. Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Ir-
rigation. 'Storage capacity.
Identifiers: Holding ponds.
A system of runoff retention and Irrigation Is
generally considered to be the most practical
and economical form of runoff control in Texas.
Because of this. Information was gathered to de-
termine necessary size ratios of irrigated areas
to feedlot areas for adequate runoff control.
The itudy revealed that the required storage
capacity varies with the ratio of Irrigated area
to feedlot area and the location In the state.
The eastern part of the state would need a
large amount of storage capacity. Considerable
flexibility of operation Is permitted In th- west-
ern part of the state by holding pond? with
the capacity to impound 25-year. 24 hour run-
off from feedlots. Although feedlot runoff is
not a dependable Irrigation water supply. It can
be used to supplement other sources. (Kehl-
East Central),
1930-A5, A8, B2, BA
SEEPAGE LOSS FROM
HOLDING PONDS
W. B. Moody.
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University. Lubbock, July 28-29.
1971. 5 p. 3 ng.
Descriptors: Seepage control, 'Permeability. Soil
analysis.
Identifiers: 'Holding ponds. Darcy's equation.
Groundwater conditions.
Detailed calculations are given for a typical
analysis of seepage losses from a proposed
pond. Such losses may be estimated following an
Investigation of soil and bedrock characteris-
tics and laboratory testing of the soils. Con-
struction and protection of relatively Imper-
vious blankets are discussed. (Whetstone, Park-
er, Wells-Texas Tech University).
1931-A5, A8, A9, Bl
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTES UPON GROUND WATER —
A COMMENTARY
peoscience Department
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
W. D. Miller
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas- Tech University. Lubbock. July 28-29,
1971, 5 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots. *Groundwater pollution.
•Seepage. 'Pollutants. 'Geology. Cattle.
Several categories of potential ground water
pollutants are listed. These Include inorganic
dissolved solids; organic dissolved solids; trac?
metalsipesUcldes, insecticides and herbicides;
and bacteria and bacterially derived products,
Along with the effects of these potential poll"-
tants, the feedlot geology must be considered
in discussing the effects of feedlot waste on
ground water. Significant factors to be exam-
ined are: surface topography, soil permeab y.
bedrock llthology. structure and permeability.
and depth of ground water. Thus, some land
areas are more susceptable to ground wat?r
pollution Uian others. In Texas, cases have
b«n documented In the Edwards Plateau, the
Gulf Cooast, and the High Plains. Further
evaluation of the ground water pollution prob-
lem is needed. A study by Miller (19711 re-
vealed that about 1520 percent of the cattle
feedlots In the Texas High Plains showed some
evidence of seepage to the water table. Aver-
age nitrate, chlorides and dissolved solids con-
centrations are cited. (Kehl-Easl Central).
1932-A2, AA, B2, BA, E2
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT
MEASURES FOR CONFINED
LIVESTOCK OK POULTHY FEEDING
OPERATIONS
Soil Conservation Service
Temple, Texas
E. L. Alexander
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot waste.
Texas Tech University. Lubbock. July 2829,
1971, 10 p. 1 tab.
Descriptors- Pollution abatement. 'Confinement
pens 'Livestock. 'Poultry, 'Regulation, 'Agricul-
tural runoff. Design criteria. Water pollution.
Basins, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Site selection. Pollution control. Hold-
ing ponds. Land disposal.
Guidance and criteria applicable to practices
and facilities for the diversion of unconlaml-
nated off site drainage and for the Interception,
settling, collecting and disposing of contamin-
ated runoff from livestock or poultry feed ng
areas are explained. Criteria lor the selection
of a site and for the design of the feeding
operation are given. (Kehl-East Central)
1933-A2, A5, B2, B3, BA,
El, F2
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING
LIQUID WASTE FROM FEEDLOTS
Texas Water Quality Board
Austin.
D. L, Pittman
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste.
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29.
1971. 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots. 'Liquid wastes. 'Agri-
cultural runoff, 'Waste water disposal.
Identifiers: 'Solid waste disposal. 'Waste Con-
trol Order for Cattle Feeding Operations, Hold-
Ing ponds.
The procedure for obtaining a Waste Control
Order for Cattle Feeding Operations from the
Texas Water Quality Board Is given. Applica-
tion evaluation is primarily based on pollution
control measures for the following: (1) col-
lection and retention of feeding area runoff
water. (2> disposal of accumulated waste water,
<3) groundwater protection from holding pond
waste water seepage, and (4) disposal of ac-
cumulated solid waste. The process of obtain-
ing a waste control order generally takes 3
months or longer. (Kehl-East Central).
193A-A2, AA, A5, A8, Bl
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE
Agricultural Research. Vol. 21. No. 10. p. 8,
April, 1973. 3 fig.
•'Agricultural runoff. 'Rainfall, 'Feedlols.
Groundwater pollution. Infiltration, Solid wastes.
Continuing research Is showing how and when
Great Plains cattle feedlots may contribute to
water pollution and Is demonstrating that, with
adequate control of runoff, feedlots can be ac
ceptable neighbors. In cooperation with the Ne-
braska Agricultural Experiment Station, studies
are being made of rainfall, snow, temperature,
and evaporation as they affect pollution from
sloping ferdlots. These studies show that wide-
spread contamination of ground water by In-
filtration from the feedlot surface Is Improb-
able. The resesrch Indicates that feedlots should
be designed to restrict surface runoff, which
may transport hesvy losds of pollutants. The
amount of solids transported In mnoff may
be less from a feedlot than from tilled bare
•oil. Snowmrlt runoff may transport 10 11 times
Ihe amounts of solids removed in rainfall from
the same feedlol. and the COD will thus be
correspondingly hlcher. The potential pollution
hazard from a particular feedlot can be de-
termined only by study of the watershed of
which II U a pan—Its hydrologlc characteristics
and its proximity to surface water source*.
the soil, at various distances from
the water. In the present report, a mathema-
tical model and Ihe equations derived from U
are related to the transport of organic matter
(expressed as chemical oxygen demand) through
soil. The model used was packed bed. satur.
•ted with water and topped by a well mixed
pool of homogeneous solution: both finite and
Infinite packed bed thicknesses are considered.
Analytical expressions for concentration of a
solute In the packed bed and U the homogen-
eous solution axe given a* a function of time.
and of distance from the Interface In the
former case. Experimental data were obtained
for a sucrose solution of known dlffuslvlty la
an experimental setup established In accord-
ance with the model, and for a sterilized ma-
nure solution. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System),
1937-B5, D2, E3
WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL
FOR HEATING
Feedlot Management. Vol. U. p. 11. June. W71.
316
-------
Descriptori: 'Fuels. 'Gases. Energy. Feedlols.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysls. Manure volume redjc-
(too.
Fifty to sixty percent of the gases produced
by "anaerobic Incineration" have fuel value.
The heat content ol manure la ttated to be:
poultry 7200 Btu/lb., beef caltle 6400. twine MOO.
and dairy cattle MOO. Volume reduction and the
production of dry Innocuoui residues are other
advantages of pyrolysts. (Whelatone. Parker.
Well*,—Texaa Tech University).
1938-A6, All, Bl, B5
SAGEBRUSH FOR ODOR CONTROL:
IN THE FEED OR THE MANURE?
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, p. 74, May. 1*72.
Descriptors: 'Sagebrush, 'Feed*. 'Performance.
•Cattle. FeedloU. Taitc.
Identifiers: "Odor control.
Studies at Colorado State University Indicate
that feeding chopped lafebruth In amount* of
on* or two Ib./day haa no effect on the cattle.
but reduce! manure odor. Salt In quantities
of sero to four oi./day hai no effect on falnj.
(WheUlone, Parker, Wells—Texas Tech Univer-
sity).
1939-D3, E3
WASTE CONVERSION UNIT
DEVELOPED
Feedlot Management. Vol. 14. p. U. December.
1*72.
Descriptor*: 'Feeds, "Methane. 'Fermentation.
•Anaerobic condition!, 'Waste treatment. 'Re-
cycling.
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng.
"The Hamilton Standard Division of United Air-
craft Corporation hat developed a proem that
converts manure Into a livestock fe»d product
and at the same time produces sufficient me-
thane gas to supply the heat and electricity
to run the process." The process, still In the
laboratory testing stage, operates In the absence
of oxygen using bacteria present In the wane
to accomplish fermentation. (WheUlone. Parker.
Wells—Texas Tech University).
1940-B2, E3
WARM WATER STUDY
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14. p. (1, December.
1171.
Descriptors: 'Regulitlon. 'Feeds, Algae, Feed-
lot*. Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Generating- plant. 'Warm water.
•Greenhouses.
Oregon State University Is studying the possibil-
ity of routing warmed water from power plant*
through greenhouses raising caltle feed, break-
ing down animal wastes which could then
feed algae, yeaat or other single-celled pro-
teins These, In turn, would become cattle feed.
(Wbe'utone, Parker, Wells—Texas Tech Univer-
sity).
1941-A2, B2, B3, B4, El
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Feedlot"ua'nagement, Vol. 14. No, J. p. 16-11.
May. 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: •Feedlols. 'Cattle. 'Kansas. Agri-
cultural runoff.
Identifiers: 'Waste management. 'Manure pack.
Mounding,
A description Is given of solid waste and run-
off handling at three beef cattle feedloU In
Kansas. Solid wastes are removed from all three
loU by a commercial contractor. Manure can
be stockpiled In the lou. When the lots are
cleaned, about one Inch of hardpack manure
U left on the lot surface to reduce Infiltration.
Tb; runoff systems Involve collection and dis-
persion of liquids and have been designed to
handle a one-time rainfall of over 6 Inchea.
(McQultty. Barber—University of Alberta).
1942-A2, B2, B3, B4, E2
THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT
Feedlot Management. Vol. 14. No. S. p. 20,
May, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Design, *FeedloU. 'Colorado.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control, 'Land disposal, 'Ma-
nure, Retention pond.
A description Is given of the runoff control
facilities and solid manure handling practices
at a I.OOO-head feedlot in Colorado. All solid
wastes are applied to 600 acres of cropland.
Runoff Is collected In a retention pond. (Mc-
Qultty, Barber-University of Alberta).
19A3-A2, A3, A10, B2, B3,
BA, E2
CLEANEST FEEDLOT IN KANSAS
J. F. Blair.
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, No. 5. p. 52. 54.
6S-«7. May, 1»72.
Descriptors: 'Kansas. •Feedlot*. Agricultural
runoff. Lagoons. Cosls, Performance.
Identifiers: 'Chemical fly control, 'Cleaning.
A description Is given of manure handling and
sanitation methods at a 14.00o.head feedlot In
Kansas. Manure Is scraped from the lots twice
each year and spread on cropland or mounded
and sold to fanners. All the pens were carefully
graded during construction so that all runoff
news to the back of the pens and Is carried
to a lagoon. Fly control Is accomplished by
chemical sprays at a cost of about S20.00/day
for the chemical. The feedlot has not received
any complaints from neighbors. (McQultty. Bar-
ber-University of Alberta).
1944-All, A12, E3, F2
THE DOOR'S STILL OPEN TO
REFEEDING CATTLE WASTE
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14. No, S, p. 60,
May, U72.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, •Regulation, 'Protein*
Identifier!: •Refeedlnf. 'Manure.
The present stand of the U.S. Food Jc Drue
Administration on the refeedlng of animal wastes
Is discussed. Currently, this method of waste
utilisation Is not approved because the waste
may be adulterated with drugs and antibiotics
or their metabolites and disiaae organisms may
be transmitted to humans or other animals. Re-
search objectives are outlined. (McQultty, Bar-
ber-University of Alberta).
1945-B2, Dl, D3, E3
THIS PLANT WILL CONVERT
WASTE INTO PROTEIN
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14. No. S, p. 70-71,
May, 197J, 2 fig.
Descriptors: Feeds, 'Proteins, Thermophlllc bac-
teria. Waste treatment. Fermentation, Equip.
ment.
Identifiers: •Refeedlnf. 'General Electric
A description Is given of a new system for con-
version of animal wastes Into a high-protein
supplement. Shredded manure Is mixed with
water to produce a slurry. Fibrous material
Is separated from the slurry and flows through
a series of fermentation tanks In which thsr-
mophlUc bacteria convert the cellulose, heml-
cellulose and lignln to usable protein. The
soluble portion of the slurry is fermented for
less time.' All digested material is pasaed
through a vacuum filter where water is removed
and reused. The protein la further dried and
Is used as a feed supplement. (McQultty, Bar-
ber-University of Alberta).
1946-A11, Bl, Dl, D3, E3,
Fl
RECOVER, RECYCLE, REUSE
Agricultural Research. Vol. 21, No. 7, p. I,
January. 1973. 6 11*.
Descriptors: 'Feeds. 'Recycling. Livestock, Poul-
try. FeedloU. Cellulose, Proteins. Methane,
Costs.
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng, 'Fiber, 'Board.
Studies are underway on wastes from feedloU
and poultry cages, with research emphasis on
such diversified products as protein-rich feed
for livestock, cellulose for fiber and pulp prod-
ucU and enzymes to digest fiber. Manure from
corn-fed cattle was fractionated by screening
and filtering. ChemisU believe that if the un-
digested fiber can be separated from the pro-
tein, refeedlnj the fractions may be a way to
reduce this source of pollution. The residua
fraction served as a nutrient for a fungus that
produces a fiber-digesting enzyme. In another
study, fiber digestion with enzymes and neat
poinu the way to complete recycling of chicken
manure Results showed that cellulose and hemi-
cellulose did not build up In waste that was
dried and refed as 25 percent of the clucks
feed ration through 23 cycles. Fiber has been
considered Indigestible by poultry. In a study
of microorganisms In feedlot wastes. Dr. Rhodes
obtained an Isolate of Salmonella. Although only
one pathogen was present among 1.500 Isolates,
Dr. Rhodes cautions, "indiscriminate refeeding
ol understerillzed feedlot waste could be hazard-
ous." (Cameron-East Central).
1947-A5, A8, Bl, C2
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM
THIS FEEDLOT
Agricultural Research, Vol. 19. No. «. p. 10-11.
December, 1870. 2 fig.
Descriptors: "FeedloU. 'Nebraska. Analysis. Ni-
trates, Gases, Nitrification, Climates.
Identifiers: •Groundwater pollution, Manure
pack.
The results of an Investigation concerning nitrate
pollution of a shallow groundwater table, con-
ducted on a flat cattle feedlot In Nebraska, are
discussed. The 120-by-305 ft. lot was chosen for
study because of such conditions aa: stocking
rate of 400 sq. ft. per animal; little manure
removal; highly permeable soil; fluctuating high-
water table; and little surface drainage. Obser-
vations and measurements Indicated that the
manure pack (nearly 1 ft. thick) and the soil
and manure form a common Interface that
effectively bars water movement. Analysis of soil
core samples showed that downward movement
of nitrates and other forms of nitrogen In the
soil Is minor. Promotion by Interface of aerobic
conditions In the pack and anaerobic condi-
tions below the Interface leads to generation of
nitrates by nitrification in the aerobic zone.
while breakdown by denltrlflcatlon occurs in
the anaerobic zone. Biological activity in the
two zones creates gaseous compounds such as
ammonia, carbon dioxide, and amines, which
are dispersed Into the atmosphere. Seven wells
were Installed In and around the lot to obtain
water samples and water table depth measure-
ments. Water samples were taken periodically
from wells next to the feedlot and analyzed.
The estimates Indicated that 20 to 40 percent
of Nebraska cattle feeding operations are on
Oat, permeable soil. The measuremenU indi-
cated that considerable amounu of solid wastes
can be removed simply by decomposition on
the lot. These field observations are supported
by result* of laboratory studies. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval Syatem).
317
-------
1948-A11, Bl, C3, E3, Fl
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A II1GM
CONCENTRATE RATION
CONTAINING 25% GROUND BEEF
MANURE TO FATTENING HEIFERS
IN CONCRETE AND SOIL SURFACED
LOTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering.
Kansas State University, Manhattan.
C. L. Drake. L. I. Smart. E. F. Smith, and
R. I. Upper.
55th Annual Cattlemen's Day, Kansas Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. Kansas State Univer-
sity, Manhattan. May 1. 1968. Bulletin 518, p.
57-60. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Performance, 'Feedlots,
•Costs, Analyses, Salmonella.
Identifiers: 'Fattening heifers. 'Concrete surface.
•Soil surface. 'Manure.
The purposes of this project were to compare
a ration containing 25 percent ground beef ma-
nure with a conventional ration and to study
the Influence of concrete or soil surfacing on
animal performance. Heifers on concrete sur-
faced lots gained slightly more and were more
efficient. Concrete-surfaced lots are faster and
easier to clean than unsurfaced lots. Feed effici-
ency was the same for control heifers in both
concrete-and soil-surfaced lots. Differences in
feed costs per hundred weight were small In all
cases, Samples of manure were analyzed in
the veterinary diagnostic laboratory and found
free of Salmonella organisms. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1949-B1, Cl, E2
ERODIBILITY FACTOR OF BEEF
CATTLE MANURE
Soil Conservation Service.
United States Department of Agriculture.
Effingham. Illinois.
J. L. Jeschke and D. L, Day.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26. 1974.
10 p. 1 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Feedlots, 'Solid wastes.
'Waste disposal. Rainfall, Slopes.
Identifiers: 'Erodibility factor. 'Universal Soil
Loss Equation.
The primary objective of this study was to
develop a method of predicting manure solids
loss from feedlots and areas where manure
has been spread. Factors such as rainfall
amount, intensity, slope, and credibility of feed-
lot surface were included in the study. It was
found that the Universal Soil Loss Equation
dealt with many of the factors which are signi-
ficant in manure solids movement. The credibil-
ity factor obtained for manure solids loss was
0.2. This prediction method can be very useful
for evaluating or comparing locations for new
feedlots and areas where manure is to be land-
spread. It can also be used to evaluate the
effects of slope, slope length, and various oth?r
factors on the solids loss expected from any
given feedlot or field. (Cartmell-East Central),
1950-A11, B3, C2, D2, E3
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD
OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN
UTILIZATION BY LAMBS
Department of Agricultural Chemistry,
Missouri University. Columbia.
B W Harmon, J. P. Fonlenot,. and K. E.
Webb, Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 39, No. 5, p.
942-946, November. 1972. 2 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Performance, 'Effect*. 'Feeds,
Nitrogen. Digestibility.
Identifiers: 'Sheep. 'Broiler Utter. 'Processing.
•Nitrogen utilization, pH, Dry heat treatment,
Riuninal fluid.
Experiments were conducted to study the effect
of acidifying broiler litter with sulfurlc acid
prior to processing on nitrogen loss during dry
heat treatment. Two metabolism (rials were
conducted to study the effects of different meth.
ods of processing broiler litter on digestibility
and nitrogen utilization by lambs. The rations
containing litter were readily accepted by weth-
ers and no feed was refused during the two
trials. The apparent digestibility of dry mailer.
crude protein, ether extract and NFE did not
differ significantly among rations containing Ut
ter. No significant differences were observed
for blood urea or the ruminal fluid parameters.
Valises for ruminal fluid, pH, and volatile fatly
acid concentration indicate lhat rumen fermenta-
tion was not greatly altered by feeding Utter
processed by different methods. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1951-B1, Cl
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT
ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF
BEEF MANURE
Design Engineeer, Melroe Company,
Bismark. North Dakota.
R. L. Houkom, A. F. Butchbaker, G. H. Druse-
witz.
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers. Vol. 17. No. 5. p. 973-977.
September-October. 1974. 4 fig. 2 tab. 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Moisture content, 'Effects, 'Ther-
mal conductivity, 'Specific heat, 'Bulk density.
Design, Drying.
Identifiers: 'Thermal diffusivity.
The objective of this project was to determine
the thermal conductivity, the specific heat, and
the bulk density of fresh cattle manure as
affected by moisture content in order to esti-
mate the thermal diffuslvily. The resulls Indi-
cated that conductivity and bulk density varied
witn moisture content with a considerable
increase occurring from 45 to 65 percent mois-
ture content; the material was extremely sticky
In this range of moisture contents. Thermal
diffusivity was essentially Independent of mois-
ture content. (Cartmell-East Central).
1952-B2, B5, Cl, C2
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID
ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES
Environmental Chemist,
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company,
St. Paul.
S. K. Welsh and P. R. Goodrich.
Presented at the (7th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University. SUllwater. June 2326. 1974,
Paper No. 74-4034, 16 p. 4 fig. 3 tab. 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sprinkling. 'Liquid wastes. 'Chem-
ical properties. 'Physical properties. Livestock.
Moisture content. Chemical oxygen demand. Am-
monia.
Identifiers: *pll.
The main objective of this research was to
determine whether or not any physical or chem-
ical changes occurred In liquid animal waite
material as a result of pumping and sprinkling.
Specific characteristics observed were moisture
content, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia
content and pH. The types of wastes observed
were beef cattle, dairy cattle, and swine wastes.
An average moisture loss of 0.10 percent oc-
curred from the liquid animal waste material
in the pumping and sprinkling trials. There
was no significant change In ammonia content
and chemical oxygen demand. The pH Increased
an average of three-tenths of one pH unit as a
result of pumping and sprinkling. It was felt
that this Increase was caused by the mixing and
pumping parts of the system rather than the
sprinkling part. (Cartmell-East Central).
Agricultural Engineering Department.
Maryland University. College Park.
J. W. Hummel. W. F. Schwieiow. and C. B.
Wlllson.
Presented at Annuil Meeting. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers. 1972, Paper No n
4M. 15 p. t fig. 6 lab. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design data.
Identifiers: 'Mechanized compost channel,
•Dairy manure. 'Power requirements.
An elevating mechanism with supporting car-
riage was designed based on preliminary data
and observations. The mechanism passed through
the channel to mix, agitate and move the com-
posting masi an Increment of the channel length.
Thus, the elevating mechanism served a dual
role as an agitator and as a material transport
device. Details of the carriage design are
given. Design modifications are necessary for
more efficient operation of the syitem, but the
mechanized channel has proved to be a prom-
ising device for composting agricultural wastes
(Cartmell Ewl Central).
1954-A11, B2, D3, Fl
EXPERIENCES WITH OXIDATION
DITCHES IN A PULLET GROWING
HOUSE
Research Engineer,
Huskee-BUt Construction Company
Monrnouth. Illinois.
J. S. Stevenson and L. J. Roth
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineer*, Hot Sprints,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972. Paper No. 72-452,
S p. 1 fig. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Design, 'Costs, 'Per-
formance.
Identifiers: •Oxidation ditch. 'Pullet growing
house, *Waste Management.
An account of some experiences with oxidation
ditches In a commercial pullet rearing operation
Is presented. Two Identical side-by-side oxidation
ditches were operated continuously for eighteen
months In a 32.000 bird pullet growing bouse.
The design criteria of 0.1 cubic feet of liquid
volume and 8,000 birds per standard eight-feel
aerator proved adequate. One ditch caused no
problems with foaming or odor. The other ditch.
started at a shallower rotor Immersion and
subjected to various experiment* retarding1 liquid
velocity and rotor immersion, exhibited severe
foaming for four months. The learning ceased
after withdrawal of moit of the liquid followed
by addition of liquid from the non-foaming
ditch. Dilution water was regularly added to the
dltchas to make up for evaporation loss ind to
keep the solids content at a deiired level. Be-
cause effluent from the ditch dries readily and
without odor on a drying bed and because It
can be handled easily with conventional manure
handling equipment, this waste management sys-
tem Is worth considering. The cost of operation
Is high, but this cost Is offset partially by sub-
stantlal reductions in labor, and perhaps by
Improved bird health. (Cartmell Eaji Central),
1955-A11, Dl, D2, E3, Fl
FEEDING Pe.i^l£TED DRIED
POULTRY LITTER TO HOLSTEIN
STEERS
Animal Nutrition Consultant,
Modulo, California.
A. A. Jimenez.
Feedstuff!. Vol. 4«. No. 47. p. 29-30. November
II. 1»74. 7 lab, » ref.
1953-B3. Dl, D3
A MECHANISED COMPOST CHANNEL
FOR ANIMAL WASTE
Descriptor!: 'Feeds. 'Performance. •Cattle,
•CoiU.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry Utter. 'Refeedlng.
The purpose of the experiment was to obtain
data on weight gains, feed efficiency ratios and
the cost of gains in growing steers fed sub
stantlal amounts of KOPHO. Another objective
was to ascertain the validity of the energy
318
-------
value of KOPRO obtained from in vitro studies
using the volatile filly acid production litter
which has been naturally dried, then ground
and pelleted at hlfh temperaturei lo eliminate
pathogens. The two experimental groups of
steers receiving KOPKO gained well, but with
the exception of the first period, they never
quite matched these gains of the control pjns.
The cost per unit of gain consistently favored
the KOPROfed groups. During Ihe entire trial
no health problems associated with the feeding
of KOPRO were observed. Cattle consumed
KOPRO readily and with good appetite. (Carl-
mell-East Central).
1958-A5, A8, 1&2, C2, E2
LYSIMETErt STUDIES WITH LONG
TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE
LAGOON EFFLUENT
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University
Raleigh. North Carolina.
R. L. Parker, J. Wang. M. R, Overcash, and
F. J. Ilumenlk.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
Slal« University, Stlllwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4036, 13 p. 10 tab.
1960-A11, Bl
COMPARISON OF SELECTED
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND
BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE IN
POLE TYPE AND CLOSED
ENVIRONMENTS
Agricultural Engineering Department,
South Dakota State University. Brooking!
M. A, Helllckson, W. B. Wltmer and R Bar-
ringer.
Transactions of the ASAE. p. M6538, Ml 1S72
6 fig, 14 ref.
1956-A2, A8, B2, C2, E2
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
CONTROL HOLDING POND
J. A. Nienaber, C. B. Gllbertson. T. M. Me
Calla, and F. M. Kestner.
Transaction* of the ASAE. Vol. 17. No. 2. p.
375378. March-April. 1974. 1 fig. 6 tab. 11 ref.
Descriptors: •Feedlots, 'Cattle. 'Application
methods, 'Sampling. 'Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control, 'Effluent disposal,
•Holding pond.
Results are given for a field study Initiated In
1970 to determine the minimum area required
for feedlot runoff disposal as affected by applied
nutrients and water and disposal area runoff
control requirements, A minimum area of on-
half acre disrosal area per acre of feedlot d'd
not Impair crop production or caus? a pollutant
accumulation In the aoll profile for the two
year test period. Vegetation yields Indicated no
discrimination by the cattle grazing on effluent
treated areas. A mixture of grasses resulted In
the dominance of two species of frui — brorne-
grass and Intermediate wheat grass. Intermittent
effluent application by on and off cycling re-
sulted In a higher total application without run
off based on application amounts attained In
1971 and 1972 under similar late fall climatic
conditions. Final design for this experiment pro-
vides for return of surface runoff from the
disposal area to a holding pond for recycling.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1957-A4, A6, All, A12, Bl
AMMONIA AND'RELATED GASES
EMANATING FROM A LARGE
DAIRY AREA
R E Luebs. A. E. Laag and K. R. Davis.
California Agriculture, Vol. 27. No. 2. p. 11-12.
February. 1*73. 2 fig. 2 lab.
Descriptors: 'Ammonia. 'Water pollution. 'Dairy
Industry. Odor. Sampling. California,
Identifiers: 'Volatilization. 'Amines. Chino Corona
area.
Volatilization of nitrogen from animal wastes
In combined forms, principally ammonia, can
constitute a real problem. Amines that form
can cause odor. Ammonia that forma may be
absorbed from the atmosphere by surfar-
waters. Combined with ammonia enriched rain
water, such absorption could create a health
Hazard lo persons or animals drinking the water.
Approximately 400 dairies serving the greater
Los Anfeles area are located In 60 square miles
near Chlno, California. Sampling sites were lo
cated * minimum of 200 feet from the nearest
dairy corral to permit representative sampling.
Ammonlacal plus poislbly small amounts of
amine nitrogen were 20 lo 40 times higher In lh»
dairy area than in an urban area 7 miles upwind
from the dairy area. The area over which the
atmosphere was enriched totalled 224 square
miles. 3.7 times grealer than the area where
the dairies were concentrated*. Such concenlra
lions would be a real danger lo surface waters
In Ihe area. Fortunately, there are no perman-nl
open storage water reservoirs In th- Chi no
Corona dairy area. (Merryman-East Central!.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Effluents, 'Application
rates. 'Lyslmeters, 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus, Oxy-
gen demand.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Groundwatcr pollution, 'Re-
moval. Organic carbon.
The application of swine waste lagoon effluent
to lysimeters exposed to weather conditions up
to a hydraulic rate of 1 Inch per week and a
process load of about 3000 Ibs. nitrogen/acre/
year continuously for over two years has re-
sulted In essentially complete removal of phos-
phorus and excellent reduction of oxygen demand
and organic carbon. Investigation of lysimeters
with water table control showed that additional
nitrogen reduction, specifically lower nitrate con-
centrations, can be achieved without supple-
mental carbon addition and with no decrease in
the associated removal of organic carbon and
oxygen demand. Removals of organics and nitro-
gen were reduced when the soil surface re-
mained saturated either due to poor Infiltration
or control of Ihe water table too near the toll
surface. It was determined thai controlled dcni-
triflcalion could provide for nitrogen reduction of
soil water, and if the land disposal site were
properly located and managed, a significant low-
ering of groundwater nitrate concentrations
could be obtained before the flow left the owner's
property. (Cartmell-East Central)
1959-B2, C2, D3, E3, E4,
F5
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION
SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL
DISCHARGES
Department of Soil Science.
Oregon State University, Corvallis
« 5-0eolma> E< W' R- Barlow- •»•' K Miner and
H. K. Phlnney.
Special Report 416. Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tlon, Oregon State University. Corvallis Septem-
ber. 1974. M p. 12 fig. 11 tab. 96 ref
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Animal wastes. 'Feeds.
•Methane. 'Electric power Industry. Proteins
Anaerobic digestion. Costs, Pollution abatement
Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng.
Society faces many problems related to Its
growth In numbers and standard of living. Of
major concern is environmental degradation re-
sulting from pollution and the consumptive use
of non-renewable natural resources. An animal
waste management scheme was developed on the
premise that one solution to these problems Is
the development of integrated production systems
with recycled sources. The waste product of one,
Industry must become Ihe raw material for
another. The feasibility of using waste heat from
steam electric plants to sustain a food producing
complex which recycles nutrients Is analyzed
Specifically, It is proposed to use microorganisms
to convert animal waste Into a high protein
animal feed and a methane-rich fuel gas. Waste
heal from steam electric plants Is used as a low
cost source of energy for maintaining stable,
elevated temperatures In anaerobic digestion and
single cell protein production units. Benefits to
society Include: Improved efficiency of energy
use and food production, minimization of pollu-
tion problems associated with food production,
recycling of raw materials, and conservation of
non-renewable resources. (Boersma, Barlow. Mi-
ner and Phlnney).
Descriptors: 'Performance, 'Environmental con-
trol. 'Cattle, Temperature, Ventilation, Humidity.
Identifiers: Slotted floor.
Producers of feeder cattle have begun to adopt
controlled environment units for confined produc-
tion of feeder cattle. Little Is known, however.
of the effects of such units on beef production.
An evaluation and comparison of the perform-
ance of beef cattle reared In an open-front,
pole-type building and In a closed environment
building Is presented. During the winter period,
the environment had no significant effect on
average dally gain or feed conversion of finished
beef cattle. However, during the summer period,
significantly higher average daily gains and
feed conversions were found for the bjef cattle
finished In the pole barn. (Kehl-East Central).
1961-A8, E2, F6
SIMULATION OF MISCIBLE
DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS
Departmer' of Agricultural Engineering,
Texas AfcM University. College Station.
A. G. Smajstrfla. D. L. Reddell and E. A.
Hller.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Oklahoma
State Unlvenity. Stlllwater. June 23-24. 1974.
31 p. « fig. 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Infiltration, 'Mathematical models.
Soils.
Identifiers: 'Mlsclble displacement, 'Simulation
model, 'Numerical dispersion.
In today's agriculture the characterization of Ion
movement through unsaturated porous media Is
extremely Important. A simulation model was
developed for the simulation of the misdble dis-
placement of a conservative'solute during one-
dimensional vertical Infiltration Into a homo-
geneous, isotropic porous media. To solve the
Infiltration problem, an explicit finite difference
technique was used. The method of character-
istics to eliminate numerical dispersion was used
to solve the transient convectlve diffusion equa-
tion. The accuracy of the simulation mod:! re-
sults compared well with analytical solution,
experimental data and other simulations. The
study concluded that the chape of the solute
distribution curve with depth Is relatively In-
sensitive to the magnitude of the dispersion co-
efficient for porous media to which the functional
relationship used apply and for the range of
pore water velocities commonly encountered
during infiltration into sand and clay loam soils.
The research also concluded that the dispersion
coefficients are much larger and solute curves
are very different for nonhomogeneous, aniso-
tropic porous media than for homogeneous
media. (Kehl-East Central).
1962-A4, All, A12, Bl, C2
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES
ON FARM ANIMAL WASTES,
NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES IN
RURAL WISCONSIN ECOSYSTEMS
Wisconsin University, Division of Economic and
Environmental Development.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes. Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, 31J p
319
-------
Descriptor!: 'Farm wastes. •Nitrates. 'Phos-
phates, 'Wisconsin. Research and development.
Identifiers: 'Waste msnagement.
This conference considered several closely-re-
lated aspects of waste and nutrient management
on rural Wisconsin farm land. The objectives
of the conference were to provide background
facts, new research findings, and suggestions
for alternative management programs in rural
areas. The conference deilt with Ihive aspects
of the agricultural sector's Impact on environ-
mental quality, namely farm wastes, nitrates.
and phosphates as they affect water, food, and
health. Techniques and designs for handling
manure were considered. Action programs were
discussed. (Cameron-East Central).
1963-A2, A3, A4, A5, A8,
All, A12, Bl, C2, E2
SOURCES AND FATE OF
"AVAILABLE" NITROGEN IN
RURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Associate Professor of Soil Science. Wisconsin
University. Madison.
D. R. Xeeney and L. M. Walsh.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes. Nitrates and Phosphates
major causes of pollution and all three must
eventually be moderated If the purity of our
lake* and rivers Is to be restored or main-
tained. Especially troublesome are agricultural
sources: animal waates, eroded soil, fertilizers.
and pesticides. The disposal of organic waates
from farm animals and from other sources re-
lated to the (arm enterprise ha* become a
major management problem. If land disposal
of wastes Is to be used, soil type, topography,
and land availability should be carefully con-
sidered when locating feedlols and processing
operations. Terracing, minimum Ullage, and land
covers are means of combating soli' erosion.
Phosphatlc fertilizers should be Incorporated Into
the sou, if possible. In order to prevent It from
being carried by runoff to surfsce water*.
Measures should be taken to prevent nitrogen
In fertilizers and organic wastes from entering
surface and groundwater supplies. Pesticides
must be realistically evaluated. It Is likely that
these potentially harmful compound* have bene-
fits that far out-weigh their detrimental effect*.
(Cameron-East Central).
1967-A2,A4,A5,A8,B1,C2,E3
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR
ENVIRONMENT
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
}. U. Cala and 1. f. Kerrigan.
Proceedings of Coherence* oa Farm AI«I«K»J
Wastes. Nitrates and Phosphate*, In Rant Wis-
consin Ecosystems. Madison. Green Bay. ud
Eao Cltlre. Wisconsin. February IS. IfTL p.
U4-UT. > re*.
Descriptors: •Phosphorus, •Fertilizer!. Surface
waters. Environment. Wisconsin. Nutrient*. Wav-
ier pollution.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Historical background. eharacterlatlca, aad prin-
cipal producers of phosphorus an ittirnseed
at the beginning of this report A major
eern 1* the Increased concentration of
phorus la surface wsters. Manure and
merdal fertilizer* are lae major aourea* of
plant nutrients In Wisconsin. Estimate* (haw
that 41 percent of the total phosphorus nppUad
to Wlaconsla crop* waa from manure, efiirn
of the manure waa applied on frozen ground
so lhal It contributed significant Tiiarlflee
of soluble • phosphorus la the spring nuoff.
Complications to the problem of phosphorus Im-
balance In the envlronmcat Include *nch (acton
a* the broad expanse* of land and water In-
volved, the low phosphorus concentration* at
which problems occur la lake water* and the
abundance and low cost of phosphorus which
often preclude profitable recovery of phosphor**.
The phosphorus problem must be considered aa
part of a group of Interrelated problems of
soil erosion, ntlngen fertilization, wast* treat-
ment, water use, aad land us*. (Cameroa-Eaot
Central).
1968-A4,A5,A8.B1,C2,E2
PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL
ECOSYSTEM — RUNOFF FROM
AGRICULTURAL LAND
Assistant Professor of Sous.
Wisconsin University.
R. Powell and J. Densmore.
Proceedings of Conference* on Perm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates. In Mural Wln-
consln Ecosystems, Madison. Green Bay. and
Eau aaire, Wisconsin. February 1 J. 1*71, p,
1M-1M. • tab. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Phosphorus. Agricultural runoff.
Water pollution. Soil erosion. Fertilizers. Animal
waste*. Ecosystem*.
Identifiers: Agricultural land.
Public concern over pollution of the eartraa-
menl hai Increased considerably. Concern about
water quality Is foremost because the main
remit I* visible degradation of the water, namaly
the growth of alga* aad weed* plu* pataihto
eontaminsUon of drinking water supplies, K*tt-
mate* show that leas than one-third of the
phosphorus entering Wisconsin water* cornea
from agricultural land. Agricultural aource* of
phosphorus arc mainly soli erosion, (irtllliaji
and manures Applications of the** product*
on snow covered, sloping fields can be potential
source* of phosphorus pollution, lacorporaooa of
animal manure* immediately after appUcadoaj
conserve* the nutrient* and also ndoce* |ha
•oil erosion potential of a sloping Held. JoeMoos)
placement of Intensive feeding operation* aad
careful handling of fertilizers aad animal waotoo
will help la roster public relation* nerwoaa
agriculture and her urban neighbors. (Cameron).
East Central).
1969-A10, All, A12, Bl, F2
WHAT OUR MILK MARKETS
REQUIRE
Chtef. SectiM of Grade A Milk Certificate,
Division of Health. Wisconsin Department of
Health aad Social Service*.
C. K. Laeaternaad.
Proceedings of Conference* oa Farm Animal
Waste*. Nitrate* and Phosphate*, la Hani Wan.
320
-------
consln Ecosy«l«ini. Madison, Green B«y, and
Eau Claire, WUconiln. February 15. 1971. p
205207. 3 ret.
Descriptor!: 'Milk. 'Waste disposal. 'Refutation.
Dairy Industry.
Identifiers: 'Cleanliness. Fllei. Milk Ordinance
and Code.
Public health refutation! for the protection of
milk auppllea have always called Cor the cleun-
Uneaa of the cow, the barnyard, the milker and
for the elimination of areas where flic* may
breed. Improper manure disposal Induces the
breedlnf of fllea. which are conaldered capable
of transmitting Infection, by physical contact
or through excreta, to milk and milk utllltlei.
Cowa ihould not have acceaa to pllea of manure
In order to avoid the aolllnf of udderi and the
apread of diseases among cattle. The Milk
Ordinance and Code Uata abi requlremenla
which muat be met before the dlipoial of animal
waite* la deemed to be adequate. The emphasis
li on keeptnf the dirt out of the milk aupply,
maintaining the cleanllneu of cowi. keeplnf the
aurroundinfa dean §o that the cowi will not
become soiled, and preventing fly breedlnf.
Other consideration! are given for working out
method! of adequate manure dispoial. (Cameron-
East Central).
1970-A4, A5, A6, A10, B2,
B3, B4, D3, El, E2, F3
FARM ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT: WHAT OUR MILK
MARKET REQUIRES
Administrator, Food Division. Wisconsin
Department of Agriculture.
N. E. Klnchbaum.
Proceedlnfi of Conferences on Farm Animal
Waste*. Nitrates and Phosphates In Rural WIs
consln Ecosystems. Madlaon, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Feb. 15. 1171. p. 2M-310.
'Descriptors: 'Milk. 'Animal wastes. •Waste
disposal, 'Dairy Industry, Manafement. Wis-
consin.
A rough estimate of the manure produced dally
by dairy herds In Wisconsin Is 200,000 tons. In
the past, major efforts have been made to
encourage dally removal and Held spreading of
animal wastes or manure. In General Order
tt\U, certain provisions for the handling of
dairy farm animal waste and human waste, as
they would affect the production of milk, were
established. Specific requlremenla found In the
(tatutes are set forth In this report. These
pnvlslona are concerned primarily with the
cleanliness of the cows, the breeding of flies,
•nd the pollution of water used for drinking
or for cleaning equipment. The dally removal
and spreading of manure, which was previously
recommended, la now being discouraged. Dairy
farmers are now confronted with questions of
lagoons, liquid manure handling operations.
stacking of manure, and similar Issues. All of
these methods are unique In themselves and
present problems with handling, odors, fly con-
trol, and possible water pollution. More reaearch
la needed to make certain that practical solu-
tion* are found for problems accompanying
methods of animal wasta storage and disposal.
(Cameron-East Central).
1971-A2, B2
CONTROLLING BARNYARD RUNOFF
Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Kadlson, Wisconsin.
J. Densmore.
Proceeding* of Conference* on* Farm Animal
Wastes. Nitrate* and Phosphates In Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire. Wisconsin. Feb. 1-5. 1871. p. 211-214.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, Wisconsin, Feed-
lots.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control. Barnyards, Soil
Conservation Service.
A concerted effort has been made by the Soil
Conservation Service, at the reque*! of farmer*.
to provide technical assistance In planning and
Implementing needed measure* to control feed-
lot and barnyard runoff. In providing a barn-
yard runoff control system, attention should be
given to three basic steps: (1) making use of
structures and practices that will Intercept and
?h» ?,£"*"? runo" no1 "K'natlng on
the yard. (2) reshaping the lot to provide good
surface drainage, and (3) collecting, conveying
fio VI, """"Z "fe'y ""P"5'"' " ™°«
Irom the livestock yard Itself. To meet the
problem In any feedlot or barnyard, one or
perhaps all three of these steps may be
needed. Temporary storage of barnyard runoff
can be provided In a settling pond or basin
and in a retention pond. Not only are good
planning and construction essential for the suc-
cess of farm animal waste disposal systems
but Increasing attention will have to be given
to maintenance and management. (Cameron-East
central).
1972-A2, A8, Bl, C2, E2
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF
MANURE
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
L. R. Massle.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes. Nitrates and Phosphates. In Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems. Madison. Green Bay, and
Eau Claire. Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5. 1971, p. I15-22Z.
6 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: "Planning, Agricultural runoff. Sur-
face waters. Soils.
Identlflera: Land disposal. Manure.
The development of a system for land applica-
tion of manure must consider land forms, cur-
face runoff, and present or possible land use
If organic pollution Is to be kept to a minimum.
Livestock producers now need to consider some
additional dimensions when planning application
of manure to their land. They must be con-
cerned with movement of nutrient* from their
fields via the primary carrier. I.e., surface
runoff water. Some soil conditions which may
cause problems are Internal drainage, slow
water intake (Infiltration) rates, rooting restric-
tions or shallow soils, erosion, and the location
of the soil body on the landscape. A list of
suggested practices for the application of manure
to the land Is given. Application of these
practice* will further the conservation effort for
erosion control. Changes will be needed as
additional Information from research and experi-
ence become available. (Cameron-East Central).
1973-A10, B3, B4, El, F3
FLIES IN RELATION TO
MANURE HANDLING
Extension entomologist. Wisconsin
University. Madison.
W. L. Gojmerac.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes. Nitrates and Phosphates In Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971. p. 223-226.
1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waate storage. 'Dairy Industry.
Identlflera: 'Flies. 'Manure handling. 'Waste
removal.
A study was done to evaluate the fly problem
on farms where manure was stored and to
compare them to other nearby farms regularly
removing manure. Differences In average fly
breeding score* between Grade A farm* and
manufacturing grade milk producer* seem to
Indicate that a greater effort was made to keep
fly populations low on Grade A farms. Nearly
twice as many farm* hauling manure regularly
had significant fly breeding In gutter* a* com-
pared to those stacking manure 136% to 19%)
The average fly breeding potential on Grade A
farrns storing manure was lower than those
regularly hauling (1.2 v». 4.2). Regardless of
the milk market classification, those farm*
storing manure) appeared to have no more
seriou* fly breeding problems In general than
those farm* regularly removing the manure.
r£^i. r""rch u required to establish or
define the condition* under which files will breed
In stored manure. (Cameron East Central).
1974-A2, B2, B3, BA
A PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF A
MANURE STACKING FACILITY
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
E G. Bruu.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates In Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay and
Eau Claire. Wisconsin, Feb. 1-3. 1971. p. 227-232.
Descriptors: 'Design. 'Dairy Industry. Agricul-
tural runoff. Waste storage.
Identifiers: 'Manure stacking.
Procedures for the design of a manure stacking
facility are given for two different farms. There
are five sections of design data for each farm.
They are as follows: (1) livestock units, (2)
dally manure production per animal unit per
day, (3) solid storage requirements for 180
day* of storage capacity, (4) runoff area, and
(5) liquid storage capacity required for detention
pond(«). (Cameron-East Central).
1975-B2, B4, D3
LIQUID MANURE HANDLING
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
T. J. Brevik.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, (Vibrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems. Madison. Green Bay. and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 233-239.
1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Waste storage. La-
goons.
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Holding tanks.
Since manure li quite liquid naturally, there Is
considerable Interest and research in handling
It In liquid form. A good deal of the research
underway today Is directed toward some type
of treatment while In storage — treatment which
attempts to reduce the volume or to control
odors. Terms, defined In this report, which relate
to liquid manure storage and handling are
holding pond, anaerobic lagoon, aerobic lagoon,
oxidation ditch, detention pond, biochemical oxy-
gen demand (COD), and settling terrace. Most
on-the-farm liquid manure storages are. at the
present time, underground holding tanks. Con-
siderations and problems associated with holding
tanks are discussed In the remainder of this
report. Publications dealing with liquid manure
handling are listed and are available through
the County Agricultural Extension Office or
throngh the Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment. (Cameron-East Central).
1976-A6, B2, Dl, D2, D3
RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE
HANDLING AND TREATMENT
SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural
Engineering. Wisconsin University, Madison
J. C. Converse.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Waste*, Nitrates and Phosphates In Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire. Wisconsin. Feb. 1-5, 1971, p 240-264
• Og, 3 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment. 'Aerated lagoons,
'Livestock, Research and development
Identifiers: Odor control. Oxidation ditch, Flush-
Ing system.
Several treatment and handling systems for
livestock wastes are discussed. Two such sys-
tems are the oxidation ditch and the aerated
lagoon irrigation system. Aerobic degradation Is
explained in conjunction with these two different
systems. Also described is Iowa State Unlver-
*"y* concept for Hushing manure from a swine
facility using renovated wastes. The description
of IhcM three handling systems la followed by
a discussion of odor and chemical and mechan
C tral> control. (Cameron-East
321
-------
1977-B1. B4, F2, F6
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
RESEARCH ON MANURE
HANDLING
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Wisconsin University, Madison.
C. O. Cramer, R. F. Johannes, and G. H.
Tempu.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates In Rural Wis
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire. Wisconsin, Feb. 15. 1971. p. 265 269.
4 ref.
Descriptors: "Wisconsin, "Research and develop-
ment. Design. Management. Waste storage.
Identifiers: Waste handling.
Research at the University of Wisconsin Ex-
periment Station involves a study of manure
handling systems utilizing waste storage facili-
ties. Researchers wish to determine proper
management design in order to minimize pollu
lion and preserve the plant nutrient value of
the manure. The systems must meet sanitary
regulations for the production of milk or
demonstrate the feasibility of the systems which
would Justify changes in these regulations. This
research is being carried on at three of the
University Experiment Farms. The Electric
Research Farm. River Falls State University
Farm, and several private farm cooperators.
The design and operations of each facility are
discussed in this report. (Cameron-East Central).
1978-A2, A5, A6, A7, A10,
All, B2, B4
LARGE COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS -
HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED IN
THE WEST
ARS-USDA. AERD, Nebraska University,
Lincoln,
C. B. Gilbertson.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes. Nitrates and Phosphates In Rural Eco
systems. Madison, Green Bay. and Eau Clairt
Wisconsin. Feb. 1-5. 1971. p. 270279. 2 fig.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, "Nebraska, "Djsign, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: "Waste handling, "Runoff control.
Research is underway for determining design
factors for construction. Installation and manage-
ment of runoff control facilities on outdoor feed-
lots. There are three requirements for a
functional runoff control facility: (1) a debris
basin. (2) a holding pond, and (3) disposal
area. Two separate management designs are
available for installation. They are the "batch"
system and the "continuous How" system. Both
systems must be designed for removal of settle-
able solids from the runoff. Many factors must
be blended in the design of a feasible feedlot
operation which will yield good animal per-
formance and, at the same time, control all
wastes, including surface runoff, groundwater
contamination and nuisances such as odors, dust,
and flies. Several steps are listed for designing
and constructing a runoff control facility for a
beef feedlot. Assistance for design, layout and
construction may be obtained from local health
authorities. Soil Conservation Service. Extension
Agricultural Engineers, and practicing consulting
engineers. (Cameron-East Central).
1979-A6,A10,B3,D1,D2,F1
ACTION PROGRAMS FOR
MANURE HANDLING
Department of Poultry Science, Wisconsin,
University, Madison.
J. L. Skinner, and J. W. Crowley.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems. Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire. Wisconsin. Feb. 1-5, 1971, P. 295-300.
Descriptors: •Regulation, Dairy industry. Eco-
nomics.
Identifiers: 'Action programs, *Wa*t< handling.
Requirements which need to be considered for
the proper handling of manure are <1> refuta
tions, enforcement agencies, and taws, (2) quan
tlties of manure to be handled. (3) alternative
approaches that are poailble (or the area and
the species. <4> overall costs of different meth-
ods and approaches, and <3> economic limits
wilhin which the farmer can survive. Manure
ret; illations for dairy farmers are particularly
enforced and are specifically directed toward the
assurance of milk quality. Clean cows and clean
milking make daily cleaning essential. In addi-
tion, fly breeding and odors also must be
controlled. A brief outline is given on groups
which are concerned about waste disposal on
the farm. Steps are sucgected for an action
program composed of all groups concerned. The
goal of each program is to recycle the nutrients
in manure. This must be done In the mo it
economical manner that will produce a minimum
of environmental pollution and that will not
excessively offend any legment of the com
munity. (Cameron-East Central).
1980-A11, D3, E3
THE REUSE OF OLD LITTER
Wilson It Co., Inc.. Poultry Division.
Federalsburg, Maryland.
D. E. Davis.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Litter
and Waste Management Seminar. Salisbury,
Maryland. September 29-30, 19G9, p. 1-7,
Descriptors: "Litter. "Poultry.
Identifiers: "Reuse. "Built-up litter, "Marek's
Disease, Composting.
About two years ago at the New Hampshire
Poultry Disease Conference. Donald E. Davit
reported that reusing Utter in broiler houses
aided In the reduction of Marek's Disease (MD>.
In an examination of clean-out vs. not cleaned
out, the difference in condemnation based on
USDA figures was .75 percent less on the flocks
which were not cleaned out. The effect of the
number of times broilers were placed on built-
up litter was studied. There was a slight In-
crease on the first and second time built-up.
Of the different types of litter studied, toll-
wood material gave better results and was more
readily available and suitable to poultry produc-
tion needs. Floors play an Important role In MD
control. Dirt floors gave belter MD control than
did other types. Although built-up Utter will
not bring MD to a .0 percent Incidence, It
would seem that we are forced to stay with the
built-up Utter program. (Cameron-East Central).
1981-A6,A10,B3,D1,D2,F1
DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL
SOLUTION TO POULTRY MANURE
PROBLEMS
Poultry Science Department, Pennsylvania State
University, University Park.
G. O. Bressler.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Utter
and Waste Management Seminar, Salisbury,
Maryland, September 29 30, 1969. p. 24-40. J tab.
Descriptors: "Dehydration, "Economics, "Poul-
try, "Farm wastes, "Waste treatment, Waste
disposal. Odor.
Identifiers: Fly control.
Because of the huge problems of waste disposal
In the poultry Industry, many methods are
currently under Investigation lo deal with these
wastes. Perhaps the most promising means of
disposal begins with dehydration. Penn State
has been Investigating dehydration with the
objectives of removing as much water as possi-
ble, eliminating odors and files, and developing
an automatic system of manure handling.
Experiments were conducted from 1967-1969 wllh
very promising results. The weight of the
manure was reduced to about one-fourth to one-
third the original weight when the water was
removed. Odors Inside the house were prac
tically eliminated. High velocity air speeded
drying and prevented excessive bacterial growth.
Labor was reduced, and since manure was
being dried and removed while the birds were
In the house there wasn't a large accumulation
of manure. This In turn reduced "downUm*"
between flocks. Fly breeding areas were con-
stantly destroyed to there were few fly prob-
lems. Finally, the overall capital Investment
requirements were low when compared lo other
methods. (Kusftrll-Eaat Central).
1982-A1, A6, A8, Dl, E2
WHAT HAPPENS >N THE SOIL
WHEN MANURE IS USED?
C. II. Enfield.
Proceeding! of the 1M» National Poultry Utter
and Waste Manafemenl Seminar, Salisbury
Maryland. September »-3fl. J*C«. p. 50.54.
Descriptors: "Solli, "BacUrla. "Chemical r»-
acUotu. "Dtcompotiuon. "Nitrogen, Odor.
Identifiers: "Land disposal.
When manure la applied to the soil, bacterial
activities and biological and chemical reaction*
take place. These reactions are dependent ot)
the following factort (II rate of application.
(2) nature of the Mil to which 11 Is applied.
(1) moisture content, (4) temperature, (S)
availability of oiygrn. (() nature (X the Utter.
(7) relation of nitrogen to carbon, (I) degre«
of acidity and (S> ohrthvr lh« manure left On
the surface is incorporated or plowed under.
In order to make these biological and chemical
reactions work lor us. certain slept need to
lake place (1) Manure ihould be applied to
tolls deficient in nitrogen, phoiphorus and pa-
laislum. (2) The crop grown ahojld be respon-
tlve to thete elemtnu. (1) Manure should b*
spread thinly and disced under la prevent odor.
(4) A well-limed tandy surface layer will help
prevent the escape of ammonia la the atmos-
phere. (S> An Impervious layer o( clay under
the tand will prevent eiresi nitrogen from
leaching through the toil. (i> The area could
be (ceded with a fast development grasa crop
to convert NOa u> Irsa objectionable organic
matter. After several years this lopwll could DC
told as a polling nuiture. as rich topaoll for
golf courtet, etc. (7i Another boon from IhU
type of land disposal Is an Increase In the
earthworm population. (Cameron-East Central)
1983-A8, Bl, ci. C2, E2,
Fl
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND
LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION
Plant Science Department,
Delaware University.
L. J. Cotnolr,
Proceedings of the 1M* National Poultry LltUr
and Waste Management Seminar, SaUibon
Maryland. September »JO. IMS. p. UMM.
Descriptors: "Crop production. • Fertilizers Lit
ter. Moisture content. Nutrients. Co«u. '
Identifier!: Eicrela. Application rales.
The use of poultry manure as a fertiliser far
cropa has decreased d/astically in recent Mara
lor a number of reasons. Five factors Influence
the use of poultry manure on crop*: (u B>nit>
ture content. Ill variability at the product. <3>
nutrient balance of manure. (4) residual effect
due to manures, and (i) cotla of handling TK.
value of one ton of dry poultry manure to
tll.M. U It contains SO percent moisture th.
value Is only half of U »J. Guidelines can h.
established for the most effective and efficient
use of poultry manure In the following areaT
(1) manure distribution. (2) land area
-------
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'LlUer. 'Material, Eco
no mica.
Requirement! lor food Utter material are that
they be: Inexpensive, available, absorbent, dual
free, eaay to tranaporl, buoyant, not conaumed
by birds, diaeaae free and reussble If possible.
Problema connected with Utter are economical
disposal and manafement. The greatest use of
Utter In North America today U for broilers.
turkeys, layer replacements, and fime birds.
Utter materials Dial are available in North
America are Hated. Advantages and disadvan-
tages of each litter material are given. (Cam
«ron-Eaat Central).
1985-A4, B2, C2, E2, E3
IRRIGATION RESIDUES
J. P. Law and J. L. Witherow.
Journal of Soil and Water Coiuervation, Vol. 26.
No. 2, p. J4-36. March-April, IS7L 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation effecta. 'Pollutants, Wa-
ter quality control. Waste water (pollution). Pol-
lution abatement, 'Farm wastes, Return flow, I.
Identifiers: Salinity control.
The water quality problems associated with
Irrigation return flow are difficult to control.
The major problems are the Increased dissolved
•alt and nutrient content of waters draining
from irrigated land. The difficulty in control Is
due to the diffuse nature of irrigation return
flows conung from large Irrigated areas and
from both surface and subsurface drainage. In-
sufficient research has been devoted directly to
the solution of return now quality problems.
Studies are needed to answer specific questions
regarding both quantity and quality of irrigation
realduea. Possible control measures are dj-
cusaed, but specific data concerning their ef-
fectiveness In abating water quality degradation
are lacking. These must be evaluated and
suitable management practices Implemented to
control water quality problems rising from irri-
gation. (EPA Abstract).
1986-B2, B3, D3, E3
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING OF
AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Colorado Slate University. Fort ColUns.
T. Trout. J. L. Smith, and W. Downs.
Proceedings of the nth Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado Slate University, Fort Collins.
Colorado, Number 317, p. M. 1974.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling, 'Mu-
nicipal wastes, 'Colorado, Solid wastei. Slurries.
Lagoons, Groundwater, Feedlots.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, Waste collec-
tion.
The Agricultural Engineering Department of
Colorado State University is currently involved
In three research projects dealing with the dis-
posal and recycling of solid and slurrlfled
waatcs. A subsurface sludge Injection machine
is used by the city of Boulder to dispose of
part of their digested and slurrUled sludge.
The material Is pumped from holding tanks
through underground main lines to risers in In?
field and then to the operating machine via
660 feet of 6 Inch diameter flexible rubber hose.
A similar project at Fort Collins involves sub-
surface disposal of slurrifled feedlot wastes. The
project will be conducted in the same manner
u the Boulder operation. The third project la
concerned with the "harvesting" of cattle ma-
nure as an Integral part of a waste recycUng
research program being Investigated. To facili-
tate speedy handling of the material, a machine
capable of rapidly collecting (large quantities
of) manure from concrete floors ls being de-
veloped, (Cameron East Central).
1987-A5, A7, A8, Bl
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS: IMPACT
ON UNDERLYING SOIL
Agricultural Research1 Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture. Ft. Collins, Colorado.
p A. Norsladl and H. R. Duke.
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference. Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorsdo, Number 218, p. 86, 1974.
Descriptor!: 'Soil profiles. 'Groundwater, 'Feed-
lots. Air pollution. Water pollution
Identifiers: Manure pack.
Studies on commercial and experimental Installa-
tions were made to determine changes In soil
profiles and ground water beneath earth-surfaced
beef cattle feedlots. The kinds and amounts
of soil gases as well as the chemical constitu-
ents of the sou solutions are Influenced by the
depth and water content of a manure pack and
seasonal soil temperature!. An experimental
feedlot has been built to evaluate schemes to
minimize both air and water pollution. A feed-
lot, with Intact manure pack and under con-
tinuous use at a sufficient stocking rate, does
not appear to be a pollution hazard to soil
and underground water. (Cameron-East Central).
1988-D2, E3
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC
HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
MANURE
Microbiology Department, Colorado State
University. Ft. Collins.
G. K. Elmund. D. W. Grant and S. M. Morrison.
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference. Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Number 221, p. 87, 1974.
Descriptors: •Feedlots, 'Cattle, Cellulose, Cotton.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Fenton's reagent. Ferrous
sulfate. Hydrogen peroxide. Enzymatic hydroly-
sis.
Evaluations were made of the use of Fenton's
reagent (ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide)
for modifying the celluloslc fraction of cattle
feedlot wastes. Manure aamplea were reacted
In solution with 0.22 mM ferrous sulfate and
Initial hydrogen peroxide concentration! ranging
from 0.1 to 5 percent. Manure and cotton sub-
strates were also reacted with Fenton's reagent
for two days and residual hydrogen peroxide
removed with catalase. Results Indicate that
treatment of manure and cotton with Fenton'a
reagent modifies the cellulostc materials In
such a manner thaet subsequent enzymatic
hydrolysis Is facilitated. The reaction products
of such treatment! are more readily biodegrad-
able and may serve ai substrates with biologi-
cally enhanced nutritional value In proposed
refeedlng processes. (Cameron-East Central).
1989-A11, E3, Fl
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE
AND BY-PRODUCTS
Department of Animal Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
J. K. Matsushlma.
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorsdo, Number 220, p. 87, 1974.
Descriptor!: 'Recycling, 'Cattle, 'Feed!, 'Eco-
nomics, 'Performance.
Identifier!: 'Animal wastes. 'Paunch content.
•Bloodmcal, 'Protein content, 'Refeedlnf.
Paunch content (10 percent protein content on
dry basis) Is a useless waste product of beef
packing plants. Bloodmeal (about 80 percent
protein) li also a byproduct of packing plants.
but It can be merchandised. When the two
Ingredients are dried and blended In equal
proportions the protein content Is similar to
cottonseed meal (45 percent protein) or other
similar supplements commonly used In feedlo,
rations. A feeding trial was conducted to eval-
uate three different protein supplement!. The
three treatments were: (1) control supplement;
basically cottonseed meal; (2) mixture of dried
paunch bloodmeal sunpplement; and (3) combina-
tion of cottonseed meal with paunch-bloodmeal
In spite of a temporary refuial of feed during
rainy periods, the cattle fed the paunch-blood-
meal supplement consumed 65 pound! more corn
per head over the 146 day period as compared
to the controls. With the greater feed consump-
Uon the cattle weighed 22 pound! heavier per
head when marketed. This Increase was 6
percent greater with a feed saving of 3 percent
per pound of beef produced. (Cameron-East
Central).
1990-B1, Cl, C2, E3
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE
HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF
FEEDLOTS
Agricultural Engineering Department.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins
R. Hansen and S. Marne
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference. Colorado State University, Fort Collins
Colorado. Number 227. p. 89, 1874. ""'"»•
Descriptor!: 'Feedlots. 'Harvesting, 'Manage-
ment, Cattle. Recycling
Identifiers: 'Manure
The recycling of beef feces Is being done for
various purposes. Preliminary Investigations have
Indicated the physical and nutritional characteris-
tics of the manure are extensively affected by
the environment and management practice to
which the manure is subjected before harvesting
A study Is being initiated to determine the ef-
fects of controlled environment and constant
management factors on the feed value and
physical characteristics of manure. The field
study will be conducted to determine the effects
of measured operating conditions as related to
changes which occur in manure with time and
environment, Laboratory investigations will con-
sist of a simulation study with controlled environ-
ment to determine the effect of various factors
on manure. When the effects of this study are
known, management programs can be developed
to maximize the utilizable component! of the
manure and minimize the handling and process-
Ing requirement!. (Cameron-East Central).
1991-A8, E2
EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF
BEEF-CATTLE-FEEDLOT MANURE
ON CORN PRODUCTION
Agronomy Department.
Colorado State University. Fort Collins
T. A. Ruehr and R. R. Sabey
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference. Colorado State University. Fort Collins,
Colorado. Number 223, p. 88, 1974
Descriptors: Cattle, 'Feedloti. 'Silage
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Corn production. Applica-
tion rates
Beef-cattle-feedlot manure was repeatedly ap-
plied to a Nunn clay loam on the Agronomy
Farm at Fort Collins for three years starting
In 1971. Another study was initiated in 1972 on
adjacent plots to evaluate the residual effects
of a single application of manure with rates
up to 400 tons per acre. Corn silage was grown
on the plots each year and corn grain yields
were determined In 1972. The results of each
year are given. These results suggest that
manure applications of up to 400 tons per acre
can produce high silage yields but the quality
of the forage should be considered. (Cameron-
East Central).
1992-A11, B2, B3, B5, Fl
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE
SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING
SYSTEM
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Oklahoma State University, Stlllwater
A. P. Butchbaker, G. W. Mahoney, M. C, Paine
and J. E. Carton
Presented at the 65th Annual Meeting. Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot
Spring], Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No
72-444, 37 p. 10 fig, 3 tab. 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Climatology, •Feedlot!. 'Cattle, Air
temperature. Evaporation, Precipitation (atmos-
pheric), Costs. Performance. Great Plains
Identifier!: 'Housing. Waste management, Site
selection
This study, a portion of a major Investigation
devoted to evaluation of beef waste manage-
323
-------
ment alternatives, examined the relationship be-
tween climate, the beef feeding Industry and Its
related waste management system. The ob-
jectives of the major investigation were: (1) to
develop beef feedlol design criteria that mini-
mize pollution by runoff waste and facilitate
handling of solid and liquid animal waste, and
(2) to examine alternative feedlot waste disposal
systems to determine minimum cost systems for
effective waste disposal. Factors that should be
considered in feedlot site selection are market-
Ing and transportation, feeder cattle supply, feed
grain supply, land prices, agricultural practices
and local topography, soil condition and climate.
Environmental factors affecting animal perfor-
mance are physical, social and thermal. The
feedlota surveyed were of two types: open
feedlots and those with confinement buildings.
The three variables used to develop the climatic
zones for livestock production were air temper-
ature, evaporation and precipitation. The climatic
zones were then subdivided into optimum and
secondary areas. A discussion and comparison
of open feedlot and confinement building opera-
tions' design and costs were given. The Southern
Great Plains region of the United States was
considered as an optimum climatic area for
beef production year-around In open feedlots,
(Kehl-East Central).
1993-B2, B3, Cl, C2, Dl
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO
SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Wisconsin University, Madison
R. E. Graves and J. T. Clayton
Presented at the 1972 Winter Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois. December 11-15, 1972. Paper No. 72-913,
16 p. 4 fig. 6 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry. 'Slurries, 'Separa-
tion techniques. 'Screens, Sludge. Flow ratio.
Organic matter. Nitrogen
Identifiers: Total solids. Volatile solids, Settle-
able solids
When a water manure slurry Is allowed to stand,
a heavy mat and sludge usually form. Removal
of these formations is often difficult. Slurries
such as that of dairy cattle manure create
special problems because of the quantities of
fibrous material they contain. This study evalu-
ated the usefulness of stationary sloping screens
(.010, .020. .030, and .060 inch bar spacing)
for the removal of solid particles from dairy
cattle man-jre slurries. A commercially available
stationary sloping screen was found effective.
Tests compared Ite solids removal for slurries
of dairy cattle manure ranging from 20:1 to 2:1
(water to wet manure by weight). The com-
parison tests Indicated the following: (1) For
slurries ranging from 20:1 to 5:1. the screens
worked well. But slurries of 3.5:1 and 2:1 caused
blinding of ths screen and produced an effluent
with Huffy Hoc that did not settle well. (2) With
bar spacing from O.OSO to 0.010 inch, the amount
of settleable solids remaining in the screen
effluent decreased. (3) A decrease In now rate
must accompany a decrease in bar spacings.
(4) As bar spacings decreased, the moisture
content of screened solids increased. (5) In gen-
eral, although solids removed by the screen were
wet, they could be handled and piled much like
wet manure. (6) When allowed to stand, the
excess water that was removed with the solids
drained out. (7) Solids that were removed by
the screen were high in crude fiber and had
? low ratio of organic matt r to n,tro«».n.
Agricultural applications were given. (Kehl-East
Central).
1994-A6, B2, B4, Fl, F2
THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF
NEW IDEAS
D. W. Bates
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 113, No. IS, p. 1151,
1195. October 10, 1974, 4 fit.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry. 'Design, 'Montana.
Ventilation, Odor
Identifiers: Holding pen. Waste pit. Flushing,
Milking pit. Slotted floor
Ralph Parker and his sons at Sun River.
Montana, wore faced with (ho problem ol replac-
ing an old, 4 stall, u-shaped parlor with side-
opening stalls. The old setup caused the milking
time and the cleanup time to be too long. The
rancher chose the herringbone design. A 60-cow
holding area and a 10 cow double-5 herringbone
parlor were constructed. In creating a ventila-
tion system, the following factors were con-
sidered: comfort of the milkers, prevention of
freezing when unoccupied, removal of heat pro-
duced by the animals In warm weather, and
odor control. These objectives were met by
continuous ventilation from the manure storage
pit beneath the slatted holding area and the
addition of heat intermittently. For cleaning
purposes, th; floor of the milking pit and the
floor of the milk house were constructed on the
same level. Wash water and flushing from both
areas were to drain by gravity into the manure
pit beneath the holding area To accomplish this,
the holding area floor was sloped upward 28
inches. This provided a 20-foot-long ramp for
entering and leaving the stalls. Slate for the
floor could not be obtained in Montana, so
Parker made his own. Costs are listed. It was
advised that if a system of the type described
Is planned, approval should be obtained from
the health authorities having control of the sale
of the milk before construction Is begun. (Kehl-
East Central).
1995-A1, B2, E3
A TWO-CROP FISH PRODUCTION
SYSTEM .
Department of Entomology and Fisheries,
Coastal Plain Experiment Station.
Tilton. Georgia
T, K. mil. J. L. Chesness. and E. E. Brown
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas. June 27-30. 1972. Paper No. 72-536.
13 p. 8 fig.
Descriptors: 'Fish farming, 'Fish management,
•Fish harvest
Identifiers: 'Recirculation raceway system.
•Two-crop fish production. Water reservoir. In-
take screens
The study was an evaluation of cultural prac-
tices used In producing catfish In recirculation
raceway systems. This study Is still being
carried on as additional facilities are added to
the fish culture research facility at the Coastal
Plain Experiment Station al Tifton, Georgia. The
system layout Is a closed loop or recirculation
system, consisting of a water reservoir or pond,
a deep drilled well, a 550 gpm centrifugal pump,
S Inch cement asbestos water distribution pipe
lines, flow meter, raceway, raceway Inlet and
raceway segments. Accessibility to the fish for
carrying out feeding, sampling, treating and
harvesting operations Is provided by the race-
way unit "pens". On the basis of one year's
operation, this recirculation raceway system has
proven to be an efficient and easily managed
fish production system. However, there are some
problems with the system. The major problem
Is maintaining water quality In a recirculation
system that is used year after year. Further
study Is necessary to solve such problems and
to keep the system economically practical. "Two-
crop" fish production is one method of achieving
this. (Kehl-East Central).
1996-A4, Bl, B2, C2, Dl,
D2, D3, E2, E3, F2
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT
OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE
Cornell University
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, 540 p. 137 fig.
195 tab, 303 ref.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Legal aspects. Efflu-
ent. FeedloU, Nutrients. Recycling
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Pollution,
•Nonpoint sources, Refeedlng, Land disposal
The purpose of thi» conference
rapid and w-tde dissemination of
would permit agriculture to con
and process adequate quantities
causing environmental problems
placed on federal effluent fuld
effect on th? livestock ind-jstry,
point diffuse pollution sources. ,
zalion. treatment, and disposal.
Central).
was to provide
Information that
tlnue to produce
of food without
Kmphasis was
lines and their
control of non-
nd watte stabtlt-
(Merryman-East
1997-A2, A4, A5, Bl. F3
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND
EVALUATING THK NATURE AND
EXTENT OF NOM'OINT SOURCES OF
POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICULTURE
Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boule-
vard. Kansas City, Missouri MHO
.A. Aleti, S Y. Chlu. and A. D. McElroy
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings ol the 1174 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 2527, 1774. p. 1023. 2 Og.
4 tab, 31 ref.
Descriptor!: 'Agriculture, 'Analytical techniques,
•Mathematical models. 'Measurement. Pollutants.
Pollution control, Agricultural runoff
Identifier! 'Nonpoinl pollution
Nonpoint pollution from agriculture has been
found to consist of some mix on nutrienu {nitro-
gen and phosphorus especially), organic biode-
gradable matter, microorganisms, pesticide*,
mineral salts and sediment. Hunoff water is the
principal carrier ol nonpomt pollution. Sensible
planning for control of pollutant emission!
from agriculture and of water quality In surface
and underground streams and reservoirs requires
quantitative knowledge of pollutant load* as
functions of several factors. Nonpoint pollution
modelling may help achieve this. Many para-
meters are Involved in specification of nonpoint
pollutant generition. These include: Basic char.
acterlsilcs of the land. Isnd use. pollutant
generation, pollution control, transport mech-
anisms, and dynamic features of receiving bodies
of water. While models exist which measure
Individual aspects of th: problem, a compre-
hensive model to do all these things does not
presently exist In usable documented form.
The overall basic need is development of com-
prehensive models which: (II Include all signi-
ficant pollutants, but can treat each Individual-
ly. (2) are sensitive to the causes (sources)
of pollution and thus can provide the means
to develop and assess various pollution control
measures and strategies: and (3) recognize In-
terdependencles between pollutants, such as peat-
Icides and sediment. In order to facilitate de-
velopment of simplified control measures, (Mer-
ryman-Kast Central).
1998-A4, A5, B2, Fl, F2
EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
FEEDLOTS
Chief Impact Analysis Section,
Effluent Guidelines Division,
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington. DC.
J. D. Drnit
Processing and Management uf Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1774 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester.
New York. March 2327. 1974. p. 51 it. 4 tab
2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics. 'Legal aspects. 'Regu-
lation. 'Poultry. 'Livestock. 'KeedloU, Effluent.
Water pollution control
Identifiers: 'Guidelines. 'Environmental Protec-
tion Agency
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended in 1972, defines concentrated livestock
and poultry growing operations (feedlota) as
"point" sources of "industrial" pollution and
further requires that permits be luued for then
operations Until 1977, existing feedlol operations
art to utilize, upgrade or install "In being"
324
-------
pollution abatement facilities. Conversely, new
(eedlot ln«l«ll«lloni must mandalorlly utlllir the
latest techniques. Only by 1483 li enforced
adoption of updated level of technology demanded
Of the lol»l Industry. Thli It considered to be
a "reasonable" approach because the alatute
seeks to control and abate water pollution with
out diminution of a vital Industry which hai
been contributing to mounting pollution problem!.
By evolutlonlied, ai opposed to Immediate, de-
mands the italutory co»l can and will be
achieved. In thli reasonable proceu. the Individ
ual operator, upon whom the vitality of a clean.
efficient Industry ultimately dependi. will more
certainly fraip hU Indispensable role In abating
pollution. (Merryman-East Central).
1999-A2, A4, B2, Fl, F2
THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF
IMPOSING EPA EFFLUENT
GUIDELINES ON THE U. S.
FED-BEEF INDUSTRY
Agricultural Economists. Commodity Economics
Division, Economic Research Service.
East Lansing, Michigan
J. B. Johnson and C, A. Davis
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester.
New York. March 25-27. 1»74, p. 59-70. 1 fig.
S tab. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control. 'Legal
aspects, 'Regulation. 'Feed'oU. 'Cattle. 'Eco-
Identlflers: 'Effluent guidelines. Environmental
Protection Agency
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1»72 require that the discharge of
pollutant* into navigable wrters be eliminated
by 1985. Tnlerim goals toward "zero" discharge
are to be achieved by July 1. 1*77. and by
July 1 1983 Effluent limitations for point source
dischargers require the application of best prac-
ticable control techno'ogy c-rrently available by
1977 and the application of the best available
technology economically achievable by 1M3.
Thirty-five percent of those feedtats with dry-lot
paved housing systems, because of their location
In thj Eastern States, are Identified as having
surface water control problems or potential.
Twenty-six percent of those feedlots In the 11
states using open-lot systems have surface water
control problems or potential. Of feedlots with
dry-lot unpaved housing systems, 25 percent elthtr
have existing surface water control problems
or the potential for runoff problem* during and
subsequent to a local lOyear. 24-hour itorrn.
Implementation of announced EPA effluent guide-
lines could result In annual cost of Increases
which would severely encumber the economic
viability of smaller-sized fed beef operations with
land-extensive housing systems located In humid
production regions. Some operation* may cease
production. All feedlota which take actions to
control runoff can expect lower returns on In-
vestment* If production is continued at historical
production levels. Improvement* over time will,
depend uron changes In Input prices and the
price of beef marketed. (Merryman-Eait Cen-
tral).
2000-A2, B2, B3, B4, E2,
Fl
IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT
GUIDELINES AND OTHER
POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
ON DAIRY FARMS
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economic*.
Cornell University. Ithaca. New York
D. Good, L. Connor, C. R. Hoglund and J. B.
Johnson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agrleul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York. March 15-27, 1»74, p. 7145. 10 tab.
11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry- 'Effluents. 'Agrl-
'cultural runoff. 'Economic*
Id?ntlflers: 'Pollution control, 'Guidelines. Legal
aspects, Land spreading
Physical and economic consequences are con-
sld-red for th; following kinds of pollution
control measures that could be Imposed on
dairies: (1) mandatory control of surface runoff
at the barnyard: (2) prohibition of winter
spreading of dairy wastes; and (3) mandatory
subsurface disposal of dairy wastes. Linear pro-
gramming and partial budgeting techniques were
employed to analyze these waste handling sys-
tems: (1> Stanchion housing — Gutter cleaner-
spreader dally hauling: (2) Open lot housing —
Scraper loader-spreader-dally scraping of alleys
and scraping and hauling from lots: (3) Cold
covered housing — Scraper-loader-spreader-dally
hauling; (4) Warm enclosed housing — Tractor
scraper-underground storage-liquid spreader; Me-
chanical scraper - underground storage • liquid
spread;r; or slotted floor underground storage
liquid spreader. It was determined that: (1)
Runoff control would most likely apply to open
lot housing; (2) Prohibition of winter spreading
and mandatory subsurface disposal would apply
to all four types; (3) Economic Impacts of
compliance with all three control measures
would be the worst for stanchion housing. Cold
covered housing systems would be least affected
if 6 month solid storage was allowed; (4) For
farm* with 80 cows, warm enclosed housing
and a liquid manure system, investments for a
•oil injector and for Increasing underground
storage capacity to 6 month* would Increase
3 percent and monetary returns would be re-
d-c d hv 14 n re nt. Ac!d?d was'.- slorag-, if
provided by less costly underground pump-outside
storage system, would Increase costs by $16
per cow and reduce operator return* by 10.7
percent. (Merryman-East Central).
2001-A2,AA,B2,B3,B4,E2,Fl
COST OF REDUCING SURFACE
WATER POLLUTION FROM U. S.
DAIRY FARMS
Agricultural Economist. Commodity Economic*
Division, Economic Research Division, Economic
Research Service, Minnesota University, St Paul
B. M. Buxton and S. J. Zlegler
Processing and Management of Agricultural-
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester.
New York. March 2S-27. 1974, p. «6-»6, 1 flg,
5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Water pollution, 'Dairy In-
dustry, 'Waste storage
Identifiers: Land disposal, Runoff control
Representative-size farms In 3 region* of the
United States were selected to estimate Individ-
ual and annual cost* to (1) control runoff from
exposed lot* and wash water from the milking
area, and (2) provide manure storage to avoid
disposal on frozen ground. Result* Indicated that
the greatest financial Impact of controlling sur-
face water runoff would be on dairy producer*
with fewer than 20 cows. Investment in lot
runoff control facilities would be a* much a*
I30S per cow, with annual coits a* high as S82
per cow and milk produce cost* Increasing by
a* much a* $0.64 per 100 pound* of milk. An
additional Investment of as much as $273 per
cow for operator* In the northern region would
result if winter manure disposal was prohibited.
The Impact of controlling surface water runoff
on farms with 20 or more cow* 1s significant.
but not a* dramatic a* the Impact on smaller
dairy farms. Total Investment for runoff con-
trol for United State's dairy producer* with a
runoff problem would be about $333 million. By
exempting producer* with less than 20 cows.
Investment would be reduced to $223 million.
If all herds with leu than 100 cows were
exempted, Investment would drop sharply to $25
million. Investment In manure storage facilities
would be u much as $761 million, but would
drop to $33 million U farm* with less than
100 cow* were excluded from complying with
future winter disposal guideline*. Total cost to
the dairy Industry to both control lot runoff
and avoid spreading on frozen land would be
over $1 billion. If farms with lew than 100 cow*
were excluded, total Investment would be re-
duced by almost 95 percent to approximately
$61 million. (Merryman-East Central).
2002-A2, A4, B2, F2, F3
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
CONTROLLING SURFACE WATER
RUNOFF FROM POINT SOURCES IN
U.S. HOG PRODUCTION
Agricultural Economist. Commodity Economic*
Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture
R. N, Van Arsdal!
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester.
New York. March 25-27. 1974. p, 97-107.
Descriptors: "Economics. 'Agricultural runoff,
•Water pollution control, 'Regulation
Identifiers: 'Hog production
This economic Impact analysis Is limited to
examination of prevention of surface water
pollution by contaminated runoff from concen-
trated systems of production. This analysis began
before the announcement of the EPA's proposed
effluent guidelines of September 7, 1973, but the
conclusions are still pertinent. Hog production
Is largely in the hands of small volume produc-
tion. Producers turning out fewer than 200 hogs
a year make up a third of total production In
the 19 major hog producing states. Thus strict
runoff control regulations would very likely put
many pork producers out of business due to
excessive financial burden. The remaining nog
producers then would have to take up the slack
in hog production. They could do this only after
a period of adjustment. In the meantime, these
larger producers could probably make the needed
changes without much increase in pork prices
for the consumer. What would cause an In-
crease In the price of pork is the shortage of
pork during the adjustment period. Desirable
outcome in the changes ahead would be aug-
mented by the following: (1) Specifics of regula-
tions and timing of their application should be
made known as soon as possible: (2) Regulations
should be phased into the industry over a period
of years: (3) Most producers of moderate size
may be able to absorb additional costs per 100
pounds of pork produced and to continue produc-
tion on a competitive basis. However, many may
not. Thus, there may be a need to allow more
time for adjustment or to provide a cost-sharing
to meet their needs. (Merryman-East Central).
2003-A1, AA, A5, A7, A8,
A13, Bl
AN ENVIRONMENTAL, ANALYSIS
OF FEEDLOT SYSTEMS
C. N. Ifeadl and W, T. Lawhon
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester,
New York, March 25-27. 1974, p. 108-121. 6 fig,
13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots. 'Systems analysis. 'En-
vironmental effects
Identifiers: 'Pollution
The purpose of this paper was to suggest a
methodology whereby feedlot system* could be
analyzed for potential environmental Impacts.
The balance between the constituents necessary
for maximum production and the capacity of
the environmental component* to withstand pollu-
tion was analyzed. This was done by compiling a
simple checklist, arranged In matrix form, and
developed so that the potential Interactions be-
tween the various component* of the feedlot
system and It* environment could be Identified.
Feedlot systems and processes were listed with
corresponding pollution Impact* for (1) sur-
face-water pollution. (2) groundwater pollution.
(3) air pollution. (4) land pollution, and (5)
aesthetic and human factors. Further studies
will be required In order to develop data
which will verify the simple mathematical
models put forth in thli paper and In order
to determine the magnitude of the Impact*
shown In the matrix. (Merryman-East Central).
325
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200A-B3, D2, E2, Fl
COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR
COLLECTING. HANDLING,
AIR-DRYING AND MACHINE
DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
MANURE IN A CAGED LAYER
PRODUCTION UNIT
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State
University. East Lansing
C. J. Flegal, M. L. Esmay. J. B. Gcrrish, J. E,
Dixon, C. C. Sheppard, H. C. Zlndcl and T. S.
Chang
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester.
New York. March 2527, 1974, p. 122-131. 1 fig.
7 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: "Excetra. "Drying, "Economics. •De-
sign
Identifiers: "Waste handling, "Caged layer pro-
duction unit, Energy requirements
This demonstration project was undertaken to
d->sign, construct and test a poultry laying house
that wo'ild incorporate a complete system lor
waste removal, dehydration and refeeding to
poultry and other livestock. Specific objectives
w~re: (1) to demonstrate and evaluate a com-
plete excreta handling system including in-house
drying and dehydration, (2) to determine opti-
mum dehydration conditions for the multiphase
drying system, (3> to minimize energy require-
ments, (4) to make the system adaptable to
most existing commercial egg producing units.
(5) to determine emissions from th» system,
and (6) to determine the economics of (he
system. The project's clear span pole and truss
building utilized a contino'is conveyor belt drying
tunnel and afterburner in drying the excreta.
Fuel consumption, electrical inputs, air move-
m°nt, and relative humidity were monitored.
Different months yielded different results. In
February the dryer red'iced excreta moisture
content to about 1 percent. Fuel consumption
was between 2.45 and 2.83 gallons per hour for
the dry" and 2.022.65 gallons o°r hour for
th- afterb-'mer. The water removed by the dryer
was 172-191 per hour (a BTU requirement of
2500-4500 Btu per Ib. of water removed). Over
half the fuel requirement was for the dryer;
the rest was for the afterburner. Approximately
9 percent of the water was removed by ven-
tilation. 3 percent in the tunnel, and 6 percent
in the dryer. (Merryman-East Central).
2005-B2, D3, E2, E3, F3
INTEGRATED POULTRY-MANURE
HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS
UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED
WASTEWATER: AN EV-PROGRESS
REPORT ON AN 1100-BIRD LAYER
HOUSE
Agricultural Engineering Department. Georgia
Coastal Plain Equipment Station, TUton
C. V. Booram, D. S. Bundy, G. B, Parker and
R. L. Fehr
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 132-140. 5 fig,
2 tab, 15 ret
Descriptors: "Poultry, "Excreta, 'Hydraulic
transportation. Sprinkler Irrigation, Lagoons
Identifiers: "Waste recycling. Feathers, Aerobic
lagoon. Land disposal
Hydraulic handling of poultry manure Is being
tested at Iowa State University. Half of a
2200 bird laying house was renovated and is
not operating as a flushing system. When the
system is complete, aerobic-lagoon water will
transport the manure. Temporarily, fresh water
is being used. This modified system includes
flushing tanks, flushing trays fabricated and
formed from 12 gauge steel with an epoxy
coating, and the necessary controls and equip-
ment to process, treat, recycle, and dispose of
manure and feathers. Wastes in the flushing
channels are hydraullcally transported to a
chopper pump where they are chopped and re-
Cycled with the water for channel flushing.
Periodically, the manure and feathers are dis-
charged through a fri-wer line Into the anaerobic
cell of a two stage lagoon. Future waste-
management plans Include evaluation of odor
reduction, labor reduction, and management
problems. Different flushing and discharge Inter-
vals will be used to determine the optimum
system management, (Mcrryman-East Central).
2006-A11,B1,B3,C1,C2
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE
LEGHORN MANURE
Agricultural Engineering Department. Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
A. G. Hashimoto
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York. March 2527, 1974. p. 141-152. 7 fig.
6 tab. 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds. "Mortality. Moisture con-
tent
Identifiers: "White leghorns, "Manure. "Egg pro-
duction, "Waste characteristics
Living hens were placed In conventional stair-
step cages when about 21 weeks old to begin
their laying cycle. They were removed after 11
or 12 months of egg production. Data on feed
consumption, egg production and bird mortality
were recorded in an attempt to determine the
variations in production and characteristics of
laying hen manure as related to diet, feed
consumption, bird age, and egg production. Diet
consumed had significant Influence on manure
production. Hens fed the Practical (Basal) Diet,
with no additives, 0.2 percent DL-Methlonlne,
0.2 percent choline chloride (70 percent), or both
0.2 percent DL-Methlonine and 0.2 percent choline
chloride (70 percent) produced 37 percent more
manure and 43 percent more moisture than
those fed the Random Sample Diet. This effect
of diet would be a significant management
constraint, especially for operations utilizing
"dry" manure-handling systems. Mass balancel
of feed consumption and manure production
showed that approximately 35 percent of the
total solids, 30 percent of the volatile solids,
70 percent of the fixed solids, 15 percent of
the COD, and 80 percent of the total nitrogen
consumed were recovered in White Leghorn
manure. (Merryman-East Central),
2007-B1, C2
THE PRODUCTION RATE AND
COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM
GROWING TURKEYS
Animal Sciences Department, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana
J. G. Berry, A. L. Sutton and J. R. Carson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 153-151. 1 fig.
2 tab. 9 ref.
Descriptors: "Nutrients. "Analysis
Identifiers: "Manure. "Production rate, 'Com-
position, "Turkeys
The purpose of this study was to determine
the amount and composition of manure produced
by growing turkeys under current confinement
management practices. Average daily production
rate (wet basis) was determined to be 0.64
pounds per bird per day for the males and 0.53
pounds per bird per day for the females. Mean
values of nutrients for all samples regardless
of sex was determined by chemical analysis (wet
basis). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
were 1.36 percent, 0.49 percent, and 0.71 percent
respectively, (Merryman-East Central).
2008-B2.B3,1*.C3,D1,D3
AIRBORNE MICKOOItGANISMS IN
HIGH DENSITY POULTRY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Department ol Food Science, Cornell University
Ithaca. New York
S. Sotiracopoulos and V. C. Dondero
Processing and Management o( Agricultural
Wajile. Proceeding* ol the l»74 Cornell Agricul-
tura! Wane Management Conference. Rochester
New York. March IS 77. 1»74. p 159-174 ( n*
7 tab. 30 ref. ' **
Descrlplon: 'Poultry. 'Air pollution. 'Micro-
organisms, Pathogenic bacteria
Identifiers: "W*sle management. "Oxidation
ditch, "Undercage drying pit. Slaphylococcus
aureus. Salmonella lyphtmuhum
An InveslJgatton was undertaken to: (1) estimate
the total number of microorganism* and ilaphy'
lococcui aureut per It) ol air in (our chicken
growth chamber*. (2> Demonstrate the dispersal
of microorganism* into the almoiphere of the
chicken growth chamber (due to aerosal forma-
tion from the "oiidsuon ditch"). (3) Identify
the Isolates from air sample*. (4) estimate the
number of slaphylococcus aureus and salmon-
ella In the wa«te»aier of the "oxidation ditch".
and (5) study the survival of staphylococcus
aureus and salmonella lyprumurium Inoculated
In the wastrwater at the "oxidation ditch". The
waste Irratmenl systems used In the Investiga-
tion were: oxidation ditch, diffused aeration
ditch, undercage drying pit (with slot outlet)*
and undercage drying pit (high-rise). Specific
results are tabulated. Density of microorganisms
varied widely and the density was Influenced
by type of wasle treatment lyslero. It was
found that the oxidation ditch dispersed the
highest number of microorganisms In the air
(Merryman-Eut Central).
2009-A3,A4,A8,C2,E2,F6
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN
CONTROL IN POULTRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY
SIMULATION MODELING
Manitoba University. Winnipeg. Canada
D. D. Schulte. R. C. Loehr, D. A. Haith and
D. R. Bouldin
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester
New York. March 25-17. 1174. p. 1M-1M 7 fig
2 tab. 15 ref.
Descriptors: "Computer models. "Mathematical
models. Poultry, Water pollution. Leaching, Agri-
cultural runoff
Identifier!: "Nitrogen control. "Waste manage-
ment, Land spreading
Nitrogen management on a hypothetical poultry
farm was computer simulated and a comparison.
was made of nitrogen losses to ground and
surface water rrsulung from various waste man-
agement policies. L'uiuaUon of the mathematical
model revealed the following: (1) leaching of
inorganic nitrogen from manured fields was re-
duced more at equivaleot removal levels followed
by high application rales than at lower disposal
rates; (2) confinement of manure disposal to
the time preceding planting (April 1-May 20)
and rates of 250 kg/hs or less, and/or removal
of the majority of inorganic nitrogen prior
to spreading reduced the Inorganic nitrogen
levels In the soil at the onset of winter to
approximately that remaining where no manure
was applied. (Additional research Is needed to
verify this. I; (3) residual inorganic nitrogen In
the soil at the onset of winter was affected
more by nitrogen removal pnor to disposal than
by the application rale; and (4) most of the
nitrogen lost In runoff from manured fields due
to rainstorms occurring between April 1 and
November 10 was earned In water from one or
two storms. Due to the variability of runoff
occurrences, scheduling manure disposal at dif-
ferent times within this period will not reduce
runoff lostes consistently over a number of
years. (Merryman-Eui Central).
326
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2010-A3, C2, Fl, F2
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT
AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL
WATERSHED IN NEW YORK STATE
Department of Agricultural Economics. Corn.lt
rVHr"scyha!!er"CV Tj.«"! .nd C. L. C....r
vror^iinK and Management or Aerlcultural
Wa.leProcef.dJnc. of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Minairmrnl Conference. Iluchester.
New York. March 25 27. 1974. p. 200 210. 3 tab.
8 ref.
Descriptors 'Model studies. 'Economics. 'Water
rollution control. Nutrients. New York
fdenWier. 'Soil loss. Watershed. Effluent laxe..
Fertllzer (axe*
A watershed model was developed which In-
cornorated both eslimaled lo»»es o( nitrogen.
phosphorus, and soil and the costs to the
farmer. In reducing these lo>»es. The following
three policies for controlling losses and measur-
ing Ih-- effect on farm Income in the watershed
were evaluated: (1) restriction, on losses; (2)
effluent taxes; and (3. ferliluer taxes^Cosls to
fa'mcrs In using any of th-se methods would
be substantial. While <1> and (21 woild be hard
to administer. (3) would most likely be Ineffec.
tlv in reducing the losses of pollutants The
model did not evaluate the possibility of re-
ducing losses by method, other than change*
In croo and livestock production further re-
search'is needed (Merryroan Kail Central!.
2011-A3, Bl, C2, E2
LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS
FOR DAIRY MANL'RE
Agronomy Department. Cornell University.
P" JCaZwe'rman?rs D. Wau.ner and O Kill.
Proces»lng and Management of Agricultural
Wait" Proceedings of Ih? 1974 Cornell Agnail-
iViml Waste Management Conference. Rochester.
New York7 March 2527. IK4. p. 211.221. 7 tab.
17 ref.
Descriptor*- 'Dairy Industry. Nutrients. Sediment
transport. Agricultural runoff
Identifier.: 'Manure. 'Und spreading. 'Load-
ing rates
Researchers wanted lo ascertain the effect of
winter spreading, spring plow down and summer
toudrrs* method, on resulting nutrient and .edi-
menl IOHJS. Dairy manure was applied at load_
InZ rales of 15. 45. and 90 tons per acre on Und
ii.ed for continvous corn production. Two .ys-
tern* of will management were u»ed. Removal
of all plant residue, at harvest was denoted
a. noor management. Reinmrporaiion of plant
material Into the .oil wa» considered good
management. The following conclusions were
made- (1) The greatest nutrient loss result.
when'cow manure Is spread on top of melting
•now that Is situated on frozen »oll. Manure
.oread on frozen soil, and later covered by .now
do-* not re.ull In excessive losses; <2> Even
under such extreme condition., .ub.t.nlial re-
duction* In losses can be produced by lowering
theT loading rale and/or improving the soil
«lruclure through .oil management. Even when
"preading under adverse weather condition., a
2/3 reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus losse.
to the environmenl was achieved by maintaining
.nil structure by return of residues; 131 Hurri-
cane Agnes - 6.M" rain - wa. the most
effective mean, of moving sediment. These
.ediments were lower In nulnenla than the
Juno" water.; and (4. A high Intensity .torrn
o? 245 inche. In August. 197J. removed little
.ediment and few nutrient.. It was fell that (Mi
was due to the prolecuv. action of the nearly
fully grown corn crop. (Merryman Kast Central).
2012-A2,B1,E2,F1,F2,F6
BEEF WASTK MANAGEMENT
ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA
FARMER-FEEDERS
A«rtcullural Economics Department. California
State University. Fresno
C. L. Pherson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester,
New York. March 2527, 1974, p. 250270. 1 fig.
13 lab. 13 ref,
Descriptors: 'Minnesota, 'Regulation. 'Econom-
ics, 'Costa, 'Model studies
Identifiers: 'Waste handling. Runoff control, Crop
selection
This study was performed to develop a method
for determining optimal farmer response to
Minnesota pollution regulations. Objective* In-
cluded determination of (1) direct and indirect
costs of complying with regulations, (2) net
return maximizing alternative systems. (3) opti-
mal time schedules for waste handling. (4)
marginal value or cost of beef wastes, and (5)
effect* of system choice on field crop selection
and crop operation timing, and the effects of
set-aside acres or rotating disposal field. It
was found that a programming model could
accomplish these goals. Specific figures are
tabulated for various alternatives. Pollution con-
trol consultants should consider alternative waste
handling housing systems In terms of farm-feed-
lot profit before recommending runoff control
structures on current facilities. (Merryman-East
Central).
2013-A1, B2, B3, Fl
ENERGY AND MONETARY COSTS
FOR TWO BEEF CATTLE WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Engineering,
VI'I/SU, Blacksburg. Virginia
H. A. Hughes, J. B. Holtman and L. J. Conner
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York. March 25-27, 1974, p. 271-282. 9 fig.
4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Energy. 'Costs. 'Waste disposal.
•Liquid wastes. 'Solid wastes. 'Mathematical
model*
A method was presented for determining the
co«t of energy to produce beef. The method
was explained by use of an example beef feeding
farm. The two alternatives that were con-
sidered were liquid waste handling and solid
waste handling. Analysis was carried out by
using a mathematical model based on the
'energy structure*' technique, This technique Is
based on the system* concept of a set of com-
ponent. Interacting through mass and energy
exchanges among themselves In the environment.
Equivalent network models then describe the
complete system. Evaluations Include the deter-
mination of energy cost of beef production and
material flows Into, out of. and within the
system. It was found that liquid waste handling
required larger amount* of capital, fossil energy,
and labor than similar systems using solid waste
handling. However, solid waste handling had
greater nutrient loss to the environment. (Mer-
ryman Kast Central).
2014-B5, Cl, C2
INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM.
DIGESTIIJILITY OF RATION AND
PROPORTION OF CONCENTRATE
CONSUMED ON THE QUANTITY AND
QUALITY OF EXCRETA VOIDED BY
LACTATING COWS
Animal Research Institute, Research Branch
Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6
L. J. Fisher
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceeding, of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York. March 25-27, 1974. p. 283-290. S tab,
5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds. Moisture content, Nutrients
Identifier*: 'Feeding system*, 'Digestibility, 'Ex-
creta, 'Lactatlng cowl
The quantity and characteristics of the manure
produced from various feeding system, should
be staled with greater precision. In an attempt
to provide more comprehensive Information as
to quantity, moisture content, and nitrogen con-
tent of excreta, the results of approximately
400 digestibility trials conducted with lactating
cows are summarized. If the refinement of
predicting manure characteristics Is considered
to be warranted, then computer capabilities
should be sufficient to formulate that bulk of
data into meaningful guidelines. (Merryman-East
Central).
2015-A6, A7
A PRACTICAL PORTABLE METHOD
OF ODOR MEASUREMENT
University of Kiel. Germany
H. Mannebeck
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974. p. 291-294. 3 fig.
Identifiers: 'Odor measurement. 'Olfactometer
The difficulty in making valid odor measure-
ment is discussed. Because odor is not definable
as a physical dimension, subjective organoleptic
procedures must be used in Its measurement.
A certain objectivity Is made possible by using
olfactometers. The Olfactometer has mainly been
developed and designed for judgement of odor
from animal production farms including storage,
treatment and hauling of liquid manure. Using
this equipment, odor loaded air will be mixed
with odorless air to such a degree that odor
can just be distinguished. The amount of di-
lution is used as a measure for the intensity
of the air. During the testing process, there is
almost no acclimatization to the odor because
of light odor Intensities. Furthermore, regenera-
tion of the sensitivity of the nose takes place
between measurements. Errors In measurement
that can occur are: (1) Errors in measurement
and calibration during determination of flow
volume. (2) Errors due to temperature decrease.
(3) Errors due to so called effect of refresh-
ness. (4> Loss of odor loaded particles due to
adhesian inside the instrument. (5) Errors due
to adaption. (Merryman-East Central),
2016-A6,B2,C1,C2,D1,D3,F1
THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT
OF MINK WASTES BY LIQUID
AERATION
Monteco Environmental Management Associates.
Montgomery. New York
A. C. Anthonisen and R. C. Loehr
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester.
New York. March 2527. 1974. p. 295 308. 10 fig.
8 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Mink, 'Design, Economics
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Liquid aeration,
•Oxidation ditch. Jet-Aero-Mix System, Odor con-
trol
Results of laboratory and full scale experiments
indicated that liquid aeration was feasible for
handling and treating wastes of mink raised In
enclosed sheds. The study Indicated that wastes
from the confined mink could drop Into an In-
house oxidation ditch and that offensive odors
could be eliminated. Treatment efficiencies in-
dicated that the microorganisms within the
mixed liquor could remove 467c TS, 93% TKN.
and 97% BOD. Foaming occurred but was not
considered a problem. Better design was found
to be needed to reduce odor control costs.
Clogged nozzles due to hair and straw was a
problem when using the Jet-Aero-Mix system.
Other aeration alternatives are available, but
the concept of liquid aeration itself does appear
to be a workable one. (Merryman-East Central).
327
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2017-A4, A9, Bl, F3
EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE
CONTROL OF WASTE POLLUTION
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND
FERTILIZERS
Agricultural Engineer Non-Point Pollution Con-
trol Division, Office of Research and Develop-
ment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D, C. 20460
W. C. LaVeille
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York. March 25-27, 1974, p. 320-335. 8 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control, 'Europe,
•Fertilizers. Pesticides, Forest Management, Nu-
trients
Identifiers: •Agricultural wastes
A seminar was held In Vienna, Austria, during
October. 1973, to discuss pollution of waters by
agriculture and forestry. In general, the dis-
cussions paralleled conferences on similar topics
held In this country. The major differences
related to European agricultural practices them-
selves such as the relative scarcity of feedlot
operations of a size comparable to those found
In the United States and the generally higher
proportion of European land used for Intensive
agricultural production. Experts found it difficult
to quantify at the country or regional level
the degree of water pollution due to livestock
production because specialized literature was
scarce and no in-depth studies of the problem
as a whole could be found. Use of fertilizers and
pesticides was also discussed. The seminar draft-
ed and approved recommendations that programs
be established to: (a) encourage farmers and
foresters to use suitable methods to help mini-
mize the transport of nutrients to water bodies;
(b) monitor the effects of agricultural and ill-
vicultural activities on the waters, for assessing
ths share of these activities In total water
pollution and estimating future tendencies In ths
evolution of such pollution; (c) follow with at-
tention the recent trends in the use of fertilizers
in forestry in ordsr to avoid that forestry should
become a significant source of pollution by plant
nutrients; (d) promote research on such prob-
lems as the rate of transfer of nutrients
through the soil, taking into account the many
factors on which this rate depends. (Merryman-
East Central).
2018-A11, A12, B3, B5, D3,
E3, Fl
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE IN
RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE
Department of Animal Science, California State
Polytechnic University, Pomona
T. W. Westing and B. Brandenberg
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester,
New York. March 25-27. 1974, p. 336-341. 8 tab,
3 ref.
Descriptors: •Cattle. 'Diets. 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Refeeding. 'Manure
To assess the feasibility of recycling beef feedlot
wastes, a feeding trial was conducted com-
paring i typical feedlot ration with an experi-
mental ration consisting of 14 percent composted
beef waste. Thirty steers were test fed for 184
days. Average daily gain (kg), feed consumption
(kg), feed conversion (kg), cost/kg gain (c),
were 1.10, 8.6C. 7.87, .7711; 1.11. 8.25. 7.43. .8440
for the waste added and control groups, respec-
tively. The closeout on the beef waste group
was $14.87 less per head for the total feeding
period. No significant difference was found In
carcass yield, quality, or taste for the two groups
tested. (Merryman-East Central).
Agricultural Engineer!. Agricultural Research
Service. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Ne-
braska University. LJncoln
C. B. Gllberlson, and J, A. Nlenaber
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester,
New York, March 25-27. 1974. p. 342-355. 5 fig.
5 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: "Cattle. 'Design. "Diets, Physical
properties. Chemical properties. Biological prop-
erties
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Manure, 'Ration
The effects of three ration roughage contents on
beef cattle wastes were determined In order to
gather design information necessary for handling.
conveying, and processing beef cattle wastes.
The most significant effects of roughage content
were on physical properties, production, total
solids content, particle size, distribution, appar-
ent viscosity, flow properties, compaction, and
shrinkage factors. Volatile solids, specific grav-
ity, and wet bulk density were least affected.
Specific conclusions are stated. It was deter-
mined that the designing of waste management
system components will depend on the changes
in physical properties which are affected by
ration roughage content. (Merryman-Eut Cen-
tral).
2020-All,B2,C3,D3,E3,F3
INFLUENCE OF INGESTION OF
ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT
ON GROWING SWINE
John Deere and Co., Dubuque, Iowa
L. W. Schmltt. T. E. Hazen and R. J. Smith
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974. p, 356-374. 10 fig.
7 tab. 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Pathogens
Identifiers: 'Anaerobic lagoon effluent, 'Swine,
'Digestion, 'Waste water
Because water may serve as a transport me-
dium for many disease organisms, this study
was concerned with the health of swine exposed
to recycled lagoon effluent. An experiment was
conducted which had three major variables: (1)
animal exposure to the flush liquid, (2) type
of flush liquid (fresh water or recycled anaero-
bic-lagoon water), and (3) the use of the two
liquids in the drinking fountains. Also compared
in the experiment were two swine feeding
systems — on-floor and self-feeder. Overall, the
experiment reinforced the belief that use of
anaerobic-lagoon water In open-channel manure-
handling systems does not degrade animal per-
formance. Necropsy results showing degradation
(hyperplasia) of the lymph nodes were not
considered cause for alarm because the exposure
to the lagoon water was extreme, since the pigs
were forced to drink it as their only source
of water. Future experimentation should Include
the following: (1) forced ingestion of recycled
lagoon effluent during the full reproductive cycle.
(2) injection of known enteric pathogens into the
system, (3) use of more replicates to determine
if feed efficiency is affected by ingestion of the
gutter contents, (4) more detailed analysis of
physiological changes such as white blood cell
counts, antigen response, antibody tlter, etc. and
(5) evaluation of pulmonary Irritation caused
by gases. (Merryman-East Central).
2019-B5, Cl, C2, C3
THE EFFECT OF RATION ON
MATERIAL HANDLING AND
PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF
CATTLE MANURE
2021-B2, B5, C2, D3, E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMINO ACID
PRODUCED IN AN OXIDATION
DITCH FROM WASTE
Department of Animal Science,
Illinois University
B. G. Harmon and D. L. Day
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference; Rochester.
New York, March 25-27. 1974, p. 375-381. 2 fig.
8 taB, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Proteins, 'Amino adds, *Feeds
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Feces, 'Oxidation ditch mix-
ed liquor
Microbiota in intestines and excreted feees are
very effective in bio-upgrading nitrogen con-
taining byproducts and endproducts of metab-
olism Into single cell proteins and amlno adds
The oxidation ditch provides a compact, econom-
ical, and effident system In which this Moen-
hancement may take place. The ammo-add rich
product may then be used as a supplement
for swine diets. Feeding systems using oxidation
ditch mixed liquor can utilize all the waste
produced by swine. (Cameron-East Central).
2022-B2, D3,
BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED
SOLIDS FED TO STEERS
Agricultural Engineer, NCR-ARS-USDA
R. O. Hegg, J. C. Melske. R. E. Larson, and
J. O. Moore
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester
New York. March 25-27, 1974, p. 382-386. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feeds. 'Cattle. 'Solid wastes. Per-
formance
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng, 'Oxidation ditch
Research was conducted to determine the feed-
Ing value of solids recovered from an oxidation
ditch and. refed to finishing steers as part of
a ration. Twenty Holsteins were randomly
allotted to five lots of four steers each. Regular
air-dry, shelled corn was used as the control
ration, with two rations containing different
ration of reclaimed solids and corn. Became
reclaimed solids were wet rations, water was
added to two of the control rations to give
similar moisture content. The 84-day feeding
trial revealed that feeding reclaimed solids will
not have a significant effect on the average
dally gain of finishing steers if fed at rates up
to one part corn: two parts reclaimed solids
from an oxidation ditch. The reclaimed solids
bad 63 to 85 percent of the feeding value of
regular air-dry corn on a dry matter basis.
Reclaiming solids and refeeding them seems
feasible; but if the system is used In open
feedlots In cold regions of the United States.
freezing problems due to the moisture content
of the feed can be expected. (Merryman-Eut
Central).
2023-A11, B3, D3, E3
A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO
ANAEROBIC LAGOON ANALYSIS
Agricultural Engineering Department. Clemson
University. Clemson, South Carolina
D. T. Hill and C. L. Earth
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester.
New York, March 25-27. 1974. p. 387-404. 13 flr.
7 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: •Mathematical models. •Analysis.
•Design criteria ^^
Identifiers: 'Prediction, 'Anaerobic lagoons
Swine
Operating parameters such as loading rate*,
detention times, and depth have been investi-
gated without really considering—more basic
operating characteristics. Because chemistry of
the wastes, stolchiometry, dynamics, and kinetics
as well as microbiology of the reactions are an
fundamentally Inherent in the process, a mathe-
matical model was developed to interface all
these fundamental characteristics In an attempt
to provide basic understanding of the overall
process. General trends for anaerobic lagoons
treating swine wastes were predicted. Because
the parameters for this study were based upon
the literature concerning conventional anaerobic
digestion processes, as opposed to kinetic para-
meters, errors may have occurred. The model
was meant to be only a first approximation.
Refinement of the model through further studies
should provide better correlations. (Merryman-
East Central). ^^^
328
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2024-B2,B5,C2,D3,E3,F1
TREATMENT OF BEEF WASTE BY A
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL
CONTACTOR
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Minnesota University. St. Paul S5101
J. A, Moore, R. O. Hegg, and R. E. Larson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27. 1974, p. 405-414. 5 flg.
} tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment. 'Liquid wastes,
•Cattle. 'Recycling, Effluent, Costs, Analysis
Identifiers: 'Rotating Biological Contractor
A Bio-Disc for treatment of liquid beef waste
In a closed recycling system was evaluated. The
unit consisted of a series of discs mounted on
a horizontal shaft and suspended over a semi-
circular tank. The discs rotated slowly with
about half of their surface intermittently ex-
posed to liquid and to air. An aerobic bio-mass
developed and grew on the disc. The bio-mass
consumed organic matter in the waste water and
utilized oxygen from surrounding air to main-
tain aerobic conditions. The liquid waste flowed
progressively through four states, and then Into
a clarlfier section where settleable solids settled
out. Effluent from the clarifier section then
flowed to a wet well and was pumped to the
elevated flush tanks to repeat the cycle. Sample
analyses were made for: chemical oxygen de-
mand, biochemical oxygen demand, total solids,
total volatile solids, phosphorus, chloride, am-
monium nitrogen, organic nitrogen and pH. The
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) removed
18 pounds of BOD5 per day when receiving a
primary clarifier effluent averaging 6006 mg/1
of BODs. COD, PO4 and organic nitrogen con-
centrations were 3 times higher on the sludge
than In the RBC effluent. The pH values of
the sludge were the lowest of those samples
taken The TVS as a percent of TS averaged
86% for the sludge and 70 to 73% for all other
samples. Crystalline buildup on the discs Inter-
fered with bacterial growth. Based upon a cost
of 30c per square foot of surface area installed
disc as estimated by Autotrol, the initial and
operating cost of the RBC will not allow its
widespread application to high organic strength
animal waste waters. (Merryman-East Central).
2025-B2, B5, C2, D3, E3
WASTE TREATMENT WITH A
PROTEIN BONUS
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture,
Aberdeen, Scotland
K Robinson
Processing and Management ' of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester.
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p 415-420. 3 fig,
2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, 'Proteins, Nitri-
fication, Denitrification, Sludge, Copper, Swine
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch. Anaerobic lagoons.
Loading rates. Refeeding, Nucleic add
An oxidation ditch was filled with anaerobic
lagoon supernatant in order to determine: (1)
loading rates of an oxidation ditch treating
supernatant from an anaerobic lagoon, (2) feasi-
bility of controlled simultaneous nitrification-
denitrification, and (3) yield and protein value
of sludge produced during aerobic treatment.
After the initial start-up period the ditch was
operated on a cycle of no aeration for one hour
to allow sludge settling and the removal of a
volume of supernatant equivalent to the Input,
agitation during addition of lagoon liquor, no
aeration for 4-5 hours to permit denitrification
to this cycle was the removal of mixed liquor
instead of settled supernatant for approximately
on- month. Lagoon, oxidation ditch, and final
settling tank samples were examined for total
and dissolved COD. pH. NH, + /-N NOZ-N. and
NOa-N as frequently as possible (usually daily).
Measurement of other parameters were also
made Microbial sludge harvested by centri-
fucation from oxidation ditch mixed liquor was
analyzed for KjN. total and available lysine.
Experimental results demonstrated that loading
based on volume was only satisfactory If quality
of Input remained the same. Sludge protein
may be of value for refeeding; however, copper
and nucleic acid content may make such re-
fccdlng unsuitable. Further research Is needed.
Estimates of yield were 1 kg dry solids/ 100
pigs. (Merryman-East Central)
2026-B2, C2, D3
APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL
OF NITROGEN WITH AN OXIDATION
DITCH
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University. Ithaca. New York
T. B. S. Prakasam. E. G, Srlnath, A. C. Aa-
thonisen, J. H. Martin, Jr., and R. C. Loehr
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March Z5-27, 1974, p. 421-435 5 fig,
10 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Control, Poultry
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, Odor control
A pilot scale oxidation ditch was used to
demonstrate several approaches for controlling
nitrogen in poultry wastes. The following models
of operation were used: (1) continuous rotor
operation without Intentional wasting of mixed
liquor, (2) maintenance of a solids equilibrium
condition by intentionally wasting some mixed
liquor and subjecting the remaining mixed liquor
to intermittent denitrification, (3) maintenance
of solids equilibrium and using .a solids separa-
tion tank to settle the mixed liquor suspended
solids and to denitrify the recycled effluent, and
(4) intermittent periods of rotor aeration which
permitted nitrification and denitriflcation. Results
of the study indicated that as much as 70 per-
cent of the Input nitrogen to the oxidation ditch
could be conserved and up to 90 percent of it
could be removed, depending on the mode of
operation chosen. The study also Indicated that
waste stabilization and odor control need not be
sacrificed when controlling nitrogen. (Merryman-
East Central).
2027-B2, B5, Dl, D3, F6
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM
ANALYSIS AND FIELD EVALUATION
OF THE AEROB-A-JET
.Unlversitaet Bonn, Institute fuer Landtechnik,
Nuss-Allee
D, Simons, D. D. Jones, and R. C. Dale
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1S74, p. 436-454. 3 fig,
3 tab, 39 ref.
Descriptors: 'Analysis, 'Design. 'Aeration
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch. 'Aerob-A-Jet
A critical analysis was given of the oxidation
ditch system and its current design practices
in connection with various aeration devices.
Treatment efficiency, heat production and con-
servation, and solids liquid separation were
examined in relation to different oxidation ditch
systems. A field evaluation of the Aerob-A-Jet
revealed that certain modifications must be
made before it will operate optimally. The fol-
lowing conclusions concerning oxidation ditch
design were stated. (1) Oxidation ditches should
use channel cross sections which optimize flow
properties and therefore decrease energy re-
quirements for circulation and mixing. (2) Bio-
logical oxidations In the ODML produce a great
deal of heat which should be conserved with the
us3 of ths proper aeration device. This would
help prevent freezing in cold weather and the
lower viscosity would decrease energy require-
ments for circulation and mixing. (3) The sepa-
ration of large solids from the ODML would
greatly enhance waste treatment, lower energy
requirements for aeration and circulation, and
decrease the problem of final disposal of the
waste. (4) Liquid circulation and aeration should
be accomplished by separate devices for maxi-
mum efficiency. (5) A ditch Reynolds number
of at least 10,000 should be maintained If
maximum treatment efficiency is to be achieved.
(Merryman-East Central).
2028-A8,B2,C2,D1,D3,E2
AEROBIC STABILIZATION AND LAND
DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SWINE
MANURE
University of Kiel, Germany
U. Riemann
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 455-463. 6 fig.
3 tab.
Descriptors: "Aerobic treatment. 'Swine. Fertili-
zers, Bacteria
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
A plant for aerobic biological treatment of
liquid swine manure was built at Kiel Univer-
sity in order to clarify the material for release
into a water course. During the tests, the goal
changed to deodorizing and pasteurizing the
manure. The multi-step research plant consisted
of two isolated aeration tanks and a flotation
reactor with an adjustable foam overflow lead-
ing to a foam drying bed. The aeration tank
had a second outlet leading the liquid to a
three-chamber sedimentation tank. The plant
utilized swine manure with 6-8 percent dry
matter contents which was treated In a batch
and partly In a continuous flow system. The
decomposition efficiency of the plant averaged
40 percent. The foam drying bed did not operate
successfully due to a thin gelatinous layer build-
up. It was found that sedimentation of solids
going with the liquid phase from the flotation
tank continuously into and through the sedi-
mentation tank, could not be arranged success-
fully. Batchwise treated manure became odor
free after seven days of treatment and re-
mained so for two weeks. The continuous flow
systems had quicker results but required more
equipment. Bacteriological investigations with
salmonella bacteria indicated that the bacteria
were dead within six hours of their introduc-
tion into the reactor at temperatures around 40
degrees C. Crop yield from land fertilized with
treated manure and land fertilized with un-
treated manure was about the same. Aerated
liquid manure caused less corrosion damage
when spread on plants. Biological aerobic treat-
ment of manure will result in longer manure
hauling periods. (Merryman-East Central).
2029-A8, B3, E2
FORAGE AND GRAIN PRODUCTION
FROM LAND USED FOR BEEF
MANURE DISPOSAL
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas
A&M University, College Station
D. L, Reddell
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25 27, 1974. p. 464-483. 14 fig,
5 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors : 'Productivity
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Deep plowing, 'Ap-
plication rates
A study was conducted at El Paso and Tulia,
Texas to evaluate deep plowing of large amounts
of manure into the land. At El Paso, manure
was applied to Vinton fine sandy loam in April,
1970, at rates of 0. 672. 1345, and 2017 mtons/ha.
The manure was deep plowed into the soil by
using a 76-cm moldboard, a 46cm moldboard.
and a 69 cm trencher machine. At Tulia, manure
was applied to Pullman clay loam at rates
of 0, 22, 56. 112, 224. 336, and 672 mtons/ha in
August, 1971, and February, 1973. In addition.
manure was applied at rates of 1345 and 2017
mtons/ha in August. 1971, only. The 22, 56, and
112 mtons/ha plots were plowed 36 cm deep
with conventional farm tractors and plows. The
remaining plots were plowed with a 76-cm mold-
board. Forage sorghum was grown on all the
plots and crop yields and quality were evalu-
ated. Experimental results indicated that sandy
soils like those in the El Paso study might
best benefit from manure applications of up to
672 mtons/ha. Total yields of corn and forage
sorghum over the three year period indicated
329
-------
little advantage to deep plowing the manure.
The 46-cm mold board performed adequately and
had an enormous economic advantage. Soil
similar to that of Tulla could best benefit from
manure applications of 224 mtons/ha or less.
Both plant height and plant population were
decreased with manure applications In excess
of 224 mtons/ha, (Merryman-East Central).
2030-A3, A8, B2, B3, E2
CROP AND HAY LAND DISPOSAL
AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES
Agricultural Engineer, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Morris, Minnesota
R. A. Young
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p 484-492 6 tab,
12 ref.
Descriptors: "Crop response. •Agricultural run-
off. "Erosion. Nutrients. Weed control
Identifiers: 'Land disposal. 'Application rates
Tests were undertaken to study the effect of
surface spreading animal wastes to cropland
before the plants were tall enough to preclude
travel over the fields. The first year fifteen
field plots were established, five on each of
three crops — corn, oats and alfalfa. For each
crop, two plots received twelve tons per acre
of solid dairy manure, two received 0.25 inch
of liquid beef cattle manure, and one was a
check plot on which no manure was applied.
Manure was applied within thirty days after
planting or within two weeks after the first
alfalfa cutting. The second year, thirteen more
corn plots and ten more alfalfa plots were
listed. This time the manure was applied be-
tween the corn rows, precluding contact with
the corn. The same application rates were used.
In addition, four of the plots that had solid
manure applied between the rows were culti-
vated immediately after cultivation. Simulated
rainfall was used to generate runoff and soil
loss, The following conclusions were made: (1)
Direct contact of plants with manure burned the
plants; (2) Manure applications between t»e
rows increased the yields and prevented such
burning; (3) Manure applications conserved soil
and water; <4> Concentration of nutrients in
runoff and soil was quite high, but the total
loss of nutrients was not great due to reduction
of soil loss and runoff; (5) Loss of nitrogen
from surface spread plots through volatilization
of ammonia was high; (6) Application of animal
wastes to growing crops early in the season
effectively helped control weeds. (Merryman-
East Central).
2031-A8, B2, E2
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER
APPLICATION OF LAGOON
EFFLUENT ON CORN AND
GRAIN SORGHUM
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Georgia
Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton
C. V. Booram, T. E. Loynachan, and J. K.
Koelliker
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 493-502. 10 tab,
10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sprinkler irrigation, "Effects, "La-
goons, "Effluent, Corn. Grain sorghum
Identifiers: "Land disposal, Application rates
A study was initiated in 1971 to investigate the
effect of anaerobically treated swine wastes on
corn and grain sorghum. In 1972, grain sorghum
was omitted. Anaerobic swine wastes were
applied by sprinkler irrigation with the follow-
ing objectives: (1) Investigate management nec-
essary for liquid disposal on growing corn and
grain sorghum by conventional equipment; (2)
Evaluate the effect of the rate and time of
application on corn and grain sorghum yields;
(3) Evaluate any detrimental effects on corn
and grain sorghum. Application of lagoon efflu-
ent increased leaf phosphorus and nitrogen In
both corn and grain sorghum. Sodium and Iron
contents increased In corn leaves, and man-
ganese, copper, and zinc contents Increased In
grain-sorghum leaves. Nutrient concentration In
the plant tissue increased but not to a level
that would cause problems if the entire plant
were ensiled. The effluent had no significant
effect on corn yield, but it had a significantly
negative effect on grain sorghum yield with
decreases up to 53 bushels per acre. Increasing
amounts of effluent resulted In significantly
increased value of extractable phosphorus and
exchangeable potassium In the surface two inches
of soil. Salt levels in the soil also Increased.
but leaching resulted in negligible accumulation
(Merryman-East Central).
i , *£!•"? wllh IpecUI •""Hon fvea to
nJh-ates. Additionally, the fate of nitrates and
other salts were evaluated when field-dri.5
manure was applied as fertilizer. ?, ȣ fcSSd
that: (i) salt concentrations In dairy pond
water Increase In direct proportion to the pond".
age; (2) after six months of use. (he pond
appeared to have self sealed; O) .naeroWc
reduction o nitrate to N2 gas (which men
passes off to the atmosphere) and preventloS
of ne mineralization of ammonia due to the
paucity of oxygen kept nitrate content of the
£Z i°W,V (f' ?.°D did not "Wificartly chan»
with depth in th3 ponds; (5) danger of nitrate
pollution to land is reduced when such deniuE
,ii1"0,? wf'7 ls used on nelds whu« l»nd
application of dry manure! at 76 cubic meter.
per hectare per year was found to have great
potential for groundwater pollution, (Merryman-
2032-A8, B2, C2, E2, Fl
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTE
APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
Purdue University. West Lafayette. Indiana
A. L. Sutton, D. W. Nelson. V. B. Mayrose and
J. C. Nye
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference. Rochester,
New York. March 25-27, 1974. p. 503-514. 3 He,
S tab. 21 ref.
Descriptors: "Liquid wastes. "Salts, "Soil chem-
ical properties, Aerobic treatment. Nitrates,
Phosphorus, Sodium, Soil profile
Identifiers: "Swine. Application rates. Anaerobic
treatment. Oxidation ditch
A 23x5 factorial arrangement of treatments in
a randomized complete block design experiment
was used to study the following treatments:
effects of dietary salt content (0.2 percent, 0,5
percent), anaerobic and aerobic waste handling
systems, and five application rates, (0, 45, 90.
134 mT/ha waste; inorganic fertilizer) on the
recycling of swine wastes to a sandy loam and
silly clay loam soil cropped to corn. It was
found that: (1) No ammonium nitrogen or ni-
trate nitrogen accumulated in silty clay loam
soil from swine waste application. (2) Nitrate
nitrogen in sandy loam soil leached to lower
depths after the first year of waste application
but not after the second year of waste applica-
tion, (3) Available phosphorus levels In both
soils increased with increased waste application
rates. (4) Exchangeable sodium content in both
soils increased with increased waste application
rates. (5) There was increased soil sodium
concentration and decreased soil phosphorus con-
centration In the plots treated with waste from
pigs fed the 0.5 percent salt diet compared to
the plots treated with the waste from pigs fed
the 0.2 percent salt diet. (6) Sodium accumu-
lated through both soil profiles. (7) Application
of liquid swine waste at the above rates did
not adversely affect the chemical composition
of the soil and did not adversely affect corn
production. (Merryman-East Central).
2034-A8, B2, B3, C2, E2
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR THE
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE
WASTES
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural En-
gineering, California University, Riverside
A. C. Chang, P. F. Pratt. K. Are/, and D, C.
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester
New York, March 25-27. 1974, p. 522-532. 3 KM'
11 tab, 7 ref.
Identifiers: "Waste disposal. "Liquid wastes
•Impervious membrane
A field trial was conducted to test the feasibility
of installing an impervious asphalt membrane
thirty inches below soil surface for the disposal
of liquid and solid dairy wastes. The solid waste
was applied to the land Just before each of
two crop plantings. Wastewater was then applied
by flood irrigation throughout the growing sea-
son. Results follow. (1) The imperviouslayer
effectively prevented downward movement of
the salt-latent leaching water and reduced ni-
trate by denitrification. Salts were concentrated
in small amounts of drainage water and pumped
out of the pump. (2) The barley and sorghum
crops were seriously damaged by unfavorable
sou conditions created by the asphalt mem-
brane and by Improper water management (3)
The unavailability of a reliable technique for
installing the membrane and the damaein*
effect that this technique had on the crow
negates any promising use of this system, but
the author does feel that utilizing a natural
water restricting layer in the soil for waste
Ce'nbS) ShOU)d "" encour"«e
-------
human beings and animals are not sufficiently
known, a permit under the Public Nuisance
Act to operate with the use of deodorants can
be refused. Ozone application has been found
to reduce smells of exhaust air from piggeries
and poultry houses, but not from broiler houses.
Since the Influence of ozone on the organ of
smell is not known and since even low con-
centrations may be harmful, this method of odor
abatement Is not considered satisfactory. In-
stallation of air washers Into the ventilation
systems of animal production units has proved
effective, but further research is needed for
establishing suitable filling materials and econ-
omical types of encasement. (Merryman-East
Central).
2036-A6, B3, Cl, Dl, D2,
E3, Fl
PROFIT, TOO. IN MANURE FROM
PLASTIC PENS
Poultry Science Department.
Pennsylvania State University
G O. Bressler
Broiler Industry, p, 33, 36, August, 1972. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry. 'Econom-
ics, 'Waste treatment. 'Recycling. 'Drying, Odor.
Moisture content
Identifiers: 'Broiler breeders
High density housing for broiler breeders Is
Increasing and the quantity of manure which Is
more highly concentrated and has a greater
likelihood of offensive odors. Is also increasing.
The two-stage manure handling system developed
at Penn State solves these problems. As part
of the sloping floor housing system, the two-
stage manure handling system is completely
automatic and It is a good economic (as well
as ecological) investment because the end prod-
uct has marketable value. Stage 1 of the process
drys the manure In two ways and reduces the
moisture content from 75 percent to 35 percent.
The two drying methods are: (!) Vertically
mounted fans under the sloping floors; and
(2) A stirring mechanism that automatically
agitates the manure several times dally. Stage
2 drying of excreta in a commercial heater-
dryer reduces the moisture content down to
10 percent. Although the two-stage drying system
costs $15 per ton, the end product easily brings
twice as much from garden center and indus-
trial users. (Kehl-East Central).
2037-A6, Bl, F2
MANURE ODORS CAN LAND
YOU IN COURT
Central Field Stalf, Farm Journal
J Russell
Farm Journal, Vol. 89, p. 19, August, 1965
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Legal aspects. Urban de-
velopment. Zoning
Identifiers: Livestock operations. Agreements.
Licensing
Many times, when people are close to a live-
stock operation a clamor arises against farm
odors. This can result in the closing of the
livestock operation. Some suggestions to help
head off trouble are given and discussed. They
are- (1) Zoning. It enough farmers ask for
It a special agricultural zone which is off-limits
to any other use can be established. But a
warning Is given to remain alert for public
hearings at which "exceptions" and "variances"
may be granted, (2) Licensing. In order to
obtain a license for more than a specified
number of head, certain housekeeping standards
must be met. (3) Agreements which spell out
how feeders can keep the city off their hacks.
Trouble can' be headed off by dairymen and
farmers by considering future urban develop-
ments.
-------
2043-A8, B2, C2, E2
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL
OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER
Kansas State University, Cooperative Extension
Service, Manhattan
W. L. Powers, E. I, Herpich, L. S. Murphy,
D. A. Whitney, H, L. Mandes, and G. W. Wall-
ingford
Cooperative Extension Service Circular C-485,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, June 1973
7 P. 9 fig, 2 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Lagoons, 'Kansas,
•Soils. Sodium. Potassium, Salt, Alkali
Identifiers: 'Guidelines, 'Land disposal, 'Electri-
cal conductivity, Application rates
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
C. L. Barth, D. T, Hill, and L. B. PolkowsH
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol 17, No 4 p
742-744. July-August. 1974. 6 fig. 2 tab. 18 ref.'
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Dairy industry. Aeration,
Volatile organic acid, Hydrogen sulfide. Am-
monia
Identifiers: 'Odor Intensity Index, Threshold
level
This publication provides guidelines for feedlot
operators on how to dispose of lagoon water
on agricultural lands in order to minimize the
chance of reducing the land's productivity. La-
goon water may be pumped onto soil after being
diluted and only if it has a low electrical
conductivity. The feedlot operator should follow
these steps when disposing of lagoon water on
soil: (1) Have the lagoon and diluting water
analyzed. (2) Determine the soil texture on (he
disposal site; (3) Examine the water test re-
sults to see if the sodium plus potassium con
tent is high enough to disperse the soil, (4)
Dilute ths lagoon water and pump the water otto
th- disposal site; (5) Find the maximum amount
of undiluted lagoon water that can be added
to the soil, but apply undiluted lagoon water
.only as a last resort; (6) Have an annual salt-
alkali test performed on the soil from the
disposal site;(7) Seek professional advice if
"" -"---i factor is not found. (Battles-
2044-B2, D3, Fl
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF
CATTLE WASTES AND EVALUATION
OF BY-PRODUCTS
District'
Cucamonga, California
F. Grant, and F. Brommenschenkel, Jr.
Environmental Protection Agency Report Num-
? f ! .EP*-6M/2-W-034, May 1974, 50 p. 2 Dg,
ID tan, jo ret.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. "Cattle, 'Aerobic
treatment, 'By-products, Economics, Biological
?•?««? demand. Chemical oxygen demand
Identifiers: 'Composting, Volatile solids. Thermo-
phihc reactor, Mesophilic reactor, Total dissolv-
cd solids
The study was undertaken to determine the
technical and economic feasibility of treating
dairy waste in a liquid state by a tandem
mermopnilic-mesophilic aerobic stabilization pro-
cess. more commonly described as liquid com-
rosting. Experimental apparatus were set up
at an operating dairy and a program was
organized to study the process. The study showed
that a large fraction of dairy manure is relative-
ly resistant to rapid biological degradation even
at thermophiUc temperatures. Antithetical re-
quirements of sufficient oxygen for maximum
biological activity and minimum air flow to
preclude the need for an external heat source
could not be satisfied with the particular experi-
mental aparatus when utilizing air as the oxygen
source. Improved results were obtained with
an oxygen-enriched air supply which pointed
out the potential advantage of a pure oxygen
system. Preliminary cost estimates for a liquid
composting process to serve 500 cows were
developed within the context of current dairy
operation economics. The estimates showed that
the process is considerably more costly than
current, conventional, composting operations and
that the cost of the process is substantially
above levels which could be maintained by dairy
operations. (Grant-Chino Basin Municipal Water
District).
Four manure storage reactor units were initially
filled to design depth with tap water while
manure was added to the 11.3 liter units
regularly and supernatant was removed to main
tain a constant volume. Three of the units were
aerated in the upper 8 to 17 in. of the super-
natant while one unit received no aeration Five
levels of dilulion of each 20 ml sample of
reactor supernatant were collected to be pre-
s-'nted to a panel of judges. The threshold level
and Odor Intensity Index (Oil), was established
as that dilution level at which half the panelists
correctly detected the odor. It was concluded
that: (1) Of the three odorants involved. Oil
correlated best with volatile organic acid con-
centration, next best with hydrogen sulfide and
poorest with ammonia. (2) The best two odorant
relationships with Oil were expressed by volatile
organic acids and NH3 while inclusion of HaS
did little to improve the fit of the regression
function. (Battles-East Central).
2046-A6, Bl, C2, C3, D2,
D3, E2, E3
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT
AGAINST POLLUTION
D, Braun
Farm Journal, Vol. 96, No. 12, p. 20-21, Decem-
ber, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Thermophilic bacteria, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling, Cattle
Costs, Odor
Identifiers: Pollution control
Two reputable companies have patented systems
that use thermophilic bacteria (active at tem-
peratures above 100 degrees) to dispose of animal
wastes. De Laval Separator Co. introduced a
system that digests about 95% of the manure
solids in just a few days and the system takes
no more space than the holding pen for a big
milking parlor. The General Electric Co is
operating a pilot plant that turns manure from
100 head of feedlot cattle into high-protein
material. The new systems promise to control
pollution and do away with odors. Thermophilic
bacteria digest some cellulose and lignin as
they turn manure into carbon dioxide and water.
They also kill pathogenic bacteria with the
heat they generate. The remains can be stored
and spread later without odor. (Cameron-East
Central).
2048-A7, Bl, B2, E2, Fl
CONVENTIONAL, CONFINEMENT
OR FLUME
E. W. Manthey
.
Flushing™'
. Irrigation
"°°rs- >Waste ma»a«™ent.
An interview dealing with how conventional feed
fl£™ , " ?°°r Syslems WINE WASTE WITH SOLAR
IN SlUKtlJ UAIKY MANLJKt, oxygen content and a high heating value. Addi. REACTOR
332
-------
Department of Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering. North Carolina State University.
RaUp1irker, F. Humenik. R. Holmes, and M.
Presented at 1974 Annual Meeting, American
'Drying
Identifiers: "Excreta, 'Drying rates
The purpose of this research was to determine
quantitive drying rates for chicken excreta
under moderate environmental conditions found
in poultry houses. The following two conclusions
were supported by this research dealing with
drying of chicken excreta in thin layers of less
than 1 cm (V4 inch). 1. The initial drying rate
of fresh chicken excreta is constant. Falling
rate drying periods follow the constant rate
period. 2. The constant rate is a function of
the boundary layer thickness and boundary layer
concentration gradients with the surface at
saturated conditions. (Carlmcl! East Central).
2053-A11,B2,C2,D2,D3,E3
SWINE WASTE AS NUTRIENT
SOURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS
Department of Animal Husbandry,
Michigan State University,
East Lansing
D. E. Orr
Research Report 232. Report of Swine Research
1973, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan
State University. East Lansing. September. 1973,
p. 81-87. 1 fig, 12 tab.
2051-A2,A5,A11,B1,B2,B3,B4
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR
SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Department of
Agriculture. Lincoln, Nebraska
N p Swanson, J. C. Lorimor, L. N. Mielke
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 16. No. 4, p.
746-749, July-August. 1973
Descriptors- *Terraces. 'Feedlots, 'Design,
?Waste storage, 'Waste disoosal, 'Agricultural
runoff Erosion control. Solid wastes. Slope*.
Effluent. Nitrates. Cattle
Identifiers: 'Broad basin terraces
Broad basin terrac-s In Nebraska cattle feed-
lots were d-veloped to control erosion, restrict
scouring and movement of solids by runoff,
provide storage for runoff, and permit retention
of solids in the feedlot for removal. A single
basin was constructed In July. 1969. near Omaha
with a 15 percent slooe, a 448 ft overall slope
leneth and a basin storage capacity adequate
for a year's runoff. Experience revealed that
140 ft Is the maximum slope length recom-
mended for a 15 percent slope, A series of
three t*rrac:s was constructed on a feedlot site
near Springfield. Nebraska with an average
ilooe of 7 percent. Basins were Installed with
,io?e lengths averaging 100. 150. and 170 ft.
from the top to the bottom of the terrace
liaere underground pipelines delivered the efflu-
ent by gravity to a holding pond. The longer
and steeper slope length above the lower basin
was too long; solids collection during 2 years
averaged 0.6 cu. yd. per animal per yr. com-
oared to 0.5 and 1.1 for the middle and highest
huins The basin bottom should be flat with
, rrSum™ width of 10 to 12 ft to aid.solids
removal with a tractor mounted front-end load-
er; the bottom area of the basin should be large
enough to prevent accumulated solids depths In
f-ic-ss of 6 to 8 Inches In the Intervals between
cleanings. Design depth for temporary water
«iora«- in a basin should not exceed a safe
depth for the si« animals stocked In the feed-
in' A manure cover over the feedlot will provide
protection from nitrate pollution of groundwater
and water erosion. (Battles-East Central).
2052-B1
CONSTANT RATE DRYING OF
CHICKEN EXCRETA
Agricultural Engineering Department,
M.ho ^versHy.^^ ^ p w ^^
PM«ted at 66th Annual Meeting, American
cacuty of Agricultural Engineers, Kentucky
Uriverslty. Lexington, June 17-20. 1973, Paper
SS! 733$; « P. < «g, 2 tab, 7 rrf.
Descriptors: 'Feeds. 'Nutrients, 'Performance,
Ami no acids. Digestion
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Oxidation ditch liquor,
•Dried swine feces
With an increase in swine production, special
consideration lias been demanded by the prob-
lems associated with waste handling and odor
control. An approach to these problems has
been the operation of an oxidation ditch con-
taining a paddle wheel which incorporates
oxygen into liquid swine wastes for the purpose
of promoting aerobic microblal activity and
reducing odors. A study to evaluate the oxidation
ditch liquor (ODD as a source of nutrients In
swine finisher diets was designed. Tables
showing the nutrient composition, amino
acid composition, digestion trial diets and their
results for dried swine feces (DSF) and ODL
diets were given. The study showed that finish-
ing pigs will consume normal intake levels of
corn-soy diets containing up to 22% DSF. When
DSF is Incorporated into corn-soy diets to re-
place a portion of the soybean meal, the rate
and efficiency of gain are depressed. Per-
formance from these diets can probably be
improved by the addition of supplemental energy
to diets containing DSF. The incorporation of
DSF into a finisher diet resulted In a depression
of apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein
and energy. Pigs receiving ODL in their diet
showed no Improvement in performance. ODL
diets resulted in lower apparent digestibility
coefficients for dry matter, protein and energy
In digestion trials. (Kehl-East Central).
to reduce gaseous loss of nitrogen as ammonia.
Additional information concerning the above
methods Is given. A table showing application
rates of poultry manure for various crops is
given. Marketing of the poultry manure is ex-
amined in relationship to season, common whole-
sale outlets, pellet size, the cost of Pe»«1ng
manure, general demand for bagged manure and
pollution Two common problems of manure,
burning of plants and odor, are discussed Five
ways to insure increased retail and ^a"*?*
business were suggested. They are: (1)Dry
manure as it is produced; (2) Have nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium tests run on sample,
from manure you are planning to sell; (3).Aav.se
the buyer of definite application rates, (4)
Advise the buyer on methods of appl.caUon and
(5) Tell the customer that [?a"u« ^"'i-,1?
stored in a cool, dry place. (Kehl-East Central).
2055-B2, C2, D2, E3, Fl
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIQUID
MANURE TO THE ARABS
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120, No. 3, p. 188-188.
February 10. 1975
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes. 'Export. Fertilizers.
Nitrogen. Phosphorus, Potassium
Identifiers: 'Deodorizer, "Persian Gulf Countries
Liquid manure may become a new export be-
cause of the fertilizer shortage and the food
crisis. If this comes to pass, it will be because
of the development five years ago of a com-
pound that Inhibits the growth of odor-producing
bacteria and prevents swelling. The compound
is "Nature's Own Deodorizer" and has been
sold to dairymen for treatment of their liquid
manure. Handling rights for the deodorant are
held by Richard J. Briggs, Woodbury. Tennesste.
who granted franchises to 40 dairymen from 40
states, The stabilized waste was shown by a
Louisiana export broker to Mideast customers
who saw the potential of utilizing returning
tankers for importing organic matter and fer-
tilizer nutrients for their unproductive, sandy
soils. Six small Persian Gulf countries are in-
cluded. Working through the dairymen to whom
he sold franchises, Briggs is contracting for
liquid manure to export. The contract would
require the dairyman to supply an agreed-upon
amount of manure each month and the manure
must contain at least 0.29fc each of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium. University tests have
shown that meeting these requirements, particu-
larly the phosphorus level, may be difficult.
Contract requirements and the responsibilities
of both the supplier and buyer are discussed.
The liquid manure will cost more than the
current fertilizer prices. However, the organic
matter in ihe liquid manure has some additional
value. (Kehl-East Central).
2054-A6, A8, Bl, Cl, C2,
Dl, D2, E3, Fl
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY
MANURE
The Pennsylvania State University.
College of Agriculture, Extension Service,
University Park, Pennsylvania
W. W. Hlnish and H. C. Jordan
Special Circular 146, The Pennsylvania State
University, College of Agriculture, Extension
Service. University Park, 4 p, 1 fig. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, "Waste disposal,
•Poultry, 'Nutrients, Moisture content. Market-
ing, Litter
Identifiers: Pollution
A discussion of poultry manure, its plant nutrient
content, moisture content, weight per bushel and
its economic value is given. Within the first
year after application, essentially all of the
plant nutrients In poultry manure are available
to plants. However, up to two thirds of the
nitrogen can be easily lost. Three ways In which
nitrogen losses through fermentation can be
reduced are by use of: (1) ventilated, well-
insulated houses; (2) Utter materials which will
rapidly dry the manure; and, (3) superphosphate
2056-B2,B3,C2,D1,E2,E3
MILK PLUS MANURE —
HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS
J. Hudson _, „.
Progressive Farmer. Vol. 90. No. 2. p. 90-91.
February, 1975. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Separation techniques, 'Dairy in-
dustry. 'Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes. 'Feeds,
•Nutrients. 'Fertilizers, 'Peat, Lagoons
Identifiers: Bedding, Shelf life. Preservatives
Solid wastes from dairy livestock are being
used for commercial fertilizers. Weathers Farms,
Inc., Bowman, South Carolina, have developed
a profitable system for collecting wastes, sepa-
rating the liquid wastes from the solid wastes
and storing the solid wastes. This simple
system Hushes any wastes in the alley into a
holding tank. The liquid manure is pumped to 1
separator where the liquid waste is extracted
leaving a moist manure. A conveyor belt cames
the moist manure to a large concrete slab where
it Is either picked up by a peat company or used
by Weathers Farms as bedding in their free
stalls. The liquid waste is transported to either
a lagoon or an Irrigation system. North Caro-
lina State University researchers have deter-
mined that these liquid wastes contain 80 percent
of the nitrogen, some phosphorus and all the
333
-------
potassium that was in the solid waste; therefore,
it is valuable as a fertilizer. Dr. William L.
Johnson, assistant professor of animal science at
North Carolina State University, mixes solid
manure with corn silage and feeds this to steers
and heifers with good results. The mixture,
be states. Is a good fiber source. Dr. Johnson
discovered that screened manure will ferment
if left in the sun for several days and will be
rejected by livestock under these conditions.
Dr. Johnson and associates are working on a
special preservative to increase the shelf life
of the manure. Advice on construction of such
systems is given. (Kehl-East Central).
2057-B3, Dl, D3, E3, F2
ANT1POLLUTION LAWS FORCE
LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS
TO COLLECT, USE MANURE
Staff Report of The Wall Street Journal
R. E. Winter
The Wall Street Journal, Vol. 53, No 44, p 30,
March 5, 1974
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, "Recycling, 'Fer-
tilizers, 'Methane. Dehydration
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Refeeding, Pollution
Officials at Ohio Feed Lot Inc. have developed
an enclosed system that converts cattle manure
into garden fertilizer. About 16,000 head of beef
cattle housed in eight metal barns are placed
in pens bedded with free wastes obtained from
wood-products plants. Every two or three weeks
tractor-n:ounted loaders clean out the pens and
transport th^ mixture of waste and wood-prod-
ucts to another building where a system of fans
and ducts blows air through the material, assist-
ing bacteria in breaking it down. Later the
by-product is packaged and sold in 50-pound
bags as garden fertilizer. Other corporations
have solved pollution problems by moving away
from the cities, using methane from manure
for energy, and dehydrating manure to make
feed. (Battles-East Central).
2058-A11, B3, E3, Fl
POULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR
USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Vol. 163, No. 3. p. 214, August 1,
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Livestock, 'Performance,
•Costs, 'Safety, Proteins, Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dehydrated poultry
manure
This article discusses the production of a crude
protein supplement made from dehydrated poul-
try manure which costs less than conventional
supplements. More research is needed to ensure
the safety of this kind of feed before it can be
recommended for dairy and beef cattle, sheep,
and goats. Cows using this feed ate less silage
and consequently produced less milk than did
cows on a conventional diet. However, the
savings from the cheaper dehydrated poultry
manure would more than compensate for the
income lost from lower milk production. Each
100 Ib. of concentrate contains 32 Ib. of dehy-
drated poultry manure and 68 Ib, of cornmeal.
The mixture is then made into pellets. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System).
2059-B3, D2, E3
RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES
WITH PROCESSING SYSTEM THAT
PRECISELY CONTROLS HEAT AND
FLOW
Industrial Heating. Vol. 39, No. 10, p. 1924-1929,
October, 1972. 6 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Organic wastes,
•Equipment, 'Feeds, 'Fertilizers, Protein
This article discusses a Vero Beach. Florida,
company which has developed a machine that
can convert most types of organic waste mate-
rial into useful feeds and fertilizers. This new
type of heating unit incorporates Aeroflash pollu-
tion control systems. Application has been made
for several patents on the machine and process.
Aeroflash will process virtually any type of
organic waste, including fish, crab, shrimp, and
chicken wastes, manure and water weeds, in 6 to
8 sec. Bacteria are eliminated, but a high pro-
tein content is retained. The result Is a finished
product with very little odor and a shelf life
of years. The heart of the machine Is a control
system that maintains the necessary heat-flow
relationship. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System).
2060-A2, A8, Bl, F6
MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED
BED TO A WELL STIRRED
SOLUTION AND THE
MEASUREMENT OF THE
EFFECTIVE PSEUDO-DIFFUSIVITY
OF COD IN FEEDLOT RUNOFF
THROUGH A POROUS STRATUM
S. K. Choi
MS Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Kansas State University, 1969, 136 p. 27 fig,
11 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff,
•Chemical oxygen demand, 'Water pollution
Identifiers: Pseudo-diffusivity, Rate of transport,
Porous stratum
The purpose of this research was to Investigate
the rate of transport of COD through a porous
stratum saturated by water such as the soil
manure surface in a feedlot. The secondary
purposa was to determine this diffusion coeffici-
ent experimentally. The average value of the
effective pseudo diffusivity of COD was found to
be approximately 5.02 x 10-« cnn/sec at a
tempature of 25+/—2 degrees C. This corresponds
to the pseudo-molecular diffusivity of COD In
water of 7.10 x 10—e cms/sec. Since the effec-
tive pseudo-diffusivity of COD through the porous
stratum saturated by water is small, organic
matter which diffuses from the earth under-
neath the feedlot to the surface of the lot
probably does not contribute appreciably to the
pollution due to the feedlot runoff. As far as
COD is concerned, the main contribution to the
pollution due to the feedlot runoff is the manure
suspension moving along with the runoff water.
(Cartmell-East Central).
2061-A2, B2, B3, Cl, D3
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Department of Civil Engineering,
Nebraska University, Lincoln
M. V. O'Neal
MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Nebraska University, Lincoln, September, 1973,
52 p. 8 fig, 10 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors- 'Biological treatment, 'Agricultural
runoff, 'Feedlols, Water quality. Cattle, Nitrates,
Waste water treatment. Activated sludge, Ne-
braska, Flocculation, Pilot plants
Identifiers: Clarifiers
The purpose of this study was to operate and
evaluate the performance of a completely mixed
activated sludge unit system. Performance was
to be evaluated by comparison to parameters
established in the laboratory studies and by ease
of operation and maintenance under field con-
ditions. Conclusions reached were: (1) Organic
loading of 0.2 gm COD/gm mixed liquor sus-
pended solids (MLSS) or less will minimize
waste strength reduction. (2) The clarifier can
effectively retain solids in the system. Effec-
tiveness of sedimentation depends upon main-
tenance of a flocculant sludge and MLSS con-
centrations not exceeding 6,000 mg/1, (3) The
unit is generally maintenance free and easy to
operate. Periodic measurements of settled vol-
ume provide adequate control of MLSS. (4)
Foaming can become quite severe and affect
the system by removing solids. Thus, laboratory
studies have concluded that the runoff is
amenable to aerobic treatment and a field unit
was designed applying the results of these
studies In order to evaluate the success of such
a system In pilot scale operation. The success
and subsequent application of this system will
depend on the economics involved and the decree
Of treatment attainable. (O'Neal-Ncbraska Unl
2062-A4,A5,A6,B2,B4,E2
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE
WASTES BY THE DEEP AERATED
LAGOON AND IRRIGATION ONTO
SOILS AND PLANTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering.
Purdue University. Lafayette, Indiana
A. C. Dale, J. L. Halderson, J. R. Ogilvie
M. P. Douglas, A. C. Chang, and J. A. Lindley
Progress Report. Department of Agricultural En-
gineering. Purdue University. Lafayette, Indiana,
Descriptors: "Dairy industry, 'Aerated lagoons
•Analysis, Design, Irrigation, Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Waste management
After preliminary field testing indicated the
feasibility of an aerated lagoon and sprinkler
irrigation system for management of dairy cattle
manure, a full scale system has been installed
at the Purdue Dairy Farm. Design criteria and
operational characteristics are reported. The
system is convenient and relatively odor free,
does not Involve a large amount of labor U
economically feasible, provides a place for
storage during the winter months, conserves
nutrients in the wastes, and minimizes pollution
of surface and subsurface waters. (McQuittv
.Barber-University of Alberta).
2063-B3, B5, D2, E3
COMBUSTION DISPOSAL OF
MANURE WASTES AND UTILIZATION
OF THE RESIDUE
Tuscaloosa Metallurgy Research Laboratory
Tuscaloosa, Georgia
E. G. Davis, I. L. Feld, and J. H. Brown
U. S. Bureau of Mines Solid Waste Research
Program Technical Progress Report — 46, Janu-
ary, 1972. 1 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Burning, 'Waste disposal. 'Fertili
zers. Potassium, Phosphorus
Identifiers: 'Combustion, Manure, Rotary kiln
Agricultural manure wastes were combusted in
a fluid-bed reactor or a small rotary kiln as
a method for disposal of this waste material
As much as 90 percent weight reduction and
85 percent volume reduction was obtained by
burning the manures. Dry manure burning in
the fluid-bed reactor was self-sustaining, whereas
wet manure was both dried and burned in the
heated rotary kiln. Heat balance estimations
Indicate that preheating would be required to
dry the wet manure prior to burning in the
fluid-bed reactor. However, the estimation indi
cated that no extra heat was needed in the
process U the wet manure was predried with
exhausted combustion gases before being f«d
to the fluid bed. The burned residues were
pelletized and found suitable for use both as a
potassium and phosphorus fertilizer and as a
lime soil conditioner. (Davis, Feld, and Brown-
Tuscaloosa Metallurgy Research Laboratory).
2064-A8, C2, E2
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS
AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEDLOT
MANURE
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bushland, Texas
A. C. Mathers, and B. A. Stewart
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol 3 No 2
April-June, 1974, p. 143-147. 6 fig, 7 tab,' IS ref'
334
-------
Descriptors: "Soils. 'Chemical properties. 'Feed-
lots. 'Cattle, Nitrogen, Organic matter, Conduct-
ance. Phosphorus
Identifiers: 'Land disposal. 'Application rates,
•Yields
The objectives of this research were to deter-
mine the effects of various rates of manure
on corn silage yields and to measure chemical
residues remaining in the sou. The results
showed that 224 metric tons/ha was applied, the
nitrate content of the foraee exceeded the maxi-
mum safe level. Nitrate accumulated In the
soil with Increasing rates of manure additions.
Total nitrogen in the surface 30 cm of soil was
markedly increased as a result of manure
additions. However, there was only a small
increase in the 30 to 60-cm depth, and no In-
crease in the 60- to 90-cm depth. Sodium
biocarbonate extractable phosphorus Increased
as the amounts of manure applied were in-
creased. Extractable phosphorus was not In-
creased below the plow layer indicating that
measurable amounts of organic phosphates were
not leached through the soil. Manure Increased
organic matter contents In the surface 15 cm of
soil, To avoid salt damage to crops and excess
nitrates In forage and soil, manure applications
should not supply large excesses of nitrogen.
(Cartmell-East Central).
2065-A11,B2,B3,D1,E2,E3,F1
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE
WORRY: ADOPTS TOTAL
RECYCLING SYSTEMS
Beef Editor
p D Andre
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 8, 10-11. December,
1974. 8 fig.
Descriptors: 'Idaho, 'Recycling, •Fertilizers.
•Sprinkler irrigation, 'Costs, 'Performance,
Liquid wastes. Solid wastes. Confinement pens.
Separation techniques. Ammonia
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Refeedlng
A confinement building with a waste recycling
svstem Is discussed. The building is 104 feet
wide and slightly over 400 feet long and has a
capacity of 2,200 based on 20 square feet per
animal Two rows of 45-feet wide pens extend
the length of the building and are separated by
feed bunks and the feed alley. In this system,
the waste is scraped from pits and flows to a
holding pit 40 yds from the building. The wastes
are then agitated and pumped to a separation
unit The solids are composted and incorpo-
rated into a growing ration. The liquid portion
is pumped through a sprinkler system to fer-
tilize a nearby field. It was noted that weather
and frequency of scraping were significant in
ammonia release. There was no difference In
animal performance when using this system as
compared to conventional systems and there
were fewer health problems. Under normal oper-
ation, one man can handle the cattle and the
recycling system, Addition of the recycling unit
added about 25 percent to the total cost of the
system. (Cartmell-East Central).
2066-A6,B2,B4,D3,E2,F1
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED
TO HANDLE MANURE
R E Phillips and M. R. Peterson
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. US, No. 15. p. 902,
August 10, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation, 'Waste disposal, 'Costs,
•Dairy industry, 'Liquid wastes, 'Sprinkler Irri-
gation, 'Surface irrigation, -Missouri, Lagoons.
Odor, Labor, Agricultural runoff
Several Missouri dairymen are using irrigation
systems to solve manure handling problems and
to lower the chance of pollution. In Missouri,
anaerobic lagoons are recommended for storage
of liquid manure for irrigation systems. These
systems are relatively economical to construct,
can be mixed to handle outside yard runoff, are
able to store milking parlor and milk room
wastes, allow settling out of stones and other
debris, and permit some decomposition of solid
materials which lowers operational problems with
sprinkler nozzles. A surface or sprinkled irriga-
tion system should be chosen that is well-adapted
to the topography, soil, and crop grown on the
soil-plant filter. Surface irrigation systems *re
lower in cost, but need more labor and require
flatter topography than sprinklers. Problems of
irrigation disposal units are: <1) pump inlet
screens clog with solids that accumulate In the
storage lagoon, (2) liquid manure is hard on
equipment, and (3) there Is some odor. Cart-
mell-East Central).
2067-A11, B3, C2, E3, Fl
DRIED POULTRY MANURE
UTILIZATION
Dawe's Laboratories Inc., Chicago Heights,
Illinois
W. K. Warden
Poultry Digest. Vol. 32, No. 378. p. 344-345.
August, 1973. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Poultry, 'Management,
•Water pollution, Waste disposal
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry manure, 'Refeeding,
•Utilization, 'Nutrient value. Energy value.
Waste handling
Significant efforts have been made to try to
solve the enormous problems created by manure
accumulation caused by raising livestock or
poultry in large numbers in confinement. Reports
are given on a study aimed at one facet of
this problem, recycling poultry manure through
laying hens — its nutrient value, limitations and
economic worth. Previous studies showed that
up to 40 percent dried poultry manure could
be fed to laying hens with no adverse effect
on production and up to 10 percent with no
depression in feed conversion. The metabolizabte
energy value, the chief limiting factor controlling
the use of poultry manure as a recycled nutrient
through birds, has been determined to be 300
kilocalories per pound of air dry feed. The
outlook for using DFM recycled in feeds from
20 to 25 percent of poultry and ruminant
appears to offer some promise of helping to
resolve the water pollution problem, but addi-
tional outlets for use will have to be found to
conquer the problem. (Cameron-East Central).
2068-A4, BA, C3
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK
WINTERING OPERATION ON A
WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Montana State University. Bozeman
C. M. Milne
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater. June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4058, 17 p. 2 fig. 9 tab.
Descriptors: 'Streams, 'Water pollution, 'Bac-
teria, 'Sampling, 'Analysis, Agricultural runoff.
Livestock, Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Confinement wintering operations,
'Ion-specific electrode
A four year project was begun during the winter
of 1970-71 to evaluate the Impact of livestock
confinement wintering operations on the quality
of waters adjacent to such operations. The ap-
proach taken was to periodically sample stream
flow at several points near a wintering opera-
tion for constituents which might indicate animal
activity. Five stations were established for water
sampling and quality measurement. Experi-
mental procedure varied during the course of
the project. In the first two years the basic
analysis methods was the ion-specific electrode.
During the third and fourth years of the
project, emphasis was on laboratory bacterio-
logical and chemical analysis. Study of the
chemical data revealed that (1) the values ob-
tained were basically calcium-magnesium-bicar-
bonate water, (2) chlorides showed increases in
concentration, and (3) nitrogen and phosphorus-
related nutrients were very low. Study of the
bacteriological data showed that (1) where a
large amount of dispersed animal activity
occurred, but was fairly dispersed, little effect
on the stream was noted, (2) where the greatest
amount of concentrated livestock activity oc-
curred and It was concentrated, bacterial in-
fection Increased, and (3) where little activity
occurred, bacteria counts were significantly re-
duced by dilution or drying off. (Cameron-East
Central).
2069-A11, B2, D3
WINTER OPERATION OF A
MODIFIED, OPEN-FRONT FINISHING
HOUSE FOR SWINE
Air Quality Engineer,
Kansas State Department of Health
D. D. Snethen, C. K. Spillman, and R. H.
Hines
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol, 17. No. 2, p.
364-365, March-April, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, S ref.
Descriptors: 'Winter, 'Design, Environment,
Temperature, Performance, Radiant heat
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Confinement buildings, 'Ox-
idation ditch
Experiments were conducted at the growing and
finishing unit at Kansas State University Swine
Research facility to evaluate the effectiveness
of modifications for improving winter perform-
ance of swine in an enclosed building and to
characterize the thermal environment of that
building. As originally constructed, the building
was to be operated with an open front the year-
round, but during the first winter of operation,
freezing impaired operation of the oxidation
ditch. The following fall the building was modi-
fied from an open front to a closed front and
equipment was installed to record thermal data
and animal performance during the three win-
ters from 1968-1971. Conclusions revealed that in
winter climates similar to that of Northern
Kansas, swine performance will be improved by
enclosing the facility and providing supplemen-
tary radiant heat. The floor and inside dry-bulb
temperatures in the modified building will be
nearly equal thus allowing oxidation pit opera-
tion during the winter, and possibly ventilation
rate for moisture control can be reduced. (Bat-
tles-East Central).
2070-A6, A8, C2, C3, E2
USE OF ANIMAL WASTES
AS A SOIL AMENDMENT
Agricultural Research Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Lincoln, Nebraska
T. M. McCalla
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 29.
No. 5, p. 213-216. September-October, 1974. 3 fig.
3 tab. 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes. 'Fertilizers. •Cat-
tle. 'Nutrients, 'Crops
Identifiers: 'Swine. Yields
Beef and swine manure has become a resource,
Rising fertilizer costs have made manure a
desirable commodity due to its nutrient value.
Manure contains the major fertilizer elements—
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur, as
well as many trace elements. Application of
manure to soil may improve fertility and soil
structure but problems do exist — transportation
costs, salt accumulation, nitrate pollution, un-
pleasant odors, metal toxicities, pathogen haz-
ards, and application at rates exceeding crop
requirements. These problems can be reduced or
eliminated with proper management. (Battles-
East Central).
2071-A11, A12, E2, F2
DUNG HO: FDA SETS REGS
ON RECYCLED FEED
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 53. No. 20.
p, 20, February 25. 1975.
Descriptors: 'Regulation. 'Recycling.
wastes, 'Feeds, 'Antibiotics
•Animal
335
-------
Identifiers: 'Refeeding. DES. Sulfa drugs
According to FDA official. Dr. F. E. Sterner.
proposed government regulations for reprocessed
grain (recycled animal waste) are coming. Dr.
Sterner stated that he believes regulations will
require approval of both a facility and process
for manure recycling. Sterner also stated that
he expects FDA to propose regulations on anti-
biotics and sulfa drugs. He suggested that good
manufacturing regulations for medicated feeds
will be announced soon. Modification of DES
Feeding regulations are not expected, (Battles-
East Central).
2072-D2, E3
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF
AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS
Engineering Experiment Station,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta
J. A. Knight
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974.
Paper No. 74 5017, 25 p. IB fig, 4 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fuels, 'Energy, 'Design, Econom-
ics. Georgia. Costs, Oil. Gases
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis process. 'Agricultural
wastes. Cotton gin wastes. Wood wastes. Char
Agricultural wastes represent a potential source
of energy, and the utilization of these wastes
«« energy sources would be of tremendous
b-n-flt to the agricultural interests of this
country. The steady-now, low temperature py-
rolysis process developed at the Georgia Tech
Engineering Experiment Station Is capable of
converting these wastes Into clean burning fuels.
The proc-ss has been developed from bench
scale to a large scale demonstration facility
capable of converting feed rates of 50 dry
tonVday. This EES pyrolytic process offers
a proven process at the commercial prototype
stage for the utilization of agricultural wastes
and Hgnocellulojic materials as energy sources.
(Cameron-East Central).
2073-B3, Cl, Dl, F6
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED
POULTRY EXCRETA
Canning Machinery Division,
FMC Corporation,
Hoopeston, Illinois
T. M. Midden, I. J. Ross, and H. E. Hamilton
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs.
Arkansas. June 27-30. 1972, Paper No, 72-451.
21 p. 9 fig. 2 tab. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Drying, 'Poultry, Temperature.
Air. Equations
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Cylinders, 'Crusting
A study was done of the drying characteristics
of formed poultry excreta. Fully exposed drying
equations were used to describe the drying
of manure. A series of tests were conducted to
predict the constants Involved In using these
equations. Fresh poultry manure was formed
into long cylinders and air dried at temperatures
in the range of 100 to 950 degrees F. The thin
layer drying characteristics were determined in
the temperature range of 100 to 220 decrees F
and the crusting characteristics were determined
at the higher temperatures. Some conclusions
based on the analysis of the data and the results
were: (1) The drying constant k is a function
of the diameter of the cylinders, (2) It is
possible to form a stable manure cylinder by
crusting with high temperature drying air, (3)
Pellet crust is a function of both air temper-
ature and time of exposure of air, and (4) The
effect of temperature on the value of the thin
layer drying constant for a particular diameter
cylinder can be explained by an Arrhenius type
equation of the form: In k = a—b/T. (Cameron-
East Central).
2074-A11,D1,D3,E3,F1,F5
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM
ANIMAL WASTE
Agricultural Engineering Department.
Purdue University.
West LaJeyette, Indiana
J. C. Nye. A. C. Dale. T. W. Perry, R. B,
Harrington, and E. J. Kirsch
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago. Illi-
nois. December 11-15, 1972, Paper No 72-955.
18 p. 3 fig. 7 tab, 22 ret.
Descriptors: 'Proteins. 'Animal wastes. 'Cattle.
•Feeds, 'Treatment. Separation techniques. Costs.
Design, Recycling, Amino acids. Chemical oxygen
demand. Biochemical oxygen demand
Identifiers: 'Microbial food, 'Batch culture. Pro-
cedures. Rats
This study evaluated the feasibility of rrowing
microorganisms on manure as a source of pro-
tein for animal feed. The microbial protein
product produced from dairy cattle waste was
found to be a chemically adequate protein
supplement aa measured by the amlno acid
analysis. This biomass produce was harvested
and fed to laboratory rats as 18 percent of
their diet with no dilatory effect. The inability
of rats to use this product as their only protein
supplement indicated that more work is required
to refine the process. The waste treatment-food
synthesis system proposed is an economically
feasible alternative for livestock operations
(Cameron-East Central).
2075-D2.E3.F1
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES:
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Extension Agricultural Engineer,
California University. Riverside
W, C. Falrbank
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 55, No 9, p 20-23
September. 1974. 5 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Fuels, 'Organic wastes. 'Econom-
ics. 'Costs, 'Gases, Livestock, Anaerobic diges-
tion. Methane, Municipal wastes
Identifiers: 'Llquefication, 'Hydrolysis
Environmentalists loudly proclaim that farmers
could solve their energy problems if they would
power their machines with bio-gas from organic
waste. A multistage high-pressure pump with
intercooling and a storage-transportation system
would be necessary for methane liquefication to
produce dung gas. The anaerobic dissociation
of dry manure with heat produces a gas, a
pyrolyzate, and a highly mineralized char. The
process offers the stimulating possibility of pro-
ducing a fuel gas. and at the same time, re-
ducing the tonnage of solid waste coin* to
dumps. Synthesis gas, hydrogasification and dung
oil are thermo-chemlcal processes for dissocia-
ting carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
compounds and then recomblning the constituents
into desired molecules. They all start with a
carbonaceous feedstock and yield a stable prod-
uct quantified in energy units. Several great
cities of the world are experimenting with
heat recovery processes municipal incinerators.
The margin of profit on these energy recovery
processes is so slight, the economy of scale
so great, the complexity of the processes and
facilities so real, that only municipal or corpo-
rate industry is likely to amass the capital and
technical resources needed. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
2076-A4,A5,A7,A13,B1
BEEF FEEDLOTS — A POLLUTION
PROBLEM?
ARS-USDA. AERD, Livestock Engineering and
Farms Structures, Nebraska University,
Lincoln.
C. B. Gilbertson
•Proceedings of Agriculture and Pollution Sem-
inar, University of Arizona, Tucson, February
19, 1971. EES Series Report No. 35, p. 18-29,
5 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Management, 'Water
pollution, 'Air pollution, 'Waste disposal. Cli-
mates. Agricultural runoff, Chemical properties
The waste produced by the livestock feeding
industry produces a pollution problem for man-
agement. The management of a feedlot Is af-
fected by physical characteristics of the feedlot,
climatic conditions, animal size, animal density
and the type of ration fed. Livestock wastes
are potential pollutants of (a) surface water,
ground water, (c) air, and (d) aesthetic
pollution. A discussion of each of these problems
is given. The primary general problem in feed-
lot management Is the need for acceptable
practices tor complete pollution free waste
management schemes to replace waste disposal
systems. An acceptance of an available method
rather than research backed recommendations Is
the reason for the existing waste management
practices. (Kehl-East Central).
2077-A7, Bl
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE
Department of Plant Pathology,
Arizona University, Tucson
R. L. Caldwell
Proceedings of Agriculture and Pollution Sem-
inar, University of Arizona. Tucson, February
19. 1971 EES Series Report No. 35. p. 66-71
19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Air pollution, 'Ari-
zona
Identifiers: 'Pollutants, Sulfur dioxide, Peroxy-
acetyl nitrate. Ethylene
The relationship between agriculture and air
pollution is discussed. Examples of agricultural
operations' pollution are animal wastes, grain,
feed, fiber and meat processing, forestry opera-
tions, pesticide drift, plowing, vehicular travel
over unpaved roads, wind blown soil from bare
land, aero-allergins (pollens) from a number
of plants and the burning of crop residues. A
definition of agricultural air pollution injury la
given as any harmful effect, whether visible or
not, to plant or animals. Injury is defined as
damages when it is sufficient to cause aa eco-
nomic loss. Some major air pollutants are sulfur
dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone, ethylene and
nitrogen dioxide. Their effects on plants and
their port of entry into an organism is described.
Actions that can be taken to reduce air pollu-
tion damage are (1) breeding resistant plant
varieties, and (2) chemical protection. The
Arizona situation is briefly examined. (Kehl-
East Central).
2078-A4, A5, F2
WATER POLLUTION LAWS
AND REGULATIONS
Department of Agricultural Economics,
College of Agriculture, Missouri University,
Columbia
C. G. McNabb and D. R. Lev!
Science and Technology Guide, Missouri Uni-
versity Columbia Extension Division, May, 1969
4 P.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Regulation, 'Mis-
souri, 'Permits
Identifiers: 'Civil courts, 'Injunction, 'Fines,
•Water Pollution Board
Two approaches for resolution and prevention
of the Missouri water pollution problem are (1)
through the Water Pollution Board and (2)
through the civil courts. In 1957 the Missouri
Legislature established the Water Pollution
Board, defined water pollution, and adopted a
state water policy which the board must regu-
late. The board was authorized to take legal
action against pollution in a number of ways—
by fines, by tax bills, by authorization to the
Attorney General to bring suit against violators,
and by withholding construction permits when
proposed waste treatment facilities are Inade-
quate. A permit was to be required for any
?««•»»« w? \u -i (o construct, install, or modify
facilities for waste disposal which discharge
wastes.Into waters of the state, A person cam-
336
-------
Ing pollution may be sued for (1) an Injunction,
(2) damages, or (3) both an Injunction and
damages as • civil remedy to tcmporaory or
permanent nuisances. (Battles-East Central).
2079-A6, Bl, B5, D2
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE
FEED YARDS
Consulting Chemical Engineer,
San Marino. California
W. L. Faith
Air Pollution Control Association Journal, Vol.
14, p. 459-460. 1064.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Mechanical control, Legal
aspects. Spraying, Disposal. Control
Identifiers: "Feedlots, "Chemical control. Odor
counteractants, Masking agents. Disinfectants,
Potassium permanganate
This paper deals with the experimental odor
control program initiated in 1961 at the Roy F.
Benton Feed Yards in Walnut. California, after
comDlaints were received from a nearby resi-
dential area. A variety of methods to reduce
odor to an acceptable level have been tried with
varying results. A highly satisfactory procedure
is based on "good housekeeping" practices, fre-
o-ient removal of fecal material, and abatement
of residual odor by snraying the lots at desig-
nated intervals with a solution of potassium
permanganate. Details of the method are dis-
cussed. (Christenbury-Iowa State).
2080-A1, Bl, F2, F4
A SUMMARY OF STATE
REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION OF
THE UNITED STATES
Department of Agricultural Economics,
Michigan State University. East Lansing
L J Connor. J. B. Johnson, and C. R, Hoglund
Report No. 193. Department of Agricultural Eco-
nomics. Michigan State University, May 1971,
25 p. 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, "Animal wastes, "Water
pollution, "Air pollution, Economics
Identifiers: "Waste management, "North Central
U. S.
The purpose of this report is to provide a
summary of present and proposed State regula-
tions pertaining to animal waste management
In the North Central Region of the United
States The regulations reported are those in
effect or being proposed as of April, 197L
Summary of Regulations of the following states
are included: Illinois. Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
State water and Air pollution control agencies
for these states are listed. The appropriate
State Agencies should be contacted for more
complete and detailed information. (Cartmell-
East Central).
2081-A2, B2, C2, E2
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE
WASTEWATER IN LABORATORY
COIL PROFILES
Department of Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering, North Carolina State University,
The major objective o! this study was to Inves-
tigate the transformations of swine waste lagoon
effluent In packed and undisturbed Wagram soil
columns with a shallow water table (36 inches).
70 percent of the wastewater nitrogen was con-
verted to nitrate within the rooting zone (upper
six Inches) for loading rates of one and two
Inches per week with COD values ranging from
199 to 650 mg/1. While the organic materials
moved through the coil with the soil water, a
reduction in concentration with increased depth
was observed.' The organic portion of the swine
wastewater was essentially stabilized alter one
week of storage in the upper soil regions. Almost
complete removal (greater than 90 percent) of
COD and TOC was recorded for flow through
the entire packed and undisturbed soil columns.
Mass balances showed no losses in total nitro-
gen as the wastewater percolated through the
soil columns. The low COD to nitrogen ratio
of the pretreated wastewater and the prefer-
ential removal of organics with soil depth re-
stricted • the possibility of indue d pcrcoiat on
of carbonaceous substrate to the water table
for complete denitrification without supplemen-
tal organic addition. (Cartmell-East Central).
2082-A5, A8, Bl, Cl, C2
WASTE ACCUMULATION ON A
SELECTED DAIRY CORRAL AND ITS
EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND
SALT OF THE UNDERLYING
SOIL STRATA
A. C. Chang, D. C. Adriano, and P. E. Pratt
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 2, No. 2,
p. 233-237, April-June, 1973. 2 fig, 3 tab, 2$ ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, "Confinement pens,
•Nitrates. "Salts. 'Soil profile, "Leaching.
Groundwater pollution
Identifiers: "Waste accumulation
The objective of this study was to characterize
dairy waste accumulation and distribution pat-
terns on the surface of a corral and to evaluate
its effect on the nitrate and salt status of the
underlying soil strata. Wastes produced to dairy
cows on an unpaved earth corral tended to
accumulate in a Email area near the feed
bunk and the water trough. Moisture content
of the accumulated waste varied widely with
most of the surface covered with relatively dry
waste. Comparing raw wastes with stabilized
wastes, the accumulated waste was biologically
unstable and subject to decomposition when it
was wetted. The waste distribution pattern on
the corral surface did not influence the move-
ment of chloride and organic matter into the
soil profile. Heavy accumulation of wastes
created an unfavorable condition for the forma-
tion of nitrate which reduced considerably the
amount of nitrate that was subject to leaching.
Future improvement or redesign of dairy wastes
management should take these results into con-
sideration in order to minimize groundwater
pollution. (Cartmell-East Central).
2083-A10, B3, B4, E2
DO MANURE STACKS ADD TO
FLY CONTROL PROBLEMS?
Department of Entomology,
Wisconsin University
W, L. Gojmerac
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 116, p. 566, May 1971
Descriptors: "Breeding, 'Dairy industry
Identifiers: "Fly control, "Manure stacks. Land
spreading
regularly. On farms having manure stacking
equipment, the barn cleaner apparently is run
more frequently, keeping the gutters clean.
Therefore, there was less fly breeding inside
the barn. Little fly breeding was found on
manure piles. The fly problem appears to be
found In other places, such as gutters, mangers.
and calf pens. (Cartmell- East Central).
,.r. F. J. Humenik, M. R. Overcash
Preset at*""* Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
l?£e University. Stillwater. June 23-26, 1974,
laplr No. 74-4025, 19 p. » fig. 5 tab, t ref.
2084-A4, A5, F2
WATER AND WATERCOURSES:
WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND
THEIR ENFORCEMENT IN
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma Law Review, Vol. 22, p. 317-344, 1969
Descriptors: "Water pollution. "Legal aspects.
Identifiers: "Sources of pollution
•Oklahoma
Water pollution control laws in Oklahoma are
presented. A summary is offered of the various
factors which determine the existence of pollu-
tion and influence the types of legal devices
used to meet the pollution problem. Common-law
private remedies and public administrative con-
trols are discussed. Emphasis is upon the current
state pollution control authority and the en-
forcement practices of the several state enforce-
ment agencies, The character of the water
resources relates to the quantity, quality, and
availability of water for use. The major man-
made causes of pollution are discharges from
municipal sewage systems, runoff from agricul-
tural activities, and the disposal of industrial
wastes. Causes of water pollution in Oklahoma
are listed as; the petroleum industry, other
industry, agricultural sources, and municipal
wastes. (Cartmell-East Central).
2085-A2, A6, A10, Bl, C2,
Dl, D2, D3, E2, E3, Fl
DAJJIY WASTE MANAGEMENT
ALTERNATIVES
North Carolina State University
Raleigh
B. L. Carlile, S. H. Dobson, L. B. Driggers,
J. M. Falter, G. J. Kriz, el. al.
Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and
Home Economics. North Carolina State Uni-
versity at Raleigb. 38 p. 4 fie. 15 tab,
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, "Solid wastes. Agri-
cultural runoff, Lagoons, Irrigation, Drying.
Waste water disposal, Dairy industry. Chemical
properties, Odor, Pests, Costs. Economics
Identifiers: "Waste management, 'Land spread-
ing, Refeeding. Composting, Application rates
This bulletin is designed to help dairy producers
meet environmental limitation problems in the
most practical and economical way. The first
section deals with alternative waste manage-
ment systems and their various components. Also
included are sections on storm runoff control
and parlor and milkhouse waste water control.
Requirements and methods are given for pre-
venting feedlot runoff and milkhouse waste
water from reaching surface waters. A utilization
and land requirements section presents guide-
lines and examples of how much waste can be
applied per acre. Odor control and pest control
sections provide suggestions and methods for
reducing odor and pest problems. An economics
section gives cost data and contains a partial
budget sheet so that comparisons between the
alternative waste management systems can be
made. (Cartmell-East Central).
A study was made of farms stacking manure.
The object was to make a comparison of the fly
situation between farms storing manure and
those hauling regularly. A trained university
student accompanied a number of dairy plant
field men on their routine farm calls. He in-
spected each farm in a systematic fashion with
reference to fly breeding only. Out of the 70
farms inspected, 31 bad manure piles and 39
removed the manure regularly. It appeared
that farms with manure piles did not have a
more serious fly problem than those hauling
2086-A2, A5, A8, Bl, Cl,
C2
HYDHOLOGY AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Agricultural Research Service,
USDA, Lincoln, Nebraska
N. P. Swanson
337
-------
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution In the
Great Plains. Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24 25, 1972, p. 71 80. 2 fie, U rcf.
D?scrtptors: "Hydrology, •Feedlots. •Agricul-
tural runoff. 'Soil profiles, Topography, Mete-
orology, Infiltration rates, Phosphorus, Ammonia,
Watersheds, Climate
A potential hydrologic pollution problem of run-
off from 51,000 acres of Great Plains' feedlots
existed in January of 1971. Rate of delivery of
such runoff to streams Is related to topographic.
meteorological, and hydraulic characteristics in
the feedlot area. Study of the agricultural run-
off In Nebraska yielded the following hydrologic
generalizations: (1) infiltration of pollutants into
the soil profile is insignificant or very slow
one; a manure pack Is formed, (2) a local
problem of underground water pollution exists,
(3) one inch rainfall may be absorbed by the
soil manure mixture without runoff, (41 solids
losses may be less from a feedlot than from
tilled bare soil but moderate rainfall Increases
Initiate much higher solids loss and COD
value per unit volume of runoff, (5) rainfall
Intensity and solids removal directly Influence
phosohorus removal, (fi) ammonla-N and NH3-N
contents decrease with continuing precipitation,
(7) snowmelt runoff contains more solids than
rainfall runoff. (8) following a rainfall, feedlot
P'noff will start sooner, last longer, contain
many more times the P, NH4-N content, and
require less Ume to reach the point of dis-
charge than the discharge from adjacent crop-
lands, and (9) ordinarily It is not necessary to
design runoff control facilities within a water-
shed In relation to fish populations, livestock
water so-jrces. and similar resources is most
Important. (Battles-East Central).
2087-A1, A6, A7, A8, All,
A12, Bl, Fl, F2
DUST AND ODOR PROBLEMS
OF THE FEEDLOT
D.V.M. Montfort Feedlot Company,
Greeley, Colorado
J. Young
Control of Agricultur?-related Pollution In the
?/S? ££"*' s<™lnar. Lincoln. Nebraska, July
24 25, 1972. p. 81-86. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Dust, 'Feedlots. «AIr pollu-
f!?n'.,r "Pects. Neutralization, Economics
Tdentifiers: Malodors
objectionable air pollution Is grouped into four
categories: (1) h-iman health hazards. (2) ani-
mal and plant inj'iry. (3) long-term modification
of the earth's climate or ecology, and <4>
offnses to persons, due to participate matter.
Air pollution from malodors It a major prob-
lem because no specific neutralization chemi-
cals are available and cause-effect relationships
ar-> not fully understood. Feedlot malodors have
n?ver proven hazardous to human health but
can be assumed objectionable when people
comolain about them. The relationship between
th? fsedlot and the surrounding population can
b? imoroved by odor neutralization within feasi-
ble economic and application scales. Air pollution
in the form of particulate matter or dust has
two areas of concern: (1) animal health, and
(2) as a public nuisance. Control can entail
any on-- or a combination of mechanical or
ch°mica1 means and will depend on water
availability, available labor force, available
sourc? of used oil, etc., concentration rate of
cattle in pens, climate, and housekeeping proce-
dures. (Battles-East Central).
2088-A1, Bl, F4
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION
CONSIDERATIONS
Regional Extension Specialist, Feedlot Waste
Management, Oklahoma State University,
SUllwater
M. D. Paine
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25, 1972, p. 87-90.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes,
'Feedlots, 'Management. Communications, Trans-
portation, Odor, Dust, Waste disposal
Identifiers: 'Southern Great Plains, Information
sheets, Handbooks
The development of large commercial cattle
feedlots has brought about the development of a
new kind of livestock manager. Today such a
manager Is likely to be a graduate of an
animal science department at a land grant
university. Today's feedlot manager oversees a
large staff, makes maximum use of communica-
tion and transportation, and is compelled to be
innovative in handling problems, But the prob-
lems arising from large feedlots require addi-
tional assistance. In the Southern Great Plains,
the ES-USDA. In cooperation with extension
directors, allocated special need funds to an
experimental project on feedlot waste manage-
ment. Objectives of the project were: (1) To
provide educational opportunities for feedlot
managers to be kept up to date on research
and cattle feeding developments, with emphasis
on waste management; (2) to assist communi-
cation between cattle feeders and research
agencies; (3) to provide timely and adequate
Information on social-legal developments. Three
subject matter areas were given priority—odor
and dust; liquid disposal; and solid waste
disposal. Information sheets on these subjects
were to be developed for distribution. A feedlot
environmental handbook is also being developed
to assist feedlot operators. (Battles-East Central).
2089-A4, B2, F2
ANIMAL WASTE —
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Agricultural Engineer, Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboatory, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma
L. R. Shuyler
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains. Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska. July
24-25, 1972, p. 91-95. 1 tab, 3 ret.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Regulation,
•Feedlots, 'Permits
Identifiers: 'Discharge. 'Impact statements,
•Zero discharge
On December 23. 1970, President Nixon issued
Executive Order Number 11574 which directed
the Army Corps of Engineers to issue dis-
charge permits under the 1899 Rivers and
Harbors Act. On .May 25, 1371, EPA adminis-
trator William D. Ruckelshaus testified before
the House Committee on Agriculture to outline
the permit program's application to the confined
feeding industry. He felt that the program
should be limited to feedlots of 1000 or more
animal units which discharge their wastes from
a single point source. Permit applications were
required to be filed by July 1, 1971. A ruling
handed down by Judge Aubrey Robinson, Jr,,
ordered that environmental impact statements
be filed for every permit issued. This rendered
the permit program virtually useless due to
the monumental manpower problem that the
requirement for impact statements created.
Th: ruling may eventually make more compre-
hensive and workable enforcement of Federal
and State water quality standards a reality,
however. The judge also expanded the definition
of "non-navigable" streams to include streams
large enough for recreational boating. Legisla-
tion now pending in Congress, in addition to
providing funds for much needed expansion of
research, development, and demonstration in
agricultural pollution control, stipulates the
national goal of "zero discharge" by 1985, and
provides for clarification of the national permit
program to be administered by the EPA. (Bat-
tles-East Central).
Descriptors: •Eulrophication. 'Great Plains,
•Water pollution, 'Fertilizers, Feedlots, Nutrients,
Irrigation, Agricultural runoff, Effluent. Dis-
charge (Water), Drying, Incineration
Identifiers: 'Winterkills, Pit disposal. Land dis-
posal. Fish kills
In the Great Plains area of the United States,
an Increasing amount of fertilizer has been ap-
plied to croplands since 1950. Simultaneously,
the percentage composition of nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potassium In fertilizers has increased
as has the method of irrigation, thus enriching
the water systems and causing eutrophication
and winterkills. Increased use of commercial
fertilizer in this area between 1955 and 1969 has
increased N, P, and K concentrations in water
systems above the minimum critical level
Eutrophication and winterkills in the North Cen-
tral States and nitrate nitrogen levels of 55
to 60 percent entering Decator Lake. Illinois
originated from fertilizers. Runoff from feedlot
production in Kansas accounted for 5 of 27
reported fish kills during 1964. This pollution
could have been controlled by use of (1) direct
pit disposal of solids. (2) aerobic decomposition
followed by either land disposal or drying and
Incineration or (3) proper location of the feed-
lot. Environmental standards, public demand
for cleanup, and national policy are all burden-
Ing the discharger to prove that the effluent
is innocuous, State water quality standards re-
quire treatment and control of animal feedlot
discharge, but advancements in prevention of
eutrophication are dependent upon the extra costs
involved. (Battles-East Central).
2091-E3, Fl
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE NOT
FOR SMALL OPERATOR
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32. No. 378, p. 369, August
1973
2090-A2, A3, A4, B2, B3,
C2, D2, D3, El, E2
EUTROPHICATION IN THE
GREAT PLAINS
Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit,
Oklahoma State University, Still water
R. C. Summerfelt
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar. Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25. 1972, p. 97-118. 5 tab, 42 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Economics, 'Costs
•Poultry
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dried poultry waste
An interagency task force studied the economic
feasibility of using processed waste material in
poultry rations. Flock sizes in the experiment
were 10,000, 50,000, and 80,000 birds. Dried
poultry manure was fed In test rations of 0
12 V4 percent, and 25 percent. Feeding of DPM
to a 10,000-layer operation was found to be
uneconomical at any level. For the 50,000-layer
flock, feeding at the 12 V4 percent level resulted
in lower unit cost of 0.3 cents per dozen eggs
For the 80,000-bird flock, costs dropped 0.6 cents
Since about 97 percent of the country's layer
operations have fewer than 10,000 birds, only a
small group of producers could economically
process poultry manure and feed it under to-
day's conditions. (Cameron-East Central).
2092-B2, Dl, D2, D3, E2
FARM EFFLUENT—ELECTRICAL
DISPOSAL METHODS
Electricity Council Research Centre.
Caponhurst
F. Barrett
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 11,
NO. 4, p. 207-203, Apr.l. l'»71. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Effluents, 'Farm wastes, 'Suspend-
ed solids, 'Waste disposal, 'Waste treatment
Identifiers: 'Electrical disposal methods, 'Stabili-
zation pond, 'Oxidation ditch, 'Electrolytic flota-
tion
The growth of more intensive stock farming
has added urgency to the search for efficient,
economical and acceptable methods for the dis-
posal of farm effluents. Research has indicated
that effluent from a herd of 90-100 cows can
be dealt with efficiently and economically by
spray aeration in a two section stabilization
pond. Pig effluent can be made relatively in*
nocuous by treating it aerobically in an oxidation
ditch so that its oxygen demand is materially
reduced by biological action. It is a process
that avoids odor problems and which requires'
338
-------
much less land (or the disposal of the residue
than would be required (or untreated effluent.
Electrolytic dotation using hydrogen and oxygen
produced by the electrolytic breakdown of a
small portion of the water In the effluent to
raise the solids to the surface Is a suitable
low-cost method of overcoming most of the diffi-
culties in the removal of suspended solids from
effluent. (Cameron-East Central)
2093-A8, B3, D3, E2
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER
SEEMS TO RECLAIM
SALT-DAMAGED LAND
Crops and Soils Magazine. Vol. 27, No. 4, p. 24,
January 1975
Descriptors: "Salts, 'Reclamation, Oil wells.
Grasses, Land
Identifiers: 'Compost, "Chicken litter. Manure,
Application rates
Research was conducted by the University of
Arkansas using composted chicken litter to re-
claim land that was damaged when salt water
from oil wells overflowed onto it. Composted
chicken manure was applied at a rate of 6
tons per acre and rototilled into the salt-
damaged soil to a depth of about 4 inches.
The plot was then seeded to a combination of
grasses including switchgrass, millet. baMa,
bermudagrass, and lespedeza. Soil tests taken
before and after the compost application indi-
cated that the treatment was effective in re-
claiming the salt-covered area. Agronomist L. H.
Hileman says this reclamation method will also
effectively eliminate the salt problem from
other sources of salt (such as saline seeps).
More research is needed to determine the proper
rates of application and to evaluate different
types and kinds of compost. (Cameron-East
Central).
2Q94-A6, A10, D2
NEW ODOR CONTROL
PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE
Calf News. Vol. 12, No, 6, p. 29. June 1974
Descriptors: 'Odor, "Control, "Bacteria. Feed-
lots. Farm wastes
Identifiers: SUBDU. Fy larvae
, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and ash)
within the size range tested (0.250 mm to 3.36
mm). Considering the manure produced by the
swine on all three of the study's rations,
more than 83% of the crude protein, 93% of the
ether extract and 97% of the ash were contained
in manure portions that passed during wet
screening through the 0.250 mm screen. The
portion of the manure that did not go through
the 0.250 mm screen contained more than 68%
of the NFE. Therefore, wet screening can he
used for the effective separation of NFE from
the other proximate components. If It were de-
sirable to concentrate either the crude protein
of the NFE portions of the manure, this separa-
tion would be useful for formulation of rations
containing swine manure. (Kehl-East Central).
2098-A4, B2, D3, El, Fl
TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT
G. Warren
Soil Conservation, Vol. 38. No. 6, p. 130-132.
January. 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment, "Waste disposal,
•Sewage, "Louisiana, 'Lagoons, "Streams,
•Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Soil Conservation
Service
Rural Louisiana is freeing its streams and
countryside from sewage, garbage, and animal
wastes. The Soil Conservation Service in co-
operation with the Louisiana State Board of
Health provides technical help in designing and
constructing sewage lagoons and animal-waste
systems. The SCS is called on for soil maps and
interpretations to help locate sites for both types
of systems. A sewage lagoon system at Cous-
hatta not only costs about one-tenth of what
a treatment plant costs but it also keeps the
sewage from going into the Red River. More
than 150 animal-waste systems have been built
in the state by dairymen. This type of wast* no
longer goes into the streams; it goes into the
lagoon. (Cameron-East Central).
2099-A2, B2, C2, D2
AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND
SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY
SELECTED ION EXCHANGE
Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories
Robert A. Taft Research Center Report No.
TWRC-5, March, 1969, 58 p. 19 fig. 7 tab, 33 ref.
Descriptors: "Agricultural runoff, "Effluents,
•Ion exchange, "Waste water. Nitrogen, Lime
Identifiers: "Ammonia removal
A selective ion exchange process was developed
for the removal of ammonia nitrogen from waste-
waters. The process employs a natural zeolite,
clinoptilolite, which is selective for ammonium
ions in the presence of sodium, magnesium, and
calcium ions. The ion exchange equilibria of
four zeolites was investigated and clinoptilolite
was selected for further study on the basis of
its ammonium ion selectively and low cost. A
mobile demonstration plant having a capacity of
100,000 gallons per day was designed and con-
structed to remove ammonia from wastewater
The plant contains facilities for flocculation,
sedimentation, powdered activated carbon ab-
sorption, disinfection, and mixed media filtra-
tion followed by ion exchange and associated
regeneration equipment. Operations of the mobile
plant with secondary effluent resulted in am-
monia removals of 97 and 93 percent at 70,000
and 100,000 gallons per day respectively; thus
demonstrating that selective ion exchange pro-
vides a highly effective means for removing
ammonia from wastewater. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
2100-B5, D3, E3
FACTS ON METHANE
PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Wisconsin Uni-
versity, Madison
J. C. Converse and R. E. Graves
Bulletin No. A2636. CoUege of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Exten-
sion. Madison. July 1974, 4 p.
339
-------
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Recycling, 'Energy,
•Organic mailer. Anaerobic conditions. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus. Potassium, Pollutants, Effluent
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Bio gas
This fact sheet outlines information concerning
methane production from animal waste, It is
possible to produce heating gas from animal
manure on crop residues in the form of methane.
Constant conditions of temperature, fresh organic
matter, pH of 7.0 to 7.6, and anaerobic con-
ditions promote methane production. The equip-
ment required to produce methane is a simple
batch loaded digester/fed a mixture of organic
matter and water. Maximum volume reduction
of the infed materials will be 5 percent. The
output will not increase the amount of nitro-
gen, phosphorus, or potassium but it will likely
be in a more available form. Pollutants will not
be significantly reduced. Manure from a 1400
pound cow would prod'jce about 60 cu. ft. of
gas at atmospheric pressure per day. The bio-
gas usually contains about 70 percent methane,
30 percent CO2. and a small amount of HzS
and other gases. Not all of the bio gas energy
is available for utilization and no exact figure
can be given to how much less the net energy
is than the gross energy. The methane gas can
be burned In tractors and cars, used for cooking,
h?ating water and buildings, air conditioning,
grain drying or operating stationary machines.
A typical grain dryer (four million Btu/hr.)
would require 3330 cu. ft. of bio-gas compressed
to 300 psi for a 10 hour day. Although methane
in a concentration of 6 to 15 percent with
air is an explosive mixture, research in progress
may make this process usable by individual
farmers, (Battles East Central).
2101-A7, All
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND
AERIAL DUST ON PIGS
S. E. Curtis, C. D. Anderson, J. G. Drummond.
D. W. Kelley, D. A. Klngdon, el. al.
Proceedings, Illinois Pork Industry Day, Illinois
University, Animal Science Department AS-665g,
Urbana-Champaign, December 4-11. 1973, p. 24-25.
1 tab.
Descriptors: *Cases, 'Dust, *Air pollution. Am-
monia, Hydrogen sulfide
Identifiers: "Swine, Respiration, Respiratory-
tract. Exposure chambers, Absolute humidity.
Swine finishing houses
The effects of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and
hog house dust alone and in various combina-
tions in the air on the performance and
respiratory tract health of healthy growing and
finishing pigs were studied in seven trials. The
performance trials were conducted in four
dynamic-type, air pollutant exposure chambers
at 65 degrees F. with absolute humidity the
same as or lower than the outside air. The air
supply to each chamber was filtered and then
rollutants were added to the air as it entered
the chamber, No pollutants were added to the
control chambers. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide.
and hog-house dust at levels as high as or
higher than those normally encountered in en-
closed swine-finishing nouses had little effect on
growth performance of the pigs under these
experimental conditions. All pigs were sacrificed
for complete post mortem examination at the end
of the trial. Forty-eight littermate pairs of cross-
bred pigs one to two weeks old were exposed
for 10 minutes to air containing aerosolized
escnenchia coli of a nonpathogenic strain and
to ammonia held at 50 p.p.m. The young pigs'
ability to clean nonpathogenic escherichia coli
bacteria from their lungs was impaired by
exposure to ammonia at 60 p.p.m. during the
clearance period. Results suggest that the per-
formance of healthy pigs may not be affected
by air pollution inside enclosed swine houses,
but that the incidence and severity of lung
disease in pigs may be related to the stress
caused by such irritating air pollutants as am-
monia. (Battles-East Central).
2102-B2, B3, C2, E2, Fl
FEEDLOT MANURE: SUDDENLY
IT'S WORTH MORE
Assistant Farm Management Editor.
Successful Farming
B. Gergen
S'jce-ssful Farming. Vol. 72, No. 10, p. 24-25,
September, 1974. 1 fig. 2 tab.
D;scriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus.
•Potassium, 'Economics
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Application rates, 'Land
disposal, Micronutrients
Manure is worth more than It ever has been
due to the monetary value of the nutrients nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and potassium as well as
micronutrients, It is figured that each cow pro-
vides 98 Ibs. of N per year making it worth
S26-S28 in manure nutrients. If 250 Ibs. per
acre of nitrogen is added to the soil as manure.
about 110 Ibs, will be available the first season.
50 Ibs. the second season and 25 Ibs. the third
season. Stockpiled manure is more valuable than
freshly scraped manure because (1) it under-
goes partial composting, (2) it is drier and
more granular and can therefore be spread
more uniformly and (3) it has a higher nitrogen
content per ton. In general, liquid manure sys-
tems retain the most nutrients and in a Wis-
consin study, liquid manure knifed between rows
of crops resulted in up to 5 percent higher
yields than did liquid manure plowed under.
Most feedlot manure is being sold to contract
haulers for about 50 cents to $1 per ton. Ten
to 30 tons of manure per acre can be put on
soil every year with beneficial effects on crop
yields. Manure application should be accurately
matched to soil fertility requirements. Laboratory
analysis of the manure may be done by com-
mercial soil fertility labs and by many feed
product distributors. Tables are given which may
be used to estimate application rates when
analysis is not available. (Battles-East Central).
2103-B1, Dl, Fl
SLAB VS. SLAT: AN EXPERT'S
OPINION
Calf News. Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 14, July, U73.
1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Design, 'Arizona, Costs, Performance,
Feasibility studies. Cattle
Identifiers: 'Slab-flume design, 'Slotted floor
design
Presently two types of cattle confinement designs
are being promoted, the slat and the slab. The
standard design (the slat) is a slotted floor with
a scraper in a pit two feet below the slats.
A slab is a concrete floor on a one inch in
one foot incline with a two inch opening at
the lower sides. The manure is moved downward
by the cattle's hoofs and is periodically flushed
down a flume. Dick Bunger, president of Corral
Industries, PhoanJx. is an expert on cattle con-
finement designs and notes the slab design as
$10 10 $20 cheaper to build than the slot. Mr.
Bunger admits that the slab design may not
be as effective because: (1) it will not efficiently
handle as many cattle per square feet as the
s'.ot (50 percent of space is lost because cattle
will lie only in certain positions on a slanting
slab), (2) the animals are under more stress
(cattle skid on slabs), (3) lightweight cattle
probably don't have enough hoof weight and
friction to move the manure down th? slope.
(But this has not been proven yet), and (4) if
the flume flushing is neglected or the pump
breaks -down, flooding will occur. Mr. Bunger
cautions cattlemen because slab design of cattle
confinement has yet to prove economically feasi-
ble. A slab-d;sign building is presently being
built to prove Mr. Hunger's beliefs. (Kehl-East
Central).
2104-A2, A4, A5, A8, B2,
B3, B4, E2
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK
WASTE
Cooperative Extension Service
Maryland University,
College Park
H. L. Brodie, and J. T. Kennedy
Agricultural Engineering Release No. 54, En-
vironmental Series No. 5. Cooperative Extension
Service, University of Maryland, College Park.
1972, 3 p. 2 ref.
Discriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Livestock, La-
goons, Erosion, Agriculture runoff
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
The production and waste management prac-
tices used by farmers determine the extent of
water pollution caused by their animal produc-
tion units. Land spreading of animal wastes is a
very'effective method of preventing water pollu-
tion because of the natural treatment process
in the soil. Several means of applying the prin-
ciple of Intercepting and controlling surface and
subsurface waters are listed. Watersheds are
affected a great deal more by natural pollu-
tants than by animal wastes which are properly
spread on land where erosion is controlled.
Crop rotation, strip cropping, pasture improve-
ment and the growing of crops for protective
cover are the most common erosion control
procedures. A list of steps to take In the
prevention of pollution from land disposal of
livestock wastes is given. Alternate methods of
land application during the fall are provided.
The best way to judge application rate is from
experience by considering slope, slope length,
soil type and ground cover. Two obstacles to
winter spreading are frozen soil and deep snow.
During the winter if a good spreading schedule
cannot be followed, the manure should be stored
under cover. Additional information on managing
lagoons to capture runoff and minimize over-
flow is provided. If animal production units are
properly located and managed, groundwater
problems are minimized. (Kehl-East Central.)
2105-AA, A5, A6, B2, D3,
El
LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL
Cooperative Extension Service
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
H. Watson
Cooperative Extension Service Circular R-6, Au-
burn University, July, 1972, 12 p. 6 tab, 3 ret.
Descriptors: "Waste disposal, 'Lagoons, 'Design.
•Management, 'Biochemical oxygen demand.
Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: Water volumes. Sludge removal. La-
goon overflow. Loading.
For several years lagoons have been used for
the disposal of livestock and polutry manure
with varying degrees of success. A lagoon's ef-
fectiveness is determined by its design, construc-
tion and management. The two major advant-
ages of lagoons are: (1) the labor requirements
are less than for systems where manure is
spread onto fields and (2) lagoons usually can
be constructed at a low initial cost. There are
three major disadvantages of lagoons. (1) Ob-
jectionable odors are sometimes present, (2) Im-
proper construction can present a possible
source of ground and surface water pollution,
and (3) Periodic sludge removal is required
The processes of three lagoon types, aerobic,
anaerobic and mechanically aerated lagoons, are
discussed. The location, size and construction
are examined as important factors in lagoon de-
sign. Tables for BOD production and surface
area requirements, water volumes for various
aerator sizes and for water volume of various
anaerobic lagoons are given. The operation and
management of a lagoon are explained through
the various loading methods, sludge removal
and lagoon overflow. Some general management
practices that should be followed are riven
(Kehl-East Central)
2106-A6, B2, Cl, C2, C3,
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR
THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF POULTRY
WASTEWATERS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
T. B. S. Prakasam, E. G. Srinath, P. Y. Yang,
and R. C. Loehr.
Presented at Special Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers Committee SE-413,
340
-------
Chicane, Illinois. December 12, 1972, 71 p. 9 fig.
IS lab/ 15 re£.
Descriptors: 'Research and development. "Analy-
tical techniques, 'Poultry. 'Physical properties.
•Chemical properties. 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Waslewalers, 'Biochemical proper-
ties. Nitrogen control. Odor control.
Research and demonstration studies were con-
ducted on the treatment of poultry wastes for
the past four years with particular emphasis on
nitrogen control, waste trealment. and odor con-
trol This rtssarch involved the analysis of raw
and' treated wastewater. Analytical methods were
evaluated for their applicability to the routine
analysis of animal and especially poultry waste-
waters Objectives of this research were to dis-
cuss the results of these investigations and to
indicate satisfactory methods for the analysis of
physical, chemical, and biochemical properties
of poultry wastewaters. Samples of excreta voided
from chickens housed at the Poultry Research
Farm. Cornell University were used. The various
methods used for the analysis of raw and treat-
ed poultry wastewater are described. (Cameron-
East Central)
2107-B2,B3,D1,D3,E2,E3
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION "CLOSED
SYSTEM"-WASTE RECOVERING:
INSULATED
Calf "ews. Vol. 13. No. 2, p. 36-37, February,
1975. t fig.
Descriptors: .'Design, 'Construction, 'Feedlots.
•Farm wastes. Bacteria, Confinement pens. Re-
cvcling, Heat.
Identifiers: 'Closed systems, 'Recovery process.
Composting, Refeeding.
Jim Jarnagin, with financing from the Kansas
Fam Ufe Insurance Co., built a by-product
recovery confinement system, examples of
which had already been built by Corral Indus-
tries Running down the structure's 1,140-foot
1-neth is a 16foot-wide alley flanked on the
north and south by a row of pens. At a stocking
rate of 5.040 hsad, each animal has 20 square
feet of space. The design and construction of
the structure are given. After separation of
liauids and solids, the processed solid waste is
augered to a compost pile, where it remains
for two days. After 24 hours, heat pasteurized
the compost reducing the pathogens and yielding
a product named CI 13. Since the bacterial
kill in the recovery process is substantial, the
material can ba immediately blended back into
the ration, or It can be composted until needed.
The liquid fraction from the separation process
U pumped Into a pond. From here it goes out
to the fields through a gated pipe sprinkler
irrigation system. (Cameron-East Central.)
2108-A5, B2, C2, D3, E2
NUTRIENT TRANSl- ORMATIONS IN A
SWINE WASTE OXIDATION DITCH
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering. .
Toronto University. Ontario. Canada.
PH. Jones and N. K. Patitf. ......
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol
46. No. 2, P. 366-379, February, 1974. 16 fig. 4
tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment. 'Phosphorus. 'Ni-
trogen, Design, Swine.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch. Land disposal.
Livestock production in confined areas is rapid-
lv Eaining popularity in North America as well
u in Europe. Of the various possible systems
for the treatment and handling of high-strength
animal wastes, oxidation ditches are especially
attractive because of their simplicity and econ-
omv Jones, Patni and others have established
the efficiency of oxidation ditches in reducing
oxygen demanding carbon. This seven month
study examines the behavior of nitrogen and
phosphorus In such units. Nitrogen loss from
the ditch was inhibited after about 20 weeks
of operation as Indicated by nitrogen accumula-
tion in the ditch mixed liquor (DML). It seems
that the nitrification denitrificaUon scheme was
distributed by the Introduction of wood shavings
in th: DML beginning about this time. It is
concluded that, with proper design and operation,
oxidation ditches can be used to effect a high
degree of nitrogen removal from high-strength
animal wastes. The study also Indicated that
controlled and regulated land application of the
animal wastes treated in oxidation ditches (con-
taining the accumulated phosphorus) seems at
present to 03 the most practical way of pre-
venting phosphates from reaching groundwater
at animal waste treatment facilities. (Kehl-East
Central.)
2109-A2, A3, C2
CHARACTERISTICS AND
COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF
NON-POINT SOURCES
Cornell University
R. C. Loehr
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol.
46, No. 8, p. 1849-1872. August. 1974. 2 fig. 17
tab, 59 ref.
Descriptors: 'Precipitation (atmospheric). Phos-
phorus, Nitrogen, Ecology.
Identifiers: 'Non-point sources, 'Runoff, 'Pollu-
tion, Irrigation return flows. Seepage. Cropland
tile drainage.
Definite comparisons of non-point sources axe
difficult since such comparisons are the result
of complex Interactions in and on the soil. Iden-
tification of non-point sources was based on the
reported range of their characteristics and the
available technology for their control. They
were identified as (1) those not needing con-
trol or uncontrollable, (2) those possibly need-.
ing control, and (3) those requiring control.
The first category included precipitation, un-
managed forest land runoff, and range land
runoff. The second one contained crop land
runoff, runoff from land receiving manure, crop
land tile drainage, and irrigation return flows.
The final category included urban land runoff,
manure seepage and feedlot runoff. The rela-
tive contribution of sources In a watershed
will be determined by the human activities
that are there. (Kehl-East Central)
2110-B5, C3
TOXICITY OF SEAWATER TO
COLIFORM BACTERIA
Graduate Student
Civil Engineering Department
Washington University
Seattle
H. P. Savage and N. B. Hanes
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
43, No. 5, p. 854-861, May 1971, 16 fig. 1 tab, 16
ref.
Descriptors: 'Toxicity, 'Seawater. 'Conforms.
•Bacteria, 'Nutrients, 'Biochemical oxygen de-
mand.
This study was undertaken to examine the ef-
fect of nutrient levels as measured by BOD
analysis, on the toxlcity of seawater to total
coliforms and fecal coliforms. Three separate
experiments were performed. Flasks labeled
"condition A" received no additional nutrients
resulting in a BOD of between .6 and 1.8 mc/1.
Total and fecal coliforms died rapidly in "con-
dition A". "Condition B" consisted of flasks
with a moderate concentration of waste water
nutrients. The resulting BOD levels ranged
from 9.9 to 20 mg/1. Initially, fecal and total
coliforms generally increased their share of the
total bacterial population and then their pro-
portion declined steadily. The flasks of "condi-
.tion C" contained a high concentration of waste-
water nutrients. The resulting BOD levels were
between 101 and 120 mg/1. Again, bacterial
populations increased, and then their proportions
declined rapidly. (Cartmell-East Central)
2111-A4, A6, B2, Dl
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
CONCENTRATES ON FARM WASTE
New Scientist. Vol. 59, No. 856. p. 191, Julj
26. 1*73.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Effluent. 'Slurries,
'Waste treatment, 'Regulation, 'Great Britain,
Economics, Reclamation.
Identifiers: 'Research, Water pollution.
Scientists In Great Britain are using straw,
hessian sacking, and even hedge-clippings, all
of which are freely available In Isrge quantities
on most farms. In an effort to cut the cost of
(arm effluent charges. The aim has been to
concentrate on the most extreme of farm slurry
problems. Effluent from animals is one of the
biggest problems farmers have to face. There
Is legislation to clamp down on fanners' meth-
ods of disposal it pollution of the water or the
air infringes the regulations, but with few in-
spectors to check on what Is happening in rivers
and streams the law Is often broken. In Silsoe
they treat slurry by mechanical separation of
the solids content from liquid for easier handling
and aerobic treatment of the liquid to kill the
smell. The process and costs Involved are dis-
cussed in detail. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System).
2112-B2, B3, D3, E3, F5
SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO
MEALS
New Scientist, Vol. 56. No. 021. p. 456, Novem-
ber 23. 1972,
Descriptors: 'Feeds. 'Reclamation, Effluent,
Fish, Algae. Mollusks. Economics.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Great Britain.
This article outlines ways of using farm waste
as feedstuff. One way is to push farm effluent
Into a pond to produce plankton which In turn
supports fish, which are then harvested. Another
possibility is to use not fish but bivalve mpllusk.
whose entire anatomy and physiology U de-
signed to filter out nutritious particles. The nu-
tritionally valuable algae could also be raised
on effluent. The algae would also be useful as
generators of oxygen. Beef cattle are already
being fed on pellets of chicken dung. This not
only disposes of unpleasant wastes, but also
saves the farmer feed costs. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System).
2113-A8,B2,B3,C2,E2,FA
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF
ANIMAL WASTES
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State Univer-
sity. Manhattan 66506.
L. S. Murphy. G. W. Wallingford. and W. L,
Powers.
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 56, No. 10, p.
1367-1374, October, 1973. B fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors. 'Effects. 'Solid wastes. 'Liquid
wastes. Feedlots, Dairy industry. Soils, Chemical
properties. Nitrates, Salinity, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Application rates. Land disposal. Col-
loidal dispersion. Pollution.
Land disposal of animal wastes Is a viable solu-
tion to the water pollution problem, but this
disposal must be done with care so that new
pollution problems dont arise. Excess applica-
tion of manure can cause excess salinity, ni-
trates, and/or phosphorus as well as colloidal
dispersion. A literature review is given to show
the beneficial and detrimental value of manure
applications on crops and on soil chemical
properties. It was concluded that disposal of both
solid and liquid wastes should be accompanied
by regular soil analysis- to detect accumulation
of waste components or reaction products which
may be detrimental to both the soil and to un-
derlying aquifiers, (Battles-East Central).
341
-------
2114-A2, A6, A7, B2, B3,
B4, D3, E3
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF
Pennsylvania Slate University
A. R. Grout
Fredlot Management, Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 34 35,
38, June 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff. 'Feedlo's,
•Slurries, 'Liquid wastes. Lagoons, Basins, Me-
thane Costs, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control. Oxidation ditch,
Evaporation pond. Composting, Dcwatering.
Th=re are several ways in which feedlot run-
off may be controlled. Slurry manure can be
stored in an open basin. Because this material
will not stack, the walls must be high enough
and strong enough to hold the semi-liquid ma-
nure inside. Solid manure from a bedded barn
of partially dried manure from a feedlot can be
stored with a stacker unit in a basin. In liquid
manure systems slotted floors or concrete slab1?
can be used for removal of manure, and prob-
lems due to cold weather. Agricultural runoff
can bs reduced by roofing, diversion channels,
and efficient evestrough systems. Detention
ponds for runoff should be built according to
state guidelines. Lagoons or stabilization ponds
can cause a partial break down of manure
nutrients In water. In oxidation ditches liquid
manure is circulated and aerated in a race-
track shaped basin by a paddle wheel or propel-
ler. Evaporation ponds reduce the amount of
water for disposal, but are limited to areas of low
humidity and rainfall. Composting and dewater-
ing of solids is b'ing practiced in some areas.
Production of methane gas from animal ma-
nure by anasrobic digestion is another disposal
alternative. (Cartmell-East Central)
2115-B3, B5, D2, E3
ENZYMES DIGEST FIBER IN
RECYCLED MANURE
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 377. p. 318. July.
DescriplorS: 'Recycling. 'Poultry. Enzymes.
•Ke';^R?feedinB- 'Dried pouitry manure'
While proc s.sed poultry manure has given sat-
±.rV-fJlts Wh?n fed to ruminants, re-
feeding of ,t to poultry has been questioned due
to its fib-r build-up and low energy value
However, Dr. Slon.ker (USDA) feels that pro!
ressed poultry manure can be refed as 25%
of a poultry ration through 23 cycles. He feels
that fermentation of the manure and chemical
decomposition caused by drying break down the
fiber and make it more digestible. Improvement
of these enzymatic and heat accelerated changes
point the way to total recycling with minimum
pollution, (Battles East Central)
2116-D2, E3, F2
FEED PRICES, ENVIRONMENTAL
LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR
DRYING EQUIPMENT, DPW
Feedstuffs. Staff Editor
G. Emerson.
Feedsluffs, Vol. 47, No. 4, p. 32, 62, January
27, 1975. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Equipment, 'Drying, 'Poultry,
•Costs, 'Feeds, 'Fertilizers, 'Legislation.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, 'Food and
Drug Administration, 'Refecding.
Incentives for mechanically drying poultry ma-
nure (DPW) are financial and environmental.
Two types of producers are buying dryers —
those who are about to be legislated out of
business and those who have an immediate
nned or market for DPW as a feed or fertilizer.
The Food and Drug Administration has not yet
approved the use of DPW as a feed ingredient,
but equipment firms believe that if and when
it does, the markets for both equipment and
the finished product will grow rapidly. There
are mare than 25 brands of dryers on the mar-
ket. Costs of the units range from 13,000 to
200,000. The number of birds needed to justify
cost of the system varies, but the most fre-
quent mentioned number is 100,000. The cost of
producing a ton of DPW ranges from $45 to
$50. depending on moisture content of the ma-
nure, fuel cost, and dryer efficiency. The qual-
ity of DPW depends upon the diet fed to the
poultry, the age of the manure, and the quality
of the dryer, Currently, the selling price of
DPW ranges from $45 to $120, depending upon
the area of the country and whether a demand
from nearby feedlots exists. (Battles-East Cen-
tral)
2117-A2, A8, B2, E2
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON
GRASS OR CROPS
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering
Department, Oklahoma State University.
A. F. Butchbaker.
Prepared by the Regional Extension Project
for Feedlot Waste Management, No. 7521. TX:
L-1053, 6 p. 3 fig, 4 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff. Ir-
rigation, Costs, Labor, Odor, Salinity, Perme-
ability, Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal.
The runoff control system begins in the feed-
lot by providing good drainage and a collection
system for conveying the runoff. A settling basin
should be used to remove at least 50% of the
solids. The liquid should pass through the set-
tling basin and go to a holding pond from which
it will be pumped to the field disposal site.
The two basic types of liquid disposal are
sprinkler and surface distribution. Runoff con-
taining more than 5% solids and up to 15% can
bs handled by only one system, the manure
gjn sprinkler. Among the advantages of pump-
ing runoff to the field are: (1) For large
amounts of livestock, pumping is economical
and labor-saving. (2) Pumping runoff onto crops
or grass salvages many nutrients. (3) The run-
off can be applied throughout the growing sea-
son. Thus, liquid disposal on grass allows nearly
year around application of runoff In the south-
ern plains region, (4) The odor problem may be
increased, depending upon management. (5)
Some salt or other toxic compounds in the run-
off, if applied by sprinklers, may deposit on
plant leaves, reducing the photosynthesis rate.
(6) Tight soils may not have high enough per-
meability to receive the liquid rapidly. (7)
Salinity buildup on the soil is a potential prob-
lem. Maximum permissible application rates
have not yet been determined. (Battles-East
Central)
2118-A11, B2, B4, Fl
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID
MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE
ENTIRE DAIRY HERD —
SYSTEMS APPROACH
Agricultural Engineering Department. College of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of
Wisconsin, Madison,
G. D. Barquest, T. J. Brcvik, J. C. Convene,
C. O. Cramer, H. J. Larsen, et al.
Progress Report, Project No. 5023, College of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 27 p, 9 fig, 14 tab.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Liquid wastes,
•Costs, 'Performance, Lagoons, Ventilation, Com-
parative benefits. Floors.
Identifiers: 'Free stall housing. Mastitis. Insul-
ated housing. Uninsulated housing. Slatted floors.
Floor scraper.
Three 20 cow free stall barns were compared
over a two year period at a Wisconsin Univer-
sity Experimental Farm to determine the ef-
fects of three types of free stall housing and
two liquid manure systems on cattle health,
production, and facility requirements. Barn A
was insulated and mechanically ventilated and
had slatted floors and an underfloor manure
tank. Unlike Barn A, Barn B had solid con-
crete alley floors with an automatic floor
scraper. Barn C was enclosed but uninsulated
and had solid floors and a floor scraper. Barns
A and B averaged about 40 degrees F. during
the coldest weather. The temperature In Barn
C fluctuated with the outdoor temperature but
ranged 15 to 29 degreos higher. Barn C cattle
had a slightly higher incidence of mastitis and
a slight reduction in dry matter intake. The
cows preferred deep bedded free stalls with
dirt bases to rubber mat stalls, carpeted stalls,
or concrete stalls; however, the deep bedded
stalls required more bedding and labor. For
three of the four periods the volume of manure
removed from the lagoon was greater than the
amount pumped into it due to heavy rainfall
and snow accumulation. However, during one
relatively dry summer period a reduction in
volume of 18 percent occurred. An average of
3.77 cu, ft./cow of milking center wastes, pre-
cipitation, manure and bedding was removed
from the total system during the two year
period. Total solids content of the manure was
7.4 percent for the underfloor tank and 4.8 per-
cent for the storage lagoon. The initial invest-
ment and annual costs were about $200 and
$20 per cow. Investment and costs were less
for the floor scraper—storage lagoon system
than for the slotted floor-underfloor tank. (Bat-
tles-East Central)
2119-A6, Bl, D2, D3
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF
MANURE ODOR
Regional Extension Specialist, Feedlot Waste
Management, Oklahoma State University.
M. D. Paine.
Unpublished paper, 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Odor, Enzymes.
Identifiers: 'Chemical odor control, 'Manure,
•Matching Standards Techniques, 'Index of Simi-
larity, Masking agent, Counteractant, Deordor-
ant. Digestive Deodorant.
There are four main types of odor control
agents. In the order of decreasing effectiveness
these types are: (1) masking agents, (2) coun-
teractants, (3) deodorants, and (4) digestive
deodorants. Masking agents are mixtures of
aeromatic oils which cover the odor but do not
reduce it. Counteractants neutralize the odor
with aeromatic oils leaving no overriding odor.
A deodorant is a mixture of chemicals that
"kill" the odor without the use of another
"cover" odor. Digestive deodorants consist of
a combination of digestive enzymes, aerobic
and anaerobic bacteria that create a digestive
process that eliminates the odor. Evaluation of
the effectiveness of odor control agents is done
by the Matching Standards Technique which
requires a testing panel of 8 to 10 people who
compare the smell of manure samples and score
the control agents from 0 (Most effective) to 8
(least effective). Using this data, a comparison
of two agents by an Index of Similarity is
possible. Additional information on the Match-
ing Standards technique and on the ratings of
odor control products that have been tested can
be obtained from Extension Agricultural En-
gineers in the Great Plains. (Battles-East Cen-
tral)
2120-A2, B2, Fl, F2
THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF
CONTROLS: IS HELP NEEDED?
The Furrow, March, 1975. p. 14-15.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Con-
trol systems, 'Feedlots, Livestock.
Identifiers: 'Cost sharing, Rural Economic As-
sistance Program.
New state and federal laws governing runoff
control from feedjots will be costly for all live-
stock producers and may force the smaller ones
out of business. Michigan State University econ-
omists estimate that runoff controls would cost
from $3.98 to $14.37 per head for feedlots with
1,000 head or more, and they could run higher
342
-------
for smaller operations. USDA economists esti-
mate control TOSts for northern areas could
«wt 125 oer head for a 150 cow dairy and
more for smaller dairies. The USDA approved
rcostshaAng Program (REAP) in 1973 which
enabled a producer to receive up to 80 percent
o? the total cost for runoff controls with a
max£num of $2,500. The J2.500 ceiling on
EnSi provides little relief for the impact of
control costs of large feedlot operations; how-
.vtr large operations can pass these costs on
fo consumers more easily than smaller opera-
tions Cost sharing programs for 1975 are ques-
Oonable because there were no cost sharing
programs in 1974. CBattles-East Central)
2121-A8, B3, E2
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF
DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION
AND EMERGENCE OF SOME
SELECTED CROPS
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Michig.an State University
A. C. Chang. P. R. Pratt, and
V ^'.Tnf Environmental Quality. Vol. 2, No. 3,
p? 39W99. July/September, 1973. 1 fig., 3 tab.
13 ref.
rintors- 'Dairy industry, 'Feedlots, 'Waste
"£. 'Germination. 'Crop response. 'Plant
lofnOflers: 'Land disposal, -Application rates.
Salt injury. Toxidty.
A^Hration to irrigated fields is the most com-
mon method of dairy and beef manure disposal
S Southera California. Considerable concern has
developed recently as to the possible environ-
m*ntaT problems that could arise from .applica-
IP.: ™ fields of large amounts of these manures,
«£cUlly ?n areas of combination of dairies
=nrt feedlos This study's primary objectives
.«• (1) to evaluate the effect of various
US..X/ manure treatments on tht germination of
^SaFcTcM. and (2) to elucidate the possible
several germination injury. The crops
5 in the study were sudangrass (Sorghum
used in ine « ,£,„„.), barley (Hordeum vu-
suaanese '.>_ radish, (Raphanus sativus
f "rherrv Belle'), and spinach (Spinacea Cler-
hes L 'Bloomsdale'). The experiment was car-
•Jrt out in a glasshouse using Chino loam soil
rt addine various amounts (0, 5. 10. 15. and 20
accent ory manure by weight) of dairy ma-
Sure Th- degree of germination injury was
dependent on crop species and application rate
depenaem Spinach and radish were
°f * sensitive to "kit or NH3 than barley and
is Barley germination data from va-
atments suggest that the germination
:~i~™ was not salt specific. The study con-
"J,,i«i that by planting several days after soil
.oolication of large amounts of dairy or feed-
ic? manure or after adequate preirrigation. or
bothr germination injury can be minimized.
(Kehl-East Central)
2122-A11, Bl, B5, Fl
CONFINEMENT HOUSING SYSTEMS
FOR SOWS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Illinois University
Urbana-Champaign r-.rti.i.
A J Mi-ehling and G. R. Carlisle.
£' .;niPd at 1972 Winter Meeting. American
lodety of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, nil-
ntS. December 11-15, 1972. Paper No. 72-920.
14 p. 6 fig. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Breeding,
•Waste disposal. Farm management.
Identifiers: 'Sows. Swine. Feeding..
The number of pork producers has declined
il» US- size of swine production enterprises
-rown This has resulted In economic forces
«n» a move toward confinement on many
a H-cently. considerable interest has also
a. .K-cen0u^onflnlllg the breeding herd. An
examination of the advantages and disadvantages
of sow confinement is given. One advantage is
that it made possible better environmental con-
trol and more precise waste management. Mud
and dust problems are almost completely ell-
minatsd in a confinement system. Extremely
high environment temperatures greatly affect a
pregnant sow at the beginning and end of the
gestation period, A wall-designed and well-man-
aged system will modify these effects. Sow
confinement also gives the producer control
over waste disposal. Observations of six confine-
mint syetems are given. These systems are:
(1) an open-front shed with an outside run,
(2) a totally enclosed building with partially
slotted floors, (3) an opan front, partially slotted-
floor building, (4) an all-slotted-floor gestation
building, (5) a totally enclosed, partially slotted-
floor building with a separate breeding area,
and (6) a totally slotted-flppr building with in-
dividual stalls. Design decisions connected with
these systems and costs are given. It was con-
cluded that each producer would have to decide
which system or combination of systems would
best suit his needs. (Kehl-East Central)
2123-A11, B3, C3, E3, Fl
DPM FOR RUMINANTS GROWS
IN ENGLAND
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 377. p. 318, July.
1973.
Descriptors: 'Proteins, 'Costs, Feeds.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry manure, 'England,
•Refeeding, Bacterial contamination.
According to Poultry World, February IS, 1973.
the use of dried poultry manure (DPM) in
rations for ruminants is increasing in England.
Research at several of the experimental farms
of the British Ministry of Agriculture has shown
that not only is DPM an effective protein source
in both dairy and beef rations, but it has re-
sulted in feed cost savings. Poultry World has
stated that provided the residue is dried at high
temperatures, there appears to be no danger
from harmful bacterial contamination. Residue
tests have shown only minute traces which do
not present a hazard. However, in the United
States, tha Food, and Drug Administration
has not yet approved tbe use of dried poultry
manure in feeds. (Kehl-East Central)
2125-A11, Bl, E3, F2
CATTLE, POULTRY PRODUCERS
PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES
Feedstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs. Vol. 47. No. 11. p. 9, 67-68. March
17. 1975.
Descriptors: "Cattle, 'Poultry, 'Animal wastes.
•Recycling, Feeds.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding.
Cattlemen are searching {or cheaper feedstuff!
for cattle because of market demands and be-
cause of consumer objection to feeding feed-
stuffs to cattle that can be used directly by
man. Recycling of waste materials would help
reduce the waste problem and provide some
economic relief for the cattlemen. Dr. 0. W.
Charles of the Georgia Extension Service has
completed an environmental Impact study on
waste materials for presentation to the Food
and Drug Administration. The study revealed
that there are more than two billion tons of wet
waste material which must be disposed of.
Semi-optimistic predictions exist as to when
the FDA may publish regulations. Charles
pointed out that environmentalists will probably
file suits against recycling when regulations are
Issued, Because feeders have already moved
ahead of researchers in feeding recycled waste
and because states may issue regulations, the
FDA may be moving a little faster than In
the past to get regulations passed. Currently,
negotiations are concerned with the Bureau of
Foods. When agreement is reached between
this agency and the FDA's Bureau of Veteri-
nary Medicine, the proposed regulations may
reach the Federal Register. Vegetable materials
from processing plants and hydrolired proteins
are other waste materials being studied as
probable recyclable wastes. (Battles-East Central).
2126-B1, Cl, C2, C3, D2,
D3, E2, E3, FA
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Mississippi State University, State College.
J. L. Mahloch and E. C. McGriff Jr.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
46, No. 6. p. 1280-1283. June. 1974. 20 ref.
2124-A2, A8, B2, B4, E2
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL
SYSTEM—A CASE STUDY
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Nebraska University
Lincoln
J. A. Nienaber, C. B. Gilbertson. T. M. Mc-
Calla, and F. M. Kestner.
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. University
of Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-432. 16 p. 1 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural
runoff, 'Waste disposal. Nutrients, Crop pro-
duction. Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control.
Several methods have been devised for the con-
trol of runoff from outdoor beef cattle feedlots.
A runoff-control facility has three major com-
ponents including a solids settling area, a tem-
porary liquid storage area and a disposal area.
The objective of this study initiated in 1970 is
to determine the minimum area required to
dispose of runoff as affected by applied
nutrient and water and disposal area runoff con-
trol requirements. The research was conducted
on a cooperator site with a 1000-head feedlot
and runoff control facility. The study discovered
under the conditions tested, that a minimum
area of one-half acre disposal per acre of feed-
lot does not cause a pollutant accumulation in
the soil profile or impair crop production. Area
required, system components and their opera-
tions, and collection of disposal area runoff
were included in a final design. (Kehl-East Cen-
tral)
Descriptors: 'Livestock. 'Properties, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal. Bacteria. Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Literature review, 'Agricultural
wastes, Pyrolysls. Refeeding. Land disposal.
A literature review Is liven of studies concern-
ing the characterization of livestock waste and
its impact, design of treatment systems, uie
of land disposal, and reuse capabilities. Isola-
tion of bacteria, waste accumulation rates, py-
rolysls of wastes, nutrient removal in waste
treatment ponds, various waste treatment sys-
tems, effect of land applications on crops, and
refeeding are Just some of the topics consid-
ered In this review, The applicability of this cur-
rent research is affected by current and pro-
posed control regulations and the viability of
the agricultural sector of the economy. (Merry-
man-East Central)
2127-A5, A8, B2, El
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY
WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY, HIGH
WATER TABLE SOILS
Graduate Assistant
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Florida University
Gainesville
C. G. Osterberg
Unpublished MS Thesis. Florida University,
Gainesville, 1972, 75 p. 20 fig, 20 tab, H ref.
Descriptors: 'Soils, 'Water. 'Florida. 'Dairy In-.
dustry. Waste treatment. Sampling, Analysis,
Seepage, Flow rates. Sands, Groundwater, Nu-
trients.
Identifiers: 'Sealing. 'Anaerobic lagoons. Load-
ing rates. Hydraulic head, Microbial activity.
Manure.
343
-------
A study was done to investigate the physical
and biological sealing mechanism of anaerobic
dairy wastewater ponded over highly permeable
Florida Cine sand. The effect* of hydraulic head.
manure loading rate and Inhibited mlcrobial
activity were studied. Graphic analysis showed
that the column receiving manure experienced
a rapid reduction of flow rate to approximately
45 percent of the initial flow for the low loading
rate and to 12 percent of the Initial flow for
the higher loading rates. After 113 days of ma-
nure loading, flow rate returned to 50 percent
of the initial value for the low loading rate
and to 30 percent for the higher rates. Lit tie
effect of hydraulic head on flow rate could
be detected In the 15 cm. to 60 cm. range
studied. The ultimate degree of soil sealing
appears to depend on manure loading rate, al-
though long term testing is needed to determine
If the ultimate sealing is related to the rapid
sealing trend observed after several days of
manure loading. (Cameron-East Central)
2128-B5, C2, D2, D3, F6
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
CHICKEN MANURE
A. C. Anthonisen
M. S, Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, New
York. September 24. 1965, 78 p. 18 fig, 11 tab,
36 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Poultry,
•Mathematical models. Gases, Chemical proper-
ties. Sodium chloride. Sludge.
Identifiers: 'Ammonia nitrogen. Loading rates.
Detention time.
The purposes of this investigation were to de-
termine the feasibility of treating chicken ma-
nure by anaerobic digestion, to determine the
effect of a cationic antagonist on such digestion,
and to analyze the kinetics of the anaerobic
process through use of a mathematical model.
The results of this research have indicated that
further research is needed before definite con-
clusions may be drawn. However, anaerobic
digestion of chicken manure appears to be fea-
sible under carefully controlled conditions. These
conditions include: pH — 7.4, volatile acids—
1500—above me/1 as acetic acid, alkalinity—
1000—12000 mg/1 as calcium carboniate. am-
monia nitrogen—1500 mg/1. detention time—20
days, loading—.068 (Ib. V.S./cu. ft. of volume
day), temperature—350 C. and Sodium Chloride
additions. It was concluded that high ammonia
nitrogen concentrations are toxic to anaerobic
digestion addition of sodium chloride to a di-
gester with high ammonia nitrogen concentra-
tions appears to increase gas production, and gas
from chicken manure digestion is burnable.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2129-B5, E3, Fl
DPW SAVES $26.75 PER TON
OF LAYER FEED
Poultry Digest. Vol. 32. No. 378. p. 345. August
1973.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Economics, 'Feeds, •Poul-
try.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, 'Refeeding.
Layer operators could have saved $26.75 per
ton by substituting DPW for corn at a rate of
13 percent of total ration. These figures were
based on June 11 feed prices at Atlanta. Dr.
O W. Charles, extension poultry nutritionist.
University of Georgia, using a typical layer
ration, provided figures to a computer and allow-
ed it to select ingredients which would provide
the same nutritional values for the typical ra-
tion and the DPW ration. Typical ration cost
was S148 30 as compared to $121.55 for the
DPW ration, with the DPW ingredient assigned
a value of $63.60 per ton. According to Dr.
Charles. DPW varies in its chemical composition
and biological value because of difference in the
methods of handling and processing DPW and
in the diet of the hen. "Valuable materials can
be processed from DPW." Dr. Charles stated.
"If it Is properly handled. DPW does have a
significant value in a laying hen ration. If It
is poorly handled and poorly processed. It has
practically no value at all expect for the min-
eral content." (Kehl-East Central)
2130-A8, B2, E2
EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM BEEF
FEEDLOTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
Department of Agronomy
Nebraska University
Lincoln
D. G. Hinrichs, A. P. Mazurak, and N. P. Swan-
son.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings*
Vol. 38, No. 4. p. 661-663, July-August. 1974. 5
tab. 11 re/.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Cattle. 'Effluent. 'Soils,
•Physical properties. 'Chemical properties, Ne-
braska.
As feeding operations have Increased, the prob-
lems of waste management, disposal and utiliza-
tion bave multiplied. The disposal of solid ud
liquid wastes has become an important pollu-
tion problem with the increase in feedlot size.
This field study's main objective was to deter-
mine the effects of effluent applications on soil
physical properties. Beef feedlot effluent was ap-
plied as irrigation over a 2-year period to a
Colo silty clay loam soil in Eastern Nebraska,
Atlas sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench))
was used as the crop in 1971 and 1972. The
weekly irrigation applied during the growing
season ranged from 0- to 5.0 cm. of water or
effluent. No statistically significant difference
in soil bulk density, water-retention character-
sitlcs, or size distribution of particles and water-
stable aggregates was produced bj effluent ap-
plications. However, significant differences were
measured in the hydraulic conductivities of
disturbed soil samples. Also soil permeability
was reduced. An increase in the electrical con-
ductivities and Na-K K+ and C— in the lea-
chates obtained from hydraulic conductivity de-
terminations for the effluent-treated plots was
noted during the growing season. Leaching from
winter rains, however, essentially eliminated
these increases except for K+ which was great-
ly reduced. (Kebl-East Central)
2131-A8, C2, E2
THE EFFECT OF LARGE
APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON
MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND
CARBON IN AN IRRIGATED
DESERT SOIL
Imperial Valley Conservation Research Center
Brawley. California
B. D. Meek. A. J. MacKenzle, T. J. Donovan.
and W, F. Spencer. „
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3. No. 3.
p. 253-258, July-September 1974. 9 fig. 3 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, •Carbon, 'Movement,
Leaching, Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Application rates.
•Desert soil. Crop growth.
The large number of cattle concentrated in feed-
yards has caused manure disposal to became
a serious problem. Application of manure at high
rates on agricultural land is a practical solution
and is the most inexpensive disposal means.
This study's objective was the evaluation of
the movement of Mn. nitrate and soluable or-
ganic carbon after application of varying ma-
nure rates and irrigation schedules. The amount
of soluble organic carbon in the toil solution
was greatly Increased by manure application.
Along with restricted oxygen movement from
the.' atmosphere, the organic carbon energy
source moved to the 80-cm. depth causing re-
ducing conditions, solution of manganese, and
reduction of nitrate. When manure was applied
only 1 year, leaching of nitrate occurred to a
depth of 80-cm during the next year because
of less extreme reducing conditions. These re-
sults indicate that it should be possible to ad-
just irrigation schedules and manure applica-
tion rates for fine-textured soils in desert re-
gions so that very little nitrate would be leached
below the root zone. To do this and achieve
good crop growth, adjustment of the two factors
would be necessary 10 that the surface toll li
aerobic while a reducing zone is present In the
subsoil. (Kenl-East Central)
2132-A1,A2,A3,AA,A5,A7,B2,
B3,D1,D2,D3,E2,E3,F1,F2
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT: PROBLEMS,
PROCESSES AND APPROACHES
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca. New York
R. C. Loehr
New York Academic Press, 1974, 576 p. Ul
fig. 101 tab, 667 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. Legal aspects. Ag-
ricultural runoff. Lagoons, Ponds, Aerobic treat-
ment. Anaerobic conditions. Economics, Water
pollution, Air pollution. Livestock, Dusts, Gases,
Bacteria, Drying, Methane, Sewage, Fertilizers,
Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Waste manage-
ment. Land disposal. Processing, Biological pro-
cesses. Composting, Animal wastes. Food pro-
cessing wastes.
This book underscores the magnitude of the
agricultural waste problem and points out the
alternative methods of handling and treating ag-
ricultural wastes. Methods integrating engineer-
ing and scientific fundamentals are applied to
the development of sound agricultural waste
management systems. Aspect! of the problem
discussed are: (1) the legal and social con-
straints of pollution control, (2) changing prac-
tices In agriculture, (3) environmental impact
of all wastes related to agriculture and the
characteristics of their wastes. Fundamentals
and processes discussed are (1) biological pro-
cesses, (2) ponds and lagoons. (3) aerobic treat-
ment. (4) anaerobic treatment, (9) utilization
of agricultural wastes, (6) land disposal of
wastes, (7) nitrogen control and (S) physical
and chemical treatments. Management approach-
es to help establish a balance between agri-
cultural production, profit, and environmental
quality are also discussed. (Battles-East Cen-
tral)
2133-A3, M, A5, A8, Bl,
C2, E2
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT —
TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS,
PHASE I
Agricultural Engineering Department, Nebraska
University, Lincoln.
O. E. Cross
OWRR Project Completion Report, Nebraska
Water Resources Research Institute, Lincoln.
June. 1971. 34 p. 7 fig. 13 tab, 3 ref. ^^
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Sources. 'Farm
wastes, 'Pollution abatement. 'Irrigation water
Water utilization. Crop response. Soils, Waste
disposal. Sodium, Potassium, Electrical conduct.
ance, Waste disposal. Nitrates.
The pollutions! potential of the surface runoff
water was based upon the following factors-
nitrate nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and electri-
cal conductance, Based upon these four factors
this study indicates that high manure applica-
tions to cultivated soils will cause pollution of
surface runoff water only during the first fifteen
minutes of the first runoff event Although
"polluted." the concentration of pollutants in this
runoff water is below the limits set for irriga-
tion water. Hence, all runoff should be re-
cycled for Irrigation uses only. After one year
of heavy manure application, the underground.
water (static level at 47 feet below grade) re.
tains potable quality. Indications are that re-
peated annual application of heavy rates of ma-
nure on land will lead to deterioration of the
physical properties of soil, owing to the large
amounts of sodium and potassium In manure
Also, feeding large quantities of sodium and
344
-------
~,,»«
P? n
beyond the minimum requirement for
nnals should be avoided. Irrigation lech-
Saues inacatt 1) the initial intake of water
the soil increases as higher manure load-
are aPPl.ed. (2) the basic intake rate is
3 ~e
versity)
213A-B3, Cl, Dl, D2
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF
FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA
Identifiers: -Excreta, Crust, Cylinder.. Drying
techniques.
idsluwino
There are TO void spaces within
T»n«p it to nign icinH^'»*>"- —% .
<°r™iLrdrierandResCeTrch "was" pSmed" £
dee? ^h m the determination of thin layer
dca- r^nstants as affected by drying air tem-
dry!,^re and cylinder diameter and (2) the de-
?C nation of the hardness of the crust formed
termination of ine ure when exp0sed to
aro:nd »l*"" , . temp3ratures for different
varying drying air M^ ^ gjven on the
^"erimentarresufts of this study. (Cameron-
"3ast Central)
2135_A1, Bl, B4, Cl. C2,
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
CONFERENCE
Michigan State University .
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste Kellogg Center, Michigan State Umver-
dty. East Llnsing, Michigan. May 22-23. 1974.
211 P.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes. 'Design, •Michl-
•»n •Recycling. Chemical properties. Physical
nroperUes7c)dor, Economics, Feedlots. Confine-
ment pens, Dairy industry. Permits, Nutrients,
management. Housing. Land
Th? components of waste management systems
for six types of confinement housing were dis-
cussed. The components include collection, stor-
age, and land disposal of manure as well as
runoff control systems for outside lots. Collection
may be by mechanical scraping or manure may
may collect in a pack where deposited or be
worked through slotted floors. Storage structure
design and man'Jre consistency will determine
whether the material must be handled as a liquid
or a solid when emptying stored wastes. Land
disposal rates should be based on the nutrient.
content of the waste and this can change during
storage, particularly in the case of nitrogen.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2137-A8, Bl, B4
PLANNING AND DESIGNING
WASTE STORAGE SYSTEMS
Soil Conservation Service
Ann Arbor, Michigan
B. E, Boescn and P. W. Koch
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity. East Lansing. May 22-23. 1974. p. 11-19. 3
fig.
Descriptors: 'Design. 'Waste storage, 'Confine-
ment pens, Nutrients, Nitrogen.
Methods for coordinating storage unit design
with livestock operations, cropping systems, and
the characteristics of the cropland soils on the
farm are presented. Improper storage or man-
agement of manure can be a source of serious
pollution lakes and streams. It is necessary
to design and manage a storage system that
will reduce the loss of plant nutrients from
the manure, prevent compaction of cropland
soils by equipment during wet periods, provide
better use of labor through mechanization of
manure handling, reduce mud problems around
livestock enterprises, and provide for the ap-
plication of manure when crops can best use
the nutrients. There is no single best method
for waste collection and storage. Topography
soil type, space limitations, economics, location,
etc. all influence the method chosen. The entire
livestock enterprise must be considered in plan-
ning waste management design. The type and
design of storage units must recognize the na-
ture of foundation (soil) materials on the site.
Provision must be made for management of all
water at the site as well as manure. Specific
computations are given for various storage «ys-
terns. (Cartmell-East Central)
disposal.
A conference was held at Michigan State Uni-
versity to discuss animal waste management
and utilization. The two day program included:
m a tour of active research projects, demon-
strations and facilities focusing on animal and
municipal wastes. Brief summaries of the re-
March proj-cts are included in the proceedings:
r7i an evening discussion period featunng 5 to
A minute slide presentations of waste handling
systems and equipment by design engineers and
company representatives; (3) a full day of
naoers on topics selected by the conference
fanning committee. (Cartmell-EastCentral)
2136-A2, B2, B3, B4, E2
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer
Michigan State University
T L Loudon and L. R. Prewitt ....
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Am-
inaY Waste. K3llogg Center, Michigan State Uni-
"ersttyi East Lansing. May 22-23, 1974, p. MO,
6 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feed'.ots, 'Confinement psns.
•Michigan. Waste storage.
Td'iilifiers- -Waste management. 'Open lots,
Partially covered lots. Stanchion dairy barn.
Runoff control. Flushing systems. Slotted floors,
Land disposal.
2138-A6, B2, B3, B4, Cl,
COMPOSITION OF WASTE AS
EXCRETED, CHANGES DURING
STORAGE, AND ODOR
DEVELOPMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Michigan State University
J. B. Gerrish
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity. East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 21-24, 4
fig, 3 ret.
Descriptors: 'Chemical properties, 'Physical
properties, 'Waste storage, 'Odor, Moisture con-
tent. Confinement pens. Ammonia, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'Coprophage.
It is very difficult to distinguish between ma-
nure storage and manure treatment since dur-
ing storage some kind of biological activity
usually takes place. This biological activity
changes the form of the manure and its odors,
Coprophage is defined as "to eat waste." One
of the most important conditions for coprophage
is the moisture content on the manure. Odors
are more serious for wet storage systems than
for dry ones. Some chemical compounds which
Inv- be»n id-n';' "d in th" a'r from tha ana-
erobic decomposition of livestock and poultry
manures are listed. Odorous compounds are
also identified for the atmosphere of a b;ef cat-
tle confinement chamber under three manure
handling programs: clean and wash daily, shovel
out daily, and no cleaning. The list clearly
indicates the advantage of daily cleaning. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2139-A6, A7, Bl, F2
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE
HANDLING
Air Pollution Control Division
Department of Natural Resources
P. R. Shutt
Presented at Agricultural Waste Conference Em-
phasis - Animal Waste, Kellogg Center, Michi-
gan State University, East Lansing. May 22-23,
1974, p. 23-29.
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Michigan, *Air pollution,
•Regulation, 'Permits, Poultry, Cattle, Dairy in-
dustry.
Identifiers: 'Waste handling. Swine.
The Air Pollution Control Commission is re-
sponsible for controlling air pollution in the
state of Michigan, The Michigan Air Pollution
Control rules require that a permit be obtained
from the Commission prior to installation of
facilities which could result in air pollution
or prior to the installation of facilities meant
to control air pollution. This is interpreted to
include agricultural facilities as well as other
industries. Michigan's main agricultural odor
sources, poultry, swine, beef and dairy opera-
tions, have several factors in common—larg;
concentrations of livestock in confined areas,
problems with good housekeeping, and/or liquid
waste handling systems. Thus isolation, good
housekeeping methods, and good waste disposal
methods and techniques are desirable. Specific
procedures and recommendations are made for
each of these four types of livestock opera-
tions. (Merryman-East Central).
2140-A2, A4, B2, E2, Fl,
F2
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS
Agricultural Economist
Economic Research Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
J. B. Johnson
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste. Kellogg Center. Michigan State Univer-
sity. East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 31-43.
7 tab.
Dsscrimors: 'Water pollution, 'Rsgilation, 'Per-
mits, 'Costs, Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Dairy
industry, Michigan.
Identifiers: 'Effluent guidelines. Land disposal.
Th? U. S. Environmental Protaction Agency
point source effluent guidelines are described
in detail as they pertain to beef and dairy op-
erations Even the smaller dairy and beef feed-
lots (under 1,000 animal unit capacity) may
be expected to comply with effluent guidelines
established by water pollution control agencies,
Michigan and other states will have state ad-
ministered, federally approved permit programs
for point source dischargers. Feedlots and dairy
farms with surface water control problems will
receive permiis for continued operation contin-
gent on a specified time for taking corrective
measures. The application of thes; effluent guide-
lines will have differential effects on capital out-
lay requirements and production costs, depend-
ing upon feedlot capacity or dairy herd size
and the type of bousing in use. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2141-A4, A7, Cl, C2
MICHIGAN'S ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL PROGRAM AND
ORGANIZATION
Deputy Director, Environmental Protection
Branch, Department of Natural Resources. Michi-
gan
R. W. Purdy
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Ani-
mal Waste. Kellogg Center. Michigan Stat;
University. East Lansing, May 2223, 1974,
p. 4550. 1 fig.
Descriptor:;: 'Michigan, 'Water pollution, *Air
pollution, Eutrophication
Identifiers: 'Environmental control
345
-------
Data on Michigan streams shows that a large
majority are not experiencing water quality
problems. Approximately 85 stream segments
have known or suspected water quality prob-
lems from point source discharge. About half
of the state's lakes may be experiencing
cutrophication. This is a natural aging pro-
cess which can be accelerated by man's activi-
ties. Michjgan estimates about one third of Us
lakes to be over-fertilized from unnatural sources.
In general. It was concluded, the water resources
of Michigan are in good condition. The air
pollution problems in the areas other than
highly populated metropolitan centers arc basi-
cally caused by emmission of air contaminants
from industrial operations. The major contami-
nants for which there is concern are sulfur
dioxide and suspended paniculate matter. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2142-A4, Bl, F2
NPDES PERMIT SYSTEM \ND
GUIDELINES FOR MICHIGAN
PRESENTED AT THE
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
CONFERENCE, MICHIGAN STATE
UNIVERSITY
Regional Water Quality Administator, Bureau
of Water Management, Michigan Department of
Natural Resources
T. L. Kamppinen
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Ani-
mal Waste, Kellogg Center, Michjgan State
University. East Lansing, May 22-23, 1574,
P. 67-69.
-Descriptors: 'Permits, 'Water pollution control,
Feedlots, 'Confinement pens. Livestock
Identifiers: 'Discharges
October 18. 1972. Congress passed Act 92-300
known as the Federal Water Quality Act Amend-
ments of 1972. This Act was passed over a
presidential veto. Section 402 established the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys-
stem Permit Program. The Act required all
point source dischargers to obtain a NPDES
Permit by not later than December, 1974. The
guidelines defined the term feedlot as a con-
fined animal or poultry growing operation where
crop or forage growth or production is not sus-
tained in the area of confinement. To be re-
cognized as a feedlot, the feedlot must meet
one of the following citeria: (a) 1000 slaughter
steers and heifers, (b) 700 dairy cattle. 2500
swine over 55 Ibs., (d) 10,000 steers. 1000 animal units from a
combination of cattle, swine, or sheep. Michigan's
requirements for filing of permit applications
are discussed. (Cartmell-East Central)
2143-A1, Bl, Fl
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON
FARMSTEADS
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Serv-
ice
R. Locher
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 71
Descriptors: 'Pollution abatement, 'Costs,
'Farms, 'Government finance
Identifiers: 'Cost-sharing
The Federal Government shares the cost with
farmers under the 1974 Rural Environmental Con-
servation Program and the 1973 Rural Environ-
mental Assistance Program lor carrying out
pollution abatement practices on farmland. Both
conservation programs are available to farmland
owners throughout the 1974 year. Requests for
cost-sharing must be filed and approved by the
local county ASC committee before the practice
is stated. (Cartmell-East Central)
2144-B5, C2
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF
CATTLE MANURE
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michjgan
State University
D. C. Adriano
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing. May 22-23. 1974, p. 73-84. 6 tab.
7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Housing 'Nutrients, 'Chemical
properties. 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus, 'Potassium,
'Salts, 'Feedlots, Climate
Identifiers: 'Manure
The primary objectives of this study were:
(a) to characterize the chemical composition.
with emphasis on nitrogen, phosphorus and potas-
sium of old and fresh beef cattle manures, and
(b) to evaluate the nitrate and salt status of
farms receiving these manures. The nutrient
concentrations in manures were found to be
related to the degree and duration of manure
exposure to climate. Thus manures from open-
lot housing systems were found to have the
lowest nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations.
The most favorable evaporative conditions, pres-
ent in open-lots, caused the lowest nitrogen con-
centration. (Carmell-East Central)
2145-A8, C2, E2
UTILIZLNG THE NUTRIENTS IN
ANIMAL MANURES
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan
State University
L. W. Jacobs
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing. May 22-23. p. 85-100. 3 fig. 5 tab.
10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal waste, "Soils, "Chemical
properties, 'Physical properties. Nutrients.
Identifiers: Plant-soil environment. Land dis-
posal. Application rates
A plant nutrient can be used by a crop1, become
part of the soil complex, leach down through the
soil profile within drainage water, be washed
away by runoff and erosion, and/or volatilize
and be lost as a gas. To consider the various
plant nutrients in view of these five factors.
the text included discussions of some physical
and chemical properties, the chemistry of nu-
trients in soils, and the problems encountered In
maximizing the rates of manure applications.
It was concluded that the most practical method
of animal manure disposal is application to soils.
The soil-plant environment provides the best
means for utilizing the potential value of man-
ures. But like any other resources, the toil-
plant environment must be properly managed
to be the most effective. *'
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center. Michigan State University
East Lansing. May 22-23. 1974. p. 109-133. t fit.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Poultry. Odor. A«ri.
cultural runoff. Costs
Identifiers: •Pollution abatement. Waste hand-
ling
Six examples of livestock and poultry faculties
were selected for discussion by the panel Sug-
gested pollution prevention or abatement prac-
tices were recommended. Overlays of each ex-
ample and the recommended waste handling
systems were prepared and projected on the
screen for presentation and discussion. A brief
summary of the discussion Is Included (Cart
mell-East Central) ' "'
346
-------
2150-A6, All, B2, Dl, D3,
E3, Fl
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE
Department of Animal Husbandry, Michigan Slate
University
Agricultural Wast« Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste. Kellogg Center. Michigan State University.
East Lansing, May 22-S3. 1974. p. 133-134.
Descriptors: 'Aeration, "Recycling, Odor, Costs
Identifiers: 'Swine. 'Flushing, Slotted floors. Pits
A flushing system was Installed at a Michigan
State University swine research farm. Exper-
ience has shown that the flushing trench under
• slotted floor should have a minimum of 2
percent slope. The surface of the trench should
be troweled as smooth as possible and a good
urine resistant concrete sealor applied. Ex-
periments are In progress involving the aeration
of the waste by a new mechanical davice for
forcing oxygen into the liquid under pressure.
The aerated material is then recycled to be used
u the sole source of drinking water and lor
reflushing. The performance of the pigs has not
been consistently good but the results indicate
that the feeding of recycled waste'has a defi-
nite potential. (Cartmell-East Central)
2151-A6,B2,C2,D3,D3,E3
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
CONTROL LABORATORY
Agricultural Engineering Department, Michigan
State University
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste Kellogg Center. Michigan State University,
East Lansing. Michigan. May 22-23, 1974, p. 137.
Descriptors: 'Bacteria, 'Hydrogen suUlde. Me-
thane. Odor, Lagoon, Wastewater
Identifiers': Swine, Anaerobic conditions. Purple
sulfur bacteria
A project is underway to mass-cultivate purple
sulfur bacteria. These photosynthetlc bacteria
have the ability to consume hydrogen sulfide un-
d-r anaerobic conditions. Hydrogen sulfide Is
nrobably the most obnoxious component of odor
coming from a wastewater lagoon. Another proj-
Ict involves methane production from hog
manure There are two facets of methane that
will be'investigated: the removal of hydrogen
sulfide from the gas and matching gas produc-
tion with energy utilization. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
2152-B3, Gl, Dl, D2
HANDLING, DEHYDRATION AND
UTILIZATION OF POULTRY WASTES
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State
University, East Lansing
j C Zlndel
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
Lansing? Michigan. May 22-23. p. 145146.
Descriptors: 'Dehydration, 'Poultry. Recycling.
ineslen data. Demonstration project. Construction.
Laying hone. Waste removal. Excreta
A demonstration project was undertaken to de-
sign. construct and test a poultry laying house
that would incorporate a complete system for
waste removal and dehydration of the excreta.
The excreta was removed dally and placed In
• drying tunnel. The exhaust air from the
ventilation system wai directed over the excreta
£ approximately 24 hours in the drying tunnel
before machine dehydration. Fresh excreta was
vrtded at «0 percent moisture. Average mois-
ture content of excreta when placed ta the
tunnel and also Just prior to machine dehydra-
Si,™ varied with the ventilation rate. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2153-A4, A5, A6, Bl, BA,
D2, D3, E2, E3, Fl
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Nebraska University
National Symposium on Poultry Industry Waste
Management. Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education. University of Nebraska. Lincoln, May
1315. 1963.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Waste treatment, 'Waste
storage, 'Waste disposal. Odor. Costs, Design,
Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Pollution
A national symposium on poultry Industry waste
management was held at Nebraska University
with the primary purpose of learning as much
as passible about the problems of poultry waste
management. Among topics considered were:
sanitary landfills, lagoons, dehydration, incinera-
tion, odor, water pollution, recycling, land dis-
posal, and refeeding. Symposium participants at-
tempted to discuss and Identify waste disposal
methods that were economically feasible.
mechanically possible, and socially acceptable.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2154-A6, A10, B2, B3, Dl,
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
ON THE FARM
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management. Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka. Lincoln. May 13-15. 1963. 5 p.
C. E. Ostrander
Descriptors: 'Poultry, Spreading, Spraying, Hy-
draulic collection. Odor, Climates
Identifiers: "Waste management. Flies
The waste problem is not one of merely re-
moving the manure physically, but includes eli-
minating odors and finding a way actually to
dispose of this material in a sanitary manner.
Engineers have shown that we are producing
278,000,000 pounds of poultry manure every day.
In some areas where the climate is not dry
enough to dry the droppings under the cages.
poultry producers dry the wastes in yards by
thin spreading. Still others liquefy the droppings
by making a slurry and then thin spread it
layer by layer by spraying. This allows ac-
cumulation over a period of several months
without fly development. In warm climates
and where open houses are used, flies can be
a major problem. Files have not been as much
of a problem in closed houses. Odors are a
problem with closed houses and cool climates.
Odors are a major reason for the rapid de-.
velopment of hydraulic collection In many areas.,
Besides holding down odors, the hydraulic sys-i
tern gives the poultryman more flexibility In
spreading or disposal. There are odors from the
hydraulic system when cleaning, but cleaning
la less frequent. Disposal of dead birds is an-
other problem that needs attention. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2155-A6, A10, B3, Cl, C3,
Dl
FOWL FECAL FACTS
S. A. Bart
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management. Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 13 p. 9 fig.
4 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poaltry. 'Physical properties, 'Che-
mical properties. Biochemical oxygen demand.
Moisture content, Nutrients, Odor, Organic mat-
ter. Drying
Identifiers: 'Excreta
Poultry manure is voided as a single product:
kidney excretions are combined with the feces
The amount of solids defecated per day depends
upon the quantity and quality of the feed In-
gested, and upon the efficiency of metabolism
Chicken manure has a specific gravity of ap-
proximately 1.75. The solids In manure are of
two kinds—organic (usually called volatile solids)
and inert (referred to as ash). What really
It m1?,nure • Problem Is ib biological prop-
erties. Chicken or turkey manure contains «
347
great deal of organic matter readily useable
by lower life forms. Manure nourishes billions
of microorganisms, and can serve as a food
source for fly larvae. The standard measure
of stability or pulrescibility of wastes, Includ-
ing manure, is biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD). Chicken excrement amounts to 0.015 Ib.
BOD hen-day. To the farmer or health auth-
ority, the most important biological character-
istic of poultry manure is Its capacity to culture
fly larvae. Manure is a prime breeding medium
for flies because it consists of moist nutritious
organic matter. Drying is one way of greatly
reducing the attractiveness of manure to flies.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2156-A1, B2, Cl, C2, C3,
D3. El
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS
H. J. Eby
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education. University of Ne-
braska. Lincoln. May 13-15. 1963. 18 p. 4 lab.
38 ref.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste
disposal, 'Chemical properties, "Physical prop-
erties, Biological properties, Site selection.
Identifiers: Loading rates
The physical, chemical and biological aspects
of the functioning of a manure lagoon are
presented. Situations wherein a lagoon is not
practical and factors influencing lagoon sites
are given. A biological waste treatment pro-
cess is limited In efficiency by the capabili-
ties of the biological population. The important
physical factors affecting the population of a
stabilization pond are temperature, light, speci-
fic gravity and hydrostatic pressure. The speci-
fic gravity of an organiism present in the stab-
ilization pond will determine whether the or-
ganisms will have a tendency to float, remain
suspended or settle. The Important chemical
factor in a stabilization pond environment are
the nutritional effects, the pH effects, and the
toxic effects. The important biological factors
In an environment are the inter-relationships
of species. Although not a cure-all for manure
disposal, where conditions are tight and where
proper management is practiced, a lagoon can be
a satisfactory means of manure disposal. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2157-A6, A10, All, B2, C2,
D3
INDOOR LAGOONS FOR POULTRY
MANURE DISPOSAL
Nebraska University
J. L. Adams
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska. Lincoln. May 13-15. 1963. 16 p. 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons. Poultry. 'Waste disposal,
Odor, Performance, Nitrogen. Ventilation, De-
sign
Identifiers: 'Slat floors. Flies
Based on experiments with mlcrolagoons placed
under poultry cages, it appears that cubage is
the primary consideration In predicting the in-
terval of time between cleanouts. Under the
conditions of the experiment, there were no
beneficial effects of heating the tanks. The
reaction of both the slat floor Indoor lagoon
and the "microlagoons" tended to range from
slightly add to slightly alkaline with the mean
pH being 7.5 for the 20 week microlagoon ex-
periments. The large amount of water (315 cu.
ft. per bird) afforded a reservoir of heat which
was useful in leveling out quick decline in
temperature. Aeration produced no beneficial
effect on bacterial digestion. After one year
of operation, the dried contents of the slat floor
lagoon contained about 2.5% nitrogen. The
odors produced by the slat floor house during 23
months of operation did not reach an intensity
objectionable to caretakers or visitors and were
not detrimental to performance of the birds.
Odor and taste panels evaluated eggs left in
the lagoon house for 36 hours. Off odors could
only be detected on dirty eggs and this was
-------
Irue of both tlat floor. lagoon and litter houses,
Washing the dirty eggs removed the odors No
odor, were detected in any eggs after shells
were, removed, whether r»w or cooked.
2158-B3, B5, D3, Fl
DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY
WASTES
E. P. Talganldes
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education. University of Ne-
braska. Lincoln. May 13-15, 1963, 14 p. 3 fig.
10 ret.
Descriptors: -Anaerobic digestion. 'Poultry,
•Waste treatment, 'Sludge digestion. 'Design,
Costs. Fertilizers. Gases
Identifiers: Loading rates
The anaerobic digestion process as a method
of treating poultry wastes is discussed. One meth-
od of treatment of concentrated organic wastes
that has been found satisfactory in municipal
and Industrial wastes is the process of sludge
digestion. Sludge digestion is a biological pro-
cess during which the organic matter is de-
composed by anaerobic bacterial organisms. The
anaerobic digestion process differs in many
respects from other types of fermentations. The
most important difference Is that it is neither
necessary to use a pure culture of bacteria nor
to maintain such a culture for innoculation or
reinnoculation. The quality and quantity of gas
produced and the rate of decomposition are af-
fected by temperature, the loading rate and the
solids concentration of the waste fed to the
digester; the accessibility of the substrate; the
detention period; and the concentration of vola-
tile acids In the digester. The main advantages.
design considerations and cost figures based on
manufactured sludge digestion equipment for
different size digesters are presented and dis-
cussed briefly. (Cartmell-East Central)
2159-A6, A10, B2, BA, E2
PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE
HARVESTING
H. R. Davis and A. T. Sobel
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management. Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska. Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963. 14 p. 11 fig.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Liquid wastes, Waste
Storage
Identifiers: 'Waste handling. •Semi-liquid
wastes, Transporting, Field spreading
The difference between liquid and semi-liquid
waste handling systems for poultry droppings
is discussed. Specific methods and equipment
are described for handling wastes utilizing
caged, slatted, and tiered systems for raising
poultry The transition from a semi-liquid to a
liquid system is a natural alternative due to
'reduction of flies, odors, and repetitive labor re-
'quirements. Methods for removing manure to
the spreading device, transporting device, or
storage are described. Handling the manure in
a semi-liquid form requires some device similar
to a conventional barn cleaner. For manure in
liquid form, the use of pumps is practical.
Augers and open troughs have been used to move
both semi-liquid materials and liquid mate-
rials, usuig faster speeds for the Utter. IJqu.d
manure can be moved into storage by gravity _or
by a combination of gravity "d nushing The
type of handling system used determines tne
rnethod used for field spreading or the trans-
Sorting of manure. When in a sem -liquid form.
7 « ni workine for all forms of manure,
whether S liquid °' **>*. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2160-A6, A7, B3, Cl, C2,
SEHYDRATION AND INCINERATION
OF POULTRY MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University
D. C. Ludington
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 15 p. 5 fig.
Descriptors: 'Dehydration, 'Incineration, "Poul-
try, 'Equipment, 'Costs
Two possible methods of disposal of poultry ma-
nure are dehydration and incineration. De-
hydration is one method of changing the physical
properties of poultry manure so that it is no
longer offensive and still retains much of its
original nutritive value, The major problems
are odor and dust conditions in and around the
dehydration point. For analysis of the costs
involved in dehydrating poultry manure, a hypo-
thetical processing plant was designed and
studied Because of the uncertainty of a market
for pelleted manure and the high cost of fuel for
dehydration, incineration of the manure was
investigated. In this way the heat of combustion
of the manure could be used to reduce the fuel
costs in order to analyze the process of in-
cineration, many of the physical, chemical and
thermal properties of the manure had to be
known. A research project was initiated to
ascertain these properties. If a mechanical de-
watering device could remove the free water,
incineration might be the most economical
method of disposal. Dehydration cannot be eco-
nomical unless the product can be sold for at
least $30 per ton. (Cartmell-East Central)
2161-C2, E2, Fl
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF
POULTRY MANURE
PresSent?dalat National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management. Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education. University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln. May 13-15. 1963. 15 p. 7 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Organic matter, 'Costs.
•Fertilizers, Nutrients, Nitrogen
Identifiers: 'Land spreading
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the
supply of manure from laying hens, broilers,
and turkeys; summarize data on its plant
nutrient and organic matter contents; and dis-
cuss its value as a fertilizer and for soil im-
provement. About 33.4 million tons of manure
from laying hens, broilers, and urkeys was
voided in 1960. Poultry manure is generally
higher in plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen,
than other farm manures. With the actors of
availability taken into consideration, the value
of plant nutrients contained In manure from
broilers, laying hens, and turkeys ™ded in
different litters varied from $3.15 to $16.40, The
most profitable method of manure disposal Is
spreading accumulations of solid manures on
cropland; especially where land is available.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2162-A3, A4, A5, C2, C3,
E2
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education. University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln. May 13-15. 1963. 8 p. 20 ref.
Descriptors: -Water pollution. •Groundwater.
Livestock, Poultry Agricultural runoff. Nitrates,
Microoorganisms, Percolation, Pathogenic bac-
teria
Disposal of livestock and poultry wastes onto
or below the ground surface presents a potential
source of surface and ground water pollution.
Either a high coliform bacteria or nitrate test
'result indicates an existing or a potentially
hazardous water supply for domestic use. Many
individual well water supplies test unsafe for
human consumption. Nature is the best ally
in water pollution prevention. Many micro-
348
organisms fail to reproduce and survive out-
side of their natural habitat, the body of an
animal. Most pathogens are believed to die
rapidly in ground water. Nitrates appear to
be one of the more serious chemical pollutants
resulting from the biological decomposition of
animal wastes. Nitrate poisoning appears to be
confined to infants during their first few months
of life. The specific source of nitrates causing
pollution In a particular well may be difficult
to positively identify. Water percolating through
the soil carries nitrates with it. Pollution pre-
vention can be accomplished best by assisting
natural purification processes. In spreading
wastes, thin, dilute, expose to sun and oxygen
or other destructive environmental conditions, and
filter slowly. (Cartmcll-East Central)
2163-A4, A5, A6, A10, A12,
A13, Bl
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF
POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT
R. J. Black
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15. 1963, 3 p. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Public health, 'Poultry, Coats,
Dusts, Aesthetics
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Flies, Noise
Each segment of the poultry industry—including
hatcheries, broiler ranches, egg ranches, and
processing plants — produce different types of
wastes which create a variety of problems.
From the public health standpoint, these prob-
lems frequently result in complaints from near-
by residents concerning odors, fly production,
water pollution, dust, noise, rodent attraction,
and aesthetics. Another problem that has con-
cerned the poultry industry and public health
workers is salmonellosis. Continued infection of
flocks is costly to the poultryman and carries
over to the product. (Cartmell-East Central)
2164-A10, B3, E2, Fl
SANITARY LANDFILLING OF
POULTRY WASTES
Division of Environmental Engineering & Food
Protection, Public Health Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Health. Education b Welfare. Washing-
ton. 25. D. C.
R. J, Black
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka. Lincoln. May 13-15, 1963, S p. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Landfills, 'Solid wastes,
Costs
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Sanitary landfill opera-
tions. Hauling distances. Flies
There are two types of sanitary landfill opera-
tions of Interest to the poultry industry in
disposing of such poultry wastes as manure,
feathers, litter, carcasses, and offal. They are
(!) the public sanitary landfills that are operated
for the disposal of refuse and other solid
wastes, and (2) the sanitary landfills that are
operated for only the disposal of poultry wastes.
Costs of operation, types of wastes accepted,
methods of financing, and user charges vary
widely, so that local conditions and hauling
distances must be investigated to determine the
feasibility of utilizing sanitary landfill facilities
for the disposal of poultry wastes. There are
two phases of fly control work that are important
in the operation of sanitary landfills: (1) pre-
venting further oviposition, and (2) preventing
fly emergence. Laboratory tests have shown
that no reasonable amount of uncompacted cover
would prevent fly emergence, since house-
flies emerge through five feet of uncompected
earth cover. Field tests have shown that under
usual field conditions, a 6-inch layer of com-
pacted cover prevented fly emergence, (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2165-B3, B4, Cl, C2, D3
UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL
OF POULTRY MANURE
-------
J. S. Wiley
Presented al National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education. University of Nebras-
ka. Lincoln. May 13-15. 1963. 12 p. 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Waste disposal, Aeration.
Moisture content, Nutrients, Decomposition
Identifiers: 'Composting
Farming and agricultural industry have expanded
in the sense that Individual Installations have
become larger while smaller establishments
have been relinquished or consolidated. With
this expansion has come the increasing problem
of waste management. One method of handling
wastes while they must be stored is by com-
posting. Present-day composting li the aerobic,
thermophllic decomposition of organic wastes
to a relatively stable humus. Decomposition
is done by the biological activity of micro-
organisms which exist in the wastes. A wide
variety of organic wastes may be treated
by composting but the raw mixture must meet
certain requirements and the undertaking re-
quires a certain amount of "know-how" and
attention. Adequate aeration means the provi-
sion of enough air so that there will be some
excess of oxygen to provide aerobic conditions
at all times throughout the mass. Proper mois-
ture content has perhaps the top rating o£
all criteria for optimum composting. A reason'
able range of nutrients is necessary for both
plant and 'mierobial life to thrive and produce.
The easiest of chicken manures to handle is the
deep litter manure from ranches where the
birds are on the floor. (Cartmell-East Central)
2166-A6, A7, Dl, D2
ODORS AND Am POLLUTION
C V. Wright
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management. Nebraska Center
{or Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15. 1963. 5 p.
Descriptors: 'Wastes, 'Poultry, 'Air pollution,
•Odor
Identifiers: 'Odor control. 'Odor detection.
Chicken wastes
For purposes of air pollution control, odors
may be classified into two broad categories:
source and ambient odors. Source odors are
those at their point of origin; ambient odors
are distributed into the general atmosphere by
air currents. The characteristics of greatest
concern for odor control are the quality, strength,
and occurrence of an odor or odors. The human
organoleptic system must be used as the basic
tool for odor detection and classification. No
mechanical devices have .-been developed for
this purpose as yet. Control of odors generally
must be designed either to counter the cause.
or to treat the emissions. Most odors are
gaseous emissions and there are five proven
methods for treating these types of odors. These
ar?: combustion, absorption, adsorption, masking,
and counteraction. The problems and recom-
mendations from several plants processing feath-
ers and other chicken waste products are given.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2167-A2, Bl, B4, Fl
PLANNING FEEDLOT WASTE
DISPOSAL
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 22, p. 86, January
1972,
Descriptors: 'Planning, 'Feedlots, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Waste storage, 'Design, 'Costs, 'Locating
Identifiers: 'Soil Conservation Service, 'Runoff,
Livestock operations, Technical assistance
When a farmer builds a feedlot or any
type of livestock facility, he must be cer-
tain it's not going to cause a pollution prob-
lem Usually the {armer will work with the
Soil Conservation Service (SCSI in planning to
build these new facilities. The SCS has long
been Involved In conservation projects like
(.Tracing, long term seedings, and tilling. It is
now playing a big role in planning and de-
signing fced'ot runoff controls and waste stor-
age systems for livestock operations. According
to the state conservation engineer for SCS,
there are two ways a farmer can get help
from the SCS. A farmer can sign a cooperative •
agreement with his soil conservation district Or
hs may apply directly to his ASCS Committee (or
cost share benefits and be referred to the
SCS. In both cases the SCS can provide techni-
cal assistance in planning and locating feedlot
runoff facilities and waste storage areas. Once
the facility is built, an SCS representative checks
the work, then submits final approval to the
ASCS and cost share payment Is made. (Camer-
on-East Central)
2168-D2, E3, Fl
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION
OF ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION
PROCESSES
Chemical Engineering Department, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock
J. E. Halligan and R. M. Sweazy
Presented at 72nd National Meeting, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, St. Louis.
Missouri, May 21-24. 21 p. 3 fig. S ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Gases. 'Oil. 'Cattle.
•Economics, 'Feasibility studies
Identifiers: 'Thermochemical evaluation
On a dry basis, cattle manure has a heat
content of 4000 to 7500 Btu/lb. That of coal Is
12,500. Thermochemical calculations {or conver-
sion of manure to methane gas, oil, and synthesis
gas are detailed. On the basis of a manure out-
put of seven pounds of manure (dry) per day
from 600,000 cattle, all product streams would
have values which total about $9000 a day. The
cattle population (600,000) chosen is that within
fifteen miles of a point near Hereford. Texas.
Methane gas production would require oxygen
costing $4276 per day on the basis of the authors'
price assumptions. "As gas prices Increase, this
process may become feasible at some locations.
A considerable amount o{ further development
would be required to make oil production—
which requires 340* C temperatures and 6000
psig pressures—economically feasible. "The pro-
duction of synthesis gas suitable for feed to an
ammonia plant appears to have the most promise
at this time due to the simplicity of the process
and the value of the product." (Whetstone,
Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
2169-A6, A7, A9, A10, A12,
Bl, Dl, D2, D3
AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF
LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR
CONTROL OF FLEES, ODORS, AND
DUSTS
Department of Entomology, California University.
D&vis, 95696
E. C. Loomis
Journal of Milk and Food Technology. Vol 36
No. 1, p. 57-63, 1973. 2 tab. 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Livestock. 'Feedlots, 'Dairy In-
dustry, 'Flies, -Odor, 'Dusts, Economics, In-
sectitides, Deodorants. Sprinkling
Identifiers: 'Pollution control. 'Waste manage-
ment
The co-existence of agriculture and suburbia
has brought the problems of flies, odor, and
dust under close scrutiny. Because wastes
-------
Descriptors 'Recycling. 'Farm wastes. 'Feeds,
Cattle. Poultry. Florida. Alabama
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, "Waste management,
Swine. Fiber, Waste fat
Dr W, B Anthony, of Auburn University, told
feedmen at the Florida Feed Conference that
one day in the near future, feed manufacturers
will be using an animal waste product In com-
mercial feeds. There are at least two ways
to manage animal wasts for feed. One Is to
take components and process them and put
them back into feed. Early work at Auburn
was to lake animal waste from cattle, put it
over a screen, wash it and recover the fiber
and use that as an animal feed. Washed fiber
Is now being used In many areas, especially
dairies, using a flush-down system which elimi-
nates the fiber from water-treating processes.
Anthony related the latest trials in Alabama
with yearling cattle. Animals were on test 112
days, ending July 15 and slaughtered seven
days later. According to Dr. R. L. West of
Florida, increased use of yield grading and
proposed changes in grading systems by the
USDA are steps In the right direction toward
solving problems of today's waste fat in beef
carcasses. (Cameron-East Central)
2173-C2, E3, Fl
PAUNCH CONTENT-BLOODMEAL
MIXTURE AS PROTEIN
SUPPLEMENT IN FEEDLOT
RATIONS
J. K. Matsushima. C. Byington, and W. E. Smith
Beef Nutrition Research, Colorado State Uni-
versity Experiment Station. General Series 934.
p. 42-44. May, 1974
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Proteins, Feedlots. Dry-
ing. Cattle, Costs
Identifiers: 'Paunch content, 'Bloodmeal. Cot-
tonseed meal
When paunch content and blood meal ars
dried and blended in equal proportions, the pro-
tsin content is similar to cottonseed meal
(45% protein) or other similar protein supple-
ments commonly used In feedlot rations. Re-
search was done in an attempt to compare
the feeding value of dried paunch content-
bloodmeal mixture with cottonseed meal as a
protein supplement in feedlot rations. Three
treatments (protein supplementation) Involved In
this trial were: (1) control or cottonseed
meal; (2) paunch content-bloodmeal in equal
proportions (on dry basis); and (3) a 50:30
mixture of cottonseed meal supplement with
paunch content-bloodmeal mixture. The supple-
ments were fed at the rate of 0.75 Ibs. per
head dally. The results of the feeding trial
show that paunch contents from packing plants
where fat cattle are slaughtered primarily can
be used advantageously if dried and blended
with dried bloodmeal. When used as a protein
supplement, the cattle will consume it readily
and support the protein needs in feedlot rations.
(Cameron-East Central)
suiting from conventional feedlot operations.
Farmers do not generally consider It to be
economically feasible to use manure as ferti-
lizer, Hence, about the only option open to
most feedlot operators for disposal of solid
waste Is to provide a large tract of land on
which the waste can be stored more or less
Indefinitely . . Veritable mountains of ma-
nure exist these mountains are frequently
ignited by spontaneous combustion, thereby
providing an additional significant source of air
pollution. A nearly ideal feedlot, that of the
Green Valley Cattle Company at San Marcos,
Texas, is described. It has slotted floors over
pits cleaned daily, is completely roofed, and
provides for irrigation by means of a 2000-gal.
capacity honeywagon equipped with chisels which
dispose of the manure below surface thus
avoiding the otherwise inevitable odor and fly
problems. (Whetstone. Parker, and Wells-EPA)
2175-A2, A5, All, Bl, E2
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF
AN OPEN-FRONT, SLOTTED FLOOR
BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING
Area Extension Engineer, Illinois University
M. D. Hall and F. McRoberts
Presented at 1969 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Dli-
nois, December 9-12, Paper No. 69-911. 3 p.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Confinement pens. Costs,
Waste disposal. Ventilation, Cattle, Agricultural
runoff. Fertilizers, Performance
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Feeding sys-
tems. Slotted floor
In using confined feeding systems, practically
all feeders are looking lor the same thing:
(1) profit on animals going through the system,
(2) minimum labor and management require-
ments, (3) minimum odor and waste disposal
problems, and (4) provision of a market for
feed that is not easily marketable. There are
four basic components to any feeding system
that must be fit together: (1) feeding system,
<2) waste disposal system, (3) environmental
system, and (4) animal handling system. The
system studied was designed with a bunk feed-
ing system. The waste disposal system con-
sisted of a slotted floor with a pit under It
to catch the waste and pumps to remove It.
The main objective with the environmental
system used was to prevent drafts, keep the
cattle dry in the winter and provide good shade
with the best natural ventilation possible. Per-
formance of cattle in the open-front confinement
cattle barn was excellent when compared
with cattle in conventional feedlots. No signi-
ficant health problems were experienced with
the inside or outside cattle, and the open-
front solar-type beef barn should work well
in almost any climate with minor changes.
The manure was concentrated with no runoff,
allowing maximum use of manure as fertilizer
and also allowing control of ground water
pollution to some extent. (Battles-East Central)
farms Integrated into their communities so
that people can live In a close cycle, where a
quality of the environment and a quality of life
can be maintained. (Battles-East Central)
2177-A11, B2, B3, Dl, D2,
D3, E2, E3, Fl
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS
FEED: WILL IT PAY?
Economic Research Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture
R. Gar Forsht, C. R. Burbee. and W. M. Cross-
white
Agricultural Economic Report No. 254, March
1974, SI p, 1 fig. 33 tab, 61 ref.
Descriptor!: "Recycling, 'Feeds. 'Economics, In-
cineration, Drying
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng, 'Dried layer waste.
Broiler waste. Land, disposal. Anaerobic lagoons.
Aerobic lagoons. Oxidation ditch. Composting
The cost! and return of feeding recycled dried
layer waste (DLW) to livestock and poultry
are compared; less information is available on
recycling broiler waste. Alternative poultry-
waste management systems are also compared.
For Hock sizes of 80,000, 50,000, and 10.000
cage layers, the cost of producing and feeding
of 1 ton of DLW is $25, $30, and $46. respectively.
On farm processing and feeding of DLW do not
appear to be economically feasible for the 10,000
layer operation. However. It may be feasible
for the larger operations. The highest net re-
turns are attained by the larger operations
when DLW Is fed at 12.9 percent of the ration.
Since a layer operation can only Incorporate
a portion of the poultry manure back Into feed.
alternative disposal systems must still be con-
sidered, and disposal and anaerobic' lagoon
treatment are the least expensive alternative
poultry-waste management systems. Mechanical
drying, aerobic lagoon treatment, oxidation ditch
treatment, and combined anaerobic-aerobic la-
goon treatment fall within the Intermediate
cost range. Composting and incineration are
the most expensive. Layer waste can also be
dried and fed to dairy and beef cattle and
broiler waste—both ground and ensiled—has been
fed to dairy and beef cattle. Rations contain-
ing np to 30 percent DLW have been fed to
dairy and beef cattle without significant prob-
lems. Both ground and ensiled broiler wastes
have been fed to dairy and beef cattle with
little effect on carcass quality. (Battles-East
Central)
2178-B2, B4, E2, Fl
MANURE SLURRY STORAGE,
PROCESSING, AND PUMPING
Vice President, AGPRO. Inc.. Santa Rosa. Cali-
fornia
D. J. Cribble
Presented at 1967 Winter Meeting. American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Detroit, Michi-
gan. December 12-15. 1967, Paper No. 67-926, 4 p.
2174-A4, A5, A6, A7, AID,
B2, B3, E2, Fl
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE
FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL
Department of Chemical Engineering. Texas
Tech University, Lubbock
G. F. Meenaghan, D. M. Wells, and E. A.
Presented at the 72nd National Meeting, Ameri-
can Institute of Chemical Engineering. St Louis.
Missouri. May 21-24, 1972. 29 p. 24 fig. 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Cattle. 'Feedlots. 'Water PoUu«j?»
control. Air pollution. Fertilizers. Land disposal.
Irrigation, Chemical properties
Identifiers: Slotted floors. Soil injection
Very simple and relatively low-cost solutions
s
2176-A2, Bl, B4, Fl
RECYCLING, ENERGY AND
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
Assistant Professor of Economics. California
State University. Chico
M, Perelman
Compost Science, Vol. 14, No. 5. p. 26-27, Sep-
tember/October, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Economics. 'Agricul-
ture, 'Energy, Transportation. Organic wastes.
Identifiers: Production
Professor Michael Perelman expounds upon the
inefficient output of energy to produce less
energy in the form of food. In terms of energy
recycling capabilities, America's agricultural
system is not as efficient as those in many
other countries. The production and transporta-
tion systems used are wasteful and poorly in-
tegrated, thus increasing energy loss. Further-
more, there is a tremendous amount of energy
included in waste products that is not being
utilized. What is needed 1s a system of small
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Pumping, 'Slur-
ries, Sprinkler Irrigation, Cost, Equipment. Dairy
industry
Identifiers: •Processing.
When AGPRO developed its manure-flush system
in 1962, there was still one problem to solve—
60 to 100 gallons of water, waste grain, hay,'
bedding, and manure per cow per day also:
had to be disposed of. Hauling was not practical
because of the volume, and the sprinkling
systems available were not meant to handle
large amounts of solids, and particularly tony
material such as hay and straw. Work and
experimentation led to the development of the
AP-100 Series High Pressure Manure Slurry
Processing and Pumping Plants. These units
meet requirements by using a combination of
equipment (1) They utilize a high pressure
pump delivering the slurry through conventional
irrigation tubing to a special rubber nozzled
field sprinkler. (2) They contain a processing
unit that will reduce all normal foreign mate-
rial such as hay, bedding, feed, etc., to a size
that will pass through the pump and sprinkler
head. (3) The cost of purchase and operation
350
-------
of the plants !• less than the tractors, ma-
nure spreaders, hydraulic loaders and other
equipment that they replace. However, research
if yet to be done on the economics and
mechanical features Involved In distribution
of manure by means of high pressure pumps
and sprinklers. (Battles-East Central)
2179-A2,A3,A4,A5,A8,A12,
C2.E2
THE EFFECT OF FARM WASTES ON
THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL
WATER
Agricultural Engineering Department, Wisconsin
University, Madison
S A Witzel, N. E. Minshall. E. McCoy. R. J.
Olsen. and K. T. Crabtree
Presented at 1969 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Purdue Uni-
versity. We«t Lafayette. Indiana, June 22-25.
1969. Paper No. 69-428. 24 p.
Descriptors- "Farm wastes. 'Water pollution,
•Waste disposal, Denltrification. Nitrification, Ni-
trates Soil profiles, Croundwater pollution, Nu-
trients'. Agricultural runoff. Feedlots, Irrigation.
Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Waste handling
Results are given of studies concerning the
enrichment of natural surface and sub surface
waters by animal wastes. The studies expose
the uosslbllity of adverse trends in waste
handling already developed producing a critical
situation In some areas. Areas researched
use of the 2500 samples of water
ecud included: (1) biological Tiitrification.
m biological denitrification, (3) migration of
nitrates in soil profiles as a source of nitrates
In subsurface waters. <4> effect of agricultural
practices on groundwater quality. (5) ground-
water pollution In the Hib Falls Community.
(6) nutrient losses on one small Lake Mendota
Watershed, and (7) nutrients In base How of
Southwestern Wisconsin streams. Conclusions
drawn from the studies .were: (1) nutrient losses
S, the base flow of southwestern Wisconsin
streams during this period of high winter
™noff totaled only 25 percent as much N and
K and io percent as much P as in the surface
nmrrff (2) heavy manure applications in the
Scta& of farm buildings or large feedlots
can result in dangerously high nitrate concen-
trations in farm wells, (3) heavy supplemental
irrigation, combined with repeated heavy nitrogen
fertilizer applications may result in an Increase
to the nitrates in groundwater, (4) heavy annual
appucatton of manure and/or fertilizer can raise
Jhe groundwater to the toxic level of nitrates.
,nd <5> continuous records of nitrate levels In
Selected rural wells will indicate any adverse
"ndmons, hopefully, in time to permit effec-
five corrective measures to be taken or to
nrepare lor alternative sources of supply,
(Battles-East Central)
2180-D2, E3, E4
HYDROGASIFICATION OF CATTLE
MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center. U S De-
partment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
K Hang, H. F. Feldmann, and P. M. Yavor-
v^ornted at the 165th National Meeting, Ameri-
raTchemic.1 Society. Dallas, Texas, April 8-13,
1973. P. »-»• ' "*• 2 ub- 4 ref'
tv..criDtors: 'Gases, 'Recycling, Cattle. Auto-
iiivM Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen. Oil
Identifiers: 'Hydrogasiflcation. Reactors, Tar
In this report, experimental data are discussed
«howin« the quality and yield of pipeline gas
Sat can be generated by directly reacting
S" manure with hydrogen at gasification con-
Slions Except for one experiment conducted
with dried cow manure in a continuous free-
fall dilute-phase reactor, the experiments with
manure and solid wastes were conducted in a
hitch autoclave. The autoclave body was fitted
wttTa Pyrex glass liner into which the auto-
dave charge was placed and a thermocouple
was Inserted Into the liner. The autoclave was
assembled and weighed and then Installed In
an electric furnace which heated the autoclave
at a rale of 8 degrees C per minute. Experi-
ments were conducted at temperatures of 475,
550 and 650 degrees C. At temperatures low
enough to allow appreciable yields of ethane,
the cattle manure was readily converted to
pipeline gas by hydrogaslfication and tars or
oils were produced. It's possible to produce a
SNG with a heating valve in excess of 1,000
Btu/scf by simply hydrogasifying the manure,
shifting a rather low concentration of CO to
COa, and scrubbing out COa without any
need for methanation. Manure placed In the
continuous free-fall dilute-phase reactor was
more reactive than it was in a batch reactor
because of much higher heatup rates and the
low concentration of particles In the dilute-
phase reactor, (Battles-East Central)
2181-A6,B1,B4,C2,D3,E2
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE
C. M. B. Robson
M. S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Purdue University, June, 1963, 51 p. 1 fig. 28
tab., 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Aerobic conditions,
•Dairy Industry. Odor
Identifiers: 'Land spreading. 'Loading rates.
Volatile solids. Kjeldahl nitrogen
Field spreading of dairy cattle manure is the
most generally used method of disposal In the
north central United States. When spreading
is not feasible, the manure must be stored. Re-
search was thus prompted concerning aerobic
storags of dairy cattle manure. The manure
was stored at 4* and 24' C at loading rates
of 60, 80, 100 and 120 grams of manure per day
per 4 liter storage volume. The suitability and
accomplishments of storage were measured by
the analytical procedures, total and volatile
solids, chemical oxygen demand, and total
kjeldahl nitrogen. The intensity of odors was
evaluated. The following conclusions were
reached: (1) Of the loading rates tested, the
amount of loading did not influence the degree
of degradation. (2) volatile solids decreased
20 percent at 4' C and 42 percent at 24' C.
(3) Appreciable amounts of material with a
chemical oxygen demand were removed during
aerobic storage. (4) Kjeldahl nitrogen content.
per gram of total solids, of the material re-
maining after aerobic storage is higher than
Kjeldahl nitrogen content, per gram of total
solids, of the raw manure. (5) Foaming was a
major problem. (6) Aerobic storage holds prom-
ise of minimizing odor problems encountered In
spreading unaerated material after storage.
(Merryman-East Central)
2182-A4,A5,A8,A12,B1,C2
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS
AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI
G. E. Smith
Presented at Second Annual Symposium on the
Relation of Geology and Trace Elements to
Nutrition, 92nd Annual Meeting American Public
Health Association. New York City, October 7,
1964, 36 p. 9 tab., 28 ref.
Descriptors: -Nitrates, 'Nitrites, 'Nitrogen, 'Wa-
ter, 'Missouri, Toxicity, 'Water pollution. 'Soil
contamination. 'Ground water pollution, Leach-
Ing, Feedlots. Sampling, Fertilizers. Aquifer.
Wells. Public health. Surface waters
Identifiers: 'Plants, Cyanosis
Progress on research for sources of nitrogen
which result in excess nitrate-nitrite In plants
and water in Missouri is reported. Water
samples were collected from 5000 sources (both
rural and urban) from 45 counties that repre-
sent nine distinct geologic areas in Missouri.
All samples were tested qualitatively for nit-
rites by the sulfanilic acid method. Forty-two
percent of the 5000 sources surveyed contained
over 5 ppm of nitrate-nitrogen. Soils in feed-
lots were sampled and some were found to con-
tain concentrations of nitrates up to 330 p/a
of nitrogen to a depth of 10 ft. Both deep wells
and spring waters were found to contain
nitrates. Analyses were made of vegetable crops.
Intake of nitrate from vegetables was not large.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2183-B2, C2, D3, E3, Fl
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY
FARM SLURRY
Department of Biological Sciences, Surrey Uni-
versity
C. Bell
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 11,
No. 4, p. 232-233. April, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry, 'Anaerobic diges-
tion. 'Slurries, Methane. Costs
Identifiers: 'Pilot scale anaerobic digestor
Merrlst Wood Agriculture College has designed
and constructed a pilot scale anaerobic digestor.
Sixty liters of a 1:7 faeces/water mixture is
fed to the reactor chamber once every 18 days.
The slurry Is digested at 35 degrees C for 18
to 21 days, after which time a displacement
effect pushes the digested material into the
primary oxidation tank and eventually to a
disposal pit. The main advantages are mechani-
zation of manure handling, prevention of loss
of nitrogen from raw manure, control of the
loss of organic matter from manure, the destruc-
tion of weed seeds during digestion, and re-
covery of methane gas. (Battles-East Central)
2184-C2, D2, D3, E3
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
WASTE
University College, Cardiff
D. A. Stafford
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal. Vol. 14.
No. 2, p. 73-79, Feb.. 1974.
Descriptors: 'Methane. Methane bacteria, 'Sew-
age. 'Waste treatment, 'Anaerobic digestion,
Farm wastes. Microbiology, Fuels, Gases, Inhi-
bitors
Much of the fundamental microbiology of the
organisms involved In methane production is
not understood. It is known that methane bac-
teria share common properties. They all grow
only in the absence of oxygen and they all have
narrow substrate requirements. Methane can
be produced by two stage hydrolysis/gas produc-
tion anaerobic digestion plants, but sometimes
these digesters cease their hydrolysis and sub-
sequent gas production. The reasons are not al-
ways clear. It is known that there are inhibi-
tors to digester gas production (ie. copper inhibits
anaerobic digestion of pig waste), but much Is
yet to be learned. Much research is needed
U we are ever to reap the benefit of using
domestic sewage as a source of power. (Merry-
man-East Central)
2185-D3, E3, E4, Fl
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND
ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM
MANURE
Department of Chemical Engineering. Texas
Tech University, Lubbock
W. S. Wideman, J. E. Halligan and H. W.
Parker
Presented at 76th National Meeting of American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, Tulsa, Okla-
homa. March 10-13. 1974. 20 p. 3 fig. 6 tab. 12
ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Ammonia, 'Synthesis,
•Farm wastes. Recycling, Feed lots. Fertilizers.
Oxidation, Costs
Identifiers: 'Flow Sheet, 'Production. 'Manure.
Char, Sulfur. Waste management.
351
-------
The need for ammonia In the United States has
increased at a tremendous rate in the past few
years. New processes for the production of am-
monia synthesis gas are being examined to meet
the rising costs of conventional natural gas
feedstocks. One process, the partial oxidation
of cattle feedlot wastes to produce the synthesis
gas, has been under investigation at Texas
Tech for the past year. The long term goals
of the project were designed to complement
the agricultural economy of the High Plains
area of Texas. In that cattle wastes would
be disposed of by conversion into ammonia
fertilizer, which In turn is used in the produc-
tion of cattle feeds, In terms of solid waste
disposal, the Investment cost of the process
Is (4,625 per dally ton of manure processed,
but in terms of production, the investment be-
comes $10,165 per daily equivalent to* of
ammonia. This project has been shown to be
technically and economically attractive. For
this reason, along with the probability of more
restrictions on natural gas feedstock supplies.
continued development ot the process Is ad-
visable. (Russell-East Central)
|186-A6,B2,B4,C2,D3,E1
HANDLING MILK-PARLOR WASTE
Department of Microbiology, Otago University
Dunedin. New Zealand
R. G. Bell, and J. B. Robinson
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 14, No.
2, P. 56 58, December. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry. 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle. 'Waste treatment. 'Waste storage,
Waste disposal, 'Aeration. 'Canada, Chemical
analysis. Odor. Chemical oxygen demand. Septic
tanks. Lagoons, Irrigation, Nitrogen. Hydrogen
ion concentration
Identifiers: •Milldng.parlor wastes
A... «ludy was undertaken to assess the treat-
ability of a typical milUng-parlor effluent by
aeration to help determine the most feasible
disposal method for the watery waste. Four
day i aeration of milldng-parlor waste produced
* clarified effluent with a BOD of 200 parts
per million. This effluent was not of a suffi-
ciently high standard for direct discharge into
a water course. It was concluded that aeration.
followed by surface water discharge, and septic
tank disposal are unacceptable practices for
disposal of milking parlor waste In Ontario.
Storage in an aerobic lagoon combined with
spray or furrow irrigation is a feasible alter-
native but is hampered by the winter condi-
tions prevailing in the province. Where the ma-
nure Is already being handled as a liquid.
the most satisfactory alternative would appear
to be combining the milldng-parlor waste with
tht manure where liquid storage is available.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2187-A5, A8, A12, C2, E2
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND
WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND
FERTILIZED CROPS
United States Department of Agriculture, Fresno,
California
H. I. Nightingale
Soil Science, Vol. 114, p. 300-311. 1972. 6 fig.
'7 lab., n ret.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates. 'Soil contamination.
•Groundwater pollution, 'Irrigation. 'Fertilizers,
•California. 'Farm wastes. Cattle, Poultry. Sep-
tic tanks. Soils, Analysis
An area of 334 sq. ml. in Fresno County. Cali-
fornia. was studied intensively for nitrates
beneath irrigated and fertilized crops. The
fertilizers used Included steer and chicken ma-
nure. "No harmful effects, from the health
standpoint, will be encountered even If present
fertilizer practices are continued Con-
tinued uncontrolled 'suburban' expansion with
Its septic tank systems and a shift in agricul-
tural production from crops (grapes, etc.) with
low N requirement to truck and orchard crops
with higher nitrogen requirements may be a
cause or concern." (Whetstone, Parker. Wells-
Texas Tech University)
2188-A7,A11,B2,B4,C2,C3
\IR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE
BUILDINGS
Oklahoma State University. SUllwater, Oklahoma
D. L. Lebeda
Descriptors: "Air pollution, 'Swine. 'Confine
ment pens. 'Farm wastes. Gases, Chemical
analysis, Toxlcity. Ventilation. Bacteria, Samp-
ling, Carbon dioxide. Sulfur dioxide. Hydrogen
sulfide. Ammonia
Identifiers: 'Swine buildings. Air borne bacteria
Objectives were to determine the concentra-
tions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide. carbon
dioxide, and air borne bacteria within a swine
building with fluid waste handling, and to
relate the concentration of gases to the manage-
ment, ventilation, and building parameters of
a confinement building. The absorption method
was used in determining all of the gases, and
none of the gas concentrations determined were
above the threshold level for humans. The
average carbon dioxide concentration was from
2, to 2.5 times higher than the normal atmo-
spheric level of 300 ppm.. The average gas
concentrations with ventilation were 1.1. 0.27, and
0.025 ppm of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and
sulfur dioxide, respectively. Without ventila-
tion, in six hours the gas concentrations were
three times the two-week values, with ventila-
tion, for ammonia and hydrogen sulfide and
six times that for carbon dioxide. The average
number of air borne organisms found was
4,800 per cubic feet. What is needed now is a
study to determine both the chronic and acute
level of gas concentration on confinement ani-
mals. (Russell-East Central)
2189-B5, Cl, 63, E4
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE
BY MUSCA DOMESTICA
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins
B. F. Miller. J. S. Teotia, and T. 0. Thatcher.
British Poultry Science, Vol. 15, p 231-234. 1974.
2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Digestion, 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry,
•Aeration. Larval growth stage. Larvae, Tempera-
ture, Moisture, Protein
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Musca domestic*
'Research was undertaken to evaluate the ability
of Musca domestica to grow on poultry ma-
nure to stabilize and yield useful, easily har-
vested products to combat this problem. As
temperature was increased from 17 to 38*C.
the time required to develop from egg to
pupae was decreased from 11 to 5 days. The
optimum level of inoculation was found to be
from 0.5 to 1 g of house fly eggs per kg of
fresh manure. Larval development significantly
modified poultry manure. Approximately 80% of
organic matter in the manure was destroyed
during tha developmental period. Fifty-eight
per cent of the moisture was lost while the
mineral content was not changed significantly.
The physical consistency of the manure became
somewhat granular and could be dried readily
because of the increased surface area, small
particle size and improved aeration. The residue
was stabilised and was not nearly as offensive
as the fresh material. The residue contained
about 15% protein after the pupae were re-
moved. (Cartmell-East Central)
2190-A2, A3, Bl, C2, F4
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF-
CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R C Loebr
Proceedings Paper No. 9406. Abstract No. 5042,
ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal.
Vol. 98. No. SA «. p. 909-925. December. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff. 'Control. Ero-
sion. Feed lots, Farm wastes. Livestock, Pollut-
ants. Ponding. Chemical characteristics. Fertili-
zers, Nutrients
Identifiers: Land disposal
Some pollution problems due to agricultural
runoff are discussed and put into perspective.
Erosion, rural runoff, and fertilizers are dis-
cussed In detail. Pollution contributions from
feed lots and land used for manure disposal
can have the largest concentrations but are
Intermittent and are able to be controlled by
the use of good management practices, Con-
tributions from crop land are more difficult
to control although possibilities exist through
the use of better timing of fertilizer applications
and soil conservation practices. Pollutions! con-
tributions from many rural areas can be due
to natural, geological, and soil conditions. Range,
pasture, and woodland are diffuse sources that
represent background or natural contributions
that will be extremely difficult to control. Thli
comparison of contaminant sources indicates
that not all agricultural contributions are In-
significant and some may require control. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
j$91-A6,B2,B3,B4,Dl,D2,
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING
THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM
Department of Poultry Science, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York
C. E. Ostrander
Poultry Tribune, P. 28, 32, 36, 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Ecology, 'Waste storage.
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal. Recycling,
Odor, Dehydration. Drying, Lagoons, Oxidation
lagoons. Aerobic conditions.
Identifiers: 'Eggmen, Soil injection, Isolation
A noted authority on waste management out-
lined a number of approaches that are being
used to solve poultry pollution problems. Among
them are: (1) use of in-house drying, (2) liquid
• systems-untreated and oxidation system, (3) la-
goons-natural and aerated, (4) soil injection,
(5) dehydration, and (6) Isolation. While each
of these approaches has its advantages, no one
specific method will fit every situation. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2192-A1,A4,A5,A6,A7,A10,
r/
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS—
NUISANCE, ZONING AND
REGULATION
D. J. Paulsen
Washburn Law Journal, Vol. 6, p. 493.507, 19(7,
80 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Nuisance. 'Zoning,
•Regulation. Commercial, Agriculture, Air pollu-
tion. Water Pollution, Pests, Odor. Abatement.
Livestock, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Noise. Injunction.
Livestock feedlots are not public nuisances,
per se, but they may become nuisances by
virtue of their operation or the manner in
which they are kept. Each case must of neces-
sity be decided by examination of all the facts
and circumstances surrounding the particular
alleged nuisance. Among the facts and cir-
cumstances to be considered are: the type
of neighborhood, the nature of the complaint.
the proximity of those alleging the injuryi
and nuisance frequency. The remedies for
nuisance are damages at law and injunction or
abatement in equity. Zoning and regulation by
public agencies are methods used to control
the location and operation of feedlots, but be-
cause most zoning laws and regulations are the
product of agrarian oriented legislatures, feed-
lots have been exempted to a certain degree
from zoning and regulations by statute. A trend
Is starting in the East, however, to con-
sider commercial feedlots (as opposed to the
usual farm feedlots) as being more In the
nature of an Industry. This impetus Is ex-
pected to spread, (Ballard-East Central)
2193-A4,B3,C1,D1,D2,D3,
TAKING CARE OF WASTES FROM
THE TROUT FARM
R. Jenson
352
-------
National Fisherman, Vol. 52, No. 9, P 15-A.
February, 1972. 9 (It.
Descriptors: 'Fish hatcheries, 'Trout, "Water
pollution. 'Settling banlns
Identifier!: 'Fish wastes, 'Waste disposal.
•Solids removal
After development of obnoxious conditions In
the Jordan River near a picnic area, the
Jordan River Watershed Committee asked the
Jordan River National Fish Hatchery near
Alba, Michigan, to correct the undesirable river
conditions. It was determined that solid wastes
from the hatchery were causing the problem.
After studying solids removal attempts of
Lamar National Fish Hatchery Development
Center In Lamar, Pennsylvania, the Jordan
River National Fish Hatchery set about de-
slcning Its own settling basin. Important fac-
tors to bs considered were retention time,
weight of wet solids, water velocity and dis-
tribution, and depth of water. The final design
consisted of two compartments, each, of which
had two trenches connected to a manhole
pump which would separate and trap the
solids The wastes were then to be disposed
of in one of the following ways: (1) as direct
applied land fertilizer, <2> in a sewage dis-
posal system. (3) as raw material for com-
mercial fertilizer, (4) by transfer to a munici-
pal sewage plant, or (5) by incineration.
(Merryman-East Central)
2194-A6, B2, C2, Dl, D2,
•Fl
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG
MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS
Illinois University, Urbana
W C Hammond, D. L. Day and E. L. Hansen
Presented at 1966 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois. December 6-9, 1966, Paper No. 66-928,
14 p. 12 fig.. 5 tab., 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Liquid wastes,
•Odor, 'Lime. 'Chlorination. Anaerobic conditions
Identifiers: 'Swine. 'Sand bed fitter
Liquid manure becomes anaerobic immediately
when collected in pits beneath self-cleaning slot-
ted floors. In this state, it supports anaerobic
bacteria that produce objectionable odors. The
possibility of adding lime and chlorine to liquid
manure to prevent these gases and odors
was investigated in this study in conjunction
with sand filtering of the treated waste. The
study showed that Chlorination virtually stops
the production of ammonia, hydrogen sulflde
and methane and considerably reduces carbon
dioxide production. Liming does not have much
effect in controlling ammonia liberation but
affects carbon dioxide and methane production.
Neither methane or carbon dioxide produces an
objectionable odor, but they both indicate
changes in the digestion process with changes
in concentration. About 0.15 to 0.16 pound of
lime per 100-pound hog per day was found to
be the amount necessary to maintain the de-
sired pH. Costs of lime addition are given.
Use of powdered calcium hypochlorite was dis-
continued when early attempts in mixing the
chemical into waste were not satisfactory. Trap-
Ding solids and organic matter was effectively
achieved by the sand-bed filter. BOD, COD
and total solids were reduced to about half
during the first passage through the sand-bed
filter of the waste. (Kehl-East Central)
2195-B3, B4, Cl, C2, Fl .
ROOFED VS. UNROOFED SOLID
MANURE STORAGES FOR DAIRY
CATTLE
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
^University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm,
Ashland, Wisconsin
G, H. Tenpas, D. A. Schlough, C. 0. Cramer
and J C. Converse
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago,.
minols, December 11-15. 1972. Paper No. 72-949.
20 p, 5 fig., 11 tab., 7 ref.
Descriptors: • Waste storage. 'Dairy Industry,
•Seepage, 'Costs, Nutrients, Chemical properties.
Physical properties
Th» University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm
at Ashland has Investigated for three winters
the solid storage of manure from a stanchion
type dairy barn. The structure was roofed for
the third year of the trial. Results on the un-
roofed structure have been given previously
by Cramer, et. al.. 1971. The manure handling
facilities included an extension to the barn
cleaner elevator, horizontal distribution con-
veyors, a 13,000 cubic ft. bunker type manure
storagj, and a 3000 cu. ft. detention pond. Floor
drains allowed the liquids to teep Into a sampling
tank and detention pond for storage. The study
showed that the chemical and physical charac-
teristics of the manure were not affected by
the addition of the roof. The total amount of
stack seepage was reduced by 34% by the addi-
tion of the roof, although the quantity of sum-
mer seepage was largely due to less evapora-
tion under the roof. Several disadvantages
of the roof are increased cost and greater diffi-
culty in servicing the barn cleaner drive unit
and other conveyors. Another disadvantage is
that although the buildup of- manure on the
conveyors did not cause a problem; it did not
thaw as readily. Volume measurements were
made on manure production, including stored
volume of solids, seepage and bedding and these
are provided in tables. Also given are the
results of laboratory analyses of the fresh ma-
nure, stored manure and seepage. (Kehl-East
Central)
2196-A1, A4, A5, A6, B2,
B3, Dl, D3, Fl, F2, F4
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT:
WHY AND HOW
Missouri River Basin Animal Waste Management
Pilot (Steering) Task Group.
Environmental Protection Agency Report, Kan-
sas City, Missouri. June, 1971, 45 p. 10 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Legal aspects, Terrac-
ing, Lagoons, Design. Water Pollution control.
Odor
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Location,
Mounding. Settling channels. Holding ponds. Tech-
nical assistance. Financial assistance
Basic information on the problem of cattle
feedlot waste management and the pollution
arising from these operations is presented in a
non-technical manner. The factors that cause
feedlots to pollute and the magnitudes pollutants
may reach are discussed along with some man-
agement factors and structural and mechanical
means to help control water pollution. Sources
of technical assistance in design and layout
of control facilities and the water pollution con-
trol agencies for the ten Missouri River Basin
states are listed. Existing animal waste control
regulations are also furnished for these ten
states. (Missouri River Basin Animal Waste
Management Pilot (Steering Task Group)
2197-B3, Cl, C3, D2, D3,
E2, E3, F2
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO
RECYCLING. PART III: COMPOSTING
AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES
C. G. Golueke
Compost Science, Vol. 13, p. 5-7. May-June,
1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Organic Waste, Eco-
nomics, Aeration, Moisture content. Temperature
Identifiers: 'Composting, 'Land disposal, 'Re-
feeding, Pyrolysis, Carbon-nitrogen ratio. Particle
size.
"Composting is the biological decomposition of
organic matter under controlled conditions."
Consideration must be given to aeration, mois-
ture content, temperature, carbon-nitrogen ratio,
and particle size. Manure can be composted
in 8 to 14 days without undue difficulty. A
mixture of manure and sawdust or straw makes
an excellent compost. Land disposal may be
employed directly if the assimilatory capacity
Is not exceeded, or may be employed for the
sludges produced by the other methods. Use
of organic wastes in animal feedstuffs holds
great promise provided that the possibility of
bacterial and viral transmission is thoroughly
explored, that the concentration of toxic mate-
rials is investigated, and that Food and Drug
Administration approval Is secured. Pyrolysis
"is as yet in the reseach stage." Assorted fer-
mentations are under investigation. "At present,
the economics of the processes are highly un-
favorable." (Whetstone, Parker, t Wells>Texu
Tech University)
2198-A6, Bl, B4, C2, D3
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE
WITH MINIMUM ODOR
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Purdue
University, Lafayette, Indiana
D. C. Ludington. D. E. Bloodgood, and A. C.
Dale
Presented at 61st Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Detroit. Michi-
gan. December 12-15, 1967, Paper No. 67-932,
19 p. 8 fig., 4 tab., 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Poultry, 'Odor.
•Oxidation-reduction potential. Aeration, Hydro-
gen, sulflde
Air pollution with objectionable odors produced
from stored poultry manure has become a
recognized problem in much of the United
States. Changes in animal management, in-
creased concentrations of animals and in-
creased proximity between people and poultry
operations has caused these odors to become
more pronounced and less tolerable In the past
few years. The main objective of this study
was to find the means of reducing or eliminating
stored poultry manure odors. This paper con-
tains the results of two main tests, These tests
were replicates of each other for statistical
analysis. The study showed that the ORP (oxida-
tion-reduction potential) of stored manure was
automatically controlled by regulating the rate
of aeration. When chicken manure was stored
without aeration, significant quantities of hydro-
gen sulfide were produced; insignificant quanti-
ties of hydrogen ndflde were produced with
aeration. The only procedure for obtaining a
meaningful measure of degradation is the analy-
sis of all the chamber contents. It was impos-
sible to obtain accurate measurement of low
concentration of dissolved oxygen in fluid chicken
manure. (Kehl-East Central)
2199-A4, Bl, F2, F3
STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING
TO LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS
Livestock Engineering and Farm Structures Re-
search Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville, Maryland
W. F. Schwiesow
Presented at 1971 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 7-10, 1971, Paper No. 71-919. 16 p.
Descriptors: 'Regulations, *Feedlots, 'Livestock,
•Water pollution
The need for water pollution regulation led to
the establishment of water quality standards
through the Water Quality Act of 1965. Through
some rather unusual channels, the need to
include the livestock feedlot Industry became
apparent. Investigations on fish Mils and pollut-
ed streams established that feedlots and dairy
farms were a major cause. A focus on live-
stock wastes as a pollution source drew atten-
tion to the need for changes in agricultural
practices. This brought about livestock feedlots
now being subject to water quality control
regulations. Need for uniformity in these regula-
tions is recognized and various reasons are
given. A listing of state offices that may be con-
tacted for additional information on such regu-
lation is provided. (Kehl-East Central)
2200-A7, Bl, B4, C2
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION
ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPOSAL
OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS
CONTAMINANTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Alberta
University, Edmonton, Alberta
353
-------
P. C, Brannigan and J. B. McQultty
Canadian Agricultural Engineering Vol. 13, p.
6975. December. 1971. 8 fig., 3 lab., 15 re(.
Descriptors: 'Ventilation, 'Gases, 'Air pollu-
tion. 'Distribution patterns, 'Model studies,
•Waste storage, 'Liquid wastes. Temperature,
Carbon dioxide. Ammonia
Identifiers: "Piggery, 'Swine
"This study Investigated the effects of ventila-
tion on the mean concentrations and the distribu-
tion patterns of atmospheric ammonia and car-
bon dioxide in an enclosed chamber representing
• full scale section of a pig barn. Results
showed no practical differences between the dis-
tribution patterns of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Ventilation rate was the only independent vari-
able of importance in determining the concen-
trations of either gas. Under non-isothermal con-
ditions, ventilation outlet height has a negligible
effect on gas concentrations. An Increase in gas
concentrations from stock in the diffusion of
gases in the atmosphere was apparent" (Me-
Quitty & Barber-Alberta University)
2201-A6, B2, El
HOW ARE LAGOONS WORKING
ON HOG FARMS?
Illinois Department of Public Health. Division
n.,i7^ • £ Engineering, Room 616, State Office
Building, Springfield
C. E. Clark
coriV,v"«f I' 19M Annual Meeting, American
rn?r,,/H A«"cuitural Engineering. Ft. Collins.
H ! P ™1 fig .Tub'"24' 19M' PaP6r N°
SSSSi
»• ln which two «"•*»•
designs of waste disposal coupled with confine-
S % s* Were found' The Sievers Svstem
«!»?. i T ta °ne "*"• Tne rectangular
slab is sloped to a center trough on the long
f and » lar«e part of the slab Is Hooded
to a depth of a foot at the edge of the trough
The second type is an enclosed building broken
down into smaller pens. The floor is slotted
and underlain by a slab that is a concrete
channel for flushing the waste to a lagoon The
study concluded that lagooning of hog waste is
practical. Other methods do not appear to be
economically feasible although they may be
functional from the viewpoint of waste disposal.
Design and maintenance of the confinement area
should be considered in odor control since they
are major factors. (Kehl-East Central)
2202-A11,B2,B4,D3,E1,F1
NO PEN CLEANING COSTS!
J. Fetterolf
Beef. Vol. 11. No. 2, p. 16-18, October, 1974,
2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens. Cattle, "Kansas.
•Waste disposal. 'Lagoons, Economics, Perform-
ance
A Kansas feeder described his 2700-head con-
finement feeding faculties which he estimates
will save $6500 a year in manure hauling. The
facility has two slat sections through each of
12 pens and there are scrapers below the
slats to clean the barn. The manure is pumped
from the collection pit to a four-pond system,
consisting of two primary and two secondary
lagoons. This aerobic lagoon system handles
itself except for periodic clean-outs. Only direct
rainfall can gel Into the ponds because dike
tops are above ground level. Other advantages
of this type of confinement feeding Include:
(!) a one percent increase in yield of carcass
weight. (2) feed savings due to no loss from
storms or rains. (3) savings In veterinary costs,
(4) the shelter will provide added warmth
In winter and will allow an increase in feed
utilization for finishing rather than In providing
body heat for the animal, and (5) feed con-
version and gain efficiencies should be better.
(Merryman-East Central)
2203-A4,A6.A10,A12,B2,F2
NUISANCE LAWSUITS — NEIGHBOR
VS. NEIGHBOR
Successful Farming, Vol, 72, No. 10, p. 40,
September, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, 'Waste treatment,
*\Vaste disposal, Locating
Identifiers: 'Nuisance lawsuits, 'Bower vs. Hog
Builders, Inc., 'Pollution
Even if a livestock operation is not large enough
for a permit to be required, the operation can
still get into trouble concerning animal waste
disposal. If a nuisance (the use of land by
one that unreasonably interferes with the enjoy-
ment or use of another's land) is created, a
nuisance lawsuit may be brought against the
operator. An example of this is the Bower vs.
Hog Builders. Inc. case. In this instance, the
Hog Builders, Inc. began a swine breeding and
feeding operation adjoining the Bower Farm
fifteen years after the Bowers had established
their farm. This swine operation allowed effluent
to flow onto the Bower's farm causing fish
•kills, odor, a difference In drinking water, and
an influx of rats and flies. The Bowers law-
suit was submitted to a jury, and the Bowers
were awarded $46,200 actual damages and $90,000
punitive damages. Such lawsuits can be avoided
by locating such operations away from others'
homes, by proper zoning, through licensing laws,
and through construction of adequate waste treat-
ment facilities. (Merryman-East Central)
2204-A7, B2, C2, C3
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE
BUILDINGS WITH FLUID WASTE
HANDLING
Agricultural Engineering Department. Illinois
University, Urbana
D. L. Lebeda, D. L. Day and I. Hayakawa
Presented at 1964 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Orleans.
Louisiana, December 8-11, 1964. 17 p. 14 fig.,
5 tab., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Air pollution, 'Liquid wastes,
Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide. Carbon dioxide,
Ventilation, Dimensional analysis
Identifiers: 'Swine, Sulfur dioxide. Concentra-
tions
One area of swine environment that has received
little attention Is air pollution caused by gaseous
pollutions: Two main objectives of the study
were: (1) Determine the concentrations of am-
monia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, and air-borne bacteria in a swine con-
finement building with a -fluid waste-handling
system, and (2) Relate the concentration of
gases to the management, ventilation, and build-
Ing parameters of the building. The relationship
of the air pollutants to the various pertinent
quantities was described by dimensional analy-
sis. A pair of totally slotted-floor pens with a
common manure pit made up the unit. The
volatile solids and the BOD of the swine waste
collected in the manure pit were much lower
than those found by Spillman. The initial addi-
tion of water to the manure pit was the main
difference in the characteristic tests with swine
waste. Therefore, more breakdown from oxi-
dation and anaerobic decomposition was Included
In the lower loading rate due to dilution. The
threshold level for humans .was not exceeded
by any of the gas concentrations. The study'
showed, however, that without ventilation, in
six hours the gas concentrations in the experi-
mental unit were three times the two-week
values with ventilation for hydrogen sulfide
and ammonia and six times the value for car-
bon dioxide. (Kehl-East Central)
2205-A1, A6, B2, D3, E3
THE AMELIORATION OF ODOUR
AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN,
TOGETHER WITH THE POLLUTION
REDUCTION FROM, A HOG HOUSE
WITH RECYCLED WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Iowa State
University
R. J. Smith and T. E. Hazen
Presented at 69th Annual Meeting, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, June 27-30, 1967, 19 p. 6 fig,
4 ttb., 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Social behavior (animal)
Identifiers: 'Swine, Flushing, Anaerobic lagoon,
Oxidation ditch. Waste management, Waste wat-
er reuse
Although confinement housing for finishing swine
has brought many benefits. It has been found
that certain new problems, specific to the sys-
tem, have arisen. This study performed at
Iowa State University covered three areas:
(1) Odour level, (2) Social behaviour of the
animal and (3) Waste management. The pri-
mary objectives of the study were (1) to estab-
lish the equipment which would allow the safe
reuse of the treated waste water as UK fresh
manure transport vehicle, (2) the change In
odour level and social behaviour and (3) to
measure the properties of the fluid circulating
round the system. The total scheme per-
formance has proved satisfactory during the
first six weeks of operation. A high quality
effluent entirely suitable for utilization of the
manure transport vehicle was provided by
the combination of an anaerobic lagoon
with an oxidation ditch. The odour level was
appreciably lowered by the rapid manure
transport from the building. The system of
flushing at hourly intervals not only reduced
the dally liquid flow through the pighouse but
It also provided a source of interest for the pigs.
Social behaviour was materially improved by
this distraction. (Kehl-East Central)
2206-A5, A8, B2, C2, E2
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT
CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL
WASTEWATERS
Professor of Civil and Agricultural Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca. New York
R. C. Loehr
Presented at Second National Symposium on
Food Processing Wastes, Denver, Colorado,
March 23-26. 1971. p. 605-613. 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Control, 'Waste water
(pollution). Agriculture, Water pollution, Re-
cycling
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
Control of nutrients In agricultural discharges
will become Important in the near future as
the nation's water resource policies receive
greater scrutiny. Better data is needed con-
cerning nutrient concentrations being discharged
and processes that can be utilized for their
control. Then technical decisions and cost esti-
mates can be made. Among pollutant sources
of concern are fruit and vegetable processing
wastes; meat, poultry, and fish processing
wastes, and animal manures. Pollution prob-
lems caused by nutrients in wastewater dis-
charges include: (1) additional oxygen demand
caused by reduced nitrogen compounds, (2) sti-
mulation of aquatic plant growth caused by nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and other nutrients in waste-
water, and (3) excess nitrates in groundwater
as a result of wastes discharged on land. The
two most feasible approaches for nutrient control
are separation at the source, recovery, and re-
cycle and land disposal. The success of re-
covery and recycle depends upon the use of the
product; success of land disposal depends upon
better knowledge of the land as a disposal
media. (Merryman-East Central)
2207-B3, D3, E3, E4, Fl
DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY
GIVE ANSWER TO ENERGY
PROBLEM
354
-------
Director of Environmental and Sanitary Engineer-
Inc. Knoerle, Bender. Slone t Associates, Chi-
cago, Illinois
J, Goeppner and D. E. Hasselmann
Water and Wastes Engineering. Vol. 11. No. 4.
p. 30-38, April 1*74. 6 fig.. 2 tab.
Descriptor!: "Energy, "Anaerobic digestion, 'Me-
thane, "Costs. 'Recycling
Methane gas which Is produced during the
anaerobic digestion of sludge may be an answer
to the energy problem. The volume of methane
ias in anaerobic digestion is dependent upon
the nature and volume of the fermentable wastes.
Figures for methane production from sewage
solids and garbage are given. The gas produced
In feneral by anaerobic fermentation usually
contains 60 percent to 70 percent BTU per
cubic foot Any favorable economics for using
digestion unit, as an energy source are closely
tied to the plant construction costs. The con-
struction costs of anaerobic digesters and the
operating and maintenance (OtM) costs asso-
ciated with sludge digesters are dependent on
size Comparison of costs of such a method
with other energy sources can be generated
if a population of one million can be assumed.
Such a comparison is given. A discussion con-
•id*ring animal wastes for such energy produc-
tion is given. The Mechaelis-Menlon kinetic
model Is used for aiming at a quantitative kinetic
description ol toe process The importance of
considering the location in relation to economics
Is stressed. Costs and gas value are discussed.
indications are that energy production from
animal wastes is within the realm of economic
reality The need for more studies to be done
and the importance of predicting the efficiency
of the system are examined, (Kehl-East Central)
2208-A2, A8, B2, C2, E2
USE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
IN CROP PRODUCTION
Kansas State University, Manhattan 66505
W Wailington. L. S Murphy. W. L. Powers.
H L Manges, and A. Scnmio
R»onrt No 14Z7, Kansas Agricultural Experiment
iuuom ManSaiun 66506. P. 273-294. 11 fig..
3 tab., 10 ref.
Descriptors: Teedlots, "Cattle, "Agricultural
runoff, "Crop response, "Nutrients, Sampling,
Identifiers: Yield
Land disposal of beef-feedlot-lagoon (runoff) wa-
M was studied. Lagoon water was applied
during"!* summers of 1970. 1971. 1972 and 1973
hv furrow irritation to a silty clay loam soil.
5?U?T££ y«r. the five treatments averaged
n 7 131 22 and 37 cm/yr. Corn (Zea mays L.)
Inra'ee yield and plant content of N, P. K. Ca.
MemiI Na were measured. Surface soil samples
2nd son wre7were taken from the plots after
harvert each year. Electrical conductivity rang-
5 from 16 to 76 (3.1 average) mmho/cm in
the Ugoo»> «terapplied at the study site and
itvTm 10 to lt» mmho/cm in samples taken from
"Kansas feeilots. Electrical conductivity of
extract* from saturated pastes of the surface
'oU samples were increased linearly by accumu.
lative treatment all years. The 1970. 1971 and
1972 soU cores showed accumulation of NOa-N,
p K and Na in th; top 30 cm at all treat-
ment'rates. Movement of NOs-N and Na down
S 100 cm was noted in 1971 in cores from
ilots receiving 43 cm/yr3. Movement of NOs-N
down to 240 cm was recorded in 1972 in cores
from Plots that had received 20 and 4l cm/yr.
retractable Ca and Mg in the soil cores was
Mt affected by treatment. Corn forage yields
wVre a linear function of treatment in 1970 and
T quadratic function in 1971. 1972, and 1973.
The positive effect on yield was attributed to
increased soil fertility; the relative decreases
at th" higher rates were attributed to increased
ioil salinity. Maximum yield and uptake of N
fnd P were reached at the 13 cm/yr. disposal
rate in 1971 and 1972. and at the 22 cm/yr,
rate in 1973. (Wallingford. et al-Kansas State
University)
2209-A4,B1,E1,E2,F1,F2
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
Stale University, Corvallls
J. R. Miner
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Divi-
sion (Proceedings of ASCE), Vol. 100. No. EE2.
February, 1974.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment. "Waste disposal.
•Regulation. "Water pollution
Identifiers: "Waste management, "Pollution con-
trol, 'Point sources, "Nonpolnt sources. "Diffuse
sources. "Land disposal
The sale price of agricultural products is estab-
lished by a complex balance of supply and
demand Interacting with public needs and de-
sires. This complex economic situation, plus
the diverse climatic environments under which
agriculture operates, creates a series of economic
advantages and liabilities for feedlot operators.
The design of waste management systems, to be
economically feasible and technically effective,
must be based on an appreciation of these
factors. The principal functions involved in an
agricultural waste management scheme generally
Include a collective system, a transport mech-
anism, a storage and treatment complex, and
some means for ultimate reuse or disposal
The management of animal wastes must be
geared to these functions. Application of wastes
to cropland is the most widely practical disposal
method. Hence, treatment is usually for the
purpose of making the manure more amenable
to cropland application or for the purpose of
changing its physical and chemical character-
istics to avoid application difficulties or
nuisances attributable to the application. (Merry-
man-East Central)
2210-A2, Bl, B4, Fl, F2
STEP-BY-STEP PLAN FOR
LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL
W. Graves
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 4, p. 16-17, Feb-
ruary 26, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Livestock. 'Iowa. 'Feedlots. Regu-
lation, Construction, Waste storage
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Runoff control
The installation of a new livestock confine-
ment setup or feedlot Involves a farmer with
a bewildering array of State and Federal agencies
if his final construction is going to comply with
regulations. In the State of Iowa, the first step
is the extension service and perhaps the area
livestock specialist, Iowa State University may
also be able tq help. The addresses of all
these agencies and the sources of recommended
pamphlets are provided in the text. The next
step is to Investigate water sources and possible
pollution problems with the help of the Iowa
Geological Survey. Then the Sou Conservation
Service district office will provide the technical
assistance necessary to draw up specific plans
on locating and building runoff controls and
waste storage facilities. Cost-sharing money is
available from the Rural Environmental Assist-
ance Program. Final plans and the finished in-
stallation must both be approved by the State
Department of Health before cost-sharing money
is paid. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
high as \y/r may become minimum polluters
through the use of engineering and manage-
ment. A feedlot near Omaha, Nebraska (on a
steep 15r/r slope with one 350 ft. contributing
slope length above the lone basin) and another
near Springfield, Nebraska (with 2 basin* on
a 67r slope, with contributing slope length of
about 120 ft. each) were studied. Soil and ma-
nure materials carried with the runoff were
deposited in basins. Basins provided opportunity
for the settling of suspended solids. Water
from the ponds were used to irrigate nearby
croplands. Runoff - recording equipment and
groundwater sampling wells were installed on
both lots. At Springfield, none of the ground-
water samples have exceeded 10 parts per
million of nitrate-nitrogen a figure the Public
Health Service has set as minimum desirable
limit In drinking water. (Cameron-East Central)
2212-A2, B2, BA
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE
WATER PONDS
A. W. Wieczorek
Unpublished MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineer-
ing Department, North Dakota State University.
Fargo, 1973, 43 p. 12 fig., 10 tab.. 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste water (pollution), 'Ponds,
•Hydrology, 'Design criteria, 'Evaporation, Cat-
tle, Confinement pens, Precipitation (atmosphe-
ric), Liquid wastes. North Dakalo. Agricultural
runoff
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes
Research was developed to obtain basic data
needed to design systems that utilize solar energy
to vaporize the liquid wastes from storage ponds.
Reported In this paper are the results of an
investigation conducted to determine a "pan
coefficient" for the evaporation of animal waste
waters. In addition, design criteria for evapora-
tion ponds for the disposal of animal wastes
are developed and evaluated. Climatologicaf
data for the past six years indicates that pan
evaporation exceeds precipitation by 2.5 times
per year. Design criteria for an evaporation
pond based upon this study can be determined
by using the following data: (1) drained liquid
wastes production from a gravity flow system
utilized In a confinement bam equals 0.0026
gallon per day per pound of beef feeder. (2) a-
Class A pan coefficient of 0.71 to 0.75 should be
applied to obtain an accurate approximation
of liquid waste evaporation, and (3) a factor
of 1.7 times the annual rainfall to determine
pond depth increase due to bank runoff. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
2213-B1, D3, E3, Fl
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
ANIMAL WASTES
Waterloo University. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
W. D, Costigane, D. H. Edwards. D. A. Fraipont.
G. R. McClean, J. H. Pinchin. and B. H. Younger-
Project Report, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
March, 1972, 105 p. II fig., 24 tab., 60 ref.
2211-A2,A4,A5,B2.D1.E2
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT
POLLUTION
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 8, p. SO, April.
1972.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, "Water pollution,
•Groundwater pollution. "Agricultural runoff,
'Slopes, "Management, 'Sampling, 'Basin. Ne-
braska, Engineering. Caissons
Management systems designed to limit runoff,
handling of manure, and consequently pollution
of streams and groundwater have been con-
structed and are under observation. These are
new concepts of inexpensive runoff control from
sloping feedlots. .Cattle feedlot! on slopes as
Descriptors: 'Methane, "Animal wastes. 'Ana-
erobic digestion, 'Fuels, Sludge, Design. Costs
The purpose of this report is to investigate
the nature and magnitude of environmental
pollution from farm animal wastes and to
design an anaerobic digestion system that stab-
ilizes the waste, thereby reducing its pollutional
effect. The destruction of pathogenic organisms
and the production of usable products such as a
combustible gas and a stable innocuous sludge
are ancillary benefits achieved from the pro-
cess. The anaerobic digestion system proposed
in this report was designed to meet the follow-
ing requirements: low capital cost, minimum
maintenance and supervision and optimum waste
stabilization and gas production. The total capital
cost for the treatment system is $14,400. The
sludge gas produced can be utilized as a fuel
for heating, appliances and for running an auto-
mobile or tractor on the farm. The fuel savings
obtained by the use of this gas can be applied
against the cost of operating the waste treat-
355
-------
menl system. It has been estimated that a
savings of $GOO per year can be realized ex-
clusive of depreciation on equipment. The
anaerobic digestion system described in this
report is not, at present, considered feasible
for animal waste treatment on a small farm
due to the high initial equipment cost. (Costi-
Cine, et, al.-University of Waterloo)
221A-B2, B4, E2, Fl
LOW COST MANURE BASINS
WORK IN WISCONSIN
R. E. Graves
Hoard's Dairyman. Vol. 120, No 5, p 290-292,
March 10, 1S75. 6 fig., 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage. 'Wisconsin, 'Basins,
•Cost, 'Dairy industry
Earthen storage basins or ponds for storing
hquid manure" are gaining popularity with
Wisconsin dairymen. These basins allow long
term storage with moderate to low investment
Oneyear storage allows manure spreading in
late summer or fall on land which is to be
plowed in the fall. This saves time during
busy spring planting activities. It also provides
a chance for freezing and thawing during winter
to lessen the effects of soil compaction from
fvL? *£ ? "K op*ration There are three basic
w»h ^ ?rage baslns- Type 1 k a "ctangular
£Z i i,0nf vertical wa« which is usually
SSmr'fc lL,haS "." 8 to 10 foot Paved str'P
along the bottom of the wall. A standard liquid
thto walf""™ may "? ."ed at any point a'on«
the hUto "maining sides and most of
•exMiJriM11? "". "rthe»- Th* 1* the most
expensive type to build. Type 2 is a circular-
w moif n ?haped earthel1 stora«e w"» <>•«
and ™ PumP»n* Platforms or docks, Agitation
UouM P g may ^ done bv » conventional
Uquid manure pump from platforms. Type 3
may be a circular, or rectangular-shaped with
Arif,?i»- "5 ramps or ^veways into them.
lioilH m Pumping is done with a modified
an*t «anU£ PUT, whlch doesn>t hav" a right
lh. II,! , *. lnd is mounted horizontally from
E«t CenS °f " lraCt°r- (Merrvman-
2216-A6, Bl, B5, C2
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A
NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR
LEVEL
Minnesota University, St. Paul
J. D. Frus. T. E. Hazen and J. R. Miner
Presented at the 1969 Winter Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 9-12, 1969. Paper No. 69-929.
17 p.. 5 fig.. 6 tab., t ref.
Descriptors: 'Chemical oxygen demand, 'Gases.
Ventilation. Temperature. Humidity
Identifiers: 'Odor measurement, 'Swine
The specific objectives of this project were:
(1) To determine if the chemical oxygen demand
(COD) technique could be used as a quantitative
measure of the level of organic gases present
in a confinement swine building atmosphere,
(2) If successful, then to determine if the level
of organic gases could be correlated with ob-
served odor level, period of time animals are
in the building, air temperature, relative hu-
midity, rate of dilution by ventiilation air. or
characteristics of the waste. A satisfactory tech-
nique was developed to measure the COD
of the atmosphere in a confinement swine
building. Determination of what the air COD
value included was not conclusive. The results
indicated that COD values did not increase with
the time the animals were in the building and
there was no correlation between air COD
and manure temperature, manure COD, air
temperature, or relative humidity. There was
an accumulation of organic gases within the
chamber when essentially no dilution by venti-
lation air existed. Gases known to contribute
to swine odor were shown to be oxidized by
the potass'um dichromate. (Cartmell-East Cen-
•tral)
D. A. Schlough
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 16. No 2
fi re?'36"' March'April> 1973- 3 "*•• »° tab.!
2215-B2, B3, B4, Fl
A COMPARISON OF SOLID AND
LIQUID MANURE STORAGE
SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Wisconsin
University, Madison
n ? cr!!merL J' C Converse. G. H. Tenpas.
D. A. Schlough, R. J. Johannes, et al
Sf/Jlf'liSK1111""011 ***">*• Proj-ct 72-14 100-10.
090 (42) USDA. ARS, 40 p., 14 fig.. 13 tab.. S ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storag-. 'Solid wastes, 'LJ-
ould wastes. Wisconsin. Cattle, Costs, Dairy in-
dustry
Identifiers: 'Semi solid wattes
This report Is a summary of the work at th-
Univ«rsity of Wisconsin—Madison over the last
few years on the three types of storages: solid
storage, semi-solid storage, and liquid storage,
The size of the storage depends on the number
of days of storage, the number and sizs of
animals, the type of manure, and the type
and amount of bedding used. The types of solid
ctorage systems described in detail Include:
bunker type storage, elevator type platform
storage, thrower type platform storage, and
s'jmmir time stacking. A number of storage
d*sfgns have been built to handle semi-solid ma-
nure. Some units have been constructed below
ground using sloping side walls with a ramp
to remove it with a front end loader. The
floor and walls are concrete. Others have been
built above ground with side walls on all
sides except for an opening with the floor
sloping away from the opening. The types of
liquid storage system described in d?tail in-
clude: free stall barn, slotted floor with under-
barn tank, and manure scrape with outside
storage. (Cartmell-East Central)
2217-A11, Bl, C2, E3
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL,
UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN
MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES
FOR GROWING CALVES
Minnesota University. St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
E. P. Cooper, R. D. Goodrich and J. C. Meiske
1974 Research Report B-204, P. 72-75. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Proteins, 'Performance,
•Cattle, Ureas. Calcium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen,
Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry wastes. 'Soybean
meal. Vitamin A
A feeding trial was conducted to compare rates
of gain and feed efficiencies of growing heifer
calves fed protein supplements that contained
soybean meal, urea or dried chicken manure.
The supplements were formulated to provide
equal amounts of crude protein, vitamin A
and trace mineralized salt and adequate amounts
of calcium and phosphorus when fed at a rate
of 3 Ib. per day with a full feed of corn silage.
HeUers that were fed soybean meal consumed
the least amount of feed per day and per pound
of gain; while those fed the chicken manure
supplement consumed the most feed per day
and per pound gain. Because the cattle fed
chicken manure gained as well as those fed
soybean meal or urea, it appears that the
chicken manure used in this study provided
adequate supplemental nitrogen to meet the
needs of the heifers. Since amounts of feed
per 100 Ib. of gain were increased and the
calculated TDK value was relatively low, it
seems that chicken manure would be best used
to provide supplemental nitrogen and not serve
as a replacement for the grain portion of the
ration. (Cartmell-East Central)
2218-A6, A10, B3, B4,
C2, Fl
DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE
STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Wisconsin
University, Madison
C. O. Cramer* J. C. Converse* G. H. Tenpas,
A bunker type manure storage for a 32-cow
stanchion dairy barn in northern Wisconsin was
developed and studied as to its pollution poten
tial, the preservation of plant nutrients and
the management of the system. The manure
handling facility consisted of an extension to
the barn cleaner elevator, horizontal distribut-
ing conveyors, and a 3,000 cu. ft. retention
pond. Floor drains were constructed to allow
the liquids to seep into a sampling tank
and retention pond for storage. Volume measure-
ments were made on manure production, in-
cluding bedding, stored volume and seepage
Laboratory analysis was made on fresh manure]
stored manure, and seepage. The average total
solids concentration of the fresh manure was
13 and 14 percent while the average COD
concentration was approximately 123,000 and
149.000 ppm. The average total solids con-
centration of the stored manure was approxi-
mately 22 and 25 percent and the average
COD concentration was approximately 222,000
and 231.000 ppm. The average concentration of
total nitrogen ammonia, total phosphorous, and
potassium was in the area of 5,500. 1,800, 1,500,
and 4,800 ppm respectively. The total seepage
collected, which included urine and precipita-
tion, was 2.0 and 4.0 gal. per cow for the winter
periods. The average BOD, COD, and total solids
concentration for seepage In the winter pe-
riods was 13,000 mg per 1, 31.500 mg per 1,
and 2.8 percent respectively. Odors from the
storage were noticed at the residence only on
damp overcast days when the wind blew toward
it. Fly breeding was not a problem. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2219-A11,B1,C2,D3,E3
DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE
Animal Science Department, Texas Tech Uni-
versity, Lubbock
R. C. Albin and L. B. Sherrod
Research Report No. 24, Texas Tech University
Center at AmariUo, Pantex, Texas, March, 1974
1 tab., 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, Cattle, Feedlols,
Nutrients, Proteins, Composting
Identifiers: 'Digestibility, 'Refeeding
This project was conducted to determine the
•nutritive value of feedlot waste taken from
Southwestern cattle feedlots where improved
grain processing techniques and low levels of
roughage are being used. Rations containing
feedlot waste were offered to feeder steers
in three total collection digestion trials The
steers were checked dally for health and stress
symptoms. The results suggest that when feedlot
waste Is fed in high concentrate-adequate pro-
tein rations, little difference would be expected
between raw and composted waste. The data
also. Indicate that when the same waste Is
fed In a low energy-low protein ration, the
waste would be digested to a greater degree
than when fed with the high energy ration
Composting would decrease the digestibility of
crude protein, but would increase cell wall diges-
tibility in low energy-low protein rations Data
indicate that recycling cattle feedlot waste
would not appreciably Improve the problems
of cattle waste disposal. There were no problems
with feed consumption. The steers readily con-
sumed even the 60% waste rations. No animal
health problems were observed. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2220-A4, C3
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A
MOUNTAIN STREAM
Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado
S. H. Kunkle and J. R. Meiman
356
-------
Colorado State University Hydrology Paper No.
28, 27 p., March. 1968, 25 fig.,14 tabs., 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sampling, 'Bacteria, 'Indicators,
•Water pollution, 'Waste. 'Conforms. 'Strepto-
coccus, 'Bioindicators, Water pollution sources,
Hydrographs. Statistical methods. Temperature.
Cattle, Land use
Identifiers: 'Water pollution Indicators. Insola-
tion, Parameters measured, Graphical plots.
Variation coefficients
Pollution • indicating bacteria groups — the
coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci
—were used to investigate bacteria fluctua-
tions and concentrations below and above a
pollution source in a small high-elevation stream
in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 196667. The
upper of 2 sites sampled was strearnftow from
an uninhabited forested area, while the lower
(1.5 mi. downstream) was below a grazed
meadow irrigated by the creek. Statistical
analysis showed that analytical error is an im-
portant source of variation with a coefficient
of 0.5 in coliform replicates from one bottle,
that there was more day-to-day variation than
within a day, and that variability was high-
est at lowest concentrations. Bacteria counts
showed a daily cycle with highest counts in
the evening, lowest In the afternoon, and inter-
mediate morning values. Seasonally, the spring
high stage had the highest counts at the lower
site while counts were highest at low flows
at the upper site. The cattle-influenced site al-
ways had higher counts than the upper site.
Water temperature was inversely related to
concentration. Insolation rapidly killed bacteria.
Coliform to streptococci ratio was less than 1.0
at the upper site and ranged from 1.70 to
5 45 at the lower. (Kunkle, Meiman-Colorado
State University)
'2221-A2,B2,B3,B4,E1,E2
"WASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Nebraska University
C. B. Gilbertson
Proceedings, Pollution Research Symposium.
Lincoln, Nebraska, May 23, 1969, p. 50-57.
D-scriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, •Feedlots, La-
goons, Topography, Climates, Housing, Design
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Detention pond,
Land disposal
Conventional outdoor feedlots are confronted
with two basic problems. One is the handling
of solids on th; feedlot surface, and the other
is the control of runoff. Waste control alter-
natives for solids handling are: (1) remove ma-
nure after each cattle cycle. (2) intermittent
cleaning of critical areas, and (3) stockpile ma-
nure Control design of a facility and manage-
ment scheme must fit existing enterprises and
consist of an area to detain sol'ds and a
pond to detain the liquid. Individual design
bas'd on information from a topographic map
of the feedlot area, management alternatives
for runoff disposal, such as irrigation, land
dls-osal or direct release into the environment
must b2 completed. In the production of beef,
s-veral alternatives must be considered: (1) con-
ventional outdoor, unsurfaced lots on slopes
up to 10 percent; (2) surfaced outdoor lots,
"cold housed" and "hot housed" confinement.
specific conditions coupled with the feedlot
operator's judgement will determine the type
of operation he will have. (Battles-East Central)
2222-A8, Bl, Cl, E2
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED
BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURES
FROM VARIOUS DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
California University. Davis
Soil Science, Vol. 118, No. 1, p. S3-59, July,
1974. 1 fig., 7 tab., 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soils, 'Physical properties, Cattle,
Poultry. Hydraulic conductivity
Id?ntiflers: 'Manure. Horses. Water holding
capacity, Compactibillty, Modulus of rupture
The objective of this study was to compare,
by laboratory tests, the physical properties of
soils as they are altered by animal manures
which in themselves have different physical
properties. Organic matter improves the tillage
properties of soil and alters soil structure fav-
orably by reducing bulk density. In this experi-
ment, each kind of animal manure progressively
decreased soil bulk density as the rates of
applied manure increased. Increases in water-
holding capacity were definitely induced by ma-
. nure additions to soil and the increases were
functions both of the quantity and type of ma-
nure added. There was a pronounced hydraulic
conductivity improvement factor present in beef
cattle and horse manures but very little in the
chicken manure application. Manure applications
at a rate of 5 percent favorably increased the
soil shrinkage limit. Addition of animal manure
to clay soil decreased compactibility. Also, dairy
and beef cattle manures were more effective
than chicken manure in decreasing the bulk
density of compacted soil, whether at low or
high soil-water contents. The soil strength as
indicated by the modulus of rupture when
different types and rates of animal manures
were mixed with clay were reduced. The fib-
rous materials in manures play a major role
in altering physical properties of soils. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2223-A6, B2, Dl, D3, Fl
COMPARISON OF THE
CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND
JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN
OXIDATION DITCH OPERATIONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
G. M. Wong-Chong, A. C. Anthonisen, and R. C.
Loehr
Water Research, Vol. 8, p. 761-768. 1974. 6 fig..
6 tab., 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aeration, 'Liquid wastes. Odor,
Costs
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'JAM system,
•Cage rotor system
This report discusses an alternative to a cage
• rotor for an oxidation ditch and compares the
performance of two aeration systems when
used for the treatment of high strength wastes.
The alternative to the cage rotor is the JAM
system which achieves both mixing and aera-
tion by pumping the mixed liquid through
nozzles. Mixing is maintained by energy and
momentum transfer from jet streams to the
bulk liquid and the concomitant turbulence and
aspirator capacity of the jet streams bring
about the aeration. In a comparison of the
oxygen transfarability of both JAM and cage
rotor systems, the two systems are reasonably
comparable for the conditions tested. Because
of this equality, the operating costs from an
energy consumption standpoint are also about
equal. From a general maintenance performance
the JAM system does not have the bearings
and drive belt slippage problems associated
with the cage rotor. From an odor and general
nuisance standpoint, the aerobic treatment unit
in the enclosed controlled environment alleviated
problems which occurred in the previous open-
sided housing system. (Cartmell-East Central)
2224-A8, B2, C2, E2 '
DAIRY WASTE GOES FULL CYCLE
IN RESEARCH
T. B. Pratt
Sunshine State Agricultural Research Report,
Vol. 17, p. 10-11, July-August, 1972. 7 fig.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, Liquid wastes.
Irrigation, Nutrients, Salts, Soil profile
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
Studies on the feasibility of spraying dairy
wastes over the land, including uptake of the
nutrients by soil and water, yield of different
crops, and movement of nutrients and salts in
the soil are in their third year at Hague, Florida.
(Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2225-B2, B4, Cl, Dl, F6
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON
THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL OF
MANURE SOLIDS FROM A LIQUID
MANURE HOLDING TANK
F. B. Scholfield. Jr. :
Unpublished MS Thesis, Department of Agrlcul-'
tural Engineering. University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, 1969, 39 p. H fig., 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Baffles. 'Solid wastes, 'Liquid.
wastes. 'Model studies. Cattle. Moisture, Viscosity:
Identifiers: 'Agitation, 'Removal, 'Manure.
•Holding tank. 'Feat moss
Laboratory models constructed to one-fifth scale
of a prototype liquid manure system were
Investigated in order to study the effects of
Internal obstructions in a model manure hold-
ing tank. The agitation nozzle, baffles, and
pumping rates were also modeled. Peat moss
was used to simulate scaled cow manure. The
tests were run with four different baffle arrange-
ments: (1) no baffles, (2) center baffles.
(3) side baffles, and (4) side and center
baffles. The following conclusions were drawn:
(1) the use of the three baffle arrangements
decreased the amount of solids left in the
tank, and (2) the geometric placement of the
agitator nozzle in this study and the use of
baffles had a favorable effect on slurry agita-
tion. Based on the volume of solids buildup
above a slurry base level of 1.5 inches, these
tests showed that a significant difference in
the removal of settled solids existed between
each of the four treatments. (Cameron-East
Central)
2226-A11, Bl, C2
INFLUENCE OF LOW LEVEL
HANDLING STRESS ON NITROGEN
EXCRETION OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH
(LEPOMIS MAC11ROCHIRUS
RAFINESQUE)
Biology Department, Loyola University of Chi-
cago. Illinois
J. Savltz
Transactions of the American Fisheries So-
ciety. Vol. 102, No. 3, p. 629-630. July. 1973.
1 fig., 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Stress, 'Nitrogen, 'Fish behavior
Identifiers: 'Excretion, 'Bluegill Sunfish
The study was designed to test whether mini-
mal handling, as would occur in laboratory
Investigations of fish metabolism, would affect
nitrogen excretion of bluegill sunfish. The study
was carried out using bluegills weighing
33.9+X—1.4g
-------
The purpose of this report was to investigate
one method of disposal of liquid waste from a
feedlot operation. It dealt with only the disposal
of the liquid waste generated in the form of
runoff caused by rainfall. It was concluded
that from an engineering standpoint, ths disposal
of waste water from feedlot drainage areas
can be accomplished by using It for irriga-
tion water on agricultural land, where land
area permits. It appears safe to assume that
ground water pollution can be avoided if, in the
application of waste water, no more nutrients.
on the average, are added to the soil than can
be removed with the cropping program. The
cost of this type of disposal system is quite
small when expressed on a per animal basis,
considering the total annual capacity of the
feedlot. (Cartmell-East Central)
2228-A2, A8, B2, BA , F6
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL
DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS
Agricultural Enginsering Department, Minnesota
University
F. G. Bergsrud
Master's Report, Agricultural Engineering De-.
partment, Kansas State University, 1967, 106 o
41 fig., 3 tab.. 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Feedlots, 'Cat-
tle. Precipitation (atmospheric), Computers, Kan-
Identifiers: 'Annual totals. 'Temporal distribu-
com l«eserSh Hydroloeic soil cover
The objectives of this study were: to establish
?,.««* .1. f0r determining the total annual
runoff, the inflow rates, and the temporal
distribution of runoff from cattle feedlots; to
analyse data using this system; and to examine
lilfn ? determine the range and distribu-
uon of occurrances using the system. The factors
ailecting runoff were precipitation factors and
watershed factors. Data from twelve stations
in Kansas were analyzed by computer for a
period of thirty years. A summary of data
described in the station data section is given.
It was concluded that a computer can be
successfully used with weather tapes to obtain
runoff data from feedlots. The analyses of
this data may prove beneficial in the design
of runoff retention or storage structures. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2229-A8, C2, E2, F6
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN
BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SOIL
PROFILE WITH A HEAVY-
APPLICATION OF BEEF CATTLE
WASTES
J. A. George
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Kansas State University, 1970, 136 p. 6 fig.,
10 tab., 8 ret.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Cattle, 'Soil pro
file, Feedlots, Denitrification, Sampling, Analysis
Identifiers: 'Nitrogen balance
The purpose of this project was to study the
nitrogen cycle as it occurs in a soil profile
with a high loading rate of beef feedlot wastes.
In order to study denitrification under as na-
tural conditions as possible and in order to
determine a total nitrogen balance, an appara-
tus which combined the total soil profile of
a lysimcter, the closed gas collection system
of an incubation apparatus and the soil solution
sampling ability of a soil percolation apparatus
was designed. The results of 13 test runs re-
vealed few solid facts about denitrification. They
did indicate that part of the apparatus had
great potential and that other parts needed
further development and experimentation. The
gas measuring and analysis part of the unit
did not produce usable data, but the water
sampling produced quite good data. The soil
and manure analysis data indicated that a con-
siderable loss of nitrogen from the soil column
occurred. Less than 10 percent of the total
nitrogen lost from the soil was leached out
in the watar samples, indicating that the
drawing off of water samples removes a mini-
mum of nitrogen from the sight of active
transformations. Only 2 percent of the total
Indicated nitrogen loss was leached out of the
bottom of the 4 foot soil profile. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2230-A8, B3, Cl, C2, E2,
Fl
MANURE DECREASES NEED FOR
FERTILIZER
Wallaces Farmer. Vol. 97. p 6, March 25. 1971
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Tilth, 'Croplands, Bed-
ding
Under proper management, manure application
to croplands provides valuable nutrients and
increases soil tilth and water holding capacity.
Relative values of different manures range
from $2 per ton for dairy cattle to over $6
per ton for poultry. A 1000 pound beef animal
will produce 10.95 tons of wet manure per year
at 85% moisture. Bedding should be added
in sufficient amounts to absorb the liquid and
thus reduce handling difficulties. Straw, corn-
stalk, soft wood shavings, sawdust and peat-
moss all absorb many times their weight in
moisture and thus retain valuable nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
(Battles-East Central)
2231-A2, B2, B3, C2, D3,
E2, Fl
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR
FERTILIZER BILL
W. Groves
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 19, p. 40-41,
October 14. 1972. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers. 'Costs, 'Nutrients. Ni-
trogen, Phosphorus, Potassium. Irrigation, La-
goons
Identifiers: 'Land spreading, Oxidation ditch
A well-managed manure handling system can
help trim chemical fertilizer costs. Experiments
were conducted on 6 types of waste handling
systems by Dale Vanderholm, Iowa State Uni-
versity extension agricultural engineer. The sys-
tems tested included: (1) combination oxidation
ditch and anaerobic lagoon with irrigation or
liquid spreading, (2) deep pit storage with
liquid spreading, (3) anaerobic lagoon with
liquid spreading or irrigation, (4) aerobic lagoon
with irrigation or liquid spreading. (5) bedded
confinement with solid spreading, (6) open lot
with or without shelter; solid spreading with
runoff collected and irrigated or liquid spread.
System 1 showed the greatest loss of nitrogen
and system 5 showed the least loss of all
systems tested. At 7 cents per pound, anywhere
from $5.25 to $12.95 worth of nitrogen may be lost
from a 1000 Ib. beef animal's excrement, depend-'
ing upon the system. Vanderholm figures a 50%
PjO.T loss and a 30% K2O loss in anaerobic
lagoons, but no losses in other systems. Use
of Vanderholm's guidelines can be of help in
determining how much land is needed in
spreading various types of manure. (Battles-
East Central)
2232-A4, B2, Cl, C2, C3,
F2
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER
Chairman, CFA Research Committee and the
12-State S-83 Catfish Research Committee
J. W. Avault, Jr.
The Catfish Farmer, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 16-17, 30,
July/August, 1974.
Djscriptors: 'Fish farming, 'Regulations. 'Efflu-
ent, Ponds, Suspended solids. Pollutants. Moni-
toring
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency,
Raceways, Settleable solids, Fecal CO Li forms
358
The Environmental Protection Agency held a
hearing on May 23. 1974. at Athens, Georgia
to discuss proposed regulations for the effluent
of ponds, raceways, and other culture system*
and drafted them Into a 237-page book. Fish
growers are divided Into three categories'
(1) Native fish — How thru culturing systems^
(2) Native fish — pond culturing, and (3) Non-
native fish culturing system. The proposed
regulations for category 1 call for the moni-
toring of suspended solfcls, settleable solids,
NH(3>—N and net concentrations of fecal coliform
bacteria. Limits are placed upon each of theae
lour items. Proposals for category 2. where
most catfish farmers would fit, demands that
settleable solids must not exceed 3.3 milligrams
per liter and fecal coliform must not exceed
200 organisms/100 ml. The proposed regulations
for category 3 calls for no discharge of process
wastewater pollutants. All these regulations are
concerned solely with the quality of the
water as It leaves the drain pipe. Proposed
regulations must be implemented by July 1,
1977, and stricter regulations must be imple-
mented by July 1, 19S3. If these proposed regu-
lations become law on October 25, 1974, the costs
of periodically checking the wastewaters and
cleaning up polluted water will be borne by
the farmer. The EPA breaks its suggestions for
methods of cleaning up catfish ponds into-
(1) water conservation; (2) feeding practices;
(3) fish distribution; (4) pond draining; and
<5> harvesting. (Battles-East Central)
2233-A11, Bl, B4, B5, C2,
D3
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE
Spillman. C. K.
M. S. Thesis. University of Illinois, Depart-
ment of Agricultural Engineering, 1963, 54 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, 'Anaerobic
digestion. 'Waste treatment. 'Waste storage,
'Waste disposal. Gases, Confinement pens. Efflu-
ent. Nitrogen, Chemical oxygen demand. Bio-
chemical oxygen demand. Hydrogen ion concen-
tration
Identifiers: 'Swine, Loading rates. Ammonia
nitrogen. Organic nitrogen, slotted floors
The objectives of this study were: (1) to study
the breakdown of organic matter which occurs
when swine waste is stored under slotted floors
and allowed to decompose anaerobically, and
<2) to determine some characteristics of swine
waste which are important in the design of
disposal systems. To accomplish these objectives,
12 digesters were set up and loaded with swine
waste material at rates considered typical of
those in use in slotted floor hog houses. The
characteristics of swine waste could be deter-
mined from the results obtained from the tests
on waste material. Tests were run for ammonia
nitrogen, organic nitrogen, chemical oxygen
demand, and biochemical oxygen demand. A
design recommendation was to make the pits
under slotted floors 3 to S feet deep. The most
important aspect of pits under slotted floors
is the effect on the animals of the gases
produced during digestion. The gases produced
and the concentration which would exist in
buildings should be determined. (Carimell-East
Central)
2234-B1, Cl, C2, D3
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE
WASTE
Jones, D. D.
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, Illinois University, 1967, 127 p., 38 fie
9 tab., 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, •Cattle, "Waste
treatment. Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand. Diets, Digestion. Dairy industry,
Analysis, Nitrogen. Potassium, Phosphours
Identifiers: 'Aerobic digestion, 'Loading rates,
Volatile solids. Fixed solids.
This study was undertaken to determine the
effectiveness of the aerobic digestion process in
the treatment of dairy and beef cattle wastes
Wastes were collected from livestock being
-------
fed high concentrate ration. It vt» added In
varying loading rales to laboratu-v aerobic
digesters. For dairy cattle, a waste >pd havInK
• BOD concentration of 19.400mg. ] and a VS
concentration of 50,000 mg/1 wat added to
digesters. Total BOD reductions oi TO. 60, and
76 percent and total VS reductions oi 20, 15, and
0 percant, respectively, were obtajiod for the
loading rates of 125, 150, and 200 i-.l. Because
of the extremely large amount lA nonbiode-
zradable organic matter present, all ihre2 digest-
er* may have been overloaded. Itae to the
settling of solids during the latter part of the
feed period, no conclusions can be drawn
is to the effectiveness of treatment of the
optimum of loading rate. For beef cattle, a
waste feed having a BOD concentration of
8,000 mg/1 and a VS concentration of 30,000 mg/1
was added to digesters. Total BOD reductions
of 59 70. and 40 percent and total VS reduc-
tions of 38. 27. and 16 percent, respectively,
were obtained for the loading rates of 100, 130,
•nd 200 ml. Optimum loading rate was deter-
mined to be 150 ml. and significant reduction
of biodegradable organic concentrations was
obtained. .
neglecting evaporating losses, etc., which were
not measured). A new and larger pilot-scale
plant Is presently being constructed to study
in greater detail the effects of higher loading
rates on plant performance, on sludge de-
watering, on the incidence of blockage in various
medium types, and on low-cost equipment for
effluent-land application. (Kehl-East Central)
Brine water dumping from oil fieipld operations,
which was permitted in the pasi.i, resulted in
barren land of little or no value. . In 1970. Dr.
H^C Dean, State Soil Scientist, surveyed the
problem in southern Arkansas. In 19T971, a compost
Slide with chicken manure was applied to a
brine-polluted area to see if it "would be use-
ful in reclaiming the land. The compost was
applied «t » rate of 6 tons per avacre and roto-
2240-C2, D3, E3
GENERAL ELECTRIC TO RECYCLE
BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN
FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT
Feedstuffs, Vol. 44, p. 4, April 10, 1972. 1 fig.
22A2-A8, Bl, C2, E2
NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE
AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE
AND TEMPERATURE
Department of Soil Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing
D. C. Adriano, A. C. Chang, and R. Sharpless
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 3, p. 258-
261, July-September, 1974, 1 fig.. 4 tab.. 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Moisture, Temperature,
•Soil, 'Feedlots, Nitrification
Identifiers: 'Volatilization
One of the principal components in cattle
359
-------
wastes that requires critical attention because
of its Impact on environmental quality Is nitro-
gen. The main objective of this study was to
evaluate under controlled conditions, the effect
of the interactions of soil temperatures with
moisture on manurial-N loss. These two vari-
ables' effects no N losses from different applica-
tion rates of manure were studJed under
greenhuose conditions at two soil temoeratures
(10* and 25'. C) and at two soil moistures (60
and 90% of water saturation percentage, WSP).
There was no significant effect on the percentage
of loss applied N by manorial rate. At 10' C,
the average losses of applied N for the 60 and
M% moisture levels were 2C and 39% respective-
ly. At 25' F, higher losses for the 60 and 90%
levels were 40 and 45%. respectively. It Is felt
that about 507o of the N from cattle manure
applied to uncropped land can be lost within
a few weeks through gaseous evolution largely
as NH,i, In confined operations with paved
lots or in old unpavcd lots perhaps losses
would even be higher. Ammonia absorption
by clay minerals will be non-existent or minimal
under these conditions. (Kohl-East Central)
2243-A6,B2,B4,Dl,D3,E2
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK
FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT
CODE OF PRACTICE
Descriptors: 'Canada. Alberta. Confinement pens,
Trf.?!, manasement, 'Design, Odor, Livestock
Identifiers: 'Isolation distances, Waste handling.
Land application
Published under the authority of the Minister
of the Environment and the Minister of Agri-
culture. Queen's Printer. September. 1973, 31
Public concern about all forms of pollution
Of our environment is growing while intensive
livestock operations are Increasing in number
and sue. The number of residential dwellings
on or near farmland Is increasing. Developers
of non-agricultural activities in agricultural areas
should be aware that complete odor control
is beyond present technical capabilities. These
guidelines stress that when conflicts result from
encroachment on agricultural areas, much of
the responsibility should be accepted by the
developers and not only the agricultural opera-
tor. Guidelines for confinement livestock facili-
ties waste management intend to provid: a tech-
nical base upon which livestock operators can
develop without causing undue environmental
impact. Administration and definitions regard-
ing the guidelines are given. The guidelines are
defined in terms of developments requiring
compliance and the isolation distances. The
various components of design guidelines for
livestock facilities are listed and examined. The
components include manure storage, earthen
catch basins (and alternate methods), walled
storage, storage lagoons and mechanically aerat-
ed systems. The guidelines for animal waste
management. Including ths handling of solid
and liquid manure, -are discussed. Land applica-
tion Is also examined. Directions for the pro-
cedure for using the code are given. (Kent-East
Central)
2244-A11, B3, C2, D2, E3
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD
ON PASTURIZATION AND NITROGEN
COMPONENTS OF BROILER LITTER
AND ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION
BY SHEEP
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity. Blacksburg 24061
L. F. Caswell, J. P. Fontenot, and K. E. Webb,
Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 40. No. 4, p. 75»-
759, April, 1975. 3 tab.. 33 ref.
Identifiers: 'Sheep. 'Broiler litter. 'Refeedlng,
•Pasturization, 'Nitrogen utilization, Processing
method
Experiments were conducted to determine the
effect of different methods of processing broiler
litter on paslurtzation and nitrogen components
of litter, and to study the relative effects on
nitrogen utilization, ration digestibility and blood
and ruminal parameters when litter was fed
to sheep. It was concluded that methods found
to be effective pasteurization processes were:
Dry heating at ISO* C for 20 mln., autoclaving
for 10 min., dry heating at 150' C at depths
of .6 or 2.5 cm with addition of paraformal-
dehyde, and ethylene oxide fumigation for a
minimum of 30 minutes. No digestive dis-
turbances were observed in the experimental
animals. Fecal, urinary and total nitrogen ex-
cretion did not differ among treatments. Pro-
cessing method did not affect the apparent
digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether
extract, crude fiber and NFE. Blood urea levels
were not significantly different among treat-
ments. Acetic acid was significantly higher for
the animals fed dry heat plus PFA treated Utter
than for either of the other treatment groups.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2245-A5, C2, E2
GROUNDWATER QUALITY BENEATH
A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas
A&M University
D. L. Reddell
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 11-14, 15 p. 11 tab., 15 rel.
Descriptors : 'Waste disposal, 'Nutrients, Nitrogen,
Sodium, Chloride. Ammonium, Chemical oxygen
demand
Identifiers: 'Groundwater quality, 'Land dis-
posal
The objective of this research was to evaluate
the effect of a very heavy application of beef
manure on the groundwater quality of a manure
disposal area at El Paso, Texas. It was con-
cluded that groundwater showed increased
amounts of chloride, COD, ammonium, sodium.
organic-N and nitrate for a period of approxi-
mately 1 year following the manure applica-
tion, but then decreased to background levels.
in most cases within 2 years after the applica-.
tion. Also, nitrates accumulated in the un-.
saturated soil zone above the water table during
much of this study. However, they apparently
denitrified upon entering the water table, be-
cause groundwater samples indicated only minor
increases in NO3 levels. (Cartmell-East Central)
2246-B1, Fl, F2
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION ON THE LIVESTOCK
INDUSTRY
Executive- Vice President. National Livestock
Feeders Association, Omaha, Nebraska
B. H. Jones
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois. December 11-14. 1973. 9-p.
Descriptors: 'Regulation. •Feedlots. 'Costs,
Livestock
A discussion of proposed guidelines and the
effect they could have on the stability of rural
'economics, production costs, supplies of animal
products, and consumer prices is given. In terms
of price Increases and overall Industry capacity.
the economic impact of the proposed effluent
guidelines for feedlots would not be serious.
Agriculture and business and industry have
been recziving eroding blows for a period of
years, but the impact of environmental regu-
lation will fall mostly on the small operator.
It is said that many of these will be forced
out of business. The Industry may be pushed
toward the middle of the road in terms of the
unit size of operation. It is important to con-
sider that environmental control expenditure
does not generate additional cash flow or new
;income opportunities. Such investments are not
cost-reducing or production-increasing. In fact.
they are cost-creating, since they give rise to
additional maintenance and other operational
costs. (Cartmell-East Central)
2247-Al,A6,Bl,D2,D3,E2,E3
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL
METHODS—PRESENT AND FUTURE
E. P. Taiganides
Feedstuff!, Vol. 40. No. 37, p. 37-3», September
14. 1961). 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes. Waste disposal,
•Odor, Gases
Identifiers: "Waste management
The factors that cause or aggravate the animal
producers' waste disposal problems may be
grouped as follows. 1. Manure characteristics.
2. Present methods of manure handling and
disposal. 3. Expansion of urban centers into
rural areas plus public awareness of the need
for a healthy and aesthetically pleasant atmo-
sphere. Control of odor and odorous gases is i
vexing problem for the feedlot owner. The most
important gases generated within an animal
confinement unit are carbon dioxide, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, methane, and trace quantities
of a host of organic compounds such as adds,
mercaptans, skatols, etc. The largest single
problem associated with confinement units In-
volves manure management. Of the present
methods of manure handling, the most Im-
portant are anaerobic lagoons, digesters, aerobic
oxidation, dehydration, coprophagy, composting,
and land spreading. (Cartmell-East Central)
2248-A7, Bl, C2, El, E2
IDENTIFICATION AND
MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE
COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE
BUILDING AND MEASUREMENT OF
AMMONIA EVOLUTION RATES FROM
MANURE-COVERED SURFACES
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
J. R. Miner, M. D. Kelly and A. W. Anderson
Technical Paper No. 3972, Oregon Agricultural
Experiment Station, 1974, 11 p. 2 fig., 3 tab.,
C ref.
Descriptors: 'Organic compounds, 'Measurement.
•Ammonia, Nitrogen. Lagoons
Identifiers: 'Swine building, 'Manure - covered
surfaces, 'Identification
In an effort to devise a Held technique for
sampling and measuring airborne volatile or-
ganic compounds In the vicinity of livestock
production facilities, a trapping procedure was
developed. A sampling box was designed and
built which permitted the measurement of
ammonia generation rates from earth, building,
and treatment system surfaces. These measure-
menu qualified the rate of ammonia release
from dairy and swine housing areas, manure
storage facilities, and grassland used for ma-
nure disposal. In addition to the ammonia
evolution, these studies indicated a non-ammonia
nitrogen evolution rate ranging from 0.25 to 0.79
of the ammonia. No correlation was evident
from these data between age of manure and
non-ammonia nitrogen ammonia release rates.
Non-ammonia nitrogen values were consistently
low from the swine manure lagoon surface
(Cartmell-East Central)
2249-A7, C2
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC
AMINES VOLATILIZED FROM
CATTLE FEEDYARD
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service. P. O Box E, Fort Collins
Colorado 80521
A. R. Hosier, C. E. Andre, & F. G. Viets, Jr.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7,
p. 642-644. 1973. 2 fig., 2 tab., 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlote, 'Cattle. ' •Volatilization.
Nitrogen compounds
Identifiers: 'Aliphatic amines. 'Identification, Di-
lute acid traps
360
-------
An investigation was conducted to Identify
some of the basic organic N-containing com-
pounds volatilized from a cattle fccdlot. These
compounds were collected In dilute acid traps.
Direct gc analyses of the acid trap concentrates
showed that 10 compounds could be observed.
To Identify these compounds the retention times
of the unknown materials were compared with
those of the standard aliphatic amines. Methyl.
dimethyl, ethel, n-propyl. Iso-propyl. n-butyl. and
n-amylamines were among the basic N-com-
pounds volatilizing from a high density cattle
feedyard (Cartmell-East Central)
2250-A8, C2
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
A FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
U S Department of Agriculture. Agricultural
Research Service. Lincoln. Nebraska
G E Schuman «t T. M. McCalla
Soil Science, Vol. 119, No. 2, p. 113-118. February,
1975. 6 fig.. 2 re*.
Descriptors- "Feedlots, 'Soil profile's. "Chemi-
cal properties, Nitrates. Potassium
Identifiers: "Impermeable layer
This study was made to determine the chemi-
cal composition of feedlot profiles, which might
be helpful in understanding the characteristics
M feedlot soil profile and the effects of the
observed characteristics on the profile. The ex-
chan£e complex was predominantly saturated
Srith K in the top 15 cm of the soil profile
immediately below the manure pack. Ca became
the dominant ion below that depth The high K
resulted from large amounts of K in the ra-
tions fed to the livestock. The zone where
high levels of K were present was also high
S carbon. This zone was very dark and sUghtly
more dense than the material above and below.
The permeability of this dark layer was low.
Su Columns leached with CaCl, allowed
ptrcolaSon to occur, which indicated that the
.raline was at least partially due to the K.
No percolate resulted from the distilled water
of KC1 solution treatments. N03-N was very
low below the impermeable layer and several fold
Wisher In the field profile. (Cartmell - East
Central)
2251-A8,A11,B1,C2,E2
FERTILIZER, FEED VALUE OF
SWINE WASTES DETAILED
P. W Under and B. A. Stewart
foil Science Society of America Proceedings,
Vol. 38. P. 954.957. 1974. 2 fig.. 1 tab., 14 ref.
Descriptors: "Feedlots. "Effects. Bulk density.
Porosity, Organic Matter, Evaporation
Identifiers: "Land disposal, "Application rates,
Soil water retention. Aggregation
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
effects of various feedlot waste (FLW) applica-
tion rates on various soil conditions and on
evaporation of water from the soil. Feedlot
wastes applied at rates considered adequate to
supply the nutrient requirements of plants had
no significant effects on soil conditions. The
effects on soil conditions were significant as
FLW application rates increased. The reduced
bulk density and water retention at high matnc
potentials of the plow layer of FLW-treated
soil suggest that water from Irrigation or
precipitation should move more readily to
greater depths in the soil where the water is
less susceptible to losses by evaporation and
hence conserved for subsequent plant use. An
evaporation study in the laboratory with FLW
treated soil revealed reduced evaporation with
increased rates of FLW application. (Cartmell-
East Central)
»-U. April.
tion rates, .Performance
2253-A7, C2
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF
PARTICULATES NEAR A BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT
Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition. Cali-
fornia University, Davis 95S16
J. Azevedo, R. G. Flocchini. T. A. Cahill, P. R.
Stout
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3. No. 2.
p. 171-174, April-June, 1974. 3 fig., 1 ref.
A summary of a paper on the value of swine
£ Jte as a fertilizer and a feed resource is
presented. The composition of manure can
vary and change, due to the following three
(»cti>r» (1) the nutrient composition and type
X ?itt'on fed to the pigs; (2) the amount of
feed Md water wastage and the amount of
bedding wed with manure, and (3) waste
handling and storage methods. Some factors to
Mnslder for efficient use of swine waste on
Und are: method of application time of appli-
cation soil characteristics, and crop nutrient
removal Excessive nitrogen loading, salinity
problems, and accumulation of heavy metals
?n the soil and growing crops are probably
.1. ereatest hazards for heavy and long-term
»pliSSo« of waste to the soil. Swine waste
lsPPa potential feed ingredient. In past research
il/feces have made up as much as 15% of a
ration "thout any adverse effect on feed effi-
cfency (Cartmell-East Central)
2252-A8, E2-
FEEDLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON
SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER
EVAPORATION
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bushland, Texas 79012
Descriptors: "Dusts. "Feedlots. "Catties
Identifiers: "Manure, "Composition, "Particulates
Dusts from manures should have characteristic
elemental signatures reasonably distinct from
those of dusts from surrounding soils. The flow
of dust near animal corrals was examined ob-
jectively through use of alpha-excited X-rays
and the origin of aerosols In the surrounding
air was assessed. The contribution of large
parUculates from the feedlot to the atmosphere
was restricted to the Immediate vicinity of the
corrals. The feedlot contributed very little to
the concentration of intermediate-sized particles
in the air. but did have some influence on the
smallest-sized particles. The summation of
analyzed elements in each size stage downwind
to the feed mill did not exceed those upwind.
Eight elements (Si. Al. P, S. Cl. K. Ca, and Fe)
were present in detectable quantities in the
majority of the air samples taken in the vicinity
of the feedlot. (Cartmell-East Central)
2254-B2,Cl,C2,C3,D3,El,E3
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
WASTE FROM AN INTENSIVE PIG
UNIT
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen.
AB2. 9SB
P. N. Hobson 4 B. G. Shaw
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 437-449, 1973.
1 fig., 13 tab., 14 ref.
Descriptors: "Anaerobic digestion, 'Waste treat-
ment
Identifiers: 'Swine, "Loading rates
Anaerobic digestion was investigated as a pri-
mary treatment for very strong agricultural
wastes, to reduce the solids and polluting prop-
erties and to improve the settling of the waste
In order to give a supernatant liquid which,
while not up to river board itandards would
be suitable for discharge to town sewers, for
secondary aerobic or other treatment, or for
recycling as animal nous* wash-water. Six experi-
ments were run. Experiments 1 and 2 con-
cerned batch digestion of waste. The experiments
showed that a proper digestion, with the pri-
mary acidic and secondary methanogenic fer-
mentations in balance, could not be developed
by direct incubation of undiluted or almost undi-
luted, pig waste. Experiment 3 shotted that
a balanced digestion of piggery watte could
be obtained using a seed of digesting sewage,
but that loading rate in the early stages of
the digestion could be a critical factor. Experi-
ment 4 showed that a balanced digestion of
piggery waste could b: achieved without a
seed U the initial loading rate was low enough
to allow a methanogenic flora to develop before
a high acid concentration was reached. Experi-
ments 3 and 6 dealt with performance of Ini-
tially seeded and unseeded digestions at dif-
ferent loading rates. These two experiments
revealed that balanced digestion could be ob-
tained by using, initially, low loading rates and
allowing time for the build-up of a stable
population of the correct bacteria. (Carlmell-East
Central)
2255-A4,A5,A8,Bl,C2,E2,F3
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS
AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF
NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins,
Colorado
F. G. Viets. Jr.
Reprint from Effects of Agricultural Production
on Nitrates in Food and Water with Particular
Reference to Isotope Studies, Vienna. Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency. 1974, p. 63-.6,
1 tab., 32 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, "Nitrates, "Ani-
mal wastes, "Fertilizers, Hydrology. Nitrification.
Infiltration. Eutrophication, Agricultural runoff.
Ammonia. VolUalization
Identifiers: Isotopic nitrogen
An updating and supplementing of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture Handbook 413, Fac-
tors Affecting the Accumulation of Nitrate in
Soil, Water, and Plants" (Viets and Hageman,
1971) is provided. A change over from vegetable
protein to animal protein in the human diet has
resulted in the Increased use of nitrogen ferti-
lizer in the developed countries for the last
30 years. Stocking rate and the continuity ol
use of the feed-yard or holding area appear
to be' the factors upon which nitrate percolation
to aquifers depend. Because of inhibited nitrifi-
cation and infiltration, modern high-density cattle
feed-yards have low nitrate flux. Eutrophication
and nitrate accumulation may be contributed to
by volatilization of ammonia and its absorption
by surface water. Nitrate leakage occurs under
highly productive cultivated land regardless of
the nitrogen source. Fertilization management
must hold this leakage to a tolerable concentra-
tion in relation to hydrology and use of under-
ground water in the area. There is a need for
better understanding of land productivity, nitrate
leakage, and hydrology. Assistance in solving
these problems may be obtained from isotopic
nitrogen. (Kehl-East Central)
2256-A6, A7
DIURNAL FLUCTUATION AND
MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES
FROM DAIRIES
Western Region, Agricultural Research Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the Cali-
fornia Agricultural Experiment Station
R. E. Luebs, K. R. Davis, and A. E. Laag
Descriptors: 'Ammonia, "Dairy industry, 'Gases.
•Air pollution. Odor
Identifiers: 'Diurnal fluctuation
Ammonia has been known to be in the atmo-
sphere for nearly 100 years. Recently, con-
cern for environmental quality has increased
Interest In NH3 as a potential air pollutant
It has recently been shown that the waste or
manure from large concentrations of domestic
animals Is a significant local source of atmo-
spheric NH3. This study, consequently, had
three objectives: (1) determination of the atmo-
361
-------
spheric concentrations of ammonia and related
gases near dairy operations, (2) determina-
tion of the stability of these concentrations, and
(3) determination of the effect of mind areal
distribution and concentrations. Simultaneous 24-
hour air sampling, 0.8 km upwind from the
nearest cows in a large dairy area (145,000
cows) and 11.2 km upwind from the dairy area
were taken. The samples indicated distillable
N concentrations of 190 and 6u g/m (3)
respectively. Readings were also taken during
a 24-hour period of the distillable-N concentra-
tion of a downwind corral fence of an isolated
600-cow dairy. This Information Indicated signi-
ficant N loss from dairy waste by NH.n vo'atiliza-
tion. Meteorological factors greatly affected
atmospheric concentrations of distillable N, parti-
cularly temperature Inversions in ths atmo-
sphere and wind, alone with proximity to the
waste. Winds averaging 9.3 km/hour transported
distillable N 500 m from the isolated dairy at a
height of about 1.2 m. (Kehl-East Central)
2257-A4, Bl, El, Fl, F2
CURRENT LIVESTOCK POLLUTION
REGULATIONS
L. Lublnus and F. Kerr
Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota
State University. BrooWngs. August, 1974, 5 p.
iie,!JiiMer*fn *Point source'
Feedlot effluent standards
Pnnllf nL"^ *2'500 amend=d «>e Federal Water
i> i 10,°," ,Conlrol A<* and was enacted October
(ineiurt . "Prohibits the discharge of pollutants
(including livestock wastes) into any stream.
lirmi. i ej fro'n a P0'"' source without a
Semlf. • fn)m °ne Of tw° offices- These
Prnurt' are.lssued by the Federal Environmental
r r Agen,cy'! regional offi« in
r. ° '"I0' Or from ">« S0""1 Dakota
rtment of Environmental Protection (DEP)
ine term "point source" is defined in terms
?LL ge* and sma" Ceding facilities using the
'T£? !J'i?£«£!lmber "' ""imals to define the size.
MHO ?E.S (National Pollution Discharge Elimi-
nation System) is in charge of the permit pro-
gram at the national level. Instructions of how
ana where to apply for a permit are given. Feed-
.lot effluent standards, cost-sharing programs
fir KI p .5' assistance are briefly discussed.
(Kehl-East Central)
2258-B1, C3, D3
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF
PIGGERY-WAJSTE ANAEROBIC
DIGESTERS
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen
,,; .N' J?obson and B. G. Shaw
Water Research. Vol. 8, p. 507-516. 1974. 1 tab.,
31 r6f.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion. 'Bacteria.
Sludge. Methane
Identifiers: 'Piggery wastes. 'Bacterial popula-
tion. Facultative bacteria
Previous studies of piggery waste have described
the setting up and running of laboratory-scale
fermentors digesting piggery waste. This study
not only covered the practical details of ob-
taining good digestion, but observations were
made on the flora of the digesters during the
setting up of digestion and while a balanced
digestion was proceeding. The study made a
survey of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic
bacteria present in piggery waste, digesting
piggery waste and domestic anaerobic sludge
used in starting a piggery waste digester. An
influence of the input waste was shown in that
streptococci were the predominant bacteria in
the digesting waste, replacing Enterobacter
when a piggery waste digestion had been estab-
lished from the latter material. All the bacteria
concerned in degradation of the waste consti-
tuents were anaerobes. Methane production from
Hj/CO2 formate and butyrate could be detected
in mixed culture from digester contents dilu-
tion, but the only methanogenic bacterium that
could be Isolated in pure culture was Methano-
bacterium formicicum, which uses Hz/COj or
formate only. (Kehl-East Central)
2259-A7,All,A12,Bl,C3
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF
HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS
PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS
HOUSED IN LITTER-SLAT AND
SLOPING FLOOR MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Poultry Science and Veterinary Science Depart-
ments, The Pennsylvania State University, Uni-
versity Park 16802
T. A. Carter, R. F. Gentry and G. O. Bressler
Descriptors: 'Bacteria, "Poultry
Identifiers: 'Hatching eggs, •Chicks, 'Bacterial
contamination, 'Utter-slat system, 'Sloping floor
system
: *Waler P°lluti°n. 'Permits, 'Live-
assistance,
Previous studies have Indicated that air and
egg shell bacterial counts are lowered when
Leghorns or broiler breeders are kept in wire-
floored houses instead of litter-floored houses.
The two main objectives of this study are con-
cerned with the study of bacterial contamina-
tion. The primary objective was to determine
if any differences existed in the type and amount
of bacterial contamination in eggs and chicks
produced by sloping floor and litter-slat waste
management systems. The second objective was
the development of procedures which would pre-
vent extraneous contamination of the eggs from
the time of collection through hatching. Gnoto-
biotic incubation, hatching and rearing methods
were utilized. The bacterial count of shells of
eggs from breeders in the sloping floor system
were significantly less than that for egg shells
of breeders in the litter-slat system. Day-old
chick bacterial contamination was low with no
marked difference between systems. More types
of enteric bacteria were isolated from chicks of
breeders in litter-slat systems when eggs were
untreated or dipped in a quarternary ammonium
and chicks chill stressed. There were no differ-
ences however, in the number of types of
enteric bacteria isolated from chicks of breed-
ers in either sloping floor or litter-slat systems
when eggs were sterilized using mercuric
chloride and chicks chill stressed. (Kehl-East
Central)
2260-A2, A5, A6, A8, All,
A12, Bl, E2, E3, F2
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE
GREAT PLAINS
North Central Region, Agricutural Research Serv-
ice. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln,
Nebraska
T. M. McCalla
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska. Julv
24-25. 1972. p. 49-61. 4 tab., 164 ref.
eluded that much remains to be done to
•better designs for animal waste
>*>"> O" dirt lots and In w.tfwn
units. Studies are underway on the use
nu.re 2 ,"*!? •nd to ^"nlne the matam
rate of land application of effluent ilnd m?
nure Irom feedlots. Odor continue* to £
a feedlot problem. (Kehl-East Centra?)
2261-B2, Cl, C2, E2, F3
DISPOSAL OF FARM ANIMAL
WASTES THROUGH THE SOIL
Oregon State University
M. C. Cropsey and V. Van Volk
Agricultural Engineering Annual Report of Re
search 1971-72, Agricultural Experiment Station
Oregon^SUte University. CorvinS. i5n. M p.'
Descriptor.: 'Waste disposal. 'Cattle industry
•Irrigation, Slurries, Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Land disposal. 'Waste water quality
Disposal of livestock manure through an irrira-
Uon pumping system has proven economically
successful, but some questions still need to he
answered. The objective of this study was to
determine the effect of large and frequent appli-
cations of dairy cow wastes on the soil Another
study objective was to determine the quality
of Waste water in the soil and in the drainan
water from such soil sites. The Oregon State
University Dairy Farm was used for the studv
It was determined that dairy manure slurrv
•hould not be applied the first year or two to.
soil plot that has recently been Installed with
drain tile. This Is advised becausT the TslSS
will short circuit through the freshly due Toil
to the drain Hie. When compared with thi
effluent applied there was a considerable re!
ductlon in TS. BOD and all forms of phosphoruM
and nitrogen in the dry wells and the drata
tile. A considerable portion of both the Uouldi
•nd solids was observed to be retained either
in the soil or on the surface. It was observed
that the wind has- considerable influence over
the distribution of the manure water slum
Recommendations for further Investigation ai«i
some advice on application Is given. (Kehl-East
Descriptors: 'Research and development, 'Cat-
tle, 'Great Plains, 'Feedlots, 'Design, Agricul-
tural runoff. Soil contamination. Groundwater.
Odor, Costs, Regulation, Diseases
The Agricultural Research Service, USDA and
the Agricultural Experiment Stations are carry-
ing on animal waste management research on
beef cattle feedlots in the Great Plains. A sum-
mary of this research was presented before a
meeting sponsored by the Great Plains Agricul-
tural Council in Fort Collins, Colorado. March
13-15, 1972. Results of this Teseach are discussed
calling attention to some of the areas that
need additional emphasis. The topics that were
briefly examined were (1) runoff from beef cattle
feedlots. (2) soil pollution, (3) groundwater,
(4) odors, (5) land-loading, (6) disease problems,
(7) cost of establishing animal waste -manage-
ment practices, (8) regulatory aspects, (9) con-
finement house feeding and (10) manure as feed
It was concluded that some waste manage-
ment systems for dirt beef cattle feedlots have
been developed that are both workable and
economical to construct. The study also con-
2262-B2,B3,B5,Cl,C2,C3,Dl
PROPERTIES RELATED id
MATERIALS HANDLING
Agricultural Engineering Department, North Da-
kota State University, Fargo
G. L. Pratt
Presented at Animal Waste Conference on
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods
Related to Animal Waste Research. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, nil"
nols. December 11-12, 1J72. 2 fig.. 2 tab., ji Jet.
Descriptors: 'Physical properties. Waste stor
age. Transportation. Waste disposal. Pmnptai"
Separation techniques. Filtration. Centrifugatton
Design '
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Dilution Load
ing. Gutter flushing. Settling tanks ~--«-
Manure and modified manure have a variety
of forms such as solid and diluted. These forms
must be considered in developing an analyst.
of handling systems for these materials Load
ing. storage, transport and disposal are the
basic handling processes that are involved.
Under the heading of manure transport, the
aspects discussed are pumping, pipeline trans
port of manure and gutter flushing. Liquid
solid separation is discussed In terms of setutni
tanks and channels, filters and centrifuges Ther!
are several factors that affect the quality 'of nia
nure. They an: (1) differences in the basic
wastes from different animals. (2) the animal1.
age. (3) the ration fed to the animals, (4) ani
mal environment, (S) manure moisture and
(«) the treatment processes tfiat manure mav
be exposed to. Tables on the differences in
quality and in production rates of manurT In
different Jdnds of animals are given Mm
additional figures are given to further' define
characteristics of manure that will Influinci
the design of handling systems. (Kehl-East Ce?
362
-------
(2263-A4, A6, All, Bl, C3,
D2, D3, EA, Fl
-KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL
WASTE
Department of Chemical Engineering. Missouri
University. Roll* «M01
j L Caddy, K. L. Park, and E. D. Kapp
Water Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 3. No. 2.
•p. 161-169, June, 1974. 2 fig., J tab.. 15 ref.
Descriptors- "Kinetics, •Economics, 'Animal
wastes. Feedlots, Waste disposal, Waste treat-
ment. Carbon dioxide. Methane
Identifier!: "Anaerobic fermentation
During the process of raising cattle in this
nalton, approximately 1,008 X 10(12) kg (En-
sminger, 1972) of solid waste (manure) are
generated. The natural decays process dissemi-
nates the manure so that no harmful effects
result when the animals are concentrated in
large feedlots for fattening. The quantities of
manure accumulate and create serious health
hazards and pollution. This animal waste con.
tains harmful bacteria. Imposes a high biologi-
cal oxygen demand on our waterways, and
has an objectionable odor. A scheme, based
on the process of converting animal waste to
COa and-CH4 by the autocatalytlc process of
anaerobic fermentation, for waste dltposal from
laree feedlots Is presented. This process design
"based on kinetic data from the literature
which are fitted to a kinetic model including
dUfusional resistance. An^ economic incentive
for this process is provided by the sale of
the CH«. A return .on investment of 23% yr.(l)
from the sale of CH4 appear, to be possible for
a large feedlot. (Kehl-East Central)
2264-A9, A10, B5
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY TO FLIES
OF MANURE FROM CHICKS
ADMINISTERED INSECTICIDE-
TREATED FEED
College of Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii Univer-
MtySherTanUG. H. Komatsu. and J. Ikeda
£nrnaf?f Eco^mic Entomology. Vol. 60. No. 5.
p m"l403, October, 1967. 2 tab.. 10 ref.
Descriptors: -Insecticides, "Feeds, "Poultry,
•Larvae
Identifiers: 'House flies
A study was done to determine the effectiveness
of 44 insecticides administered in the feed of
chicks in controlling the larvae of 4 species of
housV flies The insecticides included 1 chlori-
nated hydrocarbon, 6 phosphates, 1 carbonate,
6 phosphorothionates. 9 carbamates. 2 phosphoro.
thlolates, 2 phosphonotrithioates. 10 phosphoro-
dithioates. 3 phosphonodithioates, 1 phosphoroW-
Sioate, and 3 phosphonothioates. The fly species
induded Musca dome.tiea L.; Fannla pu.lo
(Wledemann) Chrysomya nwBacepnala (F); and
Pirasaracopha»a argyrosfoma (Robineau Des-
voWy' V arlyrosfoma was the most tolerant
•tnecies to Insecticide-containing manure. Eleven
re insecticides were highly toxic to at least
3 of the species after passage through the chick.
The larval mortality was also determined in
droppngs inoculated directly with the insecti-
r!d«I Relatively low levels of 20 of the in-
MCtfcidfs: were effective in controlling at least
\ .nicies by this method of administration.
Tables listing the insecticides and their effects
In thl larval are given. (Kehl-East Central)
2265-A8, B2, C2, Fl
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR
MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION
D. E. Baker, D. L. Stoddard, and R. M. Eshel-
Compost Science. Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 10-15. Jan-
uaryOFebniary, 1975. 12 tab.
Descriptors: 'Spray irrigation, "Cattle. "Dairy in-
dustry, "Effluent, "Crop response. Nitrogen, Soy-
beans, Pennsylvania
Identifiers: Corn
A study was conducted at Green Valley Farms,
Avondale, Pennsylvania, with the objective of
developing a system which would use cow ma-
nure effluent in a pollution-abatement program
which would Insure high corn yields and reduce
the cost of fertilizer. Experimental plots were
established to supply three replications and three
variable treatments in early May after plow-
ing and disking. The variable treatments in-
cluded the normal farm fertilization (check),
manure effluent and manure effluent plus solu-
tion N (Uran-30). Corn and soybeans were plant-
ed and monitored. The soil testing and forage
analyses yielded the following guidelines. The
potential for corn at Green Valley using ma-
nure effluent should be 200 bushels of grain
or 30 tons of silage per acre. Tbe nitrogen
requirements would be about 300 pounds of N
per acre. O) the 300 pounds, 60 would be re-
leased by the soil, 15 would be from starter
fertilizer and the remaining 225 would be sup-
plied with manure effluent and fertilizer N added
to it. Adjustments would be necessary for supply-
ing the N requirements of other crops. Grass
silage crops should receive approximately 50
pounds of fertilizer N for each cutting. Nitrogen
fertilization of soybeans requires further study.
All Legumes should be Inoculated to allow
maximum fixation of nitrogen from the atmo-
sphere. Addition of nitrogen at the time of
maximum utilization \>y the crop might enable
greater fixation from the atmosphere as well
as greater efficiency from applied nitrogen.
(Merryman East Central)
2266-A11, B3, C2, E3
VALUE OF UrUED CATTLE MANURE
AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY
Division of Poultry Science, Agricultural He-
search Organization, The Volcanl Center, Bet
Dagan, Israel
B. Lipstein
Feedstuffs, Vol. 45. No. 24, June 11, 1973. 4 fig.,
19 ref.
Descriptors: "Feeds, "Poultry, 'Energy, •Per-
formance. "Nitrogen
Identifiers: 'Dried cattle manure. Broilers. Lay-
ing hens
of chicken manure as a part of the diet of
dry and milking cows and (2> To determine
the degree to which young, growing ruminants
utilize the nitrogen, energy and nutrients of
chicken manure. It was determined that:
(1) Both cows and growing cattle consumed
sufficient quantites of dried, "pure" chicken
manure when added to low nitrogen diets to
satisfy their nitrogen requirements. (2) The rate
of chicken manure acceptance was determined by
preparation method, the ration's physical prop-
erties, the type of feeds to which It Is added.
and Individual preferences. (3) Satisfactory per-
formance in terms of body weight gain and milk
production, flavor and composition was obtained
from diets with ADM as a major source of nitro-
gen. (4) Additions of ADM to a low nitrogen
basal diet resulted in an Increase in digestibility
of dry matter, energy, nitrogen, ether extract,
and carbohydrate. With additional ADM incre-
ments, the digestibility of nitrogen increased
progressively whereas nitrogen retention de-
creased progressively. (5) No digestive upsets
or malfunctions could be attributed to feeding
of ADM. (7) The ADM was not found to have
large numbers of Salmonella or coliform organ-
Isms. (8) Chicken manure's main nutritive value
is in the nitrogen, calcium end phosphorus it
contains. (Merryman-East Central)
2268-A9, A10, Bl
FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY FARMS
Extension Entomologist, Cooperative Extension
Service, College of Agriculture and National
Resources. The University of Connecticut, storrs
M. G. Saves
Publication No. 72-12. Cooperative Extension Serv-
ice, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 1972, 2 p.
Descriptors: "Insecticides, "Fly control, Sanita-
tion. Open floor system. Manure pit system.
Cage system
Successful fly control programs involve sanita-
tion and the use of InsecUcides. Manure manage-
ment to minimize fly breeding was discussed
briefly. A list of insecticides which can be
applied to manure pits was given. (McQuitty It
Barber-University of Alberta)
The objectives of this study were to determine
(a) the effect of rations containing dried cattle
manure (DCM) on the well-being and perform-
ance of growing and laying chickens, and (b) the
utilization of the energy and nitrogen found
In DCM by these birds. DCM was substituted
in different amounts (up to 30%) for sorghum
grain and pulverized basalt rock in the diets
of broilers and laying hens. The DCM seemed to
be devoid of any caloric value for growing
birds; whereas for layers, its ME content was
approximately 500 kcal./kg. The apparent re-
tention of the nitrogen found In DCM (equiva-
lent of 12% crude protein) appeared to be
very low. Hence. DCM is unsuitable as a dietary
Ingredient unless the purpose is lower nutrient
density. (Merryman-East Central)
2267-A11, B3, C2, E3
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE
VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE
FOR CATTLE
Department of Animal Husbandry. Cornell Uni-
versity. Ithaca. New York
L. S. Bull and J. T. Reid
Unpublished Report. Cornell University. Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. 1965, U V. 7 tab.,
13 ref.
Descriptors: "Feeds. "Nutrition. Poultry, Cattle,
Performance. Nitrogen
Identifiers: "Dried poultry manure, "Refeedlng
rkK-—....tin.,5 are made concerning the use of
nicken manure (ADM) as a nitrogen
2269-A8, E2
MANURE ON MILLET
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research. Vol. 20. No. 2. p. 16. 1971.
Descriptors: Ammonia. Toxicity. Nitrates
Identifiers: "Manure, "Millet, "Application rates.
Application of 65 tons/acre of dry cattle ma-
nure in the surface 8 inches of soil had no
harmful effects on root development of millet
in Alabama tests; however, when the same
amount of manure was applied as a continuous
layer (laid as a subsurface layer to simulate
plowed-ln manure), millet roots were considerably
restricted, probably due to inadequate oxygen
supplies rather than ammonia toxicity. The
nitrate content of percolating water was in-
creased by the plowed-in layer of manure, but
not by the incorporated manure. Top growth of
millet was increased by both manure treat-
ments, but the increase in growth was greater
for the incorporated than for the plowed-in
manure. (McQuitty Jt Barber-University of Al-
berta)
2270-A2, AA, A3, A8, Bl
BRAKING FEEDLOT RUNOFF
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 5, Feb-
ruary, 1971. 1 fig.
Descriptors: "Runoff control, "Feedlots. "Neb-
raska. Water pollution. Groundwater. Sampling.
Identifiers: Soil cores
This article reports on two management sys-
tems that limit pollution of streams and ground-
water from beef cattle feedlots which are cur-
363
-------
rently under development In Nebraska. Collec-
tion basins are utilized to trap the runoff.
Runoff recording equipment and groundwaler
sampling wells have been installed at two test
feedlots. ' At one feedlot, steel cased wells
(caissons) have been installed to a depth of
12 ft. to allow a study of soil gases and pollu-
tants moving downward under various condi-
tions In the feedlot. Soil cores have been and
are being taken for analysis. (McQuitty &
Barber-University of Alberta)
2271-A6, A7, Bl, Dl
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE
GOOD NEIGHBORS
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research, Vol. 20. No. 6. p. 12, 1971
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Dusts. 'Ventilation, Am-
monia. Gases, Water
Identifiers: 'Poultry houses. Spray chambers
ARS scientists are experimenting with spray
chambers for elimination of odor and dust emmis-
k?*i. , "f poultr» houses. In the spray chamber,
which Is locaUd next to the exhaust fans, water
combines with ammonia and other malodorous
gases and carries them away in solution. Dust
t R^rh 1?f 5y the water ">ray- monla, nitrate, and
uric acid from poultry manures upon corn crops.
Conclusions concerning the use of poultry ma
^ ^f« """>«« fertilizers are: (1) the de-
composition of uric acid in fresh poultry ma-
nure releases substantial amounts of NH3, (2) if
Ji! . °' aPP"cation of manure are kept low.
,,? Zltii2 Proo'em can be avoided altogether,
(3> with Wgher rales of application, an incuba-
tion period of about one month after application
and before planting will allow for nitrification
of the ammonia produced, (4) Incorporation of
carbonaceous waste materials, such as straw,
with poultry manure fertilizers can reduce po-
tential toxiclty hazards. (Battles-East Central)
2273-A2, All, Bl, E3
PROGRESS REPORTED IN
HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES,
RECYCLING IN FEED
Editor of Feedstuffs
D. Natz
Feedstuffs, Vol. 44, p. 2, 53. February 14, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Feeds, Swine, Pro-
teins, Costs, Agricultural runoff
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dried* poultry waste,
•Waste management. Continuous feeding. Food
and Drug Admlnistatlon
FEEDING WASTES' '
Feedstuffs, Vol. 43. p. 14. December 11, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Feeds. 'Nutrients, 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Dried swine feces, 'Dehydrated
poultry wastes
Tests at Michigan State University In the feed-
ing of dried swine feces (DSF) and dehydrated
poultry waste (DPW) to swine are described.
It was concluded that finishing pigs will con-
sume corn-soy rations containing up to 22
percent of the DSF at 90 to 95 percent full
appetite, that rate and efficiency of gain will
be depressed by the incorporation of DSF in
corn-soy rations to replace all or most of the
soybean meal, that inclusion of DSF does not
affect flavor or acceptability of the meat, and
that DPW is of somewhat less value than DSF
in swine rations. (Whetstone, Parker, and
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2275-E3, Fl
CATTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE
FOR AN ECOLOGICAL LOOP
Hoffman-La Roche Inc.
P. Meinhardt
Feedstuffs, Vol. 43, p. IB, 20, July 3, 1971. 5 tab.,
20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Economics, 'Feedlots, 'Or-
ganic wastes, 'Feeds
Identifiers: 'Refeeding
Among the conclusions stated are the follow-
ing: "1. Utilizing only organic wastes and mar-
ginal land, it may now be feasible to produce
an abundance of beef without using human food-
stuffs — the nature of the ruminant stomach,
the genetic flexibility of cattle, and the world-
wide acceptance of beef make this possible.
2. Beef may be produced on a large scale,
at less than 5c per pound, by locating dry-
lot breeding facilities and feedlots in and around
cities — at urban fringes and in city dumps
— even the manure becomes a valuable re-
source for refeeding, fertilizing, or producing
electricity — a major source of economies
are (1) close proximity for all production inputs
to minimize transport costs; (2) nearness to
cheap feeds (garbage); and (3) the production
of beef close to urban markets using devalued
land. Sufficient organic waste exists in most
countries to feed an abundance of beef —
waste vegetation, industry wastes, paper, ma-
nure, and even sewage, when properly fed
and supplemented, can feed beef." (Whetstone,
Parker. & Wells-Texas Tech University)
2276-A10, Bl, B5
THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS
FOR POULTRY HOUSES
Poultry Management Consultant, DeKalb AcRe-
search, Inc., DeKalb, Illinois
J. W. Claybaugh
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Ventilation, Nutrients,
Costs, Rodents •
Identifiers: 'Deep pits, 'Poultry houses
The major disadvantage of a deep pit is the
deterioration in nutrient quality of the manure.
Others are the additional cost of the building,
the possibility of water leakage leading to
anaerobic conditions in the pit, and the attrac-
tion of a deep pit for home-seeking rodents To
obtain good air flow patterns, separate ventila-
ing systems may be required for birds and pit
(Whetstone. Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
AND NUTRIENT MOVEMENT IN A
MONOCULTURE CORN SYSTEM
Crop and Soil Sciences Department Mirhl«n
State University, East Lansing 458Z3 MicW«an
M. L. Vltosh, J. F. Davis, and B D Knezek
Journal -of Environmental Quality. Vol 2. No »
P. 296-299, April/June, 1973. 5 tab.. 20 ref. '
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers. 'Chemical
•Sol!., -Nutrients, 'Organi
Phosphorus. Potassium* C
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Plow depth. 'Nutrient
movement, 'Corn, 'Application rates, pH
An evaluation of soil chemical properties or.
ganlc matter and nutrient accumulations.' and
nutrient movement and recovery after 6 and 9
years annual fertilizer and manure applications
to continuous corn was conducted on two soU
types — Conover-Hodunk loam and Metea
•andy loam The field experiments took place
at the MlcMgan State University Soils Farm
h HEm'.,LanSlng- Plf.w depths of » versus 30 ™
had little or no effect on soil test values or
nutrient accumulation patterns In the surface
°5 •!. Conover-Hodunk loam soil. The pH value
of both soils decreased slightly more than 0 1 DH
?™'^per, yjaj wlth the annual application of
188 kg of N/ha as ammonium sulfate. Available
P, Mil organic matter, and exchangeable K.
Ca, and Mg Increased with Increasing rates
of manure. The differential removal of nutrients
by grain and silage had no effect on soH
available P. Soil test changes for Ca, K, and
Mg were proportional to the net addition of
each nutrient; but less tban 30% of the net
nutrients added could be accounted for in
surface samples from the silage area where
67.2 tons of manure was applied annually The
most favorable rate of manure for the Metea
sandy loam soil was 22.4 metric tons ha (10 tons/
acre). Larger applications caused a significant
buildup of exchangeable K in the surfacT and
subsurface horizons and resulted in Inefficient
use of soil nutrients. The K buildup was less
critical on the loam soil or where silage rather
than grain was removed. (Baftles-East Central)
2278-Ali,B2,C2,C3,D3,E3,F5.
CONVERTING SWINE WASTE INTO
A NUTRIENT -SOURCE FOR SWINE
D' H' B^k"""1' D' L' D3y> *' H' Jensen- an"
Proceedings. Illinois Pork Industry Day Paoer
No. As-665d, University of Illinois. December
4-11, 1973, p. 15-19. 1 fig.. 4 tab.. 10 reT
Nutri"*s-
*°x"iauon ditch
In studies conducted at the University of nil
noli, waste serves as a substrate in a fermentai
Uon system for the production of ibudecell
protein. The biological enhancement of them*.
strata ij carried out in an oxidation ditch
Swine producers are currently using these ditches'
in waste management programs without reallz*
l5*.-,B.ny nutrlent r«*»™ 'rom the product*
Nutritive value has been shown for products
of the ditch in studies conducted with rata
No liquid effluent need* to leave the buUdine
since water must be added to the oxidation
ditch In order to maintain the constant compos!-
Uon and level of the ditch. Precautions should
be taken with the refeeding program described
n this paper Under abnormal conditions. T
trate levels of 5,000 parts per million have
been measured. Such levels are toxic to swine
Management practices such as effective internal
parasite control become exceedingly Important
since ascarid eggs can be cycled back to the
* r"yclin* proceM- WVIUC4 C1IVC _ — «_ . f* _ A _ «
with emphasis on the papers dealing with re- 2277~Ao, C2, £2
feeding. Bergdoll's recommendation of feeding . _.._ ^-,j,,, ™™__,
dried poultry waste from layers (which are
fed few antibiotics or other drugs) to beef cattle
Is cited in particular. (Whetstone, Parker, k
Wells-Texas Tech University)
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE,
FERTILIZER, AND PLOW DEPTH ON
CHEMICAL PROPERTD3S OF SOILS
2279-Bl,C2,D2,E2,E3,Fl
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
President, Arizona Feeds, Tucson, Arizona
B. P. Carton
364
-------
»t IBS Uth Meeting. New York,
isn. p. 262-266. > fig.
Descriptors: -Nutrients, 'Recycling. 'Energy. In-
.tSSSSSH-. r%tfSSZ%£»*. -i— -I.P—.
•Building materials
InclneraUon. land disposal, and recycling as
a s sasa
roicwrganlsnS. The organisms are then bar-
vested and used as a source ol feed for anl-
XJlta to this manner, the chemicals are re-
SdU and the energy in the organic waste
b , captured in the microorganism cells and
wntrlbutes to man's welfare as feed lor Uve-
SoSi Perhaps all or none of these methods
m« prove viable In the future, but one thing
U cleSTA manageable economic solution must
£. found to the pollution problem and the re-
veling ol •pomrtants If the livestock industry
JTto^onUnue to supply me.t by-product. to toe
nubile at a relative cost consistent with exper-
Fences of the part. (Merryman-East Central)
2280-A5, A8, C2
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN
T? A STERN NEBRASKA
US[Department of Agriculture. Lincoln. Nebras-
Ellis, L. N. Mielke, and G. E. Schuman
ka
J
n.«.riDlors- 'Feedlots, -Nitrogen. 'Soil profile.
?NrtS«ka!'cattle7soil contamination. Ground-
water pollution
Midwest. Feedlots are point sources
-f-nitro«en stnS" they provide intensive land
?,« The objective of this study was to examine
Jferts of beef-feedlot management systems
" nulaSon in toe soil profile and ground-
2282-A6, B2, D2, D3
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND
LAGOONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Ohio
State University, Columbus. Ohio 43210
E. P. Taiganldes
Proceedings. Second National Poultry Litter and
Waste Management Seminar. College Station.
Texas. September 30-October 1, 196B. p. 220-221.
3 fig.. 1 tab., 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion. 'Lagoons,
•Poultry. 'Design, Gases, Fermentation
Identifiers: 'Malodors, Loading rates
Basic advantages of anaerobic processes are
the stabiUiation of organic wastes at high
rates in continuous fermentation, at a wide
range of temperatures and environmental condi-
tions, and the production of a high-energy.
combustible gas. methane. These processes are
suited to animal manure but the main limita-
tion of the processes are malodors which emanate
during the process. Design parameters for
completely controlled and uncontrolled anaerobic
processes In the treatment of poultry wastes
are presented and discussed. Anaerobic diges-
tion could prove to be on* of the most effec-
UVB methods of poultry waste disposal when
research develops the engineering design criteria
and means of controlling the odors ""f^^
intrinsically with the process. Design I"""""*
rates for anaerobic lagoons are 0.001 to 0.015
Ib volatile matter/day/cu. ft. of lagoon water
volume. From the standpoint of odor accept-
ability, the recommended loading rate is 0.004
Ib /day/cu. ft. This is equivalent to about 15 cu.
ft of lagoon water volume/hen. Digesters op-
erating under controlled environment and at
constant temperature above 70 F may be loaded
at rates of 0.1 Ib. Vm/day/cu. ft. On volumetric
basis, 0.37 cu. ft. of digester volume/hen Is
suggested At this rate, the gas produced is
exflcUd to be about 0.4 cu. ".AheB/day.This
gas could" have a heat value of about 200 BTU.
(Solid Wastes Information Retrieval System)
profile. The soil texture of the feedlots
iod ranged from clay to coarse sand with
1« of the feedlots ranging from a few
to morethan SO years. The sites examined
uder
1 !i to an important consideration to toe
."ccumuUti." of NO, in the soil profile. (Kehl-
East Central)
2281-A6, B2, D3
EVALUATION OF AERATED
LAGOONS AS A MEANS OF SWINE
WASTE STABILIZATION
N.Wnor Industry Conference Waste
Management Workshop. November 9. 1967. 14 p.
S fig., 13 ref.
TMcriDtors: 'Aerobic lagoons. 'Aeration. De-
Sin Operation and maintenance. Odor
&?ePrs- 'iiwlne. 'Waste stabilization
2283-A2, B2, Fl
COSTS OF CONTROLLING
FEEDLOT SURFACE RUNOFF
Agricultural Economics Department, Utah State
University. Logan 84321
D. B. Nielsen and P. P. Olson
Utah Farmer-Stockman, Vol. 92, p. 10-11. October
5. 1972. I-Of.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots. 'Agricultural runoff.
•Costs, Utah, Runoff control
Identifiers: 'Government assistance
Of the 31 feedlots in Utah capable of handling
100 head or more, 26 were assessed in a study
of runoff potential. It appears that an expense
of 18c per head fed would be Involved In
correcting runoff conditions. Of the lots. 12 had
no runoff problem. 6 needed minor Improve-
ments, 5 needed major Improvements, and 3
would find it more economical to relocate.
(Whetstone. Parker, ItWells- Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2284-A8, B2, C2, E2, Fl
PROFITS FROM DADTY MANURE
APPLICATION
Texas AJtM University, College Station 77»43
J. M. Sweeten. D. Forrest, A. C. Novosad. and
A. Gerlow
"Results of 1974 Agricultural Demonstration —
Harris County." Publication No. D-CU. Texas
Agricultural Extension Service. Texas AtM
University. 1974. p. 51-S2.
bermudagrass were determined in a 1ST74 exten-
sion result demonstration In Harris County.
On an 80-cow, 187 acre dairy farm, the meadow
was divided into a one-acre manure-treated plot
and a one-acre control plot which received no
manure. Both plots were treated with 300 pounds
of 13-13-13 fertilizer and 200 pounds of ammonium
nitrate In mid-summer. Applications 01 liquid
manure at the rate of 11,000 gallons per acre
provided a net profit of $164 per acre on a
forage quality and yield basis. The 11.000
gallons of manure' contained only 55 pounds of
N, IB pounds of PxO*. and 73 pounds ft K,O.
The net production value of liquid dairy ma-
nure amounted to 1.5c per gallon. (Cameron-
East Central)
2285-C2, D3, El, F3
POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT
CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANTS
University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268
R. Laak. C. S. Shu, and J. J. Kolega
Presented at the 1974 Annual Meeting. American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. Oklahoma
State University. Stillwater, June 23-26. 1974. 17
p. 3 fig., 7 tab.. 28 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Waste disposal. Sludge,
Effluent, Chemical properties
Identifier*: 'Sewage treatment plants, pH. Vola-
tile acids. Activated sludge treatment process
The amount of poultry manure that can be
added safely to an activated sludge process
has been studied. The objectives of this labora-
tory study were to (1) choose the proper dis-
charge time for poultry manure, (2) find the
suitable dilution (sewage-to-manure ratio),
(3) evaluate the effect of manure addition on
the effluent quality defined by parameters
such as BOD,. COD. nitrate, phosphate. D.O..
suspended solids, etc.. (4) observe the excess
sludge and gas production and (5) find tne
effect of the manure sludge on the digester.
The study showed a 100 to 1 ratio of sewage
to poultry manure added during night flows
did not significantly affect the activated sludge
treatment process. An activated sludge plant
with one million gallon per day flow should
be able to treat in 4 hours the night Hows
of manure produced by 17.000 birds. A pilot
study Is recommended to confirm the promising
laboratory results. (Cameron-East Central)
used for treatment of swine
cve determination of this fact
require actual experimentation and re-
««ch Potential advantages are odor ocmtrol,
Into, and volume requirements, and elimina-
'tfon of tta neTfor frVquent disposal of sludge
solids. (Wetherill-East Central)
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry, 'Costs. 'Profits,
•Liquid wastes. Bermudagrass, Nutrients. Pro-
ductivity
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land disposal
Profits from applying dairy manure to Coastal
2286-A6, A7, C2
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS
FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Chemist. Air Pollution Research Center and
Department of Sou Science and Agricultaral
Engineering. California University. Riverside.
E. R. Stephens
California Agriculture. Vol. 25. No. 1, p. 10-11,
January. 1971. 1 fig.. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Measurement. 'Feedlots,
•Cattle, California. Sampling, Chemical proper-
ties. Chromatography
Identifiers: •Identification, MR spectroscopy. In-
frared spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry. Flame
photometry
During 1967, 1968, and 1969, a small-scale proj-
ect on the subject of feedlot odors was con-
ducted in laboratories at the Statewide Air
Pollution Research Center, the University of
California. Riverside. The objective was to iden-
tify the odorant compounds from typical feed-
lot operations and to develop suitable chemical
analytical methods for their detection and
measurement. The project involved several
phases, the first of which was campling the
air In or near the feedlot. The second phase
involved analysis of odor-causing substances in
toe air by methods such as gas or liquid
chromatrography. NMR spectroscopy, infrared
spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and name
photometry. The third phase was the analysis
of subjective responses, to humans to known
concentrations of odoriferous air. From the study,
it was discovered that the most important odor-
ous compounds in feedlot air are the molecular
365
-------
amines, especially trimethylamine; but a contri-
bution from other amines, ammonia, or other
compounds cannot be ruled out. Furthermore,
particular weather conditions or special feedlot
operations may produce a different mix of
odorants. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
2287-A11, E3
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED
FEEDLOT MANURE
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
C. M. Ward
Feedstuffs, Vol. 45. No. 28, July 9, 1973. 3 tab ,
f ref.
Descriptors: "Feeds. 'Feedlots, "Cattle, "Sheep,
•Proteins. "Performance
Identifiers: "Refeeding, 'Cerola, Digestibility
Among the systems suggested to solve the cur-
rent problem of feedlot manure utilization are
several schemes for refeeding manure or frac-
tions of the manure. The advantage that re-
feeding has over other systems is that the
producers are the consumers and vice versa
The product cerola, discussed in this study.
was produced from feedlot manure and fed
to sheep to determine its digestibility This
source material was taken from a pen of Here-
ford steers receiving a ration of whole corn.
5«,.ri i* ,"., W1'h a protein ^PPlement. A
description of the processing of the manure for
i*'™11* '* »»«». Six crossbred lambs which
averaged 61 lb. in weight were used in the
™f ," H-rial- The studv showed «>»« the
nutrient digestibilities found were high con-
nUn??8 '?e SOUrce °'-the Product. An ex-
fib"r , r ,'he Wgher Pontage of crude
r£fr Jr. ,T ? "* «>mP"rt to corn is that
Poor digestibility of fiber is expected when a
SSL^t ,Etr.ateu
Lm ii * A.,the protein lntake Average 64
SI' nfn^!f ' Protein) of these lambs would
not supper, weight gains, but might be suffi-
bv «»?. main'ai." T."'81"- Cerola is readuy ea'en
«f» n P "£" " highly di*«tible. Because of
in> .Sm*1* reSU'U °' this studv- » Process-
mg plant to provide Cerola for feeding brood
cows is being constructed at Sterling, Colorado.
£^ ,va" be expected 'rom these experi-
ments this year. (Kehl East Central)
2288-A6,A8,B2,D3,E2,F2
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
FARM WASTES
New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute,
Lincoln
D. J. Hills
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol 128,
No. 4, p. 42-44, April. 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: "Agricultural wastes, "Waste dis-
posal, "Anaerobic treatment, "Aerobic treatment.
Lagoons, Odors, Oxidation, Activated sludge. Mu-
nicipal waters. Livestock, Aerated lagoons, Legis-
lation, Oxidation lagoons
Identifiers: "New Zealand, Oxidation ditches.
Piggeries
Since the Water and Soil Conservation Amend-
ment Act of 1971, farmers have had to con-
sider alternative treatment methods of their
wastes, particularly livestock wastes. The most
widely used waste disposal systems in New
Zealand were anaerobic lagoons and spray dis-
posal. However, in situations where these meth-
ods cause odors or agravate poor soil character-
istics, aerobic treatment must be considered.
Oxidation ditches and mechanically aerated la
goons are both modified forms of the municipal
activated sludge treatment process. This may be
applied to beef cattle and poultry wastes but
is especially useful in piggeries. Mechanically
aerated lagoons also may be used in New
Zealand in the future. Surface aeration is of
value as a means for odor control of wastes
which will be subsequently spread on land.
Various agricultural operations are noted, with
their specific problems. These include piggeries,
dairy sheds, beef cattle feedlots. poultry houses,
and livestock. (Prague-FIRL)
2289-D2, E3
MOLASSES FROM MANURE?
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, No. 208, April. 1972.
Descriptors: "Feeds, 'Sludge, Proteins
Identifiers: "Manure, "Molasses, Sulphur dioxide
"The Sulphur Institute report! that sulphur
dioxide, an air pollutant from power and In-
dustrial plants, can be cooked with sludge,
protecting the organic ami no acids, in the
sludge from degradation, and enhancing the
protein values." If sludge, why not poultry ma-
nure which has lost most of its nitrogen?
(Whetstone, Parker and Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2290-A4, A6, A7, All, A12,
B2, B4, Dl, D3
NEW WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM
IS USED FOR HOGS
Agricultural Pollution Control Research Labora-
tory, Agricultural Engineering Department, Ohio
State University
E. P. Taiganides
American Farmer. Vol. 47, No. 2, p. 6-7, 1972.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment, Separation tech-
niques, "Liquid wastes, "Solid wastes. Odor, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand. Aeration
Identifiers: "Swine, "Flushing
Although liquid systems have made it possible
to mechanize manure handling to a greater
extent than is possible with solid systems, new
odor and water pollution problems have been
created. Automated waste handling systems
which do not create water or odor pollution
will probably be In great demand in years
to come. This study examined a treatment sys-
tem in which flushing the manure out of the
building played an important role. Flushing
accomplished two things: (1) It prevented the
release inside the building of noxious cases
which affect the health and comfort of both
animals and of the people working inside the
building; (2) It ameliorated the problems ol
dust and odor and it automated manure re-
moval. Flushing also enhanced the treatability
of the manure in the aeration units outside the
building by speeding np the llquiflcation of the
organic solids in the manure. At peak perform-
ance, an effluent of extremely high quality was
produced. The BOD of the effluent was from
30-140 ppm and pll ranged from €.5 to 8.4.
There were no odors. The effluent was treated
in an oxidation ditch, clarified, and recycled
through the building as flushing water. The
solids were screened out. aerated in an aerobic
digestor, and stored before being pumped out
for final disposal. There was trouble in getting
the aerator to work properly but the prob-
lem was presumed to be in the wiring. Before
a conclusion could be drawn on plant efficiency,
its performance in freezing weather would have
to be studied. (Kehl-East Central)
2291-B1, C3, D3, E3, Fl
FLY MANURE HIGH QUALITY
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT
Descriptors: "Feeds, "Proteins, Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Fly pupae. Manure, Flotation pro-
cess
Poultry Digest, Vol. 29, p. 385, August, 1970.
Breeding colonies for pathogen-free houseflies
were established. Eggs were collected and used
to inoculate fresh poultry manure. The eggs
hatch in five or six days and the larvae re-
move about 80 percent of the organic content
and reduce the moisture content of the ma-
nure. The larvae and pupae are collected
and processed into a high quality protein sup-
'plement. The economics appear favorable.
(Whetstone. Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
2292-A4, B2, B4, C2'
MANURE HOLDING PONDS
FOUND SELFSEALING
Area Soil and Water Technologist. Stanlslaua
J. L. Meyer. E. Olson, and D. Baler
California Agriculture, Vol. 26, No. 4, p 14.15
May, 1972.
Descriptors: "Waste storage, 'Water pollution.
•Poultry industry, "Waste Water (Pollution)
Salts. Sludge, Biochemical oxygen demand. Nitro-
gen. California
Identifiers: "Manure holding ponds. "Self sealing
Findings in a study of waste pond operations
are reported. In the past, waste waters from
poultry and dairy operations flowed to stream
beds where they became part of the stream
Improved practices are imperative, since such
waste waters are high in BOD, nitrates, dis-
solved solids, offensive constituents, and bac-
teria. One alternative available to handle
animal wastes Is the use of manure waste
ponds. A test was run on 17 ponds in California
which represented a wide range of soil textures.
water table depths, and age. Results of various
experiments are included in the article Ap-
parent anaerobic nitrogen losses of consider-
able magnitude occur under normal pond op-
eration. Since much of manure dry solids are
salt, ponds should be emptied frequently or
whenever salt content reaches 2,900 ppm. A
study of soil nitrate and salt showed that after
several months of use, levels of nitrate and
salt in soil solutions from below ponds showed
very small changes. There is a very low rate
of water loss from manure ponds. Sludge which
developed on each soil bottom had very low
nitrate-nitrogen contents and very high BOD
values. Seepage of water from ponds amounted
to only 1 mm per day. Soil solutions below
the ponds had a lower concentration of all nu-
trients than adjacent well waters after 15
months. Thus artificial seals inside manure-laden
reservoirs are not recommended. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
2293-A8, B2, C2, C3, E2
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS
INCUBATED WITH PIG SLURRY
Agricultural and Food Bacteriology Department
Queen's University of Belfast, and Department
of Agriculture. Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9
5PX, Northern Ireland
J. E. Cooper
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 7, p. 119-124
1975. 4 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: "Nitrification, "Soils, "Slurries
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Land disposal, "pH, Nitrifv-
ing bacteria
Coinciding with the increased use of intensive
methods of rearing livestock is the common
practice of spreading animal slurries on agri-
cultural land. Factors most likely to limit
the use of slurry on cropland are the same as
those applying to sewage sludge: concentration
of heavy metals, survival of pathogenic bac-
teria and nitrogen content (Dotson, 7973) This
study's objectives were: (1) to determine the
effect of different quantities of slurry on nitri-
fication and nitrifying bacteria; and (2) to
compare nitrification patterns in slurry-treated
soils with those in soils receiving (NH4)aSO.
solutions of comparable nitrogen content The
results of the study are discussed in relation to
heterotrophic nitrification in soils, and the prac-
tical implication of spreading slurry on agricul-
tural land. Nitrification Incubation studies (5
weeks at 30 degrees C) were made in a natural
(PH 7.1) and an acid (PH 5.8) soil receiving
varying concentrations of pig slurry and
(NH.,)2SO« solution. Observations at weekly In
tervals were made of mineral-N and pH changes
and Inorganic salts media were used to obtain
separate estimates of the numbers of NH4 +/
-N- and NO(2)-N- oxidizing bacteria. NH4 +/_
was nitrified to a greater extent than (NH+«)
(NH+4>xSO« in an add soil. In the neutral
soil, an accumulation of NO(2)-N resulted from
slurry additions. The pH of both soils, was
raised more by the slurry than the
-------
229'-All, B2, B4, D2,
D3, E3
FERMENTED POULTRY
MANURE RECYCLED
Poultry Digest. Vol. 30. p. 190, 1971
Descriptor!: 'Recycling, 'Fermentation, 'Poul-
try. Slurries, Bacteria
Identifiers: Heat treatment
Walter Langston, of Midwest Research Institute,
"has worked with a 250,000 layer operation in
which manure is collected In a tank where it
is made into a slurry so it can be pumped. It
is heat treated to kill disease organisms. Then,
bacterial fermentation Is used to upgrade the
material so that it can be fed to the animal
or bird, either as a wet material or dried. The
entire process takes less than 36 hours." No
ill effects appeared with recycling through the
same chickens several times. (Whetsone, Parker,
and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2295-D2, E3, Fl
POULTRY MANURE DRIED
WITH MICROWAVES
Poultry Digest, Vol. 30. p. 391, 1S71
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Drying, 'Microwaves,
•Costs. Feeds. Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Great Britain
A British firm is reported to have developed a
microwave drier with a one-ton per hour cut-
out Costs of $2.40 per ton for continuous opera-
tion or $5 per ton on a forty-hour week are
auoted for the machine which is priced between
$50000 and $60,000. "Dried manure emerges
In a wide continuous strip. Since there is no
odor it would make a suitable garden fertili-
zer but it is believed that the main outlet
JSu be for ruminant feeds." (Whetstone, Parker.
and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2296-A4, A8, B2, E2
FOREST LAND AND
MANURE DISPOSAL
poultry Digest, Vol. 30, p. 553. November, 1971
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Forest manage-
ment. Nitrogen. Liquid wastes. Groundwater
pollution
Identifiers: Tanker spreader
"Liouid manure was applied with a tractor-drawn
tank spreader across a 30-ft. swath to a white
pine plantation." It dried quickly and was dis-
nersed by rains within two months. Flies were
not attracted and the trees used the nitrogen
effectively Application rates must be governed to
avoid nitrogen build-up in groundwater. (Whet-
stone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Univer-
sity)
2297-A6, B2, B4, Dl, D3
MANURE HOLDING FUND
ODOR CONTROL
R A Parsons
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31. p. 386. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Aeration, Size
Identifiers: 'Manure holding pond, 'Odor con-
trol, 'Floating aerators, 'Sprinklers
Sprinklers or floating aerators are recommended
for odor control on overloaded ponds. "For
10,000 hens, an aerator that puts 69 to 90
pounds of oxygen daily Into the pond Is sug-
gested." (Whetsone, Parker, and Wells-Texas
Tech University)
2298-C2, D2, E3, Fl
DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS FEED
F. Price
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 348-349, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Drying, "Costs, 'Proteins,
•Economics
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, 'Refeeding, Eu-
rope
In European practice poultry manure is dried
at lower temperatures and the exhaust gases
are often run through an afterburner. Both
practices reduce odors. Drying costs of $6 to
$37 per ton have been reported. Protein contents
range from three to 30 percent with low protein
content accompanying high-temperature drying
and drying of old manure. The value of DPW
In poultry ration is about $18 per ton. It may
be more valuable for ruminants than for poultry
since ruminants can convert urea as uric add
to body proteins. Poultry can not. (Whet-
stone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2299-A11, B3, B4, C2, D2,
E3, Fl
DPW RECYCLING FACTS UPDATED
H. C. Zlndel
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 125-126, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Costs. 'Performances,
Layer hens, Dehydration, Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry wastes, • Refeeding
Studies at Michigan State University, including
recycling 35 times with rations containing 12 5
percent and 25 percent DPW, have indicated
that the practice is safe. No build-up of heavy
metals has occurred. Operation costs will
vary between $12 and $16 per dried ton with-
out afterburners. With them, costs will about
double. Properly processed and properly stored
DPW "has a place in the list of ingredients
for all animal rations." (Whetstone. Parker, and
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2300-A11, B3, B4, C2,
E3
MANURE STORAGE TIME AFFECTS
VALUE OF DPW
Poultry Digest. Vol. 31, p. 205. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Proteins
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste. 'Refeeding,
•Feed value
The protein percentage (dry basis) of dried
poultry waste decreases from 30.3 for seven-
day storage to 18.3 for 98-day storage of the
manure before drying. Intermediate values are
tabulated. After 31 recyclings of DPW with
collection and drying at intervals averaging 12
days, the crude protein at the end of the first
cycle was 29.7 percent. For a ration percen-
tage of 12.5 percent, the crude protein after
the 31st cycle was 27.9 percent. Phosphorus
content was 2.4 percent after the first, 2.8
percent after the 31st. Egg production was 62.4
percent on the 12.5 percent refeed, 59.6 percent
on the control diet (zero refeed), and 59.2 per-
cent on 25 percent refeed. (Whetstone, Parker.
and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2301-B3, E2
OTHER FERTILIZER USES
FOR DRIED MANURE
Poultry Digest. Vol. 31. p. 136. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Reclamation
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste
Dried poultry manure in excess of market de-
mand has proved useful in. Pennsylvania on
highway embankments, highly-acid strip mine
'lands, and other wastelands. (Whetstone, Parker,
and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2302-B5, Cl, C2, E2
WHY POULTRY MANURE
VARIES AS FERTILIZER
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31. p. 90-81, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Fertilizers, 'Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Moisture content
Identifiers: 'Manure variation
Many fanners distrust poultry manure as a
fertilizer because of uncertainty as to Its con-
tent of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
With "as is" samples In Riverside County,
California, values ranged as follows: nitrogen:
0.5 percent — 6.0 percent by weight. Phosphorus:
0.5 percent — 3.0 percent, potassium: 0.4
percent — 2.0 percent, and water: 7.8 percent—
69.5 percent. Major causes of the variation are
moisture content, feed of poultry, and age of
manure at time of drying or of delivery. (Whet
slone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2303-A10, Bl
CHICKENS CONTROL FLIES
FROM MANURE STACK
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 546. 1972.
Descriptors: "Poultry, 'Dairy Industry
Identifiers: 'Fly control, 'Manure, Maggots
"Chickens which eat fly maggots in dairy ma-
nure stacks at the University of Wisconsin's
Electric Research Farm are doing a good Job
of fly control . . ." Two hundred fifty cockerels
are housed in a yard to which the daily manure
production is brought. (Whetstone, Parter. and
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2304-A11, A12, B3, C2,
C3, E3, Fl
DATA NEEDED ON SAFETY OF
RECYCLING WASTE
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 294, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Pathogenic bacteria,
Safety
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Food and Drug Admin-
istration, Residues
.The Food and Drug Administration is watching
research results on the content of pathogens and
residues harmful to animals and food In re-
cycled litter. Until convinced of its safety, ap-
proval will continue to be withheld. Approval,
if it comes, will be on a process-by-process
basis as the safety of each process is established.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2305-A11, A12, Bl, E3
PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE
AS A FEEDSTUFF
Poultry Digest. Vol. 31, p. 537, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Performance, Phosphorus,
Amino Acids, Feeds
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Feces
Poultry feces uncontaminated with litter may
be fed to laving hens without detrimental
effects on the health of the hens or on the
taste of the eggs. DPW has a low energy
content and is useful primarily for its phos-
phorus and amino acid content. It should not
be fed to broilers and turkeys. Hens on DPW
eat more (to get more energy) and produce
more manure. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-
Texas Tech University)
2306-A6, A10, B3, Dl
HOW NUTTING PRE-DRIES MANURE
IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 385-386, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, Drying, Moisture con-
tent. Odor
Identifiers: 'Nutting, 'Waste accumulation. 'Deep
pit house. Flies
Cones of manure build up on Ix4's some five
Inches apart suspended between cage and pit
The manure is air dried by an exhaust fan and
367
-------
pushed off Into the pit semlannually. A four-
year accumulation In the pit has a moisture con-
tent of 20 to 30 percent and a depth of 40
Inches. It has little odor and attracts few flies.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells Texes Tech Uni-
versity)
2307-A2, A3, A4, B4, C2,
C3
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION
IN AN AGRICULTURAL
ENVIRONMENT
.1. K. Jones
M. S. Thesis, Department of Microbiology,
Colorado State University, 1971, 122 p. 7 fig, 10
tab, 84 ref.
D-scriolors: "Water pollution. 'Agricultural run-
off, 'Feedlots, Livestock, Conforms, Ammonia,
Nitrogen, Biochemical oxygen demand
Identifiers: Membrane filter
A study was undertaken with the primary ob-
jective of characterizing the types and num-
bers of coliform organisms occurring in fresh
and stor-d livestock fecal wastes and in waters
polluted by these wastes. A membrane filter pro-
cedure was used to detect the total coliform
and fecal coliform groups and these groups
were used to examine the significance of the
organisms as indicators of livestock waste pollu-
tion. Fresh bovine, ovine and equine fecal
samples showed an overall range of total con-
form counts of 7400 to 65 million per gram dry
weight and of fecal coliform counts, 5800 to 60
million per gram. In an environment of stored
bovine manure, a reduction in numbers of coli-
forms occur. Complex interactions of the con-
form population with th- natural environment
determine the types and numbers of indicator
organisms that reach water supplies in runoff
irom a livestock rearing area. The ammonia
nitrogen concentration and biochemical oxygen
demand may be at very low levels even when
conform counts indicate that water pollution
by runoff is occurring. The detection of fecal
cohforms by the membrane filter FC test in
wat«rs polluted mainly by fecal wast«s can
h' good; 95.2 percent of 733 FC oositive co!onies
from water samples were confirmed as Esch-
Cen i IMViC types ' or n- (Cartmell-East
2308-A1, B4, C2
NITROSATION IN FEEDLOT
MANURE
P. D. Bergstrom
M. S. Thesis, Department of Microbiology, Colo-
rado State University, 1971, 70 p 8 fig, 5 tab.
45 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Feedlots, 'Nitrates,
•Amines, Temperature, pH, Nitrates, Chromato-
graphy
Identifiers: 'Nllrosation
This study was initiated to determine whethnr
conditions permitting nitrosation exist during
the normal storage of manure. The findings indi-
cate that nitrites and amines occur in aopre-
ciable amounts in feedlot waste. The formation
of nitrosamine was detected when the sec-
ondary amine concentration was artificially in-
creased. The nitrite content in stored manure
was high enough for nitrosamine synthesis, but
In the samples examined the secondary amine
content appeared to be the limiting factor.
Nitrosamines were not detected in stored ma-
nure samples that were subjected to high tem-
perature and low pH conditions. Therefore, the
rate of nitrosamine synthesis In stored ma
nure is not likely to be rapid enough to permit
the accumulation of hazardous amounts of
nitrosamine. during the normal storage of feed-
lot manure. (Cartmell-East Central)
2309-A6, Bl, C2
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL
OF CATTLE FEEDLOT ODORS
M S Thes^f." Texas Tech University. Lubbock.
Texas, 42 p. 9 fig. 4 tab. 29 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Feedlots. 'Cattle. Gases.
Chromatography
The primary purpose of the project was to de-
termine the qualitative nature of the gases
present in the atmosphere around a beef cattle
feedlot In hopes of devising an economically
feasible odor control program. Qualitative nature,
in terms of functional classification, of the
gases present was sought, initially. Specific
Identification within each factional class was
then attempted by gas Chromatography. En-
vironmental chamber studies were carried out
to study the variation of chamber atmosphere
employing different methods of chamber man-
agement. During the first phase of chamber
management, only a few odiferous contaminants
were generated. Among the compounds present.
the most obnoxious were acetaldehyde and
iso-butraldehyde. When daily washing down of
the chamber was discontinued, indole and skatole.
which are extremely odiferous, were detected
in the chamber atmosphere. The biological de-
gradation of organic matter results in the forma-
tion of organic functional groups such as alco-
hols, carbonyls. amines, esters, etc. Since Im-
plementation of a control scheme was not
part of the project, no attempts were made
to experimentally evaluate the suggested routes
for odor control. (Cartmell-East Central)
2310-B2, D3, F3, F6
A MODEL STUDY OF FLOW
VELOCITIES IN AN OXIDATION
DITCH
U. Agena
M. S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Iowa State University, Ames, 1968,
100 p. 36 fig. 9 tab. 30 ref.
Descriptors: Model studies. Design
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch. Flow velocities
A model study of the velocities found in an
oxidation ditch was conducted. The effects of
changes In rotor speed, paddle finger width.
paddle immersion depth, liquid depth, and
channel leng'h on the main liquid velocity were
Investigated. It was found that, providing all
other pertinent quantities were held constant,
the mean liquid velocity increased as rotor
speed increased, as paddle finger width In-
creased, as immersion depth increased, and as
liquid decreased. Suggestions for further study
were listed. (Cartrcell-East Central)
2311-B1, Cl, C2, D3, E2,
Fl
CHARACTERISTICS AND
TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM
A CONFINEMENT HOG
PRODUCTION UNIT
E. P. Taiganides
Ph. D. Dissertation. Iowa State University,
Ames. 1963, 177 p. 31 fig, 14 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment. 'Confinement
pens, 'Chemical properties, 'Physical properties,
'Anaerobic digestion. Costs
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Loading rates. Gas pro-
duction
The objectives of this study were: (1) to deter-
mine qualitatively and quantitatively the physical
and chemical characteristics of wastes from a
hog confinement production unit, and (2) to
evaluate th? feasibility of using anaerobic diges-
tion methods for the treatment of said waste
prior to ultimate disposal on land. The quantity
and composition of manure can b« estimated
from data on the following factors: the daily
quantity and composition of the feed Intake
the water intake, the size of the hog and the
air temperature within the confinement unit.
Hog manure is digestible. At 950* F. with
once a day feeding and with continuous mixing
of the contents of a single stage digester, hog
manure could be digested at a loading rate of
.2 Ib. of volatile solids per day per cubic foot
of digester capacity and a detention period of
less than 8 days. (Cartmell-East Central)
2312-A8, B2, E2
FIELD TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK
LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL
PERCOLATION
D. H. Vanderholm
M. S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Iowa State University. JD09, 62 p 12
flg.rflS. tab, 43 ref.
Descriptors: 'Effluent, "Sprinkler Irrigation, La-
goons. Soil profile, Nutrients
Identifiers: Land disposal, Appllcntlon rates
In a field experiment it was concluded that
livestock lagoon effluent can bv applied to
agricultural land by sprinkler irrigation with-
out creating nuisance problems. Effluent applica-
tion had no harmful effects undi-r a periodic
cover crop. When operated under a periodic
loading and recovery schedule, practically no
problem of clogging the soil surfuce or profile
Is likely. Infiltration rates for lagoon effluent
are 20 to 50% lower than for clear water under
the same conditions, and appb'cation rates should
be reduced accordingly. Renovation character-
istics of a soil treatment and disposal system
axe excellent. Some beneficial effect In crop
production may be realized due to supplemental
irrigation and possible increase in available nu-
trients. (Cartmell-East Central)
2313-A1, Bl, Dl, D2, D3,
E2, E3, F4
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS
FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY
RESOURCES. 1. INTRODUCTION
AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502
W. P. Walawender, L. N. Fan, and L. E.
Erickson
Report No. 26 of the Institute for Systems Design
and Optimization. Kansas State University, Man-
hattan. April. 1972. 13 p. 35 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Energy, Drying, Incinera-
tion, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic conditions.
Fuels
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Agricultural
wastes, 'Manure, 'Liquefaction, .'Gasification.
•Hydrogaslfication. Refeeding. Composting
Recently there has been considerable concern
with preserving the environment in terms of
air, water and land quality. The conservation
of natural resources (both material and energy
resources) has also been a topic of concern.
The processing of feedlot manure was the object
of this study, primarily because of its availability
and because of present pollution problems.
An introduction to the problem, a review of
present feedlot waste management methods
and a review of the available technology which
may be applicable to the processing of ma-
nure Is given. Factors complicating utilization
of feedlot manure as a fertilizer have brought
about alternative management schemes, such
as aerobic and anaerobic treatment. Incineration.
drying, composting, and refeeding. Improved
•land disposal methods have also been developed.
And last but not least, three alternative con-
version processes have been developed—Clique-
faction of manure to produce oil; gasification of
manure to produce a synthesis gas; and con-
version of manure into methane using a hydro-
gasiQcation process. There exists a present
trend towards the development of the rural
areas of our country. Such development will
require energy sources which are presently
heavily taxed. The resulting products of pro-
cessing agricultural wastes may thus become
a valuable asset to the development of rural
areas. (Kehl-East Central)
2314-D2, D3, E3, Fl
FUEL FROM WASTES:
A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE
T. H. Maugh D
Science, Vol. ITS, No. 4061, p. 599-602. Novem-
ber 10, 1972. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Fuels. 'Organic wastes, 'Energy
•Hydrogenation, Methane, Costs, Recycling. Oil
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis, 'BioconversiOD, Char
368
-------
Conversion of organic wastes Into fuels has
developed as a method of possibly easing the
energy crisis. The three major methods for
such conversion are hydrogenation. pyrolysis.
and byconversion. The hydrogenation process,
developed by H. R. Appell and I. Wender of
Bun-lines' Pittsburgh Energy Research Center,
converts as much as 99 percent pf the carbon
content of organic wastes to oil under optimum
conditions. On a pilot scale, problems arose
In relation to economic feasibility and techni-
cal problems in introducing waste to the
reactor under pressure. Garret! Research and
Development Company, La Verne, California.
concluded that operational costs of pyrolysis
or destructive distillation should be lower than
for hydrogenation but the problem of collecting
and marketing three fuels (gas, oil, and char)
produced problems. Bioconversion produces me-
thane at the rate of 10,000 set for each ton
of solid wast* and is theoretically a simpler
process than hydrogenation or pyrolysis. Prob-
lems of this process are: (1) the need for new
techniques to feed solids into the digesters, and
inexpensive methods for collection and purifica-
tion of methane. (2) recirculation of the efflu-
ents, and (3) control of pollution. Each of the
conversion methods are restricted by the limited
amount of solid wastes available. A discussion
of specific plants employing these recycling meth-
ods is included. (Battles-East Central)
The results of the atudy Indicated that: (I)
Total and volatile solids content in the filtrate
was much greater than the total and volatile
solids found In the liquids which drain from
the barn at the present time, (2) Cake yield
and filtrate yield are generally quite small due
to the poor filtering characteristics of manure,
(3) The proper vacuum filter size can be deter-
mined for a given size operation and for a
given set of conditions, (4) Although a signifi-
cant amount of dewatering was possible, more
dewatering would be necessary for further pro-
cessing. Dewatering capabilities appeared to In-
crease with increasing temperature, <5> Cost
of even a small (3 foot diameter x 1 foot
width) vacuum filter is quite large (approxi-
mately $12,000). Suggestions for further investi-
gations are also given. (Battles-East Central)
2317-A8, B2, B5, Dl, D2,
D3, E2
FERTILIZATION VALUE OF CATTLE
MANURE IN RELATION TO
TREATMENT AND METHOD
OF HANDLING
R. F. Hensler
M. S. Thesis, Soil Science Department, Wiscon-
sin University, Madison, 73 p. 20 tab. 45 ref.
2315-B2, C2
THE STRATIFICATION OF AN
ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE
LAGOON
M &' Thesis? University of Florida. 1972. 42 p.
15- fig. 53 ref.
Descriptors: "Dairy Industry, "Stratification, *La-'
goons, 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Gases, Ammonia,
Nitrogen
This study was undertaken to examine the
stratification and interrelationships of several
factors involved In the degradation processes
of an anaerobic dairy manure lagoon. Para-
meters Included: concentrations and species of
the various volatile short-chain fatty acids,
amount and composition of the evolved gases,
and concentration changes of the ammonium
b'carbonate buffering system. Short-chain fatty
acids had parallel stratification patterns at each
depth and the concentration of acetate ex-
ceeded thos? of the other fatty acids. Even
though the rates of evolution varied, the com-
position of the evolved gas was usually con-
slstent. The rate of gas evolution did not
directly parallel fluctuation in the short-chain
fattv acid pool sizes. Decline in both short-
chain acid and the rate of gas evolution effected
to degradation occurring within the lagoon.
Ammonia-nitrogen was stratified and decreased
in concentration during the course of the study.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2316-B4, Cl, C2, Dl, Fl,
F3
LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF
CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM
FILTRATION
M FS Shea's, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment,' North Dakota State University, Fargo,
May. 1972. 36 fig, 42 tab. 26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Separation techniques, 'Filtration,
PhtsicSproperties. Chemical properties. Bio-
£rfcal properties, Dewatering, Cattle.
idfntJiersT '"quid-solid separation, -Vacuum
filtration.
The animal waste problem is growing due to our
ioDulation increase and an increase in the
«£umpUon of beef and chickens. Several meth-
STcolSS be utmzed for liquid-solid separation
nf wastes This thesis is an attempt to Investi-
MteThe use of vacuum filtration for the liquid-
«?1M separation of manure without precondition-
?n« Physical, biological, and chemical charac-
terisnra of the liquids removed are recorded.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Cattle, 'Corn. 'Liquid
wastes
Identifiers: 'Application rates, 'Manure. Crop
yields, pH
A study was made on the effect of type of
manure, method of handling, amount of bed-
ding, drying treatment and rate* of application
on the fertilizing value of cattle manure for
corn. Two green house experiments were con-
ducted. One was to determine the effect of
fresh, fermented, aerobic liquid and anaerobic
liquid dairy cow and steer manures, drying
treatment and rate of application on the fer-
tilizing value for corn grown on silt loam. The
application of manure increased yields in all
cases. The second was conducted to determine
the effect of rate of addition of oat straw and
wood shavings to fresh, fermented or anaerobic
liquid dairy cow manures on their fertilizing
value for corn grown on a silt loam. Again the
yields of the crops increased by the application
of manure in all cases. In a field experiment
yields of both ear corn and stover were in-
creased by the application of fresh fermented
and anaerobic liquid manures, but the increases
were only for the liquid manure placed In bands
4-6 inches from the row. The results of a
laboratory experiment Indicated that the addition
of dilute HzSC*4 to samples of manure to attain
a pH of 5.0 or lower prevents loss of N on dry-
ing. (Cartmell-East Central)
2318-B2, B5, C2, D2, D3,
El
THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES
ON THE DESIGN AND OPERATION
OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
H. P. Lynn
M. S. Thesis. Clemson University, Clemson,
South Carolina, August, 1968, 73 r. M fig. 18 tab.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic lagoons, 'Design. Bio-
degradation, Chemical degradation. Biochemical
oxygen demand
Identifiers: 'Loading rates, Sludge accumula-
tion .
The growing of animals to maturity in total
confinement has been made possible by agricul-
tural engineers, working closely with animal
scientists, poultrymen and other engineers. The
handling and disposal of animal wastes has been
intensified by the confinement of animal pro-
duction because of the possible environmental
pollution hazards and the cost of disposing of
large quantities of high-moisture-content animal
waste. The objectives of this study were: 1) to
determine the quality of effluent and the effec-
tiveness of a lagoon as a method of swine
waste disposal under South Carolina climatic
conditions, (2) to determine the effect of loading
369
rate on sludge accumulation, (3) to develop de-
sign criteria needed for the satisfactory chem-
ical and biological degradation of swine waste.
The loading rates of one market-size hog per
60. 120. 180. and 240-cublc feet of lagoon,
replicated four times, were used for the itudy.
Except for occasional overflow during prolonged
rainfall, the lagoons had no effluent. The lagoons
used anaerobic digestion. The study revealed
that the lagoon was an effective method of
swine waste disposal, effectively reducing the
BOD of untreated swine waste. The loading rate
of the lagoons significantly affected the quality
of effluent. There was a direct proportion of
sludge accumulation to the amount of animal
waste added to the lagoons. There was a more
pronounced temperature effect on the BOD
values for the 60- and 120-cubic-feet lagoons
than on the 180-and 240-cubic-feet lagoons be-
cause of overloading and higher density of
micro-organism population. Suggestions for de-
sign criteria are given. Kehl-East Central)
2319-A8, A12, B2, C3,
E2
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF
CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING
COW MANURE WASTE
F. B. Dazzo
MS Thesis, Florida University, Gainesville. 1972.
97 p. 31 fig. 12 tab. 78 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Solids, 'Sprinkler
irrigation. Rhizosphere. Bacteria. Oats, Sor-
ghum
Identifiers: Microbia] ecology. Fecal coliform.
Millet
A study was made of the characterization of
microbial problems associated with a possible
treatment process involving the disposal of dairy
waste slurry on land. A sprinkler irrigation sys-
tem was located at the Dairy Research Unit
of the University of Florida. The response of
oat. sorghum, and millet to their rhizosphere
microorganisms was determined to Obtain a base
line in toxicity and pathogenesls studies. Data
collected showed a decline in the rhizosphere
effect on bacteria, actinomycetes. fungi, algae.
and on proteolytic. ureolytic, mycolytic. and
lipolytic microorganisms. Data Indicated that
removal of fecal coliforms was most efficient
in a soil lysimeter lacking a root system.
Irrigating soil with cow manure slurry creates
a health hazard since fecal conforms and Sal-
monella enteretidis survived longer when intro-
duced into receiving soils than control soils.
(Cameron-East Central)
2320-A2, A4, B2, B3, B4,
Cl, Dl, El, E2, E3, F5
THINK OF MANURE AS A
RESOURCE, NOT A WASTE
T. M. McCalla . „.„
Feedlot Management. Vol. 14, No. 5, 2 p., May.
1972. 1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution. 'Agricultural run-
off, 'FeedloU. Settling basins. Fertilizers, Mound-
ing. Recycling. Odor
Identifiers: Broad-basin terraces. Land disposal
Pollution of streams and lakes by feedlot runoff
is a problem, but technology Is available to
combat it. If runoff Is caught in broad-basin
terraces or is allowed to settle out in settling
basins, 50 percent or more of the solids will
settle out. Reasons for catching these settleable
solids are: (1) They contain most of the easily
biodegradable material. (2) They reduce reten-
tion capacity. (3) If they get into a retention
structure, they create anaerobic conditions re-
sulting in foul odors. These solids may be used
on the land for crop production or they may be
put back on the feedlot for mounding. Mounding
serves two purposes: (1) Mounds create an area
that drains readily, generally is dry, and offers
protection to the cattle from adverse weather
conditions; and (2) they act as a compost heap
for decomposition on the lot. Besides being used
as fertilizer, manure can also be recycled as
oil, feed, building materials, and as food for
yeast which may be fed to animals. (Merryman
East Central)
-------
2321-A6, C2
QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT
AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF
DAIRY WASTE ODOR
C. Ueadl
Ph D Dissertation. The Ohio State University.
Columbus. 1972. 185 p. 49 lit. 27 tab. 110 ret.
Descriptors: 'Odor. •Volatility. 'Measurement,
Diffusion. Gas chromatography
Identifiers: 'Dairy wastes. 'Dimethyl sulfide.
•Diethyl sulfide. Chemical lonization. GC calibra-
tion
Odor control is a primary requirement for live-
stock production in an urban society. A study
was undertaken to develop an odor analysis
instrumentation for both objective and sub-
jective measurement. The specific objectives of
this study were: <1> to develop instrumentation
and methodology for quantitative and organalep-
tic measurement of odor. (2) to measure objec-
tively concentrations of major odor comnounds
which are released during the decomposition of
dairy waste, and (3) to determine organolep-
tlcally odor thresholds of dairy wastes. The odor
analysis instrumentation was designed, assem-
bled, and operated in the Agricultural Pollution
Control Research Laboratory of The Ohio State
University. Conclusions were: (1) An adsorbent
material. Chromosorb 102, was satisfactorily
used to collect volatile! from decomposing dairy
waste. (2) The combined use of GC and a
chemical lonization mass spectrometer Identified
and confirmed the presence of dimethyl sulfide
and diethyl sulfide. (3) The quantitative meas-
urement of the diethyl and dimethyl sulfide
released from stored diluted dairy waste gave
an average value of 0.3 ppm for diethyl suUide
and 6S.4 ppm for dimethyl sulfide for days that
E. werf. <*>"*"*«<>. <«> The sensory evaluation
£r"?K thKl,..dilllted dalrjr waste na! undiluted waste.
Jh i r5Ven ttmagl> "" concentration" of dime-
il 5 *** greater than '1 ""Hide, the
5* °' Od0r units associated with diethyl
H" W.l* l°ma *° be *reater than that «"<>•
elated with dimethyl sulfide. (Cameron East Cen-
2322-B5, C2, C3, D3, E3,
F2
NEW MANURE CONVERSION
PLANT OPENED
CaU News. Vol. 13. No. 6. p. 14. June 1975.
Descriptors: •Recycling, •Fertilizers, 'Feeds.
•Aerobic digestion. Regulation, Texas, Economics
Identifiers: 'Manure
Searle Agriculture's BioCon Division has opened
the biggest manure processing plant in the
world near United Beef Producers at Summer-
field, Texas. This Jl.300,000 plant will use an
aerobic bacteria digestion process to transform
200.000 tons of manure per year Into a soil
conditioner or eventually Into a feed supplement
for cattle. This odorless process kills -pathogens
and weed seeds, increases nutrient availability.
and decreases biological oxygen demand of the
product. The firm expects to sell fertilizer and
soil conditioner for $20 per Ion FOB the plant.
Officials of the plant expect regulations to be
published very soon concerning use of the
product In feed. They do not feel that the
regulations will be too tough, but they will
require frequent testing. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral)
People's Gas Company recently announced that
methane gas generated from cattle manure will
provide energy to several Midwest states by
mid-1976. Natural Gas Pipeline Company of
America has agreed to purchase the methane
from Calorific Recovery Anaerobic Process. Inc.
of Oklahoma. The gas will be produced through
biogasificaUon. It Is estimated that the process
will use approximately 90,000 tons of cattle
manure each year to produce about 640 million
cubic feet of methane. A sludge by-product
produced In the process will be used as fer-
tilizer which Is more environmentally acceptable
than raw cattle manure. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral)
2324-A8, B5, Dl, D3, E3
WASTE CONVERSION
CONCEPT DEVELOPED
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 53, No. 30, p. 4.
April 21, 1975.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Aerobic conditions,
•Bacteria. 'Cattle. Odors, Humus
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Soil conditioner
The BioCon Division of Searle Agriculture. Inc..
at Summerfield, Texas uses an aerobic bacterial
digestion process to transform cattle manure
into a product called "Tilled", which improves
the tilth and fertility of soil. The product can
be used on farmland without the problems of
odor and burning associated with manure. The
waste material is first pulverized by a grinder,
then distributed in large vats and exposed to
air for several days to promote growth of bac-
teria that converts the waste matter into a
humus that can be applied safely to soil. It
is estimated the plant will recycle approxi-
mately 150,000-200,000 tons of feedlol waste into
soil conditioner each year. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral)
2325-A9, AID, B5, C3
FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS, RONNEL,
AND RABON TO DADIY COWS:
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST
HOUSE FLIES AND EFFECT ON
INSECT FAUNA AND
BIODEGRADATION OF FECAL PATS
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Beltsvllle. Maryland
R. W. Miller and L. G. Pickens
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 66, No. 5,
p. 1075-1076, October 15. 1973
Descriptors: 'Insecticides, 'Dairy industry,
•Feeds. •Larvicides. 'Biodegradatlon
Identifiers: 'Coumaphos, 'Ronnel. 'Rabon, 'Fly
larvae, Fecal pats, Insect fauna. Musca domes-
Uca L.
2323-D2, D3, E3, EA
OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR
MIDWEST METHANE
Environment Midwest, p. 13. December, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Fuels. 'Oklahoma, 'Re-
cycling. Cattle, Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Midwest United Slates. 'Biogasifica-
tlon
Results of experiments are reported comparing
larvicidal activity against the house fly, the in-
sect fauna of manure pats, and the breakdown
of manure from cows fed coumaphos, ronnel.
and Rabon. Eight dairy cows were fed a ration
consisting of a concentrate mixture fed ac-
cording to milk production. llmiteA alfalfa hay
pellets, and corn silage ad lib. Two of the eight
cows served as controls and received DO In-
secticide. The other 6 cows received insecticid^
supplements — two received coumaphos, two
received Rabon, and two received ronnel. Larvi-
cidal activity against Musca domestlca L. was
significantly greater in feces from cows fed
Rabon than In feces from cows fed either
coumaphos or ronnel. No residue of coumaphos or
Rabou were found In the milk, but significant
residues of ronnel were found. Results con-
firmed earlier experiments, which showed that
as a candidate feed-additive larvicide for house
f y control, Rabon was superior to either coumpo-
phos or ronnel. Rabon and ronnel did not notice-
ably effect the biodegradation of pats of bovine
feces in a pasture; coumaphos reduced tunneling
by insects in the pats, but It did not reduce
the amount of dry weight lost. (Cameron-East
Central)
2326-A11, B2, D3, F3
INDOOR LAGOON FOR POULTRY
MANURE DISPOSAL
Assistant Professor of Poultry Husbandry
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
University of Nebraska. Lincoln
W. J. Owings and J. L. Adams
Nebraska Experiment Station Quarterly p is-
Descriptors: -Poultry, 'Waste disposal, 'Waste
ha Yd""' Boons> Aerobic bacteria. Anaerobic
Because the trend In the poultry Industry todav
Is toward large, mechanized laving houses, dis-
posal of manure has become a major problem
Because farmers generally prefer to buy a more
concentrated commercial product for " fertilizer
and because many large poultry operators do
not own enough land to efficiently dispose of the
manure themselves, new alternatives must be
found. The Poultry Department of the Vnivn-
sity of Nebraska is experimenting with an "
door lagoon which utilizes the intestinal bacteria
of the bird to decompose the manure. A control
pen has been set up which has a litter floor
covered with wood shavings. The experimental
pen has a full slat floor with a water-tight oil
f,0"1,!™",? -630 Cubic. feet of water »»<«erneaTh
it. 180 birds were housed in each pen as ol
October 15.1960. During the six months tested
egg production in the experimental pen has been
about 4 percent higher than the control oen
The lagoon kept the experimental pen warmer
during the winter. While the experimen^Te"
has been operating very well, more information
is needed concerning how much water is needed
per bird and the proper temperature necessary
to support adequate decomposition of the manure
(Merryman-East Central) '"«nure.
2327-A12, B4, C3
PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLAE
IN POULTRY EXCRETA
Department of Environmental Science,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick. New Jersey
J. H. Berkowitz, D. J. Kraft, and M. S. Fin-
stein
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No I
p. 158161, April-June, 1974.
Descriptors: "Poultry. 'Salmonella. 'Waste stor-
age, 'Storage requirements. Temperature
Identifiers: 'Waste management
Precautions should be taken against the Intro-
duction of viable pathogenic microorganisms into
the environment in the management of poultry
wastes. Nontyphoid salmonellae are of special
concern as they are pathogenic bacteria which
affect humans and are commonly excreted by
apparently healthy poultry. The object of this
study is to observe the survival of salmonellae
under conditions simulating storage in cage type
poultry operations. A survey of commercial
farms showed a range (for samples positive for
Salmonella) in freshly voided specimens of from
less than 1 to almost 35.000/g dry weight. The
high value roughly corresponds to 7,000/g wet
excreta. It would seem advisable to base stor-
age guidelines on the higher end of this range
to provide a wide margin of safety. As judged
by a specific most-probable-number procedure,
Salmonellae Inoculated into samples of poultry
excreta declined to very low numbers or dis-
appeared within a month. However, the decline
was usually preceded by a period of growth
This study provides a basis for estimating the
length of time wet poultry excreta should be
stored to insure acceptable Salmonellae densities,
at temperatures representative of field conditions
An effective means of killing salmonellae is
storage of undried excreta. (Kehl-East Central)
2328-B1, E3
THE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS:
AN ASSESSMENT
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 20,
March 1972.
370
-------
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Oil. Livestock
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Conversion,
Manure
S S De Forest reports on his visit to the
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, where the
conversion of livestock manure and other agri-
cultural wastes to low sullur oil has become a
reality The scientists from the Research Lab
suggest that the chemistry is basically simple;
• process similar to the one used to convert
coal to oil. Preliminary work suggests that the
yield of oil Is 40 50 percent or 3 barrels per
ton of dry manure, the highest yield of any of
the materials examined. De Forest feels that
conversion plants for converting animal wastes
to oil would be located to utilize cellulosic
materials other than livestock wastes, ensuring
that an economical supply of raw materials will
continuously be available. The concept of cor
verting livestock wastes to oil will require vasi
concentrations of livestock. This creates new
problems in handling and managing vast num-
bers of animals and the products associated with
them such as feed, water and manure. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
2329-B3, D2, E3
CONVERTING ORGANIC
WASTES TO OIL
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center.
US. Bureau of Mines.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Agricultural" Engineering, Vol. 53, No. 3. p.
17-19, March, 1972. 2 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: -Recycling. 'Organic wastes, 'Oil.
Cellulose, Cattle. Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Conversion, 'Agricultural wastes.
Carbon monoxide
The Bureau of Mines has successfully converted
agricultural wastes, bovine manure, wood, ur-
ban refuse and sewage sludge to a low-sulfur
fuel oil The method requires reaction with
carbon monoxide and water at temperatures of
300 degrees to 400 degrees C and pressures
nf 3000 to 4000 psig. Batch experiments on
converting organic solid wastes to oil usually
SEslstof placing the waste material in an autO(
riave adding water and catalyst (If not present
in the waste) and then adding carbon monoxide
to the desired pressure. A continuous bench-
itale unit to achieve this reaction is now in
operation The product from these continuous
™M is a brownish-black oil at room temper-
ature Mass, infrared and ultravoilet spectro-
mftric examination of the oil produced at 350
dearees C and 4000 psig Indicates that the oil
£ mostly aUphatic Vith either linkages and
carbonyl and hydroxyl groups present. Much of
Se material appears to exist in cyclic struc-
tures. (Cameron-East Central)
2330-C2, E3
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING
WASTE RECYCLING
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47. No. 22. p. 32-33. June 2,
1975.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes, 'Great
Britain, Energy, Proteins
Identifiers: 'Agricultural Wastes Processors As-
sociation, 'Livestock wastes, Processing
The Agricultural Waste Processors Association
encourages the processing, recycling, and re-
—Jery of all kinds of agricultural waste ma-
terials, including livestock manures, green vege-
table waste and straw throughout the world.
Animal wastes provide sources of energy, pro-
tein, phosphorous, copper and various other trace
elements which are becoming increasingly scarce
and expensive. Expressing views concerning pro-
SSsed wastes to the legislature, public: and other
aSocUtiom is probably the main objective of
tneAWPA. AWPA hopes to encompass all per-
sons and organizations interested in aspects of
firm waste processing throughout the world. To
tee? those interested individuals In touch with
developments and new applications for processed
wastes, the association publishes a regular
publication known as "The Waster." Anyone
living in the U. S. interested In the recycling
of wastes and in AWPA should contact the na-
tional secretary. (Cameron-East Central)
2331-B5, Cl, C2
NUTRIENT AND ENERGY
COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE FRACTIONS
Agricultural Experiment Station.
Nebraska University, Lincoln
C. B. Gtlbertson, J. A. Nienaber. i. R. Ellis.
T. M. McCalla, T. J. Kopfenstein, and S. D.
Farlin
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Re-
search Bulletin 262, July, 1974, 29 p. 2 fig. 10
tab, 37 ret.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Energy. 'Cattle. 'Feed-
lots, Nebraska
Identifiers: 'Ration roughage
This bulletin describes nutrient and energy com-
position of beef cattle waste fractions as a
function of the ration roughage level and type
of feedlot. High- medium-, and low-roughage
ration feres (HR, MR, LR) were collected from
animals fed in metabolism crates. Thymal was
mixed with these feces to prevent decomposi-
tion and mold growth. Samples were obtained
from housed feedlot and outdoor feedlot cattle
fed at the University of Nebraska Field Lab-
oratory. Total solids content averaged 26.7 per-
cent wb for high and low roughage ration
feces. 19.3 percent wb for medium roughage
ration feces. and 21.7 and 45.2 percent wb for
manure from housed and outdoor feedlots. re-
spectively. Volatile solids were 86.9 percent. S9.4
percent, and 93.9 percent db for feces from
cattle fed high, medium, and low roughage
rations. Manure from housed and outdoor feed-
lots were 85.8 percent and 24.0 percent volatile.
respectively. The quantity of feces solids re-
tained on sieves greater than 400 microns in-
creased with decreased ration roughage content
while those retained on sieves smaller than 400
microns decreased with ration roughage con-
tent. The ration fed did not significantly affect
the gross energy of manure fractions or protein
and fat contents of feces solid fractions. Nitro-
gen content Increased with decreased ration
roughage level and ranged from 0.61 to 4.75
percent. The ration roughage level did not have
• predictable effect on the element concen-
tration of the solids. (Cartmell-East Central)
2332-A6
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND
PHENOMENA AND THEIK EFFECT
ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment. Clemson University, Clemson, South
Carolina
C. L. Birth
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 1C. No. 2, p.
340-347, March-April, 1973. 5 fig, 1 tab. 45 ret.
Descriptors: 'Odor. 'Measurement, Temperature
Identifiers: Manure. Adaptation. Fatigue, Dilu-
tion. Gas-liquid chromatography
It was the purpose of this report to bring
attention to procedures that might be employed
for specific odor determinations and to high-
light phenomena important in analysis of odor
quality and intensity. A complete description Is
given of the human olfactory mechanism. Dif-
ferent theories of odor perception are dis-
cussed. Accurate characterization of an odor
includes reference to its strength of Intensity.
and its quality. There u no commonly accepted
stand — no point of reference — from which
to Judge odor quality. Limitations of odor test-
ing result from the existence of the odor
phenomena and the preferences of the ob-
server. Adaptation is the adjustment to the
odor stimulus and fatigue Is the result of
adaptation. Changes in odor quality sometimes
occur due to dilution. The recommended tern-
p:rature for odor testing is 40 degrees C.
Mixtures, drugs, chemical reactions, contamina-
tion, the age, sex and smoking habits of the
Judge, natural variation and uncertainty are
all factors that can enter Into olfactory measure-
ments. The gas-liquid chromatograph has been
the most important Instrument in supplementing
the capabilities of the human nose In odor
research. (Cartmell-East Central)
2333-A4,B2
PHENOLIC ACIDS AS INDICATORS
OF POLLUTION WITH LIQUID
MANURE. A METHOD FOR
THEIR DETECTION
Fishery Laboratory of the Agency of Environ-
mental Protection, Charlottenlund, Denmark
O. Rump
Water Research, Vol. S, p. 889*94. 1174. 3 tab,
« ret.
Descriptors: 'Pollutant Identification. 'Water pol-
lution
Identifiers: -Phenolic acids. 'Pollution indica-
tors, 'Liquid manure
This investigation U concerned with the develop-
ment of a method to detect illegal liquid
manure discharges. The method can be used to
measure or detect water pollution. The investi-
gation falls Into two parts: 1. To find sub-
stances which are suitable Indicators of liquid
manure. 2. To develop an analytical method
for the detection of such substances and test Its
application. M-hydroxybenzolc add, m-hydro-
xyphenylacetlc acid and m-hydroxyphenlypro-
piordc acid in liquid manure occur in consider-
able quantities. They provide a sensitive analyti-
cal method for detecting liquid manure, even
where this has been diluted considerably. A
method for the detection of liquid manure is
thin-layer chromatography on cellulose. The
developed chromatograms are rendered visible
by spraying with diazottzed p-nitroiniline. By
this method the minimum detectable amounts
of the phenolic adds are approximately 0.01 ug.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2334-A8, B4, B5, E2
ORGANIC WASTE: ONCE NUISANCES,
NOW RESOURCES
G. SoUenberger
The Furrow, p. 2-5. April 1975. 8 fig.
Descriptors: 'Organic wastes. 'Fertilizers. 'Soil
amendments, Reclamation, Nutrients, Costs, Ero-
sion control
Identifiers: Application rates. Manure
The major problem with manure used to be
now to get rid of it. but now it is bow to
get enough of it. The high prices and tight
supplies of commercial fertilizers have made
manure a much sought after fertilizer. The nu-
trient content of manure varies with age and
ration of the livestock, the species of live-
stock and with how the manure Is stored and
handled. Doubtful farmers who once questioned
the worth of hauling manure now discover they
can use It to reduce production costs — and
not by piddling amounts. An example is given.
Researchers discovered in USDA studies at
Manhattan, Kansas that animal waste was about
as effective as anchored straw in slowing soil
loss from a highly erosive sandy soil. Reclama-
tion by building up non-productive land with
sewage sludge has also been found effective
in amending soils. The possibility of using some
industrial organic wastes as a soil amendment
is being examined as well. Use of organic wastes
as fertilizers and soil amendments does have
its problems. New pollution laws call for more
Intensive control of flies, odors and runoff.
Application rates must be determined so that
the manure will Increase instead of decrease
crop growth. Careful management is also needed
In preserving the nutrients in manure. Finally,
the problem of variability in the nutrient con-
tent of many wastes calls for additional atten-
tion. (Kehl-East Central)
371
-------
2335-A1, A2, A7, Bl, F2
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES
Agricultural Engineer, Texas Agricultural Exten-
sion Service, Texas AfcM University, College
Station
J. M. Sweeten
Mimeograph Publication, Texas Agricultural Ex-
tension Service, Texas A4M University, March
14. 1974. 7 Cg.
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, 'Regulation, 'Dairy
Industry, 'Waste management, 'Texas, Permits,
Water pollution control. Air pollution control
Identifiers: Runoff control. Sanitation
Proper site selection and facility design can
minimize the water and air pollution from
dairies. State and federal pollution control regu-
lations greatly influence the design of dairy
waste management systems. Such requirements
for Texas dairies are given and explained. The
major requirement for dairies to obtain permits
from the Texas Water Quality Board is that
systems be provided to prevent discharge from
the premises. Generally, two systems are re-
quired: runoff control and manure management.
Recommendations for these systems are given.
Federal water pollution control regulations are
also discussed. The Texas Air Control Board
•under the State Air Pollution Control Program
has the authority to regulate odors from all
dairies in the State under a general nuisance
regulation. Permits and other regulations are
required by the Texas Air Control Board and
are explained. Dairy sanitation is under the
Texas State Department of Health and milk
inspection units of major Texas cities. Require-
ments for sanitation are listed. General Permit
Procedures are discussed. (Kehl-East Central)
2336-A6, B2, B5, D3
MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SWINE
MANURE HELPS CONTROL ODORS
J. L. Roll, D. L. Day, and B. A. Jones, Jr.
Illinois Research, Vol. 16. No. 2, p. 14. 1974.
1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment. 'Odor control.
•Anaerobic digestion. Chemical oxygen demand.
Degradation
Identifiers: 'Swine. 'Municipal sludge
A study was conducted to determine whether
the addition of fresh non-lagooned municipal
digester sludge to liquid swine manure would
help initiate anaerobic activity and control odors.
Three trials were conducted, utilizing five di-
gesters In each trial. Trials 1 and 2 were batch
digester tests, with digesters being loaded and
allowed to run two weeks without addition or
removal of material. Trial 3 was a 45-day study
in which 1 liter of digester contents was re-
moved each day and 1 liter of new material
was added. In all trials, the five digesters con-
tained the following ratios (on a volume basis)
of liquid swine manure to municipal digester
sludge: 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, and 1:10. Anaerobic
digestion was excellent in ail trials. Digesters
with 2:1 and 1:1 manure to sludge exhibited
the best chemical oxygen demand and volatile
solids reduction. A "sniffing" panel found the
digester with 1:5 manure to sludge to have
the least offensive odor. The digester sludge
was valuable in establishing good anaerobic
activity in manure. Consequently, manure was
more rapidly degraded and odor was controlled.
However, the best degradation was observed In
the digester with the most odor. Some odor
may have to be tolerated in order to achieve
good optional reduction. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral)
2337-A8, Bl, Dl, D2, E2,
E3
MANURE GETS RE-DISCOVERED
J. Goldstein
Compost Science. Vol. 15. No. 2. p..24-27, March-
April. 1974.
Descriptors: 'Fecdlots. 'Fertilizers. 'Livestock,
•Costs. Energy, Nitrates, Dairy industry. Re-
cycling
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land disposal
Several publications are listed which comment
on the fertilizer shortages, antipollution laws,
and the economics and methods for using
manure. The fertilizer shortage may solve one
major problem — economically disposing of
large amounts of manure that accumulate at
livestock markets. The best way to handle
manure at the markets is to dehydrate It first.
The dried product can be produced for just a
few cents a pound. Farmers are now buying
the raw manure to use in place of the nitrogen
and phosphate they are finding hard to get.
Just about any good commercial farmer who
raises livestock as part of a mixed farming
program returns manure to the land. Using
the natural fertilizer produces a more iron-rich
crop, compared to chemical fertilizers. (Cart
mell-East Central)
2338-B2, E2, Fl
FOR THE SAKE OF YOUR
NEIGHBORS—SLURRY INJECTION
London
A. Collier
Power Farming and Better Farming Digest,
p. 21, 23. September, 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Slurries, 'Equipment, 'Costs
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Soil Injection
Researchers at' Wageningen, Holland have de-
veloped a self-propelled tanker injector for
control of the waste disposal problem. The
machine is based on a Massey Ferguson 17S
tractor. It provides a fast, effective, and low
odor technique by use of a tanker with rear-
fitted soil tines which slit the soil for injector
tubes to place the slurry. A chopper pump
take: the material from the tanker and makes
lumps and fiber pass through tubes and in-
jectors without blocking thus allowing working
rates up to 40 tons an acre to depths of 12
inches. (Battles-East Central)
2339-A5, Bl
GROUND WATER POLLUTION
PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN
UNITED STATES
Geraghty & Miller. Inc.
Port Washington. New York
Frits van der Leeden. L. A. Cerrillo, and D. W.
Miller
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-3-75-018, 361 p. 60 fig, 48 tab, 176 rel.
Descriptors: 'Ground water, Mine wastes. Salin-
ity, Septic tanks. Water pollution. Water quality.
Water resources. Waste dumps. Wells, Feedlots,
Agricultural runoff. Northwestern United States.
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington,
Wyoming
An evaluation of ground-water pollution prob-
lems has been carried out in six states in the
northwest: Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Oregon.
Washington and Wyoming. The findings of the
investigation indicate that, with the exception of
radioactive waste disposal, few cases of ground-
water pollution have been investigated in de-
tail. There is a need for baseline water-quality
data and systematic evaluation of overall
ground-water conditions, especially in urban
zones, in areas of petroleum exploration and
development, and at locations of mining and
industrial activity. The most common natural
ground-water quality problems, other than high
salinity, are excessive hardness, iron, manga-
nese, and fluoride. Principal sources of man-
caused ground-water quality problems in the
approximate order of severity are: discharge of
effluent from septic tanks and sewage treatment
plants, irrigation return flow, dryland fanning,
abandoned oil wells, shallow disposal wells,
unlined surface impoundments, mine tailings
and mine drainage, municipal and industrial
landfills, and radioactive waste disposal. Other
sources that appear to be of less importance
but still must be considered Include: spills and
leaks, application of fertilizers and pesticides,
feedlots, and salt-water intrusion. (Scalf-R. S.
Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory)
2340-A8, E2
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS
MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF
LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER
AND OF FARMYARD MANURE ON
MAINCROP POTATOES GROWN IN
SANDY SOIL AT WOBURN,
BEDFORDSHIRE
Rothansted Experimental Station,
Harpenden, Herts
F. V. Widdowson, A. Penny, and R. C. Flint
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 82, Pt 1.
p. 117-128, February, 1974. 2 fig, 12 tab, 7 ref
ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Crop production, Nl.
trogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Great Britain
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Yields, Land disposal
By using both farmyard manure (FYM) and
fertilizers, rather than fertilizers alone, the
largest yields of potatoes were obtained in the
Woburn Reference Experiment. The objective
of this study was to find an explanation of this
in experiments made on the coarse sandy loam
found In Woburn. Four experiments were
conducted during the period of 1968-1971 on
Stackyard Field at Woburn, Beds. The soil
was an acid sandy-loam overlying Lower Green-
sand. The study showed that FYM was less
effective than fertilizer when given alone. The
combination of fertilizer and FYM gave a
larger yield than the double amount of fertilizer
incorporated shallowly or a single amount of
fertilizer. However, a smaller yield was obtained
with the combination than with the double
amount of fertilizer Incorporated deeply, which
gave the largest yield each year. In order to
construct nutrient balance sheets, the NPK
contents of the potato tubers were used. The
balance sheets showed that large residues of
N, P and K remained in the soil after harvest
FYM residues increased yields of both graiii
and straw while fertilizer residues increased
only straw yields. When compared to freshly
applied N, both kinds of residues were less
effective, so most of the N leached during
winter. The study also indicated that the yield
of saleable tubers was increased by the double
amount of fertilizer. (Kehl-East Central)
2341-B1
MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT
ON ENGINEERING
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 9, p. 6-7, May, 1975. 4 fig,
1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Safety factor. Flow rate. Waste
dilution, Volume
Identifiers: 'Flume floors, 'Gutter design guide-
lines. Lagoon pumping
At a Cattle Feeders Seminar in Columbia,
Missouri, the engineering of flume floor systems
was examined. Bob George, University of Mis-
souri agricultural engineer, claims that some
of the flush-type buildings he has seen operate
on the "brink of disaster". He states that most
current flume-type floors just don't have a
large enough safety factor designed into the
flumes. Two Missouri feeders, Lewis Wilson and
Ed Gunnels discussed their systems and ad
mitted that although they're not the safest, they
do the job. A table containing recommendations
for gutter design dimensions is provided and
is based on gutters eight inches wide. Mr
George also gave a few recommendations about
the lagoons hooked onto flushing systems. These
are listed, and are applicable primarily to
Central Missouri. (Kehl-East Central)
2342-A11, A12, B2, D3, E3
RECYCLING SWINE
WASTE AS FEED
Department of Animal Science,
Illinois University. Urbana
B. G. Harmon and D. L. Day
Illinois Research. Vol. 15. No. 3. p. 14.15,
Summer, 1973. 2 fig. 6 tab.
372
-------
Descriptors: -Recycling. Proteins. Amino acids.
?denUfiers: 'Refeeding. 'Swine. 'Oxidation ditch
mixed liquor (ODML)
About 300 hog« have been fed in oxidation ditch
d Uquor (ODML) studies over the past
. years in an attempt to minimize pollution
to take advantage of the protein and
that ODML has to offer Represent!..
artificial insemination and overall management
of the cow herd. (Cameron-East Central)
Water Pollution," Cornell University Conference
on Agricultural Waste Management. Rochester,
New York, 1S70, p. 49-60. 7 fig. 2 lab. 27 rcf.
lion Actual ueatiiF""*™ -- -
given. (Merryman-East Central)
2343-A6, All, A12, E3
^ENGIN'EERS REVIEW NEW
2,
1975.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Nutrient*. Additives.
wVntLflers: 'Kefeeding. Dehydrated poultry
waste
house The objective of the program
'
n
o" Agriculture's Agricultural Re-
of £gn existing opi]j
for using nutrients from animal
oV^'owa^'state University said that
-- of these facilities should include
n of the potential disease hazard.
(Kehl-East Central)
2344-B2, B3, Dl, E3
SEPARATING SOLID WASTE
FROM LIQUID
Managing Editor. Feedlot Management
1 Mnagement. Vol. 17, No. 5, p. 6-8, May.
1975. 3 tit.
TV.«criotors- 'Solid wastes, 'Liquid wastes, 'Cat-
tiT^ 'Recycling, Feeding rates
Identified! 'Separation. 'Refeeding, Confinement
bousing
At the Kissinger Integrated cattle operation near
Pairfield Nebraska, 60-70 tons of manure, pro
dJcrf by steers housed in their 1.110 head slope,
Sit flush barn, are retrieved and recycled
into' dried waste material which will be put to
IB! M one of the Ingredients in dry cow
J£So,TTne recycled wastes are mixed with
"
2345-A11, A12, C2, C3,
E3, F2
RECYCLING NUTRffiNTS
FOR LIVESTOCK
Animal Science Department. Mississippi State
University. Mississippi State. Mississippi
H. W. Essig
Feedstuffs. Vol. 47, No. 21. p. 35. 43, May 26,
1975. 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Poultry, 'Regulation,
•California. 'Mississippi
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng, 'Dried poultry waste,
•Food and Drug Administration, 'Health
Scarcity of land for manure disposal and con-
centration in poultry production are causing
waste .disposal problems. Methods other than
land disposal are needed. Many poultry pro-
ducers are turning to recycling dried poultry
wastes as feed. Dried poultry waste appears
to be the waste material that has the greatest
potential as a feedstuff because it is high in
crude protein, normal in minerals and negative
to aflatoxlns and salmonella. The states of
California and Mississippi have moved ahead
independently In sanctioning the use of dried
poultry waste (DPW) In feedstuffs. The Food
and Drug Administration is In the process of
restating Its position on the use of recycled
nutrients in livestock feeds, and these regula-
tions should be published in the near future.
Before recycled nutrients from poultry opera-
tions can be used as a feedstuff, state and
FDA regulations must be set forth to insire
a standard z=d product that Is not harmful when
fed to animals. The poultry producers must
make an effort to control the quantities of
copper, arsenic, selenium and other heavy
metals, as well as any drugs that might
appear in the recycled nutrient materials.
(Merryman-East Central)
2346-A6, A8, Bl, C2, E2
CONSEQUENCES OF WASTE
DISPOSAL ON LAND
Research Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, Professor of Soils at the Univer-
sity of Minnesota
W. E. Larson. J. R. GUley, and D. R. Linden
Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, Vol.
30, No. 2, p. 68-71. March-April, 1975. 1 fig,
4 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Organic wastes.
•Sewage sludge, -Sewage effluents. Reclamation,
Productivity, Crop response, Wind erosion
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Manure. Pollution
Organic wastes can be used safely and effec-
tively to increase soil productivity if proper
precautions are taken concerning heavy metals,
toxic chemicals, nitrate leaching, erosion losses,
and undesirable odors. Average composition is
given for animal wastes (dairy cattle, beef
cattle, swine and poultry hens), sewage sludge
and secondary sewage effluent. Farm manures
contain the major nutrients in the most correct
proportion for soil fertilization. They also de-
crease bulk density, increase aggregate stability,
increase water intake rates, and help control
soil erosion. Sewage sludges have proved effec-
tive in reclaiming such productive land as
mine spoil banks, wastes from a soda glass
factory, dune and dredged sands, and abandoned
garbage dumps and sanitary land Oils. There
is also evidence that crop yield increases as
the result of Irrigation with treated municipal
wastewater. H must be emphasized that proper
waste management measures must be taken to
protect the environment. When applied at crop
use rates and with proper soil management,
most organic wastes present no serious en-
vironmental hazards and should be considered
a resourc3 that agriculture can very well use.
(Merryman-East Central)
Descriptors: 'Water pollution. 'Agricultural run-
off, 'Conforms, 'Animal wastes
Identifiers: 'Bacterial indicators. 'Fece*
Adequate surveillance techniques for detecting
animal waste contamination of streams are
essential If water pollution is to be avoided.
This report describes initial results from a study
of bacterial pollution Indicators on the Sleepers
River Watershed. Danville, Vermont. During
periods of storm runoff from the watershed
concentration of total and fecal conforms rose
drastically, with distribution of the values
closely related to the hydrograph. Total coliform
concentrations in runoff from the hayfield (un-
subjected to farm animal wastes) were similar
to concentration in runoff from the partially
grazed 0.75 sq km watershed, making use of
total coliform data of questionable value for
pollution surveillance within the rural water-
shed. To the contrary, the fecal coliform
densities were much greater in the partially
grazed watershed's runoff than in the hayfield's.
Evidently the more specific coliform group is
a much better pollution indicator for the con-
ditions of the study. The percentage of total
conforms that were fecal types was much
higher in the watershed runoff than in the
hayfield runoff. This study emphasizes that the
hydrologic processes are of extreme importance
in reference to use of indicator organisms. These
hydrologic and physical relationships need to
be well described if water quality inputs in
streams are to be successfully modeled. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2348-D2, E3, Fl
ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING
Chemical Week. Vol. 113, No. 12, p. 16. Septem-
ber 19. 1973.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Feeds, 'Reclamation,
Economics, Feedlots, Chemicals, Colorado, Cat-
tle
Identifiers: 'Refeediog
This article discusses a 200-head pilot project
to feed steers recycled manure begun recently
by Cerea Land, Sterling, Colorado, a major
cattle feeding company. The company expects
to have the system in "full commercial opera-
tion" by January 1. 1974, and intends to sign
joint venture agreements with feed lots. One
of the developers of the process estimates that
the feed will cost less than one-third the price
of conventional materials and that the technique
poses no pollution problems, leaving only residues
of clean-water vapor and five percent ash. The
recycling process is described. Although the
process is expected to require large amounts
of chemicals, the manufacturers of cattle feed
additives and the producers' trade associations
do not see any major effect on sales of their,
products. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
2349-A11, C2, E3
RECYCLING POULTRY LITTER
AS SILAGE
C. R. Creger
Poultry Digest, VoL 34, No. 400, p. 256, June,
1975.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. 'Silage. 'Cattle, Weight,
Taste
Identifiers: 'Poultry litter, Broiler Utter
eml^nned. drylot area. This lends itseU well
tofeeding to the nutritional requirements of
{he various stage, of the yearly cow cycle,
2347-A3, A4, C3
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF
BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN
FARM SURFACE RUNOFF
Research Hydrologist. Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
S. H. Kunkle
In "Relationship of Agriculture to Soil and
Early results from a Texas A&M University
program of recycling poultry litter as silage for
beef cattle are favorable. Each of four groups
of birds was fed a standard broiler diet con-
taining 19-24 percent protein for 8 weeks. Water
was added until the total moisture content was
35-38 percent. Fifteen heifer calves, each weigh-
ing about 477 pounds, were placed on a feeding
regimen that consisted of broiler litter silage
free-choice. Eight pounds per head of a 12
373
-------
percent protein mixture were poured over the
silage daily. Results of the tests showed the
calves gained an average of 2.54 Ibs per head
per day when fed the broiler litter silage free-
choice, along with the 12 percent protein mix
for a period of 120 days. A trace mineral
analysis indicated the silage was an excellent
source of calcium, phosphorus, and other trace
elements. A 50 member panel detected a small
but significant difference In taste between steak
from the treated and nontreated animals. All
steaks received acceptable scores in taste, but
the panel expressed a preference for steak from
nontreated control. (Cameron-East Central)
2350-A11, E3, Fl
CATFISH ON DPW
Poultry Digest. Vol. 34. No. 398 (4). p. 30,
April, 1975.
Descriptors: 'Catfishes, 'Diets, 'Performance,
•Taste, Costs
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste
An experiment was conducted to study the
effects of feeding dried poultry waste to cat-
fish. Each of three ponds were stocked with 150
channel catfish fingerlings. Pond 1. which was
fed a control diet containing fish meal and
poultry by-product meal as sources of animal
protein, had 136 fish at harvest. Average gain
was 0.51 pound from the initial stocking rate
of 0.25 pound. Pond 2. which was fed a diet
containing 25 percent air-dried poultry waste
and sources of animal protein, had 139 survl-
y0.™-. Average gain was 0.67 pound from an
initial weight of 0.20 pound. Pond 3 was fed
a diet containing 25 percent air-dried poultry
waste and no source of animal protein. There
were 139 survivors, and the average gain was
0.67 pound from an initial weight of 0.20 pound.
cost of the ration was reduced approximately
K4 to KO by substitution of dried poultry waste
tor animal protein ingredients. A higher per-
centage of the taste panel expressed a dislike
for the catfish receiving the control ration
which contained no air-dried poultry manure.
(Merryman-Easl Central)
2351-B1, B2, B3, B4, E2
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR
STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING
AND EQUIPMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
North Dakota State University, Fargo
R. L. Win and G. L. Pratt
Canadian Agricultural Engineering. Vol. 13, No.
2. P. »l-84, December, 1971. 9 fig, 4 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle, 'Design.
•Waste disposal. 'Waste storage, 'Equipment,
Slotted floors, Ventilation, Liquid wastes. Solid
wastes, Lagoons
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Land disposal
Studies were conducted to develop improved feed
handling systems, manure disposal facilities, and
ventilation equipment for beef confinement ho-is-
Ing. To study these problems, a test facility was
built in which two units, each capable of holding
a block of 20 feeder calves, were incorporated.
The design of the west half of the facility had
a sloping concrete floor installed in a shallow
pit below a slotted floor. The liquids were
drained south in the direction of the slope
and were pumped to a lagoon. The solids were
scraped north with a cable-scraper and conveyed
out of the building at frequent Intervals. The
ventilating system utilized double fans, using a
fan and heat sink on both the Intake and exhaust.
The design of the east half of the facility was
a conventional system using a slotted floor with
a deep-pit manure storage. Manure was re-
moved in a slurry form on a semi-annual
basis and spread on farm fields. The ventilating
system was patterned after one commonly used
in greenhouses and continually circulated the
air to maintain uniform temperature. (Cartmell-
East Central)
.2352-A8, C2, E2
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE — IT'S
EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET
FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY
USDA. Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Auburn, Alabama
A. F. Lund. B. D. Doss and F. E. Lowry
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 4. No. 2.
p. 195 198, March-April. 197S. 7 fig. 2 Ub. 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy Industry, 'Waste disposal.
•Crop response. 'Soils. Nitrogen. Nitrates
Identifiers: 'Land application, 'Application rates.
•Dothan loamy sand, 'Lucedale sandy loam,
•Rye. "Millet
A study was conducted to .evaluate the effects
of various rates of manure applications on
forage yield and quality of rye and millet.
double-cropped on two different soils—Dothan
loamy sand at Auburn, Alabama and Lucedale
sandy loam at Thorsby, Alabama. In general
millet and rye on both types of soils produced
good forage with rates of dairy cattle manure
of 22.5 and 45 metric tons/ha incorporated into
the soil. Organic nitrogen increased as manure
application rate increased up u> the 180 metric
tons/ha rate on Lucedale soil. Nitrogen content
was higher for rye than for millet for a given
treatment and soil, and tended to be higher
on Dothan than on Lucedale for any one treat-
ment and crop Nitrate content was also higher
on Dothan than on Lucedale. Both millet and
rye had nitrate contents above 2 percent when
180 and 270 metric tons/ha of manure were
applied. Most treatments produced tetany-prone
forage that contained K/(Ca + Mg.) ration above
2 2 The forage produced with high rates of
manure on Lucedale soil had higher K/(Ca + Mg)
ratios than did that of Dothan soil with equal
rates of manure application. NO3 was higher in
the forage of the Dothan soil when high rates
of manure were used. (Cartmell-East Central)
2353-C1. C2, E2, Fl
POULTRY LITTER'S VALUE AS
FARTILIZER CITED BY
GEORGIAN
Feedstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs. Vol. 47, No. 24. p. 6. 44, June 16,
1975.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Litter, 'Fertilizers, Mois-
ture, Nutrients, Georgia
Identifiers: Manure
Harry D. Muller, Georgia extension poultry
specialist, told poultrymen and cattlemen that
poultry litter may have excellent value as a
fertilizer. Be reported that lor each ton of feed,
2.500 Ib. of fresh manure is produced from a
flock of birds. Muller found that fresh caged
hen manure, with 37% moisture, can have a
value of $25 a ton when the plant nutrient
values are added up. Nitrogen losses can _be
reduced in ventilated, well-insulated houses «and
by using litter materials which can rapidly
dry the manure. Muller recommends no more
than two tons of dry or six tons of fresh manure
per acre, on fields manured every year. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
2354-A9, A10, All, C2
HORN FLIES, STABLE FLIES, AND
HOUSE FLIES: DEVELOPMENT IN
FECES OF BOVINES TREATED
ORALLY WITH JUVENILE
HORMONE ANALOGUES
U. S. Livestock Insects Laboratory.
Agricultural Research Service, USDA.
Kerville. Texas
R. L. Harris. E. D. Frazer. and R. L. Younger
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 66, No. 5,
p. 1097-1098, October 15, 1973, 3 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Toxicity. 'Additives, 'Cattle
Identifiers: 'Horn flies. 'Stable files, 'HOUK
flies, 'Juvenile hormone analogue!
Seven tests were conducted at the U.S. Live.
stock Insects Lab in 1972-73 with 3 Juvenile
hormone analogues used as feed additives for
control of the horn fly, the liable fly, and the
house fly. Results indicate that Ho 7-9767 ef-
fectively Inhibited development of horn files and
(table files In the manure of the treated animal.
When Ho 7-9767 was tested at the lower dosage*,
1 g/day was the minimum dose that completely
inhibited development of stable flies and horn
flies. Development of stable and horn flies was
Inhibited In the manure ol cattle treated with
ZR 515. ZR-515 was the most active compound
tested, since 0.7 ing/animal per day completely
inhibited development of horn flies and 100
mg/animal per day completely inhibited develop-
ment of stable flies. This compound did not
completely inhibit development of bouse flies.
When RO-20-3600 was mixed with the feed, 5
g/day inhibited development of horn flies and
stable flies but not of home flies. No signs of
clinical toxlcily were observed in the cattle
(Cartmell-East Central)
2355-A8, A9, B2, D3, E2
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT
L. E. Hanson, J. MacGregor, B. Chiang, P. R.
Goodrich and R. E. Larson
1973-1974 Minnesota Swine Research Reports,
Preliminary Report H 240, Department of Ani-
mal Science in Cooperation with Agricultural
Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment
Station, University of Minnesota, 1973. p. 39-43
2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Crop response, 'Com, 'Fertilizers,
•Uquid wastes. 'Pesticides
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Waste management, 'Land
disposal, 'Application rates, 'Port Byron silt
loam, 'Waukegan silt loam
An extensive project on animal waste manage-
ment was established in the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station in 1970. Studies were then Initiated
at the Branch Stations in Crookston, Grand
Rapids, Morris and Waseca. In 1972 a study of
swine waste management was initiated at the
Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount oa
two soil types. Liquid swine wastes from the
anaerobic pits of growing-finishing buildings were
applied at two rates in the fall of 1972. Corn
was grown on these plots in 1973. The swine
waste produced a remarkable increase In corn
yields on one site (Port Byron silt loam) and
had little effect on corn yields on one second
site (Waukegan silt loam). The contrasting re-
sults are tentatively attributed to the previous
cropping history of the sites. The study will be
continued on 1974. (Hanson, et al.-Minnesota
University)
2356-A8, A9, B2, E2
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT
L. E. Hanson, J. MacGregor, H. Chiang, P R
Goodrich, R. C. Munter, and R. E. Larson
Continuation Report of 1973-1974 Minnesota Swine
Research Reports. Preliminary Report H-240,
Department of Animal Science in Cooperation
with Agricultural Extension Service and Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, University of Min-
nesota, 1974, 2 p. 2 Ub.
Descriptors: 'Crop response, 'Corn, 'Fertilizers
•Liquid wastes, 'Pesticides
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Waste management, 'Land
disposal, 'Application rates, 'Port Byron silt
loam, Waukegan silt loam
This Is a continuation report of Preliminary
Report H-240 of the "Minnesota Swine Research
Reports, 1973-74." Following the 1973 corn har-
vest, the test plots were cleared and cored soil
samples were taken. The plots were then treated
with wastes from the anaerobic pits of growing-
finishing buildings with application rates of none.
200 and 400 tons per acre. Corn was planted
on May 17. Growth was terminated at the
Waukegan site on September 3 and at the Port
Byron site on September 21 by frost. The 1974
374
-------
growing teason h»d a wet .pring followed by
Soorly distributed and Inadequate rainfall. Con-
seouently. total corn dry mailer and grain
yieWs were reduced. Total dry matter produc.
Uon varied from 93 to 97 percent of 1973 yields
on the fertilized Port Byron plots and from 80
to 87 percent on the fertilized Waukegan plot*
Corn yields varied from 70 to 80 percent oi
i973 yields on the fertilized Fort Byron plots
and from 51 to 71 percent on th, fertilized
Waukegan plots. The pesticide
-------
(he study were: (1) to develop a mathematica'
model for the BOD-rcduction efficiency of the
system, and (2) to verify the model and eval-
uate Its coefficient* by conducting experiments
with a laboratory-scale system. The model's
operation. «nd performance were generally satis-
factory. For most of the study, the mixed
liquor pH remained In the optimum range for
biological growth and the Influent waste had
adequate nitrogen and phosphorus for a proper
nutritional balance. The activated sludge was
odorless, flocculent, and settled well. Denltrifi-
cation and foaming were not a problem. The
reduction of BOD and suspended solids were
satisfactory and there was a Ugh degree of
nitrification. An occasionally excessive discharge
of suspended solids was caused by sludge
bulking in the sedimentation. Provided the
flow rate does not vary widely* excessive solids
losses because of denitrification can be avoided
by proper design of the sedimentation unit.
The successful fitting of the mathematical model
to the data was achieved by a non-linear, least-
squares method that used a trial and error
solution based on Hartley's modification of the
Gauss-Newton method. Because extended-aera-
tion, activated-sludge required less land than
field spreading or lagooning, is essentially odor
free, does not attract Hies, and provides a high
degree of BOD reduction, this system may be
a desirable waste management alternative (or
the swine producer. (Kehl-Easl Central)
2364-B2, D3, E3, Fl
BIO-GAS DISPOSAL,
SYSTEM NOT ON
Soil and Water, VoL 19, No. 2, p. 47. December.
1973.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Costs, Anaerobic diges-
tion. Effluent
Identifiers: 'New Zealand, 'Piggeries, 'Bio-gas
plant
Identified as S. salnt-paul. of which the patho-
ffenlclty is unknown. Clinical signs typical of
swine dysentery and enteric shedding of large
numbers of spirochetes with the characteristics
of Treponema hyodysenterlae were noted In 5
of the 6 pigs. Further study Is needed to
determine how long Infectlvity persists and
whether there is growth of Salmonella spp, T
hyodysenterlae, or other pathogens In the efflu-
ent. (Merryman-East Central)
2366-A4, A5, A8, Bl, C2,
E2
SWINE MANURE LAND
APPLICATION RATES
Hog Farm Management, Vol. 9, p. 32-33, Febru-
ary 1972. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. Nitrogen. Indiana.
Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Swine. 'Land disposal. 'Loading
rates. Salt buildup
Land application of twine manure is recom-
mended as a means of protecting surface and
ground water from nitrogen and phosphorus
excesses, of removing bacteria and pathogens
through the "living filter" operation, of im-
proving soil structure, and of least-cost disposal.
Nitrogen should not be returned to the land
in excess of crop use. The amount of manure
per acre to contain this amount of nitrogen
depends on the animal ration, the ammonia
conversion and denitrification before application.
the crop type, and the climate. Typical values
for swine wastes on various crops in Indiana
are tabulated. Salt buildup should also be con-
sidered. (Whetstone, Parker and Wells-Texas
Tech University)
2368-A11, B2, D3
FINISHING YEARLINGS IN
INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED
WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH
WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:
SUMMARY OF TEN TRIALS
J. C. Melske, H. L. Larson, J. A. Moore. R o
Hegg and R. D. Goodrich "'
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report. Unlvrr
Minnesota. Research Report B-m. £
Descriptors: •Feedlots. •Performance
Identifiers: •Oxidation ditch, •Housing, Floors
Carcass characteristics. Open shed. Insulated
housing
The effects of four housing systems on leedlot
performance and carcass characteristics of fln.
ishing yearling steers were summarized from 10
trials Involving 527 cattle. The housing svs.
terns were: (1) conventional open shed, cattle
self-fed outside. (2) Insulated confinement with
a slotted floor over an oxidation ditch, cattle
•elf-fed. (3) Insulated confinement with »
slotted floor over an oxidation ditch, cattle
''•I twice dally, and <4> Insulated confinement
with a solid concrete unbedded floor, cattle Mif-
fed. Cattle In confinement consumed less feed
(P less than .01) and required less feed/ion
lb gain (P less than .01) but gained .lr.12
similar to cattle housed in the open shed. Car
casses of cattle fed in confinement have hllher
conformation scores and tended to have hifher
fat measures but graded similar to carcaaaei
of cattle housed In the open shed. Economic
calculations showed that lower returns per bead
resulted for all confinement fed cattle except
those confined to an unbedded solid concrete
floor in a year round feeding operation. (Melake
et. al.-Unlver»ity of Minnesota)
A New Zealand study shows that the benefit
from a bio-gas pig effluent disposal system
would most probably not outweigh the costs
of the system. Only industrialized countries with
limited water supplies have high standards of
industrial treatment. Heavy fines for failure to
comply would therefore make a bio-gas treat-
ment system economical. Since New Zealand
generally has enough land and water for pig
wastes to be discharged after 60-90 percent of
the pollutant matter has been removed, it was
advised that traditional treatment forms be main-
tained. (Kehl-East Central)
2367-A11, Bl, Fl
A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING
SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE
West Central Experiment Station,
Morrii. Minnesota
H. E. Smith, H. E. Hanke, L. K Lindor, R. D.
Goodrich. J. C. Melske, et. al.
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report. Univer-
sity of Minnesota. Research Report B-170, p.
2-22. IS tab.
2369-A11, Bl, Fl
COMPARISON OF HOUSING
SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE
IN NORTHERN CLIMATES
Northwest Experiment Station.
Crookston. Minnesota
H. P. Wlndels. R. D. Goodrich, and J c
Meiske '
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report. Unlver.
. "I .MinDe»°u- R««»rch Report B-172. p.
O. 5 UO,
2365-A11, B2, C3
SURVIVAL OF CERTAIN
PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE
LAGOON EFFLUENT
Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Iowa State University, Ames
R. D. Clock. K. J. Vanderloo, and J. M.
Klnyon
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Vol. It*, No. 3, p. 273-275. February
1, 1975. 1 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Effluent, 'Salmonella,
•Anaerobic conditions. Sampling
Identifiers: 'Pathogens, 'Swine, •Survival, 'Dy-
sentery
This study involved 2 trials. In each trial. 3
pigs had access to plain water and 3 pigs were
fed lagoon effluent. These pigs came from a
closed herd with no evidence or history of
salmonellosis or swine dysentery. Rectal swabs.
necropsies, and samples of lagoon effluent were
studied. Information obtained from these studies
indicates that effluent from an anaerobic lagoon
may be a source of infectious organisms. Sal-
monella spp were Isolated from lagoon effluent
as well as from the feces and tissues of pigs
that drank the effluent as a sole source of
water. All cultures submitted for typing were
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Confinement pens, 'Cat-
tle, 'Feeding, 'Costs. •Performance, Density
Identifiers: 'Housing systems. Efficiency, Gains
Because of the Interest expressed by feedlot
operators, a three year trial in Minnesota was
conducted to study the Influence of housing
systems and the effect of animal density on
feedlot performance. In the first year of study
(1969-70). 324 Hereford steer calves (average
initial weight of 435 lb) were allotted to five
housing systems. In the second and third year.
340 calves (average weight of 431 lb. and 424.5
lb respectively) were allotted to the five ays-
terns. The five housing systems were (1) con-
ventional open shed with outside concrete lot.
(2) manure pack confinement with manure
scrape alley. (3) cold slat confinement, (4)
warm slat confinement, and (5) open lot with
dirt mound and windbreak fence. Except for the
open lot. each facility was divided to provide
two animal densities. All cattle were fed a
ration composed of high moisture shelled com.
corn silage and supplement. Average dally gains
for the 3 years were highest for cattle housed
at 25 or 17 sq. ft./head In the warm slat unit
(256 and 2.52 lb. respectively) followed closely
by the cattle housed at 17 sq. ft. In the manure
scrape unit (2.49 lb). Cattle in the open lot
had the slowest average daily gains (2.21 lb).
Feed cost/100 lb. gain for the 3-year summary
were $12.88, $12.98. $13.45. $13.55. and $14.17
for cattle housed in the warm slat manure
scrap, cold slat, conventional and open lot, re-
spectively. (Cameron-East Central)
Descriptor*: •Performance. 'Confinement MM
•Minnesota " '
Identifiers: 'Housing. 'Cold confinement build-
ings, Carcass characteristics. Slatted floors
A trial involving 180 herd-mate steer ami
heifer calves was conducted to: (1) determine
the winter practicality of a slatted floor/cold
confinement building In northern Minnesota (2)
compare the performance and carcass character
UUc! K°',, jf*"101 catue h0u«ed 1B "" "nfiil
ment buildings vs. a conventional pole barn, and
(3) compare the performance of cattle houa«l
in cold confinement buildings with eithera
gable or a shed roof. The cattle in theron*
ventlonal barn gained significantly (P less than
.01) faster (2.41 vs. 2.19. 2.14 lb) and required
significantly (P leas than .05) less feedmo tt
gain (728 vs. 778, 7«1 lb) than catuY In Uu
slatted floor cold confinement barns DattJ
feed dry matter intakes were 17.5, 17.0, and 1««
lb for cattle boused in a conventional barn op
confinement bams with either a gable roof or
shed roof, respectively. These intake value*
were significantly (P leu than .05) different
from each other. Conventional bousing aid
slatted floor cold confinement housing had similar
effects on performance and carcass character-
istic, of steers and heifers. Performance data
of cattle in confinement bams were not signl.
ficantly influenced by the type of roof. Economic
returns from cattle were significantly greater
.(P leas than .01) for conventionally housed
than tho*e houle<1 in cold confinement
376
-------
2370-A11, Bl
COMPARISON OF RATIONS WITH
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO
ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN
STEERS — A SUMMARY
Southern Experiment Station.
Waseca, Minnesota
K P Miller. J C. Melske, and R. D. Goodrich
1972 'Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report. Univer-
ilty of Minnesota, Research Report B-173. p.
39-42, 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Diets. 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Rations. 'Holstein steers. 'Rough-
ages, Corn silage. Hay
Trials which involved 260 head of Holstein steers
led rations with various concentrate to rough-
age ratios were summarized. Corn silage was
used as a roughage source In all seven of the
treatments whkrh were compared. Steers fed
rations which contained 28.7 or 55.4 percent corn
silage dry matter (up to 750 ID) and 16.6 or
287 percent com silage dry matter (from
***•' »/*.••-*• • ... i i »_—» — • _a*«B nt 0nin
Thirty-two yearling Holstein steers were fed a
ration without chlortetracycllne (Aureomydn)
and 31 were fed a dally ration that contained
70 mg of chlortetracyclinc. Cattle fed the anti-
biotic gained about 3 percent faster (3.13) vs.
3.04 Ib/day), required about 5.5 percent less
feed/100 Ib gain (579 vs. 613 Ib) and were more
profitable than steers that did not receive anti-
biotic in their daily ration. Fifty-three percent
(17 head) of the cattle that did not receive
antibiotic had liver abscesses, while 29 percent
(9 head) of those that received the antibiotic
had liver abscesses. (Goodrich, et. al.-University
of Minnesota)
2373-A11, Bl, E3
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN
RECLAIMED FROM AN OXD3ATION
DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE
OF ADDING WATER TO RATIONS
FOR FINISHING STEERS
Department of Animal Science,
750 Ib to market) had faster rates of gain. Minnesota University
were more efficient and produced higher grad- j c MeUke> R D. Goodrich. R. L. Larson,
in* carcasses than steers fed other rations con- j A Moore, and R. O. Hegg
taming corn silage. They also required fewer 1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders1 Report. Univer-
davs of feeding and had higher returns. When ,ity ^ Minnesota. Research Report B-180, p.
hay was used as the roughage in the finishing M.M 3 ,ab
radons in place of corn silage, the catUe
consumed less feed, gained slower and required
more feed dry matter per 100 Ib gain. Steers Descriptors: 'Corn, 'Recycling, 'Water
fed rations with 86.2 percent corn silage dry Identifiers: 'Rations, 'Oxidation ditch. 'Finish-
matter had the slowest and least efficient gains, lng ,teers. Feed value
{he lowest grades, the longest feeding period
and thelowest returns. (Miller, et. al.-Univendty
of Minnesota) Holstein steers were used to estimate the feed-
Ing value of corn that had passed through
the digestive tract of finishing steers and which
was reclaimed from an oxidation ditch and
2371-Bl
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME
"tfSZETFSZ fnd^E, Fatt. g- ^ njatte^ perform^sat.^, but
ensiled. The influence of adding water to an
all-corn ration was also investigated. CatUe
fed rations that contained 21 percent reclaimed
R. i». uoooncii. • . ~. .••>.—-- — --• — those fed rations containing 44 percent re-
El Serafy p«.d»rs' Renort Univer- claimed corn dry matter gained less rapidly.
1972 M,'^^J?» Research Rwrt B-174. P. Although both groups consumed more feed per
sity of Minnesota, Kesearcn nepon u 111. v. head ^^ ^^ cattle fed an jn^on, ,jiet
•Feeds, 'Minnesota. 'Analyses,
dally
containing dry corn, both were less efficient.
It was calculated that the dry matter of the
ensiled, reclaimed corn had feeding values
44^6. 4 tab.
Phosphorus,' potassTum, Calcium, Magnesium, aboiir"40' pe'rcenPof'that or"reguT»r"'corn~dry
t 71-- Cooper, Molybdenum, Manganese —"— «"— —*— -jj.j .- 1—
Iden'tifiers- 'MUierals, Corn. OaU. B«ley, Soy-
bean S. Linseed meal. Middlings
of corn, oats, barley, soybean meal.
neal and middlings were analyzed for
matter. When water was added to regular corn
y, make a corn mixture of 71 percent dry
matter, the cattle consumed about 3.5 percent
more feed dry matter dally; when sufficient
water was added to regular corn to make a
corn mixture of 59.9 percent dry matter, the
(P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), cattle consumed approximately 3 percent less
^eshim (Mg), iron ntenU and adjusted values, based on to 15.9 percent less dry matter per 100 Ib
fh7 variation among samples, were presented, gain than steers fed only dry corn. (Melske. et.
wnen the adjusted values are used to estimate al.-Minnesota University)
mineral contents of a feed. 84 percent of the
UnTe feed samples should contain at least that
rmlch of the mineral in question. If average
?a"ues are used, half of the ^e the feed 2374-A11, Bl
' usla INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH
e.
to formulate a ration, the use of overage AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL
analyses to predict mineral contents of the pnTAooTIIM ftNj Tmi.
ration results in a more specific estimate of fOlASSIUM ON THi
the average mixed content than if few feeds PERFORMANCE OF STEER CALVES
are used in the ration. However, both rat ons Department of Animal Science.
would contain less than the average amount of «,„„,„,„ Umverslty
mineral half of the time. (Goodrich, et. al.-um- D w Crawford, J. C. Meiske, and R. D. Good-
verslty of Minnesota) rich
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-181, p.
, 89-98. 7 tab.
2372-A11, Bl
INFLUENCE OF AN ANTIBIOTIC ON Descripton. .SaltSi .Pou$sium. .Per,ormance.
THE PERFORMANCE OF YEARLING 'Cattle. 'Feeds. Weights, Feedlots
HOLSTEIN STEERS Identifiers: Gains, Carcass characteristics
Department of Animal Science.
University of Minnesota A trial was conducted to determine the influ-
R. D. Goodrich, D. Crawford, and J. C. Meiske ence „, variouj ,eveis of supplemental salt on
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders Report. Univer- gteer calves fed a corn silage-corn grain ration
sity of Minnesota. Research Report B-177, p. an eight pens.
Descriptors: 'Antibiotics. •Performance Each pen o£ catUe was Q^ randomiy assigned
Identifiers: 'Holstein yearlings. Chlortetracycline to each of eight treatments ranging from 0.0
(Aureomycin), Liver abscesses g sait pius 0.0 g potassium per head dally
to 37.5 g salt plus 10.0 g potassium per head
dally. All calves were fed 10 Ib of corn silage
and 1 Ib/head dally of the respective supple-
ment that supplied the appropriate level) pf salt
and potassium. Average dally gains were 2.34
Ib/head for steers fed no supplemental salt
and 2.81, 2.73, and 2.88 for steers fed 12.5,
25.0, and 37.5 g of salt per head daily, steers
fed the lowest level of supplemental salt (125 g)
had adequate rates of gain, feed Intakes, feed
efficiencies and carcass characteristics. Steers
fed supplemental potassium gained faster than
steers receiving no supplemental potassium (2 76
vs. 2.62 Ib/head daily). The feeding of potas-
sium also Increased feed intake, improved feed
efficiency, and lowered feed cost per 100 Ib of
gain. Carcass characteristics were not significant-
ly influenced by the feeding of supplemental po-
tassium. Results suggest the level of salt may
be reduced below present recommended level
of 36 to 45 g per head dally (0.08 Ib to 01
Ib/head dally). The feeding of potassium car-
bonate may result In a slight increase In re-
turns to labor and management when cattle are
fed high rations. (Cameron-East Central)
2375-B2, D2, D3, E2, Fl
MANAGING ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
E. D. Anderson
Farm Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 56-58. 1972.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons. Design, Sprinkler irriga-
tion. Costs
Identifiers: Land disposal
The poor reputation that lagoons have acquired
In some areas Is often the result of inadequate
design, poor location, and/or Improper man-
agement. They can be effective In Missouri,
l?ss so to the north, and more so to the
south. Management suggestions include keeping
the water level nearly constant, starting the
lagoon at the beginning of warm weather, keep-
Ing the pH above 6.7 by adding lime or lye.
loading continuously or at least daily, allowing
two years for the lagoon to stabilize, and
pumping out annually. (Whetstone, Parker, and
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2376-A4, A5, Bl, E2, Fl,
F2
HOW TO DISPOSE OF MANURE
AND STAY OUT OF COURT
E. D. Anderson
Farm Quarterly. Vol. 27. No. 4. p. 52-56. 1*72.
Descriptors: 'Waste management, 'Legal as-
pects, 'Feedlots. 'Cattle, •Dairy Industry, Costs,
Irrigation. United State*
Identifiers: 'Canada, Swine, Land disposal
All states and Canadian provinces now prohibit
discharge to surface or underground waters.
Consult the applicable law before starting or
enlarging an operation. Note the distance* to
downwind neighbors. Adequate spreading areas
should be owned or held under long-term lease.
Suggestions and cost estimates are given for
beef, dairy, and swine operations. (Whetstone,
Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech University)
'2377-A8, B3, Cl, C2, E2
BROILER AS A FERTILIZER
L. R. Hileman
Arkansas Farm Research, January-February,
1965, p. 6. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers. Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Broiler litter, 'Land disposal.
Yields, Application rates. Forage response
la 1964 an experiment was established to evalu-
ate the response of fescue to rates of Utter
application. Broiler Utter was broadcast by hand
at rates of 0 to 20 tons per acre, in 2-ton
Increments plus two very high treatment* of
25 and 30 tons per acre. The litter contained'
377
-------
23C"- moisture. 4.4T<- nitrogen, 2.69Vc phosphorus.
and 1.95% potassium. The 2-. 4-, and 8-ton rates
yielded more forage than no treatment. However,
the 4-ton per acre rate significantly increased
yields. Yields from the 10- and 12-ton rates
were similar to the no treatment. The 25- and
30-ton rates eliminated almost all plant growth.
Observations indicated that continued applica-
tions of rates exceeding 4 tons per acre may
tend to Increase the intensity of the yield-
depressing effect of high rates of broiler litter.
(Cameron-East Central)
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION
OF POULTRY WASTES
J. R. Howes
Feedstuffs, Vol. 40. No. 50. p. 22-23. December
14. 1968. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Litter. 'Waste treatment. 'Wast*
disposal, 'Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Poultry wastes, 'Cage manure
This discussion deals with the disposal or reuse
of poultry litter and cage manure. Content of
poultry litter and of cage manure Is variable.
Poultry litter usually contains about 20-25 per-
cent moisture and 2 percent each of nitrogen
PaO3 and KjO. Cage manure contains approxi-
mately 75 percent moisture and much less nitro
gen, P2O3 and KZO because of the dilution.
Present day methods of efficiently disposing of
poultry wastes Include landfill, spreading It as
fertilizer, composting, drying, or feeding to
poultry and livestock. The advantages of each
of these methods are discussed. It is pointed
out that recent studies indicate that organic
fertilizers are capable of controlling soil nema-
todes which have not been economically con-
trolled to date in citrus, peach, grass and many
other crops. Also, organic manures contain
stabilized nitrogen and phosphorus, which, if
these products are not over-applied to the land.
will not leach out polluting soil water, giving
rise to nitrate poisoning, stream and lake
eutrophlcation. (Merryman. East Central)
2379-A6, B2, Cl, C2, D3
OXYGEN TRANSFER
RELATIONSHIPS IN A POULTRY
WASTE MIXED LIQUOR
D. R. Baker
MS Thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York. August, 1973, 132 p. 27 flg, 5 tab, 55 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, "Poultry, 'Aera-
tion, Temperature, Viscosity
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Oxygen transfer.
Solids
Liquid aerobic treatment systems have been
found to be effective devices for handling and
controlling odors in animal wastes. The pur-
pose of this study was to examine oxygen
transfer and uptake relationships of wastewaters
at solids concentrations similar to those found
In actual waste treatment systems. All of the
results and conclusions apply to an aerated
mixed liquor in an oxidation ditch which has
reached a steady state equilibrium condition.
The study showed that oxygen uptake rates
were not affected either by temperatures or
solid concentrations normally encountered in an
in-house oxidation ditch. The results indicated
that viscosity measurements can be related to
oxygen transfer values. Although the rotor's
oxygen transfer rates were not affected by the
range of temperatures encountered, Increases in
solids concentrations did decrease the capabil-
ity of the rotor to transfer oxygen. (Kehl-East
Central)
2380-A4,A6,B2,B3,D1,D3,
.E2 . . - -
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED
FROM CAGED LAYING HENS
Department of Microbiology,
Guelph University, Guelph. Ontario, Canada
R. G. Bell
Compost Science. Vol. 10. No. 3. p. 1821.
Autumn, 1969. 4 fig. 4 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Biological treat-
ment, "Poultry, Odor, Water pollution. Anaerobic
digestion, Flocculation
Identifiers: 'Caged laying hens, 'Composting,
Settling, Extended aeration. Settled solids
As a consequence of the Increasing urbaniza-
tion of agricultural areas, animal production
units are becoming surrounded by residential
property. Because of the Intolerance of the
new neighbors and the pollution authorities for
obnoxious odors or the pollution of surface
waters, better farm management is essential.
This is the major reason for the great need
for the development of treatment processes by
which animal wastes can be converted into
valuable soil amendments which lack such
objectionable properties. The objective of this
study was to attempt to produce a soil amend-
ment which could be applied without creating
an odor nuisance or a surface water pollution
hazard, from poultry manure collected from both
liquid and solid manure management systems.
This study was limited to the treatment of the
wastes produced by caged laying hens. Several
methods were used to attempt to produce stable
nonodorous products from poultry manure col-
lected from a liquid manure handling systems.
They were: flocculation, anaerobic digestion, set-
tling, extended aeration and composting. All the
treatments proved unsatisfactory except com-
posting, which was restricted to the coarsest
fraction of the settled solids. The success of
composting fresh poultry manure In association
with ground corn cob. another agricultural
waste, has led to the construction of a pilot
scale composting plant. The effects of aeration
and the addition of old compost on composting
are given. (Kehl-East Central)
2381-A4, A5, A8, C2, E2
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC
NITROGEN CONTENTS OF
UNDISTURBED, CULTIVATED, AND
BARNYARD SOIL PROFILES IN
WISCONSIN
Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering
Wisconsin University, Madison
R. J. Olsen, R. F. Hensler. O. J. Attoe. and
S. A. Witzel
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings.
Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 699-700, July-August, U70.
1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors- 'Nitrates, "Nitrites, •Soil profiles,
•Wisconsin. 'Water pollution, 'Soils
Identifiers: Exchangeable ammonium
The need for adequate disposal of increasing
amounts of livestock wastes suggests that pollu-
tion of subsurface and surface waters from this
source is likely to become of greater importance.
The purpose of this study was to obtain In-
formation on the contents of nitrate and other
forms of inorganic nitrogen In soil profiles
under various conditions in Wisconsin, particu-
larly from cultivated fields, undisturbed or virgin
locations, and from barnyards. The average
total content of NO3-N in the profile was lowest
for the undisturbed soils and highest for the
cultivated soils. The values for NOz-N were
much lower. They were lowest In the well-
drained barnyard profiles and highest in the
poorly-drained ones. The values for exchange-
able NH,-N varied more widely between pro-
files, were lowest for the cultivated soils and
highest for the poorly-drained barnyard soils.
The concentration of NO3-N tended to decrease
with soil depth, apparently because of denltri-
fication mlcrobial immobilization processes and
plant uptake. The total content to the 240-cm
depth of NOi-N ranged from 6 to 25 kg/ha.
The results suggest that contamination of the
groundwater with N03-N from animal wastes
would mainly concern farm families that con-
sume water from wells located too close to
barnyards and feedlots. Excessive rates of apply-
ing fertilizer N should be avoided. (Kehl-East
Central)
j$82-A2,A3,A5,A6,B2,B3,
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
WITH POLLUTION CONTROL
J. R. Miner and W. E. Verity
Oregon State University. NC-93 Annual Report
October 1974 27 p. 9 Kg. 12 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptor!- 'Lagoons, 'Economics, 'Odor. 'Ohio,
Soils, Agricultural runoff
Identifiers: 'Pollution control, 'Animal waste
management, 'Swine, 'Composting, 'Land dis-
posal. Application rates, Groundwater quality
The Agricultural Engineering Department con-
tinued to evaluate handling swine waste with
flushing and a two stage lagoon system. Experi-
mental objectives were: to determine the treat-
ment efficiency of the system, measure the
nitrogen losses in each unit, determine whether
ground water pollution occurs from the ligoons,
and to evaluate the system with respect to
equipment system effectiveness, and economics.
In another experiment, a built-up bed, aerobic
composter was designed to provide both treat-
ment and storage capability. Evaluations of
rate of application, type and condition of ma-
nure, temperatures achieved within the com-
posting mass and resultant compost quality and
condition are in progress. Other projects under-
way Include modeling livestock waste systems
and studies of malodorous substances and their
abatement. The Agronomy Department has in-
•tailed field lysimeters to determine the maxi-
mum rate of cattle manure that can be applied
to various Ohio soil types without adversely
affecting groundwater quality. Cooperative re-
search has been initialed through a Memoran-
dum of Understanding between the Ohio Agri-
cultural Research and Development Center and
the USD A-A RS. North Appalachian Experiment
Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio. Numerous water-
sheds are available to study runoff from pas-
tures and feedlots. Cow herds will be managed
under 3 systems: (1) limited stocking rate
and fertilizer application with grazing during
the growing season only; (2) high stocking rate
and fertilizer application with year-long grazing
and; (3) moderate fertility and stocking rate
with hay fed on pasture during winter. Cattle
will be fed in drylot with varying proportions
of concentrates and roughages. Runoff, ground
water and soil sediments will be analyzed for
N, P, K, BOD, etc. where applicable. (Ohio
Agricultural Research and Development Center;
abstract edited by L. Merryman)
|J83,-A45A6,A13,B1,C2,C3,
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT
WASTE POLLUTION
Department of Agricultural Economics
M. Baker
Proceedings, Pollution Research Symposium, Lin-
coln, Nebraska, May 23, 1969, p. 46-4>. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, "Feedlots, "Farm
wastes, "Standards, Odor, Fish kills. Agricultural
runoff. Aesthetics, Water pollution
Identifiers: "Pollution control
Feedlol waste pollution control Is looked at
from an economist's point of view. It Is recce-
nlzed that feedlots may ultimately pollute water
with bacteria and Ugh nitrate levels, that they
may be the source of unpleasant odors, that
they may be the cause of fish kills, and that
they may be aesthetically offensive. It is also
recognized that pollution control standards must
be met. But bow and to what extent? The
cost of this pollution control will probably be
borne by the cattle industry. Most of the cost
will probably be borne by the producer of
feeder cattle. This could cause shift of pro-
duction area, elimination of smaller feedlots,
and added competition from animal substitute
products such as synthetic meats. The impact
of meeting pollution control standards is a mat-
ter of speculation. Continued research is needed
in order to determine what pollution control
standards should be met and how they should be
met (Battles-East Central)
378
-------
2384-B2, C3, D3, F6
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN
ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL
Minnesota University. St. Paul
S. L. Dleich, B. S. Pom troy, and E. R. Allred
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA 670 2 73 031, Minnesota University, SL
Paul. August 1>73. 135 p.
Descriptor!: •Pathogenic bacteria, • Waste dis-
posal, 'Model studies, Slurries, Sludge, Temper-
ature, Cattle, Minnesota
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch. 'Survival, 'Lepto-
splra pomona, 'Salmonella typhlmurium, pH
A laboratory model (1:10 scale) of an opera-
tlonal field oxidation ditch used in beef cattle
production was utilized in survival and detection
studies of Leptospira pomona and Salmonella
typhimurium. Minnesota summer (20C) and win-
ter (2C> temperatures. pH, and dissolved oxygen
of field ditch manure slurry were simulated In
laboratory model studies of manure slurry,
effluent, and sludge. Maximum leptospiral sur-
vival times of 138 days (summer) and 18 days
(winter) in the slurry were measured. Salmon-
ella survival of 47 days in slurry and 87 days
in sludge (winter), and 17 days in slurry (sum-
mer) were measured. Adequate laboratory cul-
tural detection and Isolation techniques were
developed to measure survival. Findings from
simulated studies in a second laboratory model
were used to separate materials for recycling.
(Diesch et. al.-Minnesota University)
2385-A3, A8, B2, E2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A
COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL
DURING TWO YEARS' mRIGATION
WITH EFFLUENT FROM BEEF
FEEDLOTS AND WATER
FROM A CREEK
D. H. Hinrichs
Unpublished M. S. Thesis, University of Ne-
braska, Lincoln, 1973. 74 p. 10 tab, 18 append.,
51 ref.
Descriptors: 'Physical properties, 'Irrigation.
•Effluent, 'Feedlots, 'Nebraska, 'Water, Cattle,
Rainfall. Agricultural runoff. Management, Waste
disposal. Moisture
Identifiers: 'Colo silty clay loam
A study was done to obtain Information on
the Influence of effluent applications on soil
physical properties and to recommend man-
agement practices. The field site was located
on the flat area between the footslopes and a
nearby creek. There were IS plots consisting
of five treatments replicated three times. The
following tests for physical properties of soil
were conducted on the soil samples: particle
size analysis, bulk density, moisture release.
water stability of aggregates, hydraulic con-
ductivity, and rainfall splash. Results showed
the soil for the plot area to be a Colo silty
clay loam with 2.17o sand, 68.1% silt, and 28.6%
clay. There were significant differences in bulk
density for treatments and dates of sampling.
No obvious differences in moisture release
curves were noted from the application of
effluent. Geometric mean diameters of water
stable aggregates were not Influenced by the
irrigation. Leaching occurred during the 1971-72
season of Irrigation when 54 cm of rainfall was
recorded for the period of October through
May. (Cameron-East Central)
2386-A2.A4,A6,A8,B2,B3,D2,
TXQ TC*O T7x
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT EM
TEXAS: TESTIMONY PRESENTED
TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY
COMMITTEE OF THE TEXAS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Texas Agricultural Extension Service,
.Texas AtM University. College Station
J. M. Sweeten
Memo AENG 6. Texas Agricultural Extension
Service. Texas AfcM University, College Station,
Texas, 1972, 10 p.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, Texas, 'Feedlots,
•Cattle, Proteins, Recycling, Poultry. Water
pollution. Dehydration. Fertilizers. Odor
Identifiers: 'Waste. Land disposal. Application
rales. Building materials. Refeedlng. Pyrolysls.
Turkeys
Beef feedlots account for 65 percent of the
animal manure (dry weight basis) in Texas. Of
the total tonnage. 70 percent Is from lots which
do not contribute to surface runoff under storms
of less than once-ln 25-years frequency. Oth-r
lots are being upgraded toward this goal. Land
disposal provides fertilizer and soil conditioning
benefits. No salt build-up occurs with applica-
tion rates below 300-900 tons/acre. "To sum-
marize, land disposal of solid beef feedlot
wastes at rates consistent with sound agronomic
practice gives benefit-cost ratios of about 2:1
or 3:1." Other methods cited are conversion
to a protein source by thermophilic bacteria
(GE-Casa Grande, Arizona), conversion to build-
ing materials by mixing with glass and heating
at atmospheric pressure to 300-400 degrees C
and 3000-4000 psi. refeeding as a fermented mix-
ture of manure and hay, and pyrolysls with
ammonia recovery. Turkey feedloU contribute to
water pollution. It is usual in Texas to move
the pens rather than the manure, utilizing the
fertilizer value of the manure where it falls.
Caged layers produce a high-nitrogen waste.
Dehydration and refeeding appear promising.
Sweeten urges a cautious approach to this
solution. Broiler manure has value as a fer-
tilizer and In cattle feed rations. For dairy
cattle and swine, liquid manure handling is
usual. Odor problems arise. Lagooning provides
little economic return. Slurry irrigation by pipe-
line and spray nozzle or by storage pit and
honey wagon is recommended. (Whetstone, Park-
er, & Wells-Texas Tech University)
2387-B2, D3, E2
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF
ANIMAL WASTES
Water Resources Research Institute,
Kansas State University, Manhattan
L. A. Schmld and R. I. Lipper
Completion Report No. 77, Water Resources
Research Institute. Kansas State University,
Manhattan, June 1971. 59 p. 17 fig. 12 tab.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Waste treat-
ment. Irrigation
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Land disposal,
•Loading rates. Liquidation
An anaerobic digestion system and an oxidation
ditch system were employed in this study to
Investigate the treatment, handling, and disposal
of the confined beef animal wastes. Considering
only acid fermentation, the process permits the
use of the anaerobic digester under little skilled
supervision for manure liquidation. Uncontrolled
field environmental factors, such as low tem-
peratures, low pH, and intermittent and shock
loading do not inhibit the acid forming bacterial
activities which are responsible for liquifying
the organic solids. The liquified manure is
more readily degradable for further treatment.
can be returned to the soil for agricultural
Irrigation, and has less pollutional strength for
disposal on land. The anaerobic digestion sys-
tem for solids liquification can be one answer
to handling, holding, and disposing of the con-
fined beef animal wastes. The oxidation ditch
system, with a loading of one animal per 60
cu. ft. of liquid volume, provides a potential
treatment of beef animal wastes. The two
rotors In this system, with a speed of 200
r.p.m. and an Immersion depth of 3 inches,
are capable of maintaining adequate waste
velocity and oxygenation. (McKenna-Kansas
Water Resources Research Institute)
2388-A8, B2, D3
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR
DENITRD7ICATION AND PHOSPHATE
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
A. E. Erickson. B. G. Ellis. J. M. Tiedje. C. M.
Hansen. and F. R. Peabody
Environmental Protection Agency, Technology
Series Report EPA-660/2-74-057. June 1974. 118
p. 9 fig, 24 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Denltrlficition. 'Aerobic treatment.
•Soil treatment, "Farm wastes, 'Phosphates,
•Waste water treatment. Hogs, Dairy Industry
Anaerobic conditions. Waste treatment, FeedloU.
Biodegradation. Pilot plants
Identifiers: Barriered landscape water renova-
tion systems. Organic matter decomposition,
Phosphate fixation
The efficiency of pilot-size Barriered Landscape
Water Renovation Systems (BLWRS) to renovate
flushed livestock waste was studied. The
BLWRS Is a modified permeable soil that has
an aerobic zone for the filtering and oxidation
of the waste and an anaerobic zone to which
an energy source is added to create an en-
vironment for denitrilication. Two pairs of
BLWRS 0.008 ha. In size were constructed using
a polyvinyl barrier to create the anaerobic
zone and contain the effluent. Flush wastes from
swine or dairy cattle were applied on each pair
of BLWHS. The waste effluents and BLWRS
soil were periodically analyzed for nutrients.
oxygen demand and pathogens. At manure
loading rales of up to 122 t/ha. swine waste
and 93 t/ha. of dairy waste, the BLWRS bad
an efficiency of 80 percent and 97 percent for
nitrogen renovation, greater than 99 percent
for phosphate and 93 percent for carbon. The
oxygen demand dropped 50- to 100-fold. Under
normal operating conditions, the pathogenic in-
dicator organisms did not appear in the effluent.
The BLWRS has been shown to be an efficient
system for renovating large quantities of live-
stock waste and should be tested on a com-
mercial scale with continuous monitoring. (EPA)
(Selected Water Resources Abstracts)
2389-B3, D3, E2
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL
SOLID WASTE AND PROBLEMS
INVOLVED IN TIIEIR DISPOSAL
Chief. Basic Data Branch. Division of Technical
Operations, Bureau of Solid Waste Management,
Environmental Control Administration. Consumer
Protection and Environmental Health Service.
Cincinnati. Ohio
T. J. Sorg
Public Health News, Vol. 51. No. 3, p. 67-69,
March 1970. 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Industrial wastes, 'Solid wastes,
'Agricultural wastes. 'Waste treatment. Waste
disposal. Recycling
The solid waste generated from an Industrial
plant may be classified into five categories
based on source: 1. cafeteria waste; J. packag-
ing and shipping waste; 3. offlce waste; 4.
general plant operation waste; S. processing
waste specific to the industrial plant. To deter-
mine the state of the art of industrial waste
management practices, the Bureau of Solid
Waste Management is conducting a number of
studies and surveys on various Industries on
a national basis. An area being explored that
will play a significant role In waste manage-
ment Is the utilization or reprocessing of indus-
trial solid waste. Agricultural solid waste prob-
lems differ from Industrial solid waste problems
The physical and chemical composition of the
agricultural solid waste is not as varied as
Industrial solid waste. Agricultural wastes are
primarily animal manure and bedding; dead
animals; and the leaves, stalks, stubble, and
cuUs from agricultural crops. The amount of
fiP^ ,S ?aste P"*11"**! »nnually exceeds
the solid waste production from any other seg-
ment of the economy. The traditional disposal
method for manures has been to spread them
on land, but this method is often impractical
Further research must be done. Two waste
management alternatives being demonstrated by
uXfuoTV'i SoUd Waste Mwwmeiit ari
utilization of lagoon treatment processes for
dairy manure and long-distance pipeline trans-
port of sludge for disposal on land. (CartmeU-
East Central)
379
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2390-A2, B5, C2
CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTEWATER SALINITY
Tsao. Ter-Fung
MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Colorado State University. March 1972, 80 p.
IS ««, 19 tab, 44 ret.
Descriptor!: 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, • Waste water
(pollution), 'Salinity, 'Agricultural runoff,
'Feeds, Nutrients, Sampling, Chemical analyses
In this study, cattle manure samples from
different feedlots with different salt concen-
trations In the feed were analyzed to determine
how the salt concentration In the feed affects
the salinity of the manure solution. Fresh ma-
nure samples from different pens of both uni-
versity feedlots and commercial feedlots were
collected for laboratory analysis. It was found
that the more salt cattle feed contains, the
higher Is the specific conductance of the manure
solution and the greater is the dissolved volatile
and non-volatile solids content in the fresh
manure. The logarithm of the sodium absorption-
ratio of the one percent manure solution is
proportional to the specific conductance of the
solution. These facts demonstrate that the salt
In cattle feed increases the water salinity prob-
lem of cattle feedlot runoff. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
2391-A9, B2, B3, Dl, D2,
E2, E3
A REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA
STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION
Department of Animal Science.
Pennsylvania University
' Al L°ng> H' D' BarUett- G- °-
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970. p. 35-43. 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling. Livestock. Insecticides.
Fertlliz-rs. Feeds, Sawdust
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, Horticultural wastes.
Dried poultry wastes. Waste paper, Garbage
The projected increase in the world's popula-
tion within the next few decades emphasizes
the need for conserving existing resources and
for utilizing them efficiently. This means that
wastes resulting from agricultural production
and processing need to be recycled. Among
options for the agricultural producer are the
following. Horticultural wastes could be fed to
ruminants. However the feeding of apple wastes
in the early 1960's resulted in approximately
76 p.n.m. of DDT being deposited in fat tissues
of th« waste-fed cattle: consequently, use of
pesticides must be taken Into consideration.
Treated poultry waste rations may be used as
a feed for ruminants. Liquid manure may be
disposed of on grasslands. Sawdust may be
used as a substitute roughage for cattle. Waste
paper may be nsed In the ruminant diet. Paper
manufacturing wastes may be fed to ruminants.
Dried poultry manures may be used as fer-
tilizers, mulches and animal feeds. Milk-house
liquid wastes may be distributed to the land
through a sprinkler Irrigation system. Dried
cottage cheese whey is a potential powdered
milk substitute. The suitability of digested soft
urban garbage is under study for its suitability
as a fertilizer or as a feed source for ruminant
animals. These are all recycling possibilities
that have been the subject of past or present
study. (Merryman-East Central)
2392-A2, A4, A6, Bl
A PERSPECTIVE FOR
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut University
J. J. Kolega
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 44-48.
Descriptors: 'Connecticut. 'Poultry. 'Dairy In-
dustry, Agricultural runoff, Odor, Water pollu-
tion, Septic tanks. Research and development
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Horses
Agricultural waste problems In Connecticut are
primarily those associated with the poultry and
dairy industry. Prime problems for the dairy
industry are surface runoff from paved areas;
surface discharges into streams or into a drink-
ing water supply watershed, and milking center
discharges. The poultry producer's problems are
even more serious due to the small amount
of land accomodatlng his operations and due
to the corresponding population growth around
these operations. The major complaints against
the poultry producer have been directed toward
the odors emanating from his facilities. An-
other problem requiring attention in Connecticut
Is the handling of septic tank pumpings. About
two-thirds of Connecticut's geographic area is
estimated to be using septic-tank disposal sys-
tems or their equivalent. University of Connecti-
cut studies related to these three problem areas
are listed with corresponding addresses. A rela-
tively new problem area developing in Connecti-
cut is related to the influx of pleasure horses. A
general recommendation for the handling of
the wastes from these animals has not yet been
developed. (Merryman-East Central)
2393-A4, A8, E2
PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS
AND WASTE DISPOSAL
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
C. R. Frink
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 13, 1S70, p. 49-52. 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Waste disposal. 'Ni-
trogen, 'Phosphorus, 'Connecticut, 'Eutrophlca-
tion. Fertilizers, Dairy industry
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
One of the most pressing environmental con-
cerns In Connecticut is the enrichment of lakes
and streams with plant nutrients that encourage
the growth of weeds and algae. The nutrients
responsible for these problems may come from
fertilizers, animal and human waste disposal.
or erosion from a new housing development
The largest single source of plant nutrients In
Connecticut, excluding human waste. Is dairy
farming. Efficiency of nutrient conversion by
land used in waste disposal decreases as farm
size decreases. Every effort should be made
In the Northeast to keep land available «o
that crops may utilize the applied nutrients
more efficiently. Agronomic approaches reducing
nitrogen losses Include application of fertilizer
and manure to growing crops rather than to
bare or frozen soil, selection of crops with
both high yield and high protein content. In-
creased plant populations, and more extensive
use of cover crops. (Merryman-East Central)
2394-A4, A5, A6, Bl, D2,
.03, E2, E3, F4
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Department of Poultry Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. J. Young
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3. 1970, p. 53-60. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Research and
development. 'Waste treatment. Odor, Water
pollution. Nutrients, Fertilizers, Dehydration. In-
cineration
Identifiers: 'Waste management. 'Land disposal.
Oxidation ditch
The design of animal production units of the
future must take into consideration (he con-
ditions necessary for optimum production with
a management system that will minimize en-
vironmental pollution. The encroachment of
resort and residential developments Into rural
areas Increases this necessity. It Is essential
that the cost of livestock operation Include
waste handling and disposal costs. In the
College of Agriculture at Cornell University, an
Interdepartmental Task Force has been devel-
oped with representatives from the Departments
of Agricultural Economics. Agricultural Engin-
eering, Agronomy, Animal Science, Food Sci-
ence, and Poultry Science to investigate such
management problems as waste disposal sys-
tems, odor identification and control, water
pollution prevention, nutrient removal, reutlllza-
tion of animal wastes as fertilizers or food-
stuffs, and new methods of waste management
which can economically become part of the
total production system. Studies discussed In.
dude: (1) use of an oxidation ditch in a
poultry house, (2) incineration of poultry ma-
nure, (3) dehydration of poultry manure with
heated air, and (4) water pollution from land
disposal of manure. (Merryman-East Central)
2395-A5,A8,B2,C2,D3,E2
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
ANIMAL WASTES IN
MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts University
J. T. Clayton
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970. p. 61-67.
Descriptors: 'Massachusetts, 'Waste treatment,
•Waste disposal, 'Research and development,
•Animal wastes. Aeration. Effluents, Nitrogen,
Groundwater pollution. Lagoons, Ponds
Identifiers: Land disposal
In an attempt to provide usable engineering
design information, studies of several com-
ponents of treatment systems are being con-
ducted. Under study are the following (1) An
extended aeration system of manure mixed with
water to form a slurry. (2) The effects of dis-
posal of effluent from the above mentioned
system at a subsurface level In terms of chem-
ical, microbiological, and physical properties of
constructed profiles, as well as the degree of
tertiary treatment in the soil. (3) Distribution
of animal waste effluents within the soil with
an orifice or nozzle that can reliably effect
uniform discharge. <4> Flow of nitrogen through
the soil with the purpose of establishing what
effect adsorption of nitrogen by soil particles
would have on nitrogen contamination of ground-
water In the vicinity of waste stabilization
ponds. (5) The effects of groundwater on the
movement of nitrogen in soils adjacent to la-
goons or ponds. (Merryman-East Central)
2396-A4,A5,A7,A8,A12,Bl,F2
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE
AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING
WASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL
IN WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station
A. D. Longhouse
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes In the Eastern Region: A
Perspective. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 68-73. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Regulation. 'West Virginia. 'Agri-
culture, 'Water pollution, 'Air pollution. Soil
contamination. Health
Pollution of air, water, and soil from agricul-
tural sources Is not yet a serious problem in
West Virginia, but It is crowing. Legislative
acts delegating authority for the control of all
sources and types of pollutants, including those
of agriculture, are vested in several state
agencies. The three regulatory agencies of
West Virginia which are responsible for en-
forcing pollution laws are: the State Board of
Health, the Department of Natural Resources,
and the Air Pollution Control Commission. The
State Board of Health supervises and controls
380
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the Department of Health and makes and en-
forces health regulations. This regulation In-
cludes dairies, creameries, and slaughterhouses.
The Department ot Natural Resources adminis-
ters the Water Pollution Control Act and the
Surface Mining Act. The Air Pollution Control
Commission administers the Air Pollution Law
of West Virginia. In practice, no single regu-
latory body has sole Jurisdiction and responsi-
bUity regarding pollution. Each agency's Involve-
ment corresponds with Its areas of Interest.
(Merryman-East Central)
2397-B2,B3,D2,D3,E2,E3,F5
A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR
RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES
Kentucky University
Presented" at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Decem-
ber 1-3. 1970. P- 74-77. 1 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors. -Recycling. 'Feeds. 'Fertilizers. 'Al-
eae. 'Fish, 'Fermentation.
Identifiers: 'Manure. 'Fly larvae, 'Broiler litter.
•Refeeding. 'Microbes.
Because the agricultural industry has many crit-
ical waste management problems, many new
practices and concepts are being tested and re-
searched. Recycling of manures is one suchi con-
cept Among the recycling measures considered
in this publication are:
(1) Use of manure as fertilizer for plants.
Jl) Production of algae In anerobic waste lagoons
as a potenitial feedstuff.
<3> Feeding fish diets containing animal manure.
(4 Biodegradation of manure by fly larvae The
end product may then be used as a soil con-
ditioner and a feed supplement.
<5> Use of broiler litter in rations for ruminants.
(6 Fermentation of fresh poultry manure win
Rumen microbes to produce high protein
feeds. (Merryman-East Central)
2398-A6,B2,B3,D3,El,Fl
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE
QUALITY OF THE NEW
HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT
Institute of Natural and Environmental Resources
Sew Hamcshire University.
Pre«ntedraetr'conference on Agricultural and Pro-
c7«*g Wastes in the Eastern Region: A Per!-
nective Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, December
1-3. 1970, P. 7J-J3. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture. 'Environment. 'New
Hampshire, 'Cattle. 'Waste disposal. Lagoons,
IS? Poultry. Water pollution. Odor.
WenUflers: 'Animal wastes. Oxidation ponds.
Th. matority of New Hampshire's land area Is
?M hW>to support an economically viable agri-
cStu"al opVatkE! A large portion of the remain-
?ni area is too wet to farm. Fruit and vege-
Uble farming has been of minor importance. But
Ihe steady increase in tourism Is encouraging
roads^e vegetable stands. New Hampshire has
?mino7 animal industry when compared to many
state" Sheep are largely confined to the hilUer,
fess Populated regions of the state. Hog produc-
tton Is scattered across the state, a few hogs to
a farm Poultry production is nearer populated
areas and is often accompanied by odor prob-
lems Waste produced by cattle is roughly equiv-
.tent to that produced by the entire human pop-
SaUon of the state. Mass waste disposal sys-
"ems are uneconomical because few dairy herds
,««ed 100 head, and the majority are less than
30 head. Although oxidation ponds are more ac-
ceptable than lagoons, the structure still has
generally not been acceptable as a waste disposal
method. The New Hampshire Cooperative Ex-
tension Service personnel are meeting with far-
mers and are educating them to the role they
must undertake. This service has been the most
Important tingle factor in the control of poUu-
tion from agricultural sources. (Cameron-East
Central).
2399-B1, B3, D3, El, E2
REPORT FROM NEW JERSEY
College of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Rutgers University.
H. E. Besley.
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and Pro-
cessing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A Pers-
pective. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. December
1-3, 1970, P. M-«5.
Descriptors: 'New Jersey. 'Environmental con-
trol. "Waste disposal.
Identifiers: •Pollution control.
Many qualified observers feel New Jersey to be
our most urbanized state and they feel that New
Jersey has some of the most stringent environ-
mental quality control laws in all the world. As
a reflection of New Jersey's concern for the en-
vironment, Rutgers University is exerting major
research and education in the area of environ-
mental quality. Present and recently completed
projects include:
(1) An inventory in four New Jersey counties of
the quantity of animal wastes and of the
types of disposal methods utilized.
(2) The development of equipment and proced-
ures for disposing of solid and semi-solid
organic wastes in the soil.
(3) Utilization of rapid composting as a means
of stablizlng the wastes resulting from feed-
ing garbage to hogs.
(4) Utilization of organic wastes and silt dredged
from streams and waterways to reclaim and
Increase productivity of abandoned or under
utilized lands such as former gravel pits,
areas of the pine barrens, etc.
(S) Development of incinerable plastic bottles and
utilization of food packages and containers
which are more readily disposable than those
currently in use.
(6) Research concerning plant responses to air
contaminants, such as stack and engine ex-
haust gases.
(7) Treatment of domestic and Industrial wastes
to reduce pollution potential. (Merryman-
East Central).
2400-A11, B5, C3
RELATION OF VITAMIN BIZ TO THE
GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN
COW MANURE
Bureau of Animal Industry, Agricultural Research
Administration, United States Department of Ag-
riculture, Beltsville. Maryland.
R. J. Little, C. A. Denton and H. R. Bird.
Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 176, p. 1477-
1478, 194«. 1 tab, 2 ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Growth rates, •Cat-
tle, 'Poultry, Bacteria, Injection, Feeds.
Identifiers: •Vitamin Bit. •Manure.
Crystalline vitamin B12, reported to have activity
for chick growth, has been found to be com-
pletely effective, either orally or by intramuscu-
lar injection, when tested by laboratory method
to assay quantities of the unknown growth factor
occurring in cow manure, in fish-meal, and in
some other feedstuffs of animal origin. The re-
sults show that the maximum growth response
was the same in two experiments. One experi-
ment used crystaline B12 and the acid precipi-
tate of water extract of cow manure as a dietary
supplement. The other experiment used crystal-
line B12 and 2 units of liver extract. In view
of the potency of this vitamin as a bacterial
growth factor, the injection experiments are of
particular interest since they show that its effect
on the chick is direct and not mediated through
the intestinal flora. (Cartmell-East Central).
2A01-B3, Cl, F6
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF
FULLY EXPOSED FORMED
POULTRY EXCRETA
T. M. Midden.
M. S. Thesis. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
January. 1972. 69 p.. 17 flg.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. 'Equations. Temperature.
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Drying characteristics.
Diameter.
The experiments described in this thesis were de-
signed to determine some of the basic drying
characteristics of poultry manures. The specific
objectives were: 1. To determine the material
constants for and evaluate the unefulness of sev-
eral drying models for predicting the drying char-
acteristics of formed poultry excreta. 2. To de-
termine the effects of drying air temperature and
formed cylinder diameter on the material con-
stants for the most useful model. 3. To deter-
mine the time-temperature relationship to form
a stable crust on a cylinder of manure. The
following thin-layer drying equation was used to
describe the fully exposed drying characteristics
of formed poultry excreta—MR=e—kt. The effect
of drying air temperature on the value of the
thin layer drying constant for a particular dia-
meter cylinder can be explained by an Arrhen-
ius type equation—In k= In a=—b/R. The effect
of cylinder diameter on the value of the thin-
layer drying constant for a particular tempera-
ture is explained by the exponential equation
In k«=ln a+bd. A crust can be formed on the
surface of a cylinder of poultry manure when
the cylinder is exposed to high temperature dry-
ing air. The time required to form a stable
cylinder Increases with Increasing cylinder dia-
meter and decreases with increasing temperature.
(Cartmell-East Central).
2402-B5, C2, D3
BIODEGRADATION OF THE PIG
WASTE: BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE
EFFECT OF COPPER
School of Agriculture, Aberdeen. Scotland. Great
Britain.
K. Robinson. S. R. Draper and A. L. Gelman.
Environmental Pollution. Vol. 2. p. 49-56. 1971.
2 fig., 4 tab. S ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment. •Biodegragatlon.
•Copper, 'Nitrogen compounds. Slurries. Rations,
Chemical oxygen demand, Aeration.
Identifiers: 'Swine.
The presence of large amounts of copper salts
In many commercial pit-feed supplements repre-
•ents a potential difficulty in the treatment of pig
waste slurries. In view of the fact that copper
Is known to inhibit the growth of many aerobic
bacteria, it is possible that the aerobic break-
down of pit waste might be Inhibited if high
levels of copper are excreted in the faeces. This
was evaluated by examining both the amount of
copper excreted and the effect of copper salts
on the biodegradation of allquots of waste. Incu-
bated under laboratory conditions. Calculations
based on the daily volume of excreta indicated
copper concentrations of 790 ppm in the slurry
of animals fed on copper supplemental diets.
When copper, at different concentrations, was
Included in pig urine and the liquid aerated, a
graded inhibition of the reduction of COD was
noted, commencing at SO ppm and being com-
plete at 500 ppm. (Cartmell-East Central).
2403-A6, B2, D2, D3
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
LIQUID COMPOSTING
The DeLaval Separator Company, Poughkeepsie.
New York.
L. S. Craurer. and B. Hoffman.
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 377
No. 6. p. 293-301. June 1974.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry. 'Odor, 'Biological
treatment, 'Liquid wastes, Chemical treatment.
Identifiers: •Composting. 'Deodortzation.
The DeLaval Separator Company has developed
a liquid composting system for deodorizing, pas-
teurizing, biologically decomposing, and chemi-
cally purifying dairy cow waste. The theory of
liquid composting and several modes of LFTCOM
(Liquid Composting) System operation are de-
crlbed. Particular emphasis is placed on a de-
scription oi a completely automated manure
381
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handling »nd treatment system operating at an
SHw. free..!.!! dairy barn Data covering
2 year* of operation are presented. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System).
2404-B2, C2
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY
CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH
Agricultural Experiment Station, Georgia Univer-
sity. Savannah.
J W Page, and J. W. Andrews.
Water. Air. and Soil Pollution. Vol. 3, No. 3,
p. 363-369, September. 1974.
Descriptors: 'Channel catfish. 'Fish farming, 'Or-
ganic wastes, *Animal metabolism. Fish man-
agement. Biochemical oxygen demand, Water
quality control. Water pollution sources, Analyti-
cal techniques, Nitrogen compounds. Waste water
(Pollution). Metabolism.
Identifiers: 'Metabolic waste products.
Production rates of metabolic wastes by channel
catfish (Ictalarus punctatus) were estimated by
analyzing effluents from high density culture of
940 g and 60 g catfish. Results were integrated
over a 24 h steady-state period in which normal
feeding activities were maintained and were ex-
pressed as g/day/kg fish and g/day/kg feed con-
sumed. When expressed on a unit fish weight
basis, production rates were greater for 60 g
than for 940 catfish. However, when expressed
on a feed consumption basis, production rates of
most catabolic products were approximately equal
for both size fish. Average values (g/day/kg
feed) were as follows: total N, 67; ammonia N,
20; nitrate-nitrite N 20; 5-day BOD. 98; total sol-
ids, ISO; total P. IS; total K, IB. Filtered solids
from effluent contained 5% nitrogen, 1.6% phos-
phorous and .1370 potassium. Diurnal variation
in production rates were noted with solid produc-
tion reaching maximum after each feeding and
BOD, NH3, and nitrate reaching a maximum
only in the afternoon. (Kail).
2405-A2, A4, B2, Cl, C2,
D3, E2
SOIL ADSORPTION OF
HUMIC COLOR
Department of Civil Engineering. Nebraska Uni-
versity. Lincoln.
R. A. Miller.
MS Thesis, Nebraska University, Lincoln. May
1974. 49 p. 10 fig, J tab. 22 ref.
Descriptors: ''Color, 'Feedlols, 'Adsorption,
•Chemical oxygen demand. 'Waste water treat-
ment. Sands, Waste disposal. Biological treat-
ment, Runoff, Water quality. Soils, Design cri-
teria, Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Soil adsorption beds.
The degradation of receiving streams and lakes
has prompted many studies on the treatment of
feedlot runoff. Various biological treatment sys-
tems have been developed to reduce organic
strength levels; however, economic co'or reduc-
tion has not been obtained. The main purpose
of this study was to evaluate color reduction of
feedlot runoff by the process of soil adsorption.
Significant reductions In chemical oxygen demand
were also anticipated. Conclusions are as fol-
lows: (1) color and COD removal from biologi-
cally treated feedlot runoff can be obtained by
adsorption on clayey fine sand: (2) reduction of
color and COD using soil beds Is an effective,
economical technique for disposal of biologically
treated feedlot runoff; and (3) loading rates of
2 inches per day or less and depths of 5 feet
or more should be used as design criteria for
soil adsorption beds operating full. (Selected
Water Resources Abstracts).
2406-A11, B5
EFFECT OF ANTD3IOTIC
SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE
DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL
WASTES
F K. Elmund.
KS Thesis, Colorado State University. Fort Col-
lins. March 1970. 42 p.. 3 fig. 6 tab. 18 ref.
Descriptors: •Antibiotics, 'Degradation, Cattle.
Feedlots, Microorganisms,
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Chlortelracycllne, Pollu-
tion.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the pos-
sible presence and role of metabolic Inhibitors In
excreted wastes of cattle which had Ingested
chlortctracycllne. It was felt that alteration of
the decomposition process might Increase the
potential pollution hazards of these excreted
wastes. The results of these studies suggest that
antibiotic supplementation of animal feeds selects
for a microbial population relatively Inefficient
In the stabilization process. In addition, ingested
antibiotic apparently alters the digestive proces-
ses In the animal, producing excreted wastes
which are less biodegradable. (Cartmell-East
Central).
2407-A4, A6, All, A12,
B2, B3, C3, D3, E2, F2
FARM WASTE DISPOSAL
United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fish-
eries and Food.
United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fish-
eries and Food. Short Term Leaflet 67, Amen-
ded 1973, 24 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Waste treatment.
•Aerobic conditions. Effluent. Anaerobic digestion,
Livestock. Legal aspects. Pathogenic bacteria.
Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'United Kingdom, 'Farm wastes,
•Land disposal.
When planning a waste disposal system It Is
Important to know how much and what kind of
material will have to be handled. There are
basically 5 systems of manure handling: (1) sol-
id. (2) semisolid, (3) liquid slurry, (4) organic
Irrigation, and (5) discharge Into a public fewer.
Aerobic oxidation treatment systems include (1)
the oxidation ditch, (2) the high rate biological
filter tower and (3) the surface aerator. In addi-
tion to manure, silage effluent; washing down
water; rainwater; and other water used In the
milking process must be considered when design-
ing farm buildings. In utilization of farm ma-
nure. It Is normally recommended that diluted
cow slurry (1 part manure: 2 parts water) should
be applied at up to 15,000 gal. per acre per
annum in three separate applications. The legal
aspects of waste disposal are clarified by the
Rivers Act of 1951 and 1961. the Water Resources
Act of 1963. the Public Health Acts of 1961 and
1969. and the Agricultural Act of 1956. Infecti-
ous organisms of concern are the salmonella
group of bacteria and brucellosis. The proper
waste disposal system for a particular farm Is
dependent upon the type of land, acreage and
cropping policy, type of housing, scale of enter-
prise, costs, river pollution, nuisance and health
possibility of hazards, and comfort of stock end
men. Care should be taken not to: agitate or
empty storage tanks when the wind direction will
carry smells to houses, operate spray guns In
periods of high wind, irrigate when the land Is
saturated, or drain effluent directly into a water
course. (Battles-East Central).
2408-A1, A2, Bl, B2, B3,
B4, Cl, C2, E2, Fl
REVIEW PAPER: ANIMAL WASTES
MANAGEMENT AND
CHARACTERIZATION
Division of Environmental Engineering, College
of Engine-ring, Utah State University, Logan.
J. E. Middlebrooks,
Water Research, Vol. S, p. 697-712, 1974. 1 fig.
13 tab, 46 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Physical properties,
•Chemical properties, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Waste
treatment. 'Nutrients. 'Feedlots, 'Confinement
pens, 'Locating, Lagoons.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land disposal.
Retention ponds.
•Agricultural-related environmental quality prob-
lems have received little attention until the last
10 years. The purpose of this report is to
attempt to provide an overall picture of the char-
acteristics and Instability of animal wastes and
runoff from animal feedlots. The study showed
that there li a wide variability In both the
characteristics and performance of treatment fa-
cilities. Loehr (1972) proposed several feedlot
runoff control measures, such as retention ponds.
use of evaporation ponds, diversion, land dis-
posal of the excess liquid and accumulated solid
matter, confinement, and proper location. All of
the above methods can easily be adapted to Ot
a particular situation under certain environmental
conditions. Application of one or all of these
methods depends on such factors as rainfall pat-
terns for a particular area, rainfall amount and
frequency, and geography. Location selection la
possibly a key In the control of feedlot and ani-
mal waste pollution. Another significant (actor
in controlling feedlot and animal waste pollution
Is the number of waste management alternatives
that are made available to a feedlot operator.
However, It appears that the agricultural Indus-
try is Incapable of absorbing the costs of conven-
tional waste treatment at this time. Therefore.
whenever possible, feedlot location should be
such that the old reliable method of confinement
and land disposal can be employed. (Penrod-
East Central).
2409-A2, B2, Cl, D2, Fl
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
R. J. Smaiis.
MS Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering.
University of Nebraska. May. 1972. 60 p., 23 tig,
7 tab. 23 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots. 'Agricultural runoff,
•Chemicals, •Coagulation, 'Costs, Turbidity.
Sludge.
Identifiers: 'Color reduction.
This Investigation was undertaken to evaluate
the treatment of feedlot runoff by chemical coag-
ulation, with color reduction as the prime goal.
The removal of organic material and other de-
sirable effect* were also anticipated. Alkalinity
was shown to be important in the chemical coag-
ulation process. Turbidity and apparent color
can be reduced by the application of moderate
amounts of coagulants, whereas the colloidal
color, believed to be hydrophillc. requires large
coagulant C sages for significant removal. The
reduction of the total solids, suspended solids
and COD nr»y be related to the reduction of tur-
bidity. Feeillot runoff can be clarified by coag-
ulation using the common metalic coagulants.
Estimated chemical costs of such treatment are
in excess of $1.00 per 1000 gallons. From the
chemical costs Involved and the large volume of
chemical sludge produced, chemical coagulation
does not appear to be a practical method of
treating this waste. (Cartmell-East Central).
2410-B2, B5, Cl, D3
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF
CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMD3ATCH-
PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH
Area Livestock Specialist, Fort Dodge. Iowa.
B. B. Berven, M. P. Hoffman. H. L. Self, and
S. W. Kelvin.
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. It, No. 2, p 31«-
JU, 322. March-April, 1975. 1 fU. 4 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Cattle. 'Confine-
ment pens. 'Energy. Microblal degradation.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Semi-batch process.
•Solids reduction. ^^
The potential pollution problems from the live-
stock feeding industry and the development of
greater concern for the environment are forcing
many cattle feeders to look for better methods
of controlling the waste from feeding fadlitie*
The objective of this study was to evaluate solids
reduction of beef wastes In a semi-batch-process
oxidation ditch of a cold confinement facility
with slotted Doors. Data on solids-reduction were
obtained from two test periods. The first period
was from November 10. 1971, to April 12, 1972
and the second was from April 2S, 1972. to
October 4, 1972. Two procedures were used.
382
-------
The first procedure assumed that the dally dry
matter waste production per steer was 2.3 kg
and total solid-reduction values of 32.6 and 32.0
per cent were obtained for winter and sum-
mer tests, respectively. The concept of the par-
titioning of energy In feedstuff* was employed
In the second procedure. The total solids-reduc-
tion values of M.I and 27.2 per cent were ob-
tained for the winter and summer tests, respec-
tively. Tables are provided which show ration
composition, and total solids reduction for both
procedures. A schematic diagram of compon-
ents of energy utilization and loss Is also given.
(Penrod-East Central).
2411-A2, A3, Bl
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES
Department of Soli Science and Agricultural En-
gineering University of California, Riverside.
A C. Chang. D. Aref, and D. C. Baler.
California Agriculture. Vol.29, No. 4, p. 16-17,
April. 1375, 2 fig.. 2 ref.
Descriptors: •Agricultural runoff. "Dairy industry.
•Water pollution, 'California, 'Watersheds, 'Hy-
drology, 'Precipitation, Suspended solids.
Surface runoff usually carries a high water pol-
lution potential if it comes from livestock-ma
nured areas. In an area such as the Chlno-
Corona dairy preserve, which has a heavy con-
centration of livestock, manure-laden runoff
could be a significant portion of the total sur-
face runoff of the watershed and could degrade
the quality of the receiving stream. The purpose
of this study was to attempt to determine the
hydrologic and water quality characteristics of
surface runoff from this area. Researchers sim-
ulated precipitation on the surface of dairy cor-
rals where animals are confined, rather than wait
for runoff generating storms. A table is pro-
vided which summarizes the hydrologic character-
istics of each delivered precipitation and its re-
sultant runoff. The transport of suspended solids
by overland now did not appear to be a serious
problem on mildly-sloped land, although the loss
of dissolved minerals to surface runoff was (Sig-
nificant. Channels have a tendency to be formed
bv overland flow traveling a long distance;
this channelled flow with higher velocity would
transport larger amounts of loosely-packed
wastes No channel was formed under experi-
mental' conditions. This Information leads to the
conclusion that a well-sloped corral surface
would minimize the loss of suspended material
through runoff. (Penrod-East Central).
2412-B2,' C2, D3
A STUDY IN A FULL-SCALE SWINE
WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engi-
neering, Toronto University, Canada.
p H Jones and N. K. Patnl.
Water Research. Vol. 6, p. H25-1432, 1972. 8 fig,
1 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment. Biochemical oxyg-
en demand. Chemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: 'Swine. "Oxidation ditch, 'Ditch
mixed liquor. Organic carbon. Odor control.
A problem of disposal of large amounts of ani-
mal wastes arises when confinement livestock
breeding Is utilized. This problem is especially
great since there is an increasing trend towards
this method of breeding and the problem is
magnified when land application of the manure
produced Is not feasible. Because of their sim-
plicity and economy, oxidation ditches are being
considered more often as a means of partially
or completely stabilizing livestock wastes. The
objective of this study was to report findings
on the biological efficiency of oxidation ditches
in reducing organic carbon. This study showed
that the oxidation ditch was a satisfactory unit
for treating swine wastes for the reduction of
BOD and COD loads. If the manure Is mixed
with poorly b'odegradable bedding material, it
is desirable to screen the wastes for large solid
materials before introducing them into the ditch.
It was advised that foaming be considered in the
design of a unit, particularly when in-the-build-
ing oxidation ditches under slatted floors in the
pens are used, as excessive foaming was often
a serious problem. For odor control, better DO
distribution In Uie entire Ml. mass is desirable.
Two methods of achieving this are using extra
rotors or using direct air injection Into the ditch
ML. (Penrod-East Central).
2A13-A2,A5,A8,B1,C2,E1
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF
NITRATES BELOW CHEMICAL
CATTLE FEEDLOT, TEXAS HIGH
PLAINS
Department of .Geosciences, Texas Tech Univer-
sity, Lubbock.
W. D. Miller.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. S. p. 941-
950. October. 1971. 5 fig. 2 tab. 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Peedlots, •Infiltration. 'Nitrates,
•Texas, 'Groundwater pollution. 'Agricultural
runoff. Permeability. Ponds, Waste storage.
Identifiers: Subsurface distribution.
For several years, speculation has been rampant
concerning the potential pollution hazard of com-
mercial cattle feedlots to groundwater zone (Og-
allala Formation) of the Texas High Plains. The
major objectives of the study were: (1) determi-
nation of quantitative distribution of nitrogen and
other chemical parameters below major feed-
lots, (2) evaluation of laboratory and field deter-
mined rates of nitrate movement from surface
to watertable, (3) determination of the time-space
distribution of ions In the saturated zone, and
<4) the determination of what geologic environ-
ments in the High Plains are least conducive to
infiltration of cattle feedlot runoff. Water sam-
ples were collected for quality analyses from
beneath eighty commercial cattle feedlots in the
Texas High Plains. The establishment of vertical
gradients of dissolved solids was determined from
the drilling and/or coring of twenty-two feedlots.
Lots included In the study ranged in age from
new installations to 35 years. Runoff collection-
systems on lots include playas, dammed and un-
dammed stream channels, and man-made ponds.
Infiltration to the watertable below feedyards of
feedlot liquid waste Is insignificant in most local-
ities of the Texas High Plains. Infiltration of
"collected" feedlot runoff and subsequent concen-
tration of dissolved ions in groundwater in the
High Plains is dependent upon several factors.
These factors are listed and discussed by the
author. The study showed that certainly, no
regional subsurface pollution problem exists today
nor is one foreseen from cattle feedlot runoff in
the Texas High Plains. (Penrod-East Central).
2A14-A6, A10, All, A12,
Bl, C2, C3, D2
POULTRY MANURE: ITS
PRESERVATION, DEODORIZATION
AND DISINFECTION
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
W. Yushok and F. E. Bear.
>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
Bulletin No. 707, Rutgers University. 1948. 11 p.
8 ref., 7 tab.
Descriptors: "Poultry, "Farm wastes. 'Preserva-
tion. 'Disinfection, "Waste treatment. Ammonia,
New Jersey, Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Dr}'-«. Costs,
Bacteria.
Identifiers: "Deodorization, Superphosphate,
-------
than three feet high and should be turned at
least three Umel a week (or the first two weekl
after the compost has heated to above 113 de-
frees F. Turning may be reduced to once a
week during the next week or two. Turning may
be terminated whenever the compost falls to
regain a temperature In excess of 113 degrees
F. The compost should then be aged In stockpiles
for GO days. (Merryman-East Central).
2417-B2,B3,B4,D3,E2,E3
SOLID WASTE HANDLING
Pennsylvania State University.
A. R. Grout.
Dairy Herd Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 12-13.
1974.
Descriptors: 'SoUd wastes, 'Slurries. 'Dairy In-
dustry, 'Waste storage, 'Storage Unks, 'Storage
requirements.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land disposal,
•Stackers, 'Free stall barns, 'Manure ponds.
While processes such as dehydration, composting,
and recycUng Into methane are being used on
manure, the best bet for most dairymen Is the
use of cropland as the processing medium. This
generally means that manure has to be stored
until proper time for land disposal. Long eleva-
tors or mechanical throwing devices are needed
for stall barn manure because it will not flow
Different methods for water removal from the
manure are discussed. The manure Itself Is
transported to a stacker enclosure which. In most
cases. 1« built of reinforced concrete Storage
™FaC1|ty 5. flgured at 1>s cu- "• P" ^OOO P°und
animal unit. Capacity of storage Is usually plan-
ned for a period of six months or more. Roofs
over these structures are optional but desirable
Manure storage for free stall barns Is stored
.1" P™u«'l" as a heavy slurry with very lit-
tle added bedding material. The free stall barn
can be cleaned with a tractor scraper or by the
new automatic scrapers. Conveyance to the stor-
age basin can be by gutter cleaner chain, or by
pushing the manure through an underground
Pipe with a special ram pump. The storage en-
closure for this type manure Is usually built
below ground level with reinforced concrete
walls on three sides. One end has a sloped en-
trance floor UP to the wall level which allows
manure to be brought up the ramp with a trac-
tor loader. The spreader can be backed Into
the basin as the level recedes due to manure
removal. Use of manure ponds with earth walls
like a farm pond Is also gaining acceptance
for storage of this type of manure slurry. (Mer-
ryman-East Central).
2418-A$,A10,B2,B3,B4,E2,E3
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER
Dairy Herd Management Editor.
G. Ashfleld.
Dairy Herd Management, Vol. 11. No. 4. p. 22-27.
April. 1974. 7 fig.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'California, 'Ferti-
lizers, Odor, Sprinkler irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Storage pond,
•Land disposal, 'Bedding.
Manure is neither an asset nor a liability but
simply one of two products of the more than
700 dairy animals housed at the C. S. Musser
It Sons. Inc., producer-distributor dairy opera-
tion. The waste collection and handling program
is organized with all the care and planning nor-
mally reserved exclusively for the prime dairy
product, milk. In full cycle, the manure Is
flushed, pumped, separated, and stored In both
soUd and liquid form prior to Its use as bed-
ding and fertilizer. An intensive 13 month study
was conducted to evaluate the workings of Ihe
waste retention pond. Specific goals of the study
were to determine: (1) the effect of dairy waste
as a pond sealant; (2) the chemical and biologi-
cal action In. around and under the. pond. The
waste pond became effectively sealed from ex-
cess Infiltration in not more than 55 days after
inflow of screensd dairy sewage. Odor emissions
from the pond were not «ve.re.e"ou«h'° c,re?£
a neighborhood nuisance and the po™ old not
create a fly problem. Sufficient acreage of urn-
gated cropland to permit effective pond manage-
ment and post-pond discharge of the contents
is essential to make this type of pond and the
accompanying waste disposal environmentally ac-
ceptable. (Cartmell-East Central).
2419-A11,A12,B3,C3,D2,D3,
E3.F2
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND
CORN FORAGE. 1. FERMENTATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Department of Agriculture, Maryland University.
Eastern Shore Princess Anne.
B. W. Harmon. J. P. Fontrnot and K. E. Webb,
Jr.
Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 40. No. 1, p. 144.
January. 1975. 10 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, "Poultry. 'Fermentation,
•Litter, 'Conforms. 'Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Ensiled broiler Utter,
Food and Drug Administration, Corn forage.
Broiler litter Is an accumulation of poultry excre-
ta, feathers, wasted bedding and feed and is
valuable as a feed for ruminants. The Food and
Drug Administration does not sanction the prac-
tice of recycling broiler Utter by feeding. There
is apprehension concerning the dangers of path-
ogenic organisms In Utter fed to livestock, al-
though no serious health problems have resulted
from feeding broiler Utter. The objective of this
study was to determine the feasibility of ensil-
ing broiler litter and corn forage. This study
Elves the fermentation characteristics and micro-
bial population studies of mixtures of different
ratios of broiler Utter and corn forage cut at
two stages of maturity. All mixtures appeared
to show typical • fermentation characteristics and
preserved well. By advancing maturity of corn
forage and by each level of litter addition, the
per cent dry matter in silage was significantly
increased. The crude protein content of the sil-
age was significantly increased by the addition
of litter. The total bacteria counts of the sil-
ages exceeded 3 million bacteria per gram. The
coliform population was generally higher for the
control silages than for the silages containing
litter. This trend for lower coliform numbers
in litter silages than controls suggests that en-
siling may be an economical means of eliminat-
ing potential hazards from the possible presence
of pathogens in litter. Tables on mixture com-
position, total and ammonia nitrogen, fermenta-
tion characteristics, and the total count of bac-
teria and coliform for the various small and
large-bag silages are given. (Penrod-East Cen-
tral).
2420-B5,C1,C2,C3,E3,F1
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES.
PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY
LITTER
Feedstulfs, January 7, 1967, p. 46.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, "Poultry. 'Litter, 'Canada.
Proteins, Nutrients. Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, Broilers, Layers. Alberta.
A report made by the Alberta Department of
Agriculture on feeding poultry litter is discussed.
The report discovered that poultry Utter analyses
indicate a wide variation between samples. Rea-
sons were most probably whether litter came
from layers or broilers, the kind and amount
of bedding used, amount of weathering or heat-
ing and management factors such as wastage,
feed, etc. The study showed that the amount of
bedding used Is more Important than the type
of bedding. Using more bedding resulted in low-
er protein. Some generalizations on litter feed
were given. Some of them are: (1) Vitamin D
and A will require supplementing, (2) fiber con-
tent Is not excessive, (3) nitrate levels on these
samples, at least, were considerably below the
1.5 per cent danger level, however, this is one
point where more information could be of value.
The Department of Agriculture reported that dis-
ease hazards (salmonellosls, cocddiosis, and
avian TB) are of some concern In litter feeding,
but do not B*«m to provide major obstacles. The
decreased cost of the litter ration is the cause
for the enthusiasm for feeding litler rather than
the Increased Rains. Keeping the later and or
the mixed feed from heating up was a real prob-
lem, Ihe Alberta operators agreed. Other prob-
lems and jirtvanUKcs are given. The Alberta
report showed that the normal method of feed-
ing litter U to hammer together a mixture of
litter and Drain. (Pcnrod-Eul Central)
2421-A1, Bl, Cl, C2, C3,
El, E2, F2
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY?
CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND
POULTRY WASTES
Michigan State University.
Draft No. 3. Agricultural Engineering Department
and Cooperative Extension Service. Michigan
State University, August 4, 197L 10 p.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal. 'Legal aspects
•Michigan, 'Livestock, 'Poultry.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Pollution,
•Land disposal.
The purpose of this study Is to provide informa-
tion on pollution and pollution control for live-
stock wastes. Pollution Is defined in terms of
Michigan Law. There are several common agri-
cultural pollutants. The major causes are ani-
mal odors and wastes, soil sediment and agri-
cultural chemicals. Other pollution sources are
fuels, soil particles, dead animals, noise, trash,
smoke and garbage. Water pollution potential of
animal wastes is defined In terms of (a) organic
oxygen consuming characteristics, (b) bacterio-
logical quality, (c) suspended solids, and (d) nu-
trients, the various Michigan state agencies and
their functions and responsibilities are discussed
Agencies and departments from which farmers
can obtain various financial assistance are listed.
Some conditions which greatly increase the po-
tential of pollution by livestock or poultry wastes
are given. Among them are: (1) a major live-
stock facility expansion, (2) spreading of wastes
on frozen ground, and (3) high concentrations
of livestock or poultry. General good rules to
follow for land application are given. Alternate
methods of disposal are given. The report states
that the farm operator is responsible for mak-
ing sure that pollution does not result from his
farming operation, and gives ways in which he
can avoid pollution. Site selection and land area
for waste disposal are two important considera-
tions when planning an operation expansion. The
report gives the acceptable systems that are now
available for disposing of animal wastes and
lists other sources of agricultural pollution. (Pen-
rod-East Central).
2422-B3, Cl, C2
WEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED
WASTES IN UNROOFED AND UN-
PAVED CONFINED LIVESTOCK OP-
ERATIONS,
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural En-
gineering, California University. Riverside.
A. C. Chang and D. S Adriano
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 4, No. 1 p
79-82, January-March, 1975. 4 fig., 2 tab. 16 ref.
Descriptors: Confinement pens. Farm wastes.
Weathering. Cattle, Dairy industry, California,
Chemical properties. Physical properties
Identifiers: Waste decomposition. Waste distribution
Animal waste may accumulate on the ground surface
several months in an open, unpaved livestock con-
finement prior to collection and disposal. A beef and a
dairy cattle confinement operation were sampled
after 2 months of waste accumulation to determine
waste accumulation patterns and the effect of natural
weathering on thechararteristics of deposited wastes
and waste stability. The study ascertained that 50
percent of the total waste produced was concentrated
in 25 percent of the surface area. Moisture content of
waste from the beef caltle fcedlol is usually higher
than that from the dairy lot. Stability of the waste
measured as TN/FS or as COD/FS, indicated there
384
-------
was only 15-20 percent decomposition of waste during
the 2 months' accumulation. The samples collected,
however, indicated the accumulating waste was un-
stable and would undergo further decomposition at a
suitable environmental condition. Between the two
confinement units, there appeared to be little differ-
ence in the weathering of accumulated wastes. This
was attributed to the management operations of the
two units. (Penrod-East Central)
2423-A8, C2, E2
VALUE OF MANURE ON AN IRRI-
GATED CALCAREOUS SOIL,
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas
State University, Garden City.
G. M. Herron and A. B. Erhart
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 29,
p. 278-281, 1965. 7 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Grain
Sorghum, Yields. •
Identifiers: Manure, Land application, Soil fertility
Quality is important when manure is sold as fertilizer
rather than disposed of as waste material ; yet, little if
any emphasis is placed on manure "quality." The
objective of this study is to attempt to evaluate "high
quality" manure in comparison to commercial fer-
tilizer. Data from such a study should help determine
the economy of manure disposal and or use. The study
showed that each ton of high quality manure was
equivalent to 22 Ib. of nitrogen from ammonium nit-
rate as measured by equivalent grain sorghum (Sor-
ghum vulgare Pers.) yields over a 4-year period.
When both manure and N were applied, maximum
yields were attained. The relative yield of grain corre-
lated better with nitrogen removed in the grain than
nitrogen removed in total above-ground portion of the
grain sorghum plant. Based on the results of the
study, high quality manure could be valued at about
two-thirds to three-fourths of its total N content for
sorghum production. On soils that need P, K, trace
elements, or improved physical condition, some addi-
tional value would be justified. Using the Bray and
Kurtz no. 1 procedure, the phosphorus level of the soil
was increased by 1 ppm for each ton of applied man-
ure. (Penrod-East Central)
2424-A6, C2, F6
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN-
CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM
BEEF CATTLE AREAS,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska
L. F. Elliott, G. E. Schuman, and F. G. Viets, Jr.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35,
p. 7S2-755, 1971. 4 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Pastures, Odor, Am-
monia, Nitrogen compounds. Sampling, Soil temper-
fdentifiers: Volatilization, Steam distillation,
Amines. Mounding.
Volatile N-containing compounds are found in chic-
ken and swine manure and some or all of these com-
pounds probably volatilize from cattle manure, along
with NHj, and contribute to odor. The object of this
study is to determine the distillable and nondistillable
nitrogen that contributes to odor from feedlots. The
release of steam-distillable organic N compounds and
NHa to the atmosphere from a small beef f eedlot and a
pasture was measured. Study data indicated that the
quantities of distillable N being released were in-
creased by surface disturbance such as mounding.
Results also indicated that ammonia evolution is soil
temperature-dependent, Nty volatilization increas-
ing with increased temperatures in the spring.
• Throughout the year, distillable N trapped in the crop-
'land was much less than that trapped at the f eedlot
lite. The yearly average values were 148 kg/ha per
year for the acid trap next to the f eedlot and 16 kg-ha
per year for the cropland trap, a significant difference
at the 5 per cent level as determined with the F Test.
The same traps averaged 21 and 3.3 kg/toa per year,
respectively, of organic N compounds that weren't
recovered in a 3-minute steam distillation procedure.
Tests showed that although most amounts were too
low to be measured accurately, some aliphatic
amines were present in the trapping solution.
(Penrod-East Central)
2425-Dl,D2,E2,Fl,F2,F4
UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIMALS
FEEDS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Center, Edinburgh, Scotland
R. Blair
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 26, p. 16, 33-34, 44, June 30,
197$. 6 tab. 16 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Organic wastes, Europe,
Legislation, Proteins, Cellulose, Farm wastes, In-
dustrial wastes.
Identifiers: Refeeding, DPW, Single-cell protein,
Hydrocarbons.
There are two main incentives for waste recycling to
aid in pollution abatement. One is that wastes might
safely be recycled for refeeding and the other is that it
might be a profitable enterprise for the sector of the
industry concerned. Even though there is a need for
increased use of indigenous proteins, animal
foodstuffs quality is governed by legislation. Legisla-
tion differs within the European Economic Commun-
ity (EEC) and harmonization is not expected to take
place for a few years. The legislation of several coun-
tries within the EEC is briefly discussed. Various
changes in these legislations are also examined. The
systems for drying which can give a possible profit
incentive are given. The use and processing of straw,
wood and other cellulosic wastes for use in animal
foods is explained, along with possible drawbacks.
Industrial wastes that are dealt with in the capacity as
possible food supplements for animals are: (1) spent
liquor left after the fermentation of alcohol, yeast,
citric acid and other products, using molasses as sub-
strate and organisms such as yeasts or Aspergillus
niger, and (2) coffee pulp, hulls and grounds. These
wastes can be processed directly for inclusion in ani-
mal feed but another approach is to use them as sub-
strates for single-cell protein SCP production. One
of the most promising sources for this type of produc-
tion is the suphite liquor from large paper mills. The
use of hydrocarbons in SCP production is examined.
However, the use of hydrocarbons is more expensive
in SCP production than the use of wastes. (Penrod-
East Central)
2426-Al2,Dl,D3,E2,F6
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES 'FER-
TILIZER SHORTAGE'.
Ecosystems, Vol. 5, No. 7, p. 7, April, 1975.
Descriptors: Recycling, Energy, Fertilizers, Sludge
disposal, Municipal wastes, Feedlots, Delaware,
Maine, Missouri.
Identifiers: Shredding, Composting, Land disposal.
According to EPA administrator Russell E. Train, the
120 per cent price rise in commercial fertilizers since
1973 may make the use of organic material such as
municipal sludges and feedlot wastes an economic
necessity in the future. However, not all sludges could
be used for soil improvement because in some cases
the waste might contain excessive concentrations of
viruses or metals that could be hazardous to health. A
demonstration project in Delaware will include com-
post production and facilities to enrich the product
with synthetic fertilizers. The project will lest the
concept of plowing under shredded solid waste and
sewage sludge for soil enrichment. Marketing value
will also be explored. A demonstration project is also
being set up in Maine to demonstrate a new and sim-.
pie sludge composting technology developed by the
Department of Agriculture. One other EPA-
supporting demonstration project will be an energy
recovery system in St. Louis. This system shreds the
waste and separates the organic from the inorganic
materials. Both materials are now being used for
energy production because of the heavy demand for
energy, although the organics could be used in soil
conditioning if demand warranted. Mr. Train con-
cluded that now is perhaps the time to change old
tendencies toward the disposal and destruction of re-
siduals and waste. (Penrod-East Central)
2427-A11, F2
USE OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE IN
DIETS FOR CHICKENS,
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State Universi-
ty, Ames 50010
N. Trakulchang and S. L. Balloun
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, p. 609-614, March, 1975.
8 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Diets, Performance, Amino acids. Pro-
teins.
Identifiers: Poultry, DPW, Broilers, Laying hens,
Nitrogen utilization, Egg production, Feed conver-
sion efficiency.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether
DPW could be utilized as a beneficial feedstuff by
chickens. Two experiments with broiler chicks and
one with laying hens were utilized in examining the
effects of dried poultry wastes on poultry. Experi-
ment 1 indicated that DPW at 10 per cent, without
amino acid supplementation, did not affect weight
gains and feed efficiency of young chicks, but 20 per
cent DPW without added amino acids greatly depre-
ssed growth and feed efficiency. The experiment
further indicated that supplemental amino acids con-
tributed more utilizable nitrogen to the DPW diets.
Experiment 2 revealed that DPW at 10 per cent of the
diet, with true protein maintained at 22 (t) 0.5 per cent,
' did not significantly affect weight gains or field effi-
ciency. Experiment 3 showed that for laying bens,
beyond their peak of production, DPW decreased rate
of egg production and efficiency of feed conversion
and increased mortality. (Penrod-East Central)
2428-A6, All, Bl, B4
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR
SLOTTED FLOOR SWINE BUILD-
INGS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of
Agriculture, Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign
A. J. Muehling
Agricultural Engineering Tips, Farm Buildings No.
35, December, 1974, 5 p. 2 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Ventilation, Design, Carbon dioxide,
Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane.
Identifiers: Air inlets, Louvers, Fans, Slotted floors,
design formula.
The four main gases produced by manure stored in a
tank or pit are ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide
and hydrogen sulfide. The amount of gas produced
depends on the length of time the manure is in storage,
the volume of manure involved, its temperature, and
other factors. In terms of the amount of gas released
into the building, the amount of mixing or agitation is
a very important factor. There is some concern re-
garding the long-range effect on operators and small
pigs that spend long hours in swine production
facilities that use pits or tanks. Proper ventilation is
felt to be important to their health. The amount of
ventilation usually depends upon the weather (among
other things). The main purpose of winter ventilation
is for moisture and odor control. The primary purpose
of ventilation in the summer is to control the building
temperature. The requirements for an underfloor
ventilation system are listed. The various compo-
nents of the system are discussed. Air inlets should
distribute the air uniformly through the building. The
purpose of louvers is to allow the air to enter the attic.
385
-------
A central duct permits uniform ventilation through-
out the buildings. Properly sized openings from the pit
to the duct allow the air to flow uniformly from the pit
into the central duct The placement, controls and
types of fans are discussed. The report concludes with
a design example in calculating the underfloor venti-
lation needed. (Penrod-East Central)
2429-A4, B2, Dl, El, F2
RACEWAYS; EXOTIC SPECIES
MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED
E.P.A. DISCHARGE PERMITS,
Associate Professor, School of Forestry and Wildlife
Management, Louisiana State University
D. D. Culley, Jr.
The American Fish Farmer, Vol. 4, No. 8, p. 9-12, July
1173.
Descriptors: Regulation, Permits, Waste water pol-
lution, Fish fanning, Lagoons, Filtration, Recircu-
lated water.
Identifiers: Non-native fish.
The proposed amendment of Part 125, Title 40 of the
Code of Federal Regulations will affect the licensing
control of pond and raceway aquaculture facilities
discharging wastes more than 30 days yearly and of
non-native aquatic animal productions. Raceway
facilities having continuous discharge would require
licensing or converting to recirculating filtration or
lagoon holding systems. A permit system should
serve as an incentive for aquaculturists to become
more efficient in their operations. There is reason to
believe that through increased efficiency of reclaim-
ing wastes or recirculating his water, the culturist can
increase profits (Hargrove-East Central)
2430-A6, B2, D2, E2
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID
MANURE SYSTEMS,
Environmental Hygiene Department, Karolinska In-
stitute, Sweden
T. Lindvall, 0. Noren, and L. Thyselius
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 508-512,
May-June, 1974. 4 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: Odor, Measurement, Liquid wastes, In-
jection, Waste disposal, Sampling, Equipment, Cat-
tle, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Odor reduction, Swine.
In this investigation, different treatment and spread-
ing methods of liquid manure have been compared
from the odor point of view. The analyses were car-
ried put with sensory methods under half-scale field
conditions. A mobile odor laboratory with sampling
equipment carried out parcel experiments on various
types of ground (fallow, grassland, and stubble)
treated with animal wastes, during different seasons
(spring and autumn) and with general tillage imple-
ments and spreading equipment. The odor threshold
values are expressed as the log dilution factor neces-
sary to attain odorlessness. It was concluded that bu-
rial of manure results in a substantial reduction of the
odor emission in connection with spreading. Burial is
the method which at present can be recommended for
this purpose. In areas close to dwellings, injection of
manure into the soil can be valuable. By this means,
odor emmission, as well as nutrition loss to air and
water, are reduced. Of the different methods for ma-
nure treatment investigated, the addition of am-
monium persulphate to swine manure showed a good
effect. (Cartmell-EasJCentral)
2431-B5, Cl, C2
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF
BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLU-
ENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL
TEMPERATURE, COLLECTION IN-
TERVAL, AGE OF BROILERS AND
DIET,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re-
search Service, South Central Poultry Research
Laboratory, State College, Mississippi 39762
L. F. Kubena, F. N. Recce, and J. D. May
Poultry Science, Vol. 52, No. 5, p. 1700-1703, Sep-
tember, 1973. 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Temperature, Age, Diets,
Amino acids, Proteins, Moisture content.
Identifiers: Broilers, Excreta, Collection interval,
Lysine, Methionine.
The purpose of this research was to identify the influ-
ence of environmental temperature, collection inter-
val, dietary amino acid levels, and age of broilers on
excreta composition. In one trial, diets were calcu-
lated to contain 80,100, or 120 per cent of the recom-
mendations for lysine and methionine plus cystine.
Three diets were fed to 5-week-old broilers main-
tained in 3 chambers having temperatures of 21.2 de-
grees, 21.1 degrees and 32.2 degrees C. These broilers
were kept here for a 5-8 week experimental period. In
the second trial, broiler chicks were fed a diet contain-
ing approximately 21.7 per cent protein and a
metabolizable energy value of 3285 kilcxalones per
kilogram. The results of trial 1 show that the total
protein equivalent in the excreta increased with the
age of the birds. The moisture content of the excreta
decreased as the birds increased in age. Total protein
equivalent, total amino acids, and ether extract in-
creased with increasing dietary amino acid levels.
There was a more dramatic increase in total protein
and total amino acid in the excreta from the birds
given the diet containing 120 per cent of the recom-
mendation for lysine and methionine plus cystine
when compared to the excreta for the birds given 100
per cent of the recommendations. The results of trial 2
show no consistent differences for individual amino
acids, total amino acids, total protein equivalent, or
ash that was due to environmental temperature or to
collection interval. (Cartmell-East Central)
2432-A10,Bl,B2,B3,B4,D3,
F2, F4, F6
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONFERENCE,
Illinois University
Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Champaign, Illinois, March 7-8,1973,118
p. 32 fig.
Descriptors: Livestock, Illinois, Legal aspects, Feed-
lots, Design, Waste storage, Solid wastes, Liquid
wastes, Lagoons, Research and development.
Identifiers: Waste management, Flushing, Mechani-
cal aerators. Holding ponds. Mosquito control, Land
disposal, Pumping, Application rates.
The main objective of the conference was to discuss
the planning and design requirements for components
of livestock waste management systems, particularly
in Illinois. The status of Illinois livestock waste man-
agement regulation was discussed in relation to fed-
eral regulations. Storage structures for solid and
liquid manure systems were examined. In relation to
liquid manure disposal, recommendations on the
selection of pumps, piping, sprinklers and nozzles
were provided. Another aspect of manure-handling
was the use of hydraulic flushing to dislodge and
transport livestock manure from the deposit point to
the place of disposal. Various mechanical aerators
were examined as to whether they were preferable to
rotors for use in oxidation ditches. The oxygenation
and flow characteristics of the aerators were also
discussed. The design ant. construction criteria of
holding ponds and lagoons were considered. Another
report considered the problem of mosquito control in
disposal lagoons. Several factors that determine the
application rates of livestock wastes to land were
examined. Several projects dealing with animal
waste management with pollution control were
briefly presented in the Annual Report of Cooperative
Regional Project. Waste-handling systems for three
food production units were briefly presented The
units involved were a hog production unit, a beef pro-
duction unit, and a dairy production unit (Penrod-
East Central)
2433-A1, Bl, F2
STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVES-
TOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REG-
ULATIONS.
Agricultural Specialist, Division of Water Pollution
Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Springfield "
J. F. Frank
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois
March 7-*, 1973, p. A1-A5.
Descriptors: Illinois, Legal aspects, Feedlots Per-
mits, Design.
Identifiers: Waste management, Regulations Sanit-
ary Water Board, Environmental Protection Agency.
In its later years of existence, the Illinois Sanitary
Water Board (SWB) conceived the need for a set of
livestock waste management regulations. On July 1
1970, the SWB's activities were taken over by UM! Il-
linois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This
agency continued the formulation of the livestock
waste management regulations. The hearing process
and the Illinois EPA's role and position are discussed
Federal regulations are then examined. The U s'
EPA published on December 5,1J72, a proposed set of
regulations which covered some agricultural opera-
tions. Agricultural interests gave extensive response
and a task force was set up to evaluate the responses
and, if necessary, redraft and clarify the proposal A
new proposal was drafted during a two-day meeting of
this task force which was held on January 2»,I»7J
After several public meetings with environmental
groups the proposed regulations were published in
the Federal Register and a 3May comment period
was set The operators of the various classes and sizes
of feedlots or livestock shelters (as listed in a table)
must apply for permits, although they do not neces-
sarily need them. Future plans of the Illinois EPA are
discussed. (Penrod-East Central)
2434-A2, A4, B3.B4
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID
MANURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Wisconsin
University, Madison
J. C. Converse and C. O. Cramer
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois
March 7-8, im, p. B1-B12.8 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Solid wastes, Separation
Techniques, Design criteria. Agricultural runoff
Liquid wastes, Seepage, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Stacking.
Manure stacking in the winter is not a recent de-
velopment in dairy operations. Interest is increasine
^SUP manure 'or freest«ll homing where very
little bedding is used, although manure stacking b
best adapted for stanchion-type housing with bedding
systems. Runoff from manure stacks located near
streams can cause stream pollution, so care must be
•taken in choosing a site for the stack. Manure-
handling systems also have to be designed to maintain
good farmstead sanitation, particularly with dairy
operations. Summertime stacking may put a greater
demand on farmstead sanitation. The objective of this
report U to review the storage of solid manure, dis-
cussing the various types of structures, management
and problems in using the system. Research .is cur-
rently underway to design optimum storage facilities
that will minimize pollution, that will be economical
and that will not distract from the aesthetics of the
farmstead. The manure storage system can be » good
386
-------
management tool, il properly designed. Storage
structure size is dependent on the number of days of
storage, the number and size of the animals, the type
of manure handling needed, and the type and amount
of bedding used. Other conclusions and recommenda-
tions cover bunker-type storage, seepage from a
slack, and the emptying of detention ponds.
(Penrod East Central)
2435-B2, B4
MANURE STORAGE TANKS FOR
LIQUIDS,
J.O.Curtis
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. C1-C6. 2 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Liquid wastes. Design.
Identifiers: Manure storage tank.
In recent years, a fairly large number of manure
storage tanks for liquids have been constructed on
farms with many more anticipated to be constructed
in the future. Most of these tanks are located either
outside the livestock building but nearby or under the
floor of the building. The objective of this report is to
discuss the available basic information that is related
to tank design, illustrate its use, point out reasons for
recommended variations, and to review some aspects
of the Midwest Plan Service (MWPS) tank design.
Available basic design information is given with re-
soect to design loads, and the designing of manure
storage tanks to resist loads. The report concludes
that MWPS Plan 74303 is probably the best generally
available plan for liquid manure tanks. It is a fairly
conservative design with respect to the amountsi of
temperature and shrinkage, steel required, and the
soil pressures assumed. In the future, the promotion
of lessi conservative designs than the MWPS Plan may
more safely be undertaken as more experience is
eained with manure tanks and as more follow-up in-
formation is obtained on any tank failures. (Penrod-
East Central)
2436-A6, All, B2, B4,
Dl, D3, E2, E3
MANURE-HANDLING BY HYD-
RAULIC FLUSHING
! Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
T E Hazen
Presented at Proceedings of 1S73 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8, 1973, p. D1-D11. 3 tig.
Descriptors: Design, Liquid wastes, Recycling, Con-
finement pens, Waste storage, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Hydraulic flushing, Dosing syphon. Tip-
ping basket. Land disposal.
This report describes the design and application of
systems that use a flowing liquid to dislodge and
transport livestock manure from the point of deposit
to the place of disposal. Enclosed confinement makes
hydraulic collection and transport of manure a feasi-
ble method. There is some means for manure collec-
tion transport, treatment, storage and disposal in
any'waste-handling system. In hydraulic flushing, it
should be recognized that this method magnifies by 10
to 100 the amount of material put into motion. That a
uniform flow is established along the entire length of
the channel is assured by the flushing duration being
long enough. There are several Hushing devices.
Among them is the dosing syphon which is a highly
reliable and almost maintenance free means of
rapidly discharging large volumes of stored liquid at
a controlled rate and for a desired duration. Recycl-
ing requires no extra storage in a system other than to
assure that the needed quantity and quality of liquid
for the flushing devices is always available. Aerobi-
cally stabilized liquids can be handled by most of the
conventional commonly available pumps, if properly
screened. Some liquid will need to be removed period-
ically from any manure-handling system unless
evaporation, seepage, or other losses are unusually
high. Three major concerns still exist in the recycling
system: (1) Ingestion and flushing liquid by livestock
could aggravate transmission and prolongation of
disease, (2) potential odor production, and (3) Repair
or replacement of a return pump. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2437-B2, Dl, D3
OXYGENATION AND FLOW
CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANI-
CAL AERATORS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana-Champaign
J. K. Mitchell and D. L. Day
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8, 1973, p. E1-E13.7 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Aeration, Oxygenation, Equipment,
Flow characteristics.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch. Mechanical aerators.
Increased interest in aerobically treating livestock
wastes has led to a proliferation of aerobic methods
and devices. Studies were conducted at the University
of Illinois with two main objectives: (1) to determine
the relative efficiency of three types of aerators with
respect to oxygenatipn and liquid flow, and (2) to de-
termine if some modification could be made to elimi-
nate the areas of solids deposition by studying flow
patterns in an oxidation ditch. The report data showed
that some type of standardization by manufacturers
and researchers in reporting the oxygenation and
flow efficiency of various aerators is needed. The
most useful index for comparing oxygenation ef-
feciencies between aerators is the common parame-
ter of oxygenation rate in pounds of oxygen per
kilowatt hour. A flov^ppwer parameter, in c.f .s Aw.,
may be a useful index if the liquid flow velocity is of
concern for a particular oxidation ditch design. That
the areas of low velocity, and hence, areas of potential
settlement can be reduced with some form of center-
wall and end section modification was shown by the
flow pattern study. Before choosing a particular
aerator device for a particular system, the different
installation, maintenance, and operation advantages
and disadvantages of each device should be consi-
dered. (Penrod-East Central)
2438-A2, B2, D3, El
t>ESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
HOLDING PONDS AND LAGOONS,
Soil Conservation Service, Champaign, Illinois
P. Christensen
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois
March 7-8,1»73, p. Fl-FS. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Lagoons, Agricultural
runoff, Design criteria, Settling basins.
Identifiers: Holding ponds.
Waste management facilities must be designed,
planned, and constructed to permit the operator to
efficiently manage waste production and effectively
minimize potential pollution hazards. The major
components of waste management systems are man-
ure storage structures, holding ponds, and disposal
lagoons. This report discusses the design and con-
struction of holding ponds and disposal lagoons. A
holding pond is an impoundment for the collection and
temporary storage of contaminated runoff from
areas having concentrated animal waste. These
ponds should be located as near the source as feasible,
giving due consideration to odor and wind patterns.
They should be located on watertight soils or on soils
that seal easily. Settling basins are installed between
the feedlot and holding pond to minimize frequent
hauling of solids from holding ponds, to lengthen their
life and to facilitate removal of stored contaminated
runoff. The mean velocities of channels used for settl-
ing basins should be approximately 1 foot per second
to permit settling of solids. The design and manage-
ment of holding ponds a re discussed Disposal lagoons
are defined as being impoundments made by con-
structing embankments or excavating areas tocreate
a reservoir for biological stabilization and storage of
organic waste. Lagoon design must consider all state
and local regulations. Lagoon sight conditions are
discussed. For design purposes, lagoons are com-
monly grouped according to their predominant
biological characteristics: anaerobic, aerobic, or
facultative. Each type of lagoon is examined indi-
vidually. Lagoon design, operation and maintenance
is discussed. Recommendations for holding pond and
lagoon operation and maintenance are listed.
{Penrod-East Central)
2439-A9, A10, A12, D2
MOSQUITO CONTROL IN LIVESTOCK
WASTE LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS, 1972,
Professor of Agricultural Entomology and En-
tomologist, Illinois Natural History Survey; Re-
search Assistant, Illinois Natural History Survey
S. Moore III and J. Ttanquilli
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. G1-G3. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Mosquitoes, Larvicides, Vec-
tors.
Identifiers: Chemical control, Vegetation removal.
During recent years heavy populations of the north-
ern house mosquito, Culex pipiens pioiens. have been
observed breeding in livestock waste lagoons. This
insect's presence is of great concern as it is a vector of
the virus causing human encephalitis. This study's
objective was the devising of effective and yet practi-
cal methods of control of the vector in animal waste
lagoons. Both chemical and cultural controls were
utilized. For the study, seven livestock waste lagoons
on the animal science research farms at Urbana-
Champaign were used. A heavy growth of marginal
vegetation conducive to mosquito breeding was
around each of the lagoons. Two lagoons (OSF and
MA) were selected for the cultural control method,
involving the removal of the marginal vegetation and
floating debris. Three of the lagoons were selected for
the chemical treatment method of control of mosquito
larvae. The remaining two lagoons (Physiology and
MD) were left untreated as controls. The study
showed that the cultural control method reduced
house mosquito larval populations to near zero. Until
the marginal vegetation became flooded, significant
mosquito larval populations did not appear in the un-
treated MD lagoon. An increase in larval populations
was noted for OSF and MA when a regrowui of vegeta-
tion occurred, nit MLO treatments and Malathion
both effectively suppressed mosquito larval popula-
tions for about one week. Recommendations for la-
goon design, vegetation removal, and chemical
treatments for suppressing mosquito larval popula-
tions are listed. (Penrod-East Central)
~2440-A6,A7,A10,A11,B1,B2,
B3,C2,D3,E3,F5,F6
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE
RESEARCH ATTHE UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF
COOPERATIVE REGIONAL PRO-
JECT,
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. H1-H11.
Descriptors: Research and development. Livestock,
Swine, Proteins, Feedlots, Cattle, Rain, Anaerobic
conditions, Aerobic conditions, Equipment, Sheep,
Nitrogen, Fish, Mosquitoes, Gases, Dusts.
Identifiers: Illinois Un versity. Waste management,
Pollution control, R> •veding, Erodibility, factor,
Odor control, Municipal digester sludge, Oxidation
ditch,
387
-------
All of the projects reviewed concern animal waste
management with pollution control. The various pro-
jects are described briefly and the progress of work
and principal accomplishments of each are discus-
sed. The projects are: (1) Refeeding of aerobically-
processed swine waste, (2) Optimum rate of harvest-
ing protein from aerobically processed swine wastes,
(3) Erodibility factor for beef cattle feedlots exposed
to rain, (4) Odor control and degradation of swine
manure under anaerobic conditions by adding munic-
ipal digester sludge, and (5) Testing of aeration
equipment for livestock oxidation ditches. Related
research projects include: (1) The nutritive value of
sheepfeces. (2) Nitrogen as an environmental quality
factor, (3) Fish culture and mosquito control in lives-
tock waste ponds, and (4) Effect of gases and dust on
swine. Work planned for the following year of 1973 is
listed. (Penrod-East Central)
2441-B2, E2
SELECTION OF PUMPS, PIPING
AND WASTE DISTRIBUTION
EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE
DISPOSAL.
President Sprinkler Irrigation Corporation, East
Peona, Illinois
R. Schneider
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. 11-112. 3 fig,
Descriptors: Equipment, Liquid wastes. Waste dis-
posal. Pumps, Pipes, Clogging, Irrigation, Erosion,
Compaction, Temperature.
Identifiers: Selection criteria, Nozzles, Sprinklers,
Gated pipe.
Pumping of animal waste on open land is fairly new in
the United States, although this method of animal
waste disposal has been used for many parts of the
world. The objective of this report is to discuss the
selection of pumps, piping, and waste distribution
equipment for liquid manure disposal. Two primary
types of pumps are described. The first type, low
head, is designed to move a mixture of liquids and
solids from the sump pit to the settling basin. The
kinds, sizes and selection of this type of pump are
discussed. The second type of pump, the high head,
moves large volumes of liquid over long distances at
high pressures. The two primary considerations in
pipe size selection are: (1) the amount of liquid to be
pumped, and (2) the horizontal distance the liquid
must be pumped. The understanding of nozzle size
and nozzle pressure relationship is important in order
to properly select sprinklers and nozzles for effluent
distribution. The primary limitations on nozzle size
selection are compaction, erosion, crop damage, and
wash. The pros and cons of gated pipe are discussed.
If pumping is done in freezing temperatures, the main
objective is to keep the water moving to avoid freezing
of the effluent. The report concludes with a compari-
son of hauling and pumping as far as adaptability to
different needs. (Penrod-East Central)
2442-A3, A4, A8, C2, E2
DETERMINING APPLICATION
RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO
THE LAND, •
Soil Fertility Extension, Illinois University,
Urbana-Champaign.
S. R. Aldrich
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8, 1973, p. J1-J12. 1 fig, 1 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Livestock, Poultry, Nit-
rates, water pollution, Groundwater pollution, Phos-
phorus, Salts, Ammonia, Denitrification, Agricul-
tural runoff.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Application rates. Yields.
Much trial and error has occurred in trying to deter-
mine the application rates of livestock wastes to the
land. The objective of this report is to examine the
disposal on agricultural land of collected animal
wastes. The study showed that the safest program for
manure disposal consists of 10-20 tons of large-animal
waste or 5-10 tons of poultry waste per acre per year
applied for the purpose of efficient utilization by re-
sponsive crops. In the immediate future, the permiss-
able manure loading on agricultural land will be de-
termined by the amount of nitrogen. Between 150 and
250 pounds is the amount of nitrogen that can be intro-
duced into the soil annually without substantial buil-
dup in NOs. Poorly drained, fine-textured soils are
sites that maximize denitrification and will tolerate
heavier rates than well-drained, coarse-textured
soils. The permissible rate of manure may be in-
creased if we receiving water is low in nitrate and is
large in volume relative to the water from the man-
ured area. Where the water is discharged to a lake or
reservoir directly or via a stream, the amount of
phosphorus in drainage water may be the limiting
factor in waste application. Ammonia concentration
or salt concentration or both may limit the amount of
manure that can be applied at one time without injur-
ing germination and plant growth. On sloping land
where runoff into surface waters is likely with normal
rainfall, large surface applications are not accepta-
ble. Future designing of large livestock operations
must include proper waste disposal in the planning.
(Penrod-East Central)
2443-B2, B4, E2
OUR WASTE-HANDLING SYSTEM
FOR HOGS,
Gehlbach Pork Farms, Inc., Lincoln, Illinois
G. D. Gehlbach
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. K1-K2.
Descriptors: Lagoons.
Identifiers: Swine, Land application, Slotted floors,
Application rates.
Gerald Gehlbach traces the waste hand! ing measures
utilized on Gehlbach Pork Farms from 1%1 to the
present time. At present, Gehlbach farms produces
over 8,000 hogs annually in a farrow-to-finish
production-line type of operation. All market produc-
tion is housed in environmentally controlled, totally
slotted floor buildings with liquid manure pits below
the slats. For waste disposal, a 7.5 acre waste lagoon
is used in combination with hauling to cropland and
injection into the soil. Acreage utilized for corn pro-
duction has increased over the years as amount of
animal wastes for disposal have increased. In the fall
of the year every attempt is made to pump empty all
of the pits below the slats and field-apply the manure
prior to the fall plowing of corn fields. The normal
application rate at this time is 20-25 tons of liquid
manure per acre. Hauling is resumed in the spring
when applications can be made on the remaining un-
plowed fields. During the summer the manure is
again knifed into the soil on the cropland set aside
from corn production in the Feed Grains Program.
Because of acreage limitations, the application rates
are usually higher here. The 7.5acre lagoon is utilized
for collection of the wastes during the winter when
manure cannot be injected into the soil and during
rainy times during the summer. The lagoon also re-
ceives some of the more liquid portion of the waste to
reduce the volume that needs tobe hauled to cropland.
Mr. Gehlbach feels that this waste handling program
is the most economical and acceptable method of dis-
posal today. (Merryman-East Central)
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Water pollution
Feedlots, Cost snaring.
Identifiers: Holding pond.
The report discussed the correction of a feedlot-
wastes runoff problem. Runoff was going directly into
a drainage ditch approximately 100 feet from the feed-
lot. With the aid of the Soil Conservation Service a
waste control plan was devised The only equipment
changed for the waste handling procedure was a
pump and irrigation equipment for dispensing water
from the holding pond. The approximate completion
cost of the project will be about $3,200 (excluding
pump and equipment), but cost-sharing was utilized
The runoff now no longer pollutes the creek and the
area below the feedlot is much cleaner. (Penrod-East
Central)
2444-A2,A4,B2,B4,E2,Fl
MY WASTE-HANDLING SYSTEM
FOR BEEF,
Beef producer, Elgin, Illinois
K. H. Bartels
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8, 1973, p. LI
2445-B2, B4, E2, Fl
MY WASTE-HANDLING SYSTEM
FOR DAIRY,
Dairy producer, Paris, Illinois
H. Boland
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois
March 7-8,1973, p. M1-M2.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Waste disposal Liquid
wastes, Dairy industry, Design, Costs, Cost sharing.
Due to a road building program along his property
line, in 1971 Mr. Boland changed his waste handling
practices to a liquid manure system. Extensive
changes were required. A 105,000 gallon storage tank
for the milking bam was installed beneath a 24' x 30'
slatted floor and a 24' x 40' solid floor with three drag
holes. A 1,000-gallon septic tank servicing the milk
house and milking parlor was connected to a drain
line to the storage tank and a manure pump was in-
stalled to automatically pump waste water into the
storage tank. The storage tank is emptied by using a
PTO-operated manure pump and a 1,SCO-gallon liquid
spreader. The wastes are spread on fields that are not
rolling or close to an open stream The spreading area
is approximately one-fourth mile from any residence
Help from the SCS, the Cooperative Extension Ser-
vice, the University of Illinois, and the ASC office was
acknowledged. Aid was received under the REAP
Program. Cost was briefly discussed. (Penrod-East
Central)
2446-A2,A4,A6,B2,B3,D3,El,
E2
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Cooperative Ex-
tension Service, Illinois University, Urbana-
Champaign
D. G. Jedele, Editor
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois
March 7-8, 1973, Circular 1074. p. 1-15. 8 fig, l tab. '
Descriptors: Feedlots, Livestock, Agricultural
runoff, Liquid wastes, Lagoons, Confinement pens
Solid wastes.
Identifiers: Waste management, Hauling, Gutter
flushing, Oxidation ditch, Odor control, Dead animal
disposal.
This circular was prepared to assist the livestock pro-
ducer in assessing the pollution potential of livestock
operations and to provide a systematic approach to
resolving problems. The circular does not incorporate
extensive technical data on buildings, manure collec-
tion and handling facilities, or equipment. It does de-
lineate the parts of a waste management system list-
ing alternatives that may be used. Systems for reduc-
ing water pollution are described including: (1) Feed-
lot runoff control for unrestricted space, (2) Feedlot
runoff control for restricted space, (3) Liquid manure
388
-------
system-hauling, (4) Liquid manure system-
lagooning, (5) Liquid manure system-hauling and
lagooning, (6) Gutter Hushing in a confinement build_
ine (71 Oxidation ditch in a confinement building and
(8) Solid and liquid system for dairy facilities.
Suggestions are given for reducing odor. Options for
dead animal disposal are discussed. (Merryman-
East Central)
2447-A2,A5,A8,Bl,B2,C2
SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A
BROAD-BASIN TERRACED FEED-
LOTS,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Nebraska Univer-
L.tyF.LElliott, T. M. McCalla, N. P. Swanson. L. N.
Tran'sactions oMh^ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 285-286
293, March-April, 1973. 10 ref.
Descriptors- Soil water. Nitrates, Feedlots. Agricul-
tural runoff, Nebraska, Denitrification.
Identifiers: Broad-basin terraced feedlot.
Nitrate accumulations occur beneath some feedlots
but not others. Some recent studies indicate the possi-
ble role of management in nitrate accumulation be-
neath feedlots. More recent reports indicate contmu-
SSgof feedlots mayprecludenitrateaccumu-
lations beneath them. Further investigation is war-
ranted as runoff-control systems may complicate the
simaUon. Swanson (1973) described a broad-basin
terrace system that meets Nebraska runoff-
reeulatory requirements. The objective of this study
wfsto'determine if excessive nitrate accumulations
i" the feedlot soil profile would be caused by this sys-
tem Initiated in an 8-month-old, bread-basin terraced
f^iot caisson studies showed that soil water nitrate
values 'rose initially. When the study was terminated,
after 13 months, NOs-N at2,4, and 5ft. was 1.4,10,and
12 5 ppm, respectively. Oxygen decreased and COz
increased during the latter part of the test period,
indicating reducing conditions were occurring. The
establishment of reducing conditions and tne de-
crease in nitrate are indications of denitrification.
Test results indicated that nitrate did not percolate
below 5 ft. (Penrod-EastCentral)
2448-A8, B2, Dl, D2, E2
TRANSFORMATION, MOVEMENT,
AND DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN
FROM ANIMAL MANURE WASTES
APPLIED TO SOILS,
R f Parlile
llnnubiished Ph D. Dissertation, Washington State
K^?«f,y puUman, 1972, 70 p. 7 fig, 14 Ub, 59 ref..
raulic detention times of under one hour in the treat-
ment filter. In order to achieve satisfactory nitrogen
removal, a readily biodegradable source of carbon
must be added along with the soluble manure compo-
nents. Milk was found to be such a source. With a
reduction in temperature, no clear pattern of changes
in nitrate removal efficiencies was observed, but
when milk was utilized as the sole energy source,
nitrate removal efficiency appeared to have been in-
creased at lower temperatures. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2449-B2, B3, Dl, E3, Fl .
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF
LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER. I.
SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION-
-ESTIMATION OF VIBRATORY SC-
REEN PERFORMANCES ON SWINE
WASTEWATER.
Agricultural Pollution Control Laboratory, Depart-
ment of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing 48823
P. 0. Ngoddy, J. P. Harper, and J. B. Gerrish
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
19, p. 313-326,1974.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Slurries, denitrificalion,
Tpmoerature, Carbon.
Identifiers: Land application, Anaerobic filters.
The objectives of this investigation were: (1) the de-
ieminaUon of the transformation, movement, and
disposal of nitrogen from animal manure was es
aopHed as a slurry at various rates to soils; and (2)
th^ evaluation of the effectiveness of anaerobic filters
to Xification of nitrate-rich waterSo.ls receiv-
ing lower rates of manure applications had a greater
taftial rate of nitrification thandid those receiving the
Behest rates, probably because of the ammonium
MriUUon of nitrifiers at higher manure application
rates Unless some measures for removing nitrates
from the drainage water were implemented: all man-
ure treatments resulted in nitrate concentrations suf-
ficiently high to become a potential pollution hazard
The anierolic filter may be practica for "on farm
treatment of soil drainage waters as it was shown to
he effective for removing nitrate from nitrate-rich
waterf hrough the denitrification process. Using
methanol as the source of carbon, nitrogen removal
rff iciencies of over 90 per cent were achieved at hyd-
stage and the gasification stage. Results revealed
that the fertilizer value of manure as measured by the
nitrogen content was increased through digestion.
The organic matter of the raw manure and, thus, its
potential pollutional strength was reduced by 60-70
per cent through digestion. Considerations for the de-
sign of a digester were discussed. Although the initial
investment for a digester is high, profit may be
realized by operations producing over 10,000 hogs per
year through the utilization of the excess combustible
gas produced during digestion of the wastes.
(Cameron-East Central)
2451-A4,B1,C2,C3,E1,F2
LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS ARE POL-
LUTION SOURCE,
Health Officer, Lyon County, Minnesota
P. Bosley
Medical Bulletin of the University of Minnesota, p.
3-6, March-April, 1971. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Water pollution, Minnesota,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Nitrates, Sewage, Col-
iforms.
Descriptors: Waste water treatment, Separation
techniques, Livestock, Dimensional analysis, Costs,
Screens.
Identifiers: Swine.
The number of experimental studies on performance
evaluation of a variety of sludge de-watering devices
for solid-liquid separation of livestock wastes is in-
creasing. The promise of minimizing capital invest-
ment costs on livestock wastewater management sys-
tems by substantially reducing the total bulk of water
polluted and subsequently stored and-or processed is
offered by the recycling of reclaimed wastewater.
This study examines the vibrating screen separator
for solid-liquid separation of livestock wastewater.
Dimensional analysis is used as a rational basis for
quantitatively evaluating the vibratory screen per-
formance. Tests were run on swine waste-water and
on one type of vibrating screen machine—the kind
which derives its basic vibrational motion from the
interaction of suspension drive springs and rotating
weights driven at known angular velocity. Graphs of
optimization plots (swine wastewater) and perfor-
mance curves for swine wastewater aregiven. Tables
are provided on the variables affecting the perfor-
mance of vibrating screen separator, on sieve
analysis and the removal percentage estimates of
swine wastewater solids and on the results of vibrat-
ing screen separator test on swine wastewater.
(Kehl-East Central)
2450-B1,B5,C2,D3,E3,F1
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG
WASTES
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
E. P. Taiganides, E. R. Bauman, H. P. Johnson, and
T. E. Hazen
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol. 8,
No. 4, p. 327-333, 1963. 5 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Design, Hogs,
Temperature, Methane, Nitrogen, Costs.
Identifiers: Liquefaction, Gasification.
The anaerobic sludge digestion process was
evaluated and the results of a laboratory study on the
application of sludge digestion for the treatment of
swine wastes was reported. Several advantages and
limitations of the digester process were discussed.
The process can be carried out within a wide range of
temperatures, provided that the temperature is
maintained at a constant level. The rate of digestion
increases with temperature from 32 to 104 degrees F,
though the nature of the process changes and evolu-
tion of methane is much less at the lower and upper
limit of the range. Two phases of decomposition occur
in the digestion of organic matter: the liquefaction
The discharge of animal and human waste into Min-
nesota lakes and rivers is a serious pollution hazard.
Many farmers have dug a direct connection to rivers,
streams, and lakes, piled excess manure on the edge
of lakes, allowed their animals to defecate on frozen
lakes, and left dead animals on riverbanks and in
lakes. Several reports indicate that those practices
are health hazards. Lake Yankton is used as a
cesspool for the community of Balaton. County
ditches, which collect wastes and run into rivers, are
ubiquitous. County Ditch 29 had a massive B Coli
count, and a toxic nitrate level of 17 at its start. The
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (PCA) is taking
no action on this, and has forgotten the January, 1971,
deadline imposed on the community of Ruthton to
submit detailed plans for a sewage treatment system.
The Redwood River (before the community of Mar-
shall with a population of 10,000 empties its untreated
sewage into it) has a BColi count of 110,000 per 100 ml,
while the accepted norm is 1,000 per ml. The BOD is
over 30. Enforcement of regulations must be stricter,
farmers must improve their feedlots, and sewage
treatment facilities must be built. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System)
2452-All,A13,Bl,C2,E3,F3
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES,
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
K. C. Moellers and R. L. Vetter „ , „ „
The Iowa State University Veterinarian, Vol. 36. No.
3, p.88-90,92-94 1974.
Descriptors: Recycling, Farm wastes. Poultry, Cat-
tle, Feeds, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Swine, Composition.
The field of recycling animal wastes has become alive
in the last five years. The main advantage of recycl-
ing would be the potential conservation of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and essential mineral elements. Recy-
cled wastes would be of limited value as an energy
source; however, they may be of some value in a
situation of roughage replacement. Dehydrated poul-
try waste can be used in rations for laying hens at
levels up to 25 per cent of the total diet without de-
creasing egg production. There are many different
processing methods being developed to improve cat-
tle wastes as a feed. It has been demonstrated that
cattle will readily consume processed manure up to 40
per cent of a basal ration. Dried swine feces have been
added to swine diets up to 15 per cent while sustaining
performance. Among present disadvantages in re-
feeding of wastes are the following: (1) inability to
make content of wastes consistent, (2) need for re-
search concerning disease transmission through re-
feeding of wastes, (3) need for more research con-
cerning lexicological and drug residue problems as-
389
-------
sociated with refceding, and (4) aesthetics. It is hoped
that with further research and experience, recycling
of wastes will prove to be of economic value.
(Cameron-East Central)
2453-A1, Bl, F2
AGRICULTURAL WASTES EM ARID
ZONES,
Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State
University, University Park
J. W. Hernandez
Health Related Problems in Arid Lands, American
Association for the Advancement of Science Commit-
tee on Desert and Arid Zone Research Symposium,
Arizona State University, Tempe April 21-24 1971 D
37-43. 1 tab, 8 ref. '
Descriptors: Farm wastes. Domestic wastes, Water
pollution sources, Water quality, Consumptive use,
Lconomic efficiency, Environmental effects Waste
water (Pollution), Ethics. Agriculture, Drainage wa-
ter, Irrigation water, Arid lands, Return How, Feed-
Ms, Cattle. Poisons, Economics, Political aspects
Social aspects. Irrigation practices, Pesticides
Three current agricultural waste disposal problems
oth? p m,°^ 2 ,much of the ari(i a™1 semiarid reg'ons
caUon o ^ ^6?' namely' return n°ws from irri-
gation ca lie feed-lot wastes and economic poisons.
Characteristics of each are given and discussed. Reg-
1 "™1"1,*irrigation ""*** bv the imp°s'-
lity standards is unlikely in arid reg-
™*made Prevails *»' u""S«i
nd thal U U " *»>nationa' interest to
ll be mn i3 ^Pr0dUCt'Ve through irri
-------
study microbial fermentation on industrial wastes
which contain organic compounds such as acetic acid,
butanols. acetaldehyde, etc. Converting hydrocarbon
wastes to single cell protein has been done with
yeasts, bacteria and algae. These microorganisms
have potential asanimal feed ingredients Ruminants
utilize cellulosic wastes by rumen fermentation
where microorganisms convert carbohydrates to
microbial proteins, fatty acids, C02 and CH4. Low
quality cellulosic wastes have to be changed if they
are to be used as feed ingredients. Anaerobic fermen-
tation systems are usually less expensive than
aerobic systems because oxygen doesn't have to be
pumped into the system. Systems utilizing yeasts,
bacteria, or algae all appear to have some promise in
converting animal waste into feed ingredients par-
ticularly for single stomached animals. (Cameron-
East Central)
2460-A11, B3, C2, E3, Fl
MARKETING CONVERTED MAN-
URE,
Pennfield Farms Inc., Ephrata, Pennsylvania
G. H. Herr
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6, 1974, p. 9-12.
Descriptors: Marketing. Fertilizers, Feeds, Costs,
California, Iowa, Legal aspects. Nutrients.
Identifiers: Dried poultry waste, Anaphage, Shud,
Food and Drug Administration.
The author feels that the prime areas for marketing
the finished dried poultry waste product is in the fer-,
tilizer and feed industries. The author states that the
feeding opportunities have the most potential and that
every day's delay of approval in F.D.A. is a crime and
a waste of beneficial resource that should be helping
us fight the battle of feed price inflation and world
wide starvation. All tests of manure as a feed ingre-
dient have been favorable to date. Many different
people are testing samples of DPW. From some of the
tests conducted in ruminant animals, it would appear
that "quality DPW" should carry a value of two-
thirds that of soy meal or 70 per cent that of corn. The
protein in DPW is about 60 per cent uric acid and it
takes a ruminant to convert this to energy and meat.
Some tests showed results that veterinary bills were
cut 50 per cent in a feedlot situation. Proper dehydra-
tion and fair marketing or usage could add conserva-
tively 50^60 cents additional income per layer. There
is an opportunity here to help solve two problems-
environment and starvation-while the possibility
exists to also turn a profit. (Cameron-East Central)
2461-A8, B3, Cl, C2, E2
BROILER LITTER FOR CROP PRO-
DUCTION.
Extension Agronomist, Delaware University
W.H.Mitchell .
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974, p. 13-16. 2
fig, 1 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Fertilizers, Costs, Crop pro-
duction, Delaware.
Identifiers: Broiler litter, Application rates.
Large amounts of poultry litter are available in areas
of the Delmarva Peninsula. On the average, the mois-
ture content of the manure will be about 25 per cent
but may range from 10^0 per cent. Litter produced in
Delaware also contains about 2 per cent nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium and important amounts of
micronutrients. Assuming current fertilizer prices,
each ton of broiler litter would contain N-P20t-K20
worth J23 20 Current fertilizer economics nave
stimulated a renewed interest in the product for crop
oroduction purposes. The best corn yields are ob-
tained when broiler litter is applied at relatively low
rates. Several tests are underway involving possible
uses for the solid waste-poultry manure product.
These include soil modification utilizing chiseling and
the deep placement of broiler litter. (Cameron-East
Central)
2462-Bl,Cl,C2,D3,E3,Fl
PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM
POULTRY MANURE,
Poultry Science Extension, Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity
H. C. Jordon
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974, p. 17-25.
Descriptors: Methane, Research and development,
Chemical properties. Physical properties.
Economics.
Identifiers: Production, Poultry manure. Digester.
Few managers have been successful at using poultry
manure to generate methane. The methods need
more research and field testing. This paper is a collec-
tion of what has been published by others and should
be used as a guide to begin a discovery in methane
production. The different items discussed in this
paper are (1) properties of methane, (2) conditions
inside the digester, (3) methods and management, (4)
physical data, (5) chemical data, and (6) economics.
(Cameron-East Central)
2463-B2, E2, E3, Fl, F2
BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORK-
SHOP,
National Feed Ingredients Association
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974,60
P
Descriptors: Feedlots, Confinement pens, Cattle,
Legal aspects. Design, Costs, Recycling.
Identifiers: Waste management, Pollution control,
Deep pit system. Flush flume system, Refeeding.
Legislation has made proper design and management
of feedlots a must. Various aspects of beef confine-
ment and waste management were considered in this
workshop. Particular attention was given to opera-
tion design, costs, and performance. The deep pit sys-
tem and the flush flume system were considered in
detail. The value of recycling and refeeding was also
discussed. (Cartmell-East Central)
these months. Then as the spring thaw begins, the
scraping starts again. It is important to get the man-
ure out from under the cattle during warm weather
because ammonia coming up out of the pits has a
direct relationship on performance. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2465-A6,All,B2,El,E2,Fl
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH
DEEP LAGOON,
Estherville, Iowa
J. Greig
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Odor, Feedlots, Confinement
pens. Performance, Costs, Irrigation, Water re-
quirement.
Identifiers: Flush flume system. Pollution control.
Wind position.
This flush flume system is a mile and a half from town
and not in a very good wind position. Because of this it
would have presented a problem if the manure was
spread on top of the ground. The building is a conven-
tional type confinement and a pollution control struc-
ture was installed to catch the runoff water from the
outside lots. There is about twenty feet of fall from the
creek to a hill where the feedlot sits, and it all drains
toward a settling basin and lagoon lot. The water hold-
ing capacity is an advantage because in the flush sys-
tem you have a high water requirement. The advan-
tages of this waste management system are that the
cattle are not wet, there hasn't been any trouble with
the cattle slipping, and the cost of the entire operation
is $80 per head. The only real disadvantage is the
problem of steam. (Cartmell-East Central)
2466-A6, Bl, B2, Fl
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN
BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE.
Cattle Feeder—Engineer, Fairfield, Nebraska
R. Kissinger, Jr.
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
16-19.1 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Design, Cattle, Ven-
tilation, Temperature, Humidity, Construction,
Costs, Flume, Odor, Water requirement.
Identifiers: Flushing, Slats.
2464-A6,All,B2,C2,D3,E2
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM,
Pampered Beef Aurelia, Iowa
R. Bryant
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4, 1974,
p .6-8,1 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Costs, Cattle, La-
goons, Water pollution control, Odor, Ammonia, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal, Deep
pit system, Scrapers.
Dr. Bryant's presentation describes livestock opera-
tions in several states, which basically use similar
waste management methods for handling cattle ma-
nure. A typical system utilizes 3' deep pits beneath
slatted floors. These wastes are removed by a scraper
system and stored in aerobic lagoons. The manure is
then pumped for irrigation of nearby farmland. The
scraper system shuts down each year during the 3-4
months of cold weather, but the storage capacity of
the pits is designed to handle the waste load during
This confinement building is 510 ft. x 52 ft. with a
feeding area width of 37 ft. 10 inches. There are six
pens graduated in size with a total capacity of 1,110
steers at an average weight of 950 Ib. Alternate 10 ft.
bays on the north side are sliding doors to provide
ventilation in the summer. There is a gate on the south
side of each pen for removal of any sick cattle. New
cattle are loaded through this gate in the east end and
fat cattle are shipped from the west end. The ridge
opening is 12 inches; a lesser width might lead to
difficulty under certain temperature and humidity
conditions. In order to reduce construction costs and
to utilize the flushing concept without installing divid-
ing walls in a deep pit, a series of inclined cement'
slabs were used in conjunction with two longitudinal 8
foot wide pits with slats. The anaerobic lagoon is 200
ft. x 200 ft. x 30 ft. maximum depth and holds about 3.5
million gallons of liquid. The mat on the surface var-
ies from zero to four or five feet thick. It is helpful in
reducing odors. Flushing is accomplished by throw-
ing a switch. The pit slope varies from 25 per cent to .4
per cent and works quite well. (Cartmell-East Cent-
ral)
2467-A4, Bl, F2
LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE POL-
LUTION LAWS,
391
-------
Kansas Livestock Association Topeka. Kansas
V. Huseman
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
27-29. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Feedlots, Water pollu-
tion.
Identifiers: Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972, Zero discharge, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency.
The 92nd Congress has passed a Public Law 92-500,
better known as the Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972. This represented the first time
that the Federal Government got into the business of
regulating feedlots as they relate to the environment.
Feedlots are specifically defined in the act as a "point
sources" of water pollution. The Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act Amendments made some unpre-
cedented demands on the livestock industry. It states
"... it is the national goal that the discharge of pollut-
ants into navigable water be eliminated by 1985".
That section seems to imply zero discharge It is im-
possible to guarantee zero discharge. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency has not developed a set of
rules or guidelines for the disposal of wastes, except to
recognize that application on agricultural land ap-
pears to be the most practical method. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency recommends that
operators fill out a Short Form B so that they will be on
record with them. (Cartmell-East Central)
2468-All,A12,Bl,C2,E3
RECYCLING, ITS PROBLEM AND
OPPORTUNITIES,
Iowa State University, Ames
R Vetter
Beef In Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
30-35. 1 fig, 7 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Lagoons, Nut-
rients, Proteins, Confinement pens, Safety.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Health, Food and Drug Ad-
ministration
The objective of this review was to relate some of the
technologies developed in the area of recycling and to
discuss the nutritive value or quality of animal ex-
cretory wastes as supplemental nutrients. It is only
under conditions where the animals are housed in
confined or semiconfined areas that excreta can be
effectively utilized for refeeding. The advantages of
refeeding lie in the potential conservation of nitrogen,
phosphorus and essential mineral elements. As an
energy source excreta is of limited value for finishing
cattle except for roughage substitution, in which case
considerable processing is needed. A disadvantage of
refeeding is that variation in waste handling condi-
tions and nutrient content would make ration control
difficult. The author feels that smaller midwest farm
feedlots will utilize confinement feeding and move in
the direction of a total concept of conservation recycl-
ing, utilizing a natural harmony of animal, plant, soil,
and microbial systems. (Cartmell-East Central)
2469-Bl,B3,Dl,D3,E2,E3
ANIMAL WASTE HANDLING AND
"CAN THE TAIL WAG THE DOG?",
President, Corral Industries, Phoenix, Arizona
R. E. Hunger
Be«f in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
40-50. 12 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: Costs, Feedlots, Fertilizers, Nutrients,
Irrigation, Liquid wastes.
Identifiers: Waste handling. Refeeding. Closed
Ecological Cycle, Composting, Land disposal.
Ten thousand head of 800-pound average weight cattle
confined in a feedlot will produce 233,600,000 pounds of
urine and feces yearly. The cost of removing manure
from feed pens to a nearby stockpile will currently run
to approximately 11.50 per wet ton under optimum
operating conditions, and may run to considerably
more in adverse weather conditions. A brief outline of
the "Closed Ecological Cycle" under development by
Corral Industries of Phoenix is shown. This test indi-
cated a very substantial daily gain average for both
groups of cattle—2.88 pounds per day for the control
group, and 2.76 pounds per day for the treated (25 per
cent recycled solids; 75 percent grain) group. After
the test was completed, the animals were killed and
the carcasses were analyzed for grade and yield The
control group had a dressing percentage, or yield, of
60.1 per cent and the treated group haa 60.6 per cent.
This feed trial was extremely encouraging, and the
results have proven the acceptability and efficacy of
recycling high levels of recovered solids. It was esti-
mated that this separation system would cost not over
$125,000 for 10,000 head of cattle, and would require no
more than $200 per day to operate. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2470-B2,C1,C2,C3,D1,D3
WASTE HANDLING AND LAGOON
MANAGEMENT,
Minnesota University St. Paul
J. A. Moore
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
51-55.1 fig.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Feedlots, Design, Chemical
properties, Physical properties, Biological proper-
ties.
Identifiers: Waste management.
Any beef operator who is considering expanding, i
designing, or rebuilding new facilities should ha
designing, or rebuilding new facilities should have
certain objectives in mind. It is important that these
objectives be formalized and listed so that each prop-
osed system can be evaluated as to its potential of
successfully meeting the objectives. Considerations
that should be evaluated include climate, weather, lot
location, nearness to surface and groundwater, soil
type and slope, animal numbers and density, pollution
control regulations, and nearness to neighbors. Once
the objectives of the system have been established, it
is important to determine and calculate the proper-
ties and characteristics of the material to be handled.
The properties and characteristics of animal waste
can be broken down into three categories: physical,
chemical, and biological. Those aspects of animal
waste which may influence design include: collection,
storage, treatment and utilization. Advantages and
disadvantages are given for the following waste hand-
ling operations: liquid collection, storage lagoon,
mechanical treatment, and biological treatment.
There is no one best system for all operators.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2471-A2, A6, B2, D3, El
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS,
Agricultural Engineering Research Division, Ag-
ricultural Research Service, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, College Park, Maryland
H. J. Eby
Bulletin ARS 42-75, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, June, 1963,
12 p. 1 fig, 1 tab, 34 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal. Lagoons, Aerobic condi-
tions, Anaerobic conditions. Design criteria.
Identifiers: Oxidation pond, Lagoon management,
Stabilization pond.
The purpose of this study is to observe manure dis-
posal lagoons in several Eastern and Midwestern
States and in Canada and to review the available lit-
erature on the subject. There are three types of man-
ure disposal lagoons anaerobic, aerobic, or a combi-
nation of the two. The first type is an open pit or trench
_ and is entirely anaerobic in action. The second type of
manure lagoon is also known as an "oxidation pond"
The third type of lagoon is referred to as a "stabiliza-
tion pond" and it produces the least odor of the three
types. Explanation is given as to how lagoons work
Factors that need to be considered ih constructing a
manure disposal lagoon are: (1) Availability of land
(2) Possibility of objectionable runoff that would d^
grade downstream water; (3) Choice between a
stabilization pond or a true oxidation pond- and (4)
Enough water being available to maintain the lagoon
Alternatives or modifications of the manure lasoon
are discussed. For best results in lagoon manage-
ment, the following procedures should be followed-
(1) Floating material should not be permitted toenter
the lagoon; (2) Lagoon loading should be regular and
uniform; (3) Constant water depth should be main-
tained;(4) Weeds should be mowed around the eds..
of the lagoon; (5) The lagoons should be filled before
running manures into it;(6) If algae mats form on the
lagoon surface, the surface should be agitated- (7)
Petroleum products or other floating products should
not be allowed to enter the lagoon. (Penrod-East
OcntrsJ)
2472-Bl, B2, B3, Cl, C2,
•C3, Dl, D3, E2, E3, Fl
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE
MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE,
Iowa State University
Midwest Livestock Waste Management Conference
Iowa State University, Ames, November 27-28, IBS'
184 p. 31 fig, 24 tab, 125 ref. '
Descriptors: Feedlots, Hydrology, Design, Confine-
ment pens. Separation techniques. Anaerobic diges-
tion, Methane, Aerobic treatment, Livestock, Costs
Identifiers: Waste management, Flushing Land
spreading.
The purpose of the conference was to bring together
all aspects of feedlot and animal waste management
Hydrology was discussed by several papers. The hyd-
rologic characteristics of animal waste, design
criteria for gutter flushing systems and recirculation
equipment design were areas covered in the discus-
sion. Three papers covered livestock waste treatment
for both confinement pens and outdoor feedlots.
Criteria for the selection of a treatment and handling
system for wastes were given. Various building types
for confinement housing and their manure handling
systems were also discussed. Recommended man-
agement practices for the control of waste from out-
door, unpaved feedlots were examined. The effects of
waste management systems on the animals involved
were presented. Solids separation; aerobic treat-
ment, and the anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes
with methane production were discussed thoroughly.
Land disposal was examined through the aspects of
equipment considerations; agronomic considera-
tions; and the pollution potential of liquid wastes
(Penrod-East Central)
2473-A2,A3,A5,Bl,B2,Cl,C2
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLOTS
IN THE CORNBELT,
United States Department of Agriculture. Lincoln
Nebraska
N. P. Swanson
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973. lip. 1 fig, 21 ref.
Descriptors: Hydrology, Feedlots, Corn Belt, Rain-
fall. Snow, Evaporation, Agricultural runoff. Snow-
melt, Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Solids losses
The purpose of this study is to examine the hydrologic
factors of open feedlots in the corn belt. The factors
discussed are: temperature, snow, evaporation and
392
-------
rainfall. Since the hydrologic impact rffeedlots is «i
ihe immediate watershed.Tiydrology should becons^
dered in feedlot design and management. Rapifl
drainage of a feedlot is very desirable and is improved
bv the utilization of mounds and drainways. terraces
and basins and inlet risers with underground drains.
Runoff control facilities should be designed for
periods of probable high-intensity and maximum in-
tensity precipitation without opportunity for runoff
disposal The study showed that underground water
pollution from livestock feeding installations appears
to be mostly a local problem with widespread con-
tamination of aquifers not appearing probab 6(
Runoff will be greater and start sooner from a (eedlot
ttian from adjacent cropland There can be appreci-
able water storage in the soil-manure mixture. The
study also indicated that snowmelt runoff may con-
tain 10 to 12 times the chemical oxygen demand and
so ids content of a rainfall-runoff from the same lots.
U was noted that similar runoff facility design
capac ties can be expected in the Corn Belt state,
except in western Kansas, Nebraska, and South
Dakota. (Penrod-Easl Central)
2474-B2, B3, B4 , D3, E2
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF
A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT
AND HANDLING SYSTEM,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana-Champaign
PreJse"tedatnMidwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames,
November, 27-28, 1973. 8 p.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal,
Livestock, Confinement pens, Locating, Costs. La-
'Solid floors, Slotted floors. Pit storage,
Hauling, Flushing.
Numerous restricting federal and state regulations
coJSrfnV the treatment and handling o livestock
wastes are being enacted. Selection and planning for
Se waste handling and treatment system must be an
integral part of the planning for any confinement op-
"ration. This report provides criteria for the selection
of a treatment and handling system for livestock
waste There are several factors to consider. Among
them are: investment and operational costs; opera-
tion size; location of facility with regard to neighbors,
the operator's family, soil type and topography; type
of facility; existing facilities and equipment; and per-
sonal preference. The major systems presently being
n«»d are discussed examining the advantages and
disadvantages of each. They are : ( 1 ) solid floors, ma-
nure handled as a solid, (2) slotted floors, pit storage.
Uqmds hauled to the fields, (3) lagoons (4) slotted
floors P« storage, manure hauled to the fields, an
overflow lagoon. (5) slotted floors, a pit with an oxida-
tion diU* and («) flush system. A comparison tab e
was developed and provided to help the producer rate
tte systemsand decide which one is best suited to his
operation. (Penrod-East Central)
2475-A2,Bl,B2,B3,B4,E2
OUTDOOR, UNPAVED FEEDLOT
MANAGEMENT,
Aericultural Research Service, United States De-
$rtment of Agriculture, Nebraska University, Lm-
G. B. Gilbertson
feedlots. Area requirements for cattle, mound con-
struction, and drainage are discussed in terms of
basic requirements for satisfactory leedlot perfor-
mance. Mud problems must also be considered in the
design and management of the feedlot. The three
basic components of a runoff control system are:
holding pond, debris basin, and disposal area. Sugges-
tions for the design and management of the feedlot,
debris basin, holding pond and disposal area are gi-
ven. Facilities should be planned which provide for a
reduction of cattle density to 500 ft'-head during
winter operations. Mounds should be constructed
parallel to the lot slope and should be connected with
the feedbunk and waterer. A minimum of 1.25 ae-in-
acre volume should be provided if overflow is col-
lected by the holding pond. If the overflow cannot be
collected by the holding pond, 70 per cent of the 10
year. 24-hour storm should be provided for. An exces-
sive snowmelt should be anticipated every 2-3 years;
although reduced cattle density will relieve the result-
ing muddy conditions. There should be a minimum
holding pond storage volume of 100 per cent of the
10-year, 24-hour storm. An existing irrigation system
should be used if possible; otherwise, the minimum
area for liquid disposal is % acre of pasture per acre of
feedlot. (Penrod-East Central)
2476-B2, B3, F4
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MA-
NURE MANAGEMENT: STATE OF
THE ART
V. M. Meyer
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28, 1973, 10 p. 17 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens. Livestock, Design.
Identifiers: Waste management, Solid floors, Slotted
floors, Stall barn, Free stall, Pits.
This report lists various building types and their ma-
nure handling systems for swine, beef, dairy, poultry,
and sheep. The building types for swine were divided
in three categories: farrowing, nursery and finishing.
For farrowing, buildings housing solid floor with or
without bedding, and slotted floor, both total and par-
tial, were listed along with their manure handling
systems. A similar setup was provided for the nurse-
ry. For finishing swine, outside concrete and cold and
warm building were given with their systems The
building types listed for beef were solid and slotted
floors Dairy livestock buildings included stall bam
and free stall. For poultry, three building types were
listed: deep pit, liquid, and shallow pit. Sheep were
listed only with solid building types. (Penrod-East
Central)
27-28, 1973, 19 p. 2 fig, 4 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Design, Agricultural runoff,
Drainage Mud, Snowmelt, Irrigation.
HenSffers Unpaved feedlot, Waste management.
Holding pond, Debris basin, Mounding.
This report summarizes recommended management
pVacticS f or control of waste from outdoor, unpaved
2477-Ao,All,Bl,C2,C3,D3
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMAL'S
ENVIRONMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Nebraska
University, Lincoln
J. A. DeShazer
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973, 5 p. 1 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Confinement pens. Farm management,
Waste storage, Ventilation, Odor, Humidity, Temp-
erature, Hydrogen sulfide, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Waste removal, Aerobic pit, Anaerobic
pit, Slotted floor
A major concern of the livestock environmental en-
gineer about waste handling techniques is how these
systems affect the gaseous and bacterial environ-
ment of livestock. The objective of this study is to
describe the effects of such techniques on the animal.
Two systems under consideration are the storage of
the waste within the building and the frequent re-
moval of wastes from the building. A comparison of
the hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentrations of
an open-front swine building and an enclosed swine
building was made in the summer of 1971 at the Uni-
versity of Nebraska. Results showed that the level of
both gases was approximately the same. A study of pit
ventilation in swine confinement buildings versus
side wall ventilation with no pit ventilation during the
spring showed that there was no difference in hog
performance. More sneezing and coughing occurred
among pigs kept over anaerobic pits than among
those kept over aerobic pits, according to a Purdue
University study. Hog management for proper dung-
ing habits is important in odor control of the hog's
environment. The waste handling system can affect
the thermal environment of the animals, with humid-
ity probably being the major concern. The study
showed that the pertormanceof livestock seems not to
be affected by either the treatment of waste within the
building or frequent removal of waste from the build-
ing. (Penrod-East Central)
2478-B2, B3, Cl, Dl
SOLIDS SEPARATION.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Wisconsin
University, Madison
R. E. Graves
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28, 1973, 8 p. 7 ref.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Solid wastes,
Slurries, Settling basin, Flotation, Centrifugation,
Moisture content.
Identifiers: Screening, Settling pond, Vacuum filtra-
tion.
Manure and water slurries resulting from hydraulic
cleaning or transport must be handled and-or treated.
The solid material in such slurries ranges from dis-
solved salts and soluble organic matter to hair, feath-
ers unused feed, and stones. Since solids can be sepa-
rated from manure and water slurries, this can be a
useful step in an overall animal waste treatment sys-
tem. Solids separation may be achieved through use
of one of the following systems: settling, screens, vib-
rating screens, stationary sloping screens, other sc-
reens, flotation, centrifugation, and vacuum filtra-
tion. Each of these methods is explained. When using
solids separation and concentration for waste handl-
ing and treatment systems, the livestock owner mus
keep in mind the cost, complexity, and the overall
goal of the waste management system. (Penrod-East
Central)
2479-D3, E3, Fl
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIVES-
TOCK WASTES AND THE PROS-
PECTS FOR METHANE PRODUC-
TION,
PreLntedUat Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28 1973, 30 p. 2 fig, 5 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Livestock,
Methane, Costs, Toxicity, Temperature.
This paper describes the processes involved in
anaerobically digesting livestock wastes to produce
methane. Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes for
methane production is technically quite feasible, but
at present it is not economically feasible. Besides the
high capital investment for the methane production
itself (which is only a partial waste stabilization pro-
cess) any realistic anaerobic digester must be fol-
lowed by further processes of waste stabilization ana
these may be expensive, or they may consume power,
thus reducing the amount available for sale. The au-
thor feels that a resurgence of interest in methane
production will occur on the part of the utilities (as
opposed to individual producers) if and when natural
gas becomes a scarce commodity. It should then be
393
-------
possible to consider funding, using tax money since
the gas production would have some aspects of social
service. (Penrod-East Central)
2A80-B2, D3
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVES-
TOCK WASTES.
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28, 1973, 11 p. 2 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Livestock, Design,
Organic acids, Nitrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Oxidation
reduction potential, pH.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Mechanically aerated
lagoon, Oxidation pond, Aerators.
The purpose of this report is to provide a brief descrip-
tion of design procedures for aerobic treatment
facilities which can be used in consultations with indi-
vidual livestock producers. Basically, there are three
approaches to aerobic treatment. They are: (1) oxi-
dation ditch, (2) mechanically aerated lagoon, and
(3) oxidation pond. Each of these methods is discus-
sed. A major problem with an aerobic treatment pro-
cess is the breakdown or overloading of Die aeration
system. When this happens, the aerobic bacteria may
have competition from other organisms which utilize
ouier compounds in their metabolic processes If the
aeration equipment fails to operate and the aerobic
process becomes anaerobic, the organisms will first
use nitrate as an electron acceptor in their
metabolism. Sulfate may also be utilized releasing
hydrogen sulfide gas which can kill livestock. A final
substitute for oxygen may be an organic compound
which can result in methane production. The terminal
product of the oxidation-reduction process is control-
led by the ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential) of
the liquid. This means that when aerators break
down, it is important that they be repaired or replaced
as soon as possible to prevent ORP from dropping to
the level where odorous gases are given off. A shift in
pH may also result during these anaerobic conditions
from the production of organic acids. This shift may
cause flaming when the aerators are restarted. A
final decision on equipment should be based on av-
ailability of replacement parts and reliability.
(Penrod-East Central)
2481-B2, B4, D3
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-
-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS,
S. W. Melvin, J. C. Lorimor, D. O. Hull
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28, 1973, 10 p. 3 fig, 7 ref.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Minnesota
University, St. Paul
J. A. Moore
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973, 18 p. 2 fig, 2 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Iowa, Hydraulic systems, Anaerobic di-
gestion, Lagoons, Confinement pens.
Identifiers: Flush gutter systems, Pits, Slotted floors,
Flumes.
Several different types of hydraulic flush confine-
ment beef buildings have been, or are being con-
structed in Iowa. Many questions concerning their
operation remain unanswered. All of these systems
are utilizing lagoons, for treatment and storage prior
to recycling or disposal. Anaerobic lagoons could well
be the limiting component of these systems. Only time
will answer some of the questions concerning man-
agement and operation of each of these systems. En-
gineers will be required to develop some of these con-
cepts even further as confinement feeding of beef cat-
tle continues. (Melvin)
2482-B2, Cl
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANIMAL WASTE,
Descriptors: Hydraulic systems, Animal wastes, De-
sign, Moisture content, Viscosity, Pumping, Waste
storage, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Solids content, Flushing, Settling, Agita-
tion, Collection, Utilization, Total solids.
Hydraulic characteristics must be considered when
planning or managing an animal waste system. The
four system components are collection, storage,
treatment, and utilization. Not all of these compo-
nents are included in every system. The purpose of
this report is to examine the hydraulic characteristics
of animal waste and their application to the engineer-
ing properties of materials as applied to designing
and-or managing livestock wastes. Hydraulic charac-
teristics discussed are: moisture content and its mea-
surement, flushing, solids content and viscosity, settl-
ing, agitation, and pumping. In the measurement of
moisture content, calculated total solids must be re-
lated to the fluid characteristics. Other factors be-
sides particle size need to be considered in settling
evaluation. They includeprecipitation, amount of sol-
ids and removal, and water-manure ratio. Study data
indicate that as the quantity of waste hay, silage and
green shop entering increases, agitation becomes
more difficult. Hydraulic characteristics and many
other factors combine to determine the design and
management of a livestock waste system. (Penrod-
East Central)
2483-A6, B2, D3, E2, Fl
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING
SYSTEMS,
Missouri University Columbia
R. M. George
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,14 p. 5 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Design criteria, Hydraulic transporta-
tion, Missouri, Mannings Equation, Flow, Slope, Vel-
ocity.
Identifiers: Gutter flushing, Instant lagoon concept,
Slats, Swine.
Gutter flushing systems seem to work well with the
components of animal waste management systems
using anaerobic lagooning and irrigation disposal of
the effluent. Such systems have minimum odors, low
cost, and the flushing is most consistent with good
lagoon management. The purpose of this report is to
provide parameters for designing gutter flushing sys-
tems. The report provides a procedure for designing
open gutter and gutter under slats flushing systems
for swine. The method also works well for Beef
Slope-Slot Systems. A new variation of hydraulic
transport called "Instant Lagoon Concept" is de-
scribed. This concept says if .0027123 of the lagoon
design volume is circulated daily through a smaller
pit or basin, the biological activity would be the same
if the same amount of manure were placed continu-
ously in the larger lagoon. Supporting design data
derived from operating Missouri systems are pre-
sented. The selection of design parameters is
examined and the depth of flow, width of channel and
hydraulic radius are discussed. Design philosophy
and procedures are given. Some systems and their
application are explained. (Penrod-East Central)
248A-B2, D3, E3
RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DE-
SIGN AND SELECTION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
G. B. Parker
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames November
27-28, 1973, 7 p.
Descriptors: Equipment, Design, Hydraulic trans-
portation. Recycling, Lagoons, Pumps
Identifiers: Flushing, Channel design, Piping.
Large quantities of a relatively "clean" pumnable
liquid are needed for hydraulic transport of animal
wastes from a confinement system. Although the cost
• of great quantities of fresh water is high, the main
problem is the hauling and disposal of the resultant
contaminated liquor. The purpose of this study is to
investigate recycling as a means of supplying the
quantities of fluid required without increasing the
volume of waste to be disposed of. So far only two
economically feasible waste handling systems
applicable to hydraulic transport have been de-
veloped. They are the aerobic lagoon or basin and the
anaerobic lagoon. The anaerobic lagoon eliminates
most of the solids because nearly all solids settle to the
bottom where they are anaerobically digested at var-
ying rates. However high chemical instability has
been encountered as a significant problem with this
system. In designing a hydraulic transport system
channel design, method of flushing, pipes, and the
type of recycle pump to be used must be decided upon
The author's experience with various brands and
models of pumps is given. (Penrod-East Central)
2485-A8, C2, E2
AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL,
Extension Agronomist, Iowa State University, Ames
R. D. Voss
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28, 1973, 7 p. 5 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Agronomy, Crop re-
sponse, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Nutrients, Salts
Identifiers: Land disposal.
In this paper the assumption is made that the soil's
usefulness for crop production is to be maintained
The primary concern is if land disposal of animal"
wastes is the ultimate goal, how much can be apolied
without causing short or long term problems Short
term effects would include: salt and toxic effects on
germination and growth of plants, loss of nitrate in
drainage water, crop quality, crop yields, and surface
runoff. Long term effects would include: crop produc-
tivity, accumulative salt effect on crops dispersal of
soils by accumulation of sodium, and nutrient imba-
lance due to phosphorus or other element builduo
Suggested optimum rates of application of animal
wastes for efficient utilization of the nutrients by har
vested crops are 10 to 20 tons per acre on a fresh
weight basis according to several authorities Plans
for any animal waste handling system should include
provision for waste disposal. The plans should be ac-
cording to guidelines which, hopefully, will include
agronomic considerations. (Penrod-East Central)
2486-A2, B2, C2, E2
SUMMARY OF KANSAS' EXPERT.
ENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE
SPREADING,
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Ae-
ronomy, Kansas State University g
H. L. Manges, L. S. Murphy, and W. L. Powers
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,9 p. 2 fig, 3 tab. 3 ref.
Descriptors: Kansas, Agricultural runoff. Lagoons
Fertilizers, Nutrients. Crop response, Salt tolerance'
Chemical properties. '
Identifiers: Land disposal, Guidelines.
394
-------
The cattle feeders of Kansas are controlling surface
water pollution by catching and storing feedlot runoff
in lagoons. In Western Kansas, collected runoff is
evaporated since evaporation greatly exceeds rain-
fall. Remaining feedlots resort to land disposal of the
runoff. Since land application of runoff hasn't been
practiced very much, little is known about application
rates. The purpose of this report is to examine and
determine the pollution potential from high applica-
tion rales of feedlot wastes to land The study showed
that snowmelt runoff pollutants concentration is 2 to
IVi times that of rainfall. Runoff storage in lagoons
results in pollutants concentration increasing with the
evaporation of pure water. Recommendations for
runoff analyses are given. If runoff is applied as a
fertiliasr it should be applied at rates necessary to
supply the nutrients required by the crop growth. Fer-
tilizer recommendation for the area could be used as
one criteria. Guidelines and recommendations were
given for feedlot runoff application onto land. Aver-
se annual application rates of S, 5 and 9 inches in
im 1972, and 1973, respectively resulted in top corn
forage yields in Kansas. Salt buildup in the soil will
eventually determine application rates. (Penrod-
East Central I
2487-B2, E2
RETURNING ANIMAL WASTES TO
THE LAND-EQUIPMENT CONSID-
ERATIONS,
Missouri University, Columbia
Presentea°at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973, U p. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: Equipment, Design criteria, Pumps,
Pipes Irrigation, Slurries, Lagoons, Volume.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Consistency.
Large waste disposal and potential pollution prob-
lems are created by the concentration of livestock in
S»U area*. The pirpose of this report is to describe
dTelownents in animal waste systems including:
collection, pumping, and distribution systems. The
l considerations of planning a Hvestock opera-
rials and seals, M) runiping umicumiuia, v*<; * jpme
systems, and (6) Choosing an irrigation d.sposal sys-
tem Lagoon effluent, or other fluid wastes containing
less'than 5 per cent solids can be handled by most
irrigation systems: ditches with spile tubes, gated
Spf hand-carry sprinkler systems, traveling pn
mlems side-roll sprinkler systems and center pivot
sorinJclers Liquid slurries, having up to 14 per cent
sSwTmay be handled only by a hand carry gun
sprinkler, liquid manure tankwagon or a traveling
aun sprinkler. Alternative ownership schemes for
Kestock producers reluctant to invest large amount
of money in irrigation disposal equipment initially are
Drovided Management is the key to making a well-
5Sgned'«Vstemwork. (Penrod-East Central)
2A88-A6, B2, D2, F2
PERSONAL SIDELIGHTS AND OB-
SERVATIONS OF THE HBI TRIAL,
tst, Vol. 110, No. 7, p. M-39, April 12,
characteristic of anaerobic lagoons. An important
question that the trial raised was: "Who does the
livestock man turn to for advice and recommenda-
tions with some assurance of protection against a
lawsuit?" Another point that needed to be clarified
was whether or not a hog operation—even a large hog
operation—can be classified asa heavy industry when
zoning regulations are being applied. These and sev-
eral other questions were brought out by the HBI trial
which awarded the plaintiff's damages. This trial
paints to need for livestock producers to be aware of
and to control pollution from their facilities so that
environmental quality can be preserved and lawsuits
can be avoided. (Penrod-East Central)
2489-A6, All, Bl
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR
CONFINEMENT SWINE FACILITIES.
Hog Product Manager, Big Dutchman, Zeeland,
Michigan
B. Engle
Presented at the 1972 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 11-15, 1972, Paper No. 72-919,12 p. 4 fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Planning, Design,
Ventilation, Temperature.
Identifiers: Swine, Comfort zone.
The purpose of this report is to present management
tools developed by BigDutchmanforcommtrcial hog
producers that may be utilized in planning hog
facilities. The author stresses the necessity of having
better managers in order to obtain the best results
from facilities improved by technology. Since hogs
are very sensitive to temperature, the facilities dis-
cussed are designed to maintain the temperature
within the ranee of 50 degrees to 80 degrees. The
major factor holding back acceptance of confinement
facilities is poor ventilation. Onediff iculty in properly
ventilating a building is that hogsdo not all require the
same temperature and air movement. Negative air
systems are favored by the author and his company
for maintaining the air patterns that provide oxygen,
clean out foul air, promote good dunging habits, and
keep temperature variations at a minimum. These
systems are discussed. The various side issues to ven-
tilation that affect environmental control are: pig
brooding, type of penning, long narrow pens, comfort
zone, per cent of slats, and evaporative cooling.
Proper planning is essential in keeping labor at a
minimum and in promoting proper production flow.
Methods of grouping-sows For breeding and continu-
ous farrowing are examined. Clean up in the farrow-
ing units is also discussed. A simple method of plan-
ning a hog facility so that expansion is possible by
simply adding on necessary buildings is given.
(Penrod-East Central)
1969.
Descriptors: Odor, Lagoons, Zoning.
Identifiers: Lawsuits, Swine industry.
This report examines the Bower vs. Hog Builders In-
corporated (HBI) trial and its impact on livestock
producers. The plantiffi claimed that their lives had
been made miserable either by intent or willful negli-
gence on the part of HBI. The point was made that
anaerobic lagoons were never intended to be waste
disposal structures and that odor was a natural
2490-A8, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF BEEF-FEEDLOT MA-
NURE AND LAGOON WATER ON
IRON, ZINC, MANGANESE AND
COPPER CONTENT IN CORN AND IN
DTPA SOIL EXTRACTS.
Departments of Agronomy and Agricultural fcn-
gineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan
G. W. Wallingford, L. S. Murphy, W. L. Powers, and
H. L. Manges
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 39,
No. 3, p. 4*2-487, May-June, 1975. 6 fig, 4 tab, 25 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Crop response, Cop-
per, Iron, Zinc, Manganese.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Manure, Lagoon water,
DTPA, Soil Extracts, Nutrient availability.
The effects of beef-feedlot manure and lagoon water
on DTPA-extractable Iron, zinc, manganese, and
copper of a silty clay loam soil, concentrations of
these elements in corn (Zea mays L.) forage and leaf
tissue, and their uptake by com forage were studied in
the field. The pH of the soil studied was not appreci-
ably changed by the manure applications during the
two years of the study. However, the soil availability
(as measured by the DTPA extraction 1 of Zn, Fe, Mn,
and to a lesser extent, Cu was increased. Manure
applications enhanced corn-leaf and forage concent-
rations of Zn, and Mn and corn-forage uptake of Mn.
There was a consistently high correlation of the Mn
plant data with the cumulative manure applied. Man-
ure applications were shown to increase the availabil-
ity of Zn and Mn in the soil studied but did not consis-
tently affect corn concentrations of Fe and Cu and
uptake of Fe, Zn, and Cu Increased DTPA-
extracUble Fe. Zn. and Mn were found in soil cores
taken from plots that had received two years of beef-
feedlot lagoon water; Cu was unaffected. This study
showed that lagoon water effectively increased the
availability of Fe and Mn. The study also indicated
that feedlot wastes were sources of the trace elements
Fe, Zn, and Mn. Annual applications of either manure
or lagoon water could correct the soil deficiencies of
these micronutrients. (Penrod-East Central)
2491-A8, B2, C2, E2
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF-
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO
FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A
COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL,
Former Research Assistant, Nebraska University,
Lincoln
J. E. Sulcovaty, L. F. Elliott, andN. P. Swanson
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3. No. 4, p.
381-388, October-December, 1974. 6 fig, 6 tab, 30 ret
Descriptors: Feedlots, Effluent, Agricultural runoff.
Crop response, Forage sorghum, Nutrients, Cations,
Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Application rates, Soil solution, pH.
The effects of beef feedlot effluent and water addi-
tions to a forage sorghum were compared during two
consecutive growing seasons. Increased forage pro-
duction in both years of the study resulted from the
addition of beef-feedlot effluent. The highest yield for
both years was obtained from an application rate of 25
cm-year (2.5 cm-week) and this was significantly
higher than yields from other treatments during the
second year. The above application rate may be near
the optimum for maximum production. Yields were
not increased by a higher application rate of 50 cm-
year (5 cm-week) However, no major forage yield
reductions were observed from the higher application
rates. There was a slight additive result noted on the
NOj-N content of the plant material as a result of the
effluent addition. No appreciable change in soil
N03-N concentrations, as affected by effluent addi-
tion, was indicated. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, and
Na, and K in the forage sorghum were not affected by
the application of beef-feedlot effluent. During the
2-year study, phosphorus increased in the surface 10
cm of the soil as the effluent application was in-
creased. A slight increase of Ca, Na, and K was noted
in the soil solution as a result of effluent addition. Few
problems in crop production should be offered by
Feedlot-effluent disposal at the crop nutrient require-
ments. It was indicated that phosphorus would be the
limiting factor in effluent application. (Penrod-East
2492-A6,A10,A13,B2,E2,Fl
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins
R. C. Ward, J. L. Smith, and D. B. McWhorter
Presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, June 22-25, 1975, li p. 3 tab. 8 ref
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Equipment, Costs, En-
vironmental effects, Odor, Aesthetics, Insects.
Identifiers: Subsurface injection.
395
-------
TOs paper describes an animal waste management
program for liquid manure systems which overcomes
many economic problems and Which satisfies en-
vironmental constraints. The described program
utilizes a conventional liquid manure system from the
feedlot to th« storage pit, with a continuous subsur-
face injection system being used for actual disposal.
This continuous system overcomes many of the limi-
tations associated with a batch (tank wagon) opera-
tion The main purpose of subsurface injection is to
thoroughly mix the manure with the soil, utilize
minimum power, and not have the manure exposed
directly to the air. Such disposal permits rapid drying
and repeated applications at frequent intervals. The
manure is covered by the soil at such a depth that
aerobic conditions prevail, which greatly reduces the
odors and insects normally associated with land dis-
posal of manure. The waste management operations
aesthetics are greatly improved for the nearby
neighbors and the dairy farmer. An 'economic com-
parison of Ihe system with other systems is given and
environmental constraints on the system are briefly
discussed. It was concluded that the continuous sub-
surface injection system offers an environmentally
sound method of disposing of animal wastes and re-
duces labor costs. (Penrod-East Central)
2493-D3, E3
FUEL FOR THOUGHT: IS
STOCKPILED ENERGY GOING TO
WASTE?,
J. L. Parker
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 52, No. 26, April 1974,
p.66-68. April, 1974 4 fig.
Descriptors: Methane, Fertilizers, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Bio-gas digester.
This report examines the production of methane and
ammonium type fertilizers from controlled natural
digesters. The process of gas production is one of
anaerpbicdecay. Utilizing thisprocess for reclaiming
concentrations of animal waste is becoming more
economically feasible since natural gas shortages are
affecting fertilizer production. This form of natural
bacterial digestion is a biological process which
achieves maximum results when the waste material
is maintained at a temperature range of 75 to 90 de-
grees F. If managed properly, it can be free of air
pollution. The use of feedlot manure in this process is
logical since in terms of purity, teedlot manure is an
unadulterated product of uniform consistency in both
gas and fertilizer values. From one pound of dry feed-
lot manure, approximately one cubic foot of gas av-
eraging 70 per cent methane can be generated. The
heat value of the gas produced is about 650-700 B.T.U.5
per cubic foot. This compares with 450 B.T.U.S per
cubic foot of coal gas generated in English gas plants.
The digested sludge contains nitrogen mainly in the
form of ammonium. By drying the digested sludge as
a filter cake, a concentrated fertiliser is produced.
The most successful continuous cycle bio-gas diges-
ters have been in the form of horizontal tanks divided
by a half wall down the center This type seems to
yield maximum production of gas while achieving
maximum reduction of the wastes and consequent
increase in concentrated fertilizer vaJues. (Penrod-
East Central I
249A-A2,A8,B2,B3,C2,E2,F1
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DIS-
POSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTES
Kansas Stale university, Manhattan
H. L. Manges, R. I. Lipper, L. S Murphy, W. L. Pow-
ers, and L. A. Schmid
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-
660-2-7W113, June, 1875, 1J6 p. 44 fig, 26 tab, 78 ref .
Descriptors: Feedlots, Waste treatment, Waste dis-
posal Anaerobic lagoon, Water pollution, Rainfall,
' Great
Plains, Environment.
A study was conducted to determine the characteris-
tics of beef feedlot wastes, both runoff and manure,
and the optimum application rate of these wastesto
land The project was located at a commercial bee!
feedlot in southcenlral Kansas. Characteristics of
beef feedlot wastes varied widely with season. Near
maximum corn forage yields, without excessive ac-
cumulation of salt in the soil, were obtained from
waste application rates necessary to meet nitrogen
fertilizer recommendations. At these waste applica-
tion rates, basic intake rate of water into the soil was
increased. Net income from irrigated corn production
was sufficient to make application of feedlot manure
with disposal as the main objective unprofitable.
Land application rates of bee! feedlot wastes should
be based upon the results of laboratory analyses ol
wastes from each feedlot. Feedlot wastes should be
applied at rates necessary to meet nitrogen fertilizer
recommendations. A salt-alkali test should be made
annually on the surface soil to monitor changes in son
salinity levels. (Manges-Kansas State University)
2495-A3, A5, A8, Bl, E2,
F3, FA
RESEARCH STATUS ON EFFECTS
OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL
WASTES
Kansas State University, Manhattan
W L Powers, G. W. Wallingford, and L. S. Murphy
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-
660-2-7W110, June, 1975, 96 p. 5 fig, 13 tab, 233 ref.
Descriptors: Soil disposal fields. Agricultural runoff.
Research and development.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution, Soil contamina-
tion, Soil properties. Application rales.
The primary purpose of this report was to review the
literatureand analyze researchneeds on theeffectsof
land application of animal waste. An additional pur-
pose was to assemble published informa ion on appli-
cation guidelines for animal waste^ IncludedI in this
report are information on the characteristics of
waste, effectsof waste on soil and waternea r applica-
tion sites, application rates, application techniques,
and research needs. This report is organized into sue
mate topics: (!) climate, waste, and soil classifica-
tion (2), waste composition; (3), effect of waste on
the environment; (4), application rates based on
waste constituents; (S), application techniques;and
(6), research needs. The climate, waste and soil clas-
sification systems were developed to allow compari-
son of the effects of animal waste applications on and
in various parts of the country. The composition ol the
waste in each climate was tabulated and values com-
pared. Comparisons between climatic regions were
not possible because of the large variability within
regionT Because of this variability no average com-
position for a given waste in a given climatic region
Was possible The effect of the waste on the environ-
ment was measured in terms of the possible filial
disposition of the waste constituents. These con-
stituents could accumulate in the soil, move to the
ground water, run off the soil surface, or be taken up
by plants. Attempts were made to assemble applica-
tion guidelines from the various parts of the country.
(Powers-EPA)
2496-A6,A7,A10,B2,D3,E2
K?S.U. AEROBIC SWINE WASTE
HANDLING SYSTEM (6 YEARS OF
PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS),
Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas
State University, Manhattan
B. A. Koch, R. H Hines.G. L. Allee, and R. I. Lipper
Unpublished Paper No. 20-15, Kansas State Univer-
sity, Manhattan, 15 p. 3 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Kansas, Aerobic conditions. Dusts.
Identifiers: Swine, Oxidation waste disposal system,
Flies, Foam control.
The purpose of this report was to evaluate the use of
an aerobic waste-oxidation system for handling swine '
wastes The main operational problem of this unit was
a layer of foam thai did not circulate and which, there-
fore, dried into a thick crusty layer on the surface of
the liquid in the pits. The majority of the additives
used to successfully break up the foam alleviated Ihe
immediate problem but none seemed to prevent the
formation of more foam. By accident, two effective
foam dispensers were found. They were Foremost-
Soweena la milk replacer for baby pigs) and
Ferma-Grow (a fermentation feed additive),
Poloxalene (active ingredient in Bloat Guard) was
also found to be an effective foam-control agent. A
noticeable odor problem (probably H2S) was not
overcome by the foam dispersers. It was controlled
and eliminated by regularly adding small amounts of
Puritan Liquid Live Microorganisms to each pit. A
dust problem was also solved. Overall, the unit is
functioning satisfactorily with minimum mainte-
nance and supervision There are low labor require-
ments and no odor problems. The application of waste
fluid to fields can be done any time Ihe soil isn't too wet
(no complaints from neighbors regardless of wind
direction or humidity conditions). Pigs are perform-
ing satisfactorily in the unit, flies are easily controlled
and suitable sanitation is easily maintained. How-
ever, operational costs have been higher than desired.
(Penrotl-East Central)
2497-A4,Bl,C2,C3>El,FL,F2
AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLU-
TION PROBLEM,
J. C. Street
Utah Law Review, p. 39S-403, June, 1970. 16 ref.
Descriptors; Agriculture, Water pollution control,
Water pollution sources. Organic wastes, Economics,
Regulation.
Identifiers: Pollution.
Agricultural practices are contributing significantly
to environmental pollution Animal and domestic
wastes have a pronounced pollutlve effect, especially
when discharged directly into rivers and streams.
Such discharges raise Uie nitrogen and phosphorus
levek of the water and may result in increased con-
centrations of disease organisms and in undesirable
eutrophication of ponds and lakes. Inaddition. there is
the problem of domestic wastes from rural homes,
most of which are not equipped with advanced septic
systems. The discharge of organic waste matter from
the industrial processing of agricultural commodities
raises the biochemical oxygen demand of the water
into which it is discharged. Over-application of fer-
tilizer and consequent excessive nutrient leaching or
loss by runoff is another problem. A small increase in
the concentration of phosphorus from fertilizers may
result in an algae-bloom and eventually a fouled,
oxygen-deficient, stagnant system. Regulations have
been put forth in attempts to maintain the quality of
the country's waters, but the small producer has not
yet been compelled to comply because of lack of re-
sources for enforcement and because of the small
farmer's inability to absorb the added costs.
(Johnson-Florida)
2498-D2,E3,Fl,F3
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEDLOT
MANURE: A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
STUDY,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State
University, Manhattan
C. R. Engler, W. P. Walawender, and L. T. Fan
Contribution No. 37, Department of Chemical En-
gineering, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Manhattan, December 1,1973,34 p. 7 fig. 7 tab, 51 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Equipment, Feedlots, Costs,
Chemical properties, Moisture content, Transporta-
tion.
Identifiers: Pyrolysis.
396
-------
This study presents the development of a conceptual
plant design to process 1000 T-D (tons-day) of raw
manure (50 per cent moisture) to yield a synthesis gas
composed of CO, H2, and Cfy. Estimated capital in-
vestment and operating costs for the plant are pre-
sented along with the results of sensitivity analysis,
i.e. studies of the effects of variations in the site of the
plant, raw manure moisture content, manure com-
position, and transportation costs on the cost of the
synthesis gas. The capital investment required for the
plant was estimated at 16.07 MM (million), with an-
nual operating costs at $2.54 MM. It was determined
that for a 16 per cent return of investment at current
gas prices, the 1000 T-D plant would have to receive a
credit of approximately $3.65-ton To make manure
•pyrolysis economically feasible, improvements in the
•process or significant changes in the cost for produc-
ing synthesis gas by conventional methods would be
'needed. (Penrod-East Central)
2499-D2, D3, E3
PAUNCH FEEDING NOW PROFITA-
BLE,
Calf News, Vol. 13, No. 8, p. 14-15, 30, August, 1975. 6
fig.
Descriptors: Economics, Cattle.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Paunch manure. Blood,
Chemical treatment, Corral industries.
The economic feasibility of paunch feeding is being
investigated in Phoenix, Arizona where Corral Indus-
tries has developed a new two-phase system for re-
covering the liquids and solids from paunch and mak-
ing an acceptable cattle feed. Preliminary trials have.
indicated acceptance of up to 70 per cent of the total
diet. The paunch is collected and extruded. Tramp
metals are magnetically removed from the solids and
then the material is chemically treated to kill enteric
bacteria to mask odor, to create a residual kill of
bacteria, and to add food value. The treatment also
degrades the fiber to make the material more availa-
ble the second time around. Although the initial oper-
ation was a mobile unit, a full-scale model is now
operating to get some of the bugs out of the designing
and handling aspects of the operation. Through the
process blood from the packing house becomes a val-
uable feed supplement along with the roughage. Basic
equipment for recovery is briefly discussed. Accord-
ing to test results, a 1,000 head kill should feed 1,000
head in the f eedlot. The pay back period of the opera-
tion would be a little over two years. However, if the
blood recovery system were added it would take only
a year. (Penrod-East Central)
2500-B2, D2, D3, E3
THE BIO-GAS PLANT: GENERATING
METHANE FROM ORGANIC
WASTES,
Compost Science, Vol. 13, No. 1, P. 20-25, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Organic wastes, Methane,
Design, Slurries, Fermentation.
Identifiers: Bio-gas plant.
Bio-eas plants can be designed to work efficiently and
to meet energy needs effectively in nearly any in-
stance where natural gas can be used. Bio-gas is very
similar to natural gas in composition and can be pro-
duced from farm wastes. The size of a bio-gas plant
depends upon the production requirement and the
amount of raw material available. Other considera-
tions are the suitability of the raw material, the temp-
erature of the operating cycle and the length of the
operating cycle. Small gas plants can produce up to
500 cu. ft. of gas per day, and large plants can produce
up to »,000 cu. ft. per day. Materials used are usually
cow dung and vegetable wastes with a carbon to nit-
rogen ratio of optimally 25:1. The operating cycle
works best when warm and should be insulated if
installed in colder climates. Agitation is not always
required for small plants but is usually mandatory for
large plants. The bio-gas is collected by a metal drum
inverted over the fermenting slurry. The pressure
keeps the gas from escaping, and the gas collects in
the drum for storage. Bio-gas plants can be built
above ground or under ground. Above ground design
provides for a radiant heat source from the sun. while
under ground design assists the gravity feed system
for slurry to enter the plant. (Sanders-East Central)
2501-D2, E3, E4, Fl, F6
MANURE PROCESSING
PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS,
J. D. Kendall, Editor
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 32, p. 12-13, August 11, 1975.
Descriptors: Recycling, By-products, Feedlots,
Texas, Fertilizers, Gases, Plastics. Pipelines, Cattle,
Economics.
Identifiers: Ethylene.
In research with the objective of showing thatfeedlot
waste could be converted to synthetic gas for produc-
ing fertilizer, Dr. James G. Halligan, Texas Tech
chemical engineer, found that cattle manure yields
ethylene which is used in plastics manufacturing. R.
Douglas Kreis, project officer of the EPA agricultural
waste research program at Ada, Oklahoma, stated
that, on the basis of the Texas Tech research, ethylene
could be recovered at the rate of 180 Ibs. per dry ton of
beef cattle manure. The process seems to be econom-
ically feasible with the use of pipelines to transport
the gas, and it appears to be a constructive solution to
the disposal of the 2-4 million tons of manure produced
annually on the Texas plains. Other experimentation
is continuing to determine uses for other products
yielded from this process—other gases, tars, waste
water, and an inert residue containing ash. It is felt
that the ash might be used for playa lake fills, road
fills, or in construction. (Sanders-East Central)
2502-A2,A3,A5,B2,B3,C2,C3
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL
WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION
FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS,,
Department of Dairy Science, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina
J. J. Janzen.A B. Bodine, and L. J. Luszcz
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 57, No. 2, p. 260-263,
February, 1974. 3 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Dairy industry, Sampl-
ing, (Worms, South Carolina, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Chemical oxygen demand, pH, Nutrients.
A study was conducted in South Carolina in which
water was sampled from streams adjacent to selected
dairy farms. The waste management systems utilized
by these farms were lagooning, dry disposal, and
liquid manure handling. Stream samplings were
taken above, adjacent to, and below the major animal
waste drainage areas. It was determined that 42 per
cent of the selected farms contributed in varying
amounts to a reduction in stream water quality.
Twenty-six per cent of these farms contributed to sig-
nificant increases in fecal coliform concentrations.
Studies are underway to determine the effects of
depth, site, and frequency of sampling on measures of
stream water quality. Water quality data is also being
collected for streams draining virgin lands that are
free of domesticated animals. (Penrod-East Central)
2503-A11, C3, B2, E3, Fl
THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC
WASTE: INTENSIVE CATTLE PRO-
DUCTION,
Asia Research Pte. Ltd.
Asia Research Pte. Ltd., Stamford House, Stamford
Road, Singapore 6,1974, 36 p. 40 fig, 24 tab, 62 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Organic wastes, Technolo-
gy, Fermentation, Cattle, Poultry, Costs, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Microbial contamination.
The recycling system is bound to be widely adopted in
order for the cattle industry to meet future pollution
control and food shortage problems. Technology for
recycling animal wastes for beef cattle consumption
has been developed by Dr. Z. Muller of Asia Research
(Pte.) Ltd. The technology is based on lactic fermen-
tation which converts organic waste (including ani-
mal waste, industrial and agricultural by-products
and municipal garbage) into inexpensive but highly
efficient animal feed. The fermentation process has
eliminated the problem of microbial contamination
and thus cancels the need for any costly drying of the
organic waste. Dr. Muller emphasizes the intrinsic
value of poultry litter as the most valuable source for
conversion into cattle feed when compared to poultry
manure, cattle litter, and feedlot waste. Advantages
of organic waste recycling techniques are: (1) in-
creased production of beef of a higher quality. (2)
more economical beef production, (3) beef produc-
tion, without arable or agricultural land, (4) the re-
lease of cereals and vegetable protein for human and
monogastric consumption and (5) abatement of a pol-
lution problem. Consultancy is offered by Asia Re-
search (Pte.) Ltd. for those who may be interested in
conversion of organic waste for a feedlot operation or
those who wish to consider the processing of organic
waste as a commercial feed ingredient. (Battles-East
Central)
2504-A11, Bl, B5, El
STRIP-MINE FEEDLOTS,
B. McElroy
The Furrow, Vol. 78, p. 15, April, 1973. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Strip mines, Feedlots, Cattle, Perfor-
mance, Runoff, Ohio.
Identifiers: Waste management.
Ohio State University has found an abandoned strip
mine to be a practical feedlot for cattle. An initial cost
of $125 was required to build a barbed-wire fence
around a couple of acres of abandoned strip pit and to
pipe water to the lot from a pond in a field above the
pit. Many benefits were found to be gained by this sort
of an arrangement. The first group of steers tested in
the lot actually gained more efficiently than another
group fed in a total-confinement unit. Even though the
animals in the strip-mine feedlot didn't have shelter,
they were not stressed by bad weather because the
vertical high wall left by the mining operation made
an excellent weather break. Manure removal was not
found to be necessary. The steers trampled their ma-
nure down into the stony subsoil. Soil conservation
experts say that this action will eventually leach the
mine acids out of the soil and permit grass to grow.
Evaluation of a bigger strip-mine lot was similar,
with average daily gain of the steers being better than
two pounds per head. The study concludes that now
the scars left by strip-mining can be put to good use
and at the same time make the cattle business a little
better than the sometimes-marginal business it is.
(Penrod-East Central)
2505-A11, B3, B5, C2, C3
THE MICROFLORA OF
POULTRY HOUSE LITTER
AND DROPPINGS,
Department of Poultry Husbandry, Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus
E. R. Halbrook, A. R. Winter, and T. S. Sutler,
Poultry Science, Vol. 30, p. 381-388,1961. 5 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Bacteria, Molds, Yeasts, Litter,
Analyses, pH, Lime, Temperature.
Identifiers: Microflora, Vitamin B-12, Corn cobs.
Shavings, Bark.
. Tests conducted concerning the relationship of litter
management to the vitamin By requirements of
397
-------
growing chicks instigated a study of the microf lora of
the litter and droppings of these test chicks to deter-
mine the possible relationships to vitamin 812 con-
tent. The litter that was analyzed was used by chicks
during the first 8 weeks of brooding. Results are pre-
sented (or the microflora analyses of 85 litter samples
and 60 droppings samples. The litter varied from un-
used litter to litter which had been used more than a
year. Corn cob litter was predominantly studied, but
shavings and bark were also analyzed. Bacteria.
molds, and yeasts showed definite increase in poultry
which had aged up to at least 6 weeks . Built-up litter
(over 1 year old I contained fewer yeasts, molds and
coliforms than either weekly changed of unchanged
litter (1-8 weeks of use) and (ewer lactobacilli and
enterococci than unchanged litter. Liming built-up
litter at a rate of 10-15 Ibs. per 100 sq. ft. of floor space
as needed for conditioning the litter reduced notice-
ably all classes of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. Feed
and water appeared to be major factors affecting the
microflora of the intestinal tract of chickens The total
count for both aerobes and anaerobes plus aerobes
was highest at 30 degrees C storage, corresponding to
the higher vitamin 812 content reported at this temp-
erature The pH of poultry litter increased from 6.3 for
new cob litter to 7.0 for unchanged litter after 1-8
weeks for use, and 8.0 for built-up litter. Limed built-
up shavings litter showed a PH of 8.6 as compared to
7.5 tor unhmed litter. The change in pH of litter as it
ages probably explains the decrease in yeasts and
molds present. (Penrod-East Central)
_250_6-A1, A4, Bl
AGRICULTURE AND NATURE'S
NUTRIENT CYCLES,
The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C.
W. H. Carman
In "Relationshipof Agriculture to Soil and Water Pol-
ution Cornell University Conference on Agricul-
tural Waste Management, Rochester, New York,
1970, p 11-20. 2 tab, 12 ref
Descriptors: Agriculture, Water pollution, Nitrogen
fixation, Photosynthesis, Eutrophication, Ammonia,
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Nutrient cycles, Nitrogen oxides.
Photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are the two most
important processes going on today in nature. Animal
life would soon disappear without them, even though
neither is characteristic of the animal kingdom. The
objective of this report is to determine the effect ag-
riculture has on nature's nutrient cycles One way
that agriculture affects the nutrient cydes is its pos-
sible contribution to the pollution of streams and riv-
ers Because of the large number of variables in-
volved and some unknown factors, it is much more
difficult to determine the contribution of farms than a
city or factory to the pollution load of a stream. There
is a considerably larger amount of nitrogen in such
forms as nitrogen oxides and ammonia that occur in
the rain, near livestock feedlots, cities, and certain
types of industrial plants. Nitrogen oxides going into
the atmosphere in the USA from automobile exhausts
alone, and being returned to land, probably exceed
two million tons of nitrogen a year. Too often these
natural and artificial atmospheric inputs are almost
completely overlooked and may end up being as-
signed to the agricultural sector. Agriculturalists now
realize that to determine agriculture's exact con-
tribution to pollution, sufficient information is lack-
ing. Several years of tedious work in numerous water-
sheds by skilled individuals is required to obtain this
information. Regarding the agricultural sector, ag-
ronomists have compared major streams in non-
agricultural regions with similar ones in various ag-
ricultural regions which they have studied. This com-
parison will probably show us that agricultural land
adds no more nutrients to water than does nature
herself. (Penrod-East Central)
2507-A6,A8,B2,B3,B4,C2,D1,
D2,D3,E2
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS
VALUE,
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Wisconsin
University, Madison
L. M. Walsh. R. F. Hensler and E E. Schulte
Circular AI672, Wisconsin Agricultural Extension
Service, Madison, May, 1975, 6 p. 5 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Solid wastes. Liquid wastes, Crop re-
sponse. Odor, Lagoons, Agricultural runoff. Leach-
ing.
Identifiers: Nutrient conservation, Land disposal
Volatilization. '
Although manure is a valuable by-product of the lives-
tock industry, only a fraction of its potential crop-
producing value is realized. Some of the reasons are
poor distribution when applied; runoff losses; leach-
ing; and volatilization. The purpose of this report is to
discuss the fertilizing value of manure, the quantity
and composition of manure produced by Wisconsin
livestock, and the methods of conserving and handl-
ing manure. Manure adds nitrogen, phosphorus, or-
ganic matter, potassium and other elements such as
magnesium, boron, copper, calcium, sulfur, man-
ganese and zinc to the soil. Factors affecting manure
composition are the kind and amount of litter, the kind
of animal, digestibility of the feed consumed, and
handling and storage procedures. The distribution of
nutrients in liquid and solid manure is discussed. Of
the crops which can utilize nitrogen and other nut-
rients from the manure, corn responds best. Several
methods of conserving nutrients are: (1) reduce
liquid losses, (2) consider chemical preservatives,
and (3) reduce volatilization losses. Methods for solid
manure handling that are discussed are: (1) daily-
spread manure, (2) stacked manure, and (3) loose
housing manure. Liquid systems of manure handling
include: (1) aerobic lagoons, and (2) anaerobic la-
goons. Chlorine and hydrated lime are important
chemicals in the control of odor. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2508-A2,A6,B2,B3,B4,E2,E3
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEDLOT
WASTE MANAGEMENT,
J. M. Sweeten
Feedlot Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, p 16 18 23 26
May. 1975.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Odor, Re-
cycling.
Identifiers: Waste management, Application rates,
Refeeding, Sediment management.
This report discusses areas of needed improvement
that are emerging in feedlot waste management.
Since many feedlots have invested from $.50 to $7.00
per head of capacity for runoff control systems, care
needs to be taken to protect these investments. One
common problem is failure to dewater the retention
structures within a prescribed time period following a
major storm. Another problem is the proper determi-
nation of the right runoff application rates on crop or
pasture land. Sediment management in retention
ponds must also be dealt with. Possible solutions for
these problems are projected. The quality of manure
used in crop disposal has recently become a pressing
issue. Attempts are being made to improve manure
quality through better handling techniques. Animal
wastes have been found to have value when recycled
as gas or as feeds, but there are still problems to be
worked out. Although all of the above are important
aspects of feedlot management, the area with the
greatest need of research is odor control. Because of
the legal aspects of the odor problem, there is a great
need for more research on odor measurement, odor
control techniques, and prediction of odor transport
phenomena. (Penrod-East Central)
2509-A6, All, E3
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE IN
POULTRY RATIONS,
Department of Poultry Science, The Unnersity of
British Columbia, Vancouver 8, British Columbia
Canada '
J. Biely, R. Soong, L. Seier and W. H. Pope
Poultry Science, Vol. 51, p. 1502-1511,1972 15 tab. 10
Descriptors: Performance, Health, Economics
Odor. '
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry waste. Rations.
Dehydrated poultry waste, with less than ten per cent
moisture content, was fed at levels of five to thirty
percent to chicks, broiler stock, and laying hens in
rations calculated to be approximately isonitrogen-
ous (total N) and isocaloric. When the DPW was in-
cluded in a well-balanced ration, no detrimental ef-
fect was observed on the health of the birds Growth
and feed efficiency decreased when the DPW content
was increased beyond ten per cent. The economics of
the over-all operation will require much study. "Even
if the poultry industry had to subsidize the production
of DP W to make it competitive with other ingredients
it would be justified, since it would allow the poultry
men to stay in business with fairly odor-free premises
and at the same time contribute to the improvement
of the 'quality' of the environment." (Whetstone
Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech University)
I2510-C2, E3, Fl
SECOND THOUGHTS ABOUT
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTES
Cornell University '
M. L. Scott
Egg Industry, Vol. 5, p. 52, 54, May, 1972.3 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Poultry, Phosphorus
Economics. v «»««»,
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Dried poultry waste has a low energy content When
used in a poultry ration its value is primarily for phos
pnorus. Viewed as a manure disposal method it may
be uneconomical since only a decreasing percentage
of the total manure produced can be refed to the same
flock. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Trrh
University)
2511-B1, D2, E2, Fl
SHOULD SUPERPHOSPHATE BE
USED ON MANURE?,
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 42. 1972
Descriptors: Poultry, Drying, Fertilizers
Economics. '
Identifiers: Superphosphate.
Superphosphate has been used on manure accumula-
tions below cages as a water absorbent for some
years. After a four- to six-inch layer accumulates
natural drying renders the superphosphate relatively
ineffective Since superphosphate is frequently used
as fertilizer, however, it becomes a question of the
economics of adding it before or after field spreading
(Whetsone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Universi-
2512-A11, E3
INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DEHYD-
RATED POULTRY WASTE ON
BROILER GROWTH, AND MEAT
FLAVOR, AND COMPOSITION,
Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Kansas State
University, Manhattan
F. E. Cunningham and G. A. LaUich
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No 3. p. 860465, May, 1975.4
tflD, ZJ rcf.
398
-------
Descriptors: Performance, Feeds, Taste.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry wastes.
Three levels (».«. 19.1, and 38.2 per cent) of dehyd-
rated poultry waste were fed to broilers to determine:
(1) the resulting flavor of the flesh, (2) growth and
feed efficiency, and (l)certain parameters of carcass
composition and quality. Flavor differences were
studied by use of the triangle taste test. Panel mem-
bers were unable to detect flavor differences between
the 0 per cent and the 31.2 per cent DPW treatments.
Dark meat was analyzed for protein, ether extract,
calcium, phosphorus and TEA value. No significant
differences were found between the DPW fed meat
and the control meat. Poultry fed 38.2 per cent DPW
had the poorest performance, as evidenced by lower
average live weight, lower average eviscerated
weight, and poorer feed conversion. It was deter-
mined that dried poultry waste may be fed to broilers
at a level below 20 per cent without serious consequ-
ences. (Penrod-East Central)
2513-A6, Dl, D2
THAT ODOR!,
A.T. Sobel
Compost Science, Vol. 7, p. 19-21, Spring-Summer,
1966. 3 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Control, Ventilation, Absorption,
Adsorption, Chemical reaction.
Identifiers: Detection, Combustion, Masking, Coun-
teraction.
. Odor is defined as a substance that has the property of
affecting the sense of smell. Since smell means the
perceiving of a substance by the excitation of the ol-
factory nerves, the author states that odor cannot
exist if people are not present to detect it. There are
two general categories of odors—source odors and
ambient odors. Source odors are defined as odors at
the point of origin. Ambient odors are those that are
distributed in the atmosphere. Several odor charac-
teristics are important in considering the source, de-
tection, and control of these odors. They are quality,
strength, and occurrence. Each of these are defined
and the feasibility of using each in odor detection is
examined. Odor control is discussed from the view-
point of eliminating either the source or the odor it-
self. The methods used to control gaseous odor are
ventilation, combustion, absorption, adsorption,
masking, counteraction and chemical reaction. Odor
control depends on the nature of the odor, good house-
keeping, and a working management program. The
study concluded that source elimination is a more
realistic approach than odor elimination. (Penrod-
East Central)
2514-A6,B1,B2,B4,E2,F1
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYS-
TEMS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Minnesota, St. Paul
D. W. Bates
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 495-499,
April, 1973. 6 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Minnesota, Confine-
ment pens, Waste storage, Waste disposal, Odor, Ven-
tilation.
Identifiers: Housing, Stall barns, Free stall bams,
Land disposal.
Waste handling systems may range from a gutter
cleaner and daUy hauling with a manure spreader to
extended storage in concrete tanks whose contents
are pumped and spread periodically. Two general
classes of dairy housing in Minnesota, conventional
stall bam and free-stall barn, are discussed in rela-
tion to manure handling. Free-stall barns can be
either cold (open, uninsulated buildings where
natural air movement provides ventilation and the
barn temperature approximates the outside tempera-
ture) or warm (completely insulated and mechani-
cally ventilated). The cost variation between the two
free-stall systems stems from the manure handling
system and the housing structure. Manure storage
capacity is usually limited to a few months because of
the cost. How the manure is to be disposed of or
utilized is essential in deciding on how much storage
should be provided. The effects of cold weather, deep
snow, soft fields in the spring, and fields planted to
crops must be considered. Stall barns with grated
gutters or free-stall barns with slatted floors, both
with under-the-building manure storage, offer a suit-
able system with minimum labor. Ventilation sys-
tems of high capacity must be provided for all con-
fined units. Waste heat from the dairy barn ventila-
tion system will prevent freezing. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2515-A8, Cl, C2, E2
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROP-
ERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH
HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MAN-
URE FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station
A. E. Tiarks, A. P. Mazurak, and L. Chesnin
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 38,
p. 826-830,1974. 5 fig, 3 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Soils, Feedlots, Cattle, Hydraulic conductivity,
Electrical conductance.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Organic carbon, Particle
density, Modulus of rupture.
The objectivies of this study were: (1) to determine
the effects of heavy manure applications on the physi-
cal properties of soil; (2) to determine the amount of
manure, if any, that would deteriorate these physical
properties, and (3) to determine the effects of the
tillage depth in mixing manure into the soil. Cattle
feedlot manure was applied to Sharpsburg silty clay
loam at 0, 90, 180, and 369 metric tons ha-1 year-1 at
depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm. At 10 cm depths, the
heaviest applications increased soil organic carbon
2-5 per cent after 2 years. It was found that organic
carbon content increased linearly with increasing
amounts of manure. Increasing the tillage depth re-
sulted in smaller increase in the organic carbon con-
tent of the soil. Particle density decreased linearly as
a result of higher amounts of organic matter in the
soil. Increasing application of manure significantly
reduced bulk density. Heavy application of manure
increased the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of
water-stable aggregates in the surface 10 cm. of the
soil. Modulus of rupture decreased with increasing
amounts of manure because the increase in organic
matter allowed less cohesion of soil particles. Hyd-
raulic conductivity of the soils was extremely vari-
able. Hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed soil cores
increased five fold. However, manure applications
reduced the hydraulic conductivity of disturbed soils
sampled in the fall; there was no effect on spring
samples. The heaviest application of manure in-
creased the electrical conductivity of the hydraulic
conductivity leachates in both the fall samples and the
spring samples. Manure application had decreased
effects on soil properties with increased depth of til-
lage. (Penrod-East Central)
2516-A2,A3,A6,B2,E2,F1,F2
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROLS,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Cooperative
Extension Service, Michigan State University, East
Lansing
D. Good, L. J. Connor, J. B. Johnson, and C. R. Hog-
lund
Michigan Farm Economics Report No. 360, Coopera-
tive Extension Service, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, January, 1973,4 p. 2 tab.
Descriptors: Michigan, Dairy industry, Legal as-
pects, Costs, Agricultural runoff, Odor, Waste stor-
age.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Land disposal Subsur-
face disposal.
Three selected pollution control measures are
analyzed which might conceivably be applied to
Michigan dairy farms. The measures are based on
recent actions taken by the Michigan Water Re-
sources Commission and Air Pollution Control Divi-
sion and on statutes relative to dairy waste manage-
ment that have been enacted or proposed in adjoining
states. The first control measure requires control of
surface water runoff at the production site. The sec-
ond measure, designed to control runoff from fields to
which wastes are applied, prohibits winter spreading
of dairy wastes. The last measure, designed to reduce
odors and field runoff associated with land applica-
tion of dairy wastes, requires immediate plow-down
of solid dairy wastes and-or soil injection of liquid
dairy wastes. Twelve "representative" farms were
chosen for the study. Adjustments necessary to com-
ply with the control measures were identified These
control measures will cause increased cost of opera-
tion which will inevitably be passed on to the con-
sumer. Projections of increased costs are given
(Penrod-East Central)
2517-A5, Bl
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER: ES-
TIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MAN'S
ACTIVITIES,
General Electric-TEMPO, Center for Advanced
Studies, P. 0. Drawer QQ, Santa Barbara, California
J. F. Karubian
EPA Report No. 6804-74-002, July, 1974, 99 p. 6 fig, 36
tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Industrial wastes. Fertilizers,
Methodology.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution.
This report presents a method for estimating kinds,
amounts, and trends of groundwater pollution caused
by man's activities. It describes preliminary re-
search for a number of examples: unlined earthen
basins and lagoons used by the pulp and paper indus-
try, petroleum refining, and primary metals indus-
tries; phosphate mining wastewater ponds; agricul-
tural fertilizer use; and beef cattle feedlots. It was
compiled by use of census data, other statistical data,
and descriptions of production processes used. Past
and projected volumes and areas covered by potential
pollutants are estimated so that geohydrological
analysis can be used to estimate the infiltration poten-
tial of pollutants. Results are not definitive but intend
only to illustrate use of the methodology for geog-
raphical areas of interest. (W. E. Rogers-TEMPO)
2518-B5, C2
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND
AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE,
Departments of Agricultural Chemistry and Poultry
Husbandry, Missouri University, Columbia
B.L. O'Dell, W. D. Woods, 0. A. Laerdal, A. M. Jeffay,
and J. E. Savage
Poultry Science, Vol. 39, p. 426-432,1960.1 fig, 3 tab, 17
ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen compounds, Urine, Poultry,
Amino acids, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Creatine, Uric Acid, Arginine.
Urine from male White Leghorn chicks, t« weeks of
age, was analyzed for uric acid, ammonia, urea,
creatine and creatinine, and aminoacids. Diets fed to
these chicks were either (1) a corn-soya diet or (2)
purified diets containing as the source of protein, ca-
sein, casein and gelatin, casein and supplemental ar-
ginine, and liver protein. Uric acid constituted about
81 per cent of the total nitrogen and ammonia about 10
per cent. Amino acid nitrogen made up approxi-
399
-------
mately 2 per cent of the total urinary nitrogen The
proportion of urea increased with the addition of free
arginine to the diet, but the creatine-creatinine nitro-
gen and the distribution of amino acids were unaf-
fected by the diet. (Penrod-East Central)
2519-A2,A4,B2,B4,E2,Fl,F2
KEEPING THE FEEDER IN BUSI-
NESS,
Soil Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska
L. G. Jackson
Soil Conservation, Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 10-11, September,
1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Nebraska, Feedlots, Regulation, Water
pollution, Design.
Identifiers: Soil Conservation Service.
The 17,000 feedlots in Nebraska cause a great many
waste management problems. The Soil Conservation
Service engineered a system to prevent runoff at the
request of a 1000-head Adams County feedlot. A
bypass system was devised that involved keeping a
farm pond from discharging into the feedlot. A debris
basin and holding pond were then designed that would
control a 10-year, 24 hour storm that could cause
runoff from the lot. The lot was sold before the system
was implemented, and the new owners doubled the
feedlot capacity, making it necessary for a new debris
basin to be installed. The farm pond was changed to a
tailwater recovery pit to which all liquid waste was
carried. A pipeline was installed to carry liquid waste
to the high point in the disposal area for distribution to
the croplands by irrigation. Costs of the system were
$3700. At the time of this publication, about 650 waste
control systems had been installed on Nebraska feed-
lots, and more were in the design stage. All these
feedlots are carefully inspected by the Department of
Environmental Control in order to assure that owners
do not violate water quality standards. (Sanders-East
Central)
2520-A9, A10, B5
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-
INSECTICIDE PELLETS FED TO
CATTLE TO CONTROL FACE FLY
LARVAE IN MANURE,
Entomology Section, Wyoming University, Laramie
J. E. Lloyd, and J. G. Matthysse
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 63, p. 1271-
1281, August, 1970. 2 fig, 7 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: Insecticides, Cattle, Toxicity.
Identifiers: Fly control, Feed additives, Larval Mor-
tality, Manure.
The objective of this study was to determine the ef-
fects of feeding PVC-insecticide pellets to cattle for
the control of face fly larvae and pupae. Determina-
tions were made of larval and pupal mortality as a
result of insecticide dosage, polymer pellet size and
the concentration of insecticide in the polymer. The
length of time that toxic manure was passed after
feeding was discontinued, was also studied. Of the
systems tested, PVC-diazinon and PVC-dichlorvos
were the most promising feed additive larvicides.
Larval control was unexpectedly poor in most of the
manure samples from cows fed Product V-13 at 0.25
mg dichlorvos kg per day. When XP-515 dosage was
increased to 0.5 mg kg per day, larval mortality was
complete in all except one of the field-collected man-
ure patties. Smaller fly populations in the barn of the
insecticide treated herd indicated that the feed addi-
tive may have had some effect in reducing the num-
bers of these flies. Treated cows showed no symptoms
of toxicity. No indication of inhibition of cholines-
terase activity in whole blood of cattle was noted when
they were fed Shell formula XP-515 at 0.25 and 0.5 mg
kg per day. There was no detectable dichlorvos re-
sidue in the milk of these cows. (Penrod-East Central)
2521-A8, C2, E2
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS
AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS,
Rothamsled Experimental Station, Harpenden,
Herts
0. G. Oniani, M. Chater, and G. E. G. Mattingly
Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 1-9,1973.6 tab,
41 ref.
Descriptors: Soils, Fertilizers, Environmental ef-
fects. Carbon, Nitrogen, pH.
Identifiers: Manure, Organic phosphorus.
This report describes the effects of phosphate fertiliz-
ers alone, or with farmyard manure, on the total car-
bon, nitrogen, and organic phosphorus contents of a
range of acid and neutral soils of known history. Or-
ganic phosphorus estimated by extraction was less
than that estimated by ignition except in soils from
Ceylon Differences in the organic phosphorus esti-
mated by the two methods appeared to increase with
the per cent of carbon in the soils. Organic phosphorus
amounts averaged 129 ugP/g less by ignition than by
extraction in the 3 acid soils from Ceylon which con-
tained the most dithionite-soluble iron. The carbon
and nitrogen contents of the Barnfield soils was al-
most trebled by farmyard manure while the carbon-
nitrogen ratios only slightly increased. Little organic
phosphorus was accumulated in these soils and the
carbon-organic phosphorus ratios were about 190 with
farmyard manure, 100 with superphosphate, and 72
without phosphate. In Park Grass soils, nitrogen-
organic phosphorus and carbon-nitrogen ratios were
9.7 to 15.7 and 11.5 to 13.0, respectively in the surface
layer and 8.5 to 15.4 and 10.3 to 11.0 in the sub-surface
soil. The carbon content of Barnfield soils (0-23 cm)
was approximately trebled when farmyard manure
was applied lor 100 years; whereas, organic phos-
phorus increased on average by one-third. The sur-
face soils of Park Grass had about 6 per cent of the
phosphorus remaining from superphosphate accumu-
lated as organic phosphorus at pH 4.5 and only 1 per
cent at pH 6.2-6.5. The inositol phosphate contents
(iP5-iP6) of the Rothamsted soils and Georgia soils
ranged from 17 to 45 per cent of the total organic
phosphorus by extraction. The proportions of inositol
phosphates in these soils which were least (17 to 22 per
cent) in the surface soils from Park Grass were not
significantly changed by either farmyard manure or
superphosphate. (Penrod-East Central)
2522-A8, C2, E2
THE USE AND VALUE OF ANIMAL
WASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP
PRODUCTION,
Extension Agronomist, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater
B. B. Tucker, C. H. Burton, and J. M. Baker
Circular E-815, Oklahoma State University Exten-
sion, Stillwater, March, 1972,6 p. 6 tab.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Fertilizers, Crop re-
sponse, Nutrients, Cattle, Poultry, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Swine.
Because animal wastes contain certain elements
needed for high levels of crop production, the most
feasible procedure for disposing of them is by spread-
ing on crop land. There are certain problems, how-
ever, associated with this disposal method. The most
obvious problems are: (1) the wastes are low
analyses, (2) all the nutrients in manure are not al-
ways needed for crop production, (3) the application
of manure rarely eliminates the need for supplemen-
tal fertilizer use, and (4) too much manure can cause
burning. Frequent soil tests to monitor the soil chemi-
cal constituents are especially desirable whenever
manure is being applied to land. Also, soil tests prior
to application can serve as a useful guide in ascertain-
ing amounts of fertilizer needed to supplement the
manure. This study was undertaken to give a clearer
understanding of animal manure value. (Cameron-
East Central)
2523-A4.B2,BA,C2,Dl,D3,E2
KEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL AND
WATER POLLUTION,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins
R. Hansen
Publication AE70-71RWH1, Colorado State Univer-
sity Livestock Days, January, 1971, 5 p. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff. Water
pollution, Lagoons, Settling basins.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Detention ponds, Settling
channels.
The principle sources of pollution from feedlot wastes
are organic substances, volatile substances, inor-
ganic substances, pathogens, and insects harbored by
the waste material. While the constituents of manure
are especially a problem if allowed to reach bodies of
water, the nutrient content of manure makes it a val-
uable fertilizer material. One of the major pollution
problems of feedlot wastes Is agricultural runoff.
Studies have indicated that the runoff water can be
collected and disposed of by several methods. Options
include retention ponds, lagoons, settling basins,
settling channels, and land disposal. Biological
treatment systems can be used, but it is difficult to
operate them satisfactorily with the intermittent
flows usually encountered in runoff collection sys-
tems. Although the likelihood of groundwater pollu-
tion from feedlots seems small, there really is very
little information available on this subject. (Penrod-
East Central)
2524-A2,A6,Bl,B2,B3,D3,
;E2,F2,F4
POLLUTION—CONTROL
TECHNIQUES AND REQUIRE-
MENTS,
A. J. Muehling and D. L. Day
Vertical Coordination in the Pork Industry: Proceed-
ings, AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, Con-
necticut, 1971, p. 127-138. 4 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Regulation, Illinois, Agricultural
runoff, Odor, Permits.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Swine, Waste handling,
Guidelines.
The main objectives of this report are: (1) examine
the regulations governing pork producers in Illinois;
(2) provide guidelines for producers louse in planning
swine installations; and (3) discuss systems for hand-
ling swine manure. In order to carry out the objec-
tives of the 1970 Illinois Environmental Protection
Act, three agencies were created: the Pollution Con-
trol board, the Environmental Protection Agency,
and the Institute for Environmental Quality. These
agencies and their functions are briefly discussed.
Possible regulations governing registration, runoff,
odor, handling and disposal of swine wastes are
examined. Suggestions for pork producer guidelines
are: (1) plan an approved method of swine waste
handling; (2) consider odor nuisances in locating the
facility; (3) control runoff and manure overflow; (4)
be considerate of neighbors; and (5) practice good
housekeeping. Systems for handling swine manure
including simple, complex and combined systems are
examined. They include: (1) solid floors—scrape
floors and haul; (2) slotted floors—store and haul; (3)
slotted floors—lagooning and hauling; (4) slotted
floor—oxidation ditch with lagoon; and (5) flushing
gutter—lagoon and irrigation. Future waste man-
agement possibilities are given which have the com-
mon objective of utilizing wastes, instead of creating
a disposal problem. Pollution control regulations
should result in a concern for uniformity in the regula-
tions, stronger pork producers' organizations, and
cooperation with agencies on regulations governing
pork installations. (Penrod-East Central)
2525-B2, C2, D2, El, Fl
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM
DUCK FARM WASTES,
400
-------
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. C. Loehr and K. J. Johanson
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 44,
No. 7, p. 1692-1714, July, 1974.10 fig, 7 tab, ( ret.
Descriptors: Waste water (pollution). Waste water
treatment, Ducks (domestic), Lagoons, Lime, Costs.
Identifiers: Phosphate removal, Alum, Ferric
chloride, Orthophosphate.
The importance of phosphorus in eutrophication is
widely recognized, and high phosphate removals are
being required before wastewaters are discharged to
surface waters. This report examines the results of
detailed studies of phosphate removal from was-
tewaters from the production of ducks for slaughter.
These tests were conducted over a two-year period. I n
the 1970 study, alum, lime, and ferric chloride were
evaluated as capable of achieving high orthophos-
phate removals and low residual orthophosphate con-
centrations. Higher chemical quantities were re-
quired for the processing wastewaters to accomplish
a specific removal than did the duck farm wastewat-
ers. Lime, followed by alum and ferric chloride, was
found to be the least-cost chemical involved in phos-
phate removal. The study showed the economic ad-
vantage of matching chemical dosage to wastewater
characteristics to obtain a specific orthophosphate
removal. The 1D71 study showed the orthophosphate
concentration in both untreated duck wastewater and
aerated lagoon effluent varied considerably through-
out the production season. The highest concentrations
were in the summer and early fall. The experiment
showed that phosphate control equipment should be
added between the aerated lagoon and the settling
lagoons whenever it is used. Based on Tuttle farm
results, phosphate removal increased the operating
cost of the existing waste treatment facilities from
$0022 to $0.032-season-bird marketed over a phos-
phate removal range of 50 to 90 per cent. It was also
found that the addition of chemicals increased the
amount of sludge to be disposed of, probably doubling
the sludge disposal problem. (Penrod-East Central)
2526-C2, E3
COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY
OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE.
D. M. Lucas, J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb, Jr.
1973-74 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blackburg, July, 1974, p. 110-118.6
tab.
Descriptors: Cattle, Chemical properties, Physical
Identifiers: Refe'eding, Digestibility, Dried steer
feces.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the com-
position and digestibility of cattle manure produced
by steers fed a ration containing approximately 50 per
cent roughage. Three metabolism-trials were con-
ducted using six yearly steers. The composition of the
dried steer feces fed was approximately 38.8 per cent
NFE, 13.2 per cent crude protein and 71 per cent cell
walls' dry basis. Low digestibilities were noted for
components of dried steer feces—16.6 per cent for dry
matter 26 per cent for crude protein and 16 per cent
for energy. The study showed that dried feces from
steers fed a 50 per cent roughage ration has little value
for refeeding to steers. Tables are provided showing
the composition of the rations for each trial, the chem-
ical composition of dried steer feces, the apparent
dieestibility and TON and Metabolizable energy con-
tent of basal and feces containing rations, the appa-
rent digestibility and TON and metabolizable energy
content of dried steer feces, and the utilization of nit-
rogen in basal and dried steer feces containing ra-
tions. (Penrod-East Central)
L. F. Caswell, J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb, Jr.
1973-74 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, July, 1974, p. 100-109.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Litter, Pathogens, Dry-
ing, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Ensiling, Broilers, Drugs, Refeeding.
The possible presence of medicinal drugs and
pathogenic organisms is the main problem confront-
ing the approval of broiler litter for use as a livestock
feed. Ensiling litter as it comes from the broiler house
or following water addition may make it a more de-
sirable product for several reasons; among them re-
duction of drugs and pathogens. The purpose of this
study was to determine the level of moisture neces-
sary for optimum fermentation of ensiled broiler lit-
ter and to evaluate the effect of ensiling on bacterial
content. The general purpose of the study was to de-
termine the feasibility of ensiling broiler litter alone
in an attempt to obtain guidelines for similar ensiling
studies on a larger scale. Study results indicated that
broiler litter will sustain fermentation when ensiled if
water is added. The moisture level of litter must be
increased to at least 30 per cent to initiate active fer-
mentation. The nutrient content of the litter was not
harmed by ensiling. Enteric bacteria were destroyed
through ensiling, thus rendering the material free of
pathogens capable of inducing intestinal or urogenital
tract disorders. However, the total bacteria counts of
fermented litter may not be as low as desired.
(Penrod-East Central)
2528-A5, B2, C2, C3, D3
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO
GROUND WATER FROM SWINE
WASTE LAGOONS,
Department of Agronomy, Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
tute and State University, Blacksburg
T. G. Ciravolo, K. L. Hallock, H. R. Thomas, E. R.
Collins. Jr., D. C. Martens and E. T. Komegay
• 1973-74 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, July, 1974, p. 5-10.4 tab.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Lagoons,
Anaerobic conditions, Coliforms, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Swine.
Flushing swine wastes into an anaerobic lagoon is a
relatively inexpensive waste disposal method. Infor-
mation from a literature search indicates that there
may be seepage from such a lagoon. The purpose of
this study is to monitor the effect of seepage from
anaerobic swine lagoons on ground water quality. The
two lagoons studied are located in high water table
soils in the Coastal Plain Region of Virginia at the
Tidewater Research and Continuing Education
Center and at the Virginia Swine Evaluation Station.
The wells, consisting of 2 inch PVC pipe, were water
jetted at distances of 10, 50 and 100 ft. from the two
anaerobic swine lagoons to depths of 10,15, and 20 ft.
At the 20 ft. depth that was 50 ft. from the lagoon at the
Swine Evaluation Station in August and at the 10 ft.
depth located 50 ft. from the lagoon in November, the
0.1 ppm Cu recommended limit was exceeded.
Chemical-oxygen-demand, coliform bacteria, and
concentration of C\~ N0s~, NH4* soluble phosphate,
Mg , K , Na , Cu , Zn , and Mn were the constituents
being determined in ground water samples. Prelimi-
nary analyses summary shows that U. S. Public
Health Department drinking water standards were
not exceeded for Cl~ OCNOs and ZnVFluctuations
in the chemical constituents concentrations indicated
that ground water contamination occurred only at 10
ft. distances. A study is continuing with chemical
oxygen demand and fecal coliform bacteria being de-
termined. (Penrod-East Central)
2527-A11, C2, C3, D2, D3, E3 2|29-A11,B2,B3,C2,C3,D1,
K|RNLT^ERN °F ENSILE° PO^TIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE
401
Illinois University
B. G. Harmon
Presented at Symposium on Utilization of Plant and
Animal By-Products, University of Georgia Athens
December 18,1973,10 p.2 fig, 11 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Performance, Illinois, Nit-
rates, Animal parasites.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Oxidation ditch Swine
The purpose of this report is to discuss experiments of
the author and other researchers in the potential for
recycling swine waste. In initial studies animal waste
was simply collected, dried and mixed in the diet
(Diggs et al., 1965). At Illinois, the recycling research
has all been conducted with products of the oxidation
ditch (Day et al., 1969). The initial studies are discus-
sed by the author. In following studies, no attempt was
made to isolate solids from the liquid of oxidation
ditch mixed I iquor (ODML), as it was considered as a
source of water. In five replications a total of 76 finish-
ing swine were fed twice each day in open troughs
(Harmon et al., 1973a). Both gain and efficiency val-
ues were significantly greater for pigs receiving
ODML even though the differences between treat-
ments were small. The author advises that precau-
tions are essential in the successful use of ODML since
under certain conditions, nitrate increases to very
high levels. The author also states that parasites must
be rigidly controlled in the feeding program. In con-
clusion, Mr. Harmon says that recycled swine waste
provides an available source of nutrients for swine.
An oxidation ditch is a system which provides a
source of nutrients while minimizing any potential for
pollution. (Penrod-East Central)
2530-Al.A2,B2;B3,i)l,D3,El,
E2,F2,F3,F4
REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RE-
COMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL
MEASURES FOR MONTANA WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Montana
State University, Bozeman
C. M. Milne
Special Report AE-101, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Montana State University, November
10,1970, 36 p. 3 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: Montana, Feedlots, Cattle, Regulation.
Identifiers: Waste management, Pollution control,
Guidelines
Definite steps are underway in Montana toward de-
veloping a State animal waste control policy. The
purpose of this report is to provide guidance for the
development of a suitable State policy and adminis-
trative mechanism for preventing pollution from
livestock operations in Montana. In doing this, the
author lists and describes four categories of potential
pollution. They are: organic pollution, inorganic pol-
lution, bacteriological pollution and esthetic pollution
(nuisance). The major factors contributing to feedlot
pollution potential are location, hydrology, feedlot
concentration and feed supply. Waste management
alternatives for both solid and liquid wastes are dis-
cussed. They include: biological stabilization, land
disposal for crop growth, high rate land disposal,
composting, vacuum filtration, trickling filters, etc.
Five procedures are discussed on how to deal with
feedlot runoff— (1) Uncontrolled release to a stream,
(2) controlled release to a stream, (3) evaporation,
(4) controlled release to land, and (5) biological
treatment. The author believes, however, that return-
ing the waste to the land (or crop production is the
most economically feasible system for Montana. A
list of recommendations for regulations governing
•feedlots and a possible outline of feedlot design
criteria are given. (Penrod-East Central)
2531-A1, A2, All, Bl
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEED-
LOT DESIGN.
-------
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Montana
State University, Bozeman
C. M. Milne
Special Report AE-102, Presented at 1971 Montana
Nutrition Conference, February 8-9,1971,18 p. 5 tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Design criteria, Montana,
Engineering, Locating, Confinement pens.
Identifiers: Animal health, Unpaved lots, Paved lots,
Runoff control, Waste management.
Montana already has the feed and cattle resources on
which a feedlot industry can be based. The main ob-
jective of thi s study is to set engineering gu idelines f or
establishment of feedlots. The general functional re-
quirement for a feedlot is to produce a pound of bee! at
the lowest possible cost, subject to a possible quality
constraint. The main materials handled in a feedlot
are water, animal wastes, feed, and cattle. Feedlot
functional requirements and criteria are related to
the following factors: (1) Materials handling, (2)
Utilization of equipment and labor, (3) Production
and efficiency, (4) Animal health, and (5) Water and
air pollution control. Design criteria are grouped into
two categories: (1) Location and site requirements,
and (2) Facilities design. Each category is individu-
ally discussed. The physical requirements of feedlot
alternatives are given. Waste management alterna-
tives for various production methods are discussed
and a simplified table is also supplied. Housed feed-
lots have, in general, eliminated the "runoff" prob-
lem from the feedlot itself. A general procedure is
outlined for the development of a major feedlot instal-
lation. (Penrod East Central)
2532-B2, D3, E3, F5
POTENT'AL °F
Fulhage, C. D.
Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Mis-
souri, Columbia, May, 1973, 96 p. 24 fig, 2 tab, 37 ref.
Descriptors: Algae, Growth rates, Nutrients, Chemi-
cal analysis, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chemi-
cal oxygen demand, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine, Oxidation ditch.
Research was undertaken to determine the amount of
algae which can be grown from the nutrients con-
tained in swine waste after it has undergone aerobic
treatment such as that accomplished by an oxidation
ditch. Under laboratory conditions, the primary algal
nutrients carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were
monitored along with pH, alkalinity, and chemical
oxygen demand. It was concluded that aerobic oxida-
tion is effective in converting organic carbon and nit-
rogen into inorganic forms available to algae. The
loss of nitrogen as ammonia and carbon as carbon
dioxide was evident during aeration. Because of this
loss, these nutrients became unavailable to algae. In
relation to algal growth requirements, phosphorus is
by far the nutrient in excess in swine waste. This
indicates that carbon and nitrogen must be
supplemented to achieve phosphorus fixation. Swine
waste offers an algal growth potential of about .2
grams of algae per gram of raw waste. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2533-A2, A6-, B2, BA, E2
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PONDS
FOR SOIL-PLANT RECYCLING,
Agricultural Extension, California University,
Riverside
W. C. Fairbank, E. H. Olson, and G. A. Button, Jr.
University of California Agricultural Extension Pub-
lication No. AXT-n88, November, 1972, 6 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Waste storage, Irriga-
tion, Design, Liquid wastes. Storm runoff, Odor,
Cleaning.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Pond management.
Along with the ultimate beneficial return to the land,
waste storage ponds provide a system for collecting,
settling, and storing liquified dairy manure and'
washwater for re-use in barn cleaning and manure
transport. The things to consider when ascertaining
the desirability of the liquid-waste ponding system
are: how it relates to the cow confinement system,
manure transport, work simplification, waste man-
agement, neighborhood acceptance and expected
performance in all weather conditions. The ways in
which the dairy waste storage ponds may meet the
requirements for storm runoff control are outlined.
Design of a waste management facility should be
based on cost, safety and performance. The aspects of
the liquid-waste ponding system that are examined
are: (1) pond layout. (2) pond volume calculation. (3)
pond depth, (4) levees and slopes, (S) pond sealing,
(6) pipes, (7) pumps, and (8) fencing. Pond manage-
ment includes the practice of emptying and flushing
the ponds at each irrigation. Manure waste water
should not exceed 30 per cent of the irrigation volume.
The necessary equipment for such management is
listed. Odor control and cleaning of the pond are also
discussed. (Penrod-East Central)
2534-A6,B3,C2,Dl,D2,E2,E3
WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE
WORTH?.
Associate Specialist in Poultry Husbandry, Hawaii
University, Honolulu
S. McHenry
Compost Science, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 13-15, Autumn, 1961.
Descriptors: Poultry, Fertilizers, Waste treatment,
Recycling, Litters, Phosphate, Nitrogen, Lime, Odor,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Besides being a good plant food, the organic matter in
poultry manure has other important advantages.
These include soil-conditioning effect, moisture-
holding capacity, and resistance to leaching, which
permits a gradual release of plant nutrients. Poultry
manure must be treated and stored in order to pre-
serve its nitrogen value. Phosphate is the most effec-
tive agent for achieving this. The rate of application
should be at least 100 pounds of phosphate for each ton
of fresh manure, or 5 per cent of the weight of fresh
droppings (20 per cent of the dry weight of manure).
Hydrated lime is the most effective deodorizer of
poultry manure. Poultry manure removal methods
are determined by size of operation, type of housing,
and availability of labor. Manure removal methods
range from a wheelbarrow and shovel to use of vari-
ous mechanical cleaners that have been devised.
Methods of disposing of poultry manure vary. The
manure can be broadcast on the ground and plowed
under before planting crops; it may be used in the
potting mixture of many potted plants; it may be used
on lawns or in flower beds; it may be dried, ground
and packaged for farmers and home gardeners; or it
may be processed for floor litter. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2535-A11, E3
DEEDING POTENTIAL OF RE-
CLAIMED FECAL RESIDUE.
Animal Science Department, Auburn University, Au-
burn, Alabama
W. B. Anthony and R. Nix
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 45, p. 1538-1539,1962.2
tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Cattle, Performance.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Feces from full-fed cattle contain appreciable
amounts of undigested feed residue. Not only does
fecal grain represent an appreciable loss of feeding
value but fecal matter creates a serious disposal protn
lem. Research was done to (1) recover some of the
fecal feed, and (2) develop an effective means of dis-
posing of organic residues voided by confined cattle.
Cattle consumed a feed mixture containing washed
wet fecal residue in amount equal to approximately 40
per cent by weight of the mixture. Cattle fed the fecal
residue mixture gained over 3 Ib daily and required
less than 700 Ib of dry matter per 100 Ib of gain. For
both dairy and beef herds, the relevance of this study >
is in the potential to derive more than manure value
for undigested feed and microbial residues
(Cameron-East Central)
2536-A11, C2, E3
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED
POULTRY WASTE ON YOUNG
CHICKS,
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State Universi-
ty, Ames
N. Trakulchang and S. L. Balloun
Poultry Science, Vol 54, No 2, p 815-618, March, 1975.
5 tab, 4 ref
Descriptors: Diets, Poultry, Performance, Proteins.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refeeding, Miner-
als.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the ef-
fects of ref ceding dried poultry waste (DPW) in the
diets of young chicks. Three experimental diets con-
taining 0, 10, and 20 per cent recycled DPW were
formulated isocaloric (2950 Kcal-kg) and equivalent
in percentage of true protein (16 per cent), calcium,
and phosphorus. The experiment was a randomized
complete-block arrangement of treatments in a
split-plot design, with numbers of recyclings as sub-
plots. Feed and water were available to the chicks ad
libitum throughout the 4-week test period. Weight
gain of 4-8 week old birds was significantly depressed
.by diets containing 10 and 20 per cent DPW; however,
feed efficiency was depressed by 20 per cent dietary
DPW only. Calcium and magnesium contents of
excreta decreased linearly as the number of recycl-
ings increased, while potassium and zinc tended to
increase and other minerals remained constant. In-
creasing DPW in the diet significantly decreased cal-
cium, phosphorus, and iron in excreta and signific-
antly increased sodium, potassium, copper, mag-
nesium, manganese, and zinc. The results indicated
that recycled DPW cannot be used successfully unless
the calcium to phosphorus ratio (and content) of the
diet is adjusted for each recycling. (Cameron-East
Central)
2537-A2, B2, B4, Fl, F6
MODEL TO PREDICT THE PER-
FORMANCE OF FEEDLOT CONTROL
FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON
LOCATIONS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
R. B. Wensink and J. R. Miner
Presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Califor-
nia, Davis. June 22-25,1975,23 p. 1 fig, 10 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Feedlots, Oregon, Waste
storage. Design.
Identifiers: Model, Retention basins.
The objectives of this study were to develop a cattle
feedlot runoff control model, and to utilize the simula-
tion model to determine relationships between histor-
ical climatological data and performance of various
runoff retention system designs. The sufficient design
method was used to determine the minimum storage
volume required to prevent illegal discharges as de-
fined by the DPW Effluent Guidelines. In some loca-
tions the use of high capacity irrigation equipment
allowed reduction of the storage capacity by over 45
per cent when a larger pumping system was
specified. In other locations, due to the precipitation
pattern, no benefit was obtained by the use of pump-
ing equipment with capacity in excess of 0.10 (10
year-24 house storms). Utilization of the sufficient
402
-------
design technique requires the compilation of weather
data for a unique climalological region under consid-
eration. The model is relatively inexpensive to oper-
ate and a complete climatological region can be
analyzed for less than 120, once the regions climatic
data are computerized (Cameron-East Central)
2538-B4, B5, C2, E3
FRESH WASTES HAVE MORE NUT-
RIENTS,
Egg Industry, Vol. 5, May, 1972, p. 54-55
Descriptors: Poultry, Performance, Diets, Proteins,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: Ref ceding, Dried poultry wastes, Storage
tim«. Production.
The longer poultry manure is stored before dehydra-
tion, the less the nutrient value of the dried poultry
waste (DPW) will be. A study revealed that protein in
DP W produced from manure stored four weeks or less
was 30.2 per cent or higher, while DPW produced from
the manure stored five weeks or longer ranged from
18.3 to 27.4 percent. In a second trial, a slight increase
in phosphorus was noted (from 2.4 to 2.8 per cent for
birds on 12.5 per cent DPW diet, from 2.6 U>3.2 percent
for birds fed 25 per cent DPW diet). Calcium went
from 10 per cent in the first week to 7 per cent after the
31st cycle for birds fed 12.5 per cent DPW. Hen-housed
production on the 12.5 per cent diet was 62.4 per cent,
compared to 59.2 per cent for the 25 per cent diet and
59.6 per cent for the controls. (Cameron-East Central)
2539-D1, D2, D3, E3, Fl
MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROB-
LEM,
Feedstuffs, October 8,1960, p. 24
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste disposal, Fertilizers,
Costs, Economics, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Processing, Composting, Pelleting.
Disposal of manure seems to be increasing despite its
value. Satisfactory disposal is important to many
poultrymen who do not grow crops because of the
relation of the manure to general sanitation and con-
trol of disease and parasites on the farm. An apparent
answer is the development of practical and economi-
cal machinery which will handle and transport the
bulk at costs which will allow a prof it. Increased use of
poultry manure can be secured only through success-
fully meeting the competition of manufactured fer-
tilizers. This requires a processing operation with the
following phases: (1) dehydration of the manure, (2)
composting, and (3) pelleting or crumbling. Pelleting
and crumbling increase the cost of the final product.
Only where special efforts have been made to prom-
ote the sale of the product can anyone hope to cover
these processing costs and secure a profit.
(Cameron-East Central)
2540-A3, A8, E2
APPLY MORE, NOT LESS, POULTRY
LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION,
USDA and University of Georgia
A P Barnett, W. A. Jackson, and W. E. Adams
Crops and Soils reprint, 1989,1 p. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Ammonia, Water
pollution, Poultry, Litters, Georgia.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
Spreading poultry litter on cropland can cause pollu-
tion if large amounts of ammonia nitrogen enter sur-
face water runoff. Results from tests utilizing a rain-
fall simulator have revealed that ammonia runoff
may be reduced by applying heavy rates of litter.
With heavy rates of litter the combination of initial
infiltration of rainfall into the soil, and water held on
the surface and in the litter itself is greater than with
lower rates, thus less water runs off. It was found that
the most practical application rate is 10 tons an acre
because with less than 2 inches of rainfall, runoff is
very low and because rainfall of more than two inches
is rare. (Merryman-East Central)
2541-B1,B2,C1,D1,E3,F1,F5
RECOVERING PROTEIN" FROM
DAIRY CATTLE WASTES,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue Uni-
versity, West Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye, A. C. Dale, T. W. Perry, R. B. Harrington,
and E. J. Kirsch
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17. No. 6, p. 1155-1160,
November-December, 1974.1 fig, 6 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Proteins, Dairy industry, Separation
techniques, Microorganisms, Substrate, Feeds.
If the growing World's population is to be fed, a
technique for hastening the passage of nutrients
through the food cycle is needed. The objectives of this
study were: (1) determine the optimum particle size
limit and dilution level for separation of usable feed
and feed residue from dairy cattle manure; and (2)
evaluate the feasibility of growing microorganisms
on manure and then harvesting them as a source of
protein for animal feed. The significance and limita-
tions of the study were briefly examined. The resear-
chers harvested a protein product which appeared to
be chemically sound as demonstrated by the amino
acid analysis. The microbial product was an adequate
feed supplement as 20 per cent of the ration. However,
the inability of rats to use this product as their only
protein source indicated that more work is needed for
process refinement. This study did not determine the
ability of animals other than rats to utilize the micro-
bial protein. The study showed that separation of
dairy cattle feces through a 595 micron opening re-
moves a low quality roughage material from the re-
maining liquid waste. The liquid waste that was re-
moved provided a suitable substrate for bacterial
growth. The bacteria grown were a satisfactory pro-
tein supplement when containing 30 per cent crude
bacteria. Such a system was found to be economically
feasible for livestock operations. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2542-A5,A6,Bl,B2,D3,El,
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE
DISPOSAL,
Editor, Hog Extra Edition, Farm Journal, Ames,
Iowa
D. C. Wolf
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 107-109,
1965.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Lagoons, Cleaning, De-
sign, Sprinkler irrigation, Energy.
Identifiers: Swine. Land disposal, Settling tank.
The ideas for manure disposal are appearing in two
phases: (1) cleaning pens, and (b) disposing of the
manure on fields. The problem of cleaning has fairly
well been solved with three types of self-cleaning
pens. They are: (1) solid floor with a deep, narrow
gutter at one end of the pen, (2) partially slotted floor
usually with a four-foot section of the pen floor slotted
and (3) completely slotted floors with a liquid-manure
•storage pit underneath that is the same size as the
building. Factors which determine how clean pigs
keep their pens are: (1) size and shape of pen, (2)
number of pigs per pen, (3) arrangement of pen, (4)
method of feeding, and (5) temperature control. Op-
timal conditions are described. The first decision a
farmer has to make when considering a liquid manure
system is whether or not he wants to spread it on his
fields to utilize its fertilizer value in crop production.
He must weigh the factors of costs, time, labor and
nuisance in making this decision. An option to manure
spreading is lagooning, but this disposal method has
drawbacks too. Groundwater pollution and odor may
become problems. Faced with this situation some hog
producers are trying a four stage system in which
manure from a settling tank is disposed of on the land
but the liquid is disposed of in a lagoon. Other methods
being tried are sprinkler irrigation and gas recovery
for the purpose of generating electricity. (Penrod-
East Central)
2543-A6, C2
METHODS FOR MEASURING
SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND
AMMONIA FROM ANIMAL WASTES,
Microbiologist and Biological Sciences Technician.
respectively, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lin-
coln, Nebraska
L. F. Elliott and T. A. Travis
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. Vol. 39,
No. 3, p. 4MM82, May-June, 1975.1 fig, 2 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Gas chromatography, Nitrogen
compounds.
Identifiers: Fatty acids, Flame-ionization detector,
Amines.
Since it is extremely difficult to identify all odorous
compounds that evolve from confined animal areas, a
possible alternative would be to identify some specific
compounds anditor groups of compounds that may be
key contributors to odors. The objective of this report
is to describe methods suitable for concentrating and
measuring short-chain fatty acids and for separating
NH3 from the other volatile N compounds that may be
trapped from air. The limit for the flame-ionization
detector used in the study was determined to be 10
g/ml with a 1-uliter injection. The per cent recovery
generally increased as the fatty acid level increased.
Acetic acid was an exception. Study data indicated
that short-chain fatty acids can be partially purified
and recovered with reasonable accuracy from an
NaOH trapping solution. Steam distillation recovery
ranged from 61 to 95 per cent. Although light-chain
amines interfered slightly with the Nessler's method
of NH4-N measurement, the interference was much
less than with the other methods tested. Methylamine
and ethylamine N interference was much less than
with the other methods tested. Methylamine and
ethylamine N Interference was only about 6 per cent
of the equivalent NHj-N. (Penrod-East Central)
2544-A8, All, B3, E2, E2
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LIT-
TER— CHANGES IN SOIL POTAS-
SIUM, CALCIUM, AND MAGNESIUM,
Soil Scientists, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wat-
kinsville, Georgia
W. A. Jackson, R. A. Leonard, and S. R. Wilkinson
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 2, p.
202-206, March-April, 1975. 5 fig, 3 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Soil
profile, Cattle.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Broiler litter, Grass
tetany.
The objective of this study was to provide a descrip-
tion of the effects of heavy broiler litter applications
on the calcium, magnesium, and potassium content in
Cecil soil and the increased potential for causing
grass tetany in fescue grass. Small plots of Cecil soil
established in Kentucky-31 tall fescue were surface
applied semi-annually for 2 years with 0, 22.4, 44.1,
89.6, and 134.4 metric tons/ha of broiler litter. Calcium
wasn't leached as completely as were potassium and
magnesium from the litter, even at the 134.4 metric
tonsJha rate. At the highest application rate, 80 per
cent of the applied calcium remained in the litter after
2 years. However, at the same rate, 99 per cent potas-
sium and 88 per cent magnesium had been leached
from the litter and presumably moved into the soil.
Perhaps the most important observation made was
the exchangeable calcium depletion in the prof ile with
increased rates and between years. At the highest
application rate, exchangeable calcium is evidently
depleted faster than magnesium, and potassium re-
mains the predominant cation. Imbalances in potas-
sium, calcium, and magnesium could occur in the
grass and soil under long term relatively heavy appli-
cation of poultry litter to fescue pasture. These condi-
tions may contribute to the potential grass tetany
hazard in cattle grazing fescue fertilized in this man-
ner. (Penrod-East Central)
403
-------
2545-A10, Bl, C3, D3
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON
POULTRY RANCHES,
Division of Biological Control, California University,
Riverside.
E F. Legner, W. R. Bowen, W. F. Rooney, W. D.
McKeen. and G. W. Johnston
California Agriculture, Vol. 29, No. 5, p. HO, May
1975 2 fig. 1 Lab
Descriptors: Predators, Scavengers, Poultry,
California.
Identifiers: Fly control, Parasites, Manure height,
Manure stability.
Twelve ranches in th San Bernadino-Chino area of
California were randomly selected for the study of fly
control. Six of the ranches served as test ranches for
supervised fly control and the other six served as
controls. All twelve ranches were roofed, had no
walls, and contained laying hens in suspended wire
cages along concrete aisles Routine fly control prac-
tices were already being employed on all ranches.
Additionally, supervised ranches utilized a careful
manure removal plan in which a minimum residual
deposit of at least 6.5 inches was retained following
cleaning operation in order to sustain a maximum fly
predator and scavenger population and also to hasten
manuredecomposition. The minimum manure height
that was determined to be essential for minimum fly
production was 8-12 inches. Stability of the manure
was found to be an important factor in integrated fly
control. Seven species of flies breeding in poultry ma-
nure were significantly reduced over a twenty month
period through procedures that favored the natural
increase of predatory and scavenger arthropods and
periodic innoculative releases of four parasitic
Hymenoptera. The study indicated that there ap-
peared to be some merit in parasitic releases that
occurred during the springtime, when fly reproduc-
tion is favored through lower area density of pre-
dators and native parasites. (Penrod-East Central)
2546-Al,Bl,B4,C2,Dl,D3
NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Clemson Uni-
versity, Clemson, South Carolina
D. T. Hill and C. L. Earth
Presented at 1975 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of California,
Davis, June 22-25,1975,17 5 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Technology, Nutrients. Nitrogen.
Biological treatment.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal
techniques, Ensiling.
This paper discussed common waste management
processes, their technological complexity, and their
nutrient management characteristics. Particular
emphasis is given to nitrogen control. The methods
are discussed from the points of view of "existing
technology" and "developing technology". Nitrogen
can be managed within certain limits with existing
technology. Such technology includes: ponds, la-
goons pit storage systems, oxidation ditches, and
anaerobic digestion. Newly developing technology is
more costly and complex to construct and operate;
therefore, it can probably be justified only where
large scale operation makes it economically feasible.
Developing technology offers more control over nit-
rogen form and nitrogen loss. However, it is not possi-
ble to conserve 100 per cent of the nitrogen. Develop-
ing technology includes physical processes (such as
screening) ensiling, controlled liquid biological pro-
cesses, and land application techniques. (Penrod-
East Central)
254 7-A11.Bl,Dl,E2,Fl,F2
.ON THE HORNS OF THE DIARY
WASTE DILEMMA,
Farm advisors for LA, Orange, Riverside, and San
Bemadino counties, California
F F Smith S E Bishop, J C.Oliver.W.C.Fairbank,
W. W. Wood, Jr., and C. L. Senn
Western Dairy Journal, Vol. 31, No. », p. 10-13, July.
1975.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, California, Regulation,
Costs.
Identifiers: Earth corrals, Recycled Aerated Manure
(RAM), Pollution control.
The impact of new requirements on the Southern
California Dairy industry is examined. At least eight
factors have been found to influence the choice of
waste management alternatives—land values (In-
vestment costs); land taxes; cow density (or manure
application) limitations imposed by water control
agencies; cow density limitations imposed by local
governmental planning authorities; production re-
sponses attributable to the side effects of waste man-
agement facilities (heat, cold, mud, rain, etc.);
operating costs; and net revenue realized from crop-
land used for waste disposal. A method is presented
for assessing these variables. The profitability of
dairying in Southern California is determined mainly
by land values and pollution prevention require-
ments. A comparison is made of two management
systems—(1) the earth corral and (2) the Recycled
Aerated Manure System (RAM), in which cows are
maintained in roofed, open-sided structures, with
air-dried manure used as absorbent bedding. Waste
management investment costs are $167 per cow and
$38 50 per cow for RAM and earth corral systems,
respectively. "All other costs" for the year are $760
and $775 for RAM and the earth corral, respectively..
RAM provides (1) conditions for cleaner cows, (2) a
more compact layout, (3) a more convenient site for
examining and treating cows, (4) better udder health,
(5) fewer foot or leg injuries, and (6) reduction in fly
control costs. It is concluded that the RAM system
offers a viable and competitive solution for waste
management. (Penrod-East Central)
2548-A11, B3, C2, E3
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED
POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED IN-
GREDIENT FOR POULTRY,
Department of Poultry Science, Texas AiM Univer-
sity, College Station
J. R. Couch
Presented at Proceedings of the 28th Annual Texas
Nutrition Conference, October 3-4,1973, p. 121-126.17
ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Feeds, Calcium, Phosphorus,
Amino acids, Proteins.
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry wastes, Refeeding,
Energy content, Feed conversion.
The following tentative definition was adopted at the
annual meeting of the Association of American Feed
Control Officials, Inc.: "Dried Poultry Waste
(D.P.W.) is a product composed of freshly collected
feces from commercial laying or broiler flocks not
receiving medicants .. . terminally dehydrated to a
moisture content of not more than 15 per cent. It shall
not contain any substances at harmful levels ... be
free of extraneous materials such as wire, glass,
nails, etc. The product shall be labeled to show the
minimum per cent protein, minimum per cent fat and
per cent fiber. It may be used as an ingredient in
sheep, lamb, beef and dairy cattle, broiler and layer
chick feeds. Broiler and laying rations shall be limited
to 20per cent and 25 per cent D.P.W. respjectively."
The FDA has not yet passed approval of this product.
Fecal material collected from caged poultry and not
contaminated with litter can be fed to laying hens at a
level of up to 25 per cent without detrimental effects.
While D.P.W. has value as a source of calcium, phos-
phorus, and amino acids, it is low in energy and pro-
tein. D.P.W. affects feed conversion adversely on a.
linear basis as the level in the diet increases. While it
is felt that D.P.W. will be used in feed formulations of
the future, it appears to have no value for broilers
(Penrod-East Central)
2549-B3, D3, E3, Fl
SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM
ANIMAL WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
E. P. Taiganides, E. R. Baumann, and T. E. Hazen
Compost Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 20-28,1963.2 fig. 1
tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Sludge digestion. Economics, Feasibil-
ity, Costs, Stabilization, Temperature, Methane.
Advantages of the digestion process for treating farm
animal wastes are: (1) Organic matter is reduced
50-70 per cent, (2) Raw waste is stabilized, (3) Di-
gested waste is thick, free-flowing, and odor-free, (4)
Rodents and flies are not attracted to the end products
of digestion, (5) Fertilizing constituents of the di-
gested solids are higher than that of raw waste, (6)
Commercially valuable combustible gases are pro-
duced when sufficiently high rates of digestion are
maintained. Disadvantages are: (1) High initial in-
vestment, (2) Residue disposal, (3) Need for supervi-
sion of feeding the digester, and (4) Necessity of pre-'
venting intrusion of atmospheric air into the digester.
Optimum digestion is obtained at 95 degrees F. The
practical range of solids concentration of wastes en-
tering the digester It 7-10 per cent. Capacity of the
digester must be 10-30 times as large as the daily
volume of waste digested. Sudden drops In tempera-
ture, overfeeding, and formation of a thick hard scum
layer must be avoided. The value of digestion of ani-
mal wastes lies in the utilization of the methane gas
and in the production of an end product that is more
desirable than the raw manure. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2550-B2, D3, El, E2, Fl
TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY
MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL
METHODS,
Scientists. CPHERI. Nagpur, India
S. R. Alagarsamy and B. B. Bhalerao
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 14, No
3, p. 225-235,1972. 3 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Dairy industry, Aer-
ated lagoons, Design, Costs.
Identifiers: India, Oxidation ditch. Mechanised
biological treatment.
Because wastes from dairy plants are rich in degrad-
able organic matter and exert a high oxygen demand,
adequate treatment is necessary. The degree of
treatment depends on its mode of disposal either into
water courses or on to land for irrigation. Among the
mechanized biological methods available, the aer-
ated lagoon and the oxidation ditch are relatively,
easier to install and operate. Only partial treatment'
by aerated lagoon with 1.15 days detention time is
sufficient for disposing the final effluent on to land for
irrigation. An oxidation ditch should be used where
the treated effluent is intended to be discharged into
water courses. The waste treatment problem of a
dairy with large capacity has been considered as a
case study and detailed designs and cost studies for
aerated lagoon and oxidation ditch methods have
been worked out. (Cameron-East Central)
2551-B2, B3, C2, E3
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF
SOME TECHNIQUES USED IN DE-
TERMINATIONS OF NITROGEN AND
ENERGY CONTENT OF FECES
FROM PIGS,
404
-------
Department of Animal Science, Alberta University,
Edmonton 7, Alberta Canada
H S. Saben and J. P. Bowland
Canadian Journal of Animal Science Vol. 51, p. 793-
799, December 1971. 4 fig. 1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Analytical techniques. Nitrogen,
Energy.
Identifiers: Swine, Feces.
Studies were undertaken to evaluate some techniques
used in swine digestibility studies: (1) comparison of
N content as determined on wet or dry f eces from pigs
fed either high or low protein d lets; (2) comparison of
enerev content as determined on wet and dry feces;
and (3) effect of length of digestion time, using the
Kieldahl method, on the determined N content of fecal
material. Analysis of variance indicated no signific-
ant difference between the mean values for N content,
•whether determined from wet or dry fecal material
from diets containing 39 or 18 per cent crude protein.
The mean N loss between wet and dry determinations
was 87 g/pig over the 3 day sampling period, which
"epresenU a nonsignificant 3.7 per cent N loss No
significantdifference was observed between the fecal
energy excreted, when analyzed in the wet or dry
form The mean energy loss was 5.0 per cent between
the wet and dry material. The difference between the
duplicate sample determinations never exceeded 3
per cent for N or 2 per cent for energy, but N and
energy determinations on wet fecal material gave
consistently greater standard errors than those on
dry fecal material. These results suggest that either
wet or dry fecal material may be used for N and
energy determinations in pig digestion trials, without
significantly influencing results obtained.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2552-B2, El
MOST PIG WASTE DISPOSAL SYS-
TEMS SATISFACTORY,
Soil and Water, Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 46, December 1973.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Design, Waste disposal.
Pumps.
Identifiers: New Zealand, Swine, Tanker systems.
A recent Pork Industry Council survey indicated that
about 70 per cent of New Zealand's pig farms have
satisfactory waste disposal systems. Areas having
waste disposal problems were the Northland and the
Bay of Plenty. Overloaded lagoons and inadequate
pumping equipment appeared to be among major
complaints. It was observed that in the future the
locafpig advisory officer or regional water board en-
gineer should be involved at the design stage of a
lagoon installation. It was also felt that larger pumps
should be used to combat blockage problems. (Kehl-
East Central)
2553-B2, Cl, C2, C3, Dl
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR
MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DE-
NSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY
MANAGEMENT,
A. A. Al-Timimi
M.S. Thesis, Department of Poultry Husbandry, Uni-
versity of Nebraska, Lincoln, June, 1963,51 p. 5 fig, 14
tab.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Poultry, Design, Sampling,
Performance, Bacteria, Temperature.
Identifiers: Indoor lagoons, pH, Dry matter.
Two experiments were conducted to test and evaluate
the indoor lagoon system for manure disposal under
laboratory conditions. It was concluded that the
primary consideration in calculating the duration of
function of indoor lagoons between cleanputs is the
cubage involved. It does not appear practical to aer-
ate because no beneficial effects of aeration on dry
matter accumulation were observed using 57 cc of air
per minute percu. ft. of water. Surface may be impor-
tant in balancing evaporation with accumulation of
solids tohold a constant level in the pit. A formula was
calculated to be used where pit temperatures averag-
ing 78.4 F are encountered. Further work is needed to
relate pH, changes, nature of gases produced, and
effects of other variables to details of design neces-
sary to improve this system. (Cartmell-East Central)
2554-A5,A10,All,A12,B1,
C3.F3
ENVIRONMENTAL HEAWH AND
ANIMAL WASTES,
Texas University, Houston
J: H. Steele
Modern Veterinary Practice, Vol. 53, No. 11, p. 25-29.
October, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Environmental effects, Animal wastes,
Zoonoses, Vectors, E. Coli, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Anthrax, tuberculosis, leptospirosis.
salmonellosis, brucellosis.
Over 100 animal diseases can be transmitted to man
and many of these may be transmitted through ani-
mal wastes. This report examines the modes of
transmission of several zoonoses and the effects that
waste management has on their presence in livestock
production units. Among the diseases discussed are:
anthrax, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, lep-
tospirosis and E. coli. Possible pollution of waterways
with these diseases compounded by the encroach-
ment of urban areas on agricultural zones makes
livestock waste management very Important in en-
vironmental health. New methods of waste manage-
ment should be evaluated to ensure that they will not
permit multiplication of insect and rodent vectors of
disease, nor increase the animal reservoir of zoonotic
diseases. Other factors to be considered in evaluating
a waste management method are: (1) does it allow
drainage or leaching of materials containing patho-
gens to a groundwater source; (2) does it constitute a
means for transmitting disease from animals to man;
(3) does it allow a building up. in an animal popula-
tion, of levels of potentially toxic chemicals; and (4)
does it support added sources of fungal contamination
of the environment. Since feedlots are increasing,
new methods should be developed to ensure animal
health and chemical conversion to fuel oil and by-
products. (Penrod-East Central)
2555-A6,A10,Bl,B2,C2,D3,
E2,E3,F3
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER
STUDY AT MSU . . .ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana
State University, Bozeman
J. Boyd and C. Milne
Now, Spring, 1974, p. 10-11. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment. Anaerobic diges-
tion, Animal wastes, Montana, Fermentation Odor
Nutrients, Recycling.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Flies, Gas production,
Refeeding, Germination cups.
The objectives of animal waste management studies
earned out at the Montana Agricultural Experiment
Station are: (a) study methods of odor elimination,
(b) eliminate animal waste as breed ing area for flies,
(c) conserve the maximum nutrient content of the
waste, and (d) find new ways of processed material
utilization besides land application. Two systems
were studied as to the effectiveness in odor elimina-
tion and conservation of waste nutrient content The
first one involved aerobic fermentation of the waste
material by incorporating air into an animal waste
slurry of about 10 per cent solids (oxidation ditch)
The second system was an anaerobic digestion pro-
cess for fermenting the waste. Because this process
produced a methane-carbon dioxide gas mixture, the
gas produced by one such digester was used to stir or
agitate another digester, recycling the sludge in order
to conserve the maximum number of digestion or-
ganisms. Through various studies, additional uses
have been found for the processed waste material.
They are: (l)refeeding.and (2) manure germination
pots. Additional research is needed, in order to per-
fect the processes and make them economically feas-
ible. (Penrod-East Central)
2^56-A3,A8,B2,C2,D3,E2,E3,
WATER QUALITY AND SOIL ERO-
SION FROM SURFACE APPLICA-
TION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE
WASTE,
R. W. Gunther
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Department,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 1974 82 p
5 fig, 31 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: Water quality. Soil erosion, Agricultural
runoff, Liquid wastes, Waste disposal, Percolating
water.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Swine, Soil solids, Univer-
sal soil loss equation.
Waste products disposal is a problem faced by both
rural and urban people. Because of stricter regulation
and the limited technology and capital available to
meet these standards, these groups are giving more
consideration to land application of wastes. This
study's objectives were: (1) study the quality of
runoff and percolate from a rainfall event on soil
which has received various applications of treated
liquidwaste; (2) investigate waste application effects
on soil erosion; (3) develop a manure erodibility fac-
tor and a soil erodibility factor to use in the universal
soil-loss equation, for a soil that has had treated liquid
waste applied on the surface. The procedures for the
study are given. The following conclusions were
drawn: (1) Although the percolate had high nitrate
concentrations, the percolate from manured soils was
of better quality than the runoff; (2) the application of
liquid swine wasteon soil caused an increase in perco-
lation through the soil that corresponded to the de-
crease in runoff from a rainfall event; (3) volatile
solids were more easily eroded than non-volatile sol-
ids; (4) because of the decreased volume of runoff and
the surface stabilization effect of waste, and there-
fore, the decreased COD load placed on the stream,
runoff from soils that have had liquid wastes applied
to them may be less of a pollution hazard to streams
than runoff from bare soil; (5) a new slope length
factor was determined for a three foot slope length for
the universal soil-loss equation; and (6) as compared
to runoff from bare soil, runoff from soils where Iiquid
waste had been applied contained fewer soil solids
(Kehl-East Central)
2557-A5,A8,B2,B3,C2,E2,Fl
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF
ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MIN-
NESOTA LOCATIONS,
North Central Experiment Station, Minnesota Uni-
versity, Grand Rapids
P. R. Goodrich, J. J. Boedicker, E. C. Miller, J D
Evans, and G. W. Randall
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of Kentucky
Lexington, June 17-20,1973, Paper No. 73-430,16 p. 16
Descriptors: Minnesota Crop response, Chemical
analysis, Soil analysis, Nutrients, Salts.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
Manure was used as fertilizer on various experimen-
tal plots in Minnesota in an attempt to investigate the
problems associated with the application of manure.
The investigation was aimed at lowering hauling
costs and protecting soil productivity, groundwater
quality, and crop yields. Extensive soil and manure
samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, ammonia
405
-------
nitrogen.nitratenitrogen.nitnte nitrogen^ condurt"-
ity, chloride, potassium, sodium, and pH Emission
spectograph analyses were performed on manure
samples Tor phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
aluminum, sodium, iron, magnesium, zinc copper,
molybdenum, manganese, and boron contents Three
types of manure were applied in the fall of 1970 and
again in the fall of 1971: solid beef manure at 100
tons-acre, liquid beef manure at 284 tons/jicre, and
liquid hog manure at 284 tons/acre; the fertilized plots
were planted with corn in Iff71, 1972, and 1973. The
following observations were drawn from this study:
(1) Although there were some mechanical problems,
it was found that manure can be successfully applied
at these rates (2) At these rates of manure applica-
tion, the plant food application rate was quite high. (3)
The high salt content in the manure increased soil
conductivity, but only damaged plants receiving the
liquid beef manure (4) Yields from plots receiving
manure were not statistically different from plots re-
ceiving inorganic fertilizer. (5) Though manure ap-
plications increased nitrate-nitrogen and chloride
levels in the soil, there was no apparent movement of
nitrate-nitrogen below three feet. (Sanders-East
Central)
2558-A11, B3, E3
CHICKEN LITTER AS A SUPPLE-
MENT IN WINTERING BEEF COWS
AND CALVES ON PASTURE,
M. L. Ray and R. D. Child
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 14, No. 4, p. 5, July-
August, 1965.3 tab.
Descriptors: Litters, Feeds, Cattle, Performance.
In 1964, a cooperative experiment was initiated to
study methods of feeding chicken litter to lactating
beef cows. 120 brood cows were divided into four units
of 30 head each. The rations fed were: Group I-Litter
free choice plus all the hay that would be cleaned up
before the following day; Group II-Free choice hay
only; Group Ill-Utter that cows and calves would
clean up in two hours plus all the hay they would clean
up in 24 hours; Group IV-Free choice litter only. All
the calves were creep fed. Each group was kept on a
high quality stand of tall fescue which furnished con-
siderable grazing throughout the wintering period.
Weights, grades, and condition scores were recorded
for the cows and their calves on December 1, 1964,
when the test started and again on April 15,1965, when
the test ended. Daily feed intake was recorded by
groups. Groups ranked by weight loss (from greatest
to smallest) were II, I. IV, and III. Groups ranked by
weight gains of calves (from greatest to smallest)
were III, IV. 1, and II. The calves in group IV were as
bloomy as those in the other groups and the cows
evidently produced as much milk as cows in the other
groups. Study results indicate that cow herds can be
wintered economically on Kentucky 31 fescue pas-
tures supplemented with broiler house litter and an
energy source without any expectation of harmful ef-
fects on the cows or calves. (Merryman-East Central)
2559-A2, B2, B3, B4, E2
COMPARISON OF DESIGN
CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF
WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Michigan
State University.
T. L. Loudon, R. L. Maddex, and C. H. Shubert
Presented at 1975 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of California,
Davis, June 22-25, 1975,14 p. 2 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: Design criteria. Michigan, Perfor-
mance Dairy industry, Cattle, Agricultural runoff.
Identifiers: Waste handling systems, Swine, Land
disposal.
A research study is under way in Michigan toevaluate
animal waste handling systems on 24 dairy, beef, and
swine farms. In some instances the complete system
is being studied, while in other instances only a
specific component of the system is under study. Data
collection is performed by both the farmer and the
project personnel using basic instrumentation for
measurement of precipitation, manure level in stor-
age facilities and temperatures in selected manure
storage facilities. Manure storage facilities and
runoff retention ponds are receiving particular atten-
tion, comparing design expectations with actual land
application, and handling method. Observations that
have been made may be summarized as follows: (1)
Few manure storage facilities function exactly as
planned. A common area of discrepancy between de-
sign and performance is the storage period achieved.
(2) A storage facility designed for both manure and
runoff is difficult to manage if the only land applica-
tion method is a liquid manure spreader. (3) Hauling
manure from a concrete bunker storage facility
which doesn't provide for draining liquids away is not
feasible with a conventional loader and spreader. (4)
Total waste production in a farrowing building includ-
ing washdown waste water averages 1.17 ft3/sowAJay.
(5) The best times to empty manure storages in
Michigan are during winter or after hay harvest. (6)
Peak labor demands for waste handling may be con-
sidered second priority if cropping programs labor
demands are high. (7) Michigan farmers apparently
consider management of runoff ponds as a low prior-
ity item. (Penrod-East CentraDl
2560-B3, C2, C3, D2, E3
COLORADO DPW PROCESSING
FIRM FINDS READY MARKET AS
BOTH FEED, FERTILIZER,
B. M. Wilkinson
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 33, p. 7, August 18,1975.3 fig.
Descriptors: Colorado, Poultry, Feeds, Fertilizers,
Dehydration.
Identifiers: Dried poultry waste.
A new dried poultry waste (DPW) processing plant in
Colorado began operations in March and since has
been having difficulties just keeping up with demand
for DPW. The waste is being sold to feed manufactur-
ers for as high as $72 a ton, according to Stanley K.
Hill, Vice-president of Organic Products, Inc., the
DPW firm. Sunnymead, the poultry farm supplying
this plant, is expected to make $18,000 to $20,000 annu-
ally from the DPW. The cost of establishing the DPW
plant was under $200,000. The DPW is also being mar-
keted as fertilizer under the brand name TIARA in
order to keep the plant operating in slack feeding
periods. The cattle don't seem to mind DPW in their
feeds, although one feedlot reported reiectance when
DPW was abruptly added in place of a familiar ingre-
dient for 6 per cent of the total ration. Hill advises that
DPW be added gradually to the ration. The biggest
problem with DPW is drying it; the fresh manure is
about 75 per cent moisture, and needs to be around 40
per cent moisture before dehydration is economical
and efficient. Fans are used to aerate the DPW before
dehydration. The temperature in the drying chamber
is kept at about 275 degrees. This is high enough to kill
pathogens yet low enough to save nitrogen and micro
elements. (Sanders-East Central)
2561-A4,A5,A6,A7,B1,E2,
F1,F2
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
AND SYSTEMS ON MICHIGAN DAIRY
FARMS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing
C. R. Hogiund, J. S. Boyd, L. J. Connor, and J. B.
Johnson
Agricultural Economics Report No. 208, Department
of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State Univer-
sity, January, 1972. 15 p. 6 tab.
Descriptors: Michigan, Regulation, Dairy industry.
Water pollution, Air pollution, Costs.
Identifiers: Waste management.
A survey was conducted in Southern Michigan to col-
lect information concerning manure handling sys-
tems, practices, and costs on dairy farms having dif-
ferent herd sizes and housing systems. The informa-
tion was collected in order to provide a basis for de-
veloping investment and cost data for alternative
manure handling systems which would take into ac-
count varying degrees of air and water pollution con-
trol that would be required by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission andA>r the Michigan Air Pol-
lution Control Commission. The following conclusions
were drawn from the 314 surveys that were completed
and returned. Dairy housing and manure handling
systems were related to herd size, which ranged from
46 cows on farms with stanchion housing and a gutter
cleaner-spreader manure handling system to 13$
cows on farms with a covered housing/liquid manure
handling system. The largest herds, averaging 158
cows, used open-lot housing and liquid manure sys-
tems. Acres of cropland on which manure was spread
ranged from 4 acres per cow on those farms with
stanchion housing to 3 acres per cow on farms with
covered housing-liquid manure systems. Most
dairymen stated that they had received no strong ob-
jections from neighbors about odors from their man-
ure handling systems even though approximately half
of them reported a neighbor within one-half mile. In-
vestments in the complete waste management sys-
tems ranged from $80 to over $190 per cow, depending
on the sophistication of the system. (Sanders-East
Central)
2562-B2,B3",Cl,C2,C3,Fl,
F3.F6
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANI-
MAL WASTES TREATMENT,
Tippecanoe Laboratories of Eli Lilly and Co.,
Lafayette, Indiana
R H. L Howe
Water & Wastes Engineering, Vol. 6, p. A14-A18,1969.
4 fig, 7 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Waste treatment, Regu-
lation, Research and development, Coagulation,
Stabilization, Activated sludge, Lagoons, Oxidation.
Because of stricter pollution regulations and the need
of producing more food to meet the needs of a growing
population, the problem of animal and dairy wastes
has been intensified. The purpose of this study is to
present research and developmental work conducted
by the author and his colleagues. In the feeding indus-
try, animal wastes are defined as including: waste
feed, excreta, bedding material, washings, and spills.
Among research in wastes disposal methods, the In-
stitute of Advanced Sanitation Research, Interna-
tional has initiated a cooperative project, involving
several member-scientists, primarily for the investi-
gation of the characteristics of various animal wastes
before and after treatment. The author states that it is
their finding that solid wastes and liquid wastes must
be separated and handled differently for reasons of
economy. Also being investigated are physical and •
chemical methods of animal wastes treatment. The
search for an economical coagulant has led the author
and his colleagues to develop a very promising inor-
ganic polymeric coagulant which has been tested in
plant-scale operation. Animal processing wastes vary
in terms of their characteristics. The main problems
in treating these wastes are caused by: blood, color,
solids, BOD, grease, hairs, and proteinaceous parti-
cles. In treating animal processing wastes, effective
and proper methods of stabilization are needed. Sev-
eral methods of stabilizing biological sludge and dairy
wastes are given. The author discusses various re-
search needs. Mr. Howe says that it is believed that
segregation of strong wastes from weak would be ap-
propriate. (Penrod-East Central I
2563-A2,A5,A7,A8,B2,C2,
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT
EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE
SORGHUM,
J. E. Sukovaty
Unpublished MS Thesis, University of Nebraska,
May, 1973, 61 p. 13 fig, 13 tab, 41 ref.
406
-------
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Crop re-
sponse, Sorghum, Nutrients, Effluent. Waste dispos-
al, Legislation.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Detrimental effects.
An increased food need has caused increased beef
production, resulting in an increase in feedlots. The
animal wastes from these facilities present potential
runoff, groundwater and air pollution problems.
Legislation has stated that runofl must be collected
Once this is done, it must be disposed of properly
Before effluent disposal on cropland is recommended,
several questions should be answered. Such questions
encompass nutrient value, detrimental effects of the
effluent, and possible soil pollution problems. Data
analysis obtained for a two year effluent disposal
study revealed definite treatment differences bet-
ween effluent and water applications. High rates of
effluent application were observed to have an addi-
tive effect on N03-N concentrations in harvested
plants for 1972 Such an effect was not observed for
1971. The addition of phosphorus to the surface four
inches of soil was linearly related to increasing
effluent application over the two year period. Effluent
addition to cropland showed an increase in soil solu-
tion of Na, Ca, and K. Data from the two year study
indicate the 1-inch effluent application appeared to
have the most beneficial results Other than an in-
crease in P accumulation, the addition of 2-inches of
effluent per week did not show beneficial results over
the 1-inch effluent application. The study concluded
that negative yield response may be offset by the in-
crease efficiency of wastedisposal. Points that should
be considered if this type of disposal is used are: (1)
nutrient and salt concentrations in effluent, (2) soil
texture andlarea of available land, (3)local precipita-
tion and climatic factors, and (4) size of operation.
(Penrod-East Central)
2564-A5, A8, Bl
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE
LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT,
L. N. Mielke
PhD Dissertation, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Ap-
ril, 1974,166 p. 14 fig, 49 tab, 77 ref.
Descriptors: Cattle, Permeability, Sampling, Soil
profiles, Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Feedlot surface, Interface layer, Organic
materials, Inorganic materials. Soil cores.
The object of this study was to measure the physical
changes that occur in soil under the influence of a beef
cattle feedlot. Special emphasis was given to the in-
terface zone formed between the inorganic and or-
ganic material near the soil surface. A soil sampling
technique was developed using heat-shrink plastic
tubing to encase undisturbed cores. The cores ob-
tained were very adequate for laboratory study of the
soil conditions beneath the feedlots. Water movement
into the profile was greatly restricted by the combina-
tion of animal wastes and cattle tramping. This action
also increased the bulk density of the top 15 to 20 cm of
the profile and caused the formation of a boundary or
interface layer between the organic and inorganic
materials. Mixing of soil and organic matter occurred
below and above interface boundary that was formed.
The interface layer influenced the movement of air,
water and nutrients into the soil profile and into the
groundwater. Other soil cores from the cropland and
feedlot were segmented into sections about 10 cm
long. Observations of these sections are given. Chem-
ical analysis of percolate from the soil sections
showed the highest concentration of Na and K in the
interface layer. The dispersing effect of Na and K in
the soil together with the compaction by hoof action'
resulted in a very poor physical condition at the feed-
lot soil surface that limited the movement of water
and air. (Penrod-East Central)
2565-A2,A4,A5,A6,A7.A10,
"l,B2,B3,6l,]52,&3,E2,EX
Department of Agricultural Engineering. California
University, Davis
S. A. Hart
Transactions of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on
Sanitary Engineering, The Bulletin of Engineering
and Architecture No. 52, The University of Kansas
Lawrence, 1974, p. 5-10. 8 fig, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Drying, Oder, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Agricultural wastes, Waste manage-
ment, Composting, Land disposal.
Depending on the definition used, there are four or
five kinds of agricultural wastes: (1) livestock man-
ures, (2) crop residues, (3) dead animals, (4) agricul-
tural chemicals, and (5) runoff water and eroded soil
Livestock manure is the agricultural waste that
creates the greatest problem today. Manure cannot
usually be allowed to accumulate in a confinement
area until use, because of the sanitation hazards of
Odors, dust, animal health, fly breeding, or potential
water pollution. Therefore, four steps need to be con-
sidered in manure management—collection, proces-
sing, storing, and utilization. The form of the waste
(liquid or solid) determines the type of waste man-
agement practices utilized. Manure processing is
based on the stabilization of a waste organic matter
which is contaminated with water. Drying and com-
posting as stabilizing processes are examined. Pro-
cessing methods for liquid-carried manure include:
digestion, anaerobic lagooning, and possibly aerobic
treatment akin to the activated sludge process. The
main emphasis on storing manure is that it must be
sanitary. Stabilization is very important in prepara-
tion for storage. Manure may be disposed of or
utilized in several ways, the main method being land
application. Other uses are in experimental stages
and include (1) recovery of drugs, vitamins, and hor-
mones from the wastes, and (2) use of livestock
wastes as a source of fuel. (Penrod-East Central)
2566-B2, Dl, D3, E2
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT
OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEEDLOT
WASTES,
Oscar Mayer and Co., Madison, Wisconsin
A. S. Johnson
Transactions of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on
Sanitary Engineering, The Bulletin of Engineering
and Architecture No. 52, The University of Kansas
Lawrence, 1964, p. 10-18. 7 fig, 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Wis-
consin, Feedlots, Farm wastes, Trickling filters, La-
goons, Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: Packing house wastes, Anaerobic stabili-
zation ponds, Composting.
Attempts are being made in Wisconsin to improve the
efficiencies of processes utilized in treating packing
house wastes. Primary treatment usually includes
various combinations of screens, flocculators
sedimentation tanks and dissolved air notation tanks'
Some plants operate trickling filters of packing house
waters, for secondary treatment. Other plants use
anaerobic stabilization ponds, sometimes in conjunc-
tion with trickling filters. The problem of feedlot
waste disposal has not to date been subject to review
by the Wisconsin Water Pollution Commission al-
though feedlots are becoming a larger industry in the
state Although return of manure to the soil is still the
principal disposal method, improvements in handling
facilities and attempts to apply anaerobic ponds to
treatment of the wastes appear to be the primary
trends in this area. (Penrod-East Central)
2567-A2, A4, Bl, C2
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEED-
LOT RUNOFF,
Environmental Health Services, Kansas State De-
partment of Health, Topeka
S. M. Smith and J. R. Miner
Transactions of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on
407
Sanitary Engineering, The Bulletin of Engineering
and Architecture No. 52, The University of Kansas
Lawrence, 1964, p. 18-25 7 fig, 8 tab
Descriptors: Water pollution. Agricultural runoff
Feedlots, Kansas, Atmospheric precipitation Am-
monia. "
The objective of this report is to indicate that the
authors findings show animal feediot runoff to be >
significant source of water pollution, and to present
data which have been collected indicating the nature
of the pollution and the behavior of streams after
being subjected to this type of pollution. The limited
amount of information that seems to be available de-
scribing stream pollution may be partly accounted for
by the problem of collecting stream samples during or
shortly after runoff. The principal data for this Kan-
sas study came from water samples collected from
three streams—the Whitewater River near Potwin
the Cottonwood River near Emporia, and Fox Creek
near Strong City. The nature of such runoff pollution is
described as follows: (a) runoff imposes a slug load
on the stream, (b) feedlot runoff is high in ammonia
and the resulting stream pollution shows characteris-
tic high ammonia concentration, and (c) a high bacte-
rial population is produced by the runoff. Serious dis-
solved oxygen content depletion may occur in the
stream if the stream is small and the waste load is
large. The degree of stream pollution is dependent on
a variety of factors: feedlot size, lot cleanliness at
time of runoff, area topography and lot location with
respect to receiving waters, rainfall intensity,
amount and pattern, stream size, and the pollution
control measures used. (Penrod-East Central)
.2568-B3,B5,Cl,C2,D2,E3
THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION ON
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MANURE,
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Department.
1972 Dakota.state University, Fargo, September,
Descriptors: Dehydration, Chemical properties, Nut-
rition, Dairy industry. Cattle, Moisture content,
Temperature
Identifiers: Manure.
An investigation was conducted to determine the ef-
fects of drying air temperature, final moisture con-
tent and accumulation time on the chemical composi-
tion ot the dried manure product. Investigators hoped
to establish any trends on the chemical composition
and nutritive value of the dried manure product that
might be caused by the various treatment effects.
Manure was collected from dairy steers and consisted
of samples which had accumulated for different time
periods. The manure was dried down to three diffe-
rent final moisture contents at four temperature
levels. The chemical composition of the manure was
then determined to obtain the nutritive value of the
dried manure product It was concluded that: (1) Ash
acid determent fiber, lignin, cell wall constituents!
silica, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and mag-
nesium revealed higher dry weight percentages in the
manure than in the feed consumed; (2) An increase in
manure accumulation time revealed an increase in
dry weight percentages of ash and silica and a de-
crease in protein;(3) Cell wall constituents increased
with increase in final moisture content; (4) General-
ly, increase in temperature caused an increase in dry
weight percentages of silica, fiber lignin, and phos-
phorus. However, as temperatures increased the
amount of cell wall constituents and digestible dry
ma tier decreased; (5) Drying to 1 percent final mois-
ture content at 200 degrees C gave the highest dry
weight percentages and contributed greatly to sig-
nificant differences of the temperature by final mois-
ture content interaction of ash, silica, fiber, lignin
phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium; (6) Op-
timum drying conditions would call for collection of
manure daily and, if possible, drying it at 100 degrees
L to a final moisture content of 8 per cent
(Cameron-East Central)
-------
2569-A8, C2, E2
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSI-
TION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF
SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LA-
GOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND
GRAIN SORGHUM,
T.E. Loynachan
MS Thesis, Department of Agronomy, Iowa Slate
University, 1»72, 81 p. 7 fig, 23 tab, M ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Sprinkler irrigation,
Carbon dioxide, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Potassium,
Salinity.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Decomposition,
Anaerobic lagoons, Swine.
The main objective of this study was to consider soil
as the ultimate medium for manure disposal. Two
methods were investigated: (1) application of the
complete manure to the soil, and (2) the anaerobic
lagooningof the fresh manure followed by application
of the effluent to land. In experiment I, hog manure
was applied to Webster clay loam soil at the rates of 0,
10, 50, 100, and 200 parts wet manure per thousand
parts dry soil The relative rates of manure decom-
position were found to be inversely related toquantity
added, while the absolute rates were found to be di-
rectly related to the quantity added. Carbon dioxide
production rate increased to a peak within two days
and then gradually decreased. Rate of and total car-
bon dioxide evolution were more closely related to
amount of carbon added than to moisture level. Re-
sults indicated that no more than 100 tons per acre of
manure should be applied at any one application to
similar soils. In experiment II, swine-lagoon effluent
was applied to land growing corn and grain sorghum.
Effluent was sprinkler irrigated at rates of 0-17.09
inches from June 21 to August 27,1971. The effluent
had no significant effect on corn yield; however,
grain-sorghum decreased up to 53 bushels per acre.
Higher rates of effluent application induced lodging of
the grain-sorghum heads. Protein in the grain in-
creased with increasing rates of effluent on grain sor-
ghum, but this trend was not observed in corn. In-'
creasing amounts of applied effluent caused in-
creased values of extractable phosphorus and ex-
changeable potassium in the surface two inches of
soil. Salinity also increased. (Penrod-East Central)
2570-A10.A1]-A12.BA.C3
BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIOT-
RANSFER OF AFLATOXIN,
Department of Microbiology, Colorado State Univer-
sity, Ft. Collins
M. P. Nevins and D. W. Grant
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and To-
xicology, Vol. 6, No. 6, p. 552-558, .November-
December, 1971. 17 ref.
Descriptors: Microorganisms, Toxicity, Feedlots,
Cattle, Fish, Health.
Identifiers: Bioconcentration.Biotransfer, Aflatoxin,
Substrate, Flies.
Research was undertaken to isolate aflatoxin-
producing strains of Aspergillus flavus from manure
and to demonstrate a potentiaTpath for the biotrans-
fer and biomagnification of the aflatoxins in a simu-
lated food chain. It was found that toxigemc strains of
A, flavus can be readily recovered from stockpiled
feedlot manure and that, under certain conditions,
aflatoxin production within the manure can occur.
Since the manure is attractive to several species of
ovipositing flies, notably Musca domestica. ample
opportunity exists for the biotransfer of the aflatoxin
from the manure into the insect larvae. Maggots can
convert the manure substrate into their biomass with
an efficiency of 71 per cent, after which the toxicity of
the substrate increases. When this maggot-
bioconcentrated crude aflatoxin was ingested by tr-
out severe aflatoxicosis was evident in the fish within
10 days. It is likely that, although trout would have
little access to toxic maggots, the fish could receive
carcinogenic doses via ingestion of the flies developed
from toxic larvae. Based on the results of this study, it
appears that serious environmental health problems
could develop from the biotransfer and bioconcentra-
tion of aflatoxins originating in stockpiled manure.
The problem is probably most prevalent in agricul-
tural areas with favorable high temperatures and
humidities. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2571-A1,AA,A5,A6,A7,A10,F2
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEED-
LOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA,
Nebraska University-Lincoln College of Agriculture,
The Agricultural Experiment Station.
D. C. Nelson
Publication SB 529, Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 24 p.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Feedlots, Nebraska,
Nuisance, Negligence, Trespass, Common Law,
Odor, Dust, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Noise, Pests.
The common law and statutory legal implications of
feedlot pollution in Nebraska are examined. The fun-
damental inquiry in Nebraska is to determine
whether the feedlot operation violates the accepted
rule of decency and substantially depreciates the
value of the nearby property. The judicial precedents
of such inquiry are discussed in terms of odor, dust,
noise, water contamination and pests. The common
law theories of nuisance, negligence and trespass are
examined. Statutory measures are also discussed and
suggestions are made for ways to reduce the chances
of legal suits against feedlots due to pollution.
(Penrod-East Central)
2572-A6,A10,B3,B4,C2,El
THE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM,
Purdue University
Poultry Tribune, Vol. 77, p. 26,28, April, 1871. 2 fig.
'Descriptors: Poultry, Odor, Water pollution, Ventila-
tion.
Identifiers: Deep pits, Flies.
Odors, flies, and nutrients in water courses are the
typical pollution problems associated with poultry.
All can be eliminated by use of a deep (8 to 10 ft.) pit
under the poultry house if it is kept dry. Install and
maintain a proper watering system. Mechanical ven-
tilation will be required for high-density chicken
populations. The pit may never require cleaning.
(Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech)
2573-F2, FA
A LIVESTOCKMAN'S GUIDE TO
POLLUTION LAWS,
Special Features Editor, Successful Farming
R. Lute
Successful Farming, Vol. 70, p. 42-43, 50, October,
1972. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Regulation, Feedlots,
Water pollution, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Laws are outlined for the states of Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Neb-
raska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wis-
consin. Addresses of Agencies charged with supervi-
sion of agricultural pollution in the 12 states are in-
cluded. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
2574-A11, B2, F2, F3
METHODS AND PROBLEMS RELAT-
ING TO DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM
LIVESTOCK MARKETS,
H F. Mayes
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, June 17-20,1973, Paper No. 73-401,11 p. 6
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Livestock, Regulation,
Design.
Identifiers: Hydraulic cleaning, Sanitation require-
ments.
Livestock markets have experienced problems in
disposing of waste materials since the late IMO's. The
two main species of livestock handled by most mar-
kets are cattle and swine. Design engineers need data
on waste produced by each of these species. The
amount of water used in hydraulic cleaning of wastes
at market facilities is also needed. This data is essen-
tial if efficient waste treatment systems are to be
designed for livestock markets. Research must sup-
ply this information since reference literature is not
available. All of the market facilities are under the
regulations of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the
respective State Veterinary's office. These animal
health requirements specify daily cleaning of specific
facilities. (Cartmell-East Central)
2575-A2, B2, BA, E2, Fl
HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF,
Successful Farming, Vol. 73, No. 8, p. H10, June-July,
1975.1 fig.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Drainage, Feed-
lots, Fertilizers, Costs.
Identifiers: Waste collection, Land disposal.
Bob Atherton's Earlville, Illinois feedlot has under-
gone a number of low-cost alterations over the yean
in order to eliminate muck and runoff problems on his
cement feedlot. Atherton's feedlot is 95' x 110' with a
capacity of 350-375 head of cattle. The lot has an 8-10"
slope toward the middle. From here, liquids drain into
a center outlet and buried tile and are carried to a 6' I
8' x 110' pit along the front of the lot. This pit collects
nearly all the liquid runoff, including some loose ma-
nure. Atherton empties the pit about six times a year
by means of a liquid spreader with a vacuum pump. A
conventional loader handles the remaining solids.
During winter months, Atherton tries to keep the pit
about two-thirds full to prevent damage to the pit that
might be caused by freezing and thawing if left empty.
The system seems to work very well. A drier lot, drier
bedding, and less required labor have resulted In an
economic savings over Atherton's original system.
Final alterations for this lot cost $2,600, only about $7
per head capacity. (Cameron-East Central)
2576-A5, FA
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER: A RE-
VIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITER-
ATURE,
TEMPO, General Electric Company Center for Ad-
vanced Studies, Santa Barbara, California
D. K. Todd and D. E. McNulty
Environmental Protection Agency Report Number
EPA-600-4-001, March, 1974,21S p. 861 ref.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Bibliograp
Water pollution sources, Underground waste d:
al, Aquifer Management, Waste disposal wells, £
water intrusion, Path of pollutants.
. A selective review is presented of the literature on
man-caused groundwater pollution, including causes
and occurrence, procedures for control, and methods
408
-------
for monitoring. No attempt was made to develop a
comprehensive bibliography on the subject. Rather,
references were selected for inclusion on the basis of
'their significance and relevance. Bibliographies, im-
portant general references, abstracts, and European
references are discussed separately. Thereafter the
literature is described in essay form on a subject
basis. References cited by number in the text are
listed in complete bibliographic form at the end of the
report together with an author index. With few excep-
tions, the material reviewed is limited to relatively
recent published items in the United States. Adminis-
trative regulations, legal reports, and unpublished
materials such as theses have been omitted. (En-
vironmental Protection Agency)
comparison to the control. The population levels for
the two nitrifiers were greatest in the A horizon while
the denitrifiers were greatest in the B horizon Grea-
ter than 90 per cent of the original or applied nitrogen
was accounted for upon evaluation of all incoming and
outgoing sources of nitrogen. The greatest treatment,
1600 pounds nitrogen per acre per yeas lost the
greatest amount. In the A horizon, total soil nitrogen
increased as treatment rate increased. Also as treat-
ment ol nitrogen increased, the easily oxidizable or-
ganic matter showed an increase in the upper two
horizons. Under the two highest treatments 800 and
1600 pounds of nitrogen per acre, a considerable de-
crease in pH took place at all depths. (Penrod-East
Central)
ration capacity of the soils and should never be so
heavy that it forms an impermeable cap. Maximum
amounts to be spread should be determined by per-
missible hydraulic and chemical soil loadingrates In
addition, it may be necessary to improve waste handl-
ing qualities before land disposal through biological
treatment .Examples of such treatment may be found
intheexaminationofAberdeen'sexperimentutilizmE
oxidation ditches, surface aerators, and anaerobic
lagoons. A theoretical assessment of the likely appli-
cation of the waste treatment systems described is
given along with suggested theoretical relationships
between investment costs in the treatment plant, etc
and the level of treatment achieved. (Merryman-East
Central)
2577-A8, C2, E2
RATE AND EXTENT OF NITROGEN
AND PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT
THROUGH GLACIALLY DE-
POSITIED SOILS TREATED WITH
POULTRY MANURE,
R. A. Hoffman
MS Thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of
Maine, Orono, June, 1973,169 p. 9 fig, 42 tab, 111 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Soils, Infiltra-
tion, Poultry.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The objective of this study was to monitor the move-
ment of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate ions in the
soil water solution as influenced by the incorporation
of poultry manure into the plow layer. Soil samples
were collected for analysis of selected chemical prop-
erties. There was some variability in the results be-
cause of missing samples and seasonal fluctuations.
Provided available soil moisture was present and the
vacuum was applied within 48 hours prior to water
sample collection, the porous ceramic cup technique
was an adequate means of extracting soil water from
a soil profile. The soil water solution collected in-
creased In NH4-N and N02W>3-N concentration, pre-
sumably due to the manure applied. The level of
NHi-N, NOj*NOs-N and PO<-P in the ground water
table in the Windsor loamy sand was not significantly
increased by manure applications during the study
period. There was a significant increase in the NH^N
and NO/NOs-N concentration on top of the fragipan
within the treatment plots on the Charlton fine sandy
loam. During the study the total soil nitrogen and the
organic matter analyses indicated little change re-
sulting from manure application. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2578-A8, 62, E2
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION
AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SED-
IMENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREAT-
MENT WITH VARYING RATES OF
POULTRY MANURE,
R. F. Jeffrey
MS Thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of
Maine, June, 1972,124 p. 17 fig, 29 tab, 84 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Leachates, pH.
Identifiers: Nitrogen transformation, Nitrogen
movement, Marine sediment soil, Land disposal, Ap-
plication rates.
The purpose of this study was to determine the trans-
lormatipns and movement of nitrogen through a
marine sediment soil following application of poultry
manure at rates of 0,200,400,800, and 1600 pounds of
nitrogen per acre per year. A Scantic soil was treated
three times over a nine-month period with five levels
of nitrogen In the form of poultry manure. The result-
ing leacnate and soil were analyzed for selected mic-
robiological and chemical properties. Soil microor-
ganisms, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and the denit-
rifiers tended to increase under all treated plots in
2579-B2, C3, D3, E2
MICROBIOLOGY IN THE AEROBIC
TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES,
J. M. Grainger '
Pwess Biochemistry, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 28-30, March
Descriptors: Microbiology, Aerobic treatment, Re- '
search and development. Sampling, Microor-
ganisms, Design, Waste treatment.
Microbiology is making an increasing contribution to
research work on farm waste problems in relation to
treatment systems and the consequences of disposal
of treated and untreated slurry to land. A necessary
contribution Is the study of factors which influence
growth and activities of microorganisms, the results
of which can be valuable in designing and operating
treatment systems. It is essential that studies be done
with cultures that are adequately representative of
those microorganisms whose activities are important
in the treatment process. Consequently this article
examines some procedures for the enumeration and
isolation of heterotrophic microorganisms, of aerobic
systems for treatment of farm slurry. The projects
being studied concern cattle slurry treatment by an
oxidation ditch, treatment of poultry manure by a
biological filter, and thedisposal of heavy dressings of
cattle slurry to grassland. The microscope may be
used for observing the colony and its isolates. Accu-
rate isolation of bacteria representative of that in the
treatment system is dependent on (a) handling of
sample before examination in the laboratory, (b) di-
lution and homogenization, (c) composition of isola-
tion medium, (d) method of inoculating the isolation
medium, and (e) temperature and period of incuba-
tion. Each of these procedures is examined in detail
(Merryman-East Central)
2580-A8,B4,C2,D3,E2,F1
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK
WASTES.
Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit, Aber-
A. M. Robertson
Process Biochemistry, Vol. 7, p. 21-25, June 1972.7 fig.
Descriptors: Livestock, Waste treatment, Feedlots
Confinement pens. Physical properties, Chemical
properties.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Scotland, Loading rates,
Oxidation ditch, Anaerobic lagoons, Liquids solids
separation, Surface aerator.
Because in the future livestock will be produced in
feedlots and confinement pens of increasing size in-
creased technology and knowledge will be needed for
animal waste management. Factors influencing
animal waste properties are species, feeding, envi-
ronment, and liveweight. While land disposal is still a
desired means of animal waste disposal, overfertili-
zation due to excessive nutrients in the soil is making
researchers take a long hard look at land disposal
Land spreading should be avoided when soil tempera-
tures are less than 4.4 degrees C. Spreading rate
should at times be lower than the instantaneous inf ilt-
2581-A12,A13,B4,C2,D3,F1
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG
WASTES,
Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment
Station, Ames, Iowa
E. P. Taiganides, E. R. Baumann, H. P Johnson &T
E. Hazen
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research Vol t
No. 4, p. 327-333, 1963. 5 fig. 9 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Sludge digestion,
Methane, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Design criteria.
Identifiers: Swine, Detention period. Volatile solids
Gas yield, Fertilizer value.
From the viewpoint of aesthetics, economics and pub-
lic health, farm wastes should be given a treatment
that will stabilize the manure, remove its nuisance
characteristics, sustain its fertilizer value and reduce
the pollution properties of the manure to a safe level
before final disposal. Although there are a number of
such treatments, the objective of this study was to
examine the anaerobic sludge digestion process and
report the results of a laboratory study on the applica-
tion of sludge digestion for the treatment of swine
wastes. The laboratory study showed that at 95 de-
grees F, hog wastes were digested satisfactorily at a
daily volatile solids loading rate of 0:20 lb-f|3 and a
detention period of less than ten days. This showed
that 1 ft3 of digester volume is required for each pig
produced within one year. A range of 7.8 to 10.3 f t3 was
the average gas yield per day per pound of volatile
solids fed. Gas content was approximately 59 per cent
methane, 40 per cent CO2, with most of the remaining
gas being free nitrogen. Based on research data and a
average hog manure composition, about 3600 B.t.u.-
day can be produced from the daily wastes of a pig.
Digested manure characteristics were greatly im-
proved through digestion. Also digestion reduced the
organic matter of the raw manure and, thus, its poten-
tial pollutional strength by 60-70 per cent. Digester
design and cost considerations are also discussed
(Penrod-East Central)!
2582-A4,A5,A6,A8,Bl,E2,F3
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT
OF ANIMAL MANURES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Newcastle upon Tyne
J. R. O'Callaghan, V. A. Dodd, and K. A. Pollock
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research Vol
18, p. 1-12,1973. 3 fig, 5 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Odor, Water pollution CTOD
response. r
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, United
Kingdom.
Disposal problems have caused some farmers to re-
sort to spreading manures on land at what could be
considered as "dumping" rates of application. The
purpose of this study is to examine the second order
effects of indiscriminate dumping of animal waste
and to provide guidelines for the rationalization of the
management and disposal of manure by land spread-
ing Manure management is discussed in terms of a
model, based on the mass balance of nutrients within
409
-------
a control area In the steady state, application rate
must be balanced by removal rale. This model takes
into account imports ot nutrients in the form of chem-
ical fertilizers and feedstuffs. Animal manures can be
utilized with chemical fertilizers for crop production
with considerable benefit Because excess nutrients
are a pollution hazard and because land disposal often
is accompanied by an odor problem, some form of
treatment of manures prior to land disposal may be
necessary. Consequently, more research needs to be
done in these areas. (Penrod-East Central)
2583-B1, B4
CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF
BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND IN-
FLUENCES OF THE MANURE
STORAGE TANK,
P. G. Remmele
MS Thesis, South Dakota State University, Brook-
ings. May, 1973. 83 p. 15 fig. 6 tab. 40 ref.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Cattle, Storage tank.
Latent heat, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Calorimetry, Heat production, Moisture
production, Dry bulb temperature.
To successfully design a confinement livestock venti-
lation system, heat and moisture production data are
necessary. The objective of this study was to deter-
mine the heat and moisture produced under actual
conditions from a closed confinement beef building
housing 47 Hereford steers, to determine the heat and
moisture contributions to the environment from the
manure storage tank located under the slotted floor,
and to determine sensible and latent heat production
from a closed confinement building. The study was
done at the Farmer's Union Grain Terminal Associa-
tion's modern and well designed beef research facility
near Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The average daily
total heat production of the building ranged from 1530
to 4070 Btu/hr/head and averaged 2870 Btu/hr/head.
The sensible heat production of the building was gen-
erally negative above inlet dry bulb temperatures of
70 degrees F and building latent heat production in-
creased for inlet dry bulb temperatures above 40 de-
grees F. Sensible heat production from the manure
storage tank was inversely related to animal density.
The removal of sensible heat from and the addition of
latent heat to the animal area of the building was the
overall effect of the manure storage tank. Significant
prediction equations were determined for latent, sen-
sible and total heat production of the building and
building corrected for manure storage tank contribu-
tions and for sensible heat production of the manure
storage tank. (Penrod-East Central)
2584-A5,A6,A8,B2,C2,D3,E2
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SWINE
MANURE FOR IRRIGATION: EF-
FECT ON NITROGEN,
A.M. A.Shady
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
MeGill University. Montreal. Quebec, Canada, May,
1973,124 p. 19 fig, 20 tab. 37 ref.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Nitrogen com-
pounds, Irrigation, Effluent.
Identifiers: Swine, Groundwater pollution, Soil col-
umn, Leachate analysis, Nitrogen removal.
Continuous-flow aerobic treatment was applied to
swine manure as a minimal treatment. The various
levels of different nitrogen compounds were studied
to determine the reduction of such compounds. Short-
term aeration was found to reduce nitrogen content by
as much as 40 per cent. Most of the nitrogen losses
were as free ammonia stripped out of the reactor.
Nitrate formation was very low due to limited oxygen
supply Changes in flow rate andA>r detention time did
not affect the amount of reduction of total Kjeldahl
nitrogen or ammonium. The manure was applied in
one application of one inch, two applications of one-
half inch at 18 day intervals, and four applications of
one-fourth inch at nine day intervals. Treatment ap-
plications of one inch gave the highest value of reco-
vered nitrogen, which leads to the conclusion that the
more waste added in one application the more im-
mediate the effect; however, odor was most offensive
in this application, even though previous aerobic
treatment eliminated much of the odor. From this
evidence it appears that applying the same amounts
of nitrogen to the soil column in different applications
will dilute the effect and spread it over a longer
period. (Sanders-East Central)
2585-A2,A3,AA,A5,B2,E2,F4
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE
AND GROUND WATERS.
Department of Civil Engineering, Hawaii, Honolulu
R. H. F. Young
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46,
No. 6, p. 1419-1429, June, 1974. 103 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution sources, Nutrients,
Heavy metals, Chemicals, Runoff.
Identifiers: Ground water pollution, Agricultural
wastes, Radionuclides, Biological contamination,
Soil contamination.
This report reviews literature concerning the pollu-
tion effects of various substances on surface and
groundwater. Among the substances covered are:
nutrients, agricultural wastes, chemicals, heavy
metals and radionuclides, and biological contamina-
tion. Nutrient enrichment sources cited were sewage
treatment effluents, industrial wastes, urban runoff,
and agricultural runoff. Documented sources of ag-
ricultural pollution were:(1) percolates from surface
irrigated dairy manure slurries, (2) storm runoff
from cattle feedlots, (3) runoff from agricultural
watersheds, and (4) seepage from wastewater irriga-
tion. Chemical pollution sources cited were: oil field
brine disposal; salt-water intrusion in coastal areas;
irrigation-return flow; contaminants from outboard
motor fuel; herbicides; use of deicing salts on high-
ways ; and the mobilization of the constituents in con-
taminated snow, such as heavy metals, oils, greases,
phenols, and BOD from decaying organic matter.
Heavy metal and radionudide contamination sources
that were discussed were discharges from gold re-
covery operations, use of nuclear reactors, and nuc-
lear weapons tests. Sources of biological contamina-
tion that were cited included: (1) slime outbreaks due
to industrial or domestic wastewater effluents, (2)
coliforms due to discharges from boats and a faulty
septic tank, and (3) viruses from septage filtrates.
Reclamation by groundwater recharge, soil pollution,
and modeling and analytical research methods were
also reviewed. (Penrod-East Central)
2586-A7, A12, C3, D3, E2
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS
GENERATED WHILE TREATING
AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
P. R. Goodrich, S. L. Diesch. and L. D. Jacobson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 7-10.
Descriptors: Bacteria, Microorganisms, Air pollu-
tion, Health, Sampling, Waste treatment, Wind veloc-
ity-
Identifiers: Land disposal, Oxidation ditch, Wind di-
rection, Spray disposal, Fecal coliforms, Fecal Strep-
tococci.
Airborne micro organisms were monitored in several
animal housing facilities. They were also monitored
during spray disposal applications using irrigation
equipment. All glass impingers were used for sampl-
ing. The all glass impinger (AGI) a designed to simu-
late the human respiratory system with respect to
sampling rate (12.5 liters per minute) and particle
size retention (1-10 microns). The AGI uses a vacuum
to draw the air sample into a collecting fluid for
scrubbing and then, through a critical orifice for vol-
ume measurement. Bacterial plate techniques were
used to identify total bacteria, fecal coliforms and
fecal Streptococci per liter of sampled air. The field
sampling during waste disposal operation resulted in
erratic information, due largely to the uncontrolled
nature of the events. However, elevated levels of
bioaerosols are definitely generated in the spray dis-
posal process. These are carried beyond the wetted
area and have the potential to travel many miles be-
fore settling. Care in selecting proper wind speed and
direction conditions is needed. The results from Beef
and Dairy barn sampling at three levels show that the
oxidation ditch itself does not increase the hazard to
man or animals in the housing environment or the
nearby exterior environment. However, certain ac-
tivities, such as cleaning, sweeping and facilities re-
pair caused conditions hazardous to human respirat-
ory system. Protective masks were indicated for per-
sons engaged in these tasks. Higher counts were as-
sociated with the presence of animals in the facility
and the relative activity of the animal. (Goodrich et
al-University of Minnesota) '
2587-B2, C3
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLAE,
TOTAL COLIFORMS AND FECAL
COLIFORMS IN SWINE WASTE LA-
GOON EFFLUENTS,
Department of Microbiology, Clemson University
Gemson, South Carolina
D. J. Krieger, J. H. Bond, and C. L. Earth
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champalgn, April 21-24
W75,p. 11-14. *
Descriptors: Salmonellae, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Fecal coliforms, Swine, Survival.
A study was undertaken to determine the survival
characteristics of Salmonella cholerae-aui.i Sal.
monella tvphimurium. total colifnmn «nri t^i*^|
iforms in swine waste lagoon materials. Columns of
swine waste lagoon material were loaded with vari-
ous population densities of S. cholerae-iuis and S
tvphimurium Enumeration of total and fecal col-
iforms employed MPN methods utilizing lactose
broth and E C. medium, respectively. Enumeration of
Salmonella was determined by MPN methods using
Tetrathionate Broth, and confirmed by plating on
Brilliant Green agar and agglutination with Sal-
monella 0 antiserum poly A-l. Initial population
counts of 2.5 x 103 organisms-mi ot S. cholerae-«ul«
and 7 x 10* organisms-mi of S, tvpnirpurium dts
creased to non-recoverable levels in 24 days. Initial
natural populations of 20 organisms/ml of fecal col-
iforms showed complete die-off after 10 days, and
natural populations of 3.3 x 103 organisms-mi of total
coliforms died off in 21 days. Survival times were also
determined in columns which were loaded with high
and low initial Salmonella populations. In all cases
the survival time of the organisms observed was de^
termined by the initial numbers, whereas, the death
rate of Salmonella was independent of the numbers in
the original population. Efforts to recover bac-
teriophage from lagoon materials and loaded col-
umns against coliforms and Salmonella were nega-
tive. Antagonisms were not responsible for die^ff
rates. Results indicated that depletion of an essential
growth factor was probably the cause of death
(Krieger, et al-Clemson University)
2588-A9, A10, B2, F6
MOSQUITO PRODUCTION AND CON-
TROL IN ANIMAL WASTE LAGOONS,
Department of Entomology, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
R. C. Axtell, D. A. Ruti, M. R. Overcash, and F. J.
Humenik.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
410
-------
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-21,
197S, p. 15-18.
Descriptors: Mosquitoes, Lagoons, Insecticides,
Simulation analysis.
Identifiers: Mosquito control, Swine.
Simulated waste lagoons (55 gal. drums) were oper-
ated for 6 months at different manure loading rates,
which resulted in several organic pollution levels, and
the numbers of mosquito larvae and pupae were de-
termined weekly. The abundance of mosquitoes
(mostly Culex ouinouefasclatus) was correlated with
the degree of pollution (measured as COD and TOG).
With swine waste, mosquito production was optimal
at about 320 cu. ft. of lagoon volume per 100 Ib. hog
with very little production at and below 80 cu. ft. per
hog and at or above 1280 cu. ft. per hog. Similar mos-
quito production data for poultry waste loading rates.
are given. Also, mosquito production versus degree of
pollution was determined weekly for 6 months at 5
on-farm operating swine lagoons. The effectiveness
for mosquito control in simulated lagoons and in on-
farm swine lagoons was determined for the following
Insecticides: malathion, chloropyrifos, Abate and
Flit MLO. Also, the insect growth regulators THMMO
and Altosid were evaluated. No impaired lagoon per-
formance was evident with the addition of these
chemicals at the dosage rates used. The numbers of
mosquito larvae were determined by a standard dip-
ping method at frequent intervals before and after
treatment. Mosquito control was obtained for periods
of 7 days to 2 months depending upon the chemical and
dosage rate. (Aztell, et al-North Carolina State Uni-
versity)
2589-A11, Bl, C3
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT,
.Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health In-
spection Service, Agricultural Research Center East,
Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
G. B. Van Ness
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 19-21.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria, Animal wastes.
Livestock, Health, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Parasites.
Infectious diseases of livestock which are spread
through manure and urine are the problems of herd
• management, unless the infectious agent also sur-
vives In the environment, and becomes a pollutant of
other premises. Experience suggests spread to other
premises depends on biological properties inherent in
the pathogenic organisms. In pollution control, there
is need to give attention to some organisms, while
others may be of little concern. Pathogens which can
grow and multiply In the environment are very impor-,
Cant pollutants. Some pathogens persist in the envi-
ronment. Some virus pathogens are able to survive
longer in the environment than do others, and can be
dangerous water pollutants. Current information is
gathered regarding the differences, as a guide to
further epidemiological and laboratory studies of pol-
luting organisms. (Van Ness-Agricultural Research
Center East, Beltsville, Maryland)
2590-B11,D1,D2,D3,E2,E3,
r 1, r 4
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC
OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE
LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION
TECHNIQUES,
Departments of Agricultural Engineering and
Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
Colorado 80523. '
J. M. Harper and D. W. Seckler
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
lv/5, p. 22-25.
Beef manure may be utilized as follows- (1)
Refeeding—dried manure, wastelage, fractionated
manure, and fermented manure; (2) Energy-
Anaerobic fermentation-methane. Anaerobic
fermentation-some methane with refeedine of
biomass, pyrolysis; (3) Fertilizers-land spreading
(dry), land spreading (irrigation). To compare these
alternatives accurately, an engineering evaluation of
the capital requirements and operating costs as-
sociated with each alternative is developed using a
10,000 head confinement feedlot as the basis of com-
parison. Common to all these systems is a manure
collection system. Each then requires various addi-
tional capital costs to allow utilization in the manners
outlined. An economic analysis was run using the cap-
ital and operating cost estimates to determine the
production costs of the products of each of the utiliza-
tion methods. These production costs were then com-
pared to current and projected prices for feed, energy
and fertilizer to determine the economic viability of
the alternatives. It appears that processes producing
refeedable products show considerable economic po-
tential. Unless anaerobic fermentation processes can
b« sped up, thereby reducing capital requirements
and the value of methane increases substantially
methane production appears to be a poor alternative
to refeeding manure as a method of utilization. Utili-
zation of manure as fertilizer depends extensively on
circumstances such as distance and availability of
disposal sites. Costs increase rapidly as distances in-
crease. (Harper & Seckler-Colorado State Universi-
ty; Merryman, ed.)
25Q1-B1, E3, Fl
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
METHANE GENERATION FEASI-
BILITY ON COMMERCIAL EGG
FARMS,
Department of Agricultural and Food Economics,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
tight ' R' L Christensen' c- E- WU1«. «>
-------
dynamic) of nonmarket control measures; (5)
economic analyses of recycling animal waste; (6)
energy costs associated with alternative waste man-
agement systems; and (7) miscellaneous studies. Re-
search studies on these problems are appraised rela-
tive to the major conclusions which can be drawn,
inconsistencies in major conclusions and
methodologies employed in the research studies re-
viewed, and apparent research voids. The impacts of
alternative pollution control measures are analyzed
with respect to the likely effects upon individual lives-
tock producers, the size and technology distribution of
livestock production units within each industry, con-
sumer prices, and implications for pollution control
agencies. Conclusions relative to least-cost waste
management systems (with and without pollution
control measures assumed) are drawn wherever data
are available. Research voids and areas where vari-
ous research studies show conflicting results are
noted. (Connor t Johnson-East Lansing; Merryman,
ed.)
2594-B1, Fl, F2,
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE
BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYS-
TEMS,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln
M. Baker
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 37-40.
Descriptors. Economics, Cattle, Feedlots, Confine-
ment pens.
Identifiers: Waste management.
Livestock producers who are installing waste man-
agement systems want to know the least cost system
that will meet EPA and state pollution regulations.
Three waste management systems for unpaved feed-
lots and thret systems for confined feeding facilities
were studied in Nebraska. Initial investment and
operating costs of disposal systems were included in
the study. This provides a total picture of cost of hand-
ling waste associated with beef cattle feeding. Data
were obtained from owners and operators of opera-
tional systems on initial investment, amount of mate-
rials required and disposal systems to be used. Costs
for disposal equipment were obtained from manufac-
turers, dealers and suppliers of this equipment. Rec-
ognition of raicrobial decomposition on the feedlots
was included in the study. Initial investment in beef
feedlot wastemanagement systems is substantial and
provides no additional revenues to the feeder. Annual
operating costs are minimal; however, even this rep-
resents an increased cost of feeding cattle. With a
large fixed investment, there are considerable reduc-
tions in cost per head capacity as the size of feedlot
increases, but most of these reductions are realized
by feedlots with capacities of approximately 500 head.
Thus, the annual cost per head for extremely large
management systems for confined feeding facilities
are considerably more expensive to construct than
are those for unpaved feedlots. This largely re lects
the additional materials required for such systems.
(Baker-University of Nebraska; Merryman, ed.)
2595-A2, A4, E2, Fl, F2
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNA-
TIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RULES ON BEEF FEEDLOTS OF
LESS THAN 1000 HEAD CAPACITY
Department of Agricultural Economics, Ohio State
D LForrter L. J. Connor, and J. B. Johnson
v. L.. r«»wi, "• „,„,-_ vmfffA n« 3rd
Descriptors: Legislation, Water pollution control,
Feedlots, Cattle. Economic impact, Agricultural
runoff.
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency.
Estimates are made of the economic impacts of four
alternative water pollution rules on the behavior of
beef feedlots over the 1975-1985 period. The four alter-
native water pollution control rules applied to beef
feedlots of all capacity levels were: (1) current EPA
guidelines requiring control of feedlot runoff from the
local 10-year, 24-hour rainfall and process generated
waste waters by 1977 and runoff from the local 25-
year, 24-hour rainfall and process generated waste
waters by 1983; (2) the construction of control
facilities for control of the local 25-year, 24-hour storm
and process generated waste waters by 1983: (3) the
control of all runoff from rainfall occurring in any
six-month interval by 1977; and (4) the control of all
runoff from rainfall occurring in a six-month interval
and no winter spreading of feedlot solid wastes. A
simulation model was used to represent the produc-
tion behavior of beef feedlots typical of the Lake
States and Corn Belt over the 1975-1985 period Impos-
ition of rule 1 on feedlots of less than 1,000 head would
result in an average feedlot firm equity loss of $3,720
over the 1975-1985 period. Rule 2 would result in aver-
age equity loss of $3,911 over the 1975-1985 period. Rule
3 would result in average equity loss of $4,800 per
feedlot. Rule 4 would result in an average equity loss
of nearly $6,000 per feedlot over the 1975-85 period. The
decline in marketings would range from one-half to
one per cent under the four rules over the 1975-1985
period resulting in only nominal price increases for
fed beef. Economic effects at the feedlot level would
not be uniform, placing the greatest burden on the
smaller feedlots. (Forster, et. al.-Ohio State Univer-
sity; Merryman, ed.)
1«7S,p. 41-44.
2596-B1, Fl, F2
EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION ON CATTLE FEED-
LOT LOCATION,
Industrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus
D. L. Byrkett, E. P. Taiganides, and R. A. Miller
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 45-48.
Descriptors: Model studies, Locating, Costs,
Economics.
Identifers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, Cattle feeding.
The paper discusses the development of a cost
minimization linear programming model which was
used to study the effect of the 1972 Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments on the location ol
cattle feeding in the continental United States. Fac-
tors affecting feedlot location which were included in
the model are feeder, grain and roughage availabili-
ty; slaughter capacity, demand requirements non-
feed costs and transportation costs. The United
States was divided into sixteen cattle feeding regions;
all data were developed for the year 1972. This model
has two unique features. One is the separate definition
of regionsfor cattle feeding, feeders, grain, roughage
slaughter, and demand. The other is that the modd
considers the competition between cattle feeding and
other uses for available land. This competition is
modelled by increasing nonfeed costs as production in
a Kiven region increases. In regions where competi-
tion for available land is great, nonfeed costs increase
more rapidly; nonfeed costs increase less rapidly
where competition is small. The model was then used
to determine the minimum cost equilibrium location
of cattle feeding. These results indicated continued
growth in the southern plains and continued declines
in the corn belt, eastern United States, and California.
To model the effect of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972, the nonfeed costs
were adjusted to describe the Impact of this legisla-
tion on each cattle feeding region. Equilibrium loca-
412
tions were then calculated using the adjusted nonfeed
costs and were compared with the equilibrium loca-
tions calculated without the legislation in effect.
(Byrkett, et. al.-Ohio State University)
'2597-A2, AA, B2, Fl, F2
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLE-
MENTING EPA WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED
STATES BEEF FEEDING INDUS-
TRY,
Agricultural Economists, Economic Research Ser-
vice, USDA, East Lansing, Michigan
J. B. Johnson and G. A. Davis
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 49-52.
Descriptors: Economic impact, Feedlots, Agricul-
tural runoff, Effluent.
Identifiers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, Environmental Protection
Agency, Point source discharges.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972 provide a mandate for the EPA to
achieve improvements in the quality of navigable
waters. EPA announced effluent limitations for beef
feedlots in February, 1974. By July 1. 1977, feedlots
with point source discharges will be required to hive
in use the "best practicable control technology cur-
rently available." The guidelines require no dis-
charge of waste waters from feedlots except those in
excess of control systems designed to accommodate
runoff from local 10-year, 24-hour rainfalls and pro-
cess generated waste waters. These guidelines are to
be administered through National Pollutant Dis-
charge Elimination System permits for beef feedlots
of 1,000 head or more capacity. (However, beef feed-
lots of smaller capacity may be expected to comply
through NPDES or State permit programs.) The ob-
jectives of this paperare: (1) to estimate the number
of beef feedlots which could be subject to effluent
guidelines and (2) to estimate the economic impacts
on the beef feeding industry. It is estimated that an
additional $133 million capital outlay would be neces-
sary to allow the 49,000 beef feedlots of all capacity
levels with problems to be in compliance with EPA
rules by 1977. This level of industry Investment would
be needed to provide feedlots with control systems
consisting of diversion terraces, a settling basin. •
retention pond, and pump irrigation equipment for
distributing runoff to farmland. As things now stand,
95 per cent of the investment would be imposed on
feedlots with less than 1,000 head capacity. Invest-
ments could range from $8 to over $100 per head for
feedlots of less than 1,000 head capacity adopting
runoff control systems. For larger feedlots, per head
investment would average $1.40 to $3.20 per head.
(Johnson and Davis-USD A; Merryman, ed.)
2598-A3, A8, 62, E2, Fl,
F6
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL
DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYS-
TEMS IN A SMALL WATERSHED,
Pennsylvania State University Extension Service,
Reading, Pennsylvania
W. H. Schaffer, G. L. Casler, and J. J. Jacobs
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1979, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 53-56.
Descriptors: Economics, Dairy Industry, Water-
sheds, New York, Model studies, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Soil loss.
This paper reports the simulated nitrogen, phos-
-------
phonu and sol] loss from a 7,000 acre watershed
where daily manure spreading li practiced. It also
reports the simulated results when the system Is
changed to 12 months storage combined with direct
Incorporation of manure within 24 hours. The simu-
lated nitrogen, phosphorus and soil losses from the
two systems are Incorporated Into an analysis to de-
termine the economic and environmental Impact of
controlling nutrients losses from the watershed under
various policies. The physical model was constructed
from published laboratory and field data and had
sub-components for soil moisture, soil temperature,
soil movement, nitrogen and phosphorus. The basic
economic model was structured to be representative
of the kinds, amounts and Intensities of agriculture
found by turvey In a small central New York
watershed. The modeling suggests that farm costs of
reducing nutrient losses to water are substantial. In
addition to the loss of nutrients to water, there are
other environmental factors, such as odor, files and
appearance, to consider when evaluating dairy man-
ure handling systems. A summary of the cost and
environmental impact, which Is a combination of 7
environmental characteristics, of alternative dairy
manure handling systems is included. Above results
Indicate that manure handling systems need to be
carefully evaluated for their economic and environ-
mental impact. (Schaffer-Pennsylvanla State Uni-
versity Extension Service; Merryman, ed.)
2599-A4,Bl,B4,E2,Fl,F2
IMPLICATIONS OF SELECTED
NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
REGULATIONS FOR U.S. DAIRY
FARMS,
Agricultural Economist, USDA, University of Min-
nesota
B. M. Button and S. J. Ziegler
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1175, p. 57-60.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Dairy industry, Coats,
Waste storage.
Identifiers: Non-point Source Pollution Control Regu-
lation*, Land disposal.
Federal regulations governing the land disposal of
animal wastes may be forthcoming. Some states have
enacted regulations or guidelines which restrict ma-
nure disposal. This study focuses on possible non-
point source pollution control regulations; the
number of U.S. dairy farmers affected by alternative
disposal restrictions; and, where applicable, the costs
of compliance with these regulations. Alternative
non-point regulations are selected from existing or
proposed state guidelines and these regulations are
imposed on U.S. Dairy farms. The following criteria
are considered: restricting dairy cowi, animal units,
manure tonnage, and nitrogen applied per acre, and
manure disposal on rolling or steeply sloping ground.
The number and proportion of producers exceeding
alternative restrictions are estimated based on a re-
cent survey of U.S. dairy producers. The number of
producers in the northern United States who spread
manure during winter months are estimated and the
aggregate cost of manure storage calculated. In addi-
tion, the location of individual U.S. dairy farms with
respect to the nearest farm residence, nearest com-
munity, and public recreational area is estimated.
(Bui ton and Ziegler-Universlty of Minnesota)
2600-A4,B1,B2,F1,F2,F4
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITA-
TIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY
OPERATIONS,
Chief, Impact Analysis Section, Technical Analysis
and Information Branch, Effluent Guidelines Divi-
sion, Environmental Protection Agency, 401M Street,
S. W., Washington, D.C.
J. D. Denit
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 6143.
Descriptors: Legislation, Feedlots, Water pollution,
Effluent. Poultry, Costs, Geography, Climates.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act.
As one of the specifically enumerated industrial point
sources of pollution, feedlots are required" to comply
with certain pollution control standards as stipulated
in Sections 301,304, and 308 of the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act, as amended, 1972, (The Act). In
response to requirements in the Sections, a regulation
which sets forth the specific effluent limitations for
feedlots was promulgated on February 14,1974. The
substance of the limitations thus established was "no
discharge of pollutants to navigable water," Subject
to an exception for discharges due to unusual rainfall
conditions. The limitations impact existing feedlots
with effluent limitations for 1*77 and 1983, and new
feedlot sources (as of September 7,1973) with stan-
dards of performance and pretreatment standards. A
general survey of exemplary feedlot operations is
given with emphasis on the following: (1) A brief de-
scription to Identify the salient features of the
exemplary control concepts for a variety of livestock
and poultry operations (with slides of actual
facilities). (2) An illustration of applicability of the
exemplary concepts to existing facilities with pollu-
tion problems, including geographic and climatic var-
iablUty (J)Areviewofthecoursesofactionavailable
to feedlot operations and responsible governmental
and Institutional officials. (4) An assessment of the
general costs of achieving the effluent limitations for
farms using current data estimates. The exemplary
operations to be discussed include facilities involving
open lot production of beef cattle, swine, and sheep;
and, housed lot production for poultry, dairy cattle
swine, and beef cattle. Tables of associated costs for
7!£aPj£? and 'y*' °' '«cmow are presented.
(Denit-EPA; Merryman, ed.)
2601-A6, A7, Bl, F2
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLU-
TION CONTROL,
Attorney, Director of Legal Division, Texas Air Con-
£ol Board Austin, Texas
P. M. Giblln
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
1WS M45 ' Urbana-ChamP«18n. APnl "-2*.
pescriptors: Air pollution, Legislation, Feedlots,
livestock.
Identifiers: Odor abatement, Public hearings, Litiga-
Most legally recognized definitionsof air pollution are
written in nuUance terms. That is, they include some
reference to "adverse effects on human health or wel-
* OTatttrte wi
-
., with °* no™*1 "» «nd en-
joyment of animal life, vegetation or property." The
Texas Air Control Board has been activiin various
enforcement actions involving odors from livestock
feedlots. One successful lawsuit resulted in court-
ordered relocation of the feedlot. Other suits have
produced court-ordered nuisance abatement proce-
dures^ The proposed paper deals with the issues in-
volved in determining a feedlot's compliance with air
quality requirements. Also discussed are
mechanisms for legal resolution of problems as-
sociated with feedlots. Public hearings are often held
by air quality control agencies to review nuisance
problems and examine possible corrective measures.
If litigation is not warranted, an administrative en-
forcement order may be issued. In the drafting of such
an order, technical and legal personnel work together
to outline odor abatement steps and timetables for
compliance. (Giblin-Texas Air Control Board)
2602-A2,A3,B1,BA,E2,F2
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION
CONTROL,
Illinois Pollution Control Board, Chicago, Illinois
R- T. Odd!
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on lifestock Wastes-197$. Unl-
y«""r «* Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April Jl-24,
1*75, p. SO-OY,
Descriptors: Water pollution, Legislation, Feedlots,
Illinois i
Identifiers: Pollution control, Waste management,
Permits.
The 1970 Illinois Environmental Protection Act estab-
lished the following 3 organizations for environmental
protection: (1) The Pollution Control Board, which
establishes regulations to protect the environment
•"d »]t? «? • quasi-judicial body that rules on cases of
alleged violation of regulations; (2) The Illinois En-
vironmental Protection Agency which monitors the
environment and which, along with citiiens. brings
«"«8^ Polluters before the Pollution Control Board;
and (3) The Illinois Institute for Environmental Qual-
ity, which collates environmental information. The
current Illinois Livestock Waste Regulations are in-
tended to meet requirements of the National Pollution
Discharge Elimination System, established by the
F«J««1 Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
H72-The most important provisions provide for the
handling, storage, and field application of livestock
wastes; for existing and new livestock facilities to be
constructed to prevent excessive outside surface wat-
ers from flowing through the feedlot and to direct
teedlot runoff to an appropriate disposal or storage
area; and the location of new livestock facilities with
regard to surface waters, flood plains, unsatisfactory
soil conditions, and population centers. Procedures
were established for inspecting feedlots under inves-
tigation. Permits are required of livestock operations
with a total of more than 1000 animal units, and other
livestock operations with 999 to 100 animal units that
are causing significant pollution to obtain a permit.
(Odell-Illinois Pollution Control Board; Merryman,
ed.)
2603-A4, B1/F2
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT
PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL
POINT SOURCES,
'Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-llTS, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-14.
1975, p. «8-70.
Descriptors: Regulation, Feedlots, Permits,
Effluent, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota
Ohio. Wisconsin.
Identifier!: Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
Point sources.
Congress passed the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments on October It, 1972. This Act has had
far reaching impact on the agricultural community
SecUon 308(b) (1) (A) specifically identified "feed:
^"J"*. £ ^ P01"1 """^ for which • "Federal
Standard of Performance for New Sources" has had
to be prepared. Concentrated animal feeding opera-
tions were identified as "point sources" of pollution in
ttlA a\m ansl *l»«ufA_^ ^.___ • _ j . > _
--— —— ....,"—.,,5...™* U1 egon m ma» u.a. ujj.
vironmental Protection Agency, for the states of D-
Unoi?> 'S?*"*' Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wis-
consin. The methods employed to obtain applications
from the large feedlots are described. The interpreta-
tion of the "Feedlot Point Source Category, Effluent
413
-------
Guidelines and Standards" as published in the Feb-
niary 14,1»74, Federal Register and the subsequent
development of an agricultural permit form is discus-
sed. The paper also discusses the Interlacing of the
Federal program with existing and proposed State
programs for controlling pollution from feedlots. A
brief review of the total NPDES program is pre-
sented. (Nye-Purdue University)
2604-A4,A6,B2,D2,D3,E2,
:E3,F1
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING
POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR
POULTRYMEN
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sci-
ences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
C. E. Ostrander
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1»7S, p. 71-73.
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste treatment. Waste dis-
posal, Odor, Water pollution, Aeration, Dehydration,
Economics.
Identifiers: Soil injection, Oxidation ditch, Refeed-
ing.
Poultrymen, who have struggled in the past with the
pollution problem, are now accepting research in-
formation and putting it into practice. Some
techniques are not economically feasible at the pre-
sent time but many are. Some of the more applicable
and successful are: (1) The "High Rise" poultry
house, when constructed and managed properly, has
aided in preventing pollution and provides maximum
flexibility. Site selection and preparation as well as
proper drainage and management are key factors for
success. (2) Soil injection has proven very successful
where odors from spreading anaerobic material is the
primary problem. This does not prevent "house
odors" or odor from storage. Closed storages are re-
quired because soil injection may have to be a sea-
sonal operation in many instances. (3) Dehydration
can prevent odors if fresh material is used with proper
equipment and adequate afterburners. Adequate
markets are necessary if this is to be economically
feasible. If the dehydrated product is approved for use
as an animal protein supplement this will aid large
producers with little land, tremendously. (4) The oxi-
dation ditch, which has a higher investment cost, can
aid producers located in populated areas. This can be
operated practically odor free and the effluent and-or
sludge can be spread almost anyplace, at any time,
without offending anyone. Effluent cannot be admit-
ted to waterways without further treatment. (5) Sur-
face aeration, much like the oxidation ditch, reduces
odors. Being outside it does not function as efficiently
during cold weather, in northern climates. There may
be some odors during the spring when microbial
activity increases. It is subject to "slug loading
which may produce some odor and foaming. Suffi-
cient volume and aeration are essential and it is prob-
ably more applicable in warm climate areas.
(Ostrander-ComeU Univ.)
2605-A7, B3, Dl, D2
MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN
STATE POULTRY IN-HOUSE DRY-
ING SYSTEM,
Poultry Science Department, Michigan State Umver-
C*. Sheppard, C. J. Flegal, H. C. Zindel, T. S. Chang,
} B. Gerrish, M. L. Esmay, and F. Walton.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-UTS, Uni-
•versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April Z1-Z4,
1975, p. 74-77.
Descriptors: Design, Michigan, Dehydration, Poul-
try, Measurement.
Identifiers: In-house-
-------
H. N. McGill and G. C. Vittetoe
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 88-92.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff,
Economics, Lagoons, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Feedlots,
Presently, the most practical and economical system
for cattle feedlot runoff control is one where (1) as
much outside drainage as possible is diverted from
the feedlot, and (2) the runoff water from the feedlot
proper is intercepted and impounded in holding
ponds, and later disposed of on agricultural crops.
Disposal lagoons designed to treat solid and liquid
wastes from feedlots have very limited application in
cattle feedlot pollution abatement systems due to the
size of the surface areas required for such lagoons.
Therefore, systems of retention and irrigation which
result in a "no-effluent" condition are the type best
suited for cattle feedlots. In planning and designing
the retention-and-irrigation-type abatement systems,
the size of irrigated area in relation to the area of the
feedlot must be considered for the varied conditions
that can be encountered. This paper illustrates the
development of cattle feedlot runoff management
tools that can be used for a wide range of climatic and
management conditions. These tools relate annual
precipitation to feedlot storage requirements and ir-
rigation area-feedlot area ratios needed to prevent
spills for specific frequencies. These can be used to
(1) determine the size of area to prepare for disposal
of runoff from a specific feedlot, (2) plan for the use of
feedlot runoff as a source of irrigation water, (3) pre-
dict the climatic or moisture conditions at times when
holding ponds must be dewatered and (4) evaluate the
influence which storage capacity of holding ponds has
on frequency of spillage from the ponds and the timing
of irrigations with the runoff water. (McGill and
Vittetoe-USDA; Merryman, ed.)
2610-A2,B2,B3,B4,D1,E2
AN ILLINOIS FEEDLOT RUNOFF
CONTROL PROJECT,
Dairy Farm Owner, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
R. Lawfer
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 93-85
Descriptors: Illinois, Feedlots, Design, Sprinkler ir-
rigation.
Identifiers: Runoff control, Settling basin, Land
spreading.
A report is given on the experiences and observations
of a farm owner-operator concerning the operation of
a livestock waste management system installed on
his farm in northwestern Illinois in the summer of
1973. This project was designed to prevent possible
point source pollution from this feedlot, and to provide
needed research on water quality, engineering design
standards, and on disposition of livestock wastes. A
continuing study by the University of Illinois involves
collection and analysis of samples of water, plants
and soil, to monitor the levels of chemical substances
from manure in nearby wells and streams, and in soil.
An up-to-date summary of results from this study is in
this paper. This "zero runoff" system includes a di-
version, earthen dikes, a concrete basin for settling
out waste solids, and a holding pond for temporary
storage of liquids. Solids from the feedlot and settling
basin are moved with solid manure handling equip-
ment and spread on pasture or cropland. All contami-
nated runoff and liquid wastes from the feedlot are
stored until they can be applied to the soil. A small
solid set and movable irrigation system is used to
empty the holding pond. Liquid from the pond can be
applied through sprinklers to seven (7) acres of crop-
land. Alternatively, a drain pipe allows pond liquid to
the author s evaluation of the system's performance
during eighteen (18) months of operation. Manage-
ment skills and minor changes in design standards
are recommended in his conclusions (Lawfer-
Illinois; Merryman, ed.)
2611-B2, B4, Dl, E2
FEEDLOT WASTE RECYCLING
WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina
C. L. Barth and R. W. Goethe
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
ISI' ty 2! il"nois' Urb»na-Champaign, April 21-24,
IV/y, p. 96-97.
« r
Uons of -
'" be'°W Zero weather
S: Feedlots. Was'e Borage, Waste dispos-
ast W8"' Lag°°nS- Sprinlder *"«"-
Identifiers: Flush waste handling system, Land dis-
possl.
Feedlots in the Southeast United States, due to high
rainfall, require large amounts of labor and equip-
ment to handle animal waste in solid form. Adverse
weather conditions and cropping systems prevent
continuous operation of solid waste handling equip-
ment on cropland and interrupt work schedules To
combat the waste handling problem, odors and to re-
claim plant nutrients by recycling, Walworth Planta-
fm T^UT'"8' South Car°'ina. constructed in
, 5.000-head capacity feedlot with a ( water) flush
th^nS11"! Ttem ^is ^ system is not ™ e floor The
250 feet by 500 feet lagoon with an aerator treats the
waste for recycling into the flushing system. Some
difficulties were overcome in starting the system in
early winter when bacterial population in thVla™™
hHTTt' *!* the weather«>ld. Animal density
has been the key factor in keeping the manure moving
on the floor to the flushing slat. Low cattle densitiel
allow manure to build up and subsequently freeze to a
depth of a foot over the slat whereas, higher caMle
densities keep the floor clear. This case study shows
tha flushing systems are feasible, even in cold temp-
era ure regions of Minnesota when managed propel
ly. (Natwick and Goodrich-Minnesota)
2613-B2, B4, E2 , Fl
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE
WASTE FROM A SLOTTED-FLOOR
DEEP-PIT BARN,
Manager, Larson and Taylor Feedlot, Maple Park
Illinois; Department of Agricultural Engineering, II-
Unois University at UrbaSa-Champaign
R. Larson, D. G Jedele
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-l»75, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 101-103.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Illinois, Waste stor-
age, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Slotted floor deep pit barn Tanks Land
disposal, Application rates.
Three thousand head of cattle are marketed and 1500
acres of crops are grown annually by 2 and one half
full-time workers on the Larson and Taylor farm near
Maple Park, Illinois. Manure from the cattle is col-
lected in 8-ft. deep tanks beneath slotted floors The
tanks are partially emptied in late August after pea
harvest, completely emptied after corn silage harvest
and completely emptied again in the Spring. Pump-
ing, hauling, and spreading this manure requires
about forty man days, but is usually accomplished in
twenty actual days. This leaves 345 days per year
when the waste management system needs little or no
attention. Two men using two 3200 gallon tank wagons
and one pump can empty two of the seventeen 80 000
gallon manure tanks in a day with an average two-
mile round trip tothe crop land. The maximum length
<^nah U^ T'L68 round "*• Applications tothe
soil have been at the rates of 3,000, 6,000 and 10 000
gallons per acre. Soil testing has been done to deter-
mine the value of the manure as a replacement for
commercial fertilizer. The 1974 cropVuTto £
weighed at harvest time to compare the effectiveness
of the nutrients in manure with the nutrients in com-
merc a fertilizer Experience from prior years and
calculations based on current commercial fertilizer
prices indicate that the manure may return as much
as tendolars per head of cattle marketed. Ttoreturn
could quickly pay for the higher construction cost ofl
deep-pit barn compared to other beef confinement
barns hat have waste management systems that do
^ Jn thC man
i£°5!3 !**' hou,s,'"i .unil for 10° animals was con-
structed to use a flushing gutter waste management
system. Operation through two winters in Northern
™
wosasacto
climate conditions. The owner had previ-
be applied by gravity to a small area of permanent ""y observed from his conventional solid floor cold
pasture by use of perforated pipe. The paper includes con"n*nient units that the manure remained pliable
2614-A2, B2, B4, C2
EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND
SB? WASTE HANDLlS|FSAYS
ttsiij Agricultural En«in«*r, Michigan State
ShuLbert ' T' L' L°Udon' L R' Prewitl-
415
-------
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rdInter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Urn-
versily of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 104-105.
Descriptors: Livestock, Dairy industry, Confinement
pens, Waste storage. Design, Agricultural runoft,
Nutrients, Labor, Maintenance.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Waste accumulation
rates.
A variety of systems for handling and storage of ani-
mal waste have been constructed in the last few
years. Some of these have been designed by Soil Con-
servation Service personnel or Extension Agricul-
tural Engineers, but others have been planned and
built by fanners themselves often patterned after
systems they have observed on other farms. A study
to evaluate the design criteria, labor requirements,
mechanical maintenance, and level of management
associated with these systems has been initiated.
Seven dairy farms were initially selected for waste
management studies. Two of the farms are total con-
finement operations with the remaining five having a
combination of free-stall and outside payed lots. All
but one farm have manure storage facilities. Runoff
collection ponds are in operation on each of the farms
that have outside lots, The present project is being
expanded to include additional dairy farms with dif-
ferent waste handling techniques as well as beef and
swine facilities. The paper describes the waste handl-
ing techniques on each of the farms under study. In-
formation will be reported on measurements of the
rate of waste accumulation in storage facilities, nut-
rient content of the stored manure, and the relation-
ship between precipitation and runoff from the vari-
ous lots. The labor requirements and management
techniques associated with the waste handling opera-
tions will be discussed. (Maddex, et. al-Michigan
State University)
2615-B2.B4.F1
LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS
AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES
(EARTHEN BASINS),
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Wisconsin
University, Madison
R. E. Graves
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
• versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 107-111.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Pumped storage, La-
goons, Wisconsin, Equipment, Costs, Design.
Identifiers: Midwest U.S., Solid piston pump, Hollow
piston pump.
Because storage tanks under dairy bams of bar-
nyards have such problems as high construction
costs gases and odors, and ventilation problems,
some midwest dairymen are turning to storage ponds
and lagoons. In the past conveying manure to these
structures by means of tractor scrapers of conven-
tional manure handling equipment has had its inne
rent problems. In 1972, large piston manure pumps
became commercially available in Wisconsin. These
DumDS provide an automatic method for manure re
moval from a barn to an outsld.'Storage:structure
Manure may be conveyed through up toW of 10 or
12" Pipe to the bottom of a storage area. The two
variations in pumps are a "solid piston pump" which
tandefmanuTwith or without long fibrous: mat*
rial, and a "hollow piston pump" which har£lM man-
ure without long fibrous material The hollow piston
pump Is cheaper and more readily available and U
prwenUy the Eost popular with free stall barns. This
paperreportsonexperiences with these systems par-
Ucutarly agUaUon and emptying of these rather large
(WO' U>2(ff Jearthenstorageunits.Variousdes.gM.
pumping units and management methods are used.
(GravevWisconsin University; Merryman, ed.)
-2616-A5,A6,B2,C2,D1,E2,E3
MILKING CENTER WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Pennsyl-
vania State University, University Park
H. D. Bartlett, A. E. Branding, L. F. Marriott, and M.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
l»75,p. 112-113.
Descriptors: Dairy Industry, Recycling, Irrigation,
Effluent, Nitrates, Nutrients, Odor.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal, Ma-
nure separation bed, Flushing, Groundwater quality.
A system was developed to manage the total waste
from a 150 cow milking center (holding area, milking
parlor and milk house). Pipeline cleaning water is
recycled for parlor cleaning and parlor cleaning
water is recycled for Hushing the holding area. The
manure is removed by an automatically controlled
separation chamber which has been developed and
theeffluent is distributed by an automatically control-
led irrigation system to agronomic land. The soil and
crops were analyzed for nitrate-N build-up and nitro-
gen level, respectively, to determine maximum
effluent application rates consistent with maintaining
groundwater quality and safe nitrogen levels of for-
age grown on the effluent disposal area. A major in-
novative feature of the system is the manure separa-
tion bed that utilizes a combination of settling and
screening principles which removes the fibrous com-
ponents of the manure to render an effluent that will
allow completely clog-free pump operation for au-
tomatic control. Manure is removed from the separa-
tion bed with a front-end-loader at three month Inter-
vals The respective components (manure and
effluent) were analyzed for crop nutrient value and
odor quality. (Bartlett, et. al.-Pennsylvama State
University)
2"617-B2,B3,C1,C2,D1,D3,
E2 E3
WASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL
BROTHERS DAIRY,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Auburn Universi-
ty, Auburn, Alabama
11 Watson, H. E. Hamilton, D. Hall and T. McCabe
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975,^Uni-
versity of Illuiqis, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 114-116.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Confinement pens, Sep-
aration techniques, Recycling, Lagoons, Aerobic
condition, Anaerobic conditions, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Flushing, Screening, Solids removal.
Hall Brothers Dairy, located near Snowdoun,
Alabama, is a 120(K»w total confinement system. Au-
tomated flush type manure handling is an integral
part of the operation. Manure is removed from the
milking parlor, holding lot area, and feed and housing
areas byflushing with high volumes of water during
each milking period. The estimated water require
ment tor thesystem is approximately 125000 gallons
per day. Manure laden Hush-water from thesystem is
bollected in two 8000-gal. underground collection
tanks. A 10-horsepower agitator stirs the material
while It is being pumped over a gravity no* type
screen Solids removed by the screen are collected in
"concrete pit located below the machine Prelirru-
•narv analysis of the solids removed by the screen
indicate that the solids have a moisture content of
!^^^^^£^f^
^JtiSZ^g^^r
trTed^anexperi^entalbasisatHallBrothersDa^.
Additional tests and analyses are being conducted to
determine the value of this material as a feed ingre-
dient, as bedding and as fertilizer. Water leaving the
screen is processed through a 3rceU lagoon system
where botfi anaerobic and aerobic processes further
reduce its pollution potential. Overflow from the la-
goon system is controlled through the use of an irriga-
tion system installed between the second and third
cells. Effluent in the lagoons is used for irrigation
during periods of low rainfall, allowing the lagoons to
collect runoff and flush water during the winter
months. Further study is under way. (Watson, et.
al.-Alabama; Merryman, ed.*
2618-A4,B2,B4,E2,E3,F2
ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENT,
Howard Harvestore, Ltd. Saxham, Bury St. Ed-,
munds, Suffolk, England
P. Jensen, G. Newman, and A. J. Peters
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 117-120.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Slurries, Design, Test-
ing.
Identifiers: Waste management, United Kingdom,
Harvestore.
In the United Kingdom extensive and increasing use
is being made of livestock waste management sys-
tems which feature above ground storage of liquid
manure during seasons of the year when spreading on
fields is either impossible because of bad weather or
impractical because of poor timing for fertilizer ap-
plication. Two factors have stimulated this
activity—anti pollution legislation and the rapidly in-
creasing cost of chemical fertilizers. Howard Harves-
tore, Ltd., joint venture partner of A. O. Smith Har-
vestore Products, Inc., has been notably successful in
the application of open top, above ground liquid man-
ure storage vessels, called slurrystores, made of
glass-coated steel Harvestore sheets. Their success in
the U.K. environment has prompted much interest on
the part of U .S. Harvestore dealers who want to apply
the same kind of equipment to 1 ivestock pollution con-
trol In the U.S. Therefore a product design and de
velopment project, reported here, was set up with the'
purpose of testing the suitability of the slurrystore
system in the U.S. environment, where seasonal
temperatures both far above and far below the norm
in England might make direct adaptation of the En-
glish system difficult. During the winter and spring of
1974, operational testing was conducted with four pro-
totype systems, including two In Wisconsin, one in
Missouri and one in Texas, with a variety of types and
makes of pumps for loading, recirculating (agitating)
and unloading the Slurrystore structures. Some un-
expected problems did arise but have been success-
fully resolved and the general conclusion of this work
is that the above ground Slurrystore system, properly
equipped and managed, can solve the farmer's waste
management problem, prevent pollution of streams,
and provide a significant new application of Harves-
tore equipment to America's animal agriculture.
(Jensen,et.al -Englandand Illinois; Merryman,ed.)
2619-A2, A7, B2, B4, E2
A LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM IN A TIE STALL DAIRY
BARN,
Dairyman, Rolling Hills Farm, Watkins, Minnesota;
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Minnesota
University, St. Paul, respectively
G. S. Meierhofer, and P. R. Goodrich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 121-122.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy Industry, Design,
Waste storage.
Identifiers: Land
disposal, Tie stall dairy barn.
Joining a tie stall dairy barn to a liquid manure sys-
tem was the objective of the Meierhofer dairy facility.
416
-------
Efficient and timely collection, storage and utiliza-
tion of the dairy manure, milking house waste, and
exercise lot runoff was needed. For a total pollution
control system two separate pits were used. A 30 foot
by 32 foot pit beneath a pole barn is covered with a
slotted floor. Manure from the young stock housed in
the pole barn and runoff mixed with manure from the
exercise lot are scraped into this pit. During suitable
field spreading conditions, this tank is agitated,
pumped and spread using a liquid manure tank. The
bulk of the waste is handled in the pit beneath a two
year old tie stall barn. Four compartments allow for
agitation by sections when pumping out. The pit is
offset 6 feet, so that there is no pit under (feet of feed
alley In front of the cows on one side, but the pit ex-
tends 6 feet beyond the building on the other side. This
offset allows easy access for agitating and pumping.
Ventilation fans are permanently located on the offset
and may be used dunng agitation to reduce the hazard
of noxious gasses in the building. Most pumping ports
require the fans to be removed to put the pump in.,
Gutters behind the cows in the tie stalls are equipped
with grates so the manure will drop into the pit, yet
protect the animal. The system has been in operation
. two years with excellent results. The four day pit
cleaning process can be done when the land is not
frozen. For a dairyman who prefers tie stalls to slot-
ted floor and free stalls, this system has worked well.
(Meierhofer and Goodrich-Minnesota; Merryman,
ed.)
2620-A6,B1,B2,B4,E2
A COMPLETE DAIRY LIQUID MAN-
URE SYSTEM,
.Biological and Agricultural Engineering Depart-
'ment, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jer-
sty Oft903
W. J. Roberts, M. E. Singley, and D. R. Mears
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. April 21-24,
1»75, p. 123-125.
Descriptors: Dairy industry. Liquid wastes. Waste
storage. Ventilation, Odor.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
A complete liquid manure handling system was one
objective of a 40-cow innovative dairy research facil-
ity. Liquid manure handling, free choice stalls and
self feeding of silage create a relatively labor-free
system with minimum energy and machinery re-
quirements. All equipment operations occur outside
the area of freedom given to the animals. The liquid
manure collection and storage system Includes a cir-
cular slotted manure trench 4 feet deep, a pump and a
Urge external holding tank with the pumping port and
ventilation equipment located on the tank top. The
manure system forms part of the ventilation system'
which controls moisture, temperature and odors and
gases produced in the trench. The trench is located
between the circular feeding platform and the outer'
ring of free stalls. The trench is flushed by recirculat-:
ing material from the holding tank. Manure pumped
into a closed transport is Incorporated directly into
the soil in one operation by using the plow-furrow-
cover technique. The performance of the ventilation
system in conjunction with the manure system is out-
standing. Malodors are only present at the ventilation
outlet during the flushing operation pumpout.
Methods ha ve been evaluated for treating the exhaust
air at these times with oxidizing agents. Corrosion of
the ventilation equipment, louvers, and fans, is a se-
vere problem. The liquid manure system has worked
well for an extended period of time. (Roberts, et. al -
Rutgers Univ.; Merryman, ed.)
2621-A2,A6,B2,B4,D3,E2
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR A 150-COW DAIRY—A 10-YEAR
CASE STUDY,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, West Layfayette, Indian*
A. C. Dale, J. L. Albright, J. C. Nye, and A. L. Sutton
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 126-129.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Lagoons. Irrigation.
Clogging, Pumping.
Identifiers: Waste handling.
Some of the problems and successes of the waste
handling facilities at the 150-cow Purdue Dairy Farm
Center are described. Odor complaints and large
labor load caused the farm to modify theirsolid waste
handling facilities so that all wastes could be handled
as a liquid. Two 34,000 gallon circular concrete hold-
ing pits were constructed. The manure was scraped to
these holding pits, diluted with water, mixed and
pumped with an impeller manure pump and hauled to
nearby fields for disposal. However, odor was still a
problem. Further measures were taken through the
years. A small sedimentation lagoon was constructed
to control excess runoff. An aerator was placed in it to
control odors. Later, a large anaerobic lagoon was
constructed which received all the wastes. It was de-
watered annually by conventional irrigation equip-
ment. However rapid increase in solids level caused
clogging problems in the nozzles. In 1973, a large 40 hp
pump was employed to drive the irrigation system. It
also developed clogging problems. The final solution
for dewatering the lagoon was two pumps in series.
The first pump was a large capacity trash pump; the
second was the 40 hp unit already discussed. Experi-
ence with this system led to several conclusions.
Material which will not decompose should not be
added to lagoons to be used with irrigation systems. If
mechanical and hydraulic devices are to be
employed, some method of keeping the large non-
biodegradable particles out of the waste is necessary.
A solid waste handling should still be used for handl-
ing the lot scrapings particularly if bedding is used
with large particles in it. If these large solid materials
are removed, the lagoon system with irrigation de-
watering works well for handling the dairy lot runoff.
(Dale, et. al.-Purdue University; Merryman, ed.)
posal on nearby fields very quickly. The total system
recycles the manure with low labor cost and without
excessive investment cost. Daily winter spreadina
and its environmental hazards have been eliminated
(Euerle, et. al.-Minnesota)
2623-A4,A5,Bl,C2,D3,E2,
F2
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY
WASTES MANAGEMENT
w^ Pr*sident' Albert A. Webb Associates, 3788
McCray Street, Riverside, California 92506
S.^I. Gershon, S. A. Hart, A. C. Chang, and J. W.
Managing Livestock wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 132*135.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, California, Water pollu-
tion, Groundwater pollution, Salts, Regulation
Identifiers: Land disposal, Compost, Evaluation.
The major milkshed for Los Angeles, California is in
the Chino Basin of the Santa Ana River Watershed 25
miles east of Los Angeles. Approximately 165,000
dairy cows are located within a 120 square mile area
The manure from these animals is either applied to
nearby farm fields or exported as "compost."
Nevertheless, mismanagement of waste storage and
disposal contributes to surf ace and groundwater pol-
lution problems. Concern about water pollution
prompted the Santa Ana Watershed Planning Agency
to retain consultants to study and recommend various
management plans, including waste handling from
various pollutant contributors. In one such study, the
con,lll^auts ht¥e6 to delermine economically feasible
methods by which the dairy industry could reduce the
amount of "salts added" (about 50,000 tons of salt-
total dissolved solids—per year) to the groundwater
basin from the dairy industry by 90 per cent. An ex-
tensive data-gathering program was initiated. The
extent of the salt problem was determined. Alterna-
tive means of collection, treatment, and disposal of
the waste streams were evaluated. An economic
analysis of the feasible alternative methods was
made along with recommending a plan. Study results
are given in detail. (Gershon-Albert A. Webb As-
sociates; Merryman, ed.)
2622-A6,B2,B4,D3,E2,F1
SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY
MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM,
Dairymen, Litchfield, Minnesota; Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, Minnesota University St
Paul
W. R. E. EUerle, G. 0. Euerle, and P. R. Goodrich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 130-131.
Descriptors. Waste storage, Waste disposal Dairy
industry, Lagoons, Costs, Labor, Sprinklerirrigation.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Short term storage of daily manure beneath slats
coupled with pull gates on the pits for emptying into a
lagoon minimize cost and labor in this system. A high
capacity sprinkler system removes the waste from
the lagoon at infrequent intervals for recycling onto
land. Brothers, William and Gerald Euerle find that
the system Is easy to operate and effectively controls
the waste from a 75 cow freestall operation. Utilizing
an elevated location for the barn about 50 feet from a
detention pond, they collect the manure and milking
parlor waste in a pit beneath the barn. The pit has
storage capacity for about 2 months. Cleaning is done
by lifting a wooden gate at the end of the north portion "i;™*"""' «»• "«">• regions, rotentlal values in
of the J section pit. This forces the fairly liquid portion °WF were sought by two routes of investigation (1)
of the waste in the section beneath the feed bunk to Consider the natural fibrous products in agricultural
flush first, the south section and then, the north sec- USf and rnmn"r« h" «"~— ~..-i..-..—"..-
tion. The flowing material clears the solids well and
moves to the lagoon down a channel in the hill slope.
Anaerobic action in the lagoon has not forced ducki to
lea ve and has not given of (objectionable odors. Solids
have not filled the lagoons to an extent to require
cleaning. The self-powered moving big gun sprinkler
and centrifugal pump move the liquids to final dls-
2624-B3, Cl, Dl, E3, Fl
DAIRY WASTE FIBER-A BYP-
RODUCT WITH A FUTURE?,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, California Univer-
sity, Riverside
W. C. Fairbank, S. E. Bishop, and A. C. Chang
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 136-138.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Separation techniques,'
Recycling, Litter, Soil amendments.
.Identifiers: Dairy waste fiber, Hydromulching Re-
feeding. °
The dairy industry of California has for years enjoyed
labor saving benefits of flush cleaning of manured
concrete areas. In 1967 mechanical separators to sc-
reen coarse suspended particles and fiber from the
liquid waste entered the scene. By 1972 large volumes
of dairy waste fiber (DWF) were in neat storage piles
throughout our dairy regions. Potential values in
WPP A QAllffnt nu tin A vAnt.u -* :_ AI j- . .
—~ "— "-««••• -•»« vua JM uuuiuf ui asncuiiurai
?imna2iiCOmpari,£y cursory equation the gross
?Hr™i?iUes and dlfferences of DWF; (2) Examine
°WF in sundried, sanitized, size fractionated torn
and ascribe component values based on competitive
materials. Related production techniques forhandl-
Ing, processing, packaging and merchandizing were
concurrently developed In light of Increasing energy
costs and greater soclo-environrnental regard Solar
417
-------
drying of wastewater saturated DWF in a thin bed and
with daily tractor stirring was confirmed. Decompos-
ition was arrested and an innocuous product resulted
Dry classification by mechanical screen into three
particle sizes produced material of remarkable un-
iformity and appearance. The course grade appears
suitable for any common agricultural use of wood
shavings such as livestock litter. The middle sizefrac-
tion appears of interest to the hydromulching industry
as a low cost substitute for wood pulp fiber. The fine
grade contains most of the residual and secondary
digestible protein which suggests it be directed to feed
ingredient use. All grades have been blended into
commercial manure-based planter mixes and have
been substituted for peat moss or wood shavings for
general horticultural use. Environmental impact is
nil, energy balance positive, economics and public
acceptance favorable. (Fairbank, et. al.-Riverside,
California; Merryman, ed.)
2625-A6, B2, B4, E2, Fl
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM—A METHOD
OF COLLECTING, STORING, AND
HANDLING ANIMAL WASTE,
USDA, SCS, Box 878, Bismarck, North Dakota
D. F. Meyer
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 139-140.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Liquid wastes, Slurries,
waste storage, Design, Pumped storage.
Identifiers: Dakota System, Land disposal.
The Dakota System is a slurry or liquid manure handl-
ing system. By definition, waste having more than 96
per cent water isliquid manure, 80-95 per cent water is
slurry (after proper agitation), and less than 80 per
cent water is semi-solid. The Dakota System is
primarily used in free stall dairies. The system in-
cludes a concrete tank with a capacity of seven days
storage. A chopper pump requiring sixty horse-power
or more connected to a ten or twelve inch P.V.C.
pipeline conveys the waste to an earth holding pit
which has a storage capacity of 180 days. Side slopes
are one to one and end slopes are four to one. The
Dakota System enables the dairy man to maintain
sanitary conditions in all but the most severe weather.
Odor is minimal because the seven day storage does
not allow substantial biodegradation. A single chop-
per type pump enables the operator to empty the con-
crete pit, agitate the outside pit and load honey wa-
gons for removal to the field. Surface of the earth
holding pit generally freezes during winter. It re-
mains frozen for a period of several days to a few
weeks after spring break-up, helping keep the manure
in good condition. Installation costs are kept low by
utilizing a single pump. Waste water from the milking
parlor is discharged directly into the concrete tank.
This eliminates a waste problem and increases liquid
content during periods of high evaporation to improve
pumpability of the slurry. A recent pump trailer de-
sign eliminates pumping port, reducing costs and in-
creasing flexibility for agitation. (Meyer, USDA;
Merryman, ed.)
2626-A4, B2, BA, E2, Fl
MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING
POLLUTION,
District Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service,
Kewaunee, Wisconsin M216
A. C. Marini, 0. J. Berry, and M. L. Knabach
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 141-143.
Descriptors: Wisconsin, Dairy industry, Costs, De-
sign, Waste storage, Equipment, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Land disposal.
Wisconsin has long been noted for the production of
dairy products. Throughout the years, the size of the
dairy farms has steadily increased. However, the
proximity of many of the livestock yards to perennial
streams, many of which are trout streams, has not
changed. As a result, the larger herds have increased
the problem of handling the large volumes of manure
produced each day. One method of handling these
livestock wastes which has become very popular in
some sections of the state involves the use of manure
pumps. Although the number of companies which
fabricate manure pumps are few, a considerable
number of these types of installations have beeij
made. Many of these systems have been very success-
ful. The manure has been removed from the buildings
and successfully stored for the desired period of time
while greatly reducing surface water pollution. This
paper describes the design and operation of a com-
plete manure handling system for a farm located in
Kewaunee County. Although the total cost of this sys-
tem was relatively inexpensive, the capacity is suffi-
ciently large to store the total manure accumulation
of 100 cattle for the entire winter season. The paper
covers three major items: (1) thedesign of the overall
waste management system, (2) the operation of the
system including the application of the animal wastes
onto the land in a manner which eliminates pollution,
and (3) the equipment used and a description of the
storage facilities which effectively use earth em-
bankments to store the waste. (Marini, et. al.-
Wisconsin; Merryman, ed.)
2627-B2,B3,B4,Cl,C2,Dl,D3
E2,E3,F5
A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM
FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGE-
MENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana
A. C. Dale and R. Swanson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 144-14*.
Descriptors: Recycling, Dairy industry, Waste
treatment, Slurries, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Bedding, Soil con-
ditioner, Refeeding.
This paper describes the Total Recycle Unit (TRU)
System, developed by Babson Bros. Co., Oak Brook,
Illinois, to mechanically handle and treat dairy cow
manure. With the TRU System, part of the manure is
converted to readily reusable products and the re-
mainder is converted into non-pollutional end pro-
ducts. A field trial unit is undergoing final observa-
tions and monitoring prior to tooling up for production
in the near future. The complete TRU System proces-
ses raw dairy cow manure as follows: (1)
homogenizes the manure into a slurry in a primary
collection tank, (2) pumps the slurry through a
solids-liquid separator, (3) washes the first separated
solids with "clean" water to further remove mucous
and dissolved solids, (4) ejects washed and final sepa-
rated solids to a storage for use as bedding, as a soil
conditioner, or for refeeding to beef cattle, (5) returns
some liquids to the mixing tank to dilute the incoming
manure, (6) pumps the remaining liquid to the follow-
ing: (a.) a storage for holding until irrigated onto
cropland, (b.) an aerator and thence to an electrofloc-
culator for removal of minerals, (7) pumps the col-
ored water through a clarif ier producing a clear reus-
able or dischargeable water. In summary, the com-
plete TRU System produces "clean" solids, concen-
trated fertilizer and clarified water from dairy cow
manure. However, only part of the system may be
selected For example, the electroflocculator could be
eliminated with the liquid going directly to the holding
unit for eventual use as a fertilizer or a substrate for
bacteria for synthesize into proteins. (Dale and
Swanson-Purdue University)
2628-A6,A8,B2.B4,C2,E2
SUCCESSFUL MANURE MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE COM-
MERCIAL HOG OPERATION,
Gehlbach Pork Farm, Lincoln, Illinois; Extension
Agricultural Engineer, University of Illinois, Urbana
G. D. Gehlbach and A. J. Muehling
Managing Livestock Wastes. Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p 147-149.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Lagoons, Fertilizers,
Phosphorus, Crop response.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management, Land dis-
posal, Slotted floors.
Gehlbach Pork Farm in Logan County, Illinois, mar-
kets approximately 8,500 hogs per year. As this hog
operation has increased, a major concern has been to
develop an acceptable waste handling system. All
hogs except the breeding herd are raised in confine-
ment under roof. Most buildings are fully slotted with
storage pits underneath which provide 3-5 months
storage. Manure is disposed of in two ways: (1) haul-
ing from the pits with a vacuum tank wagon with
soil-injection attachment and chiseled in the ground
for fertilizer, and (2) lagooning. This results in almost
odor-free disposal of the manure. The pits are
emptied completely in the fall before freezing. As
much manure as possible is hauled in the spring be-
fore the corn is planted, occasionally resulting in
some late planting. A small amount of land is left idle
through the summer for manure disposal. The scar-
city and price of commercial fertilizer is encouraging
better distribution, and application is being made on
the most nutrient deficient soils. A 7 and one half acre
lagoon is a backup and used for overflow only when
the pits fill up. The lagoon is pumped down when'
necessary to keep it from overflowing. Comparisons
of land receiving commercial fertilizers with land re-
ceiving manure indicate that in the latter extremely
high values of phosphorus occur, but yields don't
seem to be affected. This could be classified as one
successful method of handling swine wastes on a large
commercial farm. (Gehlbach and Muehling-IUinoU;
Merryman, ed.)
2629-B2, E2, E3, Fl
EXPERIENCE WITH OPEN GUTTER
FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SWINE MAN-
URE MANAGEMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maryland
University, College Park
H. L. Brodie
' Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 150-153.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Maryland
Economics, Design, Lagoons, Recycling, Irrigation
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management, Open gutter
flush system.
Several swine producers in Maryland have con-
structed new confinement facilities for swine utilizing
the open gutter flush system for manure collection
and transport. Two different farms are examined to
determine the overall economic, management, labor
and production efficiencies of this waste management
system. The experiences of construction, operation
and management are reviewed. On one farm a 250 foot
long swine finishing building and a 120 foot long gesta-
tion building are flushed. The gutters are four feet
wide by four inches deep with floor slopes of one and
two per cent. Waste water enters a three-fourth acre
lagoon from which water is recycled for flushing. All
structures were constructed with farm labor. The
•second farm flushes a 250 foot long finishing house
utilizing a four foot wide by four inch deep gutter.
Waste water is collected in a liquid manure tank and
spray irrigated on nearby grassland. Well water ta
used for flushing. The structure was completely con-
structed with contracted labor. Two different designs
of automatic dumping hopper type flush tanks are in
use. The development of water use practices is de-
pendent on the disposal method. Strict conservation is
observed for the spray irrigation system. However,
418
-------
the lagoon system uses a great volume of recycled
water. Both systems work satisfactorily. The labor
and management input into the waste handling sys-
tem is significantly reduced without an excessive in-
vestment cost. (Brodie-Maryland University; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
2630-B1,C1,C2,E2,F1,F4
SWINE PRODUCTION AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT: STATE-OF-THE-
ART,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh
M. R Overcash, F. J. Humenik, and L. B. Driggers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1875, p 154-159.
Descriptors: Swine, Economics.
Identifiers: State of the art, Waste management,
Pork production.
An exhaustive review of over 100 pertinent articles
has been compiled inassociation with an EPA grant to
critically evaluate the composite production-waste
management strategies in the United States. A com-
prehensive systematic survey of the pork production
Industry was also conducted to add dimension to as-
sessment of actual producer operations andproblems
relative to waste management options. This com-
bined literature review and survey as a state-of-the-
art review can provide excellent direction for future
regulations and pork industry growth patterns. In-
formation from literature references, extensive data
retrievals and calculations have put the available
waste characterization data on a uniform and thus
more useable basis. The raw waste load and waste
stream from various composite production-
pretreatment systems are included for such
parameters as liquid volume, COD, TOC, TKN,
NHs-N, P04-P, solids, K and trace elements. Finally a
regrouping of traditional production systems to re-
flect waste management considerations and
economic costs for final application to plant-soil re-
ceiver systems is included. Such unit definition
ranges from those with large volumes of wastewater
or high nitrogen contents to those with minimal water
and nitrogen in the waste stream. A discussion of the
minimum cost effective parameters which could be
monitored to evaluate or regulate performance of a
waste management system with a terminal plant soil
receiver system is included. (Overcash, et. al.-North
Carolina State Univ.)
2631-A6,B2,D1,D3,E3,F5
SWINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOV-
ERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE
OF THERMAL DISCHARGES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University. Corvallis
J. R. Miner, L. Boersma, J. E. Oldfield and H. K.
Phinney
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1W5, p. 160-163.
Descriptors: Recycling, Anaerobic digestion, Algae,
Methane, Design.
Identifiers: Swine, Nutrient recovery system, Ther-
mal discharges, Single cell protein, Waste water
reuse.
The feasibility of using waste heat from steam elec-
.tric plants to sustain a food producing complex in
which nutrients are recycled is being analyzed. Mic-
roorganisms are being used to convert animal man-
ures into a high protein livestock feed and a methane
rich fuel gas. Waste heat from the steam electric
plants is used as a low cost source of energy for main-
taining stable, elevated temperatures in anaerobic
digestion and single cell protein production units.
Much of the technology of the individual units Is cur-
rently available. The objective of this project was to
develop a system utilizing these units together and to
establish design and operating criteria. The system
consists of anaerobic digestion for liquif action of solid
material and soluble nutrient recovery by growing
algae in basins heated with waste heat. The compo-
nents of the system include: hydraulic manure trans-
port, a solid-liquid separator, an anaerobic digester,
aerobic basins for growing algae, harvesting equip-
ment, and a soil-bed filter system for final removal of
nutrients. The nutrient requirements of algae cul-
tures are similar to the waste characteristics from
swine. The design of the facility is based on the waste
production of fifty swine. The facility is a livestock
confinement building where the manure is flushed
from the animal pens and routed to the nutrient re-
covery system. Flushing Is done with sufficient fre-
quency to prevent anaerobic decomposition and as-
sociated odors within the building. Clarified liquid
from the nutrient recovery system is re-used in the
process to flush wastes from (he building. (Miner, et.
al.-Oregon St. Univ.; Merryman, ed.)
2632-A2,A5,A6,A10,All,B2,
D3,E2
MANAGING A SUCCESSFUL LIQUID
SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM.
President, Leanco Corporation, P.O. Box 879,
Brownwood, Texas 76801
P. R. George, J. M. Sweeten, and S. J. Buchanan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 164-167.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste treatment, La-
goons.
Identifiers: Swine, Storage pits, Land disposal.
A modern 600-sow farrow to finish operation in Cent-
ral Texas employs a three-phase system of efficiently
managing liquid swine manure. This system has
proven Itself through legal battles and serves as a
model for the swine industry in Texas. The feeding
system consists of two enclosed farrowing houses;
two adjoining nurseries and eleven partially-covered
finishing buildings. The two enclosed slatted-floor
farrowing houses are underlain by ventilated 4' deep
liquid manure storage pits. Separate storage pits are
provided for each 30-sow room within the farrowing
house to facilitate clean-out and enhance disease con-
trol. In all other buildings, liquid manure pits (be-
neath fully and partially-slatted floors) extend the
length of the buildings. Anaerobic treatment is pro-
vided in these continuous flow storage pits, which
have a theoretical manure storage capacity (deten-
tion time) of 70 days. Through experience, the
operators have arrived at a program of withdrawing
settled solids from the storage pits without agitation
at two to three week intervals using honey wagons.
This method of sludge handling was compared with
chemical treatment of the pits from the standpoint of
odor control; results will be reported. Sludge is hauled
to adjacent fields and disposed of through plow-
furrow-cover. Odors and flies are effectively control-
led. No additional fertilizer is needed on the 100 acres
of Coastal Bermudagrass pasture. Finally, liquid
overflow from the manure storage pits is conveyed
one half mile into a facultative-anaerobic lagoon for
further treatment and eventual land disposal. This
lagoon also receives runoff from the 100-acre solids
disposal area and is designed to contain the 25 year
frequency, 24 hour duration storm. Besides meeting
the zero-discharge standard for both the feeding area
and manure disposal area, the operation has been
monitored for possible groundwater pollution prob-
lems. To date, piezometers have indicated no evi-
dence of seepage from either the lagoons or from the
liquid manure storage pits. (George, et. al.-Texas-
Merryman, ed.)
419
2633~B2,B4,C2,D3,E2,F1
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR
A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION
FACILITY,
Manager, Lexington Swine Breeder, North Carolina
F. J. Humenik. R. E. Sneed, M. R. Overcash, J. C
Barker, and G^D. Wetherill
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, April 11-14
1975,p. 168-171.
Descriptors: Costs, Sprinkler Irrigation, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management. Land dis-
posal, Zero discharge, Volatilization, Aerated basin,
Anaerobic lagoon.
Consistent with developing animal waste manage-
ment technology, this total system is centered around
nitrogen and the pretreatment processes prior to
terminal land application for the most feasible ap-
proach to a zero discharge system. The maximum
production capacity of this breeder facility is about
200,000 Ib on-farm liveweight. Facilities have been
developed to minimize wastewater generation in the
totally enclosed buildings with manure storage pits
under partially slatted floors. Site alterations in-
cluded creek rerouting to optimize the production-
waste management system. Wastewater pretreat-
ment processes are a surface aerated basin (67,000
fW) followed by an unaerated anaerobic lagoon. In
addition, liquid from the unaerated lagoon is applied
to a 1.5 acre site in which overland flow pretreatment
is accomplished with this wastewater returning to the
unaerated lagoon. Piping in conjunction with the
overland flow and terminal irrigation system also al-
lows use of secondary lagoon water for pit precharge
and positive cleaning after pit emptying. These pre-
treatment processes effect nitrogen losses by am-
monia volatilization and nitrification-denitrification
as well as some degree of odor control. Final treat-
ment or disposal of lagoon effluent is accomplished by
a permanent set sprinkler system with manual con-
' trol of laterals. The operational strategy, installation
costs, and on-going costs are included. (Humenik, et.
al.-North Carolina)
2634-A6,A10,All,Bl,B2,
B4.F1
SIMPLIFYING MANURE HANDLING
IN A SOLID-FLOOR SWINE HOUSING
SYSTEM,
Farmer, R. R. 1, Monona, Iowa 52159
D. J. Meyer
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-lf7S, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1»75,p. 172-173.
Descriptors: Design, Costs, Labor.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management.
There are basically three types of liquid wastes sys-
tems being used in swine operations: (1) long-term pit
storage, (2) inside treatment systems, and (3) sys-
tems that flush manure outside. Although these sys-
tems keep labor input low, there are drawbacks de-
pending on the system chosen. The purpose of this
paper is to present a building design which eliminates
most of these drawbacks and yet has a low labor input.
Specifically, the objectives were to: (1) minimize dis-
ease build-up, (2) minimize odor and flies, and (3)
keep the costs low The building design follows: The
DUUdins is bounded hv a o«n«r
-------
inducing the hogs to defecate only on the swept floor,
(1) the nesting region is raised above the level of the
swept floor, and (2) air circulation occurs so as to
encourage the livestock to respect their nesting reg-
ion. The building and waste system described were
constructed and are currently in operation. (Meyer-
Iowa; Merryman, ed.)
2635-B2, D3, Fl
DOUBLE E. FARMS—SWINE IN-
STALLATION,
Owner and Operator of Double E Farms, 37 North
Sylvan Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43204
T. W. Eisenman and R. K. White
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 174-176.
Descriptors: Design, Lagoons, Costs, Equipment,
Maintenance costs, Ohio.
Identifiers: Swine production.
The swine installation of the Double E Farm is located
approximately 18 miles Southwest of Columbus, Ohio.
pe installation consists of the following: (1) Six out-
door breeding pens, each 145' x 35', (2) Gestation
building 292' x 23', (3) Farrowing and nursery build-
ing, 287 x 21', (4) Finishing building, 271' x 37'. (5)
Liquid waste lagoon, with a water area of 4.63 acre
and a depth of 5'. Some of the major difficulties en-
countered since the system was put into operation
are: (1) Unsatisfactory voltage conditions and high
cost of electric energy due to physical location of in-
stallation with relation to electric energy supply
source, (2) Aerator wheels were constructed of light
gage material which resulted in a great deal of break-
age. All wheels were rebuilt of heavy gage material,
(3) Hog hair collected in wheel bearings causing
many shut downs, (4) It was necessary to dilute liquid
in building trenches by recirculating water from the
lagoon, (5) Undigested oat husks built up a residue in
the trench bottoms, (6) Sand from pre-mixed feed
caused a build up in the trenches, (7) Over current
relays were installed to protect the wheel motors from
burn outs, (8) There were numerous belt breakages
on the wheels. Under current relays were installed in
the wheel motor circuits to sound an alarm when this
condition occurred, (9) A buildup on the wheels of
ammonium magnesium sulfate, (10) Aerob-A-Jet
units were tested in lieu of aerator wheels but did not
seem to do a satisfactory job, (11) Maintenance of
equipment and inside of buildings is very costly.
(Eisenman and White-Ohio; Merryman, ed.)
2636-B2, D3, E2, Fl
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE,
OPERATION-A CASE STUDY,
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University,
West Lafayette
A. L. Sutton, D. H. Bache, J. T. Nye, A. C. Dale, D. D.
Jones, et. al.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter--
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 177-180.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Design, Costs, Lagoons,
Anaerobic conditions, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management, Oxidation
ditch, Slatted floors, Land disposal.
This study (1) describes the design and (2) reports on
the performance of a liquid waste management sys-
tem for a 2500-head swine operation at the Baker-
Purdue Animal Sciences Center, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana. The farrow-to-finish opera-
tion includes two 800-head environmentally regulated
confinement growing-finishing houses, two «8-crate
environmentally regulated confinement farrowing
houses, and two 120-head open-front confinement ges-
tation nouses. Four-foot deep race track-shaped oxi-
dation ditches are located in the finishing and farrow-
ing houses (o collect, store and treat wastes. A four-
foot anaerobic pit beneath a partially slatted floor
collects and stores waste from sows in the gestation .
houses. Waste from all pits beneath the slatted floors
is transported by gravity to a 2000-gallon sump tank
system. The liquid waste is automatically pumped
from the sump into an anaerobic lagoon with a sub-
mersible 3-hp electric vertical cantiliver high solids
pump. Lagoon effluent is irrigated on adjacent land
cropped to continuous com Investment and operat-
ing costs and labor requirements of the lagoon-
irrigation system (tiling, sump, lagoon, irrigation)
were compared to the liquid tanker wagon hauling
system. Initial investment costs were higher for the
lagoon-irrigation system. However, the lagoon-
irrigation system required much less labor. Yearly
operating and labor costs for the liquid hauling sys-
tem were higher than the lagoon-irrigation system. It
was concluded from this study that the lagoon-
irrigation waste disposal system can be an attractive
alternative for a large swine waste operation. (Sut-
ton, et. al.-Purdue University; Merryman, ed.)
2637-A6, B2, Dl, D3, E2
KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE
HANDLING SYSTEM (SIX YEARS OF
PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS),
Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas
State University, Manhattan 66506
B. A. Koch, R. H. Mines, G. L. Allee, and R. I. Upper
Managing Livestock wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 181-183.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment.
Identifiers: Swine, Foaming, Maintenance, Aerob-
A-Jets, Land disposal. Holding tanks.
Aerobic oxidation was the method of waste disposal
built into new swine production facilities at K.S.U. in
1968. The system has been used continuously and is
functioning successfully. A 29-stall farrowing house
sits over a racetrack pit 80 feet long (one side) by 8
feet wide and 4 feet deep (the septic tank from the
headquarters building drains directly into this pit).
The nursery sits over two similar pits each 80 feet by 4
feet wide and 4 feet deep. Each of two finishing barns
sits over a racetrack pit 104 feet long (one wide) by 8
feet wide and 4 feet deep. Liquid level is maintained
constant in each pit by a standpipe which drains into
an outside holding tank. Holding tank fluid is hauled to
farm fields with a tractor and a liquid manure wagon.
The pits were originally equipped with paddle wheels,
but foaming and maintenance problems led to the
installation in late 1971 and early 1972 of Fairfield
Aerob-A-Jets. At that time pits in the finishing bams
were drained and cleaned because of excessive
build-up of solids. Pits in the farrowing house and
nursery have never been cleaned except for fluid that
overflows from the standpipe. Data collected since
the installation of the "Jets" includes: power con-
sumption, fluid temperature, fluid pH, fluid dry mat-
ter, dry matter composition, and amounts of fluid
overflowing from the pits. Records show that mainte-
nance of "Jets" has been minimal. Observations indi-
cate that odor levels were low and recently have been
reduced almost to zero by daily use of small quantities
of a commercial product (Puritan Live Microor-
ganisms) in each pit. (Koch, et. al.-Kansas State Uni-
versity; Merryman, ed.)
2638-B2, Dl, D3, E2
TWO-STAGE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM
INDUSTRIAL HOG BREEDING
FARMS,
Institute for Water Management, Bucharest, Spl. In-
dependentei 294, Romania
C. A. L. Negulescu
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
Descriptors: Activated sludge, Waste treatment
Identifiers: Swine, Romania.
One of the problems which may be solved by the
activated-sludge process is the treatment of effluents
from industrial hog breeding farms During the last
years, Romania has applied the system to breed hogs
on a large number of capita on a very limited area
(structures of agro-industrial type amounting 100-150
thousands hogs). Since the waste disposal by land
spreading requires a large aericulturalarea, the pos-
sibility to treat and dispose the waste has been taken
into consideration. Our studies started with the
characterization of wastes ; the results obtained have
been given as specific load (per capita). After few
treatment plants built on mechanical and natural-
biological treatment, the severe discharge conditions
in some parts of the country obliged us to try more
efficient methods of treatment. The conventional
methods used in sewage treatment have been tried
with good results. On laboratory scale (1970) and on
full-scale (1972-73) we tried the hog waste settling
followed by two stage activiated-sludge treatment
The results were very hopeful ( more than 95 per cent
efficiency) and upgrading these first plants, we hope
to improve them. (Negulescu-Romania)
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYS-
TEM BASED ON SEPARATION BE-
FORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND
SLUDGE DE-WATERING,
Farm Buildings Department, National Institute of
Agricultural Engineering, Wrest Park, Silsoe Bed-
ford, England '
R. Q. Hepherd and L. E Osborne
Managing Livestock Wastes. Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni--
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. April Zl-24,
1975, p.
Descriptors: Slurries, Separation techniques
Aerobic treatment, Dewatering. '
Identifiers: Swine, England, Land disposal, Floccul-
ants.
The aim of the research was to convert pig slurry into
liquids or solids that were easy and cheap to store and
to apply efficiently to land without causing air or
water pollution problems. The stages of treatment
were: separation to produce a fibrous solid and a
free-flowing liquid ; treatment by high-rate biological
filtration; settlement to produce a wet sludge- grav-
ity filtration of the wet sludge after addition of a floc-
culant to produce a stackable sludge and a relatively
clean filtrate. A continuously-operated pilot plant was
developed, all inputs to and outputs from the treat-
ment stages being automatically controlled Onlv the
separator and surplus filtrate disposal system were
manually controlled. For a 6-month period the olant
was fed with 1800 liters of slurry from sUtted-floor
housing. The plant proved simple to operate verv
reliable, and required about 1 man-hour day tor «./
vicing and removal of products to store. The filtrate
was a straw coloured liquid containing less than Ito i
BOD5 and 1.5g-l suspended solids. A mathematical
model of the system incorporated into a SOO-pig slat
ted floored fattening house suggested that the Quan-
tity of filtrate for disposal to land would be substan-
tially less than for the pilot plant. There were no ob-
jectionable smells from the end products. A design for
a mechanically-ventilated piggery in which the venti-
lation and waste treatment systems are integrated
has been completed, the objectives being to scrub the
exhaust ventilating air and at the same time keep the
liquid warm. Apart from removal of the end products
the system will be fully-automatic. (Herpherd-
England; Merryman, ed.)
420
-------
2640-B2, D3, El, E3
OXIDATION DITCH WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE
CONFINEMENT SWINE FARM,
Farm owner, Box 26, Lawrence, Kansas 66044
P. Smart, F. McCain, D. L. Day, and B. G. Harmon
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975. p. 190-191.
Descriptors: Kansas.
Identifiers: Oiidation ditch, Swine, Evaporation
ponds, Slatted floors.
This is a case study of the complete waste manage-
ment system of the Paul Smart confinement swine
farm near Lawrence, Kansas. The intensive confine-
ment enterprise is located on only 24 acres. All feed is
brought in pre-prepared from an off-farm commer-
cial feed processing center. At present, the farrpw-
to-f inish enterprise has 150 farrowing stalls producing
15,000 market hogs per year. There are 5 full-time
people involved in the husbandry-management of the
total enterprise. Oxidation ditches beneath slotted
floors have been used since the farm began. Surplus
waste materials overflow from the oxidation ditches
into evaporation ponds. There is no other waste man-
agement used, such as scraping, scooping, hauling,
etc. The 11 buildings and 37 rotors are distributed as
follows: 3 sow housing—8 rotors; 3 farrowing—3
rotors; 2 nursery—4 rotors; 1 growing—2 rotors; 2
finishing—20 rotors. The rotors, developed under
cooperation with Ross E. McKinney of the University
of Kansas Civil Engineering Department, are 36 in-
ches wide by 60 inches in diameter and are powered by
5-hp motors. They are performing well with a low
level of maintainance problems. The total electricity
bill including that for rotors, feeders, and lights has
been about $1.00 per hog marketed. The farm man-
agement is pleased with the low-odor low-labor
method of swine waste management. A method of
refeeding aerobically processed wastes is being'
tested. (Smart, et. al.-Kansas; Merryman, ed.)
2641-B1,B4,C2,Dl,D2,D3,
E3.F4
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM
ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW
OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND PO-
TENTIALS FOR USE IN FEED,
USDA, Beltsville, Maryland
R G Yeck, L. W. Smith, and C. C. Calvert
Manaeine Livestock Waste, Proceed ings 3rd Interna-
tional Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Univer-
sity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,1975,
p. 192-194.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Animal wastes, Feeds, Re-
cycling Costs, Economics, Constraints, Fermenta-
tion Separation, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Controlled storage.
Processes for the recovery of nutrients from animal
wastes can contribute to reduction of solid waste dis-
nosal problems, reduction of livestock production and
consumer product costs, increase feed supplies and
conserve natural resources. The economics of lives-
tock production today provides the greatest im-
mediate incentive for adoption of such processes by
livestock producers. Several systems have been re-
searched for recovering nutrients from wastes. A sys-
tem is composed of resource material, process, and
intended use. The resource-animal wastes contain
varying quantities of nutrients including protein,
energy, phosphorus and other nutrients. Processes
include aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, physical
separation, dehydration and heat treatment, and con-
trolled storage. Resulting products have been tested
in diets of animals for maintenance and various pro-
ductive functions performance. Several systems are
now in successful use. There are constraints to im-
plementation of the various systems. These con-
straints include animal acceptibility, utility, animal
product safety and consumer acceptance. It is antici-
pated that this review will provide livestock produc-
ers information to assist in identifying those systems
most applicable to their needs. (Yeck, et. al-USDA)
2642-Bl,Cl,C2,C3,D3,E3,F4
ENSILING POULTRY FLOOR LIT-
TER AND CAGE LAYER MANURE,
Georgia University, Athens
S. A. Vezey and C. N. Dobbins, Jr.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24, p.
195-196.
Descriptors: Poultry, Litter, Analysis, Waste treat-
ment. Recycling.
Identifiers: Ensiling, Cage layer manure, Lactobacil-
lus acidophilus.
The objective of this project was to develop a method
of ensiling cage layer manure as an alternate to dry-
ing. The physical characteristics of the raw waste
product prohibits mechanical handling by the usual
methods of processing ensilage. Exploratory trials
using varying mixtures of floor litter, corn, cage layer
manure, dried molasses, and Lactobacillus
acidophilus culture (to accelerate fermentation)
were conducted for ensiling and physical characteris-
tics. These trials indicated that the ratio of these in-
gredients which provided a method for ensiling cage
layer manure as a feed for ruminants was: 50 Ibs.
ground corn, 20 Ibs. floor litter, 30 Ibs. cage layer
manure. 7.5 Ibs. dried molasses (absorbed on soybean
mill feed), and Ibs. Lactobacillus acidophilus culture
titering 10-6 to 10-8, and water q.s. to bring total mois-
ture to 40-45 per cent. The results indicate that the
addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus and molasses
reduced the ensiling time to 4 weeks or less. Analyses
for crude fiber, protein, fat, and moisture were repli-
cated on three lots. The data obtained varied less than
0.5 per cent except moisture which ranged from 44.10
per cent to 45.73 per cent. Values for the above were;
CF 11.0 per cent, protein 15.56 per cent 1, fat 1.40 per
cent. Analyses to delineate mineral and amino acid
•compositions were also done. Aerobic anaerobic cul-
tures were negative for pathogenic bacteria. Control-
led feeding trials have not been conducted, but uncon-
trolled studies have demonstrated acceptable palata-
bility of the ensilage for ruminants. To make a com-
plete and balanced ration, appropriate vitamin and
mineral supplements are necessary. Energy levels
can be adjusted by additives to meet desired specifi-
cations. (Vezey and Dobbins-Georgia University;
Merryman, ed.)
2643-All,B2,B3,Cl,Dl,D3,
RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN
AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR
FEED,
Minnesota University, St. Paul
R.O. Hegg.R. E. Larson, J. A. Moore, R. D. Goodrich,
and J. C. Meiske
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-.
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 197-198.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Slurries, Cattle, Re-
cycling, Feeds, Performance, Energy.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Oxidation ditch, Finishing ra-
tions.
Reclaimed solids from an oxidation ditch receiving
beef wastes were fed at three rates, 5,15, and 25 per
cent of the ration on a dry matter basis to finishing
steers to evaluate this material as a ration compo-
nent. The 3 reclaimed solids rations plus a high energy
control ration were fed to four pens of steers in the 4
month feeding trial. The animals over the oxidation
ditch were receiving a ration containing 90 per cent
corn plus supplement and were a different group of
steers than those on the refeeding study. The conclu-
sions were: (1) The reclaimed solids, collected on a 22
mesh screen, had approximately 50 per cent the feed-
ing value of corn on a dry matter basis. (2) Feed
consumption decreased as the percentage of re-
claimed solids in the ration increased. (3) The cattle
needed a period of several days to adjust to the ration
before they would readily consume the animal waste
solids. Perhaps some processing of the material
would decrease or eliminate this period. (4) The lower
energy of the reclaimed solids, would probably make
it more suitable in maintenance rations than in finish-
ing rations. (Hegg, et. al -Minnesota University)
2644-All,B2,C2,D3,E3,F5
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM
OXIDATION DITCHES,
Department of Animal Science and Department of
Agricultural Engineering, respectively, University of
Illinois, Urbana.
B. G. Harmon and D. L. Day
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 199-202.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Aerobic treatment, Farm
wastes, Proteins, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Refeeding, State of the
art.
This is a state of the art paper that discusses the
nutrient content of products of aerobically treated
waste and the results of feeding this nutrient source to
swine as well as laboratory animals. The paper sum-'
marizes publications by the authors and other resear-
chers spanning the past six years. In addition, on-the-
farm experiences of swine producers in the midwest
United States that have refed the bioenhanced swine
waste will be included. The objective of the paper is to
discuss the potential and limitations of producing
single-cell protein for animal feeding from the con-
tents and in the environment of oxidation ditches and
other methods of aerobic treatment. The nitrogen ex-
cretory products are incorporated into amino acids
,and thus become the more important nutrients con-
tributed by the nutrient solution. The oxidation ditch
mixed liquor is also rich in minerals and water soluble
vitamins. The topics discussed include: (1) Essential-
ity of maintaining a highly aerobic environment. (2)
Amino acid concentration changes occurring in con-
tents of the oxidation ditch. (3) Increase in total nut-
; rient contribution by enhancement of fresh waste to
j oxidation ditch mixed liquor. (4) Increase with time in
ash, the only nonbiodegradable component in the oxi-
dation ditch. (5) Performance of swine fed products of
the oxidation ditch. (6) Discussion of practical sys-
tems for feeding liquor from the ditches currently in
use on swine farms. (7) Discussion of liquids balance
demonstrating waste usage by the pigs in excess of
liquid available from the oxidation ditch. (8) Poten-
tial for establishing a waste treatment system with no
overflow. (Harmon and Day-Illinois Univ.)
2645-A11, B3, C2, C3, E3
NUTRITIONAL, PATHOLOGICAL
AND PARASITOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF FEEDING FEEDLOT WASTE TOO
BEEF CATTLE,
Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State Uni-
versity, Stillwater
R. R. Johnson, R. Panciera, H. Jordon, and L. R.
Shuyler
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
nationa] Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 203-205.
Descriptors: Nutrition, Pathology, Parasitism, Per-
formance, Cattle, Feeds.
Identifiers: Dried beef feedlot waste. Refeeding.
Twenty-four beef calves were randomly allotted by
weight and sex to 8 pens. Two pens were fed rations
421
-------
containing 85 per cent concentrate plus (1) 15 per cent
cottonseed hulls (CSH), (2) 15 per cent dried beef
feedlot waste (FLW), (3) 5 per cent CSHHO per cent
FLWor (4) & per cent CSH415 per cent FLW (without
protein supplement). Animals were weighed
semimonthly. After II days on feed, average daily
gains in kg. per day were 1.2,0.7,1.0 and 0.8 for treat-
ments 1, 2,3, and 4, respectively. Kg. feed required
per kg. gain were 7.2,11.2, 7.9, and 96. respectively.
Daily feed consumption at the beginning of the trial
was very poor for the groups fed FLW rations but
recovered by the end of the trial. Although, FLW did
not appear to be a satisfactory substitute for CSH as a
roughage source or for the protein supplement, the
data were confounded by feed consumption differ-
ences. After 91 days on feed, all animals were sac-
rificed for pathological and parasitological observa-
tions. No significant effects due to FLW consumption
were observed in the gross or histplogical pathology of
the rumen wall, abdominal wall, intestinal wall, lung,
kidney, liver, spleen, trachea, or adrenals. Bile sam-
ples from all animals were negative for salmonella.
The internal parasite burden (stomach and intestinal
worms) was extremely low and not different due to
FLW consumption. (Johnson, et. al.-Oklahoma)
2646-All,B3,Cl,C2,C3,Dl,
D2
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMI-
CAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A
COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN-
HOUSE DRYING SYSTEM,
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing 48824
T. S. Chang, J. E. Dixon, M. L. Esmay, C. J. Flegal, J.
B. Gerrish, et. al.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 206-207.
Descriptors: Analysis, Microbiology, Moisture con-
tent. Chemical properties. Proteins, Calcium, Phos-
phorus.
Identifiers: Anaphage, Dehydrated cage layer
excreta, In-house drying system, Ash, Fiber, Ether
extract.
Anaphage (dehydrated cage layer excreta), from a
complete in-house drying system, was analyzed mic-
robiologically to determine the microbial population
and surviving species. The results indicated that the
microbial population was closely related to the mois-
ture content of the anaphage. Only a few species of
microorganisms survived the dehydration process.
Chemical analyses were also performed on the
anaphage from this drying system. Crude protein of
the anaphage was measured at 36.59 per cent and
corrected protein at 11.41 per cent. The results of the
chemical analyses of anaphage on calcium, phos-
phorus, ash, fiber and ether extract will be reported.
(Chang, et. al.-Michigan State University)
2647-All,Bl,Cl,C2,E3,Fl
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF
FEEDLOT MANURE FRACTION-
ATED BY CERECO PROCESS,
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State Uni-
versity, Fort Collins 80523
G. M. Ward, D. E. Johnson, and E. W. Kienholz
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 208-210
Descriptors: Nutrition, Recycling, Feeds, Feedlots,
Cattle, Poultry, Rainbow trout, Performance.
Identifiers: Refceding, Cereco protein product, Frac-
tionated manure.
Ceres Ecology Corporation has developed equipment
which produces three feedlot manure fractions: high
fiber silage, dried protein product, and high ash re-
sidue. Nutritional studies of the first two products
were conducted with cattle and poultry. The Cereco
proteinproduct(C-II)wasfirstfedasO,5,10,prl5per
cent of the ration to day-old broiler chicks. Five per-
cent increased gains slightly. Ten and fifteen per cent
depressed gains and feed conversion slightly. This
C-II contained 21.0 per cent protein but 40.4 per cent
ash which diluted the energy density of the ration. In a
second trial C-II containing 21.6 per cent protein and
28 6 per cent ash was compared at the 5,10, or 20 per
cent level of the broiler ration. C-II at the 5 or 10 per
cent level produced greater weight gains. Equal gains
resulted at 20 per cent. A Oil product containing 23
per cent protein and 33 per cent ash was fed as 0,15, or
30 per cent of the ration for laying hens for six weeks.
Both 15 or 30 per cent substitution maintained the
same egg production, egg quality, and body weight.
The energy value was determined to be 500 kcal of
metabolizable energy per kg. The replacement value
of C-II in these rations was calculated to be almost
$150 per ton. C-H was fed as 14 per cent of the diet of
young rainbow trout and gains were essentially the
same as the control diet. Older trout received C-II as
14 per cent of diet and had gains of 1 or 2 per cent less
than controls. In no case was mortality or morbidity
increased. C-II fed to steers resulted in digestibility
and nitrogen retention of about 80 per cent of the value
obtained with a soybean meal supplement. Cereco
silage was fed to 10 Hereford steers to determine di-
gestibility and feed energy value, and compared with
corn silage. The composition of Cereco silage and di-
gestibility respectively wasdrymatterM.4,59.3; pro-
tein 9.0, 55.5; crude fiber 27.5,65.3; ether extract 1.8,
90.6, and nitrogen-free extract 50.4,67.1 per cent. The
total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was 60.2 per
cent compared to 65.2 per cent for the corn silage used
for comparison. The net energy value for mainte-
nance and gain were respectively 1.78 and 1.51 m cal/
kg. (Ward, et. al.-Colorado State University; Merry-
man, ed.)
2648-A11, B3, C2, Dl, E3
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE FOR GROWING-
FINISHING BEEF CATTLE,
Department of Animal Science, Texas Tech Univer-
sity, Lubbock
R. C. Albin and L. B. Sherrod
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 211-213.
Descriptors: Nutrition, Feedlots, Cattle, Southwest
U.S., Digestibility, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Composting, Ground beef feedlot waste,
Ref ceding.
An attempt was made to determine the nutritive value
of feedlot wastes from cattle in the Southwestern Un-
ited States. Specific objectives were to determine the
effect of feeding different levels of beef feedlot waste
(FLW) to growing-finishing beef cattle upon accepta-
bility and digestibility; and to determine the effect of
the physical form of FLW upon its nutritive value for
growing-finishing cattle (composted waste versus
dry, ground waste). A one-month collection of FLW
was ground through a hammer mill. Rations contain-
ing FLW were offered to feeder steers in 3 total collec-
tion, digestion trials for 28 days each. Trial I substi-
tuted ground FLW at 0,20, 40 and 60 per cent levels
into high-energy finishing ration with adequate pro-
tein. Trial II involved composting the FLW, then
using similar amounts as in Trial I. Trial III involved
the feeding of raw and composted FLW at a 40 per cent
level in a low-energy, low-protein ration, resembling
a high-roughage growing ration. Each ration was of-
fered to 5 steers. Steers readily consumed rations con-
taining as much as 60 per cent ground FLW, but with a
significant linear reduction in ration digestibility.
FLW in a low energy-low protein ration significantly
decreased ration digestibility. Little difference was
observed between raw and composted waste. Nutri-
tional advantage would not be gained by feeding
ground FLW to growing-finishing beef cattle, nor
would it appreciably improve the waste disposal prob-
lem of commercial cattle feedlots. (Albin and
Sherrod-Texas Tech; Merryman, ed.)
2649-A11, Cl, C2, E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE
FECES FOR SWINE,
Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg
M. R. Holland. E. T. Komegay, and J. D. Hedges
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 214-217.
Descriptors: Nutrients.
Identifiers: Ref ceding, Swine, Absorbed dry matter,
Crude protein, Crude fiber, Ash, Ether extract. Nitro-
gen free extract.
Twenty-four cross bred gilts weighing about 125 kg
were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments in an
experiment for determining the nutritive value of
swine manure fed to swine. Rations containing 0, 24,
and 34 per cent (dry basis) were made by substituting
fresh manure for equal parts of a 15 per cent corn-
soybean meal ration. The rations were led at either 1.4
or 1.8 kg per gilt per day. The absorbed dry matter'
(ADMPI), crude protein (ACPPI), crude fiber
(ACFPI), ash (AAPI), ether extract (AEEPI), and
nitrogen free extract (ANFWPI) as a per cent of in-
take significantly decreased as manure intake in-
creased. Retained N as a per cent of intake (RNPI)
was significantly decreased as manure intake in-
creased; however, retained N as a per cent of ab-
sorbed (RNPA) was not significantly decreased. In-
creased manure intake caused a significant decrease
in absorbed (ACaPI) and retained Ca (RCaPI) as a
per cent of intake, retained P as a percent of absorbed
RPPA, and absorbed K as a per cent of intake AKPI.
There were no significant changes in retained CA as a
percent of absorbed (RCaPA), absorbed (APPI) and
retained P (RPPI) as a per cent of intake, absorbed
Mg as a per cent of intake (RMgPI), retained Mg as a
per cent of absorbed (RMgPA), absorbed Cu (CuPI)
and absorbed Zn (AZnPI) as a per cent of intake.
Based on regression analysis, the extrapolated values
of the following criteria for manure were (per cent):
ADMPI 52.7, ACPPI 62.9, ACFPI 52.6, AAPI 36.9
AEEPI 63.4, ANFEPI 77.9, RNPI 18.8 and RNPA 31.1
The extrapolated values for the mineral criteria for
manure were (per cent) ACaPI 24.8, RCaPI 24.6,
RCaPA 993, APPI 31.0, RPPI 29.8, RPPA 95.8,
AMgPI 25.0, RMgPI 24.6, RMgPA 96.1, ACuPl 15.2.
AKPI 70.9 and AZnPI 20.5. Substitution of a basal corn
soybean meal ration with fresh swine manure de-
creased the quality of the ration. (Holland, et. al.-
Virginia; Merryman, ed.)
2650-A11, Bl, B3, C2, E3
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN
RUMINANT DIETS,
School of Agriculture and Forestry, Melbourne Uni-
versity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
G. R. Pearce
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 218-219.
Descriptors: Diets, Cattle, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Swine, Dried pig manure, Au-
stralia, Digestibility, Nitrogen retention, Copper ba-
lance.
The potential for recycling livestock waste with re-
spect to Australian conditions are discussed briefly.
In many areas the economic disposal of wastes from
intensive piggeries poses the greatest problem. The
results of experiments conducted by the University of
Melbourne, Victoria, using pig manure are de-
scribed : (1) The composition of pig manure from dif-
422
-------
ferenl sources (including contents of a number of
mineral elements). (2) The utilization of dried pig
manure by cattle when fed at 0,15,30 and 45 per cent of
the diet (digestibility, nitrogen retention, copper ba-'
lance). (3) Some effects of feeding dried pig manure,
at 30 per cent of the diet, continuously to cattle over a
period of about (weeks. (4) The utilization of dried pig
manure by sheep when fed at 0, IS and 30 per cent of
the diet; attempts to prevent copper toxicity by addi-
tions of molybdenum. (Pearce-Melbourne Universi-
ty)
2651-A11, E3
A SUMMARY OF REFEEDING OF
POULTRY ANAPHAGE, MORTAL-
LITY, RECYCLING HENS, AND EGG
PRODUCTION,
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing 48824
C. J. Flegal, H. C. Zindel, C. C. Sheppard, T. S. Chang,
et. al.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975. p. 220-221.
Descriptors: Mortality, Recycling, Dehydration,
Health, Diseases.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Poultry anaphage, Egg pro-
duction, Waste management, Marek's Disease, Lym-
phoid Leukosis.
The Environmental Protection Agency project at
Michigan State University, entitled "Demonstration
of the Handling, Dehydrating, and Utilization of Poul-
try Excreta" involved the purchase of 5000 twenty-
week old, ready-to-lay, pullets. The birds came into
production at the normal rate but soon displayed
symptoms of several diseases, including Marek's and
Lymphoid Leukosis. Inasmuch as production of
excreta was the key criteria, normal egg production
was assumed to be satisfactory. However, as the pro-
ject progressed, the death loss mounted and health
treatments as recommended by personnel of the Col-
lege of Veterinary Medicine had no effect. Additional
birds were bought to bring the population back to 5000
birds but these additions had little or no effect on
production figures. Recycling birds (molting) had no
positive effect on egg production. Fecal production
continued at a normal rate. Poultry anaphage was fed
to one-half the bird population at the rate of 10 per
cent. (Flegal-Michigan State University)
2652-A11, C3, D3, E3
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH
CORN FORAGE, CORN GRAIN AND
WATER
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
J P. Fontenot, L. F. Caswell, B. W. Harmon, and K.
E' Webb, Jr.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 222-226
Descriptors: Poultry, Litters, Feeds, Bacteria, Col-
iforms, Fermentation.
Identifiers: Ensiling, Refeeding.
Ensiling is a potentially valuable processing method
for destruction of pathogens in animal waste. Exper-
iments were conducted to study the feasibility of ensil-
ing broiler litter with corn forage, high-moisture corn
prain and added water. All ensiling was in sealed
polyethylene bags. Broiler litter was ensiled with com
forage harvested when it contained 30-40 per cent dry
matter. The levels of litter were 0, 15, 3fi and 45 per
cent dry basis in small laboratory silos (2 kg) snf 0, IS
and 30 per cent in larger silos. Small silo silages were
studied for fermentation characteristics. Large silo
silages were studied for metabolism and palatability
as well. Ail mixtures preserved well and showed
favorable fermentation characteristics. High levels
of broiler litter increased total bacteria in silage,
though coliforms were lower. Addition of litter in-
creased crude protein in silages. Silage pH varied
from 3.6 to 4.7 and tended to be higher in silages con-
taining broiler litter. Apparent digestibility of crude
protein was increased by addition of litter to corn
forage. Nitrogen retention was greater for sheep fed
silages containing broiler litter, indicating that the
litter nitrogen was utilized. Addition of litter to corn
forage increased dry matter intake by ruminants.
(Fontenot, et. al.-Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University; Merryman, ed.)
2653-A11, Bl, Dl, E3
CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES
TO FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE
ORGANIFORM PROCESS.
Orgonics, Inc., Slatersville, Rhode Island
C. K. Davies, G. A. Varga, and R. S. Hinksun
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 227-229.
Descriptors: Organic wastes, Fertilizers, Feeds, Cat-
tle, Performance, Research and development.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Organifcrm.
Since the Organiform process is already being suc-
cessfully applied commercially, its application to the
animal waste problem and other organic wastes is
timely and does not require massive research and
development to meet the EPA feedlot waste dead-
lines. Organiform, a process developed by Orgonics,
Inc. of Slaterville, Rhode Island, is a trade name
given to a series of products resulting from reaction of
and the proteinaceous constituents of many organic
wastes. The Organiform process is based on the reac-
tion of urea and formaldehyde to form methylol
ureas. These highly biocidal compounds effect sterili-
zation of Organic waste and after addition of a
catalyst, a methylenization reaction brings about
conversion of the waste material to an entirely new
entity, which is sterile, stable, and in most cases,
odorless. Since the resulting Organiform products
showed such excellent fertilizer properties, and the
chemical nature of the products were well assimi-
lated by soil bacteria, the Organiform process
seemed applicable to cattle manure, and the resulting
product (Organiform CM) was evaluated as a high
nitrogen feed supplement. The cattle manure was
processed in the form of a slurry and resulting Or-
ganiform CM was added to ground corn and dried to
form a pre-mix which was incorporated into a total
diet. Preliminary data obtained with dairy heifers
and two rumen-f istulated Holstein steers indicate that
feed containing Organiform CM, at a level to provide
31 per cent of the crude protein, was readily accepta-
ble and palatable. All animals made respectable body
weight gains. (Davies, et. al.-Rhode Island; Merry-
man, ea.)
2654-All,B3,B5,C3,D3,E3.-
HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING
ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN
SILAGE,
Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Auburn
University, Auburn, Alabama
T. A. McCaskey and W. B. Anthony
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 230-233.
Descriptors: Performance, Salmonella, Silage, Col-
iforms.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Health, Cattle manure, Ensil-
ing.
Animal waste harvested from the feeding floor of con-
fined reared cattle has been blended with various feed
ingredients and stored as silage prior to feeding. Ex-
tensive tests show that common feed ingredients con-
taining sufficient carbohydrates to support an acid
microbial fermentation can be blended with manure
to make an effective animal feed. A balanced com-
plete feed mixture (basal) was blended 1.5:1 with wet
animal waste, stored in a silo, and fed to yearling
cattle to produce the same rate of animal perfor-
mance as obtained when the basal ration was fed
alone. In all tests, animal waste had appreciable feed
replacement value. A study was conducted with 27
Salmonella cultures inoculated (66x 106 cellsyg) into
manure-cdntaining feed and into the manure used to
prepare the feed. None of the cultures were recovered
from the feed mixture after 3-day ensiling at 25 de-
grees C; whereas, 25 of the Salmoncllae cultures were
recovered from the inoculated manure under similar
conditions. Manure with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5 prior to
inoculation permitted 25 cultures to survive 3 days;
'whereas, no cultures survived in manure with an ini-
tial pH of 4.0 to 4.5 The ensiling temperature had a
pronounced effect on Salmonellae survival. With an
improved recovery technique, 21 of the 27 Salmonel-
lae. were recovered from feed ensiled 4 days at 5 de-
grees C, 25 from feed ensiled at 15 degrees C, one at 25
degrees C, and none at 35 degrees C. The pH of the feed
ensiled at 25 degrees or 35 degrees was lower than for
ensiled feed held at 5 degrees or 15 degrees C. The
coliform count decreased from approximately 1 x
106/g at 5 degrees C. (McCaskey and Anthony-
Auburn University; Merryman, ed.)
2655-A1, Bl, D3. E3. Fl
START-UP OF PILOT SCALE SWINE
MANURE DIGESTERS FOR
METHANE PRODUCTION,
Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Canada
H. M. Lapp, D. D. Schulte, E. J. Kroeker, A. B. Sparl-
ing, and B. H. Topnik
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 234-237.
Descriptors: Research and development. Canada,
Methane, Anaerobic treatment, Design criteria,
Economics.
Identifiers: Swine, Environmental impact.
A three-phase program including bench-scale
studies, pilot plant operation and full farm scale
anaerobic treatment of swine waste was initiated in
1971 toevaluate the technical and economic feasibility.
of the process in Manitoba, particularly during cold
winter temperatures. Specific objectives of the pro-
ject were to: (1) complete a preliminary evaluation of
the economics of anaerobic digestion as a process for
recovering energy from livestock wastes; (2) deter-
mine the design parameters for methane gas produc-
tion from animal wastes in cold climate regions rep-
resentative of Manitoba and Canada; (3) develop
simple, safe and economical methods of collecting,
purifying, storing and utilizing methane on livestock
farms; (4) analyze the effluent and assess its value as
a fertilizer and (5) assess the environmental impact,
if any, of the anaerobic digestion process. Results of
bench-scale, initial and recent winter operation of the
pilot plant are discussed in relation to project objec-
tives. Problems associated with purification, handl-
ing, and storage of methane together with experience
gained in the operation of a one-half ton pick-up truck
equipped to operate on methane are outlined. (Lapp
et. al.-Canada; Merryman, ed.)
2656-B1, D3, E3, Fl
SMALL METHANE GENERATOR
FOR WASTE DISPOSAL.
Specialist, Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruc-
tion, Taipei, Taiwan
C. Po, H H Wang, S. K. Chen, C. M Hung, and C. I.
Chang
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
423
-------
national Symposium on Livestock Wasles-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 238-240.
Descriptors: Methane, Recycling, Design, Fertiliz-
ers, Energy.
Identifiers: Swine, Taiwan, Construction materials.
Taiwan produces 6 million pigs a year, most of which
are kept in small "family" units, and frequently
"Manure Credit" is the only profit in pig raising. In
the traditional way of compost making, much of the
nitrogen is lost in the form of ammonia. In an effort to
improve the fertilizing value of the manure and, at the
same time, to produce some fuel gas therefrom, small
simple methane generators costing $300 each have
been developed and widely extended in Taiwan. The
generator consists of an excavated brick digester of 5'
x 5' x 6' and an inverted steel gas holder 016' x 6' x 3'
resting in the water seal. The digester is connected to
the pigsty by a cement pipe through which the wastes
and sewage of 10-15 hogs are fed daily, and the produc-
tion of gas is continuous. The gas contains 63-67 per
centCH4 ,27 33 per cent Ct^and 1.7 per cent H2S. The
hydraulic retention time is estimated at 5-10 days.
Under the subtropical conditions, the gas produced is
about 3,000 liters a day, which is enough for cooking
three meals for a family. When used for the genera-
tion of electrical power, the gas is enough to run a
4-HP Kohler engine for operating a 2-KW generator
for 3 hours a day. Experiments are underway to find
alternative construction materials, such as rubber
bag, PVC-impregnated mud plate and fiber glass gas
holder to lower the cost so that the digesters can be
commercialized. Oxidation ditches are also built be-
side the digester for further disposal of swine wastes.
(Po-Taiwan)
2657-B1, C2, D2, E3, Fl
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF
TREATED LIVESTOCK WASTE,
Materials Department, School of Engineering and
Applied Science, California University, Los Angeles
C. Corvino, B. Dunn, E. Tseng, and J. D. Mackenzie
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 241-243.
Descriptors: Recycling, Pigments, Feedlots, Cattle.
Identifiers: Pyrolysis, Swine, Carbon content, Filler,
Building materials.
Cattle and hog manures have been pyrolyzed at fairly
low temperatures yielding solid and gaseous by-
products: The volatile fraction is condensed in two
stages. An aqueous portion is collected at lower temp-
eratures (100 degrees C or so). The nitrogen-rich
liquid holds promise as a fertilizer. At greater temp-
eratures, a low sulfur crude oil is condensed for cattle
manure. The sulfur and nitrogen contents are fairly
low. Chemical analyses of these liquids are presented
for manure samples of different feedlots. Uncon-
densed vapors are combustible. Hog manure yields a
wax-like product rather than oil. The pyrolyzed pro-
duct is a black carbonaceous aluminosilicate solid.
The material has been successfully substituted for
carbon black in such products as printing ink, paint
and rubber where the treated manure serves as a
pigment and filler. The properties of these materials
are described. The carbon content is controllable
from temperature and rate of pyrolysis. One very
promising application of the pyrolyzed solid is in
combination with glass. High quality tiles have been
made whose properties, in many cases, are superior
to currently marketed products. The fabrication pro-
cess and resulting properties are presented.
Economic analyses for the production of treated ma-
nure and the manufacture of certain products are
given. (Corvino, et. al.-Califomia University; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
,2658-Bl,B5,Cl,C2,C3,D3,E3
CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANE
PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY MA-
NURE,
Department of Microbiology, Maine University,
Orono
H. M. Hassan, D. A. Belyea, and A. E. Hassan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 224-247.
Descriptors: Methane, Anaerobic digestion. Energy,
Feed, Poultry.
Laboratory scale digesters of different sizes were de-
signed to study the optimum conditions and the kine-
tics lor methane production. Fresh manure (28-35 per
cent solids) from caged layers was used. The results
indicated that solids content of 6.5^.75 per cent pro-
vided the highest gas production, and the methane
content reached 87 per cent for a retention period of 30
days. 130 liters of methane per kilogram of dry man-
ure solids were produced at 6.74 per cent solids con-
centration. A relationship between sludge solid con-
tent and retention period was established. 50-70 per
cent reduction in solids contents of the completely
digested effluents was achieved. The presence of
exogenous carbon (2-8 per cent) in general increased
the total production of methane gas. The rate of gas
' production was to the size of inoculum used. The vol-
atile acid content of the effluent Increased, then de-
clined as the percentage of methane in the evolved gas
reached maximum. The gas produced contained 6
PPM hydrogen sulfide, sufficient to give a distinct
odor. The methanogenic bacteria predominately pre-
sented in the system were Methanobacterium
sohngenii and Methanobacterium omelianskii. A 600
gallon demonstration unit was designed and operated
on a batch basis, using the results of the laboratory
scale digesters, in order to test the control and feed
mechanisms for a future full scale system applica-
tion. The daily gas production from the 500 gallon
sludge increased from 8 ft after mixing to 40 ft3 with
the gas methane content approaching 82 per cent,
then declined indicating that partial recharging with
predigested manure was required. (Hassan, et. al.-
California University; Merryman, ed.)
2659-C2,D2,D3,E3,Fl,F6
SEPARATING NUTRIENTS TO EN-
HANCE SWINE-WASTE DIGESTION,
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University,
Manhattan
L. A. Schmid. R. I. Upper, J. K.Koelliker, C. A. Cate,
and J. W. Daber
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 248-251.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion. Methane, Fertiliz-
ers.
Identifiers: Swine, Nutrient separation, Ammonium
phosphate.
Total confined feeding ol livestock results in the cap-
ture of all wastes, urine, and feces, resulting in a very
high nitrogen waste. Anaerobic digestion and biologi-
cal stabilization is often hampered due to toxicity
caused by ammonium buildup. This has resulted in
the need to add dilution water, increasing the waste
volume and consequently the disposal costs. This pro-
ject was designed to explore a novel method of waste
treatment that would reduce the toxic ammonium,
increase waste stabilization and methane gas produc-
tion, eliminate need for dilution water, reduce volume
for ultimate disposal to land and produce a clean
from the digester and pass it through a phosphoric
acid column for removal of ammonia and conversion
to ammonium phosphate. It then passes through a
potassium hydroxide column for removal of carbon
dioxide. The cleaned methane gas is recycled to the
digester for further mixing and gas stripping with the
excess clean gas burned and used for digester heat-
ing. Carbon dioxide must be removed to maintain the
digester equilibrium pH near 8. Because of digester
detention times of 15 to 20 days ammonia can be re-
duced at these pH values. Gas recirculation rate is
approximately 50 cfm. per 1000 cu. ft. of digester vol-
ume. Design and operational recommendations, with
seven months of field data, are presented along with
the proposed economics of a large scale system.
(Schmid, et. al.-Kansas State University)
2660-A8, C2, E2
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EF-
FECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SOR-
GHUM YIELDS
Soil Scientist, USDA Southwestern Great Plains Re-
search Center, Bushland, Texas 79012
A. C. Mathers, B. A. Stewart, and J. D. Thomas
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 252-254.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Crop response, Grain sor-
ghum, Feedlots, Nitrates, Salts, Soil profiles.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
The effect of varying rates of feedlot manure on irri-
gated grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolorl production
has been studied for 5 yearsTThe treatments were 0,
22,67,134, and 268 tons per hectare (T/ha wet weight,
approximately 50 per cent water) applied annually.
Other treatments were S38 T/ha applied the initial
year only and 538 t*a for the initial three yean.
Commercial fertilizer plots were also included for
comparison. All treatments were replicated three
times in level borders and irrigated equally as neces-
sary to support good crop growth. Soil analyses were
made at seeding time to determine the soil salinity
and nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium contents of the
seed-zone. Following harvest, soil samples were
taken to 6 meters to determine the concentration and
distribution of nitrate and total salts in the profile.
Grain yields were similar for plots receiving 22, <7,
and 134 T/ha of manure annually. The check treat-
ment yielded less because of nitrogen deficiency and
the plots receiving 268 and 538 T/ha yielded substan-
tially less because of high concentrations of salts,
ammonium, and nitrite in the soil at seeding time. The
detrimental effects of these compounds decreased
with time, rainfall, and continued irrigation. The pro-
ductivity of plots receiving 568 T/ha manure was fully
recovered within two years after the applications
were stopped. Soil on plots receiving 67 TVna or more
manure annually contained excess nitrate. Some of
this nitrate moved as deep as six meters with the
irrigation water. However, most of the nitrate ac-
cumulated in the top two meters of soil. Manure
applied at 22 T/ha was adequate to produce near
maximum yields of grain sorghum without causing
appreciable accumulations of nitrate or salt in the
soil. Where large amounts of manure were applied,
concentrations of salts and ammonium decreased
within two years to levels that were no longer detri-
mental to the production or irrigated grain sorghum
(Mathers-USDA)
2661-A2, B2, E2
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEED-
LOT RUNOFF,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re-
search Service, University of Nebraska, Agricultural
Engineering Building, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503
N. P. Swanson, C. L. Linderman, and L. N. Mielke
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1875, p. 255-257.
424
-------
Descriptors: Agricultural runolf, Nutrients, Irriga-
tion, Design.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Field sink, Serpentine
waterway.
Land disposal of collected feedlot runoff permits utili-
zation of nutrients and of the water as irrigation.
Runoff supplies, however, are not dependable, and
facilities and equipment for storage and irrigation
distribution require a minimum investment and
periodic management irrespective of the size of the
feedlot enterprise. Distant overland flow of feedlot
runoff, under natural topographic conditions, prior to
ultimate discharge into a stream has been Judged not
to be an environmental hazard in many states. Many
feeders would prefer to assume some soil and crop
management problems for direct disposal of runoff in
lieu of storage and later distribution. This alternative
is possible with the use of a field sink on a reasonably
level disposal area or a serpentine waterway on a
sloping site. Both are described in detail. Direct ap-
plication on the land can save both investment and
time for the many feeders with smaller facilities, and
provide adequate protection for the environment.
(Swanson-USDA; Merryman, ed.)
2662-A3,A8,All,B5,C2,E2
LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF WASTES:
CLIMATE, RATES, SALINITY, AND
SOIL
South Dakota State University, Brookings, South
Dakota 57006
M. L. Morton, J. L. Halbeisen, J. L. Wiersma, A. C.
Dittman, and R. M. Luther
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 258-260
Descriptors: Cattle, Crop response. Nutrients, Salin-
ity, Performance, Agricultural runoff, Leaching,
Soils.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Northern Great Plains,
Management guidelines.
Disposal of wastes in cold regions with insufficient
rainfall for leaching presents some unique problems
in waste management. The purpose of this study was
to develop management guidelines for the disposal of
beef wastes on the land in the Northern Great Plains.
The region is characterized by soils with a generally
high clay content and a high natural salinity. With
generally insufficient leaching water available from
natural rainfall, the nutrients and salts added in the
wastes accumulate and affect crop growth. The ob-
jectives were (1) to evaluate the influence of salt level
in the ration upon the wastes produced, (2) to deter-
mine the maximum waste application rate for land
subsequently cropped and (3) to determine the ac-
cumulation and redistribution of waste components
applied to the soil. Much of the salt added in the ration
is excreted and appears in the manure. The dispers-
ing characteristic of sodium affects waste properties
and may be detrimental to soils which already have
considerable quantities of sodium present in the pro-
file Beef wastes were applied to field plots at rates
approximating 0, 20,40,60, and 80 tons of dry matter
per acre. Applications were completed in May, 1974,
and corn was planted for silage shortly after field
application. The 80 ton per acre rate generally caused
Door corn growth. However, for similar application
rates the wastes produced by animals receiving a
higher added salt level gave an added detrimental
effect on corn growth. Results will be reported for
waste characteristics, first year crop yields and ani-
mal performance. Results are preliminary for soil
effects, runoff and leaching. (Horton-South Dakota
State University)
2663-A2,B2,B3,E2,Fl,F6
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT
WASTES ONTO LAND,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kansas
State University, Manhattan
H L. Manges, R V. Lipper, L. S Murphy, and W. L.
Powers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 261-263.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Kansas, Crop re-
sponse, Salts, Nitrogen, Equations, Agricultural
runoff.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Application rates, Soil
cores.
The objectives of the reported research were to de-
termine the optimum feedlot waste application rates
onto land with a minimum of pollution to land and the
ground water. The research was conducted in cooper-
ation with the Pratt Feedlot, Inc., a 35,000 head com-
mercial feedlot in Southcentral Kansas. Feedlot
runoff and feedlot manure were spread onto different
land areas at varying application rates for five years.
Corn was grown on the waste disposal area. The corn
was furrow irrigated from a well as needed for high
corn yields. Feedlot runoff application rates were de-
termined from inflow-outflow measurements in the
irrigated furrows. Feedlot manure application rates
were determined from the weight of manure caught
on strips of plastic during spreading. Corn forage
yields were measured by weighing forage mechani-
cally harvested from test rows. Soil cores were taken
annually and analyzed to determine changes in chem-
ical composition. Highest com forage yields were ob-
tained at waste application rates in excess of those
necessary to supply the recommended nitrogen fer-
tilization rates. However, there was a buildup of salts
and nitrogen in the soil. At waste application rates
necessary to supply the recommended nitrogen fer-
tilization, corn forage yields were near maximum and
salt and nitrogen buildup in the soil were not signific-
ant. Corn forage yield prediction equations have been
developed from yield data from the waste disposal
studies. These equations will be used in determining
the most economical waste application rate, both
feedlot runoff and manure. (Manges-Kansas State
University)
2664-A8,All,B3,C2,C3,E2
LONG-TERM BROILER LITTER
FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE
PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PER-
FORMANCE OF BEEF COWS,
USDA, ARS, WatkinsviUe, Georgia
J. A. Stuedemann,S. R. Wilkinson,D. J. Williams, H.
Ciordia, J. V. Ernst, W. A. Jackson, and J. B. Jones,
Jr.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 264-268.
Descriptors: Litters, Fertilizers, Crop response,
Health, Performance, Cattle, Fescues.
Identifiers: Grass tetany. Land disposal, Application
rates.
Abundance of poultry litter in some areas of the
Southeast has resulted in heavy rates of pasture fer-
tilization with poultry litter. Heavy fertilization of tall
fescue pastures may be accompanied by an increased
incidence of grass tetany and hard fat deposits. An
experiment was performed to determine the long-
term effects of heavy broiler litter fertilization of
Kentucky-31 tall fescue pastures on beef cow health
and performance. Three fescue pasture systems re-
ceiving three different application rates were
utilized Mean cow weight patterns and the quantities
of available forage were directly related to the level of
N fertilization. However, there were little differences
in adjusted 205-day weaning weights. Conception
rates were generally acceptable on all pastures. The
occurrence of fat necrosis was related to the level of N
fertilization. No appreciable differences in strongyle
eggs and coccidia oocysts were observed among cows
grazing pastures at the three levels of fertilization.
Broiler litter fertilization resulted in elevated nitrate
in soil and herbage, increased arsenic content of cow
hair, a trend toward lower grass and blood serum Se
levels, and greatly increased size and numbers of ear-
thworms. Intermittent analyses of pond water de-
rived from runoff from the broiler littered pasture
indicated a maximum NOs-N content of 5 0 ppm Soil
analyses indicated a maximum HOj-N contents in
excess of 10 ppm beneath the fescue root zone. Broiler
litter fertilization of fescue pastures appears accept-
able from animal health and performance, and en-
vironmental quality points of view if no more than 9
metric tonsAia/yearare applied. However, at this rate
grass tetany prevention techniques will be required
as well as good pasture management to utilize the
herbage produced. (Stuedemann-USDA; Merryman,
ed.)
2665-A3, A8, C2, F2
MANURE FROM CAGED HENS
EVALUATED ON FESCUE PASTURE,
Poultry Department, Bldg. T-14, University of Mis-
souri, Columbia 65201
J. M. Vandepopuliere, C. J. Johannsen, and H N.
Wheaton
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 269-270.
Descriptors: Poultry, Fescues, Crop response, Ag-
ricultural runoff.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
This study was conducted to determine the maximum
level of cage hen manure thatcan be applied to fescue
pastures without injuring the plants or creating de-
trimental effects from runoff. Six replicated field test
plots at the UMC poultry farm were used along with
test plots on three commercial poultry farms. The
manure applied on the UMC plots <6'xl2') was
weighed and spread manually. Manure was applied
by flail spreaders or a honey wagon Levels of 10,20,30
and 40 T/A were applied in February 1973. A control
plot with no added nutrients and a plot receiving
commercial fertilizer supplying approximately the
amount of nitrogen equivalent to the nitrogen pro-
vided with the use of 10T manureA was included.
Small sheets of plastic and shallow containers were
used to measure the quantity of manure applied to
each field plot. Strips, 10 feet long, were harvested
and dried on May 9, August 1, and October 15, 1973.
Strip width was measured and the area mowed was
used to calculate the harvest yield. Fescue yields in-
creased as the level of manure applied increased from
0-20TA on the three farm locations. Levels above
20T/A produced a small additional response when the
flail spreader was used; however, the yield was re-
duced slightly with honey wagon use. The carry-over
effect on forage yield during the second year ap-
peared to be minimal. Fescue yields on 6-20-74 at the
UMC poultry farm were 2.94,3.19 and 3.24 (T/A) forO,
10 and 40T/A respectively. Assays of soil samples de-
monstrated an increase in P, K, and Ca. Analytical
values of fescue harvested May 9, 1973 showed in-
creases in plant tissue levels of N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg,
Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Al, B, and Mo when the 40 TA was
compared with the control. These data suggest that
cage hen manure should be spread thinly. The
maximum level should not exceed 20 T/A. Surface loss
due to runoff was minimal. (Vandepopuliere-
Missouri University; Merryman, ed.)
2666-A8, C2, C3, E2
THE EFFICIENCY OF USING
SLUDGE FROM PIG GROWING
COMPLEXES AS ORGANIC FER-
TILIZER,
Research Investigation Department, Land Reclama-
tion, Research Institute, Spl. Independentei 294,
Bucharest Vll-17, Romania
VI. lonescu-Sisesti, I. Jinga, Gh. Roman, and Gh.
Pricop
425
-------
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 271-27J.
Descriptors: Sludge, Fertilizers, Crop response,
Fermentation, Pathogens.
Identifiers: Swine, Land application, Application
rates.
The experimental results obtained from the utiliza-
tion as organic fertilizer of the sludge resulting from
the purification of the used waters in the industrial
pig-growing complexes are presented. The studies
have been carried out on a slightly levigated cher-
nosem, well supplied in humus and on an alluvial car-
bonalic soil medium supplied in humus. It has been
found that the sludge can be used as an organic fer-
tilizer like the farmyard manure in all the field crops
tested (lucerne, sugar beet, fodder beet, corn, soy-
beans, sunflower, fibre hemp, potato) and that high
and profitable yields can be obtained. The suggested
rate is 13-20 Una with grain corn and 30 tAa with
fodder beet without chemical fertilizer addition. Since
the contamination effect with pathogenous agents on
the surroundings has not been followed, the utilization
of sludge as an organic fertilizer can only be admitted
when no pathogenous agents have been signalled or
after disinfection during the fermentation process.
(Sisesti Romania)
2667-A8, B2, Cl, D3, E2
THE YIELD RESPONSE OF GRASS
TO AEROBICALLV STABILIZED
SWINE WASTE,
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture, Ml King
Street, Aberdeen, Scotland
S. M. Mutlak, A. D. McKelvie, K. Robinson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 274-276.
Descriptors: Crop response, Slurries, Grasses.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal, Application rates,
Yields, Composition.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted to de-
termine the effect of aerobically stabilized waste on
crops and soil. Comparison was made to a field exper-
iment concerning the effect of rates of waste applica-
tion on grass growth. Aerobically stabilized slurry,
adjusted to contain 8 per cent suspended solids, was
applied to Im2 plots in an established perennial rye-
grass-clover pasture at rates varying from 12-50m3/
ha/14 days. In addition the same rates of suspended
solids or liquid of the slurry were applied alone to plots
and the results obtained compared with two rates of
application of the supernatant liquor from an
anaerobic lagoon. The yield and composition of grass
were determined at monthly Intervals during a
three-month period. Statistical analysis of the results
revealed that although application of aerobically
stabilized waste generally produced a significant in-
crease in yield, the effect of the separate and com-
bined fractions was different varying from zero for
the suspended solids to 31 per cent increase for liquid
alone. Yield increase for the anaerobic supernatant
treated plots was 64 per cent. No clear trend was
observed for increased rate of application of aerobi-
cally stabilized waste but an increase occurred with
anaerobic supernatant. It seemed that the liquid and
suspended solids alone and the anaerobic supernatant
had a harmful effect. Changes in chemical composi-
tion of the grass can be illustrated by nitrogen com-
position and did not necessarily follow the same pat-
tern as for yield. For example solids alone had no
effect. Liquid alone increased the yield and the slurry
gave higher nitrogen than its separated components.
The anaerobic supernatant gave the highest nitrogen
content and it would appear that there is a relation-
ship between the state of the nitrogen applied and its
uptake by the plant. (Mutlak-Scolland; Merryman,
ed.)
2668-A8 B2, C2, E2, F2 monia volatilization from feedlot surfaces,ammonia
A DOArrir-AT MAWArFMITNT - denitrification at or near the soil surface, and pho^
TEM FOR POLLUTION-FREE LAND phate precipitation in anaerobic lagoons. The data uj
SPREADING OF ANIMAL WASTES, presented in summarized form for reference pur-
ssssf&EF"1"Engineering'Newcastle ^ "'Srfcs ^ r^srai
KmAVepolfocknaf,d J1 R. O'Callaghan (Vanderholm-University of Illinois; Merryman, ed.)
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versityof Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24, 2670-A5, B2 , C2 , C3, E3
1975, p. 277-281.
Descriptors: Slurries, Nutrients, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Great Britain,
Guidelines.
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND
GROUNDWATER QUALITY,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville
J. I. Sewell, J. A. Mullins, and H. O. Vaigneur
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-197S, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 286-288.
Trials were conducted to examine the practicability
of principles of slurry management published in pre-
vious reports of work at Newcastle. They were in-
tended to assess the accuracy of the principles, and
their ease of application by fanners and advisors. Descriptors: Lagoons, Dairy industry, Tennessee,
Hydraulic loading capacity of the soil was estimated Sampling, Seepage, Coliforms, Streptococcus,
from the cumulative soil moisture deficit, which may Chloride, Nitrates.
be reduced by slurry application without causing Identifiers: Groundwater quality.
water pollution. Chemical loading capacity was de-
termined by the crop fertilizer requirements in a sea-
son, which may be supplied in the slurry without In June, 1973, a manure lagoon and holding pond were
leaching or accumulation. Under British conditions, constructed for a new 125-cow dairy at the West Ten-
the two capacities are of a similar order for some nessee Experiment Station. Research was instigated
crops to which slurry is applied so that the two criteria for determining lagoon seepage rates and the effects:
may interact under the unique conditions of the farm of lagoon operation on shallow groundwater quality.
under consideration. A two-year field trial on two The lagoon was constructed in a terrace formation of
widely separated commercial farms was carried out, fine sandy loam of low permeability to a depth of
with a third site being established later on the Univer- about 6 feet and sands with high permeability at
sity Experimental Farm. In each case, long term depths from 6-20 feet. The normal water table depth
planning decisions were possible based on an exami- varies from 8-20 feet and has a moderate gradient
nation of historical weather data and cropping toward a bottom land. Seven test wells located near
policies. Day to day management was assisted by the lagoon and holding pond and extending into the
calculation of soil moisture deficit using actual rain- groundwater table were installed in June, 1*73. From
fall values. Results generally confirmed the spread- that date until lagoon startup In April, 1(74,
ing principles, there being minimal and short-lived background levels of groundwater quality paramet-
water pollution, and good recovery of most nutrients, ers were evaluated monthly. At startup, lagoon seep-
Some crop damage was experienced, and under high age was about one foot per week with full lagoon. A
application rates, near-toxic levels of NOa-N and K water balance is being maintained by daily recording
were found. Further detailed work is needed on re- theoperationof four flush tanks of known volumes. By
covery of slurry nutrients by different crops. Pre- August, 1974, lagoon seepage had decreased mar-
liminary conclusions are that, if the information re- kedly. To date, water-table levels have shown little
quired was made available to advisorsand farmers in change due to system operation. Weekly determina-
an appropriate form, long and short term decisions lions of fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, chloride,
concerning slurry utilization could be facilitated, and nitrate nitrogen are made for each well. Nitrate-
(Pollock-England; Merryman, ed.) nitrogen and chloride levels have shown little change.
However, fecal coliform and streptococci have, in the
wells near the holding pond where the groundwater
2669-Bl.B4,C2,D3,E2,F4 table is about 8 feet below the ground surface, tended
XT?vr.DiG'Xj'r 7 XCCPS ITBrtM I IVF<5 to increas« Analysis of available data suggests that
NUTRIENT LOSSES I1 ROM LlVfca- the lagoon system operation may have little effect on
TOCK WASTE DURING STORAGE, chemical levels but may increase bacterial concent-
TRFATMFNT AND HANDLING. rations on the downslope side. A system lor rear-
1 KfcA1 IHB.N 1, AJNLF nAnuuii™, culating lagoon effluent from the holding pond for
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of nushing alleys is under construction. Quality
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign parameters will be determined for the recirculated
D. H. Vanderholm flush water. (Sewell, et. al.-Universityof Tennessee-
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter- Merryman, ed )
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24, «,7-1 .n Ac in -po T1A po
1975, p. 282-285. £? 'A » » » » » *
. _, SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARD
Identifiers: Nutrient losses, Literature review, Land RUNOFF CATCHMENTS
disposal. '
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Center,
Bushland, Texas
This paper is a review of literature containing data on R. N. Clark
nutrientlosses.Thisliteraturereyiewwas initiated as Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
a basis for an extension publication on planning land national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
disposal systems and for a section on waste utilization versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
to be included in the Midwest Plan Service Livestock 1975, p. 289-290.
Waste Handbook currently under preparation. In
many situations, especially in planning operations,
estimates of the quantity and nutrient content of ex- Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Ground-
creted wastes are readily available, but characteris- water pollution, Texas, Seepage, Nitrates, Nitrites,
tics of the wastes after storage, treatment, and handl- Chloride, Soil water.
Ing are difficult to obtain. Estimates of the nutrient Identifiers: Catchments, Playas, Soil sealing treat-
content of the wastes at this stage can be made if ments. Clay liner, Incorporated bentonlte.
losses can be predicted. This literature review con-
tains information on the magnitude of the losses to be
expected as well as on the loss mechanisms involved. Recent laws require collection and storage of all
Examples of the types of losses discussed are am- feedyard runoff for control of surf ace water pollution;
426
-------
however, seepage from these catchments offer a po-
tential for ground water pollution. Research studies
were begun in 1969 at Bushland, Texas, (Devaluate the
seepage and sealing effects of impounded feed} ard
runoff. This paper presents results from two t>pes of
runoff catchments, one naturally occurring and one
man-made. Some feedlots In the area are located near
shallow, saucer-type natural lakes called "playas,"
while holding ponds have been constructed near
others to impound the runoff. Soil chemical data have
been obtained for samples taken to a depth of 12 feet
beneath a playa which has caught feedyard runoff
since 1967. These data have been compared to those
from an adjacent non-feedyard playa. Nitrate, nitrite,
chloride, and soil water were similar in both playas in
1969 and 1974; changes in the feedyard playa were
slight from 1969 to 1974. Three soil sealing treatments
were compared in three newly constructed holding
ponds. The treatments were a clay liner, incorporated
bentonite, and check. After the initial impoundment
of runoff, water loss rates were similar for all basins.
After 45 days from initial filling, the water loss rate
approximated the evaporation rate. These studies
show that seepage rates beneath feedyard runoff
catchments are low and seepage from runoff catch-
ments presents little danger of ground water con-
tamination. (Clark-USDA Southwestern Great Plains
Research Center)
2672-A3, B5, C2, E2
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM MANURE
UNDER SIMULATED WINTER CON-
DITIONS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Wisconsin, Madison
T S Steenhuis, G. D. Bubenzer, and J. S. Converse
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 291-295.
Descriptors: Winter, Agricultural runoff, Tempera-
ture Precipitation, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Land spreading. Nutrient losses.
Pollution caused by winter spreading of manure has
received wide publicity. Research information neces-
sary to quantify the effects of climatic factors on the
rate of nutrient losses under winter conditions is
needed. This research was undertaken to determine
• the effects of temperature and precipitation on the
rate of nutrient transformation from winter spread
manure and the surface transport mechanisms that
take place during the runoff cycle. To examine the
nollution potential of winter spread manure with and
without the effect of underlying soil layer, sample
Blots were covered with 20 cm of snow. Manure was
aoplied as a urine-straw mixture or faeces at three
depths within the snow layer. Plots were subjected to
four cyclic temperature variations ranging from -8
degrees C to 12 degrees C in an environmental
chamber Radiation conditions equivalent to a cloudy
late January day were simulated. At the-end of the
snow melt period, plots were subjected to simulated
rainfall. Eighty to ninety per cent of the nitrogen was
lost in the runoff from the snow with a water equiva-
lent of 3 cm, when the urine-straw mixture was placed
at the base or midpoint of the snow. Placement at the
top resulted in only 10 to 15 per cent of the originally
applied N in the meltwater. Losses in runoff from
simulated rain were inversely related to the amount
lost in the snow melt. Five to twenty-five per cent of
the nitrogen of the faeces was lost in the snow melt
process The higher percentages were obtained for
placement at the center and on top1 of the snow pack
and subjected to a daily freezethaw cycle. Nitrogen
losses from faeces were approximately 10 to 15 per
cent of the initial load when subjected to the simulated
rain. (Steenhuis, et. al.-University of Wisconsin;
Merryman.ed.)
2673-A5,A6,A8,B2,C2,E2
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO
NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL,
The Pennsylvania State University. 218 Tyson Build-
ing. University Park, Pa. 16802
L. F. Marriott and H. D. Bartlett
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975. p. 296-298.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy industry, Crop re-
sponse, Soil water, Groundwater pollution, Nitrogen,
Sampling, Lysimeters. Nitrates.
Identifiers: Soil injection. Application rates.
Liquid dairy manure was injected on plots of or-
chardgrass at rates to supply 700-3500 pounds of nitro-
gen per acre per year for three successive years, and
on orchardgrass, bluegrass and corn at rates to sup-
ply 200-600 pounds of nitrogen per acre. The concent-
ration of nitrate nitrogen in soil water was determined
on samples from suction lysimeters installed at
depths of 1,2,3 and 4 feet. Crop yields were recorded
and samples analyzed to measure nitrogen uptake.
Soil samples to a depth of 4 feet were analyzed for
nitrate and Kjeldahl nitrogen. The subsurface injec-
tion method provided complete control of malodors at
the disposal site. Repeated applications of the high
rates of manure resulted in increasing concentration
of nitrate nitrogen in soil water at all depths of sampl-
ing. After applications were discontinued, there was a
gradual reduction in nitrate nitrogen concentration
with depth from 1 to 4 feet and with rate. The disap-
pearance of the nitrate nitrogen from depths below
the root zone indicates the potential for movement
into ground water supplies. Manure rates supplying
300-600 pounds nitrogen per acre on bluegrass and
orchardgrass increased the concentration of niti te
nitrogen in soil water at 3-4 feet to approximately two
times the limit for potable water as set by the Public
Health Service. The nitrate nitrogen level decreased
90 per cent in the next growing season. These results
are further evidence that the rate of application of
animal waste must be adjusted to the crop require-
ments for N and to soil conditions to minimize the loss
of nitrate nitrogen from the root zone. (Marriott &
Bartlett-Pennsylvania State University; Merryman,
ed.)
2674-A3,A4,C2,C3,E2
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUF-
FER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE
WATER QUALITY OF MANURE
POLLUTED RUNOFF,
Department of Agronomy, University of Maryland,
College Park
R. C. Doyle, D. C. Wolf, and D. F. Bezdicek
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 299-302.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Coliforms, Strep-
tococcus, Nutrients, Water quality. Water pollution.
Identifiers: Land spreading. Forest buffer zones,
Dairy manure.
With today's environmental concerns, it is necessary
to carefully evaluate the pollution potential of land
spreading of manure. The objectives of this experi-
ment were to determine the movement of fecal col-
iform, fecal streptococcus, total soluble P, K, Na,
NOs-N, NH4-N, and organic-N in runoff water from
manured land and establish the effectiveness of forest
buffer zones in improving the water quality of manure
polluted runoff. Dairy manure was applied at the rate
of 90 metric tons per hectare, 69 per cent moisture, on
0.19 hectare of a Chester gravelly siltloam soil (Typic
Hapludult; fine loamy, mixed, mesic) having a 4 per
cent slope and planted in alfalfa. The experimental
site was located in the Piedmont physiographic pro-
vince of Maryland. Runoff was collected from a 35-40
per cent slope forest by means of dust pan lysimeters
at 0.0,3.8, 7.6,1S.2, and 30.5 meter intervals from the
manured area. Runoff samples were taken for four
natural rainfall events after an initial August, 1973
manure application. A second 90 metric tons per hec-
tare of manure was spread in November, 1973 and
runoff from three subsequent rains was collected.
Runoff at 0.0 meters displayed high concentrations of
P, K, Na. and total N, but fecal coliform and fecal
streptococci densities were not significantly higher
than background levels. Runoff from the manured
area was most highly contaminated in the first rain
after manure application, and the runoff water qual-
ity showed a tendency to improve with each additional
rain. The degree of pollution in the runoff collected at
0.0 meters increased during the winter. Fecal pollut-
ants in runoff water or soil collected at distances of 3.8
meters or greater could not be substantiated by either
the biological or chemical parameters measured.
Similarly, no effect on the stream adjacent to the plot
area was observed during the experiment. (Doyle, et.
al.-University of Maryland)
2675-A5,B2,C2,C3,D3,El
EFFECT O.F ANAEROBIC SWINE
LAGOONS ON GROUNDWATER
QUALITY IN HIGH WATER TABLE
SOILS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
E. R. Collins, Jr., T. G. Ciravolo, D. L. Hallock, D. C.
Martens, H. R. Thomas, and E. T. Kornegay
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24, •
1975, p 303-305.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions. Coastal
Plains, Sampling, Chemical properties, Biological
properties, Nutrients, Coliforms.
Identifiers: Swine, Groundwater quality, High water
table soils.
The effect of anaerobic swine lagoons on the quality of
groundwater in the Coastal Plains was investigated at
the Virginia Swine Evaluation Station (VSES) and at
the Tidewater Research and Continuing Education
Center (TRACEC). The lagoons are located on soils
with high water tables near Suffolk, Virginia. Chemi-
cal and biological tests were conducted on groundwa-
ter sampled at various depths and distances from the
lagoons. Constituents determined were nitrates,
ammonia, soluble orthophosphates, chlorides, chem-.
ical oxygen demand, manganese, copper, zinc, cal-
cium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and fecal col-
iform. Wells were water-jetted to 10-, 15-, and 20-foot
depths at 10-, 50-, and 100-foot distances from the la-
goons. Groundwater samples were taken monthly
since August, 1973. The wells were purged one day
before sampling. Samples for chemical analysis were
stored under ice and dry ice in the field and transfer-
red to a freezer in the laboratory. Before chemical
analysis, the samples were filtered through a 0.45
micron filter. The biological determinations were in-
itiated shortly after sampling. Data from the wells at
TRACEC indicated influences other than the lagoon
on groundwater quality. For this reason, these wells
have been abandoned. A new lagoon has since been
constructed at this location. Future work will entail
monthly monitoring of the groundwater around the
new lagoon at TRACEC, monitoring of groundwater
around a lagoon on a private farm, and more intensive
monitoring of groundwater at VSES with the estab-
lishment of more wells. (Collins, Jr. et. al.-Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University; Merry-
man, ed.)
2676-A8, B2, C3, D3, E2
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF
WASTES FROM DEEP PITS AND
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Iowa State
University.
J. C. Lorimor, S. W. Melvin, and B. M. Leu
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
427
-------
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 30&-30S.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Bacteria, Analysis, Sedi-
ments. Water, Coliforms, Pathogens
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Bacterial populations inlagoon water and subsequent
disposal of these waters were studied for one year.
The objectives of the.study were: To establish rela-
tionships between the lagoon sediments and the over-
lying water of certain groups of bacteria, the isolation
of pathogenic organisms from the lagoon sedimenl
and water, the survival of certain indicator bacteria,
and the effect of land disposal of lagoon waste water.
The fecal coliform populations were-found to be 10
times greater in the sediments than in overlying wa-
ter. Aerobic spore-forming bacillus populations were
found to be 10 to 100 times greater in the sediments
than the overlying water. Fecal streptococcal popula-
tions did not vary appreciably during the winter
months; however, a 1 to 3 fold increase in the sedi-
ment was noted during the summer months. Fecal
streptococcal populations were found to survive
longer in lagoon water than the fecal coliform popula-
tions. Pathogenic organisms, such as Salmonella and
coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were more fre-
quently i&olated from the sediments than from the
overlying waters, indicating that sediments should
not be disturbed when disposing of lagoon water. A
steady increase in fecal coliform and fecal strep-
tococci populations occurred on the land designated
for disposal. The fecal streptococci were found to sur-
vive longer in the soil than the fecal conforms. The
results indicate that fecal bacteria are able to survive
competition from soil organisms for extended periods
of time. (Lorimor.et. al.-Jowa State University, Mer-
ryman, ed.)
fer equilibrium data were used to size a full-scale
system. An equation to predict the excess quantities
of HNOi required lor regeneration was derived and
tested against the data. The buttering capacity of
wastewater was found to sufficient for complele recy
cle of the treated (low pH) column effluent.
I Mulkey EPA)
2678-C2, D2, D3, El
OXIDATION-NITRIFICATION AND
DENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF
MANURE,
Institute for Soil Fertility, Hasen, The Netherlands
H G Van Faassen, H Van Dijk
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-21,
1975, p 314-317.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Nitrification, Nitrites,
Nitrates, Economics, Cattle
Identifiers: Phosphate removal.
Experiments were done utilizing laboratory fermen-
tors (2 to 20 liters). Information about COD and
NOD of manure was presented. Until now, for com-
plete denitnfication a minimum C/N ratio of 6 was
supposed to be necessary. In these experiments, a 17PJ
of 17 proved to be sufficient. Nitrification to nitrite is
more economical than nitrification to nitrate In the
experiment, removal of more than 95 per cent of the
nitrogen was possible. Adding certain amounts of Ca
(OH)5 did not harm the biological process and re-
sulted in a phosphate removal of about 90 per cent.
(Van Faassen-Netherlands)
2677-B2, C2, D2, E3, F6
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOV-
ERY FROM POULTRY WASTEWA-
TER BY ION EXCHANGE,
Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory, V ,S.
Environmental Protection Agency, College Station
Road, Athens, Georgia 30601
L A. Mulkey
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 309-313.
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste water treatment, Ion ex-
change, Recycling. Effluents, Aerobic treatment,
Equations.
Identifiers: Nitrogen recovery.
An ion exchange process to remove and recover nit-
rogen from poultry waste-water, was investigated.
Wastewaters were characterized to determine the
feasibility of ion exchange treatment in a close-loop
aerobic treatment system and exchange isotherms
were generated in laboratory studies. A strong acid
cationic H-form macroreticular resin was chosen to
investigate removal of Nln+. HNOj was chosen as a
regenerant to yield a mixed nitrate salt solution by-
product of NH4f, K+, Ca+t,and Mgt+in excess acid.
Flow direction, wastewater concentrations, and acid
strengths were varied to determine optimum operat-
ing conditions. Ion exchange columns operated in an
up-flow fluid-bed mode resulted in essentially com-
plete resin utilization. No NH4•(•leakage was detected
until breakthrough at near saturation values. Mass
transfer and equilibrium constants for wastewater
feed were independent of NH^concentrations over a
range of 400-2200 mg/1. Similar constants were de-
termined for regeneration and were found to vary
over a HNOj concentration range of O.MN. Design
equations and the laboratory determined mass trans-
2679-A8, B2, C3, D3, E2
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND
DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LA-
GOON WATERS,
Department of Bacteriology, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, North Dakota
D. R. Smallbeck, M. C. Bromel
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
IS75, p. 318-321.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Bacteria, Analysis, Sedi-
ments, Land disposal, Water, Coliforms, Pathogens.
Bacterial popuiationsinlagoon water and subsequent
disposal of these waters were studied for one year.
The objectives of the study were: To establish rela-
tionships between the lagoon sediments and the over-
lying water of certain groups of bacteria, the isolation
of pathogenic organisms from the lagoon sediment
and water the survival of certain indicator bacteria,
and the effect of land disposal of lagoon waste water.
The fecal coliform populations were found to be 10
times greater in the sediments than in overlying wa-
ter. Aerobic spore-forming bacillus populations wen-
found Jo be 10 to 100 times greater in the sediments
than the overlying water. Fecal streptococcal popula-
tions did not vary appreciably during the winter
months; however, a 1 to 3 (old increase in th»sedi-
ment was noted during the summer months. Fecal
streptococcal populations were found to survive
longer in lagoon water than the fecal coliform popula-
tions Pathogenic organisms, such as Salmonella and
coagiilase-positive Staphyjococcus were more fre-
quently isolated from the sediments than from the
overlying waters, indicating that sediments should
not be disturbed when disposing of lagoon water. A
steady increase in fecal colilorm and fecal strep-
tococci populations occurred on the land designated
for disposal The fecal streptococci wer.e found to sur-
vive longer in the soil than the fecal coliforms. The
results indicate that fecal bacteria are able to survive
competition from soil organisms for extended periods
of time. (Smallbeck-North Dakota State University)
2680-B1, Cl, C3, F6
A MYCOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE IN A
SEMIAR1D TEMPERATE CLIMATE,
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Lethbridge,
Alberta. Canada T1J 4B1
R G Bell
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
nationa] Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 322 324.
Descriptors Fungi, Decomposing organic matter.
Identifiers: Unpaved feedlots, Dilution plate
technique.
An investigation was undertaken to determine the
magnitude, composition, origin, and ecological sig-
nificance of the fungi present in manure on the sur-
face of an unpaved beef feedlot. Enumeration and
isolation were accomplished using the dilution plate
technique at incubation temperatures of 25,37, and Si
degrees C on Rose Bengal-streptomycin-
supplemented Sabourard's.dapek-Dox.and Manure
Extract agars. The only thermophilic fungi isolated
were Thermomvces lamiginosus. a Talaromyqej
(Penicillium) so., a Miicor sp., and Chaetomium
> var. cpproohile. With the exception of the
haetomium. all were also present in the feed. The
number of thermophiles remained almost constant
throughout the investigation, which probably indi-
cates their presence as spores. The dominant fungi
isolated at 25 degrees C were members of the
Mucorales. typical of early stages of organic matter
decomposition. A direct relationship between mois-
ture content and fungal population was observed; the
extremes were 500 and 21,000 propagules g dry man-
ure at 10 5 and 55 2 per cent moisture content, respec-
tively. This numerical change was accompanied by
redistribution of population from a 100 1 predomi-
nance of Mucorales over Moniliales at high moisture
content to a 1:1 ratio at low moisture content. At 10.4
per cent moisture content, the Moniliales (250/g dry
manure) all Aspergillus sp.., were shown by differen-
tial medium?! bothast and Fennel I to be potentially
aflatoxic. Similar strains wereisolatedfrom the feed.
Laboratory studies indicated that feedlot manure
under conditions favorable to decomposition, 65 per
cent water content, supported 350,000,250,000 and 3000
propagules^ dry manure at 15,37, and 55 degrees C,
respectively. This observation, coupled with the
characteristic low moisture content found in surface
manure samples, supports the hypothesis that little
decomposition is effected, by the mainly feed-
originating fungi, on the feedlot surface. The potential
hazard ol aflatoxin production is, therefore, minimal
on a dry feedlot but should not be overlooked when
considering ultimate manure disposal. I Bell-Canada;
Merryman, ed.)
2681-B5, D2, E3, F5
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC
HYDROLYSIS OF FEEDLOT WASTE,
Department of Microbiology, Colorado State Univer-
sity, Fort Collins B0523
C. K. Elmund, D. W. Grant, and S. M. Morrison
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24.
1875, p. 325-327.
Descriptors: Hydrolysis, Feedlots, Nutrition.
Identifiers: Farm wastes, Refeeding, Fenlon's Rea
gent, £. utilis.
428
-------
Various environmental and economic factors have
emphasized the need to develop processes for increas-
ing the biodegradability of cattle feedlot manure and
for upgrading its nutritional value for refceding. A
rate-limiting factor during microbial decomposition
of manure is the depolymerization of the cellulosic
fraction, a major constituent of feedlot waste. One
phase of our research project is the evaluation of Fen-
ton's Reagent (FR) to partially depolymerize the cel-
lulosic fraction to facilitate its enzymatic hydrolysis
to reducing sugan. The products may subsequently
serve as substrates for the growth of microorganisms
for feed supplements or other economically valuable
products. The objectives of our study include optimiz-
ing conditions for FRT r
-------
Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science,
California University, Riverside
A. C. Chang, and J. M. Bible
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 339-343.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Feeds, Value.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
In recent years, animal wastes from confine feeding
operations have often been considered as a source of
feed or feed supplements. There were many feed
trials to determine the response of animals with
mixed results. In general, it is recognized that small
amount of manure additive in feed is not harmful to
the animal. However, there are also serious draw-
backs of such feeds due to certain unfavorable con-
stituents in the waste. It is the belie! of the authors
that certain portion of the waste could become valu-
able feed to the livestock animals. The purpose of this
study is to physically separate the waste into various
fractions according to particle size and determine the
feed value of each Traction. For this purpose, various
aged and freshly collected animal waste samples
were collected from confine feeding beef feedlots,
dairies and poultry ranches for the analysis. A vibrat-
ing sieve shaker was used to separate the aged dry
waste samples. The freshly collected wastes were
separated by a wet sieving technique. Crude fiber,
protein, fat, nitrogen free extracts, ashes, and mois-
ture contents were determined to calculate the total
digestible nutrient. Amino acid and organic acid
compositions are also determined to assess their po-
tential as feedstuff. (Chang-California University)
2687-A6, Bl, Cl, C2, E3
DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF
CATTLE WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins
M. L. Stone, J. M. Harper, R. W. Hansen
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 344-346.
Descriptors: Organic wastes, Cattle, Recycling,
Chemical properties, Physical properties, Odor,
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Decomposition rates, pH.
Manure has gained importance as a source of feed,
fertilizer, and energy. This study describes the physi-
cal and chemical changes that occur in manure from
the time it is deposited to the time it is picked up for
utilization. The major objective of this study is to
evaluate the waste of this resource due to decomposi-
tion. A controlled temperature-humidity chamber
was used to incubate manure at constant temperature
and moisture levels. During incubation the manures
were monitored. Chemical properties monitored
were total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, NHsN, acid de-
tergent fiber, ash. and pH. Physical properties moni-
tored were odor, bulk density, particle size, viscosity,
and squeezability. The effect of manure decomposi-
tion was greatest on its viscosity and squeezability.
The viscosity of a slurry of manure incubated at 70 per
cent moisture content and 120 degrees F doubled in a
ten day period. The manure's squeezability de-
creased 6 per cent in the same period. In contrast,
bulk density and particle size remained the same.
Change in odor closely corresponded to pH change.
The pH decreased the first two days and then in-
creased the rest of the 10 day incubation period. Other
'chemical properties excluding ammonia showed little
change in high moisture (70 per cent) manure incu-
bated at high temperature (120 degrees F). At low
temperatures, neither physical or chemical proper-
ties changed as would be expected. Data indicate that
chemical changes of manure are relatively slow com-
pared to some of the changes in physical properties.
This may have a profound impact on manure slurry
handling systems and on collection frequency neces- compounds produced in a swine confinement building
sary to obtain optimum benefit from manure. w«re trapped by porous polymers and identified by
(Stone-Colorado State University; Merryman, ed.) combined gas-liquidchrpmatography and mass spec-
trometry. Gas-liquid chromatograph outputs were
used as the basis for estimating concentrations Air
2688-A2, A8, Bl, B5, C2, E2 S^S^f^^!u^»^^SaaS.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURES AS IN-
FLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE,
Assistant Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sci-
ences, Michigan State University, East Lansing
D. C. Adriano
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 347-350.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Chemical properties, Cli-
mates, Michigan, Cattle, Nutrients, Salts.
Identifiers: Housing types.
Climate influences decomposition of manure and
transformation of its constituents. Housing types in
feedlots modify climatic influence, and thus, could
affect decomposition and composition of manures.
There are three major feedlot housing types in Michi-
gan: open-lot, dry-lot, and the total-confinement sys-
tems. Six feedlots in southern Michigan, with one or
more housing type, were chosen to evaluate: (1)
chemical composition, with emphasis on N, P, and K,
of fed beef cattle manures as affected by various hous-
ing types, and (2) NOj and salt status of farms receiv-
ing these manures. These feedlots had various man-
ure scraping frequency and a wide range of animal
density and size. Manure and fresh fecal samples
were collected four times at bimonthly intervals from
spring to fall of 1973. Soil samples to 2 ft. deep from
manured and unmanured areas were collected four
times during the corn growing season. The organic
matter contents of manures indicate its degree of ex-
posure to climate. In lots with more favorable
evaporative conditions, organic matter was high, on
gravimetric basis. This was true in open-lots, fol-
lowed by dry-lots. But in total-confinement with slot-
ted floor, organic matter was low. The N contents of
manures from open-lots were generally low, with an
average of 1.1 per cent (dry-basis). Manures from
dry-lot and total-confinement systems had more than
twice the N of open-lot manures. This pattern
suggests that greater amounts of N were lost from
open-lots, possibly largely by NH3 volatilization. In
open-lots P tended to be lower in manure than in fresh
feces, probably caused by runoff or leaching losses.
However, in dry-lot and total-confinement systems, P
in fresh feces and manures was about equal. Potas-
sium was generally low in open-lot manures. On the
average, fresh feces had lower K than manures. Data
for Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu is also discussed.
Field data show generally higher levels of NOj and Cl
in soils in manured than control areas. However, no
significant salt buildup was detected. (Adriano-
Michigan State Univ; Merryman, ed.)
2689-A6, A7, C2
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASURE-
MENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
WITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND
MEASUREMENT OF AMMONIA
EVOLUTION RATES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
J. R. Miner. M. D. Kelly, and A. W. Anderson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975.p. 351-353.
Descriptors: Odor, Confinement pens. Ammonia,
Measurement.
Identifiers: Swine, Volatile compounds.
This project was initiated to find a practical way of
identifying and monitoring odorous volatiles. Volatile
water and then reversed and reheated at 150-200 de-
grees C to remove trapped volatiles. The entrained
volatiles were transferred to an open tubular stainless
steel trap immersed in dry Ice. The small cold traps
were then connected to the gas chromatograph and-or
mass spectrometer by modified inlet systems. About
25 compounds were identified by this method, includ-
ing organic acids: acetic, propionic, butyric, and val-
eric. Their concentrations were determined by using
an integrator attached to the chromatograph They
were all found to be in the 10-« ug-1 range. This
technique was then used to measure the evolution rate
of ammonia as well as the transport properties of
these compounds upon release. Native grasses, soil
and surface water were all demonstrated to have sig-
nificant ammonia absorption properties. Values for
dairy barn floors, feedlot surfaces, manured fields
and lagoon surfaces are reported. (Miner, et. al -
Oregon State University; Merryman, ed.)
2690-A6, C2
QUANTATIVE MEASUREMENT AND
SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY
WASTE ODOR,
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue
Columbus. Ohio 43201
C. N. Ifeadi, E. P. Taiganides, and R. K. White
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 354-357.
Descriptors: Odor, Measurement.
Identifiers: Dairy wastes, Volatile compounds
Diethyl sulfide, Dimethyl sulfide.
Instrumentation for the quantitative measurement
and sensory evaluation of odor is developed. The sys-
tem comprises (1) a sample collector, (2) a sample
injection system, (3) gas chromatograph (GC), and
(4) dilution system consisting of a diffusion cell,
series of rotameters, and a sniffing hood. Dairy waste
odorous compounds are collected with the sample col-
lector at ambient conditions. The injection system Is a
specially designed apparatus for transferring the
samples from the collector into the GC for identifica-
tion and quantification. The diffusion cell which was
placed in a constant temperature medium is used to
diffuse calibrated amounts of odorants into the dilu-
tion system. Rotameters are used to dilute the odor-
ants with odor free air so that different concentrations
of the odorants may be analyzed by GC and evaluated
organoleptically at the sniffing hood. Volatiles from
dairy waste stored in a diluted and undiluted state are
analyzed. Dimethyl sulfide and diethyl sulfide are
quantified. Average concentration for analyses of the
diluted manure volatiles are 0.3 ppm for diethyl sul-
fide, and 65.4 ppm for dimethyl sulfide; while the vol-
fide and 34.9 ppm for dimethyl sulfide. Sensory evalu-
ation showed that the odor threshold of the diluted
dairy waste was lower than the undiluted waste by a
factor of ten. (I/eadi, et. al.-Battelle's Columbus
Laboratories, etc.)
•2691-A6
EVALUATION OF ODOR INTEN-
SITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING
OPERATIONS IN TEXAS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M
University, College Station 77843
D. L. Reddell and J. M. Sweeten
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 358-381. '
430
-------
Descriptors: Feedlots, Texas, Cattle.
Identifiers: Odor measurement, Odor intensity stan-
dards, Vapor dilution, Liquid dilution, Scentometer,
Swine.
An experiment was conducted to correlate results
from two odor measurement techniques—vapor dilu-
tion and liquid dilution. A scentometer was used to
measure odors at both a cattle feedlot and a swine
operation. Manure samples from these operations
were brought into the laboratory and the odor inten-
sity was measured using a liquid dilution technique.
The odor readings determined by each panel member
for several months were plotted as probability dis-
tribution functions. Using Monte Carlo simulation
techniques, a composite probability distribution of
odor intensity for the entire panel was predicted and
shown to correlate with the field and laboratory mea-
surements. Using probability distributions, a correla-
tion between the field readings obtained with a Scen-
tometer and the laboratory readings using the liquid
dilution method was explored. Odors were measured
using a Scentometer at three Texas cattle (eedlots
(400,12,000 and 30,000 head capacities). Within each
' feedyard, odors were also monitored along side the
runoff retention ponds at one feedlot. Diverse condi-
tions of weather, drainage, and manure management
were encountered. Odor intensity frequency distribu-
tions were developed for each feeding operation.
These revealed that the feedlots would have exceeded
odor intensity standards of 7 to 8 Dt (in effect in four
states) from 40 to 85 per cent of the time. However, the
127Dt standard for two states would have been ex-
ceeded no more than 5 per cent of the time. The au-
thors concluded that the minimum odor level that can
reasonably be expected at cattle and swine feeding
operations is 7 Dt. (Reddell & Sweeten-Texas A&M;
Merryman, ed.)
2692-A7, All, Bl, B2, C2 .
MANURE GASES AND AIR CUR-
RENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING,
Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, S-750
07 Uppsala 7, Sweden
Sven-Uno Skarp
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 362-365.
Descriptors: Livestock, Ventilation, Hydrogen sul-
fide.
Identifiers: Sweden, Manure gases, Confinement
buildings.
In Sweden, liquid handling of livestock wastes from
confinement buildings developed during the early
1960's. It gradually became clear that gas formation
from the liquid manure could be a problem. Several
serious gas poisoning accidents among pigs and cattle
drew attention to this fact. Studies were made by the
Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering into the
presence and distribution of manure gases under dif-
ferent conditions. The following conclusions were de-
rived from these studies. The main factors for the
distribution of gases were temperatures and air cur-
rents. Solid manure did not release gases in quantities
injurious to animals or humans. Liquid manure re-
leased gases, of which hydrogen sulfide sometimes
appeared in toxic concentrations. Static liquid man-
ure released hydrogen sulfide in measurable quan-
tities only if the manure originated from pigs. Liquid
manure handled or set in motion by pumping, mixing,
spreading or cleaning-out released large amounts of
gases, particularly hydrogen sulfide. The normal
ventilation design was found to have a great influence
on the distribution of manure gases. The largest prob-
lems were caused by currents of cold air at low
heights due to ineffective mixing and distribution of
the incoming fresh air from the air inlets. The design
and location of air inlets and the way the air was
distributed determined the climate in the livestock
building. The design and location of the exhaust fans
were of minor importance for the correct control of
incoming fresh air. Balanced ventilation system gave
the best conditions compared with systems of slight
negative and positive pressure. (Skarp-Sweden)
chemical control applications. Potassium perman-
ganate and orthodichlorobenzine were estimated to
significantly reduce malodors when sprayed in a 1 per
cent water solution at rates of 20 pounds and 6 gallons
per acre of feedlot respectively. In any odor control
system good housekeeping cannot be over-stressed.
Moisture control of the manure pack is much more
important than the frequency of pen cleaning. A shal-
low porous, aerobic blanket of loose manure should be
maintained over a 25-40 per cent moisture manure
pack, where possible, for odor and dust control. Cur-
rent recommendations consist of a critically control-
led manure pack and a chemical spray plan as an
emergency standby. (Ulich and Ford-Texas Tech;
Merryman, ed.)
2693-A6, A7, Bl, B2, B4
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNUUK-
FLOOR LIQUID MANURE PITS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maryland
University, College Park
D. S. Ross, R. A. Aldrich, D. E. Younkin, G. W. Sher-
ritt, and J. A. McCurdy
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 366-368.
Descriptors: Odor, Air pollution, Design, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Storage pits, Slotted floors. Exhaust sys-
tems.
Liquid manure storage pits in enclosed buildings with 2695*-A6, A10, B2 , D2 , D3
partially slotted floors can produce unpleasant and THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA
injurious odors for people and animals within the CULTURFS AND FN7VMFS TO PftN.
buildings A method for removing such odors from a TROI OmiB A Nn f IOITFPV ftP
manure pit is to exhaust air from beneath the slotted * nuLl ""UK AINU L1QU&11 Y OK-
floor directly to the outside of the building. Continuous GANIC WASTE FOUND IN HOG,
ventilation should prevent gases from moving outside DAIRY, AND POULTRY PRODUCING
the pit area. Laboratory and field studies were made i TXJTTS A « U7FI I A e I A nrk/iKic
to find satisfactory exhaust systems which would „• * . . ™- 7 trSVT^ ', ^>
provide effective odor control and acceptable air dis- g'B Dutchman, Division of U.S. Industries, Inc. 200
tribution and temperature. Laboratory studies of 100 * r?/*lln' Ze*lan!*; **"*** °xldlImS and. neutralizing agents were
degrees F improved the odor control. (Ross, et. al.-
Maryland and Pennsylvania; Merryman, ed.)
2694-A6, A7, B3, D2, D3
MALODOR REDUCTION IN BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Lu
to 50 per cent reduction of the BOD count in all cases;
solids we're liquified; and odors were reduced. In ad-
dition, drain-lines were kept clear of all organic waste
build-up. Different products were used for general
odor control and where manure or waste was being
handled as a liquid. Proper utilization of products
containing a minimum of IVi billion anaerobic and 4
billion aerobic bacteria per gram plus enzymes and
other additives; most effectively controlled odors,
aided in fly control, reduced volume, and liquified
organic waste. (Bergdoll-Michigan; Merryman, ed.)
1975, p. 369-371.
W. L. Ulich and J. P. Ford
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24, 2696-A6 , B2 , B4 , C2 ,D2 ,D3
ODOR CONTROL OF LIQUID DAIRY
AND SWINE MANURE USING CHEM-
ICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREAT-
MENTS,
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Agricultural Engineering, University Park
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle.
Identifiers: Odor control, Chemical treatment, Man-
ure pack.
An investigation was conducted in order to: (1) ._„ „ „, ,
thoroughly review current odor control technology, C. A. Cole, H. D. Bartlett, D. H. Buckner, and D. E.
(2) investigate various control treatments, and (3) Younkin
provide practical odor control guidelines for confined Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
beef cattle feedlots. Seven control materials were national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
selected for detailed investigation. Preliminary versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
laboratory tests consisted of one hundred grams of 1975, p. 374-377.
solid or one hundred millUiters of liquid samples to
which various amounts of control materials were ad-
ded. Sulfureous compounds, amines, and possibly Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Dairy industry, Chemi-
ammonia were found to be common important com- cal treatment. Biological treatment.
ppnents of cattle feedlot odors. Organoleptic tests or Identifiers: Odor control. Swine.
digestive deodorants were not found to prevent the
release of any of the malodorous gases for which the
tests were conducted. Digestive deodorants did effect Dairy and swine wastes stored in liquid manure pits
time of release. Chemical treatments using hydrogen produce foul smells due to such components as sul-
peroxide, paraformaldehyde, potassium nitrate, and fide, mercaptans, indole, skatole and ammonia. Work
various commercial formulas were found to provide has nearly been completed on evaluation of chemical
some control at relatively high concentrations. These and biological treatment methods to eliminate these
chemicals, however, were later judged to be more odors at the time of agitating and spreading (short-
expensive at the required concentrations than other term control) or prevent their formation during stor-
431
-------
age (long-term control). Procedures were developed
to measure odor levels subjectively, using an odor
panel, and to measure H%S and NHs levels, using
specific ion electrodes in order to evaluate the treat-
ment methods. The chemical oxidants NaOCl, HjPz-
CIO] and KMnO4 at doses of 500 mg/1 were shown to be
effective for odor control of swine waste on bench
scale experiments. All these oxidizing compounds re
duced the HjS Irom levels near 100 mg/1 to near or
below 10 mg/1 at the 500 mg/1 dosage rate for waste of
5-7 per cent total solids. The most economical mate-
rials, Hj02 and KMnOf were found to cost $2.58 and
13.12 per thousand gallons of waste treated, respec-
tively. Full scale tests on swine waste verified that
they reduced odor substantially. Commercial prop-
rietary materials utilizing enzymes, specific bacteria
and disinfectants were compared with lime treatment
for high pH adjustment and NR,NO3 and NaNO3
treatment for oxygen supply to prevent odor forma-
tion in swine pit contents. None of the materials
studied during the long-term trials, carried out in 208
liter drums over an eight-week period, significantly
reduced odor of the swine manure. In addition no
noticeable reduction in NH3 or H2S levels was found.
Trials are currently being conducted with the com-
mercial odor control materials and the best short-
term chemicals on dairy pit contents. (Cole et al -
Pennsylvania State University; Merryman, ed.)
2697-A6, Bl, Fl, F4
MANAGEMENT OF ODORS AS-
SOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRO-
DUCTION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
J. R. Miner
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 378-380.
Descriptors: Livestock, Poultry, Economics, Design.
Identifiers: Odor control.
This paper reviews and organizes existing research
knowledge in livestock waste odors technology and
attempts to draw from it a set of usable techniques for
the concerned livestock producer or consulting en-
gineer. Although difficult to quantify, certain prac-
tices and design choices have advantages in odor con-
trol. Among the techniques usable to minimize the
potential of odor complaints are proper site selection,
site modification, inhibition or modification of man-
ure decomposition, odor making, odor absorption,
and public relations. All of these techniques can be
incorporated into an overall odor control program
with a reasonable probability of success. The
economics of odor control, unlike the economics of
other livestock production costs are highly site de
pendent. The value of a specific site for animal feed-
ing must be adjusted according to the anticipated cost
of odor management. The chemistry of animal waste
odor control suggests a use of several physical and
chemical modifications to existing feedlots and con-
finement facilities. A combination of techniques has
the potential of making odors less intense and less
frequent. An analysis of livestock odor problems must
include both intensity and frequency descriptions if
rational decisions are to be made. (Miner-Oregon
State University; Merryman, ed.)
Descriptors: Chemical treatment, Liquid wastes,
Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Odor control. Hydrogen peroxide,
Alamask 518, Alamask 1S1A.
2698-A6, B2, D2
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID
DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE
MALODORS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Delaware
University, Newark
W. F. Hitter, N. E. Collins, and R. P. Eastburn
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1775, p. 3*1-344.
The research to be reported in the paper evaluates the
effectiveness of chemical agents to control odors
emanating from liquid manure. Liquid dairy manure
is being treated with hydrogen peroxide and other
chemicals that are available to the farmer. The chem-
icals are being added to liquid manure stored under
anaerobic conditions in 5 and 55 gallon drums. The
effectiveness of the odor control agents are evaluated
by test panels on a 0 to 10 scale for presence of odor
and offensiveness of the odor. Results of treating
liquid manure with 6.5, 12.5, 25, SO and 100 ppm of
hydrogen peroxide show that 12.5 ppm of hydrogen
peroxide suppressed hydrogen sullide for one hour.
Alamask 518 and 151A were the most effective in re-
ducing odors in the liquid manure of the chemical
agents tested to date. None of the chemical agents
tested to date have completely eliminated malodors.
The tests now in progress will evaluate the effective-
ness of the additional compounds in controlling odors
and also the loading rates required for odor control.
These chemical agents will also be compared with
hydrogen peroxide and Alamask 518 and 151A to de-
termine which compound would be the most effective
in controlling odors. Cost analysis for all the chemical
agents tested is presented. Preliminary cost esti-
mates on hydrogen peroxide and Alamask 518 and
151A indicate that chemical treatment is comparable
or less than the cost of odor control by an oxidation
ditch. (Ritter, et. al.-Delaware University)
2699-A8, Bl, B5, E2
LAND APPLICATION OF
MANURES—WISCONSIN'S MANURE
MANAGEMENT PLAN,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin Univer-
sity, 460 Henry Mall, Madison
L. R. Massie, R. D. I
,„, Powell, R. E. Graves
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 385-388.
Identifiers: Waste management program, Land ap-
plication, Application rates.
The production and related need to dispose of manure
from a farm's livestock operation often is not compat-
ible with the crop production schedule. A manage
ment plan has been developed to coordinate produc-
tion and handling of manure with maximum utiliza-
tion and minimum potential pollution. This paper de
scribes, with examples, the manure production and
utilization situation based on collectible1 data from
each farm's records. The three major segments of
data are: (1) Production of manure as related to kind,
size, and number of animals, types of housing, and
handling facilities, (2) Land use related to soils, con-
servation practices, crop rotations, acreages, and to-
pography, and (3) Application rates of manure to the
land related to kind of crop, nutrient removal by the
crop, internal soil drainage, and timing of the applica-
tion. Assessing the farm's manure handling situation
in this way points up conflicts between livestock and
crop production operations. However, these conflicts
are overcome by this individualized farm plan. Each
farmer can have a complete manure management
program which determines the number of animals the
farm can support based on the imposed limitations.
Essentially, the farm has a manure management
plan similar to a soil conserving or livestock produc-
tion plan. Farmer acceptance was good. Farmers
suggested ideas that were incorporated into the plan.
Many described the plan as an assessment of the im-
pact of their operation on the environment.
(MassieWisconsin University; Merryman, ed.)
2700-A3,A4.A6.A11,A12,B2,
Dl,D3,Ei,E2,E3\Fl
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT, TREAT
IT!,
Babtie Shaw and Morton, 95 Bothwell Street 'Glas-
gow, G27HX, Scotland
P. M. Wilson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1875. p. 389-390.
Descriptors: Slurries, Waste treatment, Separation
techniques, Effluent, Sludge, Aeration, Costs.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Swine.
Land spreading of pig slurry is by far the most com-
mon means of disposal in the United Kingdom as well
as being the cheapest form of disposal and providing a
financial saving with respect to fertilizer require
ments. However, it is unlikely that this practice will
be allowed to continue because of the serious organic
pollution and inorganic enrichment of rivers and
lakes resulting from runoff, danger of cross infection
by pathogenic organisms and the ever-increasing
number of complaints of smell. Thus alternative
means of disposal or utilization must be found. The
nature and extent of the processes required are de
termined by the degree of treatment needed and to
some extent by the size of the piggery. A system has
been recommended where an effluent of about 50 mg-
litreSS and 50 mg-litre BOD (50:50 standard) could be
produced. More complete treatment to a standard
less than 30:20 would necessitate costly tertiary
methods and unless substantial financial assistance
were available these costs may be difficult to meet.
The system involves separation of fibrous solids by
using vibrating screens, followed by extended aera-
tion of the liquor and final settlement. By-products of
treatment include manageable, stable solids and
sludges which can be spread on the land. Final
effluent can be used for irrigation or washwater. Al-
ternatively the local sewage authority may handle the
final disposal step. An approximate guide to the order
of cost of treatment by this scheme is given. Other
treatment methods are discussed but many of these
have been investigated only as far as the laboratory
and pilot scale stage and insufficient information has
been obtained in order to assess their performance
and cost at the full scale level. (Wilson-Scotland;
Merryman, ed.)
2701-B2,B3,C1,C2,D1,E1
EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM
HOLDING PONDS,
Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
North Dakota State University, Fargo
G. L. Pratt, A. W. Wieczorek, R. W. Schottman, and
M. L. Buchanan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 391-394.
Descriptors: Evaporation, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: Holding ponds.
The potential for using evaporation ponds as a method
of disposing of animal wastes has been evaluated. The
goal was to develop a method for sizing ponds so all
water from a waste disposal system can be disposed
of by evaporation. Liquid wastes, from approxi-
mately 20 head of cattle, were drained away from the
solid wastes by gravity over a concrete floor. Solids
were scraped from the floor at intervals and disposed
of separately. The liquid was pumped to a pond. The
pond was lined with a 10 ml vinyl liner to eliminate the
parameter of seepage. The flow into the pond aver-
aged 92.1 gal/day over a 4tt month period. The evap-
oration rale from a floating pan was 0.3" higher than
the recorded pond evaporation. The evaporation rate
from a Class "A" pan containing unpolluted water
was 1.39" higher than the pond evaporation. Gener-
ally all temperature values were similar. Various fac-
tors, such as total solids, suspended solids, volatile
solids, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand of the water
were measured in the laboratory. Evaporation from'
Class "A" evaporation pans generally has been found
432
-------
• to run higher than from open bodies of water. Several
variables, such as lake size, temperature, wind, and
solar energy will influence this. A coefficient of 0.70 is
commonly multiplied times the data recorded from
the Class "A" evaporating pans to estimate evapora-
tion from lakes. Experience has shown that these
coefficients may range from 0.70 to 0.80. An average
figure of about 0.79 is given for Fargo. Using the aver-
age evaporation figures from the tests carried out on
the experimental pond from May 1 to September IS,
1973, it was found that a coefficient of 0.78 times the
evaporation rate of the Class "A" evaporation pan
located in Fargo gave a suitable design figure for the
evaporation rate from a livestock waste disposal pond
in this area. (Pralt-North Dakota State University)
2702-B2, B4, D3, E2
AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL
EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUM-
ING AND LAND APPLICATION SYS-
TEMS,
Agricultural Marketing Manager, Gorman-Hupp Co.
Box 1217, Mansfield, Ohio 44901
P. B. Bohley, C. R. Near, D. Rasmussen
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
197S, p. 395-397.
Descriptors: Flumes, Lagoons, Costs, Iowa, Neb-
raska, Design.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The objectives of this project are to compare and
evaluate the fluming, lagoon, land application system
with other types of manure management programs
extant. During the summer of 1974, several beef con-
finement lots in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska
were observed and evaluated. Attention was directed
towards cost of installation—including land, con-
struction of buildings and lagoons, equipment, and
personnel needed for operation. Management re-
quirements and techniques were observed and com-
pared. Feedlots ranged in size from 1,200-10,000 head
capacity and optimum size was a factor in the evalua-
tion of the various liquid manure systems in use. Most
lots were in rural locations, only three being close to
suburban areas. All confinement installations were
less than three years old although most of the
operators had been in business for a much longer
period of time. For purposes of evaluation, these ma-
nure systems are examined by component activities,
i.e. production-coUection-holding-transfer-storage-
land application. Systems with single and multiple
flumes were observed. Building lengths varied from
500-1200 feet and lagoons, from 1V4-4 acres surface
area, ranged from immediately adjacent to several
hundred feet distant. Sequence of flushing is based on
size and number of cattle, and on climate as well.
Some systems are on automatic operation and others
on manual. Automatic systems are evaluated for re-
liability but most operators prefer manual operation.
Lagoons are examined for accessibility, size, loading
rate, build-up, and other pertinent factors. Two land
applications systems using lagoon supply are listed in
the report—one using gated pipe ana the other a vol-
ume gun sprinkler. The paper appraises effluent re-
turn and the land use aspect from a mechanical and
hydraulic standpoint. (Bohley-Gorman-Rupp Co.;
Merryman, ed.)
2703-B2,B4,D1,D2,D3,E2,
EP/ERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS,
Research Assistant, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Illinois University, Urbana
H.C. Kim and D. L. Day
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 398-401.
• Descriptors: Recycling, Costs, Liquid wastes, Fer-
tilizers, Anaerobic digestion, Methane.
Identifiers: Energy expense evaluations. Waste versity of Illinois. Urbana-Chamoaicn Ann) 21 u
management systems, Oxidation ditch, Refeeding. 1975, p. 405-407. v
The objective of this study was to evaluate and com-
pare major systems of livestock waste management
on an energetic as well as monetary budget basis It is
a literature and computational research study using a
model to simulate swine enterprises marketing 4,000.
hogs per year including farrow-to-finish production
facilities. The major waste management systems
considered are: anaerobic storage of liquid manure
using the manure as crop fertilizers; oxidation ditch
treatment of liquid manure with refeeding of pro-
teinaceous liquor; anaerobic digestion to produce
methane gas and fertilizer; and drying with refeeding
of dried manure. The energy expense evaluations in-
clude all man-controlled inputs such as energy in
materials and equipment appropriately amortized as
well as the operating energy. An energy input-output
matrix developed by the University of Illinois Center
for Advanced Computation is used to determine
energy required for manufacturing processes.
Energy credits would account for energy in utilization
methods such as for fertilizer, protein, methane, etc.
The analysis yields a net energy evaluation (profit or
loss) for each system studied. Tentative results rank
the systems as follows for energetics and monetary
economics (the lowest number is assigned to the best
results, etc.). All methods gave a net energy loss ex-
cept for anaerobic storage and spreading on land,
which gave a slight net energy profit. (1) Anaerobic
storage and spreading: Btu-1; $-1. (2) Anaerobic di-
gestion for mathane: Btu-2; t-3. (3) Oxidation ditch
with refeeding: Btu-3; $-2. (4) Drying and refeeding:
BUM; M. (Kim-IllinoisUniversity; Merryman,ed.)
2704-B2,B4,C1,C2,D1,E2
FIELD EVALUATION OF A SETTL-
ING CHAMBER FOR SWINE WASTES,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Province of Man-
itoba
E. T. Oatway, D. D. Schulte, and L. Shwaluk
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wasles-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 402-404.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes. Waste storage.
Identifiers: Swine, Settling chamber. Land disposal.
The swine facility studied is a 50 sow farrow-to-f inish
enterprise consisting of 4 units (farrow, weaners,
feeders, dry sows) constructed in 1970. The units have
partial slotted floors with pits 2 feet deep for the col-
lection of wastes. Each pit Is fitted with a liquid-tight
gate to control the flow of wastes. Each pit is emptied
by gravity flow into a main trench which conducts the
wastes into two storage pits. The storage pits consist
of a concrete tank and an earthen pit in series. The
concrete tank functions as a settling chamber and
storage for solids, and the earthen pit as a storage for
liquids. The system provides a low cost method of
storing swine wastes for 6 months or longer. The settl-
ing chamber '
Descriptors: Hawaii, Economics, Farm manage-
ment.
Identifiers : Regional Wastes Management, Compost-
and ammonia nitrogen, and phosphorus data has been
collected and used to study the effectiveness of the pit
arrangement as a solids separation method
(Oatway-Canada)
2705-A11,A12,B1,D3,E3,F1
LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE IN THE
STATE OF HAWAII-A REGIONAL
APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGE-
MENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of
Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii University, Honolulu
G. M Wong-Chong, W. I. Hugh, J. H. Koshi. T. Tanaka,
C. Schlottfeldt
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
Livestock agriculture in the State of Hawaii is influ-
enced by several factors: (a) importation of almost
all feed stuffs from mainland, ( b ) concentration of the
state's population (about 75 per cent) in Honolulu, (c)
nigh cost of inter-island transportation, and id) in-
creasing urban development encroaching on agricul-
tural land. Because of the population density in Hon-
olulu, a major fraction of the livestock agriculture is
on Oahu; in fact, some 50-70 per cent of the State's
livestock activities is in the Waianae-Mikilua-
Lualualei (3500 acres) area. Unfortunately, this area
is presently experiencing increasing pressures from
urban developers and the resulting demands for more
rigid wastes management . The farms in the parcels of
land (2-15 acres). In many cases land disposal of
wastes is not an effective alternative and other treat-
ment processes are too expensive. In the Waianae-
Mikilua-Lualualei area, the feasibility of a regional
wastes management scheme was examined. This reg-
ional approach was to collect all the animal wastes at
a centralized composting site. The paper discusses
(a) The waste collection system, (b) The composting
process alternatives— windrow vs. forced aeration.
(c) The market potential for compost in the State. ( d )
The economics of the proposed system, (e) The prob-
lems of disease transmission control, (f ) The institu-
tional problems of getting such a scheme to work.
(Wong-Chong— Hawaii University)
2706-A2,B2,B4,C2,F2,F6
ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND
QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EAST-
ERN BEEF BARNLOTS,
Soil Scientist and Statistician, North Appalachian
Experimental Watershed, USDA, ARS, NCR, Coshoc-
ton, Ohio
W. M. Edwards and J. L. McGuinness
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 408-411.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Cattle
Ohio.
Identifiers: Prediction equation, Runoff quantity,
Runoff quality.
Proposed EPA guidelines for feedlot effluent require
that by 1983 all feedlot operations have the capacity to
store runoff from 25-year, 24-hour rainfall. In view of
these requirements, an analysis was made of runoff
volume and quality from a typical unpaved beef
barnlot in eastern Ohio. The measurements were
made over a 4-year period on a 0.4 acre, 60 head
barnlot watershed at the North Appalachian Experi-
mental Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio. A prediction
equation for daily runoff volume was developed by a
multiple regression analysis of 181 runoff events.
Rainfall amount and antecedent moisture content of
the surface layer accounted for 75 per cent of the
storm runoff variability. Joint probabilities of various
amounts of rainfall occurring with different antece-
dent soil moisture conditions were used to define
maximum, minimum and mean daily runoff volumes
at different times of the year. Inclusion of a rainfall
intensity variable in the multiple regression did not
improve the runoff volume prediction. The presence
or absence of cattle in the lot at the time of the event
also had no effect upon prediction of runoff volume
The seasonal distribution of N, P, K and BOD concent-
rations in runoff were determined. Using long-term
weather records, water quality data, and the runoff
prediction equation, runoff volume and associated
nutrient transport for 10- and 25-year frequency
storms occurring at different times of the year were
also estimated. The rainfall prediction was also used
433
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2707-A8, B4, E2, E6
A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF
STORAGE AND LAND DISPOSAL OF
SWINE WASTE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Arkansas
University, Fayetteville
C. R. Mote and E. P. Taiganides
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 412-415.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Waste disposal. Perfor-
mance.
Identifiers: Swine, Computer simulation, Land dis-
posal, Cropping systems
Crop production cycles, soil trafficability conditions,
and variations in the animal population determine the
performance of storage and land disposal systems for
wastes from confinement swine production units. A
computer simulation program was developed which
simulates these factors and their interactions. Studies
made with the program indicate that: (1) a given
capacity storage tank can provide storage capacity
for more of the waste produced over a period of time if
emptying operations are initiated well before the tank
is completely full, (2) the types of crops being grown
on the land available for waste disposal affect the
storage capacity required to prevent overflow, and
(3) the net annual cost of waste storage and land dis-
posal systems may be reduced by modifying the crop-
ping pattern for a given acreage. A total of 63 different
waste storage and land disposal situations was
studied with the computer simulation program. The
study included combinations of seven storage
capacities, three cropping programs, and three
criteria for initiating the removal of waste from stor-
age. For each of the 63 different conditions the be-
havior of the system was simulated for a five-year
operating period. The performance of the system for
each of the 63 five-year operating periods was com-
pared in order to observe the effect of variations in
storage capacity, cropping program, and hauling in-
itiation criteria. (Mote and Taiganides-Arkansas and
Ohio; Merryman, ed.)
2708-A2, B2, E2, F6
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION
FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF IN COLD CLIMATES,
Assistant Professor, North Dakota State University,
Fargo
R. W. Schottman, C. W. Thoreson and J. K. Koelliker
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 416-420.
Descriptors: Irrigation, Agricultural runoff, Feed-
lots, North Dakota, Model studies, Design, Climates,
Pumping.
Identifiers: Detention pond.
Management of the pumping of livestock runoff to be
used for irrigation is considered for several locations
in North Dakota. Pumping durations, pumping rates
and detention pond size and shape are simulated for
stations having contrasting climatological condi-
tions. Runoff events are predicted and are compared
to the 10-year and 25-year, 24 hour storms for each
station. All stations are characterized by at least a 90
day period of continuously frozen conditions and by a
growing season of approximately 120-130days. Runoff
is predicted using a model similar to that developed
by Larson at the University of Minnesota. The model
has been expanded to allow specification of pumping
rates and duration as well as pond size and shape. At
least 30 years of daily precipitation and temperature
records were used as input data for each station. The
SCS runoff model is used as the basis for predicting
the size of each runoff event. Runoff and pumping
programs for two commercial feedlot operations
were monitored and the observed water levels and
runoff events were compared with predicted values
Design recommendations are proposed for the rather
unique climatological conditions encountered in
North Dakota. The model's applicability to other
climatological conditions is also demonstrated.
(Schottman. et. a 1.-North Dakota and Kansas)
2709-A2, B2
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES
FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN
EASTERN NEBRASKA,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Nebraska
J. A. Nienaber, C. B. Gilbertson, T. E. Bond, and J. L.
Gartung
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, I'rbana-Champaign. April 21-24,
1975, p. 421-425.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Cattle,
Nebraska, Research and development, Design, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: Runoff control.
This paper is a final report of five years research on
feedlot runoff control facilities on eight Eastern Neb-
raska research, and cooperator sites. Runoff quantity
and quality, solids transported and solids removal
efficiencies are discussed in terms of system design,
performance, and management. Research demonst-
ration site for a 4000 head feedlot was installed in 1973
based on the 5 year results. The design of this EPA
sponsored project will also be reported. (Nienaber, et.
al.-Nebraska University)
2710-A2, B2, Fl, F6
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FROM
FEEDLOTS IN THE SOUTHWEST-
ERN GREAT PLAINS,
Agricultural Engineer, USDA, ARS, Water Quality,
Management Laboratory, Route 2, Box 322A, Durant,
Oklahoma.
V. L. Mauser
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 426-428
Descriptors: Design, Agricultural runoff, Feedlots,
Texas, Economics.
Identifiers: Southwestern Great Plains, Runoff con-
trol, Soil Conservation Service runoff equation.
The design of feedlot pollution control systems re-
quired an estimate of the runoff volume to be control-
led. Federal and State regulations presently rely on
the Soil Conservation Service {SCSI equation for
runoff estimation. They also rely on the Weather
Bureau Technical Publication No. 40 (TP 40) for esti-
mates of the design storm, which, in Texas, is 24-hour
rainfall expected once in 25 years. This paper
examines the accuracy of these present design proce-
dures. A recently published equation for runoff de-
rived from runoff measurements on a feedlot at Bush-
land, Texas (near Amarillo) was tested against the
more widely used SCS equation. Runoff was com-
puted by each equation for each day with rain in a
35-year rainfall record from Bushland and in an 82-
year rainfall record for Amarillo. These computed
runoff amounts were analyzed to derive return fre-
quency of runoff amount for the new Bushland equa-
tion and for the SCS equation. The results show that
the presently used design method may compute up to
3 times as much runoff as the new Bushland equation.
In addition, significant differences were found bet-
ween 24-hour, 25-year return frequency rainfall found
in TP 40 and the actual record from the two stations
analyzed. Over estimation of the design runoff
amount from feedlots causes wasteful expenditure in
both runoff reservoir construction and the purchase of
a disposal system. This research indicates the need
for revision of design methods and requirements of
law. (Mauser-Oklahoma; Merryman, ed.)
2711-A2, C2
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF
FEEDYARD RUNOFF IN THE
GREAT PLAINS,
Agricultural Engineer, ARS, USDA, Southwestern
Great Plains Research Center, Bushland Texas
R. N. Clark, C. B. Gilbertson and H. R. Duke
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 429-431.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Cattle, Great
Plains.
Identifiers: Runoff quantity, Runoff quality.
The Great Plains Region has become the world's
largest confined cattle feeding area during the last 10
years. The region increased fed cattle production
from 6 million in 1963 to over 14 million in 1973. Also,
during the last decade, water quality control regula-
tions nave been established requiring the impound-
ment of runoff and waste water from these feedyards.
Runoff studies were begun about 1967 at several loca-
tions throughout the Great Plains in order to charac-
terize feedyard runoff as to quantity and quality. The
objective of this paper is to combine these data and
present them in a uniform format. Rainfall-runoff re-
lationships are presented from seven feedyards from
eastern Nebraska and eastern Colorado to South
Texas. In all cases, the rainfall-runoff relationship
was linear; however, the slopes varied from 0.36 to
0.86. Runoff did not begin until at least 1 cm (0.4 inch)
of rainfall had occurred. The quality of runoff was
quite variable at each location depending on rainfall
intensity and duration, time since last runoff, and
stocking rat«. However, noticeable differences were
found between the various research locations. The
concentration of salts was less in eastern Nebraska
and increased inversely with total rainfall to highest
concentration in West Texas. (Clark, et. al.-Texas,
Nebraska, and Colorado)
PROPRTIES OK SOLIDS FROM
STACKED MANURE,
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Wisconsin University, Madison
J. C. Converse, C. O. Cramer, G. H. Tenpas, and D A
Schlough
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 432-436.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Separation
techniques, Waste storage, Chemical properties,
Physical properties, Land application.
Identifiers: Manure stacking, Detention ponds, Fly
control.
Over winter storage of manure is receiving much em-
phasis because of concern for environmental quality
and desire of the livestock operator to reduce
drudgery of daily hauling. Stacking manure is most
appropriate for stanchion type dairy facilities. This
paper summarizes three years of data from three
different stacking systems. The three systems in-
clude a covered bunker type storage for 32 cows a
platform type storage with swinging slide elevator for
28 cows and a platform type storage with a manure
blower for 26 cows. Separation of liquids from solids
was used in all three systems using drains and porous
media. Liquids were stored in a detention pond for
later application to crop land. Stacking was done year
around with removal during spring and fall. Each
system was evaluated for both winter and summer
periods for solid and liquid volumes, physical and
chemical characteristics of solids and liquids, stack-
434
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ability of manure and fly problems. Liquid runoff
from slacks has high pollution potential and must be
kept out of bodies of water. Liquid volumes varied
with rainfall, amount of manure in storage and ability
of liquid to separate from solids. A porous media is
required between the manure and concrete floor of
storage unit. Solid storage volume requirements were
about l.( cu. It -1000 Ib. of live weight. Chemical fly
control is ineffective and uneconomical for summer-
time stacking, but biological fly control is effective
and economical. Stackability is dependent upon quan-
tity of straw used and time of year stored, with winter-
time stacking superior to summertime stacking. This
information will provide the design engineer with
tools to adequately design solid manure storage
facilities. (Converse-Wisconsin University)
2713-A6,A7,B2,C1,C2,D3,E3
MANAGEMENT OF A FLUSHING-
GUTTER MANURE-REMOVAL SYS-
TEM TO IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC
QUALITY IN HOUSING FOR LAYING
HENS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
R. L. Fehr, and R. J. Smith
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1»75, p. 437-440.
Descriptors: Waste water treatment, Lagoons, Re-
cycling, Poultry, Air pollution.
Identifiers: Air quality.
An 1100-bird layer house at Iowa State University has
been remodeled by installing a flushing-gutter
manure-removal system. There are three ranks of
cages in the building with sloping metal trays under
the outer ranks of cages and a central wastewater
holding pit. Wastewater Is pumped from holding pit to
dosing-syphon tanks for flushing metal trays. Waste-
water in the central holding pit is periodically pumped
2000ft. ((10 m) to an anaerobic lagoon. Overflow from
the anaerobic lagoon enters an aerobic lagoon; liquid
from this second lagoon is recycled to the central
holding pit. Because frequent manure removal aids in
odor control, ammonia and hydrogen-sulfide-gas
levels are being monitored to determine optimum
system management. The management consists of
varying the interval between emptying of the central
holding pit, and varying the interval between the
flushings of the metal trays. With reduced odor levels
in the house, it is feasible to reduce ventilation rates.
Winter ventilation rates are being lowered below the
recommended 1/2 dm to 1/8/1/1 cfm (p.014 m3-min to
0 0035-0.007m3-min) per bird. Temperature, humidity
and dust levels are also being recorded at various
points in the house. Wastewater pumped to the la-
goons and recycled is being monitored to determine
the effectiveness of the treatment system. COD, total
solids, dissolved solids, and ammonia-nitrogen levels
are being measured. These measurements are also
being made on wastewater in the house to determine
interaction between these parameters and atmos-
pheric environment. Success of the system is related
both to improved environmental control around the
birds and to mechanization of manure handling.
(Fehr-Iowa State University)
2714-B3, Cl, E2, F4
PERFORMANCE OF SCREW CON-
VEYORS FOR UNLOADING
SLUDGES FROM FIELD TRANS-
PORTS,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, Rutgers-The State University' of New Jersey,
New Brunswick
M. Weil and A. Higgins
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes 1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 441-443
Descriptors: Equipment, Performance. Economics
Identifiers: Land disposal, Screw conveyors, Field
transports.
Equipment has been developed to incorporate a wide
range of biodegradable wastes directly into the upper
8 inches of the soil by Plow-Furrow-Cover, Sub-Sod-
Injection, and Ridge and Furrow. Physical properties
of wastes unloaded from this equipment may vary
from thin slurries to caked materials with up to 75 per
cent solids (wet basis). There are economic advan-
tages to handling materials with a solids content of IS
per cent or greater. A field transport for such mate-
rial must be water tight and readily unload sludge
with a wide range of physical properties. A review of
literature indicates the difficulty of describing the
physical properties of sewage sludges. Per cent solids
does not adequately indicate the handling charac-
teristics of this material. Field tests of equipment
have shown that screw conveyors are well suited for
unloading sludges from field transports. Very little
has been published about actual performance of
screw conveyors for conveying sewage sludge Ex-
tensive tests using sewage sludges with varying phys-
ical properties were made on 9-inch-diameter hel icoid
flight and 9-inch-diameter ribbon flight screw con-
veyors. Mass flow rate and horsepower requirements
were determined with varied screw conveyor slope1
and rotational speed. Less extensive performance
tests were conducted on (-inch-diameter helicoid
flight and 12-inch-diameter ribbon flight screw con-
veyors. The performance data collected were com-
pared to handbook performance data. (Weil-Rutgers)
2715-B1, Cl, E2
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING
ANIMAL MANURES AND SEWAGE
SLUDGES INTO THE SOIL.
Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Biological
and Agricultural Engineering Department, Rutgers
State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
C. H. Reed
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1»75, p. 444-M5.
Descriptors: Equipment, Animal wastes, Sludges,
Physical properties.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Plow-Furrow-Cover
Sub-Sod-Injection, Ridge and Furrow.
Soil, land, and environment can be improved when
biodegradable wastes are recycled by incorporation
directly into the aerobic layer of the soil. During the
last 9 years, equipment has been designed, assem-
bled, or adapted from commercially available com-
ponents, and field tested. Techniques for incorporat-
ing animal wastes and sewage sludges directly into
the soil in one or two passes over the ground are
Plow-Furrow-Cover, Sub-Sod-Injection, and Ridge
and Furrow. The physical properties of these wastes
have varied from thin slurries of animal manures and
septic tank pumpouts (2 per cent solids), to to
semisolid sludges (15 to 25 per cent solids), animal
manure with bedding; and sand-bed-dried sewage
cake with up to 75 per cent solids, which is the most
difficult of all to unload. The equipment has incorpo-
rated up to 200 tons per acre at a ground speed of S
mph. Two types of trailer chassis have been de-
veloped to be used with a standard Mhp farm tractor.
The first has a gooseneck tongue which provides
space for mounting the plow, injector or ridge-and-
furrow opener on the 3-point-hitch of the tractor. The
most recently developed unit has these components
mounted on the trailer chassis. Preliminary field test-
ing of this unit has indicated some advantages over
the excellent performance of the chassis with the
gooseneck tongue. As a result of extensive field test-
ing, a water-tight tank with appropriate accessories
has been designed and is being assembled. This
equipment is designed to unload any of the aforemen-
tioned materials at a minimum rate of 60 cfm This
tank may be either trailer or truck mounted. (Reed-
Rutgers)
2716-B1, Fl, F6
SHORTEST PATH NETWORK
ANALYSIS OF MANURE HANDLING
SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE LEAST
COST-DAIRY AND SWINE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, McGill
University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3M1
Canada
J. R. Ogilvie, P.*. Phillips and K. W. Lievers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-l»75 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
lff/5, p. 446*451 •
Descriptors: Structures, Swine, Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Canada, Network analysis techniques
Costs, Equipment.
Network analysis techniques were used to assess al-
ternatives in manure management systems. The
shortest path network analysis (SPNA) was adopted.
This modification of CPM and PERT techniques
yields the least cost when the duractions of activities
are expressed as capital, operating or energy costs.
The objective was to evaluate certain existing prac-
tices to determine least cost to the farmer using
SPNA. Equipment and structures for manure handl-
ing, comprising 250-300 element] (such as gutter
cleaners, tractor loaders, manure tanks and tankers)
were analyzed and data is presented in graphical and
tabular form. These results show least cost among the
various complete systems utiliiing these components
for particular conditions and scale of operations. The
components for dairy cattle are based on the elements
found in the plans recommended for the Canada Plan
Service. Most cost inputs were obtained by field ob-
servations. Similarly swine systems are based on
existing Plan Service recommendations but various
processing systems have also been included.
(Ogilvie-McGill University)
2717-B1, Dl, D3
APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING
FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVES-
TOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
J. R. Miner and W. E. Verley
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
im111' Illinois' Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
Descriptors: Biological treatment, Livestock, Sep-
aration techniques. Aeration, Sedimentation, Slur-
ries. Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Rotating flighted cylinder. Swine Oxy-
gen transfer.
A solid-liquid separator has be«n devised which
utilizes sedimentation in a unique physical arrange-
ment. The device consists of a tube mounted on a
slight incline. On the interior surface of the tube, a
spiral fin. similar to a deep screw thread, is attached,
forming a series of small sedimentation basins within
the tube. Solid-bearing water is introduced into the
tube approximately one-third the tube length from the
upper end. As the water flows over the fin and through
the sedimentation basins, settleable solids are depo-
sited. As the tube is slowly rotated, the solid fraction is
transported out the upper end. The nature of the solid
stream depends upon the design of the upper wraps of
the fin. In addition to solid-liquid separation, the fin on
this device performs an aeration and biological
treatment function similar to the disks of a rotating
biological contactor. Oxygen transfer rates for the
rotating flighted cylinder have been measured and
are a function of flow rate and rotational speed. In this
paper, operating data are included for the separation
of solids from both swine and dairy manure slurries
using 8 and 24 inch diameter metal tubes. Oxygen
tamsfer studies were conducted using an 8 inch
diameter tube of PVC plastic with fiberglass fins
435
-------
Data are also provided from biological waste treat-
ment studies using this latter tube treating a dairy
manure slurry. (Miner and Verley-Oregon and Kan-
sas)
2718-B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D3
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF
SWINE MANURES AS RELATED TO
DIGESTER LOADING.
North Central Region, Agricultural Research Ser-
vice. USDA, Columbia, Missouri
J. R. Fischer, D. M. Sievers, and C. D. Fulhage
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 456-4M.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Anaerobic di-
gestion, Phosphorus, Potassium, Slurries, Nitrogen,
Sedimentation, Design.
Identifiers: Settling characteristics, Swine, Gutter-
flush system.
Loading of an anaerobic digester is critical for its
successful operation. When a gutter-flush system is
used to collect swine waste, much of the flush water
must be wasted and the solids concentrated before
allowing the waste slurry to enter the digester. One of
the simplest and most economical means of concen-
trating solids is sedimentation. For proper digester
loading, it is desirable to know the fraction of removal
of volatile solids, organic nitrogen and total solids that
can be achieved by settling. From a potential fer-
tilizer value, it is desirable to know the fraction of
phosphorus and potassium. A 3 x 4 x 4 factorial in a
split-split plot design with 3 replications was utilized
using a 6-foot deep, «4" ID settling chamber. Slurries
of .05, .5 and 5 per cent solids were used. Samples were
taken at 1,10,100 and 1000 minutes and analyzed for
total solids, volatile solids, organic nitrogen, total
phosphorus and potassium. Samples were taken at
depths of 0,2,4 and (foot from the top of the settling
chamber. After one hour of settling at the 6-foot depth,
40 per cent of the total solids were removed for the 5
per cent solid slurry and 29 per cent of the total solids
removed for the .05 per cent slurry. The thicker slur-
ries exhibited better settling. An average total phos-
phorus removal of 47 per cent and 32 per cent at 100
minutes was achieved for the .05 and .5 per cent slur-
ries respectively. For the .05 per cent slurry, an aver-
age removal of organic nitrogen for the 0,2 and 4-foot
depths at 100 and 1000 minutes was 32 and 44 per cent
respectively. Little settling of organic nitrogen occur-
red after 100 minutes for all slurries. Potassium being
largely dissolved was not readily removed from the
slurry. Less than 5 per cent removal was achieved at
any depth for the 1000 minute time period. (Fischer,
et. al.-Missouri; Merryman, ed.)
27I9-B2, B3, Dl. D3. E3
A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN
SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLID
SEPARATION OF BEEF WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater
R. Shirley and A. Butchbaker
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 459462.
Descriptors: Separation techniques. Design, Slur-
ries, Cattle.
Identifiers: Rotating conical screen separator,
Liquid-solid separation, Refeeding, Oxidation ditch.
The objective of this research was to remove the un-
digestible and coarse material from aerated beef
waste slurries. Removal of hair and undigested corn
particles was desired in order to Improve the pumpa-
billty of the slurry and to concentrate the finer and
more protein rich particles into one medium for re-
feeding studies. A rotating conical screen separator
was designed, constructed, and tested. The separator
had a conical screen sloped at a 45 degree angle below
the horizontal. The screen was rotated about a verti-
cal axis at a low RPM. Influent from an oxidation
ditch was introduced at the top of the screen. The
course solids remained on the screen and slid down
the screen until slung off by centrifugal forces. The
liquid fraction penetrated the screen and was col-
lected by a funnel attached to the screen. The screen
mesh had an opening of 0.10 inches and screened
about 10.37 per cent of the solids (mainly hair and
coarse grain particles). The collected slurry was rich
in protein matter and very pumpable. The theoretical
maximum power required at a flow rate of 142 Ib-min
(64.5 kg-mm) was 0.4 watts. A peripheral screen
speed of 168 ft-min (51 m-min) gave optimum separa-
tion of the waste. (Shirley and Butchbaker-Oklahoma
State University)
2720-B2, B3, Cl, C2, Dl
EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARA-
TION DEVICES,
The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center, Wooster, Ohio
J. W. Shutt, R. K. White. E. P. Taiganides and C. R.
Mote
Managing Livestock Wastes', Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 463467.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Screens, Settl-
ing tanks, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Liquid cyclone, Solids removal, Total sol-
ids, Total volatile solids, Total suspended solids.
Stationary and vibrating screens, a liquid cyclone, a
circular settling tank, and laboratory scale devices
were evaluated for their efficiency of solids removal
from a stream of untreated and treated wastewater.
Separation efficiencies were measured by changes in
total volume, TS, TVS, TSS, BOD, and COD. For the
stationary screen, two different screen opening sizes
(0.040 and 0.060 inch sieves) were tested under four
different flow application rates ranging from 26 to 89
gpm. Four screen size openings (0.0047,0.0065,0.0084,
and 0.0153 inches) and three application rates (range:
9-30 gpm) were used in the tests run with a vibrating
screen. Results indicate that for each screen size
there is an optimum application rate. A 3-inch diame-
ter liquid cyclone with three different underflow noz-
zle diameters (0.125,0.188 and 0.250 inch) was tested
at four different pressure drops (20,40,60, andSOpsi).
The tests show there is an optimum pressure drop at
which the liquid cyclone should be operated. The
liquid cyclone accomplished an 18 fold increase in TSS
concentration of solids in the influent wastewater
stream. Removal efficiencies of TSS, COD, and other
parameters with settling tanks are affected by deten-
tion time, overflow rate, suspended solids concentra-
tion in wastewater, and degree of pretreatment. Both
field installations and laboratory models were
studied. Suspended solids removal of over 90 per cent
were consistently achieved with COD removal in the
range of 60 per cent. Solids removal from wastewater
streams with TSS of 2-4 per cent occurs as a zone
settling process. As the initial TSS concentration in
the wastewater stream increased, unit area needed
for settling also increased. (Shutt, et. al.-Ohio; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975. p. 46M72.
Descriptors: Poultry, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Flash-type dryer.
A manure drying system involving caged layers with
daily manure collection, air drying and final dehydra-
tion in a flash-type dryer has been studied at Michigan
State University. The system was a commercial-type
poultry building with four rows of wire, triple deck,
cages, 21.95 meters (72') long with dropping boards
for the top two decks. The cages were 30.48 cm by 40.64
cm < 12" x 16"). One-half of the cages contained four
birds per cage. This resulted in a startling flock of
5,292 birds. Droppings from the upper two cage rows
were hand scraped daily to the pit below the bottom
cage row. A cable-blade scraper removed these drop-
pings onto a continuous conveyor belt in a drying tun-
nel. Droppings remained on the belt approximately
twenth-four hours. Then the droppings were conveyed
into a flash-type dryer. Drying took place on dropping
boards, in the tunnel, and in the flash-type dryer. Dry-
ing on the dropping boards can reduce the moisture
content of the manure to 65 per cent (W.B.) or less.
After drying in the tunnel, moisture content can be
reduced to 50 per cent (W.B.) or less. Outside weather
conditions influence drying. The above figures are for
summer conditions. For winter conditions, respective
values of 72 per cent and 70 per cent are more rep-
resentative. Spillage from waterers, etc. can also in-
fluence these figures. The ventilating air of a poultry
house can be used to remove moisture from manure.
In-house drying removes the largest portion of water.
Drying from a belt in a tunnel is very effective under
summer conditions. (Esmay-Michigan State Univer-
sity; Merryman, ed.)
2722-B3, D2, E3
DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE-AN
ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL
FEASIBILITY STUDY,
Unilever Research Laboratory, Port Sunlight, Wlr-
ral, Merseyside, L62, 4XN, UK
J. B. Akers, B. T. Harrison, and J. M. Mather
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 473-477.
Descriptors: Economics, Equipment, Poultry
Feasibility studies, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Dried poultry manure, Refeeding.
The current United Kingdom interest in dried poultry
manure originates from: (1) Shortage of protein in
desirable meat form, (2) Realisation of the develop-
ing animal feedstuffs possibilities of poultry manure
2721-B3, B5, Cl, Dl, D2
IN-HOUSE HANDLING AND DEHYD-
RATION OF POULTRY MANURE
FROM A CAGED LAYER OPERA-
TION: A PROJECT REVIEW,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing
M. L. Esmay. C. J. Flegal. J. B. Gerrish, J. E. Dixon,
C. C. Sheppard, H. C. Ztndel, and T. S. Chang
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
continuing
escalations in compound fertilizer prices, and (4)
Continuing development of intense husbandry of poul-
try and the concomitant waste disposal problem. A
detailed analysis of the various types of dryer suitable
for manure is presented. Pneumatic conveying, rot-
ary drum and batch agitated driers were considered
technically most suitable and possible improvements
suggested. Costings are presented on a realistic basis,
i.e. current costs, which include cost of capital for
equipment and installation, maintenance, deprecia-
tion and labour. Costings show the economic advan-
tages acruing from large scale operation and illus-
trate when small scale driers can become economi-
cally viable. Results are presented for scales of oper-
ation between 10-4 and 104 layers. Further costings
are presented for manure which has been dewatered
before drying. Both fuel oil and natural gas have been
considered as fuels, and also the effects of variation In
fuel costi. An assessment has been made of the suita-
bility of different drying schemes to various applica-
tions and farming situations. (Akers, et. al.-United
Kingdom)
436
-------
2723-B3, Dl, Fl, F6
DRYING DAIRY WASTES WITH
SOLAR ENERGY,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, California
University, Davis
B. Horsfield
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 478-480.
Descriptors: Drying, Costs, Composting, Recycling.
Identifiers: Dairy wastes, Solar energy.
The author has previously carried out a computer
simulation study to determine the feasibility of using
solar energy on a year around basis to dehydrate
animal wastes. The objective of this experiment was
to verify those computer simulation results. The ex-
perimental procedure consisted of loading, at regular
intervals, two small plastic greenhouses with fresh
dairy wastes. The loading rates, i.e., pounds of wet
manure per square foot per day, were established
from experience gained with the computer simulation
studies. The wet manure was placed in the
greenhouses and carefully mixed in with the partially
dried contents in an attempt to create a homogenous
material. In addition to mixing in the wet material,
the entire contents of each greenhouse was
thoroughly mixed on an approximately weekly basis
to insure that the contents remained in an aerobic
condition. The wet manure was weighed and sampled
for moisture content at the time of loading and the
contents of the greenhouses were periodically sam-
pled to determine moisture content. In addition,
temperatures of the drying mass were periodically
recorded because they provided an indice of aerobic
activity. The results indicate that the partially dried
dairy wastes can maintain thermopnilic tempera-
tures for prolonged periods and that composting con-
tributes to dry matter loss as well as energy for evap-
oration. A comparison of the recorded solar energy
input was made to the amount of moisture loss in
order to determine the efficiency of the solar collect-
ing apparatus. The results indicate that such a solar
drying procedure is feasible if a mechanism is availa-
ble for thoroughly mixing the wet manure with the
contents and for maintaining aerobic conditions. A
projection is made of the capitol investment and
operating costs required for such a concept to be
applied to a typical dairy operation. (Horsfield-
California University; Merryman, ed.)
2724-D3, F6
HIGH-FfATE MECHANIZED COM-
POSTING OF DAIRY MANURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maryland
University, College Park
J. W. Hummel and G. B. Willson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1»75, p. «l-484.
Descriptors: Design, Model studies.
Identifiers: Composting, Dairy manure.
Research was Initiated to investigate mechanized
aerobic composting. Research objectives were: (1) to
design and develop an alternative method for reduc-
tion and/or utilization of livestock production wastes,
(2) to investigate the applicability of this method to
particular livestock production units for the control of
air and water pollution, and (3) to develop and inves-
tigate alternative uses for these "wastes." Based
upon the laboratory study of this concept, a pilotscale
mechanized composting system has been designed
and placed in operation at the University of Maryland
Dairy Barns on the College Park Campus. Wastes
(bedding, urine, and feces) from the 80-cow milking
herd housed in stanchion barns are transferred by
conveyor to the compost system on a daily schedule.
The compost channel is sized to accept and retain
these wastes for a 15-day period. During this time, the
wastes are aerated continuously and stirred daily by
an elevating mechanism which traverses the length of
the channel. Each traverse of the elevating
mechanism moves the wastes an increment of the
channel length, resulting in a semi-continuous flow
system. Thus, the channel is charged with raw wastes
at one end, and the partially composted material is
removed at the other end and moved to a program-
med windrow to complete composting using natural
convective aeration. Operational problems encoun-
tered and modifications made to the system during a
1.5-year operating period are discussed. Results ob-
tained with this pilot system led to the conclusion that
the wastes are reduced and more readily handled and
utilized. (Hummel-Maryland University: Merryman,
ed.)
:2725-B3,B4,Cl,C2,Dl,D3
AEROBIC COMPOSTING--NEW
BUILT-UP BED TECHINQUE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio State
University, Columbus
D. P. Stombaugh and R. K. White
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes—1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 485-489.
Descriptors: Aerobic conditions, Equipment, Design,
Performance.
Identifiers: Composting, Swine.
A new aerobic composting system has been con-
structed and evaluated using swine waste. The built-
up bed, aerobic composter provides both treatment
and storage capability and should be adaptable to
other animal wastes. The upper layers (top 30 to 40
cm) of the waste material stored in a large bin are
tilled, mixed and leveled to provide uniform condi-
tions and an adequate oxygen supply for rapid aerobic
composting. With daily addition of 3 cm of waste over
the bin surface, the waste undergoing most rapid
tions of machine and composter performance indi-
cated that the tillage device as designed adequately
mixes, aerates and levels in one or two passes (de-
pending on the frequency of tilling) without clogging.
Once a manure depth of 20 to 30cm was obtained in the
compost bin, process temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees
C were rapidly developed and maintained. With ap-
propriate limits placed on loading rates, type and
condition of manure and duration, frequency and
depth of tilling, satisfactory composting rates were
maintained. Large decreases in moisture content and
volatile solids, as well as pH measurement, C:N
ratios, and observations of odors and compost ap-
._j.--. . . . provides
Merryman, ed.)
2726-A6,B3,B5,Cl,C2,D3
CONSERVATION OF NITROGEN IN
DAIRY MANURE DURING COM-
POSTING,
Agricultural Engineer, ARS-USDA, College Park
Maryland
G. B. Willson and ]. W. Hummel
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24.
1975, p. 490-491.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Composting.
Composting has been shown to eliminate undesirable
odors, kill week seeds, and improve handling charac-
teristics for dairy manure. However, nitrogen can be
lost during composting. This research was conducted
to determine the potential lor nitrogen conservation
through process control. A bulking material must be
added to fresh manure to develop porosity for air
movement and rapid aerobic thermophilic compost-
ing. Different levels of sawdust, straw, perlite and
compost were added as bulking materials. Results
are reported on 18 tests in bins with a capacity of 30
cubic feet and 52 tests in bench digesters with a capac-
ity of one-third cubic fool. Spot checks were made in a
pilot composter, composting the manure from an 80
cow dairy herd to verify laboratory results. The effect
of type and quantity of bulking material on aeration
and on loss of nitrogen will be discussed. Other prop-
erties that will be reported include, ammonia, nitrate.
chemical oxygen demand, volatile solids and pH. The
composting process can be managed to conserve nit-
rogen in dairy manure. Due to the reduction in volatile
solids during processing the nitrogen concentration
may be greater in compost than in raw manure.
(Willson-USDA; Merryman, ed.)
2727-B3, D3,
COMPOSTING SWINE WASTE,
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey
M. E. Singley. M. Decker, and S. J. Toth
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 492-496.
Descriptors: Yields
Identifiers: Comporting, Swine, Windrow technique.
Bulking material.
Early tests of composting of swine waste using the
windrow technique demonstrated that swine waste is
a dense material that excludes air resulting in a
lengthy composting time. After turning a windrow
with the Koto-Spreader, a commercial composting
machine, the incorporated oxygen disappeared in an
hour or less. To reduce bulk density and, allow air
movement in the waste, a bulking material was ad-
ded. In eleven windrow tests using different composi-
tions of bulking materials and dense wastes, compost-
ing time was reduced significantly. The bulking
material was either street refuse delivered by com-
pactor truck or discard material collected from a
shaker separator. Average composting time to reach
temperature decline and suitable granulation for
shaker separation for the last seven windrows was
four weeks and four days. Windrows requiring the
shortest time, three weeks and five days, were com-
posed of approximately 75 per cent swine waste and 25
per cent street refuse by volume. A windrow of 50 per
cent swine waste and 50 per cent bulking material
collected from the shaker separator required six
weeks. Windrows were turned twice daily on week
days using the Roto-Shredder for an average total of
45 times. No separation of non-biodegradable mate-
rial was made prior to composting. During turning,
the glass was broken into fine pieces, the metals
_.-• glass was broken into fine pieces, UK >••»>»
hammered into compact shapes, and the plastic
shredded. As a result, the usable compost was easily
separated from the material to be discarded. The
yield was roughly 50 per cent compost with a high
inert material content and 50 per cent discard.
(Singley-Rutgers)
2728-B2, C3, D3, Fl
LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY
MANURE.
James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, Inc.,
555 East Walnut Street, Pasadena, California
F. A. Grant
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 497-500.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy industry, Califor-
nia, Equipment, Costs.
Identifiers: Composting.
437
-------
The Santa Ana River basin of California has a total
dairy cow population of approximately 174,000. Most
of these cows are confined to a relatively small por-
tion of the basin In the vicinity of Chino and Corona
where the wastes from these cows burden the basin
groundwater resources. The dairies are confronted
with discharge requirements and expensive treat-
ment and disposal alternatives. With EPA and local
funding, a study was undertaken to determine the
technical and economic feasibility of treating dairy
manure in a liquid state by a tandem thermophilic-
mesophilic aerobic stabilization process, more com-
monly described as liquid composting. Experimental
apparatus were set up at an operating dairy. The
study showed that the liquid composting process must
successfully balance the opposing requirements of
sufficient oxygen and minimum air flow. Surplus
oxygen is required for maximum biological activity
wneras the air flow must be minimized to preclude the
need for an external heat source. Results with an
oxygen-enriched air supply pointed out the potential
advantages of a pure oxygen system. Microscopic in-
vestigation indicated a greater diversity in the
mesophilic microorganism population than in the
thermophilic population. This lack of diversity in the
thermophilic population can help to explain the find-
Ing that the rate of stabilization of manure appeared
to be limited at thermophilic temperature as it is at
mesophilic temperatures. Cost estimates for a liquid
composting process to serve 500 cows were developed
within the context of costs for current dairy opera-
tions. Estimates showed that significant costs would
be added to current dairy operations. Cost of liquid
composting was compared with cost of conventional
composting. This comparison revealed that the grea-
ter costs of liquid composting can be identified with
greater capital investment of facilities and with grea-
ter energy requirements to bring oxygen, microor-
ganisms, and substrate together. Such inf ormatiion is
important in considering whether costs of liquid com-
posting could be borne by current dairy operations.
(Montgomery-Consulting Engineers, Inc.; Merry-
man, ed.)
2729-A6,B2,B5,Cl,C3,D3
LIQUID COMPOSTING APPLIED TO
AGRICULTURAL WASTES,
Process Engineer, Chemical Research, The De Laval
Separator Company, 350 Dutchess Turnpike,
Poughkeepsie. New York
A. R. Terwilleger and L. S. Crauer
Managing Livestock Wastes,'Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1875, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 501-505.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Equipment, Aerations.
Identifiers: Composting, Treatment efficiency.
Aeration of agricultural wastes at elevated tempera-
tures is a treatment process with many advantageous
features. The De Laval Separator Company is pre-
sently applying this process to dairy waste, swine
waste, and •confined beef feedlot waste in the United
States. The process, the equipment, and the opera-
tional mode of the systems will be described as they
treat waste products from actual field installations.
The treatment efficiency of these field systems are
described in terms of accepted parameters. Advan-
tages cited for this process include a rapid degrada-
tion rate, significant solids reduction, reduced viscos-
ity during aeration, significant coliform reductions,
odor reduction, and flexibility to meet requirements
of varied situations and desired treatment efficiency.
(Terwilleger-DeLaval Separator Company)
2730-B2,C1,C2,C3,D2,D3L.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCE-
DURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF
ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FER-
MENTATION OF LIQUID CATTLE
Institut fur Bodenbiologie der Forschungsanstalt fur
Landwirtschaft (FAD
K. Grabbe, R. Thaer, and R. Ahlen
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 506-509.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Liquid wastes. Dairy in-
dustry. Organic wastes, Ammonia, Pathogens, Nit-
rogen, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Turn-over.
Hot fermentation of liquid manure, caused by self-
heating through aeration, took place in a tank with a
diameter of 3.25 m, which was equipped with a so-
called Fuchs-aerator, or other devices. Dry matter
content was increased from near rero to 12 per cent.
After intervals of some days, different amounts of
fermented material were replaced by fresh manure.
Data are given for the temperature course and the
turn-over of the organic components. Loss of organic
material, nitrogen, and total volume was measured.
Balances of energy were made. During the process,
ammonia was a source of odor. Its emission increased
with temperature and was different with different
equipment. Since higher temperatures stimulate the
turn-over of organic matter, and trials with salmonel-
lae and different parasites showed that a temperature
of about 45 degrees C is necessary to kill the
pathogenic agents, a combination of both processes
was tested with success. The treated liquid manure's
stability varied between two weeks and some months.
Experiments in a laboratory fermentor were con-
ducted with the goal of retaining nitrogen. In these
studies, in which silage effluent and liquid dairy cattle
manure were used, data were obtained on the forma-
tion of biomass, its composition, and its fate during
the fermentation process and during storage. Dis-
tribution of nitrogen in different fractions such as lig-
nin and humic acids was analyzed. Further data are
given on investigation on the influence of temperature
on pH changes, the problem of alkalinity caused by a
resin effect of the organic material, and the pos-
sibilities of stabilizing highly concentrated biomass
production according to the different aspects of its
utilization. (Grabbe-Germany; Merryman, ed.)
2731-C2, D3, Fl, F4
OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVES-
TOCK WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana
D. L. Day, D. D. Jones, A. C. Dale and D. Simons
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. S10413.
Descriptors: Livestock, Aerobic treatment, Design
criteria, Nutrients, Economics.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditches.
This is a state-of-the-art paper proposal on the design
and development of oxidation ditches used for aerobic
treatment of livestock wastes. The paper summarizes
information from several publications that the au-
thors have helped with, such as Illinois Agricultural
Experiment Station Bulletin 737 "Aerobic Treatment
of Livestock Wastes," the "Aerobic Treatment"
chapter of the North Central Regional Publication
206, and the proposed recommendation for the ASAE
yearbook-Oxidation ditches for Livestock Wastes."
In addition, current practices are included that result
from practical as well as research installations. The
objective of this paper is to consolidate and sum-
marize literature and recommendations on the use of
oxidation ditches for aerobic treatment of livestock
wastes beneath slotted floors in confinement livestock
buildings. The paper covers such major topics as: (1)
Purpose and scope, (2) Description and basic princi-
ples, (3) Design criteria, (4) Start-up, (5) Operation,
(6) Bath discharge system versus continuous dis-
charge system, (7) Nutritive value of aerobically
treated mixed liquor, and (S) Economic and energetic
considerations. Types of aerators, circulation pat-
terns, and power efficiencies are discussed. An up-
date of pertinent literature references Is Included
covering projects and installations around the world.
(Day, et. al -Illinois, Indiana, and West Germany;
Merryman, ed.)
2732-B2;B5,Cl,C2,C3,D3
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN
AERATED BEEF SLURRIES,
Agricultural Engineer, USDA-ARS-NCR, Minnesota
University, St. Paul
R. 0. Hegg and E. R. Allred
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1875, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 514-516.
Descriptors: Nitrogen compounds. Slurries, Aerobic
treatment, Cattle.
Identifiers: Nitrogen transformations.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted to de-
termine the changes in the organic nitrogen in aer-
ated beef slurries under temperatures from 2 to 20
degrees C. Variables measured Included pH, dissol-
ved oxygen, organic-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen,
nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total solids, nitrify-
ing bacteria populations of Nitrosomonas and Nit-
robacter, and the heterotrophic population. Three
batch operated, laboratory experiments, one of IS
weeks duration and two of 20 weeks duration, were
conducted in six, 20 liter containers, with duplicates at
temperatures of 1.7, 7.2, and 12.S degrees C under
controlled aerated rates and constant mixing to pre-
vent anaerobic zones. The field studies were con-
ducted in a pilot-scale beef oxidation ditch that re-
ceived waste from 36 animals over a 14 month period.
The conclusions were (11 Laboratory, batch operated,
continuously fed aerobic digesters produced nitrogen
transformations similar to a pilot-scale oxidation
ditch. (2) Nitrite-N and nitrate-N concentrations
reached several hundred mg/1 at temperatures from
2to20degreesC. (3) Nitrifying populations were 1/100
the heterotrophic population. Liquid temperatures
from 2 to 13 degrees C did not seem to affect the
maximum bacteria population. (4) The nitrifying
population appeared to be quite stable even under
oxygen limiting conditions. (5) Overall nitrogen ba-
lances on the 15 to 20 week experiments resulted in
50-75per cent nitrogen losses. (6) Nitrite buildups are
not due to ammonia toxicity of Nitrobacter bacteria
(Hegg and Allred-Minnesota)
2733-A6,B2,B5,C2,D3,F6
A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE
OF AN OXIDATION DITCH FOR
LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT,
Research Specialist, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Manitoba University, Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T2N2
E. J. Kroeker and R. C. Loehr
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 517-521.
Descriptors: Design, Aerobic treatment, Livestock,
Poultry, Model studies.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Waste management.
Information is now available for the rational design
procedure of the oxidation ditch based upon know-
ledge of waste characteristics, desired stabilization
objectives, and biological waste treatment funda-
mentals. This paper presents: (1) the development of
the design procedure, (2) results of the verification,
(3) potential application to other livestock waste situ-
ations, and (4) the value of the approach as a man-
agement as well as design tool. A mathematical
model was developed which includes relevant design
and operating parameters for a continuous flow oxi-
dation ditch treatment process. The model serves as a
design and management tool for any of the following
438
-------
objectives: (1) odor control, 12) nitrogen removal, (3)
nitrogen conservation. The model and resulting de-
sign procedure were applied to the design of an oxida-
tion ditch for the treatment of caged-layer poultry
wastes. Treatability data were used to establish em-
pirical equations to calculate oxygen requirements,
removal of nitrogen by nitrification-dentrification,
and the removal of raw waste total solids. The model
was verified by utilization of independent data from
two large scale treatment systems. Model predicted
design parameters were compared to actual operat-
ing parameters for two independent systems which
are treating the wastes from 4,000 and 15,000 caged
layers respectively. The verification indicated that
the model could be used as a rational design proce-
dure. In addition, several areas of needed research
were identified. (Kroeker and Loehr-Mamtoba and
New York; Merryman, ed.)
2734-C3, D3, F6
A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF
AEROBIC TREATMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Uni-
versity of Newcastle upon Tyne, England
J. L. Woods and J. R. O'Callaghan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 522-525.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Poultry, Model
studies, Chemical oxygen demand, Equations.
Identifiers: Swine, Monod theory.
The paper describes a mathematical interpretation of
aerobic treatment results for pig and poultry man-
ures. The analysis is based on a theory first postulated
by Monod (1942) for single strain cultures and since
applied extensively by microbiologists for single st-
rain and mixed microbial populations. The Monod
description has been used successfully for sewage and
industrial wastes and this particularly recommends it
to the animal waste treatment field. The model is
applied to laboratory results for pig and poultry
wastes. The main features of the resulting equation
are: (i) The biological fraction of C.O.D. remaining in
the output supernatant is inversely proportional to the
micro-organism retention time, (ii) The biological
fraction of C.O.D. remaining in the output supernat-
ant is independent of the feed concentration. The
micro-organism population adjusts to consume the
substrate available, (iii) The treatment characteris-
tics of poultry and pig waste are very similar. The
prediction equation for C.O.D. is compared with field
treatment plants currently operating in Britain. The
agreement is good and these results form a basis for
the extension of the model to describe solid and solate
biodegradation simultaneously. However, it is impor-
tant to check these results with the data of other work-
ers for pig and poultry wastes and to extend them to
other animal manures. (Woods & O'Callaghan-
University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Merryman, ed.)
2735-B1, Cl, Dl, D3, Fl
AN EVALUATION OF AERATION
SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY WASTES
UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDI-
TIONS,
Research Specialist, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
J. H. Martin, Jr. and R. C. Loehr
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni'
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 526-529.
Descriptors: Biological treatment, Design criteria,
Costs, Poultry.
Identifiers: Odor control, Oxidation ditch, Waste
stabilization, Settling tanks.
Cornell Agricultural Waste Management Program is
engaged in studying the viability of aerobic, biologi-
cal treatment of poultry wastes for odor control and
waste stabilization. The wastes from 8200 Jaying hens
at Manorcrest Farms, Camillus, New York, are being
treated with two oxidation ditches which differ with
respect to levels of oxygen transfer. Aeration equip-
ment was sized to meet the total oxygen demand of the
wastes in one ditch and only a portion of the total
oxygen demand in the other. The result is odor control
and nitrogen management in one ditch and only odor
control in the other. This study also includes separa-
tion of the residual solids following biological degra-
dation by means of settling tanks. This permits low
solids concentrations in the mixed liquor which im-
proves oxygen transfer and concentrates solids prior
to ultimate disposal. Specific objectives of the study
are: (1) Evaluation of available'design parameters
for oxidation ditches treating poultry wastes, (2)
Economic assessment of the process in terms of both
capital and operating costs, (3) Identification of prob-
lem areas not recognized in smaller scale studies. The
paper discusses the study results in terms of: (1)
Oxygen requirements for management objectives
such as odor control or odor control and nitrogen
management. (2) Waste stabilization efficiency in
terms of levels of oxygen input. (3) Oxidation ditch
channel design which optimizes the aerators capacity
of oxygen transfer and mixing. (4) Capital and operat-
ing costs in terms of total egg production costs. (5)
Performance of the settling tanks in solids removal
and concentration. The paper also includes suggested
methods of management and alternatives for integ-
rating the oxidation ditch into a total waste manage-
ment system. (Martin and Loehr-Comel! University;
Merryman, ed.)
2736-A6x B2, D3, Fl
TURBINE-AIR AERATION SYSTEM
FOR POULTRY WASTES,
Research Leader, ARS, USDA, Agricultural En-
gineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca,
A. G. Hashimoto and Y. R. Chen
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 530-534.
Descriptors: Poultry, Costs, Design criteria.
Identifiers: Turbine-Air Aeration, Odor control,
Waste stabilization.
The successful application of aeration systems to con-
trol odors and stabilize wastes from livestock opera-
tions has been documented. Aeration systems are
currently being used commercially and are also being
actively investigated under experimental conditions.
One of the most serious liabilities of available aera-
tion systems is the relatively high operating costs
associated with these systems. This study was under-
taken to evaluate the Turbine-Air Aeration (TAA)
system in terms of: oxygenation capacity, power re-
quirements, operating costs, and feasibility of treat-
ing poultry wastes. Studies were conducted using tap
water, and batch and continuous feeding of poultry
manure. The TAA system consists of a 54 inch diame-
ter by 10 foot deep tank, with four 4 inch baffles along
the circumference parallel to the tank center axis
Two air dif fusers are located at the tank bottom below
an 18 inch diameter turbine. The major advantage of
this system over mechanical (oxidation ditches, sur-
face aerators) or pneumatic (diffused air) aeration
systems is the flexibility to obtain optimum mixing
and aeration simultaneously, which would result in a
more efficient aeration system. Parameters neces-
sary to design Turbine-Air Aeration systems are
summarized and design procedures discussed.
(Hashimoto and Chen-Cornell University Merrv-
man, ed.)
2.7 37-A8.B2,B3,Cl,C2,E2
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR
ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LA-
GOONS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering Florida
University, Gainesville
R. A. Nordstedt and L. B. Baldwin
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. April 21-24,
1*75, p. 535-536.
Descriptors: Sludge, Anaerobic lagoons.Dairy indus-
try, Chemical properties, Nitrogen, Economics
Identifiers: Land disposal, Ruminant wastes Hyd-
raulic removal, Application rates.
Sludge accumulation rate and sludge composition
must be evaluated with respect to the effecton lagoon
performance and to the problems associated with
sludge removal and dispersal on land. An anaerobic
lagoon system on an 800 cow commercial dairy has
been receiving wastes for nearly five years. Sludge
accumulation rate and sludge composition have been
determined. After four and one-half years dense
sludge occupied approximately 28 per cent of the la-
goon volume and lighter sludge occupied an addi-
tional 45 per cent of the volume. Total solids in the
lagoon had increased to an average of 7.49 per cent.
Chemical analysis of sludge samples indicates a sig-
nificant accumulation of nitrogen in the anaerobic
lagoon. Total nitrogen in the lagoon averaged 2550
mg/1, representing a total of 17000 kg of nitrogen
Approximately 82 per cent of the nitrogen was in the
ammonium form. Other sludge characteristics have
also been determined and are discussed relative to the
effects of dispersal of the sludge on cropland. Sludge
consistency is such that it may be removed hydrauli-
cally, using commercially available pumps and other
equipment. Scheduling and rate of removal from the
lagoon make the use of contract dredging services
uneconomical in most cases. A pilot scale sludge re-
moval operation, carried out at the lagoon under
study, is discussed; including rates of application on
land, effects on soil, and replanting procedures
(Nordstedt and Baldwin-Florida University)
2738-B2, Cl, C2, D3, E2
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN
ANAEROBIC LAGOON WITH RE-
CYCLING.
artment' <
C V. Booram, T. E. Hazen, and R. J. Smith
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 537-540.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions, Recycl-
ing, Chemical properties, Sludge, Water quality.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal.
Changes that have occurred in water quality of an
anaerobic lagoon during nine years of recycling at the
Swine Nutrition Research Station, Iowa State Univer-
sity, Ames, Iowa are described. Constructed and
placed into operation in 1962, water qualiity data on
this lagoon were first collected in 1964, shortly after
recycling was begun. Since that time data have been
collected for the years 1965 and 1968 through 1973. The
basic water quality parameters of COD ammonia
nitrogen, kjeldahl nitrogen, chlorides, phosphorus
and pH are summarized. Data analysis indicates that
ammonia nitrogen, kjeldhal nitrogen, chlorides and
COD are increasing with respect to time. Phosphorus
concentration has remained relatively constant and
PH is gradually decreasing with time. The data col-
lected provide an insight into lagoon water quality
changes under a management system of recycling
with sprav irrigation disposal of the excess Infer-
ences and an estimation of possible effects of con-
tuiued recycling are presented. The nutrient content
of the sludge in the anaerobic lagoon are presented.
Accumulation of sludge is pertinent to treatment sys-
tem longevity. The lagoon stores and treats the waste
products from a 700 head swine confinement buildine
Since construction in 1962, the lagoon has been sam-
pled 3 times to observe sludge accumulations. The
439
-------
sludge contained 72 per cent of the nitrogen, 89 per
cent of the phosphorus and 92 per cent of the organic
matter in the lagoon contents. Sludge accumulation
occupied 19 per cent of the lagoon volume in 1966 and
30 per cent in 1173. The slower rate of increase in
sludge content since 1966 is partly due to biological
stabilization during the first few years following con-
struction, and partly because of some solids removal
along with liquid withdraw). Prior to 1968, the lagoon
was periodically discharged to storage ponds. Since
then the level has been controlled by irrigation onto
adjacent land. With proper design initially and
reasonable management thereafter, these data indi-
cate that an anaerobic lagoon for swine wastes should
not rapidly fill with accumulated solids. (Booram, et.
al.-Georgia University, etc.; Merryrnan, ed.)
2739-A4,B2,Cl,C2,D3,El
A LAGOON-GRASS TERRACE SYS-
TEM TO TREAT SWINE WASTE,
Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Missouri-
Columbia University, Columbia, Missouri
D. M. Sievers, G. B. Gamer and E. E. Pickett
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-It?}, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 541-543.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Anaerobic lagoons,
Performance, Effluent.
Identifiers: Lagoon-grass terrace system, Swine,
Chemical build-up.
The waste management system for a swine finishing
unit (200 hd) was studied to determine its treatment
effectiveness and to assess the system's effect on a
nearby municipal water supply reservoir. The system
consisted of a slotted floor over an anaerobic lagoon
and an 850 ft. grassed terrace. During precipitation
events, the lagoon discharged to the terrace where
renovation and dilution of the effluent occurred. Leav-
ing the terrace, the liquid flowed an additional 800 ft.
and entered the small arm of a municipal water sup-
ply reservoir. The anaerobic lagoon was malfunction-
ing biologically due to chemical build-up. Attempts
were made to improve biological activity In the la-
goon by pumping the liquid fraction and diluting the
sludge with fresh water. Samples of the lagoon
effluent and flow in the terrace were analyzed for 14
chemical and physical parameters during a 0.9 inch
precipitation event. Over 80 per cent reductions in the
concentrations of total and volatile solids, Zn and Cu,
and over 90 per cent reductions in COD, BODj, TKN,
total P, Na and K were achieved in the terrace. Soil
samples (to 4 ft. taken along the terrace channel indi-
cated that most chemicals held by the soil were
largely removed in the first 200 ft. of terrace . . .
Controlled discharge of the lagoon coupled with the
grassed terrace proved effective in protecting the re-
servoir from pollution. Annual pumping of the lagoon
liquid and dilution of the sludge with pond water pro-
duced an average reduction of SO per cent of all mea-
sured parameters and resulted in improved biological
activity. However, chemical concentrations built up
within one year to higher levels, suggesting that the
sludge must be removed to maintain a non-toxic envi-
ronment in the lagoon. (Sievers, Garner, & Pickett,
Missouri University; Merryrnan, ed.).
2740-B1,C1,C2,D2,E3,F6
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
PIGGERY WASTES,
Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit,
Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland
A. M. Robertson, G. A. Burnett, P. N. Hobson, S. Bous-
field, and R. Summers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 544-548.
Descriptors: Anaerobic Digestion, Energy, Methane,
Equipment, Design, Sludge.
Identifiers: Swine, Scotland.
Anaerobic digestion is a method of reducing pollu-
tional load of strong farm wastes which may also
provide usable energy as methane. Laboratory
studies were used as trie basis for design and opera-
tion of a small farm scale plant to treat waste from an
intensive piggery. Trials with 15 litre and 100 litre
continuous digesters showed methods of start-up, op-
eration and minimum turnover times in relation to
waste purification and gas production to be expected
in large scale digesters. The farm scale plant was
designed to give Tow maintenance, efficient continu-
ous digester of defined performance. The plant con-
sists o? a 13,600 litre digester with feed and overflow
tanks, feed pump and gas holder. Temperature con-
trol (at 35 degrees Cl is provided by circulating the
digester contents through an external heat exchanger
heated by a digester-gas boiler or a stand-by oil fired
boiler. After initial seeding with domestic digester
sludge, loading of piggery wastes was gradually in-
creased to 450 litrerday at approximately 4 per cent TS
and eventually a retention time of 10 days with waste
containing higher solids concentrations should be
achieved. During the first six months of running, re-
sults showed that a stable digestion had been at-
tained; reductions in pollutional load of the whole un-
settled waste were on average BOD 91 per cent, TS, 49
per cent, VFA 92 per cent, COD 50 per cent with am-
monia generally unchanged. Stirring by heat ex-
changer flow proved inadequate over long periods; an
impermeable crust developed which reformed after
breaking. Other methods of stirring are being investi-
gated ; at present a twin-disc, slow speed turbine Is
being tested for optimum speed and time of intermit-
tent stirring. An input of uniform solids concentration
is desirable and is provided by a stirrer in the 1800 litre
feed tank working for a few minutes before and during
operation of the input pump. Digester loading has
been stopped with and without heating for days or
weeks during over 12 months experimentation. Diges-
tion has always returned to normal soon after loading
restarts. Ingress of small amounts of air does not
retard digestion but nitrogen appears in the gas.
Leakage of large amounts of air eventually stopped
digestion; oxygen appeared in the gas but before this
nitrogen dilution had stopped gas combustion. Gas
production has been equal to or better than the pilot
plant values and at 65-70 per cent CH< gas burns read-
ily to provide a heat source for the digester. At full
loading surplus gas should be available for other uses.
(Robinson, et. al.-Scotland; Merryman, ed.)
27A1-B2, C2, C3, D3, F6
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL
ANAEROBIC LAGOON KINETICS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina
D. T. Hill and C. N. Earth
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1974, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 549-552.
Descriptors: Model studies. Mathematical models,
Computer models, Anaerobic lagoons, Performance,
South Carolina.
Identifiers: Swine, Loading rates.
Laboratory scale models, mathematical modeling,
and computer simulation are used to predict the per-
formance of anaerobic lagoons treating swine waste
at 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C at varying loading
rates. The laboratory units consist of a simple plexig-
las reactor placed in environmental chambers
simulating typical winter and summer conditions for
South Carolina. Feeding rates for each run (at 10 de-
grees C and 25 degrees C) ranged from .5 to 64 Ibs
V.SV1000 ft3 -Day. Theoretical detention time for both
runs was 200 days. Performance is judged on the basis
of volatile matter (V.M) reduction and volatile or-
ganic acid (VOA) concentration. The mathematical
model interfaces chemical reactor theory with a
stoichiometric model of the chemistry of swine waste
and a kinetic model of microbial growth. The
ttoichiometric model provides the basis of conversion
of swine waste to soluble organics, VOA, and ulti-
mately to methane and carbon dioxide. The theoreti-
cal yields obtained from the stoichiometry are then
integrated into a kinetic model of microbial growth
and substrate utilization. Inhibition by high organic
acid concentration, which occurred throughout the
study is incorporated into the mathematical model as
well as suppression of the growth and substrate utili-
zation kinetics by an Arrhenius type temperature re-
lationship. The. mathematical model assumes that
two distinctly different microbial groups are active:
1) acid formers (falcultative heterotrophes) and 2)
methane formers (obligate anaerobes). Metabolic
and environmental requirements of these two groups
are significantly different. Accounting for these dif-
ferences In the simulation necessitates the use of the
two-microbial-cu Iture model... The results of the two
runs indicate that the conventional techniques used to
simulate rapid treatment processes such as activated
sludge or trickling filters may not be adequate to
model lightly loaded-long detention time biological
processes. (Hill & Barth-Clemson University; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
2742-A3,A4,A6,B2,C2,C3
D3,E2
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND
TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY,
Department of Microbiology, The West of Scotland
Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr, Scotland
M. R. Evans, R. Hissett, D. F. EUam, and S. Baines
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-14.
1175, p. 556-559.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment. Slurries, Odor.
Water pollution.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal, Spraying, Scot-
land.
The investigation was carried out on a 100 ha farm
situated at the top of a water catchment area. 5,000-
6,000 fattening pigs, ted on a diet of whey
supplemented by barley meal and other fibrous and
carbohydrate material, where housed there. About 80
m3 of excreta (12-20 g/1 BOD$. 20 e/1 TSS) drained
daily from the piggeries into a 380 m*slurry tank. This
slurry was sprayed onto the land using rain-guns at a
rate of 3«m3/h. At the start of the investigation both
odor and stream pollution caused considerable con-
cern. Chemical and bacteriological examinations of
the drainage water, in open ditches surrounding the
farm were carried out. Most pollutants gained access
to these ditches during the time of spraying slurry
onto adjacent fields. However, there was sufficient
residual material remaining on the land, to be washed
• out following rainfall, and encourage slime growth in
'the ditches. A10 kW floating surface aerator was in-
stalled on the slurry tank to evaluate the use of partial
aerobic treatment. Loading rate to this system was
0.15 g BODj/fc MLTSS.d. Mean residence time varied
between 4 and 5 days due to spraying operations. Odor
was eliminated from the tank and greatly reduced
during spraying. Contamination of the water in the
.ditches adjacent to the sprayed fields with faecal bac-
teria and organic matter was reduced (maximum
BODs-360 mg/1 prior to treatment, 130 mg/1 after-
treatment. To overcome the problems of oxygen limi-
tation and variable loading rate, another 400 m' tank
equipped with three 5 kW fixed surface aerators hat
been installed. The existing tank and 10 kW floating
aerator are used as a combined secondary treatment
unit and balancing tank. Continuous monitoring
equipment for effluent flow into the main tank and
dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature within the
tank have been Installed. Routine analyses of the
mixed liquors and drainage waters are being carried
out during the Initial operation of this new plant. The
two stage system should further reduce organic pol-
lutants without an Increase in nitrate concentration
and consequent possibility of eutrophlcation.
(Evans-Scotland)
440
-------
2743-B1, Cl, C2, D3
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED
LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZA-
TION PLANTS,
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture, Aber-
deen, Scotland.
K. Robinson and D. Fenlon
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1875, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champalgn, April 21-24,
1975, p. 560-583.
Descriptors: Design criteria, Variability, pH, Fer-
mentation.
Identifiers: Aerobic stabilization plants, Loading
rates, Scotland.
; Although use of mean values for the BOD, COD, total
• volume and solids content of raw animal wastes may
. be acceptable as initial design parameters for aerobic
stabilization plants, It is important to remember that
in commercial conditions their day-to-day values
may vary considerably as a result of changes in stock-
ing density, feed quality and quantity, and a variety of
other factors. These factors plus changes In environ-
mental conditions such as pH, dissolved oxygen and
temperature make it difficult to achieve steady-state
conditions. Even an approximation to steady-state
cannot be expected unless allowance is also made
during operation for the variable response of the
treatment microflora to uncontrolled environmental
factors. It was considered that a system of loading
responding directly to metabolic activity would per-
mit more efficient operation and ultimately lead to
the development and use of an automated farm waste
stabilization plant. Feasibility of pH as a loading-
control parameter has been studied with the aid of a
continuous laboratory fermenter. The fermenter was
operated on the basis of a volume of raw waste
(supernatant liquor from an anaerobic lagoon for the
storage and anaerobic digestion of swine waste) dis-
placing an equal volume of mixed liquor from the
treatment vessel. Quantity and frequency of addition
were dependent on pH of the mixed liquor and were
controlled with the aid of a pH meter controller. Oper-
ation of the fermenters at pH values in the range
8.0-8.0 has been examined and compared. The results
have shown the ability of the method to control load-
ing rates at retention times of 2-20 days, to prevent
large variations in the pH and dissolved oxygen con-
tent of the mixed liquor, to produce a stabilized end-
prod UCt of uniform composition and to virtually
eliminate the need for frequent analysis of raw waste
quality. Developments are now In hand to test the
feasibility of the method under field conditions.
(Robinson-Scotland; Merryman, ed.)
2744-B2,B5,Cl,C2,D3,E3,
F6 . .
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTO-
MATED WASTE TREATMENT AND
RECYCLE SYSTEM,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio State
University. Columbus 43210
E. P. Taiganides and R. K. White
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
UK, p. 564-567.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Recycling, Swine, De-
sign, Performance, Effluent, Aeration, Research and
development, Feasibility studies.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Settling, Clarification.
A treatment plant consisting of primary settling
(stationary screen), aeration (oxidation ditch) and
final clarification (settling tank) was constructed In
1771 to receive from a swine confinement unit wastes
being flushed out hydraullcaily. The treated effluent
was recycled for flushing liquid. Values used In the
design of each component of the system were pre-'
sented at the mi ISLW and were published In the
Proceeding! of that Symposium. The total system
was monitored for 3 full years (June, 1971-May, 1974)
with weekly samples and dally supervision. The av-
erage monthly BOD removal efficiency of the plant
ranged from a minimum of 85 per cent in winter
SHUIH* ?.if ,maxlmum °' » P*r cent in summer
months with the annual mean being 78 per cent COD
removal ranged from 51 per cent to 7« per cent
Effluent BOD was less than M mg/1 50 per cert ofthe
W. F. Ritler, and R. P. Eastburn
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
mT£ Z™?0*' Urbana-Champaign. April 21-24,
is i a, p. -
"
tlme 'or the 3-year testing
Uent BOD>I " low "" « mg/1 werf
nlLrUlg summer Periods. Influent BOD aver-
aged 1400mg/l. Average monthly removal efficien-
fjf ,Lor other parameters were 87 per cent for COD
(51-78 per cent),82 per centforTSS (C-W percent). 57
per cent for TVS (44-64 per cent), and 43 £r cent for
maintenance and repair requirements of each of the
I3!?*. m,n(Jmponen.tsJwere also monitored and the re-
sults will be reported. The purpose of the plant was to
demonstrate the technical and environmental feasi-
bility of an automated system of waste removal col-
lection, treatment and recycle without creating pollu-
! !!? °,rhPUM ° .H""""1,™: The P'ant Performance met
fully the objectives of the demonstration project. The
?£s em,San "°w be considered for marketing.
(Taiganides-Ohio State University)
2745-A6,B2,B5,C2,D3,E2,
SURFACE AERATION: DESIGN AND
PERFORMANCE FOR LAGOONS.
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh
P. J. Humenlk, M. R. Overcash, and T. Miller
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
iw7'ty Jig!""101'' Urt>ana-Champaign, April 21-24,
Descriptors: Aeration. Design, Performance. La-
goons, Costs, Effluent.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal.
Several pilot and production scale surface aerators
both fixed and floating, were investigated to elucidate
mechanisms for organic and nitrogen removal as a
pretreatment prior to effluent land application. Po-
tential for odor control and nltrification-
denitriflcation were evaluated. In a pilot scale unit
(600 ftJ) with a variable speed surface aerator, it was
found that the two conflicting mechanisms were oc-
curring simultaneously. I.e.: (1) improved stabiliza-
tion and volatilization, and (2) the restriction of effec-
tive settling removal and sludge resuspension. The
use of surface area, lagoon volume, aerator horse-
power, and anti-erosion plates are discussed as these
relate to design and actual field operation. In units
operating at 8000 ft»-h.p. and 3750 ft3-h.p. of aeration
the supernatant nitrogen levels were both 1200-1400
mg/1 with a loading rate of 40 ft3 of lagoon volume-100
Ib hog. Sludge depths were 30 inches and 9 inches
respectively. Gas evolution was about .11 ft3Aiay-ft2
of surface area, and gas composition as well as poten-
tial of a nltrif ication-denitrif ication sequence are dis-
cussed. The field scale floating aeration basin is the
first stage of pre-treatment for a large swine breeder
operation and contains 1 h.p. of aeration per 8,000 ft'
of lagoon ( 1 h.p. per 1350 ft* of area ). The supernatant
nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon concentra-
tions are given as well as rates and quantity of sludge
accumulation. Actual amount of odor control in sur-
face aeration systems is discussed with consideration
of the increased volatilization and the aerobic stabili-
zation of odorous components in the surface aerobic
rone and effect on lower anaerobic area. Estimated
cost factors for aeration and the overall purpose of
such surface aeration basins in a total waste treat-
n=enfi Iy«*.mi"fe dlscusse
-------
G. W. Wallingford, W. L. Powers, and L. S. Murphy
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 580-582.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Soils, Physical proper-
ties, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Literature review, Land disposal, Load-
ing rates.
The purpose of this research was to review the litera-
ture and analyze research needs on the effects of land
disposal of animal waste. A secondary objective was
to assemble published information on application
guidelines for animal waste. Included is information
on characteristics of the waste, effects of waste on soil
and water near the application site, loading rates,
application techniques and research needs. Waste
characterization data in the literature were compiled
by recording all usable data and classifying them by
climatic region, species (animal), and type (liquid or
solid) of waste. The variability in composition within
a climatic region, species and type of waste was so
great that nogeneral characterization could be made
within each classification. Factors affecting the com-
position of the waste are discussed. Effect of land
disposal on the physical, chemical and biological
properties of the soil are discussed as well as its effect
on groundwater quality below the disposal site, runoff
quality from the disposal site, and plant growth on the
disposal site. A discussion on the benefits of animal
waste disposal as well as the hazards of animal waste
disposal on land is given. Existing literature is discus-
sed with the ultimate objective in mind of developing
application guidelines for animal waste disposal.
Where insufficient literature exists to develop these
guidelines, research needs are discussed.
(Wallingford-Minnesota University; Merryman, ed.)
between rate of manure and rate of N applied. Peak
lint cotton yields occurred in the range of 24 to 30
tons/ac of liquid manure. Liquid manure was injected
into Sharkey clay soils at rates of 24,36, and 48 tons/ac
in 1073 and compared to 120 Ib of N/ac. Lint cotton
yields were 683, 725, 761, and 761 Ib/ac, respectively.
(Spurgeon-Mississippi; Merryman, ed.)
2749-A8, B2, B3, E2
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON
FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICA-
TIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES
AND COMMERCIAL NITROGEN,
Delta Branch, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry
Experiment Station, Stoneville
W. I. Spurgeon, J. M. Anderson, and J. W. Holloway
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 583-516.
Descriptors: Cattle, Cotton, Yields, Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes, Soils.
Identifiers: Land application, Application rates.
The objectives of the research were to: compare
liquid vs. solid manure from beef feedlots for cotton
production; compare injections of liquid manure to
surface application; and evaluate cotton yield re-
sponse to various manure application rates on two soil
types. Lint cotton yields following application of 40,
80, 120, and 1(0 Ihfec of commercial nitrogen were
compared with 4, 8, 12, and 16 tonsAc of solid and
liquid manure on a Dubbs silt loam soil in 1972. Liquid
or solid manure applied at a rate of 16 tons/ac or 120 Ib
of N/ac resulted in lint cotton yields of 926,965, and 944
IbAc, respectively. Injection of 24 tons/ac of liquid
manure in 1973 and 24 and 36 lonsSac in 1973 into Dubbs
siltloam soil resulted in yields of 1141,1036, and 1141 ib
lint cotton per acre, respectively. These yields were
greater than yields of 981,883, and 987 Ib/ac following
comparable rates applied to the surface of the soil.
Liquid manure injected into the soil at 24 tons/ac of
liquid manure in 1972 and 24 and 36 ton&fec in 1973
resulted in lint cotton yields similar to those obtained
following 120 Ib of N/fec (1089 vs. 1135 and 1141 vs. 1178
IbAc, respectively). During 1973,18, 24, 30, and 36
tons-ac were applied across 0,50, and 100 Ib N/ac on a
Dubbs silt loam soil. Lint cotton yields for manure
rates were 1120,1182,1187, and 1116 IbAc, respective-
ly. Across all rates of liquid manure, application of the
zero level of N resulted in lower lint cotton yields when
compared to 100 Ib of N/ac. There was no interaction
2750-A8,B2,B4,C2,C3,E3
ON-THE-FARM DETERMINATION
OF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL
RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION,
Professor of Soil Science, Washington State Univer-
sity
D. 0. Turner
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 587-590.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Pacific Northwest U.S.,
Crop response, Denitrification, Leaching, Equations,
Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Waste management, Disposal rates.
Livestock operators in the Pacific Northwest need a
means whereby they can estimate waste loading
capabilities of their soils. Seventy per cent of the
300,000 dairy cows in Washington and Oregon are west
of the Cascade mountains in areas having heavy
winter rainfall. Waste disposal poses pollution prob-
lems which are especially troublesome when alluvial
soils are saturated. Waste handling and transport sys-
tems in conjunction with field applications are under
study at three dairy locations; cattle populations
range from 130 to 350 head. Two installations receive
40 to 60 inches annual precipitation; one gets 20 inches
annual rainfall. Detention ponds for winter storage
and pumppipe distribution systems are used at all
locations. A soil injection system is also used at one
site. Tile drainage effluent from beneath lagoons is
being monitored for Np3-N and coliform bacteria at
one location. Data indicate the effluent to have less
pollution than does the stream into which discharge
occurs. Waste loading rates are being defined at all
locations under field conditions. Crop removal of nit-
rogen is being measured with silage corn, cereal rye,
and forage grasses. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations
in the forage are being determined as are NOj-N con-
centrations in the soil profile to a 4-foot depth. Results
indicate large amounts of animal manure can be
applied to soils in the Northwest without accumula-
tion of toxic N03-N in animal feed. A large amount of
nitrogen is being denitrified. Soil nitrate leaching Is
minimal in the operations. These data are being used
as a base to develop equations to estimate: (1) Man-
ure nitrogen to provide for optimum crop yields with- .
out excessive nitrogen losses from volatization, denit-
rification, or leaching; and (2) Amount of residual
manure nitrogen remaining for following years.
(Turner-Washington State University; Merryman,
ed )
2751-A3,A8,B2,B3,C2,E2
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MAN-
URE ON SOIL,
Soil and Water Research, USDA. ARS, Auburn Uni-
versity, Auburn. Alabama
Z. F. Lund, F. L. Long, B. D. Doss, and F. E. Lowry
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 591-593.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Cattle, Soils, Crop re-
sponse, Forages, Agricultural runoff.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Application of dairy manure to soil is an economical
means of disposal, but high application rates may
cause problems with quality of runoff water and for-
age. Dairy cattle manure was incorporated Into the
surface IS cm of a Norfolk sandy loam ani cropped
with millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum)
and rye (Secale cereale). Applications of 4i mUnaVyr
. for 3 years resulted in BOD values of runoff water that
did not exceed those for nonmanured plots. The
nitrate-nitrogen content of runoff water was essen-
tially unaffected by the manure treatment; the
maximum did not eiceed 3.7 mg/liter and averaged
less than 2 mg/liter. Total N lost in runoff water aver-
aged less than 3 kg/ha/yr. The same cropping system
was used on plots of Dothan loamy sand, Lucedale
sandy loam, and Decatur clay loam. Plots received
22.5,45,90,180, and 270 mt/ha/yr of manure on a dry
weight basis. The check plot received N, P. and K
fertilizers totalling 450, 220, 450 kg/ha. The 180- and
270-ton manure rates caused plant injury the first
year on both sandy soils. Millet yields were higher on
the 45- and 90-mt-ha rates than on the check plots 2 out
of 3 years. Both millet and rye forage produced on 180-
and 270-mt/ha treatments had K-(CatMbRatios and
nitrate levels that were potentially hazardous to ani-
mal health. Coastal bermudagrass (Cvnodon dactv-
lon (L.) Pen.) on Dothan and Lucedale soils received
raTes of 45 and 90 mt/ha/yr of solid manure and 45,90,
and 135 mtltu/yr of liquid manure. Four applications
of N, P, and K fertilizers were made to the check plots
annually for a total of 470, 225, and 470 kg/ha. The
mineral fertilizer plots yielded more forage the first
year on the Dothan soil, and the second and third
years on the Lucedale soils, than any manure treat-
ment except the 90 and 135 mtAa of liquid. Nitrate
nitrogen in the forage was highly correlated with or-
ganic nitrogen in the plant tissue. Manure could be
applied at the 45 mgriia rate, either incorporated or on
a Coastal bermudagrass sod, and produce nontoxic
forage. (Lund-Auburn University)
2752-A8,All,B2,B3,B4,C2,E2
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK
WASTES,
The Agricultural Institute, Soils Centre, Johnstown
Castle, Waxford, Ireland
H. Tunny
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceeding! 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-197S, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 594-597.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Livestock, Nutrients, Per-
formance, Slurries, Solid wastes, Silages, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Application rates.
Results of experiments on nutrient composition of
animal manures and the efficient use of these nut-
rients for grass production are presented. The first
experiment deals with the variation in N, P, K and dry
matter composition of manures from 70 cattle, pig
and poultry farms. Manure stored as slurry hada
wider variation between farms than manure stored as
solid. Pig slurry showed the widest variation between
farms; dry matter ranged between 1 and llper cent
and nutrients also showed a wide variation. Toe other
manure samples showed approximately a two-fold
variation between highest and lowest farms. Results
of the second experiment compared chemical fer-
tilizer with cattle slurry and pig slurry as a source of
nutrients for grass silage in 1973 and 1974. Nutrient
levels applied, yields and results of plant and soil
analysis are presented and discussed. Nitrogen In cat-
tle slurry was approximately half and nitrogen in pig
slurry two-thirds as effective as nitrogen in chemical
fertilizers. Cattle slurry with adequate nitrogen
supplied excess potassium and Inadequate phos-
phorus; whereas, pig slurry supplied Inadequate
potassium and excess phosphorus. The silage from
the three treatments was fed to three groups of ani-
mals. Feed intake and liveweight gain were recorded
as an index of palatability, and silage quality. There
was no significant difference in animal performance.
In addition, a third experiment studied the effect of
time of application and response of different grass
species to animal manure. Preliminary results
suggest that time of slurry application relative to time
of cutting influenced grass production. (Tunney-
Ireland; Merryman, ed.)
442
-------
2753-A3, A8, B2, C2.E2
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF
SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT
APPLIED TO COASTAL BER-
MUDAGRASS,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
G. A. Cummings, J. C. Bums. R. E. Sneed, M. R.
Overcash, and F. J. Humenik
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
197i, p. 59^601
Descriptors: Coastal Bermudagrass, Sprinkler irri-
gation, Design, Crop response, Agricultural runoff.
Identifiers: Swine, Land application, Lagoon
effluent, disposal, Application rates.
Design, installation and operation of a completely au-
tomated permanent sprinkler irrigation system for
land application of swine lagoon effluent on coastal
bermuda grass is described. This system utilizes
part-circle impact sprinklers located on the 4 corners
of each 30130 foot plot. The system is controlled by an
electrically-operated turf-type controller, and water
flow to individual sprinklers is controlled by thermal
hydraulic remote solonoid values. During the first
year of effluent application (1973) losses from runoff
were negligible for P and low for all other constituents
measured. With annual N application rates of 264,527
and 1055 pounds per acre losses were 4, 9, and 17 Ibs
per acre with approximately the same K rate of appli-
cation losses were 9,17, and 38 pounds per acre. Per
cent loss from runoff of Ca, Mg and Na were approxi-
mately the same as the per cent loss of N. Crop recov-
ery of P, Ca, Mg and Na was much lower than recov-
ery of N and K. Effluent application did not have a
detrimental influence upon the forage in 1973 nor
through August in 1974. Yields in 1973 were approxi-
mately 5, 6.5 and 7 tons of dry matter per acre as
effluent application rates were increased. Nutrient
balance sheets Incorporating data from crop yield
and analysis, runoff losses, soil analysis, and effluent
application rates are presented. (Cummings-North
Carolina State University; Merryman. ed.)
2754-A4,A5,A8,B3,C2,D3,
E2.F1
POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF
POULTRY MANURE BY MAXI-
MEXING METHOD,
Animal Science Department, Connecticut University
Stars
W. A. Aho, G. F. Griffin, and A. K. Baku-
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975. p. 602-605.
Descriptors: Poultry, Costs, Waste disposal, Sampl-
ing, Nitrates, Nutrients, Anaerobic conditions, Pollu-
tion abatement.
Identifiers: Maxi-mixing, Composting.
Maxi-mixing is a term coined to describe a manure
disposal system using a maximum amount of manure
and a minimum amount of soil in a composting situa-
tion. Manure is returned to the soil system in massive
quantities at low cost. Actual mixing is accomplished;
with a bulldozer or a payloader, folding manure and
loU and windrowing. Odors are quelled almost im-
mediately and under ideal temperature and aeration,
composting occurs in several weeks. In November of
1970, 3,675 tons of poultry manure (59 tons nitrogen)
was mixed in an area less than 2 acres. The area was
too small to provide enough soil for a windrowed com-
post. The manure remained below ground level in a
wet anaerobic state. The area surrounding this mass
was sampled for nitrate and ammonia movement in
1171 and 1972. A brook flowing adjacent to the mix was
monitored in 9 locations; 12 holes were also drilled to
obtain ground water samples, and the farm well was
sampled. No appreciable amounts of nitrates were
found. The mix lay fallow from November, 1970 until
AprU, 1974, when the site was required for disposal of
another 6,300 tons of poultry manure. The site was
appraised and soil samples and analyses were made
The analyses of soil three years following massive
manure mixtures indicated high pHvalueslB ItoB 2)
in manure residual zones and relatively high soluble
salts (83 to 90 mhos x 10-5), very high ammonium
«v?js («0 ug N-g soil) and very high levels of en-
tractable calcium, phosphorus and potassium. Only a
trace of nitrite was found in the samples. After the
second maxi-mix water samples were taken from the
adjacent brook and the farm well, neither showed
pollution from the maxi-mix. Cost of maxi-mixing
was 62 cents a ton in 1970 and 60 cents a ton in 1974.
(Aho-Connecticut University; Merryman, ed.)
2755-A4,A5,A13,B2,E2,F1
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID OR-
GANIC WASTES THROUGH CON-
TINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Colorado
State University, Ft. Collins
J. L. Smith, D. B. McWhorter, and R. C. Ward
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, 1975, p. 606-610.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Design, Costs, Dairy in-
dustry, Labor, Colorado.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Subsurface injection Ap-
plication rates. '
Design, development, and utilization of a continuous
liquid manure subsurface injection system are dis-
cussed. With the system, liquid manure is pumped
from a holding tank or lagoon to a disposal field
through rigid pipe. A 660 foot flexible hose is used to
connect the pipeline to the mobile injector. The man-
ure is injected at depths of 4 to 6 inches below the soil
surface and mixed with soil thus minimizing the pos-
sibility for aesthetic pollution. The injector can be
operated with a medium sized agricultural tractor
Disposal capacity ranges from 400 to 800 gpm of 5 per
cent solid slurry depending upon the size of the
equipment. A skilled operator can achieve applica-
tion rates in excess of 50,000 gallons per acre per pass.
The system is particularly adapted for use near popi>-
ation centers. The system is presented as an econom-
ically and environmentally sound alternative to cur-
rent practices. Measurements of ground and surface
water contamination are reported from on-going re
search where the system is being used on a dairy in
Northern Colorado. The system offers significant sav-
ings in labor while improving the aesthetics of animal
waste management. Operating costs are competitive
with present systems. (Smith-Colorado State Univer-
sity)
2756-A8, Bl, C2, E2
SOIL PROPERTIES AND FUTURE
CROP PRODUCTION AS AFFECTED
BY MAXIMUM RATES OF DAIRY
MANURE,
Minnesota University, Southern Experiment Station
Waseca
G. W. Randall, R. H. Anderson and P. R. Goodrich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975,p. 611-613.
Descriptors: Dairy industry. Chemical properties,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, Non-
crop areas, Pollution potential.
Conditions sometime exist in livestock operations
where acreage, time ano>>r labor may not be suffi-
cient to allow manure application to land just prior to
crop planting or at conventional rates. An experiment
was established to determine the maximum amount
443
of manure that can be applied and incorporated in a
limited non-crop area During 1971, 1972 and 1973
dairy manure was applied to the surf ace of'a Webster
clay loam soil. Manure was applied to tr* \Tmeo"
acre area in both 1971 and 1«72. In 1973 this area was
split and manure was applied to one of the 0 25 acre
areas. In 1973 corn was planted on theotherO 25-acre
area and on an adjacent border area that had received
32.7 T DM/A in 1970and had been fallowedI sincT^
ure application rates have totaled 103, *jSd im
T-A dry matter basis) for 1971,1972 and 1973 respec
twe^. Nutrient application rates over Die 3 ywr
period have totaled 20,150 Ibs. N/A (76 per cent as
orgamc N). 5845 Ibs P/A, 10,785 Ibs. K/A andU .285 Ibs
Cl/A Soil samples taken in April, 1973, following 198.7
T/A, showed that nitrates had moved only to 5'
Chlorides had moved to 8'. Ammonia P, K and Na had
accumulated in theO-r layer. Following343 5T/A, the
1974 sampling showed that some nitrates had moved
to 6 . However, nitrate concentrations in tht 1-2 2-3
and 3-4' depths were very low and indicate that d'enit-
nfication could have occurred. Soil water samples
revealed nitrate concentrations under the manure
area to be 50 per cent less than those from the (allowed
border area until August, 1973. Since then nitratecon-
centrations under each have been similar. Chloride
concentrations were about 3 times higher under the
manure. In 1973, corn yielded 152 buA from the man-
ure area and 191 buA from the fallowed border area
without fertilizer. Additional crop yields and soil and
water samples must be taken annually before long-
term effects can be determined. (Randall-Minnesota
University; Merryman, ed.)
2757-A8, B3, B4, C2, E2
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MAN-
URE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY AP-
PLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES AND PLANT NUTRI-
TION, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANA-
DA,
Soil Science Department, British Columbia Univer-
sity, Vancouver, Canada
A. A. Bomke and L. M. Lavkulich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
nationa! Symposium on Livestock Wastes-lJ75 Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 614-617. '
Descriptors: Poultry, Chemical properties. Crop re-
sponse, Soil contamination, Waste storage
Identifiers: Canada, Land disposal.
The lower Eraser Valley of British Columbia Canada
has a poultry population of approximately 85 million
birds. This is the most densely populated area of the
province and one which supports the most intensive
agriculture. Thus waste disposal has become an acute
problem from the standpoint of environmental qual-
ity. Application of large amounts of animal wastes to
land and the subsequent growth of crops raises the'
question of crop quality. A program was initiated to
determine: (1) The effect of heavy application of
poultry manure on soil chemical properties drainage
waters, and crop composition, and (2) Plant nutrient
content of poultry manure deposited and stored in
deep pits under laying cages. Adverse effects on vege-
tation of excessive rates of manure were visually ap-
parent when soil and plant samples were collected
from several fields used as manure disposal sites.
Available P levels as high as 1100 ppm are indicative
of potential problems of excessive manure applica-
tion Other soil parameters considered are total N,
NOs-N, NH4-N, exchangeable cations, electrical con-
ductivity and pH. In addition, tissue analysis of plants
collected from disposal sites and cropped fields is
used toindicate possible plant nutrient imbalance due
to high manure application rates. Types of vegetation
sampled include primarily grasses on the disposal
sites, some cropped fields, and raspberries a crop
receiving significant quantities of poultry manure in
methods. Therefore, an evaluation was made of plant
nutrient content of manure deposited and stored in
-------
deep accumulation pits under laying cages, a system
which is used in most new laying houses in B.C. Sam-
ples were collected at 15 cm increments from manure
piles with an average depth of 90 cm. Manure from
lower increments had been stored up to one year.
Hesults of analysis of the manure are evaluated in
terms of changes in plant nutrient content during
storage. Application rates of poultry manure and
their ensuing effects on soils and crops are dependent
on an understanding of the type of management sys-
tem. (Bomke-Canada)
2758-A3,A8,B2,D3,E2,E3,Fl
AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RE-
CYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREAT-
MENT OF POULTRY WASTES,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh
M. R. Overcash. J. W. Gilliam, and F. J. Humenik
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 618-621
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste treatment, Design,
Costs, Terracing, Lagoons, Denitrification.
Identifiers: Overland Flow-Lagoon-Recycle System,
Waste water recycling.
A sequential arrangement of process in this caged
layer waste management system is presented. Waste
from 1400 layers is removed from undercage collec-
tion channels once per day by flush water (2500 gall
which is held in a storage tank and released so that
flow rates of 15-20 feet per second are obtained ini-
tially. A flow velocity of 3-5 ft-sec at the end of the
waste collection channel results in effective cleaning.
The manure slurry is then mixed in a tank and
pumped to a dilution box, from which the wastewater
is distributed at the upper end of 3 terrace systems by
means of a 4" x 4" x 40' long trough with slotted
openings at ground level. Two terrace systems are 8
per cent slope, and one is 6 per cent. At 50 foot inter-
vals the overland flow liquid is collected, measured
and sampled and then redistributed as described
above. The cover crop is predominantly Reed Canary
grass and is harvested with yields taken every week
To evaluate the nitrifying mechanisms soil surface
samples have been taken and analysed for Nit
rosomonas and Nitrobacter. The objective is to select
the flow distances and operational parameters which
promote nitrification without excessive carbon
stabilization in overland flow. Terrace runoff is di-
rected into an 18,000 ft3 unaerated lagoon. This serves
as a denitrifying site for nitrates formed in the over-
land flow. Following this basin is a large holding-
polishing lagoon from which water is recycled to the
flush reservoir and dilution box. This recycle system
does not represent a totally closed system because
salt or other toxic elements will build with time neces-
sitating the application of the system liquid to the land
and a dilution of the system with fresh water. Design
factors, costs, and operational strategies for
typically-sized producer systems are included. Sev-
eral alternative designs for various parts of the over-
all system are included to enhance applicability to a
wider range of producer situations. (Overcash-North
Carolina State University; Merryman, ed.)
2759-A6, A10, Bl, Fl
HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES,
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 125, No. 3, p.
71, September, 1972. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Economics, Odor.
Identifiers: High rise poultry houses, New Zealand,
Advantages, Disadvantages.
The advantages and disadvantages of high rise poul-
try houses are discussed as applicable to New Zea-
land's poultry industry. The advantages include: only
annual manure removal is needed (sometimes ex-
tended to longer intervals); freedom from offensive
poultry odors and flies; easy servicing and cheaper
running costs; acceptability to pollution-conscious
public. The disadvantages include: higher initial cap-
ital costs; vermin control is not easy in the pits; and
keeping the pit area free of water can be difficult.
(Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
2760-A6,A11,B3,B4,C2,E3
POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVES-
TOCK FEED (PART 1),
Dohne Research Institute and Bathurst Research Sta-
tion
E. J. B. Bishop, P. I. Wilke, W. J. Nash, J. A. G. Nell,
et. al.
Farming in South Africa (Pretoria). Vol. 46, No. 11, p.
34-36, February, 1971. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Hen-laying manure. Chicken
litter, Overeating.
There are two types of poultry manure which can be
used as feed for livestock. The first type is hen-laying
manure. This product is left under the laying batteries
for 4 to 12 months before being removed. It is then
dried to improve the storing ability and to eliminate
unpleasant odors. The second type of poultry manure
is chicken litter and, is the result of chickens being
raised on absorbent material such as wood shavings,
chaffed hay, and straw or peanut hulls. Chicken litter
is dry and easily handled as well as clean smelling;
therefore it is the most popular livestock feed. These
two types of feed vary greatly in most instances but
compare favorably with lucerne in total digestible
nutrients (50 per cent) and crude protein (13 per
cent). Although the nutrient value is good, problems
are frequently encountered when poultry manure is
first used. Chicken litter is much more readily ac-
cepted, and in some cases, overeating may occur.
Acceptance of the manure may be increased by ad-
ding molasses to the feed for the first few days, and
overacceptance can be remedied by inclusion of 20
per cent salt. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2761-A11,B3,C1,C2,D1,E3
POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVES-
TOCK FEED (PART 2),
Dohne Research I nstitute and Bathurst Research Sta-
tion
E. J. B. Bishop, P. I. Wilke, W. J. Nash, J. A. G. Nell,
et. al.
Farming in South Africa (Pretoria), Vol. 46, No. 12. p.
49, 51, 53, March, 1971. 4 tab.
Descriptors: Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: Refeeding, South Africa.
Farmer utilization of poultry manure in South Africa,
which is increasing, includes the use of sun-dried
laying-hen manure in a large steer-fattening project,
the use of chicken litter to supplement the feed of
beef-breeding cows, and the use of poultry manure to
supplement the diet of sheep-stud rams, ewes, and
lambs. Though the extreme drought gave impetus to
the use of this feed supplement, experimental results
now indicate that the use of poultry manure supplies
vital protein, phosphorus, and energy cheaply. As a
winter supplement to cattle and sheep on winter sour-
veld it is both useful and economical. Usually the
poultry manure is mixed and fed with feeds such as
molasses meal, maize meal, and milled hay. Though
molasses provides palatability and is used as a bind-
ing agent, some farmers now are using poultry man-
ure without the molasses and are processing it into
cubes It can be made with chicken litter, or with a
mixture of 20 per cent laying-hen manure, maize
meal and teff hay, which was found to be acceptably
palatable durable, and fracture-free. However, the
cubed rations cost more than the uncubed feed. Where
laying-hen manure does not constitute the major
proportion of the total diet, it can be used with safety
for the feeding of breeding stock. (Solid Waste Infor-
mation Retrieval System)
2762-A6, Bl, B4, E2, Fl
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR
CONFINED DAIRY HOUSING,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Minnesota
University, St. Paul
D. W. Bates
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. M, No. 3, p.
129-132, March, 1971. C ref.
Descriptors: Dairy Industry, Environmental control,
Odor, Costs, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Waste handling.
Odor and the appropriate time of disposal art two of
the most difficult waste problems facing dairymen. •
Handling systems may range from a gutter cleaner
and daily hauling with a manure spreader to extend
storage in concrete tanks whose contents are pumped
and spread periodically. Dally hauling requires the
lowest investment in equipment, but has the disad-
vantage of possible higher labor cost* and the hazard
of encountering unfavorable weather, soil, or crop
conditions. Slat floors in warm freestall barns, or gut-
ters with grated bottoms in conventional stall barns,
both with under-the-building manure storage, offer
suitable systems for manure handling with a
minimum of labor. Carefully planned ventilation sys-
tems of high capacity must be provided for all con-
fined units. Manure containing little bedding depo-
sited in the end of a 150,000-gal tank will distribute
itself under its own weight. Waste heat from the dairy
bam ventilation system can be used to prevent the
manure from freezing. Cost estimates of various
methods are included. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System)
2763-A4, A7, A8, Bl, F2
ROLE OF THE DAIRY AND FEED
INDUSTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION CONTROL,
Environmental Health Technology Department,
Broome Technical Community College, Blnghamton,
New York
D. F. Newton
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. S3, No. 12.
p. 568-570, December, 1(70. 4 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy Industry.
Identifiers: Food industry, Pollul
itlon control.
There are three roles which the dairy and food Indus-
try assumes—the role of a potential or actual polluter,
the role of an educator, and the role of a community
leader. In St. Lawrence County, New York, the New
York State Health Department, In Its Initial water
pollution survey of that region conducted In 1(60 cited
no less than 15 dairies as polluters. The Industry also
contributes to air pollution, and produces significant
quantities of solid waste, Indirectly contributing to
land pollution. Wastewater from milk houses and
milking parlors and sanitary sewage from (arm
houses constitute potential pollutants on dairy farms
as does wastewater from milk and food processing
plants. Boilers and heating facilities in food proces-
sing plants are potential sources of pollutant!. Dairy
and poultry farms produce enormous tonnages of
manure. Processing plants produce much solid waste
such as vegetable and fruit trimmings and spoiled
food. It is suggested that dairies can print statements
about pollution control on milk cartons. Administra-
tive and supervisory personnel from the dairy and
food industries could participate In Chamber of
Commerce programs which now Include pollution
control activities. (Solid Waste Information Research
System)
444
-------
2764-A8, Bl, C2, D3, E2
THE REMOVAL OF ANIMAL
EXCREMENTS FROM MASS-STOCK
FARMS AS A WATER ECONOMY
PROBLEM,
K. Th. Rager
Waiter und Boden, Vol. 24, No. 5, p. 131-134, May, 1972.
SUb.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Calcium, Sewage
treatment, Netherlands.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Normally the excrements from animals are removed
In agriculture by using them as manure on the fields.
However, if the number of animals passes a certain
limit It Is no longer possible to use the feces in rural
areas since there is the danger of over-fertilization
owing to the high nitrogen and calcium concentra-
tions in the excrements. For this reason mass-stock
farms have to remove the excrement by means of
biological sewage treatment plants. From 1968 to
1969,27 such biological sewage plants have been con-
structed In the Netherlands, which have the longest
experience In this field. A biological sewage plant for
animal excrements furnishes about 49 per cent of
surplus sludge when treating beef dung, about 9 per
cent surplus sludge when treating calf dung, and 40
per cent when treating pork dung. The BOD values In
these plants correspond to the normal requirement of
25 mg per 1. About 90 per cent of P and N are elimi-
nated at a sludge load of 0.03 kg per kg dry substance.
Another method to dispose of animal excrements
applied mostly in the USA, is the plow-furrow-cover
method. This method however does not use the
excrements as manure but disposes of them in a spe-
cial kind of sanitary landfill. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System)
2765-A5, AS, C2, E2
ANIMAL WASTES: PHYTOTOXIC
EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH; IN-
FLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL
PROFILE,
G. E. Schuman
PhD Dissertation, Department of Agronomy, Univer-
sity of Nebraska, May, 1974, M p. 13 fig, 14 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors: Phytotoxicity, Crop response, Feedlots,
Potassium, Soil permeability, Germination,
Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Seedling development, Land disposal.
Extracts were taken from beef cattle manure and
analyzed by bloassay techniques to determine the ef-
fects of such extracts on the germination and seedling
growth of wheat and sorghum. Distilled water,
acetone, methanol, ether, and 2N HC1 were used In
performing these extractions. The water extract
stimulated teed germination but reduced seedling
development due to the high salt content of the ex-
tract. Of the acids Identified and quantified by the
ether extract, propionlc add was found to stimulate
seedling development at levels of 200 ugAnl or less.
However, the fatty acids, in combination, had a de-
trimental effect. Soil profile samples were taken from
a river-basin feedlot and adjacent field in order to
determine the effect of the cattle-feeding operation on
the chemical properties of the soil and their effects on
the future uses of the soils. Feedlot soil profiles re-
vealed an exchange complex in the top IS cm. of the
soil that was saturated with potassium. This zone of
high exchangeable potassium and organic matter li-
mited water permeability. The presence of nitrate
was virtually nil beneath this impermeable layer.
Undisturbed soil columns that were obtained from the
feedlot seemed to confirm that the potassium proba-
bly plays a role In the formation of an impermeable
zone. The maintenance of this impermeable layer is
necessary for prevention of pollution of groundwater
by cattle feedlots. (Penrod-East Central)
2766-A9,A10,All,B2,C2,D3,
AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF SWINE
WASTE LAGOONS BEFORE AND
AFTER ARTIFICIAL AERATION,
J. A. Tranquilll
PhD Dissertation, Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Sep-
tember, 1974,172 p. II fig, 31 tab, 61 ref.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Aeration, Fish, Mosquitoes
Water quality.
Identifiers: Swine.
Studies were conducted In order to:(1) monitor water
quality parameters in three lagoons at the University
of Illinois and determine the effects of artificial aera-
tion on the parameters studied; (2) determine
whether fish could survive, grow, and reproduce
under the extreme conditions present in swine waste
lagoons; (3) determine the effects of various control
methods on mosquito populations plaguing livestock
waste lagoons. The study revealed that 13 of the water
quality parameters were significantly different bet-
ween stations. There was a significant negative corre-
laUon between water temperature and both total kiel-
dahl nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen at all stations
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations at the 1-foot
level, DO concentrations at the bottom, and the depth
of the water were the only parameters which were
significantly different between aerated and unaer-
ated stations within the three lagoons. Beneficial and
detrimental effects of artificial aeration systems are
discussed. Unsuccessful reproduction by adult carp in
the aerated lagoons indicated that the adults were
severely stressed and failed to reproduce or that en-
vironmental conditions did not favor survival of the
zygotes. The survival and growth of carp fingerlings
in the MD lagoon was poor in comparison to that in
unpolluted Illinois ponds. At present the greatest po-
tential for fish culture in concentrated swine waste
lagoons seems to be the biological control of insect
pests. Either manual or herbicide removal of flooded
vegetation from the shoreline of waste lagoons may
represent a practical method of mosquito control
Applications of Flit MLO and malathion during 1972
suppressed mosquito larvae populations for about one
week. (Penrod-East Central)
2767-A11, C3
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA
OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JER-
SEY,
Jersey General Hospital, St. Heller (England)
J. Cragg and Y. M. Clayton
Journal of Clinical Pathology, Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 317-319,
1871.12 ref.
Descriptors: Animal wastes (Wildlife), Bacteria
Fungi, Waste identification, E. coll, Streptococcus,'
Yeasts, Salmonella. Shlgella, Seashores. Sampling
Laboratory tests, Gulls.
Identifiers: Seagull, Mycology, Jersey.
In Jersey 166 fresh and 122 dried seagull dropDines
were obtained and studied locally and in London for
the presence of bacteria and fungi of potentially
fiAtns\0«nist natiiHA n*U___ i .. *
C. R. Wieting
Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Civil
"1 Dakota State College.
r - — —«..-».H HIIU iwigi ui uUbCllUOllY
pathogenic nature. There were no salmonella or
shigella bacteria isolated from the two groups but
there was a high proportion of Candida albicans ob-
tained from the fresh material (21.7per cent) and only
1.6 per cent from the dry faeces. Cryptococcus
found in either dry or fresh droppings. The normal
n£i? J".nd fungal n°ra of f* *e*guU was estab-
lished and it is considered that the C. albicans in fresh
gull droppings would not materially increase albicans
infections in man. (Bundy-Iowa State)
2768-A7,Cl,C2,C3,D3,El
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN
SoSS5.;AND DISPOSAL BY LA'
operties, Chemical proper-
The purpose of this research was to determine
.characteristics of fresh chicken manure soThat
dfei? V™/"1"" and d*Posal systems could be
designed. Another research objective^ was toexamine
and evaluate an existing poultry manure l
. , e on olations and cal-
tions made while evaluating the anaerobic lagoon
isP°M> <») An anaerobic
rovide a minimum of 10
l:,en <*>Thedepthof
Ieast thre« '«*< A"
• y mus< be available for main-
taining this depth. (3) Offensive odors are prevalent
when uncovered manure solids project above the la-
goon s water level, but nuisance^oV levek v« ipra J
tically non-existent during the major part of the
summer H > Good mixing action of chicken wastes at
•£?J?T ?J dBcharBe to the lagoon is essential (5)
Solids buildup to the extent of threatening the useful
^?h°n™"f ""li06? not aRPear to be a mai°r problem
with proper solids dispersion. ( MerrymaX-East Cent-
2769-AA, A5, E2
THE DISPOSAL OF INTRACTABLE
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL
WASTES-CONCLUSION,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3.
p. 147-149, March 1970.
Descriptors: Agricultural wastes, Industrial wastes
Water pollution, Waste disposal
Identifiers: Gravel pits. Land disposal.
Past disposal of intractable wastes has been founded
on the short haul of wastes from source to the nearest
available tip site. The disposal of wastes to ground
was, still is. and will be for a considerable time in the
future, the cheapest method of disposal. Some of the
existing gravel pit sites suffer from the shortcoming
of not having impermeable bottoms, and most suffer
the disadvantage of having impermeable sides. These
pits could feasibly be rendered fit for waste disposal if
the permeable bottoms andAw sides are sealed with
mav of, °ther impervious material. Ground disposal
methods greatest success will be achieved when four
requirements are met. Firstly, the site used must not
result in the transfer of polluting matter into ground
or surface water. Secondly, the site should be dry.
Thirdly, circumstances must exist or be provided so
that liquid wastes disposed of can be absorbed in solid
material to prevent any significant accumulation of
waste liquor on the site. Fourthly, the site should be
remote from dwellings and public open spaces. The
best site for ground disposal is marshland area,
rounded on impervious soil where domestic refuse has
been previously dumped. The second best site is the
clay pit. Another method of disposal is application on
agricultural land. (Cartmell-East Central)
2770-B1, Cl, Dl
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF
FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POUL-
TRY EXCRETA,
T. M. Midden
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Department
University of Kentucky. 1972. 69p. 17$, 10Ub,Mref
"ntent.
445
-------
Identifiers: Excreta, Crusting characteristics, Thin-
layer drying constant.
Thin-layer drying equations were used to describe the
drying characteristics of formed poultry excreta.
Tests were conducted in a range of drying air temper-
atures from 100 degrees to 220 degrees F and with
cylinders of manure from .338 to 1.056 inches in
diameter. The crusting characteristics of the formed
cylinders of manure were determined for drying air
temperatures from 500 degrees to 950 degrees F. It
was determined that a crust can be formed on the
surface of a cylinder of poultry manure when the cy-
linder is exposed to high temperature drying air. The
time required to form a stable cylinder increases with
increasing cylinder diameter and decreases with in-
creasing temperature. (Cartmell-East Central)
2771-A2, Bl, Fl, F2.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION
ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING
OPERATIONS IN OKLAHOMA,
G. R. Cross
MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
July, 1971, 95 p. 3 fig, 40 tab, 37 ref.
Descriptors: Economic impact, Legislation, Con-
finement pens, Oklahoma, Costs, Legal aspects, Cat-
tle, Lagoons, Poultry, Dairy industry, Agricultural
runoff.
Identifiers: Oklahoma Feed Yards Act of 1969, En-
vironmental Quality, Technical aspects, Swine, Land
spreading.
A study was undertaken to analyze the economic im-
pact of the Oklahoma Feed Yards Act of 1969 on con-
fined animal feeding operations in Oklahoma.
Specific objectives included examination of (1) tech-
nical (2) legal, and (3) economic aspects of the pas-
sage of the Oklahoma Feed Yards Act of 1969 as re-
lated to confined feeding and waste handling. A sam-
ple of confined animal feeding operators was drawn
from a list of the registered teed yard operators of
Oklahoma. These managers were contacted for an
interview to obtain the data for this study. Maps and
other secondary sources were used to augment these
data. After analyzing the data gathered, the author
concluded that the pollution problem from confined
animal feeding is not as great as the raw numbers of
animals would indicate. Another conclusion which
this study supported is that legislators must consider
the effect of any legislation upon the group to be con-
trolled. The study revealed that most of the effect of
the Feed Yards Act was on the fixed costs of the feed
yards and that these costs probably could not be pas-
sed on to the consumer, but must be absorbed by the
feeding operation.'Recommendations are given for
feeding operations, and for further research and
study. (Cartmell-East Central)
2772-A2,B2,B3,E2,Fl,F2
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION
CONTROL REGULATIONS ON BEEF
FEEDLOTS IN SOUTHWESTERN
MINNESOTA,
C. L. Pherson
Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Department of Ag-
ricultural and Applied Economics, University of Min-
nesota, December, 1973, 152 p. 5 fig, 37 tab, 72 ref.
Descriptors: Economics, Regulation, Legal aspects,
Feedlots, Cattle, Minnesota, Agricultural runoff,
Costs.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal.
The objectives of this study were to determine the
effects of complying with pollution control regula-
tions on the cost and design of a beef feedlot. Other
factors studied were: (1) the most "profitable" beef
waste management-housing system, (2) the optimal
time schedules for beef waste handling operations,
(3) the effects of system choice on crop selection and
field operation time scheduling, and (4) the effect of
Set-Aside or rotating disposal field on farm-feedlot
profitability. Study data showed that there may be
substantial indirect costs of switching to waste handl-
ing systems which comply with pollution control regu-
lations. Both operating expenses and per head In-
vestment are greater for small lots than for large
capacity facilities. Optimum net returns were pro-
vided in most instances by liquid waste'handling in
cold slotted floor confinement housing. Drylot, scrape
barn, and open lot rank in that order with respect to
returns to all labor. Returns to all labor will be re-
duced by using a small rotating disposal field of un-
cropped land each year, but the reduction is small.
The study presented methods for cost reduction in
relation to runoff control and other waste manage-
ment systems. (Penrod-East Central)
2773-A4, Bl, El
THE EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK: ABOUT
DISCHARGE REGULATIONS,
The Catfish Farmer, Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 7-«, January,
1974.
Descriptors: Catfishes, Runoff, Permits.
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency, Dis-
charges, Requirements.
Most catfish farming is exempted under new EPA
regulations Those facilities not subject to NPDES
requirements are: (1) closed ponds with discharges
only during annual harvesting or during periods of
excess runoff, (2) facilities where discharges occur
less than 30days a year, and (3) facilities where flow
is continuous but total number of pounds produced per
year is less than 20,000 pounds. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
2774-A8, B2, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINE
EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE,
REED CANARYGRASS, AND CORN,
P. F. Duffner
MS Thesis, Agronomy Department, University of Il-
linois, Urbana-Champdign, 1974,90 p. 26 fig, 6 tab, 60
ref.
Descriptors: Effluent, Fescues, Forages, Crop re-
sponse, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Swine, Application rates, Com, Soil pH.
To determine the effects of overloading swine manure
on cropland, swine manure effluent was applied in
high rates to tall fescue and reed canarygrass in a
greenhouse experiment Equivalent amounts of a
commercial fertilizer were also applied. Clippings
were taken from the plants at 30-day intervals and
analyzed. Soil samples were also taken. Factors
checked in determining the effects that rate or source
of nitrogen has on the plants were: dry yields, tissue
nitrate concentrations, soil pH, phosphorus, potas-
sium, and nitrate. As shown by the data collected,
plant growth was hindered by applications of effluent
over 672 kg N/ha; however, this appeared to diminish
with time so that yields could be maintained through
split applications. Levels of nitrate high enough to be
toxic to animals accumulated in the fescue and
canarygrass receiving effluent, although no accumu-
lation appeared in plants on which commercial fer-
tilizer was used. High rates of effluent were also
applied in a field experiment to corn. Grain produc-
tion, tissue nitrate, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium,
and nitrate were examined. As the rate of effluent
increased, the nitrate concentrations in the
cornstalks also increased. Checks were made on the
soil at depths of 0 to 15 cm, 15 to 30 cm, and 30 to 90 cm,
with no changes in soil pH. The nitrate movement
downward was negligible. Irreversible plant damage
was done by effluent applications of over MO kg N/ha,
although there seemed to be no appreciable amount of
pollution potential at this rate. (Sanders-East Cent-
ral)
2775-A6, Cl, D2, Fl
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROP-
ERTIES OF PIG MANURE,
. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Newcastle Upon Tyne
J. R. Backhurst, and J. H. Marker
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol
19, p. 199-207, 1974. 5 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Evaluation, Incin-
eration, Density, Viscosity, Filtration, Slurries, Dry-
ing, Moisture content, Odor, Costs.
Identifiers: Swine, Calorific value.
The objective of this study is to evaluate, with em-
phasis on density, viscosity, and calorific value, the
physical properties of pig manure during the course of
feeding trials. The feeding trials lasted for 14 weeks.
Over this trial period, the densities of the urine and
separated feces varied only slightly and mean values
of 1016 and 1130 kgAn3 were obtained respectively.
The calorific value of the dried feces was found to be
17.9 MJ/kg, which will contribute significantly in any
incineration operation. The mean viscosity was de-
termined to be 1.10 mNsAnZ for the trial period. Tech-
nical scale tests on filtration and drying of slurries are
reported with mean transfer ratesof 7.0x10-5 kg/hi2
and 2.2 x 10"* kg/n2 respectively. The study indicated
that incineration of waste could be within the bounds
of a viable commercial proposition, especially taking
into account the decrease in total operation costs with
reduced moisture content resulting from the con-
tribution made by the calorific value of the dried
feces. Long term possibilities indicate that incinera-
tion as the sole complete disposal method may prove
to be the ultimate solution to the problems involved.
(Penrod-East Central)
2776-B1, D2, E3, Fl
ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH
TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE
POWER SOURCES,
Associate Editor of EDN
J. Bond
EDN Magazine, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 24-26, February 5,
1974.2 fig.
Descriptors: Energy, Fuels, Cattle, Gases, Costs.
Identifiers: Manure, Gasification, High-power fuel
cell, Solar power.
The energy crunch has generated a great deal of in-
terest in more efficient methods of power production.
Three methods were considered in this report. They
are: high-power fuel cell, solar power, and cow man-
ure. The first method is eminently practical and not
far from realization. The second is a strong contender
but needs a lot of effort. The third method might ap-
pear impractical at first, but it has been worked out
rather carefully and the economics look very good.
Hydrogasification of cattle manure could provide
large quantities of high-quality pipeline gas. With
feedlots containing 50,000 or more head of cattle,
reasonably large gas-production plants could be built
nearby to eliminate transportation costs. The method
selected for gasification is the Hydrane Process. Cost
projections indicate that the gas prices (based on free
manure) would be reasonable—about 41 cents/MBtu
for a plant that has a manure rate of 690,000 ItaAa.
(Cameron-East Central)
2777-A5, C2
GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION
BY DISSOLVED NITRATE,
446
-------
Geology Department, Missouri University, Columbia
W. D. Keller and G. E. Smith
Presented at 164th Meeting of Geological Society of
America, Miami, Florida, 27 p. 3 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Nitrates, Fertilizers, Geochemistry,
Missouri, Surveys.
Identifiers: Groundwater contamination, Farm
wastes.
This report is concerned with a brief comment on the
geochemistry of the N(>j ion and a progress survey of
high-nitrate subsurface water in Missouri. Nitrates in
Missouri subsurface waters were investigated by col-
lecting water from wells and springs. More than 5,000
water samples were collected and analyzed. Approx-
imately 42 per cent of the samples ranging from 12 to
75 per cent of the samples from individual counties,
contained over 5 ppm nitrogen. The-dominant source
of water-pollutant nitrate in Missouri water table was
found to be nitrogenous waste material from farm
feed lots. Heavy application of nitrate fertilizers on
highly permeable, alluvial soils, may contribute to
the nitrate content of water table wells. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2778-A2, Bl, F4
A HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING
THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF
BEEF, DAIRY, SHEEP AND SWINE
FEEDLOTS IN THE NORTH CENT-
RAL REGION,
Agricultural Engineer, 724 East First Street, Fair-
mont, Minnesota.
R. L. Mensch
Project Report for Consulting Work Performed for
the Farm Structures Division, Agricultural Engineer-
ing Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, June,
1971, 29 p. 18 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Livestock, Agricultural
runoff. Cattle, Dairy industry, Sheep, Climatic data.
Identifiers: North Central U.S., Pollution potential,
Swine.
The primary objectives in preparing this handbook
are: (1) present procedures so that non-engineers can
make on-site evaluation of a feedlot's pollution poten-
tial, (2) simplify mathematics so they can be per-
formed without a computer or slide rule, and (3) re-
duce the number of instruments needed in securing
field data to a minimum. A literature review was
conducted to pull together the various procedures and
equations of evaluating a feedlot's pollution potential
in various order to provide a continuous evaluation of
the system, going from one component to the next.
Selected references are cited. Evaluation of a feedlot
must include climatic data as well as other factors
such as: number of animals, type of animals, ration,
percentage of time during the year that the feedlot is
in use, feedlot area, lot slope and slope length, and
feedlot management. All factors are compiled into a
two page worksheet for the computation of feedlot
runoff pollution. (Penrod-East Central)
2779-B3, C2, D3, E2, Fl
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF
MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POUL-
TRY MANURE,
Deoartment of Microbiology, Dunedin, New Zealand
R G. Bell and J. Pos
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, p.
49-53, June, 1973. 7 fig, 6 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Composting, Municipal wastes, Farm
wastes. Poultry, Costs, Recycling, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Fertilizers, Ammonia, Economics.
Identifiers: Manure.
The work reported here was undertaken to de-
monstrate the feasibility of composting broiler man-
ure in association with refuse to produce a soil-
conditioning agent without the evolution of copious
quantities of ammonia. The composting facility con-
sisted of a high-rate composter housed under the
same roof as ancillary equipment for the sorting,
comminution and blending of municipal refuse with
broiler chicken manure. Municipal refuse was sorted
to remove metal, glass, plastic and rags, and then
passed through a hammer mill. The shredded refuse
was then moistened and blended with broiler manure
in the ratio of 5:4 by weight. This mixture was treated
in a high-rate composting unit for 8 days and then
discharged to a stockpile and allowed to mature. The
mature compost direct from the stockpile is being
evaluated as an aid to the restoration of vegetative
cover on a former gravel pit site and reground com-
post is being tested by the horticultural industry. The
cost of producing compost from poultry manure and
municipal refuse without presorting amounted to
$22.66 per ton. (Cartmell-East Central)
;2780-A6, A7, Bl, Dl
AN INVESTIGATION OF ODOUR
CONTROL FOR SWINE BUILDINGS,
J. C. Abercrombie
MS Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada, 1971, 78 p. 15 fig, 13 tab, 31 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Confinement pens, Filtering,
Dusts, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Odor control, Swine buildings Air
washer.
An investigation was undertaken with the following
objectives: 1. To determine if odours in the exhaust
air of swine buildings are carried by particulate
materials. 2. To determine which size of particle is
most responsible for transporting odours from swine
buildings. 3. To examine presently accepted methods
of particulate collection and evaluate their usefulness
for removing the particulate material from the
exhaust air from swine buildings. 4. To determine
whether filtering of the exhaust air has any signific-
ant use as a method of controlling odour emissions
from swine buildings. 5. To investigate the effect of
weather conditions and distance on the dispersion of
pollutants from a swine building. The particles col-
lected by both the vacuum and electrostatic processes
were odorous. The most important fraction of the par-
ticulate material responsible for transporting obnox-
ious qualities appeared to be the fraction between 5
and 20 microns in size. It was found that odours car-
ried in an air-stream could be removed by filtering. In
descending order, the following systems were found
to be most efficient in removing odour from the air
stream: viscous impingement filter plus electrostatic
precipitator plus activated carbon filter: viscous im-
pingement filter; dry filter plus electrostatic pre-
cipitator; dry filter. (Cartmell-East Central)
2781-A2,A4,B2,C1,C2,E2
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POL-
LUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEDLOTS,
P. E. Thormodsgard
M.S. Thesis, South Dakota State University Brook-
ings, 1970, 74 p.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots South
Dakota, Sampling, Pollution, Suspended solids, Nit-
rogen Phosphorus, Oxygen, Snowmelt, Rainfall
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The trend toward larger numbers of animals in feed-
lots has resulted in the concentration of their wastes
Consequently waste management has become a
major problem. The general objective of this investi-
gation was to explore the pollution characteristics of
runoff from two feedlots in eastern South Dakota The
specific objectives were: (1) To determine the quan-
Uty and quality of feedlot runoff from the Animal
Nutrition unit and the Dairy Research and Production
unit at South Dakota State University. (2) To investi-
gate the spring feedlot runoff resulting from snow-
^'Las we" as the ™noff Pr«J"ced by spring rainfall
, L ,°Mete.rmine the Pollut'ona' characteristics at-
n n«a- i° . e susPended matter in the feedlot
runoff in order to assess the effectiveness of settling in
reducing the wasteconcentrations in feedlot runoff It
was concluded from the Investigation that- m Hiah
concentrations of total and suspended solids nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and oxygen-demanding material
were present in the feedlot runoff. (2) The snow re-
moval operation in the beef pens and the dairy con-
finement lot reduced the volume of snowmelt runoff
from each unit (3) Population equivalent values of
the total animal waste load produced on the two feed-
lots were not a valid assessment of the actual pollution
attributable to the runoff from these units (4) The
water pollution resulting from the feedlot runoff from
the two units was probably negligible during this in-
vestigation, (5) The centrifuging procedure was ef-
fective in reducing the waste concentrations of the
runoff samples, (6) Diversion of feedlot runoff onto
cropland may be a satisfactory means of handling
feedlot runoff in some situations. (Battles-East Cent-
2782-A3,A5,A8,C2,E2,F6
LAND SPREADING OF MANURE
FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UN-
ITS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering. The Uni-
versity of Newcastle upon Tyne
J. R. O'Callaghan, K. A. Pollock, and V. A. Dodd
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
16, No. 3, p. 280-300, September, 1971. 6 fig, 13 tab, 22
ref.
Descriptors: Computer models. Waste disposal, Fer-
tilizers, Cattle, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Loading rates, Manure
Swine, Hydraulic loading, Chemical loading.
A computer simulation model has been developed to
determine manure output for a group of pigs as a
functipn of diet. The results of this model are incorpo-
rated into a second model designed to simulate land
spreading of the manure. One of the factors to be
considered in land spreading is the hydraulic loading
of the soil; this is assessed by comparing actual
evapotranspiration with historical rainfall figures
and allowing the manure to make up any soil moisture
deficiency. Chemical loading is determined by asses-
sing the levels of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus
that will be removed by the crop or fixed in the soil.
Any excess applied over this figure will result in
groundwater or runoff contamination. Because of in-
creased soil saturation and decreased organic activ-
ity in cold weather, spreading during Winter months is
not advisable. The farmer should never apply more
slurry to the soil than can be immediately absorbed.
Crops also affect the maximum permissible chemical
loading; intensive grass production permits the
maximum loading. To plan a waste disposal system,
levels of manure output and its chemical composition
must be established. The hydraulic and chemical
loading maximums for each field and each crop will
allow the minimum acreage required for waste dis-
posal to be calculated. By avoiding the need to purch-
ase fertilizer, the farmer can realize cash value from
his manure. For example, if a farmer fattens 5 000
hogs per year, the total cash value of the nitrogen,
potassium, and phosphorus content of the manure
would be 5000 pounds sterling, with spreading costs of
about 1,700 pounds sterling. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
2783-A8, C2, E2
MANURE-HANDLING CAPACITY OF
SOILS FROM A MICROBIOLOGICAL
POINT OF VIEW,
Department of Environmental Biology, Guelph Uni-
versity, Guelph, Ontario
447
-------
J. B. Robinson
Presented at Canadian Society of Agricultural En-
gineers Conference, Chariottetown P.E.I., June 27,
1972, Paper No. 72-210.18 p. 4 fig, 18 ref.
Descriptors: Soils, Microbial degradation, Nutrients,
Phosphorus. Nitrogen, Pathogens.
Identifiers: Manure.
The criterion for handling capacity of a soil may be
taken to be "the ability of the soil microflora to as-
similate waste without permitting excessive leakage
of nutrients and other undesirable components from
the system." This ability is affected by temperature.
moisture content, degree of aeration, pH, and initial
microbial population. The components of most con-
cern are carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and
pathogenic organisms. Of these, nitrogen is usually
the most critical. Due to the complex! ties of microbial
conversions of nitrogen in mineralization, nitrifica-
tion, and denitrlfication, generalizations are fre-
quently erroneous and many contradictory results
have been reported in the literature. (Whetstone,
Parker, Wells-Texas Tech University)
2784-B4, E2, Fl, F6
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF
ANIMAL MANURES-A MODEL FOR
COLLECTION, STORAGE LOCA-
TION AND DISTRIBUTION,
Agricultural Institute, Dublin
V. A. Dodd, D. F. Lyons, and J. R. O'Callaghan
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
It, p. 233-244,1974.1 fig. 2 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: Mathematical models, Waste storage,
Economics, Systems analysis, Poultry.
Identifiers: Land spreading. Swine, Collection.
It is proposed that a centralized storage facility
should be provided for a group of pig anoVbr poultry
units. The manure that is collected and brought to the
central store can be disposed of by spreading on land
in a separate operation. A mathematical, analytical
model is constructed to determine the best place to
locate the central store, and to determine the number
of tanker wagons needed to collect and spread the
manure. The model was applied to a specific region
containing 58 pig fattening units. Results showed that
the system may be economically attractive, having as
additional advantages the minimization of pollutions!
hazards and the relieving of the pig or poultry farmer
of the task of manure management. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System)
2785-D2, E3, Fl
AGRICULTURAL WASTES--AN
ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE
SEVENTIES,
Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C.
William L. Crentz
Presented at the World Farm Foundation Sym-
posium, Anaheim, California, December, 1971,25 p. 2
fig, 8 tab, IS ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Energy, Fuels, Gases, Oils,
Autoclaves, Costs, Cellulose.
Identifiers: Pyrolysis.
The Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines has
developed two processes for utilizing the cellulose
from farm and urban wastes: pyrolysis and autoclav-
ing. In the pyrolysis process, wastes are passed
through a high temperature (200-900 degree C) retort
system. A recovery train removes tar and heavy oils,
a lighter oil, an aqueous prod uct and tar fog and vapor
mists. The remaining gases pass through scrubbers,
an acid tower, and an alkali wash before emerging as
a usable product. Pollution from the plant is negligi-
ble. For a large plant, the costs of pyrolysis are much
less than the costs presently being paid by cities for
incineration ($8 to 112 per ton) or landfill (W to $8 per
ton). In the autoclaving process, the wastes are con-
verted to low-sulfur oils by treatment with carbon
monoxide and water under high pressures and temp-
eratures. The most likely end use of this fuel oil would
be for generation of electricity. (Cannon-East Cent-
ral)
2786-A2,B2,D3,Fl
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
ANIMAL WASTES,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. C. Loehr
Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 11, p. 14-18,
November 1970. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Ani-
mal wastes. Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic condi-
tions. Drying, Agricultural runoff, Nitrification-
denitrification.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Holding tank, Compost-
ing.
Intensive livestock production methods are becoming
big pollution problems. Nine animal waste treatment
and disposal methods are discussed. System one is
daily disposal on the land without a holding tank and is
common with many dairy operations. An aerobic unit
is substituted for the holding tank in System two. In an
attempt to reduce the size of the aerobic unit, System
three incorporates an anaerobic unit which can act as
a surge tank and a repository for the heavier solids.
Systems four and five are in-house ditches. System
number four, an in-house oxidation ditch system, of-
fers the advantage of inexpensive construction since
it is a part of the confinement building. System five
incorporates a non-aerobic in-house system. System
six separates the semi-solid wastes from the
washwaters at the source. Systems seven-nine are
based on the drying and composting of animal wastes
but require a market for the product. These markets
are not yet available on a general basis. The above
systems will remove most of the organic-oxygen-
demanding material but not the inorganic nutrients.
Two engineering techniques are available to reduce
the quantity of nitrogen in the wastes at the produc-
tion site, these are nitrification-denitrification and
ammonia release. Systems to handle runoff are dis-
cussed. (Kehl-East Central)
2787-B3, C2, D3
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING
OF BROILER MANURE,
Department of Environmental Biology, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Bell, R. G. and Pos, J.
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 2, p.
8044, December. 1971. 10 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Winter, Farm wastes. Waste treatment,
Poultry, Aeration, Temperature, Weather, Nitrogen,
Carbon.
Identifiers: Composting, Manure, Broilers.
An aerated horizontal silo type composter was con-
structed to test the feasibility of high rate composting
of broiler manure during the winter months. It was
concluded that high rate composting is possible out-
side during the winter when supplementary heating
equipment is used. It was hampered by snow buildups
and freezing rain which necessitates a roof for
maximum efficiency. A forced aeration system
proved to be necessary for high rate composting, and
Ideally the composter should be loaded daily. The use
of ground garbage will increase the carbon to nitrogen
ratio and produce a better compost. The compost it-
self proved to be reasonably consistent, but several
modifications and adjustments are necessary before
the high rate composter could be considered success-
ful. (Russell-East Central)
2788-B3, D3
THE FLOW OF SOLID WASTES IN
PIPELINES,
Compost Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 11, Autumn 1967-
Winter 1968. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Hydraulic transportation.
Pipelines, Municipal wastes.
Identifiers: Feedlot wastes, Composting.
Among the research projects now being supported
under the Solid Waste Program of the Public Health
Service is a study by Dr. Iraj Zandi of the University
of Pennsylvania who is exploring the pipeline collec-
tion and transportation of solid wastes. Despite the
potential of solid pipeline systems, the inability to
predict accurately the headlosses that will occur
under an assumed condition has been one of the fac-
tors impeding the development and widespread use of
hydraulic transportation. Experiments have shown
that ground-up municipal refuse could be mixed with
a small amount of water from the city sewer system
and pumped out of the city. Pipelines would only have
to be 2-in. in diameter to carry the wastes of a town
with a population of 10,000 to 15,000. In the future,
magnetic and centrifugal sorting devices may be used
to separate metals, glass and plastics for salvage. The
remaining organic material could be mixed with
sludge from sewage treatment plants and manure
from feedlots, and the entire mixture composted. A
slurry of 40 per cent solid wastes may be a good input
to a composting system. Industrial installations of
pipeline transportation in the U.S. and Europe are
listed. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
2789-A11, C3, E2
EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK,
Senior Research Officer (Pollution), and Scientific
Liaison Officer, of the Meat Industry Research Insti-
tute, Hamilton. New Zealand
C. F. Denmead and G. R. Bentley
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 125 No 4 p
23, October, 1972. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Health, Diseases, Salmonella
Identifiers: Spray irrigation, Cattle manure New
Zealand.
This article discusses the potential health hazards
involved in spraying microorganisms from cattle
dung around pastures. Salmonella Is one of the
dangerous organisms which can be found in cattle
dung. In the case of spray irrigation this material Is
diluted and sprayed thinly over a large area. Whether
or not an animal becomes infected depends on the
number of live organisms ingested. In the case of •
milk infection, milk production can be reduced. A
serious infection could mean complete loss of produc-
tion or the death of the animal. The following mea-
sures will assist in stopping the spread of infection:
irrigating on ploughed ground; minimizing spray
drift; and waiting a few months before using a
sprayed pasture. By careful management of cowshed
waste disposal, farmers can reduce the spread of cat-
tle diseases. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2790-A11, C2
TOXICITY OF NITRITE TO CHAN-
NEL CATFISH,
Fisheries Research Laboratory and Department of
Zoology, Southern Illinois, University, Carbondale
M. Konikoff
The Progressive Fish-Culturist, Vol. 37, No. 2, p. 98-9J
April, 1975. 1 fig, 3 tab. 13 ref.
Descriptors: Catfishes, Nitrites, Ammonia, Toxicity.
A study concerning the toxicity of nitrite, an inter-
mediate compound formed during the biological ozl-
448
-------
dation (or nitrification) of ammonia (a major waste
product of fishes), is reported in terms of toxic effects
on channel catfish. Channel catfish, which had been
held for at least four weeks in raceways, were added
tofive aquariums filled with 40 liters each of dechlori-
nated tapwater. The fish were added at an average
density of 264 grams per aquarium Average fish
weight was 40 grams. The fish were acclimated for 24
hours. Then appropriate amounts of sodium nitrite
solution were added slowly to the aquariums. Groups
of 6-10 fish were exposed to concentrations of IS, 20,25,
30, and 35 mgfl of N02 for 4 days. This was repeated
until 28 fish had been exposed to each concentration.
Other groups of fish were exposed to 5, 10, 40 and 45
mg/1 of NOj with fewer replications. Dead fish were
removed at 24, 48. 72. and 96 hours. Temperature.
dissolved oxygen and pH were measured. The median
tolerance limit for each time period was calculated
from a regression equation which was determined for
the log of the nitrite concentration and the per cent
fish surviving. The easiest method of confirming nit-
rite toxicity is to inspect the color of the fish's blood,
which will become chocolate-brown under toxic con-
ditions. The wide range of tolerances exhibited by
fishes to nitrite poisoning indicates that nitrite might
he used as a selective fish toxin. (Merryman-East
Central)
2791-B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY
WASTES,
L. Littlejohn (ed)
The Treatment of Piggery Wastes, Scottish Farm
Buildings Investigation Unit, North of Scotland Col-
lege of Agriculture, June, 1975,66 p. 23 fig, 15 tab, 21
ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal.
Anaerobic lagoon, Anaerobic digestion.
Identifiers: Swine, Scotland. Below-house oxidation
ditch, Surface aerator, Oxidation ditch.
Treatment and disposal ofpiggery wastes in Scotland
is not without problems. The ideal method of animal
wastes disposal is to recycle them by application to
the land. But because of the complexities of modern
agricultural production and pressures from non-
agricultural sectors of the community there are in-
creasing numbers of situations arising in which it
may be desirable to put animal wastes through some
form of treatment before disposal, whether to the 1 and
or elsewhere. The objectives of such treatment may
range from simple deodorization to the production of
a final product acceptable by sewage authorities or
river boards. This publication describes the problems
that piggery wastes present. A description of the
physical, chemical and biological properties of
piggery wastes is given. Field scale experimentations
with (1) Below-house oxidation ditch, (2) Surface
aerator, (3) Anaerobic lagoon, (4) Independent oxida-
tion ditch, and (5) Anaerobic digester are presented.
Results of development work utilizing these treat-
ment systems is reported. (Merryman-East Central)
2792-A8, C2, E2
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED
ANIMAL MANURE AND pH ON THE
SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE,
T. M. Taukobong
MS Thesis, Tuskegee Institute, May, 1973,79 p. 26 fig,
14 tab, 73 ref.
Descriptors: Manganese, pH, Plant response, Toxic-
ity, Soil analysis. Lime.
Identifiers: Manure, Land disposal. Rye, Millet.
An investigation was conducted to study the relation-
ship of pH and animal manure to the solubility of
manganese in the soil, and to determine if high appli-
cation rates of manure to the soil would result in man-
ganese toxicity in plants. Several studies were con-
ducted. In one such study, lime was added to soil
samples to give pH values from 4.2 to 6.0 and in a
second study, manure of 0 to 120 tons per acre were
added to the soil. The soils were incubated, sampled,
and analyzed for soluble, exchangeable and easily
reducible manganese. In another study, the solubility
of manganese was studied as indicated by its uptake
in rye and millet. The following conclusions were
drawn from these studies:(1) Manure addition to soil
results in drastic change of soil pH (2) The action of
manure in causing manganese retention may be two-
fold ; partly due to the increase in pH and partly due to
the complexing of the metal. (3) Exchangeable man-
ganese, and to a lesser extent water soluble man-
ganese, seems to be the fraction of soil manganese
most susceptible to changes in pH and the amount of
manure in the soil, while the easily reducible man-
ganese does not readily respond to these changes. (4)
When added to the soil in conjunction with lime, man-
ure tends to reduce the drastic effect of lime on soil
manganese. (5) There is no evidence that addition of
manure could result in production of toxic amounts of
manganese in the soil. (Sanders-East Central)
2793-A11, E3, Fl, F2
CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED,
R. Carmody
The Farm Quarterly, Vol. 19, p. 52-53,92,94, Fall, 1964.
1 fig.
Descriptors: Feeds, Litters, Poultry, Cattle, Maine,
Performance, Costs, Economics, Legal aspects,
Scours.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Under drastic cost conditions, Maine farmers are
forced to find a cheap feed so they can stay in produc-
tion. Some think that chicken litter may be the ans-
wer. Results have revealed that by incorporating
chicken litter into cattle feed, birth weights may be
increased and calf scours may be reduced. However,
care must be taken to keep the feed dry, as it becomes
extremely unpalatable when wet. Dr. Brugman of the
University of Maine is conducting tests on the utiliza-
tion of poultry litter in cow feed. Although he isn't
ready to release the data on his digestion trials, he did
state that digestibility of the material was remarka-
bly high. Feed samples made from laying-house litter
have lignin content slightly under the 4 per cent fi-
gure. The doctor also stated that two things are im-
portant in the use of the I itter and they are: (1) energy
must be added to the ration, and (2) thorough mixing
is essential. He further stated that although research
data is still needed on the subject, chicken litter shows
real promise as a feed for beef cow herds and for dairy
replacements. Some conflict with Maine law may
arise in feeding litter to producing dairy cows so its
best use may be in raising replacement stock. One
other problem was noted and that was the removal of
metal trapped in the litter. One study showed that the
primary cost in going to this feed was the purchase of
a Gehl protable hammer mill.and mixer in which the
feed may be thoroughly mixed, and which can be
hauled to the field and unloaded into the big feeders.
(Penrod-East Central)
2794-A8, B3, C2, E2
SOLIDIFICATION OF SLUDGES
WITH PORTLAND CEMENT,
Department of Civil Engineering, Clarkson College of
Technology, Potsdam. New York
E. A. Cassell and T. W. Walker
Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceed-
ings of the American Society of Civil Engineers Vol
96 (SA1), p. 15-26, February, 1970. 7 fig, 7 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Portland cements, Fly ash
Leaching, Phosphates.
Identifiers: Sewage sludge. Solidification, Soil con-
ditioners.
A reP9rl was made on research to investigate the
solidification of sewage sludge and chicken manure in
a matrix of Portland cement and fly ash It was
suggested that the solidified matrix could serve as a
controlled nutrient release soil conditioner. The rate
of phosphate leaching from the matrix, the compres-
sive strength of the matrix, and the time required for
the mix to set were influenced by the fly ash to cement
ratio, the sludge (or manure) to cement ratio and the
water to cement ratio. (McQuitty and Barber-
University of Alberta)
2795-A6, A8, E2
FINALLY A CREATIVE, PROFITA-
BLE SOLUTION TO AGE OLD WASTE
PROBLEM,
L. Richardson, Editor
Big Farmer, Vol. 44, March, 1972, 2 p. 5 fig.
Descriptors: Cattle, Municipal wastes, Odor Crop
response.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal.
Land disposal of hog, cattle, and urban sludge in the
right proportions has eliminated odors in the opera-
tion of a project at Richmond, Illinois. Corn yields are
reported to have increased from 40 bu to over 100 in
three years. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas
Tech University .)
2796-A8, C2, E2
THE DISPOSAL OF COPPER-
ENRICHED PIG-MANURE SLURRY
ON GRASSLAND,
•Department of Soil Science, University of Aberdeen
T. Batey, G. Berryman and C. Line
Journal of the British Grassland Society, Vol. 27 No
3, p. 139-143,1972. 8 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Copper, Slurries. Toxicity. Soils pH
Identifiers: Swine, Herbage.
Manure slurry from swine that have been fed
copper-enriched diets was applied to land located at
the National Institute of Research in Dairying at Shin-
field. The slurry was applied in May, June, and July of
1966 at rates of 5000 gal slurry ac and 10,000 gal slurry
ac. The soil in the slurry disposal area, as well as the
herbage grown there, was analyzed for possible ef-
fects. Although copper levels increased in the soil, the
levels varied in herbage and appeared to be affected
|'X,the.r1at«Lof «rass growth. It appears that there is
little risk of copper toxicity following copper-enriched
slurry applications; however, to avoid possible
hazards from copper buildups in the soil, a maximum
annual application of 8.5 Ib/ac copper is recom-
mended until more is known about the availability of
copper in slurry to crops and grass. (Penrod-East
Central)
2797-A2, B2, B3, F2
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
0. E. Cross, and C. B. Gilbertson
Farm, Ranch, and Home Quarterly, Nebraska Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, p. 20-21,
Winter, 1969. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Nebraska, Regula-
tions, Agricultural runoff, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Detention ponds, Rainfall.
Feedlot owners are being given the legal responsibil-
ity for insuring that their operation does not contami-
nate Nebraska's water. The Water Pollution Control
Council of the Nebraska State Department of Health
has been charged with setting up regulations to main-
tain Nebraska's water quality. Since information on
449
-------
the most effective ways to dispose of feedlol waste
was not available, the Nebraska Livestock Feeders
Association and its Pollution Control Committee were
given two years to research and develop information
on which regulations could be based. Several projects
are underway to determine the efficiency of several
different systems of waste management. Four sys-
tems are discussed which examine several different
aspects of feedlot waste management. These systems
cover runoff collection and treatment, movement of
solids on dirt lots, and various methods of loader
cleaning Rainfall, its duration and intensity is re-
corded for use in the analysis. (Penrod-East Central)
2798-A8, C2, E2
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND FARM
YARD MANURE ON FINGER MIL-
LET ELEUSINE CORACANA (L)
GAERTN.
Department of Botany, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore-641003, INDIA
P. Rangaswamy
Madras Agricultural Journal, Vol. 60, No. 8, p. »4»-952,
August, 1973. 2 fig, 3 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors 'Nitrogen, Farm wastes, Crop response.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Millet, India.
This study discusses the response of early (95 days
and below) and short (95-115 days) duration finger
millet varieties to the application of graded doses of
nitrogen and farm yard manure. The trial was con-
ducted at Millets Breeding Station, Agricultural Col-
lege and Research Institute, Coimbatore during
1965-1968 The manurial trial was a failure during the
1967 monsoon season due to severe drought and inci-
dence of pests and diseases. Among the millet var-
ieties viz. , C0.8, AKP.2.CO. 10, and EC.4841, the strain
CO. 10 and selection EC.4841 recorded 35.3 and 50.3 per
cent higher yield than the standard strain CO.8 Early
duration varieties recorded 24.1 per cent higher grain
yield at 67.5 kg nitrogen level; beyond that there was a
decline in yield. For the early duration finger millet
varieties, the yield differences due to the application
of farm yard manure were significant during the year
1968. Application of farm yard manure at 25 tonnes-ha
caused a 9.1 per cent increase in grain yield over no
farm yard manure treatment. The short duration var-
ieties responded well to the application of graded
levels of nitrogen even up to 112.5 kg nitrogen-ha.
Interactions between different levels of nitrogen and
farm yard manure and varieties were not significant
in all the years and in combined analysis. (Penrod-
East Central)
2799-A4, A7, D2, E3 100
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES,
Science News, Vol. 102, No. 10, p. 153, September, 1972.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Organic wastes, Carbon,
Fuels, Water pollution, Air pollution.
Identifiers: Retort system, Pyrolysis, Inert ash.
Char, Water clarification, Soil conditioner,-Texas
Technological University.
A particularly serious problem in the area of water
and air pollution is feedlot waste. Each steer produces
16 times the organic waste produced by a human be-
ing. If organic wastes enter waterways, they cause
high biological oxygen demand; if they are inciner-
ated, they cause air pollution. Researchers at Texas
Technological University have developed a retort
system which dries feedlot waste, then pyrolyies it.
The product is char, carbon and inert ash which can
be used for water clarification, as fuel, or as a soil
conditioner. If the system is scaled up to commercial
size and automated, it would require only one or two
men to operate. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
2800-D2, D3, E3, F4
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR
TRANSPORTATION,
College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania
C. W. Savery
Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 26. No 4, p 485-499, October,
1972. 7 tab.
Descriptors: Energy, Recycling, Animal wastes,
Municipal wastes. Hydrogen, Ammonia, Sludge di-
gestion, Fermentation, Anaerobic digestion,
Methane, Carbon dioxide, Alcohols. •
Identifiers: Transportation fuels. Agricultural
wastes, Pyrolysis, Hydrocarbons.
Natural energy resources are being consumed at a
terrific rate. In 1960, approximately 20 per cent of the
total energy consumed in the United States was con-
sumed in transportation—126,000 Btu per capita per
day. On one hand transportation fuel sources must be
conserved and synthetic fuels produced. Two of these
fuels would be hydrogen and ammonia. The third type
of fuel would be produced by recycling waste trash,
animal wastes, and crop residues. The pyrolysis of
municipal refuse offers a possibility of producing
fuels. It is estimated that 500 to 700 Btu per capita per
day would be produced by recovering gas from the
sludge digestion process in the United States. Another
source of hydrocarbon fuels is the digestion of animal
wastes. About 50,000 Btu per capita per day could be
produced from the annual total of animal waste pro-
duction. Another category of recycling waste is ag-
ricultural crop residues. Two processes are
possible—fermentation to make alcohol and
anaerobic digestion to produce a combustible mixture
of methane and carbon dioxide. About 25,000 Btu per
capita per day could be produced. By altering the
energy mix, recycling could thus produce 80,900 Btu
per capita per day or about two-thirds of the amount of
the transportation energy consumed in 1960. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System)
2801-D3, E3, F6
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
Water Resources.Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 5, p. 1-2, Oc-
tober, 1972.
Descriptors: Research and development, Recycling,
Feeds, Fuels, Methane, Cattle, Drying, Poultry.
Identifiers: General Electric, Hamilton Standard.
General Electric, in an installation at Casa Grande,
Arizona, is using one-cell microbes to digest cattle
manure. The resulting biomass, after being dried and
powdered, is a tasteless, odorless, nutritious feed for
chickens or cattle. Hamilton Standard converts man-
ure into livestock feed using bacteria already present.
Enough methane is generated in the process to supply
the heat and electricity needed for the operation.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Univer-
sity)
2802-A8,B1,D2,D3,E2,E3,
Fl
GOBAR-GAS PLANTS PROMISES
AND PROBLEMS,
Assistant Director, G. G. S. Khadi and Village Indus-
tries Commission, 3, Irla Road, Vile Parle (West),
Bombay
H. R. Srinivasan
Indian Farming, Vol. 23, No. 11, p. 29, 31, 33, Feb-
ruary, 1974.
Descriptors: Fuels, Anaerobic digester, Organic
wastes Fertilizers, Fermentation, Economics,
Methane, Carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, Nutrients, En-
vironmental sanitation.
Identifiers: India, Gobar-gas plant, Gas production.
Because of the present shortage of fertilizer. kerosene
and petrol in India, it appears that gobar-gas plants
can play a major role in preventing the draining away
of valuable foreign exchange used for chemical fer-
tilizer and crude oil imports The gobar-gas plant is an
anaerobic digester used for fermenting organic
wastes. The digestion is carried out submerged in
water. The end products of the anaerobic digestion
are (1) Gobar-gas (a mixture of methane, carbon
dioxide and minute quantities of HjS and other gases)
and (2) a blackish, odorless, readily drainable, in-
nocuous substance rich in nitrogen and humus While
it is hoped that the gobar-gas can become an accepted
source of fuel, there are still problems to be worked
out Since cattle-dung is a very slow fermentor, prob-
ably because it is poor in nutrients, some way is
needed to collect the cattle urine as well. Also, as day
temperatures go down, the gas production falls. The
manure presents storage problems. Social adjust-
ment to this new fuel source has posed a problem. It is
hoped, however that these problems can be worked
out. It is felt that the gobar-gas plant offers a mar-
kedly increased income from the farm due to more
and better manure, coupled with better living condi-
tions. The gobar-gas manure has given better yields
in all crops when compared to farm-yard manure
made from the same quantity of cattle dung.
(Penrod-East Central)
2803-A2, A4, B2, B4, E2
FEEDLOT POLLUTION: A SOLVA-
BLE PROBLEM?,
South Dakota Farm i Home Research, Vol. 21, No. 2,
p. 30-31, Spring, 1970.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Water pollution,
South Dakota, Feedlots, Land management. Precipi-
tation (atmospheric)
Identifiers: Retention ponds.
While he was a civil engineering graduate student at
South Dakota State University, Paul Thormodsgard
did research on snow and rainfall runoff from certain
feedlots. He deducted that good land management
could be a more feasible answer to feedlot pollution
than expensive waste treatment. He found that a
large ditch and a plowed field between the feedlot and
a stream diminished the waste runoff. He also
suggested that waste introduced into a stream in
times of flood may be diluted by the large amounts of
water. Thormodsgard pointed out that feedlot runoff
is related to type of precipitation and could be held in
retention ponds or possibly in a plowed field until con-
ditions are right for its release (Sanders-East Cent-
ral)
2804-A6, D2, E3
REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MA-
NURE
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 15, p. 3A, March
1972.
Descriptors: Poultry, Feeds, Drying.
Identifiers: After-burner, Odor removal, Great Bri-
tain.
"Removing smells created by processing poultry
manure has saved the world's largest operator in this
field from closure." A British concern producing ag-
ricultural feed by drying the manure quickly at high
temperature to preserve its protein value has added
"after-burners" which heat the exhaust gases to 600
degrees C before releasing them to a 75-ft stack. "The
system has proved 100 per cent effective."
(Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech)
28Q5-D1, D3, E3, F5
FEEDLOT WASTE USABLE,
Poultry Meat, Vol. 23, p. 16, October, 1972.
450
-------
Descriptors: Feedlots, Recycling, Feeds, Perfor-
mance.
Identifiers: Fractionation, Building materials.
A two-step fractionation process for feedlot waste de-
veloped by the Agricultural Research Service. USDA
obtains a fibrous residue, fifty per cent of the waste,
which can be pressed into board or used as a nutrient
for fungus that produces a fiber-digesting enzyme.
Chicken feed treated with the enzyme has improved
digestibility. The fungus itself is almost half protein.
I Whetstone, Parker and Wells-Texas Tech)
2806-A8, B2, Cl, C2, E2'
AN ECOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT FOR
TODAY,
Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 34, No. 1, p.
30-39, July-August, 1971. 6 fig, 3 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Sampling, Chemical
properties, Physical properties.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Spray irrigation, Applica-
tion rates.
Trie recycling of human effluent and animal waste by
spray irrigation was discussed. Ten acres of cropland
and 12 acres of woodland were spray irrigated. Dis-
posal of liquid manure was at the rate of 2 in. per week
over a ID-acre tract of cropland which is equivalent to
20 acre-in. or 544,000 gal. Weekly sampling and testing
from 32 stations in the spray irrigation area were
performed for the presence of turbidity, temperature,
dissolved oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, pH,
ABS, and chlorides. It was found that by taking
effluent from agricultural wastes of 200 cows and
spray irrigating the crops with this effluent, produc-
tion was tremendously improved. By utilization of the
nutrients and the water, tonnage per acre increased.
It was found that animals prefer nutrient-irrigated
crops, as the plants are more succulent and contain
more phosphorus and other minerals than crops that
are just watered. The establishment of a community
using spray irrigation for handling sewage waste was
also described. Results so far indicate that spray irri-
gation is an effective system. The waste is applied to
croplands and woodlands instead of dumping it into
streams and lakes. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System)
2807-B5, C2, D2, D3, E3
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF
BIOGAS FROM COWDUNG BY AD-
DING OTHER AGRICULTURAL
WASTE MATERIALS,
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Deity,
India.
R D Laura and M. A. Adnani
Journal of Scientific Food Agriculture, Vol. 22, p. 164-
167, April, 1971. 3 fig, 4 tab. 8 ref.
Descriptors: Gases, Methane, Fermentation,
Anaerobic conditions, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Production rates, Agricultural wastes,
India.
"It was found that the addition of nitrogenous mate-
rials such as casein, urea or urine, increased the
extent of decomposition of cowdung, resulting in
higher gas production. The effect appears to be to the
maintenance of pH 7 during fermentation. With the
addition of urea of CaCOy, materials such as dry
leaves and cane sugar have yielded high proportions
of methane in the gas mixtures and three additions
also increased the rate of gas production by promot-
ing anaerobic conditions in the medium. Addition of
cellulose also increased the rate but the gas mixture
obtained had a lower methane content." (McQuitty
and Barber-University of Alberta)
2808-A11, E3
ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED
WITH THE FEEDING OF POULTRY
LITTER,
Departments of Veterinary Science and Biology,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
L. C. Oriel, Jr., D. C. Kradel, and E. W. Wickersham
The Cornell Veterinarian, Vol. 59, No. 2, p. 226-235,
1969. 3 tab, 7 ret.
Descriptors: Litter, Cattle.
Identifiers: Refceding, Abortion, Dienestrol-treated
feed, Estrogenic activity, Hormonal imbalance.
A study was made to determine the relationship bet-
ween the feeding of poultry litter obtained from birds
that had received dienestrol-treated feed and a series
of abortions in a breeding herd of beef cattle. During
the period in which the herd was receiving poultry
litter, all animals exhibited a great deal of estrual
behavior. Upon cessation of the feeding of the litter,
this behavior completely disappeared, abortions
ceased, and the remainder of the herd subsequently
calved normally. While the exact biochemical
mechanisms involved in the etiology of the abortions
remain unsolved, the evidence indicated that some
manner of hormonal imbalance may have been in-
volved. Further work is needed to determine the in-
teractions of all the factors present in this case in
causing abortion in cattle. (Penrod-East Central)
2809-A1, E3
FLAVOUR OF BEEF FED ON DRIED
POULTRY WASTE,
Agricultural Research Council, Meat Research Insti-
tute, Langford, Bristol BS18 TOY
D. N. Rhodes
Journal of Scientific Food Agriculture, Vol. 22, p. 436,
August, 1971.
Descriptors: Cattle, Feeds.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes. Flavor.
"Indirect comparisons of beef roasts from steers fed
on rations containing 25 per cent dried poultry waste
and from control animals, taste panels were unable to
distinguish between the two meats on the basis of
odour or flavour." (McQuitty and Barber-University
of Alberta)
2810-D2,D3,E1,E2,E3,F1,
FA
LIVESTOCK WASTE: WHY WASTE
IT?,
Agricultural Situation, October, 1971, p. 2-4.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Livestock Economics,
Lagoons, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Composting, Refeeding.
Methods of utilization or disposal of manure currently
used or under investigation are described briefly.
These include land disposal, lagoons, the Pasveer
oxidation ditch, composting, dehydration, and animal
feeding. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
2811-A3,A5,A6,C1,C2,E2
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES ON
FERTILIZER.
Armstrong, D.W.
Journal of Agriculture (South Australia), Vol 75 p
174-184,1972.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Irrigation, Animal wastes.
Nutrients, Feedlots, Chemical properties, Physical
properties, Nitrogen, Odor, Agricultural runoff,
Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, Au-
stralia.
The amounts of manure produced and its composition
are discussed. Application rates should not exceed 300
Ib of nitrogen per acre to avoid groundwater contami-
nation and other detrimental effects. Application of
more than 100 Ib per acre is useless. If manure is used
for irrigation it should be diluted with water. Odor and
runoff can create difficulties. (Whetstone, Parker
and Wells-Texas Tech)
2812-A8, B2, C2, E2
PHOSPHORUS IN PERCOLATES
FROM MANURED LYSIMETERS,
Department of Land Resource Science, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
D. G. Bielby, D. A. Tel, and L. R. Webber
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 53, No. 3, p.
343-346, August, 1973. 3 tab.
Descriptors: Phosphorus, Percolation, Lysimeters.
Identifiers: Liquid poultry manure.
The objective of this report was to determine if phos-
phorus from heavy surface applications of liquid poul-
try manure would be retained by the soil or would
occur in the percolates. Over the 3-year study period,
the phosphorus added in the treatments was equiva-
lent to 50, 408, and 1,240 and 1,590 kg/ha During this
period, the percolates contained the equivalent of
0.35,0.65, 0.38, and 0.35 kg of P/ha for the four treat-
ments respectively. The corresponding concentra-
tions of phosphorus in the percolates were 0.029.0.057,
0.033, and 0.034 mg/1. Although abnormally large
amounts of phosphorus were added, the amounts
found in the percolates were not correspondingly
large. The study confirms the general observation
that applied phosphorus tends to remain immobile in
the soil. As the water moves through the subsoil,
phosphorus attenuation occurs. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
;2813-A6, A8, E2
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITRO-
GEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOW-
ING VARIED APPLICATION OF
POULTRY MANURE TREATED TO
MINIMIZE ODOR,
Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture
Canada, St. Jean, Quebec J3B 6ZJ
K. A. MacMillan, T. W. Scott, and T. W. Bateman
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 55, No. 1, p.
29-34, February, 1975. 4 fig, 3 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Corn, Poultry, Waste
treatment, pH, Nitrification, Arnmonification.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Nitrogen transforma-
tions.
The objective of this study was to examine the interre-
lationship between soil nitrogen transformations and
corn response, 'following soil application of manure
previously treated to minimize odor. Maximum
above-ground yields obtained on Mardin and Honeoye
silt loam were 54 and 23 g, respectively, whereas
check yields were 9 and 8 g, suggesting that N addi-
tions had a greater influence on yield response under
acid pH conditions. There were no visible signs of
nutrient deficiency in plants from either soil, suggest-
ing that nutrient supply was adequate. As a result of
more favorable conditions for nitrification and NHj
volatilization at the higher pH (Honeoye) as opposed
to the acid pH (Mardin), there were differences in
NHi plus concentrations between the two soils. The
overall increases in NOj—(Honeoye) and NH« plus
concentrations during the course of the experiment
indicated that the high N loading rates used were not
toxic to the soil microorganisms at each pH value. On
consideration of yield response as it related to mea-
sured soil N fractions, it was observed that NH posi-
451
-------
live and NO negative were the major N fractions
used by the plants in the acid and neutral soil, respec-
tively. Concentration of N02- toxic to corn was attri-
buted as causing the substantial yield decreases with
the higher rates of OD on the Honeoye soil. The study
concluded that the major factor thought responsible
for different N concentrations and ultimate corn yield
response in each soil was soil reaction. (Penrod-East
Central)
2814-B1,D1,D2,E3,F1,F5
F6
CONVERSION OF SWINE MANURE
TO PROTEIN,
Department of Soil Science, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon
Larry Boersma
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 39, p. 20-21, September 22,
1«75. 1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Recycling, Algae, Proteins, Feeds,
Economics, Energy, Methane.
Identifiers: Swine.
Oregon State University is experimenting with the
use of swine manure as a substrate for growing algae,
which may then be used as feed. The economics of
such recycling is dependent upon such variables as
water temperature, light intensity, depth of culture
and retention time. Two harvesting methods were
employed: (1) centrifugation and (2) precipitating
the material with alum. The algal material obtained
by centrifugation was a good source of protein. Alum
precipitated algae did not give good results, strongly
suggesting that harvesting should be done by cen-
trifugation, air flotation, or some other method which
does not add toxic materials. The development of an
inexpensive method for harvesting algae has been a
major deterrent to the development of commercial
algal production. Centrifugation is expensive and
energy Intensive. It is hoped that methane, which is
produced in the initial digestion of the manure, may
be used as the energy source. Current experimenta-
tion at Oregon State is focused on determining op-
timum management techniques. (Cannon-East Cent-
ral)
2815 - A6, D3, Fl 100
LIVESTOCK FARMING AND 'EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
U. Riemann
Landtechnik, Vol. 28, No. 5, p. 149-153, March, 1973. 9
fig.
Descriptors: Livestock, Waste treatment,
Economics, Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic condi-
tions.
Identifiers: Germany.
The livestock industry is confronted more and more
with problems of environmental protection linked to
costs threatening its competitiveness. The aims of
manure treatment regarding odors, pathogens and
volume reduction by clarification are considered. Ag-
ricultural use of manure appears to be the most
economical method. For biological degradation of
manure, two techniques are presented. Anaerobic de-
composition yields strong smelling decay products
and depends mostly on outside temperatures. In
aerobic decomposition, few or no offensive smells are
created because of the aerobic bacteria. Aerobic de-
gradation is suitable for different types of manure,
proceeds quickly and develops its own heat. The
aerobic operations of oxidation ditches, oxidation
silos forced-air systems, and their possible im-
provement are discussed. Composting also involves
aerobic biological degradation and is more desirable
hygierocally. However its marketability is limited by
lack of effective cost defrayments. (Text in German)
(Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
2816-Bl, E2
TECHNIQUE OF CONVENTIONAL
DUNG DISPOSAL,
E. E. Schilling
Landtechnik, Vol. 28, No. 4, p. 103-106,1973.1 fig, 7 tab,
6 ret.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Transportation,
Equipment.
Identifiers: Land spreading.
Dung from conventional farms usually consists for
the greatest part of solid substances while dung from
mass stock keeping contains mainly liquid matter.
The technique of dung disposal is characterized by
transportation, dosing and distribution of the dung.
Vehicles for the transportation of the dung must be
adapted for unpaved roads and usually have one or
two axles. Dosing of the dung is effected through a
spreading device. According to the velocity with
which the dung is led into the spreading device the
quantities to be spread amount to from 50 to 400 double
quintals per hectare. The situation of the spreading
device on the side or back walls of the vehicle deter-
mines the distribution of the dung in a small or large
range. (Text in German) (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
2817 - A6, A10, B2, D3, E2, Fl,
F6
REMOVAL OF LIQUID DUNG,
U. Riemann and H. Traulsen
Landtechnik, Vol. 27, No. V2, p. 12-16, January, 1972.9
fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste disposal, Lagoons,
Aeration, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Oxidation pits.
Various methods to remove liquid manure have been
tested. The most economic one is the distribution of
the manure on agricultural areas, costs of which will
amount to 0.25 to 3.00 DM per cu m of manure. In the
USA the disposal of the manure in lagoons is very
popular. The dung is led into pools of 2-to-3-m depth
where the organic substance is degraded and part of
the moisture vaporizes. However, in winter no degra-
dation takes place. Another disadvantage of this
method is the development of bad odors and vermin.
Some disadvantages of the agricultural utilization of
manure can be eliminated by ventilation. The revolv-
ing ventilator favors the biological degradation pro-
cesses. The amount of oxygen added by this type of
ventilator is small; thus the developing heat in the
manure is not cooled down by too much air. For this
reason the surface gyroscope is not adapted for ven-
tilating manure as it adds too much oxygen. The clas-
sic method is the oxidation pit where a roll revolves
the manure in the pit. Several other methods are still
in state of experiment so that exact results as to the
advantages and disadvantages cannot be given. (Text
in German) (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
will depend on whether the drinking water in the vari-
ous regions is endangered by the liquid dung In Swe-
den and Switzerland, storing liquid dung for 4-9
months is obligatory because after this time a great
number of pathogenic microorganisms are destroyed
and risk is considerably reduced. Another reason is
that during special periods such as holidays or in high
pressure areas, spraying liquid dung onto the fields is
not allowed in order to prevent the formation of bad
odors. Large farms will have to provide for dung
deodorizalion in the future in order to avoid the pre-
sent disadvantages of dung utilization. Dung deodori-
zation can be effected mechanically, thermally,
chemically, or biologically; the latter seems to be the
most perfect and economical method. The biological
treatment can be effective in a cold. warm or hot way;
nowever, the cold method is the least advantageous
since the fertilizing value in its liquid phase is ex-
tremely low. Dung treated in this manner can be dis-
tributed by means of a spraying device without caus-
ing difficulties, however, it will be economical only for
farms with an annual dung production of more than
8.000 cu m of liquid dung. Smaller farms should use
the new glass-fiber truck-mounted tanks of a volume
of 8,000 liters. (Text in German) (Solid Waste Infor-
mation Retrieval System)
2819 - A5, A11,D2,D3,E2,F1
FIELDS OF USE AND APPLICATION
OF MANURE AND MANURE DIS-
POSAL,
V. G. Blanken
Landtechnik, Vol. 25, No. 21, p. 674-«76, November,
1970.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Waste treatment. Waste
disposal, Incineration, Drying, Economics, Ground-
water
Identifiers: Dumping, Land spreading
Manure can be used for fertilizing agricultural areas,
it can be dumped, destroyed by chemicals, biologi-
cally decomposed or incinerated. Its use as fertilizer
is still the most economic method for disposal of man-
ure, provided that there is agriculture in the area. If
not, one of the other methods must be selected. Drying
has proved to be economical only in the case of chic-
ken manure. Drying costs for the manure of about
40,000 chickens run at DM 7.00. Conversion into humus
is justified only if there is a sufficiently large market
for the product. Costs are DM 10.75 for 8,000 chickens.
In the absence of a market for manure, it seems to be
best to subject it to biological decomposition. There is,
however, the problem of disposal of the residual mat-
ter. Incineration would be the best method from a
sanitary point of view, but it is too expensive. Dump-
ing is too dangerous for the environment. Pollution of
the environment by larvae and worm eggs can be
avoided, by storing the manure in large containers for
long periods of time. For protection of the groundwa-
ter small amounts of manure ought to be spread over
the fields at one time, and used on flat acres only.
(Text in German).(Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
9«is A4 AS A6 R2 C1 Dl D2 2820 - Al, A5, A6.A8, All, A12,
™ TTO W1 ' C3' °2' D3' E2' Fl' F2' F4
D3, E2, M ^.rtorvv, UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID MANURE AND ENVIRON- LIQUID MANURE AT SMALL AVAIL-
MENT PROTECTION, ABLE SPACE,
7T Forster V. H. Traulsen
Landtechnik, Vol. 27, No. 8, p. 166-168, April, 1972. 5 Landtechnik, Vol. 25, No. 21, p. 665^68, November
fig. . 1970. 7 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Odor, Regulation,
Transportation.
Identifiers: Field spreading, Sweden, Switzerland.
A great number of farmers use liquid dung as manure
on their fields because transportation costs for this
method can be reduced by 30-40 percent. Several
European countries provide for special environment
protection measures to be applied in this case. Similar
to the regulations for the storing of oils and chemical
agents, those for storing and utilizing liquid manure
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste treatment. Waste
disposal, Economics, Odor, Groundwater pollution,
Pathogens, Incineration, Drying
Identifiers: Land spreading, Spraying, Composting,
Oxidation tanks, Germany
Of the manure disposal and utilization methods,
spraying of liquid manure over crops is the least ex-
pensive one. Generally 40-60 cbm liquid manure can
be applied per hectare and year. Some plants such as
corn are able to consume up to 100 cbm per hectare
452
-------
and year, asparagus as much as 200 cbm. Pathogenic
germs are not killed by this method. In the German
Democratic Republic, it is required to store manure
(or 21 days before it is applied to the fields. Studies
have shown that salmonellas survive almost one year
in liquid manure. Other drawbacks of this method are
that the manure cannot beapplied to the fields ateach
season since it causes annoying odors and pollutes
groundwater. Spreading over areas which are then
withdrawn from agricultural use for one or more
years bears the same disadvantages. Composting by
mixing with lime, peat, and styropor has not been
done yet with any manure other than chicken manure.
Decomposing in lagoons does not kill all pathogenic
germs either. Anaerobic decomposition is too expen-
sive. Incineration is the most hygienic method but it
involves high investment and operating costs. Com-
posting and drying and oxidation tanks are the most
economical methods available at the moment. (Text
in German) (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2821 - B3, B4
MANURE REMOVAL AND STORAGE
OF SOLID MANURE.
V H Schulz, L. Krinner, and K. Wissmuller
Landtechnik, Vol. 25, No. 21, p. 657-665, November,
1970. 11 fig,
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Waste storage. Equip-
rnent.
Identifiers : Mechanical scraper.
Removal of manure in a solid state Is frequently pre-
ferred over the liquid manure removal system since
straw can be used here in the sheds for insulation
against the cold concrete floor and reduction of odor.
For solid manure removal, the cow sheds are usually
divided into small boxes with a feeding table for the
animals outside them. In the rear the manure is re-
moved either by various types of scrapers, of which
the two-winged flat arrowhead scraper is gaining in-
creasing importance, or by tractors. The latter are
auite versatile and can be used for other purposes
«,w> Frnnt loaders require, however, at least 8 m of
frSefpaM inthefrontof the shed, a door openingof 1.6
to 20 m wide and 2.5 to 3.0 m high and a manure track
which is at least 1.7 to 1.9 m broad. More recently a
number of smaller more mobile manure removal
tractors have been introduced. One is a mini bucket-
wheel-loader similar to the one used by construction
workers for soil removal. It is driven by two starter
batteries each with 12 volts and two dc motors. The
electricilly-hydraulically oiperatedlrontloader car-
ries a moveable shovel which can be equipped with
crones Another such unit driven by a 12 HP single
rvlinder diesel engine consists of a three-wheeled
^•ICMS It carries various shovels and rakes in addi-
tion to 'the loader. (Text in German) (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
2822 - B2, B3, B4
MANURE REMOVAL AND STORAGE
OF LIQUID MANURE,
V K. urimm
Landtechnik, Vol. 25, No. 21, p. 645449, November,
1970.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Equipment.
Identifiers: Mechanical scrapers.
If an automatic manure drain-off system is used in
sheds, no fodder or straw can be placed in the animal
resting place since it tends to clog the drainage pipes.
If a straw-bed is to be provided for the animals it is
advisable to use mechanical scrapers for removal of
the manure. The arrowhead scraper is increasingly
used for this purpose; it consists of two wings which
are movably joined together in the form of an ar-.
rowhead. They are drawn by a chain which runs in a
central guide rail. For storage of manure multi-
chamber containers, dug-in containers open on top,
and containers partly submerged in the ground are
available. They can be made of wood, concrete, steel
or plastic material. (Text In German) (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
2823 - Al, A5, A6, All, A12. D2,
E2
THE PROBLEM OF MANURE UTILI-
ZATION IN LARGE ANIMAL HUS-
BANDRIES,
V. G. Blanken
Landtechnik, Vol. 25, No. 21, p. 642-644, November,
1970. 2 fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors: Livestock, Poultry, Incineration, Waste
disposal, Crop response, Groundwater pollution, Odor
Identifiers: Land spreading, Germany
In animal husbandries of the Federal Republic of
Germany, 135 million tons of manure accumulate per
year. Considering that the agriculturally useable
area spans 13.9 million hectares, this amount of man-
ure does not seem so high. Uniform distribution of the
manure over the entire acreage would bring 10 tons of
'manure to one hectare. Unfortunately, however,
animal husbandries tend to concentrate in one area so
that distribution of manure over all agriculturally
useable areas would mean transportation over long,
distances involving additional cost. Other ways and
means for disposal of manure must be found. Inciner-
ation seems the most aesthetic solution since it yields
a sterile end product. It is also the most hygienic
solution since it renders the end product free of any
pathogenic germs, worm eggs or larvae. One chicken
produces about 0.175 kg manure per day, a cow pro-
duces about 40 or 50 liters of liquid manure (including
urine). Distribution of all manure onto the nearby
fieMs Is too much of a burden to the soil and as a
consequence the crop yield drops. It is also an addi-
tional burden to the digesters but not as much to the
groundwater. The odor annoyance must be consi-
dered too. All of this, plus the fact that artificial fer-
tilizers are preferred over manure, leads to the con-
clusion that some other method of disposal must be
found in addition to incineration which is simpler and
less expensive. (Text in German) (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System)
2824 - A2, A6, A7, A8 B2, B3, Cl,
C2, C3, Dl, D2, D3.E2, E3, E4, Pi,
F2, F3, F4, F5
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
WITH POLLUTION CONTROL,
Oregon State University, Corvaiiis
J. R. Miner and R. J. Smith, eds.
North Central Regional Research Publication 222,
Midwest Plan Service, June, 1975,89 p. 45 fig, 58 tab,
277 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes. Feedlots, Biological
properties. Chemical properties. Physical properties.
Separation techniques. Waste treatment. Byp-
roducts. Transportation, Odor. Dusts, Agricultural
runoff. Aerobic treatment. Anaerobic treatment, Re-
'cycling.
Identifiers: Waste management. Land application
• Refeeding, North Central U.S.. Housing.
The aspects of livestock waste management de-
scribed in this report reflect the variations encoun-
tered across the 13 states of the North Central Region.
The main objective of this report is to present infor-
mation on waste management that will free a lives-
tock producer from unnecessary labor, yet, at the
same time, will allow him to operate within the con-
' fines of current environmental legislation. The NC-93
committee recognizes that such an objective alone is
inadequate; hence, there are large sections of the
report devoted to by-product recovery. The report
summarizes the necessary features of any
livestock-waste-management system and presents
basic information on manure production and content
The effect of housing on livestock-waste management
is discussed in terms of roofed facilities and unroofed
facilities. Air pollution by gases and dust is regarded
of such importance that one whole section is devoted
to this topic. Conventional biological waste stabiliza-
tion is discussed in two sections on aerobic and
anaerobic treatment. The section on utilization at-
tempts to analyze manure-processing technology for
harvesting useful by-products. Some of the topics dis-
cussed include land application with crop production,
hydroponics, composting, production of livestock
feed supplements, and pyrolysis. The report culmi-
nates with two sections on information retrieval and
technical terms encountered in livestock waste man-
agement. (Miner i Smith-Oregon State University
Merryman. ed.) < Publication available for 2.00 from
Midwest Plan Service. Iowa State University. Ames
50010)
2825 - A4, C2, C3, F2
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND NEW SOURCE
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
FEEDLOTS POINT SOURCE CATEG-
ORY,
Effluent Guidelines Division
Office of Air and Water Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington. D. C. 20460
R. E. Train, R. L. Sansom, A. Cywin, J. D. Denit
».. Protecti°r> Agency Report Number
EPA-440-l-74-004-a, January, f974,319p:68fig.41 tab.
« Descriptors : Effluent, Waste water disposal. Regula-
tion, Feedlots, Livestock. Poultry
Identifiers: Guidelines. Environmental Protection
Agency, Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972
This document presents the findings of an extensive
study of the feedlot industry for the purpose of de-
veloping proposed regulation; providing
guidelines for effluent limitations
and Federal standards of performance for the indus-
try to implement sections 304 and 306
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
mal types were considered in this study : beef cattle,
dairy cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, sheep, ducks
and horses. Guidelines are set forth for effluent reduc-
tion attainable through the application of the "Best
Practicable Control Technology Currently Availa-
ble," the "Best Available Technology Economically
Achievable" and for New Source Performance Stan-
dards. The proposed recommendations require no
dischargeofjrocess wastewaters to navigable water
bodiesby July U977 except for precipitation event) s )
in excess of the 10 year, 24 hour storm for the location
of the point source for all animal types except ducks
Duck growing operations will be required to meet a
limitation on BOD and bacterial pollutants using
biological treatment (e.g. 2.0 pounds of BOD per 1000
ducks). By 1983. the nodischarge limitation will apply
to all animal types except for precipitation event < s ) in
excess of the 25 year. 24 hour rainfall. The latter limi-
tation also applies to all new sources. Supportive data
and rationale for development of the proposed
guidelines for effluent limitations are presented (T-
2826 - A4, F2
FROM
U. S. Committee on Government Operations
Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on
Government Operations, House of Representatives
Ninety-third Congress, First Session, November 29
and 30, 1973.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Water pollution. Regulation
Identifiers: Pollution control. Manure. Subcommit-
tee on Conservation and Natural Resources.
The Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural Re-
sources held hearings on November 29 and 30, 1973 for
the inauguration of an in depth study of manure. At-
tempts were made in these hearings to ascertain
whether Federal pollution control laws are adminis-
tered efficiently, economically, and so implemented
as to control pol lution from point sources such as ani-
, mal feedlots. Testimonies were given from represen-
tatives of EPA and other Federal agencies and in-
453
-------
terested parties to determine the agencies' role in
controlling pollution from animal fecdlots. This 1268
page publication may be obtained from the Commit-
tee on Government Oporations. 2157 Rayburn Bldg..
Washington. DC 20515 I Cameron-East Central)
2827 - A8, B2, Cl, C2, D3, E2,
CHARACTERISTICS AND SOIL
TREATMENT OF BIOLOGICALLY
TREATED SWINE WASTES, VOL. I,
CH. 1 through 3,
Water Resources Institute. Kansas University,
Lawrence
C. E. Burkhead and M. Trnovsky
Kansas Water Resources Research Institute Con-
tribution No. 132. February. 1974.118 p. 6 fig, 23 tab.
Descriptors: Soil treatment. Oxidation Lagoons.
Biological treatment. Farm wastes. Waste water
treatment. Kansas. Hydraulicconductivity, Feasibil-
ity studies, Waste identification. Waste disposal.
Water reuse, Soil types, Infiltration, Path of pollut-
ants.
Identifiers: Swine wastewater. Land disposal. Waste
characterization. Holding ponds. Percolate charac-
teristics. Soil columns. Loading and resting cycles.
Feasibility of treatment and disposal by land applica-
tion of a holding pond supernatant receiving effluents
from oxidation ditches treating swine waste gener-
ated in a confined hog growing operation was investi-
gated The performance of the three oxidation ditches
and the holding pond was evaluated. The evaluation
was based on statistical analyses of physical and
chemical characteristics of the oxidation ditch
effluents and the holding pond supernatant. The
wastewater was analyzed from data collected frorrr
ten random samples for each of the following sampl-
ing locations: effluents from the oxidation ditches, the
holding pond supernatant, and well water. In addi-
tion, data on water consumption, number of hogs in!
the buildings, and rainfall data were collected. Suita-
bility of five typical Kansas soils for treatment and
disposal of the holding pond supernatant was investi-
gated in fifteen indoor soil columns The columns con- •
Caincd disturbed soil samples representing the follow-
ing textural classes: sand, sandy loam, silt loam and
clay. The wastewater was applied to the columnjn
alternate loading-resting cycles. Infiltration rates
and quality changes of the percolate were monitored.
Changes in the soil's chemical characteristics as
brought about by the application of the supernatant
were determined on ten soil columns' increments
upon termination of testing, i Burkhead Kansas
Water Resources Research Institute)
2828-A8, B2, B5, Cl, C2, D3,
E2
CHARACTERISTICS AND SOIL
TREATMENT OF BIOLOGICALLY
TREATED SWINE WASTE, VOL. II,
CH. 4 through 7,
Water Resources Institute
Kansas University
Lawrence
C. E Burkhead and M. Trnovsky
Kansas Water Resources Research Institute Con-
tribution No. 132, February. 1974.202 p. 76 fig, 23 tab,
183 ref.
Descriptors: Soil treatment. Oxidation lagoons.
Biological treatment. Farm wastes, Waste water
treatment. Kansas, Hydraulicconductivity, Feasibil-
ity studies, Waste Identification. Waste disposal.
Water reuse, Soil types. Infiltration. Path of pollut-
ants
Identifiers: Swine wastewater, Land disposal, Waste
characterization. Holding ponds, Percolate charac-
teristics. Soil columns.
Variation among the physical and chemical charac-
teristics of the oxidation ditch effluents and the hold-
ing pond supernatant provided evidence of unsatis-
factory in-building management, causing overload-
ing of the oxidation ditches and accumulation of
biodegradable pollutants in the oxidation ditch mixed
liquor as well as in the holding pond supernatant.
Application of the supernatant to the selected soils
demonstrated that the soil's retention capacity for the
supernatant constituents is definitely limited. The
soil's retention capacity increased wifh the clay con-
tent of the soil and decreased with the wastewater
volume applied. In the course of testing, the quantity
of the supernatant soluble organics, salts, alkalinity,
and cations in the columns' effluents increased ap-
preciably with an increase in quantity applied. Basic
relationships controlling the transformation of the
major wastewater constituents are described.
i Burkhead Kansas Water Resources Research Insti-
tute).
2829-All, B2, B4, C2, C3, D3,
F6
WATER MANAGEMENT IN LIVES-
TOCK WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS,
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina 29631
C. L. Earth and J. H. Bond
Report No. 51, South Carolina Water Resources Re-
search Institute. January. 1975,87 p. 35 fig. 11 tab, 23
ref.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Water man-
agement (applied), Farm wastes. Farm lagoons.
Aerobic conditions, Hogs, Salmonella, Mathematical
models, Water reuse, Liquid wastes, Water conserva-
tion. Waste storage. Waste Treatment.
The potential for minimizing the use of water in sev-
eral animal waste treatment and storage procedures
were evaluated. Laboratory units simulated the op-
eration of aerobic lagoons, anaerobic lagoons, and
storage for diluted swine feeding floor waste under
conditions of controlled temperature, lighting, load-
ing rate and detention time. Reduction of volatile sol-
ids (VS) content under conditions similar to those of
aerobic lagoons was limited due to algae production.
Anaerobic lagoon simulators achieved volatile solids
reduction rates of 75.8 percent at 24 C and 200 days
detention time and as little as 22.1 percent at 10 C and
100 days detention time. Degradation of VS was gen-
erally high in the loading rate range of 50 to 400 g
ys/day-m* and sludge storage efficiency was also high
in that range. Liquefaction was a significant factor in
the storage simulators with reductions of total solids
by as much as 69 percent. Survival of the swine patho-
gens Salmonella cholerae-suis and Salmonella
tvphimurium in laboratory simulators of swine man-
ure lagoons was determined and compared with the
, survival of the indicator organisms Escherichia coli
and fecal col if or ms. The heaviest populations of the
pathogens died off in 33 days. A cause for Salmonella
die-off was proposed. A mathematical model was de-
veloped to describe the operation of the anaerobic
animal waste lagoon and compared with relevant
data which characterized the lagoon simulators. The
symbiotic relationship of the acid formers (faculta-
tive heterotrophs) and methane formers (obligate
anaerobes) was emphasized along with the possible
inhibition of both cultures by high concentrations of
volatile organic acids. (Barth-Clemson University)
2830- All, C2, E3
COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY
OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg
D. M. Lucas, J. P. Fontenot, and K.E. Webb Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 41. No. 5, p. 1480-1486,
November, 1975.1 fig, 6 tab, 29 rrf.
Descriptors: Feeds. Cattle, Sampling. Chemical
. properties
Identifiers: Digestibility, Driedfeces, In vitro studies
Recently three tests were made with six steers to
study the digestibility of fecal waste. In Test 1, steers
were fed 50 percent roughage containing high protein
and TDN levels. Fecal samples were taken and the
remaining feces were dried for 24 hours in a forced
drafted oven at 120 degrees C and then ground. The
chemical composition of the feces was 13.2 percent
crude protein. 31.4 percent crude fiber. 2.8 percent
ether extract, 5.4 percent ash. 47.2 percent NFE, 70.9
percent cell walls and 44 8 percent ADF, dry basis. In
Tests 2 and 3, the animals were fed 80 percent basal
ration and 20 percent dried feces. Results from Test 1
showed 68.2 percent digestiblity for dry matter com-
pared with 57.4 percent for the ration containing 20
percent dried feces. The digestibility of cnide protein
was 69.4 percent in Test 1 and 61.3 percent for the 20
percent dried feces ration. The in vitro method of
study used in this experiment seems to be a useful
means of determining relative digestibilities of waste
materials. (Cannon-East Central)
2831 - B2, C2, D3
EPA'S NEW FEEDLOT DISPOSAL
PLAN,
Calf News, Vol. 9, p. 49, 62, August, 1971.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff. Waste
treatment. Phosphates, Nitrogen
Identifiers: Biological filter. Retention ponds
The Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center in Ada,
Oklahoma, is attempting to perfect a process wherein
a colony of micro-organisms will purify the effluent
from a 12,000-head feedlot on 8 to 10 acres of grassy
slope. Using a 2-to-£ percent slope, with terraces, on
soil too heavy to irrigate, the process removes better
than 80 percent of the phosphate and about 95 percent
of the nitrogen. A two-pond system is used with
effluent being pumped from the second pond after 2 or
3 days retention. Start-up requires about six weeks to
allow the colony to establish itself. The water supply
must be nearly continuous. (Whetstone, Parker, &
Wells-Texas Tech)
2832 - A7, All
THE PIG'S AIR ENVIRONMENT,
Associate Professor of Environmental Physiology,
Department of Animal Science
Illinois University
Urbana-Champaign
S. E. Curtis
Reports of the Sixteenth Annual Swine Day. Special
Report 426, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, December, 1974, p. 7-9.
Descriptors: Air pollution. Health, Performance,
Odor, Gases, Dusts, Microorganisms, Confinement
pens
Identifiers: Swine
There is a trend in the pork industry toward more-or-
less enclosed confinement and year-round produc-
tion. The air in enclosed swine houses is polluted with
dust, microbes, gases, and odorous compounds that
arise from feed, wastes, and the pigs themselves.
Eight questions concerning the pig's air environment
are posed and answered. The questions and answers
(based on experiments described in the paper) are:
(1) How much dust is there in swine-house air?—an
average of 1.326 jig per cubic meter, (2) What is the
bacterial level in swine house air?—an average of
102.920 bacterial-colony-forming particles per cubic
meter, (3) Do aerial dust and bacterial levels in swine
houses change with time?—Air pollution in swine
houses tends to be higher in winter than in summer.
probably because ventilation rate is usually reduced
in winter, (4) Are dust and bacterial levels in swine-
house air related?—yes, (5) What kinds of bacteria'
occur in swine house air?—The ratio of the
bacienai-coiony-torming particle count on the special
medium for staphylococci to that on the general
medium was 0.36; on the special medium for fecal
streptococci compared to the general medium was
0.13; and on the special medium for coliforms com-
pared to the general medium was 0.01, (6) What sizes
are aerial bacterial-colony-forming particles in
swine-house air?—21 percent of the staphylococcal
454
-------
and streplococcal-colony-forming particles, respec-
tively, and 9 percent of the coliform-colony-forming
particles, were less than 4.7 um in aerodynamic
diameter. (7) Do atmospheric ammonia, hydrogen
sulfide or dust reduce the rate of gain in healthy
pigs?—No. not in the amount commonly found.
(8(Does atmospheric ammonia reduce the ability of
.the pig's lungs to resist bacterial infection?—Yes, it
appears to. (Merryman—East Central)
2833 - B2, B3, Dl, D3, E3, E4
NEW CONCERNS IN SWINE WASTE
MANAGEMENT,
Associate Professor. Department of Agricultural En-
§ineering. Oregon State University. Corvallis
. R. Miner and L. Boersma
Reports of the Sixteenth Annual Swine Day, Special
Report 426. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon
State University, Corvallis. December 1974. p. 16-21.2
fig-
Descriptors: Recycling, Design. Anaerobic digestion.
Algae. Separation techniques. Feeds.
Identifiers: Swine, By product recovery
A waste management system is being tested in Ore-
gon State University in which swine manure from a
confinement operation and waste heat from a thermal
electric generating plant may be combined for grow-
ing algae. A flushing gutter in the swine confinement
building carries the slurry to a sump, from which the
slurry is pumped to a liquid-solid separator. The
liquid-solid separator is mounted over an anaerobic
digester so that the solids may be introduced into the
digester without further handling difficulties. The di-
gester contents are agitated and heated to maintain a
95 degrees F temperature. In a full-scale operating
system, the heating would be done with waste heat
from power plant cooling water. Effluent from the
anaerobic digester is combined with discharge from
the liquid-solid separator and the 2 liquids are used as
input feed to a series of algae-growing basins.
Effluent from the algae-growing basins is discharged
into a storage tank from which accumulated liquid
will be pumped to a centrifuge which will separate the
water from the algal cells so that the water may be
returned to the flush tanks for re-use in manure trans-
port. The harvested algae is to be evaluated as a po-
tential swine feed ingredient by chemical analysis
and eventual feeding to experimental animals. The
gas produced by the anaerobic digester, which in a
full-scale operating system might be used as fuel, is
discharged into a soil absorption field designed to
deodorize the gas. Experimental results are not yet
available. (Merryman-East Central)
2834 - A10, Bl, D3
MANURE MANAGEMENT TO CON-
TRQL_FLJES,
Poultry Digest, Vol. 34, No. 403, p. 375, September,
1975.
Descriptors: Poultry.
Identifiers: Fly control, Coning. Waste management.
While a poultry producer may already have a firmly
established fly control system, there are still things
that might be done to improve that system. In a dry-
system with infrequent clean-out, it is recommended
that under cage cleaning be done early enough to
allow a pad of manure and some coning to start before
flv season arrives. Proper grading, adequate roof
overhang and proper construction and maintenance
of watering devices will eliminate much moisture ac-
cumulation. Also, eggs should not be thrown into the
manure. Weeds should be removed from around the
poultry houses to improve air circulation and sun
penetration. Built-up manure systems have the added
advantage of maximizing development of biological
control agents like predaceous and parasitic insects
and mites which destroy eggs, larvae and adult flies.
In a dry-system with frequent cleanout. weekly or
twice weekly removal of droppings followed by
proper disposal successfully breaks the fly life cycle.
but clean-out must be thorough. Liquid systems are
usually excellent for fly control, but odor may become
a problem. (Merryman-East Central)
2835-C1.C2, E3, F2
COLORADO ADOPTS PROCESSED
WASTE FEEDING RULES
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 49, p. 5, 38, December U975.
Descriptors: Colorado, Regulation, Feeds, Chemical
properties, Physical properties
Identifiers: Refeeding
Rules adopted by the Colorado Department of Ag-
riculture concerning the use of processed animal
waste products became effective on October 15, 1975
These regulations allow state registration and intra-
state sale of processed animal waste products which
meet the following specified requirements: (1) No
processed animal waste shall contain such extrane-
ous materials as metal glass, wire, nails, etc. (2)
Dried Poultry Waste shall not contain ( a I less than 20
percent crude protein, ( b) more than 15 percent crude
fiber, (c) more than 30 percent ash, (d) more than 1
percent feathers, (e) more than 12 percent moisture
or (f) more than 20 precent litter. (3) Dried Poultry
Litter shall not contain ( a ) less than 18 percent crude
protein, (b) more than 40 percent crude fiber (c)
more than 30 percent ash, (d) more than 5 percent
feathers, or (e) more than 12 percent moisture. (4)
Dried Ruminant Waste shall not contain (a) less than
12 percent crude protein, (b) more than 30 percent
crude fiber, (c) more than 30 percent ash, or (d ) more
than 40 percent straw, wood, wood shavings, litter,
dirt, sand, rocks or other similar extraneous mate-
• rials, or (e) more than 12 percent moisture. (5) Un-
dried Processed Animal Waste Products shall not
contain more than 40 percent straw, wood, wood shav-
ings, litter, dirt, sand, rocks or other extraneous
materials. (6) Any product labeled as or containing
dried animal waste products shall be 12 percent mois-
ture or less to aid in maintaining microbiological
quality. (Merryman-East Central)
2836-C2, D2, D3, F6
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF BEEF
MANURE AND CORN STOVER,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Iowa State
University, Ames
M. E._Heiri, R. J. Smith, and R. L. Vetter
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago Illinois De-
cember 15-18, 1975, Paper No. 75-4542, 18 p. 6 fig,2 tab,
11 ret.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Equipment,
Energy, Chemical properties, Chemical oxygen de-
rniKi.
ys/day m'; detention time 9 days), inhibition from
nign ammonia concentrations was not observed.
(Merryman-East Central)
.
Identifiers: Gas production, Cattle manure, Iowa
State University, Loading rate.
An experimental digester of about 100 gal (379 dm')
was established at Iowa State University in order to:
( 1 ) examine gas recirculation mixing with regard to
lowest energy input that would not lead to biological
failure, (2) examine the operating variables of load-
ing rate and detention time, and (3) monitor changes
in chemical composition of manure as it passes
through the digester and to correlate the COD with
gas production. Operating experiences are reviewed
twas determined that: (1) Satisfactory mixing of a
lOOgal (379dm1) digester requires a gas-recirculation
rate of at least 3 cf m/131 gal (3.7 x 10-« m'/sec m') and
more than 5 cfm/10> gal (6.2 x lf>« m'/sec m') would be
preferable,(2) Inadequate mixing results in tempera-
ture gradients that cause lower gas production, (3)
Adequate mixing will control scum-layer formation,
(4) Approximately 45 percent reduction inCOD can be
expected at a detention time of 9 days, (5) Specific
production corrected to 20 degrees C was about 13.7
ft'/lb COD destroyed (0.86 m'/kg COD), (6) During
warm weather, mixing energy is about 20 percent of
the total energy input required. The remaining 80 per-
cent is required for heating, and (7) At the loading
rate and detention times used (0.45 Ib vs/day ft' 7 2 kg
2837 - A2, B5, E2
PORTION ABATEMENT FROM
CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN NORTH-
EASTERN COLORADO AND NE£
KASKA,
Agricultural Research Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, P. O. Box E, Fort Collins
Colorado '
L. K. Porter, F. G. Viets. Jr.. T. M. McCalla L F
Elliott, F. A. Norstadt, et. al. '
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-
660/2-75015. June. 1975. 120 p. 27 fig. 34 tab. 112 ref.
Descriptors: Pollution abatement, Feedlols Col-
orado Nebraska. Cattle. Livestock, Waste disposal
Identifiers: Rainfall runoff. Land application Water
pollution potentials. Waste characteristics.
Climatic factors, feedlot runoff, and organic material
in the runoff were evaluated in experimental and
commercial feedlots. The effects of slope, stocking
rates, terraces, basins, and holding ponds were
. evaluated to obtain the best controU ^containing
runoff. In eastern Nebraska. 70cm annual precipita^
tion produces 23 cm of runoff; whereas, in northeast-
ern Colorado, 37 cm annual precipitation gives only
5.5 cm of runoff. Large applications of runoff liquid
up to 91 cm on grass-Ladino and 76 cm on com in
Nebraska did not decrease yields; however in north-
eastern Colorado, the concentrated high-salt runoff
required dilution before direct application to crops
The organic manure-soil interface severely restricts
the movement of water, nitrates, organic substances
and air into the soil beneath feedlots. The amounts of
NO,-N in soil cores taken from Nebraska feedlots and
croplands ranked as follows: abandoned feedlots gre-
ater than feedlot cropland greater than upland feed-
lots greater than river valley feedlots greater than
manure mounds greater than alfalfa greater than
grassland. Feedlots contribute NH,. amines car-
bony! sulfide, H,S, and other unidentified substances
to the atmosphere. Ammonia and amine can be
scavenged from the air by green plants and water
bodies. Anaerobic conditions in feedlots are condu-
cive to the production of carbonyl sulfide H,S and
amines. Management practices, such as good drain-
age that enhance aeration will decrease the evolution
of these compounds. (Porter, et. al.-USDA)
2838 - A9, A10, B5
METHOPRENE AS A FEED ADDI-
TIVE FOR CONTROL OF THE HOUSE
FLY BREEDING IN CHICKEN MAN-
URE,
Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic In-
stitute and State University, Blacksburg
G. C. Breeden, E. C. Turner, Jr. and W. L. Beane
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 68 No 4 D
451-452, 1975. •••!>•
Descriptors: Feeds, Additives, Poultry.
Identifiers: Methoprene, Fly control.
An experiment was conducted utilizing methoprene in
2 forms for control of house fly breeding in chicken
manure. An 86.9 percent technical formulation
(acetone solution sprayed on feed) and an incapsu-
lated 7 percent dry premix formulation (blended with
feed by mixer) were used as treatment additives.
White Rock hens were fed and watered in groups of
five. Three replicates of each group were used for
each treatment rate. Hens receiving the technical
formulation received treated feed at rates of 0,25,50,
and 100 ppm for 7 days and untreated feed for the
following 7 days. Hens receiving the dry pre-mix for-
mulation received the treated feed at rates of 0 25 5
and 10 ppm for 10 days and untreated feed for the
following 4 days. Bioassay data from the technical
formulation treatments indicate that good consistent
inhibition of housefly emergence began on the third
day for the 50 ppm rate and on the first day for the 100
455
-------
ppm rulr Posttreatment data indicate that the time
requinil for all the unmetaboli/.ed methoprene to
leave thp chicken increased with treatment rate.
BioasMiiy data from the encapsulated dry premix
formuliil ion indicate that good consistent inhibition of
house fly emergence began on Ihc eighth day for the 5
ppm rule and the first day for the 10 ppm rate. Post-
treatment data indicate no difference between treat-
ment rates in the amount of time required lor all the
unmelubolized methoprene to leave the chicken.
While methoprene shows promise as a feed additive
for the control of house fl ies breeding in chicken man-
ure, the encapsulated formulation was definitely
superior to the technical formulation. Ten times less
encapsulated formulation achieved the same level of
control as the technical formulation. (Cocon-East
Central)
2839 - A2, A4, Cl, C2
POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF
RUNOFF FROM LIVESTOCK FEED-
ING OPERATIONS,
Instructor in Agricultural Engineering Water Re-
sources Institute, South Dakota State University
Brookings
J. M. Madden and J. N. Dornbush
Presented at 1971 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Washington State Univer-
sity Pullman, June 27-30,1971, Paper No. 71-212 15 p
5 tab. 3 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Pollution, South
Dakota, Feedlots, Livestock, Precipitation (atmos-
pheric).
Identifiers: Statistical analysis.
A 2-year study was conducted to determine the quan-
tity and quality of runoff from production feedlots in
eastern South Dakota. A statistical analysis was used
in evaluating the relationship between runoff volume,
precipitation amounts, and animal concentration and
the pollutional constituents associated with runoff.
The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Estima-
tion equations using feedlot characteristics and de-
sign runoff volumes can be applied to determine the
total and suspended solids, plant nutrients, and oxy-
gen demanding material in feedlot runoff. (2) Con-
ventional methods of determining runoff from rain-
fall may not give accurate estimates of runoff from
livestock feedlots. (3) Although the annual losses of
animal waste from feedlots by runoff represent a
small percentage of the total waste produced, the
quantities are sufficient that control measures must
be provided on feedlots whose runoff reaches lakes
and streams. Further study is needed. (Merryman-
East Central)
2840 - All, D3,E3
RECYCLED MODIFIED SWINE ,
WASTES,
Keedstulfs Vol. 27, No. 52, p. 26, December 22, 1975.
Descriptors: Diets, Fermentation, Sterilization
Identifiers: Refeeding. Swine
A model system was built for the collection of raw
swine wastes for aerobic fermentation, concentra-
tion, sterilization and refeeding as a supplement to
growing-finishing pigs. The fermented liquid product
was substituted for drinking water and used as a sup-
plement to meal diets deficient in mineral, protein,
and vitamins. Fifty pigs were used in this 6-week
study. Pigs offered the waste as a supplement to a low
mineral diet performed much the same as pigs on the
low mineral diet, but not as well aspigs fed a complete
diet When a low mineral, low protein, low B-complex
vitamin diet was supplemented with "waste", there
was further reduction in feed intake and gains. The
conversion of non-protein nitrogen to protein nitrogen
was not an efficient process. Further study is needed.
(Merryman-East Central)
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120. No 20, p. 1195, October
.25, 1975.
Descriptors: Recycling. Byproducts, Plastics,
Methane. Fertilizer.
Identifiers: Ethylene, Anhydrous ammonia, Ethane.
Texas Tech researchers have discovered that beef
cattle manure can yield significant amounts of
ethyleno—"the backbone of the plastics industry."
Research was conducted with the intention of showing
that feedlot waste could be converted into synthetic
gas used for the production of anhydrous ammonia
fertilizer. But it was discovered that methane, ethane,
and ethylene were produced as well. Assuming a
realistic value of 10 cents per pound for ethylene, a
conservative estimate of the value of the ethylene
production from manure produced from a 100.000-
head feedlot in the Texas high plains is around jl.8
'million per year. Research is continuing with the ob-
jective of improving the process in order to increase
the ethylene production. (Merryman-East Central)
elements—a lagoon; a diversion around the feedlot to
direct water falling inside the lot into the lagoon; and
a clean water diversion, which keeps water running
into the feedlot from becoming polluted Several
specific instances of SCS assistance and planning are
cited to illustrate how specific feedlot problems Were
overcome. Over the years, SCS has built up a know-
ledge of soils and drainage and altering water path-
ways. This places SCS in a better position than most to
help control runoff from feedloU^Me-
2841 - D2, E3, E4, F6
PLASTIC FROM MANURE,
2842 - A8, E2, Fl
BORROWING HUMUS FROM THE
"BANK OF ORGANIC WASTES"
Compost Science editor
J. Goldstein
Compost Science, Vol. 16. No. 5. p. 2-3. Autumn. 1975
Descriptors: Organic wastes. Fertilizers. Costs,
Energy, Microorganisms.
Identifiers: Composting.
Several studies are cited which support the premise
that use of organic matter as fertilizer is equal to or
superior to the use of chemical fertilizers. According
to a 1975 chemical fertilizer vs. organic fertilizer
comparison study sponsored by the National Science
Foundation, organic farmers can produce about as
much food per acre with about one-third the energy.
•While conventional farmers spent an average of
117.33 per acre on fertilizers, organic farmers spent
only $6.17. T. M. McCalla. USDA microbiologist at the
University of Nebraska, is credited with projecting
the importance of the interrelationship between or-
ganic wastes applied to the soil, and the microor-
ganisms which decompose them. Dr. McCalla em-
phasizes that".. .it is absolutely essential that we have
this microbial transformation in order for man to sur-
vive." The editors of Compost Science feel that
studies concerning the composting of organic wastes
are not being pushed enough. They state that "while it
takes a long time to give more than lip service to the
value of organic matter in soil and to using organic
wastes from cities and farms efficiently in crop pro-
duction, there's little doubt that we are moving in that
direction." (Merryman-East Central)
2843 - A2, Bl, Fl
ROUNDING UP RUNOFF: REFLEC-
TIONS IN WASTE HANDLING SYS-
TEMS,
Staff editor
M. Lane
Feedlot Management, Vol. 17, No. 12, p. 13-15, De-
cember, 1975. 3 fig
Descriptors: Feedlots, Planning, Design, Agricul-
tural runoff, Cost sharing
Identifiers: Soil Conservation Service, Runoff control
In order to participate in Soil Conservation Service
programs, a feedlot owner must sign an agreement as
a cooperator in the local soil conservation district or
must be receiving Agricultural Stabilization and Con-
servation Service cost-sharing funds. Once one of
these qualifications is met, expert planning assis-
tance is at the feedlot owner's disposal through con-
sultation with the SCS. SCS usually assists in small
projects such as construction of farm ponds or terrac-
ing to prevent erosion, but it may also be called upon
to assist in planning a whole feedlot design, giving
guidance concerning runoff control measures. The
design of all runoff control systems contains 3 basic
2844 - E3, F2
RULES AND REGULATIONS RE-
GARDING PROCESSED ANIMAL
WASTE PRODUCTS, ""IMAI,
Colorado Department of Agriculture
Rules and Regulations Regarding Processed Animal
Waste Products Colorado Department of Agr ™!
ture^ Division of Inspection and Consumer Services
Feed Section, 1973, 6 p. Cervices,
Descriptors: Regulation, Legal aspects, Colorado
Identifiers: Processed animal waste products.
These are the rules and regulations regarding proces-
sed animal wastes products. Legal-authority for these
regulations is found in Title 35, Article 60, Section 107
Colorado Revised Statutes 1973, as amended Defini
lions are given for: (1) animal waste. (2) processed
animal waste, (3)processed, (4 (dried poultry waste
(5) dried poultry litter, (6) dried ruminant waste (7)
undried processed animal waste product, (8) proces-
sed animal waste derivative, (9) person and (10) re-
ferences to statutes of agency rules or regulations
The following matters are outlined: (1) Registration
Required, (2) Registration Procedure, (3) Reeistra
tion Refused, (4) Quality Standards, (5) LabelinE fit
quirements, (6) Testing Required, (7) Records Re-
quired, (8) Registration Revocation, Suspension JL£
nulment. Limitation or Modification, (9) Deviation
from rules, (10) License and Bond Requirements (11)
Liability and Penalties, and (12) Effective Date and
Duration of Regulation. These rules became effective
on November 19, 1975. (Merryman-East Central)
2845-A11.C2, E2, E3 Fl
VALUE OF POULTRY WASTE AS
FEED, FERTILIZER DISCUSSED
Keedstuffs editor '
G. Emerson
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 41, p. 22, October 6,1975.
Descriptors: Feeds, Fertilizers, Poultry, Proteins
Nutrients, Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Dried poultry waste. Dried layer waste,
Dried poultry litter, Refeeding.
A workshop recently held in Corona, California, con-
sidered the pros ana cons of poultry waste utilization
as feed or fertilizer. Among the points made were ine
following: (1) While manure was once low in phos-
phorus, improved rations have now made phosphorus
one of manure's most valuable ingredients. (2) Fresh
or dried poultry manure is a good source of nitrogen
but animal manures and composted or stockpiled
chicken manures are not. (3) Manure can best be
utilized where nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
are needed—such as potassium and phosphorus-
deficient areas planted in cotton or potatoes or in
phosphorus-deficient areas in small grain or range
production. Chemical nitrogen would still need to be
added. (4) Limitations of dried poultry manure as
fertilizer include the following: (a) Excessive appli-
cation rates must be utilized to combat the problem of
irregular distribution; (b) Asa nitrogen source, dried
poultry manure does not release nitrogen quickly
enough for some crops; (c) Dried poultry manure
supplies too much nitrogen for some crops and not
enough for others. (5) Dried layer waste and dried
poultry litter have nutrient values of $97 and $80 per
ton, respectively, and have shown themselves to be
satisfactory food supplements for ruminant animals.
(6) Crude protein values are fairly high in DPW but
much of the nitrogen is non-protein and of fairly li-
mited use to non-ruminant animals such as poultry
456
-------
and swine. However, experimental results have
suggested that levels of up to 1(M2 percent DPW can
be used in layer rations without significant effect on
production, feed efficiency or egg size. (Merryman-
East Central)
2846-B2, C2, E2, Fl
WHAT'S THE REAL VALUE OF
LIQUID DAIRY MANURE?,
Illinois University
D. H. Vanderholm
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120, No. 7, p. 505, April 10,
1975.
Desrriotors: Dairy industry, Nutrients, Fertilizers.
luentifiers: Liquid dairy manure.
Fertilizer nutrient content and fertilizer value of
liquid dairy manure are estimated in relation to cur-
rent fertilizer prices. One gallon of liquid dairy man-
ure contains about 0.024 Ib N, O.OM Ib P,0 , and 0.025 Ib
KjO, respectively. The value of these major nutrients
in one gallon of liquid dairy manure is 1 cent per
gallon. Because nutrient content of manure varies
and because fertilizer prices may go up. dairy owners
must have their own dairy manure analyzed and
compared against current fertilizer prices to get a
true estimate for themselves. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral)
2847- All, B1,C2, E3
WASTE REFEEDING SEEN AS COST
OFFSETTER. . .
Feedstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
FeedsfuffTvolume 47, No. 50, p. 5, 45, December 8,
1975.
Descriptors: Costs, Performance, Cattle, Poultry
Identifiers: Refeeding, Crop residues, Animal wastes
Sneaking at a conference concerned with utilization of
nlant and animal waste in livestock feeding, Dr. R. L.
Vetter of Iowa State University proclaimed crop re-
sidues and animal waste to be valuable feed sources^
HP described tests at Iowa State University in which
cattle wastes were scraped twice weekly from a con-
finement building; mixed with weighted amounts of
urnund cobs ground corn and molasses in a silage
waeon and blown into a silo for ensiling. Ingredients
nercentages were: excreta, 42; stover and cobs, 42;
Sd ground corn and-or molasses, 15. Cattle fed the
excreta-stover silage in a KXWay feeding test gained
197 Ib compared to 31 Ib for cattle fed a balanced
control ration of ground hay, cobs, and molasses es-
timatpd to provide 10.3 Ib of total digestible nutnents
~r cow daily. Those head on excreta-stover silage
consumed 28 to 30 Ib of dry matter per day with f ree-
rhoice feeding. No health problems were observed
during the 5% months tested. At this same meeting,
Krtward McCaugh of Morton, Mississippi, reported an
SToeriment in which he fed his calves a mixture con-
umtn*! 12-15 percent corn, 60 percent poultry waste
and 25-30 percent soybean stalks that had been run
throueh a^ammermill. No-till corn is also being
looked at as both a cattle feed and a soil conservation
practice. (Merryman—East Central)
2848 - All, Bl, Cl, C2, F5,
F6
WATER QUALITY IN A RECIR-
CULATING RACEWAY SYSTEM FOR
FISH CULTURE,
Fisheries Biologist, Entomology and Fisheries De-
partment, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton,
Georgia .
Descriptors: Fish farming. Water quality, Recircu-
lated water, Parasites, Rainbow trout
Identifiers; Channel catfish.
T. K. Hill and J. L. Chesness
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 11-14,1973, Paper No. 73-5508,14 p. 2 fig, 5 tab,.
4ref.
Four seasons of fish production in an 8-segment recir-
ciiUling earthen raceway system at the Coastal Plain
Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia, are discussed.
Rainbow trout were raised during the winter and
Channel Catfish were raised during the summer.
Purina Trout Chow was fed twice daily to trout at
rates of 2-2W percent body weight and once daily to
Channel Catfish at rates of 1-3 percent body weight.
Catfish were parasitically Infested by Cleidodiscus.
Scvphidia. and Trichodin^ during the studies. Trout
were infested by GyioojcJxlas and Trichodina. All
conditions were effectively treated with 30 ppm of
formalin. Raceway water was periodically sampled
and dissolved oxygen, total hardness, pH, CO. am-
monia, turbidity, and visibility were measured. The
fish were harvested at the end of each season. Ex-
perimental results indicate that recirculating race-
ways provide an easily manageable (treatment, feed-
ing, and harvesting) production system for fish cul-
ture. Year-round fish production in a temperate cli-
mate can be accomplished by alternately growing
Rainbow Trout and Channel Catfish as described
Eight inch long fingerlings should be stocked so that
marketable size fish can be attained in the double-
crop system. Maximum fish production capacity was
not reached during the two-year study. Water quality
was still good by the end of the study. It was felt that
natural restorative capacity of the system combined
with man-made systems (physical, chemical, biolog-
ical) should provide water quality suitable for sig-
nificantly increasing fish production. (Merryman-
East Central)
2849 - A2, B2, B5, C2, E2
WATER QUALITY AND MANAGE-
MENT CHARACTERISTICS OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF HOLDING
PONDS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Illinois Uni-
versity, Urbana-Champaign
E. C. Dickey and D. H. Vanderholm
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-4568,12 p. 6 fig, 3 tab,
Bref.
Descriptors: Water quality, Feedlots, Agricultural
runoff. Illinois. Rainfall-runoff relationships, Nitro-
gen, Phosphorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Holding ponds, Land application.
A study was initiated in 1974 to evaluate installed
runoff control facilities in terms of their management
requirements, operator acceptability, and their effec-
tiveness in preventing water pollution. Six commer-
cial livestock operations in central and northern
Illinois—beef, dairy, and swine facilities—were moni-
tored for two years. This paper reports the findings
directly related to characteristics and management
of the holding ponds. Each runoff control system con-
sisted of a concrete settling basin with a gravity-drain
or a pumped outlet, holding pond, and pumping
equipment for holding-pond dewatering. Rainfall and
runoff data were collected at all the locations. Five
holding ponds were sampled monthly; the sixth was
sampled weekly. It was found that the quality of
holding-pond water is highly variable. Large varia-
tions in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium con-
centrations in the water were observed. Nitrogen
concentration exhibited a definite seasonal trend: low
concentrations during the summer months, increas-
ing in late fall and winter, reaching a peak in late
winter, and decreasing in the spring. It was concluded
that major factors affecting holding pond water qual-
ity are the management of the lot surface, the number
of animals in the system, and changes in annual rain-
fall patterns. In order to gain optimum nutrient be-
nefits, dewatering of the holding pond should occur in
the spring. However, dewatering in the fall is still
recommended in most situations to provide capacity
for winter runoff storage. (Cameron-East Central)
2850 - A8, B2, C2, E2
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF
SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT
APPLIED TO COASTAL BER-
MUDAGRASS,
Soil Science Department
North Carolina State University
Raleigh
G. A. Cummings, J. C. Burns, R. E. Sneed, M. Over-
cash, and F. J. Humenik
Paper Number 4649, Journal Series of the North
Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Raleigh,
North Carolina, 17 p. 7 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Effluents, Lagoons,Coastal Bermudag-
rass. Soil contamination, Agricultural runoff, Seep-
age, Leaching, Nutrients
Identifiers: Land application. Swine. Plant response
A study was done to (a) determine maximum permis-
sible loading rate of anaerobic swine lagoon effluent
upon Coastal bermudagrass grown on a Norfolk
sandy loam, and (b) determine the fate of possible
pollutants added to soils including crop utilization,
soil absorption, and losses due to runoff, seepage, and
leaching. In May, 1972, Coastal bermudagrass was
established by sprigging on a Norfolk sandy loam, 0 to
3 percent slope after fumigation with methyl bromide
to kill all existing vegetation. Weekly application
rates of 5,10 and 20 inches of effluent supplied 300,600,
and 1200 Ibs of N respectively. Samples of effluent
applied to plots were collected by placing 400 ml beak-
ers within the plot during effluent application.
Effluent, runoff, soils, forage, and solution samples
from porous cups were all analyzed for total N, P, K,
Ca, Me. Na, Cl, and Cu. Independent analyses were
made for other chemical properties as well. It was
concluded that application of 24 inches of swine lagoon
effluent, supplying over 1400 Ibs each of N and K per
acre annually, was not detrimental to yield or mineral
content of Coastal bermudagrass in 1974. Total
amounts of exchangeable P. K, and Mg increased in
the soil profile as rale was increased. Changes in total
N in the soil induced by treatments were not detected
over the two year period. However, nitrate levels
were high, up to 28 ppm, in the lower portion of the
profile the second year. Although effluent rates in-
creased soil reserves of several elements, no detri-
mental effects of effluent applications upon plants or
soils were noted. More years of application are
needed to evaluate long term effects. (Cameron-East
Central)
2851 - D2, E2, E3, Fl
HOW TAIWAN HOMESTEAD FAR-
MERS MAKE METHANE WORK FOR
THEM,
G. Logsdon
Compost Science, Vol. 16, No. 5, p. 30, Autumn, 1975.1
fig
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Fertilizers, Nitro-
gen, Economics.
Identifiers: Swine, Taiwan.
The Taiwanese farmer is turning to methane produc-
tion in order to improve and preserve the fertilizer
value of manure. Methane production reduces man-
ure bulk, making it easier to handle. The protein-rich
residue contains slightly less nitrogen than the origi-
nal manure and the manure nutrients are more
stabilized, making them far less likely to leach or
volatilize in storage or in land spreading. With this
approach, the cost of making methane is balanced
against the nitrogen saved. A rural development
specialist named Chung Po describes simple home
methane generators which cost only about $300 to
build. The generators run off the digested wastes of
10-15 pigs Gas production is continuous. The gas con-
tains 63-67 percent methane, 27-33 percent COa, and
1.7 percent hydrogen sulfide. In hot weather, about
3,000 liters of gas are produced a day-enough for
cooking 3 meals a day or to run a 2 kw generator 3
hours a day. (Merryman-East Central)
2852-All, B2, C2, D3, E3
RECYCLED MODIFIED SWINE
WASTES AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN,
VITAMINS AND MINERALS FOR
SWINE,
457
-------
Animal Science Department, Florida University,
Gainesville „ . jr.*
H. D. Wallace, N. D. Thanh, G. E. Combs, and R. A.
Nordstedt . , . , , „
Research Report AL-1975-4, Florida Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Gainesville, May, 1975, 6 p. 1 fig, 4
tab, 2 ref
Descriptors: Performance, Diets, Nutrition.
Identifiers: Refeeding. Swine, Fermented Concen-
trated Sterilized Wastes.
A small model system was developed at the Univer-
sity of Florida which was capable of converting raw
swine wastes into a feed suitable for refeeding to
growing-finishing swine. Utilizing this system, swine
wastes were fermented, concentrated and sterilized.
The fermented liquid product was then substituted for
drinking water and used as a supplement to meal diets
deficient in mineral, protein, and vitamins. A total of
50 pigs were involved in this feed trial which lasted 6
weeks. The model system was successfully developed
to a stage where the raw wastes were recycled
through a workable system. However, treatment
technique, volume control, changes in mineral con-
centration and other factors affecting the production
of a consistently wholesome product of meaningful
nutritional value were not adequately mastered. Pigs
offered the fermented concentrated sterilized waste
(FCSW) as a supplement to a low mineral diet per-
formed similarly to control pigs on the low mineral
diet but not as well as pigs fed a complete diet. The
FCSW also failed to improve performance of pigs fed
a low mineral, low protein (8 percent) diet. When a
low mineral, low protein, low B-complex vitamin diet
was supplemented with FCSW, further reduction in
feed intake and gains resulted. The conversion of
non-protein nitrogen to protein nitrogen was not an
efficient process. Procedural changes are needed to
improve the conversion. (Merryman-East Central)
FLOOR EARN-
IN SOUTHERN
2853 - Bl
COLD SLATTED
S...WORK WELL
MINNESOTA,
U. W. Bates
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120, No. 23, p. 1340,1350, De-
cember 10 and 25,1975. 1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Minnesota, Housing, Design, Dairy in-
dustry
Identifiers: Coldslatted-floorfree-stall barns,Floors,
Frozen manure
The performance of three cold slatted-floor freestall
barns is compared. One barn was at the University of
Minnesota and two were independently owned by
.Minnesota dairy men. All were put to use in 1973 and
performed during an extremely cold winter. Though
problems arose, results indicated that such systems
could be successfully utilized and that problems with
frozen manure could be handled with good manage-
ment. The following advice is given to dairymen con-
sidering such a system. (1) Provide a clear opening in
the ridge that is a minimum of 6 inches wide. For
buildings over 40 feet wide, add 2 inches for each
additional 10 feet of building width. (2) Supply either
adjustable, trackmounted ventilation doors about 3
feet high and fi feet long, or tilt-type openings which
pivot on a horizontal center support at regular inter-
vals in both long walls. Regulate these openings ac-
cording to weather conditions. (3) Limit alley width to
concentrate animal traffic for effective movement of
manure through the floor openings. Alleys between
two rows of stalls may be as narrow as 6 feet. Use a
width of 9-10 feet for alleys between a feed bunk and
row of stalls. (4) Possibly remove manure from im-
mediately behind the stalls by hand or scraper if
freezing starts. (5) Follow good management prac-
tices essential to the success of any free stall system.
(Merryman—East Central)
Egg Industry, Vol. 8, No. 12, p. 13-14, Dei-ember, 1972.
Descriptors: Colorado, Regulation,Chemical proper-
ties, Physical properties.
Identifiers. Dried poultry wastes, Processed wastes.
Colorado rules and regulations regarding use of pro-
cessed animal wastes as feed products became offi-
cial on October 15,1975. The rules established that all
products, whether dried poultry waste from poultry,
litter, dried ruminant waste or processed waste de-
rivative, such as yeast, algae, or other organisms
produced from wastes, must not contain more than 12
percent moisture. It must be pathogen-free and must
not exceed FDA standards for drug and pesticide re-
sidues or other "deleterious" substances. The pro-
duct must not contain more than 500 ppm as mercury,
lead, bismuth, copper, cadmium, arsenic, antimony
or tin or in excess of 20 ppb of aflatoxins. DPW must
not contain less than 20 percent crude protein or more
than 15 percent crude fiber; 30percentash; 1 percent
feathers, 12 percent moisture or 20 percent litter.
Dried poultry litter shall contain no less than 18 per-
cent crude protein or in excess of 40 percent crude
fiber or 30 percent ash or 5 percent feathers or 12
percent moisture. Dried ruminant waste must con-
tain no less than 12 percent crude protein or no more
than 30 percent crude fiber, or 30 percent ash, or in
excess of 40 percent straw, wood, wood shavings, lit-
ter, dirt, sand, rocks or other extraneous material, or
in excess of 12 percent moisture. Copies of these regu-
lations are available from: Division of Inspection &
Consumer Services, Colorado Department of Agricul-
ture, 406 State Services Bldg., 1525 Sherman St., De-
nver, Colorado 80203. (Merryman-East Central)
2855 - C2, D3, Fl, F6
ENERGY SOURCES FOR BIOLOGI-
CAL DENITRIFICATION OF ANIMAL
WASTES,
Agricultural Engineering Department
Delaware University
Newark
W. F. Hitter and R. P. Eastburn
Presented at 1975 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of California,
Davis June22-25 1975, Paper No. 75-4041,6 p. Stab. 7
ref.
Descriptors: Denitrification, Animal wastes
Identifiers: Energy sources, Methanol, Molasses,
Composted solid waste, Barriered landscape water
renovation system
A 5-month laboratory experiment was conducted to
evaluate methanol, molasses, and composted solid
waste as energy sources for denitrification of animal
wastes when applied to a barriered landscape water
renovation system. Soil columns from acrylic plastic
pipe were constructed with a length of 183 cm and 10.2
cm in diameter. Prior to applying waste to the soil
columns, each column was leached with 3 liters of
distilled water. All of the effluent from each column
was collected and analyzed for COD, organic nitro-
gen, ammonia, and nitrate-nitrite nitrogen. Conclu-
sions drawn were: (1) Molasses was the most suitable
of the energy sources tested. (2) Composted solid
waste would not make a suitable energy source for a
BLWRS because of the organic matter and nitrogen
that may be leached from it. (3 (Molasses is more
economical than methanol as an energy source for a
BLWRS. (Cameron—East Central)
2854-All, C1,C2, E3, F2
COLORADO OKAYS USE OF DPW,
2856 - A5, A6, A8, B3, C2
INTACT MANURE PACKS HALT
SEEPAGE.
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120, No. 18 p 1087 Seo-
tember25, 1975 ' r'
Descriptors: Feedlots, Odors, Cattle, Seepage con-
trol. Rainfall.
Identifiers: Soil pollution, Groundwater pollution,
Manure packs.
A four-year research project has shown that cattle
feedlots do not pollute"soil and groundwater if they
have an intact manure pack and about one animal per
200 square feet. Scientists of USDA's Agricultural Re-
search Service have found that an intact manure pack
eliminates water infiltration and movement of con-
taminants through the soil to the groundwater Fred
A. Norstadt and Harold R. Dukero^ucted a study
utilizing commercial and experimental feedlots wiUv
out concrete ftoors. To gather data on water content
and chemical movement, the researchers installed
three cased dry wells in one of the feedlots and a
similar well in a nearby alfalfa field. Nitrate nitroeen
concentration was found to be highest near the
manure-soil interface. This nitrogen concentration
decreased markedly with depth. Nitrate nitrogen con-
tent in the water table under each well fell into the
same range as had been determined in 1912 before
feeding operations were established. In relation to
odor, Norstadt theorizes that odors produced by feed-
lots can be reduced and partially controlled by such-
improved management practices as using sawdust
and wood chips [or bedding and stirring the manure
pack. A special feedlot was built at CSU's Animal
Science Research Center to test what effect such
practices would have on water, salt and nitrogen
movement beneath a feedlot. One year of testing has
shown that proper management results in no pollution
hazard to soil or water beneath the feedlot
(Cameron-East Central)
2857-All, C2, D2.E3
FLORIDA RESEARCH FINDS MILK
PRODUCTION UNAFFECTED BY 10
PERCENT DPW IN COW'S RATIONS.
Feedstuffs Southeastern correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 46, p. 4,52, November 10 1975
1 tab. '
Descriptors: Florida, Dairy industry. Performance
Calcium, Phosphorus. '
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refeedine Swine
Oxidation ditch-mixed liquor.
In University of Florida feeding trials, excreta ob-
tained from 50,000 laying hens was dehydrated to a
product of ten percent moisture or less. Four rations
consisting of 0,10,20, and 30 percent DPW were sub-
stituted for citrus pulp and fed to 24 lactating cows
using a fixed amount of 30 percent cottonseed hulls as
the main crude fiber plus small amounts of urea to
balance the protein content. The waste was the only
source of calcium and phosphorus supplementation in
the 10, 20 and 30 percent DPW rations. Concentrate
mixtures were balanced to 13 percent crude protein on
an air-dry basis. It was found that DPW levels of up to
10 percent could be used by the cattle with little or no
reduction in feed intake and milk production The'
DPW can also serve as a source of calcium and phos-
phorus. A reduction in fat percent for the 10 percent
DPW appeared to be the result of citrus pulp reduc-'
tion. Dr. J. P. Fontenot, reporting on other studies
made the following observations: (1) Limited work
indicates that layer waste ensiled with a dry feed such
as grass hay will produce a nutritious feed (2) Li-
mited research has revealed that good performance
may be obtained in swine which are fed oxidation
ditch-mixed liquor from swine manure when com-
pared with tap water. (3) While high heat processing
of cattle waste appears to lower digestibility, addition
of such chemicals as sodium hydroxide, improves di-
gestibility. (4) Level of waste to be used in the ration
depends on the level of production of the animals
Those in low production, such as pregnant beef cows'
could be possibly fed close to 100 percent DPw'
whereas for fattening cattle the level would likely be
10-25 percent of the total ration. (5) The high protein
and phosphorus content of poultry wastes would make
them valuable as range supplement for cows and
stacker cattle. (6) Waste recycling could save at least
40 million tons of grain annually. (Merryman-East
Central)
2858 - A5, A8, B2, C2, E2
EXCESSIVE MANURE CAN AFFECT
POTABLE WATER,
458
-------
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120, No. 13, p.'799, July 10,
1975
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Pennsylvania,
Regulation. Dairy industry
Identifiers: Land application, Application rates
Five years of experiments were made to determine
what happens under Pennsylvania soil and crop con-
ditions when concentrated operations use the land for
manure disposal. Dairy manure slurry was injected
under orchard grass sod at rates of 120-600 tons per
acre yearly for three years. The lowest rate supplied
700 Ibs of nitrogen per acre per year. Two years after
the applications were discontinued, Penn State re-
searchers still found nitrate nitrogen in the soil water
in excess of 10 milligrams per liter, the potable water
standard. This was found at 4 feet, where the lowest
rate had been applied. Fifty to eighty tons of slurry
per acre, supplying 300-500 Ibs of nitrogen per acre,
were injected in November, 1973, and in April, 1974, to
compare fall and spring applications of more moder-
ate applications. Nitrate nitrogen from the fall appli-
cation had moved down four feet in soil water by June
of 1974 but remained near the potable standard of 10
milligrams per liter after July. The nitrate nitrogen
from the spring-applied manure never exceeded 10
milligrams per liter during the growing season.
(Merryman-East Central)
2859 - All, E3, F2
DPW SHOWS WIDE VARIATION IN
COMPOSITION,
Poultry Digest, Vol. 34, No. 405, p. 437-438, November,
1975. 2 tab.
Descriptors: California, Regulation, Microor-
ganisms, Heavy metals.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refeeding, Drugs.
While the state of California has passed regulations
permitting the refeeding of dried poultry wastes
(DPW {, there may still be a basis of concern for allow-
ing such refeeding. Bruce Boyer of the California De-
partment of Food and Agriculture has revealed that
there are two categories of control that may not meet
tolerances—microbial count and heavy metals.
Boyer has stated that when manure is properly pas-
teurized, there do not appear to be any pathogenic
organisms or parasites, but there is a great variation
in the microbiological plate count, ranging from 600 to
8,500,000 organisms per gram. The maximum allowed
is 20,000. The great variation in metals is also a cause
for concern. Against a maximum allowance of 0.1
ppm, selenium has ranged from .62 to 2.6 ppm. The
levels of zinc, iron and mercury found in dried poultry
wastes are now coming under scrutiny. (Cocon-East
Central)
2860 - B2, B4, El, E2, Fl
COSTS OF MANURE DISPOSAL ON
DAIRY FARMS IN TENNESSEE,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Tennessee Univer-
sity, Knoxville
H. A. Henderson and L. L. Bauer
Bulletin 514, Agricultural Experiment Station, Ten-
nessee University, May, 1973,18 p. 11 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Costs, Waste disposal, Dairy industry,
Tennessee, Lagoons, Irrigation
Identifiers: Manure, Liquid system
The objective of this study was to estimate the initial
investment requirements, annual variable or operat-
ing costs, and labor requirements of the 4 systems of
manure disposal most often used on Tennessee dairy
farms — lagoon, liquid, conventional, and irrigation
systems. Throughout the analysis, manure was con-
sidered as only a nuisance with no value as a fertilizer.
The initial investment requirements per cow were
found to be $21.86 for the conventional system, $60.50
for the liquid with 15 days storage, $77.15 for the irri-
gation system, $86.00 for the liquid with 30 days stor-
age, $97.59 for the lagoon, and $111.50, $137.00, $162.50,
and $188.00 for the liquid systems with 45,60,75, and 90'
days storage. The annual costs per cow were esti-
mated as $9.54 for the conventional. $14.11 and $16.15
for the liquid systems with 15 or 30 days storage, $17.82
for the lagoon, $18.19 for the liquid with 45 days stor-
age, $18.42 for the irrigation system, and $20.33,
$22.27, and $24.31 for the liquid systems with 60,75. and
90 days-storage. If it is desired that the manure be
treated as having some fertilizer value, the cost fi-
gures can be reduced by $14.25 per cow per year for
the conventional, irrigation, and liquid systems.
However, the costs for these systems will also be in-
creased due to the necessity of spreading manure
over a wider area. Labor requirements for the lagoon
system were lowest since no labor was re-
quired beyond scraping. Labor require-
ments lor me inner systems were essentially me
same. Selection of a system to use depends on the
particular situation, but should take into account the
relative availability of resources, particularly capital
'and labor. (Cameron-East Central)
2861 - A3, C2, E2
RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS FROM
MANURED FIELDS.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853
R. E. Muck, A. G. Hashimoto, D. C. Ludington. and R.
D. Black
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-2560,24 p. 8fig, 4 tab,
15 ref."
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Chemical proper-
ties, Ammonia, Nitrates, Flow rates, Phosphates.
Identifiers: Field spreading, Poultry manure. Nitro-
gen.
The effect of flow rate on the concentrations of am-
monia, organic nitrogen, nitrate and soluble phos-
phate found in the runoff from land to which partially
dried poultry manure had been surface applied was
investigated. The five experimental plots studied
were Langford channery silt loam soil, having a
fragipan at a depth of 0.5 to 1 m. Chicken manure
taken from a high rise house, egg-laying operation
was applied to four plots, while the fifth plot was given
no manure or fertilizer. Surface runoff was collected
in a plastic lined channel located above a tile drain.
Water from the surface channel and tile drain entered
a gauge house where flow rates were measured. For
each major event, the concentration of a particular
parameter from a sample was plotted versus the cor-
responding flow rate. None of the parameter concent-
rations showed any correlation with flow rate.
(Cameron-East Central)
2862 - B5, Cl, Dl, F6
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF
BROILER AND CAGED LAYER
WASTE ON A HEATED CONCRETE
SLAB,
Environmental Engineer. Environmental Protection
Division. Georgia Department of Natural Resources,
Atlanta
H. C. Gillespie and B. D. McLendon
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soci
ety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-4564,22 p. 7 fig, 3 tab,
6 ref.
Descriptors: Air temperature. Moisture content.
Georgia
Identifiers: Drying characteristics. Broiler waste.
Floor temperature. Relative humidity. Poultry
waste.
An examination was made of the drying characteris-
tics of broiler waste under controlled environmental
conditions existing in an experimental broiler house.
Research was conducted to: (1) determine the aver-
age vapor diffusion coefficient of poultry waste, (2)
determine the effect that the floor temperature, air
temperature and air humidity has upon the drying
rate of poultry waste material on a heated concrete
floor, (3) present an equation to predict the moisture
content of poultry waste at a given time during the
drying process, and (4) present guidelines for drying
poultry waste material in an environmentally control-
led poultry house. Experimental procedures are de-
scribed. It was concluded that (1) the diffusion coeffi-
cient for the broiler waste is dependent upon its temp-
erature. (2) the drying process for broiler waste can-
not be adequately described by the equation Y2 - A +
B Log X (Y-Moisture content; X-Time A B-
Constants),(3)theequationMC-AT*(MC-Moisture
content; A.B-Constants, T-Time) adequately de-
scribes the drying process, with the appropriate coef-
ficients, (4) equilibrium moisture is an important fac-
tor in the drying of broiler waste, and (5) stirring of
the broiler waste material can significantly decrease
the time required for drying of the material to a satis-
factory moisture content. (Cameron-East Central)
2863 - A2, Bl, Cl, C2
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROP-
ERTIES OF OUTDOOR BEEF CAT-
TLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF,
Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Nebraska University, Lincoln
C. B. Gilbertson, J. R. Ellis, J. A. Nienaber, T. M.
McCalla, and T. J. Klopfenstein
Research Bulletin 271, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, August, 1975,16
p. 2 fig, 11 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Nebraska, Design
criteria.
In August, 1968-December, 1972, systems were con-
structed at the University of Nebraska Field Laborat-
ory to study f eedlot runoff and its control. Continuous
flow systems, a batch system, and pairs of feedlots
with a buffer strip between each pair were estab-
lished. Automatic samplers were installed at all loca-
tions to obtain composite samples of runoff from each
feedlot and of effluent discharged from each debris
basin. Physical and chemical analyses were per-
formed. Total, fixed, and volatile solids transported in
rainfall runoff averaged 1.52, O.M, and 0.68 (percent
w.b.) respectively. Solids transported in rainfall
runoff were 28 percent filtrable solids. The volatile
solids portion decreased with a decrease in particle
size while the particle density increased. The unit
weight of runoff was 63.02 Ibi per cu ft. Settleable solids
transported in runoff and discharged from the debris
basin to the holding pond averaged 217 and 63 cu ft per
acre-inch (60,760, and 17,640ppm) respectively. Bulk
density of the settleable solids in runoff and dis-
charged from the debris basin to the holding pond
averaged 10.72 and 8.03 Ib per cu ft respectively.
Seventy-one percent (by weight) of the settleable sol-
ids settled within the first 15 minutes under static
conditions. Runoff COD ranged from 14,100 to 77.100
mg/l in snowmelt runoff and 1300 to 8200 mgyl for
rainfall runoff. Total N and P concentration in rainfall
runoff averaged 916 and 361 ppm, respectively. Aver-
age values were 2105 and 292 ppm for snowmelt
runoff. Solids transport and settUng characteristics
data may be valuable in calculating detention times
and storage capacities for solids settling facility de-
sign. Results can also be used to calculate solids ac-
cumulations in holding ponds to estimate mainte-
nance requirements. Feedlot runoff should be re-
stricted from freely flowing into streams.
(Merryman-East Central)
2864 - F2
EPA PROPOSES NEW FEEDLOT
REGULATIONS,
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 100, No. 23, p. 9, December
1975.
Descriptors: Regulation, Legal aspects, Feedlots,
Animal wastes. Water pollution.
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA proposals for new regulations for feedlot per-
mits are advanced for scrutiny. Under the proposals
a feedlot operator will need a waste water discharge
permit if: (1) Measurable wastes are discharged di-
459
-------
rectly into any navigable waters that cross the feed-
lot. (2) Measurable wastes are discharged into navig-
able wafers through a manmade drainage structure
(31 1 His operation includes more than: 1000 slaughter
and feeder cattle, 700 mature- dairy cattle, milking or
dry, 4500 slaughter hogs, 3SO.OOO feeder pigs, 12.000
lif^k larnbsv55-000 tur"i'vs, 180,000 laying hens,
290.000 broiler chickens. (4) The operation is desig-
walpr^nf.'/T "'I' P?llulio» s°"rce by EPA or state
water pollut.on control agencies. If a feeding opera-
wastes fS" hWaS'e C°mro1 system tha< k««P»
dlschar'ng lnll> navigable waters, such
>
merits to prevent pollution of public waters. Growers
have replaced older narrow shelters of the shed roof
type with gabled-roof buildings, which have more
height and width. Most of the construction has steel
framing. (Cameron-East Central)
2865 - B2, C2
UTILITY CONTENT OF FLUID
FARMS M MAINE DAIRY
1' piant and son
r C S Brown' and P N Carpenter
ment sto ' n'' SdenCeS and Agricultural Experi-
Hig l"'
Identifiers: Liquid dairy manure.
n to determine the f ertil ity con-
,manure from tanks in continuous use on
17 T ,SamPles were collected forchemi-
i«o,el,at lntervals °v" a Period of one year
(1968-1969). Macronutrient (N, P, K) data were ob-
ma/i " Vrr.T'."*56' he '""owing conclusions were
made: (1) Nitrogen content on a dry matter basis
nf FK f5? Pi!'42 L°2 91 percent'wlth an overall mean
of 2 06_ (2) Phosphorus content of manure dry matter
ranged from 0.29 to 1.02 percent, with a mean of 0 52
; "tassium content ranged from 1.36 to 3 67 per-
cent, with a mean of 2.50. (4) Mean values forsecon-
Gary nutrients in manure dry matter were 0 64 per-
vlhle0/ ni"filand °31 Pcrcent ma8nesium. (5) Mean
values for five micronutnents on a dry matter basis
were, manganese 144 ppm, zinc 100 ppm. copper 43
ppm, boron 24 ppm, and molybdenum 4 ppm. (6) The
dry matter percentage of fluid manure fluctuated
widely, ranging from 6.2 to 12.9 percent, with a mean
?!™' n Nutnetnt content on a volume'basis proved
especially variable, considering the extremes in dry
£r N^DrCe±Ee and the nutrient level of dry mat-
ter Nitrogen (N) may range from 7 to 28 lbs. per 1,000
gallons, phosphorus (P) from 1 to 10 Ibs and potas-
m^P^^K7 'I36' Mean values were I6 lbs N, 4
IDS. p. and 19 lbs K (McKenna-Maine University)
2866 - A2, A4, A5, Bl, F2
PREVENTING WATER POLLUTION
FROM TURKEY OPERATIONS,
Umyersityof California Area Farm Advisor-Turkeys
Parlier, California '
J. P. Schroeder
Poultry Digest, Vol.34,No. 400, p.240-241,June 1975 3
"g-
Descriptors: Water pollution. Poultry, Design
criteria, Construction, California, Regulation.
Identifiers: Turkeys.
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board
has prepared a survey of the turkey industry in the
state to determine its status in relation to state and
federal water quality regulations. Questionnaires are
going to the turkey growing firms, the contractors,
and they are responsible for getting the forms filled
out for each of their growers. Sample questions are
cited. The California regulations require turkey
growers and poultry men to keep water runoff or ex-
cess water from their turkey and poultry operations
on their farms or to dispose of it in such a manner as
not to contaminate the subsurface water or the sur-
face water of their neighbors and create a hazard to
public health. For a number of years, turkey growers
in central California have been building new facilities
or remodeling old ones to conform to the require-
2867 - A4, A5, Bl, E2, Fl, F2
AN ANALYSIS OF DAIRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES
FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
DAIRYMEN,
Farm Advisor, Los Angeles and Orange Counties
California
F. F. Smith, S. E. Bishop, W. W. Wood Jr J C
Oliver, W. C. Fairbank, and C. L. Senn
Agricultural Extension Service Publication, Univer-
sity of California at Riverside, November, 1973,14 p. 5
Descriptors: Dairy industry. Costs, Animal wastes
Water pollution. Density
Identifiers: Waste management. Southern Califor-
nia, Porter-Cologne Waler Quality Act
This publication analyzes the impact of the Porter-
Cologne Waler Quality Act, and suggests the condi-
tions under which the Southern California dairy in-
dustry can remain and be competitive with other
dairy regions capable of supplying the market. Regu-
lations designed to prevent pollution of surface and
underground waters will require new management
decisions for most Southern California dairymen The
requirements of compliance are:(1) contain and dis-
pose of all polluted water on land owned or controlled
by dairymen, and (2) limit the application of dairy
wastes toeach acreot cropland to that produced by 1.5
to 5 cows. Alternatives to each of these requirements
are also listed. Eight factors which bear on the selec-
tion of these alternatives are (1) land values (2) taxes
onland, (3)cow density (or manure application) limi-
tations imposed by water quality control agencies (4)
cow density limitation imposed by local governmen-
tal planning authorities, (5) production responses at-
tributable to geographical region, (6) production re-
sponses attributable to the side effects of waste man-
agement facilities (heat, cold, mud, rain, injury in-
sects, disease), (7) operating costs attributable to
various waste management systems, (8) net revenue
realized from cropland used for waste disposal A
method of assessing the effects of these many vari-
ables is presented. (Cameron-East Central)
2869-A2,B2,B4,B5,Cl,C2,C3,
t/2
QUALITY VARIATION OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF IN STORAGE,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re-
search Service, Lincoln, Nebraska
C L. Lindermon and J. R. Elli«
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meetlna American <^v
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chfi£l5Eta D£"
-8, 1975, Paper No. 75-2563, 16p. 9 fig. 2 tab,
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff. Waste
storage, Water quality. Nutrients. Chemical proper
Identifiers: Holding ponds, Land disposal
Studies of the Agricultural Research Service in cooo-
eration with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment
Station Lincoln, were performed to determine the
UK"? cnan,f es,,°f ™noH slo--«i In holding ponds
Feedlot runoff effluent stored in holding ponds mav
vary in composition due to solids settling microbial
activity, evaporation, and dilution by direct rainfall
These factors had the greatest effect on runoff which
was stored with no additions of new runoff Solids
nitrogen, phosphorus, and salts varied twofold to
threefold. When no new runoff was added. NH -N var-
ied sevenfold and electrical conductivity varied
ninefold. If it is desired to efficiently utilize the nut-
rients in feedlot runoff in land disposal, chemical
analyses should be performed periodically This
should foster better utilization of nutrients and should
arm the feedlot operator in controlling soil salinity
(Merryman-East Central)
2870 - All, C2, C3, E3
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM
SWINE WASTES COMPARED
J. D.Kendall, (ed)
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 45, p. 12-14, Novembers, 1975.
Descriptors : Nutrients. Diets, Absorption, Retention
Proteins, Antibiotics, Energy. «""on,
Identifiers: Dried swine feces. Oxidation ditch liquor.
2868 - Dl, E3, E4
MANURE IS NOT A DIRTY WORD,
Calf News, Vol. 13, No. 10, p. 30-31,46, October 1975 o
fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Cattle, Feedlots, Byp-
roducts, Colorado, California.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Soil conditioner, Fuel, Fr-
ance, Mexico.
In Sterling, Colorado, Ceres Ecology Corporation, is
recycling cattle manure by breaking it down into four
by-products. Much of this work is accomplished by
use of the Gaynor separator. The separator com-
pletely separates a 70 percent manure slurry into
solid and liquid fractions This eliminates expensive
dehydration of manure. The first product recovered
in this recycling process is Cereco 1, a silage material
of mostly fiber and grain particles. Cereco 1 is fer-
mented and fed daily to steers in 2-pound portions.
The second by-product, Cereco 2, is a protein supple-
ment pelleted in v« inch diameter pellets. Minerals,
vitamins, and antibiotics are added to complete the
.supplement. Cereco 2 is fed to chickens, trout, and
cattle. Cereco 3, the third by-product, is a soil con-
ditioner which may be used as a replacement for
peat-moss. Cereco 4, the final product, is a fuel. It is
rated at about 7000 BTU's per pound, about the same
as low-grade coal or wood. It is low in sulfur and
leaves very little ash. Ceres will begin a chicken-
manure recycling plant very soon. Ceres also has a
feedlot and recycling plant in Toulouse, France, and
Ceres is building a recycling plant in Mexico.
(Cannon-East Central)
At Michigan State University, tests were conducted
on absorption and retention of critical elements bv
dried swine feces and oxidation ditch liquor (ODD
Dietary protein and energy values of the diets were
also measured. Pigs consuming either form of waste
had increased fecal output. Nutrient absorption and
retention from dried swine feces were less than that
lro.n fortified corn-soybean meal rations Digestible
protein and energy values of the dried swine feces
were low, which limited their use in pig rations ODL
did not influence apparent absorption and retention of
nutrients from the ration as much as dried swine f«v<
did. Nutrient availability in the ODL diet with the
exception of calcium, phosphorus, and zinc appeared
to be adequate for finishing pigs. Availability of nut-
rients from ODL seemed to be better than that from
dried swine feces, but less than that of most nutrients
in fortified corn-soybean meal finishing rations No
pigs consuming recycled wastewater showed siens nf
respiratory or gastroenteric problems, however
there was evidence of greater infestation with . '
sites. One trial tested the influence of dietary antibio-
tics (Chlortetracycline, sulfarnethazine, and penicU
1m) on growing or finishing pigs receiving onlv fresh
or recycled waste as drinking water. The drugs did
not stimulate food intake, but did improve efficiencv
of gam. Overall, when using only recycled waste as
drinking water, feed protein levels could not be re-
duced. Vitamin levels should not be reduced but min-
eral levels could be. Feeding of antibiotics resulted in
growth stimulation similar to the stimulation of Die*
receiving fresh water. (Cannon-East Central )
2871 - A2, F6
SAMPLERS FOR MONITORING
RUNOFF WATERS. »"«»«»•
Department of Agricultural Engineering Kansas
State University, Manhattan ^ansas
H. L. Manges and C.C. Nixon
460
-------
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-2562,10 p. 4 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Sampling, Equip-
ment, Design, Performance
A proportional sampler using short tubes to divide
runoff flow was designed, built and tested at Kansas
State University. In laboratory tests, sampling ratio
became constant after decreasing with increasing
flow rates for unsubmerged flow and was constant for
submerged flow. Sampling ratio was quite variable
during field testing due to debris clogging the reser-
voir below the short tubes. A sampler using orifices
surrounded by short tubes in place of the short tubes
alone for dividing flow had a slightly better sampling
ratio for unsubmerged flow and a constant sampling
ratio for submerged flow. Additional research and
development is needed to perfect the design and con-
struction of the proportional sampler. However, it has
the potential for wide use in runoff monitoring when
perfected. (Merryman-East Central)
2872 - A8, C2, E2
RESPONSE OF ORCHARDGRASS TO
BROILER LITTER AND COMMER-
CIAL FERTILIZER, r _
Agronomy Department, Agricultural Experiment
Station, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkan-
sas, Fayetteville
L. H. Hileman
Report Series 207, Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, April 1973,18 p.
4 fig, 9 tab. 13 ref.
Descriptors: Orchardgrass, Fertilizers, Nutrients,
Arkansas, Application rates, pH.
Identifiers: Broiler litter, Forage response.
The objective of this study was to determine the effec-
tiveness of broiler litter relative to commercial fer-
tilizer as measured by the yield and chemical compos-
ition of orchardgrass forage, and the effect on the
chemical properties of the fertilized soil. Broiler litter
at rates of 0,2,4,6, and 8 tons per acre and equivalent
amounts of N-P-K fertilizers were applied annually to
the experimental site located in Benton County in the
Ozark Highlands of Northwest Arkansas. Soil tests
made at the end of the three years of litter application
showed a depression of soil pH and available calcium.
Soil tests should be used to determine time and rate of
Ume applications needed to adjust soil pH and cal-
cium levels. The 2- and 4-ton rates of broiler litter
supplied adequate plant nutrients for high forage
yields and increased the levels of soil phosphorus and
potassium. (Cameron-East Central)
2873-Cl, C2, D2, E2, E3, Fl,
F6
PATHOCIDE SYSTEM TREATS RE-
CYCLED MANURE,
Calf News, Vol. 13, No. 11, p. 16,42, November, 1975.
Descriptors: Chlorine, Potassium, Phosphorus, Fer-
tilizers
Identifiers: Processed bovine waste, Pathocide unit,
Pathocide chemical
Corral Industries of Phoenix, Arizona, has developed
a Pathocide Unit which destroys pathogens and
stabilizes processed bovine waste (PBW). This unit,
fully automatic, meters food process grade chemicals
into the PBW. The unit also jointly meters chlorine
and pathocide chemicals into the solids. Chlorine pro-
vides initial fast pathogen kill and the pathocide
chemical provides residual kill, thus stabilizing the
solids so they can be stored without composting or
heating. John Merten, of Merten Land and Cattle Co.,
HoltvUle, California, has recently installed one ot
these pathocide units. Merten feeds his cattle a high.
percentage of chopped hay and hay cubes. This high
roughage increases PBW recovery by approximately'
15 percent. The 3500 head of cattle at his lot produce 21
tons of PBW (solids) for refeeding with a moisture
content of 70 percent. The projected value of the PBW
is $114,975 annually, based on the value of PBW at f 15
per ton. The liquid recovered from the PBW in the
dewatering process is very valuable as a fertilizer.
Merten stores the liquid in ponds and pumps it di-
rectly into his irrigation ditches. The estimated value
of nitrogen and phosphorus is $146,000. In areas where
the soil is low in potassium, the value of all three
elements could rise to $250,000. The projections are
based on actual production data from Merten and on
estimates based on research findings by Corral and
others. (Cannon-East Central)
2874 - A8, Bl, B5, C2, E2
UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL WASTE AS
FERTILIZER,
Animal Sciences Department, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana
A. L. Sutton, J. V. Mannering, D. H. Bache, J. F.
Marten, and D. D. Jones
Publication ID-101, Cooperative Extension Service,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1975.10
p. 3 fig, 6 tab.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Crop response.
Identifiers: Land application, Application rates,
Waste management.
The purpose of this publication is to provide the lives-
tock producer with pertinent information concerning
handling, storage, and use of animal waste as a fer-
tilizer source. The following are discussed: (1) fac-
tors which affect the nutrient value of waste, (2) nut-
rient use by various types of crops, (3) how to deter-
mine waste application rates and the need for
' supplementary fertilizer, (4) how to obtain an animal
waste analysis, (5) how to estimate the fertilizer po-
tential of waste from a particular enterprise, and (6)
suggestions for proper land application.
(Merryman-East Central)
2875-A8, All, E2
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO
PREVENT ANIMAL HEALTH PROB-
LEMS ON FESCUE PASTURES
HEAVILY FERTILIZED WITH
POULTRY LITTER,
Associate Professor of Medicine and Surgery, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Georgia University, Athens
D. J. Williams, J. A. Stuedemann, and S. R. Wilkinson
Contribution from the Southern Branch, Soil and
Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural
Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
February, 1972,14 p.
Descriptors: Land disposal, Poultry, Litters, Man-
agement.
Identifiers: Grass tetany, Fescue toxicity, Agalactia,
Fat necrosis, Nitrate toxicity.
This report presents current recommended man-
agement practices for prevention of various problems
associated with fertilization of fescue pastures with
manure litter. The animal health problems discussed
are essentially those associated with intensively
managed pastures. The problems discussed are:
grass tetany, fescue toxicity, agalactia (absence of
milk), fat necrosis, and nitrate toxicity. Prevention
techniques are outlined as follows: 1. Grass tetany—
(a) Apply no more than 4 tons of poultry litter per acre
per year, (b) Increase cow consumption of mag-
nesium, (c) Correct soil deficiencies, (d) Avoid ani-
mal stress. 2. Fescue toxicity—(a) Apply no more
than 4 tons of poultry Utter per acre per year, (b)
Change pastures, (c) Use other grasses or legumes.
(d) Prevent accumulation of dead fescue. 3.
Agalactia—(a) Remove cows from pasture, (b) Sup-
plement grazing with grain and hay daily 4-6 weeks
before calving date. 4. Fat necrosis—(a) Apply no
more than4 tons of poultry litter per acre per year, (b)
Provide balanced source of minerals, (c) Use other
grasses and or legumes. 5. Nitrate toxicity—(a) Use
no more than 4 tons of poultry litter per acre per year.
(b) Delay use of suspected forage, (c) Use vitamin
and mineral supplements, (d) Avoid animal stress.
(Cannon-East Central)
2876-A6, D1,D2
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK MAN-
URES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering. New York
State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cor-
nell University, Ithaca
A. T. Sobel
Information Bulletin 31, New York State College of
Agricultureand Life Sciences,October, 1973.4 p. 4 fig.
Descriptors: Odor, Air pollution, New York. Lives-
tock.
Identifiers: Odor control.
Population expansion into non-urban areas has
caused the farmer to concern himself with odor prob-
lems resulting from animal wastes. The two general
categories of odor are: (1) source odors—odors at the
point of origin and (2) ambient odors—odors distri-
buted in the atmosphere. Animal waste odors arise
from bacterially produced gases such as ammonia
and hydrogen sulfide and from volatile organic com-
pounds. Methods of controlling these odors include
ventilation, combustion, absorption, adsorption,
masking, and use of additives. Odor control by elimi-
nation of the source itself involves providing condi-
tions in the manure unfavorable to the production of
odorous compounds. Such control methods include
aeration, moisture removal, and good housekeeping
techniques. Each of the odor control methods is de-
scribed in detail. (Cameron-East Central)
2877- A12,C1,C2,D2)D3,E3
WASTE FEEDING FUTURE MAY
DEPEND ON TYPE OF PROCESS,
J. fc. Dendall, ed.
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 43, p. 14, October 20,1975.
Descriptors: Cattle
Identifiers: Refeeding
According to Dr. L. M. Schake, Texas A4M Univer-
sity animal scientist, research has confirmed that
cattle wastes may be refed with success. Fresh waste
should be obtained for maximum nutrient availabili-
ty. Furthermore, combination of fresh waste with
other feedstuffs to accomplish reconstitution, control-
led fermentation or chemical treatment generally
enhances nutrient availability and provides an oppor-
tunity to safeguard public health. The following fac-
tors must be kept in mind when considering refeeding
animal wastes: (1) Composition and contaminants
are highly variable, (2) High moisture and-or low
nutrient-containing wastes dp not generally lend
themselves to commercial milling and transportation
systems, (3) The Food and Drug Administration does
not today sanction waste refeeding, (4) Consumer ac-
ceptance of beef produced by waste refeeding may be
counterproductive to industry goals, (5) Economical
systems-handling and milling equipment for cattle
waste must be available, and (6) No closed system of
total waste refeeding has been developed allowing all
waste produced and harvested to be refed to an equal
number and type of cattle. (Merryman-East Central)
2878 - B2, D3, Fl
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TURBINE
AIR AERATION OF POULTRY
WASTES,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
A. G. Hashimoto and Y. R. Chen
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago, Illinois. De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 754565,25p. 6 Tig. 3 tab,
21 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Equipment, Aeration, Poultry,
Carbon, Nitrogen, Costs.
Identifiers: Turbine-air aeration system.
The most serious problem with currently available
aeration systems is their high energy requirements.
461
-------
Because the turbine-air aeration system (TAAS) has
about twice the oxygen transfer efficiency of oxida-
tion ditches, researchers decided to investigate the
applicability of TAAS to commercial livestock opera-
tions. Design criteria for TAAS were determined for a
40,000 hen, egg-laying operation. It was found that
aeration systems should be designed to provide suffi-
cient oxygen to satisfy the carbonaceous and nit-
rogenous demand. Systems providing 125-150 percent
were found desirable to minimize tank costs and nit-
rogen losses. Solids retention time of 5 days was an
ideal compromise between management, treatment
and economic constraints. Optimum mixed liquor
total solids concentrations were found to range bet-
ween 2-3 percent. Annual cost for operating a
turbine-air system was about 2/3 that of a comparable
oxidation ditch system. Research still needs to be
done to find a means for eliminating high water re-
quirements and foaming problems. (Cannon-East
Central)
2879 - All, C2, E3
A NOTE ON THE APPARENT DIGES-
TIBILITY OF ENERGY AND PRO-
TEIN IN DRIED POULTRY
EXCRETA,
School of Agriculture
West Mains Road
Edinburgh, EH93JG
B. G. Lowman and D. W. Knight
Animal Production, Vol. 12, p. 525-528, 1970, 4 ref 4
tab.
Descriptors: Energy, Proteins.Nutrition, Copper,
Nitrogen
Identifiers: Dried poultry excreta. Digestibility, Re-
feeding
The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic
matter, nitrogen, energy and copper in 5 diets con-
taining 0-100 percent dried poultry excreta was de-
termined in order to gauge the wastes nutritional
value. Each diet was fed to4 wether sheep in a trial of
randomized block design. The dried poultry excreta
supplied 20 21 percent apparently digestible crude
protein and approximately 1 57 or 1 74 Meal of
metaboliiable energy per kg dry matter. While the
copper content was found to be almost double that of
barley, it was concluded that (as far as copper levels
was concerned) dried poultry excreta was safe for
ruminants and a cheap source of protein. More work
is needed to ascertain accurately the metabolizable
energy of the material. (Merryman-East Central)
2880 - A3, A4, Bl, Pi,
CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
FROM CROPLAND VOLUME I - A
MANUAL FOR GUIDELINE DE-
VELOPMENT,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
B. A. Stewart, D. A. Woolhiser, W. H. Wischmeier, J.
H. Ca/o, and M. H. Frere
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-
600-2-75-026a, July, 1975, 111 p. 40 fig, 21 tab.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Agriculturafrunoff,
Pesticides, Nutrients, Non-point source pollution,
Farm wastes, Hydrology, Sediment control, Erosion.
Engineering and agronomic techniques to control
sediment, nutrient, and pesticide losses from crop-
land were identified, described, and evaluated.
Methodology was developed to enable a user to iden-
tify the potential sources of pollutants, select a list of
appropriate demonstrated controls, and perform
economic analyses for final selection of controls. The
information is presented in the form of regional maps,
decision flow charts, tables, and brief technical high-
lights. (Stewart-USDA)
•288i-A9, All. A12, D2, F6
FEEDING TH 6040 TO CHICKENS:
EFFECT ON LARVAL HOUSE FLIES
IN MANURE AND DETERMINATION
OF RESIDUES IN EGGS,
Chemical and Biophysical Control Lab.. Agricultural
Environmental Quality Institute. Agricultural Re-
search Service, Beltsville. Maryland 20705
R. W. Miller, C. Corley. and K. R. Hill.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 68, No. 2. p.
181-182, April 15. 1975. 2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds. Insecticides, Poultry
Identifiers: Fly control. Thompson-Hayward 6040,
Residues. Harmful effects
Studies were conducted utilizing Thompson-Hayward
(TH) 6040 to determine its effects on house fly larvae
in manure and its retention in chicken tissues and
eggs. Fourteen laying hens were fed commercial type
rations for 18 weeks. TH 6040 was added to the ration
at a level of 50 ppm for 3 weeks. Amounts of TH 6040
were halved each succeeding 3 weeks so that in the
final 3 weeks the chickens received only 1.6 ppm.
Composite manure samples were taken from treated
chickens and from a control group on Monday. Wed-
nesday and Friday of each week. Both samples were
put into four 200-g cups and seeded with 25 laboratory
house fly larvae. Also, during the third week of each
period, eggs were collected from the treated chickens
tor residue analysis. Eggs were separated by shell
color. Minimum concentrations of TH 6040 needed to
completely kill houseflies fell between 12.5 and 6.2
ppm. At 12.5 and 6.2 ppm treatment levels, .30 and .23
ppm of TH 6040, respectively, were retained in the
brown eggs and 1.0 and .55 ppm. respectively, were
retained in white eggs. At each feeding level, concent-
rations in white eggs were about twice as high as those
in brown eggs, probably due to differences in feed
intake, egg production, or metabolism of the 2 breeds
of chickens tested. The use of TH 6040 as a feed addi-
tive depends on finding formulas that will cause a
greater portion of it to pass out of the chicken without
being absorbed. (Cannon-East Central)
2882 - A8, B5, C2, C3, E2
EFFECT OF INCUBATION AND CON-
TACT WITH SOIL ON MICROBIAL
AND NITROGEN CHANGES IN
POULTRY MANURE,
Department of Agronomy, Georgia University
Athens 30602
J. Giddens and A. M. Rao
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 2, p.
275-278,1975. 1 fig, 8 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Incubation, Conforms, Bacteria, Fungi,
Nitrogen, Environmental effects.
Identifiers: Land application, Poultry litter, Am-
monia volatilization.
Contamination of the environment from poultry man-
ure is often related to the changes that occur in the
material during handling. This study involves some of
the microbial and chemical changes in poultry man-
ure, especially nitrogen, that may result from
methods of handling. The following laboratory treat-
ments were used to determine microbial changes in
manure: 40 g poultry litter; 30 g soil plus 10 g poultry
litter; 40 g fresh poultry droppings; 30 g soil plus 10 g
fresh poultry droppings; and 40 g soil alone. The
materials were either mixed with or surface applied
to soil. Moisture was added to approximate field
capacity. The "mixed" treatments were incubated at
28-C for3,7,14,21, and 28days.lt was concluded from
these experiments that: (1) Ammonia formed in poul-
try manure has a drastic effect on reducing the rela-
tive numbers of micro-organisms present, including
total coliforms, (2) Less nitrates may be formed in
soil by frequent manure appUcations than less fre-
quent applications at the same total rate, (3) surface
application of manure results in NH3 volatilization
and hence formation of less soil NOjthan when incor-
porated, and (4) Rapid drying of poultry manure re-
sults in less volatilization of NH, than slow drying
(Cameron-East Central)
2883-A4,A5,A6,A7,A8,All,
A12,A13,B1,C1,C2,E2,E3,
F4
FARM ANIMAL MANURES- AN
OVERVIEW OF THEIR ROLE IN THE
AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition. California
University, Davis
J. Azevedo and P. R. Stout
California Agricultural Experiment Station Exten-
sion Service Manual 44. University of California. Ber-
keley, August. 1974.109 p. 27 fig, 29 tab. 401 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes. Agriculture. California
Chemical properties. Physical properties. Decom-
position. Environmental effects. Fertilizers. Fuels.
Waste disposal
This publication presents an overview of the status ol
livestock manures, their interrelationship with soci-
'ety as well as agriculturists, the problems they
create, and the possibilities they offer as sources of
energy and of soil enrichment. Specific topics discus-
sed are: (1) animal manures in California. (2) quan-
tity of manure produced by domestic animals, (3)
chemical and physical characteristics of manures.
(4) decomposition of manures. (5) nuisance factors of
manures. (6) effects of manure on water quality and
water-body ecology. (7) animal manures as factors in
disease transmission, (8) prejudices regarding use of
animal manures. (9) fertilization with manures, (10)
manure as a soil amendment, and (111 alternative
uses of manures. (Cannon-East Central)
2884 - A8, All, B2, B3, C2,
E2
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EF-
FECT ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF
COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS,
Soil Scientist. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Au-
burn, Alabama
Z. F. Lund, B. D. Doss, and F. E. Lowry
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4 No 3 p
358-362. July-September, 1975. 7 fig. 3 tab, 11 ref.'
Descriptors: Dairy industry. Crop response. Coastal
bermudagrass. Nitrogen, Solid wastes Liquid
wastes.
Identifiers: Land application, Yield.
Three years of experimental tests were designed to
define the quantities of solid or liquid manure that
may be applied to a sod without impairing yield or
quality of forage produced. Coastal bermudagrass
was used as a test crop because it utilizes large quan-
tities of nitrogen, thus minimizing the possibility of
groundwater contamination. The average N. P. and K
content of the manure, based on 20 samples per year
was slightly under 2 percent N, V4 to 2/3 percent P and
slightly over 1 percent K on an oven-dry (65°C) basis
Liquid manure was more effective than solid manure
at an equivalent rate for forage production the first
year. Accumulations from continuing applications at
the 45 metric tons ha-1 year-1 rate produced excellent
yields of high quality forage the second year on the
loamy sand and the third year on the sandy loam.
Rates of 45 metric tons ha-1 year-1 can be used for 3
years without impairing forage quality. Three years'
application of manure at rates of 90 and 135 metric
tons ha-1 year-1 was detrimental to the forage. It was
felt that application of 135 metric tons ha-1 year-1 over
a period of years could produce Coastal bermudag-
rass forage with levels of nitrate exceeding tolerance
levels for ruminant animals. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
2885-All, B2, Fl
HYDRAULIC CLEANING OF A NEW
BEEF-FLOORING SYSTEM,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Iowa State Univer-
sity, Ames
G. B. Parker, R. J. Smith, and H. L. Self
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting. American Soc-
462
-------
iety of Agricultural Engineers. Chicago. Illinois. De-
cember ft-18.1975. Paper No. 7W555.13 p. 7 fig, 1 tab,
Sref.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Design. Costs, Per-
formance, Iowa
Identifiers: Hydraulic cleaning
An innovative approach to hydraulically handling
confinement beef-cattle wastes was developed at
Iowa State University AUee Experimental Farm,
Newell, Iowa. A system was constructed of precast,
hollow-core flat slabs with slots in the lop sides of the
cores to allow flushing. The flush water passes
through the flumes into a collection channel which
empties into an anaerobic lagoon. Lagoon liquor flows
through a plastic pipe into a wet well. Pumps in a
nearby dry well pull from the wet well to recycle
water back to the building. The cost of the flooring
system, including transportation and foundation pre-
paration, was less than $2.50 per square foot. The
recycle system and flushing devices added another
$2500. Winter operation of the system proved to be
problem-free. At present, no definite conclusions can
be drawn concerning differences in cattle perfor-
mance among different flooring systems. Perfor-
mance on all floors appears to be equal.
(Merryman-East Central)
2886-All, Bl, C2, E3, Fl
RECYCLED MANURE - PRACTICAL
SILAGE,
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 12-13, September, 1975. 2 fig, 1
tab.
Descriptors: Recycling, Feedlots, Cattle, Silage,
Economics, Nutrients, Energy, Fertilizers, Iowa.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
At a recent cattle feeder meeting, nutritionist Wise
Burroughs described the Iowa State Method for turn-
ing manure into silage. Cattle are kept on solid con-
crete floors where manure and urine collect. Twice a
week the material is removed. To aid in picking up
moisture, ground corn cobs or chopped stover is
spread on the floor a few hours before removal by the
tractor-mounted loader that scrapes up the material.
The material is then combined with whole plant corn
silage, cane molasses and ground corn and is mixed in
a well scrubbed flail type manure spreader for un-
loading in a bunker silo. In the Iowa State experiment,
the material waslef t in the silo 4 months and then used
in feeding trials. Burroughs said that the excreta sil-
age was "indistinguishable from whole corn silage,
except that it had no whole grain in it." It had no
offensive odor and the cattle ate it readily. The exper-
iments were only at the 98-day point at the time of
Burroughs'report. Key conclusions were: (1) Ensiled
excreta has nutritional value and can supply the pro-
tein and minerals needed by cattle when used in
corn-silage type ration, (2) At present prices, excreta
silage gives no economic advantage. (3) The material
is better than necessary for brood cows and appears to
be safe at recycling rates of 50 percent or more, and
(4) Chemically, it's about like medium quality hay.
Bart Cardon, at another recent cattle feeder meeting,
gave less enthusiastic endorsement of refeeding ma-
nure. Cardon felt that solids in f eedlot waste were less
valuable than barley straw. He felt that theliquid part
of the wastes was more valuable but that separating
the nutrients from the wastes was uneconomical and
that disposing of the solids was still a pollution prob-
lem. Cardon also criticized recycling of wastes as
fertilizers, oil, gas, or electricity for economic
reasons. (Merryman-East Central)
2887 - Dl, F6
ELUTRIATION OF MANURE AND
ASH IN A FLUIDIZED BED.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State
University, Manhattan
C R. Engler, W. P. Walawender, and L. T. Fan
Report No. 62, Institute for Systems Design and Op-
timization, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Kansas, December, 1974, 54 p. 14 fig. 10 tab. 9 ref.
Descriptors: Elutriation, Manure, Ash Fluidized
bed.
Experiments were made with a fluidized bed simula-
tion unit to observe bed behavior under operating
conditions approximating those estimated lor the
manure pyrolysis process. Under selected conditions,
the bed operated as a slugging bed; however, addition
of Koch static mixers to the bed broke up the gas slug
and reduced bed fluctuations. Elutriation rate data
were obtained for sand, manure, and ash and were
compared to existing elutriation correlations Al-
though agreement between the experimental values,
and the correlations were poor, the correlations were
found to be in error for the smaller particle sizes. An
extrapolation procedure was developed which gave
improved agreement for smaller particle sizes
(Cannon-East Central)
2888 - A4, F2
WETZEL V. A. DUDA AND SONS (AC-
TION BY RIPARIAN PROPERTY
OWNERS TO ENJOIN WATER POL-
LUTION TO LAKE FROM FARMING
OPERATIONS),
306 So. 2d 533-534 (4th D.C.A. Fla. 1975)
Descriptors: Trespass, Judicial decisions. Water pol-
lution. Lakes, Farm wastes, Common law, Legal as-
pects, Riparian rights, Equity, Land tenure, Water
law, Water pollution sources, Florida, Riparian land,
Wastes, Farms, Chemical wastes, Agricultural
chemicals. Chemicals
Identifiers: Injunctive relief, Intentional torts, Nui-
sance (Legal aspects), Hazardous substances (Pollu-
tion), Non-point sources (Pollution)
Plaintiffs, riparian property owners on a lake,
brought an action against a nearby farming operation
for an injunction to abate water pollution and for
damages. Defendants were polluting the lake by dis-
charging noxious chemical and other substances
from a nearby farming operation. Plaintiffs alleged
that their riparian rights were injured by the defen-
dant's creation of a nuisance, that defendants
breached their duty to conduct their farming opera-
tion in such a manner as not to injure plaintiffs, that
the defendants were engaging in a continuing tres-
pass, and that the actions of the defendants were will-
ful and malicious. The trial court dismissed the action
for failure to exhaust their administrative remedies
under the Environmental Protection Act. The Fourth
District Court of Appeal of Florida reversed and re-
manded holding that the action was predicated on the
right to abate nuisance, continuing trespass, and con-
tinuing breach of duty; therefore, the property own-
ers were not required to exhaust administrative re-
medies before seeking injunctive relief.
(Fernandez-Florida) (Abstractonly)
'2889 - A3, A8, C2, E2
NUTRIENT LOSSES IN SURFACE
RUNOFF FROM WINTER SPREAD
MANURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering. Wisconsin
University. Madison
J. C. Converse, G. D. Bubenzer, and W. H. Paulson
Presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, 1975, Paper No. 75-2035,11 p. 1 fig. 6 tab, 10
ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Nutrients, Precipi-
tation.
Identifiers: Nutrient losses. Land spreading.
Nutrient losses from 10 alfalfa fields were monitored
for 3 years. These fields were 3.6 m by 13.2 m and had
slopes ranging from 10 to 12 percent. Dairy cattle
manure wasappliedto2 of the fields in the fall, winter,
and spring of each year. The remaining 4 fields had no
nutrients added. Runoff was collected from the Melds
at the end of each runoff event and daily during snow
melting periods. The average amount of rainfall for
the three years was 105.4 cm, 107.8 cm, and 108 8 cm
respectively. About 12 percent of this was snow The
average runoff was 13.6 cm in the control field. 7 3 cm
in the fall field, 10.4 cm in the winter field, and 10^6 cm
in the spring field. The reason for the greater runoff in
the control field was that it had less ground cover and
fewer earthworms than did the manured plots There
were no significant differences in nutrient losses in
the test fields and in the control fields, although yearly
variations were exhibited. (Cannon-East Central)
2890 - A8, C2, E2, Fl
MANURE CAN COMPETE WITH
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER,
J. F. Blair
Feedlot Management, Vol. 17, No. 7, p. 20, July, 1975.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Feedlots, Texas, Rates of
application, Nitrogen. Salts.
Identifiers: Land application.
Texas High Plains feedlots are now selling their man-
ure for use as fertilizer. Dr. B. A. Stewart examines
the pros and cons of using such wastes on croplands.
Factors to be considered before buying feedlot waste
are: (1) price comparison between manure and fer-
tilizer, (2) soil type, (3) kinds of crops, and (4) amount
of irrigation water. Six tons of dry feedlot waste will
make available about 120 pounds of nitrogen the first
year, and this is about the amount needed on irrigated
crops. The second year the available nitrogen drops to
45 percent, 8 percent, and 4 percent the following
years. Because there is no economical way to apply
manure to get the exact amount of nitrogen needed,
Stewart recommends that farmers apply 10 tons
every third year where available and supplement this
with commercial fertilizer the following 2 years. This
would prevent the dangers associated with applying
toomuch manure—nitrate build-up, salt build up, and
stunting of crops. While heavier soils effectively
utilize the nitrogen in manure, more porous soils
utilize phosphorus as well. Stewart estimates that 5
steers will produce enough manure to cover an acre at
the rate of 10 tons. (Cannon-East Central)
2891 - A8, Cl, E2, F6
DETACHMENT OF SOIL AGGRE-
GATES BY SIMULATED RAINFALL
FROM HEAVILY MANURED SOILS
IN EASTERN NEBRASKA,
Professor of Agronomy, Nebraska Agricultural fcx-
periment Station, Lincoln
A. P. Mazurak, L. Chesnin, and A. E. Tiarks
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. Vol. 39.
No. 4, p. 732-736, July-August, 1975.3 fig, 3 tab, 13 ref
Descriptors: Soil aggregates. Rainfall. Environmen-
tal effects, Soils, Nebraska
Identifiers: Land application.
A field experiment was established to measure (1) the
detachment of soil particles and aggregates by simu-
lated rainfall as affected by various amounts of man-
ure applied annually, (2) the size distribution of
aggregates and particles in the splash, and (3) penet-
rometer resistance of crust formed on the surface by
the impact of waterdrops. Effects of incorporating
manure into the soil by disk plowing to depths of 10,20.
and 30 cm on stability of soil mass was measured
under simulated rainfall conditions. It was found
that: (1) Aggregates from manured plots were sepa-
rated more easily by the impact of simulated rain-
drops because of reduced cohesion in these aggre-
gates as compared to those from nonmanured plots.
(2) The aggregates from manured soils were less
dense than those from nonmanured soils because of
the low density of the manure. Therefore, less energy
was required for detachment of the aggregates with
manure from the soil surface as compared to aggre-
gates without manure. (3) Soil crust strength was
reduced by the additions of manure. The protective
seal on the surface did not form readily and the
amount of soil detachment by simulated raindrops
remained large. (Cameron-East Central)
463
-------
2892-A11.C2, C3, E3, F2
DPW STILL HAS TO BE SOLD,
K. C. Hartman
Poultry Digest, Vol. 34, No. 401, p. 276, July, 1975.
Descriptors: Feeds, California
Identifiers: Dehydrated Poultry Waste, Marketing,
Public reaction
Despite the fact that dehydrated poultry waste
(DPW) is a low cost method of putting extra pounds on
cattle, poultry men have found very little market for
their product. California approved the use of DPW in
cattle feeds in July, 1974, and since then four firms
have been licensed to produce it. Two of the four firms
have found a market for DPW, but livestock feeders
are in no hurry to buy it. They are afraid of the public
reaction to the waste. The feedlots that do use DPW
feed only a 5 percent ratio, far less than hoped for The
big problems with DP W at present are high bacterial
levels, high concentrations of lead, copper, selenium,
and ash and low protein value. The manure must be
dried within 24 hours after being produced to keep
down bacteria. Spores that are resistant to drying
temperatures carry over to the finished product
Pe" "rough DPW is a valuable ruminant feed, it will
be difficult to overcome public reaction. (Cannon-
East Central)
2893 - All, E3,F1
CHICKEN MANURE: WORTH ITS
WEIGHT IN CORN,
V. Ehmke
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 90, No. 6, p. 19, June, 1975.1
Descriptors: Feeds, Poultry, Economics
Identifiers: Poultry litter. Silage.
Some cattlemen in North Georgia have found that
finishing cattle on poultry litter silage (PLS) is the
cheapest way to get their animals to market. Daniel
Whitlock and his brother-in-law Dennis Nichols of
Toccoa, Georgia, have found that they can cut their
feeding costs to about 16 cents per pound of gain by
feeding PLS with corn silage. When their cattle reach
about 800 pounds, they gradually add hammered corn
until the ration is 60 percent corn. At this ratio the
average cost of gain is about 33 cents per pound Roy
Holtzclaw, of Cumming, Georgia, finishes his cattle
on corn silage and high-moisture corn but feeds dry
poultry litter and PLS for low cost gains before the
cattle go into the lot. During the last year, Holtzclaw
has been ensiling the litter in a trench silo. Instead of
mixing the litter and corn in one silo, he keeps one silo
for litter only. Holtzclaw is convinced this is the best
way to feed the litter and to make low cost gains on his
cattle. (Cannon-East Central)
2894 - C2, D2, D3, E3, F6
DAIRY MANURE DEGRADATION
UNDER MESOPHILIC AND THER-
MOPHILIC TEMPERATURES,
Agricultural Engineering Department, College of Ag-
ricultural and Life Sciences, Wisconsin University,
Madison
J. C. Converse, J. G. Zeikus, R. E. Graves, and G. W.
Evans
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-4540,16p. 1 fig, 7 tab,
15 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Waste treatment.
Temperature, Degradation (decomposition). Chemi-
cal properties, Anaerobic digestion.
Identifiers: Loading rates, Detention times.
Anaerobic degradation studies for maximum
methane production were conducted at 35 degrees C
and 60 degrees C on 3 types of dairy cattle manure at
different detention times. The3 types of dairy manure
and detention times were: f eces- ISdays at 35 degrees
and 60 degrees C; feces-urine-straw - 15 days at 35
degrees and 60 degrees C; and feces-urine mixture -
10.4 days at 35 degrees C and 6.2 davs at 60 degrees C.
Trie manure was diluted with equal parts water giving
a volatile solids concentration of about 6.5 percent.
Loading rates ranged from 4. It to 10.28 kg VS/m* of
digester volume. Gas yield ranged from 1 53 to 1.68 m1
gas/m' reactor volume for the mesophilic and from
1.04 to 2.34 m* gas/m1 reactor volume for the ther-
mophilic digester. Average percent UVranged from
53.1 to 57.2 percent for the mesophilic digester and
from 49.2 to 54.1 percent for the thermophiu'c digester.
Gas yield ranged from .801 to .924 m'/kg VS destroyed
for the mesophilic digester and from .657 to .792 m'/kg
VS destroyed for the thermophiu'c digester. The per-
cent volatile solids reduction dropped from 41.S per-
• cent at 15 day detention lime for feces-urine-straw
mixture to 29 percent at the 10.4day detention time for
feces-urine mixture for the mesophilic digester. For
the thermophillc digester, percent VS reduction
dropped from 40.8 percent at ISday detention time for
the feces to 28.9 percent for 6.2 day detention time for
the feces-urine mixture. Over 95 percent of the total
nitrogen was accounted for in the effluent. Average
NH/TN ratio of manure was .30. Average NH/TN
ratio of effluent was .42. Over 91 percent of the totaJ
phosphorus and potassium were recovered in the
effluent. NH, in the off gas ranged from an average of
.0075 to .014 m/1 of gas. H,S in the off gas ranged from
an average of .79 to2.55 mg/1 of gas. Methogenic bac-
teria numbers averaged Iff and 10" in the mesophilic
and thermophilic digesters, respectively, during the
evaluation of the feces-urine mixture. Net energy,
based on percent of gross energy, ranged from 67 to 74
percent for the mesophilic digester and from a minus
to 44 percent for the thermophilic digester.
(Converse-Wisconsin University; Merryman, ed.)
2895 - A2, A6.-B1, B2, B3, B4,
E2.F1.F2
AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF AL-
TERNATIVE DAIRY WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT SYSTEMS DESIGNED
FOR POLLUTION CONTROL,
Agricultural Economist, Farm Production
Economics Division, Economic Research Service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Michigan State Uni-
versity
J. B. Johnson. C. R. Hoglund. and B. Buxton
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 56, p. 1354-1366, Oc-
tober. 1973. 8 tab. 27 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry. Economics. Agricul-
tural runoff, Feedlots, Confinement pens. Liquid
wastes.
Identifiers: Waste management. Land spreading.
Enforcement of existing and proposed legal environ-
mental controls will necessitate adjustments in man-
ure handling practices on many dairy farms in the
United States. The cost of these adjustments will de-
pend on dairy herd size and type of production system
currently in use. Stanchion or stanchion-switch sys-
tems generally would have an excercise lot and/or a
feeding lot exposed to precipitation. Runoff can be
controlled by diverting around lots uncontaminated
waters from areas above the lots and directing lot
runoff into a detention facility. Similar control
facilities could be used for open-lot housing systems.
Runoff from manure spreading operations can be re-
duced by applying manure to soils only twice a year.
Each measure mentioned requires the addition of a
storage facility. Open-lot systems which use a tractor
scraper-loader-spreader system for daily manure
spreading can add a storage facility or can convert to
a tractor scraper-lagoon-aerator-irrigation system.
Covered housing systems which currently use solid
manure handling systems can usually add storage
facilities to eliminate daily field spreading. Covered
housing using liquid manure handling systems can
add a mechanical scraper to the conventional tractor
scraper-storage-loader-liquid-spreader. To eliminate
field odor problems in liquid manure spreading, soil
injector units can be added to liquid spreaders. Some
of these adjustments will reduce costs, but most will'
increase costs and reduce net dairy income..
•(Cannon-East Central)
HYDRAULIC MANURE REMOVAL
FROM DAIRY FACILITIES.
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Cooperative Ex-
tension Service, Washington State University,
'Pullman
R. E. Hermanson and M. H. Ehlera
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting. American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18 J975, Paper No. 75-4554,9 p. 1 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Dairy industry, Hydraulic sys-
tems, Economics, Performance.
Identifiers: Manure removal.
Design details of flushing systems for four dairies In'
Washington are described. Information gathered was
quantity of water used, head of water in flush tanks,'
gate size, alley slope, alley width, alley length, curb
height, volume of manure-water storage tank or la-
goon, and frequency of flushing. The 3 dairies using
flush tanks had an average flushing water use of 317,
liters per cow per day. The performance was not any
better for the high flush tanks than for the low flush
tanks which doubled as a source of drinking water. Of
the limited sizes studied, flushing gate size was unim-
portant to the performance of the flushing system.
The 3 percent alley slope of the 3 systems using flush-
ing tanks was steep enough to provide velocity to
clean the alleys. The 1 percent alley slope of the
pumped-flushing system with recirculation required
more flushing water. The system used 3,028 liters per
cow per day with 4 daily flushings. The recirculated,
settled manure water was satisfactory as flushing
water and had only a slight odor. The dairy waste.
fiber removed from the settling tank served as an
acceptable source of free-stall bedding. Concrete
storage tanks are more expensive than lagoons be-
cause of the large volume of liquid manure generated
by a flush system. The great water requirement for
flushing and the large storage requirement make the
recirculation of flushing water an attractive alterna-
tive. (Cameron-East Central)
2897 - A3, A8, C2, E2
EFFECT OF SOIL-INCORPORATED
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON
RUNOFF WATER QUALITY AND
SOIL PROPERTIES,
Soil Scientist. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Au-
burn, Alabama 36830
F. L. Long. Z. F. Lund, and R. E. Hermanson
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 4. No. 2 p
163-166,1975. 3 fig. 6 tab. 14 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Nitrates. Biochem-
ical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Land application. Soil properties. Rye
Millet.
A study was made on .04 ha plots of Norfolk sandy
loam to determine the effects of cattle manure appli-'
cation on the quality of runoff water and soil proper-'
ties. Gahi-1 pearl millet and Abruzzi rye were grown
separately on 2 plots each. Manure was applied to 2
plots at rates of 45 metric tons per ha on a dry rate
basis for 3 years. The 2 check plots received 450 kg N
160 kg P. and 180 kg K ha-1 year-'. The BOD of the
runoff water from manured plots did not exceed that
of the control plots. The nitrate levels of runoff water
from manured plots were affected very little by either
application and all values were less than 5 mg per
liter. Nitrates increased slightly in the top 90 cm of the
manured plots; organic nitrogen increased only to a'
depth of 15 cm. Nitrate accumulated in millet forage
above the safe level for feeding cattle, but not in the
rye forage. Soil pH was increased to a range of 5.7 to
6.6 to a depth of 60 cm by manure application. Organic
2896 - Bl, B2, E4
1 least 4b met-
ric tons per ha of dairy cattle manure can be disposed
of on a Norfolk sandy loam by incorporation into the
surface 15 cm of soil for a period of at least 3 years
without any appreciable effect on the quality of runoff
water or soil. (Cannon-East Central)
464
-------
2898 - A6, B2, D3, Fl
LIVESTOCK WASTE LAGOONS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York
D. D. Jones and A. L. Sutlon
Department of Agricultural Engineering Mimeo,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1974,12
p. 6 fig., 2 tab.
Descriptors: Design, Lagoons. Livestock, Costs.
This paper establishes guidelines for the proper de-
sign and management of livestock waste lagoons. A
lagoon must be large enough to provide sufficient di-
lution water and detention time so that the bacteria
can decompose the manure. Wastes from different
species of livestock require different quantities of wa-
ter. Lagoon depth is dependent upon the type of
equipment available for excavation Anaerobic and
mechanically aerated lagoons should be as deep as
possible while a second stage lagoon should be no
deeper than 6-8 feet. Lagoons should be located adja-
cent to or near the source of wastes and as far away
from the farm home as practical and where prevail-
ing breezes carry odors away from the house. A diver-
sion terrace should be uphill from the lagoon to pre-
vent excess surface runoff from filling the lagoon. Six
to eight-inch sewer pipe with driven masonary joints
works well for lagoon inlets and outlets. Construction
costs can be minimized by using a cut-and-fill
technique and building a large portion of the lagoon
above ground. Settling basins on the basis of 1 cubic
foot of settling basin volume for each 12 square feet of
lot area. The Soil Conservation Service and extension
personnel can provide more specific information.
Fourteen lagoon management guidelines are listed in
this paper and also addresses where publications can
be obtained concerning lagoon design and operation.
(Cameron-East Central )
2899 - Dl, D3, E3
DRYING OF DUNG-WATER BY
BIOGEN RELEASED HEAT. CON-
TRIBUTION TO THE NONPOLLUT-
ING DISPOSAL OF WASTE FROM
ANIMAL MASS BREEDING STA-
TIONS,
A V. Hirschheydt.
Wasser und Boden, Vol. 26, No. 8, p. 227-229, 1974, 2
fig., 5 tab, 2ref.
Descriptors: Drying, Germany, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal evaporation, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Composting.
Manure from livestock raising establishments was
digested together with sifting remains from trash
compost after intense mixing. In the experiments, 70
to 85 percent of the original water contents was evapo-
ratea. The further composting not only made the
liquid dung spreadable, but led to an extensive de-
composition of useful materials latent in the trash
compos;. From extremely aqueous manure, a larger
amount and good quality of dry fertilizer resulted.
(Text in German) (Solid Waste Retrieval System)
2900 - A2, A5, B4, El
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEDYARD
RUNOFF ON SOIL INFILTRATION
RATES,
U. S. Department of Agriculture Water Quality Man-
agement Laboratory, Durant, Oklahoma
O. R. Lehman and R. N. Clark
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 4, p.
437-439, October-December, 1975. 5 fig., 6 ref.
Descriptors: Cattle, Feedlots, Agricultural runoff,
Infiltration rates, Soils, Groundwater pollution.
A compact clay soil from a playa lake and a relatively
porous blocky, buried soil, both representative of
feedyard runoff holding basins in the Texas High
Plains, were treated with clear water and synthesized
feedyard runoff to test the effects of runoff on soil
permeability. It was found that infiltration rates
changed most notably with the buried soil, where the
rate decreases from 5 cm hour for clear water, to
less than 0.006 cm hour for the synthesized runoff.
The addition of the synthesized feedyard runoff
quickly reduced infiltration rates in both the laborat-
ory cores and field basins. Rates were reduced to less
than 0.006 cm hour in 14 to 20 days in all cores and
basins receiving the runoff. Sealing was attributed to
clogging at or near the surface because the initial
in'"tration rate was restored when the top 2cm of soil
was removed. For basins constructed in porous soil
material, clay liners decreased the time required for
sealing, but did not necessarily-change the degree of
sealing. One main benefit of a clay liner would be to
decrease the total volume of water infiltrated.
(Cameron-East Central I
2901 - Bl, Fl
EXPERIENCES WITH WATER RE-
LEASE DEVICES FOR FLUSHING
GUTTERS,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Kansas State Uni-
versity, Manhattan
J. P. Murphy, M. D. Schrock, and J. K. Koelliker
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-4553, 13 p., 10 fig., 5
ref.
Descriptors: Equipment, Liquid wastes, Waste stor-
age. Siphons, Costs.
Identifiers: Flushing, Dump tanks, Water release.
Swine.
The concept of flushing animal waste from confine-
ment buildings is rapidly gaining acceptance, par-
ticularly in the swine industry. Two different water
release devices were investigated for flushing gutter
applications—an automatic tipping and righting
dump tank and a self-priming 15 inch diameter
siphon. Field testing of the siphons revealed five ph-
ases of operation during the discharge of the storage
volume 475 gallons-Phase 1-Purging of air from under
the bonnet which takes two seconds; Phase
2—establishment of full flow, which requires about
eight seconds; Phase 3—maximum flow, which is sus-
tained for about 8 seconds until the air-bleed hole is
exposed; Phase 4—then begins and continues until air
is sucked in under the bonnet and the siphoning action
is broken—about 12 seconds, and Phase 5—requires
about two minutes to bleed air into the bonnet to
equalize the air pressure and water level inside and
outside the bonnet. The total costs for materials for
each siphon was about $80. Dump tanks have been
used for years to release water to flushing gutters.
There are thice points on the tank that are of great
importance in understanding how the tank dumps—
the center of gravity of the empty tanks, the pivot
point and the center of gravity of the water itself.
Figures show the installation and operation of the two
water releasing devices. (Cameron-East Central)
2902 - Bl, D3, Fl
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF FARM DIGESTERS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Missouri-
Columbia University, Columbia
D. M. Sievers. J. R. Fischer, N. F. Meador, C. D.
Fulhage and M. D. Shanklin
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-4541, 11 p.. 4 fig 3
tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Aerobic digestion, Anaerobic digestion,
Economics, Design, Waste treatment, Anaerobic la-
goon, Minnesota.
Identifiers: Swine, Oxidation ditch. Confinement
buildings.
The University of Missouri-Columbia in the early
spring of 1975 began construction of a new swine con-
finement research complex consisting of five
buildings—laboratory, gestation, farrowing, nursery
and finishing buildings. Management structures that
were installed included pits, gutter Hushing, oxida-
tion ditches, and anaerobic lagoons. Study objectives
were (11 to build a farm-size anaerobic digester using
construction techniques and materials available to
practicing farmers, and (21 to gain some practical
knowledge of the management problems of such a
unit. The finishing building housed 320 hogs over a
slotted floor. Manure was flushed beneath the slotted
floor. The pump used to pump the settled solids to the
digester was a German-Rupp Model 12 B2-B self-
priming, trash handling centrifugal. A fixed digester
volume of approximately 140 cu. m. (37.000 gal.) was
chosen which provided variations in loading rates,
some gas storage, and potential volume for treating
manure from the other buildings on the swine farm.
Potential digesters considered were (1) glass lined
silo, (2) fiber glass tank, (31 poured concrete tank.
and (4) concrete stave silo. The digester chosen for
the UMC Swine Complex was a 6 m (19 feet 9 inches i
diameter concrete stave silo with a hoppered concrete
base and solid concrete roof. Construction and mate-
rial costs to the present date are given for the UMC
Digester. (Cameron-East Central!
2903 - All, Bl
PERFORMANCE OF BEEF CATTLE
ON SLATED FLOORS,
Animal Science Department, Tennessee Agricultural
Experiment Station, Tennessee University, Knoxville
J. B. McLaren and J. I. Sewell
Tennessee Farm and Home Science Progress Report
No 88, p 2-4, October-December, 1973, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Cattle, Design.
Identifiers: Floors, Waste management.
Performance of beef cattle on three types of floors
was compared in preliminary feeding trials. Floors
compared were: solid-concrete slabs, concrete slats,
and aluminum sla' -. Feed consumption, rateof gain
and amount of feed required per 100 pounds of gain
were similar for bulls fed on concrete slab and those
fed on slatted floors, but feed efficiency was slightly
lower for bulls fed on slatted floors. Bulls fed on slat-
ted floors exhibited discomfort during mid-summer.
This discomfort resulted in a tendency for bulls to lie
down and get up more frequently than normal. Some
swelling of the front knees was observed. These pre-
liminary results indicate that cattle can be satisfac-
torily and efficiently finished for slaughter on slatted
floors constructed with either aluminum or concrete
slats. (Cannon-East Central)
2904 - A2, A4, A6, A12, A13, B2,
E2
WATERWAY CLEANS FEEDLOT
RUNOFF,
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 11, p.2, July, 1975. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Nebraska
Identifiers: Runoff control, Field sink. Serpentine
waterway
Holding ponds are not entirely satisfactory for handl-
ing feedlot runoff. Odor, weed growth, and threat to
safety are problems that often accompany their use.
Some states do not consider feedlot runoff a water
pollution hazard if the runoff flows a relatively long
distance overland before reaching a stream. Con-
sequently, USDA's Agricultural Research Service is
evaluating two direct disposal systems on farms in
Nebraska — "field sink" and a serpentine waterway.
The 160 x 325-foot field sink with a 0.1 percent slope
was installed between a feedlot and a creek. A one-
foot dike was built around it. Feedlot runoff collects in
a broad-basin terrace and discharges to the field sink
via a riser intake and underground pipe. The system
functioned well with above normal precipitation in
fall, 1973-June, 1974. Under conditions of severe
drought, the si nk produced 60 bushels of corn per acre,
when much of the nearby crop was a failure. The
serpentine or switchback waterway was established
below a 3-acre feedlot near Gretna, Nebraska. The
waterway zigzags with 8 sharp turns. In effect, the
2,600-foot waterway moves the feedlot back 2 200 feet
from a stream that is about 400 feet from the edge of
465
-------
the feedlot. The waterway channel slopes to prevent
ponding and is seeded in brome and alfalfa to retard
How Runoff passes through debris basins before en-
tering the channel. Only a major storm will cause an
appreciable amount of effluent to enter the stream.
(Merryman-East Central)
2905-Al, Bl, Dl, D2, D3, E2,
E3
ENERGY, AGRICULTURE AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT,
W. J. Jewell, ed.
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975. MO p.
Descriptors: Energy, Agriculture, Gases, Feeds,
Economics, Confinement pens, Anaerobic digestion,
Design. Costs, Fermentation, Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal,
Composting, Swine.
The following 3 topics were discussed in detail at the
Proceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste
Management Conference: (1) Energy consumed in
food production, (2) Technology and energy costs of
pollution control, and (3) Potential for producing
energy from agricultural wastes. Of particular note,
is the amount of information contributed concerning
anaerobic fermentation, and the discussion of this
technology in producing energy from wastes.
(Merryman-East Central)
2906 - B2, E2, Fl
MANURE MANAGEMENT ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN SWINE CON-
FINEMENT SYSTEMS,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural En-
gineering Department, Maryland University, College
Park
H. L. Brodie
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 237-243.3 tab.
Descriptors: Energy, Confinement pens, Costs,
Labor, Economics.
Identifiers: Swine, Oxidation ditch, Open gutter flush
system. Land disposal.
A survey was conducted on 2 operating swine con-
finement systems (an oxidation ditch under a slotted
floor and an open gutter flush with water recirculation
through a lagoon) to determine the energy utilized for
the movement of manure from the feeding floor to
land disposal. II was found that when compared to an
oxidation system, the flush system provided a consid-
erable reduction in energy, dollars, and labor while
effectively performing the primary function of man-
ure removal and disposal. Both systems performed
this function within existing environmental con-
straints equally well. (Cannon-East Central)
2907 - D2, D3, E2, E3, E4, Fl, F4,
F6
FROM BIODUNG TO BIOGAS-
-HISTORICAL REVIEW OF EURO-
PEAN EXPERIENCE,
Institut fur Pflanzenbau and Saatfutforschung,
Forschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft,
Braunschweig-Voelkenrode, West Germany
C. Tietjen
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste
Management Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 247-259.5 fig, 1
tab, 51 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling,Fertilizers,Gases, Methane,
Fermentation, Anaerobic conditions, Economics.
Identifiers: Germany, Biogas plants.
Conversion of manure to gas is reviewed historically,
with emphasis on German experimentation. After
World War II, Germany had fertilizer and energy
shortages. Experimenters were concerned that man-
ure should serve both needs. The question arose as to
how anaerobic treatment of manure affected its qual-
ity and quantity. A team consisting of 3 groups, con-
structed 3 different biogas plants. Plant 1. built ac-
cording to Ducellier and Isman, had 3 cylindrical con-
tainers with a capacity of 7.5 m'. Two were covered
with a sheet iron lid after loading and the third was
completed by a gas holder. Glass wool insulation and
a water circulation heating system were installed.
Plant 2, built according to Reinhold, had a fermenta-
tion chamber of 17 m1. Heating was by steam injection
and was found unsatisfactory due to water infiltration
into the slag insulation. Plant 3, constructed accord-
ing to Schmidt and Eggersgluss, but on a smaller
scale, consisted of a mixing chamber of 4 m'.a fer-
mentation chamber of 14 m1, a manure storage silo
divided into 2 compartments of 8 m', and a gas con-
tainer of about 12 m'. Heating was done by steam
injection. Later a fourth plant was built, according to
Poetsch, by the Technical University of Hanover as a
prototype. In field and pot experiments with different
crops, fermentation residues and conventionally rot-
ted stable manure were compared on a balance base
in order to evaluate the treatment methods. Products
of liquid manure practices gave higher yield, con-
tained more plant-available nitrogen, and required
lower labor costs than products of solid manure prac-
tice. Gas amounts from a cattle manure substrate
with great amounts of straw were nearly twice the
amounts of similar substrates with less straw. Fer-
mentation at 55 degrees C yielded much gas with a
high methane portion in the first period, contrary to
fermentations at lower temperatures. While use of
animal wastes upon cropland is Germany's optimum
goal, methane from manure may become a valuable
by-product due to the energy crisis. (Cannon-East
Central)
2908 - D2, D3, E3, Fl, F5
ENERGY RECOVERY AND FEED
PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY
WASTES,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Maine University, Orono
A. E. Hassan. H. Moustafa Hassan. N. Smith
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 289-305 10 fig
1 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: Costs, Energy, Methane, Poultry, Al-
gae, Design, Nitrogen, Proteins, Effluent.
Identifiers: Feeds.
A study was conducted to determine optimum condi-
tions for methane production at temperatures of
25.5i 3 degrees C to study effects of depth, aeration,
and effluent concentrations on algal yield and to pro-
vide preliminary design for a full-scale poultry diges-
tion unit. Fresh caged layer manure was mixed with
sawdust at different rates and incubated in 16 one-
liter boiling flash laboratory digesters. Water was
also added. Inoculum from previously digested
effluent was added to all digesters at a rate of 50
percent by volume. Quality and quantity of gases pro-
duced were recorded on a routine basis during the
process. Green algae, Scenedesmus, were grown in
the effluent. The effluent was clarified to allow
maximum light penetration. Data showed best results
when solid content was 4-7 percent. Above or below
that range, methane production declined sharply. The
presence or absence of sawdust had little or no effect
on methane production. Optimum solids content for a
minimum recharging interval is 7 percent. Practi-
cally all of the nitrogen from the manure remained in
the effluent. The 1 percent treatment provided highest
yields and the aerated treatments gave better results
than the unaerated. A pond depth of 20 cm provided
highest algal yield. Protein content of dried algae
flakes varied from 42 to 45 percent. Ten kg of dry
waste yielded one kg of algal protein. The 500,000 tons
of poultry waste produced in Maine yearly could pro-
duce algae protein equivalent to 150,000 tons of soy-
beans. When algae was fed in barley rations as a
replacement for meat and bone meal additives, swine
grew and fattened normally. Design criteria for a
digester unit are given in detail, along with approxi-
mate costs. (Cannon-East Central)
2909 - C2, D2, D3, E3, F6
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN SWINE
WASTES,
Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central
Region, Missouri University, Columbia
J. R. Fischer, D. M. Sievers, and C. D. Fulhage
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 307-316 7fie 2
tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Gases, Design, An-
tibiotics, Alkalinity.
Identifiers: Swine, Volatile solids, pH.
On January 10, 1974, a pilot plant digester utilizing
swine waste as a feed source began operation and was
monitored to : (1) evaluate the effect of loading rates
on gas production, (2) determine the most stable
chemical environment for gas production, and (3) de-
termine the most easily managed, best suited system
for measuring digester stability. The digester was a
long, cylindrical container supported in a horizontal
position. It was first loaded with 16 gallons of digester
sewage sludge and 29 gallons of tap water. Influent
was gradually increased until a loading rate of 0.04 Ib
VS/ft' (0.64 kg/m') was reached. Digester tempera-
ture was maintained at 95 degrees F. On February 22,
gas production declined 50 percent and on March 1,
ceased, due to the injection of 1 pig with tylosin and
lyncomycin. These antibiotics destroyed digester
bacteria. Conclusions that were derived from the
study were: (1) Gas production rate is the best indi-
cator of digester activity. (2) Stable digestion of swine
waste can be obtained at loading rates ranging from
0.15 to0.18 Ib. VS/ft'(2.33to2.86kgVS/m').(3) At the
loading rate stated above, approximately 16 ft'
(0.45m1) of gas per Ib VS destroyed is produced, the
pH is 7.3, the ammonia is 1000 ppm 11000 mg/1) and the
alkalinity is approximately 6000ppm (6000 mg/1). (4)
The manure of hogs given injections with antibiotics
can disrupt digester performance. (Cannon-East
Central)
2910 - D2, D3, E3, Fl, F4
ALTERNATIVE ANIMAL WASTE
ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION DE-
SIGNS AND THEIR COSTS,
Research Specialist and Associate Professor, De-
partment of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York
G. R. Morris, W. J. Jewell, and G. L. Casler
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers. Inc., 1975, p. 317-335.6fig 5
tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Costs, Economics, Fermenta-
tion, Anaerobic conditions, Methane, Recycling,
Energy, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Temperature.
Identifiers: Digesters, pH.
Studies were made with the following objectives: to
review the status of anaerobic fermentation technol-
ogy and its application to animal wastes, to apply this
technology to develop system alternatives which are
compatible with current farm management prac-
tices, and to assess the economic feasibility of incor-
porating the anaerobic fermentation systems into the
farm both as an alternative energy source and a waste
management practice. Five systems were identified
as technically feasible alternatives for stabilization of
animal wastes. They were: (1) completely mixed di-
gester operated in the mesophilic range; (2) com-
pletely mixed digester operated in the thermophilic
range; (3) batch load digesters; (4) partially mixed
digester operated in the mesophilic range; and (5)
466
-------
plug flow digester. Design and costs are discussed.
Study results showed that more data is needed to pro-
vide engineers with information necessary to design
workable alternative systems. Efforts to modify
municipal sewage treatment plants are necessary in
order to provide economically feasible systems for
animal production systems. Under present marked
conditions, methane production as an alternative
energy source for average sized dairies is not econom-
ically competitive with other fuels, but might be feas-
ible with larger operations. As a pollution control de-
vice, anaerobic fermentation processes may be
economically competitive with liquid manure handl-
ing and storage systems. (Cannon-East Central)
2911 - C2, D2, D3, E3, F6
COLD WEATHER ENERGY RECOV-
ERY FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
OF SWINE MANURE,
Research Engineer, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Manitoba University, Winnipeg, Manito-
ba, Canada
E. J. Kroeker, H. M. Lapp. D. D. Schulte, and A. B
Sparling
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 337-352.7fig, 6
tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion. Energy, Gases,
Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine, Volatile solids, pH.
Pilot plant anaerobic digestion of swine manure was
begun at the University of Manitoba in the late fall of
1974 to assess technical and economical feasibility of
energy recovery from livestock manure. The plant
consisted of four single-cell digesters which were ser-
viced by a raw manure holding tank equipped with
mixing and transfer pumps to facilitate delivery of
raw manure at a relatively uniform consistency into
the digesters. The digesters were initially seeded with
anaerobic digester mixed liquor from a sewage
'treatment plant. Operations volume of each digester
was BUU liters. Mixed-liquor temperatures for the 4
digesters were maintained at about 35 degrees C. Raw
manure influent temperature was 0 degrees C. Diges-
ters A and B were operated at a \May solids retention
time (SRT) and digesters C and D were operated at a
30-day SRT. Total gas production was higher for o"i-
gesters A and B than for digesters C and D, but the
fraction of volatile solids destroyed was higher for the
lower loading rates and higher SRT. Preliminary re-
sults from the pilot-plant study indicated that net
energy recovery did not occur; however, there were
indications that the upper limit of biogas production
was not reached. The following conclusions were
drawn from the experiment: (1) Process stability was
achieved despite adverse environmental conditions
within the digesters including high pH (8.0) and high
ammonia concentrations (3380-3450 mg/1); (2) [De-
spite relatively high rates of methane gas production,
only 50 percent of the energy expended was recovered
through gas production at the loading rates used in
these initial experiments; and (3) Rational conduc-
tive heat-transfer theory accurately predicted energy
requirements for digester heating. (Cannon-East
Central)
2912 - D3, E3, Fl, F5
ENERGY AND ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF ANAEROBIC DIGES-
TERS,
College of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Uni-
versity, Green Bay
T. P. Abeles
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 353-360.12 ref.
Descriptors: Energy, Anaerobic digestion.
Economics, Algae, Fish, Hydroponics, Hydrogen
Identifiers: Solar Energy, Biogas
In the summer of 1974, Wisconsin University built a
small field model (3-4 cows) anaerobic digestion sys-
tem to serve as a prototype for a large-scale system
Coincidental with Wisconsin University's construc-
tion, a local stable built a full scale system which
would handle the output of approximately 100
thoroughbred horses. The close proximity of the 2
systems permitted Wisconsin University to develop a
research program todetermine: the optimum operat-
ing system for use on Midwest dairy farms, the social
acceptability of anaerobic digesters as a farm man-
agement technique, the feasibility of the establish-
ment of new types of agribusiness, and the impact of
anaerobic digesters on utility companies. The 100-
horse digester cost about $40,000. Because of several
base costs, costs for larger capacity systems would
only increase modestly until more digesters are ad-
ded. By the end of the summer, the small digester was
to be equipped with solar panels to test the feasibility
of reducing the amount of biogas needed to maintain
the digester. An idea was developed for using digester
effluent for growing algae or fish. Wisconsin Univer-
sity is exploring the possibility of a leasing operation
where the fish farmer would manage several
aquaculture ponds utilizing digester effluent as a nut-
rient base. Farmers interviewed in Brown County
Wisconsin, seemed interested in anaerobic digestion
and did not seem to mind the $40,000 price. The major
concern of utility companies utilizing biogas or solar
plants is that of load leveling of power. If a biogas or
solar plant failed, the company must supply the
energy from another source. Several routes for com-
batting this problem are being explored. There ap-
pears to be little doubt that biogas plants are econom-
ically and operationally feasible. But work still needs
to be conducted on standardization of system design
and components and on development of a viable ser-
vice industry. (Cannon-East Central)
2913 - C2, D2, D3, E3, Fl
DRY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION,
Assistant Professor Agricultural Engineering Uni-
versity of Hawaii, Honolulu
G. M. Wong-Chong
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p 3(1-371 Bfiz
21 ref. ' 6>
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Poultry, Dairy in-
dustry. Sludge. Gases. Methane.
This investigation examined the anaerobic digestion
of animal wastes (dairy and poultry) at relatively
high solids concentrations (more than 20 percent) in
both batch and batch fed reactors at ambient temper-
atures (70-85 degrees F).This was done in an attempt
to circumvent such problems as postdigestion sludge
dewatering and treatment of digester supernatant
thus enhancing the economics of the overall process.
The following conclusions were made from the infor-
mation gathered: (a) From fresh dairy manure 11.3
to 13.0 ft' of digester gas was generated per pound of
volatile solids destroyed. Methane composition of the
gas was 60*5 percent, (b) There is a limit to the
amount of volatile solids in a waste which is converti-
ble to gas. (c) Fresh manure has the greater gas
potential than aged manure, (d) Ammonia inhibition
to methanogenesis would be significant with highly
nitrogenous wastes such as poultry manure, (e)
Anaerobic digestion of wastes with high solids con-
centrations is feasible and offers economies in re-
duced reactor volume, digester sludge handling and
avoids treatment of digester supernatant. (Cannon-
bast Central)
2914 - D2, D3, E3, Fl
TECHNOLOGIES SUITABLE FOR
RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM
LIVESTOCK MANURE,
Research Scientist, Waste Control and Process
Technology Section, Batelle's Columbus
Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
C. N. Ifeadi, and J. B. Brown, Jr.
Energy, Agriculture, and Waste Management Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 373-396.9 fig. 6
Descriptors: Energy, Cattle, Technology, Fuels
Waste treatment, Anaerobic digestion, Hydroeena-
tion, Methane.
Identifiers: Swine, Hydrogasification, Pyrolysis.
The quantity of manure produced from average U S
dairy, beef, and hog production facilities is too small
for an economic recovery of synthetic fuel from the
manures. Therefore, efforts to recover fuel economi-
cally from animal wastes are being directed to large
animal facilities. Fuel maybe recovered from animal
manure by either biological or thermochemical pro-
cesses. Biological processes include methane produc-
tion and biochemical processes for protein and al-
cohol production. Thermochemical processes include
pyrolysis, hydrogenation, and hydrogasification.
High moisture content in livestock manure is a prime
disadvantage in the application of thermochemical
processes. For fuel synthesis, only methane produc-
tion and pyrolysis hold promise at above 10 tons per
day plant capacity. Capital-intensive items in the
biological system are the anaerobic digester and the
storage tank; the operating cost-intensive items are
labor and maintenance. Consequently, process-cost-
reduction must focus on these items. Fuel selling
prices and the quantity of manure to be processed are
important factors in the economic feasibility of the
process. Refinement in the engineering-cost analysis
made for methane production is recommended. A
thorough cost inventory for a pilot anaerobic diges-
tion plant should be made. Although an energy con-
version system may be too complex and time consum-
ing for the average farmer, a package plant system
for fuel recovery by a private investor may be
economically built adjacent to large livestock-
production facilities. (Cannon-East Central)
2915 - D3 E3
METHANE-CARBON DIOXIDE MIX-
TURES IN AN INTERNAL COMBUS-
TION ENGINE.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of
Agriculture and Ufe Sciences, Cornell University
Ithaca
S. Neyeloff, and W. W. Gunkel
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor. Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 397-408.6 fig.
Descriptors: Methane, Carbon dioxide, Anaerobic di-
gestion
fndentifiers: Internal combustion engines, Specific
power output
A project was conducted to study the characteristics
of gas generated from anaerobic digestion as a fuel
for internal combustion engines. A high speed CFR
engine was used. Valve timing was set at about 900
rpm. Engine timing was about 30 degrees before top
dead center and operating coolant temperature was
about 195 degrees F for all tests. Data showed that the
best results in terms of specific power output (SPO)
were obtained at a compression ratio (CR) of 15:1,
although at 15:1 and higher, audible knocking occur-
red Below a CR of 10:1, SPO dropped rapidly.
Methane ignites at fuel to air ratios ranging from 0.065
to 0.185 by volume. The highest SPO was obtained at a
fuel to air ratio of 0.10. Output from engines per unit
of methane greatly depends on the engine design and
the degree of CO, dilution in the engine. The mixture
will not combust If the amount of carbon dioxide is
greater than three times the amount of methane. In a
typical spark ignited engine, of the heating value of
the fuel, only about 20 percent results in mechanical
output. (Cannon-East Central)
2916 - A8, C2, E2
LIMITATIONS OF ANIMAL WASTE
REPLACEMENT FOR INORGANIC
FERTILIZERS,
Department of Agronomy, Georgia University
467
-------
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings ofthe 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 409-432 13 tab
14 ref.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Livestock, Nutrients,
Grains, Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Am-
monia.
Identifiers: Manure, Land application.
Problems of large quantities of accumulated manure
and increasing costs of manufacturing fertilizer have
renewed interest in using manure as a fertilizer. In
the United States, cattle produce 82 percent of the
total manure produced. Two-thirds of the land surface
in the United States is used for growing crops and
grazing animals. Food and feed grains occupy over 50
percent of the cropland and receive over 50percent of
the United States' fertilizer. Closer integration of cat-
tle production and production of these crops would
increase probability of replacing fertilizer with man-
ure. However, use of manure as fertilizer is not with-
out problems. Fertilizer can be formulated to specific
nutrients; whereas, manure nutrients must be used
together (as they come). This could cause imbalances
in nutrients not deficient. Nutrient contents of manure
are extremely variable. Water and organic matter
the main components of manure that are nonnutri-
tive, decrease nutrient concentrations and make ma-
nure handling characteristics less desirable Manure
produced in confinement could potentially replace
about 42 percent of the nitrogen, 29 percent of the
phosphorus, and 57 percent of the potassium con-
sumed as fertilizer. Experiments show that under
favorable conditions, 70-100 percent of ammoniacal
nitrogen in dairy manure spread volatilizes. Relative
to human nutrition, ammonia volatilization from con-
finement manure amounts to 7.6 kg N/ person/year
which exceeds dietary protein consumption for both
plants and animals combined. This nitrogen leakage
from the nitrogen cycle may be the final determinant
of substitutability of manure for fertilizer. (Cannon-
East Central)
2917 - A8, B2, C2, D3, E2, E3,
Fl
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN
RELATION TO LAND DISPOSAL/
UTILIZATION,
BacteriologyDivision, School of Agriculture, Aber-
deen, Scotland
K. Robinson
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975. p. 441452.1 fig, 5
tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Lagoons, Anaerobic
digestion, Effluent, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Swine, Scotland, Raw
wastes, Oxidation ditch.
Studies were made at Aberdeen to compare different
waste management-stabilization systems with a sys-
tem of no stabilization process. Types of waste used
were: (1) Swine waste collected and stored in slurry
channels. (2) Anaerobic lagoon supernatant. (3)
Mixed liquor produced by anaerobic stabilization of
lagoon supernatant. (4) Mixed liquor produced by
anaerobic stabilization of slurry (17 days). (5) Mixed
liquor produced by anaerobic stabilization of slurry
(68.5 days). (6) Mixed liquor produced by second-
stage denitrification of mixed liquor from (4). (7)
Anaerobic digester effluent. It was found that
anaerobic stabilization reduced ammonia-nitrogen
and increased oxidized nitrogen. Total nitrogen losses
occurred in all processes except anaerobic digestion
and were greater in second-stage denitrification.
Potassium was unaffected by stabilization. Phos-
phorus was present mainly in suspended solids, which
settle out in a lagoon causing a reduction in phos-
phorus. For the purposes of this study, it was assumed
that all wastes were produced by stabilization sys-
tems associated with a 1000-head swine fattening unit,
that 6000, 3000, and 3000 units of N, P.O.. and K,0,
respectively, were required for crops, and that waste
could not be applied during a 6 month winter period.
Except for raw waste and digester effluent, wastes
were unable to supply crop requirements for nitrogen.
Phosphate exceeded crop requirements except in the
case of lagoon and lagoon oxidation ditches. Potash
was also in excess, assuming that application rates
were based on supplying sufficient nitrogen. Based on
costs prevalent for Northeast Scotland, costs rep-
resented losses of from 2-5 pounds per pig place. Only
raw waste recycling showed a profit. (Cannon-East
Central)
2918 - All, C2,E3
PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONSER-
VATION OF POULTRY AND FRAC-
TIONATED ANIMAL WASTE,
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State Uni-
versity, Fort Collins
G. M. Ward and D. Seckler
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 467-474.2 fig, 2
tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Proteins, Energy, Poultry, Cat-
tle, Sheep, Trout, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Soil amendment, Cerecopro-
cess. Ash.
Ruminant waste contains about 5 g of nitrogen or 30 g
of endogenous protein for each kg of feed dry matter
consumed. About 50 percent of this protein is micro-
bial protein and 25 percent is tissue cells from the
digestive tract. Although of high quality, this protein
is mixed with ash and fiber, which are largely indiges-
tible by nonruminants. The waste must be fraction-
ated to increase protein concentrations. The Cereco
process, developed by Ceres Ecology Co., separates
manure into three fractions: one high in fiber for feed-
ing to ruminant animals, a second high in protein
(20-30 percent) for feeding to either ruminants or non-
ruminants and a third high in ash intended as a soil
amendment. Fraction 1 has been evaluated as a feed
for cattle and sheep. Fraction 2 has been evaluated as
a protein supplement for cattle, sheep, broilers,
layers and rainbow trout. Fraction 1 is equal in feed
value to average corn silage; fraction 2 approaches
the protein value of equivalent amounts of soybean
meal. The ability to fractionate a high protein fraction
makes possible a fully integrated cycle in which crude
protein of poultry manure provides supplemental pro-
tein for cattle and the high quality microbial protein of
cattle manure supports poultry. The replacement
value of corn by fraction 1 and soybean by fraction 2, if
all the waste from feedlot and dairy cattle in the Un-
ited States were processed, is estimated to equal 14
million acres of cropland. (Cannon-East Central)
2919 - B2, B3, C2, Dl, D2,. D3,
E3, F5
PROTEIN PRODUCTION RATES BY
ALGAE USING SWINE MANURE AS A
SUBSTRATE,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
L. Boersma, E. W. R. Barlow, J. R. Miner, H. K.
Phinney, and J. E. Oldfield
Energy, Agricultural and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings of the 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1975, p. 475-493. 2 fig,
15 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: Proteins, Algae, Feeds, Recycling,
Phosphate, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide.
Identifiers: Swine waste, Substrate, Clarification.
A waste management system is described in which
manure is transported hydraulically from a livestock
confinement building to a nutrient recovery unit
maintained at elevated temperatures by means of
cooling water from a power plant condenser. A solid-
liquid separator forces the solid fraction into an
anaerobic digester, while the liquid flows into basins
for the culture of algae. The most encouraging aspect
of the studies has been the stability of Chlorella vul-
garis 211flK cultures growing In fresh swine manure
diluted to an ammonium nitrogen content of 250 mg/
liter. When manure was clarified by filtration through
activated carbon and by ferric chloride flocculation
in hopes of improving algal growth, the opposite
proved true. Light transmission improved, but algal
growth slowed down. The superiority ofthe untreated
swine manure was attributed to the higher organic
matter content which provided carbon dioxide for
algal potosynthesis. The average algal growth rate
for a 12-hour photoperiod at 37 degrees C and a reten-
tion time of 3.3 days was about 22 g/m'/day. Develop-
ment of optimum management techniques requires
additional experimentation to establish interactions
between temperature, light intensity, retention time,
and culture depth. Yields of 25 to 30 g/m'/day for a
12-hour photoperiod appear easily attainable. Neither
nitrogen nor phosphorus content of wastes appeared
to limit algal growth. Nitrate did not accumulate in
the ponds due to volatilization and nitrogen recovery
by the algae (20-30 percent recovery). Short term
feeding trials with rats indicated that the algal mate-
rial harvested by centrif ugation was an excellent pro-
tein source. (Cannon-East Central)
2920 - Cl, C3, Dl, D3
THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROP-
ERTIES OF COMPOST,
D. R. Mears, M. E. Singley, G. Ali, and F. Rupp III
Energy, Agriculture and Waste Management, Pro-
ceedings ofthe 1975 Cornell Agricultural Waste Man-
agement Conference, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann
ArborSciencePublishers,Inc.,1975,p.515-527 5fis 3
tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Thermal properties, Physical proper-
ties, Density, Compressibility, Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: Composting, Swine wastes, Windrows.
In 1969, large-scale composting of organic waste was
researched at Rutgers University. Swine wastes were
deposited in windrows up to 2 m high and 3 m wide.
The windrows were turned with varying frequencies
by means of a commercial composting machine.
Other materials were added to the windrows to de^
termine which combinations would compost most
rapidly. Addition of 70 percent straw or 25 percent
municipal refuse by volume to swine waste was found
to add sufficient carbon and bulking properties to re-
duce composting time to about 4 weeks. Several
studies were conducted on specific aspects of the
composting process, including: determination of
thermal properties of composting materials and
changes in these properties during composting, de-
termination of particle size distribution of composting
materials and changes that occurred during compost-
ing, determination of the compressibility of com-
posted material, and determination of total volume
reduction and changes in bulk density of composting
materials. Composting material can be regarded as
having low thermal conductivity and specific heat. To
prevent thermal inhibition of the biological processes
it is necessary to aerate and/or frequently turn the'
pile. Although particle size is continuously reduced
with decomposition, more work is needed to establish
a reliable relationship between particle size and stage
of decomposition. Compressibility of all samples of
completed compost from windrows of swine waste
and some additive were not significantly different
from each other. However, the finished compost of
windrow 8, which was swine waste with no additive,
was significantly less compressible. Also, windrow
12, which was composed of swinewastc and straw, but
was still composting, was significantly more com-
pressible than the others. Figures in the report illus-
trate volume reduction and changes in bulk density
that occurred in the windrows studies. (Cannon-East
Central)
2921 - A3, A4, Cl, C2, E2
BUILD-UP OF MINERAL CONTENT
IN LAKE DARDANELLE AND THE
EFFECT ON ZOOPLANKTON,
Department of Biological Science, Arkansas
Polytechnic University, Russellville
T. N. Palko
Arkansas Water Resources Research Center, Fayet-
468
-------
teville. Publication No. 24.1974,186 p. 57 fig. 48 tab 38
ref.
Descriptors: Arkansas. Zooplankton, Eutrophica-
tion. Nutrients, Water pollution effect, Poultry,
Effluents, Rotifers. Nitrates. Phosphates, Chlorides,
Oxygen. Temperature, Carbon dioxide. Productivity,
Streams, Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Water
chemistry. Reservoirs, Waste disposal, Water
spreading, Mineralogy.
Identifiers: Poultry effluents, Lake Dardanelle (Ar-
kansas), Uric acid, Land spreading.
The effects of poultry effluents on water quality of
Lake Dardanelle and its feeder streams in West Cent-
ral Arkansas were studied during three sampling
periods in 1970, 1971, and 1972. To determine these
effects, the following factors were investigated: (1)
Physico-chemical analysis; (2) Zooplankton com-
munity identification; (3) Limited phytoplankton
studies by the qualitative-quantitative assessment of
chlorophylls. Feeder streams of the Lake Dardanelle
Reservoir are major contributors of soluble nutrients
which are available to primary producers. Their
heavy load of poultry effluents is the result of large
poultry operations consisting of both chicken nouses
and turkey ranges which are located in the watershed
of these streams. The addition and the retention of
these nutrients in the lake are greatly affected by the
magnitude of the flow of feeder streams into the lake.
The most influential stream is the Illinois Bayou,
owing to its sizeand consistency of flow. Land spread-
ing is the method of disposal of litter from poultry
houses. The magnitude of these soluble nutrients in
the streams is dependent on several factors. These
include (11 soil conditions at the time of the spreading
of litter; (2) the period of time for Integration into the
soil after spreading before the occurrence of the next
rainfall in the area which has the capacity of carrying
or leaching this material into the stream bed.
(Palko-Arkansas Polytechnic University)
2922 - C2, D2, E3
LIVESTOCK MANURE DISPOSAL
VIA HYDROGASIFICATION,
Kansas University, Water Resources Research Insti-
tute, Lawrence
H. F. Rosson
Kansas Water Resources Research Institute Con-
tribution No. 155, December, 1974,126 p. 24 fig, 36 tab,
33 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Farm wastes, Waste disposal,
Water pollution. Gases, Livestock, Waste water
treatment, Energy, Organic compounds.
Identifiers: Hydrogasification, Hydrogasification
yield. Optimum water content, Molten salt, Manure
disposal, Supplemental energy, Low sulfur gases,
Hydrocarbon gases, Batch reactions.
Manure could be an important source of carbonace-
ous material and its hydrogasification could help
solve the water pollution potential of feedlots as well
as provide a supplemental energy resource. Manure
can be hydrogasified to produce a mixture of low sul-
fur gases containing principally water, hydrogen,
methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide. The yield of
hydrocarbon gases in batch reactors is dependent on
the reaction temperature and the hydrogen feed to
carbon ratio with higher values producing higher
yields. The presence of water is beneficial to yield
with an optimum initial water content in the manure
of about 50 percen). When using a molten carbonate
salt reaction medium, the optimum initial water con-
tent may be slightly smaller. The hydrogasification
thermic yield is defined to be the heating value of the
dry product gases minus the heating value of the hyd-
rogen feed per unit mass of manure. At a reaction
temperature of 1050 degrees F., a maximum thermic
yield of 3700 BTU/lb dry manure occurs al a hydrogen
feed to carbon ratio of about 0.25 moles /mole. Use of a
salt medium increases hydrocarbon yield slightly and
increases thermic yield to a maximum of about 5500
BTU/lb dry manure at a hydrogen feed to carbon ratio
of .93 moles/mole. (Rosson-Kansas University)
2923 - All, C3, F6
BIFIDOBACTERIA FROM THE
FAECES OF PIGLETS.
Istiluto di Microbiologia Agraria, Universita di
Bologna. Bologna, Italy
G. Zani, B. Biavati, F. Crociani and D. Matteuzzi
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 37, No. 4, p.
537-547, 1974.
Descriptors: Bacteria.
Identifiers: Swine, Bifidobacteria. Identification
Taxonomy.
This investigation concerned a taxonomic study of the
bifidobacteria isolated from the faeces of piglets,
based both on phenotypic characters and on their
genetic relatedness, measured with a DNA-DNA hyb-
ridization technique. A total of 52 piglets 2-6 weeks old
from 19 different farms, was studied. Ninety-five st-
rains of bifidobacteria were isolated. The majority of
the strains were identified as Bifidobacterium suis
Matteuzzi et. al. Strains that could not be assigned to
any known species of the genus were allotted provi-
sionally to 2 unassigned bacterial groups
(Merryman-East Centra))
2924-A6, B2, B3, Dl, D3, E2,
E3
AUTOMATED SYSTEM DISPOSES OF
HOG WASTES,
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 91, No. 2, p. S22, February,
1976.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment.
Identifiers: Swine, Flushing, Wastewater recycling
Land spreading.
Ohio researchers have built a new 500-pig nursery-to-
fmishing unit which combines automated Hushing
treatment, and recycling to dispose of animal wastes.
Hogs inside the building are trained to defecate in
open gutters, which are Hushed hourly. A sloping sc-
reen removes solids for aerobic digestion and
deodorization. The digested solids then flow to a tank
for later removal by a vacuum tank wagon. Liquids
separated at the screen flow into an oxidation ditch for
aerobic treatment. The ditch effluent is clarified in a
settling tank and then is recycled through the gutters
as flushing water. This system controls odors and
minimizes the amount of liquid spread on cropland
(Merryman-East Central)
2925 - A8, C3, D3, E2
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DO-
MINANT AEROBIC MICROOR-
GANISM IN CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTE,
Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Agricul-
tural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Peoria, Illinois
G. R. Hrubant
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 4, p. 512-516 Oc-
tober, 1973. 1 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Cattle, Biological properties, Microor-
ganisms, Antibiotics.
Identifiers: Feedlot waste, Corynbacterium.
Feedlots and related sites were tested for the pre-
sence of microflora as a basis for potential solutions
for waste utilization and pollution control. Corynbac-
terium was found to be the dominant aerobic mic-
roorganism in cattle feedlot waste (FLW), represent-
ing 2-70 percent of the total viable aerobic population
Corynbacterium was widespread in FLW except on
sites where antibiotics were a regular part of the ani-
mals1 diet. The organism decreased both in numbers
3^.1Wcenta?e of tne total Population as FLW was
diluted in runoff to a field ditch and after application
of FLW to cropland or during "composting." Coryn-
bacterium required DL-aspartic acid as its nitrogen
source for growth, and individual strains also re-
quired or were stimulated by L-tyrosine; acetate
served as the carbon source. Amylolytic activity was
weak; protease, lipase, and cellulase activities were
ml. Despite the abundance of the microorganism, it
was fell that the microorganism probably did not de-
compose the waste appreciably. (Merryman-East
Central)
2926 - A8, B3, C2, E2
DISPOSAL OF BEEF-FEEDLOT MA-
NURE: EFFECTS OF RESIDUAL
AND YEARLY APPLICATIONS ON
CORN AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROP-
ERTIES,
Assistant Professor of Soil Science, Minnesota Uni-
versity, Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston
Minnesota
G. W. Wallingford, L. S. Murphy, W. L. Powers, and
H. L. Manges
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol 4 No 4 p
526-531, October-December, 1975. > fig. 3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Feedlots, Waste dispos-
al. Chemical properties, Nitrates, Salinity.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Nutrient uptake. Corn.
A project was established in the fall of 1969 to study the
effects of a wide range of yearly and residual treat-
ments of solid, beef-feedlot manure on the growth of
furrow-irrigated corn forage composition and nut-
rient uptake, and on the chemical properties of a Kan-
sas soil. Feedlot waste was applied annually to a silty
clay loam soil at rates that after 4 years ranged from
114 to 2,750 metric tons/ha. For 3 years, in the spring
and fall, surface soil samples and soil cores were ta-
ken. It was found that chemical composition of man-
ure from a single feedlot varied greatly. Average
composition (dry weight basis) of the samples col-
lected was 20.5 percent H,0; 0.92 percent N; 0.52
percent P, 1.14 percent K,0.92percent Ca, 0.41 percent
Mg. and 0.26 percent Na. Electrical conductivities of
extracts from saturated pastes of the surface soil
samples from plots receiving yearly manure treat-
ments were linearly related to cumulative tons of
applied manure. Electrical conductivity values of
more than 10 mmhtf cm were recorded for the spring
samplings. Both yearly and residual manure treat-
menu caused Na and NO.-N to move downward
accumulating to depths of at least 1 m after 3 years
Movement of K and P was restricted to SO and 30 cm
respectively. Corn-forage yields increased at low and
intermediate rates of manure application, but high
rates depressed corn yield. Uptake of N and P was
depressed by high yearly rates. Yearly rates of 29^8
dry metric tons ha-1 year -' produced near maximum
forage yields without causing excessive salt accumu-
lation in the soil. (Merryman-East Central)
2927 - B2, El
DISPOSAL LAGOON,
Soil Conservation Service, Hawaii
Miscellaneous Publication, Cooperative Extension
Service, University of Hawaii, Volume 113, p 7-11
January, 1974.
Descriptors: Design criteria, Lagoons, Waste dis-
posal, Hawaii, Aerobic conditions. Anaerobic condi-
tions, Operation and maintenance.
Identifiers: Effluent disposal.
A disposal lagoon is defined asan impoundment made
by constructing an excavated pit, dam, embankment,
dike, levee or combination of these for biological
treatment of animal waste. This publication estab-
lishes, as an engineering standard for Hawaii, the
minimum acceptable quality for design, construc-
tion, and maintenance of disposal lagoons located to
serve predominantly rural or agricultural areas
(Merryman-East Central)
2928 - Bl, E3, Fl
DESIGN STUDY TO REFEEDING
BEEF CATTLE WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins
M. L. Stone, R. W. Hansen, and A. L. Frey
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois De-
cember ll-M, 1973, Paper No. 73-4504.13 p. 1 fie 6 tab
9 ref.
469
-------
Descriptors: Costs, Cattle, Feedlols.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
The costs of a standard feeding system are compared
to the costs of a refeeding system. Thousand head
finishing lots with minimum facilities are compared.
Because the refeeding system required concrete sur-
facing of the pens for easy collection of wastes, the
refeeding system required a higher initial investment
than the standard feeding system. However, the re-
feed ing system was (9,000 per year cheaper to operate
based on 1,000 head The refeeding system wasfound
to be economically feasible. Two factors not consi-
dered in this analysis were consumer acceptance and
odor reduction (Merryman-East Central)
2929 - A4, Bl, D2, D3, El, E2, E4,
Fl, F2
CLEANING THE ANIMAL FARM EN-
VIRONMENT,
School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh
F. J. Humenik, M. R. Overcash, L. B. Driggers, and
G. J. Kriz
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No 3
p. 984-989, November, 1974.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Legislation, Waste
treatment, Waste disposal, Economics
Identifiers: Land disposal
As a result of Federal Water Pollution Control Act
amendments of 1972, the EPA has published 2 sets of
regulations affecting the animal production industry
which establish a permit program and compliance
criteria. The National Pollution Discharge Elimina-
tion System (NPDES) guidelines and permit form
were published in the July 5, 1973, Federal Register,
and the effluent limitation guidelines were published
in the February 14, 1974, Federal Register. Because
food production has increased and fertilizer prices
have gone up, land application of feedlot wastes is
very desirable. The problem is that feedlots are not
always distributed closely enough to cropland to
make land disposal economically feasible. Wastes
may be handled as solidsor liquids. They may be used
either in their raw state or they may be pretreated.
Among the pretreatment systems discussed are la-
goons, barriered landscape water renovation system,
solar still-type reactors, ensiling of wastes into was-
telage, and production of algae or single-cell protein.
All pretreatment alternatives have residues that
must be terminally disposed. Ultimate land applica-
tion of both solids and liquid is most practical for
animal producers. Methods for disposing of wastes on
land are discussed Meeting government regulations
concerning waste disposal will have economic
ramifications. The Economic Analysis of Proposed
Effluent Guidelines for the Feedjot Industry con-
cludes that the effects of these criteria upon product
price increases or employment would be quite small,
while overall production is likely to increase. How-
ever, the cost-benefit aspects of any treatment sys-
tem designed to produce a dischargeable effluent for
animal waste, as is commonly done in conventional
waste treatment systems, appear most unfavorable
at present. (Merryman-East Central)
2930- All, Bl, Fl
COLD CONFINEMENT MOST PRO-
FITABLE IN MINNESOTA TEST,
Beef, Vol. 12,No.6,p.81,February, 1976. lfig,2tab.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Minnesota, Perfor-
mance. Economics.
Identifiers: Housing.
Five types of housing were compared at the Univer-
sity of Minnesota Experiment Station. They were: (1)
Open lot, allowing 250 square (eel per animal, (2)
"Conventional", using an outside, concrete lot, plus a
shed shelter, (3) A manure scrape building, which
allows a manure pack to build. The buildingincludesa
scrape alley for cleaning, (4) A cold confinement
building with slatted floors, and (5) A warm confine-
ment building with controlled environment and ven-
tilating system. Performance data for the 5 systems,
revealed that there were not any huge differences in
either gains or feed efficiency. However, according to
Minnesota economists, assuming that a feeder kept
his lot full year-around, he would get the best return to
labor and management from the cold confinement
barn with slatted floors. (Merryman-East Central)
2931 - A2, A4, C2, C3
CHEMICAL AND BIOSTIMULATORY
PROPERTIES OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
RUNOFF,
Division of Environmental Engineering, Utah State
University, Logan
D. S. Filip, E. J. Middlebrooks. and D. B. Porcella
Water Research, Vol. 9, No. W, p 573-579,1975.8 fig, 3
tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Chemical
properties, Algae, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Biostimulatory properties, Growth.
Chemical and biostimulatory characteristics of
snowmelt runoff from 2 small cattle feedlots were
assessed. Nutrient supplements were used to deter-
mine the levels at which nitrogen and phosphorus be-
came limiting to algal growth. The study resulted in
the following conclusions: (1) Although available nit-
rogen and phosphorus concentrations may be
adequate to support algal growth, the nitrogen: phos-
phorus ratio in runoff water is the critical factor for
determining which element will first become limiting
to algal growth. (2) Levels of inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorus were sufficient to support excessive algal
growth and indicate the serious eutrophication poten-
tial of feedlot runoff. (3) Evidence of toxicity to algal
growth was found in feedlot runoff, but the effect was
removed by dilution. Toxicity would not likely be evi-
dent in a receiving stream because of the dilution by
the receiving stream. (4) Characteristics of feedlot
runoff are highly variable because of temperature,
intensity of runoff, topography, and feedlot condi-
tions. (Merryman-East Central)
2932 - A6, C2, C3, D3, E3, F6 .
CELLULASE PRODUCTION BY
TRICHODERMA VIRIDE ON FEED-
LOT WASTE,
Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Agricul-
tural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Peoria, Illinois
H. L. Griffin, J. H. Sloneker, and G. E. Inglett
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 27, No. 6, p. 1061-1066,
June, 1974. 3 fig, 4 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment. Fermentation, Fungi,
Chemical properties, Odor, Protein, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Cellulase. Trichoderma Viride. Refeed-
ing.
Feedlot waste was fermented with the fungus
Trichoderma viride with consequent reduction of
BOD, COD, odor, and organic matter. Trichoderma
viride utilized two-thirds of the carbohydrate in feed-
lot waste while elaborating cellulase in quantities
comparable to commercial preparations. The fer-
mented waste retained all of the original nitrogen but
had 24 percent less organic matter. Because crude
protein content of the residue was increased, it was
felt that refeeding of this fermented waste as a protein
supplement might be feasible. (Merryman-East
Central)
2933 - All, A12, Bl, C2, D3
CADMIUM TOXICITY AND
METABOLISM IN ANIMALS,
Georgia University, Athens
M. W. Neathery and W. J. Miller
Feedstuff s, Vol. 48, No. 3, p. 30-32, January 19,1976.3
tab, 36 ref.
Descriptors: Cadmium, Toxicity, Metabolism, Pub-
lic Health.
Identifiers: Animal health, Refeeding.
Experimentally-induced cadmium toxicity in cattle
and other animals may result in anemia, retarded
testicular development or necrosis, enlarged joints,
scaly skin, liver and kidney damage, reduced growth,
lower milk production ana increased mortality. How-
ever, cadmium toxicity is seldom a problem in mod-
ern livestock production. Although a significant prop-
ortion of inhaled cadmium is absorbed, farm animals
usually obtain very little from dust or fumes. Gener-
ally, feeds contain very little cadmium and only a
small portion of that is absorbed. However, border-
line toxicity could arise in animals fed recycled waste
materials, such as sewage sludge. Although little
cadmium is absorbed from the gut, that which is ab-
sorbed remains in the body fora long time, primarily
in the liver and the kidney. Very little is deposited in
muscles or secreted into milk; hence, these are safe
for human consumption. (Merryman-Easl Central)
2934-All, B3, C2, E3
BROILER LITTER AS A WINTERING
FEED FOR BEEF COWS AND HEIF-
ERS,
K. E. Webb, Jr., J. P. Fontenot and W. H. McClure
1973-1974 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, July, 1974, p. 125-128.6
tab.
Descriptors: Litter, Cattle, Sheep, Toxicity, Copper,
Performance
Identifiers: Refeeding. Animal health
Two experiments were conducted with ewes to de-
termine the effect of feeding broiler litter on perfor-
mance. In both experiments, there were no differ-
ences in performance of ewes fed 0, 25, or 50 percent
broiler litter, but copper toxicity was encountered in
the litter-fed animals. The high copper content of the
litter was a result of having fed copper sulfate to the
chicks utilizing the litter. One experiment was com-
pleted and another started at the Shanandoah Valley
Research Station to study the long term effect of feed-
ing high levels of litter containing high levels of cop-
per to cows and heifers during the winter. High copper
rations did not affect cattle performance. Liver cop-
per levels were elevated by the feeding of such ra-
tions, but copper toxicity did not result. Heifers fed
litter rations tended to gain more than those fed con-
trol rations. (Merryman-East Central)
2935-All, E3, Fl
RECYCLED MANURE: A
MONEYSAVER AND ANSWER TO A
PROBLEM.
W. Thompson
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 90, No. 12, p. 20-21, De-
cember, 1975. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Cattle, Economics, Feeds
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Manure.
Sam B. Hay, Jr., of Covington, Georgia,, has turned
the cattle manure problem into a profitable venture
by refeeding the manure from his concrete beef feed-
lot. Based on 1975 prices, the manure is worth $62 a ton
when used for feed as compared to $5-$7 a ton when
used as a fertilizer. Mr. Hay found that beef cattle
gained as fast on feed made from recycled manure as
they did on conventional hot rations, as long as man-
ure did not exceed 40 percent of the ration. The man-
ure was scraped from the concrete lot and augered
into a chain conveyor that dropped it into an Oswalt
mixer truck. Silage, haylage or nay, and rolled grain
were then added. When thoroughly mixed, a blower
took the feed into an oxygen-controlled, top-loading,
bottom-loading, poured concrete silo. The mixture
had to be stored a minimum of 10 days before using it
as feed. Feeding the mixture to two different groups of
steers, the average daily gain was 2.82 pounds. The
net return for the steers amounted to $160 to $170 per
head. Panel taste-and-tendemess tests showed no dif-
ference in the meat from these steers. (Cannon-East
Central)
470
-------
2936-A4, F1.F2
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF SELECTED
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RULES ON MICHIGAN BEEF FEED-
LOTS OF LESS THAN 1,000-HEAD
CAPACITY,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Ohio State
University
D. L. Forster, L. J. Connor, and J. B. Johnson
Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment
Station Research Report 270, April, 1975,16 p. 2 fig, 15
tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Economics. Michigan, Feedlots, Water
pollution control, Legislation, Cattle, Agricultural
runoff.
The objective of this study was to analyze the
economic impacts of fed-beef producers and consum-
ers of alternative water pollution control rules on beef
feedlots of less than 1,000-head capacity. Four alter-
native water pollution rules with the potential for ap-
plication to Michigan beef feedlots of less than 1,000-
head capacity were investigated. The rules were: (1)
Require beef feedlots of less than 1,000-head capacity
to control runoff from a 10-year, 24-hour storm by 1977
and a 25-year, 24-hour storm by 1933. (2) Require that
beef feedlots of less than 1,000-head capacity have
facilities to control runoff from a 25-year 24-hour
storm by 1977. (3) Require that firms of less than
1,000-head capacity have the facilities to control
runoff for rainfall over a 6-month period by 1977. (4)
Require that firms of less than 1,000-head capacity be
prohibited from spreading solid wastes in the winter,
plus have retention facilities to control runoff for rain-
fall over a 6-month period. Static and multiperiod
models were utilized in this study. In the static
analysis, additional capital requirements and
changes in annual production costs attributable to
compliance with alternative water pollution control
rules were determined for particular capacity-type
housing technology combinations. In the multiperiod
analysis, a sample of Michigan feedlots with identifi-
able physical and financial characteristics was simu-
lated over the 1974-1985 period to reflect the perfor-
mance of Michigan feedlots through time under each
of the pollution control rules. Aggregate performance
in the absence of water pollution rules. Investigating
the effects of the rules on the equity positions allowed
an approximation of the losses that feedlot operators
would suffer upon complying with these rules.
(Cameron-East Central)
2937 - A8, B2, E2
CHICKEN MANURE—WORTH MORE
THAN EGGS?,
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 91, No. 3, p. 112, March,
1976.1 fig.
Descriptors: Poultry, Fertilizers, Coastal bermudag-
rass, Crop response, Costs, Florida, Sprinkler irriga-
tion
Identifiers: Land disposal, Chicken manure
Roger Williams, Gainesville, Florida, uses the man-
ure from his 80,000 layers and pullets as a fertilizer.
He grows Coastal bermudagrass on land that is consi-
dered to be completely unproductive. Williams has
found that by putting out the chicken manure at least
every 10 days, he gets a high degree of efficiency in
relation to what he puts out and what he recovers in
the Coastal bermudagrass. This year he plans to grow
6 tons an acre—a ton from each of 5 or 6 cuttings made
18 to 21 days apart. Williams has found that spreading
liquid manure in front of a circular irrigation system
is a way to prevent odor in manure spreading. He
flushes the chickenhouses clean once a day and stores
the liquid in a 150,000-gallon holding pit. Each week,
he pumps the manure into a 5,000-gallon-capacity
truck. He then spreads the manure, actually spraying
out the solution up to 44 feet away just ahead of the
moving sprinkler. He then reverses the sprinkler to
ensure that all the manure will be washed into the soil,
thus minimizing odor, flies, and loss of nitrogen. Each
load takes him less than an hour. Williams says that if
the price of fertilizer goes up much further, he may
expand his poultry operation in order to offset the
higher fertilizer prices. (Cameron-East Central)
2938 - All, B1.C2, E2.F1
FARMING BIG ON A SMALL AC-
REAGE,
J. Bramblett
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 91, No. 3, p. 92. March 1976
Ifig.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Cattle, Poultry, Litters,
Performance.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Bob Mills of Springdale, Arkansas, has onhis 100-acre
farm two broilerhouses with a combined capacity of
33,000 birds. Each is emptied about S'/i times a year.
He has 15 acres of grapes and 80 acres are in pasture
where he runs 60 cows and heifers and cuts as much as
6,700 bales of hay per year. Chicken litter, as well as
good management, has built the once poor Ozark
farm into a lush, productive homestead. Mills raises
chickens on contract and in a year's time will produce
around 176,000 broilers. Litter is spread over pastures
where it transforms thin normally unproductive soil
into topnotch grassland. Fescue and orchardgrass
pasture plus a small acreage of bermudagrass carry
a cow and a calf per acre all year. Mills' usual applica-
tion is 2 tons of litter per acre each year, plus lime as
needed. A ton of litter has about 56 pounds of nitrogen,
48 pounds of phosphate, and 36 pounds of potash, plus
other trace elements. Mills' best bull, so far, averaged
gaining 2.88 pounds per day with a feed conversion
ratio of 1 pound of gain for each 4.28 pounds of feed.
Supervised by the Arkansas Cooperative Extension
Service, a test indicated cost per pound of gain during
the 140-day period was 27 cents. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
2939 - All, Cl, C2, D2, E3, Fl
THEY FINISH CATTLE ON 80 PER-
CENT PLS AND 20 PERCENT CORN,
W. Upchurch
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 91, No. 3, p. 67, 70, March
1976. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Cattle, Feeds, Performance,
Economics.
Identifiers: Ref ceding. Finishing rations, Poultry lit-
ter, Corn.
The Acme Poultry Farms are successfully finishing
be«f cattle on a ration of one-third high-moisture corn
and two-thirds ensiled broilerhouse litter. Eric Clark,
Acme owner, figures the poultry litter, based on total
digestible nutrients (TON) and protein content, as a
feed ingredient is worth about J50 to J100 a ton (about
three times what it is worth as a fertilizer). Acme has
three airtight Harvestore silos and two concrete feed-
lots. A 20- x 35-foot silo contains high moisture corn, a
20- x 70-foot Harvestore contains haylage, and a 20- x
80-foot silo contains the chicken litter. The chicken
litter is blown into the top of the largest silo and
brought up to about 35 percent moisture. Although the
litter is safe to use within 7 days after it goes into
storage, Clark advises 30 days to make sure the feed is
sweet enough for the cattle. Tests run at North
Carolina State University show that the litter has
about 20 percent crude protein and aTDN content of 65
percent. That is within 20 percent of the feed value of
high-moisture corn. Vitamin A and Aureomycin
crumbles are the only other feed ingredients the
tlarks use. They use haylage as needed ui the feedlots
and for the gestating cows. The litter-corn ration has
resulted in gains of a fraction over 2 pounds a day for
steers and about 1V4 pounds of heifers fed in confine-
ment. The Clarks haven't found anything negative
about this litter-feeding program except the initial
investment. When looked at as a long-term invest-
ment, the concern diminishes. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE EVOLUTION
FROM ANAEROBIC SWINE MAN-
URE,
Agricultural Engineering Branch. British Columbia
Department of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Col-
umbia, V2S 1X4, Canada
E. M. Barber and J. B. McQuitty
Hydrogen Sulfide Evolution from Anaerobic Swine
Manure. Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Alberta, October 1974. 69 p. 6 fig, 6 lab
122 rel.
Descriptors: Hydrogen sulfide, Animal wastes
Gases
Identifiers: Anaerobic wastes. Swine, Desorption.
Literature review
Hydrogen sulfide has been implicated as a principal
offender in several human and animal casualties in-
volving manure gases, and has been known to cause
structural damage to metal and concrete components
of livestock facilities. The major objectives of this
siudy were (a) by means of an extensive literature
review, to investigate factors affecting the production
of sulfides in, and the desorption of hydrogen sulfide
from anaerobically fermenting manure; and (b) on
the basis of the findings, to assess potential alternate
means of controlling the evolution of sulfide-
containing gases from anaerobic manure. These ob-
servations and conclusions were drawn on the basis of
the literature review: (1) hydrogen sulfide produced
during the anaerobic fermentation of livestock man-
ure is a major constituent of the characteristic man-
ure odor and is known to adversely affect the health of
livestock and farm operators; (2)sulfur-containing
gases are produced by biological and bio-chemical
transformations from sulfur compounds in manure;
(3) chemical control of hydrogen sulfide seems to
offer several advantages, including lower capital
costs and convenient adaptability to existing waste
management facilities; (4) from the standpoint of ac-
quisition and safety in handling, iron appears to be the
most suitable metal for precipitating sulfides from
manure: (5) lime may exert an effect on odor re-
leased from anaerobic manure by retarding bacterial
action or by minimizing the volatilization of soluble
odorous constituents; (6) chemical oxidizing agents
may offer an alternative to aeration as a means of
controlling the oxidation-reduction potential of stored
animal manure. (Cameron-East Central)
2941-A8, Bl, Cl, Dl, E2, E3,
Fl
FLUSH-FLUME MANURE SYSTEM
WORKING WELL,
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 2, p. 98-99, January 24,
1976. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Cattle, Waste disposal, Iowa, Confine-
ment pens, Feedlots, Design. Performance, Moisture
content.
Identifiers: Flush-flume manure system. Land
spreading, Waste water reuse. Feed additives.
The Ck)-op confinement feedlot near Sioux Center,
Iowa, operating over 2 years, is successfully using the
flush-flume waste disposal system for heifers fed in
confinement. The operators have found they get op-
timum results by keeping water flowing through the
flumes continuously, rather than trying to flush out
accumulated manure at intervals. The co-op installed
a manure reclaiming unit to remove solids from the
flushed water. The waste water goes through a vibrat-
ing screen to separate solids from water. Collected
solids are then passed through a press to remove addi-
tional moisture. The final product is a 70 percent
moisture material, something like corn silage. The
collected manure is spread on cropland to reclaim its
fertilizing value. Evan Vermeer, nutritionist of the
feedlot's mill, reports that heifers have performed
more consistently in the buildings than steers. To pre-
vent injury problems with confined heifers, the feed
additive MGA is used as a growth promotant which
suppresses heat. The material's growth promoting
effects probably increase gains by 10 percent—or a
savings of $15or $20 per heifer. Typical rate of gain for
feedlot heifers has been about 2 to 2Mi Ib. per day
Steers have been going 2y« to 3 Ib. per day. The co^p
soon plans to erect a fourth building of equal size
widening the gap under the eaves to provide slightly
more ventilation. (Cameron-East Central)
471
-------
2942 - B4, E2
EARTH MANURE PIT EASES
SPREADING PRESSURE ON CON-
FINEMENT OPERATION,
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 5, p. 6-7, 10, January, 1976. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Cattle, Waste storage, Confinement
pens.
Identifiers: Slatted floors, Manure pits, Outdoor ear-
then manure pits, Land spreading.
Gene Haen solves the problem of a full manure pit
under a slatted floor by "backstopping" his regular
under-the-floor storage with two huge outdoor ear-
then manure pits When an inside pit gets full, he
agitates the pit and pumps the manure into one of the
outside structures, where it is held until it's conve-
nient to spread it on cropland. Haen's outdoor pits
measure 110 feet by 120 feet (or each pit. The units are
12 feet deep, with a one-foot slope across the bottom.
The pits have concrete floors, but earth sidewalls (the
heavy soil in the area guarantees no real leakage from
those pits). Haen uses a lot of the manure on hayland.
He feels one key to getting full value out of the manure
is a continuing, complete soil analysisprogram. Haen
reports that the big earthen pits have not created any
odor problems around his operation. The Wisconsin
cattleman also reports very little maintenance is
necessary. For Gene Haen, outdoor manure pits have
offered an ideal, economical way to expand the capac-
ity of those under-the-floor pits. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
2943-A9, All, A12, C2, C3,
E3
HEALTH ASPECTS OF RECYCLING
ANIMAL WASTES BY FEEDING,
Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg
J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb, Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 40, No. 6, p. 1267-L277,
June, 1975. 7 tab, 89 ref.
Descriptors: Public Health, Feeds, Animal wastes,
Nutrients, Pathogenic bacteria, Molds, Pesticides,
Heavy metals, Recycling
Identifiers: Refeeding, Animal health, Drugs
The United States produces about 1.6 billion tons of
animal wastes annually. These wastes must be hand-
led with the least risk to human and animal health.
These wastes contain nutrients and can be fed to farm
animals without affecting meat, milk, or eggs. F.D.A.
does not sanction waste recycling because of potential
dangers from pathogenic bacteria, molds, and re
sidues of pesticides, drugs, and heavy metals. Patho-
gens are destroyed by heat and chemical treatment of
the waste. Proper storage and handling of wastes
eliminate waste molds, and pesticide residues have
not been reported. Extensive research is needed con-
cerning the effect of drugs and heavy metals on ani-
mals and withdrawal times for animals fed high
levels of these should be set. No indication of harmful
effects from these on humans have been reported. The
only effect on animals was copper toxicity in sheep fed
poultry manure containing high levels of copper. Ap-
parently animal wastes may be safely recycled by
refeeding. This would increase the food supply and
decrease environmental pollution. (Cannon-East
Central)
2944 - Bl, F6
AN HONOR FOR SUPER SLURPER,
Agricultural Research, p. 12-13, January, 1976. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Absorbtion, Gels.
Identifiers: Super slurper, Grafting.
Industrial Research magazine recently congratu-
lated Northern Regional Research Center chemists
M. Weaver, George Fanta, William Doane, and Ed-
ward Bagley for their work on super slurper. This
product can absorb 1400 times its weight in distilled
water, half in 30 seconds and most of it in 10 minutes. It
can absorb 50 to 100 times its weight in mineral solu-
tions such as hard water and has 20 times the urine-
holding capacity of cellulose against a force 45 times
gravity. It congeals water to a gel that Is like soft,
rubbery ice, but not cold, which can be handled more
easily than a liquid. Super slurper is made by graft-
ing. Starch from corn or other farm crops is combined
with acrylonitril. This is treated with lye to produce a
hydrolyzed starchpolyacrylonitrile graft copolymer.
It is made in the form of flakes, film, powders, or mat.
These forms swell to duplications of their own shapes
but do not dissolve. In studies made by Iowa State
University, oats planted in a slurper-sand mixture
lived 11 days longer than oats in sand alone and had 10
times as much top growth. Super Slurper can be used
in animaJ bedding, kitty litter, diapers, bandages,
surgical pads, and dental absorbents. Samples are
available at Northern Regional Research Center,
Peoria, Illinois. (Cannon-East Central)
2945 - A8, A9, E2, Fl
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF OR-
GANIC MATTER IN CROP PRODUC-
TION,
J. Cox
Compost Science, Vol. 16, No. 5, p. 24, Autumn, 1975.
Descriptors: Economics, Energy, Fertilizers, Pes-
ticides, Organic wastes, Costs, Crop response.
Identifiers: Land application.
A study conducted at St. Louis's Washington Univer-
sity by Dr. Barry Commoner and 6 others, concludes
that farmers who have built up soil humus, fertilized
with green and animal manures, and practiced crop
rotations achieved a net profit about equal to conven-
tional farmers, and comparable yields, but used one-
third less energy in the production. The researchers
examined 16 organic farms in Iowa, Missouri, Illinois,
Minnesota and Nebraska, matching each to a farm of
similar size operated with conventional crop-
production practices. The farms ranged in size from
175-785 acres and were selected over a wide area to
include as many types of soil and terrain as possible.
Principle crops produced were corn, soybeans,
wheat, oats, and hay. All farms also raised hogs or
cattle or had dairy herds. On the conventional farms,
expenditures for fertilizers, other soil amendments
and pesticides constituted about one-half of variable
operating costs, amounting to an average of $23 per
acre of cropland. This compares to an average of $7
per acre on the organic farms. This additional in-
vestment in increasingly-expensive production inputs
generated only $14 per acre more gross income than
the average for the organic farms. Organic farms are
much less vulnerable to disruptive effects of growing
energy shortages and price increases and profitabil-
ity of organic farms is less vulnerable to the impact of
declining crop prices. Additional research shows that
a humusy soil protects crops from a host of soil-borne
diseases. Thus the economics involved in using or-
ganic wastes on land are becoming obvious to more
and more farmers. (Merryman-East Central)
2946 - B2, B4, Dl, D2, E2
HYDRAULIC MANURE REMOVAL
FROM LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
FACILITIES,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Washington State
University, Pullman
R. E. Hermanson
Publication No. EM3797, Cooperative Extension Ser-
vice, College of Agriculture, Washington State Uni-
versity, Pullman, September, 1973, 8 p. 4 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Livestock, Poultry,
Liquid Wastes, Hydraulic systems, Lagoons. Irriga-
tion, Waste storage.
Identifiers: High Pressure cleaning, Flush system,
Oxidation ditch.
The manure handling system is often the controlling
factor in successful, large, confinement livestock and
poultry facilities. The system must be economically
and technologically feasible without polluting the
land, air, or water. In hydraulic systems, large
amounts of water transport the manure. This high-
volume, liquid manure is carried to a storage tank,
lagoon, outside oxidation ditch, or irrigation system.
Gravity-flow gutters should slope at least 2 feet per
100 feet and pipe should be at least 8 inches in diame-
ter. The 2 basic hydraulic manure removal methods
are high-pressure cleaning and the flush system.
High-pressure cleaning saves time. Solid manure is
softened, scrubbed and transported to a disposal sys-
tem. The necessary equipment includes a high-
pressure water source, hose, and nozzle. In hog and
poultry facilities, cleaning is most effective when
using 8-10 gallons per minute at 70-80 pounds per
square inch through a 3/16 inch nozzle. Av« inch noz-
zle with a flow of about 15 gallons per minute at a
pressure of 60-100 pounds is recommended for cattle
manure. In flush systems, manure is moved by a
fast-moving wall of water provided by a quick-
opening gate in a storage tank, adipping flush tank, or
a pipe and valve system. Gutter or alley slope should
be 1 foot per 100 feet. Flush tank depth Is important
and varies from 2.5 to 10 feet. Tipping flush tanks are
usually triangular or trapezoidal cross sections with
anof f-center pivot point on each end of the tank. Cattle
manure flushing requires about 10 gallons per foot of
alley. The maximum alley length is about 200 feet.
Lagoon intakes and outlets should be located 4-6 feet
below the surface. Hog manure can be flushed 150
feet. Apparently, 15 gallons of water per hog per day
are required. Poultry systems may also use flush sys-
tems. (Cannon-East Central)
2947 - B3, D2, E3, Fl
ENSILED USE OF CAGE WASTE,
CHOPPED ROUGHAGE DETAILED,
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 53, p. 15, December 29,1975
Descriptors: Poultry, Fermentation, Silage, Nitro-
gen, Economics
Identifiers: Ensiled cage waste, Refeeding,
Roughage, Crude protein
J. W. Claybaugh of DeKalb AgResearch, Inc.'s poul-
try division, says that ensiled cage waste with the
proper proportion of chopped roughage is a good way
to utilize these two wastes. Converting cage wastes
into silage eliminates the need for a manure drier and
fuel tooperate it. Fresh manure, which has undergone
bacterial decomposition, does not smell. After ensil-
ing, the manure contains maximum amounts of nitro-
gen and crude protein and it is palatable. The manure
is then added to chopped roughage, which may consist
of corn field residue, straw, hay, or pasture cuppings.
The silage thus derived is about equal to alfalfa hay
and can provide a maintenance ration for pregnant
dry cows, stackers, and developing heifers with only
vitamins A, D, and E needed to be added. Good silage
depends on proper fermentation. This depends on cor-
rect moisture, proper nutrients, and adequate pack-
ing in an oxygen-free environment. The ensiling pro-
cess changes the value of cage waste from that of
fertilizer at about 30-40 cents per year per bird, to 80
cents, based on crude protein value compared with
$100 per ton soybean meal. (Cannon-East Central)
2948 - All, B5.C2.E3
SHOULD DP W BE USED IN POULTRY
RATIONS?,
Poultry Digest, Vol. 34, No. 405, p. 438, November
1975.
Descriptors: Feeds, Nutrients, Costs, Toxins.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refeeding.
Points to consider before deciding to refeed dried
poultry waste are: .(1) Samples of DPW brought to-
gether from different sources may vary widely in
composition and nutrient value. (2) Despite variabil-
ity of DPW from different sources, it should be possi-
ble for an individual producer of DPW to put out a
uniform product of known nutrient value if the raw
material is being produced by birds under his man-
agement and the drying process is carefully control-
led. (3) Crude protein values of DPW are fairly high,
but much of the nitrogen is nonprotein and of limited
use to nonruminant animals. (4) Because true protein
values (10-11 percent) are in the same general range
as the common cereal grains, DPW cannot be consi-
dered a protein supplement for poultry rations. (5)
Because DPW has a low energy value, it has a distinct
diluting effect on the final energy level of a ration. (6)
DPW is a good source of phosphorus. (7) Most nut-
472
-------
ritionists would not recommend DPW for rations for-
mulated to produce rapid growth (broilers, turkeys).
Uric acid may be toxic to chicks and poults. (8) Ex-
perimental results suggest DPW can be used in layer
rations at levels up to 10-12 percent without significant
effect on production, feed efficiency or egg size. (9)
Whenever DPW is used in a ration, it should not be
merely as a substitute for another ingredient on a
pound-for-pound basis. Actual nutrient analysis and
cost should be considered in the ration formulation so
that DPW competes with alternative feed ingredients.
(10) Research on the use of DPW in poultry rations is
still scanty. There is need for exploring the potential
for including DPW in rations for replacement pullets,
molting layers, and broiler breeders. (Cocon-East
Central)
2949 - A6, A7, Bl, C2, D2
ODOR CONTROL FOR CONFINED
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock
j p Ford and W. L. Ulich
Presented at the 1st Annual Symposium on Air Pollu-
tion Control in the Southwest, Texas A&M University,
College Station, November 5-7,1973, p. 189-204.1 fig, 3
tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Cattle, Feedlots, Liquid wastes, Solid
Identifiers: Odor control, Masking agents, Coun-
teraction
The importance of the cattle industry to agriculture
and an introduction to odor problems from confined
animal feeding operations are discussed. Odor con-
trol methods considered feasible for beef cattle feed-
me in conventional lots are reviewed. Seven mate-
Hals which were felt to have a capability of control-
line or modifying the production of malodors were
tested. Sulfurous compounds, amines, and possibly
ammonia were shown to be important-components of
cattle feedlot odors. Both liquid and solid manures
were found to produce the same classes of odorous
eases under anaerobic conditions. Housekeeping,
combined with the application of of odor control
material when necessary, was judged to be capable of
economical cattle feedlot odor control. Potassium
rmanganate an(j Qzeno were found to be the most
Lv,nnmical odor control materials considered in the
tests (Ford and Ulich-Texas Tech)
2950 - Cl, 02, D2, E3
THE CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF
BOVINE WASTES,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech
iinivprsitv. Lubbock
HD Young, J. E. Halligan, and H. W. Parker
Presented at the 1st Annual Air Pollution Control
QvmDOSium in the Southwest, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, November 5-7,1973, p. 233-256.
6 fjg, 3 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Gases, Design, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Energy, Char.
Identifiers: Chemical conversion, Fluidized bed reac-
tor. Anhydrous ammonia.
A small scale fluidized bed reactor was operated at
elevated temperatures with manure, air, and steam
as the principal feed streams. The product gases con-
tained considerable amounts of valuable constituents
such as CO.CH,, H,, C2D.H.. Calculations are
presented which suggest that, using conventional
technology, the product gases could be shifted and
purified to ultimately lead to a gas which could be
converted to anhydrous ammonia. Material and
energy balances around the reactor are presented to
permit projections concerning the feasibility of the
overall process. (Young-Texas Tech)
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Nebraska
University, Lincoln
H. D. Wittmuss
Completion Report, Water Resources Research Insti-
tute, University of Nebraska, June, 1975,50p. 11 fig, 26
tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Waste
disposal, Crop production. Pollution effluents, Sprink-
ler irrigation, Nutrients, Deep percolation, Absorp-
tion, Corn (field), Chemical analysis, Waste treat-
ment.
Identifiers: Effluent irrigation.
Cattle feedlot runoff was applied to sod planted corn
for three years at rates up to 30 inches per year with-
out pollution of soil, crop, surface water or groundwa-
ter. Data were collected on many areas of crop pro-
duction to check the effect of effluent irrigation com-
pared to water irrigation on sod planted corn. All tests
to date show no discernible difference in forage or
grain nutrient content. The grain yield was suppres-
sed 20 percent or more by the sprinkler application of
effluent every two weeks, compared to water irri-
gated plots, during the growing season. Water and
effluent were applied to sod planted corn in ten appli-
cations with maximum applications of 30 inches a
year for three years. The application was measured
and analyzed chemically for nutrients. Forage and
grain yields were determined and each was analyzed
chemically for nutrient composition: The percentage
of crop uptake of applied nutrients was determined
and ranged from 1 to over 100 percent and could be
related to crop response in many cases. Percolate
samples were collected from the 7-foot depth and
analyzed chemically showing a slight increase in the
nitrogen content below the effluent plots. The chemi-
cal composition of the soil was determined before,
during and after the study. (Wittmuss-Nebraska Uni-
versity)
2952 - A2, A5, B2, C2, E2
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS.
PHASE 2,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Nebraska
University, Lincoln
O. E. Cross
Nebraska University Water Resources Research,
Lincoln, Institute Project Completion Report, Feb-
ruary, 1974, 25 p. 15 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution sources, Groundwater
pollution, Agricultural runoff, Waste disposal. Fer-
tilizers, Irrigation practices, Return flow, Nitrates,
Sodium, Potassium
Identifiers: Land disposal
The pollution potential of the runoff from manured
soil involves nitrate, sodium, and potassium. High
manure applications to cultivated soils will cause li-
mited pollution of surface runoff water and only dur-
ing the first fifteen minutes of the first runoff event.
The concentration of pollutants in this runoff water is
below the limits set for irrigation water. Hence, all
runoff should be recycled for irrigation uses: After
four years of testing heavy manure application
groundwater retained potable quality. Repeated an-
nual application of heavy rates of manure on land
may lead to deterioration of the physical properties of
soil, owing to the large amounts of sodium and potas-
sium in manure. In 1972 and 1973, these two elements
did not continue to increase in concentration. Also,
feeding excess quantities of sodium and potassium
beyond the minimum requirement for the animals is
being avoided. The initial intake of water into the soil
increases as high manure loadings are applied. The
basic intake rate is higher on areas plowed 8 inches
deep. The basic intake rate on any specific manure
loaded area increases with time elapsed from date of
manure application. (Knapp-USGS)
2951 - A2, A4, A5, A8, B2, E2
DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
RUNOFF ON AGRICULTURAL LAND,
2953 - B2, Cl, C2, D3, F6
LABORATORY SIMULATION OF
SWINE MANURE LAGOONS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina
C. L. Earth
Presented at Seventieth Annual Meeting of the As-
sociation for Southern Agricultural Workers, Incor-
porated, Atlanta, Georgia, February, 1973,9p. 6fig 5
tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic lagoons, Design criteria,
Chemical properties. Physical properties, Waste
treatment, Biodegradation, Temperature, Load dis-
tribution, Southeast U.S.
Identifiers: Swine, Laboratory simulation, Detention
time, Loading rates, Volatile-solids-reduction.
Anaerobic lagooning of swine manure waste is widely
used and is considered successful in the southern reg-
ion of the United States. Evaluation of the variations
in design standards employed by individual states in
the region indicates that much uncertainty exists in
the application of present knowledge and design val-
ues. A progress report is presented on a study of
anaerobic lagooning properties of swine waste. Find-
ings indicate the effect of loading rate and tempera-
ture on lagoon operations. This research provides
basic knowledge on lagoon operation under conditions
prevalent in the southern region and contributes to
more uniformly applied design criteria. (Barth-
Clemson University)
2954-A11.D3, E3
BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION OF ANI-
MAL WASTES TO NUTRIENTS,
Department of Avian Sciences, Colorado State Uni-
versity, Fort Collins
B. F. Miller
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA
670/2-73-09 June, 1973, 68 p. 9 fig, 30 tab 36 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling Feeds, Proteins, Poultry
Larvae.
Identifiers: Catabolism, Feeding trials, Feed conver-
sion, Fly egg natchability, Musca Domestica.
As part of studies to determine how living organisms
may be used to catabolize poultry manure, larvae of
house flies (Musca Domestica) were used to process
poultry manure, with the pupae being used as a feed
supplement. Temperature and relative humidity
conditions were determined to produce an optimum
yield of dry pupae. Three feeding trials were con-
ducted to evaluate fly pupae and catabolize poultry
manure residue as protein sources for growing chic-
kens. White Leghorn chicks, White Plymouth Rock
chicks, and New Hampshire and Indiana River
broiler chicks were fed the various diets and differ-
ences in body weight and feed conversion were re-
ported. The results indicated that fly pupae have po-
tential as a protein supplement in chick starter and
broiler diets; the protein quality was found to be simi-
lar to that of meat and bone meal or fish meal, and
superior to soybean oil meal. (Miller-Colorado State
University)
2955 - A2, A8, B2, B4, D3, E2
DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT
METHODS,
Washington State University, Pullman
D. E. Proctor
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA
SW 530 67D. 1974, 130 p. 34 fig, 9 tab, 5 ret.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Anaerobic lagoons, Con-
finement pens, Sprinkler irrigation. Agricultural
runoff, Crop response
•Identifiers: Waste management. Hydraulic flushing,
Seasonal storage, Land application.
New pens for the confinement and feeding of dairy
cattle were constructed under a continuous roof area
to prevent the addition of precipitation to the cattle
excrement. The manure was collected in under-
ground sumps, pumped to large anaerobic lagoons,
for wet season storage, and subsequently applied to
cropland during the comparatively dryer summer
months Observations were made to evaluate, at least
partially, the effect of the roofed environment upon
473
-------
the cattle. Some unsuccessful attempts were made to
collect the excrement by hydraulic flushing
techniques alone. The pump and pipeline transport of
manure slurries either to storage or to large bore field
irrigation nozzles was quite successful. Observations
of surface pondings and runoff, soil penetration, and
crop response indicated that the concept of seasonal
storage and seasonally scheduled cropland disposal
of dairy manure slurries can be an environmentally
acceptable and agriculturally compatible method of
dairy manure management. Attempts to aerobically
treat manure slurry supernatant liquor were techni-
cally successful but still impractical. (Proctor-
Washington State University)
2956 - D3, E3
METHANE GENERATION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan
State University
J. B. Gerrish and Fred Hall
Agricultural Engineering Facts Sheet No. 25, File No.
18.1, Michigan State University, July, 1974,2 p. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Methane, Energy, Animal wastes,
Anaerobic digestion.
While methane generation from anaerobic digestion
of animal wastes sounds inviting, there are many
problems yet to be solved, including: (1) Methane
bacteria require warm (95degrees F) temperatures.
Lowering the thermostat to 68 degrees F reduces
methane production by more than half. In January, a
good portion of the gas produced in Michigan would
have to be sacrificed just to keep the digester warm.
(2) Methane bacteria cannot tolerate a sudden slug of
manure. The digester must be fed a small amount of
manure daily which has been diluted 2 parts water to 1
part manure. This increases the amount of waste and
aggravates the waste disposal problem. (3) Methane
gas contains hydrogen sulfide which bums to sulfur
dioxide, a well-known air pollutant which reacts with
water to form sulfurous acid. Sulfurous acid reacts
with oxygen to form sulfuric acid which can eat the
insides out of engines, furnaces, and lungs. (4) Be-
cause methane gas contains a lot of carbon dioxide,
there is waste space in any storage tank. To get a
cruising range of 40 miles in a small methane-driven
car, the tank must hold 36 cubic feet at 150 Ib. pres-
sure. Thus the tank would be as large as the car!
Obtaining higher pressures would involve expensive
multi-stage water-cooled explosion-proof compres-
sors. (5) Energy storage may be an unforeseen ex-
pense. Large pressure tanks are expensive. Gas pro-
duction is best in the summer when the need for heat-
ing fuels is not very great. However, the methane
might be used to dry some crops. (6) Capturing
methane from animal manures probably does not fit
in very well with current American farming prac-
tices. Until energy shortages approach the severity of
post-war Europe, methane production probably will
not catch on. IMerryman-East Central)
2957 - A8, E2
EFFECT OF DAIRY CATTLE MAN-
URE ON MILLET AND RYE FORAGE
AND SOIL PROPERTIES,
Department of Natural Resource and Environmental
Studies, Alabama A&M University, Normal
L. M. Mugiwra
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 5, No. 1, p.
60-65, January-March, 1976. 6 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Crop response. For-
ages, Soil properties, Nutrients, Nitrates, Alabama,
Rates of application.
Identifiers: Land application, Millet, Rye, Soil depth
intervals.
A study was conducted to determine maximum load-
ing rates of dairy cattle manure as measured by for-
age yields, nitrate levels in plants and soils, and re-
covery of plant nutrients on Decatur silty clay loam
under northern Alabama conditions. Dairy cattle
manure was incorporated into Decatur silty clay
loam plots at rates of 0,22,44,89,178, and 267 metric
(dry weight) for 3 successive years. Pearl
millet was grown in summer and was clipped twice
and "Wrens Abruzzi" rye was grown as a winter
cover crop Manure application increased growth of
and nitrate-N content in millet grown in summer, but
generally no increases in forage yields were obtained
with annual applications of manure higher than 44
metric tons per half acre. Although dry matter and
nitrate-N content in the winter crop were not affected
by manure applied in the first 2 years, rye yields
accounted for 44.4, 39 .8, and 44.6 percent of the total
dry matter produced each season. Rye forage re-
moved only 8 percent in each of the first 2 seasons and
12 percent in the third year of the total nitrate-N re-
moved by both crops. The uptake of P, Ca, and Mg by
plants was less affected by high manure rates than N,
K, and Na uptake. Nitrate-N measured each season in
the 0-90 cm depth of manured plots indicated that 58,
47, and 55 percent of the total nitrate remained within
the surface 30 cm. However, annual applications of
manure at 89,178, and 267 metric tons per half acre
resulted in the greatest downward movement of nit-
rates. Data did not indicate accumulation of nitrate-N
in plants and soil with consecutive manure applica-
tions. Manure effects on the soil parameters mea-
sured were largely restricted to the top 30 cm of soil,
except for exchangeable K and Na which accumu-
lated deeper in the profile at 178 and 267 metric tons
per half acre. (Merryman-East Central)
2958 - A8, B2, C2, E2
EFFECT OF BEEF-FEEDLOT-
LAGOON WATER ON SOIL CHEMI-
CAL PROPERTIES AND GROWTH
AND COMPOSITION OF CORN FOR-
AGE,
Kansas State University, Manhattan
G. W. Wallingford, L. S. Murphy, W. L. Powers, and
H. L. Manges
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 1, p.
74-78, 1974. 6 fig, 3 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Lagoons, Soil properties, Crop
response. Irrigation, Salinity, Cattle, Nutrients,
Rates of application.
Identifiers: Land application.
A study was conducted to determine growth and com-
position of corn (Zea mays L) forage and chemical
properties of a Kansas soil as affected by furrow irri-
gation with beef-feedlot lagoon water. The study site
was located 9.6 km north of Pratt, Kansas, on a silty
clay loam soil with a cation exchange capacity of 19
meg; lOOg and a pH of 7.0 Rates of 0, 8,15, 26, and 46
cm per year of lagoon water from a nearby feedlot
were applied during the summers of 1970 and 1971 by
furrow irrigation. Corn forage yields were recorded
and plant content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were
measured. Surface soil samples and soil cores were
taken from the plots after harvest each year. It was
found that continued applications of feedlot-lagoon
water significantly increased salt content of soil. In-
creases in electrical conductivity of the soil were
linearly related to the amount of lagoon water
applied. The heaviest lagoon-water treatments con-
tributed more salts than could be utilized by corn
plants or leached into the lower portions of the soil
profile. The resultant accumulations could have pro-
duced higher osmotic pressures in the soil solution.
Nitrate-N accumulated in the soil from the 26 and 46
cm/year lagoon water application reflecting the rela-
tively high N content of lagoon water. Phosphorus
also accumulated with lagoon water applications but
accumulations were restricted to the surface 20 cm,
reflecting lack of movement of P in the soil. Yields of
com forage were maximized at accumulative appli-
cation rates of about 25 cm of lagoon water over 2
years. At higher rates, yields declined. Maximum
removal rates of applied nutrients, an important con-
sideration in maintaining viability of soil, were
achieved at the same application rates that produced
maximum yields. (Merryman-East Central)
2959 - A4, A8, Fl, F2, F3
OUR LAND AND WATER RE-
SOURCES: CURRENT AND PROS-
PECTIVE SUPPLIES AND USES,
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research
Service.
Miscellaneous Publication No. 1290, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Economic Research Service May
1974, 54 p. 18 fig. 34 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: Land, Water, Land use, Natural re-
sources, Conservation, Legal aspects, Economics.
Identifiers: Cropland. Land ownership. Government
programs, Projections, Energy supplies, Forest land
Timber.
U.S. land and water resources are analyzed as a basis
for projecting national agricultural cropland and
other land needs to the year 2000. Impact of changes in
technology and resource development as well as en-
vironmental and institutional factors affecting the
availability of these natural resources are discussed.
Emphasis is placed on the continuing responsibility of
Federal, State, and local governments to assess the
adequacy of our natural resources to meet future
needs and to improve the quality of the environment
(U.S.D.A.)
2960 - A4, Bl, F2
PERMIT AND POINT SOURCE PON-
DERABLES,
Calf News, Vol. 13, No. 10, p. J8, 60, October, 1975
Descriptors: Permits, Feedlots, Legal aspects,
Water pollution
Identifiers: Point sources, Environmental Protection
Agency, ANCA, Hearings
On September 11, 1975, a hearing was held following
the issuance of a Federal Court order requiring EPA
to move quickly into an expansion of its discharge
permit program for feedlot point sources. ANCA, pre-
sent at that hearing, recommended that the following
additions be made to the current Federal Register
definitions of a feedlot. A. Open Lots—(1) The space
allotted per animal is equal to or less than four square
feet per pound of finished live weight, (2) The period
of animal occupancy is 45 days or more per year, and
(3) The distance to a receiving stream is less than two
feet per 100 pounds of finished live animal weight. B.
Housed Lots—(11 Period of animal occupancy is 45
days or more per year. (2) The processed generated
waste water exceeds 20 cubic feet per day. Dr. Bart
Condon, President of ANCA, stated at the hearing that
direct disposal of runoff by switchback waterways
and terrace systems provides lower costs as well as
best possible technology. He strongly recommended
the land application of manure, listing the advantages
of this system and suggesting that plant-soil life (serv-
ing as a terminal receiver for manure) be classified
as a non-point pollution source. It was concluded that
the state-operated permit issuing system was the op-
timum approach. (Cannon-East Central)
2961-All, C2.E3, Fl
VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE IS
INCREASING,
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 33, p. 6,50, August 18, 1975.
Descriptors: Poultry, Recycling, Economics, Chemi-
cal Properties, Fertilizers, Litters.
Identifiers: Kefeeding. '
Three speakers at a turkey management seminar re-
ported on research concerning reuse of poultry
wastes. Dr. Hileman of the University of Arkansas
stated that there has been little research dealing spec-
ifically with chemical analysis and soil application of
turkey wastes. He stated that University of Georgia
research showed turkeys to produce 2 pounds of man-
ure for each pound of feed consumed consisting of
70-80 percent moisture and 20-30 percent solids. Aver-
age composition of the wet manure was 75 percent
moisture, 1.4 percent nitrogen, 0.85 percent phos-
phorus and 0.7 percent potassium, wet basis. North
Carolina research showed average composition of
turkey manure with litter to be 74 percent moisture
1.30 percent N, 0.70 percent P, and 0.50 percent K, or
1.61 percent P,0. and 0.60 percent KiO. Hileman re-
ported, based on current fertilizer prices, that aver-
age value of a ton of turkey litter is (38.96 and average
value of a ton of liquid manure is $9.49. Hileman de-
scribed alternative methods for using turkey manure
474
-------
as fertilizer or soil amendment. Dr. T, Lionel Barton
pointed out in his speech that slightly more than 50
percent of the N content of poultry waste is non-
protein nitrogen and that its greatest recycling poten-
tial is in ref ceding to beef cattle. Its chief limitation as
a feed is its low energy content. Barton stated that
ensiling appears to be the best approach to recycling
poultry litter as feed. Dr. M. L. Kay described work in
Arkansas in which broiler litter was fed to weaned
steers and fattening steers during the winter and in
which the litter was used as a supplement in wintering
beef cows and calves. He felt thai this was the most
promising use of poultry litter. (Merryman-East
Central)
2962 - A8, B3, C2, E2
ACCUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF MA-
NURE AND N ON CONTINUOUS
CORN AND CLAY SOIL. II. CHEMI-
CAL CHANGES IN SOIL,
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Vermont Uni-
versity, Burlington
J. L. Mclntosh and K. E. Varney
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 65, No. 4, p. 629-632, July-
August, 1973. 6 fig, 2 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Soils, Chemical properties. Organic
matter, Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Crop response.
Identifiers: Land application, Soil amendments, Ma-
Plots were established in West Addison, Vermont, in
1965 to evaluate the effects of treatments of manure
and nitrogen on a Panton clay soil and on corn yield
and nutrient uptake. Changes in chemical content of
the soil as a result of the treatments are presented.
Results concerning corn yield and nutrient uptake
were presented in a previous paper. Four rates of
manure (0,22,44, and 66 tons per ha) and five rates of
N (0,56,112,168, and 224 kg per ha) were combined in
a factorial arrangement and applied each year to the
same plots. Also 120 kg per ha of P and 90 kg per ha of
K were applied for 4 years to all plots. Maintenance of
structure and fertility had been difficult in this soil. It
had not been intensively cultivated even though it lay
in large, level fields. Annual applications of about 44
tons per ha of fresh manure were needed to maintain
soil organic matter. Percentage of application did not
significantly increase rate of breakdown of soil or-
ganic matter nor decrease pH. A higher proportion of
P originating from manure than from inorganic fer-
tilizer was extracted by soil test for available P (pH
4.8 NH40Ac. Availability and fixation of K were not
affected by source of K nor presence of manure. Mod-
erate applications of manure (up to 44 tons per ha) did
not maintain initial levels of soil Ca and Mg. At least 10
times more Ca was lost by leaching than by plant
uptake. Similar calculations show 3 times more Mg
was lost by plant uptake than by leaching. Test data
show the value of fresh manure as a soil amendment
in addition to its nutrient content. (Merryman-East
Central)
2963-A11, E3, F1.F2
DPW CUTS RUMINANT FEED AND
VET COSTS IN DENMARK,
Poultry Digest, Vol. 35, No. 408, p. 74, February, 1976.
Descriptors: Feeds, Performance, Cattle, Costs,
Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Denmark.
Denmark has recently allowed marketing of dried
poultry waste (DPW) for a period of two years. A
successful concentrate mixture contains 40 percent
poultry waste which provides 66 percent of the protein
intake. Young stock have also been fed successfully
on a concentrate containing 50 percent DPW and
steers have been fed on a fattening mixture contain-
ing 40 percent DPW. Commonly, the waste is mixed
with molasses and fat and then pelleted, which gives it
a pleasant appearance and texture and a pleasant
odor. One interesting claim after 3 years' use of the
DPW concentrate mixture was that veterinary bills
were reduced 50 percent. Savings in feed costs were
estimated at $119 per cow per year. (Merryman-East
Central)
2964-Bl, B4, Fl
CHEAPER WAY TO BUILD MANURE
PITS,
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 3, p. 83, February 14
1976.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Economics, Construc-
tion costs.
Identifiers: Manure pits.
The "trench and fill" method for constructing con-
crete liquid manure pits has been found to cut building
costs and get the job done easier and faster. The
method works like this. Narrow trenches are dug
where the walls will be. The trenches are then filled
with concrete, with soil acting as forms for the walls.
After the concrete has cured, soil inside the walls is
dug out with a backhoe. Then a concrete floor is
poured to complete the pit. Agricultural engineers
headed by E. C. Miller conducted a study concerning
the costs, strength, and practicability for building
liquid manure tanks with the trench and fill system.
Principles of construction and cautions to be observed
are outlined. Soil should be tested to learn more about
possible ground water and bearing quality of the soils.
The site must be leveled in order to operate effectively
with a trencher. The building must be carefully mea-
sured and laid out. Pit walls must be reinforced. Six
inches of gravel should be tamped into the bottom of
the trench in order to reduce time needed to clean up
dirt and clay. The operation should be organized so
that the trench can be filled in a minimum of time (to
guard against the soil collapsing). The trench walls
should be lined with polyethylene sheets, which keeps
the gravel and dirt out of concrete as it is poured.
Final cost of the entire pit project conducted under
Miller was $7016. This represented a cost of 5.5 cents
per gallon of storage the pit provided. (Merryman-
East Central)
2965 - A4, A5, A8, B2, B3, D3, E2,
Fl
WATER POLLUTION FROM AG-
RICULTURE,
Kungliga Lantbrukshogskoian, Uppsala, Sweden.
N. Brink
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol 47
No. 4, p. 789-785, April, 1975. 3 fig, «tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Water pollution,
Fertilizers, Farm wastes, Groundwater, Urine,
Livestock, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Nitrates, Nut-
rients, Water pollution sources, Europe, Feeds, Feed-
lots, Sludge, Silage.
Identifiers: Sweden.
Risks of surface and groundwater pollution in Sweden
are increasing due to increased livestock production
and use of commercial fertilizers in agriculture.
Unne and silage juice are especially rich in organic
contaminants. Wastewater from dwellings is usually
treated in septic tanks before release into open water
or infiltration into the ground. To prevent water pollu-
tion, manure and silage juice should be spread on
arable land. The application of sewage sludge as a
fertilizer should not exceed ISO tons per half acre in
wet form and be spread at widely spaced intervals
Unne, dungyard water, liquid manure, and silage
juice may leak into surface and groundwater from
animal stables. Commercial fertilizer use has in-
creased, thus climatic and soil factors are crop
growth limiting. Nitrogen is mostly in the form of
nitrates, with very small amounts of ammonia. Phos-
phorus is sometimes very high in groundwater.
Chemical reduction probably plays a role in deeper
layers, especially in clay soils. The nitrogen budget
for a field at Nasbygard. Sweden is given; most of the
input went to grain, some to air and water. Neither
burning of straw nor excessive fertilizer is acceptable
husbandry. (Buchanan-Davidson—Wisconsin)
2966 - Bl, E2
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING
SEWAGE SLUDGE AND ANIMAL
MANURES INTO THE SOIL,
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Rutgers -The State University, New Brunswick,
New Jersey
H. Reed
Presented at Proceedings of Conference on Land Dis-
posal of Municipal Effluents and Sludges, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, March
12-13, 1973, p. 91-100a.
Descriptors: Equipment, Sewage sludge. Sludge dis-
posal, Farm wastes. Soil disposal fields, Application
equipment
Identifiers: Land application
The incorporation of wastes directly into the soil is
superior to surface spreading because there is no
odor, no opportunity for flies or other pests to feed or
breed, and no runoff or surface erosion of wastes.
Also, the wastes are placed in the best possible media
for immediate degradation to plant nutrients and
utilization by plants. The design of an effective land
treatment system and the selection of appropriate
equipment necessitates the consideration of many
factors, some of which are outlined. Presented are
equipment and devices used for such application
techniques as the ridge-and-furrow method, sub-sod-
injection, and plow-furrow-cover. (Sandoski-FIRL)
2967-All, B3, Cl, C2, C3, D2,
E3
LITTER AS A FEED FOR BEEF ANI-
MALS,
Texas A&M University, College Station
C. R. Creger
Poultry Digest, Vol. 35, No. 409, p. 116-117, March.
1976. 6 tab.
Descriptors: Litters, Feeds, Performance, Cattle,
Fermentation, Silage, Moisture content.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Ensiling, Poultry litter.
At a Texas A&M University laboratory, poultry man-
ure was fed to beef cattle. The broiler litter was fer-
mented in an upri ght silo at a moisture content of 35 to
40 percent for a 6 to 8 week period. The protein content
varied not only with the number of groups of birds
reared on the litter, but also with the type of feed
management that takes place in the house. Broiler
litter silage was fed ad libitum to 15 heifer calves
weighing an average of 477 pounds each. Eight pounds
per head of a 12 percent protein mixture, consisting of
ground milo, dehydrated alfalfa meal, soybean meal
molasses and vitamin A and D, was poured over the
silage daily. An average of 12 pounds of silage per
head, per day was consumed. After 120 days of feed-
ing, the calves gained 2.54 pounds per head, per day
when fed the broiler litter silage ad libitum along with
12 percent protein mix. Feed was also formulated
from chicken and turkey droppings without going
through the fermentation process. This increased the
chance of salmonella contamination of the feed. The
dned poultry waste was found to be an acceptable
ration when mixed with one half corn or sorghum
grain and 200 pounds of molasses per ton. In a field
study, 350 head of feeder calves gained 2.63 pounds per
head, per day and consumed an average of 10.8
pounds of a 60:40 mix of litter: milo ration over a
12
-------
methods for the treatment and disposal of animal
wastes. Laboratory work provided for the analytical
evaluation of the following swine waste treatment al-
ternatives : a single unaerated lagoon, two unaerated
lagoons in series, and packed soil lysimeters for land
application of lagoon effluent. Work was also initiated
on the application of liquid dairy manure to lysimet-
ers. The concentrations of feed additive chlorotet-
racycline, copper, and zinc in swine feces, lagoon in-
fluent, lagoon effluent and BOD bioassay solutions
were determined. Analyses of the experimental data
for the BOD bioassay showed lhat results depend upon
sample history, type and amount of seed organisms,
incubation conditions and sample size. It was found
that the unaerated series lagoon system for swine
waste provides greater reduction in pollutional poten-
tial than just the original single unaerated lagoon.
Data correlations and characterization values for the
Precision Scientific instrumental chemical oxygen
demand analyzer and Beckman organic carbon
analyzer were developed for animal waste. Recom-
mendations were presented for obtaining accurate
and consistent characterization data for animal
waste and suggestions were made for obtaining the
most reliable BODS results, particularly for swine
waste. (Cameron-East Central)
2969 - A2, A3, Bl, El
AGRICULTURE'S PLACE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT: CONSIDERATIONS
FOR DECISION MAKING,
Senior Specialist, Agricultural Chemicals, Office of
Agriculture, Technical Assistance Bureau, Agency
for International Development, Washington, D. C.
W. H. Carman
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 3, p.
327-333,1973. 22 ref.
Descriptors: Rainfall, Runoff, Nitrogen, Eutrophica-
tion, Water quality, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Carbon.
Identifiers: Livestock wastes, Nutrient cycling.
In terms of land area and value of natural resources,
agriculture and forestry constitute the largest en-
vironmental complex on earth. The major problems
are sediment and dust and organic wastes from lives-
tock and the food and forestry processing industries.
Near livestock feedlots, cities, and certain types of
industrial plants, large amounts of N in such forms as
nitrogen oxides and ammonia occur in the rain. Many
people believe that the only solution to the 2 billion
metric tons of livestock manure is to spread more and
more of it on rural lands. This will cause a shift from
huge feeding operations to smaller ones with lower-
density stocking. This shift will facilitate control of
waste runoff as well as getting manure spread on the
surrounding land. The cost will be high because the
value of the nutrients will not pay for the equipment
and labor required. Hopefully, new on-farm technol-
ogy will provide means of handling livestock wastes to
protect both streams and underground waters. Small
amounts of nutrients are lost to surface or under-
ground water when farmland is maintained in a high
state of fertility. Many towns, cities, and factories
have added waste treatment before dumping
effluents into streams. This has greatly reduced the
biological oxygen demand (BOD) on the stream.
(Cameron-East Central)
2970 - Bl, D3, E3, F6
TWO-PHASE ANAEROBIC DIGES-
TION OF POULTRY WASTE,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Georgia, Athens
R. E. Smith, M. J. Reed and J. T. Kiker
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 754544,23 p. 4 fig, 3 tab,
17 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Animal wastes, Anaerobic di-
gestion, Poultry, Methane, Recycling.
Identifiers: Volatileacid, Digesters, Kinetic reaction.
Research was carried out at the University of Georgia
to design and construct an anaerobic filter to de-
monstrate and obtain operating experience in the
production of methane gas from animal waste. Tests
were conducted with practical arrangements to pro-
duce a volatile acids substrate from poultry waste for
use with the anaerobic filter. The objective was to
produce a substrate relatively free of suspended sol-
ids and with a high concentration of volatile acids. It
was noted during the preliminary operation of the
methane digester that during a period of steady-state
there was an apparent mass balance between the total
gas production and the mass decrease in volatile
acids from the influent and effluent concentrations
and the mass flow rate of wastewater. Steady-state
operation was effectively obtained after 2-3 days of
operation under a set of conditions. The greatest time
lag for a parameter to reach a steady value was in the
effluent concentration. Research results appear to
support the statement that the specific growth rate,
Oc-', is related only to the hydraulic control of the
reactor. It was observed that in the volatile acids
digesters the concentration build-up of ammonia usu-
ally was about numerically equal to the volatile acids
concentration Values of pH for the effluent of the
digester during the period was most often in the range
of 6.5 to 7.5 (Cameron-East Central)
2971 - A5, D3, El, E2,
DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTE IN AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON
ON THE ORGANIC SOILS OF SOUTH
FLORIDA-PRELIMINARY RE-
SULTS,
Assistant Animal Nutritionist Agricultural Research
and Education Center Belle Glade, Florida
F.M. Pate, B. G. Volk, T. W. Casselman, and J. R.
Crockett
Proceedings, Soil and Crop Science Society of Flori-
da, Vol. 33, p. 224-227, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Feedlots,
Florida, Lagoons, Waste disposal. Chemical proper-
ties
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness
of an anaerobic lagoon for holding beef feedlot wastes
on the organic soils of south Florida. A series of tests
wells weredrilled 7.6,30.5, and 61.0m from the lagoon
to monitor changes in groundwater quality. NHi-N,
NOi-N. dissolved PO.-P, chemical oxygen demand,
and K were 2 0.0.02,0.04,225, and 15 mg/liter, respec-
tively. The highest levels of NHS-N, NO,-N, dissolved
PO.-P, chemical oxygen demand and K observed in
lagon water were 125, 0.7, 36, 4000, and 280 mg/liter,
respectively. These levels occured when manure dis-
posal was stopped, 5 months after disposal began. The
chemicals monitored rapidly diminished after man-
ure disposal into the lagoon stopped. The only ob-
served increase in groundwater of these chemicals
was in one of 6 wells 7.6 from the lagoon. From these
results, it was deducted that a moderate sized waste
disposal lagoon on the organic soil region of south
Florida will not immediately contaminate the sur-
rounding groundwater, even though there was active
water movement to and frqm the lagoon.
(Merryman-East Central)
2972 - D2, E3, F3, F6
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE
PRODUCTION OF SUBSTITUTE
NATURAL GAS BY HYDROGASIFI-
CATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURE,
J. Martinez and A. Carlos
PhD Dissertation, Department of Chemical and Pet-
roleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1973,113
p. 18 fig, 27 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Gases, Moisture contents.
Temperature, Cattle.
Identifiers: Hydrogasification, Livestock wastes.
An experimental program was conducted in a batch
reactor to determine the effects of process paramet-
ers on the yield of products when cow manure is hyd-
rogasified. The assumption was made that the most
valuable product would be the mixture of combustible
gases resulting from hydrogasification of the carbon
in the manure. Experiments were conducted for vari-
ous (1) moisture contents, (2) initial amounts of hyd-
rogen charged to the reactor, and (3) final maximum
reactor temperatures The general performance of
the hydrogasification unit was highly satisfactory
during the development of the experimental proce-
dure. The best run yielded a product gas with a calcu-
lated heating value of 3722 net Btu/lb dry manure.
This experiment was conducted with a 50 percent ma-
nure moisture content and 50 psig of hydrogen
charged per 25 g. of dry manure The analysis (on dry
basis) of a gas sample taken two hours after reaching
1050 degrees F was: 14.6 percent CH., 11.5 percent
C.H.. and 34.5 percent CO,. For this run, 51 percent of
the carbon in the manure was gasified to hydrocar-
bons and carbon dioxide, or 32 percent gasified to
hydrocarbons. The heating unit was designed for a
maximum temperature of 1350 degrees F but only
temperatures of about 1280 degrees F were obtained
The maximum temperature reached in the reactor
under these circumstances was between 1050 and 1080
degrees F. Further research is needed to determine
fully the economic feasibility of the process when
applied to this feedstock. (Cameron-East Central)
2973 - A3, A4, A5, A8, B5, C2, C3,
E2
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGI-
CAL CHANGE IN POULTRY LITTER
APPLIED TO SOIL AS INFLUENCED
BY THE TIME AND METHOD OF AP-
PLICATION,
A. M. Rao
PhD Dissertation, Universityof Georgia, 1973 90p 22
fig. 12 tab, 75 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Litter, Chemical properties,
Microorganisms, Waste disposal, Application rates,
Soils. Ammonia, Conforms.
Identifiers: Land application. Application method,
Decomposition.
An investigation was conducted to determine the
number and types of microorganisms during decom-
position of poultry litter in soil and the effect of inter-
val and method of poultry litter application on some
soil properties with particular emphasis on possible
contribution to surface and underground water pollu-
tion. The persistence and effect of ammonia concent-
ration on coliform bacteria were also studied. These
experiments were conducted both in the laboratory
and in the field over a two-year-period. Laboratory
studies were conducted mainly to obtain initial infor-
mation for the field experiment. Separate experi-
ments were conducted to determine (a) the effect of
drying on N loss in fresh droppings, (b) the effect of
rate, method and time of application of litter on nit-
rification, and (c) the changes in the microbial ecol-
ogy of decomposing poultry droppings and litter upon
incubation with and without soil The field experiment
was initiated to determine the effect of method and
time of application of poultry manure on (a) soil
NOrN and other nutrients' vertical distribution in
the soil profile, and (b) the number and relative abun-
dance of major groups of soil microflora including
coliform bacteria. Specific results obtained in these
experiments are given for both the laboratory and
field studies. It was felt that the combination of an N
responding crop with litter application might provide
a safer and more efficient disposal method than try-
ing to reduce nitrates by frequent applications. The
abundance and movement of soil microflora was in-
creased by litter application, but coliforms were not
greatly increased. Pollution of streams by pathogens
from poultry manure would more likely occur from
surface runoff than from gramdwater. (Cameron-
East Central)
2974-All, Dl, D2, D3, E3, Fl,
F2
REFEEDING ANIMAL WASTE,
Beef editor
B. Eftink
Successful Farming, Vol. 74, No. 5, p. 26-27, March
1976. 5 fig.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Feeds, Silage, Legal as-
pects. Economics
476
-------
Identifiers: Refeeding, Ensiling, Grazon process
Although other segments of the animal industry are
experimenting with refceding waste, the beef feeding
industry has confirmed that cattle actually do better
on rations containing manure. Cattle have three ad-
vantages over other animals. They can use all three
forms of nitrogen, they can extract energy from fibr-
ous materials and their system acts as a filter for
undesirable contaminants. W. B. Anthony of Auburn
University says there are two approaches to
ref ceding—separate the waste into its liquid and dry
component parts or handle it as it is. He feels that for
small operators, using fresh manure as part of a sil-
age mis is the most practical. Sam Hay, of Covington,
Georgia mixes 40 Ibs. of manure with 45 Ibs. of
cracked shelled corn and 15 Ibs. of silage to form a 12
percent protein ration. Gains are better than on stan-
dard feed, and this way manure is worth $62 a ton
when com is selling [or $3.50 a bushel. At Illinois,
researchers have skipped the ensiling process by
spraying a chemical on the raw manure to deodorize
and kill pathogens, then mixing 50 percent manure, 25
percent com, and 25 percent cottonseed hull. Al-
though the FDA remains mute, Dave Seckler states
that manure is valuable as fertilizer but more valu-
able as feed and fuel. (Cameron-East Central)
2975 - A6, A7, All, D2
AMMONIA ELIMINATED WHILE
DROPPINGS ARE DRIER.
Poultry Digest, Vol. 35, No. 408, p. 66, February, 1976.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Ammonia, Poultry.
Identifiers: Animal health, Superphosphate. Drying
effect.
Hy Cross Chick Company applied superphosphate to
the droppings in the earth bottom pits of brooder grow
cages and in cage laying houses in order to prevent
possible eye burn in the chicks. When superphosphate
became unavailable and too expensive, a new odor
control product, consisting of a soluble extract of
seaweed dissolved in natural steroid saponins, was
used in the place of the superphosphate. This new
product was applied in liquid form every three days.
Ammonia was completely eliminated in less than 12
hours, and a terrific drying effect on the manure was
noticed in the same length of time. (Cameron-East
Central)
2976-A7, All, B1.B5, C2
GAS TOXICOSIS: SUDDEN DEATH IN
CONFINEMENT,
Successful Farming, Vol. 74, No. 5, p. H33, March,
1976.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Air pollution, Carbon
dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide. Methane, To-
xicity.
Identifiers: Swine, Gas toxicosis.
Gas toxicosis may be a cause for sudden death of hogs
in confinement. Signs of gas toxicosis are muscular
spasms, breathing difficulty, and then unconscious-
ness Ventilation should be increased immediately
upon first notice of these signs. There are four major
gases released from anaerobic swine manure pits, all
of which can kill—carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydro-
gen sulfide and methane. Carbon dioxide must be pre-
sent in extremely high atmospheric levels before ad-
versely affecting the swine. According to Iowa State
University Extension veterinarian Jim McKean,
ammonia levels in confinement are of ten the cause of
gas toxicosis. Ammonia irritates the mucous mem-
branes of the pig, and prolonged exposure may irri-
tate the respiratory passages, leading to tracheitis or
bronchopneumonia. Hydrogen sulfide is the most
harmful toxic gas released from anaerobic pits. This
gas is most prominent when the pits are emptied or
contents are agitated. Methane is explosive in high
concentration and affects swine by reducing the av-
ailable oxygen in the building. To prevent gas to-
xicosis, confinement buildings need a minimum ven-
tilation rate of 20 cu. ft. of fresh air per minute per sow
and litter. During winter months, minimum ventila-
tion rates are 15,25, and 36 cu. ft. of air per minute for
hogs weighing SO, 125 and 200 Ibs. respectively.
(Cameron-East Central)
2977 - A5, A8, C2, E2
MANURE AND THE NITRATE
PROBLEM,
Delaware University, Newark W711
W. C. Liebhardt
Lime and Fertilizer Conference, Delaware-Maryland
Plant Food Association Proceedings, 1972,2 p. 2 tab.
Descriptors: Recycling, Crop response, Poultry, Nit-
rates, Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
In Delaware there are approximately 140 million
chickens grown each year. The amount of waste these
chickens produce is greater than the amount of solid
waste produced by New York City. The waste is being
recycled back to the soil at so great a rate that it is
reducing the crop yield. Another problem is that with
the sandy soil and high water table, nitrates may
leach into the eround water suoolv. Public health
standards set the limit for NOvN at 10 ppm. In soil
samples taken at a depth of 4 ft, the level found in the
ground water usually exceeded this amount. Poultry
manure is being added to the soil at rates of 10 to 100
tons per acre. Ten tons of manure contains approxi-
mately 254 pounds of N, 108 pounds of P.O. and 185
pounds of KJO plus secondary and micronutrients t
The corn yield at this rate is about 55.6 bushels per
acre. At 100 tons of manure per acre, the yield was
about 14 bushels per acre, a substantial reduction.
(Cannon-East Central)
2978 - Cl, C3, Dl, D3, E3, F5
AN EVALUATION OF A RECYCLING
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE,
J. C. Nye
PhD Dissertation, Purdue University, 1971, 120 p. 9
fig, 38 tab, 68 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Proteins, Microorganisms,
Feeds, Proteins, Physical properties, Separation
techniques.
Identifiers: Substrate, Dairy manure.
This study evaluated the feasibility of growing
micro-organisms on manure as a source of protein for
animal feed. The study was conducted as a four phase
investigation including: (1) evaluation of a particle
size separation of dairy cattle manure (the objective
was to determine the optimum particle size limit and
dilution level for separation of usable feed and feed
residue from the dairy cattle manure), (2) batch cul-
ture of micro-organisms (the objective was to deter-
mine the time of maximum microbial population for a
mixed culture of micro-organisms), (3) continuous
cultures of micro-organisms (the objective was to in-
vestigate the conditions associated with the highest
quality microbial protein supplement), and (4)
evaluation of the centrifugally harvested micro-
organisms as a high protein feed supplement (the
objective was to determine the chemical and biologi-
cal value of the microbial product as a protein sup-
plement). Conclusions of the study were: (1) Separa-
tion of dairy cattle feces through a 595 micron opening
removes a low quality roughage material from the
remaining liquid waste, (2) The liquid waste removed
by such a separation is a suitable substrate for the
growth of bacteria, (3) The bacteria grown are a
satisfactory protein supplement containing 30 per-
cent crude protein, (4) The microbial protein product
is an adequate feed supplement as 20 percent of the
ration, and (5) The waste treatment-food synthesis'
system proposed is an economically feasible alterna-
tive for livestock operations. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
2979 - A3, B2, B3, C2, D3, E2,
Fl
HOW TO SAVE SWINE WASTE VAL-
UE,
Successful Farming, Vol. 74, No. 5, p. 46, March, 1976.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Fertilizers, Nitrogen
Phosphorus, Potassium, Economics
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal
Nearly 70 percent of the nitrogen and phosphorus and
almost 90 percent of the potassium in swine rations
are excreted in waste and urine and can be recycled
again for fertilizer. How these waste resources are
handled makes a big difference in their value Se-
venty percent of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash are
excreted in the form of solid wastes. Urine contains
the other 30 percent of the nitrogen, 20 percent of the
phosphorus and 55 percent of the potassium. Bedded
systems and deep anaerobic pit systems best con-
serve nitrogen. Much nitrogen may be lost from man-
ure if it is subjected to warm, dry conditions before
being disked or plowed under. Nitrogen losses may
also result if runoff or snow melt occurs prior to incor-
porating the manure into the soil. Most systems con-
serve phosphorus and potassium quite well with two
exceptions: (1) where runoff from outside lots is sig-
nificant; (2) where prolonged use of lagoon allows a
sludge buildup in the bottom of the lagoon. Unless this
sludge can be reconstituted, the elements will be lost.
I Cameron-East Central)
2980 - A3, A4, A8, A9, El, F4
AGRICULTURE AND CLEAN
WATER—PROCEEDINGS OF A CON-
FERENCE TO EXPLORE CONTROL
STRATEGY FOR AGRICULTURAL
NONPOINT SOURCE WATER POL-
LUTION,
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri
C. C. Chappelow
Agriculture and Clean Water—Proceedings of a Con-
ference to Explore Control Strategy for Agricultural
Nonpomt Source Water Pollution, Kansas City Mis-
souri, April 3,1975,153 p.
Descriptors: Water pollution control, Water quality
Legal aspects, Farm wastes, Sediment control, Soil
conservation.
Identifiers: Nonpoint source pollution. Plant nut-
rients, Control planning.
A 1-day conference was held to promote a construc-
tive dialogue on the development of plans for the con-
trol of agriculture related nonpoint source pollution
arising from sediment erosion, fertilizer runoff, lives-
tock wastes and pesticide residues. The morning ses-
sion was devoted to an analysis of the state of the art
on nonpoint source pollution related to agriculture
with presentations on: (1) regional aspects and view-
points; (2) agricultural pollution control; (3) techni-
cal basis of control; (4)conservationdistricts; (5) soil
conservation; and (6) plant nutrients. The luncheon
session was concerned with an economic overview,
consisting of an address on economic problems and
opportunities of pollution control. The afternoon ses-
sion was designed to explore elements of control
strategy planning for nonpoint pollution from agricul-
tural sources with papers on: (1) the state's role; (2)
one state's approach; and (3) the role of the farmer
and agribusiness. The afternoon session was con-
cluded with a panel discussion on th« development of a
practicable agricultural pollution control plan. Over
175 individuals from 20 different states representing
local, state, regional, and federal agricultural and
environmental agencies attended the conference.
Also, included in the 75 different organizations rep-
resented at the conference were attendees from
farmer associations, educational institutions, and ag-
ribusiness.
2981 - A3, A4, F2, F3
AGRICULTURAL SEDIMENT CON-
TROL FOR WATER QUALITY PRO-
TECTION,
Chief, Special Sources Control Branch. Office of Air
and Water Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency
W. C. Shilling
Agriculture and Clean Water—Proceedings of a Con-
ference to Explore Control Strategy for Agricultural
Nonpoint Source Water Pollution, Kansas City, Mis-
souri, April 3,1975, p. 19-26.
Descriptors: Sediments, Agriculture, Water quality.
Soil conservation, Animal wastes. Control
Identifiers: Public Law 92-500
477
-------
William C. Shilling briefly discussed three major
areas of agricultural sediment control. They are the
(1) impact of agricultural sediments on water quality
and the control of these sediments, (2) nonpoint con-
trol features of Public Law 92-500, and (3) state and
local control programs The impact of agricultural
sediments on water quality generally falls into three
categories. First, there are the direct effects of the
sediments. These sediments settle to the bottom of
some body of water and smother some of the bottom
organisms. They reduce penetration of light, thus af-
fecting the photosynthesis processes. They also have
an aesthetic effect. Second, the sediments act as car-
riers of potentially pollutional materials. Third, they
place varying oxygen demands on the water body.
Animal waste and crop residue that forms a part of
the sediments in a total sense are organic materials
and will utilize oxygen in their decomposition. Diffe-
rent sections of Public Law 92-500 are given in relation
to the control of nonpoint sources or agricultural sed-
iments. Mr. Shilling believes thatlocal expertise must
be involved from the beginning in the planning, de-
velopment, and implementation of the management
programs. Four items which he deems important
are: (1) if a control program for agricultural sedi-
ments is to be effective, it must be tailored to local
conditions, (2) we must determine our priorities and
develop and implement an effective control program,
(3 (a distinction must be made between soil conserva-
tion and water quality protection, and (4) 208 planning
and 305 (b) state reports preparation are either on-
going or being initiated, and those with specific know-
ledge in the control of agricultural sediments should
make their expertise available for these efforts.
(Cameron-East Central)
2962 - A3, A4, All, A12, C3, F2
STATES ROLE IN FORMULATING
CONTROL STRATEGY,
Secretary of Health and Environment, Kansas State
Department of Health and Environment
D. F. Metzler
Agriculture and Clean Water—Proceedings of a Con-
ference to Explore Control Strategy for Agricultural
Nonpoint Source Water Pollution, Kansas City, Mis-
souri, April 3, 1975, p. 83-92.
Descriptors: Sediments, Water pollution control, Ag-
riculture, Nitrogen, Kansas.
Identifiers: Fecal coliforms
Mr. D. F. Metzler states that in the Kansas area, the
problem of controlling agricultural pollution is
caused by too much sediment and too much nitrogen.
He feels in order to develop a strategy which is ra-
tional in controlling the pollution, one should ask—
does it affect human health, is it needed because it
affects human heal th, is it needed because it improves
the quality of fish or wildlife, or is it needed in order to
control algal growth or the growths of weeds. Every
river basin is different and different control
strategies are required. Most of the time, all the
major streams within Kansas are in compliance with
the standards which Kansas has adopted and which
are a part of the standards filed with EPA. The total
dissolved solids concentration and the fecal coliform
content represent the areas of most frequent viola-
tion. Fecal coliform violations occur usually as a re-
sult of rainfall and excessive runoff or snowmelt and
the accompanying runoff. The fecal coliform stan-
dard was violated approximately 25 percent of the
time directly as a result of nonpoint source runoff. The
fecal coliform effluent limitation for treated domestic
wastewater discharges are 200 fecal coliforms per 100
ml, and this is an extremely stringent limit; few
wastewater discharges in Kansas now meet it. How-
ever, at low stream flow, the lecal coliform standards
of 400/100 ml in Class A waters and 2,000/100 ml in
Class B waters are rarely violated. In summary, the
solution to the control problem requires careful plan-
ning and a rational approach. It requires major finan-
cial commitment on the part of the agricultural indus-
try, and government. (Cameron-East Central)
2983 - A8, B2, B3, Cl, C2 C3, D2,
D3, E2, E3
PROPERTIES RELATED TO UTILI-
ZATION.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
D. L. Day and B. G. Harmon
Presented at the Animal Waste Conference, ASAE
Committee SE-412, Chicago, Illinois, December 11-12,
1972, 11 p. 7 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Physical properties.
Chemical properties, Biological properties, Lives-
tock, Recycling, Fuels, Pyrolysis, Hydrogenation,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Land disposal. Soil builders.
Throughout the ages, the major methods of livestock
manure utilization have been (a) spreading on crop-
land for crop production and to build the soil, (b)
consumption of manure by animals (coprophagy),
and (c) heating (manure pack and burning dried
dung). This paper reviews properties of livestock
manures that are of interest for utilizing the manure
as crop nutrients, soil builders, animal nutrients, and
fuels. Physical, chemical, biological, and thermal
properties are discussed as related to some current
utilization methods. At least sixteen elements are
considered necessary for the growth of green plants.
These are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenun, boron,
and chlorine. Practically all of these plant nutrients
can be found in manure. Animal waste, as excreted,
consists of undigested and unabsorbed feed ingre-
dients, catabolic products of metabolism, expended
secretions, and tissue and microbial cells. Because
these contain both organic and inorganic dietary es-
sentials for animals, refeeding of these wastes has
been found feasible. Production of gas and oil from
manure has been developed by two processes. One is a
pyrolysis method in which the manure is heated for
about six hours at about 900 degrees C in a closed
system at atmospheric pressure without the addition
of air or other gas. The manure is converted to gas, oil,
and solids, all of which can be used as fuels. The
second method, hydrogenation, consists of heating
the manure for twenty minutes at 380 degrees C under
pressures of 2,000 to 6,000 p.s.i. in the presence of
carbon monoxide and steam. Because of the calcium,
sodium, and potassium content of the manure, the
addition of catalysts is not necessary. The resulting
product is a heavy, largely parafinicoil witha heating
value of 14,000 to 16,000 Btu per pound. (Cameron-
East Central)
2984 - C2, Dl, D2, E3, Fl
THE POTENTIAL OF MANURE
PYROLYSIS FOR AMMONIA PRO-
DUCTION AND ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION IN KANSAS,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan
C. R. Engler, W. P. Walawender, and L. T. Fan
Contribution No. 39, Department of Chemical En-
gineering, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station
(Project Ch.E. 0880-Feedlot Waste Conversion),
Manhattan, Kansas, 16 p. 3 fig, 4 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling. Ammonia, Electric power,
Kansas, Costs. .
Identifiers: Feedlot wastes, Pyrolysis, Synthesis gas.
To determine the potential for large capacity
pyrolysis plants in Kansas, feedlot manure genera-
tion and possible synthesis gas usage in the southwest
quarter of the state were studied. Feedlot capacity
data were collected and organized into regions that
could support moderate-to large-scale pyrolysis
plants. The process consisted of a feed preparation
section where incoming manure was dried and
ground a pyrolysis section where the manure was
gasified at 1500 degrees F in a fluidized bed reactor,
and a gas clean-up section where CO, and other unde-
sirable gaseous by-products were removed. Heat re-
quirements for the pyrolysis reactor and manure dry-
ing were supplied by burning char in a fluidized bed
combustion reactor. Annual operating costs for a
moderately large plant processing 2500 T/D would be
approximately flO million. Assuming the manure
would be available within an average hauling dis-
tance of 25 miles, the cost basis for transportation
would be M 06/T Anile The annual usage of nitrogen
from commercialtfertilizers was estimated for the
southwest quarter of Kansas in order to determine the
potential contribution of manure synthesis gas. Based
on sales reported for that area, approximately 175,000
Tof nitrogen were used annually, which is equivalent
to 212,000 T of ammonia. Feedlot manure could be
used as fuel for the small generating plants in western
Kansas. However, it would not be economical to
gasify the manure since low-capacity pyrolysis plants
are quite expensive. An alternate route would be di-
rect combustion of the manure to fire steam boilers.
Results show that the potential for utilization of
synthesis gas from moderate-to large-scale manure
pyrolysis plants appears to be good for southwestern
Kansas. In particular, either producing ammonia or
generating electricity could directly benefit feedlot
operators and other residents of the area.
(Cameron-East Central)
2985 - All, A12, E3, F2
ANIMAL SCIENTIST WARNS RE-
STRICTIONS COMING ON RECYCL-
ING, ANTIBIOTIC USES,
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 7, p. 17, March, 1976
Descriptors: Feed additives, Legal aspects, Antibio-
tics, Cattle, Nitrates, Nitrites.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Restrictions, Food and Drug
Administration, Drug residues, Chemical residues.
Bill Hale, University of Arizona animal scientist, re-
ported on the drug and chemical residue problems in
cattle at a meeting of the ANCA environmental sci-
ences committee at Phoenix. Hale warned: (1) The
latest FDA efforts seem to be that new rules would
eliminate both DBS and other growth promotants,
such as Ralgro and Synovex-with far reaching con-
sequences to the cattle industry. (2) Restrictions on
low-level antibiotic feeding are possible in the near
future. The rules probably will prevent using any an-
tibiotic for low level feeding that is also used in human
medicine. Also it is likely that any new antibiotic will
be quickly moved from livestock to human use, and
taken out of the livestock medicine chest. (3) With six
states already having rules about refeeding livestock
wastes, the FDA probably will stay out of the refeed-
ing problem. (4) The increase in the number of pes-
ticide and herbicide residues in beef cattle carcasses
is liable to continue. Cattlemen who feed byproducts
need ways to check for chemicals on the byproducts.
(5) There is a nitrate and nitrite question in cured
meats. Hale warned the ANCA session that a lot of
beef goes into sausage, which might be hit hard if the
feed preservatives were outlawed. He also noted that
the current publicity is unfair—since only 20 per cent
of the nitrates and nitrites in a human diet come from
cured meat. The other 80 per cent comes from natural
levels in vegetables. (Cameron-East Central)
2986 - All, A12, B2, B3, C2, C3,
Dl, D2, D3, E3, F4
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE AS A
FEEDSTUFF: A REVIEW,
Consultant, World Bank Project, Adakale Sokak No.
51, Yenisehir, Ankara, Turkey
A. N. Bhattacharya and J. C. Taylor
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 41, No. 5, p. 1438-1457,
November, 1975. 5 tab, 25 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Literature review, Poultry,
Cattle, Sheep, Feed additives, Performance, Chemi-
cal properties, Biological properties, Nutrients, Dis-
eases, Public health, Arsenic, Antibiotics, Hormones,
Pesticides, Waste storage, Microorganisms, Waste
treatment, Physical treatment, Chemical treatment.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Swine, Broiler litter, Animal
health.
The solid waste from farm animals in the United
States is estimated at two billion tons annually. It is
478
-------
also estimated that SO percent of these wastes are
produced by intensive animal production systems.
Studies have been conducted and others are planned
which have been designed to establish the safety of
processed animal wastes to animal and man. This
paper summarizes the available information on: (1)
the nutritional value of different kinds of animal
wastes as feed for livestock and poultry; (2) the iden-
tity of possible agents which may cause human and
animal health hazards; and (3) the effect of proces-
sing methods on the safety of such animal waste feed.
(Cameron-East Central)
2987 - A5, B2, B4, E2, Fl
LAGOON LINER STOPS SEEPAGE,
Successful Farming, Vol. 74, No. 5, p. H24, March,
1976. 1 fig
Descriptors: Lagoons, Seepage, Waste storage,
Costs.
Identifiers: Swine, Liners, Manure, Chlorinated
polyethylene, Land disposal.
Because light, sandy and very permeable soil posed a
problem for a lagoon system, Boar Power (a breeding
stock firm) selected a reinforced chlorinated
polyethylene liner for the lagoon. This type of mate-
rial is used for similar purposes at chemical manufac-
turing plants. The liner is 30 mils thick and costs ap-
proximately $10,000, including installation. Minimum
expected life for the liner is 20 years. Jim Church,
supervisor of the project says the plan is to pump out
of the lagoon, losing nothing through seepage. Stewart
Melvin, Iowa State agricultural engineer, says it
would be difficult to justify that kind of expense for a
commercial operation, but says lagoons of this type
plus a low-cost irrigation system "could be the most
practical" hog waste disposal system. (Cameron-
East Central)
2988 - B2, C2
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIUM
NITROGEN IN ANIMAL SLURRIES
BY AN AMMONIA ELECTRODE,
The Agricultural Institute, Johnstown Castle, Wex-
ford, Ireland
E Byrne and T. Power
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,
Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 51-65,1974. 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Slurries, Cattle, Poultry,
Measurement.
Identifiers: Ammonia electrode, Ammonium, Ex-
tractants, Swine.
The use of the Orion ammonia electrode technique to
measure ammonium nitrogen in animal slurries is
described. The twenty-two animal slurries used were
selected from various sources and include a range of
cattle pie and poultry samples. Four different ex-
traction »--.rf were tried for both 0.1N HC1 and HjO,
"Ouicic" (10 sees.), 10 minutes, 1 hour and 16 hours.
Analysis of the "HC1" data showed no difference bet-
ween times of extraction. In the "H^" series the
overnight result was significantly lower (P less than
001) than the other times between which there was no
difference. Extraction with 0.1N HC1 gave a result
intermediate between the 0.1N HC1 and H20. For all
samples the 0.1N HC1 result was higher than the H20
result. Results indicated that several extractions are
necessary to remove all the water soluble am-
monium. One extraction with 0.1N HC1 will remove
the same amount. Conclusions showed that the am-
monia electrode is rapid and sufficiently accurate for
the determination of ammonium in animal slurries.
No interference effects were detected and it com-
pares satisfactorily with the distillation procedure.
Ammonium nitrogen, closely related to soluble nitro-
gen in animal slurries, may be used to give an esti-
mate of the total nitrogen content, or could be used to
indicate the efficiency of the slurry relative to
fertiliser nitrogen. (Cameron-East Central)
2989 - B2, B3, B4, B5, Dl, D3
STATE OF THE ART OF THE PREP-
ARATION TECHNIQUE OF LIQUID
MANURE,
A. G. Forster
Landtechnik, No. 22, p. 584-586, November, 1971.4 fig.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste treatment. Physi-
cal treatment, Biological treatment, Solid wastes.
Lagoons, Drying.
Identifiers: State of the art.
Several methods of preparing liquid manure are
known. Mechanical treatment is performed by cen-
trifuge, decanter, screening machine, or mangle. It
serves the purpose of separating liquid from solid
substances, in order to economize the storage of the
manure or to treat the liquid biologically as in Italy
England, or the United States. The thermal treat-
ment, drying the dung, deodorizes, sterilizes, and re-
duces volume but it does not solve the emission prob-
lem. In the biological method, microorganisms de-
compose the organic substance in the dung. In the
anaerobic process, microorganisms take the neces-
sary oxygen from oxygen compounds like nitrates;
however, this process does not furnish many final
products, but a lot of intermediate products which can
still be oxidized. For highly concentrated liquids, like
manure, this process is not adapted. In the aerobic
process, organic compounds oxidize into carbon
dioxide and water; the developing energy is used for
further cell construction. The aerobic process can be
conducted in cold, warm and hot treatment systems.
Cold treatment systems can be placed outside like
oxidation ditches. Outside systems are storage bins,
oxidation towers, and aerobic lagoons. Both systems
handle only easily decomposable substances but not
the total organic substance. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
2990 - B2, B3, B5, Dl, D3, E3
HOW ONE TRIES IN THE USA TO
SOLVE ANIMAL WASTE PROB-
LEMS?,
G. Blanken
Landtechnik, Vol. 23, No. 24, p. 609-612, December,
1971. 7 fig.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Liquid wastes, Drying, Re-
cycling, Humus.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Composting, Soil
amendments.
The most economic method of disposing of animal
waste is the lagoon, into which the animal waste is led.
Another method is removal by oxidation ditches,
which are situated directly under the stable floor,
provided with gaps. The ditches are connected with
each other, so that liquid manure can circulate; this is
effected by a rotor provided with brushes. The rotor
also continuously adds oxygen to the manure, to pro-
mote decomposition. Tests have been done to trans-
form manure into dry feces or humus, by continuous
air ventilation in the stable, and by using a revolving
device, in the ditches, which dries the manure down to
30 percent water. A special kind of compost is pre-
pared by adding bark flour to the manure. This mix-
ture is kept in clamps and then processed into flower
soil. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
2991 - A6, B3, Dl
MOLE MOUNDS—A NEW SYSTEM OF
MANURE REMOVAL,
Landtechnik, Vol. 26, No. 10, p. 263, May, 1971.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Solid wastes.
Identifiers: Mounding, Mole mounds, Sweden.
A new method of cleaning cattle barns has been de-
veloped in Sweden. A hydraulically driven piston
presses the dung from the stable into the dung stock
through a subterranean tube system, 180 mm in
diameter. The tube system is protected against freez-
ing by the soil; the opening of the tube is protected by
the dung itself. The new dung settles in the middle of
the mound which avoids bad odor formation. The tube
system is independent of the quality and quantity of
dung. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
2992 - A6, Bl, C2, Dl, D2, D3,
F3
ENGINEERING CHALLENGES OF
ANIMAL PRODUCTION ODOR CON-
TROL,
Department of Agricultural Engineering Oregon
State University, Corvallis 8
J. R. Miner
Presented at the Second National Conference on
Complete Water Reuse: Water's Interface with
Energy, Air and Solids, Chicago, Illinois, May 4-8
1975, 16 p. 1 fig, 3 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Management, Biological
treatment. Physical control.
Identifiers: Odor identification. Odor measurement.
Odor control, Olfaction, Chemical treatment.
This paper examines the nature of livestock odors.
their identification, measurement and control, and
design and management techniques that facilitate
their control. Odor contributors are fresh manure.
livestock feeds, and odors from the animals them-
selves. Among the theories of olfaction, the
stereochemical theory of Amoore is one of the most
popular. According to this theory, there are different
kinds of receptor sites. By determining the silhouettes
of various molecular models of compounds known to
have similar odors, these sites may be described. By
combination of more than one primary odor being
received simultaneously it is possible to fabricate a
large number of different combinations based upon
relative concentrations. The most accepted method
for evaluating odor concentrations has been the mea-
surement of odor intensity based upon the number of
dilutions required to reduce the concentration to a
barely detectable level. This measurement may be
accomplished by use of a Scentometer. Among chem-
icals used to control odor are: potassium permanga-
nate, potassium nitrate, paraformaldehyde, hydro-
gen peroxide, and Ozene. Enzymes and other diges-
tive aids have also been proposed for the control of
livestock production odors. Feed additives for this
purpose are also being researched. Because current
levels of understanding of odor control by chemicals,
feed additives, or odor-masking techniques are not
sufficient toof fer solutions to livestock producer prob-
lems, site selection, facility design, and careful man-
agement assume great importance in the prevention
of odor and the prevention of odor complaints by
neighbors. Further research is needed to evolve odor
control systems which are compatible with intensive
livestock production and which are economically
compatible with the problem. (Penrod-East Central)
2993 - A2, A4, B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3,
E2, Fl
WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS
OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
T. E. Hazen, D. H. Vanderholm, and J. R. Miner
Ames Reservoir Environmental Study. Appendix 4.
Physical Relationship With the Agricultural Sector,
Iowa State University Report ISWRH-60-A4,1973, p.
4-*-i-4-4-32. 13 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Water quality, Farm
wastes, Water pollution control. Waste treatment.
Economics, Farm management, Cost analysis, Capi-
tal costs. Operating costs, Iowa, Feedlots, Runoff,
Reservoirs, Physical properties. Chemical proper-
ties. Biological properties, Watersheds.
Identifiers: Ames Reservoir (IA), Skunk River Basin
(IA), Land application.
Animal wastes are major water pollution sources;
however, the impact of such wastes can be controlled
through alternative management techniques. A sur-
vey of the literature indicates that the application of
wastes by spreaders, manure tank wagons, and irri-
gation can reduce to less than 1 percent the portion of
excreted pollutants escaping into the environment.
Treatment methods, including oxidation ditches
anaerobic and aerated lagoons, are also considered
479
-------
although none yield acceptable effluent for surface
water courses The impacts of animal waste and po-
tential management policies on the water quality of
Iowa's Ames Reservoir basin is evaluated Though
livestock production in the region is not intensive—no
cattle or swine operations exceed 1000 head—it is still
of major importance Over 2 million pounds of man-
ure are produced daily most of which is applied to
cropland Management practices including preven-
tion of direct waste discharges, locating feed lot
boundaries away from streams, and fencing animals
where they might disturb banks are recommended.
Kunoff control costs vary from $1 00 to $10.00 per head
according to feed lot size. Manure management, loss
of grazing areas adjacent to water, and aesthetic con-
servation are also costs to be evaluated.
(Schroeder-Wisconsin)
2994 - A8, C2, E2
DENITRIFICATION IN SOIL
TREATED WITH BEEF-FEEDLOT
MANURE,
Minnesota University, Northwest Experiment Sta-
tion, Crookston
G. W. Wallingford, L. S. Murphy, W. L. Powers and
H. L Manges.
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 147-161,1975. 6 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Denitrification, Soils, Cattle, Feedlots
Identifiers: Land disposal, Nitrogen loss.
Yearly fall applications of beef feedlot manure were
begun in 1969. Four plots were selected for detailed
study in the summers of 1972 and 1973 to determine if
denitrification significantly affected the N balance of
an irrigated silly clay loam soil. The four plots re-
ceived 0, 58,306, and 68 tjha/yr of dry manure by the
summer of 1973. Nitrogen balance calculations
showed that large amounts of N were not accounted
for by soil and manure analyses. Of the plots receiving
manure, the plots receiving the heaviest manure
treatments had the least amount of unaccountable N
loss. Atmospheric and other soil analyses suggested
that N loss could have occurred from denitrification
reactions. Organic carbon increased relative to the
control at the 10-cm depth in all three manured plots in
1972 and movement of C to the 50-cm depth was evi-
dent in the plot that had received 687 t/ha/yr. Some of
the increased C would be available for oxidation in
denitrification reactions. The 1973 data showed lower
percentages of \2 at all depths beneath the plot that
received 687 t^iartr of manure. In 1972 lower percen-
tages of Oj were found at several depths beneath the
plots receiving 687 trtiayr of manure; in 1973 they
were lower beneath plots receiving 306 and 687 t/ha/
yr. The 1972 samplings revealed higher CO2 percen-
tages in the surface 40 cm under plots receiving 687
thaftr than under the control plots; 1973 samplings
revealed higher CO2 percentages at all sampling
depths beneath plots receiving 306 and 687 t/ha/yr. No
CHj or NjO was found in the 1972 gas samples. Be
cause NjO is an end product of denitrification its pre-
sence indicates that denitrification did occur. It was
shown that in land disposal of manure, the potential
for N03-N contamination of groundwater can be low-
ered by denitrification. (Cameron-East Central)
2995 - A7, C2, Bl 200
ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND RE-
LATED NITROGEN GASES EMANAT-
ING FROM DAIRY WASTE,
USDA, ARS, California University, Riverside
R. E. Luebs
Summaries of papers, Statewide Conference on Fer-
tilization and Waste Management in Relation to Crop
Production and Environmental Problems, University
of California, Riverside, December 18-19, 1972. p.
22-23.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Air pollution. Ammonia,
Nitrogen, Gases.
Identifiers: Volatilization.
Distillable nitrogen was measured as an air pollutant
in 2 different dairy areas in southern California. Data
were obtained (1) in and around an area of 150,000
dairy animals in 60 square miles and (2) around a
600-cow dairy isolated from other major ammonia
sources Absorption by acid surface traps for a 39
week period indicated that distillable nitrogen con-
centration in the atmosphere averaged 28 times that
in an urban area. The following conclusions were
drawn from data related to Area 11150,000 cows I: (1)
Volatilization increased atmospheric concentrations
of distillable nitrogen over an area of 210 square
miles. (2) Three-fourths of this area was downwind
(3) Concentrations in the dairy area away from the
cows were inversely correlated with average weekly
wind speed (4) Nitrogen content of rainfall in the
large dairy area was 200 percent greater than at an
urban sampling site. (5) Approximately 20percent of
the nitrogen absorbed by the acid-surface traps was
not ammonia nitrogen. Area II (600-cows) yielded
these conclusions: (1) Miximum concentration of dis-
tillable nitrogen along the fence was 1081 ug per cubic
meter of air. as compared with 15 ug at a distance of .6
mile during the same period. (2) Highest concentra-
tions of distillable nitrogen were always much higher
along the downwind fence. (3) During a period of high
volatilization and continuous wind averaging 5 miles
per hour, the maximum distance from the dairy that
increased distillable nitrogen concentrations could be
detected was about 1600 feet. Data showed great diur-
nal variation in atmospheric concentrations of distill-
able nitrogen and in the patterns of this variation,
depending on factors affecting volatilization, temp-
erature inversions in the atmosphere, and proximity
to the source. (Cannon-East Central)
2996 - A5, A8, C2, E2
LAND DISPOSAL OF MANURE,
Agriculturist, California University Agricultural Ex-
tension, Modesto
J. L. Meyer
Summaries of papers, Statewide Conference on Fer-
tilization and Waste Management in Relation to Crop
Production and Environmental Problems, University
of California, Riverside, December 18-19, 1972. p.
23-25. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Nitrates, Salts, Leaching,
Soil profiles.
Large amounts of fertilizer applied to the soil can
produce excessive amounts of nitrate-nitrogen and
salts which become available for leaching into ground
waters The presence or absence of restrictive soil
layers and their effect upon leaching will affect man-
ure rate usage. In Central San Joaquin Valley, under
restricted soil (hardpan), nitrogen movement seems
to be a lesser problem than under open soils For 12
consecutive years, 12 yards of dairy manure plus 150
pounds of commercial nitrogen were applied per acre
to an area where restrictive soil was present at 18 feet.
When cropped to silage corn and winter oats, no ex-
cess movement or accumulation of nitrogen occur-
red. A slight increase in nitrates and salinity was
observed just below the root zone of growing crops.
During the 12-year study, 40 yards of manure and 150
pounds of commercial nitrogen were also applied to
separate plots of soil under the same conditions. Sil-
age corn and winter oats were also grown on these
plots. This results in both salt and nitrogen accumula-
tions at the soil surface, under the root system, and
lower in the profile. Accumulations lower in the pro-
file were probably caused by successive irrigations.
Manure amounts greater than crop requirements,
perhaps 12 to 20 yards per acre, may cause nitrogen
and salt leaching below crop root systems in open soils
and slight salt accumulations in restricted soils.
(Cannon-East Central)
2997 - A8, B2, B3, C2, E2
NITRATE CONTENT OF BARLEY
AND SUDANGRASS IN RELATION TO
RATES OF BOVINE WASTES AND
WATER,
Professor, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineer-
ing, California University, Riverside
P. F. Pratt, R. G. Sharpless, and K. M. Holtzclaw
Summaries of papers, Statewide Conference on Fer-
tilization and Waste Management in Relation to Crop ,
Production and Environmental Problems, University
of California, Riverside, December 18-19 1972 p
25-26.
Descriptors: Nitrates, Crop response, Barley,
Sudangrass, Evapotranspiration.
Identifiers: Land application, Hanford sandy loam,
San Emigdio clay, Arlington sandy loam.
In the fall of 1970, dry dairy manure at rates of 0,20,40,
and 80 tons per acre per year, and a liquid manure
from a feedyard at rates of approximately 13 to 26 tons
of air dry material per acre per year, were added to
plots of Hanford sandy loam. Forty tons per acre per
year of dry dairy manure was applied to plots of Ar-
lington sandy loam and San Emigdio clay soils as
well. Water at rates equal to evapotranspiration (ET)
and at ET + 33 percent were imposed on all manure
rates. Barley was grown in winter and sudangrass
was grown in the summer. In most cases, the higher
water rates reduced the NO3 content of the forage,
sometimes by 80 percent or more. During the first
year results showed sudangrass to have unsafe levels
of NOJ in each of its 3 cuttings from plots receiving
liquid feedyard manures. Unsafe NOJ levels were
shown in forage from the Hanford soil receiving rates
of forty and eighty tons of dry manure. At the twenty
ton rate, the forage had unsafe levels at the low water
rate and safe levels at the high water rate. In most
cases, the barley showed safe NOJ levels. In the sec-
ond year, the twenty ton rate of dry manure showed
safe levels in all cases. At forty and eighty ton rates of
dry manure and at both liquid manure rates, unsafe
NOJ levels were found. Also, sudangrass had higher
NO3 contents in the low as compared to the high water
rates and higher NOJ contents in the Hanford as com-
pared to the Arlington and San Emigdio soils
(Cannon-East Central)
2998 - A8, B2, E2
EFFECT OF VARIOUS APPLICATION
RATES OF DAIRY WASTE
EFFLUENT ON PRODUCTION OF
CORN SILAGE IN A PERCHED
WATER-TABLE AREA,
Agriculturist. California University Agricultural Ex
tension, Hanford
S. W. Kite, R. S. Rauschkolb, and R. S. Ayers
Summaries of papers, Statewide Conference on Fer-
tilization and Waste Management in Relation to Crop
Production and Environmental Problems, University
of California, Riverside, December 18-19, 1972. p
26-27.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Effluents, Crop re-
sponse.
Identifiers: Dairy wastes.
In October, 1970, the effects of various rates of dairy
waste effluent on soil productivity were studied. The
soil was a Tulare fine sandy loam with the water table
at approximately forty inches. The effluent was a
liquid mixture of dairy manure and wash water. Dur-
ing first year, plots were treated with high, inter-
mediate, and low volumes of the effluent and a con-
trol The following year, the intermediate volume was
replaced by intermittent flooding. Ceramic cups were
installed at various depths in the soil under the con-
tinuously flooded plots to monitor changes in the soil
solution. Corn silage was produced each year after the
flooding to determine any effect of effluent loading on
yields. Nitrogen treatments were superimposed on
the plots during the second year to evaluate nitrogen
response under different loading rates. There were no
differences in the yields of either year. Soil and soil
solution analyses suggested that phosphorus and nit-
rogen move downward through the soil as water-
soluble organic compounds. Nitrate-nitrogen levels
decreased to less than 1 ppm in the soil solution be
cause of denitrification caused by the flooding appli-
cation of the effluent. (Cannon-East Central)
2999 - A8, C2, E2
DAIRY MANURE RATES RELATED
TO GREEN CHOP PRODUCTION,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re-
search Service, Western Region, Riverside, Califor-
480
-------
S Davis
Summaries of papers. Statewide Conference on Fer-
tilization and Waste Management in Relation to Crop
Production and Environmental Problems, University
of California, Riverside, December 18-19. 1972 p
27-29. 1 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Crop response, Nitrogen, Salts, Barley,
Sudangrass, Soils.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
In a field manure trial, three soil types in three loca-
tions were studied to determine the amounts of man-
ure that can be applied to soil without reducing pro-
duction. Nitrogen and salt movements resulting from
these applications were also studied. Barley was
grown in the winter and sudangrass in the summer for
green chop feed. Dry manure wasapplied at the three
locations at rates of 0,20,40, and 80 tons per acre per
year, and 38 and 76 liquid tons per acre per year. At the
Hanford site, the results showed a considerable de-
crease in barley and sudangrass production for the 80
ton per acre rate of dry manure and a fairly high
decrease for the 76 ton per acre wet-manure rate. At
40 tons of dry manure per acre, Hanford soils pro-
duced an average of 3687.66 pounds per acre, Ramona
soils an average of 4200.33 pounds per acre, and
Moreno soils an average of 3545.33 pounds per acre of
barley. Hanford soils produced an average of 4151.66
pounds per acre, Ramona soils an average of 3518.5
pounds per acre, and Moreno soils an average of
3398 33 pounds per acre of sudangrass. (Cannon-East
Central)
3000- All, Bl, E3
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED
POULTRY WASTE FROM CAGE
REARED BROILERS AS A FEED IN-
GREDIENT FOR BROILERS,
Research Department, Crawfords Foods Limited.
Wynyard, Saskatchewan SOA 4TOand Department of
Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan. Saska-
toon, Saskatchewan S7N OWO
K K. Bhargava and J. B. O'Neil
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No. 5, p. 1506-1511, Sep-
tember, 1975. 8 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Poultry, Growth rates, Perfor-
mance.
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry wastes, Feed effi-
ciency.
A study was performed to observe the growth perfor-
mance of broiler chicks fed dried poultry waste from
cage reared broilers. Straight-run day-old Peel
broiler chicks were used in all experiments. In exper-
iment 1, chicks 4 weeks of age were tested for the
effects of DPM on their growth response. In experi-
ment 2. chicks were fed a commercial broiler starter
for 4 weeks and then randomly assigned to experi-
mental rations of either 5 or 10 percent DPW. Exper-
iment 3 diets were computed to be isocaloric and
isonitrogenous. To test the availability of methionine
and lysine in experiment 3 diets, experiment 4 was
designed to ascertain the response of chicks to diets
containing the same levels of DPW as in test 3. but
with additional amounts of the 2 amino acids or a
combination of both. Data from experiment 1 showed
that there was a significant depression in growth
when chicks were fed 10 percent DPW, but levels of
either 15 or 20 percent DPW did not result in a further
depression. The 10 percent diet significantly de-
creased feed efficiency. A further depression of feed
efficiency was observed with the 14-20 percent feed-
ings. Performance index was significantly lower with
the addition of any level of DPW. Experiment 2 results
showed that the inclusion of 10 percent DPW into the
ration resulted in a significant decrease in body
weight at about 8 weeks. No significant differences
were observed in feed efficiency or performance in-
dex The results of experiment 3 showed that levels up
to 20 percent DPW had no adverse effects on growth
characteristics and carcass quality. Data from exper-
iment 4 indicated that availability of both lysine and
methionine was similar irrespective of the percen-
tage of DPW included in thediets. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
3001-All, A12, F6
ELIMINATION OF SUL-
FAMETHAZINE FROM EDIBLE TIS-
SUES, BLOOD, URINE, AND FECES
OF TURKEY POULTS,
Division of Veterinary Medical Research. Food and
Drug Administration. Beltsville, Maryland
G. E. Heath, D. A. Kline. C. J. Barnes, and D. H.
Showalter
American Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol 36
No. 7, p. 913-917, July, 1975. 6 fig, 3 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Public health.
Identifiers: Drugs, Sulfamethazine, Animal diseases
Turkey poults, Metabolites, Blood samples, Tussie
samples, Residue depletion. Elimination, Urine
Feces, Drug withdrawal.
The objective of this study was to determine the rates
of depletion of free (unaltered) sulfamethazine from
blood and several edible tissues of turkey poults given
usual therapeutic doses. Tissue samples were
analyzed for free sulfamethazine using Tishler's
method; sensitivity of the method was found to be 0.1
ppm. Blood samples were analyzed by Annino's
method; sensitivity was found to be 1 ppm. Data gen-
erated from the study supported the view that sul-
famethazine undergoes elimination at an exponential
rate from the various tissues and blood of turkey
poults. However, this generalization did not hold true
at small concentrations in kidney, liver, and skin;
these organs seemed to retain the parent compound at
concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 ppm. The au-
thors concluded that since only 8.6 percent of the oral
dose and 16.5 to 17 percent of the intravenously ad-
ministered dose was recovered in urine-feces as the
parent sulfamethazine, it was indicated that the drug
might be extensively metabolized. (Penrod-East
Central)
3002 - A8, B3, C2, E2, F6
POTASSIUM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
SALINITY IN SOILS AMENDED WITH
POULTRY MANURE,
Department of Plant Science, Delaware University,
Newark
W. C. Liebhardt and J. G. Shortall
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,
Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 385-398,1974. 5 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Soils, Salinity, Potassium.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Poultry manure, Applica-
tion rates.
Research was done to determine which ion(s) are
responsible for the high salinity associated with poul-
try manure applications on coastal plain soils. Appli-
cations of poultry manure were made each March in
1971,1972, and 1973 and plowed into an Elkton sandy
loam at rates of 0, 22, 56, 90, 165 and 224 Ml/ha. In
addition, there was a fertilizer treatment of 224-5-186
kg*a (N-P-K) and a treatment consisting of 22 Mt/ha
of poultry manure plus the previous fertilizer treat-
ment. As rates of poultry manure application in-
creased, electrical conductivity and concentrations of
double acid extractable and H20 extractable cations
increased. Potassium in the soil was also elevated by
increasing rates of poultry manure. Double acid and
water extractable K increased six and ten fold, re-
spectively , over the range of applications made in this
study. Water extractable 1C however, was much
higher than either Ca or Mg, making K the prime
suspect for the increasing salinity associated with
poultry manure. The high coefficient of determina-
tion (r1 = .95 and r' = .97) further indicated a highly
linear relation between K and salinity. Sodium and
ammonium were also contributors to the salinity
problem, however, they were considerably less im-
portant than K. Data also substantiated the relative
unimportance of Ca and Mg, as concentrations were
generally less than 100 PPM. In conclusion, it would
appear that K was primarily responsible for the salin-
ity associated with heavy applications of poultry ma-
nure on sandy coastal plain soils. (Cameron-East
Central)
3003-A7, All, Bl
EVALUATION OF AMMONIA AND
INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCI-
NATION STRESS ON BROILER PER-
FORMANCE AND CARCASS QUAL-
ITY,
Department of Animal Science, Colorado State Uni-
versity, Fort Collins
C. L. Quarles, and H. F. Kling.
Poultry Science, Vol. 53, P. 1592-15%, 1974.1 fig 4 tab
11 ref.
Descriptors: Ammonia, Poultry, Performance, Air
pollution.
Identifiers: Infectious bronchitis vaccination, Broiler
chicks, Animal health.
The response of broilers to infectious bronchitis vac-
cine and atmospheric ammonia was studied. Eighty
Indian River Cross male broiler chicks were ran-
domly assigned to each of 12 chambers in a controlled
environment building. Anhydrous ammonia gas was
injected into the test chambers at rates of 0,25, and 50
ppm of NH3 during the time period when the chicks
were 4-6 weeks of age. The chicks were vaccinated at 5
weeks of age, with a commercial strain of infectious
bronchitis dust vaccine. At 8 weeks of age, body
weights and feed efficiencies of broilers exposed to
ammonia were significantly reduced. At 6 and 8
weeks of age, some severe cases of airsacculitis
existed in chicks in the 25 and 50 ppm NH3 chambers.
During the eight week period, airborne bacteria were
significantly greater in the 25 and 50 ppm NHj cham-
bers. Results on carcass quality snowed that low
levels of ammonia and infectious bronchitis stresses
may not affect carcass tenderness, flavor, or juici-
ness. However, such stresses can have an economi-
cally detrimental effect by increasing incidence of
breast blisters and condemnation and by decreasing
growth performance and grade. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
3004 — A8, C2, E2
DRIED POULTRY MANURE Rfc-
VEGETATES SPOIL BANKS,
E. L. Bergman and G. W McKee
Science in Agriculture, Vol. 23. No. 2, p. 8-9, Winter,
1976. 1 tab
Descriptors: Reclamation, Revegetation, Mulching.
Nutrients, Potash. Lime, Phosphate
Identifiers: Dried poultry manure.
Revegetation experiments using dried poultry man-
ure were conducted at nine locations in Lackawanna,
Luzerne, and Schuylkill counties of Pennsylvania. It
was soon found that the ground must be prepared
before the sites could be seeded successfully. It was
also found that a heavy application of dried poultry
manure, over 1300 Ibs. per acre with hydroseeding.
prevented germination due to a high chemical salt
content. Winter loss of new seedlings was observed
when urea was applied too heavily and too early in the
fall. Mulching was found to be vital to production of a
good stand of grass. The following planting tips re-
sulted from these experiments. (It The seedbed
should be graded to contours to prevent washing out.
(2) 800 Ibs. per acre of dried poultry manure can be
used successfully in establishing a ground cover (3)
Dried poultry manure can be mixed with a 10-20-20- or
0-20-20- fertilizer if higher levels of phosphate and
potash are needed. Lime should not be miied with
manure unless an anti-foamant is available. (41
Under the conditions of the experiment, the following
gave the best cover: Kentucky 31 tall fescue. 30 Ibs
per acre, and Empire birdsfoot trefoil, 20 Ibs per
acre, on flat ground — or Penngift crownvetch, 20 Ibs.
per acre, on slopes. (5) Seeding should be completed
by June 15 and can be started as early as possible in
spring. If a fall maintenance application is made, it
should be applied when vegetation is dormant (6)
Anthracite spoil and refuse banks can be revegetated
by use of dried poultry manure since the pH is not very
acid. Banks with incinerated materials showed best
results. (Penrod-East Central)
481
-------
3005-A8, All, B3.E2
FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY
LITTER,
S R. Wilkinson and J. A. Stuedemann
McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology
reprint, McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc., 1974 2 fig,
9 ref.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Potassium, Magnesium.
Identifiers: Poultry litter, Land disposal. Animal
health. Grass tetany. Fat necrosis. Nitrate toxicity.
The problems ol fat necrosis, grass tetany, and nit-
rate toxicity in cattle grazing fescue pastures heavily
fertilized with poultry litterare studied. Fat necrosis
the presence of masses of hard fat primarily in the
fatty tissues of the abdominal cavity, was investi-
gated in Kentucky-31 tall fescue pastures fertilized
with different amounts of nitrogen. Test results indi-
cated that the incidence of fat necrosis in cows was
related to high nitrogen fertilization of fescue pas-
tures rather than to any residual feed additive in the
litter or any other factor of the litter except its plant
nutrient content Grass tetany, a complex nutritional
disease of ruminants, is associated with low levels of
blood magnesium. Recent research has determined
that heavy poultry litter fertilization (which adds nit-
rogen and potassium) is related to an increased inci-
dence of grass tetany in cattle. S. R. Wilkinson, J. A.
Stuedemann and associates havedeveloped the prom-
ising technique of foliar application of magnesium
oxide in sodium bentonite water slurries to prevent
hypomagnesemia and grass tetany in cattle grazing
where poultry litter was used as a fertilizer. In-
creased incidence of nitrate toxicity is attributed to
such things as: excessive nitrogen fertilization,
drought, cloudy weather, herbicides, imbalance of
soil nutrients, kind of plant, age of plant, and plant
part. Nitrate toxicity is also related to the animal, its
health, susceptibility to nitrates, and amount con-
sumed. Health problems encountered in cattle graz-
ing heavily littered pastures are essentially those as-
sociated with highly fertilized, intensively grazed,
and managed pastures. Control of these problems re-
quires judicious use of poultry litter or fertilizer, good
pasture management, and special techniques to sup-
•ply needed nutrients. (Penrod-East Central)
3006-B3, E2
CHINA RECYCLES HER WASTES BY
USING THEM ON THE LAND,
R. Blobaum
Compost Science, Vol. 16, No. 5, p. 16-17, Autumn,
1975. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Animal wastes.
Identifiers: China. Land disposal, Waste manage-
ment. Night soil.
China recycles a tremendous amount of human, ani-
mal, and plant waste. In the winter, an important job
is scraping silt and other material from the bottoms of
fish ponds, canals, and rivers and applying it to crop
lands. Other important sources of fertilizer are night
soil (human wastes); garbage; and animal wastes,
particularly hog wastes. In fact, pig production is
being increased because pigs make such good gar-
bage disposals and because their manure is so valu-
able. Chinese scientists also espouse high sanitation
standards, use of herballnsecticides, crop rotation for
weed control, composting of agricultural wastes,
green manure crops to increase fertility, propagation
of beneficial insects, use of biological controls, and
eli mi nation of as many chemicals in the food chain as
possible. (Merryman-East Central)
3007-A11, B3, C2, C3, E3,
Fl
FEEDING DRIED POULTRY WASTE
FOR INTENSIVE BEEF PRODUC-
TION,
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Box-
worth Experimental Husbandry Farm, Cambridge
CBS 8NN
J M. Oliphant
Animal Production, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 211-217, 1974.
Descriptors: Feeds, Performance, Cattle, Copper,
Diets.
Identifiers: Dried poultry manure, Refeeding, Deep
litter poultry manure. Battery poultry manure.
Pathogens, Carcass grading.
Dried poultry manure was substituted for soya and
fish meals in an intensive beef ration to determine if it
was a satisfactory alternative source of nitrogen and
in an attempt to reduce feed costs. During the 3 years
of experimentation. Autumn-born British Friesian
male castrates were taken from 150 kg live weight to
slaughter at 400 kg on various rations. The treatment
rations were made isonitrogenous with the control
(14 5 percent crude protein). Mean values for animal
performance and feed intake were calculated. The
reduced live-weight gain in animals receiving the
deep litter poultry manure diet was significant in 1969
and 1971. and was associated with reduced daily in-
takes of dry matter and poorer conversion ratios.
Values for the 'mixture' diet were usually inter-
mediate between those for the control and the deep
litter poultry manure diets and none of the differences
were significant. Performance on the battery poultry
manure diet was similar to that on the control diet,
except for a poorer feed conversion which was sig-
nificant in the 1971 trial. Because of the differences in
live-weight gain, there were differences in the time
taken to reach slaughter weight but, after allowingfor
differences in the average slaughter weights, the ef-
fect was significant only for the deep litter poultry
group in 1969. Copper toxicity was not found to be a
problem. Examination of the cold carcasses 24 hr
after slaughter showed no significant differences, but
there was a tendency for diets containing poultry ma-
nure to be associated with a lower carcass grading, a
lower killing-out percentage and lower scores for
round and rump; there was, however, less fat overall
and a larger eye muscle and the percentage of
hi ndquarters to whole carcass was higher. It was con-
cluded that dried poultry manure can increase pro-
fitability of intensively produced beef. (Penrod-East
Central)
3008 - All, B3.C2, E3, F3
FEEDING BROILER LITTER DI-
RECT TO RUMINANTS,
Department of Animal Science. Arkansas University,
Fayetteville
M. L. Ray
Poultry Digest, Vol. 35, No. 408, p. 73-74, February,
1976. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Feeds. Litters, Cattle, Performance,
Additives. Nitrogen, Public health.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Animal health. Digestibility,
Arsenic, Zoalene, Amprol, Bloat.
At the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Fall, 1953, an experiment was started to determine if
gestating-lactating ewes would eat chicken litter in
adequate amounts to furnish their requirements for
supplementary nitrogen without harm to the ewes.or
their lambs. A second test, using broiler litter as a
nitrogen source for fattening steers, was conducted in
spring, 1954. There were no excessive feed refusals or
digestive disturbances noted in either of the two feed-
ing trials. Two trials were conducted to determine the
digestibility of 12 different base materials for broiler
litter when fed to steers. Five out of the 12 chicken
litters fed were found to be higher in digestible dry
matter, digestible energy, and digestible crude
protein—oat straw litter, sage grass litter, wheat
bran litter, cotton boll hull litter and layer house wood
shavings litter. All litters had acceptable digestion
coefficients. The most promising use for broiler litter
appears to be as a supplement to wintering beef cows
and their calfs. No significant difference was noted in
arsenic content of liver muscle and fat tissue of steers
fed litter rations as compared to those fed the control
ration. The fate of Zoalene or its primary metabolite
ANOT when used in litter did not accumulate in the
steers. Steers consuming Amprol had no Amprol re-
sidues in their liver tissues. The most common prob-
lem associated with feeding broiler litter is its dusty
nature. Ways to minimize this problem are given. No
digestive disturbances of consequence occurred and
bloat was a minor problem. Studies of carcasses indi-
cated that chicken litter ration had no different effects
on ruminant carcasses than any other rations of simi-
lar chemical composition. (Penrod-East Central)
3009-A10, B3, C3, D3
FACTORS AFFECTING DEGRADA-
TION OF POULTRY MANURE BY
FLIES.
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station,
New Haven
R. L. Beard and D. C. Sands
Environmental Entomology, Vol. 2, No. 5 1973 n
801-606 ' r'
Descriptors: Degradation, Aerobic conditions
Anaerobic conditions. Microorganisms, Bacteria'
Fungi, Yeasts.
Identifiers: Poultry manure, Flies, Waste manage-
ment. Egg maturation, Larval development.
Studies were conducted to determine interrelating
and interacting factors of manure as a culture
medium for flies, as well as fly characteristics that
favor development in and degradation of manure In
studying the adaptability of flies to poultry manure, it
was determined that flies could not be used to biode!4-
rade thealread.v stored bulk of manure in commercial
plants without aerating or modifying the manure. The
only fjy that consistently showed the kind of adapta-
bility to poultry manure that was required for man-
aged degradation was the housefly (Musca domestics
i.) The study of poultry manure revealed thai hies
disiri'ninate against manure only if a more attractive
uviposition medium is available. Fresh manure con-
stitutes the best manure medium. As manure was
biodegraded. metabolic activity of contained or-
ganisms increased to a plateau, ammonia was pro-
duced, nitrogen was lost, and pH increased. Bacteria.
rather than fungi and yeasts, were primarily respon-
sible for these changes, but metabolism of bacteria
and developing maggots interacted. Some bacteria,
such as Mima p_oly morp_ha,retarded fly development!
The conditions necessary for the degradation of man-
ure by flies were found to be aeration (augmented bv
ventilation I. desired moisture gradient in the
medium, and favorable temperatures for flies and
bacteria. (Penrod-East Central)
3010-B1.C3, D3, E4, Fl
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
PIGGERY WASTES,
The Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit,
Craibstone. Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland
A. M. Robertson G. A. Burnett,P. N.Hobson.S. Bous-
field. and R. Summers
Unpublished paper, 16 p. 3 fig, 4 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Byproducts
Methane, Fertilizers, Economics.
Identifiers: Swine, Detention time.
A large problem in the animal productions system
over the last decade has been the disposal of animal
waste. Many studies have been centered around
aerobic methods of disposal, but these will not handle
pig wastes. Anaerobic digesters have been found to
reduce pig solid particulars while retaining essential
nutrients of pig waste. Digesters can give optimum
reductions of: 40 percent total solids, 90 percent vol-
atile fatty acids, 90 percent BODs and 40 percent'
CUD. At digester detention times of 30,20, and 15 davs
and at solid input rates of 5 percent, the quality of the
gas was found insufficient to maintain the required
temperature for the digester in North-east Scotland
(where this study was made). However, increasing
input solid levels and reducing retention times in-
creases gas production. Also, less gas is required in a
warmer cli mate. The cost of installing a digester of 45
m> capacity, together with ancillary equipment would
oe approximately 10,000 pounds. Writing off the
.uipment over ten years and charging interest on
ilf the capital would give an annual cost of 1 pound
.M pence per pig: At a ten day retention time, running
costs would amount to 1 pound, 35 pence per pig place
per year, based on the running cost of the existing
digester, giving a total annual cost ot 3 pounds and IS
pence per pig. The value of the surplus gas is esti-
482
-------
mated at 1 pound. 97 pence per pig and fertilizer rpoo-
vrrrd from the effluent would have a value of 1 pnuirt
jl pence per pig This would bring the value ol tin
riinrster output to 3 pounds. 28 pence per pig. making
ana'Tobic digestion feasible on a large scale basis
iCannon-Kast Central)
3011 - All, B3.C2, E3
INITIAL RATION SEEN AFFECTING
CATTLE WASTE REFEED VALUE,
KwHstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 18, p. 4. May 3; 1976.
Descriptors: Diets, Performance. Nitrogen, Potas-
siu'n. Phosphorus. Manganese. Nutrients.
Identifiers: Refeeding. Crude fiber, Crude protein.
Scientists from the U. S. Department of Agriculture's
Agricultural Research Service and from the Univer-
sitv of Nebraska conducted a study to determine if the
initijl ration affects the cattle waste refeed value
Although supplemental manganese may be needed.
feces and manure from housed cattle on a low-
rouphage ration generally meet requirements for re-
fit*ding as a high-roughage ration. Dr. James K.Ellis,
AKS iiicrobiologist stated thai the practical limita-
tion on refecding cattle wastes is the large quantity of
dipeslable dry matter and the high handling costs
The research group found that wastes from outdoor
feedlots contain 45-95percent soil and are not suitable
for refeeding because of low feed value. Study results
showed that the suitability of excreted materials for
reieeding declines as the amount of roughage in the
original ration increases. The researchers concluded
that the roughage level in the ration influences gross
energy, crude fiber, crude protein, nitrogen in all
forms, potassium, phosphorus, manganese and other
mineral elements in the wastes. I Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
3012-All, Bl, C2
INFLUENCE OF DRY MATTER AND
NITROGEN INTAKES ON FECAL
NITROGEN LOSSES IN CATTLE
Department of Animal Science, Arkansas University.
Fayetteville
O. T Stallcup. G. V. David, and L Shields
Journal of Dairy Science. Vol. 68. No. 9, p. 1301-1307.1
fig, 3 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Diets, Effects, Forages.
Identifiers: Dry matter.
A study was conducted at the University of Arkansas
to (1) examine influence of intakes of dry matter and
nitrogen of steers fed forage diets on output of fecal
nitrogen, (2) estimate excretion of metabolic fecal
nitrogen from indirect methods based on extrapola-
tion to zero of fecal nitrogen losses from varying in-
takes of nitrogen, and (3) measure the relationship of
fecal nitrogen to excretion of fecal dry matter. Grow-
ing Holstein steers were confined in metabolism stalls
in a room at 20 degrees C and SO percent relative
humidity. Thirty-two sorghum silages, 13 corn sil-
ages. 9 hays. 8 cereal silages, and 6 lots of sudan and
sorghum-sudan hybrid forage were fed to the steers.
Each forage was fed to 3 steers for a 14-day prelimi-
nary and a 7-day collection period. In a preliminary
analysis, correlations were .93 between total fecal nit-
rogen and dry matter intake. 90 between total fecal
nitrogen and total nitrogen intake, and .95 between
total fecal nitrogen and total fecal dry matter. How-
ever, at high and low nitrogen intake there was evi-
dence of departure from a linear relationship. The
authors discuss the relative usefulness of 3 regression
analyses to estimate metabolic fecal nitrogen.
(Penrod-East Central)
3013-A4.A7, Bl, E2, F2
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY WASTE
DISPOSAL CONTROL,
North Carolina State University Agricultural Exten-
sion Service, Raleigh
G. Knz
Circular 556, North Carolina State University Ag-
ricultural Extension Service, February, 1973, 8 p.
Hi-scriptors: Air pollution, Water pollution. North
Carolina, Regulation.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal.
Questions on air and water pollution control for lives-
tock and poultry waste are answered in this publica-
tion by the North Carolina Agricultural Extension
Service. Areas of pollution control covered, include
11) Definitions of pollution and nuisance according to
North Carolina Law. (2) Factors which determine
how animal wastes become a nuisance or cause pollu-
tion ,(31 Kesponsibilitics of various state agencies, (4)
Regulations—local, state or federal—that apply to
animal waste disposal, (5) Services provided by the
hoard of Water and Air Resources, and (6) Assistance
that is provided to animal producers by agencies,
conservation services and agricultural departments
in pollution control and prevention. Conditions affect-
ing pollution potential of animal wastes, methods of
animal waste management and land application rates
are discussed. Final questions are answered that
examine 11) where responsibility lies in insuring that
pollution does not result from an ani mal operation, I2)
methods for avoiding pollution when a production unit
continues at the same level and (3) methods for avoid-
ing pollution when a production unit either expands or
builds a new facility. (Penrod-East Central)
3014-A8, Bl, C2
INTERACTIONS OF BEEF CATTLE
WASTES WITH SOIL,
Soil Scientists, USDA, P.O. Box E, Fort Collins, Col-
orado
F. A. Norstadt and L. K. Porter
Environmental Biogeochemistry, Vol. 2, Chapter 47,
Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, p. 763-775,
1976. 4 fig, 7 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Soil profile, Cattle, Feedlots, Sampling,
Groundwater.
Identifiers: Manure pack, Soil water tensions, Soil
temperature, Soil gases.
A soil core study was conducted at a commercial feed-
lot in Fort Collins, Colorado in 1972. The soil was a
silty-clay loam with a water table varying between
240 and 360 cm, according to season and irrigation
scheduling of adjacent cropland. Two metal cylinders
or caissons were installed to a depth of 450 cm in a
nearly square pen. One was located two meters from
the feedbunk concrete apron (area receiving the most
animal traffic, urine and feces) and the other in the
center, about 30 m away from the bunk caisson (area
of less traffic and excretion.) A third caisson was
located in a nearby alfalfa field for comparison. The
lot was usually stocked at 30 m' per animal. The cais-
sons monitored five depths (15,60,90,180, and 270 cm)
for soil water tensions and soil temperatures and
permitted sampling of soil gases and soil solutions.
Study results indicated that differences in animal
traffic and excretion distribution in thefeedlot caused
2 distinct soil regions to develop — one aerobic, and
one anaerobic. The former was near the center of the
lot, and the latter was along the concrete apron in
front of the feedbunk. Essentially the feedlot surface
was sealed and little if any water infiltrated and per-
colated. Soil water tensions were stable during the
year in the upper feedlot soil profile as compared to
alfalfa field. The composition of soil gases differed
markedly among the 3 caisson sites. It was found that
the soil and micro-organisms responded with interest-
ing reactions not easily observed in cultivated soils.
The authors concluded that a northeastern Colorado
feedlot, stocked and managed as reported in the
study, does not appear to be a hazard to soil and
groundwater. (Penrod-East Central)
3015 - A6, Bl, D2, Fl
CONTROLLING FEEDLOT SURFACE
ODOR EMISSION RATES BY APPLI-
CATION OF COMMERCIAL PRO
DUCTS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Oregon State
University. Corvallis
J. R. Miner and R. C. Stroh
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18, 1975, Paper No. 75-4566, 16 p. 19 tab, 4
ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Ammonia. Zeolites.
Identifiers: Odor control. Odor intensity. Ammonia
absorption rate. Ammonia evolution rale. Potassium
permanganate, Sodium bentonite, "Odor Control
Plus", "The Nose Knows", LSS10, Sanzyme.
An attempt was made to identify those measurements
which would be useful in evaluating the odor problem
and in measuring the effectiveness of abatement
techniques. The measurements selected for evaluat-
ing surface additives were odor intensity, ammonia
absorption rate, and ammonia evolution rate. Nine
commercially available products for feedlot odor con-
trol were applied to one or more pens, each to deter-
mine their effectiveness. These included: potassium
permanganate, sodium bentonite, "THE NOSE
KNOWS", Agco, "ODOR CONTROL PLUS",zeolites,
LSS10, and Sanzyme. The four products that were
found to effectively control ammonia release were
sodium bentonite, ODOR CONTROL PLUS, and the
two zeolites. The cost of the effective materials
ranged from (300 to $600 per acre for treatment during
the odor production season. (Penrod-East Central)
3016 - B3, C2, D3, E3, Fl
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A DE-
MONSTRATION UNIT FOR
METHANE GENERATION,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Maine Uni-
versity, Orono
A. El-Domiaty Hassan, G. S. Putnam, and N. Smith
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-4539,20 p. 6 fig, 5 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Methane, Anaerobic digestion,
Costs.
Identifiers: Research and development.
An investigation of the design and development of a
full scale pilot plant for methane generation was con-
ducted at the University of Maine poultry facilities.
This study was conducted as part of a larger project
conducted by the University of Maine Agricultural
Engineering Department. The digester used for the
laboratory scale studies consisted of 1-liter flasks and
8-liter bottles. The digester used in the early Held
studies was an insulated 700 gallon cylindrical steel
tank. Results from the laboratory kinetic studies
showed that the maximum yield of methane was a
result of initial solids concentration in the range of 4.6
to 7.6 percent. The most economical operation was
found at the higher end of the range (7.0 to 7.5 per-
cent) . Methane production in the digester was stimu-
lated by an added carbon source provided that the
source was easily degradable and that the concentra-
tion was not too high. Time lag in starting the digester
was greatly reduced by using inoculum or seed cul-
ture. The authors suggested using a continuously fed
system or a batch system where 50 percent or less of
the digester volume is emptied at one time. Under the
conditions of the laboratory study, the optimum
temperature for methane production was 35 + 2 de-
grees C(93 + 3 degrees F). The field studies sTiowed
that a methane recovery of 130 to 160 I/kg (2.0 to 2.5
ftMb.) dry manure with an average methane content
of approximately 56 percent. Hydrogen sulfide and
water vapor were present in the gas in amounts suffi-
cient to be very corrosive and might need to be re-
moved for several applications. Unless ground up be-
fore entering the digester, feathers were found to pre-
sent a pump clogging problem. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
3017 - B2, C2, D3
CRYSTALLINE PHOSPHATE PRE-
CIPITATION FROM ANAEROBIC
ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT LA-
GOON LIQUORS,
Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Sta-
tion, Iowa State University, Ames
C. V. Booram, R. J. Smith, and T. E. Hazen
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 340-343,
May-June, 1975.
483
-------
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Lagoons, Anaerobic
conditions, Chemical properties, Equipment.
Identifiers: Crystalline phosphate precipitation, En-
crustation, Phosphate deposition.
A study of the flushing system at Iowa State Univer-
sity was conducted to determine ways to cope with the
problem of crystal deposition and pipe blockages.
Considerations were given to: (1) anaerobic lagoon
conditions that can cause precipitation, (2) the in-
teraction of chemical components in a simplified
waste management system, (3) changes in concent-
ration of the component ions Mg-"-', NH) +, and P in
the lagoon, and (4) practical solutions that will allow
anaerobic liquid to be pumped with a minimum of
difficulty. Equipment utilization and maintenance
are also described. Study conclusions included the
following: (1) The liquor from certain anaerobic
waste treatment lagoons may be expected to cause
MgNH4P04 deposition in metal pumps and plumbing
fittings, (2) Solubility calculations for MgNtUPOi in-
dicate that only marginal precipitation should be ex-
pected because the solution is only mildly supersatu-
rated, (3) Phosphate concentrations in the bottom
sludge of an anaerobic lagoon are much higher than
uiose in the liquor, but the concentration in the liquor
does not change much from year to year (4) All
plumbing and pumps to be used for flushing with
anaerobic lagoon liquor should be constructed of plas-
tics or of synthetic rubber, (5) Some residual
MgNH4P04 deposition will take place, even in plastic
and this should be controlled by using 1:50 (volume
basis) acetic acid solution as a periodic cleaning
agent. (6) Relatively speaking, irrigation equipment
used to apply anaerobic lagoon effluent to land will
pass far less liquid each year than the recycle equip-
ment; hence, encrustation is less of a problem.
(Penrod-East Central)
3018 - B2
DESIGNING AN OPEN CHANNEL
FOR TRANSPORT OF WASTE,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue Uni-
versity, West Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye and D. D Jones
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois De-
cember 15-18,1975. 1 fig, 7 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Mathematical models, Slope,
Modification, Velocity.
Identifiers: Waste transport, Flushing, Discharge,
Volume.
Design principles for transporting waste through an
open channel are presented. Study objectives were-
(1) to develop a mathematical model that would pre-
dict the ability of Hush water to transport manure as it
flows down an open channel, (2) to determine from
this model the length of gutter that could be flushed
with a given volume of discharge, duration of dis-
charge, initial velocity and gutter slope. In order to
accomplish these objectives, a computer program
was developed. Input variables lor the program were
(1) volume of discharge: 100 to 500 gallons (.38 to 1.9
m'). (2) duration of discharge; 10 to 30 seconds (3)
slope of channel; .005 to .02 Mt/orm/mand (4) initial
velocity of water in channel; 2 to 3 fps (36.5 to 54.8
mAmn.). The Manning "n" roughness coefficient was
0.02. Although verification of the model has not been
completed, the following conclusions can be made-
(1) For channels longer than 100 ft, a higher velocity
and longer duration of flush should be used. (2) Flush-
ing gutter systems can be designed for older buildings
using a .005 A/t slope if the depth of flow is between 3
and 4 inches and the length of gutter is less than 80 ft.
(3) For extremely long gutters over 200 feet, variable
slopes or tapered gutters should be used. Further
comparisons with existing gutter flushing facilities
should produce a computer program that can design
more efficient flushing gutter systems. (Penrod-East
• — — — .-.£._«,* f*u^i*uij uuav vail ut;oi£ll
fftcient flushing gutter systems. (Penrod-East
Central)
3019-A6, B2.D1. D3, Fl
CHEAP EFFECTIVE CURE FOR A
SMELLY LAGOON,
Missouri University
B. George
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 8, p. 28-29, April, 1976. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Design, Aeration,Odor,Costs.
To cure a smelly lagoon. Bob George, University of
Missouri agricultural engineer, reported on a last re-
sort aeration system that is cheap to build and inex-
pensive to operate. Mr. George built a giant cross over
the lagoon using two-inch pipe. For a lagoon diameter
of 100 feet, he used about a 60-foot length of pipe in
each direction. A four-way connector at the center
hooked the pipes together. Caps sealed off three of the
pipes and the remaining end was hooked to a one-half
horse power pump which delivered up to 30 psi of
pressure. Quarter inch holes were spaced along the
length of each pipe, reducing the pressure to 14 psi.
The pump mixed lagoon water with oxygen and forced
the water and oxygen mixture through the pipes and
to the lagoon surface. The aerobic layer that this pro-
duced at the top of the lagoon sealed off odors. The
cost of construction for a 300 head-hog lagoon was
approximately »250.00-$300.00 and operated for $7 00-
$8.00 per month. Bob George stated that It took just 5
days to eliminate odor from the lagoon. Mr. George
suggested that his apparatus be used for other types of
feetlot lagoons as well. (Penrod-East Central)
3020-Al, A4, A8, A9, B2, B3,
B4, C2, Dl, D2, D3, El, E2, F2,
F4
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGE-
MENT FIELD MANUAL,
U. S. Soil Conservation Service
Agricultural Waste Management Field Manual, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-
vice, August, 1975, 345 p. 63 fig, 55 tab.
Descriptors: Agriculture, Legal aspects, Regulation,
Water pollution, Air pollution, Water quality. Waste
water treatment. Solid wastes, Agricultural runoff,
Chemical properties. Livestock, Poultry, Crop re-
sponse, Geology, Fish, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes,
Lagoons. Waste treatment, Waste storage, Waste
disposal, Food processing wastes, Pesticides,
Equipment. Monitoring, Sampling.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal.
This manual presents information, data, and
guidelines for planning, designing, and operating ag-
ricultural waste management systems. It is intended
for use by field offices of the U. S. Soil Conservation
Service (SCS). It supplements but does not supersede
national or state standards, specifications, or re-
quirements of SCS as they pertain to various conser-
vation practices. Topics considered are: (1) Laws,
rules, and regulations, (2) Waterquality, (3) Munici-
pal waste water treatment, (4) Waste characteristics,
(51 The role of soils in waste management, (6) The
role of plants in waste management, (7) Geologic con-
siderations in waste management, (8) Fish and
wildlife aspects of waste management, (9) Livestock
and poultry waste management systems, (10) Food
processing waste management systems, lilt Land
application of wastes, (12) Waste management sys-
tem components, (14) Pesticides and other chemi-
cals, (15) Waste management equipment, (16)
Monitoring and Sampling. Conversion factors and ta-
bles are also supplied along with a glossary of terms.
(Merryman-East Central)
3021 - A5, A8, B2, C2, D3, E2, E3
MANURE MANAGEMENT IN A 700-
HEAD SWINE FINISHING UNIT IN
THE AMERICAN MIDWEST: AN IN-
TEGRATED SYSTEM INCORPORAT-
ING HYDRAULIC MANURE TRANS-
PORT WITH RECYCLED
ANAEROBIC LAGOON LIQUOR AND
FINAL EFFLUENT USE BY CORN
(ZEA MAYS),
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
C. V. Booram and R. J. Smith
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 12, p. 1089-1097,1974.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions Irriga-
tion, Nitrates, Groundwater pollution. Hydraulic sv»-
tems. '
Identifiers: Land disposal, Crop response.
In recent years livestock production has shifted from
pasturing to intensive confinement, resulting in man-
ure management problems. In the mid western state*
anaerobic lagooning has been tested as a manage-'
ment method, with use of renovated waste water for
hydraulic transport. Such lagoons convert mixtures
of mucal, granular and fibrous solids in manure into •
liquid suspension capable of being pumped, with sim-
ple, low capacity equipment. However, lagoon liquor
has proven to be far too potent to discharge into a
watercourse. One solution has been to employ stan-
dard irrigation equipment to discharge excess lagoon
liquor to croplands. When anaerobic lagooning was
first introduced, it was thought that periodic siudee
removal would be necessary. However, three siudee
removal surveys in a 10 year period have failed to
produce evidence that such sludge accumulation oc-
curs. Problems associated with land application of
• • ••«• »•• •**, iiiu\«^ vii 1.1/111 wmi uiut: danger ot
groundwater pollution and minimal effects on plant
tissue. Because anaerobic lagoons are sources of
odor, they should be located at least 1 km from resi-
dences. Because these lagoons are temperature de-
pendent, they are not recommended for cold climates
Anaerobic lagoons should be as deep as local condi-
tions allow, usually 3-9 m. A loading rate of about 0 OS
kg VS m-3 day-1 is recommended. Purple sulphur-
fixing bacteria control HjS odors and should be en-
couraged by seeding frcm other active lagoons
(Penrod-East Central) K '
3022-Al, Bl, E3, Fl, F3, F4
F5
BENEFICIAL USE OF WASTE HEAT
FOR AGRICULTURAL APPLICA-
TIONS.
Department of Soil Science Oregon State University
Corvallis
L. Boersma
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-3540,29p. 4 fig 9 tab
36 ref.
Descriptors: Energy, Agriculture, Recycling, Elec-
tricity, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Waste heat. Land availability. Waste
management, Warm water use, Single cell protein
Protein extraction, Food processing, Aquaculturc
Greenhouses, Open field soil warming.
The development of beneficial uses for power plant
waste heat is a hard task that needs to be approached
with adequate justification. On this basis, the author
discusses the justifications for agricultural applica-
tions of waste heat and the concepts of proposed ap-
plications. The growth of the gross national product
during this century has roughly been paralleled by the
growth in total energy consumption. An increase in
population and the resulting affluence has stimulated
the need for increased agricultural production. In-
creased food production requires large energy inputs
A recent Farm Electrification Council publication es-
timates that food related activities consume a little
over 11 percent of tKe total energy consumption. The
author states that the potential problems of energy
shortage, lack of arable land, and water shortage can
in part be solved through the development of an integ-
rated production system where resources are recy-
cled. Waste products must become raw materials.
Potential contributions to the integrated system of
food and fiber production can be evaluated from the
standpoint of food production problems, the efficient
use of energy and the problems of waste manage-
ment. Specific applications that are described include
single cell protein production, protein extraction, food
processing, aquaculture, greenhouses and open field
soil warming. (Penrod-East Central)
484
-------
3023 - All, B3, C2, E3, Fl F2
EXPERTS VIEW USE OF POULTRY
WASTES IN ANIMAL FEEDING, SAV-
INGS, LEGAL ASPECTS,
Feedstuff!, Vol. «, No. 13, March 29,1976, p. 25-27.
Descriptors: Costs, Economics, Performance, Nut-
rients, Legal aspects. Proteins, Nitrogen, Calcium,
Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry wastes.
To update feed companies on animal waste refeeding
issues, the Agricultural Waste Processors Associa-
tion recently invited some experts in the field of waste
recycling to define the usefulness of poultry waste and
to address the problem of emotional opposition to
feeding animal wastes. Among those presenting data
were John Bergdoll, general manager, Bunnett-
Smallwood and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Dr.
W. Bolton, head of the nutrition section, Agricultural
Research Council's Poultry Research Center, Edin-
burgh, Scotland, and Dr. Robert Blair, formerly of the
Poultry Research Center, and now with Swift Cana-
dian Company, Ltd. Topics considered by these men
included: the newer applications of poultry wastes in
animal feeding, experiences with feeding levels of the
waste material, and legal considerations. DPW was
found to be a source of protein, calcium, phosphorus,
trace minerals, and nitrogen. While DPW was found
to be a variable product, some factors causing this
variability are controllable. Bolton found that prop-
erly sterilized DPW did not present a disease hazard,
but he urged that DPW should come only from birds
not fed diets containing drugs or growth stimulants.
DPW was effectively Ted as a feed supplement for
broilers, rearers, layers, and pullets. DPW was found
to be an even more effective food supplement for ru-
minants because ruminants can utilize the non-
protein nitrogen. In the poultry industry, Blair took
the low figure of $2/ton as the potential savings and
projected a total savings throughout the industry as
being about $5.8 million annually. Taking as the low
figure throughout the ruminant industry, $4 Aon as the
potential savings, he projected an annual savings of
about $12 million. Alan Ashby, general secretary of
Agricultural Waste Processors Association, London,
asserted that laws may be needed to enforce the use of
wastes in feeds to overcome the emotional ignorance
toward such feed stuff and thereby release grains for
human consumption. (Penrod-East Central)
3024 - A8, B2, B3, C2, E2
DAIRY MANURE UTILIZATION AND
FIELD APPLICATION RATES,
Area Soil and Water Specialist, Parlier, California
J L. Meyer, R. S. Rauschkolb and E. Olson
Unpublished paper, 14 p. 3 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Salts, Nitrogen, Crop response, Nut-
rients, Liquid wastes. Solid wastes, Soil profile.
Leaching. Denitrification.
Identifiers: Dairy manure, Volatilization.
Alarm concerning nutrient and other salt movement
in soils and their possible entry into water supplies
has caused researchers to examine dairy manure
management practices. It has been found that in stor-
ing solid wastes, deep percolation losses of nutrients
and salts can be prevented by not disturbing the bot-
tom of the pack. Also, liquid waste storage ponds have
been found to be self-sealing. Both liquid and solid
dairy wastes have been found to be beneficial when
applied to crops. The key to conserving nitrogen
applied to the croplands is to incorporate it into the
soil as soon as possible in order to prevent denitrifica-
1 tion or leaching. Factors affecting nitrogen availabil-
ity and conservation include: amount of nitrogen re-
leased for plant use, method of application, handling,
storage between collection and use and rate of appli-
cation. Excessive nitrogen from organic or inorganic
sources may be leached to the water table. Improved
manure management with less nitrogen loss will
mean fewer total salts added to the soil, since less
manure will be needed to meet the nitrogen require-
ments of crops. (Penrod-East Central)
3025 - B2, D3, E4
FERMENTATION OF FEEDLOT
WASTE FILTRATE BY FUNGI AND
STREPTOMYCETES,
Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Agricul
tural Research Service, U.S Department of Agrk-ul-
lure, Peoria. Illinois
B. A Weiner and R. A. Rhodes
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 28, No. 5. p 84S-8M. WH b
tab. 15 ref.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Waste treatment. Byp-
roducts. Feeds, Fungi, Nitrogen, Glucose. C'arlxihyd-
rales. Liquid wastes.
Identifiers: Streplomycetes, Filtrates, Dairy Whey.
The soluble and dispersed carbon and nitrogen rmi-
ponents in cattle feedlot waste filtrates proviui- a nut
rient source from which single-cell protein could be
produced for animal feeds. A study was conducted to
find dilamentous organisms that could reduce pollut-
ants and filter easily for cell recovery. More than 200
fungi and streptomyceles were studied for their abil-
ity to use nitrogen and organic material in the waste.
the latter being measured by chemical oxygen de-
mand. The production of cell mass and the effect of
adding glucose and dairy whey to waste filtrates also
were investigated. Only 20 percent of the organisms
were able to grow appreciably in thefiltrate. Of these.
it was found that dry-weight yields varied from 0.6 to
27 grams of mycelium per liter. From 21 to 50 percent
of the nitrogen in the filtrates was used during
growth. Chemical oxygen demand levels diminished
from 4 to60 percent. Streptomycetes isolated from the
feedlot used filtrate nutrients better than lungi did
Addition of glucose or whey increased cell yields ol
selected organisms by as many as six times; nitrogen
was better utilized; and chemical oxygen demand
varied from 0 to 33 percent in increase. (Penrod-East
Central)
3026-All, B2, C2, D3, E3, F3,
F5
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL
WASTE NUTRIENTS FROM A CAT-
TLE CONFINEMENT OXIDATION
DITCH SYSTEM,
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State Universi-
ty. Ames
R. L. Vetter, R. D. Christensen.G. FranU, and W. R.
March
A. S. Leaflet R170, Iowa State University Cooperative
Extension Service, Ames, July, 1972, 7 p. 5 tab.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Feeds, Liquid wastes.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Oxidation ditch. Animal
health. Meat quality.
Effluent from an oxidation ditch system was st urtied
to determine the nutritional value of the waste nut-
rients and to evaluate any effects of refeeding on ani-
mal health and meat quality. The same control ration
was fed in all three tests with adjustments made in the
dry supplement in tests 2 and 3 for protein, calcium
and phosphorus contained in the animal waste nut-
rient feed. The experimental ration was made by di-
rectly pumpingliquid animal waste material from the
oxidation ditch into a mixing wagon which contained
the adjusted control ration, thoroughly mixing it, and
then augering it into the feed bunk. This feed mixture
was prepared and fed on a twice daily basis. Results
indicated that animal waste biologically processed
through the oxidation ditch system has an acceptable
nutritional value and canbe used effectively as a par-
tial protein and mineral supplement. No animal
health or meat quality problems occurred. Extensive
research data are still needed to adequately evaluate
the system as an approved feeding concept. Other
feeding outlets or methods of concentrating the
effluent material are needed if feeding is the desired
procedure for utilizing all the animal waste produc-
tion. (Penrod-East Central)
3027 - Bl, C3, D3, E3, Fl
GENERATING METHANE GAS
FROM MANURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering. College of
Agriculture, Missouri University, Columbia
C. Fulhage, D. Sievers. and J. R. Fischer
Science and Technology Guide, Columbia Extension
Division, University of Missouri, 1975,4 p. 2 fig. 3 tab
Descriptors: Methane, Recycling. Anaerobic diges-
tion. Design, Equipment, Energy, Management
Costs.
This paper provides quantitative information for
evaluating the feasibility of methane generation in
specific situations. There are many factors that de-
termine how much methane may be obtained. These
include: (1) gas yield, cu. ft. per Ib volatile solids
destroyed, (2) volatile solids voided, (3) percent re-
duction of volatile solids, (4) potential gas production
per animal, (S) energy production rate, and (5) avail-
able energy BTU/hr after heating digester. An
anaerobic digester's design volume is based on the
amount of volatile solids that must be treated daily
and detention time. The equipment necessary to gen-
erate usable quantities of methane from an anaerobic
digester is complex and requires a substantial in-
vestment. The main structure is a digestion .ink,
usually cylindrical in shape to promote better mixing
Digester loading must be regular to insure a continu-
ous supply of food for the anaerobic bacteria Mainte-
nance of correct loading rates and detention times
and the facilitation of mixing and pumping require a
manure slurry of the proper solids content. System
imbalance may be caused by (a) loading rate, (b)
temperature, and (c) nature of the waste. The addi-
tion of toxic materials such as antibiotics can also
cause imbalance. Once an imbalance is discovered.
pH control should be maintained until the cause of the
upset is discovered. The gas produced can either be
burned for energy right away or it can be stored. The
advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.
High investments in money and management along
with difficulties in efficiently using methane make.
anaerobic digestion a questionable venture for most
farmers. Research is needed to reduce capital costs of
methane generation systems and provide techniques
for proper management of such systems. (Penrod-
East Central)
3028 - A6, B2, B3, B4, D2, Fl
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE
APPROACHES TO CONTROL OF
ODORS FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS,
3131 N. W. Norwood Place, Corvallis, Oregon
J. R. Miner
Project Report, National Science Foundation Prog-
ram of Research Applied to National Needs, Grant
Number ESR74-23211, December, 1975, 83 p. 5 fig, 53
tab, I ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Feedlots, Cattle. Agricultural
runoff, Waste storage, Chemical treatment.
Economics. Idaho.
Identifiers: Odor control. Green belt barrier, Sodium
bentonite, ODOR CONTROL PLUS, Zeolites, Potas-
sium permanganate.
Alternate techniques for control of odors from a cattle
feedlot were evaluated at a southeastern Idaho site
The odor sources studied were the feedlot surface and
the runoff collection and storage ponds. Nine products
were applied to the various feedlot pen surfaces at
rates and frequencies suggested by the manufactur-
ers. Ammonia release rates and odor intensities of the
feedlot litter were measured. Sodium bentonite,
ODOR CONTROL PLUS, and two neutral zeolites
were found to consistently reduce the rate of am-
monia release from the treated area. The cost of the
effective materials ranged from $300 to J600 per acre
for treatment during the odor production season. Two
materials were added to the feed ration as potential
odor control techniques. Neither material proved ef-
fective based upon the ammonia release rate or the
odor intensity measurements made. A greenbelt odor
barrier was established along the two sides of the
feedlot where odor control is essential. Three species
of trees and shrubs were planted. The success of this
procedure cannot be measured until the plantings
mature. A spray system was installed in the same
area as the plantings to create a mist extending 20 ft
into the air along these borders. This system is effec-
485
-------
tive only under low wind velocities which is also the
time of greatest odor transport. The spray system
was also used to spray a dilute potassium permanga-
nate solution. When applied at concentrations below
74 mg/1, no plant effects were noted. When added to
the spray at -10 nig/"I, potassium permanganate
seemed to further speed the odor intensity reduction
with distance. Two chemicals were sprayed on the
runoff retention ponds as on odor control effort, but
certain factors made evaluation difficult. Further ex-
perimentation is necessary. Examination of the
climatic data indicate that for the Blackfoot. Idaho
area, climatic conditions would transport odor from
the HardingFeedlot toward the Moreland community
approximately three percent of the time (Miner-
Oregon; abstract edited by Merryman)
3029 - A4, El, F3, F6
INVESTIGATION OF REMOTE SENS-
ING TECHNIQUES FOR AGRICUL-
TURAL FEEDLOT POLLUTION DE-
TECTION,
Remote Sensing Institute, South Dakota State Uni-
versity, Brookings
F. A. Schmer, D. W. Ryland and F. A. Waltz
Project Completion Report SDSU-RSI-72-14, Remote
Sensing Institute, South Dakota State University Ap-
ril, 1973, 16S p. 37 fig, 9 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: Research and development.
Identifiers: Remote sensing techniques, Feedlot pol-
lution, Water quality analysis, Thermal imagery
analysis, Visual analysis.
This research effort was directed toward the applica-
tion of remote sensing techniques to the detection and
monitoring of pollution from cattle feeding opera-
tions. Five livestock feeding operations were selected
for the study along the James River from Huron to
Redfield, South Dakota. Thirteen aerial missions
were flown from January 1,1971 through June 30,1972,
providing aerial photography and thermal infrared
data under various weather conditions. Water sam-
ples were collected during nine of the aerial flights at
fourteen river locations. Water samples were col-
lected a minimum of every three weeks on a regular
schedule to allow independent analysis of the water
quality data. Data analysis consisted of visual in-
terpretation of aerial photography and statistical
analysis of film densities and water quality paramet-
ers. Analysis of variance and linear regression
techniques were also utilized. In addition, an attempt
was made to adjust the film densities for variations in
incoming radiation. Results indicated that remote
sensing techniques utilizing low and high altitude air-
craft photography can be used to locate potential feed-
lot pollution sources. The statistical analysis showed
good results for specific aerial missions but consider-
able variability was noted between aerial flights indi-
cating that additional study is warranted. (Schmer,
et. al.-South Dakota State University)
3030 - A5, All, A13, C2, D3, Fl,
F3
THE USE OF AEROBIC PROCESSES
FOR THE STABILIZATION OF ANI-
MAL WASTES,
School of Agriculture, The North of Scotland College
of Agriculture
K. Robinson
CRC Critical Reviews iii Environmental Control, Vol.
4, No. 2, p. 193-220, July, 1974. 4 fig, 130 ref.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Nitrogen,
Economics.
Identifiers^Oxidation ditch, Waste stabilization.
Aerobic treatment is presented as any process which
attempts to improve oxygen supply to aerobic mic-
roorganisms responsible for converting waste into a
relatively biologically stable product. The concen-
trated effort which has gone into the study of animal
wastes and oxidation ditches is recognized. A major
problem of oxidation ditch systems has been an inabil-
ity to relate the waste's oxygen demand to the sys-
tem's oxygen supply and to the activity of the mic-
roorganisms. An understanding of the relationship of
degradation rate to rate of microbial activity should
eliminate the problems of foaming and oxygen deple-
tion. Nitrogen transformation is emerging as a very
important fundamental aspect of aerobic treatment
Much more needs to be done on the factors influencing
the growth and activity of the microorganisms in-
volved in the transformation processes so that opera-
tion parameters can be established which will specify
modes of operation for maximum nitrogen retention,
as ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate, or maximum nitrogen
removal. The only true costing of treatment is one
obtained under commercial conditions Demand for
composting processes for solid wastes has been li-
mited; therefore, research effort has also been li-
mited. The following are recommended for future in-
vestigation: (1) development of alternative methods
for measuring oxygen demand of agricultural wastes
(21 a detailed assessment of the trea lability of wastes.
(3) development and use ef alternative aeration de-
vices, (4) m-depfh "study of treatment under limited
oxygen conditions, (5) determination of fundamental
factors controlling nitrification-denitrification pro-
cesses, (6) feasibility study of methods which will
relate loading to microbial activity. (7) study of solids
separation, (8) attention to the design and operation
of simple aerobic treatment systems, (9) detailed
study of aerobic composting processes, 110) consid-
eration of modification of aerobic waste treatmenl
processes to maximize final utilization of waste or
land or as feedstuff. (Penrod-East Central)
3031-A8, B2, C2, E2, Fl
SLURRY IS VALUABLE.
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Research Division
S. N. Adams
Agriculture in Northern Ireland, Vol. 48, No. 11, p. 387.
1973.
Descriptors: Slurries, Economics, Nitrogen. Phos-
phate, Potash.
Identifiers: Land application.
Farmers should regard slurry not as a "problem",
but as a valuable source of expensive fertiliser nut-
rients. Slurry is a valuable organic manure which.
provides nitrogen, phosphate and potash for grass
and crops. The following fertiliser nutrients are pro-
duced each year in excreta of housed livestock: i a!
One dairy cow (housed 6 months) produces 90 Ibs of
nitrogen. 35 Ibs of phosphate, and 90 Ibs of potash. (b)
One pig produces 25 Ibs of nitrogen, 20 Ibs phosphate.
and 20 Ibs of potash, (cl One hundred broilers produce
55 Ibs of nitrogen, 55 Ibs of phosphate, and 30 Ibs of
potash. (d) One hundred laying hens produce 120 Ibs of
nitrogen, 120 Ibs of phosphate, and 50 Ibs of potash.
Phosphate and potash in slurry are less quick acting
than in fertiliser, but this does not matter for grass-
land Monetary value of the nutrients available from
the above-mentioned livestock slurries is given in
terms of pounds. (Merryman-East Central)
3032 - Al, B5, E2
THE DECOMPOSITION OF CATTLE
DUNG AND ITS EFFECT ON PAS-
TURE,
The Hannah Research Institute, Ayr
M. E. Castle and E. MacDaid
Journal of the British Grassland Society. Vol. 27, p
133-137, 1972. 9 ref.
Descriptors: Cattle, Pastures, Dairy industry. Crop
response.
Identifiers: Decomposition, Dung. Herbage, Swards.
To investigate the effect of the intensity of grass-land
management on the rate of decomposition of dung.
and on the area of herbage rejected, a study was made
in which swards received either a high or a low rate of
fertilizer N and were then grazed by dairy cows. In
early spring, 1967, four plots with swards of a similar
botanical composition were fenced and fertilizer
treatments were imposed throughout 1967 and 1968. N
was applied as nitro-chalk (21 percent N) at approxi-
mately monthly intervals, beginning in April, 1967
and May, 1968. A total of 228 separate dung pats voided
by lactating dairy cows between May and October on
a ryegrass /clover swards were studied for 2 years.
The pats were on grazed swards receiving on aver-
age, either 440 or 110 Ib N /ac (492 or 123 kg /ha) per
year. The mean output of the plots was 520 440 280
and 310 cow grazing-days/acper year, respectively
The plots receiving the highest weight of fertilizer N
clearly gave the highest number of grazing-days /ac
exerted on that treatment. The mean area of the dune
pats was 0 • 62 + 0 • 18 ft1. On average, the pats on the
high- and low-N treatments crumbled in S3 and 55
days, respectively, and disappeared in 115 and 113
days, respectively. The average area of rejected her-
bage around the pats was 2.63 and 0 • M ft1 respec-
tively, 1-2 months, and 1 year after they were voided
In conclusion, it was found that the level of fertilizer N
applied to the grazing sward had no direct effect on
the rate of breakdown of the dung. (Cameron-East
Central)
3033 - A8, All, B2, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF COW SLURRY ON
HERBAGE PRODUCTION, INTAKE
BY CATTLE AND GRAZING BE-
HAVIOR,
National Institute for Research in Dairying^hunfield
Heading, Berkshire
B. F. Pain and J. D. Leaver
Journal of the British Grassland Society, Vol 29 D
85-91,1974. 1 fig, Stab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Cattle, Animal behavior Crop
response, Grazing. Nutrients.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Herbage production.
Experiments were done to compare the effect of diffe-
rent levels of slurry application on herbage produc-
tion and on intake by grazing heifers. Grassland plots
received different amounts of cow slurry in January
or March and were grazed by dairy heifers at inter-
vals from late April to August. In the first experiment
(which had slurry level applications up to 56 tons /ha)
there was a clear response of herbage DM production
to the amount of slurry applied. Even though the plots
received the same amounts of inorganic N, the total
nd 5
herbage DM produced on the 36.8 and 56.61 /ha slurry
treatments was 60-70 percent grealer than the control
In the second experiment, although slurry levels as
high as 100 tons /ha were used, the herbage DM pro-
duction was very similar on slurry treatments and on
controls to the results in the first experiment. No sig-
nificant differences were found in herbage production
on the plots spread with slurry in January or in
March. The percentage of nutrienls in the slurries
used in the two years was very similar, except for K
levels, which were higher in 1971. The levels of N P
and K in herbage for both experiments were onlv
slightly increased after slurry treatment. There was
evidence from behaviour observations that the ani
mals were betler able lo delect the slurry or its ef
fects, in the plots dressed at 75 or 1001 /ha in March
During periods of observation, the heifers were less
likely lo lie and lo ruminate in plots trealed with these
amounts. It is likely that the effects of slurry applica-
tion on herbage production, animal intake and graz-
ing behaviour recorded in these experiments would be
•modified by different soil and climatic conditions
(Cameron-Easl Cenlral)
3034 - A8, B2, C2, E2, F3
THE EFFECT OF HEAVY DRES-
SINGS OF SLURRY ON FORAGE
MAIZE PRODUCTION,
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shin-
field, Reading, Berks
B. F. Pain and R. H. Phipps
Journal of the British Grassland Society Vol 29 D
263^67,1974. 8 tab, 11 ref. ' '
Descriptors: Slurries, Crop response, Potassium
Nitrales, Magnesium. '
Identifiers; Land disposal, Application rates.
A study was conducted to investigate the effects on
the quality and quantity of forage maize produced
when heavy dressings of cow slurry were incorpo-
rated into Ihe soil shortly before drilling the seed
486
-------
Sandy loam soil overlying valley gravel formed the
experimental site. Slurry of 15 percent dairy manure
was dressed on the soil in amounts of 0,125,250 or 500
tons per half acre and then ploughed to a depth of IS
cm The slurry plots were in randomized blocks, re-
plicated J times. The control plots, which received
only inorganic fertilizer, were offset to avoid con-
tamination. All plots were sown with maize. Quantity
and quality determinations were made 73,93,115, and
137 days after plant emergence. It was found that the
slurry dressings delayed the emergence of maize
plants. While the 250 tons per half acre treatment gave
significant increase in yield at final harvest, 500 tons
per half acre depressed yields of the whole crop and of
the ear. Slurry applications increased the level of K
and nitrate-N in the plants, but depressed Mg. Crude
protein and invitro digestibility were not affected. In
view of the high levels of nitrate-N encountered and
evidence of K /Mg imbalance, further work would be
required to assess the status of maize grown under
these conditions as a livestock feed. (Penrod-East
Central)
3035 - A10, F6
COMPARISONS OF HORN FLY DE-
VELOPMENT IN MANURE OF FIVE
ANIMAL SPECIES,
Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida
University, Gainesville
N I. Greer and J. F. Butler
Florida Entomologist, Vol. 56, No. 3, p. 197-199.1973.1
tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Livestock, Cattle, Lar-
V36
Identifiers: Fly breeding, Horn flies, Feces, Horses,
Sheep, Bison, Swine, Pupae.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted to de-
termine if horse, bison, sheep, and swine manure
could serve as a medium for rearing horn fly larval
stages to viable adults. The standard larval medium,
a modification of the Kerrville rearing medium, con-
sisted of a dry mix (24fi g sugar cane pulp, 48 g wheat
flour, 36 g fish meal, ( g sodium bicarbonate, 29 g
alfalfa meal), cattle manure, and distilled water
mixed in a ratioof 2:3:5by weight. Larvae were main-
tained at 25 degrees C and 60-70 percent RH. Adults
were maintained at 32 degrees C and 70-80 percent
RH. Field observations of female horn flies oviposit-
ing on fresh horse and cattle manure were made. The
horn fly populations on cattle and horses were
counted. Analysis of variance was used to determine
significant differences in development on the larval
media Results showed that pupal survival in cattle
manure was 31 percent. Horn flies developed to the
pupal stage in feces of bison, sheep, horse, and the
standard laboratory medium. Significantly more
adults were reared from feces of sheep, bison, horse.
cattle, and laboratory media than from swine feces.
No larvae developed to pupae in swine manure. Data
Dn the percent eclosion showed that bison, sheep, and
horse manure were excellent media for development.
The adults reared from the laboratory medium, and
cattle, sheep, horse, and bison feces produced viable
eggs. No significant differences in fly larval de-
velopment among manure of cattle, sheep, bison, and
horse, and laboratory medium was demonstrated.
Data indicated that horn flies in the laboratory can
complete their larval life in the manure of bison,
sheep or horse in addition to cattle manure. In field
observations, adult horn flies were found in low num-
bers on sheep, horse, and bison. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
3036-A1, B1.D1
CATTLE MARKET WASTES,
I M Sidwick, F. D. Watson, and D. M. Watson
Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 71, No. 4, p. 533-539,
1972.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste water treat-
ment, Sampling.
Identifiers: Cattle market wastes.
The author comments that the extremely varied and
seasonal nature of cattle market wastes, combined
with the fact that the markets are usually located in
towns with limited ability to handle large
amounts of troublesome wastes, make this form of
agricultural waste particularly problematic. Ho
suggests that high-power hoses be used to minimize
the amount of water needed to wash out pens and
stalls, and that clean water from the market, such as
rainwater from roofs, be kept separate from the pol-
luted wash water. All drains should be provided with
screens so that straw and other large objects cannot
pass into the sewer along with the water. As much nf
the waste as possible should be cleaned out of the pens
in its solid state before any water is added to it. Except
fur screening, any pretreatment of the waste water
prior to its entry into the sewer is not feasible. Once
(lie water reaches the sewage treatment plant, it may
create problems, since it is not so biodegradable as
municipal sewage, does not produce as much gas, and
is highly colored. Suggestions are offered regarding
sampling and prediction of quantity and composition
of market wastes. An extensive bibliography on man-
agement and health aspects of market wastes is in-
cluded. At the end of the paper there is a short discus-
sion by those present at the reading of the article.
I Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
3037 - All, C2, C3, E3, F2
FDA GUTS DPW USE,
Anonymous
Egg Industry, Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 28, April, 1976.
Descriptors: Regulations, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Food and Drug Administration, Dried
poultry wastes, Refeeding.
This aspersive attack on the Food and Drug Ad-
ministration's attitude toward refeeding dried poul-
try wastes (DPW) charges that within a few months,
the Food and Drug Administration will publish its
lung-awaited waste recycling proposals and that they
will be so restrictive that the only animals allowed to
be fed DPW will be animals that nobody feeds a sup-
plement to anyway, such as overwintered beef stock
or dry cows. The article charges that the reason for
this bureaucratic tokenism is that the Bureau of Vet-
erinary Medicine and the Bureau of Foods within
FDA cannot agree on the safety of the practice. It is
suggested that the poultry associations may have to
take the lead in demonstrating to FDA that the prac-
tice is safe and that perhaps a suitable monitoring
system could be established that could be translated
into a national program. Another alternative might be
to test FDA's decision in court. (Merryman-East
Central)
3038 - A6, A8A A10, All, A12, Bl,
i"E2, Fi, F2,
MANURE DISPOSAL, POLLUTION
CONTROL, AND THE NEW YORK
DAIRY FARMER,
Agricultural Waste and Watershed Researcher, En-
gineering Research Service, Department of Agricul-
ture. Ottawa. Canada
D. R. Coote and P. J. Zwerman
New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin. No. 51,
Physical Sciences: Agronomy, No.3, April, 1975,19p
3 tab, 100 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Waste disposal. New
York, Economics, Regulation.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Pollution control.
Fifty New York dairy farms were visited in 1971 to
investigate dairy waste management problems and
farmer attitudes toward economic and environmen-
tal effects of alternative waste management
methods. Two distinct types of dairy farms were
noted (1) those with conventional barns (cattle stayed
mostly in pasture) and (2) those with freestall barns
(cattle permanently confined in barn and exercise
yard or pasture). In the pasture system, cattle spread
their own manure; in the freestall bam, farmers dis-
posed of the manure Most farmers felt that all their
manure could beneficially be used in field spreading.
However, some freestall farmers favored "dumping"
of manure on fields, regardless of environmental ef-
fects. Existing regulations that limit pollution by
dairies are discussed. Other possible legal ap-
proaches are: (1) Restrict the manure amounts to be
spread on an area in one year, (2) Restrict manure
spreading to soils that are not excessively permeable
or excessively impermeable. (3) Restrict manure
spreading to flat or only gently-sloping fields, (41 He-
strict manure spreading to areas greater than some
acceptable distance from surface water capable of
leaving the operator's property, (5) Restrict the hous-
ing of animals and the spreading of manure to areas
greater than some acceptable distance from dwel-
lings and public areas. (6) Restrict manure spreading
to certain times of the year, (7) Require that a certain
minimum land area be zoned and controlled by the
farm operator according to the quantity and type of
animals kept, (8) Require that any form of manure
disposal, other than land application,meet the same
controls and standards as those required for indust-
rial or municipal effluent disposal; (9) Require that
manure managing be such that no disease, odor, in-
sect, or rodent nuisance is caused. (Penrod-East
Central)
3039-A2, A4.B1, Fl, F2
IMPLICATIONS OF EPA PROPOSED
REGULATIONS OF NOVEMBER 20,
1975 FOR THE ANIMAL FEEDING
INDUSTRIES,
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Animal Waste Sub-
committee
Implications of EPA Proposed Regulations of
November 20,1975 for the Animal Feeding Industries.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, January 30,1976.39
p. 21 tab.
Descriptors: Regulations, Economics, Water pollu-
tion. Point sources, Feedlots, Livestock
Identifiers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimina-
tion System, Waste management.
The Environmental Protection Agency's National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NHDESl
proposed regulations of November 20, 1975, for lives-
tock operations could require an estimated 94.500
operators to apply for permits. The information con-
tained in this report is based on expert opinion (not
surveys) of USDA and State research and extension
personnel located in major livestock producing States
and was not available when EPA proposed the regula-
tions. Of the estimated 94,500 operations affected by
NPDES regulations—manmade waste conveyance.
navigable water traversing the operation, and large
operations—there are 14,000 beef, 32,000 dairy1 and
48.500 swine operations. In addition, as estimated 250
turkey range operations would be affected. Estimates
indicate that less than 4 percent of the operations that
would be affected have capacities of more than 300
animal unit equivalents (300 beef animals, 750 swine
and 210 dairy cows). Over 70 percent of the operations
judged to be affected had capacities of less than 100
beef animals, 250 swine and 70 dairy cows. In order to
comply with the proposed regulations, it is likely that
affected operations would have to install systems to
control discharges Additional investments to install
these systems would amount to about $205 million.
For an additional 10 percent of the operations, the
least-cost method of meeting proposed regulations
would be to relocate the operation. The estimated
94.500 operations affected account for 20 percent of
total fed beef marketings. 19 percent of milk sales.
and 11 percent of hogs and pigs marketed. The prop-
osed regulations contain a further provision for iden-
tifying a "concentrated animal feeding". This provi-
sion allows for "case-hy-case" designation of addi-
tional operations, regardless of size, that must apply
for an NPDES permit, but the factors determining the
outcome of these determinations are not listed in the
proposed regulations. (Merryman-East Central I
3040 - A3, A4, C2
THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON
STREAM NUTRIENT LEVELS,
Eutrophication Survey Branch, Corvallis Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Crovallis, Oregon
J. M. Omernik
Environmental Protection Agency Report Number
EPA-600 /3-76-014, January, 1976, 106 p. 29 fig, 8 tab,
31 ref.
487
-------
Descriptors: Land use, Water quality, Nutrients,
Watersheds. Agricultural runoff. Drainage patterns
(geologic), Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Concentrations,
Eutrophication. Stream flow. Animal unit density,
Soils, Eastern U. S.
Identifiers: Non-point source.
National Eutrophication Survey (NES) data for 473
non-point type drainage areas in the eastern United
States were studied for relationships between drain-
age area characteristics (particularly land use) and
nutrient levels in streams. Both the total and inor-
ganic forms of phosphorus and nitrogen concentra-
tions and loads in streams were considered. The ob-
jectives were to (1) investigate these relationships as
they were evidenced by the NES data and (2) develop
a means for estimating stream nutrient levels from
knowledge of "macro" drainage area characteris-
tics Mean nutrient levels were considerablyhigherin
streams draining agricultural watersheds than in
streams draining forested watersheds. The levels
were generally proportional to percentages of land in
agriculture, or the combined percentages of agricul-
tural and urban land use. Variations in nutrient loads
(exports) m streams, associated with differences in
land use categories, were not as pronounced as the
variations in nutrient concentrations. This was appa-
rently due in large part, to differences in areal
stream low from different land use types. Regression
and analysis of the combined percentages of agricul-
tural and urban land uses against both the total and
inorganic forms of phosphorus were performed. Equ-
ations for these analyses, together with maps illus-
trating the equations residuals offer a limitedpredic-
tive capability and some accountability for regional
characteristics. (Memik-EPA)
3041 - Bl, D2, E3, Fl
CATTLE MANURE KEY TO
METHANE GAS SUPPLIES,
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. M, No. 30, p. 5, April
19, 1976.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Fertilizers,
Economics.
Identifiers: Cattle manure, Ethane, Ethylene, India.
Cattle manure was viewed by scientists at the Ameri-
can Chemical Society meeting in New York City as a
large potential source of methane gas, nitrogen and
other fertilizers, and chemical feedstocks. Experi-
ments performed at Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
demonstrated that significant yields of ethane and
methane, anhydrous ammonia synthesis gas and
ethylene could be obtained by processing cattle waste
in a partial oxidation (thermal) reactor. It was
pointed out that if only one eighth of India's supply of
cattle dung were treated in this way, it could result in
a seven fold increase in India's critically low fertilizer
rate, bridging the gap between projected demand and
supply, not only in fertilizer but also in food.
(Merryman-East Central)
3042 - A2, A4, A5, E2, F4
LOADING FUNCTIONS FOR AS-
SESSMENT OF WATER POLLUTION
FROM NONPOINT SOURCES,
Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri
A £ McElroy, S. Y. Chiu. J. W. Nebgen, A. Aleti, and
F. W. Bennett
Environmental Protection Agency Report No EPA
600/2-76-151, May, 1976.444 p. 50 fig, 75 tab.
quality planning. The loading functions, plus in some
instances emission values, permit calculation of non-
point source pollutants from available data and in-
formation. Natural background was considered to be
a source and loading functions were presented to es-
timate natural or background loads of pollutants.
Loading functions /values are presented for average
conditions, i.e.. annual average loads expressed as
metric tons /hectare /year (tons/acre/year)
Procedures for estimating seasonal or 30-day
maximum and minimum loads are also presented. In
addition, a wide variety of required data inputs to
loading functions, and delineation of sources of addi-
tional information are included in the report. The re-
port also presents an evaluation of limitations and
constraints of various methodologies which will ena-
ble the user to employ the functions realistically
(McElroy-Midwest Research Institute)
3043 - A4, A6, A7, F4 300
ODOR POLLUTION (A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS),
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road. Springfield, Virginia
G. H. Adams and E. Lehmann
National Technical Information Service Publication
PS-75 /723, September, 1975,192 p.
Descriptors: Bibliographies, Odor, Air pollution,
Farm wastes, Sewage sludge, Industrial wastes,
Water pollution.
Identifiers: Rendering plants.
This bibliography contains abstracts of publications
concerned with odorous air pollutants and odors and
tastes in water. Publications from the years 1964
through September, 1975 are included. Topics covered
include agricultural and livestock wastes, sewage
sludge, industrial wastes, stack emission, vehicular
exhausts, dredge spoil, rendering plants, hospitals,
oil spills, and polluted water streams. Treatment
methods, environmental protection, and human fac-
tors are cited. (Merryman-East Central)
3044-Al, A2, A8, Bl, El, E2,
F4
ANIMAL WASTE POLLUTION AND
ITS CONTROL (A BIBLIOGRAPHY
WITH ABSTRACTS),
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Head, Springfield, Virginia
R. Brown
National Technical Information Service Publication
PS-75/531, June, 1975. 122 p.
Descriptors: Fertilizers. Pollution control. Agricul-
tural runoff, Swine, Bibliographies.
Identifiers: Animal wastes, Rendering wastes.
This bibliography contains abstracts of publications
concerning pollution and pollution control of animal
wastes and animal processing wastes. The articles
span the years 1964-May, 1975. Topics covered include
feedlot waste pollution and control, pollution from
manure used in fertilization, water runoff from
farms, dairy and livestock wastes, rendering wastes.
poultry processing wastes, ecological aspects, and
hoghouse waste control. I Merryman-East Central)
Descriptors: Water pollution, Non-point sources
Water pollution. Nutrients, Pesticides, Salinity. Irri-
gation return flow. Heavy metals, Radiation, Lives-
tock, Pollutants, Sediments, Phosphorus, Agricul-
tural runoff, Mining. Soil erosion, Groundwater pollu-
tion, Coliforms.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Urban runoff.
Methods for evaluating the quantity of water pollut-
ants generated from nonpoint sources including ag-
riculture, silviculture, construction, mining, runoff
from urban areas and rural roads, and terrestrial
disposal are developed and compiled for use in water
3045 - A5, A8, B2, B3, C2, E2
GROUND WATER POLLUTION.
PART 2. POLLUTION FROM IRRIGA-
TION AND FERTILIZATION,
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road. Springfield, Virginia
E. Lehmann
National Technical Information Service Publication
PS-75/740. September. 1975,183 p.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution. Irrigation. Fer-
tilizers, Sewage. Nitrates. Phosphates. Salts
Groundwater recharge, Bibliographies.
Identifiers: Land spreading.
Selected abstracts are presented of publications that
cover all aspects of groundwater pollution from irri-
gation and fertilization. The publications span the
years 1964 to September, 1975. Topics include pollu-
tion from sewage and waste water irrigation land
spreading of sludges and solid wastes, nitrate and
phosphateaccumulation in soils, pollution control and
abatement planning, salt build-up from irrigation the
use of tile drains in groundwater pollution control and
groundwater recharge studies. (Merryman-East
Centrau
3046-Bl, Dl, D2, D3, E2, E3,
MANURE POWER,
Calf News. Vol. 14, No. 6. p. 14. 46. June, 1976
Descriptors. Energy, Recycling, Feeds. Methane
Economics.
Identifiers: Cattle manure. Land spreading.
Developing new'energy sources is a top priority for
most of the world, and a number of scientists are
eyeing feedlot manure as one potential. However, Dr
Judson M. Harper, head of the Agricultural Engineer-
ins Department at Colorado State University Fort
Collins, reported to CALF that producing methane
gas from manure is not economically feasible
Methane fermentation is time consuming, requires
large quantities of water, and solids remaining after
fermentation still have to be disposed of He
suggested a better approach to be drying it to some
ex'.ent and then burning it as a fuel in a trash-tvpe
broiler. The heating value of dry manure is ess'ei^
tially the same as the heating value of low-grade coal
By using the recycling system developed by Ceres
Ecology. Inc., of Sterling, Colorado, a plant would
obtain from feedlot manure a 45 percent non-protein-
nitrogen product equal in value to soybeans and a fuel
to operate the feed mill and other such community
plants. The cost of a complete recycling unit including
all the environmental protection requirements capa-
ble of handling the manure from 100.000 cattle would
fall between one and two million dollars, according to
Dr. Harper; whereas, a methane plant to handle
100.000 head, at one time considered for Monfor! of
Colorado, was pegged at ten million dollars (Ott-East
Central)
3047-A8, Bl, E2
THE FATE OF FERTILIZER NUT-
RIENTS AS RELATED TO WATER
QUALITY IN THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL PLAIN.
Department of Soil Science. North Carolina State
University, Raleigh
R. P. Gambrell, J. W. Gilliam, and S. B. Weed
North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute
Report No. 93. August, 1974,151 p. 24 fig, 5 lab, 79 ref.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Nutrients, Water quality
North Carolina, Nitrogen, Nitrates, Phosphorus Ae
ricultural runoff. ' "
Quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus moving into
surface and subsurface waters from cultivated soils
of the North Carolina Coastal Plain, as affected bv
internal drainage, were determined. In a moderately
well-drained soil, little denitrification was found in a
poorly drained soil with a high water table, much of
the unutilized fertilizer nitrogen was lost from the
field through denitrification. Little phosphorus was
lost from either location studied except by surface
movement with eroded sediments. Application of fer-
tilizer nitrogen (224 kg /ha) resulted in an increase in
loss of total nitrogen by surface runoff from both soils
Values were 29 percent for the moderately well-
drained soil and 10 percent (or the poorly drained soil
Nitrogen lost in surface runoff was almost exclusively
organically bound, indicating that fertilizer applica-
tions serve to maintain the level of soil organic nitro-
gen. A 2-year nitrogen budget indicated that about 46
kg of residual nitrate-nitrogen /jia moved annually
from moderately well-drained soil by subsurface
drainage into nearby surface waters. Tile drainage
accounted for about half of this nitrogen movement
Denitrification did not remove significant amount!; of
residual nitrate from the moderately well-drained
488
-------
soil. About IS kg of nitrate-nitrogen /ha annu;illv
moved from poorly drained soil by subsurface drain-
age during the two winters. The smaller loss from
poorly drained soil resulted from denitrification of
residual nitrate in the shallow groundwater. Water
management may increase the denitrification of un-
used soil nitrate and thus reduce the pollution poten-
tial. (Gambrell-North Carolina State Univ.)
3048-A11.B1.C2
THE DIETARY-FECAL RELATION-
SHIP OF CALCIUM AND PHOS-
PHORUS LEVELS IN WHITE
LEGHORN HENS,
Department oi Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural
Experiment Station, Gainesville
B L. Damron, A. R. Eldred, D. A. Roland, Sr., D. B.
Underbill and R. H. Harms
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No. 5, p. 1716-1718,1975.2 tab,
Zref.
Descriptors: Diets, Calcium, Phosphorus, Poultry.
Identifiers: Physiological requirements.
Chemical determinations indicate that hen feces con-
tain appreciable quantities of several nutrients such
as protein, calcium and phosphorus. This indicates
the possible use of hen feces as an ingredient in poul-
try feeds. The authors collected manure from caged
White Leghorn hens in anattempt to study the dietary
and fecal interrelationships of calcium and phos-
phorus When fecal calcium was increased by in-
creasing dietary calcium, phosphorus levels in the
feces decreased in an inverse relationship to calcium
levels. When calcium levels.were held constant, fecal
calcium levels remained fairly constant as the phos-
phorus level increased. Each increment of supple-
mental phosphorus resulted in a concomitant in-
crease of fecal phosphorus. The ratio of dietary to
fecal phosphorus tended to stabilize at dietary levels
above 0.43 percent, possibly indicating a "pass-
through" situation after physiological requirements
were met. (Penrod-East Central)
3049 - A3, A4, A5, A6, A8, B3, C2,
E2
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT MA-
NURE,
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, El Paso
D L. Reddell and P. Lyerly
Progress Report PR-3279C, Texas Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Texas A & M University, Sep-
tember, 1975. 5 fig, 19 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Crop response, Water
nollution, Groundwater pollution, Agricultural
runoff Nutrients, Soil profile, Odor, Nitrates.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Plowing.
Research was conducted at the Texas Agricultural
Experiment Station in El Paso to study the following.
la) the ability of various tillage equipment to plow
under up to 900 tons per acre of manure and cover with
sufficient soil to eliminate odors, s In May, 1970,beef manure was deep plowedmto
"nton fine sandy loam at rates of 0 300, and 900 tons
*!' acre wet basis. Pollution level of irrigation runoff
increased with manure application rate immediately
fnl owing application, but rapidly decreased to
hnckwound levels within a couple of months. Soil sol-
ntton extracts taken from the unsaturated manure
H soosal plots indicated an increase in ammonium,
nrVanic-nitrogen, COD, sodium and chloride with
manure application rate. These chemical con-
stituents peaked and in most cases were decreasing
bv August, 1972. Ground water samples revealed an
increase in chemical constituents with manure appli-
cation rate. Concentrations peaked during 1971 and
reduced to background levels by August, 1!)72. Al-
though significant levels of nitrate accumulate in the
soils receiving large manure applications, no detri-
mental nitrate level occurred in groundwater sam-
ples. Denitrification must have prevented this. Yields
of corn silage and forage sorghum that were grown on
plots receiving up to 900 tons per acre of manure were
diminished the first year. However, yields increased
during the second and third years. Nitrate levels in
these crops were below the nitrate toxicity levels for
feeding livestock. Nitrate levels of forage grown on
the 300-ton per acre plots and the 900-ton per acre plots
were comparable. (Penrod-East Central)
3050 - A8, All, Bl, Cl, C2, C3,
Dl, D2, E3
POULTRY POLLUTION: RESEARCH
RESULTS,
Poultry Science Department, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing
C. C. Sheppard and C. J. Flegal, editors
Research Report 269, "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural ExpcrimcntStation. Michigan
State University, February, 1975,107 p.
Descriptors: Poultry, Pollution, Dehydration, Fer-
tilizers, Soil profile. Performance. Identifiers: Re-
feeding, Anaphage.
This collection of papers deals with experiments con-
cerning poultry manure analysis, poultry manure de-
hydration, poultry manure refeeding, and poultry
manure used as a fertilizer, poultry health and per-
formance, as a result of refeeding experiments, re-
ceives particular attention. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral)
3051 - B3, Cl, Dl, E3, Fl
POULTRY MANURE DEHYDRATION
BY AIR-DRYING AND MACHINE IN A
CAGED LAYER-HOUSE HANDLING
SYSTEM,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Michigan
State University, East Lansing
M. L. Esmay, C. J. Flegal, C. C. Sheppard. J. B. Ger-
rish, J. E. Dixon, et. al.
Hcsearch Report 269, "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan
State University, February, 1975, p. 2-13.6 fig, 3 tab, 5
ref.
Descriptors: Dehydration, Energy, Costs.
Identifiers: Poultry manure, Air drying. Mechanical
drying. Refeeding.
A demonstration project was conducted to design.
construct and test a poultry laying house that would
incorporate a complete system for waste removal and
dehydration of the excreta for refeeding to poultry or
other livestock. Excreta from caged poultry was al-
lowed to accumulate on dropping boards in a poultry
house throughout a 24 hour period. The droppings
were hand scraped daily from the dropping boards
into manure pits. They were scraped from the pits
daily by a cable-blade scraper into a cross-conveyer
and immediately onto a drying belt where they stayed
for another 24 hours. On the second day, the excreta on
the belt was conveyed into the dryer. A drying period
uf 2 or 3 hours of machine time was required during
which waste heat from the dryer and afterburner was
directed through the dryer and out of the house. Thus
it is seen that water was removed from the poultry
excreta in four stages: (1) on the dropping boards by
ventilation air, (2) on the belt by ventilation air, (3) on
the belt by waste heat from the dryer, and (4) as it was
being run through the dryer. The dry matter output
and moisture removal capability of the machine
dryer appeared to decrease when lower moisture
excreta was fed into it (as in June, July, and August)
during which the excreta going into the dryer varied
from 48-59 percent as compared to the colder months
when it varied at a higher level from 58-68 percent.
Fuel cost for the heated air machine drying was about
one cent for each pound of water removed with an
assumed fuel cost of 34 cents a gallon. This research
was still in process at the time this paper was written.
(Merryman-East Central)
3052 - A8, E2
CORN GRAIN YIELDS AND
CHANGES IN SOIL FERTILITY
LEVELS AS AFFECTED BY FIVE
RATES OF POULTRY MANURE,
Department of Crops and Soil Sciences, Michigan
State University, East Lansing
L. S. Robertson and J. H. Wolford
Research Report 269, "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results". Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan
State University, February, 1975,p. 14-20.1 fig, 4 tab, 3
ref.
Descriptors: Soil profile, Crop response, Nutrients,
Water pollution.
Identifiers: Corn, Disposal rates, Poultry manure.
Soil pollution.
Field experimental plots were established in Huron
County, Michigan, in 1967 to determine how much
manure could be used before problems would be
caused in relation to the corn production or to the soil.
Five treatments were originally made with a sixth
added after the first year. The soil treated was of the
Sims and Breckenridge series, and for years had an-
nually received varying rates of poultry manure.
Thus, it was a fairly fertile soil even before these
experiments began. The treatments, which were re-
plicated four times, included: (a) no manure and no
fertilizer (check), (b) commercial fertilizer only, 150
+ 150 + 150
-------
ure used at the rate of 46 4 tons /acre decreased the
pH of the soil and increased the levels of availabli
phosphorus within the soil profile to a depth of 4i!
inches by 140 percent; potassium, 172 percent;
nitrate-nitrogen. 954 percent; ammonium-nitrogen,
120 percent; and total nitrogen, 53 percent. Sodium
levels were increased slightly. Zinc collected in the
surface soil, as did copper. The manure did not
greatly change the levels of available calcium mag-
nesium, iron, manganese, or chloride. The nitrogen in
the manure was retained within the soil profile
(Merryman-East Central)
3054 - All, B3, E3 300
FERTILITY AND HATCHABILITY IN
SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORNS
FED VARYING LEVELS OF POUL-
TRY ANAPHAGE,
Poultry Science Department, Michigan State Univer-
sity, Last Lansing
C. J Flegal, D. Dorn, M. X. Gomez and H. C Zindel
Research Report 269. "Poultry Pollution: Research
Resuls •.Agricultural Experiment Station. Michigan
State University. February, 1975,p. 29-38.6 tab. 1 re"
Descriptors: Poultry, Performance Diets
Identifiers: Fertility, Hatchability, Refeeding Poul-
try anaphage.
Twenty-four troups of 5 ready-to-lay S.C W L
females plus one S.C.W.L. male were randomly as-
signed 4 experimental diets, with 6 replicate groups
being fed each diet. Diet 1, a basal diet, was a typical
corn /soya layer ration. The other 3 diets contained 3
levels of poultry anaphage (6.25,12.5, and 25 percent I
which replaced an equivalent percentage of corn in
the basal diet. In the first 3 weeks of the experiment
only egg production data were recorded During
Phase 1 i week 4 to week 11) of the experiment all
females were inseminated once each week During
Phase II (week 12 to week 15), the inseminations were
increased to twice per week. There was statistically
""significant differencein the percent egg production
irom the birds fed any of the poultry anaphage
supplemented diets and the egg production of the
birds fed the control diets. Percent fertility of egys
produced during Phase I by the birds fed the poultry
anaphage djets showed no statistical difference from
those fed the corn /soya diet. The poultry anaphage
diets had no significant effect on the percent hatcha-
bility of fertile eggs produced during Phase I. With
continued feeding of the diets that contained poultry
anaphage during Phasell. the mean percent fertility
declined 1.7 percent, when compared to the ferlilitv
data from the corresponding earlier period. The poul-
try anaphage diets continued to show no effect on
percent natchability of fertile eggs when the diets
I^e5L the contin"ed period of week 11 to week
13/1 he inconsistent trends in fertility among the birds
led increasing levels of supplemental poultry
anaphage need to be further investigated More valid
data on fertility could be obtained during a combined
system of natural mating and artificial insemination
I Merryman-East Central)
3055-All, B3, C2, E3 300
BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY OF
PROTEIN FROM POULTRY
ANAPHAGE,
Poultry Science Department, Michigan State Univer-
sity. East Lansing
D. Polin and K. M. Chee
Research Report 269, "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural ExperimentSta lion. Michigan
State University, February, 1975, p. 39-51.2 fig. 7 tab. 'J
ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Diets, Proteins, Performance.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Poultry anaphage. Quail.
Day-old Japanese quail were reared in a battery-
brooder for 7 days and fed a diet that contained 15
percent protein, with the idea that protein fro-n
growth would be marginal. On day 7, the quail were
weighed, then sorted by weight and transferred as
groups of 15 of nearly equal body weight to a battery-
brooder with 24 pens. Twelve dietary treatments, with
2 replications per treatment, were assigned at ran-
dom The test diets and a practical diet were then feel
for 7 days. One set of diets was formulated to provide
protein only from isolated soy protein (l.S V.).
supplemented with methionine. The other set of diets
contained the same gradient amounts of isolated soy
protein, plus poultry anaphage as the other source (if
protein. All diets were isocaloric. Quail receiving
anaphage ate consistently more feed than the check
group However, when the total feed consumed was
corrected for the anaphage as 30 percent of the diet-
ary weight, the actual amounts of the basal mix and
thus l.S.P. consumed by thequail receiving anaphage
were less than those fed the diets without anaphage.
Despite this, the final body weights and body weight
gains were consistently greater than their counter-
parts receiving the comparable feed level of l.S.P.
\itrogen intake per bird was much higher in quail fed
anaphage Carcass N was generally higher for this
group. It was determined that between 12.3 to 13.7
percent of crude protein was available from
anaphage. Based on the "true protein" value deter-
mined by precipitation with trichloroacelic acid or
amino acid analysis, essentially all of this protein
would appear to be available to the bird. The "true
protein" value obtained by chemical methods would
appear to be a good assessment of the true protein in
anaphage. ((Merryman-East Central)
3056-All, B3.D1, E3 300
EFFECT OF DEHYDRATED POUL-
TRY ANAPHAGE ON TURKEY
BREEDER HEN EGG PRODUCTION,
Poultry Science Department. Michigan State Univer-
sity. East Lansing
J. H Wolford, G. O. Fadika. J. R. Beck, and C. J.
Flegal
Research Report 269. "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural Experiment Station..Michigan
State University. February, 1S75, p. 52-57.2 fig. 2 tab, 9
ref.
Descriptors: Poultry. Feeds. Performance, Design,
Mortality.
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry anaphage, Refeed-
ing, Cracked eggs.
A project was designed to evaluate the performance
of caged turkey breeder hens fed dehydrated poultry
anaphage. In addition, different types of cage floor
bottoms were evaluated. Large white turkey hens
were housed two per cage in a light-controlled build-
ing. The cages were 18 inches deep by 28 inches wide,
with a 2-inch back-to-front slope. The dehydrated
poultry anaphage was obtained by collecting the feces
of these caged turkeys from 20 to 24 weeks of age and
dehydrating them in a rnachamcal heat dehydrator.
The anaphage was fed from 31 weeks of age to the end
of the experimental period at the dietary rate of 12.5
percent. Mortality was not appreciably influenced by
feeding dehydrated poultry anaphage nor by the type
of cage in which the birds werehoused. The number of
eggs produced was not significantly influenced by
cage design; however, egg production was signific-
antly improved by feeding a diet containing 12.5 per-
cent dehydrated poultry anaphage. The number of
cracked and broken eggs was significantly decreased
in the cages having rubber-coated wire floors. The
welded wire floor resulted in a 15.8 percent incidence
of cracked and loss eggs, whereas the incidence was
8.3 and 4.9 percent for the floors having a thin or thick
rubber coat, respectively. Neither feeding dehyd-
rated poultry anaphage nor cage height had a sig-
nificant influence on cracked and loss egg incidence.
(Ott-East Central)
3057-All, B3.D1, E3, F3 300
EGG PRODUCTION AND FERTILITY
OF CAGED TURKEY BREEDER
HENS FED DEHYDRATED POUL-
TRY ANAPHAGE,
Poultry Science Department, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing
J. H. Wolford
Research Report 269, "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan
State University, Febiuary. 1975, p. 58-42.2 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry. Feeds. Performance
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry anaphage. Kefee-i-
ing. Egg production. Fertility, Hatchabilily.
In a preliminary experiment. Wolford showed that
dehydrated poultry anaphage could be fed to caged
turkey breeder hens without any detrimental effect on
egg production This experiment was conducted t,,
further evaluate dehydrated poultry anaphage as a
feed ingredient for caged turkey breeder hens In ad-
dition to egg production data, fertility and hatchabil-
ity records were kept. Forty-eight Nicholas large
white turkey hens were obtained from a commerical
grower when the birds were 30 weeks of age. The birds
were placed incages(2birds per cagei and provided a
14 hour artificial light day. The experiment was con-
ducted for M days. Dehydrated poultry anaphage was
incorporated into the diet at the 10 percent level and
fed to the hens throughout their entire reproductive
period. During the last 23 days of the experiment
fertility and hatchabiljty data were collected. Each
hen was imseminated weekly with 0.05 ml of pooled
semen collected from males that received the control
diet. The egg production was not significantly altered
by feeding a diet containing 10 percent dehydrated
poultry anaphage; however, there was a four egg per
bird advantage for the birds fed dehydrated poultry
anaphage The percentage of shell-less, cracked and
broken eggs was not appreciably affected by the'diet-
ary alteration. Fertility and hatchability were not de-
trimentally influenced by feeding dehydrated poultry
anaphage to turkey breeder hens during the repro-
ductive period. Liability, ending body weight and
foot swelling score were not affected by feeding de-
hydrated poultry anaphage. lOtt-East Central)
3058 - All, B1,C2,D1,E3 300
CAGE FLOOR TYPE AND DEHYD-
RATED POULTRY ANAPHAGE: EF-
FECT ON REPRODUCTIVE PER.
FORMANCE OF TURKEY BREEDER
HENS AND THEIR PROGENY,
Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Uni
versity of Maine. Orono
J H Wolford. G.O Fadika.S.Iturri,andR.K Rineer
Research Report 269. "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural Experiment Station, Michiean
State University. February, 1975, p. 63-73.5 tab. 5 ref
Descriptors: Poultry, Performance, Reproduction
Fertility, Hatchability. H uuucuon-
Identifiers: Anaphage, Refeeding. Floors Cracked
eggs.
Four experiments. 2 with adult and 2 with poults (both
sexes), were performed. In experiment 1 fifty-six
28-week old Nicholas large white hens (female-line 1
w ere placed in cages Cage floors were 2" x 4" welded
wire covered by either a soft plastic insert mat hard
plastic, or Bressler plastic. A 10 percent dehvdrated
poultry anaphage diet was fed to the appronriatp
birds From December 10. 1973-February n 1971
each hen was inseminated weekly with pooled semen
collected from males not fed anaphage. Fertility and
hatchability data were collected. Experiment 2 was
like experiment 1 except: (1) 88 day-old \icholas
large white turkey poults were grown to 17 weeks of
age on litter or in cages, then transferred to cages like
those in experiment 1 or placed in a litter floor oen at
8 25 sq. ft /bird density and fed a standard growinc
ration until 28 weeks old. (2) Then, all birds received I
breeder "control" diet. (31 The cage floors were cJ-
vered with either a soft plastic mat or hard plastic
slats. Thelitter floor was covered with wood shavincs
In experiment 3. 60 poults were randomly selected'
from a scheduled hatch of eggs produced by experi-
ment 1 birds—30 from eggs produced by hens onthe
anaphage diet; 30 from eggs produced by hens not fed
anaphage. The poults were grown to 4 weeks of age in
wire floor batteries and received a starter diet Thev
were then weighed and serum samples were collected
at the time of sacrifice from the first 10 males and 10
females handled. Samples were analyzed for
creatinine. calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phos-
phatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase. choles-
terol, total phosphokinase, phosphokinase enzyrrn-
glucose, and total protein. Experiment 4 was like ex
penment 3. except that it was conducted 16 days later
490
-------
with poults hatched on January 31. 1974. Floor ty|»
significantly influenced the nirnbcr of intact rut
produced. In experiment 1. birds housed K. soft pl:<
lie insert mats averaged B percent craved i; "
whereas, birds housed on hard plastic slats and li'v-
sler plastic averaged 26 8 and 10.4 percent era. ,.>. J
eggs, respectively. Feeding dehydrated anaphape i»
caged turkey breeder hens did not significantly alter
egg production, fertility, or hatchability of fertile
eggs. The percentage of cracked eggs in experiment 2
was greater in the floor-housed turkey breeder hens
than in the breeder hens housed in cages with soft
plastic insert mats. Fertility and hatchability were
lower for floor-housed birds. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral i
3059-All, B3,C2,E3 300
PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD
ANALYSES OF GROWING TURKEYS
FED DEHYDRATED POULTRY
ANAPHAGE,
poultry Science Department. Michigan State L'niver-
siiv tasl Lansing
G V) Fadika. J. H. Wolford. and C. J. Flegal
Research Report 269. -Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan
Slate University, February, 1975, p. 74-87.1 fig. 8 tab.
26 ret.
Descriptors: Performance, Poultry, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Turkeys. Blood analysis. Dehydrated
poultry anaphage, Releeding, Uric acid.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of
feeding dehydrated poultry anaphage on the perfor-
mance and blood constituents of growing turkeys
from 8-17 weeks of age. Commercial 9-week-old
straight run Broad Breasted White turkeys were
weiehed and randomly assigned to 4 diets which con-
tained 0 5 10 and 30 percent dehydrated poultry
anaohag'e Mortality was not affected by feeding poul-
trv anaphage. The overall body weight gain during
the study was not significantly altered by the poultry
anaohage However, a numerical decrease of 0.33 kg
oer bird in comparison to the control group, was ot>-
ijrved in the birds that received 30 percent dehyd-
r-ted poultry anaphage in their diet. Feed efficiency
u"« inversely related to the level of anaphage in the
ditl with conversion figures being 3.35.3.40.3.48, and
iS'kgfeedperkg body weight gainforthe0.5.10.and
30 percent anaphage diets, respectively. Feeding of
noultry anaphage appeared to have no significant ef-
C on plasma uric acid levels. Plasma phosphorus
Wei was significantly increased by feeding 30 per-
cent poultry anaphage. (Merryman- East Central)
S060 - B3, Cl, C2, Dl, D2 300
THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATORS
ON THE NUTRIENTS OF POULTRY
ANAPHAGE,
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uru-
ver^itv. East Lansing
T s Chanc D Dorn. and E. Linden
Research Report 269. "Poultry Pollution: Research
R ults" Agricultural Experiment fetation Michigan
Siai"UniVersity. February. 1975.P 88-92.3 tab, 8ref.
r>, criPtors: Dehydration. Equipment. Chemical
nw£S«. Physical properties, Nutrients.
?d, mif'ers: Anaphage, Poultry excreta.
Five experiments were conducted to compare the
, riem value of anaphage dried in 2 different dehyd-
"""f The anaphage was analyzed for caicm-ti.
'I,/ohorus ash, crude fiber, mo.sture, crude protein
P nrotdn nitrogen. Dryers were operated accord-
.o^ he manuJafturers'instructions. Two thousand
H-! of fresh poultry excreta were collected and
^dnto 2 Portions, each of which was-im-
m,.1iatel dried by a designated dehvdrator (Dryer J
™ Hi, The results showed that the calcium, ash anu
nrotein values of the anaphage from Dryer I were
P sistentlv higher than those of the anaphage from
Vr. Jrll The pattern of certain nutrient ingredients
' irincod when values wereconverted to dried weight
hi* However, the overall comparison of nutrient
values between the 2 dryers remained the same. Av-
er.i^e nutrient values tor the 5experiments were cal
(•.ilaied. According toLonrding's test of 2 means the
r. suits showed that the values of calcium, ash. moiR-
leie crude protein, and corrected protein were sig-
nificantly different. (Oil-East Central I
3061-All, B3, Cl, C2, C3, Dl,
D2, Fl 300
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMI-
CAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE
FROM A COMPLETE IN-HOUSE
DRYING SYSTEM,
Department of Poultry Science. Michigan State Uni-
versity. Kast Lansing
T S.Chang. D. J.Currigan.J.E. Dixon. M.L Esmay.
( J. Flegal. et. al.
hesearch Report 269. "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results". Agricultural Experiment Stat ion. Michigan
S- He University. February, 1975, p 93-97.1 fig, 1 tab.8
i
I'l'scriptors: Microorganisms. Chemical prq>erties,
I' icteria, Physical properties. Moisturecontent, Nut-
; -nts. Costs
Idi-ntificrs: Anaphage, Dehydration.
Microbiological and chemical analyses were per-
formed on anaphage produced by drying fresh
(-creta in an in-house drying system at Michigan
fiile University. The purpose of the microbiological
analyses was to comply with FDA recommendations
to safeguard animal health. Anaphage samples were
i.lli'cted directly from the dehydrator to lessen the
jiilily of contamination. Moisture content wa:,
i ludia'tely determined and microbiological
.1 ..i i\ ses were performed. Average aerobic microbial
• ••punt was 1.407 bacteria per gram of anaphage
Anaerobic count was 1,102 bacteria per gram of
i ...;.hagc. Most of the organisms were Bacillus sp,.
K| Streniwoccus so. No Salmonella 50.. or mold was
•>l. 'ed. It was evfdent that moisture content of the
':rnple affected the microbial count. Low moisture
eonlrnt setmed to coincide with the low aerobic
bacterial count Average crude protein and corn cted
! rotein were found to be 39.37 percent and 18 65 per-
11. respectively. Calcium and phosphorus values
..ere 9.11 percent and 1.74 percent, respectively.
'•loisture content of the anaphage was extremely low.
lie cost of dehydration would be lower if the moisture
• imtent was increased to about lOpercent. since most
leed ingredients have approximately 10-15 percent
moisture content. (Merryman-East Central)
3062 - A6, B4, C2, Dl 300
AMMONIA CONTENT OF CAGED
LAYER EXCRETA,
Department of Poultry Science. Michigan State Uni-
versity. East Lansing
T. S. Chang, D. J. Currigan. and E. Linden
Research Report 269. "Poultry Pollution: Research
Results", Agricultural Experiment Station. Michigan
Stale University. February, 1975. p. 98-107 3 fig. 5 tab.
12 ref.
Descriptors: Ammonia. Waste storage. Tempera-
ture. Humidity.
Identifiers: Excreta, Magnesium oxide.
- A composite excreta sample of 8 hens was collected
at half-hour intervals. Samples were -lored im
•Mediately in an oven at 34 degrees C with a relative
humidity of 60 percent. A total of 4 samples was cul-
iected three replicates of each sampk were tested
lor ammonia content. Gas chromatographic and -ir-
eannlcplic techniques were used by other inv ~
tigators to determine the odor-producing maten.
The magnesium oxide method for a imoniacal nui>-
Hen can be adopted for determining theammoniac'
tenl of the excreta after conversion from the a'i.
moniacal nitrogen value. The moisture content in th*
oven can offset the rate of ammoniaca! release fro-n
excreta. The amount of ammonia content in the
excreta increases with length of storage time
IMerryman-East Central)
Results are reported for 8 experiments which deter-
mined the ammonia content of cage layer excreta at
various storage periods after excretion! Experiments
were set up as follows: Trial one — Excreta samples
were collected from 3 hens. Samples were placed on
non-absorbent paper and left on a laboratory bench.
Ammonia content was determined at 10-. 20-, 30-, and
120-minute intervals; Trial Two — A composite
excreta sample from 4 hens was collected and placed
on a laboratory bench Ammonia content was deter-
mined each half hour from lv» to5 hours at 24 degrees
'.' with a relative humidity of 25 percent: Trial Three
- A composite excreta sample from 5 hens was col-
lected at half-hour intervals. Samples were kept at 34
degrees C and a relative humidity of 30 percent with a
fan running continuously; Trials Four through Seven
3063 - All, Bl, E2 400
DAIRY COWS GO IN CIRCLES,
T Curl
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 91, No. 5, p. 30, May, 1976.1
fig.
Descriptors: Dairy industry. Design.
Identifiers: Waste management, Waste disposal.
Mud problems and increasing automation costs have
prompted the Millers to adopt a new milking system
— a double rotary parlor arrangement. The milking
time has been cut from 18 hours per day to8 hours and
several people who were previously tied up with milk-
ing have been moved to the farming operation that
grows forage for the cows. In the new system, the
milking crew consists of one milker in each rotary
parlor and one man who brings cows to the concrete
crowding pen, washes them, and inspects them for
sickness and heat periods. Each unit handles 8 cows at
a time as they travel a circle before leaving the par-
lor. A free-stall loafing area, a minimountain that is 12
feet high on top and slopes at a 3 percent grade to 12
inches above grade at the lower end, has been pro-
vided for the cattle. Alleys are concrete and the stalls
are dirt. Animal waste in the loafing area is moved by
use of 3,000 gallons of water impounded in holding
tanks at the top of the slope at each alley or pen. This
cleaning takes place twic« daily. The waste and water
are gathered at the bottom of tlie slope where a
separator takes out most of the solids. The liquid por-
tion is returned to the holding tanks at the top of the
slope for reuse. The solids are used as farm fertilizer.
While the radical shift in housing and milking
facilities hasn't had any dramatic effect on milk pro-
duction yet, the Millers now feel that they have the
equipment and potential to expand the herd while
keeping a tight rein on labor expenses. (Merryman-
East Central)
3064 - All, Bl
AEROBIC DIGESTED MUNICIPAL
GARBAGE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR
CATTLE,
Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton
31794
J. C. Johnson, Jr., P. R. Utley, R. L. Jones, and W. C.
McCormick
Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 41, No. 5, p. 1487-1495,
November, 1975. 2 fig, 6 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Cattle, Performance,
Polychlorinated biphenyls. Heavy metals.
Identifiers: Garbage, Intake.
The potential of Fairfield process garbage as a
feedstuff in cattle diets for support of lactation and
growth was assessed at the Georgia Coastal Plain
Experiment Station. Diets of similar composition
formulated with 17.5 percent digested garbage pro-
duct (garbage diet) or 17.5 percent cottonseed hulls
(control diet) were fed to lactating Jersey cows, grow-
ing Jersey bull calves, and Charolais cross bred and
Hereford steers. Measurements were taken of volun-
tary intake, digestibility, animal performance, and
heavy metal, pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's) content of dietary materials and animal tis-
sues. The study data showed dry matter, crude fiber
and nitrogen-free extract in the garbage diet to aver-
age 12,29, and 16.8 kg of daily intake and milk produc-
491
-------
lion per cow lor the control diet. Intake and weight
gains by calves during 81 days of comparison aver-
aged 34 and 61 percent higher for the control diet and
6.12 or 6.86 kg of control or garbage diet was required
per kg of gain. Beel steer intake of the control diet in a
two-period, 14 days per period, reversal experiment
exceeded that of the garbage diet by 29percent. While
the study showed that Fairfield process garbage has
nutritional value as a feedstuff, depressed intake and
relatively high levels of lead and PCB's were iden-
tified as potential dangers associated with utilizing
digested garbage in high fiber diets for cattle.
(Penrod-East Central)
3065-A6, B1,F2
GUIDELINES FOR ODOR CONTROL.
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 6, p. 55, March 27,1976.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Iowa, Regulation.
Identifiers: Odor control, Guidelines, Permits.
By law, the Department of Environmental Quality
(DEQI has the authority to control odors, but it can't
take any action until it has departmental rules. An
odor advisory control panel is trying to set up recom-
mendations. Three basic assumptions made in setting
the regulations are: (I) An Iowa law can't be passed
which violates federal law; 12) It is assumed that
nonhog raisers don't like the smell of hogs, and (3) It
must be noted that if someone detects a hog smell, it
doesn't necessarily mean that he is badly offended.
Presently, file 367, which has passed the senate and is
in the house, would allow a 10-year exemption from
future regulations for facilities issued a permit under
the Iowa code. It also says that a facility owner is no
longer liable fora nuisance suit if he has a permit. The
former rule could be negated if the Iowa code did not
meet new federal regulations. The second rule has
been ruled by the attorney general to be unconstitu-
tional. Another bill currently in committee deals with
construction compliance permits. According to this
bill, if a facility is built to DEQ standards and is issued
a construction compliance permit, it is exempt from
further odor regulations for lOyears.'A big problem is
measuring odors. Methods tried include the threshold
approach and odor panels. The advisory committee
for Iowa's Department of Environmental Quality is
considering the use of a butyl alcohol for measuring
odor intensity. The advisory committee also plans to
suggest that odor complaints first be filed with the
county board of health. If the person making the com-
plaint isn't satisfied, he can then appeal to the Air
Quality Commission of the Department of Environ
mental Quality. Odor intensity and frequency would
then be measured. There could then be a formal re-
-------
3072 - A8, All, B2, E2
THE EFFECTS OF SLURRY ON THE
ACCEPTABILITY OF SWARDS TO
GRAZING CATTLE,
l>epartment of Zoology, University of Heading
n M Broom. B. F. Pain, and J. D. Leaver
J.mrnal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 85. Part 2, p
331-336, October, 1975. 7 fig, 3 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Cattle, Crop response
Identifiers: Swards, Grazing, Land disposal.
An experiment was designed todetermine whether or
not cattle would distinguish between, or prefer
swards dressed with slurry at different rates and, if
so for how long. In this experiment 8 plots, each
measuring 16m x 16m with 5-m-wide pathways, were
set out on a meadow fescue, timothy, perennial ryeg-
rass white clover ley on a sandy soil. In each plot, 4
1973 and to the rest of the plots on March 23,1973. All
Diets received 100 kg /ha N as 'Nitre-Chalk' in early
soring and again after they were grazed in May.
Twelve Friesian heifers were used in the experiment.
Their live weight at the beginning of the experiment
averaged 303 kg and their age 13 months. The heifers
were divided into three groups according to their live
"eieht The heifers were put into the plots 7 and 13
weeks after slurry application and were able to
choose in which of the sub-plots they spent their time
and crazed. The main effect of slurry on the pasture at
7 weeks was to increase the height of sward but to
decrease herbage dry-matter production. Herbage
drv-matter utilization over the 4 days ranged from 94
oercent on the no-slurry sub-plot to only 41 percent
when slurry had been applied at 1001/ ha. The heifers
scent the most time in and grazed more often in sub-
olots with little or no slurry for the first 2 days, but as
the grass was eaten down the frequency of grazing on
areas with more slurry increased. This was reflected
in the amount of grass removed by the heifers from
each treatment on each day. At the beginning of the
second grazing, grass height and herbage dry-matter
nroduction were both directly related to level of slurry
aDDlication. The heifers did not distinguish between
treatments up to 50 t/ha, but herbage utilization on
the 1001 /ha sub-plot was reduced. (Ott-East Central)
3073 - A2, A4, F2
NBC REQUESTS EXEMPTION FROM
RUNOFF RULES,
fSswHs! Vol. 48, No. 6, p. 22, February 9,1976.
Descriptors: Poultry, Regulation, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Broilers, National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System.
The National Broiler Council (NBC) has filed a re-
nuest with the Environmental Protection Agency ask-
ing an industry exemption from proposed regulations
that would require National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits for large
broiler operations. Broiler growout operations with
more than 290,000 birds for a cumulative total of 45
riavs in anv 12-month period would be considered a
Concentrated animal feeding operation po.nt
source" in theeyes of the regulation. In theevent EPA
cannot grant an industry exemption, NBC said the
Criteria for determining whether a broiler operation
has a measurable discharge of pollutants into naviga-
bfe waters should be clarified. (Ott-Easl Central!
3074 - Bl, D3, E3, Fl
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DAIRY-
MANURE BIO-GAS SYSTEMS,
Vermont University, Burlington
J C Oppenlander. E. A. Cassell, and R. N. Downer
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cemb*rl5-l», 1975, Paper No. 7W545, 32 p. 1 fig. 15
Ub, 4 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Economics, Dairy industry.
Vermont, Gases, Fuels, Anaerobic digestion.
Identifiers: Bio-gas systems.
With the rapid upward trend in fertilizer and farm
energy costs, considerable interest has been shown in
the development of systems which can efficiently
utilize the fertilizer and the energy potential of cow
manure. Therefore, a research project was conducted
at the University of Vermont to determine a techni-
cally feasible anaerobic digestion system which is
compatible with dairy farm management practices in
Vermont. This report summarizes the assessment of
the economic feasibility of these anaerobic digestion
systems as an energy source for tie-stall operations on
Vermont dairy farms. Various design, energy, and
economic recommendations were developed in this
study. Minimum annual costs ranged from WOO for 20
cows to $24,000 for 200 cows in the tie-stall operation.
At the present ti me, the generation of bio-gas from the
anaerobic digestion of dairy farm manures does not
provide an alternate source of energy that is econom-
ically feasible in Vermont environment. Minimum
unit costs for net available bio-gas ranged from $0.171
to (0.046 per kwh, respectively, for the 20 cow and the
200-cow dairy operations. (Ott-East Central)
3075 - A4, C3
BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUAL-
ITY METHODS FOR DETERMINING
RUMINANT FECAL POLLUTION,
Department of Microbiology, South Dakota State
University, Brookings
P. R. Middaugh
Completion Report, South Dakota Water Resources
Institute, Brookings, June, 1975, 56 p. 4 fig, 7 tab, 45
ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution sources, Farm wastes,
Pathogenic bacteria, Enteric bacteria, Livestock
wastes, Microbiology, Bioassay, Indicators, Bac-
teria, Bioindicator, Water quality, Human diseases.
Identifiers: Ruminant fecal pollution.
Studies have been completed on development of mic-
robiological methods for detection of farm animal
waste pollution of lake and river water. To differen-
tiate ruminant fecal pollution from domestic sources,
the fecal streptococcus, Streptococcus bovis. which is
reported to be unique in ruminants, was detected by
specific selective methods and media. S. bovis cells
are differentiated by their starch hydrofyzing ability.
The method as developed utilizes a membrane filter,
0.45 micron porosity, to concentrate the S. bovis cells.
In one method the membrane is placedon modified
Kenner-Fecal Streptococcus agar in a 60 mm petri
dish. An overlayer of 3 ml of 1 percent agar which
contains 0.2 percent starch-dye complex, Remazol
Brilliant Blue-R dye coupled to amylose starch, is
placed on the membrane. The cells are incubated at
37t: in a moist chamber with an atmosphere of 75
percent Nj and 25 percent COj gas for 24 to 48 hours.
Visible clear zones develop around cells containing
amylose or starch hydrolyzing ability. A further de-
velopment uses commercial Pfizer Selective En-
terococcus agar medium (modified to exclude esculin
and with added 2.3.5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride to
pigment the colonies red). In this method the mem-
brane filter carrying the S. bovis cells is overlaid with
3 ml of the modified PSE agar to which was added 0.2
percent amylose-azure dye to indicate starch hyd-
rolysis after anaerobic incubation. The method has
been evaluated by tests on lakes and rivers. A small
number of related streptococci also hydrolyie starch.
These are typical S.. f aecalis cells which are biochem-
ically differentiated, if necessary. (Wiersma-South
Dakota State University)
3076 - A2, A4, A7, A12, Bl, B4,
Dl, F2
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE
ON FARM ANIMAL WASTES:
"FARMER EXPERIENCES, CODES,
GUIDELINES, RESEARCH PROG-
RESS, EQUIPMENT",
R. E. Graves, ed.
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences Codes, Guidelines. Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10, 1972. 63 p
Descriptors: Regulation, Legal aspects. Farm
wastes. Equipment, Water pollution. Air pollution.
Public health. Agricultural runoff. Confinement pens.
Liquid wastes, Dairy industry. Waste storage, Dry-
ing, Irrigation, Lagoons, Wisconsin
Idenli''.ers: Waste management, Cost sharing, Land
disposal. Ducks.
This conference focused on the proposed Wisconsin
code on animal wastes, existingand proposed manure
handling guidelines, farmer experience with various
manure handling methods, and systems and equip-
ment that industry has availed today. Conference ob-
jectives were: (1) To givefarmers, industry, and pub-
lic agencies who have pioneered new waste handling
systems a chance to tell their story, (2) To review the
contents of animal waste regulations proposed for
Wisconsin and their implications, (3) To develop dis-
cussion of present and future guidelines for handling
animal wastes, (4) To consider the adequacy of re-
search, handling systems and equipment, and current
programsfor animal waste management, and (5) To
further discussion and communication among indi-
viduals, groups and agencies who have an interest
and concern in this area. (Merryman-East Centralt
3077 - A4, A7, B2, B3, F2
A REVIEW OF THE POLLUTION
ABATEMENT SITUATION IN INDUS-
TRY, MUNICIPALITIES AND GOV-
ERNMENT,
Acting Chief, Technical Services Office. Processing
and Disposal Division, Office of Solid Waste Man-
agement Programs, U. S Environmental Protection
Agency
T. W. Bendixen
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10. 1972, p. 5-9.
Descriptors: Water pollution. Air pollution. Regula-
tion. Liquid wastes. Solid wastes.
Mr. Bendixen reviews activities and programs of the
Federal government related to pollution abatement
Among regulations reviewed are: (1) the Clean Air
Amendment of 1970, (2) the Refuse Act of 1899, and (31
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Geographi-
cal coverage, variation in local conditions, varying
assimilative capacities of water bodies and nature
and interaction of pollutants complicate any attempt
to accurately rank sources as to severity or to show
trends of water pollution. However, using biochemi-
cal oxygen demand as the criterion, many people feel
that industrial wastes are the largest source of or-
ganic water pollutants nationwide; then municipal
wastes; then agricultural wastes. Environmental
improvement is a task of all the people, and every
segment of society, whether it be cities, towns, indus-
try, agriculture, business or governmental activities
(Merryman-East Central)
3078-A4.B1, F2
A REVIEW OF ANIMAL WASTE
REGULATIONS AROUND THE NA-
TION,
Dane County Environmental Quality Agent, Madison,
Wisconsin
D. G. Last
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidi lines. Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point. Wisconsin.
February-9-10,1972, p. 10-15.
Descriptors: Water pollution. Regulation, Design.
Identifiers: Animal wastes.
Modem agriculture contributes a variety of quality
degrading substances toour waterways In particular
livestock operations have been singled out as being a
threat to water quality. U may be noted that regard-
less of whether a state has a specific law governing
493
-------
animal waste storage, transport, or disposal, all
states since the passage of the Water Quality Act in
1S65 are required bj federal law to have approved
water quality standards. Such standards list
minimum acceptable BOD levels, bacteria counts,
etc for each water body These standards canbe used
lobring about a cease and desist order against a lives-
tock owner or operator. A number of states have gone
one step further and enacted animal waste pollution
legislation Approximately 14 states have present or
proposed laws dealing with leedlol construction
and/or operation Eighteen states and several pro-
vinces of Canada have or are proposing specific ani-
mal waste regulations. An inventory of the states hav-
ing spec)tic animal waste control regulations reveals
a great deal of difference in the content of the regula-
tions Many of thr animal waste codes contain in or
outside the body of rules, some statement of purpose,
intent, or objective Nearly every code has a defini-
tions section. Most of the rules contain Information on
water pollution abatement facilities They establish a
procedure for determining the need for suchfacllilles,
their design requirements, operation and upkeep.
Another common feature of animal waste regulation
is some form of permit system. The enforcement of
the regulations may be handled either through a state
natural resources commission or a state health
agency. < Merryman-East Central)
3079 - A4, A7, F2
POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN WIS-
CONSIN, HISTORICAL DEVELOP-
MENT AND PRESENT STATUS,
Assistant Administrator, Division of Environmental
Protection, Stevens Point, Wisconsin
O. D. Williams
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress. Equipment". Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10, 1972, p. 16-20.
Descriptors; Regulation. Air pollution. Water pollu-
tion, Wisconsin.
Identifiers: Pollution abatement.
Mr. Williams traces pollution problems and attempts
at pollution abatement from colonial days to the pre-
sent, citing specific pollution problems and regula-
tions. This is all done as background for speeches to
come later which deal with the proposed Animal
Waste Rules. (Merryman-East Central)
3080-A2, A4, B1,B4, F2
ANIMAL WASTE PROBLEMS NOW
FACING THE DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES,
Chief of Industrial Waste Water Section, Department
of Natural Resources, Wisconsin
PP. Didier
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Fanner Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10,1972, p. 21-28. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Regulation, Water pollution, Animal
wastes, Wisconsin, Water storage, Waste disposal.
Agricultural runoff.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources'
statutory authority and responsibilities in relation to
water pollution and more specifically as related to
animal wastes are reviewed. Various types of agricul-
tural pollution are pinpointed Manure management
problems include: manure storage and disposal, the
need for manure management alternatives, feedlol
runoff, and livestock destroying banks of unfenced
streams. Regulatory, advisory and cost sharing
agencies must be coordinated to solve these prob-
lems. Any solution to the animal waste management
problem will involve a mix of programs, combining
regulation, research, education,financial assistance,
voluntary actions by the farmer himself and even
tolerance on the part of the non-farming population.
(Merryman-East Central!
3081 - A4, A7, A12, F2
LEGAL BASIS FOR ANIMAL WASTE
REGULATION JN WISCONSIN'S WA-
TER, AIR AND PUBLIC HEALTH,
Bureau of Legal Services, Department of Natural Re-
sources, Wisconsin
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10, 1972. p 29-31
Descriptors: Regulation, Water pollution, Air pollu-
tion, Public health, Animal wastes, Wisconsin.
The proposed animal waste regulations of Wisconsin
are the result of an ad hoc committee appointed by the
Department of Natural Resources. The rules repre-
sent almost a year of work, representing an interdis-
ciplinary approach Beforeahearingisheld concern-
ing them, the rules will be made available on a
statewide basis to people that might be interested in
them tor review and comment. The rules will not be
final and official until such time as the National Re-
sources Board votes by a majority vole that the rules
are to be published in the Administrative Code, and
then they will be effective upon publication. The code
is looked upon as a stale of the art for handling ag-
ricultural wastes and applying them to the land at
various times of the year; as the states advance, the
requirements will advance. These requirements will
not be imposed unilaterally; these requirements will
be imposed by the hearing process. (Merryman-East
Central)
3082 - A4, Bl, B4, E2, F2
PROPOSED ANIMAL WASTE REGU-
LATIONS FOR WISCONSIN.
Professor of Soil Science, Wisconsin University,
Madison
M. Beatty
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10,1972, p. 32-36.
Descriptors: Regulation, Animal Wastes, Point
sources. Agricultural runoff, Waste storage, Wiscon-
Idenlifiers: Waste management, Waterpollution con-
trol, Land spreading.
Background is given on how the ad hoc committee on
agricultural waste pollution operated and how the
animal waste rules were developed Some of the
major provisions of the rules are discussed. The rules
begin with definitions of terms. The rules focus on
water pollution. They give standards for systems of
manure storage and handling. Plans for storage
ponds and retention ponds must be reviewed by the
Department of Natural Resources. The rules require
plans (or large operations, those that are greater than
800 animal units, to be submitted to the Department ol
Natural Resources for review. If manure is spread in
the winter and no erosion control program is used, the
spreading must b« back a minimum of 200 fe«t from
streams, lakes, ditches and ponds. The rules concen-
trate on point sources. Streams, lakes and ponds must
be fenced out of the barnyards by 1975; and the runoff
from animal lots and enclosures must be con trolled so
that the manure won't simply go under the fence and
into a stream. A feedlot operator must have a
minimum land areaunderhis control for spreading of
manure. One-third of an acre per animal unit for
dairy beef, swine, and sheep, and half an acre per
animal unit for birds are the minimum areas
suggested. The problem o! odors is not dealt with due
to their subjective nature. (Merryman-East Central)
3083 - Bl, F2
COMMENTS BY MEMBERS OF THE
DNR ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON
AGRICULTURAL WASTE POLLU-
TION,
G Blaska K. Kreul, M. Stelirecht, and R. Venable.
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Fanner Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin.
February 9-10,1972, p. J7-39.
Descriptors: Regulation, Animal wastes, Wisconsin.
Four members of u5 Advisory Committee, all of
whom are Wisconsin farmers, served as a panel dur-
ing a discussion of the "Proposed Rules". Prior to the
discussion each man made a statement concerning
the rules and his thoughts about them. Initial ap-
prehension was expressed, but put at rest. There
seemed to be a general consensus that the rules were
at least a step in the right direction. (Merryman-East
Central)
3084 - A2, A4, A7, Bl, B4,Dl, D2,
D3, El, F2
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RE-
SOURCES PROPOSED ANIMAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES,
Wisconsin. Department of Natural Resources. Ad Hoc
Committee.
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-1". I972. P 4M4
Descriptors: Regulation, Waste storage, Waste dis-
posal. Animal wastes, Waste treatment, Agricultural
runoff, Wisconsin, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Inspection.
The Proposed Animal Waste Management Rules are
given. The preamble states that when wastes from
agricultural activities impair water quality, sys-
tematic prevention or remedial action is required.
The proposed rules establish standards and define
procedures whereby the state can protect the public
interest in maintaining the quality of water in Wiscon-
sin The recycling of animal wastes to the land and the
continued development of new and innovative sys-
tems are encouraged. Coordination of the efforts of
regulatory, educational, technical, and financial as-
sistance programs of other governmental agencies is
also encouraged. Further technical development is
necessary before rules controlling odors can be for-
mulated The Department of Natural Resources will
continue to handle odor complaints individually and
will promote further study of the problem. The rules
will be periodically reviewed and. when necessary,
revised to reflect the advancing technologies of ag-
ricultural production and environmental protection.
Outlinedin the proposed rulesare: (1) Definitions, (2)
Collection, storage and disposal of animal wastes, < J)
Treatment of animal wastes, (4) Runoff control
(animal shelters, enclosures and lots), (5) Filing of
reports plans and specifications, (6) Violations and
enforcement, (7) Hearings, orders and appeals, (8)
Inspection (9) Limitations, UO) Severability, and
111) Applicability and effective date. (Merryman-
East Central)
3085 - Al, Bl, Fl, F2
SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL ASSIS-
TANCE AND COST-SHARING PRO-
JECTS IN WISCONSIN,
I. Bolstad, J. Dens more, and M. Knabach
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10,1972, p. 45.
Descriptors: Cost sharing, Wisconsin, Waste storage.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Rural Environmental
Assistance Program, Lake Mendota Watershed, Soil
Conservation Service.
The 1970 National Rural Environmental Assistance
Program made provision to cost-share on pollution
abatement measures. Diversions above and/or
below the barnyard were the initial practices instal-
led on approximately 100 Wisconsin farms. The spe-
cial manure storage project in the Lake Mendota
Watershed was offered statewide in 1971, resulting in
cost-sharing on 109 facilities. Soil Conservation Ser-
494
-------
vice approval was required for all cost-shared pro-
jects as being in compliance with their standards.
Accomplishments as of February, 1972, were the
grading of 110 acres of barnyard and the construction
of 26 miles of diversions, 3 settling basins. 3 detention
ponds. 56 stacking facilities. 3 manure storage ponds,
and 33 liquid manure tanks. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral I
3086 - A6, A7, Bl, Dl, D2, D3, E2,
E3, Fl
THE REVIEW OF RESEARCH
PROGRESS IN MANURE MANAGE-
MENT,
Branch Chief, Livestock Engineering and Farm
Structures Research Branch, Agricultural Engineer-
ing Research Division, Agricultural Research Ser-
vice, United States Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville. Maryland
R. G. Yeck
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10, 1972, p. 46-52.
Descriptors: Livestock, Poultry, Hydraulic transpor-
tation, Waste storage, Aerobic treatment. Drying,
Separation techniques, Costs, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal,
Composting, Odor control, Refeeding.
Research concerning components of animal waste
systems are summarized and discussed. Because
animal manures are biologically active materials,
they undergo continual changes. The role of the en-
gineer and designer of livestock waste treatment
facilities is one of controlling these changes. Hyd-
raulic transport, land disposal, waste storage, com-
posting, aerobic treatment, odor control, refeeding,
drving, and solid-liquid separation are discussed. The
beef slatted floor and pits systems appear to be
adaptable anaerobic pits. The bulk of broilers are
raised on deep litter. Storage is built into the systems,
but odor, feather and dust nuisance problems as well
as c ernitrification of land, are possible if good judg-
ment is not shown in managing the wastes. There are
many alternative courses of action for managing
animal wastes. All will require additional costs in
production. Some cost offsetting returns may be
realized through utilizing the wastes. Utilization as
cropland fertilizer remains the most practical for the
majority of livestock producers. (Merryman-East
Central)
3087 - A6, A10, Bl, B2, B4, Dl,
D2, D3, E2, E3, Fl
REPORT ON FARMERS EXPERI-
ENCES WITH MANURE HANDLING
FACILITIES,
Assistant Professor and Extension Agricultural En-
gineer, Wisconsin University—Extension
R E. Graves
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10,1972, p. 53-57.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Liquid wastes, Odor,
Ventilation, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: Waste management. Land spreading,
Ducks, Swine, Flies, Oxidation ditch.
Descriptions are given of waste management
methods tried by farmers at 8 different farms. The
Allen Johnson Farm employed a storage facility for
manure from 65 milk cows and runoff from a 75' x 105'
naved barnyard. Storage area was sufficient for 6
months A tractor-mounted loader removed the man-
ure to a spreader for field spreading. The Fair Peak
Dairy Farm utilized a solid manure stacking system
with a commercially available swinging elevator.
The major problem with this system was clean out of
storage Dilution by additional water yielded a mate-
rial too thin to scoop and too thick to pump. The
Kenver Farms used a conventional liquid manure
handling system. The manure storage tank that was
built was not adequate Odor, flies, and the time re-
quired to scrape the barns were alsd problems. The
Klug Farm employed an inexpensive solid manure
storage structure with 6 months storage. The storage
area was formed with earth walls Crushed rock
limestone 8-10 inches thick was used to line the entire
structure. A perforated pipe inlet located in the low
corner directed liquids that leached from the manure
to a plastic lined retention pond. The Blue Mound
Farm utilized a manure drying facility toobtain dried
pulverized manure which was either bagged for sale
or handled in bulk TTc Hawkins Farm employed a
confinement feeding operation with cold slatted floor
barns. Manure storage was provided by six 30' x 30' x
8' tanks below the slats. Pits were emptied by a high
pressure chopper type pump through an irrigation
system. Irrigating required little labor or investment,
but problems occurred with flies, odors and pit venti-
lation. The Pride Seed Co. Research Farm utilized an
oxidation ditch beneath a slatted floor building to
handle manure from a 24 sow and nursery unit. Over-
flow went to a holding basin. Material was removed
from the ditch or holding basin by a vacuum liquid
manure tank. Major problems were odor and foam-
ing. The C and D Duck Farm directed its efforts to
handling and eventually disposing of its concentra-
tions of manure and water. A liquid handling system
utilizing mechanical screening and settling to remove
solids followed by aeration and chlorination of the
water was considered. (Merryman-East Central)
3088-Bl, B2, B3, B4, E2
REPORT ON EQUIPMENT AVAILA-
BLE FOR MANURE MANAGEMENT,
Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wis-
consin University - Extension
T. Brevik
Proceedings of Farm Animal Waste Conference,
"Farmer Experiences, Codes, Guidelines, Research
Progress, Equipment", Stevens Point, Wisconsin,
February 9-10, 1972, p. 58-63.
Descriptors: Equipment, Waste storage
Identifiers: Waste management, Hauling, Land dis-
posal. Soil injection.
Slides were shown of newer equipment items related
to storing, hauling from storage, and injecting into the
soil. Companies represented were Starline, Inc., Har-
vard, Illinois; Badger Northland, Inc., Kaukauna,
Wisconsin; Farmway Company, Marshfield, Wiscon-
sin; Clay Equipment Corporation, Cedar Falls, Iowa;
Pearson Brothers Company, Galva, Illinois; Patz
Equipment Company, Pound, Wisconsin; Hedlund
Equipment Company, Boyceville. Wisconsin; and
Calumet Company, Algoma, Wisconsin.
(Merryman-East Central)
3089 - B2, E2
MANURE SYSTEM:FIVE YEARS
OLD...GOOD AS NEW,
Successful Farming. Vol. 74, No 6, p. D2, April, 1976.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land spreading.
In 1971, Gerald Robinson, Morrow County, Ohio
dairyman, decreased waste handling labor demands
by installing a pump system. When utilizing this sys-
tem, manure is scraped into an opening at the lowest
part of the concrete lot, which slopes from feeder and
free stalls down to near the milking parlor, A utility
sized tractor is used to blade manure across an open-
ing where it drops into a pipe just ahead of the pump
Powered by a 7V4-hp electric motor, the piston type
pump quietly pushes the liquid manure through a 9-in
diameter vinyl pipe 250 ft. uphill underground to a
large capacity 380,000 gallon dirt-sided lagoon. The
pipe through which the manure is pumped goes into
the bottom of the giant holding lagoon. Thus, the thick
crust that forms atop the pit is left unbroken and seals
off fresh manure odors as effectively as a tight fitting
concrete slab. Since the pit holds 6 months storage
the manure is hauled and spread only when it's con-
venient. Spreading is done when there is no chance of
runoff. Health inspectors have approved the system
(Ott-East Central)
3090-A6, B1.C2
IDENTIFICATION OF SULFUR
GASES EVOLVED FROM ANIMAL
MANURES,
Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University,
Ames
\V. L. Banwart and J. M. Bremner
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 4, No 3, p
3M-366, July-September, 1975 6 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Gases, Sulfur, Gas chromatog-
raphy, Feedlots, Livestock, Aerobic conditions.
Anaerobic conditions.
Identifiers: Identification techniques.
One major problem from the increased use of feedlots
is the release of gases due to manure decomposition
Research on these gases has led to the development of
gas chromalographic techniques. These techniques
are used for direct identification of the gases. Manure
from beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, and sheep was
studied. When incubated under anaerobic conditions.
all manures studied released dimethyl sulfide, hyd-
rogen sulfide, and methyl mercaptan and some re-
leased carbonyl sulfide and or carbon disulfide
Only trace amounts of one sulfur gas (dimethyl sul-
fide) was detected in the gaseous products of decom-
position of manures under aerobic conditions, and no
evidence could be obtained that sulfur gases contri-
bute to the odors of dried manure Most of the sulfur
volatilized when manures were incubated under
anaerobic conditions was in the form of hydrogen sul-
fide and methyl mercaptan The amount of sulfur
volatilized in one month at 23 degrees C represented
less than 1 percent of the total sulfur in the manures
studied. (Talley-East Central)
3091 - A5, A8, Bl, C2
ALFALFA SAFEGUARDS GROUND-
WATER,
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer. Vol. 101, No 5, p 117, March 13.
1976.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution. Nitrates, Crop
production. Alfalfa.
Identifiers: Abandoned feedlots, Corn, Pollution con-
trol.
G. Schuman and L. Elliott found out that planting
alfalfa in unused feedlots will prevent nitrate pollu-
tion of ground water. Nitrogen builds up in the top 5 to
6 feet of soil when feedlots are in use, but it is in a form
that will not pollute ground water. But when (eedlots
are abandoned, this organic nitrate can be converted
toa form that moves down through the soil with water.
In a feedlot where 13.5 tons of total nitrogen per acre
was found, corn took up 152,265, and 81 Ib of nitrogen
per acre. Corn was found less efficient than alfalfa in
removing nitrogen from the soil. (Edwards-East
Central)
3092 - Bl, C2, D3
PILOT-PLANT HIGH-RATE DIGES-
TION OF PIGGERY AND SILAGE
WASTES,
Rowett Research Institute. Bucksburn, Aberdeen
S Bousfield, P. N. Hobson, and R. Summers
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 37, p. 1-2,1974
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion. Waste treatment.
Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Swine. Silage waste.
Anaerobic digestion of waste from pig fattening
houses was shown to be possible using 15-liter heated
(35 degrees C) stirred digesters loaded once daily, but
a 100-liter digester mechanically loaded every five
minutes proved more efficient. Pump capacity li-
mited total solids (TS) input to around 4-5 percent
with no sign of digester failure and maximum solids
input should be considerably higher. Less than 2 per-
cent solids caused washout. Percentage diminutions
in waste properties were similar at all loading rates
and some average results were (percent reduction):
BOD 80, COD 57, TS 43, VFA 79 Ammonia was un-
495
-------
changed or slightly reduced. Settling the output for
14-15 days gave a liquid with only 4 percent of original
BOD,» percent of COD a nd 22 percent of TS Digestion
w«s stable and activity was restored after stoppages
with or without heatlngof 6 weeks or more, or aeration
of digester contents due to system leaks or mainte-
nance. Gas production (65-70 percent ChY remainder
COt I at J5 degrees C averaged «.4 cu. ft Ab VS
loaded; abrupt changesto33degreesCor 40degreesC
did not appreciably alter gas production: change to30
degrees C lowered production, but over I days it re-
turned to normal. Silage effluent was treated in a
•table digestion with piggery waste With about 10
percent (v/v> silageelfluentadded lopiggery waste,
the B( ID input was up to45.000ppm compared with an
average 10,000 ppm before, and COD was about
200.000 ppm compared with 50,000. The purification
obtained (whole digester output* average (percent
reduction): BOD »7, COD 81, TS 36, VFA 78 Gas out-
put 169 percent CH» 30 percent C was increased by
about 22 percentandshockloadingof 30percent silage
did not upset digestion. (Abstract only; Abstract
edited by Ott-East Central)
3093 - AS, A8, Bl, Cl, C2, C3, D3,
E2.F3.F6
STUDIES ON FARM LIVESTOCK
WASTES,
Agricultural Research Council
Studies on Farm Livestock Wastes. London. Agricul-
tural Research Council, 1976, 156 p.
Descriptors. Research and development, Slurries
Physical properties. Chemical properties, Biological
properties. Biological treatment, Aerobic treatment
Odor, Separation techniques, Sludge, Crop response',
VMl profile. Equipment, Waste storage. Pathogenic
bacteria °
Identifiers. England, Land disposal. Anaerobic
treatment, Dewatering.
This bulletin reviews findings from the 3-year re-
search and development programs undertaken
jointly by the Agricultural Research Council and the
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The bul-
etin was compiled t>y specialist! who took part in
these programs and it includes much unpublished
work It was compiled primarily for those engaged in
research, development, and advice and gives sub-
stantiated scientific and technical information on the
biological processes involved and their engineering
implications. The emphasis is on treatment and use
with the conclusion that, whenever possible, all such
wastes should be relumed to the land. The bulletin
concludes with reports of seven separate farm trials
utilizing experimental treatment plants Recommen-
dations for future study are given. (Merryman-Eajt
Central)
3094 - All, E3, F3, F6
UTILIZATION OF PAUNCH-
BLOODMEAL BY FEEDLOT CAT-
TLE.
K C. Byington
MS Thesis, Colorado Stale University, August 1975,
4« p. 12 Lab, 32 ref
Descriptors: Feeds. Performance. Cattle, Nitrogen,
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Releeding, Blood and paunch meal, Cot-
tonseed meal.
A project was undertaken to investigate the pos-
sibilities of using two by-products of the packing in-
dustry, dried rumen contents and blood meal (blood
and paunch meal), as a substitute for vegetable pro-
tein in beef cattle rations. Blood and paunch meal was
found to be highly insoluble and of superior arruno
acid make-up compared to cottonseed meal. A nylon
bag trial indicated that approximately 60 percent of
the nitrogen in cottonseed meal was liberated in the
rumen compared to K percent for blood and paunch
meal Apparent nitrogen digestibility of blood and
paunch meal was calculated to be 74.9 percent. A di-
gestion trial was run using six Hereford steers to
compare the ability of blood and paunch meal and
cottonseed meal to support animal gains when used as
the sole source of supplemental nitrogen. Cottonseed
meal proved to be somewhat superior in promoting
nitrogen retention The differences were not. how-
ever, statistically significant (P less than .05). The
results of the feeding trial indicate that substituting
blood and paunch meal for cottonseed meal in the
finishing ration increases gain and improves feed ef-
ficiency. Viewed from an overall standpoint, blood
and paunch meal would appear to be most valuable in
situations where essential amino acid availability is
the factor limiting production. In addition to the fat-
tening phase of beef production, the potential of blood
and paunch meal seems to merit research Into its
applicability to other classes of livestock.
(Cameron-East Central)
3095-A4, Bl, Fl, F2
HOW NOW BROWN COW: REGULA-
TION OF FEEDLOT POLLUTION IN
WISCONSIN,
C. E. Blackwell. II]
Environmental Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 4, p. 769-789,1974
Descriptors: Feedlots, Pollution control, Wisconsin.
Legal aspects. Water pollution, Point sources.
Identifiers: 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control
Amendments, National Pollutant Discharge Elimina-
tion System.
Water pollution due to feedlot runoff has become a
serious problem. Several legal steps are reviewed in
this article which are (or have been) directed toward
pollution abatement. Of major importance among
such legal steps is the 1972 Federal Water Pollution
Control Amendments. Section 402 of the 1972 Act es-
tablishes the National Pollutant Discharge Elimina-
tion System which has been utilized to reduce point
source water pollution by feedlots. The Environmen-
tal Protection Agency (EPA), which was granted au-
thority to administer the permit program established
by this Act, has attempted to abrogate the effective-
ness of the Act. This may be due to any or all of the
following: (a) To include greater numbers of small
feedlots would place an unacceptable economic and
manpower bur den on the EPA,(b) EPA pollution con-
trol efforts have been focused on urban sources of
water pollution, and (c> The EPA is sensitive to criti-
cisms from Agribusiness. While the major concern
has been that strict pollution controls would cause
economic dislocation, some sources such as David
Blitzer (National Resources Defense Council), main-
tain that such controls would foster reorganization of
the industry into larger and more efficient production
units. The threat to water quality by agricultural
runoff pollution cannot be dealt with in the manner
employed to date. The problem can only be solved
through the cooperation of federal, state, and local
governments which, unfettered by self-interested
pressure groups or concerns over administrative
burdens, have the resolve and energy to obtain a high
standard of water quality. (Merryman-East Central)
3096-A4, A12, Bl, C2
STREAM QUALITY MEASURE-
MENTS ALONG A LIVESTOCK WIN*
TERING OPERATION,
G. Hagfeldt
MS Thesis. Department of Agricultural Engineering.
Montana State University, December, 1971.61 p.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Livestock, Sampling,
Measurement, Nitrates, Chlorides
Identifiers: Wintering operations.
A project was conducted to develop instrumentation
and techniques necessary for determining if animal
wintering operations located along streams are pol-
luters. The location of the test site was the Holmstrom
Ranch located northwest of White Sulphur Springs,
Montana. Through the winter of 1970-71, there were
1100 sheep, 243 calves, K hogs, and 185 cows wintered
along the creek. Four water sampling stations were
set up along the creek. 3 in the wintering area and a
fourth approximately 4 miles upstream. Samples
were taken periodically and the nitrate and chloride
ion concentrations were recorded using a specific ion
meter. Conductivity, sample temperature, stream
How, and weather conditions were also recorded. Nit-
rate and chloride concentrations were very smalt-
much less than the upper limits allowed by the U S
Public Health Service. Because the levels were so
low, the actual concentrations could not be deter-
mined using the equipment and techniques available
Averaging all the readings taken over the project
period did indicate that both nitrate and chloride ions
decreased slightly along the wintering area It was
felt that more testing was needed to ascertain if these
parameters did actually decrease, or if this was a
result of the testing methods. (Ott-East Central)
3097-Al , Bl, El, E3
MANURE MANAGEMENT RELATED
TO SOIL, WATER & AIR—THE CHAL-
LENGE TO AGRICULTURAL SCIEN-
TISTS,
New Brunswick Department of Agricuttureand Rural
Development, Fredericton, New Brunswick
J. A. Roberts
Presented at Canadian Society of Agricultural En-
gineers Annual Meeting, Charlottetown, P E I June
26.1972, Paper No. 72-220,6 p. '
Descriptors: Waste management.
Identifiers: Manure, Canada, Land disposal, Refeed-
ing
A general discussion was given of the farm animal
waste problem. The author presented and elaborated
on three major challenges facing agricultural scien-
tists: (1) to become involved in land use, economic
and systems planning; (2) to solve the problems of
recycling livestock wastes; and (3) to make livestock
production systems compatible with high density
human populations. (McQuitty, Barber-University of
Alberts)
3098-Bl, C2, E2
LIVESTOCK WASTES AS A SUBSTI-
TUTE FOR COMMERCIAL NITRO-
GEN FERTILIZER,
T. Stucker and S. Erickson
Illinois Research, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 10, 11 Summer
1975. 5 tab.
Descriptors: Farm wastes. Nitrogen, Fertilizers
Costs. Livestock, Feedlots.
Because of the rise in commercial fertilizer prices
many farmers are either having to reduce fertilizer
inputs or substitute relatively less expensive mate-
rial, such as livestock manure, for the commerical
fertilizers now on the market. Farmers may now find
it profitable to consider livestock wastes as a substi-
tute source of nitrogen rather than a supplement to
commercial fertilizer. The nitrogen content of man-
ure will vary according to animal sources, waste-
handling system, and other factors. The total value to
Illinois farmers of mechanically collected and distri-
buted (nonpasture) swine manure handled by liquid
and bedded solid systems is more than M million.
Another consideration for livestock producers in
times of soaring commercial fertilizer prices is the
distances they can afford to haul livestock wastes
(Cameron-East Central)
3099-Bl, Cl, C2, D2, El
PHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE,
Department of Chemical Engineering. University oj
Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, ENGLAND
Fuel, Vol. 52, No. 10, p. 302-303, October, 1973. 1 fig, 2
Descriptors: Incineration, Waste disposal, Waste
treatment. Physical properties.
Identifiers: Swine, Thermochemical properties.
Pig manure presents severe disposal problems, and
in the long term it is likely that incineration may
prove the only acceptable solution. A series of tests
was carried out in conjunction witha pig-feeding trial
reported recently, in which densities, viscosities and
496
-------
calorific values of pig feces were measured with the
development of a pilot-scale incineration in mind. The
results showed relatively high caloric values which
would contribute significantly towards reduced fuel
costs in any combined drying incineration disposal
operation. It will be seen that the high values obtained
for caloric value go a long way toward promoting
incineration as a viable commercial proposition, re-
gardless of its probable ultimate necessity.
(Cameron-East Central)
3100-A4, Bl, B2, C2, C3, El,
F2
BASICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL,
Gurnham and Associates, Inc.
Basics of Pollution Control. Chicago, Gurnham and
Associates, Inc., 1973,44 p.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Water pollution sources,
Pollutant identification, Water pollution. Wastes, In-
dustrial wastes, Wisconsin, Pollutants, Farm wastes,
Waste water (pollution). Surveys, Flow measure-
ment, Analytical techniques, Equipment, Sampling,
Water analysis.
Identifiers: Seminars.
This text outlines the technical measurements used
by pollution control technologists, as they apply to the
dairy industry, and defines the technical terms used
in federal, state, and local laws controlling waste
water discharges from dairies. Sources of water
borne wastes from dairies are listed, and the signifi-
cance, loadings, and limitations for each and methods
of analysis are described. A program for conducting a
plant waste water survey, for the purpose of deter-
mining specific sources of pollution and measuring
the quantities of each, is outlined. The appendix is a
paper (by C. F. Gurnham and M. I. Beach) that exp-
lains the devices and techniques used for measuring
flows and for sampling waste water streams. (Witt-
IPO
3101 - A6, All, B2, D3, F3
FLUSHING AWAY MANURE UNDER
METAL SLATS,
K. Mercer
Good Farming, Western Edition, p. 12-14, March,
1974. 4 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Liquid wastes, De-
sign criteria.
Identifiers: Swine, Flushing.
A flush system for manure disposal in confinement
barns where'total slats are installed has several ad-
vantages. The author discusses a system in an On-
tario new weaner barn that takes pigs at the 15-20
pound range to the saleable weight of 45 pounds. The
use of total slats has resulted in clean, dry hogs. The
bam is almost odor free because the flush system is
coupled with cross ventilation. Swine feet and leg
problems are minimal. Feed loss is kept at a
minimum with special feeders. The flush disposal
system consists of 3 large tanks that are designed to
dump the'r total volume of water when a specific level
has been reached The water used to fill the tanks is
recycled. Two of the most important factors in a flush-
ing system is water volume required and the slope of
the gutter floor. A paper by Professor Hazen of Iowa is
cited. Hazen summarizes the hydraulic flushing sys-
tem in terms of the size of the area to be flushed, water
velocity, flushing frequency, and the depth of the
flushing stream. Professor Hazen then discusses the
advantages and disadvantages of the hydraulic sys-
tem Design considerations for construction specifi-
cations, the positioning of the tank and the liquid re-
quirements of a flushing system are given. Two areas
of concern that still require research are disease
transmission and control from anaerobic lagoons.
(Penrod-East Central)
3102 - A8, A9, B2, B3, C2, E2
THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF HEAVY
APPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL MAN-
URES ON CORN GROWTH AND
YIELD AND ON SOIL PROPERTIES,
West Central Experiment Station, University of Min-
nesota, Morris
S. D. Evans, J. M. MacGregor, R. C. Munter, and P.
R. Goodrich
A Report on Field Research in Soils, Soil Series 91,
Department of Soil Science, University of Minnesota.
March, 1974, p. 98-110. 11 tab.
Descriptors: Crop response, Soil profile. Chemical
properties. Insecticides
Identifiers: Land disposal. Application rates
Experimental treatments were arranged in 3 replica-
tions of a complete randomized block. Each plot was
split into 2 parts of sub-plot treatments. Treatments of
the main plots were : (1) Nofertilizer or manure (2)
Recommended amounts of inorganic fertilizer each
year (120 N + 40 P20j + 40 K20). (3) Solid manure
from a conventional beef feeding facility (manure +
straw) at 100 tons/acre (wet weight) in the fall of 1970
and of 1971. (4) Liquid beef manure from a slatted
floor beef feeding barn at 284 tons/acre (wet weight)
in the fall of 1970 and of 1971. Half of the sub-plots were
treated at planting with insecticide for rootworm con-
trol. The plots were planted. Furadan at 10 Ibs.acre
was applied to the east 14 rows of each plot and the
west S rows were left untreated. Starter fertilizer was
used only on the fertilized treatment. Lasso was
broadcast at 2 v«lb£cre; 2.4-Damineatmbyacre was
applied as a postemergence spray on June 5. The soils
in each plot were sampled to a depth of 10 ft in the fall
of 1970, to a depth of 4 ft in the fall of 1971, and to a
depth of 10 ft in 1972. These samplings were done prior
to manure application. Sampling results indicated
that NH.-N levels were all quite low and the levels
in soils treated with manure were no higher than
check or fertilized soils. NO^-N levels were also very
low and there were no increases due to manure appli-
cations. The NO3-N in the top foot of the liquid beef
manure plots was 20 times higher than on the fer-
tilized plot. Levels on solid beef and liquid hog manure
were also very high. With all manures, there was
some movement of NOs-N into the 9-10 ft. zone. Con-
ductivity of a soil: water mixture was increased by all
manure applications. Bulk density was significantly
reduced by solid and liquid beef manure in the 6-12
inch layer. Though higher electrical conductivity was
found in manure plots, plant growth was not affected.
Chemical analyses of the 1972 fodder, grain, and root
samples were made for N, P. K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, zinc,
manganese and boron. The levels of P, K, and Mg
were significantly lower where insecticide was used
Plant yields and measurements were also determined
for the various treatments. (Ott-East Central)
3103 - A8. A9. B3, C2, E2
THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF RATES
OF SOLID BEEF MANURE ON CORN
GROWTH AND YIELD,
West Central Experiment Station, University of Min-
nesota, Morris
S. D. Evans
A Report on Field Research in Soils, Soil Series 91,
Department of Soil Science, University of Minnesota,
March, 1974, p. 111-117. 5 tab.
Descriptors: Crop response, Chemical properties, lit
secticides.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
The main experimental treatments were arranged in
3 replications of a complete randomized block design
Each plot was split into 2 parts for sub-plot treat-
ments. Main plot treatments were: (1) Recom-
mended amounts of inorganic fertilizer each year (120
N +40P205 +40 K20),(2)Solid beef manure at33v,
tons/ acre (wet weight) in the fall of 1971, (3) Solid beef
manure at 66 *i tons/acre (wet weight) in the fall of
1971, (4) Solid beef manure at 100 tons/acre (wet
weight); 33'A tons applied in the fall of 1971 and 66^
tons in the spring of 1972. Half the sub-plots received
Furadan insecticide treatment for rootworm control.
The plots were planted to Pioneer 3956A (corn) on
May 10, 1973. Starter fertilizer was used only on the
fertilized treatment. Lasso was broadcast at 2V4 Ibs;
acre on May 13; 2,4-D amine at \Jfbi acre was applied
as a postemergence spray on June 5; 2,4-D ester at'/i
lb/acre was applied on June 22. Com leaves were col
lected from the insecticide treated portion of each plot
in 1973 and analyzed It was found lhat the 2 higher
manure rates increased the leaf nitrogen levels All
manure rates increased leaf phosphorus and potas-
sium levels. All manure rates decreased leaf mag-
nesium and zinc levels. The lowest rate of beef man-
ure was highest in leaf copper level The other 2 rates
were not significantly different from the fertilized
treatment. At final harvest each year,grain samples
were saved from all plots and analyzed 1972 results
revealed that all manure rates increased phosphorus.
potassium,and magnesium levels in grain It was also
found that the use of insecticide brought about a
slightly higher ear moisture content and higher
yield. (Ott-East Central)
3104 - A8, A9, C2, E2
MANURE RATE STUDY,
S. D. Evans, R. C. Munter, and P. R Goodrich
A Report on Field Research in Soils. Soil Series 91.
Department of Soil Science. University of Minnesota.
March, 1974, p. 118-126. 7 tab.
Descriptors: Crop response. Chemical properties. In-
secticides.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Application rates
The main environmental treatments were arranged
in 3 replications of a complete randomized block de-
sign. Each plot was split into 2 sub-plots—half of
which received insecticide (furadan) treatment for
corn rootworm control. The main experimental
treatments were : (1) No manure or fertilizer. (2 >
Recommended amounts of inorganic fertilizer each
year, (3) Solid beef manure at 10 tons acre (dry basis i
each fall, (4) Solid beef manure at 20 tonsacre idry
basis) each fall, (5) Solid beef manure at 30 tonsacre
(dry basis) each fall, (6) Liquid beef manure ai 19
tonsacre (wet basis) each fall, (8) Liquid beef man-
ure at 57 tons Acre (wet basis I each fall The plots
were planted to Pioneer 3956A corn on May 10,1J73
Furadan was applied at 10 Ibs acre to half the sub-
plots at planting Starter fertilizer was used only on
the fertilized treatment Lasso was broadcast at 2'4
Ibs/acre on May 13; 2, 3-D amine at 4 Ibacre was
applied as a postemergence spray on June 5; 2. 4-D
esterat "alb/acre was applied on June 22 Manurewas
applied for the first time in the fall of 1972 for the 1973
crop. The soils in each plot were sampled to a depth of
10 feet in the fall of 1972 prior to manure application
In the fall of 1973 the soils were sampled to a depth of 8
feet. (Results are not yet available.) Leaf samples
were taken at silking and fodder, grain, and root sam-
ples were taken at the silage stage Samples were
dried and analyzed Manure increased the leaf con-
tent of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and de-
creased magnesium and zinc levels Manganese and
boron levels were variable. Yield and plant mea-
surements made in 1973 prior to harvest gave the
following results. (1) Manure treated plants were tal-
lest. (2) Root damage was reduced where insecticide
was used. (3) In early September many plants died
prematurely, apparently from stalk rot Increasing
amounts of manure resulted in more dead plants
There were also more dead plants in the artificially
fertilized and the check plots. Insecticide reduced the
percentage of dead plants (41 Stalks broken above
the ear were reduced by the insecticide (5i Stalks
broken below the ear in general increased where ma-
nure was used (6) Ear moisture at harvest was quite
variable. (7) The check or "no fertilizer" plot had the
least grain yield. (Ott-East Central)
3105 - A2, A4, Bl, El, F2,
NEW EPA PROPOSALS FOR FEED-
LOT RUNOFF TAKE REASONABLE
APPROACH,
R. D. Wermblom
Farm Journal Vol. 100, No. 1, p. G3. January. 1976
Descriptors: Water pollution. Feedlots. Agricultural
runoff. Regulation, Permits.
Identifiers: Point sources. Environmental Protection
Agency. National Resources of Defense, Inc . Exemp-
tion
497
-------
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is now
taking a more reasonable approach to the possible
pollution of streams by farm and feedlol runoff
Latest indication of this change in attitude came dur-
ing a discussion of which size animal feedlots will
require a wastewater permit. EPA Deputy Adminis-
trator John R. Quarles Jr. said that "EPA doesn't
want to have to go out and regulate every feedlol. EPA
has already prepared an exemption amendment and
sent itto the White House for clearance before it goes
to the Congress. Last March, In » suit brought by
National Resources of Defense. Inc., (NRDC), the
court ruled that the Corps of Engineers is responsible
for all "the waters of the U.S.," not just the navigable
waters. This decision gives the Corps authority over
practically every natural and artificial body of water
in the country, including farm ponds and streams
where normal flow is 5 or more cubic feet/second.
Next. NRDC challenged EPA's ruling that only the
largest agricullural operations require a permit for
the discharge of their wastewater into navigable
streams. On June 10, 1975, the court ruled that EPA
cannot e»empt an animal feedlot or another agricul-
tural operation simply because it's small. Forced to
comply with this court order, EPA has now proposed
new regulations to spell out the conditions under
which concentrated animal feeding operations would
be requi red to get a wastewater permit. Under EPA's
latest proposals a permit would not be needed unless
more than 1.000 slaughter and feeder cattle, 700 ma-
ture dairy cows, 4,500 slaughter hogs. 12,000 sheep or
lambs, 55,000 turkeys, 1«Q,000 laying hens, or 290.000
broilers are confined (or 45 days or more during a
12-month period Otherwise, a permit would not be
needed unless "measurable wastes" are discharged
directly into. (1) navigable waters that run through
the fetdlot; or (2) navigable waters by means of
man-made pipe, ditch or (lushing. A feeding facility,
no matter what size, will require a permit if EPA and
state authorities decide thatit'sa significant source of
pollution (On-East Central)
3106-All, Bl, C2, Dl, D2, D3,
E3, Fl
THE ECONOMICS OF POULTRY
WASTE FEEDING,
G C. Masters
Egg Industry, Vol. 9, No 6, p 20, June, 1976. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Feeds. Performance, Economics. Cat-
tle. Nitrogen
Identifiers: Reieeding, Poultry wastes, Contamin-
ants
Three ways of processing poultry wastes to be used as
cattle feed are dehydration, ensiling and chemical
treatment Whits dehydration is the most expensive
ona per Ion basis, the dehydrated form hasbeen found
to t>e easily transported and can be used in commer-
cial feed meals. In contrasl, ensiling requires less
facility and operating costs, but the product is not as
easily handled due to its moiit form A new chemical
process called "Graion" is now being used to treat
animal wastes The product Is used on cattle waste,
broiler waste and cage layer waste. The treated
wastes are fed primarily to beef cattle While all J
methods destroy pathogenic organisms and improve
palatability, there are dangers in feeding wastes Any
feed material, including animal waste, may be con-
taminated with hard metals and numerous other sub-
stances. Feeders must know their waste and run
analyses to confirm levels of contaminants With-
drawal periods can be used to reduce residue levels of
some contaminants. Waste feeding, nevertheless of-
fers a fantastic financial opportunity for the poultry
industry. (Merryman-East Central)
3107 - A4, Bl, El, F2
EPA SETS FINAL RULES ON FEED-
LOT PERMITS.
Wallaces Farmer. Vol 101, No 8, p. 42, April 24.1976
Descriptors: Regulation, Permits, Water po"""".
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency, Point
sources. Animal units.
Final regulations that establish the conditions under
which feedlots will need waste water discharge per-
mits have been issued by the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency It is estimated that about 3,240 livestock
operations nationwide will need a permit under these
regulations. In the final regulations, operations that
do not discharge pollutants into navigable waters will
not need a permit. But feeding operations will need a
permit if there is a discharge of pollutants and their
operations have more than 1000 slaughter and feeder
cattle 700 mature dairy cattle, 2.500 swine weighing
over 55 Ib , 500 horses, 10.000 sheep and lambs, 55,000
turkeys 100,000 laying hens or broilers (continuous
overflow watering), 30.000 laying hens or broilers
(liquid manure handling).S.OOOducks, or l.OOOaramal
units An animal unit is a way tomeasure an operation
that involves several types of livestock. A feedlot with
301-999 animal units will also need a permit if the
facility discharges pollutants by means of a man-
made conveyance or discharges into waters that pass
through or have contact with animals. This includes
operations larger than: 300 slaughterer feeder cattle,
200 mature dairy cattle, 750 swine over 55 Ib., 150
horses. 3,000 sheep. 16,500 turkeys, 30,000 laying hens
orbroilers (continuousoverflow watering), 9,000hens
orbroilers (liquid manure handling). 1,500ducks, or
300 animal units This size feedlot may also need a
permit if designated by the EPA or Department of
Environmental Quality as requiring one L'v«tock
producers who will need a permit should file a short
form B by September 1, 1976. (Otl-Easl Central)
3108-B2, E2, Fl
ADVISED AGAINST LIQUID POUL-
TRY MANURE SYSTEM,
Anonymous ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ? ^ ^ m
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Poultry, Economics.
ldentifie"sMVaste management. Land spreading.
Herb Jordan, Pennsylvania State University exten-
sion poultry specialist, advises the poultry producer
to avdd installation of a liquid system for handling
poultry manure for the following reasons: (l)Togeta
tank full of dry manure taken oul onto the field, you
must haul 19 loads of useless water, becausejiquid
manure is Uparts water to one part drymanure. This
causes a loss of «,000 per year for the operation of a
family-sized poultry farm. (2) Liquid manure can be
toxic to crops if applied too heavily.
andfined for pollution are those wit
syslems.<4) Nearly all poultrymen who initiate liquid
manure systems find that within 5 years they change
from thiMysum, or they goout of business, or they go
bankrupt. <" * "l»" ™nure """"f ?,"!**I™%
the poultTyman many times more dollars than it
bringsinlo the farm family. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral)
3109 - A7, A8, Bl, C2, E2
AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM
DAIRY MANURE SPREAD ON THE
SOIL SURFACE,
Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Georgia Uruver-
D" A ™'™r. D R. Bouldin, and S D. Klausner
Journal of Environmental Quality. Vol. 5, No. 2, p.
134-141, April-June, 1976 6 fig.
Descriptors. Ammonia, Volatility, Dairy industry.
Chemical properties, FertiUrers.
Identifiers. Land spreading. Surface spreading.
Waste management
An investigation was conducted to measure ammonia
volatilization from dairy manure spread and left on
the soil surface under natural field conditions. The
ammonia volatilization was measured in 5 expen-
ments carried out over a period of 2 years in spring.
summer, and winter. Manure application rates were
34 and 200 metric tons/ha. Ammonia volatilization
was delermined after spreading by periodically
measuring the total ammoniacal nilrogen (TAN) con-
lent of manure samples collected from the soil sur-
face Corrections were made for increase in am-
moniacal N in the soil Quantities of ammonia vol-
atilized were large from dairy manure spread In the
field. The mean loss of ammonia, excluding the
January, 1974 experiment, wasSS percent on the total
ammoniacal nitrogen spreading. Results indicated
high probabilities of large quantities of ammonia v^
atiliiation from manure across a wide range of
weather conditions. In general. J stages of ammortU
volatilization from bovine manure can be
hypothesized The first stage is a very rapid initial
loss oi ammonia driven by very high P«H, values
resulting from urea hydrolysis in the manure. Half-
lives of less than 1 day characterize first-stage losses.
Second-stage ammonia volatilization losses, charac-
terized by hall-lives of 2-4 days, begin as manure is
subjected to drying either in the facility or after
spreading. The third-stage ammonia volatilizttion
loss is characterized by a drop in Pun, and rates
exhibiting half-lives over 4 days. In order to insure
maximum utilization of nitrogen in manure applied to
cropland, management techniques have to be de-
veloped to minimize ammonia volatilization in the
field and in the animal facility. (Ott-East Central)
3110-A4, A6, A7.B1.F2
BILL PROTECTS FARMS FROM NUI-
SANCE SUITS.
J. Carlson
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 8, p. 41, April 24,1976
Descriptors: Regulation, Legal aspects, Iowa, Air
pollution, Waterpollution, Management,Odor. Feed-
lots.
Identifiers: Nuisance suits.
A bill (Senate file 3671, currently in the Iowa legisla-
ture could help protect livestock producers from nui-
sance suits. One section of the bill says, basically, that
whoever is there first is right However, if the cattle
feeder expands his operation and is then sued, he loses
his protection and could be liable to the degree of his
expansion. The producer's protection is good as long
as he meets environmental regulations. The bill also
tries to protect livestock producers from regulation
changes. If a producer has to make a management
change (one that costs less than 2 per cent of the cost
of establishing the facility), to control an odor prob-
lem on a facility that's less than 10 years old, he has 2
years of exemption. If the facility is older than 10
years, he has a one-year exemption. If a producer is
faced with a design change (one that costs more than 2
per cent of the cost of building the facility) for air
quality on a facility less than 10 years old, he has a
10-year exemption from the change. If the facility is
older than 10 years, he has a 10-year exemption from
the change. If the f acilily is older than 10 years and he
doesn't have a feedlot permit, the operator gets a
5-year exemption. If he has a feedlot permit, the
length of his exemption from the change is the same
as the time remaining on his feedlot permit. Exemp-
tions from changes in water quality regulations are
also included. A nonpermit holder would get an
exemption of either 5 years from the change, or 10
years from when the facility was established,
whichever is greater. A producer with a feedlot per-
mit gets either 10 years from when the facility was
built or the time remaining on his permit, whichever
is greater. Senate file 367 says a feedlot should be
exempt from both city and county zoning changes for
10 years from date of change. However, this doesn't
apply to livestock operations currently within the city
limits. This bill is currently under debate in the House
of Representatives. (Merryman-East Central)
3111-B3, C1.D1.E3, Fl
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS,
Poultry Science Department, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park
G. O. Bressler
Summary of talk delivered at London Poultry Indus-
try Conference. London, Ontario, Canada, June 15,
1972, 6 p. 2 tab.
Descriptors: Drying, Economics, Costs, Moisture
content, Physical properties, Recycling.
Identifiers: Dried poultry waste, Odor control.
498
-------
A two-stage drying system was developed at Penn
State which offers several advantages. It improves
the physical characteristics of the manure and makes
handling easier; it eliminates offensive odors; and
the final product is felt tohave more sales appeal. The
two stages of the system are: (1) blowing air at high
velocity over the manure, and (2) stirring the manure
automatically 4-10 times daily. This system has been
found to remove about 80 per cent of the water from
the manure and to reduce the weight of the manure to
be handled to about 1/3 the original weight before the
manure is removed from the house prior to mechani-
cal drying. The drying system has been found to be
economically sound, with total costs for drying esti-
mated at about 115/ton. Poultrymen who have
adopted this system are finding ways to sell the pro-
duct at a profit. New uses will be found for the product
in the future. (Penrod-East Central)
3112-A3, A4, C3
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF
SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AG-
RICULTURAL LAND. PART II.
Department of Civil Engineering, South Dakota State
University. Brookings
L. L. Harms, P. Middaugh, J. N. Dornbush, and J. R.
Anderson
Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 122, No. 11, p. 71-73,
November, 1975. 4 fig, 2 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Bacteria, Col-
iforms, Snowmelt, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Identification techniques, Fecal col-
iforms, Fecal streptococcus.
Density determinations of total coliform, fecal col-
Lform and fecal streptococcus in surface runoff from
aericultural lands were found using the multiple-tube
fermentation technique. The methods utilized for con-
firmation were brilliant green lactose bile broth for
total coliforms, ethyl violet azide broth for fecal strep-
tococci and EC medium at 45° C for fecal coh'forms.
Primary factors influencing the organism levels
were' ground cover conditions (ie. corn
itubble' fall plowed, pasture, Brome or alfalfa, and
Lu stubble). Graphs and tables are given that corre-
late the finding to cognizable units. Rainfall runoff
was found contaminated to pollution levels suggesting
that runoff from agricultural lands may be a source of
rlnllution for surface waters. Theactual health hazard
has not been determined. (Penrod-East Central)
3113 - Bl, C2, D3, F6,
TOE KINETICS OF MICROBIAL NIT-
RIFICATION AS APPLIED TO THE
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTE,
C, M Wong-Chong
£hD Dissertation, Cornell University, June, 1974,244
p. 49 fig. 26 tab, 134 ref.
Descriptor Animal wastes, Waste treatment. Nit-
rification, Kinetics, Ammonification, Nitrogen, Nit-
rates Bacteria. Temperature.
Identifiers: Reaction rates, Ammonium-nitrogen
oridation, Nitrite-nitrogen.
Two phases of experimentation were conducted.
phase 1 concerned ammonification, ammonium-
nitrozen oxidation, and nitrite-nitrogen oxidation—
•hi 3 steps for converting nitrogen to nitrate. Batch
MTieriments were conducted using acclimated en-
Hf-hed cultures. Specifically sought were: (a) the na-
hire of the reaction in each step and (b) the effects of
pnvironmental factors on reaction rates. Observa-
fions of ammonification by mixed cultures de-
/-Strated the ability of the organisms to adjust to
"Jinees in substrate either by enzyme i nduclion or by
£«ufation change. Observations of the nitrifying or-
ESsms indicated that bacterial populations may
f taoconform to population control mechanisms. Free
nitrous acid inhibition of nitrification was observed.
Phase 2 experimentation observed the reaction steps
In sequence: firstly, ammonium oxidation lo nitrate
indgecondly, conversion of organic nitrogen to nit-
rate Experimental conditions were 20 degrees C with
controlled pH levels and with ammonium sulfate as
the ammonium-nitrogen substrate and a urea 4- ca-
sean mixture as a source of organic nitrogen. Cultures
used were enriched, acclimated organisms grown in
the laboratory and a ODML culture. It was found that
reaction characteristics could be predicted by a sys-
tem of simultaneous equations describing arnmonifi-
cation as a first order reaction and both nitrification
reactions as zero order reactions. Lag periods were
noted prior to the onset of nitrification. ODML culture
experiments showed that the organisms made no dis-
tinction between urea and uric acid as organic nitro-
gen source Ammonification rates were about 0.115
hr-1 The ammonium oxidation step was the rate
limiting stage in the reaction sequence if the nitrite
accumulation was disregarded, because k, after am-
monium depletion was always greater than k,.
The author concluded that in treating poultry waste,
about 75 percent of the total organic nitrogen in the
fresh waste was convertible to the inorganic form.
Nitrogen loss occurred in reaction systems in which
there was appreciable dissolved oxygen (0.5-1.0
mg 1.) (Penrod-East Central)
3114-All,B2,B3,C2,D1,D2,D3,
E3
UTILIZATION OF LIVESTOCK
WASTES AS FEED AND OTHER
DIETARY PRODUCTS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University at Urbana-Champaign
D. L. Day
Presented at the International Seminar on Animal
Wastes, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, September 28-
October 5,1975. 27 p. 10 fig, 12 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Drying, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Livestock wastes. Dietary
products, Wastelage, Oxidation ditch mixed liquor,
Cereco, Corral, Grazon.
Livestock manure has historically been utilized for
plant nutrients, soil builders, animal nutrients, and
fuels. This paper discusses utilizing livestock wastes
as nutrients in animal diets, commonly referred to as
"refeeding." Properties of manure are influenced by
such factors as ration fed. species of livestock and
methods of manure handling, storage, and treatment.
The amount of nitrogen in manure is of particular
interest for refeeding because it is a major component
of protein. Various methods of processing wastes for
refeeding are reviewed as well as properties of the
wastes that are of interest for refeeding. Probably the
oldest method of processing wastes is the drying of
poultry manure, with heated or natural air, and in-
corporating it into feed for cattle. Production of was-
telage by collecting fresh manure from cattle feed-
lots, mixing it with hay, and ensiling the mixture is
another method. Oxidation ditch mixed liquor
(ODML) is a method of refeeding aerobically treated
liquid wastes as a nutrient-rich drinking water. There
are three major commercial methods of processing
cattle wastes for refeeding in the U.S.A. They are the
Cereco, Corral, and Grazon systems. The Cereco and
Corral systems involve complex expensive equip-
ment that limits their use to large feeding operations.
Grazon can be used for small operations as well as for
large ones. All the refeeding methods discussed in-
clude a process for controlling disease and odors and
the methods range from simply mixing dried manure
with new feed to complex waste processing schemes
that yield several usable products including protein
vitamins, minerals, and water. The processed wastes
are fed to the same and to different species of lives-
tock. In all of the processing methods discussed ex-
cept ODML, only about 40 percent of the wastes pro-
duced from confinement livestock can be refed to the
same animals. The surplus must be utilized
elsewhere. (Cameron-East Central)
3115-A4.B1, C2,D1,E3,F1
ELIMINATION OF WATER POLLU-
TION BY PACKINGHOUSE ANIMAL
PAUNCH AND BLOOD,
Beefland International Inc.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, November, 1971, 41 p. IS
fig, 10 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution. Dehydration, Drying,
Costs. Recycling, Cattle. Chemicaloxygen demand.
Biochemical oxygen demand. By-products. Chemical
properties, Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: Packinghouse wastes. Blood, Rumen,
Paunch manure, Feed additives.
The operation of two dehydrating machines, for the
drying of cattle whole blood as well as paunch con-
tents (rumen), at the Beefland International, Inc.,
slaughtering plant at Council Bluffs, Iowa, was
studied. The BODS and COD of the blood and rumen
were established. The mean BODS of the whole blood
and rumen was determined as 156,500 ppm and 50 200
ppm, respectively. The mean COD of the blood and
rumen was established as 218,300 ppm and 177,300
ppm, respectively. The economics of the drying pro-
cess in costs per ton of dried product, per 1000 Ibs live
kill weight (LWK). and per animal were determined
The dehydrating costs per ton of dehydrated product
were found to be H3.75 /ton for blood and $38.46 /ton
for rumen. The average cost (blood and rumen) was
140.93/ton. Laboratory studies were carried out on
the dried whole blood and rumen with a view toward
their actual and potential use as legally accepted
feeds or feed additives. Percent moisture, protein.
fat, carbohydrate, and other analyses of the dried
products are reported. (Lowry-Texas)
3116-A3, F4
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF - A BIB-
LIOGRAPHY,
Department of Interior. Office of Water Resources
Research.
Water resources Scientific Information Center,
WRSIC 72-204, January, 1972,248 p.
Descriptors: Farm wastes. Water pollution sources,
Bibliographies, Abstracts. Agricultural runoff, In-
formation retrieval. Digital computers. Publications,
Organic matter, Overland now. Fertilizers. Drain-
age, Agricultural watersheds, Ammonium salts. Nit-
rates, Nitrogen cycle, Environmental effects.
Identifiers: Permuted indexing.
This bibliography contains 158 abstracts with full bib-
liographic details for selected reports, journal arti-
cles, and various documents published mostly sine*
1967. Produced from a computerized mformauon
base containing 25.675 abstracts at the timeof search.
the bibliography is representative of the information
on agricultural runoff contained in the jourr»'
"Selected Water Resources Abstracts" through De-
cember 15,1971 (Volume 4, Number 241 A significant
descriptor index is given of representative weighted
terms that best describe the information content of
the abstracted items. A comprehensive index is also
given that represents all descriptors and identifiers
used to index the various papers and documents rep-
resented by the abstracts in the bibliography.
Abstract items are arranged in ascending WRSIC Ac-
cession Number sequence. (Lang-USGSi
3117 - A4, C3
PHYSIOLOGY AND NATURAL DIS-
TRIBUTION OF THE BACTERIUM
CARYOPHANON LATUM IN THE
FRESH WATERS OF MISSOURI,
Department of Life Sciences, Missouri University,
Rolls
J. B. Hufham, R. Carroll, and J Hill
Completion Report, Missouri Water Resources Re-
search Center, November 8,1972, 20 p 4 tab
Descriptors: Missouri, Water pollution, Pollutant
identification, Ruminants, Ecology, Physiology,
Water analysis. Microbiology.
Identifiers: Pollutants, Caryophanon latum. Fecal
pollution.
An experimental selective medium was developed for
use in quantitatively analyzing stream waters for the
presence of the genus Carvophanon. The medium was
based on yeast extract-peptone agar and incorpo-
rated high concentrations of streptomycin to inhibit
growth of other microorganisms. Physiological
studies with the organism, £, latum. showed a re-
quirement which was met by using crude agar or an
499
-------
extract of crude agar Resistance to sulfa drugs was
also noted The need to identify the nutrient or cof ac-
tor supplied by crude agar prohibits the final de-
velopment and field trials of the medium. (Hufham-
University of Missouri)
3118 - A2, A4, A5, A8, Bl, C2, E2
WATER QUALITY HYDROLOGY OF
LANDS RECEIVING FARM ANIMAL
WASTES,
Texas Water Resources Institute, Texas A&M Uni-
versity. College Station
D L. Reddell, G. G Wise, R. E. Peters, and P. J.
Lyerly
Technical Report No 50, Texas Water Resources In-
stitute, June, 1973, 110 p. 23 fig, 26 tab, 61 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Water pollution, Groundwater
pollution, Agricultural runoff. Cattle, Chemical prop-
erties. Salts, Ammonia, Nitrogen, Nitrates, Texas.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Disposal rates.
A significant pollution potential from cattle manure
has developed asaresultof thecaltle feed ing industry
progressing to large, high density feeding operations
The objectives of this study were to determine the
characteristics of storm runoff from a beef feedlot
and to evaluate the disposal of large amounts of man-
ure on land. Feedlot runoff was found to carry large
amounts of chemical elements. The concentrations of
chemical elements did not vary with size and intensity
of rainstorm as much as by topographicdifferences of
trie watersheds More ammonia was volatilized from
high pH soil columns than neutral pH soil columns A
total nitrogen loss of 10 to 20 percent occurred in the
soil columns Up to 900 tons/acre of manure can be
safely ptowed under 30 to 35 inchesdeep without creat-
ing a surface water pollution problem. An increase of
sails in the groundwater occurred during the first
year and then salts were reduced to initial values the
second year. No nitrate pollution of groundwater oc-
curred Crops can be effectively grown on land receiv-
ing up to 900 tons /acre of manure. Peak yields occur
3119-A5, A8.C2
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NIT-
RATE PROBLEM IN RUNNELS
COUNTY, TEXAS,
Texas Water Development Board, Austin
D C. Jones
Environmental Protection Agency Technology Series
Report No. EPA-R2-73-267, June, 1973,214 p. 22 fig 10
lab, 43 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrates, Texas, Water pollution
sources, Groundwater pollution, Soil contamination.
Chemical properties. Leaching, Remote sensing, Ae-
rial photography.
Identifiers: Runnels County, Texas, Nitrogen isotope
ratio. Infrared photography.
This report describes the investigation of nitrate con-
tamination in Runnels County, Texas It was found
that most water well contamination is due to naturally
occurring nitrate. However, all the very high nitrate
contamination problems (more than 1000 ppm) are
principally due to nitrate from barnyards. The nitrate
sources were confirmed by utilizing the nitrogen
isotope ratio technique. The nitrate contamination
was caused by a rising water table which intersected
and dissolved nitrate deposits from the soil. The rising
water table was caused by a combinationof low poros-
ity aquifers, increased infiltration (decreased sur-
face runoff I due to terracing, and several consecutive
years of above normal rainfall There appears to be no
economical way to remove the nitrate from either the
water or the soil. Recommendations for ways for the
area residents to obtain potable water and for a con-
tinued monitoring program are included. (Environ-
mental Protection Agency)
3120 - Al, A4, A7, A9, Bl, Fl, F2,
F3
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL AND ENFORCEMENT IN NEW
YORK STATE,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
T. Flaim
Paper Prepared for the New York Assembly Scien-
tific Staff-Study Performed in Cooperation with De-
partment of Agricultural Economics, Cornell Univer-
sity, November, 1973, 27 p.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Legislation, New York,
Pollution control. Animal wastes. Sedimentation,
Nutrients, Pesticide, Air pollution, Effluents.
Identifiers: Food processing wastes, Water quality
standards.
The objective of this paper was to summarize briefly
the research that has been done to date on the extent,
magnitude, control and enforcement of agricultural
pollution which would be of interest to New York legis-
lators. Section II of the paper deals with the extent,
location and types of agricultural pollution existing in
the state. Section III deals with the various available
means of abating pollution as well as new methods
that might be developed through additional research
efforts. Section IV examines the advantages and limi-
tations of the commonly suggested methods of en-
forcement of agricultural pollution control. Section V
analyzes the possible cost impacts of agricultural pol-
lution control legislation. The findings of the study are
summarized in Section VI, with conclusions drawn
regarding further research needs and implications
for policy makers. (Flaim-Cornell University)
3121 - All, B2, C2, D3, E2, E3
DEMONSTRATION OF THREE RE-
CIRCULATING SWINE WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT SYSTEMS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Iowa State
University, Ames
J. R. Miner, T. E. Hazen, R. J. Smith, and G. B.
Parker
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-
660 A7*009, December, 1973,147 p. 48 fig, 26 tab, 29
ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Liquid wastes. Waste
disposal, Hydraulic transportation, Lagoons, Irriga-
tion, Odor. Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste water reuse. Land disposal.
Aeration basin, Vibrionic dysentery. Flushing.
Three waste treatment systems were used to process
liquid swine manure so the effluent could be reused as
flush-water. Hydraulic transport was effective in re-
moving manure from all eight buildings. Excess
liquid from all three systems was applied to adjacent
cropland to achieve nutrient utilization as the final
disposal step. Reductions in building odors, manure
handling labor, and land requirements for final
effluent disposal were major goals of the demonstra-
tion. An aeration basin received the manure from two
farrowing buildings with a capacity for 14 sows each.
As anticipated, solids accumulated in the aeration
basin. When the solids content exceeded 4,500 mg/1,
pjugging problems became frequent in the pump and
piping system A lagoon-aeration basin system
served two farrowing buildings with a capacity for 23
sows each The system performed adequately with
only minor mechanical difficulties. A lagoon-RBC
system served four finishing buildings with a total
capacity of 700 hogs. Frequent mechanical and biolog-
ical failure resulted in removal of the RBC from use.
Lagoon effluent is being used to flush these buildings
with success. Repeated outbreaks of vibrionic dysen-
tery has prompted remodelling two of the buildings
and flushing in a gutter covered with slats. (En-
vironmental Protection Agency)
3122-All, Bl, C2, D3
EFFECT OF VENTILATION RATE OF
BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE,
Professor, Agricultural Engineering Department
University of California, Davis '
S R. Morrison, G. P. Lofgreen, and R. L. Givens
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 3 p 530-532
May-June, 1976. 5 tab, 5 ref. '
Descriptors: Ventilation, Cattle, Performance Am-
monia, Temperature, Gases.
A refrigerated air-conditioned barn at the Imperial
Valley Field Station of the University of California
was used for testing the effect of ventilation rate on
beef cattle performance. Beef cattle in rooms with
slatted floors over anaerobic manure pits were sub-
jected to 3 ventilation rates: 8.8,3.2, and 0.3m* / min
per head. Feed intake and rate of gain were signific-
antly higher at the highest ventilation rate for only the
first 28 days. Manure gases were suspected to account
for the differences. Ammonia concentrations were
lower than those commonly thought to adversely af-
fect cattle performance. (Rowe-East Central)
3123 - A6, B2, C2, D3, E3
METHANE GENERATION FROM
LIVESTOCK WASTES,
J. C. Lorimor and S. W. Melvin
Iowa State University Cooperative Extension Service
Publication Pm-593, July, 1974, 4 p. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: Methane, Anaerobic digestion, Lives-
tock, Waste treatment, Gases, Odor, Nutrients, De-
sign.
Advantages of methane generation in the treatment
of animal wastes are: (1) Energy is harvested from
waste which would otherwise be lost. (2) Odors which
would otherwise escape and cause problems are con-
tained in digesters. (3) Valuable nutrients are re-
tained. Disadvantages are: (1) Digesters are expen-
sive. (2) Anaerobic digestion is complex and sensitive
to environmental conditions. (3) Digestion is not a
disposal system. Anaerobic digestion is a two-part
process, and each part is performed by a specific
groupof organisms. The first part is the breakdown of
complex organic matter (manure) into simple or-
ganic compounds by acid-forming bacteria. These
Bacteria break down complex organics and produce
primarily acetic acid and propionic acid, along with
some ammonia, and carbon dioxide. The second
group of microorganisms, the methane-formers
breakdown the acids into methane and carbon
dioxide. In a properly functioning digester, the 2
groups of bacteria must be balanced so that the
methane-formers just use the acids produced by the
acid-formers. If the acid-formers get ahead of the
methane-formers, acids begin to accumulate, the pH
drops, the methane-formers are inhibited, and ulti-
mately digestion ceases. The balance of the 2 groups
of bacteria is affected by several factors including
loading quantity, quality, and frequency, as well as
temperature, toxic elements, and pH. The gas pro-
duced is generally in the range of 60 percent methane
and 40 percent carbon dioxide. An average of 10 cubic
feet of gas may be produced per pound of COD or 12
cubic feet of gas may be produced per pound of vol-
atile solids digested. When using the anaerobic diges-
tor described, submerger inflow and outflow lines are
needed to prevent gas from escaping. Either a
mechanical mixer can be used or the liquid or gas can
be recirculated for mixing. Flushing or scraping sys-
tems are well adapted because they can provide fre-
quent waste removal and feeding. Disposal of the
waste can be by hauling, dumping into lagoons or
pumping. Sludge must be periodically removed. For
gas utilization, compressor and storage tanks are
used, along with the associated plumbing which would
include flame traps, pressure gages, regulator hyd-
rogen sulfide scrubber, and pressure relief valves
(Ott-East Central)
3124 - A6, B2, B3, Dl, E3, Fl
NO ODOR, NO WASTE: 'SUPER
STRAINER' TAKES HOG MANURE
WITH EASE,
Anonymous
Successful Farming, Vol. 73,No. 10, p. HI, September
1975. 1 fig.
500
-------
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal, re-
cycling. Separation techniques, Fertilizers, Solid
wastes. Liquid wastes. Lagoons, Odor.
Identifiers: Swine, confinement pens.
A particular problem of the new giant sow complexes
has been what to do with the manure. One such sow
unit. North Central Pork Producers, Inc. of Clear
Lake, Iowa, thinks it may have a solution to the prob-
lem. The corporation owners installed a manure
treatment unit which acts like a giant, mechanical
squeegee. All waste from the 6,000-head capacity
flushes through 10- and 12-in. sewer lines to a 16-cu -ft.
concrete holding pit. A pump takes waste from the pit
to a microstrainer. Brushes pass lightly across the
screen on a revolvingdrum forcing the liquid through
the screen. The strained solids brush to a horizontal
auger which carries them to a vertical auger. The
vertical auger has a squeezing action to remove as
much additional water as possible. The solid then au-
gers into a manure spreader. The strained liquid is
pumped to a lagoon with overflow going to a second.
The recycled water becomes the flushing agent in the
facility. The unit removes approximately 90 cu. ft. of
the solids per day and can process 75.000 gallons of
manure. The cost of the unit is nearly $27,000 but the
fertilizer value of the solid waste is expected to cover
the operating cost of the unit. In this unit, by removing
the large, solid particles before it goes into the lagoon,
odor problems have been virtually eliminated. The
solid waste will either be used as a crop fertilizer or
bagged and sold commercially in garden shops.
(Ott-East Central)
3125 - All, C2, E3
THE FEASIBILITY OF USING WASTE
MATERIALS AS SUPPLEMENTAL
FISH FEED,
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State
University, East Lansing
i n Lu and N. R. Kevem
{•roeressive Fish-Culturist, Vol. 37, No. 4, p. 241-244,
October, 1975. 5 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Performance. Nutrients, Fish.
Identifiers: Driedjxwltry waste, Sewage sludge, Re-
feeding, Catfish, Goldfish.
cin«. sewage sludge and dried poultry waste are high
• Protein crude fat and carbohydrate content, a
t,.5v was carried out to investigate the feasibility of
>c such waste materials as supplemental fish feed.
ne nutrient value of sewage sludge and dried poultry
it*, was tested on the growth rates of goldfish
r airlines and channel catfish fingerlings. A 30 per-
«2ft sewage sludge diet was prepared by combining 3
^.cludee and 7 parts ground salmon feed. Three
^Hrine mfxes for the DPW diets (30,70, and 100 per-
• nPWt were prepared in much the same manner.
£:?„?gold ish experiment. 20 fish were placed in each
li i tl^ks and were fed equal amounts equal to 3
Slreent of their body weight daily. One tank received
•*r «f«id • one tank received the 30 percent sewage
'f^diet-'tne other tank received the 30 percent
SPW diet In the catfish study. 18 fish were placed in
D i. ~i li tanks The tanks were separated into 3
e « of 4 tanks each. The first, second, and third
groups of « H™ M 2 percent, 3 percent, and 4
^""St of Uieiro^ly weight, respectively. Within
^uo of 4 tanks, fish were fed different types of
.^h in the first second, third, and fourth tanks
' erf » percent (control), 30 percent, 70 percent
l oercent DPW diets respectively. Because of
I initial weights, comparison of growth among
groups was based on the average monthly
ee weight gains for fish from each tank.
fed 30 percent DPW or 30 percent sewage
arfv as well or better than controls. The aver-
fent gain of control catfish in all 3 groups was
lter than those in the experimental groups. Cat-
'Ed on 100 percent DPW diets m all 3 groups
- s or no growth, and thus, were not included
t Growth results of control catfish in all 3
were significantly higher than those fed 30
or 70 percent DPW diets Thus, the results
e experiment using goldfish appeared en-
ne and results from the catfish experiment
l«s promising. Nevertheless, the concept of
• ---e substances into usable materials is
.. (Ott-East Central)
3126 - A6, A10, All, B2, B3, Dl,
D3, E3, F5
NO-WASTE FEEDING SYSTEM,
Anonymous
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 91, No. 7, p. 18-20. July,
1976.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Separation techniques, De-
sign, Recycling. Lagoons, Methane, Carbon dioxide.
Odor, Flies.
Identifiers: Waste management, Refeeding.
Don Kaplan of Bartow. Florida, has developed an in-
novative and efficient feedlot which has offset the
factors which work against efficient feeding and
finishing. Among these factors are. (1) Heat-
Kaplan's feedlots use slotted roofs which create air
drafts that keep the air moving and "cut the edge off"
the sun. (2) High rainfall—The high open roofs protect
the cattle. Slatted floors prevent belly-deep mud and
allow collection and use of waste. (3) Flies and
odor—Waste is removed every 2 hours, which greatly
cuts down fly breeding and odor problems. Alleys are
swept daily. (4) Lack of grain—Grain is received in
bulk by train and truck. 15) Manure—Manure has
been turned into a feed source. The animal wastes are
handled in this manner. The wastes fall through con-
crete slatted floors to a concrete floor and are col-
lected by an automatic scraper every 2 hours and
pumped to an open holding tank. The contents of the
holding tank are pumped to vibrating screens that
separate undigested ground hay and other coarse sol-
ids. Water is added to wash the finer materials
through the screens. The moist undigested feed is
dumped onto a paved area beneath the separating
screens. It is loaded into trucks, spraying with forma-
lin, and stockpiled elsewhere on the paved area. It is
later taken in trucks to the feed supply center where it
becomes a feed additive. The liquid wastes that pass
through the separating screens are pumped to a hold-
ing pond, the first in a series of 6 deep ponds and 3
shallow ponds. The first pond is anaerobic. The waste
is further digested as it overflows into adjacent la-
goons. The tenth pond is electrically aerated, and it
and the final 2 settling ponds are used for raising
tilapias which are harvested and sold. Water from the
last pond is treated and returned to the feedlot for
drinking water. A full-sized methanedigester is under
construction which will provide methane to the pac-
kinghouse and feedyard operation. Bartow is consid-
ering recovering carbon dioxide and converting it to
dry ice. (Ott-East Central)
3127 - A12 C3
RAPID METHOD FOR DETECTION
AND ENUMERATION OF FECAL
COLJFORMS IN FRESH CHICKEN,
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administra-
tion, Division of Microbiology, Cincinnati Ohio
D. W. Francis, J. T. Peeler, and R. M. Twedt
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 27. No. «. p. 1127-11JO
June, 1974. 1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Poultry.
Identifiers: Fecal coliforms. Sanitary quality Iden-
tification techniques.
A study was conducted to modify the rapid water fecal
coliform procedure for use with foods and to evaluate
it by comparing it with the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists standard method for Es-
cherichia ggjj. An agar pour-plate medium was for-
mulated after intensive preliminary studies. This
medium allowed the growth of fecal coliforms only,
after 7 hours of incubation at 4.15 i 0.05 C. Twenty-
one samples of fresh, cut-up chicken were enumer-
ated for fecal coliforms utilizing these t procedures
Verification of picked colonies was carried out in EC
broth using parallel incubation temperatures of 45 5
and 44.5 ± 0.05 C. Verifications for these tempera-
tures averaged 79 and 98 percent, respectively All
positively verified isolates were Escherichia coli
types I and II, as were the negatives Since the
geometnctneans of the 2 methods were no more than
12 percent apart, it was felt that the method tested
performed very well in comparison with the standard
procedure. The rapid method showed value as a rapid
screening procedure for the detection and enumera
tion of organisms indicative of fecal contamination of
fresh chicken, and it appears to have potential appli-
cation to other foods. Continuing studies are being
directed toward evaluating the wider applicability of
the rapid method for enumeration of total, as well as
fecal, coliforms. (Ott-East Central!
3128-A2, Bl, Fl, F2
FEEDERS WARNED STATE, LOCAL
RULES ON POLLUTION ARE COM-
ING THREAT,
Anonymous
Beef. Vol. 12, No. 7. p. 11. March. 1976
Descriptors: Regulation, Feedlots. Legal aspects,
Permits, Agricultural runoff. Cattle. Costs.
Identifiers: Impact statements.
A recent report submitted by John Sweeten. Texas
A&M agricultural engineer, to the American National
Cattlemen's Association asserted that cattlemen
must meet 2 criteria to head off environmentalists'
pursuit of beef feedlot waste restrictions Cattlemen
must do a good job of preventing pollution from their
operations and they must become politically in-
volved. Sweeten told the ANCA that recently proposed
rules concerning discharge permits were substan-
tially influenced by the input of cattlemen. One are*
with which feedlot owners should become concerned
is the construction of new beef feedlots An EPA re-
quirement that new feedlots file an economic impact
statement could delay construction as much »s J
years. "Front end" costs such as hiring outside con-
sultants for such construction are difficult to finance
There are 3 alternatives to filing an economic impact
statement: (1) Congressional action to eliminate the
requirement for an environmental impact statement,
(2) Get states certified to issue permits, so the impact
statements would not be required, and 13) Avoid being
classified as a "new" source of pollution by staying
under 1,000 head, buying an existing lot. or building
plenty of runoff storage capacity. Sweeten also
warned that cow-calf men are about to get their first
exposure to EPA rules, as the federal government
starts working on "non-point source pollution" which
will eventually involve every non-feedlot cattle opera-
tion in the country. (Penrod-East Central)
3129-A2, Bl, Fl, F2
LAND APPLICATION OF WASTE
MATERIALS,
Anonymous
Calf News, Vol. 14, No. 6, p 28, June, 1976 3 fig
Descriptors: Organic wastes. Animal wastes. Nitro-
gen, Salts. Soils, Economics, Water pollution.
Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Plant residues. Forest re-
sidues, Food processing wastes.
The Soil Conservation Society of America sponsored a
national conference in Des Moines dealing with the
application of plant and forest residues and animal
and food processing wastes to the land. In one paper
presented by Dr. B. A. Stewart of Bushland, Texas,
Agricultural Research Station, the following points
were made concerning the ability of the soil to accept
manure: (1) Applications of manure and other wastes
should be made in dry seasons to minimize water
pollution and denitrification losses. (2) Salt is the
limiting factor in areas with less than one inch perco-
lation per year such as West Texas. (3) Nitrogen is the
limiting factor in high percolation areas east of the
Mississippi River. (4) Sandy soils with low-cation ex-
change capacity can receive less waste than soils high
in clay or organic matter which have a high-cation
exchange capacity. Though a number of papers were
presented, Dr. John Sweeten of Texas A4M found the
following common threads in all of the presentations:
(DA farmer or rancher is generally safe in applying
organic wastes at rates that balance available nitro-
gen in the waste material with plant nitrogen re-
quirements. (2) Most of our so-called waste materials
provide economic benefits if used wisely for ag-
ronomic purposes. (3) There is a tremendous amount
of technical information available on land disposal of
501
-------
organic wastes (41 Practicing good soil conservation
will automatically keep nearly all theorganic matter,
nutrients and pesticides out of streams and ground-
water. I Ott East Central)
3130-B1.D3, E3
ENERGY FROM AGRICULTURAL
WASTE-METHANE GENERATION,
Dtpartmenl of Agricultural Engineering, New York
State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cor-
nell University. Ithaca, New York
W J Jewell
New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell
University, Agricultural Engineering Extension Bul-
letin 397. January. 1974, 13 p. 2 fig, 14 ret.
Descriptors Energy, Methane, Anaerobic digestion,
Recycling. Farm wastes. Design.
Of the several types of energy capturing processes
available for converting animal wastes to fuel,
anaerobic digestion seems most feasible for the
majority o\ agricultural operations. Sufficient data
have been developed to demonstrate that anaerobic
digestion is capable of stabilizing most agricultural
wastes while producing large quantities of methane.
This concept has been widely applied in Europe dur-
ing energy shortages and is presently used in India.
However, large scale anaerobic digesters have not
been used in American agriculture. The problems
which would be created by installing and using such
systemsarenot yet well understood. Research teams
at Cornell and other institutions are attempting to
determine the place of agricultural waste processing
for energy conservation as well as pollution control.
The feasibility of this approach should be clearly de-
lineated within 2 years. Advantages and disadvan-
tages of the anaerobic digestion process are outlined;
operational limitations of anaerobic digester conver-
sion of animal wastes to methane gas are stated: and
energy equivalent of some common fuels in compari-
son lo anaerobic digester gas are given. (Ott-Easl
Central)
3131 - All, B1.D1.E3.F1
CONVERT HATCHERY WASTES
INTO FEEDSTUFFS,
Department ot Poultry Husbandry, University of
Missouri, Columbia 65201
J. M Vandepopuliere
Poultry Digest. Vot 35, No. 412,p.247-248, June, 1976. J
tab, 4 ref
Descriptors: Poultry, Feeds, Dehydrating, Costs,
Performance.
Identifiers: HatcJiery wastes, Refeeding, Processing.
Cooking.
Estimated hatchery wastes currently being produced
in the United States are: broiler, 56.000 tons; egg-type
chick, 20,000 tons: and turkey, 8,200 tons. Disposal of
the wet mass from the poultry industry is expensive.
Factors such as larger hatcheries, high disposal cost,
increased feed prices and greater pressure on pollu-
tion make the possibility of processing poultry wastes
a possible alternative While processing equipment
has not been designed specifically to handle poultry
waste, in a few operations cookers that are normally
used to process poultry by product meal have been
used to cook hatchery wastes Experimental workhas
been conducted at the University of Missouri using a
triple pass rotary dehydrator to process both types °'
hatchery waste. Processing costs would include such
variables as quantity of waste, size of equipment.
utilities, and labor. Each operation would need to
conduct an economic analysis of processing poultry
waste into a feedstuff. Hatcheries with a capacity of
150 000 eggs, operating 5 days per week, could expect
la s'pend at least *40 to $50 per Ion of hatchery by-
product meal. To produce a high quality hatchery
by product meal, it is essential that the raw product
be managed to prevent decomposition. The most de-
sirable procedure would be to process the wastes on
stream as the chicks are pulled. Collecting and stor-
ing the wastes for a limited period of time is discour-
aged The basic research completed verifies that
hatchery by-product meal can be utilized efficiently
as a feedstuff by poultry, I Ott East Central)
FEEDING SALT TO BEEF CATTLE,
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
FeedstuffsaVol. 48. No. 20. p. 18,20. May 17,1976.1 fig,
1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Cattle, Performance, Crop response.
Identifiers: Salt. Intake rates, Urinary calculi. Land
disposal.
Salt needs for ca tile are not always the same. Factors
influencing salt needs are: (1) Kind of concentrates,
pasture hayorsilagebeingfed.(2)The!evelofsaltor
other minerals in the water or in the rail on being used.
(3) The animal's life cycle stages (4) Genetic differ-
ences in animals.(51 Growth rate, level of production,
reproduction rate and level of milk production. (6)
Temperature and/or humidity in the area (7) The
level of potassium ir the ration. Sal t deficiencies may
be noted by changes in appetite, appearance and milk
vield Experiments have shown that cattle fed salt
perform better and require less feed than those fed no
salt Research studies have shown that salt needs of
beef cattle may vary from 09 to 0.5 percent ui the
ration To be on the safe side, levels of 0.25 to 0.5
percent salt should be fed in the total ration dry mat-
ter Also cattle should be fed salt free-choice so they
can eat more if the level in the ration is not adequate.
It has been found that grazing cattle consume at least
twice as much salt as those on dry feeds. Many large
feedlots add 0.5 to 1.0 percent salt to leedlot rations
because they feel the extra water consumption and
increased urination caused by the higher salt levels
help prevent urinary calculi. Research studies have
not revealed harmful effects from the salt in the man-
ure on soil or crops as long as the manure is applied at
proper levels to the soil. I Ott-East Central)
3133 - A9, A10, Bl, Dl, D2, Fl
GOOD SANITATION STOPS STABLE
FLY BUILDUP,
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer. Vol. 101, No. 12,p. 23, June26,1976.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Insecticides.
Identifiers: Fly control, Sanitation.
Stable flies need to be controlled if cattle are to gain
efficiently Stable flies breed on manure and spilled
hay and feed. Good sanitation is a must in controlling
them Sanitation tips are: (1) Scrape your feedlol if
possible <2> Pick up spilled feed outside Ihe leedlot.
(3) If possible, spread manure or move it where it can
be tramped down. (41 Cover manure with tarps, and
(5) Stack manure as far from cattle as possible, in
addition to sanitation, insecticides can help control
flies Mist applications can be applied to the livestock.
Residual insecticide sprays, which give longer fly
control may be applied to buildings, fences, walls,
and posts or areas where flies rest. They should never.
of course be applied on cattle, feed bunks, or water-
ers As most residual sprays last 10-21 days, they
should be applied every ]0-15days during the summer
and immediately after rainfall. Feed additives con-
taining the fly control Raboncan be led to cattle daily
as a new method of fly control. Baits add anofter
weapon to the fly control arsenal. Comparing
methods, the mist blower is probably most expensive.
A mist blower may cost $200 although treatments may
be rather inexpensive. Other methods cost as little as
1$ to 2^ per head daily. (Ott-East Central)
3134 - B2, E2, Fl
LIQUID HAUL VS. LAGOON-
IRRIGATION: THE BEST WAY TO
HANDLE SWINE WASTES,
Swine editor. Successful Farming
R J Fee
Successful Farming, Vol. 73, Nov. 12, p. H2-H3,
November-December, 1973. 6 tab.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Waste disposal. Costs,
Identifiers: Liquid-haul system. Lagoon-irrigation
system. Land spreading, Swine.
Purduellniversily researchers in,chargeof the Baktr
Research Farm just completed a study of that 2,500
swine per year operation. They compared lagoon-
irrigation systems vs, liquid-haul systems. Compo-
nents of thelagoon-irrigation system werea liquid pit
inside the building and a tile line which drained to an
earthen lagoon. A sprinkler irrigation system
pumped the waste from the lagoon onto the fields.
Liquid-haul system components were a storage pit
beneath the building and a 1,500 gal. vacuum tanker
wagon. It was found that investment costs, annuaJ
operational costs, and labor requirements were lower
for the lagoon-irrigation system than for the liquid-
haul system. The researchers determined that the
liquid-haul system appeared to be best for operations
2.500 head per year and less. The larger theoperation,
the more the balance would swing in favor of the
lagoon-irrigation system. (Ott-East Central I
3135 - All, A12, Bl, C2, C3, E3,
F2
ANIMAL WASTES FOR FEED,
Feedlot Management, Vol. 18, No. 4. p. 36-37. April,
1976.
Descriptors: Feeds, Legal aspects, Toxicity.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Food and Drug Administra-
tion, Drugs, Pathogens, Heavy Metals.
Ayear ago, itseemed that the FDA wasgoingtomake
a formal proposal advocating the use of at least some
waste as a feed ingredient. But 2 FDA branches, the
Bureau of Veterinary Medicine and the Bureau of
Foods, argued over the details, and the questions
raised were of sufficient concern to sidetrack the is-
sue. Recently, BVM and Food committees have been
trying to iron out the differences, dealing primarily
with keeping out various toxic substances, drugs,
pathogens, heavy metals, and other undesirable
components. They have worked out a plan that would
allow feeding waste to cattle not being finished for
slaughter. All cattle fed waste would have lobe taken
off that feedstuff at least60 days prior to slaughter,«
they are intended for human consumption. Feeding
waste to laying hens, breeder poultry, milk producing
dairy cattle, and all poultry intended for human con-
sumption would be prohibited. The agency estimates
that 20 mi II ion tons of dry waste a year could be used in
feed under the plan, compared with estimated U.S.
production at about 1.7 billion tons. (Ott-East Central)
3136 - A4, A8, Bl, C2, E2, Fl, F2
MANURE APPLICATION MERIT
ANALYSIS AND CAUBRATION, TOO,
Agronomist, Nebraska University
L. Chesnin
Nebraska Farmer, Vol. 118, No. 4, p. 86, 68, 73, Feb-
ruary 21, 1976.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Economics, Cattle, Neb-
raska, Waste disposal, Legal aspects, Toxicity, Nit-
rogen, Salts, Copper, Arsenic.
Identifiers: Land application, Paunch manure. Nut-
rient analysis.
When commercial fertilizers became cheap sources
of needed plant nutrients, interest in proper storage,
handling, and application of animal wastes declined.
Water pollution increased and was ignored until con-
trols were required by federal and state agencies.
Recent shortages of commercial fertilizers, along
with the tremendous increase in their cost, has re-
sulted in a new interest in proper storage, handling
and application of animal wastes. Environmental
controls have increased interest in proper disposal
measures. The amounts of animal manures and
paunch manure to be disposed of in Nebraska have led
Nebraskans to take particular interest in the
economics and environmental factors related to
waste control. The value of application of manure lo
land as a fertilizer source has been recognized, but it
has also been noted that the nutrient composition of
the manures should be individually calibrated so that
the land will suffer no detrimental effects from nitro-
gen, salt, or mineral buildups. Animal wastes vary
greatly in composition with kind, age and health of the
animal as well as the composition of the ration and .
502
-------
method of handling the waste. Manures should be
handled and stored to conserve nutrients for applica-
tion to and immediate incorporation into the soil.
(Ott-East Central)
3137 - A10, All, B3, E2, Fl
RAISED BUILDING COMBINES
SLATS WITH SOLID WASTE HANDL-
ING,
Managing Editor, Feedlot Management
G. Ashfield
Feedlot Management, Vol. 18, No. 5,p. 607, May, 1976.
4 fig.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Cattle, Economies, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: Waste management, Slatted floors, Land
spreading, Flies, Costs.
Two years ago, brothers James and Roger Holt of
Delavan, Wisconsin, decided to do something about
muddy pens, less than optimal gains and high labor
demand They decided to reduce labor and to get the
animals out of the mud with a non-liquid manure sys-
tem. They built a slatted floor facility with 200 head
capacity which would utilize the solid waste handling
machinery already on hand. The building represents
a perfect combination of slatted floor feeding and
solid waste handling. The cattle produce 350 bushels
of manure daily, which is enough to fill their spreader.
During the summer months the ground level waste
collection floor is scraped clean daily to minimize
flies and the manure is hauled to nearby fields. During
the winter, the collection floor is only cleaned about 3
times a week. It takes approximately Vi hour to clean
the building. An additional 15 minutes is required for
each round trip to the field with a load of manure.
Labor requirements are further reduced with an au-
tomated feeding system. A feed bunk and waterers
are located along a center section running the full
length of the building. Construction costs on the build-
ing were $30,000, but that was 2 years ago. Today, the
Holts estimate that the same building would cost 25
percent more, due to increased labor and construction
costs The 40 ft. x 80 ft. building was built to withstand
a great deal more than normal stress. Walls are 10 in.
thick with metal rods throughout for added support.
The upper half of the building is of ribbed metal con-
struction with eight sliding windows opening to give
full ventilation during hot summer months. With pre-
vailing winds from the north, the south side of the
building is open and the roof on that side extends well
beyond the building's edge. The roof has Hi in. of
styrofoam insulation. The new building seems tohave
no problems. (Ott-East Central)
3138 - A6, Bl, B2, F2
ODORS: THE NEXT BIG POLLUTION
BATTLE,
B George, C. Fulhage, and S. Matthews
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 8, p. 26-28, April, 1976.
Descriptors: Odor, Cattle, Legal aspects, Lagoons,
Management, Feedlots.
Odor control is becoming very important to livestock
owners because livestock operations are larger and
more concentrated and because more non-rural
people are moving into rural areas. State-imposed
fines and civil suits may be avoided by: (1) Using
proper management, (2) Responding promptly to a
neighbor's complaints (3) Using common sense when
nicking a location, and (4) Utilizing good housekeep-
ing techniques. Chemical treatments should not be
totally relied upon. Treatments are usually needed at
least once a week and after every rain. Lagoons,
which have become popular around cattle operations,
may create odor problems if not properly managed. A
lagoon should be started by pumping it half-full of
water before adding any manure to it. A new lagoon
should be started in mid-summer. A lagoon should be
diluted annually. About V4 of the total volume should
be pumped out and replaced with fresh water. A la-
eoonshould De fed daily and should never receive a
fudden, huge overload. Odors can be controlled; but,
like all other parts of an operation, it takes manage-
ment attention. (Ott-East Central)
3139 -E3
SLUDGE, MANURE, AND GLASS
WASTES ARE MADE INTO BRICKS-
THREE TROUBLESOME WASTES BE-
COME A RAW MATERIAL SOURCE.
J. Rudestedt
Kemist Tidskrift, Vol. 84, No. 5. p. 36-37, May, 1972 2
Descriptors: Recycling, California.
Identifiers: Bricks. Manure, Glass.
Processes have been developed in California for the
economical conversion of dried manure, sewage
sludge, and glass wastes into bricks. Glass-manure
bricks are obtained from pulverized dried manure
which has been treated to obtain a black powder simi-
lar to carbon black, and then mixed with pulverized
glass (5 to 10 percent of treated manure to 90 to 95
percent of glass powder). The molded bricks are
treated at low temperatures. The bricks thus obtained
have densities ranging from 100 to 2,000 kg per cu m,
are both gaslight and flameproof, can be bored,
sawed, glued and painted. They can be used for roof-
ing, walls, waterproofing, or for water tanks. Odor-
less and flameproof bricks are obtained in another
similar process from 50 percent dried and specially
treated sewage sludge and 50 percent pulverized glass
waste by applying heat and pressure treatment after
molding. The density of such bricks is about 50 per-
cent of that of customary bricks. The bricks to which
pigments or metal chips can be added for decorative
purposes before molding, can be used for wall and
floor covering, and for bathrooms. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System.)
3140 - All, B3, C2, E3
THE FATE OF RECYCLED URATE IN
HENS FED ON A DIET CONTAINING
DRIED POULTRY MANURE,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains Road Edin-
burgh, Scotland
L. Martindale
British Poultry Science, Vol. 16. No. 4. p. 389-393 July
1975. 3 tab, 8 ref .
Descriptors: Poultry, Feeds, Performance.
Identifiers : Ref ceding, Dried poultry manure, Urate
Non-urate nitrogen, Non-protein nitrogen.
A quantitative examination was made of the fate of
urate ingested in a diet containing 20 percent dried
poultry manure (DPMI. Seven colostomised hens
were fed on a diet free of DPM and a diet including 20
percent DPM. The control diet (no DPM) was fed to
all birds for 14 days followed by the DPM diet for
another 14 days. Faeces and urine were collected only
on the final 4 day s of each treatment to allow the birds
to equilibrate to the diets. DPM feeding was continued
for a further 6 days for 2 hens which were given
C-urate. Study results supported the view that urate is
not available as a source of non-protein nitrogen for
the chick and that the improvement of growth was due
to the metabolisable energy content of DPM and to its
non-urate nitrogen. The total daily urinary excretion
of urate from the DPM diet ranged from Z.24 grams to
7.25 grams. Even the highest rate was probably less
than the mean tubular secretory capacity (TM urate)
of the kidneys. However, this parameter varies
widely among birds and in some cases significant
increases in plasma urate concentration may result
from high intakes of DPM when excretion rates ap-
proach the T,, urate. The specific activity of urate
UCi/g urate) m the final solution did not differ sig-
nificantly from that found initially. Thus, results re-
vealed that none of the urate present in DPM was
utilized by the laying hen. (Penrod-East Central)
3141 - A4, B2, C2
UTILIZATION OF ALGAL ASSAYS TO
ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MUNICI-
PAL, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICUL-
TURAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS
UPON PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUC-
TION IN THE SNAKE RIVER SYS-
TEM,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific
Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvall is, Oregon ''
J. C. Greene. W. E. Miller. T. Shiroyama, and T E
Maloney.
Water, Air and Soil Pollution. Vol. 4. No 3-4 p 415-434
July-August, 1975. 11 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Algae, Nutrients. Sam-
pling, Growth rates. Laboratory tests. Effluents
Waste water (pollution). Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Bioassays, Water pollution effects.
Identifiers: Snake River, Selenastrum capricor-
nutum.
Industrial wastes, natural phosphate levels, irriga-
tion return flows, municipal wastes, and the decay of
aquatic biota contribute to high concentrations of nit- •
rogen and phosphorus which stimulate aquatic
growth and thick algal blooms in the Snake River
system. Algal assays (Selenastnun capricornutum)
were conducted on waters of 18 Snake River and
tributary sites to (1) determine if algal growth was
consistent with results predicted from review of
chemical analysis for orthophosphorus and total sol-
uble inorganic nitrogen; (2) determine U algal yields
were eliminated by P, N, or some other nutrient es-
sential toalgal growth: and (3) predict the effect of N
or P additions on algal productivity. (Klein)
3142 - Al, A4, A9, Bl, El, Fl
AGRICULTURE'S CONTRIBUTION
TO THE SOLID WASTE PROBLEM,
720 Anderson Road. Davis, California
S. A. Hart
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 4. No. 1. p. 189-190.
May, 1975.
Descriptors: Agriculture. Solid wastes. Water pollu-
tion, Economics.
Identifiers: Waste management, Pollution control
Waste is a by-product of productivity. For every
pound of beef produced, 25 Ibs of manure is produced.
Poultry is lower at only S Ib/lb meat and fruit is even
less at from 1 to S Ibs of crop residue wastes left in the
field for every pound of plant material for consump-
tion. The same five steps are used in the management
of agricultural wastes as those used in the manage-
ment of any other waste commodity. The waste must
be properly stored, collected, transported, processed,
and discharged without degradation of the environ-
ment. Since the farmer doesn't willingly want to
spend the money necessary for proper management.
agricultural waste management is not always suc-
cessfully completed. The most widespread, hazard-
ous waste material, pesticides, is associated with ag-
riculture. Although the crops are harvested and con-
sumed, pesticide residues linger. Steps have been
taken to alleviate the problem. This shows that as in
other agricultural wastes, the technology exists to
properly dispose of the waste. The reason the farmer
doesn't utilize such technology is the economic ex-
penditures associated with such technology Only
when the consumers demand a specific level of pollu-
tion control applied equally to all farmers will ag-
riculture as a whole more properly manage its
wastes. (Merryman-East Central)
3143 - A8, B2, C2, E2
THE EFFECT OF SLURRY ON
WATER PERCOLATION RATES IN
SOIL,
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Research Division
Ministry of Agriculture (or Northern Ireland
I. S. Comforth
Record of Agricultural Research, Vol 21 p 23-30
1973 4 fig, S tab, 14 ref. V'
Descriptors: Slurries, Percolation, Soil manage-
ment. Soil microbiology.
Identifiers: Land application, Polysaccharides.
Laboratory experiments were performed to investi-
503
-------
gate In* effects of cow and pig slurry on water perco-
lation rates in columns of soil aggregates. II was
found that slurry can decrease water percolation
rates So long as soils remained aerobic, microor-
ganisms were able to removeorganic matter restrict-
ing soil pores. Even if light applications of slurry were
repeated frequently, there was evidence that after an
initial lag period, organisms could prevent soil pores
Irom becoming completely blocked. In sterile or
anaerobic conditions, the effects of slurry were more
marked Organic matter accumulated near the soil
surface, where pore blockage and water flow imped-
iment most probably take place Polysaccharides
applied in the slurry were responsible (or much but
not all ol the blockage of soil pores It is reasonable to
assume that heavy dressings of slurry applied to
poorly drained soils or in very wet conditions may
have a marked, and possibly persistent effect on soil
physical conditions If soil and climatic conditions
allow the soil surface to dry period ically, the effects of
slurry are not likely to persist, but if the soil surface
remains permanently damp, slurry will probably in-
tensify the already poor physical conditions in the
soil This effect may be decreased if the solids content
of slurry Is reduced by aerobic treatment
(Meiryman-East Central)
3144 - B2. Cl, C2, D3
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF
LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER H. EN-
HANCEMENT OF TREATMENT BY
SOLIDS REMOVAL,
Research Assistant, Agricultural Pollution Control
Laboratory. Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing. Michigan State University, East Lansing
J P. Harper. P. O. Ngoddy, and J.3. Getrish
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol
l»,p 35S-36J, 1974.5 fig,7 tab, 9 rel.
Descriptors: Waste water treatment, Slurries, Cattle,
Separation techniques, Aerobic conditions,
Anaerobic conditions, Particle size, Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes. Chemical oxygen demand, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Swine,Biologicaldegration,Composting,
Sand filtration
An investigation was madeof the theory that removal
of suspended solids should improve the efficiency of
aerobic or anaerobic treatment of the residual liquid
fraction Waste camples from cattle and swine were
utilized In each experiment, a composite sample was
prepared and allowed to stand at room temperature
for 24 hours The composite material was then passed
sequentially through U.S. Standard Tyler Screens to
obtain the desired paniculate size in the liquid frac-
tion. The screen cake made up the solids fraction.
Pollutional characteristics of the composite, compo-
nent liquid and solid fractions were determined. A
sand filter was constructed and used tofilter screened
waste to further reduce the particle size and sus-
pended solids content. Degradation studies were per-
formed by composting solid fractions and by aerobi-
cally anil anaerobically digesting the liquid fractions.
Conclusions drawn from the study were: (1) The solid
fraction of screened waste is apparently stable in
storage lor extended periods of time. (2) Salt buildup
in a water re-use system can be retarded by prior
solids separation. (3) An enhanced rale of anaerobic
removal of COD is observed for screened swine waste.
(4) Screened swine waste water has a greater COD
removal rate than that of cattle. (5) The aerobic re-
moval rate of COD is superior in screened samples to
rates reported for unscreened material. (S)
Anaerobic pretreatment appears to cause a substan-
tial improvement in the rate of subsequent aerobic
digestion. (7) Particle size is the governing factor in
the enhancement of treatment from screening. (8)
The enhancement of Ireatment due to separation has
a lower limit in particle siie.ie., there isanoptimum
particle size for treatment. This size isfound in the no.
60 to no 100 mesh region (Penrod-East Central)
3145-All
BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA,
Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laborat-
ory South Dakota Slate University. Brookings
M. W. Vorhies
NebGuide G7J-2«, Cooperative Extension Service,
Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Uni-
versity of Nebraska, Lincoln, July, 1975, p. A4.
Descriptors: Diseases, Cattle, Infection, Viruses.
Identifiers: Feces.
Bovine Virus Diarrhea is a viral disease of the
mueosa! epithelial cells of the digestive and respirat-
ory systems and associated regional lymphoid tissues
of cattle. This virus Is transmitted when it is excreted
in the feces and discharges from the nasal, or oral
mueosa of a susceptible animal and reproduces itself.
Alter 1 to 3 weeks of incubation of the virus, an in-
fected animal will usually have signs of illness. The
virus can infect a fetus and its effect on the fetus will
vary with the stage of gestation at the time of infec-
tion. This disease affects cattle of all ages, but
younger calves are most susceptible. Clinical signs of
illness are (I) fever, (Z) depression, (3) anorexia, (4)
diarrhea. (S) excessive salivation, and (6) lacrima-
tion. The disease may progress rapidly with these
symptoms: (1) dehydration. (2) cessation of rumena-
tion, (3) severe conjunctivitis. (4) congestion and ulc-
eration of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.
(Lameness may also occur in smaller animals.)
From 1 percent to 10 percent of infected animals may
fail to recover and may develop a form of the disease
described as the mucosal disease syndrome.
Symptoms are (1) severe dehydration, (2) failure to
eat (3) chronic diarrhea, and (4) progressively lose
condition until death occurs. No treatment is effective
against mucosal disease. (Edwards-East Central)
3146-A9, All, B1,F1
FLIES SLOW GAINS: SPRAYING
PAYS BIG RETURN, SAYS KANSAS
LOT MANAGER,
Anonymous
Beef. Vol. 12, No. 10. p. 20-21, June, 1976. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Performance, Cattle,
Economics, Spraying, Kansas, Management.
Identifiers: Flies.
The commonhouseflycosts U.S. cattlemen millions of
dollars each year. Although this scavenger doesn't
feed on animals like blood-sucking varieties, it causes
acute irritation and nervousness, keeping cattle rest-
less during warm weather. This results in nervous-
ness and weight loss. With a life cycle of 10 days or
less, commonhousefiies multiply at breakneck speed.
An average feedlot, maintaining minimum sanitary
procedures, faces infestation levels of at I east 5-S Hies
per square foot through late spring, summer and
early fall. The flies then reproduce into literally null-
ions per acre. Migrating Hies may also contribute to
infestation levels. Fly control depends on 3 factors:
good lot management, proper chemicals and drain-
age To prevent fly caused energy conversion losses
among his cattle, Les Keller bought an FMC 1229 air
sprayer last year to help control his burgeoning fly
population His aim was to use a machine with enough
reach to cover his pens with a fine mist, and yet have
the power to penetrate manure piles, killing larvae.
By wiping out early season flies, Keller was able tocut
down his warm weather population levels dramati-
cally. Texas Extension entomologist Bill Clymer
gives the following recommendations for fly control.
Feedlots should be designed to facilitate cleaning and
prevent areas of continual waste accumulation. Re-
moval of manure from under fence lines and spilled
feed from bunk areas will eliminate important fly
breeding sites. By stocking pens at heavy rates,
maximum tramping will prevent fly larval develop-
ment. Pens should be scraped clean shortly after re-
moval of cattle as larval development may occur in 5
days Observing these and other control hints along
with a strong spraying program is paying dividends
for many Western feedlots. (OH East Central)
3147 - A4. El. F2
FINAL POLLUTION RULES RE-
LEASED,
Feedstnffs Washington Correspondent
F. Girres
Feedstuffs, Vol. 41, No. 11. p. 5, March IS, 1976
Descriptors: Water pollution, Feedlots, Regulation.
Point sources
The Environmental Protection Agency has released
its final regulation defining the conditions under
which animal feeding operations are considered point
sources of pollution and must obtain a wastewater
dischargepermit. Essentially the final regulation isa
three-tiered definition that designates animal feeding
operations as point sources of pollution according to
size. Criteria for permit requirements are divided
into 3 categories: for operations with 1,000 or more
animal units; for operations with more than 300 but
less than 1,000 animal units; and for operations with
less than 300 animal units. The basic provisions of the
regulation are: (1) Feeding operations with 1,000 or
more animal units must obtain a permit if there is a
discharge of pollutants into navigable water. (2)
Feeding operations of 300-1,000 animal units are re-
quired to obtain a permit if the facility discharges
pollutants through a man-made conveyance con-
structed for that purpose, or there is discharge into
waters that pass through or conies into direct contact
with animals in the confined area. (3) Feeding opera-
tions of less than 300 animal units do not require indi-
vidual discharge permits. Feeding operations that
fall into either of the latter 2 categories that dp not
meet the criteria for discharge permits may still be
disignated point sources of pollution and require a
permit if EPA determines that they are significant
polluters. (Penrod-East Central)
3148 - B2
FLUSHING GUTTERS FOR HOG
BUILDINGS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Cooperative
Extension Service, Purdue University, Lafayette, In-
diana
D D. Jones, B. Horsfield, J C. Nye, and R. George
Purdue Cooperative Extension Publication AE87,
1975, 30 p. 15 fig, 6 tab.
Descriptors: Design, Indiana, Guidelines.
Identifiers: Swine, Flushing, Gutters.
This publication is a design and operating manual for
gutter flushing systems in hog buildings. The manual
includes: (1) explanations of the system and how It
works, (2) a basis for evaluating its potential for indi-
vidual swine operations, and (3) guidelines to help
develop a tailored system for individual swine pro-
ducers. Worksheets, drawings, design tables and
sources of additional information are included to aid
in determining particular flushing system require-
ments. (Penrod-East Central)
3149 - A2, B2, B4, E2, Fl, F4
PREDICTING THE PERFORMANCE
OF FEEDLOT CONTROL FACILITIES
AT SPECIFIC OREGON LOCATIONS.
Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State
University, Corvallis
R. B. Wensink and J. R. Miner
WRRI Project Completion Report No. 34, Water Re-
sources Research Institute, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, August, 1975, 56 p. 3 fig, 10 tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff. Legal as-
pects, Oregon, Computer models, Waste storage, De-
sign, Economics, Climatology, Irrigation, Equip-
ment.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
A mathematical simulation model was developed to
size feedlot runoff retention reservoirs based upon
previous climatological records. Two versions of the
model were programmed. The first, called the return
period design technique, investigated the results of
employing EPA's performance standards as design
criteria. The second model, entitled the sufficient de-
sign method, determined the minimum reservoir
storage volume required to prevent illegal discharge
504
-------
as defined by the EPA Effluent Guidelines. The two
techniques demonstrated that to use design proce-
dures based upon a factor times the 10 year-24 hour or
the 25 year-24 hour storm led to designs that were
either unreasonably expensive or which led to illegal
discharges for which the livestock producer was sub-
ject to monetary penalties. The sufficient design
technique was also used to determine pollution con-
trol performance with various combinations of pump-
inR rates and storage facility volumes. In some Ore-
eon locations, the use of high capacity irrigation
Jjouipment allowed reduction of storage volume by
over 45 percent; in other Oregon locations, due to
nrecipitation patterns, no benefit was obtained from
high capacity pumping equipment. (Wensink-Oregon
State University; Merryman-Abstract editor)
3150 - B3, E3
GROWTH OF INDIGENOUS OR-
GANISMS IN AERATED FILTRATE
OF FEEDLOT WASTE.
Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Agricul-
tural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture Peoria, Illinois
D A' Weiner and R. A. Rhodes
Applied Microbiology. Vol. 28, No. 3. p. 448-151, Sep-
fember, 1974.2 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Microorganisms, Substrate,
Liquid wastes, Fermentation, Aeration, Fungi,
Yeasts
Identifiers: Feedlot wastes. Flora, Nutrients, pH.
The liquid fraction of cattle wastes contains soluble
and finely divided material potentially usable to mic-
roorganisms. A study was conducted to evaluate the
ability of indigenous flora to grow under aerobic con-
ditions in such liquid and to utilize the nutrients pre-
I filtrates from feedlot wastes were incubated in
9-liter aerated jar fermentors. One-third of the nitro-
gen and three-fourths of the organic material were
fcikenup in 4 days. Acid wasproduced initially, but the
aerated liquid rapidly became alkaline. With pH con-
trolled at 7.0, a comparable pattern of carbon utiliza-
tion occurred, but nitrogen was incompletely used.
Maximal growth of organisms occurred at 48 hours,
irith gram-negative organisms representing '/, the
total count of 3.5xlOV ml. At 96 hours both total and
m-am-negative counts decreased sharply (82 percent)
and then steadily diminished until numbers were
nearly constant at about 20 days. Fungi and yeasts
increased more slowly, and then they too decreased.
(Penrod-East Central)
3151 - A4, A5, AS, Bl, C2, E2, Fl
HANDLING DAIRY WASTES,
j M Rakes and 0. T. Stallcup
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 14,1974.1
fig, 1 tab
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Arkansas, Water pollu-
tion Groundwater pollution, Costs, Nutrients, Salts.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, Fly
control.
Most of the dairy manure produced in Arkansas is
aoolied to the soil. This may result in nitrogen ac-
rurnulation in surface or ground waters. The key to
solving this problem is to incorporate the manure into
•he soil at such a rate that the proper amount of nitro-
gen is made available for plant utilization for forage
and Brain production. Two methods of manure handl-
ine are compared—scraping the manure into a pile
ana loading it with a front-mounted tractor loader and
scraping it and then loading from a concrete ramp.
Loading time was reduced 75 percent when the con-
crete ramp was used. It is estimated that the reduc-
tton in time and labor costs on a 35-cow herd would pay
for ramp construction in 450 days, not including grea-
tVr convenience, better manure utilization, fly con-
trol and difference in machinery investment. In a
Sud'v on incorporation of dairy lot manure into soil,
Entire was applied during October to a field of Boone
"^harderass and Victoria alfalfa. The field con-
fined 3 types of soil. Rates of application were 100
tnns and 10 tons per acre. Soil organic matter, potas-
n sodium, and magnesium were found to be
higher following application at the 100 ton per acre
level, while calcium content was higher in the plots
receiving 10 tons per acre. Nutrient levels on the 100-
tons treatment area were not detrimental to plant
growth. Neither was salt accumulation. It is believed
that most dairy farms in Arkansas have enough land
available to permit manure application or incorpora-
tion at a rate that would allow utilization of nitrogen
without deleterious accumulation. (Penrod-East
Central)
3152 - D3, E3, Fl, F6
HARNESSING 'COW POWER',
Lebanon County Field Agent, Pennsylvania Exten-
sion Service
D. A. Harter and D. L. Nelson
Extension Service Review, U. S. Department of Ag-
riculture, Vol. 44, No. 11/12. p. 8-9 November/
December 1973,1 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Fuels, Methane, Anaerobic
digestion, Energy, Organic wastes, Pennsylvania
Economics.
An untapped source of methane gas energy exists on
farms almost everywhere in the United States
Methanegashas */» the calorific value of natural gas
and burns almost pollution free Organic wastes from
100,000 cattle can service the needs of 30,000 people
and with the energy crisis as it is, the low economy
factor of methane gas production is quickly losing its
importance. Cattle manure anaerobic digesters are
commonly used in India as a power source. The idea to
build and demonstrate a manure machine was de-
veloped by Don Harter, Area Resource Development
Agent and chairman of the Environmental Commit-
tee for the 1973 Ag Progress Days. Don Harter ob-
tained research data through a literature search of
United States research on methane production and
from the Gobar Gas Research Station in Ajitmal
(U.P.) India. Using this data. Lebanon County Agent
Glenn Miller and Assistant County Agent Newton Bair
built a 30-gallon capacity digestor which uses a mix-
ture of cow manure and water heated to 90 degrees
The builders exhibited the device to fanners at the
1973 Ag Progress Days sponsored in Lebanon County
by Pennsylvania's Cooperative Extension Service
Ninety-eight percent of the farmers who filled out
comment cards at the exhibit thought that further
research was needed in the production of methane gas
by anaerobic digesters. (Penrod-East Central)
3153 - All, Bl, C1.C2, E3
REFEEDING WASTES TO BEEF
CATTLE
W. W. Martin
Agricultural Research, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 5 August
1976. '
Descriptors: Nutrients, Physical properties. Costs.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Cattle wastes.
High costs of feed and the desire to make use of wastes
has led many people to consider refeeding wastes.
The type of feed initially fed determines the value of
wastes for refeeding. Wastes from cattle fed a low
roughage ration usually meet the requirements for
refeeding as a high-energy ration. When the amount
of roughage in the original ration increases, the suita-
bility of the manure for refeeding decreases. Dr.
James Ellis of the University of Nebraska analyzed
the manure composition of cattle fed low, medium
and high roughage rations. He found that the gross
energy, crude fiber, protein, nitrogen, potassium, and
other mineral elements were influenced by the
roughage level. (Edwards-East Central)
3154 - B2, D3, E3, Fl
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF ANI-
MAL WASTES: A SURVEY,
Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana
State University, Bozeman
J. C. Boyd
Research Report 65, Montana Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Montana State University December
1974.13 p. 56 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment. Anaerobic digestion
Research and development. Design, Feedlots
Methane. Energy, Recycling. Separation techniques'
Economics, Livestock, Poultry.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
In connection with a research project entitled "Ani-
mal Waste Stabilization", a survey was conducted to
determine the present status of both the commercial
application and the research effort on anaerobic
treatment of animal wastes Fifty state agricultural
experiment stations were contacted Forty-five re-
plies, including those from two USDA Regional
Laboratories and two commercial concerns, were re-
ceived and are summarized. This survey showed only
one commercial animal production unit to be using an
anaerobic digester in a waste management program.
Another unit is reported to be under construction in
Canton, Georgia. A trench type anaerobic digester
was found to be in the planning stages for use for «
100.000 head feedlot. This is an arrangement between
Monfort of Colorado, Feedlot Division and Skelley B
Don and Associates of Denver in which Monfort Feed-
lots agree to supply the waste and to take back the
digested sludge at a SO percent moisture content. Four
references to small family type digesters of 50 to 100
gallons capacity were mentioned in the responses to
the survey. At least two concerns are offering ser-
vices aimed at design and construction ol such units.
They are Les Auerback, 242 Copse Road, Madison.
Connecticut and Biofuels Company, P.O. Box 609.
Noxom. Montana. Twenty states have or are planning
anaerobic treatment research. Research and de-
velopment projects of various universities include:
studying anaerobic digestion of some organic acids
that are intermediates to the overall process, recov-
ery' of methane from anaerobic lagoons, anaerobic
degradation of swine manure mixed with municipal
digestion sludge, testing a fiber membrane which fol-
lows liquid-solids separation, kinetics and economic
factors involved in the anaerobic digestion of lives-
tock waste, and methane gas production problems in
methane generation from chicken waste. (Rowe-East
Central)
3155 - A8, A9, Bl, C2, E2, Fl
NEBRASKA STUDIES METHODS TO
USE WASTES IN FARMING,
Center for Rural Affairs, Walthill, Nebraska
D. Demmel
Compost Science, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 31-32. January-
February, 1976.
Descriptors: Fertilizers. Organic wastes, Nitrogen,
Nutrients, Crop response. Insecticides, Salts, Costs
Identifiers: Land disposal. Refeeding
The December 10th Workshop. "Organic Residues
and By-Products in Crop and Animal Production."
was designed for both farmers and University and
Extension Service staff members. The event was
prompted by the rising interest shown for the return to
crop rotations and greater use of organic farming
methods. Dr. T. M. McCalla stated at the meeting that
he prefers to call crop and animal residues "re-
sources rather than wastes" because addition of or-
ganic matter makes the soil easier to till and gives it
better water-holding capacity. Dr. McCalla also
stressed that more research needs to be done concern-
ing the symbiotic relationship of bacteria as a possi-
bility for nitrogen production by corn or grasses Dr
Howard Wittmus emphasized" at the meeting that
"crop residues are more important in erosion control
than any other factor, including land terracing " Dr
Warren Sahs discussed research being initiated at the
Mead Station to compare the use of legumes, rotations
and manure with » conventional program of continu-
ous corn using chemical fertilizers and insecticides.
Dr. Terry Klopf enstein discussed the use and value of
crop residue for cattle feed. In regard to animal man-
ure as feed, he explained. "Refeeding manure to cat-
tle is a possibility, but whether it is economical com-
pared to its use as a fertilizer is yet to be seen " Dr
Conrad Gilbertson reported that swine manure has
the best N value, about 7.5 percent, compared to dairy
or beef and also is the driest and therefore requires
505
-------
less transport of moisture Dr. Edwin Penas stated
that studies in Scottsbluff, Nebraska, dating back to
1910, have shown the value of manures in returning
nutrient depleted soils to original native N values. Dr
Leon Chesmn, soil chemist discussed manure loading
on soils, sayingone should "spread on as many acres
as possible" He also pmph.isiwd that composition of
animal waste can be controlled by what is fed. For
instance, high salt rations will result in an alkaline
soil over the long term. Dr Glenn Helmers indicated
that residue handling costs are rising and that one
must look at the value of wastes and for the most
efficient application methods (Ott East Central)
3156-All, C2.C3.E3
NO ADVERSE EFFECTS FOUND IN
DPW FEEDING TESTS,
S Gross
Feedstufls, Vol 48, No 26. p 14, June 28, 1976
Descriptors- Performance, Proteins Nutrients
Diets
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refeeding, Broil-
ers. Pullets, Laying hens
United Kingdom scientists have found no adverse ef-
fects in the refeeding of dried poultry waste (DPW) to
poultry. Researchers at the Poultry Research Center
Edinburgh, Scotland, said that their studies utilizing
DPW from caged layer hens revealed the DPW to
contain about 30 percent crude protein, of which >/s
was true protein and the rest was mainly uric acid
The true protein and amino acid content approxi-
mated that of barley and was fairly digestible. The
DPW contained low levels of available carbohyd-
rates, was a good source of calcium and phosphorus
and contained many trace elements at non-toxic
levels Bacterial content of DPW samples was low
Once the nutritive value of DPW was established
diets containing DPW. formulated on a least-cost
basis, were fed to broiler chickens, replacement pul-
lelsandlayers under commercial conditions. Broilers
were fed starter diets containing 0 and 50 g DPW/&
no™ UI.isher dlels conta'n'i8 0. Mb. and 100 g7
i w>LkS, the true protein, amino acid, calcium and
phosphorus content of the DPW being used in the diet
formulation. The DPW had no adverse effects on
growth, and efficiency of feed conversion was in-
creased. A more severe test of DPW was carried out
when I ight hybrid replacement pullets between 6 and
18 weeks old were given diets containing 160 g or 140 g
crude protein/kg with or without 50 g DPW/kg In
this experiment, the ME, calcium, and phosphorus
content of DPW was used in the diet formulation, to-
gether with the crude protein and not just the true
protein content The DPW again had little or no ad-
verse effect on growth of the chickens. Diets contain-
ing 0,100, and 200 g DPW/kg also were fed to laying
hens of 2 strains and of ages between 18 and 70 weeks.
In this experiment, the energy, calcium, phosphorus
and true protein contents were used in the diet formu-
lation The over-all laying performance of the flock
was poor, but hens given diets containing DPW per-
formed significantly better than those fed diets with-
out DPW Mortality was reduced among hens fed the
DPW-containing diets DPW had no adverse effects
on albumen quality, but shell thickness was reduced.
(Ott-East Central)
3157 - D2, E3, F6,
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS GEN-
ERATIONS FROM CATTLE FEED-
LOT MANURE,
Department of Chemical Engineering. Texas Tech
University, Lubbock
W. J Huffman, R. L. Peterson, and J E. Halligan
Presented at Centennial ACS Meeting, Division of
Fertilizer and Soil Chemistry, New York, New York,
April 6-7, 1976. 27 p 2 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Gases, Fuels, Ammonia, Feedlots, Re-
search and development.
Identifiers: Hydrocarbons. Ethylene.
Preliminary operational performance of a scaled-up
version of a partial oxidation reactor for the produc-
tion of ammonia synthesis gas (as well as hydrocar-
bons) from cattle feedlot wastes is presented. Current
pilot scale data was found to confirm that an ammonia
synthesis gas can be produced Ethylene and other
Ci hydrocarbons potentially can b< produced in the
range of 50-180 Ib per ton manure, depending upon
operating conditions. The partial oxidation reaction
of manure was studied at an atmospheric pressure
over an approximate average reactor temperature
range of 600 degrees to 800 degrees C. The cattle feed-
lot manure and air were the reactants in the partial
oxidation, and steam was employed as a fluidizing
medium. It was demonstrated that partial oxidation
technology developed from a small scale reactor can
be applied to a larger scale unit to produce an am-
monia synthesis gas. The potential ammonia produc-
tion is greater than 0.5 ton NH, per ton daf manure. It
was also demonstrated that significant ethylene pro-
duction can be achieved concurrently with ammonia
synthesis gas production. Data also suggest that the
upper limit on ultimate hydrogen production, total
gas yield, or ethylene production per unit of dry ash-
free manure feed has not been reached.
(Merryman-East Central)
3158-A8, E2,
DRIED POULTRY MANURE RE-
VEGTATES SPOIL BANKS,
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, Vol. 35, No. 413, p. 278, July, 1976.
Descriptors: Reclamation, Revegetation. Germina-
tion, Mulching.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Dried poultry manure.
Application rates.
Application of 800 pounds of dried poultry manure per
acre was used successfully in establishing ground
covers on spoil and refuse banks located in the an-
thracite coal regions of Pennsylvania. Refuse banks
were sprayed with a mixture of water, dried poultry
manure, and seed, and then they were mulched. Fes-
cue and birdsfoot trefoil were found to give the best
results on flat ground, while vetch gave a better cover
on slopes. It has been reported that up to 1.300 pounds
of 5-2-2 dried poultry manure in 1,000 gallons of water
can be applied per acre without salt content causing
germination problems. (Rowe-East Central)
3159 - B2, B4, C2, E2, Fl
ECONOMICS AND TECHNOLOGY
FOR CONTROLLING DAIRY FEED-
LOT RUNOFF
Sanitary Engineer, U.S. Soil Conservation Service,
Hyattsville, Maryland
R. L. Phillips and M. R. Overcash
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, June 27-30.1976, Paper No. 76-4032,26 p. 2 fig, 8
tab, 10 ref
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Dairy in-
dustry. Economics, Technology, Costs, Soil types.
Climate, Topography, Nitrogen, Irrigation, Waste
storage.
Identifiers: Herd size.
Research objectives were: (1) Determine various de-
sign elements that should be considered in specifying
a rainfall runoff pond for a dairy, (2) Prepare a field
design, economic analysis, and operational recom-
mendation for several dairy units representing 3 sub-
regions in the Southeast, and (3) Assess the relative
economic impact of compliance on a dairy and the
impact of altering existing facilities or of building a
completely new system. Factors affecting the cost of
no discharge systems are: soils to be irrigated, cli-
mate, topography, building location and construction,
herd size, crops irrigated, and method of harvest.
Typical farms were studied on each of the following:
(1) Mountain subregion — moderately shallow soils of
ridges; (2) Mountain subregion — moderately deep
and deep soils of broad valleys and basin; (3) Pied-
mont — firm clayey solid on felsicrocks; (4) Coastal
Plains — loamy and clayey soil of smooth uplands,
and (5) Coastal Plains — loamy and clayey soils of wet
lowlands. These case studies revealed that the
economic impact on the dairy fanner varies mainly
with herd size and with yearly milk production. The
cost of feedlot runoff control varies from 10 cents per
hundred weight for large herds to 27 cents for small
herds. Initial investment of controlling feedlot runoff
ranges from $55-1154 per cow. Annual cost ranges
from I12-J30 per cow. depending on herd size. Costs
are highest for small (arms. Building location and
feedlot layout are the most important factors affect-
ing cost. Nitrogen was found to govern the size of the
irrigation disposal on all 5 study farms. Fixed area for
disposal is the most economical. Gimate has little
affect on costs. Tripling storage capacity from 1
month's capacity to 3 month's capacity increases an-
nual costs by one percent, but increased flexibility of
management makes the increase worthwhile
(Rowe-East Central)
3160 - B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3, F6
OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF
SWINE MANURE LAGOON
EFFLUENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
J. O. Boda and T. L. Willrich
Completion Report WRRI-40, Water Resources Re-
search Institute, Oregon State University, February
1976,149 p. 17 fig, 45 tab, 36 ref.
Descriptors: Overland flow, Waste water treatment,
Pollution abatement. Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions.
Waste treatment, Water quality control.
Identifiers: Swine, Anaerobic lagoons.
Effluent from an anaerobic swine manure lagoon was
applied at the upper end of six, 100 feet long by 3 feet
wide, grass covered plots which sloped about 3 per-
cent. Objectives of this study were to measure con-
centration attenuation and mass reduction of poten-
tial pollutants in the wastewater as the result of over-
land flow, and to examine the influences of experi-
mental variables on the effectiveness of the overland
flow wastewater treatment process. Controlled vari-
ables included application rate and grass species.
Seasonal differences in temperature, precipitation,
and related physical, chemical and biological condi-
tions were uncontrolled variables. Wastewater and
soil horizons were sampled and analyzed at selected
plot intervals, and plot runoff volume, air tempera-
ture, precipitation, and water table data were re-
corded. Amounts of wastewater applied to the ex-
perimental plots ranged from 2.0 to 10.8 inches per
week. Grass cover on three plots was Alta fescue. The
other three plots were seeded with redtop. (Water
Resources Scientific Information Center)
3161 - A6, B2, B3, Cl, C2, Dl, E2,
E3, Fl
ODORLESS BEDDING FROM MAN-
URE WITH NEW SURGE TRU,
Anonymous
Successful Farming, Vol. 74, No. 9, p. 12, August, 1976
1 Hg
Descriptors: Feedlots,Cattle,Recycling, Fertilizers
Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Separation techniques'
Costs, Odor, Design.
Identifiers: Bedding, TRU.
The new machine TRU (Total Recycling Unit), de-
veloped by Babson Brothers Co., processes regular
free stall barn cow manure which arrives via valley
scrapers and a storage pit, and leaves it clean and
odorless. Material is pumped into the TRU, which
turns it into 2 products: (1) an odorless solid material
for bedding and (2) an easy-to-pump liquid fertilizer
which retains nearly all of its nutrients. After the
separating process, the remaining dry matter is down
to 60 percent range in moisture and has no odor The
liquids can be used to fertilize fields by irrigation
Further testing is being done on the TRU. (Rowe-East
Central)
3162 - B2, D3, E3, Fl, F6
METHANE GENERATION ON A
FARM.
506
-------
R. Wolf
Compost Science, Vol. 16, No. 5, p. 28-29, Autumn,
1W5. 2 fig
Descriptors: Methane, Recycling, Costs, Design,
Biological treatment, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Ecotope.
Ken Smith and Evan Brown of Ecotope, in response to
the enquiries of the farm manager of Washington's
State Reformatory Honor Farm, visited the farm and
began the work on the idea of a large scale methane
digester. After much study, a digester design was
selected. Financed by a Washington State Depart-
ment of Ecology grant, the digester is now under con-
struction. The 2 main components of the system are
two 50,000 gallon manure storing tanks from A. 0.
Smith-Harvestore. Because the high-rate digester
system chosen requires constant mixing, a gas recir-
culation system has been chosen to facilitate the mix-
ing. The drawback to such a system is that it requires
energy to run the pumps to recirculate the gas. In
operating the methane digester, manure will be
gradually added and removed daily. With an average
Detention time of 17 days, maximum gas production
will be achieved and the system will use all manure
produced within a few days of production. The result-
ing digested slurry will have a higher available nitro-
gen content than the raw manure. The nitrogen will be
in a form more usable by plants and without the pollu-
tion potential of raw manure. With increased nitrogen
value, the farmer will not need to apply as much of the
slurry to the fields to gain the same results as raw
manure. Ecotope estimates the digester will trans-
form about 8 tons of nitrogen a year or $6,344 worth of
fertilizer. In addition, the conservative estimated gas
production of 12,000 cu. ft. per day will be used to heat
the creamery boiler at the farm. The value of the gas
will be about $4,488. The system will cost slightly more
than $100,000. (Rowe-East Central)
3163 - B2, E2
WEATHER, RULES SEEN MAKING
WASTE HANDLING IMPORTANT,
Feedstuffs editor.
j D. Kendall
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48. No. 1, p. 16-17, January 5,1976.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Waste storage, Irriga-
tion, Weather, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Waste management, Tank wagon, Tanks,
Storage pits, Land disposal, Knifing.
Geography and regulations are two factors that make
traste handling important to dairy producers. Cli-
mate, particularly winter weather, is important when
designing waste management and storage systems.
Dairymen must be conscious of sanitary waste handl-
ing measures. Too large a container for wastes,
whether tank, lagoon, or storage pit, can create prob-
lems. Solids may settle to such an extent that agitat-
ing won't get the job done. Also, too small a pump for a
large basin may consume too much energy and labor
before it will break up the crust. Two main problems
occur when liquid waste disposal by means of irriga-
tion is used: (1) having to move the irrigation pipes
too often, and (2) putting too much of the liquid man-
ure on the field. As an efficient means of disposal of
liouid wastes, a tank wagon can put the wastes on any
field on the farm. The same pump that agitates the
lacoon or holding tank can also be used to pump the
waste into the tank wagon. Knifing the liquid waste
into the soil instead of broadcasting is more efficient
in terms of com fields because the knifing may be
done after the com is in—not when planting dictates.
tank and the tractor large enough to haul 3,000 gal. of
liouid can easily make a wet field into a mass of ruts
and ditches. The tank wagon is also hard to maneuver
in close places. Until these problems are worked out,
"1 injection of cultivated crops will be stymied.
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 57, No. 7, p. 3J-35, July,
1976. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Nutrients. Feeds, Fertiliz-
ers, Irrigation. Weather.
Identifiers: Closed-loop food production system.
An experimental closed-loop food production system
has been developed in which plants and livestock are
grown together in an environmentally controlled con-
finement housing system. Livestock are fed plant
material unsuitable for human consumption plus pro-
cessed livestock wastes. The growing plants utilize
nutrients from livestock wastes-plusheat, moisture
and carbon dioxide given off by the livestock. Human
food is provided by the fruits, vegetables, meat and
dairy products and possibly from nuts, cereal grains
poultry and eggs produced. In this system, plants are
grown in terraced beds on hillsides that face south
Coarse gravel or small rocks form the "soil" in which
plants are grown. Nutrients are pumped periodically
through the "soil" in the top bed. The solution flows by
gravity to the rest of the beds and returns toa storage
tank at the bottom of the hill. The solution provides all
water and nutrients for the plants. Livestock feed is
dispensed in bunk feeders. Livestock feed includes
unedible portions of human foods, livestock wastes
after supplementary treatment, and possibly forages
Advantages of the anticipated system are:(1) a rela-
tively stable food and feed supply, (2) little, if any
pollution, (3) little, if any, outside irrigation water
(4) little, if any, added fertilizer. (5) utilization of
most waste materials, (61 dramatic increase in yields
per acre, (7) winter operation highly feasible with
little auxiliary heat even in the snowbelt, (8) opera-
tion much less dependent on the weather throughout
the year. (Rowe-East Central)
3165 - All, B3, C2, Dl, E3
VALUE OF DRIED POULTRY MAN-
URE AND UREA AS PROTEIN SUP-
PLEMENTS FOR SHEEP CONSUM-
ING LOW QUALITY TROPICAL HAY
University of Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia
E. A. Gihad
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 42, No. 3 p 706-709
March, 1976. 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Proteins, Feeds, Sheep Hay
Performance.
y manure' Urea- Receding.
3164 - Bl, E2, E3
THE CLOSE-LOOP FOOD PRODUC-
TION SYSTEM: A NEW CONCEPT,
4-ociate Member ASAE
edahl
A study of adding protein supplements to hay made
from natural grass growing in Zambia, which is
dominated by Hypanheuia SRR., was conducted with
sheep. The protein supplements were soybean con-
centrate meal, poultry manure and a mixture or urea
and molasses. The poultry manure used was dehyd-
rated droppings obtained from caged hens. The soy-
bean concentrate meal (SBM) and dehydrated poul-
try manure ( DPM ) were fed at the rate of 300 g /day
and urea-molasses mixture (UM) at the rate of 350
g /day. Also, each animal received 600 g /day of hay
Hay alone was fed ad UbjJBmasa fourth treatment for
comparison. Each ration was fed to 8 sheep in a com-
pletely randomized design. The sheep were confined
separately in metabolism crates, fed twice daily and
allowed free access to water. Fecal samples were
taken and dried in a forced air drying oven for approx-
imately 24 hours at 65 degrees C. The samples were
composited and allowed to equilibrate with atmos-
pheric conditions for at least 7 days, weighed, and
ground. A representative sample of feeds was taken
and ground for later analysis. Gross energy values to
reeds and f eces were determined by an adiabatic oxy-
gen bomb calorimeter. Urine samples were also
tested for nitrogen. It was found that protein
supplementation increased dry matter intake. Accep-
tability to sheep of hay supplemented with DPM or
UM was excellent. Rations containing 33.3 percent of
DPM or UM were fully as good as soybean meal-
containing rations. Balance and utilization values of
nitrogen from DPM and UM rations were higher than
nptJ J^M75tii!n Consieq>»nUy, it was found that
fir .h k i.M do *lave value " Protein supplements
for the high roughage tropical feeds. (Rowe-East
(Central )
3166-B3, B4, C1.C2
EFFECTS OF BEDDING ON MAN-
URE DURING STORAGE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca. New York <~°rneu
J. Petersen, D. Ludington and R. Cummings
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting. American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois De-
cember 15-18. 1975, Paper No. 75-4567. 15p 4 fig. 2 tab.
12 ref.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Physical properties
Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Bedding. Deep pit system. Biological ac-
tivity.
TOs study was conducted to determine the effect of
bedding material on manure during storage in the
deep pit system. This was accomplished by determin-
ing the mechanisms operating in the deep pit, and
comparing pit operation at 4 different bedding appli-
cation rates. The bedding application rate was de-
scribed by the ratio of bedding applied kg. to the man-
ure production of a standard size animal (450 kg) per
day (units- *t***g c.d.) This system involved long
term collection and storage and covered about (
months Animals used were bred dry cows and bred
heifers. The study took place in a free stall dairy barn
divided into 2 parts. Each half had a slotted floor.
loafing area and feeding area. Each area was over a
pit about 2 meters deep and 2 meters wide. There were
4 pits. Four different "applied bedding rates" (0, 0 1»,
0.90 and 1 .59 kg per cow per day ) were selected. The
bedding material, consisting of kiln-dried hardwood
chips and shavings, was applied In-weekly to the
stalls along each side of the loafing alley and to the
slats of the feed alley. Conclusions drawn from the
study were: (1) Biological activity, moisture migra-
tion, and surface-air interaction operate in this sys-
tem. (2) The use of bedding in the deep pit produces a
response similar to that of composting. (3) Bedding
acts as an aeration device in a deep pit system (4)
Four zones of bedding application exist. Loss is li-
mited in the tones by oxygen availability, tempera-
ture, surface addition of material, and rapid moisture
movement. (5) Results of the study apply to warm
weather conditions and should not be applied to cold.
weather operation. (Rowe-East Central)
3167 - B2, D3
THE OXIDATION DITCH - PROB-
LEMS DUE TO SEDIMENTATION
AND THEIR CONTROL,
Department of Agricultural Engineering. College of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University.
Ithaca. New York
J. Martin. Jr. and R. Loehr
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting. American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Cornell University.
June 27-30, 197S, Paper No. 76-4030, ISp. 5 fig, 2 tab, 17
ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Hydraulic design. Sedimenta-
tion.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch.
Aerobic biological stabilization of poultry and other
animal manures has been shown to be an excellent
method of odor control, waste stabilization, and nitro-
gen removal. The purpose ot this study was to- (1)
briefly outline the current hydraulic design approach
for oxidation ditches, (1) describe the nature and ef-
fects of the sediment accumulations encountered (3)
analyze the deficiencies in the original design'ap-
proach, and (4) propose changes to improve future
oxidation ditch designs. The 2 oxidation ditches in-
volved were located at Manocrest Farms, Camillus
New York. Each ditch received wastes from approx-
imately 4,000 white leghorn laying hens. The birds
were located directly above each ditch in two rows of
stairstep ctges. Both ditches were designed and op-
erated at constant mixed liquor total solids (MLTS)
concentrations. Following the completion of con-
struction and equipment installation, oxygen transfer
nn
mencement of operation under process conditions
a^S± °f ^ sWemonst"Ud thiuSS
accumulation in oxidaticnxlitches can adversely af-
507
-------
feet process performance These accumulations can
cause the decrease of mixed liquor velocity to the
point of cessation of flow. To prevent sedimentation,
the design velocity far oxidation ditches should equal
or exceed the scour velocity for the heaviest manure
particles. Determination of equipment requirements
to provide adequate mixed liquor velocity should be
based on friction losses in the ditch channel. This ap-
proach should provide a more rational basis for
oxidation ditch designs which will prevent sediment
accumulations and related problems. (Rowe-East
Central)
3168-B1, E3, Fl
A ONE-BID BUYER!,
Beef editor.
P. D. Andre
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 11, p. S, July, 1876.
Descriptors: Cattle, Performance, Feeds,
Economics, Costs.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Mississippian Ed McCaughn turns sorry auction
market cast-offs intohigh demand baby beef. He buys
a calf no matter if he has only 1 eye, is odd colored
walks a little funny, or has a hump or sway back.
When they arrive on the farm, they are wormed and
given an antibiotic shot fora total cost of about $2 per
head and then turned out in pens with open sheds
They have to be given some shelter, but can never be
over-crowded. The calves are given shots of vitamin
A, D and E during the winter when it is cloudy. They
eat a mixture of 12 to 15 percent corn, 60 percent
broiler litter and 25 to 35 percent soybean stalks
Calves purchased in 1975 averaged about 200 pounds
and cost less than $2S each. McCaughn kept them on
feed for 165 days and they gained 2.25 pounds a day
and were sold weighing 57S pounds for an average of
27 cents a pound. Each had received about $15 worth of
com. This means that a calf that costs $28 was fed for
$15 worth of corn and sold for $155. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
3169 - A8, Bl, C2, Fl
BEEF FEEDLOT DESIGN AND
MANAGEMENT IN MICHIGAN,
Michigan State University. Agricultural Experiment
btation and Economic Research Service U S De-
partment of Agriculture.
Research Report No. 292. Michigan State University
Agricultural Experiment Station and Economic Re-
search Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
February. 1976. 31 fig, 22 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Design, Management, Cattle,
Economics, Costs, Michigan, Chemical properties
Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Housing systems. Pollution control.
Specific objectives of this study were? (1) evaluate
the chemical composition of cattle manure as af-
fected by housing system, and the nitrate and salt
status of cropland to which manure is applied, (2)
estimate the capital outlays, annual costs and energy
usage associated with alternative technology-output
levels for fed beef, and (3) appraise the economic
impacts resulting from the possible imposition of
selected pollution control measures. Fresh fecal
organ!
highest for open lots, followed by drylots and total
confinement systems. Nitrogen content was gener-
ally lower. Technological components considered
were alternative housing, feed storage, ration and
waste handling systems, along with alternative sex
and animal types. Fuel consumption increased with
the capacity of the feedlot for all technology combina-
tions studied. Land requirements per cwt of beef pro-
duced were relatively constant for all technologies
studied. Most economies of size that were found for
labor, electricity, capital and annual production costs
were realized at low capacity levels (250-300 head).
Average costs were generally the highest, in terms of
economic and energy items, with the open lot and
lowest for the confined housing system. The average
initial capital Investment was also lower with con-
fined housing because of higher feeding efficiencies
and turnover rates. Capital economies of size can be
attributed in large part to the unavailability of system
components small enough to be fully utilized on the
smallest lots. Labor economies of size can be attri-
buted to: (1) larger equipment and (2) spreading
management time over larger volumes. In consider-
ing the economic impacts resulting from stated pollu-
tion control measures that may occur in the future, It
was found that the open lot Feedlot was generally af-
fected most and the confined housing feedlot least.
(Rowe-East Central)
3170-A6, B1.B2, E2
PIT SCRAPERS EASE MANURE
HANDLING,
J. Carlson
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, Vo. 3, p. 49, February 14.
1976.
Descriptors: Odor.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Scrapers, Swine, Field
spreading.
Pit scrapers are one means utilized by hogmen to
alleviate the waste control problem. This method
employs a scraper blade which is pulled inside a shal-
low pit under a slotted floor. The blade scrapes wastes
to one end of the building. Winfred McCreedy,
Washington County, Iowa, has utilized the pit scraper
in his growing and finishing building for swine since
January. The scraped wastes are dumped into a gut-
ter and then flow into a lagoon. Odors are kept to a
minimum. Ted Allen, Shelby County, Iowa, put a pit
scraper in his growing and finishing building for
swine in early June. In his system, the scraped wastes
are dumped into a retaining pit and then pumped into
a storage tank. This system cuts down on odor and
allows Mr. Allen to hold the wastes before field
spreading them. Both Mr. McCreedy and Mr. Allen
agreed that, should the cable pulling scraper ever
break, the slats above the shallow pit would have to be
taken out to get to the problem. (Edwards-East Cent-
ral)
3171-A1, B2, E2
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
J. I. Sewell
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems,
Bulletin 548, University of Tennessee, Agricultural
Experiment Station, July, 1975,47 p. 15 fig, 14 tab, 19
ref.
Descriptors: Research & development, Tennessee,
Liquid wastes, Irrigation, Design, Water quality.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal.
Tendencies toward larger animal production units,
greater animal concentrations, needs to reduce labor
requirements, and concern for environmental quality
have led to much interest in the development of ani-
mal waste management systems. Since 1967, animal
waste management research related to water quality
liquid dairy manure systems, dairy manure slurry
irrigation, slatted floor swine systems, slatted floor
beef finishing systems, liquid poultry manure man-
agement systems, and waste applications on crop
land has been conducted. This is exemplified by the
work summarized in this publication. (Rowe-East
Central)
3172 - A2, A6, B2, B3, B4, E2, Fl
WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR SLAT-
TED FLOOR BEEF FINISHING SYS-
TEMS,
Professor and Associate Head. Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville
J.I.Sewell, J.B McLaren,G.D. Miller, J.E.Martin,
and J. N. Odom
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems,
Bulletin 548, University of Tennessee, Agricultural
Experiment Station, July, 1975, p. 6-10,1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Cattle, Performance, Liquid wastes
Costs, Agricultural runoff, Odor, Solid wastes
Identifiers: Slatted floors, Storage pits, Field spread-
ing.
An existing barn at the University of Tennessee
Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) Farm was
remodeled to include aluminum slat and reinforced-
concrete slat floors installed over manure collection
pits in 14 pens. The already existing concrete slab
floor was left intact in 6 pens. Study objectives were to
develop waste management criteria, characterize the
liquid waste produced, and monitor cattle perfor-
mance. Liquid manure was removed from the pits by
vacuum tank-spreaders and applied to crop or pas-
ture land. Labor requirements for manure manage-
ment from slatted floor and concrete slab floor sys-
tems were compared. Data were also collected on
manure accumulation rates, manure agitation, and
manure removal procedures. During the 3 years of
operation, it was noted that:(1) Cattle on both types of
slats were cleaner than those on slabs; however, no
bedding was used on the slab. (2) Some slipping and
falling occurred on all slats and slabs. (3) Slab pens
were scraped and the manure was stockpiled until
field disposal was feasible. Careful management was
required to prevent water runoff and seepage from
the stack. (4) Objectionable odors occurred when the
pits were agitated and emptied, (5) Experimental
aluminum slats incurred only minor mechanical
damage during the first 3 years, but seemed to in-
crease during the fourth year. (6) Slatted floors over
collecting pits minimized manure drainage problems
in the vicinity of the barn. Slatted floor systems were
found to provide additional flexibility in scheduling
waste removal. Problems associated with slatted
floor systems were high facility investment, odors
after spreading waste, and providing satisfactory en-
vironmental conditions for cattle during summer
(Rowe-East Central)
3173 - A6, A10, B2, B4, E2
LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS FOR
DAIRIES,
Professor and Associate Head, Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, University of Tennessee
Knoxville.
J. I. Sewell, J. R. Owen, and J. W. High
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems
Bulletin 548, University of Tennessee, Agricultural'
Experiment Station, July, 1975, p. 11-15, 2 fig.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy industry, Waste
storage, costs, odor, Vectors.
Identifiers: Liquid manure pits, Land spreading.
In 1967, liquid manure holding pits were constructed
at the Dairy Experiment Station at Lewisburg Ten-
nessee, and the Middle Tennessee Experiment Sta-
tion at Spring Hill. Field studies were conducted at
these sites to evaluate these liquid systems. It was
found that liquid manure pits for dairy herds offered
advantages in that manure storage was available dur-
ing periods when field areas were not accessible,
labor requirements were often decreased, and the
scheduling of manure removal to better coincide with
labor availability and field conditions was facilitated
With proper management, few agitation problems
were encountered. Primary disadvantages of the sys-
tems were: land had to be available on which to
spread the waste before the pit became full; odor and
fly problems often developed immediately after
waste was spread; and facility and equipment in-
vestments were high. (Rowe-East Central)
3174 - B2, Cl, C2, E2
LIQUID SWINE WASTE MANAGE-
MENT,
Professor and Associate Head, Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, University of Tennessee
Knoxville.
J. I. Sewell, and H. W. Luck
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems
Bulletin 548, University of Tennessee, Agricultural'
Experiment Station, July, 1975, p. 16-20,3 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, SampUng, Nitrates,
508
-------
Chemical Oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Swine. Liquid manure pit. Land disposal.
Orthophosphate, Settled solids.
A fwine testing barn with 24 pens, each 6' X 16', was
put into operation at the West Tennessee Experiment
Station in October, 1970. The barn had slatted floors
and a liquid manure pit. The liquid manure from the
collection pit was removed by a vacuum spreader
tank equipped with 2 plows for placing the waste be-
neath the surface of cropland. The pit varied from3 5
feet deep in the center to 4.0 feet deep at each end,
riving a total storage capacity of 4,500 cubic feet. Pit
walls were constructed of 8-inch concrete blocks with
concrete-filled cores. The concrete floor of the pit
doped 1-inch in 10 ft. toward each end where 6-feet
deep sumps were located. The concrete slats were 8
feet long and 5 inches wide, and spaced 1 inch apart.
Samples from the bottom of the pit contained much
more nitrate nitrogen and Orthophosphate than sam-
nles from the top of the pit. Bottom samples had a
chemical oxygen demand of 80,000 parts per million or
. percent. During periods when swine-cooling
sprinklers were not in use, the waste collected at 0.27
cubic feet per pig per day. During 3 years' operations,
the settled solids tended to accumulate from 4 to 8
inches depth in winter and then decline to about 2
indies depth in summer. (Rowe-East Central).
3175 - B2, Cl, E2
LIQUID POULTRY WASTE,
Professor and Associate Head, Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, University of Tennessee,
was established at the University of Tennessee Main
Station Dairy Farm milking 125 cows to study the
collection of lot runoff and its disposal on land. The
runoff from approximately 1 acre of lot and roof area
was collected into drains and flowed by gravity into
the slurry storage tank. A chute was used to direct the
manure from the cow and storage barn into the slurry
tank. An irrigation pump at the end of the tank carried
through portable irrigation pipe and applied it to land
through a large sprinkler. Study results indicated
that: (1) the dry matter in the slurry form presented
no problems of solids accumulation on the ground
surface, (2) contamination of shallow groundwater
was suspected, (3) rainfall runoff from the surface of
the area receiving slurry irrigations exhibited high
bacterial and chloride concentrations, (4) waste ap-
plication by slurry irrigation should not exceed crop
fertilization rates, (5) soil phosphorus increased
markedly during 4 years of manure slurry applica-
tions, and soil potassium increased to a lesser extent,
and (6) manure slurry had little effect on soil acidity.
(Rowe-East Central)
3177 - A8, B2, E2
FURROW IRRIGATION OF CORN
SILAGE WITH DAIRY MANURE
SLURRY,
Former Graduate Assistant, Department of Agricul-
tural Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knox-
ville
R. S. Pile, J. B. Wills, and J. I. Sewell
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems,
Bulletin 548, University of Tennessee, Agricultural
Experiment Station, July, 1975, p. 33-36.1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Irrigation, Slurries, Crop response.
Furrow irrigation. Rainfall.
Identifiers: Dairy manure. Com silage.
This study was conducted during the 1971 through 1974
growing seasons at the Cherokee Dairy Farm In
Knoxville to determine the effects of furrow irrigation
with dairy manure slurry on the corn silage yield of an
East Tennessee stream terrace. Irrigation needs
were determined by observing the crop, apparent soil
moisture conditions, and precipitation data. Corn lil-
age yields were determined by hand-harvesting and
weighing green corn from two SMoot, two-row sub-
plots in the irrigated plot and two similar subplots
from a nearby non-irrigated area. It was found that
dairy manure slurry irrigation of corn increased corn
silage yields during all of the four growing seasons
considered. This Increase was attributed to the com-
bined effect of plant nutrients and water. Growing-
season rainfall was above normal during all seasons
considered. Cultivator furrows carried the irrigation
water and manure slurry satisfactorily. It was felt
that the layer of fibrous material and manure solids
which formed at the soil-slurry interface may have
restricted slurry intake. (Rowe-East Central)
3178 - A8, B2, C2, E2
LIQUID SWINE WASTE ON SOILS
AND CROP YIELDS,
J. R. Overton, J. I. Sewell. and G. M. Lessman
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems.
Bulletin 548. University of Tennessee. Agricultural
Experiment Station, July, 1975, p. 37-43.4 tab.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Crop response. Soils,
Slurries, Soybeans, Potassium, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus.
I, J.C. Barker,C.R.HolmesandJ.N.Odom Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal, Corn, Nodulation.
Liquid swine waste was applied on the surface of and
injected into a Collins fine sandy loam and a Dexter'
loam soil on the West Tennessee Experiment Station.
The Collins is a moderately well-drained, permeable
friable soil from young alluvium. The Dexter is a
well-drained terrace soil with a friable silt loam or
loam topsoil and a firm silty day loam subsoil A
similar experiment was conducted on Hatchie and
Almo soils employing different rates of waste than
used on Collins or Dexter. Hatchie and Aono soils are
more poorly drained and less permeable than the De-
xter soils. Test plots were planted to corn and soy-
inijnal Waste Management Facilities and Systems,
oiiDetin 548, University of Tennessee, Agricultural
jarperiment Station, July, 1975, p. 20-21. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Poultry,Slurries, Physi-
ealproperties, pumping, Viscosity.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The dry-matter and viscosity characteristics of poul-
try manure, which are closely related to slurry pump-
injr characteristics, were evaluated at the University
ofTennessee Poultry Farm. The3 caged layer houses
studied were equipped with shallow pits under cages
•nd a dragboard system for conveying the liquid ma-
nure from beneath the cages to liquid manure pits
outside the houses. Following agitation, waste sam-
nles were collected from pits next to the houses. The
•ample viscosity increased markedly with dry-
matter concentrations exceeding 10 percent. At
dry-matter levels above 10 percent, difficulties in
vacuum loading a slurry tank and in pumping with a
Centrifugal sewer pump were experienced. Accumu-
lations of feathers and other extraneous material
compounded the problem. The wide range in dry-
matter contents found in the slurry resulted from
dilutions by wash water, spillage, leaking
-Tterers, rainfall, and relative humidity. While
rH«niately diluting the slurry greatly facilitated
nurnping, the dilution water had to be hauled and
Spread on land and total hauling costs were corres-
Sidingly increased. (Howe-East Central)
3176 - A5, B2, Cl, C2, C3, E2
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF DAIRY
SIANURE SLURRY,
professor and Associate Head, Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, University of Tennessee,
S«well. J. C. Barker, C. R. Holmesand J. N. Odom
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems,
54*. University of Tennessee, Agricultural
n, July, 1975, p. 22J2. 6 fig. 2 tab.
beans. Yield and soil-test data were obtained Results
were: (1) Some grain yield depression occurred In
1971 under poor growing conditions, (2) Yields re-
mained low In 1»72 because of late planting dates (It
Effects of waste applications wen not marked on
soybeans except for nodulation effects observed in
1973. (4) Soil test results indicated some increases in P
and K after repeated applications and some penetra-
tion of K on Collins and Dexter to IMS inches, and to
18-24 inches, on the Almo soil. (5) The manure applied
varied in nitrogen content and possibly in distribution
and incorporation. The manure treatments raised soil
test values for potassium. (Rowe-East Central)
3179 - A3, A4, Bl, C2, C3
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
USES ON RUNOFF QUALITY,
Professor and Associate Head, Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, University of Tennessee
Knoxville
J. I. Sewell and J. M. Alphin
Animal Waste Management Facilities and Systems
Bulletin 548, University of Tennessee, Agricultural
Experiment Station, July. 1975, p. 44-«. 1 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Land use. Water
pollution, Tennessee, Bacteria, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Dissolved oxygen, Nitrates, Agriculture.
Identifiers: Orthophosphates, Fecal couforms.
Twenty-four test sites from 5 locations and represent-
ing much of Tennessee's agriculture were (elected for
study. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of sev-
eral agricultural land uses on surface runoff quality
near the areas of study. Grab samples were collected
4 to 10 times from each site. Bacterial cultures were
made for both total and fecal coliform counts.
Biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen
tests were conducted. Also nitrate-nitrogen and Or-
thophosphate sample concentrations were deter-
mined. It was found that concentrations of livestock
increased the biochemical oxygen demand, or-
thophosphates, and bacterial counts of samples col-
lected from nearby streams. Of U sites examined on
flowing streams, none had dissolved oxygen or
nitrate-nitrogen levels which failed to meet EPA
standards; and only one failed to meet the bacterial
count criteria. (Rowe-East Central)
3180 - A4, A6, Bl, Dl, D2, E2, E3,
Fl
METHODS AND TRENDS IN LIVES-
TOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN JA-
PAN,
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Ag-
riculture, Nugata University, J-Igmrmshi. Niigata,
Japan '
M. Yamagucfai
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-ltTS, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-ChanuMugn, April 21-14,
197S, p. en.
Descriptors: Livestock, Legislation, Pollution
abatement, Economics.
Identifiers: Japan, Waste management
High density livestock production, started and en-
: Sprinkler irrigation, Slurries, Dairy in-
Liquid wastes, Agricultural runoff. Rainfall,
erties. Physical properties, Biological
roundwater pollution. Phosphorus,
, Bacteria, Coliform, Nutrients.
experimental manure slurry irrigation system
passed to combat this situation. Among these are the
water pollution control law. the law of prevention of
odors, and the law of treatment and purification of
substances discharged from economic production un-
its. In response to these laws, the Japanese are trying
to develop better management techniques. Methods
that are currently considered applicable under
Japanese conditions are the following: (a) land dis-
posal, (b) hydraulic collection and transport, (c) de-
hydration and incineration, (d) rtfeedinTsubsidies
£*l!£!C!i!5'?1 "^^raUves have been established
10 "Jr* we farmers in constructing facilities and
Purchasing equipment for waste disposal Subsidies
•"» e?°Pf"Hl«* have also encourai«ddevelop.ne5
of animal production units away from urban^areas.
509
-------
even to the point of defraying costs of moving existing
facilities away from the cities. Educational and re-
search programs have also been implemented. In the
meantime, agricultural pollution and perennial feed
shortages have tended to depress growth of the lives-
tock industry In Japan. Practical management
methods suited to the small-size production units of
Japan must be found (Cocon-East Central)
3181 - B2, B3, E2
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
FINLAND,
Retired Director, Work Efficiency Association Van-
laa, Finland
M. Sipila
Managing Livestock Wastes. Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 623.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Equipment Design
Economics, Solid wastes. ' '
Identifiers: Finland, Waste management, Field dis-
posal
In Finland, studies on manure have been aimed at-
(1) examining methods that reduce and facilitate
labor, (2) developing cheap construction, and (3) in-
vestigating the economic benefit that manure gives
by means of crop farming. Labor requirements have
been examined at different sized cow farms and
piggeries with different manure systems Experi-
ments have shown that in a stall cow bam with liquid
manure the cleaning, disposal, and littering take only
about half the time per cow as compared to the same
job where solid manure is disposed by manual
metoods Liquid manure can be loaded, transported
jpread. and plowed in less than half the time needed
or the same job using the solid manure method. Most
liquid manure systems in Finland use the damming
up method in which manure is gathered in a channel
covered with a steel grille and then the channel is
emptied by opening a drain into a concrete collecting
pit outside the building. Runoff is usually collected
and handled with the manure. The collecting pit is
usually emptied in the spring and autumn by means of
slurry tankers which surface spread the wastes on
fie ds In stall cow barns, another method may be
utilized in which liquid manure continually floats
along a flat-bottomed channel into a collecting pit.
This is the "floating manure method". Experiments
have been made with placement slurry tankers In
comparison with tankers that spread on the surface
considerable yield increases, odorless spreading,
prevention of flowing on the surface, and improved
hygienic qualities of grassfeed are obvious advan-
tages The expense of such machines, however, maJte
them more suitable for group ownership (Edwards-
East Central)
3182 - A4, A7, A8, B2, C2, Dl, D2,
E2
STUDIES ON THE COLLECTION AND
DISPOSAL OF SLURRY IN NORTH-
ERN IRELAND,
Reader in Agricultural and Food Chemistry Depart-
ment, Queen's University, Belfast, and Principal Sci-
entific Officer, Department of Agriculture, Northern
Ireland
J. S. V. McAllister
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975. Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p 624.
Descriptors: Slurries, Poultry, Cattle, Climates,
Physical treatment, Chemical treatment, Water pol-
lution, Air pollution, Soil contamination.
Identifiers: Northern Ireland, Land Spreading,
Swine, Toxic gases, Refeeding, Recycling.
Soil type, cropping system, and climate are the three
factors which decide the amount of slurry that can be
safely spread on land. A relatively dry climate with a
considerable amount of arable cropping is the most
satisfactory condition. Conditions deteriorate in a
humid climate with heavy rainfall, lower evapora-
tion, and much of the land under grass, as in Northern
Ireland. Due to this fact, much investigation is being
undertaken concerning problems with the collection
and disposal of slurry. When slurry is stored, toxic
gases are produced, the most dangerous being hydro-
gen sulfide. Slurry which is being carelessly spread or
handled can cause pollution of water, of the atmos-
phere, and of the land. Poultry slurry can be dried for
use as a ruminant food, and cattle slurry is produced
under conditions where there is adequate land for
disposal, but pig slurry presents a major problem.
Removal of solids by centrifugation and incineration
gives an ash high in calcium and magnesium phos-
phates. Study is being conducted concerning the use of
effluents as a substrate for producing single cell pro-
tein. (Edwards-East Central)
manure is separated from the solid part and stored in
separate tanks The shortage of bedding in many
parts of the country causes anaerobic fermentation
and gas and odor problems, as well as risk of the
development of pathogenic bacteria. Experiments
with liquid composting manure are presently being
conducted to: (1) reduce poisonous gas and odor pro£
lems, (2) reduce development of pathogenic agents
and parasites, and (3) bring the manure to a consis-
tency which can be easily handled as a liquid
(Edwards-East Central) q
3183 - All, A12, Bl, Cl, C2, E3
STUDIES ON THE USE OF SOLID
SUBSTANCES OF PIT WASTE
(SLURRY) IN THE FEEDING OF
FATTENING CATTLE,
Animal Feeding Department, Animal Production and
Veterinary Medicine Section, Karl-Marx University
of Leipzig, Jena, German Democratic Republic
G. Flachowsky, H. J. Lohnert, and A. Henning
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975.p 625.
Descriptors: Slurries, Cattle, Performance, Physical
properties, Chemical properties, Sheep.
Identifiers: Refeeding. Swine wastes.
The solid substances of liquid manure from pigs were
fed in tests to sheep and cattle. The solid substances of
pigs being fattened contained, after the elimination of
the liquid matter, 16 percent crude protein, 66 percent
cell wall parts. 2 percent ether extracts and 16 percent
ash. The digestibility of the organic substances
gained in this way varied between 45 and 55 percent. It
was found that one kg dry matter equaled 90 g digesti-
ble protein and about 400 energetic feeding units for
cattle. The solid substances of pig liquid manure were
fed to 520 head of cattle. When 30 percent of the solid
substance was worked up into ready-made pellets, a
weight growth of up to 1000 to 1200 g occurred over a
long period of time. A combination of the pellets plus
straw, grain and sugar beet proved to be most effi-
cient. At the end of the fattening period, the bulls were
slaughtered and various organs and body parts were
biochemically, bacteriologically and gustatorially
tested. The quality of the meat of those animals had
not been affected. (Edwards-East Central)
3184 - A6, A7, A10, B2, B3, B4,
C2, C3
AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS AND
LIVESTOCK WASTES IN NORWAY,
Professor, Agricultural Structures Department, Ag-
ricultural University of Norway, N-1432 Aas-N.L.H.
O. Hjulstad
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 626.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Liquid wastes. Solid
wastes, Gases, Odor, Pathogenic bacteria, Separa-
tion techniques, Parasites
Identifiers: Norway, Bedding, Waste management.
Although the total land area of Norway is 324,000 so.
km., only 2.S percent of this total land area is agricul-
tural land. Rocks, mountains, and lakes make Nor-
way short of arable land. Potatoes and some vegeta-
bles can be raised any place where people are settled
and good grass crops grow in all parts of the country.
The country is self-supplied with livestock products,
but it must import concentrates and small grains and
fruits. Most of the income for farmers, however, is
from the high standard of livestock production. Most
manure is stored in cellars beneath animal pens, but
in some sections of the country the liquid part of the
3185 - A4, A6, Bl, F2
THE SWEDISH EXPERIENCE IN
CONNECTION WITH ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION AT ANIMAL PRODUC-
TION SITES,
Head of Section, National Swedish Protection Board
Pack, 171 20 SOLNA, Sweden
S. Berglund
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 627.
Descriptors: Regulation, Legal aspects. Water pollu-
tion. Odor.
Identifiers: Sweden, Environmental protection.
The Swedish Environment Protection Act of 1969
specifically prohibited some forms of pollution, such
as the discharge of animal urine and silage effluent
into streams and lakes. In 1973, the 1969 Guidelines for
Environment Protection at Animal Production Sites
were revised in terms of location of new animal units
requirements of cultivated land area to number of
animals, and manure storage and handling require-
ments. These new requirements are supervised and
enforced by provincial administrators. Investiga-
tions on different methods of reducing odors from
spreading manure, along with emissions from animal
stables and water pollution problems are being car-
ried out. Cooperation among authorities, local ag-
ricultural advisors, and farmers' unions have been
successful. (Edwards-East Central)
3186 - B3, C2, D3, E2
A FARM-SCALE COMPOSTING
METHOD IN OREGON,
Delphian Foundation, Sheridan, Oregon
J. W. Nunley
Compost Science, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 20-22, March-Aoril
1976. 3 fig, 3 ref. H
Descriptors: Oregon, Nitrogen, Anaerobic condi-
tions, Aerobic conditions.
Identifiers: Composting, Land spreading.
Due to prior leasing arrangements, the Delphian
Foundation, located near Sheridan, Oregon, was un-
able to occupy most of their agricultural land until
early fall. This left very little time to incorporate
compost into more than 200 acres of heavy clay soil
Two methods of applying compost were studied: (l)
Sheet composting—organic matter is spread on the
land and the land is allowed to lie fallow for a couple of
seasons while the organic matter breaks down. Dis-
advantages of this method are that the land is taken
out of production, and nearly half of the nitrogen con-
tent of the matter is lost to the air while it is being
converted to compost. (2) Anaerobic method — mix-
tures of organic matter are formed into windrows
through use of dump trucks and manure spreaders
The organic matter remains in piles without being
turned. Advantages are a tremendous saving of time
and labor, and 100 percent of the nitrogen can be re-
tained. The Delphian Foundation utilized the
anaerobic method. After the windrows were made
they were wetted down to near field capacity and then
covered with black polyethylene plastic. The plastic
was held in place by old tires. Using this method, they
were able to produce more than 2100 tons of compost
during a two and one-half month period in the fall of
1974. Other methods that will be tested for compost
production include the application of municipal sew-
age sludges and biodynamlc and mechanical
methods. (Edwards-East Central)
510
-------
3187 - All, Bl
HORMONE INDUCED LACTATION IN
THE BOVINE. HI. DYNAMICS OF IN-
JECTED AND ENDOGENOUS HOR-
MONES,
Department of Dairy Science, Ohio Agricultural Re-
search and Development Center, Wooster
L. B. WiUet, K. L. Smith and F. L. Schanbacher
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 59, No. 3, p. 504-514
March, 1975. 7 fig, 4 tab, 47 ref.
Descriptors: Urine.
Identifiers: Hormones, Lactation, Dairy cattle, Es-
trogen, Progesterone, Feces, Excretion.
A study was conducted to determine rate and route of
excretion of radiolabeled E^* and P mixture used
for inducing lactation. Also, immunoreactive total es-
trogen, progesterone (P), and prolactin of plasma,
and urinary total estrogen were measured in samples
collected at close intervals during and following hor-
mone injections. Feces accounted for about 90 percent
of the P and 60 percent of the E2* excreted. Approx-
imately 1/3 of the estrogen excreted was via the
urine. Milk was found to be a minor pathway for
excretion of metabolites of female sex steroids
(Bowe-East Central)
3188 - A8, B3, E2
YIELD AND GROWTH OF CORN AS
AFFECTED BY POULTRY MANURE,
Assistant, Department of Plant Science, College of
Agricultural Science, University of Delaware
J. G. Shortall and W. C. Liebhardt
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No 2 p
136-194, March-April, 1975. 6 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Salinity, Corn.
Identifiers: Poultry manure. Land disposal.
At the rates of 0, 22, 56, 90, 168, and 224 metric tons-
/ ha, poultry manure was surf ace applied and plowed
under on an Elkton loamy sand. A treatment of 22
metric tons/ha of manure plus the 224-5-186 kg/ha
plus a fertilizer treatment 224-5-186 kg/ha (N-P-K)
was also conducted. Each of these treatments was
replicated four times in a randomized block design.
Excessive salt in soil was found to be the most impor-
tant cause of yield reduction after high rates of poul-
try manure had been applied. Reduction in ger
tion of corn was caused by high rates of poultry
ure. (Edwards-East Central)
the end of the logarithmic phase contained 42 percent treatment will h= »
true protein. Thus, the product mishl r^iTTJfiiii^ . lre.a'ment will have an effect once destruction of the
cereal-based dirt Th' PJ"" i ™g.i^Jus!ful. " ,a red blood cells has developed. (Edwards-East CenT
. m ' K»wJUtl IILUmi D"
cereal-based diet. The study data provide prelimi' rail
K^^^^P'y**^*™
jermina-
man-
3189 - A4, B2, C2, D3, E3
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PURIFICATION
OF THE LIQUID PHASE OF ANIMAL
SLURRY.
-neoartment of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, The
Queen's University of Belfast, Newforge Lane, Bel-
Jijt Northern Ireland and Agricultural and Food
rjiernistry Research Division, Department of Ag-
Xulture, Northern Ireland
2 K GarrettandM. D. B. Allen
Environmental Pollution, Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 127-139,
February, 1976.6 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Algae. Nitrogen removal, Re-
cvcUng. Effluents, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Phosphorus removal.
A strain of Chlorella vulgaris was selected from 18
«necies of freshwater algae which were screened for
JKiJ- ability to grow in and remove phosphorus from
jfuxry supernatants. In a laboratory batch culture
«v«tern, phosphorus was found first to be solubilised
Snihe developing endogenous bacterial community,
SLnaccumulated by the algal cells. Phosphorus re-
;J!,ivaJ 'r001 t"e slurry was most rapid on a per cell
t.~ds during the early stages of algal growth; how-
~,a~ significant removal occurred even after the
l?«imum algal cell concentration was achieved. The
Mnetics for nitrogen removal differed from those for
•j^iohorus. The major loss of nitrogen seemed to be
SluTto volatility and the algal contribution was seen
2j,r in the later stages of growth. Cells harvested at
nary evidence that algal culture is a biologicauy f eas-
iWemethodoftreatmentfortheliquidphateofsbrry,
potentially capable of producing an effluent ap-
proaching Royal CommissionStandards. (Howe-East,
3190 - A8, Bl
THE OXYGEN-ETHYLENE CYCLE
AND THE VALUE OF COMPOST.
PuUman" 10gUt' Washin8'°n State University,
R. J. Cook
Compost Science, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 23-25. March-April,
Identifiers: Ethylene, Plant diseases.
Today it is widely recognized that most soilborne dis-
eases of crops and ornamental plants car, be control-
led to one degree or another with the incorpOTaUon
into the soil of a decomposable organic amendm^nT
Dr. Alan Smith and R. James Q^worUng ?t &
?em«£8 haw 1BioI°Bical Research Institute of the
New South Wales Department of Agriculture in Sid-
ney, have discovered a basic soil microbiological pro-
cess which is believed to have far reaching implica-
tions for soil and plant health. The procesi involves
the production of a biologically very active gas
ethylene, which seems to serve as a basic regulator in
soil biology. Evidence indicates that ethylene is pro-
duced in virtually all soils of the temperate and tropi-
cal regions, and that it may be inhibitory to some
organisms and stimulatory to others. Of all soil
treatments tested to date, organic amendments are
the best promoters of ethylene production Organic
amendments stimulate greatly accelerated aerobic
activity and hence increased volume of ethylene-
producmg anaerobic microsites, and the organic sub-
strates provide the energy-rich food necessary for
ethylene production. The discovery of ethylene pro-
duction by anaerobes has opened many new and excit-
ing doors for future research on the soil-micro-
organism-plant ecosystem, both for the naturalist in-
terested in biology of wild habitatsand for the aericul-
lntereSted - (Rowe-East
3191 - All, Bl
BOVINE LEPTOSPIROSIS,
National Animal Disease Center. North Central Reg-
ion Agricultural Research Service. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa ^i»runem
O. H. V. Stalheim
Ef,lftU!d%GA75'?7fl; ^P^tive Extension Service.
institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Uni
versity of Nebraska, December. 1975, p. A-ll. '
Descriptors: Cattle, Diseases, Urine.
Identifiers: Leptospirosis.
A leptospire Is a slender, spiral bacteria with a
characteristic hook in oneor both ends. Theleptospire
causes an infectious disease In man and «bKE
led leptospirosis. Leptospirosis can be transmitted
artificialn ^'^P*inf^ed urine.by bn»ding and
ac.amsenunaUon.orirKUrecUybCOTUnd
water. Bloody unne, jaundice, and "storms" of abor-
ttZuS t™ W? °' .thto diSeaSC ta berf cattle. «
duleasV^t l PU1PlrfS' °?y 3 m known to caus«
disease in cattle — LeptospiraDomona hardio and
jpppotYphosa.In calves and young ratUnmgca™
H?«aisease causes fever, prostration jaundice
bloody unne, anemia, and finely death. InoldeVc^
tie the symptoms are varied. In milking cows the
milk turns thick, yellow and blood tu^A^Ua' and
' "? V«— *»*• -cuJe^of
TSt S1fnmcant "esions are found in
• rm °' ^ '^'"sf^own mottling of
nne is a clear-red or oort-wine color
3192 - A6, B2, D2, D3
University' University Park
C. A. Cole, H. D. Bartlett. D. H. Buckney. and D E
Younkin.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol 42 No 1 D 1-7
January, 1976. 5 fig, 4 tab. ••*••«<.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Biological treatment
,*m'Ca 1treatm*nt. Anaerobic conditions. Denitrifi-
cation, Sulfides.
Identifiers: Odor control. Swine, Manure pits.
The use of biological and chemical treatments to con-
,™i,mal(^ors ln swine Pi's was investigated Some
w^S ^"ere stu
-------
1»76.
Descriptors: Fuels, Methane, Organic wastes.
Identifiers: Recycling.
Methane gas is being studied as a fuel for home use.
This g«s is produced when bacteria called acid for-
mers break down the organic material into a series of
fatly acids Then bacleria called methane formers
reduce the organic acids to methane gas and carbon
diorid* Richard White. Extension agricultural en-
gineer a« Ohio State University. said this methane gas
would make a cleaner environment and fuel for home
use but large-scale production isn't practical be-
cause of the costly equipment necessary to generate
usable quantities of methane. The greatest benefit
would be the energy value of the gas. A well insulated
home could be heated every day by 5J5 hogs, or
ninety-nine 1,200 pound dairy cows. Since the gas is
highly explosive, storage and transportation are two
major problems. Heating demands are seasonable
andstorase would be required for long periods of time
and this presents another problem. White feels more
study is needed before methane gas can be marketed
for commercial use. (Edwards-East Centrjl I
3195 - A9, AID, All, A12, Bl
HOUSE FLY CONTROL GUIDE,
Extension and Research Enlomologist. University of
Nebraska, Lincoln.
J.B. Campbell
Nebguide G7S-212, Cooperative Extension Service.
Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Uni-
versity of Nebraska. March. 1975, D-5, 3 tab
Descriptors: Insecticides, Diseases, Management.
Identifiers: Fly control.
The house fly can breed in a variety of areas, such as
manures, garbage, sewage, food wastes, lawn cup-
pings, septic tanks and silage Since the house fly can
carry more than 20 human and animal diseases, such
as mastilus, pinkeye, typhoid fever, chloria, and
tuberculosis, it is a pest to both man and animal
Finding and eliminating breeding places if the lirst
step in fly control. Screening windows and doors,
along with placing sticky traps at entrance points, will
reduce the number of flies getting into buildings. Re-
sidual sprays can be sprayed on surfaces where flies
rest. Flies resting on the sprayed surface will pick up
enough insecticide (o kill them. Care should be taken
so that residual sprays do not contaminate feed or
water. Space sprays are sprays that must hit the fly to
kill it These sprays are used with mist blowers, hyd-
raulic sprayers, foggers, or aircraft around livestock
rearing facilities. Insecticide baits should be used
around window silts or other areas where flies rest,
but out of reach of children or pets (Edwards-East
Central)
3196 - All, B3, E3
WORKERS STUDY DPW USE IN LAC-
TATING COWS' RATIONS,
Feedstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 21, p 130, May 24, 1976.
Descriptors: Performance
Identifiers: Dairy cattle, Refeeding, Dried poultry
wastes.
At the Latin American Conference on Livestock and
Poultry, Dr. H H Van Horn and L. A. Silva said that
DPW ate the 20 percent more readily, but ate we w
oercent DPW ration as well as the control ratioa It
w^s also found that the milk yield on 10 percent DPW
was eoual to that of the control diet. Higher levels of
DPWdepressed feed intake, milk yield, milk protein
percent and total yields of milk nutrients ai well as
body weight. The loss of citrus pulp in the ration re-
sulted in a decrease of the fat percentage in the milk.
(Edwards-East Central)
3197 - All, B2, B3, B4, E2
HOW SLATTED FLOORS AND ALLEY
SCRAPERS COMPARE,
Anonymous
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol 12, No. b, p. 302. 312-313,
March 10,1976. 3 fig. 2 tab
Descriptors: Costs, Wisconsin, Aluminum oxide,
waste storage.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Free stall bams, Slatted
floors, Solid floors.Slipping.Scraping, Land disposal.
Wisconsin research was conducted in order to
examine 3 types of free stall barns on a side-by-side
basis and compare the investments, operating costs,
strong points and weaknesses of each system. Wis-
consin's experimental unit was divided into three 42
XSO1 "barns" whicheach housed 20 cows. Onesection
of the barn had slatted floors with a liquid manure
tank underneath (Bam A). The second section (Barn
B) was also a warm barn but had solid floors which
were cleaned with a mechanical scraper operated by
a time clock The scraper alsocleaned the alleys in the
third barn which was a cold unit (Bam C) with no
insulation or mechanical ventilation. Slippery floors
were prevented in Barns B and C by applying
aluminum oxide to the concrete floors just before
troweling The cost of the recommended rate (25
Ib 100 sq ft ) was 17 W cents per square foot. The
disadvantage of aluminum oxide application was Wat
it wore out the manure scraper more readily. There
was little difference in the annual cost per cow bet-
ween Barns B and C. The h eating of the floor in Barn C
(for eliminating buildup of frozen manure) was ex-
pensive and offset the cost of insulation and mechani-
cal ventilation of Barn B. If an alternative method,
such as tractor scraping, had been used in Barn C, a
yearly savings of more than »30 per cow would have
been reataed Bam A had a $15 per cow higher annual
costthsnBarnBandan higher cost than Barn C due
to the expense of the concrete liquid manure tar*.
However an advantage of the slatted floor system
was that there was no mechanical scraping equip-
ment to cause the inconvenience of breakdowns.
(Penrod-East Central)
3198 - A2, A4, A5, Bl, Cl, C2, E2,
Fl
CONFINED ANIMALS AND PUBLIC
ENVIRONMENT,
Region Extension Specialist, Oklahoma State Uni-
versity, Stillwater 74074
PuWiMtiol; GPE-7000. University of Nebraska,
Cooperative Extension Service, 1W2.4 p. S ng-
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Agricultural runoff
Water pollution. Ground-water pollution. Great
Plains, Cattle. Costs, Nutrients, Nitrates, Biochemi-
cal oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Total solids.
intake or milk production and can serve as a source of
calcium and phosphorus. The nutritional value of
dried poultry waste (DPW) depends on 1) source of
_..,JT») type of litter used, (3) initial feed^ J
t in manure, (5) ventilation, and («
water are: I
nitrates, and nutrients. I
manure from cattle falls on land where thecattle eat.
The amount of total solids or biochemical «iyg*" **;
mand that reaches water depends upon rainfall whit*
causes runoff. Research studies indicate that about 3
percent of the total possible biochemicrioxygende-
Wl loading reaches a water *«~™-"£«"«EE
ou .
levels of dried waste in ampUierrttaw m*
production, and composition and ^K^billty^Wtth
different formulations utilizing 0, 10. 20, and JO per
cent DPW substituted (or c'
•astound that
sus
totaling cows tested disliked the 30 percent
5 percent of the biochemical oxygen ^-—~"ni
readna stream. In the past, feedktel[hat develop
US Great Plains caused severe poUuUon prcfctens
because climatic conditions were ignored and leeo-
lots were built in convective tnunaerstorm areas.
However, great headway has been made in those
slates through the use of runoff control measures.
Another problem that must be guarded against is nit-
rate pollution of ground waters under Feedlots. In
cases where the f eedlot surface is lightly stocked, is
maintained for only a portion of the year, or is aban-
doned without cleaning, natural processes break up
the compacted lower layer and allow nitrates to move
downward toward groundwater. There is little evi-
dence of nitrate buildup under active feedlots. It Is
estimated that 80-100 million tons of manure must be
hauled to adjacent cropland every year. However, the
cost of processing solid wastefrom municipalities and
industries is at least 40 times greater than hauling
animal manure produced in confinement. Estimates
of the total solid materials produced by animals must
consider factors for confinement, moisture, and the
type of ration. (Rowe-East Central)
3199 - A5, A8, Bl
INFILTRATION ON A CATTLE
FEEDLOT,
U S Department of Agricullure, Lincoln, Nebraska.
L. N. Mielke and A. P. Maiurak
Presented at the 1J75 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers. University of Califor-
nia, June 22-25,1SI5, Paper No. 75-4028,14 p. 2 fig. 4
tab, 16 rel
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Infiltration rates, Nit-
rates, Soil profiles, Groundwater pollution. Permea-
bility.
Identifiers: Soil interface layer.
The most common single criterion that is used to indi-
cate water pollution is the nitrate-nitrogen NOa-«(
content. A common assumption that is made is that
since NOa-fl is very soluble and mobile in water,
where water goes, N0»-rt goes also. A study was
conducted at a P1 att River VaUev feed)at todetermine
some of the characteristics of infiltration of water into
and water and gas movement through a feedlot pro-
file. Since physical soil characteristics indirectly af-
fect nitrogen conversion, they also directly influence
the nitrogen status under the feedlot. Water infiltra-
tion in the feedlot was determined by the double-
cylinder method. Two methods, the fixed hook and the
float-controlled calibrated supply tank, were used.
The equipment was protected from cattle destruction
by a fence. Using a Giddings hydraulic soil probe,
undisturbed feedlot soil cores encased in heat-shrink
plastic were taken. The interface layer in the feedlot
developed as a result of the hoof action and manure
cover, and was the most restrictive layer to water
movement. Study data showe* that air and water
permeabilities were lowest in the interface section
and increased in the soil below. The average rate of
water entry was 1.7 gem" at 18 percent water content.
The authors concluded that undisturbed feedlot toll
cores and feedlot interface material compacted at
water content for maximum density are effective
barriers to water movement. (Penrod-East Central)
3200 - A9, A10, All, Bl
STABLE FLY CONTROL GUIDE,
Extension and Research Entomologist, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln
J.B. Campbell
NebGuide G75-211, Cooperative Extension Service,
Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Uni-
versity of Nebraska, March, UTO, D-4.3 tab.
Descriptors: Insecticides, Cattle, Performance.
Identifiers: Stable flies, Fly control, Breeding areas.
The life cycle of the stable fly from egg to adult aver-
ages about 24 days, with the total life span of the
female being about 20-30 days. Each female lays bet-
ween 200-400 eggs in this short span. The most com-
mon breeding sites are in feedlots or dairy lots where
the female deposits her eggs in spoiled or fermenting
organic matter mixed with animal manure and dirt.
Stable flies feed by piercing the skin and sucking
blood The bite of thefly is painful and large numbers
512
-------
of flies can often make cows go off feed. Sanitation is
the first step in controlling the fly population. Steps to
follow are: (1) Manure should be removed or
mounded. (2) Sick pens, feed storage areas, water
systems, fences and gates, feed bunks, and feed ap-
rons should be cleaned regularly. (3) Chemical
sprays should be used. There are 3 methods of insec-
ticide fly control: (1) Residual spray is used to spray
areas where flies rest. When flies rest on the sprayed
areas, they pick up enough insecticide to kill them.
These sprays are used on fences, feedbunks, and
buildings and usually last between 20-21 days. (2)
Area sprays are used to spray directly on flies and
should be used 2 or 3 times a week. (3) Animal sprays
are used directly on the cattle and this method needs
to be repeated at 4-7 day intervals. Applying insec-
ticides to breeding areas is not recommended due to
the danger of animal or crop contamination.
(Edwards-East Central)
3201 - A9, A10, Bl
THE HORN FLY: METHOPRENE IN
DRINKING WATER OF CATTLE FOR
CONTROL,
U. S. Livestock Insects Laboratory, KerrviUe, Texas
nan
M. L. Beadles, J. A. Miller, W. F. Chamberlain, J. L.
Eschle, and R. L. Harris
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 68, No. 6, p.
711-785, December IS. 1975 2 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Insecticides.
Identifiers: Fly control, Methoprene.
The U. S. Livestock Insects Laboratory at Kerrville,
Texas, is involved in a pilot program in Hawaii to
determine the feasibility of an integrated approach to
eradication of the horn fly. Haematobia irritans (L.).
A promising orally-administered material that has
been investigated at the Kerrville laboratory is
methoprene, an insect growth regulator (IRQ.) Data
from Kerrville tests has indicated that cattle will
readily accept drinking water containing methop-
rene. A field trial was therefore conducted on the
Kalaupapa peninsula to examine a method of ad-
ministering methoprene in drinking water and to de-
termine the effect of methoprene on the population of
adult flies. Devices were constructed to melerO.34 mg
of methoprene / liter of water automatically into the
troughs of drinking water and a 350-animal herd of
cattle. The effect on the population of Haematobia
irritans
-------
study data did show a significant difference of the
hydrogen sullide content between samples taken on
different day». The authors concluded that the cad-
mium hydroxlde-methylene blue method was a very
effective procedure for trapping and testing for hyd-
rogen sulflde In swine confinement units. (Penrod-
East Central)
3207 - A8, B3, E2
CAN ORGANIC MANURES IMPROVE
CROP PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN
INDIA?
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural
Economics, University of Georgia, Athens
C. C. W. Ames
Descriptors: Organic wastes, Crop response, Soils,
Fertilizers.
Identifiers: India, Land application.
A study was conducted to measure the effect of or-
ganic manures on crop yields under actual farm situ-
ations n southern Karnataka Stole, India A survey
*
. S' 8y •" SU8" «"•
cewed the largest application, of organic manures.
TTJere was some evidence that excessively large ap-
plications of organic manure reduced paddy yields in
a few cases. However, the correlation of
and ™»n y: """fall and irrigation; variety
Method of lrtir; for™llu' 1<""""y. timing and
riemwrnVnt^ "PP»<»fon; quantity and nut-
nent content of organic manures; and careful m«
p AND PROP-
PRACTICES IN ANIMAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT, NIMAL
Texas Tech University
"1**10™ H- W. Parker and D. M Wells
*
v M , rac<:es n A """
waste Management. Environmental Protection
Descriptors: Farm wastes. Bibliography
*: Tllermochemical Processing. Cop-
Current and proposed practices in animal waste utili-
lation and/ or disposal were reviewed by means of a
detailed search of the literature, by correspondence
and by visits with active investigators in the field
Abstracts were prepared of 1162 publications dealing
with animal waste utilization and /or disposal or
closely related materials having a direct carry-over
potential. These latter publications pertained to some
other aspect of manure management or to thermo-
chemlcal processing of some other organic material
In addition, abstracts of III pertinent projects spon-
•ored by the USDA were included in a separate ap-
pendix. Land spreading, with or without advantage
being taken of the fertilizer and soil-conditioning val-
ues, Is the ultimate destiny of nearly all manure pro-
duced at present. Attention was focused in the report
however, on the less-used but potentially more re-
warding processes of gas or oil recovery, ref ceding to
animals after more or less processing, and using as a
culture medium for fly larvae, worms, algae, fungi,
yeast, etc., with ultimate disposal of the catabolized
manure as • soil conditioner, and utilization of the
organisms as feedttuffs. This report was submitted in
fulfillment of Contract No. 6M1-0785 under the spon-
sorship of the Office of Air and Water Programs, En-
vironmental Protection Agency. (Whetstone, Parker,
and Wells-Texas Tech University)
3209 - A6, B2, C2, D3, F6
A DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT
MODEL OF THE OXIDATION DITCH
FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE TREAT-
MENT,
E. J. Kroeker
MS Thesis, Cornell University, August, 1974 131 D 19
fig, 16 tab, 49 ref.
Descriptors: Design. Waste treatment, Model
studies, Nitrogen, Aeration, Poultry.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Odor control, Solids re-
moval.
Societal trends have turned attention to agricultural
problems associated with the disposal of wastes from
animal confinement. This thesis deals primarily with
one alternative that may be applied to animal waste
treatment. A mathematical model was presented to
be used as a tool for the design and management of an
in-house continuous flow oxidation ditch. The model
may be directly applied to describe the treatment of
caged-layer poultry wastes for control of odors, con-
servation of nitrogen or removal of nitrogen. Col-
lected operational data from two oxidation ditches
verified the model. The model made reasonable pre-
dictions for three aeration design requirements.
However, at high concentrations of total solids (grea-
ter than 35,000 rug/1), it appears that additional de-
sign criteria should be used. The empirical equation
used to describe solid removal in the model, however,
did not make reasonable predictions. (Penrod-East
Central)
3210 - A3, A4, B2, C2, D3
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF USING
A SPRAY-RUNOFF SYSTEM.
D. E. Eisenhauer
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Kansas State University, 1973, 91 p. 7 fig, 66 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff. Cattle
Irrigation, Waste treatment, Chemical properties
Water pollution.
Identifiers: Spray-runoff. Overland flow.
Land disposal by irrigation has been the most preva-
lent method for handling feedlot runoff. This thesis
evaluates the spray-runoff technique, a special adap-
tation of the sprinkler irrigation system, as a possible
disposal practice. The general principle is to apply
wastewater at the top of a uniform grassed slope by
sprinkler nozzles at a rate such that a high percent
returns as overland flow. Since the biological or-
ganisms utilize certain impurities in the water as a
food and energy source, the water is treated as it flows
over the grass slopes. The treated water is then car-
ried off the field by terrace channels and either re-
leased or recycled, depending upon the degree of
treatment desired. An experimental spray-runoff
system was installed at a 22,000 head feedlot in Kan-
sas. The 10.9 acre treatment field contained 4 sprink-
ler laterals on which 100 foot spray diameter sprinkler
heads were installed. Two parallel terraces, spaced
on about 200 foot centers, were constructed to carry
the water between laterals off the field. The land
slopes varied from 1-3 percent. The loam soil was
seeded to a grass mixture of reed canarygrassand tall
fescue. Flow measuring and sampling equipment
were installed so that both quantity of the applied
wastewater and the runoff water could be evaluated.
Instantaneous loading rates of 0.04 and 0 OJ in-
ches/hour were used. The system was operated dur-
ing the summer and early fall of 1972. Concentration
reductions ranged from 27-60 percent for BOD^,29-44
percent for Kjeldahl nitrogen, and 35-49 percent for
ammonia nitrogen. During the total season, only 25-27
percent of the applied waste water ran off. Due to the
low runoff percentage, mass removal percentages
ranged from 77 to 97, 74 to 90 for BOO*> Kjeldahl
nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen, respectively The
rainfall runoff from the treatment field also contained
considerable amounts of pollution causing material
and was of questionable quality for release to surface
waters. Further study will be required to determine If
crop growth can be maintained. (Ott-East Central)
3211-A6, All, B3, C2, E3
RECYCLING POULTRY NUT-
RIENTS.
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing
H. C. Zindel
Animal Nutrition and Health, Vol. 26 No 9 D 6-7
September, 1971. 1 tab. ' '
Descriptors: Dehydration, Odor, Performance Fer-
tilizers, Recycling, Poultry, Feeds.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried Poultry Wastes.
The Poultry Science Department at Michigan State
University has concluded that dehydration of raw
poultry manure holds thegreatest potential for reduc-
ing odor and other forms of pollution while renderine
a reusable product. In a yet unfinished test begun in
late 1970, commercially-grown pullets are fed on mix-
tures of 12(4 percent dried poultry waste (DPW) and
»7% percent corn, 25 percent DPW and 75 percent
corn, or 100 percent corn. Up through the twenty-
second pass the usable protein was running at a fairly
constant 10 percent, the mortality rates were about
the same for all three groups, and the production of
eggs was slightly, although insignificantly, in favor of
the corn birds. The possibility of seasonable influ-
ences is being further investigated. The non-odorous
UPW also has potential as a fertilizer for lawns, athle-
tic fields, golf courses, greenhouses, and potted house
plants. (Solid Waste Information System)
3212 - A10, Bl, F3
FINAL REPORT - MANURE HANDL-
ING AS RELATED TO FLY (HOUSE
AND*)R STABLE) CONTROL PRO-
JECT 1763,
W. L. Gojmerac
Final Report-Project 1763, College of Agricultural
and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1972,12 p.
3 ref.
Descriptors: Wisconsin, Lime, Automation
Identifiers: Fly control, Manure, Bedding, Slatted
Recent technology has added a new dimension to fly-
control in farm sanitation programs. Summer feed-
ing, automated equipment that is not self-cleaning
Jj^ J?00"' etc' can retain manure or feed which
breeds flies. In 1971 and 1972 several farms in Wisco?
sin were inspected and studied to observe causes
major problems and possible solutions tony infests
toon of manure. Variables that were investigated that
c«ild affect fly-breeding in relation to manure were
1 bedding, (2) the effectiveness of lime treatment',
(3) old manure. (4) allowing chickens to run and work
manure stocks, and (5) location of fly maggots in a
production unit. Investigation of farms shSwed that
house fly numbers were reduced by not using any
bedding. Lime was not found to be a practical method
for fly control. Problem areas of fly infestation were
found to be: (1) between slats or slatted floor opera-
tions, (2) in and around sprockets, gears, chains, and
other machinery parts where manure accumulates
(3) in the crust formed on liquid tanks and detention
ponds, (4) during the exercise year, anywhere animal
traffic tends to be light, and (5) liquid manure pits
The season during which flies were the most preW
lent was the summer. Areas needing further investi-
gation are listed. (Penrod-East Central)
3213 - A8, All, Bl, C2, E2, F5
FERTILIZER: ANIMAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS AND PASTURE FER-
TILIZATION WITH POULTRY UT-
.TER.
514
-------
S R. Wilkinson and J. A. Stuedemann
McGraw-Hill Yearbook o( Science and Technology,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1974, p. 180-182. 2
fig. « ref.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Litters, Cattle, Toxicity,
Nitrogen herbage.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Poultry wastes, Fat nec-
rosis, Grass tetany.
The occurrence of fat necrosis, grass tetany, and nit-
rate toxicity in cattle grazing fescue pastures heavily
fertilized with poultry litter has mobilized resear-
chers to investigate the application and effects of
noultry litter on grazing land. Fat necrosis, referred
toas lipomatosis, is the presence of hard fat masses in
the abdominal cavity. Digestive disturbance, scanty
feces, bloating, and difficult birth are some of the
symptoms associated with fat necrosis. Fat necrosis
has been investigated in Kentucky-31 tall fescue pas-
tures fertilized over a several-year period with diffe-
rent amounts of nitrogen in the poultry litter. Fat
necrosis free cattle that were introduced to the pas-
turage soon suffered rectally palpable lesions that
increased with time in size and number. The results
indicated that incidence of fat necrosis was related to
hieti nitrogen fertilization of fescue pastures rather
than feed additives in the poultry Utter. Grass tetany
is a complex nutritional disease associated with low
blood magnesium levels. Cattle producers in areas of
concentrated poultry production have reported an in-
crease in the incidence of grass tetany. Nitrogen and
potassium inputs increase herbage nitrogen and
potassium. When such herbage is ingested by the
>«tany susceptible cow, the possibility of grass tetany
is increased. It has been found that magnesium oxide
in amounts of 1 . 5 to 2 ounces per cow added to feed will
nrevent grass tetany. Excessive nitrate concentra-
tions in herbage has also been attributed with causing
some cattle losses. Although the problem of nitrate
toxicity is complex, some factors that affect the ac-
cumulation of nitrate are: ( 1 ) excessive nitrogen fer-
tilization, (2) drought, (3) cloudy weather, (4) her-
bicides, (5) imbalance of soil nutrients. (6) kind of
olant (7) age of.plant, and (8) plant part. Control of
health problems such as these may depend upon the
sensible use of poultry litter and good pasture man-
agement. (Penrod-East Central)
3214 - B2, D3, E3
METHANE GENERATION FROM
LIVESTOCK WASTES IN NORTH-
ERN GEORGIA.
Aericultural Engineering Department, Georgia Uni-
versity Coastal Plains Experiment Station, Tifton
C V Booram, G. L. Newton, and F. Haley
Presented at 1975 Winter Meeting, American Society
nf Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18, 1975, Paper No. 4543, 8 p. 3 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: Methane, Georgia, Design, Lagoon, Ir-
Identifiers: Anaerobic digester, Swine.
This paper describes an on-famn anaerobic digester
near Canton, Georgia. At Fred Haley Farms, Inc.
wastes are produced by three separate swine units
located near the anaerobic digester. The first unit is a
boar test facility which contains 230 animals at any
one time with each animal in an individual pen. Both
sides of the building are open and ventilation depends
on natural air movement; the floor is partially slat-
ted Wood chips are used for bedding. Once a day,
manure is hydraulically transported out of the build-
ine using dosing siphons as the mechanism for the
release of fresh water. Unit 2 is a farrowing unit with a
maximum capacity of 48 sows. Wastes are hosed out of
the partially slatted building daily. Unit 3 is a 250 head
confinement building where wastes are scraped daily
mto an open channel located at the side of the building.
Twice a week, the manure in this channel is flushed
into the digester. The digester is 24 feet in diameter
lith a maximum fluid depth of 19 ft. and has an
ooerating volume of 8600 cu. ft. or 65,000 gallons. The
ied into the farrowing unit to be
rang v . . ,
produced is piped into the farrowin
,,sed for heating during the winter. A maximum of 665
f?of gas per day or about 14,900 BTU's per hour are
nroduced in the digester. Effluent from the digester is
Sijcharged into a lagoon and kept for use in irrigation.
(Edwards-East Central)
3215-All, Bl, C2, E3
MINNESOTA LAMB TRIALS SHOW
POORER GAINS WITH POULTRY
WASTE THAN CORN-SOY,
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 15, p. 24,29-31, April 12.1976.6
tab.
Descriptors: Feeds, Performance, Nitrogen, Energy,
Utters, Sheep.
Identifiers: Poultry wastes, Refeeding.
At the University of Minnesota a study was done to
explore the possibilities of using the tremendous
amounts of turkey litter as a nitrogen and energy
roughage source for lambs. This poultry wastage was
pelleted (V," pellets). The poultry wastage or litter
was basically wood shavings with a bit of rice hulls
upon which 3 groups of turkeys were fed. The material
going to the dehydrator was 25-30 percent moisture.
To determine its value as a source of nitrogen and
possible energy as well, 6 lots of 12 lambs each were
fed the following concentrate mixtures: (1) control-
corn 85 percent, soybean meal (SBM) 15 percent. (2)
com 70 percent, poultry wastage 30 percent, (3) com
60 percent, poultry wastage 40 percent, (4) corn 80
percent, SBM 20 percent, (5) corn 50 percent, poultry
wastage 50 percent, and (6) corn 40 percent, poultry
wastage 60 percent. Results showed that initially the
lambs showed no reluctance to consume the pelleted
poultry wastage. Daily protein intake per lamb in lots
1,2, and 3 was about equal and in all cases exceeded
requirements. Higher but equivalent "protein" levels
were provided to lambs in lots 4,5, and 6. It appears
that the weight gain data were a direct reflection of
energy intake. While the poultry wastage contained
280 ppm copper, the researchers experienced no diffi-
culty with copper toxicity. Also studied were:
whether pelleted beet pulp could be used advantage-
ously in finishing rations for lambs, feeding cull navy
beans to study their value as a sheep feed, the effect of
forage species and grazing management on lamb
production and grain feeding lactating ewes.
(Rowe-East Central)
3216 - Bl, B2, B3, B4, C2, E3
MANURE SYSTEM NEEDS FIRST
PRIORITY IN CONFINEMENT
PLANNING,
Anonymous
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 5, p. 6,10-11, January, 1976. 4 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Design, Waste stor-
age, Equipment, Nutrients, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Waste management.
Planning a complete manure handling system before
building a confinement barn can save countless
headaches. The most common problems of poor plan-
ning are: (1) too small lagoons or storage pits, (2)
inadequate agitation equipment, (3) inadequate ven-
tilation, (4) top filling lagoons, (S) lagoons built with-
out any thought of an alternative handling system, (6)
odors, and (7) f reezeups. The most common problems
caused by management errors are: (1) undersized
removal equipment, (2) insufficient water in lagoons,
(3) improper agitation of manure pits. (4) buildkip of
solids in the bottom of the pit, (S) bedding in the man-
ure, (6) insufficient animal traffic on the slotted
floors. Bob Maddex, Michigan State agricultural en-
gineer says to "plan your system first - then pick a
building to match that system." A checklist for
evaluating manure systems is given. There are four
different areas in planning a manure handling system
which one must contemplate very seriously They
are: (1) type of system, (2) method of collection, (3)
storage and (4) utilization equipment. Proper handl-
ing and storage is also important if the manure is to be
used for fertilizer because of the effect that handling
and storage has on the value of the manure. Several
ways of preventing losses of nutrients from the man-
ure are also mentioned. James Moore, University of
Minnesota engineer, said there are 4 rules to be fol-
lowed by owners of liquid manure lagoons: (1) start
the lagoon with ample amounts of water, (2) start the
lagoon in warm weather to work the "bugs" out be-
fore winter, (S) do not overload the lagoon, and (4)
withdraw liquid annually. (Edwards-East Central)
3217-B1, C2, E3
MANURE VALUE NEXT TO EGGS IN
EGG PRODUCTION,
Poultry Digest, Vol. 35, No. 408, p. 74, February, It7(.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Fertilizers. Economics, Nit-
rogen, Phosphorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Poultry manure.
Edward C. Naber, Ohio State University, says that
poultry manure is the second most valuable product
produced in an egg operation. Wholesale value of nit-
rogen is 18 tf a Ib.; phosphorus, 384 * ">• • and potas-
sium, 84 alb. Each hen has annual output of about M
pounds of manure having about 40 percent moisture
when removed from the house. On the basis of thii
fact, it is calculated a hen produces between $1 and
$1.20 worth of fertilizer elements a year. Naber says
that poultry men must take advantage of the
economic value of poultry manure. (Edwards-East
Central)
3218 - Bl, D3, E3, Fl, F6
CORNELL TEAM WORKING ON
ANIMAL WASTE DIGESTER,
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 34. p. 42. August 23, l»7t.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Feeds, Fertilizers,
Nutrients, Costs.
Identifiers: Reteeding, Digester.
A grant-funded three-year project is underway at
Cornell University to develop a waste digester capa-
ble of producing methane gas as well as fertilizer* and
protein-rich feedstuffs from cow manure. The prop-
osed digester will produce methane gas, and at the
same time will recover nitrogen in ammonia form.
phosphorus and potassium from wastes. Also, bac-
teria in the wast e will be harvested as a basic material
for animal feeds. The processed waste, an odorless
material, will be suitable for use in home gardens and
for improvement of soil properties. Another digester
to produce only methane will also be designed.1t will
be for use on dairy farms with as few as 20 cows. The
main objective of Cornell's study is to develop lower
cost energy generation systems. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
3219 - A3, A8, B3, C2, E2
MANURE EFFECTS ON RATE OF
ADVANCE, INTAKE, AND QUALITY
OF RUNOFF FROM IRRIGATED
PULLMAN CLAY LOAM,
Soil Scientist, USDA Southwestern Great Plains Re-
search Center, Bushland, Texas 79012
A. C. Mathers. B. A. Stewart, and J. D. Thomas
Unpublished paper, Soil, Water, and Air Sciences,
Southern Region, Agricultural Research Service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture and Texas Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University.
1975,18 p. 1 fig, 7 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Irrigation, Crop re-
sponse, Nitrates, Phosphorus, Chlorides, Sorghum.
At the USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research
Center, Bushland, Texas, manure was incorporated
into Pullman clay loam. Manure treatments of 0, 22,
and 67 metric tons/hectare were applied annually.
Additional treatments of 67/ha wen applied the tint
year only and 22 kgN / ha was applied annually. Grain
sorghum was grown and irrigated. It was found that
manure applications slowed the advance rate of irri-
gation water in graded furrows and increased intake
rates. Increased grain yields of plots receiving man-
ure over those receiving N was attributed to more
available water. Incorporation of manure in soil did
not significantly increase NO 3 or Cl in runoff except
when rain fell on saturated soil. Phosphorus in runoff
was low in all measurements. These data indicate
that runoff quality is not markedly reduced when ma-
nure is incorporated into soil. (Edwards-East Cent-
ral)
515
-------
3220 - A3, A8, B3, E2
EFFECT OF WINTER APPLIED MA-
NURE ON RUNOFF, EROSION AND
NUTRIENT MOVEMENT,
Agricultural Engineer, U S Department of Agricul-
ture, Agricultural Research Service, Morris. Min-
nesota
R.A Young
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, June, 1876, Paper No. 76-2060, 9 p. 1 fig,»tab.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Erosion, Oats, Al-
falfa, Corn, Sampling
Identifiers. Land application. Application rates, Fro-
ten ground.
A study was set up to determine the contribution of
manure applied on frozen ground to the annual nut-
rient losses associated with runoff and erosion from
plowed corn ground and hayland Eight experimental
plots, 4.1m wide and 23.4 m long, were set up on a 9
percent slope on Barnes Loam (l/dic Haploborall) in
west central Minnesota Four of the plots were
planted in corn, 2 in newly seeded alfalfa with an oal
cover crop, and the remaining! were left in 6-year-otd
alfalfa Treatments on the 8 plots consisted of the
following: CORN — (1) check, no manure, (2) 44 8
metric tons /ha solid dairy manure, wet basis,
applied in fall ard plowed under, (31 44.8 metric
tons/ha solid dairy manure, wet basis, applied in fall
on frozen ground, 14) 44.8 metric tons /ha solid dairy
manure, wet basis, applied in spring on top of snow;
NEW ALFAl.FA-(5)44.8 metric tons/solid dairy
manure, wet basis, applied in fall on frozen ground,
16) 44 8 metric tons/ha solid dairy manure, wet
basis, applied in spring on top of snow, OLD AL-
FALFA — (71 44 8 metric tons/ha solid dairy man-
ure, wel basis, applied infall on frozenground, (8)44.8
metric tons/ha solid dairy manure, wet basis,
appl ied in spring on lop of snow. Each plot was equip-
ped with runoff measuring equipment for measuring
gl] water and soil coming off the plot surface during
runoff events Soil and nutrient loss from manured
plots was lower than expected. The effects of winter
manuring extended into the growing season, causing
decreased soil loss, runoff, and nutrient movement
and increased yields (Howe-East Central)
3221 - B2, C2, D3, El, E2
INTER-RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
NITROGEN BALANCE, pH
AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN AN
OXIDATION DITCH TREATING
FARM ANIMAL WASTE,
Chemistry and Microbiology Divisions, North of Scot-
land College of Agriculture, Aberdeen
1 Murray, J W Parsons and K. Robinson
Water Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 2MO, January, 1975
4 fig. 1 lab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Dissolved oxygen, Nitrification, Denitrification
Ammonia.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Land disposal.
Major pathways of nitrogen in aerobic farm waste
treatment systems are outlined, and attempts are
made to explain the observed data and fate of nitro-
gen, in terms of the mode of operation of the field scale
system The changes in DO, oxygen uptake rale, pH
and nitrogen balance were monitored under steady
and nonsteady state conditions in an oxidation ditch
treating undiluted pig waste. Undesirable nitrite ac-
cumulations occurred in the presence of high levels of
free Nfy and HNOj . The influx of raw waste en-
couraged this self-promoting process. DO and pH
were found to be inversely related. High DO was as-
sociated with an acid mixed liquor and nitrification.
Low DO was associated with high pH and a denitrify-
ing or non-nitrifying mode of operation. Aerobic
treatment of concentrated (arm waste inevitably re-
sults in some degree of nitrification and subsequent
nitrogen loss through denitrificaaon when the mixed
liquor ceases to be aerobic. This is desirable if trie
settled liquor is to be discharged to a water course;
however, if conservation of nitrogen for land applica-
tion is required, then the aerobic system is wasteful
and the use of nitrification inhibitors would lead to
accumulation of NH, and high pH. (Penrod-East
Central)
3222 - A8, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF CATTLE DUNG AND
DUNG BETTLE ACTIVITY ON
GROWTH OF BEARDLESS WHEAT-
GRASS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA,
Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Private Bag No. 3,
Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia
A. MacQueen and B. Beirne
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Vol 55, No 4, p
961-967, October, 1975. 3 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors. Crop response, Productivity, Nutrients,
Nitrogen
Identifiers: Dung beetles, British Columbia, Crude
Protein.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of
adding nitrogen to soil in various ways on the growth
of beardless whea (grass. One of these ways was to use
a dung-burying beetle, Qnthophagus nuchicornis
(L.). The experimental work was done at the Re-
search Station, Agriculture Canada, Kampoops.
British Columbia Beardless wheatgrass was grown
in pots containing typical Brown Chemozemic sandy
loam soil from severly overgrazed grassland. Six
treatments, replicated 10 times were as follows: (11
200 g of fresh dung hand-mixed with the soil, to stimu-
late total burial of the dung by beetles, (2) 200 g of
fresh dung plus 5 pairs of & nuchicornis beetles that
buried some dung mainly in the form of brood balls to
provision their larvae, (3) 200 gunburiedfresh dung to
stimulate the current rangeland situation where dung
normally remains unburied.and (4) acontrol, where
no dung or nitrogen fertilizer was added to the soil.
Total incorporation of the fresh dung into the soil in-
creased total crude protein production, potential seed
production, and the vigor of the grass over the 2 year
period. Burial of an average 37 percent of the availa-
ble dung by beetles caused a 38 percent increase in
crude protein over that of the control. These range-
lands have an impoverished native dung beetle fauna
in comparison with some other climatically similar
areas of the world. Efficient dung beetles should bury
cattle dung more effectively during the growing sea-
son than do the present species. Establishment of
such new species might provide an aid to nutrient
recirculation and. through this, to maintenance of
rangeland productivity. (Rowe-East Central)
3223-Bl, D2, D3, E3, Fl
FEEDLOT WASTES TO USEFUL
ENERGY — FACT OR FICTION?,
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering. Kansas
State University, Manhattan
L A. Schmid
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division
(Proceedings of ASCE), Vol. 101, No. EE5, p. 7*7-793,
October, 1975. 2 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Energy, Feedlots, Anaerobic digestion.
Recycling, Fuels. Fertilizers, Economics.
Identifiers: Case studies.
The present energy shortage makes it necessary for
new sources of energy to be sought. One such source is
f eedlot wastes which can be used to produce gas or
other energy. Although the buff aJochips used by early
pioneers contained much of their original fuel value,
present teedlot conditions make it impossible lor
wastes to maintain their maximum fuel value and
therefore place a restriction on the uses of wastes for
fuel. Tht author's first and last law of energy conser-
vation is: Total energy expended to obtain energy
must not exceed return energy. There are several
methods of energy conversion, four being < I) conver-
sion to heat by incineration methods; (2) conversion
to gas by high temperature pyrolysis; (3) conversion
to gas by biological methods; and (4) conversion to
other organic forms. Because of the energy lost on
present feedlots, all of these methods suffer substan-
tially Three case studies to examine in detail biologi-
cal conversion to gas by anaerobic digestion are dis-
cussed. The conclusion reached by the author was
that net energy production from present feedlots It
neither practical or possible, and that the best use of
feedlot wastes is as fertilizers. (Edwards-East Cent-
ral)
3224 - Cl, C2, E2, E3
DUNG AS AN ESSENTIAL RE-
SOURCE IN A HIGHLAND PERUVIAN
COMMUNITY,
Department of Anthropology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
B Winlerhalder, R. Larsen and R. B. Thomas
Human Ecology. Vol. 2, No. 2. p. 89-J04, April, 1974.5
fig, 5 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Fuels, Fertilizers, Sheep,
Cattle, Energy. Nutrients.
Identifiers: Llamas, Ecology, South America.
In the community studied, dung was used as both fuel
and fertilizer. Interestingly enough, native choice
among available dungs corresponds to their qual-
ities: sheep dung, richest in nutrients, is applied as
fertilizer; llama and cattle dungs, each with a high
caloric value, are burned as fuels. The emphasis of
the bulk of the paper is on anthropological ecology,
using the concepts of energy flow, nutrient cycling
and environmental adaptation to demonstrate the
importa nee of efficient use of animal excrement in the
adaptation of highland peoples. (Solid Waste Infor-
mation Retrieval System)
3225--Bl, C2, E2, Fl
NUTRIENT CYCLES INVOLVING
PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON
LIVESTOCK FARMS IN NORTHERN
IRELAND,
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Department,
Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
S. N. Adams and J. S. V. McAllister
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 85, No 2, p. J4&-
349,1975. 2 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Phosphorus, Potassium, Fertilizer,
Economics.
Identifiers: Nutrient balance sheet. Northern Ire-
land, Land spreading.
The Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture has
suggested that the net need of livestock farms for
fertilizer P and K can be determined by comparing
the P and K produced in the excreta of housed lives-
tock with the needs of the crops grown. This study was
done to see if the principle could be used in advising
farmers by developing a simple form of nutrient ba-
lance sheet to ensure efficient recycling of nutrients,
while avoiding deficiencies of excesses. About 100
farms throughout Northern Ireland were selected by
the Department of Agriculture's advisory staff to
cover the main farming types in the area. The far-
mers provided records of the stock carried, the area
of the crops grown, and the fertilizer used from
November 1,1*72 to October 31,1973. The soils of all
fields were sampled for P and K determinations. An
arbitrary deduction of 10 percent of the P and K was
madetoallow for losses from P and K "balances". It
was found that the amounts of P and K fertilizers
applied on the predominantly grassland farms bore
little relation to needs; furthermore, almost all far-
mers applied more fertilizer than was needed to cover
deficits. It was felt that nutrient balances would en-
courage farmers to regard organic manures as a val-
uable source of nutrients rather than as a waste pro-
duct to be disposed of. Furthermore, the nutrient ba-
lance sheets are readily understood and could help the
fanner make substantial savings in fertilizers. How-
ever, the nutrient balance sheet is subject to large
errors. (Rowe-East Central)
3226 - A4, A6, B2, C2, D3, E2 -
NORTH CAROLINA SWINE OPERA-
TION SOLVES ODOR, WASTE-
WATER PROBLEMS
516
-------
Feedstuffs. Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, Vol.47, No.48. p. 34-36,38, November 24,
1975 3 fig.
Descriptors: Management, Design, Odor, Wastewa-
ter treatment, Aeration, Lagoons, Anaerobic condi-
tions. Irrigation, DenitrificaUon, Oxygen demand,
Water pollution, Feedlots, North Carolina.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal.
Lexington Swine Breeders, Inc. developed some dis-
posal and odor problems which were compounded by
thebuilding of a large furniture factory and several
new homes nearby. The manager of Lexington Swine
Breeders, Inc., Dr. George Welheril), secured the as-
sistance of 4 faculty members of North Carolina State
University who helped develop a satisfactory waste
management system. The plan called for the empty-
ing of 1 of 4 manure pits (1 pit for each swine house)
into a newly built aerobic lagoon. Here the odors were
eliminated and the oxygen demand, organic carbon,
and solids loading were reduced. The wastes then
went into an anaerobic lagoon. This aerated-
unaerated treatment sequence provided a suitable
condition for biological denitrification or nitrogen
removal. Since nitrogen is usually the limiting factor
in determining the amounts of wastes or wastewaters
to be applied to fields, there was great advantage in
this. The wastewater was then sprinkler irrigated out
on pasture land about 1 Vt hours a week. A creek,
which had run through the feedlot, was diverted
around the feedlot into a larger creek in order to pre-
vent it from being polluted any longer. The system
seems to be working quite effectively. .(Rowe-East
Central)
3227 - Bl
MECHANICAL MANURE HARVEST-
INGFR°M FEED-LOTS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins «B23
j. D. Kellerby and J. L. Smith
presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska Lincoln, June 27-30,1976, Paper No. 76J038,16
p. 11 fig, ltab,3ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Equipment, Design.
Identifiers: Manure harvester
Study objectives were: (1) to design and build a pro-
totype manure harvester for use on concrete or hard
surfaced beef feedlots, (2) to test the manure harves-
ter using wood shavings, wood paste and beef feedlot
manure and make practical recommendations for
improvement of the machine, and (3) to determine
the power required to operate various components of
the manure harvester with respect to efficiency of
loading, forward speed, variation in speed and posi-
tion of various machine components and depth of ma-
pure. The harvester was constructed on a small mod-
ified manure spreader. All components were hydraul-
ically powered. A loader was bolted to the front of a
.mail manure spreader after removal of the front
wall- The rear spreader components were removed.
The manure harvester operated in this manner. The
trader moved forward. A crustbreaker pulverized
the surface and threw the material back into a beater.
A scraper bladeunder the beater cleaned the material
to the desired depth. The beater's helical blades cut
any large pieces and threw the material back to the
inclined conveyor where it was moved up a platform
into the harvester bin which was unloaded when full.
Study conclusions were: (1) The manure harvester
loaded most efficiently from the standpoints of trac-
tor speed, power required, and pulverization, when
the material was approximately 5 cm deep and the
surface was reasonably smooth. Approximately 40
m*/ br could be loaded and about 75 percent of the
material encountered was loaded. (2) At the optimum
material depth of S cm and tractor speeds ranging
from i to 2 km/hr, less than lOkW was required to
ooerate the loader. (3) A smooth hard surface was the
most desirable feedlot condition. It was observed that
the hydraulic motor for the crustbreaker needed in-
creased torque and that the conveyor needed to be
redesigned to prevent plugging at the entry. (
st Central)
3228 - E3, Fl
LOTS GET OK TO PRODUCE GAS TO
COOK STEAKS.
G. Richardson
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 54, p. 1, January 5
1916.
Descriptors: Methane, Feedlots. Recycling, Ok-
lahoma, Texas, Costs.
Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America has been
authorized by Judge Israel Convisser to transport and
sell methane gas produced by cattle manure. The
pipeline company plans to buy the gas from Calorific
Recovery Anaerobic Process, Inc. of Oklahoma City
at an approved price of 11.33 per 1000 cubic feet. The
gas will by produced from a plant which Calorific has
under construction close to several feedlots near
Hooker, Oklahoma. Completion is scheduled for mid-
1976. Natural has also just entered a second agree-
ment to purchase commercial quantities of methane
from a generating plant to be built by Ecological Re-
search Associates, Lubbock, Texas, near a feedlot in
Deaf Smith County, Texas. Natural hopes to purchase
the gas from Ecological Research Associates at a
base price of $1.30 per 1000 cubic feet. While the firm
notes that the gas produced from cattle manure is
higher than current wellhead prices for natural gas, it
is "significantly less expensive than other forms of
synthetic gas now being developed and lower than the
cost of liquified natural gas being imported by some
U.S. utilities." The 2 contracts are believed to be the
first commercial-volume purchases by an interstate
pipeline company of methane gas generated from
manure. (Edwards-East Central)
3229 - Bl, G2, D3, E2, Fl
MANAGE HOG WASTE FOR FER-
TILIZER VALUE,
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 4, p. 43, February 28
1976.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Nutrients. Management
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Economics.
Identifiers: Swine.
Almost 70 percent of the phosphorus and nitrogen and
90 percent of the potassium in swine rations are ex-
creted in wastes. Correct management of these
wastes helps conserve these nutrients for fertilizer.
Stuart Melvin, Iowa State University extension ag-
ricultural engineer, says that in a farrow-to-finish op-
eration, a 220-lb. pig excretes 14-16 Ib of elemental
nitrogen, 7-8 Ib of phosphate, and 3-6 Ib of potassium
when fed common rations. About 70 percent of these
nutrients are excreted when the pig is fed from 40-220
Ib. The bedded and deep pit systems are best for con-
serving nitrogen. Nitrogen losses are highest in
aerobic-anaerobic treatment combinations and in
anaerobic lagoons. Nitrogen is also lost in the form of
ammonia when wastes are field spread. Much phos-
phorus and potassium are lost in systems having high
runoff from outside lots or in sludge buildings in the
bottom of lagoons. Fertilizer value per pig marketed
varies from $1.50 to $5, depending on the system used.
Disposal costs vary from We to C.50 per head mar-
keted. (Edwards-East Central)
3230- Bl, F2
NUISANCE LAW OFFERS FEEDERS
PROTECTION,
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 8, p. 20, April 24,1976.
Descriptors: Legal aspect], Iowa. Costs. Livestock.
Identifiers: Nuisance suits.
A bill being considered by the Iowa legislature would
give livestock producers some protection against nui-
sance suits and changing environmental regulations.
™'Proposed law grew from the belief that present
-, •"• "«••*•• ••>*£• it uv«« umu uuwii. 11 auUGt
livestock men to think that they might invest
thousands of dollars in a new livestock facility and
then have to defend themselves in court against
someone who may build a house next door and then
claim the facility a nuisance. The bill (SF 367) stile
that whoever is there first is right. If the livestock
operation was built to meet current environmental
regulations and zoning, the operator has a 10-year
exemption from major design changes. Such a change
is defined as one that would cost more than 2 percent
of the facility's value. If the producer has to make a
less expensive change to conform to rules on a facility
that is less than 10 years old, he would have a year to
make changes. Today, livestock sales account for
slightly more than SO percent of Iowa's cash farm
receipts. Passage of SF 367 should help encourage
Iowa farmers to make the investment to continue
livestock programs. (Rowe-East Central)
3231-All, B1.C2.E3
MEDICINAL DRUG RESIDUES IN
BROILER LITTER AND TISSUES
FROM CATTLE FED LITTER,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg 24061
K. E. Webb, Jr. and J. P. Fontenot
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 41, No. 4, p. 1111-1217.
October. 1975. 3 tab, 32 ref.
Descriptors: Litters, Virginia, Cattle
Identifiers: Drug residues. Tissue accumulations.
Refeeding, Animal health.
An evaluation was made of the degree of broiler litter
contamination by drug residues and the effect of feed-
ing broiler litter containing drug residues on tissue
accumulation in cattle. Samples of broiler litter were
obtained from several houses in the main broiler pro-
ducing areas of Virginia. The samples were analyzed
for oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline. penicillin.
neomycin, zinc bacitracin, nicarbazin, amprolium.
furazolidone, arsenic and copper. The only drug re-
sidues not detected in the litters were neomycin and
zinc bacitracin. In the feeding trials, Longissimus
muscle, liver and kidney fat samples were tested for
drug residues. Chlortetracycline, amprolium, nicar-
bazin, arsenic and copper assays were conducted on
the samples. Low-level chlortetracycline, am-
prolium, nicarbazin, arsenic and copper assays were
conducted on the samples. Low-level chlortetracyc-
Une residues were observed in kidney fat from 3 of»
animals f«d litter. Arsenic residues in muscle and
liver increased as the amount of litter fed increased
Litter feeding resulted in copper accumulation in the
liver. Amprolium or nicarbazin residues were not de-
tected. The study thus indicated that drug residues
are commonly found in broiler litter, but that feeding
utter to cattle results in little or no drug accumulation
in tissues tested after a 5-day withdrawal of litter
(Rowe-East Central)
3232 - A2, A4, A12, C3
FAECAL COLIFORMS AND FAECAL
STREPTOCOCCI IN STREAMS IN
THE NEW GUINEA HIGHLANDS,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bir-
mingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham B 15 JTT
R. Feachem
Water Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 367-374, June, 1974
Descriptors: Water pollution, Coliforms. Streptococ-
cus, Public health. Agricultural runoff
Identifiers: New Guinea, Swine, Domestic water
sources. Pollution indicators.
A detailed study was made of fecal coliform and fecal
streptococci concentrations in the streams of the Saka
Valley in the Highlands of New Guinea The Saka
Valley supports large populations of humans and
domestic pigs, whose feces are washed into the
streams by surface runoff following rain. Resear-
chers hoped to determine whether the fecal content of
the streams, which are used as domestic water
sources, would render the waters unsafe. If so, the
researchers further wanted to determine what action
could be taken to minimize this hazard Study conclu-
sions were: (1) Natural waters in the New Guinea
Highlands are contaminated with fecal material
which may derive largely from herds of domestic
517
-------
pigl (2) The polluted waters are usedfor all domestic
w*ter needs and are a health hazard. Only the spring
water it of reasonable quality and the encouragement
of greater us« of spring water, and spring protection,
are obvious public health improvement measures. (3)
Fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci proved to be
excellent indicators of fecal pollution in the New
Guinea Highlands. The membrane filtration
techniques, used to enumerate these bacteria, were
highly suited to the remote field conditions and the
primitive laboratory. (41 Fecal streptococci concert-
rations were enlremely sensitive to animal pollution
and peaked rapidly following storm water runoff into
the streams (5t Water temperatures ranged from 13
to 26 5 degrees C and Ihere was no evidence of col-
iform regrowth at these temperatures. This may be
due to the absence of major discha rges of domestic or
industrial wastes into the streams. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
3233 - A12, Bl
THE $446,700 BIT OF ADVICE: DONT
SWIM IN THE MANURE PIT!
J.Richter
Beef, Vot 12, No. 12, p. to, August, 1076.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Safety.
Identifiers: Occupational Safely and Health Ad-
ministration.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
IOSHA) of the U. S. Department of Labor published a
booklet entitled "Safety with Feed Cattle" which
caused a real battle between bureaucrats and beef
producers. Beef producers, however, are emerging
from the field without a visible scratch to reap a just
reward — a measure of relief from the rules and med-
dlesome ways of OSHA. Congressman Tom Hagedorn
of Minnesota, noting that the pamphlet was one in a
series of OSHA pamphlets which would cost tax-
payers an estimated $466,700, said: "The material in
these pamphlets seems to be written for a New Yorker
about to visit a (arm for the first time... I can't believe
these (booklets) are intended for persons who have
ipent all their lives on farms." The feedback got
through to Washington, and the Assistant Secretary of
Labor Morton Com, who runs OSHA, announced that
distribution of the booklet was being halted "pending
its revision." A compromise between the House and
Senate on the number of ranches and farms to be let
off the hook seems to be in the making. (Rowe-East
Central)
3234 - B2, B4, Fl
HOW THEY HANDLE FREE STALL
MANURE,
Anonymous
Hoard's Dairyman. Vol. 121, No. 1, p. 12-U, 46-47,
January 10,1976 5 fig.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Design, Costs, Equip-
ment, Dairy management.
Identifiers: Waste management, Free stall manure.
In a round table discussion, Michigan, Vermont, and
Wisconsin dairymen told how they handle their free
stall manure. The 4 men contributing to the discuss ion
were: E. Budd Gerrits, Wisconsin; Ervrin Walker,
Wisconsin; Tom Hewlett, Vermont; and Jerry Came-
ron, Michigan. Waste storage was handled on each
man's dairy as follows: Gerrits—earthen basin;
Walker-silo; Hewlett-earthen basin; and
Cameron—earthen basin. Equipment, materials, and
total costs for each system were as follows:
Gerrits—alley scrapers, barn cleaner, transfer
pump, dock on pond, excavation and concrete, pump
and spreader; Total cost—121,080; Walker-transfer
pump In lot, silo and pump, J.flOO gallon spreader;
Total cost-419,500; Hewlett—all weather road, exca-
vation, pump, truck-mounted tank, and trailer-
mounted spreader; Total cost—118,000, Cameron—
barn cleaner, garden tractor, excavation and picket
dam side-unloading spreader, box spreader and trac-
tor loader; Total cost 112,147. When asked what
changes they would make if they could plan each sys-
tem over again, their replies were as follows. Gtmts
said he would slope the bottom of the earthen basin
more and possibly concrete the bottom of i t. He would
also have his underground pipe from the bam be
either level or down hill. Walker didn't have any
changes. Hewlett recommended making the basin
lower than the bam to allow for gravity flow. He also
recommended a trailer-mounted pump with a 30-foot
high pole which would enable the tractor to stay on the
level at the topol the pond. Cameron could think of no
changes that should be made. I Rowe-East Central)
3235-B1, D3, E3
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
MANURE IS TODAY'S REALITY IN
FLORIDA,
Calf News, Vol. 14, No 4,p 48. April, 1976.
Descriptors: Methane, Recycling.
Identifiers: Anaerobic fermentation, Kaplan
Feedyards, Refeeding.
Kaplan Feedyards of Bartow, Florida, may be the
first feedyard to commercially produce methane gas
according to Don Kaplan. They built a waste conver-
sion system for an 8.000-head feedyard. The anaerobic
fermentation process will produce 60 million BTU's
per year and 2,900 tons of a 25 percent protein feed
product. Kaplan plans to use the methane to power the
boilers in his packing plant (Rowe-East Central]
3236-A7, Bl
PIT VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR
SWINE BUILDING,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Illinois Uni-
versity at Urbana-Champaign
R A. Keller and D L Day
Presented at 1975 Annual Meeting. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of California.
June n 26,1975, Paper No. 75-4048,14 p 9 fig. 7 tab. 9
ref
Descriptors: Design.
Identifiers: Swine buildings. Slatted floors
A ventilation system for exhausting air from manure
pits was installed in a hog-finishing building with a
partially slatted floor at the Illinois Agricultural Ex-
periment Station and its operation was monitored
during the winterof 1964-1965. Air wasexhausted from
the manure pit through a 4-inch diameter PVC sewer
pipe The building was insulated on the ceiling.but the
walls were not insulated and thedoors along the walls
were not closed completely in certain locations; thus
temperature differences and drafts were noticable
Although smoke tests revealed a downward air flow at
the slat level, the percent of slat area was not large
enough to determine all the effects from the pit venti-
lation system. The design and installation of this sys-
tem can be adapted to fit any building. (Edwards -
East Central I
3237 - A6, B2, C2, D3, E2
HATCHERY INSTALLS NEW WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, WAlfS
RESULTS,
Feedstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No 30, p. 52-53, July 26,1976.2 fig.
Descriptors: Management, Design, Wastewater
treatment, Wastewater disposal, Lagoons, Sprinkler
irrigation,Odor, Chemical oxygendern a/id, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Hatchery, Land disposal.
A North Ca-.olina hatchery, Chick Sales, Inc., Siler
City, has installed a wast* management system that
is hoped to mwt 1985 environmental standards. Scat-
teredover the 23 acres that adjoin the hatchery, the
waste management system includes washroom wa-
fer, egg shells, and no-hatch eggs. The system gener-
ates little or no odor Basically the facility involves a
series of treatments in a separator-grinder in the
washroom, an aerated lagoon and a second reservoir
known as the "polishing" pond. Water goes through
these various stages before being put into a sprinkler,
irrigation system which disperses the waste water
and fertilizes fescue during cold weather periods and
Bermuda grass during summer growing periods. Cat-
tle graze on the 15 acres of fescue and I acres of
Bermuda. Maintenance of the system has not been
much problem. Most of the time is spent on walking
around the lagoons and inspecting the pump and
aerators. Hatchery manager, Gail Phillips, also
-------
capacity of 13.6 meq /100 g, and a native lead content
of 6.4 ug/g was used. All experiments were con-
ducted in 6 replications with 1 corn variety. The ex-
perimenters determined that while phosphorus appli-
cations decrease lead uptake, translocation is af-
fected and at higher lead levels. Also, addition of
phosphorus has not proved to be economically or
ecologically feasible. II was found that lead uptake
decreases when cow manure is added to attain a total
organic content of 6 percent, but there is no effect of
additional manure. Liming does not have a consistent
effect on uptake, but lead translocation does appear to
decrease with liming. (Penrod-East Central)
3240-B1,D3,E3,F1
METHANE GENERATION FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTES: REVIEW
OF CONCEPT AND FUTURE APPLI-
CATIONS,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
W. J. Jewell, G. R. Morris, D. R. Price, W. W. Gunkel,
n W Williams, and R. C. Loehr
Presented at 1974 Northeast Regional Meeting,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, West
Virginia University, August 18-21, 1974, Paper No.
NA74-107.30 p. 7 fig, 5 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: Methane, Fermentation, Anaerobic di-
gestion. Costs, Dairy industry, Recycling, Fertilizers,
Energy-
Identifiers: Poultry.
Study objectives were: (1) to review the status of
anaerobic fermentation in converting organics to
methane gas, (2) to approximate the size of animal
production operations which could utilize this
technology on an economical basis and (3) to project
possible future applications of this technology. Ad-
vantages of anaerobic digestion were found to be: (1)
production of more easily dewatered sludge, (2) odor
free sludge, (3) sludge with undiminished fertilizer
value (4) particulate matter in sludge suitable for
..feeding (5) reduction of organic content by 50 per-
cent which prepared the sludge for ultimate disposal,
(Bl production of a large amount of methane gas as a
hv-oroduct. and (7) possible reduction of pathogenic
arwnisms. Disadvantages were: (1) explosion pos-
sibilities (2) high capital cost, (3) sensitive to opera-
tion and difficult to control, (4) developed much more
waste volume to be handled, (5) generated potential
water pollution problem, and (6) energy required in
firms of heat input. The most serious anaerobic di-
atstion limitation appeared to be ammonia toxicity to
the biological mass and may be avoided by controlling
the digester loading rate. A gross economic analysis
indicated that dairy and poultry farms of 155 and 5200
animals, respectively, could obtain total energy and
residue fertilizer benefits equal to the cost of the
«StehandUngsystem.Inthefuture,thissystemmay
orovide more than 95 percent of the energy require-
ments in large broiler operations. Anaerobic fermen-
tation offers promise in conversion of animal wastes
to usable energy, conserving fertilizer value equal to
the energy value of the methane, and may be useful in
large scale energy generation schemes. (Rowe-East
Central)
3241 - A4, A7, A8, All A12, Bl,
R2 B4 C2,C3 Dl,D2,f>3, El, F4
PROGRESS IN ANIMAL HYGIENE,
• imversityot vetennary'Scfence, Budapest, Hungary
n Kovacs and P. Rafai, eds.
Processin Animal Hygiene, F. Kovacsand P. Rafai,
(^Budapest, Akademiai, Kiado, 1975. 501 p.
fWcriptors: Liquid wastes. Cattle, Poultry, Dairy
industry. Air pollution, Soil contamination, Waterpol-
fiers- Waste management, Hygiene, Animal
Direction, Swine, Bioclimatology, Mastitis,
', Pathogens.
consists of papers presented at the First
.SsII Congress for Animal Hygiene,
t Hungary, on October 2-5,1973. A total of 105
chieny research reports dealing with 9 main
' read and discussed. Topics covered
were: (1) Disposal, treatment and utilization of liquid
manure, (2) Disinfection in large scale management
systems, (3) Hygienic problems of large scale cattle
husbandry, (4) Hygienicproblems of large scale poul-
try husbandry, (5) Hygiene of feeding, (6) Hygienic
problems of large scale swine husbandry, (7) Bioc-
limatology, (8) Influence of stable hygiene on milk
production and incidence of mastitis, and (9) Calf
rearing, calf fattening, and lamb fattening
(Merryman-East Central)
3242 - A4, A5, A6, A8, All, A12,
B2, C3","Dl,"D2, D3, E2
HYGIENIC PROBLEMS OF DIS-
POSAL, TREATMENT AND UTILIZA-
TION OF LIQUID MANURE,
University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hohenheim,
German Federal Republic
D. Strauch
In: Progress in Animal Hygiene, F. Kovacs and P.
Rafai, led). Budapest, Akademiai Kiado. 1975. p.
33-36.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Waste treatment. Waste
disposal. Aeration, Water pollution, Ground water pol-
lution, Crop response. Electrolysis.
Identifiers: Hygiene, Pathogens, Land disposal,
Radioactive irradiation.
In modern agriculture, excrements of animals are
produced mostly as liquid manure. From the hygienic
point of view, the main difference from solid manure
is the lack of self-heating so that a very important
influence on pathogenic microorganisms is absent.
Therefore, the liquid manure must be disinfected in
the livestock production unit to prevent pathogens
from being carried out of the production site. This is
often done by means of chemical disinfectants, but
care must be taken in using them. Such chemical
disinfectants as caustic soda and chlorinated li me will
cause damage to plants and therefore prevent the
liquid manure from being used as fertilizer. Also, de-
spite the availability of disinfectants for treatment of
slurry, most known disinfectants have the disadvan-
tage that there is none with a universal effect. Other
methods of treatment that are being utilized involve
electric current (ie. radioactive irradiation and elec-
trolysis) and aeration (ie. surface aeration and the
ventilating process). Most of these systems are based
on the fundamental principle of separating liquid
from solid phase. Such separation is not satisfactory
from the hygienic point of view as long as the
pathogenic microorganisms are not destroyed. Other
problems associated with these waste management
systems arise with collecting and spreading slurry.
Odor is a particular problem at these times, espe-
cially from pigs and poultry. Various methods of
deodorization by biological, chemical or technical
means are being investigated. Final statements can-
not yet be made. The problem of residues of chemical
deodorants in the organs of animals requires special
attention. Also, the question of soil and plant tolerance
for large amounts of slurry is being extensively
studied. It is known that fertility of the soil is damaged
by large amounts of liquid manure. Large doses of
slurry also cause a very heavy leaking of NO, into
the groundwaters. (Merryman-East Central)
In Hungary, the general tendency has been the ag-
ricultural utilization of as much liquid manure as pos-
sible, or at least its disposal into the soil, but attempts
have also been made at its purification Agricultural
utilization may be accomplished by fertilization of
land or use in farm ponds to grow fish. Promising
results of the latter warrant further study The liquid
manure may be utilized either after separation of
liquid and solid phase or without separation of the
phases. If the liquid manure is separated, the solid
and liquid phases are treated distinctly. The solids
phase is deposited and later used for dunging; the
liquid phase is stored for a given time and then carried
to the fields or disposed of in another way. Separation
of liquid manure is sometimes omitted in order to
preserve the manure's valuable components as much
as possible until utilization. In Hungary, purification
of liquid manure has been attempted unsuccessfully
in 2 units — the Pasveer-type oxidation ditch and a
combined mechanical-chemical-biological proce-
dure. Chemical analysis of liquid manure has re-
vealed it to be a dangerous water pollutant. Analysis
has also showed thai liquid manures contain impor-
tant plant nutrients and thus are valuable fertilizers
In view of the requirements of water quality and en-
vironmental protection, direct disposal of liquid ma-
nure into the soil under well controlled conditions
would appear to be the most feasible waste manage-
ment method. Transport to the fields should Uke
place in the shortest possible time, by the shortest
route, and under consideration of the capacity of the
soil so that its fertility may be maintained as long ms
possible. The use of homogenated liquid manure for
continuous irrigation meets not only the hygienic re-
quirements but it is also profitable from the agricul-
tural point of view. The separated liquid phase can be
utilized in the same manner if appropriate facilities
can be provided for its all-the-year-round storage with
due consideration of the hygienic requirements, also
under the conditions of quarantenization
tMerryman-East Central)
3244-All, A12, B2, C3
SOME BACTERIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE
AND SLURRY FROM LARGE SCALE
SWINE UNITS,
Agricultural College, Institute for Animal Hygiene.
Timisoara, Roumania
V. Tomescu, F. Marschang, R. Mora-Minzat. 0.
Rusu, E. Crainiceanu, and I. Grozav
In: Progress in Animal Hygiene. F. Kovacs and P.
Rafai, led). Budapest. Akademiai Kiado. 1975 p
40-44. 1 tab, IE ref.
Descriptors: Bacteria, Slurries Irrigation Fertiliz-
ers, Sampling, Liquid manure. Pathogenic bacteria
Identifiers: Swine, Roumania.
Only limited investigations have been carried out in
Roumania recently into the bacteriological charac-
teristics of sewage from animal units, especially from
large swine farms. Since such sewage is employed for
irrigation and the slurry is used as fertilizer, investi-
gations centered on its epidemiologies! and
epizootological role. During 1971. 1972 and 1773. 1S9
samples of sewage and slurry were taken from 5
3243 - A8, B2, B3, B4, C2, D3, E2, large-scale units and 2 swine farms Bacteriological
E3~
ANALYSIS OF LIQUID MANURE
TREATMENT IN HUNGARY, WITH
SPECIAL REGARD TO ENVIRON-
MENTAL PROTECTION,
Research Institute for Management of Water
Supplies, Budapest, Hungary
L. Verities
In: Progress in Animal Hygiene, F. Kovacs and P
Rafai, (Ed). Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, 1975. p
37-39.1 tab.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste treatment. Waste
storage, Waste disposal, Fertilizers, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Hungary, Land disposal. Hygiene, Fish
farming.
tests were performed for (a) determination of total
germ count per ml of sewage, (b I determination of the
E. coli- index, (c) typing of E. cell isolates, (d) detec-
tion of salmonellas, and (el detection of leptospires.
Sewage and slurry samples from swine units were
found to contain a heavy bacterial load. 142 strains of
E. coli, belonging to 23 serogroups, and serogroups
pathogenic for humans and animals, were isolated
and identified. 106 Salmonella strains, belonging to 12
serotypes were isolated. 32 Leptospira strains were
isolated and identified. They were found in 33 percent
of the samples collected and in 5t percent of those
processed, and belonged to 2 serotypes, 29 to L
pomona and 3 to L tarassovi. The rough and partially
purified sewage and the wet settled slurry originating
from large pig units and farms have a great potential-
ity for spreading pathogenic microorganisms, which
may have severe epidemiological and epizootological
consequences. Purification plants should be properly
519
-------
equipped tor the destruction o|' P^S^'^uSnT
hquid manure and «wage. I Merryman-East Cent-
ral)
***tt^^i£3S£S^£
3245 - All, A12, B2, C3, Dl, D2,
D3, E3, Fl, F3
BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF
EFFICIENCY OF LIQUID MANURE
HANDLING,
University of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
In Progress in Animal Hygiene. F Kovacs and P.
Ratal, ted I. Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, 1975. p.
45-51.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Bacteria, Wast* treat-
ment, Sampling.
Identifiers: Hungary, Waste water reuse.
Examinations were conducted in Hungary to assess
the microbiological efficiency of 4 manure handling
systems — (1) untreated liquid manure, (2) manure
stored in mechanically aerated lagoons, (3) separa-
tion of liquid manure into liquid and solid phase by
filtration through bundles of straw, and (4) a com-
bined physical-chemical biological handling system.
Total germ count, colilorms, staphylococci, en-
teroeocei and lactobacilli were measured in each of
these systems. Treatment in mechanically aerated
lagoons was found to be of good microbiological effi-
ciency. In a model experiment, sterile liquid manure
was infected with microorganisms isolated from
liquid manure, and one sample each was incubated at
•4-4 and *20*C. The counts of aerobic sporeformera
and Salmonella rose in the initial period of incubation
at + 20 C. In another experiment, filtered and
purified liquid manure was infected with Salmonella
and thereafter was passed through a settling column
and a semi-anaerobic bacteriological bed. Germ
count determinations in 3 passages showed that thus
procedure was not in itself sufficient to ensure a
salmonella-free end product, but it should be taken
into consideration that only the biological conditions
were modeled; physical and chemical treatment
were not. The authors seemed to feel that "*|rcula-
lion of part of the liquid manure might be beneficial in
washing the drains and probably also the floors of
fattening houses. This use would reduce the amount to
be disposed of by about 30 percent. However, it was
recogniied that special treatment might need to be
performed on the waste water to prevent dangers to
human and animal health. Studies will be concerned
with disinfection and the fate of microorganisms after
the deposition of liquid manure. (Merryman-East
Central I
3246 - All, B2
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME EN-
VIRONMENTAL FACTORS RE-
LATED TO MANURE HANDLING ON
HEALTH OF FATTENING PIGS,
Royal Veterinary College, Skara Division, Skara,
Sweden
J. 0. Lindqvist
In: Progress in Animal Hygiene F-Ko^csa™1 P-
Rafai.fed). Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, 1S7S. p.
USC. 2 fig. Href
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Design.
Identifiers: Animal health, Swine, Sweden, Waste
management. Housing.
During the last decade, liquid manure handling has
been a new alternative la Sweden, especially in the
production of fattening pigs. Liquid manure man-
agement involves in environment with little or no use
of straw. This has led to different animal health prob-
Urns amonz purchased pigs, which is usually most
Std^rtig thefet w4ksafter installing in the
fattening house. In order to reduce the stress for pigs
on arrival at the farm, different methods have been
triedI Forexample,thes
-------
area by lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells
were found. (Merryman-East Central)
3250- A7, All,B2,B4,C2,D1,E3
SOME RESULTS REGARDING
LIQUID MANURE GAS POISONING,
Royal Veterinary College, Sakra Division, Sweden
O. Hogsved
In: Progress in Animal Hygiene, F. Kovacs and P,
Ratal, led). Budapest, Akademtai, Kiado, 1975. p.
6»-72. 13 ref.
Descriptors: Air pollution, Hydrogen sulphide, Liquid
wastes, Waste storage, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Animal health, Sweden, Poisoning.
Many poisonings of cattle and pigs have occurred in
Sweden as a result of heavy agitation of long-stored
liquid manure. Acute cases have also occurred when
agitation has taken place in manure tanks out of doors
if there was an open connection between building and
tank. Hydrogen sulphide is considered'as the main
cause of such poisonings. In acute poisoning, there is a
general propensity for haemorrtiaging and extrava-
sation. Severe lung oedema and extensive haemor-
rhages in muscles and visceral organs are common.
In many cattle houses with liquid manure handling, a
special type of chronic disease has been observed
(chiefly in dairy cows). Hydrogen sulphide and or
other components of liquid manure gases are believed
to be responsible for this chronic disease. The
symptoms may vary depending on the degree of
poisoning, but include tramped teats, hoof disorders,
dullness of hair, loss of weight, and propensity to
haemorrhage. It is also felt that gases may cause
abortions in dairy cows and sows. The main therapeu-
tic measure for combatting chronic poisonings is to
improve the climate in the stable. Proper ventilation
is of special importance in those animal houses in
which agitation and/or recirculation of liquid man-
ure is used. When designing new farm buildings, in-
door storage of liquid manure should be avoided.
(Merryman-East Central)
3251 - All, A12, Bl, C3, F3
CONSIDERATION OF THE
PARASITOLOGIC AND HYGIENEIC
CONSEQUENCES OF INTENSIFICA-
TION IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
Agricultural Academy, Olsztyri, Poland
St. Tarczynski
In' Progress in Animal Hygiene, F. Kovacs and P.
Rafai, (ed). Budapest, Akademiai, Kiado, 1975. p.
73-75
Descriptors: Parasitism, Management, Health.
Identifiers: Parasitology, Animal health, Poland.
The veterinary parasitologist is confronted with a
5core of new problems, which might be approached
along the following lines of research: (1) Fluctuation
of whole parasite populations under the conditions of
intensive animal keeping, (2) Probable biological,
dimensional, and structural alterations of parasite
groups at extreme population densities of thehost, (3)
Impact of large-scale animal management systems
on invasiveness of parasites, and its epizootological
and hygienic consequences, with special regard to
zoonoses, and (4) Development of new natural inter-
relationships between host and parasite, including the
circulation of the latter in nature and in the man-made
environment of large-scale farms. A deeper under-
standing of these problems is indispensable, not only
for the prevention and control of parasiloses in inten-
sively managed large groups of animals, but also for
the protection of the environment of man from heavy
contamination by those infective stages (cysts, eggs,
larvae) which may also establish themselves in hu-
mans. (Merryman-East Central).
3252 - A4, A8, All, A12, B2, E2
HYGIENIC PROBLEMS OF LIQUID
MANURE TREATMENT ON LARGE-
SCALE FARMS OF THE COUNTY
TOLNA,
County Public Health Station, Szekszard, Hungary
A. Kovacs
In: Progress in Animal Hygiene, F. Kovacs and P
Rafai, (ed). Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, 1975 D
76-77.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste treatment, Public
health, Irrigation, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Hungary, Animal health, Waste man-
agement. Pathogens, Land disposal.
Large-scale management of livestock units has great
technical advantages, but present methods of
manure-handling permanently and perhaps irrever-
sibly pollute the environment. This can only be pre-
vented by the collaboration of agricultural technical
animal hygienic and public health experts. Liquid
manure emanating from livestock units in county
Tolna, Hungary, consists of non-composted diluted
fresh feces and urine containing many pathogenic
microorganisms. Because the liquid manure also con-
tains many valuable ingredients, extensive studies
are being conducted on its utilization for irrigation. In
one pig unit of the county Tolna, the liquid manure
flows through an expensive precipitating apparatus
into a storage pond. The original idea was that the
irrigation pipe system should be supplied directly
from the pond, but this failed because of technical
defects. At present, an emergency storage pond is
used nearby the unit. In another unit, the liquid man-
ure is collected in cisterns. Originally, a liquid man-
ure tank with f illing and emptying pump was planned .
to transport the manure onto arable land, but it could
not manage the large amounts produced. Then, com-
posting of the manure with grass was tried, but it was
soon found that this manure doesn't yield to compost-
ing. At present, the manure is conducted in open
ditches and is allowed to trickle away into the deep
ploughed soil. This spoils the arable land which may
become unfit for agricultural production within a few
years, for agrobiological reasons. In order to resolve
the waste management problem so that the require-
ments of hygiene and agricultural utilization may
both be met, county health officials suggested the
separation of the liquid and solid phase of the liquid
manure in earth-pits. The solid phase could be used
for fertilization or composting, whereas the liquid
phase could be purified in ponds by using a suitable
flora. This waste management is still in the experi-
mental phase, and only the laboratory tests will tes-
tify to its efficiency. (Merryman-East Central)
3253 -A7, All, Bl
NON-MECHANICAL VENTILATION
OF ANIMAL HOUSING FACILITIES,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park
G. R. Bodman
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, June 27-30,1976, Paper No. 76-4041 17
p. 9 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Ventilation. Management, Design.
Identifiers: Cold housing. Non-mechanical ventila-
tion.
Maintaining a quality environment for animals pro-
vides improved herd health, increased growth effi-
ciency and eased management. Consequently, in
planning ananimal housing facility, a system must be
developed which provides healthful environmental
conditions within the animal space. In the case of an
animal housing ventilation system, the functions are
to remove moisture, excess heat, odors, and dust from
the building while providing a continual supply of
oxygen-rich fresh air for support of metabolic proces-
ses. With the advent of "cold" animal housing
"natural" or non-mechanical ventilation has gained
interest. Variables which affect the performance of
non-mechanical ventilation systems are: (1) animal
heat production, (2) structural orientation (3) ridge
opening, (4) roof slope, (5) eave opening, (6)sidewaJl
openings, (7) sidewall height, (8) insulation and (9)
miscellaneous structural details. Ventilating animal
housing facilities without the use of mechanical
equipment has been demonstrated to be practical and
capable of providing the desired environmental con-
ditions within the animal zone. The importance of
certain structural details makes it essential that the
ventilation system Is considered from th« beginning
planning stages through to completion of the Udlity
(Rowe-East Central)
3254 - A8, B2, E2
MODELING THE EFFECTS OF MAN-
AGEMENT ALTERNATIVES ON THE
DESIGN OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering Oregon
State University, Corvallis
R. B. Wensmk and R. J. Miner
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting. American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, June 27-30, 1976, Paper No 76-4034 20
P 2 fig, 10 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Design Model
studies, Feedlols. Climate, Precipitation, Effluents,
Crop response.
Identifiers: Runoff control, Land disposal.
A cattle feedlot runoff control simulation model was
developed which would integrate the effects of alter-
nate dewatering policies on minimum facility vol-
umes. The simulation model determined relation-
ships between historical dimatological data, dewat-
ering schedules, and minimum feedlot runoff control
volumes. The model was used at 7 selected locations
in the United States to determine the effects of S
pumping rates and 7 management dewatering alter-
natives on the minimum storage volumes required to
prevent discharges as defined by EPA Effluent
Guidelines. Stations were selected from each major
climatic region in the United States and represented a
broad spectrum of precipitation patterns. The 7 man-
agement policies were partitioned into 2 major clas-
ses. The first class permitted pond dewatering
throughout the year while the second class allowed
only non-winter disposals. The first management
class required the minimum pond volume to satisfy
the design criteria at all stations. The nun-winter de-
watenng class simulated effluent disposal onto both
corn and hay crops with variations of pre-planting and
post-harvest disposals. At all stations, the com
scenario without post-harvest disposal, required the
largest pond volumes. In addition to the minimum
pond volume, the model also listed the average
number of yearly pumpings for each simulated man-
agement alternative at a selected pumping rite
(Rowe-East Central)
3255 -Bl, F2
MINNESOTA REGULATIONS FOR
ANIMAL WASTE CONTROL,
neaJuf'it F^jfUltural En8ineer- University of Min-
P. R. Goodrich
Minnesota Regulations for Animal Wast* Control
Special Report 41, Agricultural Engineering. Agricul-'
tural Extension Service, University of MinneosU
1973, 12 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Minnesota. Regulation, Feedlots Wast*
storage, Transportation, Waste disposal. Permits
Identifiers: Waste control.
This publication presents Minnesota animal waste
control regulations, which were enacted inApril, 1971.
m a form that feedlot operators can easily under-
stand. The regulations govern the storage, transpor-
tation, and disposal of animal wastes and the registra-
tions and issuing of permits for the construction and
operation of animal waste disposal systems. Control
measures, where deemed necessary, are to be indi-
vidually designed and developed to provide the
3256 - A6, Bl, A2
NEW PRODUCT FOR MANURE ODOR
CONTROL,
521
-------
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No 15, p 80.1976.
Descriptors: Livestock.
Identifiers: Odor control. NONScenU.
A new product, NONScenls, is being introduced by
Haze Products of Trenton, Missouri to con trot manure
odor The product can be broadcast or sprinkled di-
rectly into areas where manure odor is a problem
NONScenU provides a healthier environment lor
livestock and increases manure value. H can be used
wherever animal waste is found. (Rowe-Easl Cent-
rat)
3257 - A5, A8, Bl, C2
NITROGEN IN SOIL CORES AND
GROUND WATER UNDER ABAN-
DONED CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Soil Scientist, United States Department of Agricul-
ture. Lincoln, Nebraska
L N.MielkeandJ.R. Ellis
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 5, No. 1, p
71-75, January-March. 1976. 5 fig. I tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Nitrates, Sam-
pling
Identifiers: Abandoned feedlots, Soil cores.
Soil core samples were taken from 4 abandoned beef
cattle feedlots and analyied to determine their chem-
ical and physical characteristics, The cores were
compared with those from active upland, intermit-
tently used feedlots and croplands. By means of
continuous-flow automated analysis methods,
ammonia-N and N03 -N were determined on 1M KCI
soil extracts and clarified water samples. Percent soil
water was determined on each sample. Soil cores
were selected to characterize the percent water dis-
tribution at time of sampling and at 1/j and IS bars
tension.The averageof 7,210 kg Xhaof NO.-N in a9.1
m soil core of the abandoned feedlot was mgher than
for any other of the comparable feedlot management
practices. It was determined that an abandoned feed-
lot has great potential for nitrogen mineralization.
Drying and cracking of the feedlot surface wil) open
the feedlot surface to water and oxygen, and promote
mineralization and leaching of NOj-N into the deep
profile and ground water. (Rowe-Easl Central)
3258 - A7, Bl
MODEL STUDY OF FIVE TYPES OF
MANURE PIT VENTILATION SYS-
TEMS,
District Agricultural Engineer, Nebraska University,
Nebraska Experiment Station, Concord
S H. Pohl and M A. Hellickson
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, June 17-30,1976, Paper No. 76-4042, J7
p. 19 fig, 3 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: Model studies, Ventilation,Confinement
pens, Design
Identifiers: Swine, Air velocities, Air distribution,
Manure pits
A study was conducted to: ()) determine the influence
o( manure pit ventilation system geometry on air re-
moval from a swine building and (2) evaluate the
effects of pit ventilation system geometry on swine
building ventilation characteristics. The perfor-
mance of 5 lypes of pit ventilation systems were
studied in a 1/12 size scale model swine finishing
building. The systems were: U) a slotted pipe under-
slat ventilator, (2) a centered duct pit ventilator, 13)
an outside wall pit ventilator, 14) a hooded manure pit
exhaust system, and (5) a pressurized pit ventilator.
It was found that pit ventilation system design had a
significant effect on average air flow velocities in tht
pit but not at the swine level. Also, pit ventilation
system location with respect to baffle ceiling inlet
arrangement was important in developing proper
ventilation design. Satisfactory air velocity distribu-
tion was achieved from the front to the back of the
model for all pit ventilation systems with the excep-
tion of the outside wall pit ventilator. Relatively un-
iform air velocity flows were found in the model lor
the pressurized pit ventilator system, the centered
duct pit ventilator, and the slotted pipe under-slat
ventilator, when used with a center-baffled ceiling
inlet The faslest evacuation times were recorded
using the pressurized pit ventilator system and the
hooded manure pit exhaust system. The pressurized
pil ventilator system had the best overall ventilation
performance, with the centered duct pit ventilator
also providing adequate ventilation characteristics.
Poor ventilation characteristics were noted for the
slotted pipe under-slat ventilator. (Rowe-East Cent-
rail
3259 - A3, Bl, C2, E2
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LOS-
SES FROM WINTER DISPOSAL OF
DAIRY MANURE,
Research Associate, Department of Agronomy, Cor-
nell University. Ithaca
S D Klausner, P. J. Zwerman, and D. F. Ellis
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 5, No. 1, p.
47-49, January-March. 1976.3 tab, 2 fig. 16 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Watersheds, Nitro-
gen, Phosphorus. .
Identifiers: Land disposal. Dairy manure, Nutrient
losses.
An evaluation was made of surface runoff losses of
inorganic nitrogen and total soluble phosphorus from
fields receiving winter applications of dairy manure.
Runoff losses, as derived from natural precipitation.
were accumulated for the time period January 1 to
March 31 for 3 consecutive years, (1972-1974). The
manure treatments for a continuous corn cropping
system were 35,100, and 200 wet metric tons/ha. The
100 and 200 metric ton/ha rales were replicated
twice, the 35 metric ton /ha was replicated 4 times for
a total of 8 experimental plots per year. After each
runoff event, a 250-ml subsample of the runoff was
utilized for analysis. Runoff samples of 250-ml were
centrifuged at 17,000 RCT (relativecentrifugal force 1
for 30 minutes. The supernatant was analyzed for
NH.4-N, NOj -N, inorganic-P, and total soluble P.
Adverse weather conditions during and after the
winter disposal in 1972 caused increased nutrient dis-
charges in runoff. This was especially evident at the
100 metric tons/ha rate which was applied on top of
melting snow. The data clearly indicated that manure
disposal during active thaw periods can result in ex-
cessive nutrient losses, while nutrient losses were
minimized when manure was applied and then co-
vered with snow, melting at a later date. The 35 metric
tons/ha application rate, applied on frozen soil and
then covered withsnow before a thaw period, resulted
in the lowest nutrient losses when compared to areas
that received no manure at all. (Rowe-East Central)
3260 - A8, Bl, Cl, C2, E2
MIGRATION OF SALT FROM FEED-
LOT WASTE AS AFFECTED BY MOI-
SURE REGIME AND AGGREGATE
SIZE,
Graduate Assistant, Department of Sals, Water and
Engineering, Arizona University, Tucson
A Amoozegar-Fard.W.H. Fuller.andA. W.Wamck
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 4, p.
46M72, October-December, 1975.2 fig, 6 lab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: Salts, Nutrients, Saturation.
Identifiers: Land application, Feedlot wastes. Mois-
ture regime, Aggregate size.
Migration of salt from 3 different aggregate sizes of
feedlot manure under J moisture regimes was
studied. The 3 sites were small (to pass through a
40-mesh sievel, medium (0.9 cm in diameter. 2.25 cm
in length), and large (4.1 cm in diameter, 2.6 cm in
length) The 3 moisture regimes were: (1) 12 hours
saturation, 12 hours drainage by gravity, repeated
with 5 saturation cycles, (2) 12 hours saturation, 12
hours drainage by gravity, and 48 hours oven drying
at 60 degrees C, also repeated with i cycles, and <3)
continuous leaching for 60 hours at a constant rate.
The experiment was assigned a completely ran-
domized design with factorial combinations and 4 re-
plicates for each treatment. After each 12 hour sal
uralion, the Icachates were collected and the electri-
cal conductivity, pH, and concentrations of K, Na, Ca,
Ma, NH *, NO j. Cl, S, P, and 8 trace elements were
determined. The results indicated that the hazardous
salts, K and Na, present in the manure were highly
soluble and could be leached out readily. However,
the divalent cations, Ca and Mg; and the nutrient
materials, N and P; and trace elements were less
soluble and migrated more slowly. The results also
indicated that the larger the aggregate, the less of a
chance for fast removal of salts under any water
treatment. For best land application results, medium
size aggregates of manure are probably best. They
will provide a more uniform distribution and also a
better salt management program than large-sized
aggregates. U was found that intermittent irrigation
is preferable to continuous leaching for salt manage-
ment purposes. The total loss of nutrients under con-
tinuous leaching was greater than the total loss under
intermittent saturation, although the loss in K, Na,
Ca, and Mg was less severe. (Rowe-East Central)
3261-All, B1.F6
A NOTE ON THE RECOVERY OF
POLYETHYLENE PARTICLES
FROM FAECES AND RUMEN CON-
TENTS OF STEERS.
School of Agriculture. SSI King Street, Aberdeen.
Scotland
J. Fordyce and M. Kay
Animal Production, Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 101-104,1974.
Descriptors: Feeds.
Identifiers: Polyethylene particles. Roughage, Re-
tention time.
Two experiments were conducted with 3 types of
polyethylene particles to determine their retention
time in castrated male cattle offered diets which con-
tained predominantly cereals ad libitum. Three types
of polyethylene particles were used: (1) corrugated
particles, of length 1.27 cm. breadth 0.95 cm, depth
0.63 cm and specific gravity 0.92 (RT), (2) rods, of
length 1.27 cm, diameter 0.32 cm and specific gravity
0 94 (BP), and (3) particles having the same dimen-
sions and specific gravity as RT, but being circular in
cross-section, without the corrugated edges of RT
(RBP). In all the steers used in the experiments,
polyethylene passed through the alimentary tract to
be lost in the feces. The loss was most rapid in the
heaviest of the steers. The short retention time of the
plastic in these steers suggests that it does not remain
in the rumen long enough to act as an effective substi-
tute for roughage. Since polyethylene also passed
through the alimentary tract of steers weighing 170
and ISO kg live weight at an appreciable rate, II may
be necessary to repeat doses of the polyethylene par-
ticles at frequent intervals. (Rowe-East Central)
3262 - A2, A6, B2, B3, B4, E2
MANAGING FEEDLOTS FOR ODOR
CONTROL,
Agricultural Engineer, Texas Agricultural Extension
Service. Texas A&M University System, College Sta-
tion
J. M. Sweeten and D. L. ReddeU
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, June27-30,1976, Paper No. 76-M16.24 p 4 fig.l
tab, 30 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Liquid
wastes, Solid wastes.
Identifiers: Odor control, Location, Odor measure-
ment, Manure pack. Stockpiling, Land disposal,
Chemical control, Settling basins. Retention ponds.
While location is considered the key to feedlot odor
abatement, there are specific odor alleviating
techniques that may be employed by feedlots that are
not well located and that have odor problems.
Economically feasible odor control practices include
the following: (1) Maintain excellent surface drain-
522
-------
age at uniform feedpen slopes of 1 percent (for dry
areas) to4 percent (formoderatelyhumidareas). (2)
Collect only loose surface (aerobic manure) at fre-
quent intervals. (3) Use elevating scrapers or road
graders for collection. (4) Maintain a compacted
(anaerobic manure pack on the feedlot surface at all
times. (5) Dispose of dead animals within 48 hours. (6)
Dewater feedlot runoff retention ponds as quickly as
possible. (7) Separate manure solids from feedlot
runoff by maintaining ideal pen slopes and construct-
ing settling basins on channels. Temporary odor con-
trol may be achieved by the use of chemicals in the
form of masking agents, counteractants, chemical
deodorants, or digestive odorants. (Merry man-East
Central)
3263 - A6, A10, B2, B4, C2, E2
MANAGING DAIRY WASTE HOLD-
ING PONDS IN THE CENTRAL VAL-
LEY,
Farm Advisor, Stanislaus County, California
E. H. Olson, G. A. Mutton, Jr., and J. L. Meyer
Leaflet 2326, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Uni-
versity of California, August, 1975, 5 p. 3 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Waste storage. Irrigation, Nutrients,
Odor, Insects, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Holding ponds, Land disposal, Animal
health.
Waste holding ponds are efficient and economical for
collecting, temporarily storing, and diluting animal
waste for use in basin or flood irrigation systems.
However, proper management of waste holding ponds
is necessary for conserving nutrients, controlling
odors and insect vectors, meeting legal requirements,
and improving animal health. Tips for good manage-
ment are: (1) Empty the entire pond, including all
sludge, at every possible irrigation to save nutrients.
(2) During hot summer months, empty the pond com-
pletely at least once a month. Empty the pond during
the last irrigation of the season to ready it for winter
storage. (3) Whenever the pond is emptied, add about
I foot of fresh water to prevent odors. (4) Install
liquid-solid separators when floating solids are a
problem. Such solids can clog small irrigation valves
or siphon tubes, encourage vectors and cause odors.
(Merryman-East Central)
3264 - A8, Bl, D3, E2, E3
METHANE FARMING IN KENYA
Tunnel Estate, Fort Ternan, Kenya
T H. Hutchinson
Compost Science, Vol. 13, No. 6, p. 30-31, Novem-
ber/December, 1972.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Sludge, Crop re-
iSenUfiers: Kenya, Land disposal, Coffee, Compost.
The methane plants discussed in this article were de-
•iened to operate from (a) grass, straw, coffee pulp
and other organic material mixed with manure and
(b) manure mixed with water to make it into a liquid
sludge The difference between them is that type (a)
consists of a series of compartments which are filled
and emptied in rotation, and which produces compost
and liquid manure and type (b) is one large compart-
ment that is topped up daily with fresh manure. This
displaces an equal quantity of digested sludge, and so
Jhefermentation is continuous. Since 1955,150 tons of
compost and 18,000 gallons of liquid manure have
been produced from the type (a) plant, and since 1957,
aooroiimately 90,000 gallons of sludge has been pro-
duced each year from type (b) plant. The compost and
.iTuiee was applied to 3 different blocks during diffe-
rent time periods. Block 1 (12.5 acres) was first
nJanUd in 1925. Block2 (14 acres) was first planted in
SS Block3(24acres)wasfirstplantedinl937.For7
i«*rs prior to the building of the first methane plant
I iMt-195*) the average coffee yield for these blocks
.aiT 56 cwt. clean coffee per acre, and for the 7 years
,««r commencing touse the residue from the plants
Jhlaverage yield rose to 5.93 cwt. It may also be noted
that the fertility appears to be rising progressively.
HS.figure for the last 3 seasons (1959-1961) has risen
Jol 95cwt. The gas produced by the plants is used in
the house for cooking, water heating through a
geyser, and a converted paraffin refrigerator. The
gas has also been found to be an excellent fuel for
stationary engines and production of electricity.
(Rowe-East Central)
3265 - A5, Bl, C2
INFILTRATION OF WATER ON A
CATTLE FEEDLOT,
Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture
L. N. Mielke and A. P. Mazurak
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 2. p. 341-344
March-April, 1976. 3 fig, 4 tab. 15 ret.
Descriptors: Feedlots. Infiltration rates, Groundwa-
ter pollution, Hydraulic conductivity. Porosity, Bulk
density.
Identifiers: Manure pack, Air permeability.
Four undisturbed soil cores from an active cattle
feedlot, encased in heat-shrink plastic, were used in
the laboratory to measure infiltration. Six additional
undisturbed feedlot soil cores and 2 cores from adja-
cent cropland were taken for measurements of air
permeability, hydraulic conductivity, porosity,
particle-size distribution, bulk density, and organic
matter content. Early field observations of outdoor
cattle feedlots showed that a dense layer exists near
the soil surface that apparently decreases water in-
take. Research results showed a low NOa -N content
in the groundwater (1-2 m depth) in the immediate
vicinity of the feedlot in contrast with much higher
NO i-N content in wells under cropland. Water intake
in tne feedlot and into undisturbed complete feedlot
soil cores was extremely slow (range from 0.31 x
10* to 2.3 i VT" cm/day. Air and water per-
meabilities were lowest in the interface section and
increased in the soil below. Water permeability in-
creased 28-fold between the interface layer and the
next layer 10 cm deeper. Bulk density was 1.68
g/cm* in the mineral soil in the interface layer.
Interface soil showed maximum compaction of 1.70
g /cm * at 18 percent water content. No water moved
through the interface material during 6 days. Undis-
turbed feedlot soil cores and feedlot interface mate-
rial compacted at water content for mtnmum de-
nsity were found to be effective barriers to water
movement, an important fact in understanding feed-
lot hydrology and protecting groundwater quality.
(Rowe-East Central)
3266 - A8, B2, C2, E2
KEARNEY FEEDER'S EARLY EF-
FORT EARNS ENVIRONMENTAL
AWARD,
Anonymous
Nebraska Farmer, Vol. 118, No. 14, p. 18, July 17,1976.
2 fig.
Descriptors: Management, Feedlots, Design.
Identifiers: Awards, Holding ponds. Land disposal.
Lewis Feedlot, Inc. won the third annual J. L. Higgins
Award for outstanding efforts in controlling livestock
waste. Between $150,000 and $200.000 was spent on
construction of the 4 waste control systems in use on
his 160-acre feedlot. The feedlot is located on flat val-
ley land adjacent to the Wood River northeast of
Kearney which, Lewis said, complica'ed the waste
disposal problem. It meant that all the rainfall that
falls'on that lot had to be controlled so it wouldn't flow
into the river. The difficulty was overcome by build-
ing mounds at the center of each pen in the feedlot and
sloping the land away from the feed bunks toward the
other side of the lot, where the drainage ditches chan-
nel wastes into holding ponds. Several wire-screened
debris traps made of hardware doth were located in
the drainage ditches to separate solid from liquid
wastes and slow the liquids. Prom the holding pond,
an electrical pump is used to pump the liquid wastes
through gated pipeline so it can be distributed down
rows on cropland whenever the pond requires empty-
ing. Solid wastes are spread on the cropland as fer-
tilizer. The Lewis farm unit includes about 1.200 acres
of irrigated land and 600 acres of dryland. Com lot
silage is the main crop. (Rowe-East Central)
3267 - A8, B2, C2, E2
LAND DISPOSAL OF SWINE MAN-
URE,
Texas Agricultural Extension Service. The Texas
A&M University System. College Station
J. M. Sweeten and C. D Welch
Publication MP-1269, Texas Agricultural Extension
Service, Texas AIM University, March, 1976, 8 p 3
fig. 5 tab.
Descriptors: Anaerobic lagoons. Effluents, Nut-
rients, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Swine manure. Storage
pits.
Information is given concerning the nutrient content.
the effects on soils, and the application rates of swine
manure and anaerobic lagoon effluent It was deter-
mined that: (1) Liquid swine manure from underflow
storage pits can be safely applied to most Texas soils
at the rate of 5000 gal / acre / year. (2) Effluent from
anaerobic lagoons serving swine confinement units
can be safely applied to most soils in Texas at the rate
of 20,000 gal/acre/year without causing nitrogen
accumulations in the soil, provided that high nitrogen
requiring crops are grown. (3) At these rates, the
amount of land recommended for terminal disposal of
liquid swine manure without lagoon treatment is 1
acre/'sow (farrowing unit capacity) for total con-
finement farrow-to-finish operations, or » acres per
100-market-hor capacity for finishing operations (4)
Lagoon treatment of swine wastes results in an ap-
preciable loss of the fertilizer value of manure, but
also reduces the land area requirements for disposal
(Rowe-East Central)
3268 - All
ISOLATION OF INFECTIOUS
BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS
FROM FECES OF A FEEDER STEER,
Laboratories of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine,
University of Illinois, Urbana
R. A Crandell
American Journal of Veterinary Research Vol 35
No. 7, p. 951-952, July, 1974. 1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Viruses, Animal health.
Identifiers: Feces.
A study was conducted to describe the isolation of
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ffiR) virus from a
rectal swab. Isolation was made from a feeder steer
during a feedlot epizootic of IBR involving 246 non-
vaccinated steers. Thirty percent of the steers had
mucopurulent ocular discharge; 1 percent had
mucopurulent nasal discharge; and many steers
were coughing. Viral specimens were grown in cul-
tures containing 2 times normal concentration of an-
tibiotics and stored at -70 degrees C until tested
Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells were grown in cul-
ture mediums containing 200 units of penicillin, 200
/
-------
3269 - A6, B2, C2, D3
MANAGEMENT OF LAGOONS FOR
ODOR CONTROL,
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineer-
ing, North Carolina State University. Raleigh
M. R.Overeash, F. J. Humenik and P. W, Westerman
Presented at the 1376 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, June 27-30.1976, Paper No. 76-2017, te
p 5 fig. 6 tab, 13 rei.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Management, Aeration. Nit-
rogen. Dissolved oxygen. Chemical oxygen demand
Identifiers: Odor control
The response of unaerated lagoons to different load-
ing intensities and variable aeration was studied.
Particular attention was given to constituent remov-
als and odor potential. Liquid samples from field
pi lot-scale lagoons were taken at mid-depth Samples
were refrigerated at approximately 4 degrees C until
analyzed All tesls were run in accordance with pro-
cedures outlined in Standard Methods (1971) and de-
monstrated animal waste adaptations (Overcash,
1975). Based upon periodic fidd observation and odor
panel rankings, it was determined that there was a
discernible odor threshold for unaerated swine wast*
lagoons loaded at approximately 9.2-18.4 m V45-kg
hog. Individual consensus indicated that the fre-
quency or probability of odor detection, when visiting
the unaerated lagoon she, was BO percent for the unil
at 0.6 m y 45-kg hog; 60 percent for 2.3 m * 45-kg
hog: 20 percent (or 4.6m */ 45-kg hog: and little odor
for units with 9.2 m'/45-kghog Nodi ssolved oxygen
was found at depths greater than 10cm. Supernatant
organic and nitrogen concentrations for surface aer-
ated units without bulk phase dissolved oxygen was
found in aerated units Reduced odor potential existed
for surface aerated units at the same loading intensity
in comparison to similar unaerated reactors. Super-
natant COD and TOC concentrations increased with
increased aeration rates from 37-120 watts and as-
sociated greater bottom scour, while TKN concentra-
tions only modestly increased, indicating that the
greatest impact of surface aeration was on nitrogen
reduction by ammonia volatilization. (Howe-East
Central)
3270 - A2, A8, B2, C2, E2
IRRIGATION WITH FEEDLOT
RUNOFF,
Animal Waste Management Research Unit, North
Central Region, Agricultural Research Service, U. S.
Department of Agriculture
C, L. Linderman and L. N. Mielke
In: Proceedings, Nebraska Irrigation Short Course,
Agricultural Engineering, "Irrigation" No. ». Lin-
cob. Nebraska, January 20-21.1S75, p. 26-37.2 fig, 4
Ub, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Irrigation, Feedlots, Agricultural
runoff, Crop response. Nitrates, Salts, Sampling.
A plan iorfeedlot runoff disposal should consider: U)
the volume of runoff. (2) the cropland area available
for disposal. (3) toil types and problems, (4) crop
grown, 15) irrigation method, 16) existing usable irri-
gation systems or equipment, and (7) the time availa-
ble for effluent disposal. Feedlot runoff maybe either
surface or sprinkler irrigated onto cropland. When
furrow irrigation is used, the furrow should be left in
place after harvest, since it is usually desirable to
dispose of runoff in fall and early spring. Sprinkler
irrigation has the disadvantage of depositing effluent
solids on the crop foliage, a fact of particular impor-
tance if the whole plant is to be harvested. Sprinkler
irrigation also increases the odor problem Research
in eastern Nebraska has shown the effect of frequent
feedlot runoff applications on growth and yield of
corn perennial forages, and forage sorghum. Runoff
was collected in a holding pond and applied weekly to
small plots during the irrigation season. Application
was made by furrows to corn and forage sorghum and
by surface Hooding on perennial forages. Corn and
forage sorghum received the most benefit from feed-
lot effluent when about 10 to 15 inches were applied per
year Anyone planning a disposal system to apply
effluent In amounts greater than about 5 inches per
vear should consider the solids, nutrients, and salt
Sn"of the eniuentused.Effluentsampl.ng should
be done close to application time because the effluent
may change greatly with time in storage. A soil sam-
pling program should also be conducted Where salt is
force-fed in the feedlot, particular attention should be
given to the salt content of the ef fluent and the soil
When large amounts of nitrogen are applied, followed
by stress on plants, the nitrate content of the forage
should be checked. (Rowe-East Central)
3271 -A8, Bl,
SOME SOIL STRENGTH PROPER-
TIES INFLUENCED BY LIVESTOCK
WASTE,
Agricultural Engineering Department, South Dakota
Stale University, Brookings
C. E. Johnson, R. J. Devine, M. E. Bjerke, and C. A.
Onstad
Presented at 1974 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers. Oklahoma State Univer-
sity, Slillwater, June »2S,197», Paper No. 74-10H. 10
p 8 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Moisture content, Bulk
density. Adhesion.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Soil properties, Penetra-
tion resistance. Soil-metal friction angle, Apparent
cohesion.
Total livestock wastes produced m the United States
are almost two billion tons a year. Utilization and
disposition of these wastes are a critical concern of
the public. Disposal of livestock wastes on cropland
for decomposition and mineralization has been con-
cluded to be the most efficient method. Because of
this, questions have beer raised as to how much lives-
tock wastes can be applied to cropland areas without
causing harmful effects to crop production and to the
soil. Cattle manure was applied to 12 experimental
field plots of Egan-Wentworth silty clay loam soil in
thefall of 1971,1972, and 1973,after the soil was frozen.
Application rates of 0,55.8,83.7, and 111.7 wet tons per
acre were used in the fall of 1971. During the fall of 1972
and 1973, the application rales were almost tripled
All plots were plowed, disked, and planted to corn in
the spring following the fall application of cattle man-
ure. Moisture content, bulk density, and soil charac-
teristics were measured during the experimental
period. Experimental data revealed that (1) there
was no significant differencedue toapplication rate in
theforces required to till the soil, (2) moisture content
increased when application rates were above 120 wet
tons per acre, and (31 soil-metal friction angle de-
creased. (Edwards-East Central)
3272 - A6, A7, Bl, B4, C2
THE EFFECT OF RATION FORMU-
LATION ON THE SUBSEQUENT
GENERATION OF VOLATILE GASES
AND ODORS FROM BOVINE WASTE,
R. 0. Kellems
PhDThesis.Oregon State University, June, 1976,59p
5 fig, 15 tab, 81 ref.
Descriptors Odor, Gases, Rations, Waste storage.
Hydrogen sulfide. Ammonia, Amines. Moisture con-
tent.
Identifiers: Cattle wastes.
This study was conducted to determine the effect that
ration formulation has on volatilization of gases and
offensiveness of the odor associated with the wast«
from Holstein replacement heifers. The relationships
between different variables on the release of hydro-
gen sulfide, ammonia, total nitrogenous gases and
amines were studied in 6 separate experiments fci-
perimental results were: (1) A9*6.1*1^8™1^
of supplementation was increased from 50 to 75 per-
cenf of the diet, the rate of hydrogen sulf.de evolution
alsoincreased (2) Aflerstudyingtheunneandleces
obuind from animals maintained on the various
Sains and levels of 25. 50, and 75 percent, the pH
indicated a difference between gram sources. Milo
caused the lowest pH and barley caused the highest,.
(3) When urine was stored, the rate of volatilization
was highest during the first & days and then the rate
declined. However, when feces only were stored, the
rate increased as the storage period Increased. This
showed that urea is rapidly hydrolyied to form an-
nomia under anaerobic storage conditions, (4) About
0.11 percent of the volatile basic nitrogenous gases
initially volatilized from the waste was found to be
amines. (51 A positive correlation was found to exist
between the ammonia release and the amine evolu-
tion rate. (6) The moisture content of the waste sam-
ples were negatively correlated with the volatilization
of the nitrogenous gases. (Edwards—East
East Central)
3273 - A6, B3, C2, Dl, E3
MAKE A PROFIT ON MANURE,
American Farmer, Vol. 47, p. 30, January, 1972.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Recycling, Feedlots, De-
hydration, Odor, Economics.
Identifiers: Cattle manure.
The Thomason Ranch feedlot near Fayetteville,
North Carolina, has begun to capitalize on manure. A
dehydration operation was started about 8 years ago
and the ranch now makes a profit out of manure by
dehydrating, bagging, and selling it for the garden
trade. Thomason Ranch buys manure for a small fee
from a number of dairy farms in Cumberland County
and processes it along with what comes from their
feedlot. Since manure mixed witli dirt wears out
grinding equipment, only manure from dairy cows on
concrete is used. A payloader tractor scoops up the
manure and dumps it into big bins where it is mined
with pine bark to absorb much of the moisture. A big
revolving drum drier is used to dehydrate the man-
ure. The manure is then sterilized to kill weed seeds. A
hammermill is then used to grind the manure into
uniform consistency. It is then bagged in 50 or 100 Ib
bags for the gardeners. Chicken manure was ex-
perimented with, but the feathers mixed in with the
manure caught on fire in the drier. The manure mix-
ture, as sold, has been analyzed as 1-1-1. Problems
encountered by this ranch have been: (1) a tornado
which did widespread damage, (2) continued equip-
ment investment, (3) fire hazard of stored manure,
(4) seasonal nature of (erttlizer sales requires a high
inventory, and (5) complaints from the city of Fayet-
teville about feedlot odor when the wind is from the
east. (Edwards-East Central)
3274 - A4, A6, A8, Cl, C2, C3, E2,
E3
UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MAN-
URES AND SEWAGE SLUDGES IN
FOOD AND FIBER PRODUCTION
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology
Report No. 41, Council for Agricultural Science and
Technology ]owa State University, February, 1975,
27 p.
Descriptors: Recycling, Animal wastes, Sewage
sludge Feeds, Fertilizers, Soil amendments,
Economics, Salts, Heavy metals, Water pollution,
Management, Land reclamation. Public heath, Crop
response, Odor.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Proper use of animal manure and sewage sludges as
fertilizers, soil additives, and animal feed could im-
prove water and air quality and save fuel and feeds
resources. Application to agricultural and forest
lands is influenced by physical, chemical, mic-
robiological, sociological, economic, political, and
legal factors. Limitations to use as fertilizers are
bulk, low quality, variable composition, inefficiency
of application and expense of transportation. They
may require drying, are difficult to store, and may
contain large quantities of soluble salts (especially
nitrates)theavy metals, pathogenic microorganisms,
odors, etc. Fear of disease has hindered use of animal
manure in animal feeds. Decreasing salts, trace met-
als, and bacteria accompanied by quality control
would make these waste products more competitive
with chemical fertilizers. Conservation of the am-
524
-------
monia produced and development of storage systems
would be beneficial. Guidelines for use which are
based on facts and acceptable risks which can be in-
terpreted in terms of local and regional conditions are
needed to protect public health and environmental
quality. Educational, research, and demonstration
projects would improve management of sewage
sludges and animal manures and would convince the
population that their use can be beneficial. (Bucha-
nan; Davidson-Wisconsin)
3275-A1.B1, C2.F2
MODELING THE EVVIORONMEN-
TAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT
Agricultural Waste and Watershed Research En-
gineer, Stittsville, Ontario. Canada
D R Coote, D. A. Haith, P. J. Zwerman
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 326-331,
March-April, 1976. 3 fig, 2 tab, 35 ref.
Descriptors: Model studies, Dairy industry.
Economics, Management, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Regulation.
Identifiers: Farm income, Soil losses.
Study objectives were: (a) todevelop a mathematical
model of sufficient general applicability to permit its
use in analyzing a variety of environmental problems
for the New York dairy farm, (b) to utilize the model
to provide quantitative estimates of farm income and
sou, nitrogen, and phosphorus losses associated with
different cropping, manure handling and fertilizer-
practices and herd sizes, and (c) to apply the model to
selected dairy regions in New York to determine
whether nutrient management policies which
maximize farm income result in significant losses of
soil, nitrogen and phosphorus to the environment. Av-
erage dairy farms were modelled in Western Jeffer-
son and southwest Oneida counties. The Jefferson
County region has poor soils and flat slopes; whereas,
the Oneida location has highly productive soils and
relatively steeper slopes. Results showed that, while a
dairy farm model provides less than exact estimates
of economic and environmental impacts, it can pro-
vide useful insights which theagricultural engineer or
scientist can use to supplement both his experience
and field experiments. The degree of conformity with
environmental objectives is likely to be more a (unc-
tion of the farmer's land and soil resources than his
management practices. It is felt that attempts to reg-
ulate the dairy farm to achieve protection of the envi-
ronment will be successful only if regulations are sen-
sitive to the natural resources limitations within
which each farmer must operate. Waste management
and cropping, fertilization and soil conservation deci-
sions are best made on a case by case basis, recogniz-
ing the unique land resources of each farm. (Rowe-
East Central)
3276 - A8, C2.E2
LONG-TERM NITROGEN RATES
AND SOURCES INFLUENCE
SUGARBEET YIELD AND QUALITY,
'Soil Scientist, ARS-USDA
A. D. Halvorson and G. P. Hartman
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 67, No. 3, p. 389-393, May-
June, 1975. 3 fig, 3 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Organic wastes. Fer-
tilizers, Nitrogen, Sugar beets.
Identifiers: Land applications, Sucrose, Crop rota-
tion.
This study was made to evaluate the longtime re-
sidual effects of applying various rates and combina-
tions of organic and inorganic N-fertilizer sources on
sucarbeet yields, sucrose content, apparent sucrose
purity, and other factors related to maximum produc-
tion The experiment was conducted at Disney, Mon-
tana, on a nearly level, irrigated Savage silty clay soil
having an organic matter content of 2.99 percent. The
118 x 24.6 m plots were arranged in a completely
randomized design with 3 replications. The experi-
ment consisted of 14 treatments, 8 of which were
jugarbeets followed by barley, until 1963; thereafter,
barley was replaced by Spring wheat. Highest gross
sucrose yield for the inorganic N treatments was ob-
tained with the application of 112 kg N/ha. Applica-
tion of more than 168 kg/ha of inorganic N resulted in
sucrose yields that were not significantly greater than
the check. Application of 22.4 metric tons /ha bar-
nyard manure resulted in a significant yield increase
when compared with the check (O-N) treatment, and
the highest gross sucrose yield for all treatments in-
this study. Adding 67.2 metric tons/ha of barnyard
manure, with or without supplemental inorganic N,
reduced gross sucrose yield when compared with the
22.4 metric tons/'ha manure treatment. Application
of inorganic and organic N resulted in increase pro-
duction of dry matter in the beet tops and reduced the
root/top ratio, with the exception of 22.4 metric
tonsXha barnyard manure treatment, which had a
dry matter root/top ratio as high as the check. The
data indicated that barnyard manure can be utilized
to produce quality sugarbeete and at the same time
dispose of a waste and potential pollution product.
(Rowe-East Central)
3277 - A3, A8, B2, Cl, C2, D3, E2
SOIL-PLANT RUNOFF CHARAC-
TERISTICS FROM LAGOON
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL AREAS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg
E. R. Collins, Jr., E. T. Komegay, and D. C. Martens
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting. American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-2559,11 p. 7 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions, Aerobic
conditions, Biological treatment, Virginia, Soil con-
tamination, Agricultural runoff. Nutrients, Chemical
properties. Physical properties. Biological proper-
ties.
Identifiers: Swine.
Two separate concrete treatment tanks were con-
structed at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University. They were designed so that they
could be operated as a two-stage lagoon system or
could be maintained as separate systems. Pits were
connected to the separate tanks. One unit is being
operated as an anaerobic system based on design vol-
umes required by USDA Soil Conservation Service
Virginia Standards. The other unit is equipped with a
3-housepower floating aerator operated on a percen-
tage timer to provide aeration at a rate equivalent to
twice its estimated daily BODj . Each treatment tank
contains a small submersible pump for recycling
effluent from the tank to flush its companion waste
collection pit. Pits are flushed 5 times daily. A perma-
nent waste irrigation system has been installed to
distribute treatment tank effluent on soil-plant dis-
posal plots. Sampling of all stages of each system is
being done in order to obtain data to support meaning-
ful conclusions. The experiment is still in progress,
but study objectives are: (1) to compare I systems of
biological treatment for swine wastes in Virginia. (2)
to monitor wastes from the 2 confinement swine pro-
duction facilities and effluent from their companion
waste treatment systems to determine the degree of
biological treatment afforded and fate of mineral feed
constituents, and (3) to measure the effects of appli-
cation of the lagoon effluent from the 2 systems on
runoff water quality and pollutant accumulation in
soil-plant disposal areas. (Edwards-East Central)
3278 - B2, C2, D3, E3, Fl
METHANE RECOVERY FROM
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS,
Associate Professor, University of Florida
R. A. Nordstedt, J. P. Bowden. A. B. Bottcher, and J.
Kutt
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, June 27-30,1976, Paper No. 76-4029,19
p. 4 fig, 9 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Methane, Recycling, Anaerobic la-
goons. Economics, Corrosion.
Identifiers: Gas collection, Floating rovers.
Methane gas. which is a component of biogas pro-
duced in the anaerobic decomposition of organic
material, is being studied as a substitute for electrical
and fossil fuel energy. This study was done with the
following objectives in mind: (1) to demonstrate the
construction and use of floating covers to collect gas
from anaerobic lagoons, (I) to characterize the gas
with regard to composition, corrosiveness, and poten-
tial for use on the farm, (3) to evaluate materials and
equipment used in the system, and Ml to determine
the economic feasibility of methane collection from
anaerobic lagoons, storage requirements and poten-
tial for use in animal production units. Three floating
biogas collectors were constructed with different sue.
type of membrane and method of gas removal. The
membrane used in collector A only weighed 0.16 kg
per sq m. It was chosen due to its:(1) excellent resis-
tance to outdoor exposure, (2) relatively high tear
strength, (3) low cost, and (4) low weight. The mem-
brane used for Collectors B and C was 0.61 kg per sq m
polyvinylchloride coated 10 x 10 l.OOOdenier polyester
scrim fabric which was reported by the manufacturer
to be resistant to acids, alkalies, salts, fungi and lives-
tock waste and soil microorganisms. Problems did
develop during the experiment, ie. Collector A quickly
developed leaks due to punctures in the membrane
and the polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride pipe
membrane supports in collectors A and B softened
and collapsed. However, such problems can be re-
citified. Overall, the experiment was considered suc-
cessful: however, the system was not in operation
long enough to identify any corrosion problems which
may arise in the compressor storage tanks or in
equipment utilizing the gas. (Edwards-East Central)
3279 - A2, A4, Bl, B2, Fl, F2
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF SURFACE
WATER RUNOFF CONTROLS ON
MICHIGAN BEEF FEEDLOTS,
Agricultural' Economist, Economic Research Ser-
vice. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
J. B. Johnson and G. A. Davis
Michigan Farm Economics, No. 374. Department of
Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University
March, 1974, 4 p. 4 tab
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Legal aspects,
Feedlots, Michigan, Management, Economics.
Identifiers: Point sources, Housing, Permits.
On or before July 1, 1977, effluent guidelines for all
categories of point source dischargers will require the
application of the best practicable control technology
available. This study assesses the economic effects of
implementing these guideline on the Michigan beef
feeding industry. Four primary types of housing are
currently used in Michigan feedlots. Most prevalent a
the dry-lot unpaved housing system which combines a
shelter and an exposed area. Total confinement and
open-lot systems are not prevalent in Michigan. The
total confinement systems consist of either a cold-
covered shelter enclosed on 3 sides with the fourth
side fenced, or a warm-enclosed shelter with all sides
enclosed. The open-lot systems have no roofed shel-
ter. In Michigan, most open-lot systems consist of a
fenced lot with a fenccline bunk and an adjoining sur-
faced apron. Generally, runoff and process waste
water control problems are greatest for those sys-
tems with more exposed area per animal if other con-
ditions (location and rainfall) are similar. In Michi-
gan, the open-lot systems provide the largest square
footage per animal. Followed closely by dry-lot un-
paved housing systems. Capital outlays for diversion
terraces and size of settling basin depend on the siie of
the exposed feedlot area. In Michigan, there are only
a few beef feeding operations exceeding 1,000 head
capacity which will be subject to announced EPA
effluent guidelines and permit program. (Rowe-East
Central)
3280 - A9; A10, All. Bl, Dl, D2.
F6
DON'T SLACKEN FEEDLOT FLY
CONTROL,
525
-------
Nebraska Farmer, Vol. lit, No 13, p 59, July 3.1976.
Descriptors: Insecticides. Performance, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Ply control, Sanitation. Feed additives,
Rubon. Wasps.
Jerry De Witt, an Iowa Stale University Extension
entomologist, siys that a regular sanitation program
throughout the summer istht key to effective control
at feedlot Hiea. Houseflies and stable nies prefer to
breed in the type of manure and organic matter found
in and around teedloU. Houseflies are a nuisance be-
cause they spread bacteria and pathogens. Stable
(lies have been jhown to reduce weight gains of beef
animal! due to the irritation thai their bite produces.
Both stable and house flies multiply rapidly until their
populations peak in August. A sanitation program in-
volving regular removal of potential fly breeding
areas should be practiced both in the feedlot and in
adjacent areas. Chemical treatments may also be
used. Residual sprays can be applied to sunny areas
where flies rest. A. second chemical treatment is to
use a. tractor-mounted mist blow erto spray a line mist
onto areas where adult flies are resting. This should
be done once a week The use of a feed additive will
also assist In fly control. Rabon can be used aa a
pre-mix for feedlot animals, but each animal must eat
the required amount daily for the additive to be effec-
tive. Experimentation is in progress in which parasi-
tic wasps are being released in feedlots to control
riles (Roue-Bast Central)
3281 - A3, A4, Bl, Cl, C2, C3
BACTERIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF
NONPOINT SOURCES ON RECREA-
TION LAKES,
Saiitary Engineer, Soil Conservation Service,
Jackson, Mississippi
J. P. Bun
Presented al the 1978 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska. Lincoln, June 27-30,1976, Paper No. 76-2082,21
pg. & fig. 7 tab, 4 ret.
Descriptors: Water quality, Lakes, Agricultural
runoff. Bacteria, Sampling, Water pollution control.
Identifiers: Non-point sources.
Bacteriological impacts ol nonpcint sources on recre-
ation lakes were studied. The planning process re-
quires the evaluation of numerous variables related
to recreation, and water quality has proved to be one
of the most difficult to evaluate. The water quality
evaluation procedure can be separated In col compo-
nents — field reconnaissance, water sampling
analysis, and projections of impoundment water qual-
ity. Specific parameters for which water samples are
analyzed, are: dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature,
bacteria, specific conductance, dissolved solids, and
toxic substances, color, taste and odor producing sub-
stances The projection technique used in these
studies for estimating future impoundment bacterial
quality is based on the geometric mean of the bacte-
rial concentration^ bacteria in the reservoir. Results
thawed that nonpoint waste sources have a definite
impact on the water quality of storm runoff, but the
magnitude appears to be influenced by numerous fac-
tors that cannot be easily recognized and measured.
Sampling a slormeyentprovidesa rough indicationof
the bacterial magnitude from nonpoint sources, but
accurate modeling mav. prove to be difficult until ad-
ditional research has been completed. Nonpoint
source control may be too elusive, and a proposed
recreation site may have to be relocated. Controlling
inputs from grazing animals and wildlife is not easy.
Although some nonpoint sources can be controlled
with adequate waste management systems, proper
management of the system Is essential If it is to be
effective. (Howe-East Central)
HOW THOSE MANURE TRANSFER
PUMPS OPERATE.
B E Graves
Hoard 's Dairyman, Vol. 121, No 1«. P 933. Augusts.
1(76 2 fig
Descriptors: Waste storage, Pumps, Pistons, Liquid
wastes, Solid wastes.
Identifiers : Waste management, Wastetransfer.Hol-
low piston pumps, Solid piston pumps.
About 3 years ago, J types of large piston manure
transfer pumps were introduced — hollow piston
pumps and solid piston pumps. They usually are in-
stalled below the barn floor and include a hopper to
receive the manure from a tractor scraper or barn
cleaner conveyor. The pumps discharge through an B
to 12-inch plastic pipe buried below the frost line. Al-
lowable pipe lengths to storage vary from 100 to 300
leet Hollow piston pumps have a flapper-type valve
on the lower end of the piston. The piston runs in a
loose-filling square cylinder. There is another
flapper-type valve on the end of the cylinder. The
pumping mechanism, piston, and cylinder can be re-
moved for exchange or repair. A mechanical pump
jack or reversing hydraulic cylinder is used to drive
the pump. In operation, the piston is pulled up through
the manure in the bottom of the hopper on the return
stroke. On the down or pumping stroke, the valve on
the piston is forced closed and the manure is pushed
through the cylinder. The manure then goes through
the cylinder check valve and into the underground
pipe These pumps are most commonly used with
more free-flowing manure when liquid storage is
planned Solid piston pumps are insta lied horizontally
at the bottom of a concrete pit with the receiving
hopper above it. This pit is about 5 by It ft. and 6 to 10
fi deep It must be kept dry. In operation, the piston is
pulled completely out of the hopper to allowmanure to
drop down in front of it. On the forward stroke the
manure is pushed into the pump cylinder and through
a spring-loaded check valve. The cylinder opening
contains a relatively dose-fitting die. Die and edge of
piston serve to shear off any material not completely
in front of piston. The fact (hat the manure does not
have to go through a piston or around connecting rods
makes this pump well-suited for use wherelong straw
^^
THE
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF OPEN
BEEF FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL
SYSTEMS,
Aa-icultiiral Engineer, V. S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Region VII, Kansas City, Missouri,
N. L. Klocke
iig, 19 ref
Descriptors: Model studies. Costs, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Runoff control. Cost-effectiveness.
Two computerized models, which simulate the per-
formance and estimate the costs of runoff control sys-
tems for open leedlots are reported in the literature.
Tte purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or
not these models could be used fora cost-effectiveness
analysis of runoff control systems. The performance
of a assumed configurations of feedlot runofi control
systems was simulated by a continuous watershed
model, which included the feedlot surface, runoff re-
tention basins, and a disposal system- All of H>* re-
sults (rom the performance model were in terms of
daily depths of runoff overflow, disposal and storage.
The test feedlot was assumed to be located at Ames,
Iowa. Study conclusions were: (1) When the runoff
control system design storm was only one-third the
average annual runoff, rigorous disposal manage-
ment was required. (J) For feedlot siaa between 300
and 2000 head, each added increment of disposal
management was less costly than thenert increment
of design Jim. OJThe most effective system was the
most costly. The least effective system was theleast
cosily. <4» The most cost-effective system ranked
second in both categories of least cost and highest
effectiveness. (5) Improving management of runoH
control systems resulted in more improvement in
cost-eflectivsness than increasing the design storm
size («) For all of the runoff control systems, both unit
cost and cost-effectiveness decreased rapidly due to
economies of scale between SO and 1000 head. Little
change was found between 1000 and SOOOhead. As may
be seen by these conclusions, existing computerized
cost and performance models can provide a basis for
a cost-effectiveness analysis. (Rowe-East Central)
3284 - A3, A5, A8, B3, C2, E2
GUIDELINES FOR MANURE APPLI-
CATION IN THE PACIFIC NORTH-
WEST,
Extension Soil Scientist and Agronomist, Department
of Agronomy and Sol 1, Washington State University.
D. O. Turner
Publication EM 4009, Cooperative Extension Service.
Washington State University, February, 1976.25p. 10
Lab, E ref.
Descriptors: Pacific Northwest, Crop production,
Soil properties, Agricultural runoff, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Land application, Loading rates.
Efficient use of ani mal manure in crop production can
result in substantial savings in energy consumption
for opera Uons where there is adequate land for man-
ure application within reasonable transport dis-
tances, (•"actors to be considered before field applying
manure are: (1) Livestock feed must not be toxic. (2)
feed must be palatable to livestock. (3) Loading must
be scheduled to fit the general farming operation. 44)
There must be no deleterious effects on soil proper-
ties. (5) Runoff must be controlled so that there is no
pollution of surface waters. (6) Water percolating
through the soil profile must not carry excessive
nitrate-nitrogen concentrations into groundwater
aquifers. <7! Determination of loading rates and
schedules should be made by the operator and related
to his specific crops and soils. (3) There must be no
adverse effect on crop production. Nitrogen is the
major nutrient which more frequently limits crop
yields and adversely affects water quality. Equations
are given which provide a simple procedure for relat-
ing livestock source, handling methods, soils and
crops to eff icJent use of manure as a fertilizer source.
(Rowe-East Central)
3285 - B3, C2, Dl, E3
RECYCLED WASTE FOR FEED IS
BECOMING ACCEPTED PRACTICE,
J. K Blatir
Feedlot Management, Vol. 18, No. «, p. 24, August,
197«.
Descriptors: Recycling, Costs, Performance, Feed-
lots, Rations.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Bill Langenegger of Hagerman, New Mexico, began
feeding manure to his cattle in the regular rations
about! years ago. The manure is dry and has no odor.
It is prepared by running it through a large tub-like
mixer by using a front end toader. The manure is
ground and then placed in mixer-delivery trucks
along withother ingredients. Protein content isnearly
12 percent. Mr. Langenegger uses 7 percent manure
by weight in the starter and growing ration. This is
then stepped up to IS percent in the finish ration.
There are also about 13 transition rations where the
manure content is increased with each change. Other
waste feeds are used too, such as milo stalks, gin
trash, small grain straw and corn stover. The mate-
rials are analyzed and a nutritionist runs the results
through a computer. Since there is so much of this
wasted feed in almost every fanning area, a feedlot
company should make use of it. Daily weight gains
are comparable to those of most Southwestern feed-
lots. Costs for Langenegger's top finishing ration is
presently billed to customers at tlOSBVton.
(Rowe-East Central)
3286-B1, C2,'D3,E3
METHANE GENERATION FROM
LIVESTOCK WASTE,
Extension Agricultural tngineer, Colorado State
University
R. W. Hansen
Publication G M-258, Cooperative Extension Service,.
526
-------
University of Nebraska, January, 1976,4 p. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Anaerobic diges-
tion, Design.
Identifiers: Livestock wastes.
The conversion of organic materials, such as animal
wastes, to an easily utilizable form of energy can be
accomplished by a number of methods, one of which is
anaerobic digestion. The basic elements of an
anaerobic digester are described. In the digester sys-
tem, a heat exchanger and thermostat may be used to
maintain the proper temperature. The heat ex-
changer and thermostat can be either internal or ex-
ternal. Total bio-gas production will vary depending
upon the organic material being digested, the digester
loading rate, and the environmental conditions in the
digester. Under ideal conditions (95 degrees F temp-
erature and proper pH I, it is possible to produce about
45 cubic feet of gas at atmospheric pressure from one
day's manure from a 1,000 pound cow, or about 60
cubic feet of gas at atmospheric pressure per day
from a 1,400 pound cow. Results snowed that of the
several types of energy capturing processes availa-
ble, anaerobic digestion appears to be the most feasi-
ble for the majority of agricultural operations.
Anaerobic digestion is capable of stabilizing most ag-
ricultural wastes while producing bio-gas or methane
gas. Primarily, disadvantages are the amount of
management required due to the sensitivity of the
digesters, the high initial investment required for
equipment, and the fact that the wastes still must be
disposed of after digestion. (Rowe-East Central)
3287 - A5, AS', C2
SOIL POLLUTION FROM CATTLE
FEEDLOTS IN GEORGIA,
Department of Agronomy, Georgia University,
Athens
H. W. Fordham
MS Thesis, Department of Agronomy, Georgia Uni-
versity, January, 1973, 44 p. 9 fig, 10 tab, 34 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Nitrates, Farm
wastes, Georgia, Water pollution sources, Soil
chemistry, Nutrients, Soil analysis.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution sources.
Soil samples were taken from 21 beef cattle feedlots in
Georgia. Samples to 122 cm. depth were taken up-
slope, within and approximately a 30 and 90 m
downslope from the lots. Soil samples were analyzed
for extractable N0> NOj., NH^.., P, K, Ca, Mg, and
for electrical conductivity, pH, and organic matter.
Soil nitrate was considerably less in the Georgia feed-
lots than in those in the more arid regions in the West
and Midwest. The average topsoil nitrate in feedlots
was less than 20 ppm. Nutrients other \han potassium
did not show appreciable movement into the soil pro-
file. It is concluded that pollution of groundwater from
beef cattle feedlots is probably not significant in
Georgia. (Giddens-Georgia University)
3288 - All, B3, C3.D1.E3
MICROBIOLOGICAL ANAYLSIS OF
POULTRY ANAPHAGE,
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing
T. S. Chang, D. J. Currigan, D. W. Murphy and H. C.
Zindel
Poultry Science, Vol. 53,p. 1242-1245,1974. ltab,26 ref.
Descriptors: Sampling, Microorganisms. Bacteria.
Dehydration.
Identifiers: Poultry anaphage, Kefeeding.
Poultry anaphage samples collected from various lo-
cations within the United States and dehydration
machines were analyzed microbiologically in this
study. Results showed that total bacterial counts of
anaphage averaged about 466,900 microorganisms
per gram with a range from 5,900 to 3,590,000. In terms
of both frequency of isolation and total numbers, the
genera Bacillus and Streptococcus predominated. No
Salmonella, mold, Penicillium, Proteus, or Neisseria
were isolated. It is felt that the poultry anaphage
should be acceptable as a feed ingredient as long as no
pathogenic organisms are isolated. However, it is
preferable that the total bacterial count not be too
numerous, so care should be taken not to recontami-
nate the anaphage after it is processed. (Rowe-East
Central)
3289-B2,"Cl,D3
FLOW PATTERNS AND SEDIMEN-
TATION IN LIVESTOCK OXIDATION
DITCHES,
Agricultural Engineering Department. University of
Illinois, Urbana
J. K. Mitchell and D. L. Day
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 119-122.
January-February, 1976. 3 fig. 4 ref.
Descriptors: Aeration, Sedimentation, Slurries, De-
sign.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditches. Flow patterns.
The main purpose of an aeration device is to provide
the greatest possible absorption of oxygen by the
slurry. The aeration device in an oxidation ditch for
livestock waste treatment propels the liquid at a flow
velocity which is supposed to be sufficient for main-
taining the solids in a suspended state. When the vel-
ocity is insufficient to transport the particles, the par-
ticles will settle, and thus create a layer or mound of
waste material without a dissolved oxygen supply.
Tests were conducted to determine the flow patterns
in a simple, oval-shaped recirculation ditch The ditch
was concrete, with a rectangular cross-section flow
channel 1.07 m wide and 69 cm depth of flow. In the
first test, two different aeration devices were used in
an unmodified oval ditch and in the same oval ditch
with end-section modifications. Ordinary tap water
was used in the test. The first modification used was a
guide-vane made of stainless steel, and the second
was a teardrop "bulb" added to the end of the wall.
Several diagrams are given which demonstrate the
similarities and differences between the unmodified
and modified ditch conditions. Another test w-s con-
ducted to measure the sedimentation on a complex,
U-shaped oxidation ditch which was beneath a large
beef confinement unit. It was found that immediately
down stream from the rotor aerator, there was little
or no sedimentation and the greatest amount of
sedimentation was found further down stream within
the straight section. It was determined that in a large
oxidation ditch, more than one type of aerator should
be used. One type could be used for very high oxyge-
nation capacity (rotor) and another type (propeller)
for its high ditch bottom velocity capacity.
(Edwards-East Central)
3290 - B3, D2, E3, Fl, F6
CONVERSION OF ORGANIC WASTE
TO FUEL GAS.
Research Scientist, Natural Resources Research In-
stitute, Wyoming University, Laramie
J L. Cox, W. G. Willson and E. J. HoH. .an.
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division,
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil En-
gineers, Vol. 100, No. EE3, p. 717-732, June, 1974.3 fig,
6 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Organic wastes. Recycling, Fuels,
Costs, Equipment.
Experimental results of a new and novel concept for
the gasification of carbonaceous material to a high
beating value fuel gas are presented. The chemistry
of the conversion is examined in reference to the feed
materials and experimental ••ariables. Experiments
have shown that a variety of solid organic waste
materials can be converted to gaseous fuel products
composed essentially of CrU, COa, and Ha. with a
COa-free heating value that in many instances ex-
ceeds 7.92 kcal /I, a value generally accepted for sub-
stitute natural gas. A multiple catalyst, single-stage
reactor system was used in the investigation. Temp-
eratures of 600 degrees C-700 degrees C gave satisfac-
tory conversions with all the feed materials, but it is
anticipated that somewhat lower temperatures may
also show adequate conversions and improved pro-
duct composition. Although it would be unrealistic to
project economics on the basis of these preliminary
investigations, it is apparent that the catalyst cost
needs the most attention in this respect Such ques-
tions as catalyst alternatives, catalyst life, recover*.
bility, and regeneration deserve particular attention
Some efforts are currently being directed at answer-
ing these questions. (Rowe-East Central)
3291-B3, C1.D1.E3
A MATHEMATICAL DRYING MODEL
FOR POROUS MATERIALS: PART I -
THEORY,
Assistant Professor, Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering, Department, North Carolina State Univer-
sity, Raleigh
D. H. Willits, I. J. Ross. G. M. White and H. E Hamil-
ton
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 19. No. 3, p S58-361.
May-June, 1976. 5 fig, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Mathematical models. Drying. Equa-
tions, Porous media, Fertilizers, Feeds.
Identifiers: Poultry manure. Refeeding.
The basis of the drying model developed in this study
to describe the drying of poultry manure is the con-
cept of evaporation from an interface which recedes
into the body as drying proceeds. Since poultry man-
ure as excreted possesses no fixed geometry, the
model was developed for formed manure. The prob-
lem of drying a highly porous body, becomes that at
defining the rate at which the interface moves
through the body. Two separate versions of the
evaporative interface model were developed. They
are described in terms of equations. The behavior of
the interface temperature for each is also described in
terms of equations. (Rowe-East Central)
3292-B3, Cl, Dl
A MATHEMATICAL DRYING MODEL
FOR POROUS MATERIALS: PART II -
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS,
Assistant Professor, Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering, Department, North Carolina State Univer-
sity, Raleigh.
D. H Willits, I J. Ross, G. M. White and H E Hamil-
ton
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 3. p KZ-Stt
May-June, 1976. 4 fig, 6 tab. 16 ref.
Descriptors: Mathematical models. Drying, Model
studies. Temperature.
Identifiers: Poultry manure, Cylinders, Spheres.
Evaporative interface.
Two versions of a semi-empirical model based on the
concept of a receding evaporative interface were de-
veloped to describe the drying of formed poultry ma-
nure. The two-parameter version was developed for
cylindrical geometries to describe the behavior of the
interface temperature. The one-parameter version
was developed for both cylindrical and spherical
geometries to describe the interface temperature
Data obtained from the drying of poultry manure
formed into 2 shapes (cylindrical and spheres) for
diameters of 25.4,19.1, and 12.7 mm for cylinders and
31.S, 25.4, and 19.1 for spheres at air temperatures of
65.6, 93.3, and 121.1 C were used for evaluating both
versions of the model. When the one-parameter ver-
sion was compared to an exponential drying model.
the results indicated that both models performed
equally well in describing the drying of poultry man-
ure. However, the evaporative interface model had
the following advantages over the exponential model:
(OH directly incorporated most of the variables that
influence drying into a single expression. (1) It could
be more easily extended to situations not covered by
available drying data because of the reasonable be-
havior of the predicted values of ho and p. (31 It
provided a more complete understanding of the
mechanisms of drying highly porous materials
(Rowe-East Central)
3293 - B3, E3
WILL SOLID WASTES BURY US?,
527
-------
Engineering News Record • Probing the Future, Vol.
IK? No. 16, p. 251-261, April 30, 1974. 5 fig.
Descriptors: Solid wastes. Recycling, Waste dispos-
fdentifiers: Europe, United States, Japan, Waste
management.
The U. S generates 4 4 billion tons of solid waste per
year? t. 7 billion tonsof animal waste, 1.7 tons mineral
waste, 640 million Ions agricultural waste, 230million
tons urban waste, 140 million tons industrial waste II
is projected that by the year 2000 the U. S. will have to
deal with 12 billion Ions of solid waste The U. S. pro-
duces over 1 ton of solid waste annually for every
man, woman, and child in the U. S Figures for other
countries are given: Japan, 800 Ib; West Germany,
300 to 660 Ib; Holland, MO Ib; Belguim, 638 Ib; Eng-
land, 6351b; Italy, 572 Ib; and France, 506 Ib per capita
per year. These figures are expected to grow by 5 In 8
percent each year. With this as an introduction, the
author goes on to say that in order to meet the de-
mands that will be placed upon us in solid waste man-
agement a tola! commitment must be made im-
mediately, lie then discussed possible directions that
could be taken in the updating of solid waste technol
ogy The author says that total recycling of natural
resources from the processing of solid waste and gar-
bage is today a reality in handling municipal and
commercial solid wastes. The challenge in the future
lies in throwing off prejudices that have fettered
wide-scale appli cation of resource recovery concepts,
and in making resource recovery a necessary part of
materials-use practices. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
3294-A11.B2, B3
HOUSING OF BEEF CATTLE,
J J. Troon
Agriculture, Vol. 77, No. 9, p. 416,418,421, September,
1970
Descriptors: Cattle, Liquid wastes. Solid wastes.
Waste storage.
Identifiers: Housing, Waste Management, Slatted
floors.
Loose housing is being considered for cattle during
the second winter or finishing period in buildings
where there is no attempt to achieve control over the
internal environment. Wastes may be handled as
solid, semi-solid, or as a liquid and the decision on
which method to use may well be influenced by any
existing waste disposal methods on a particular hold-
ing Economy of straw used as litter can be achieved
by bedding only part of the yard and making the area
adjoining the manger a solid floor. If the waste is to be
handled as a liquid, the'area adjoining the mangers
can be slatted and the effluent stored beneath the
slats Where animals are loose housed on long litter, it
is not advisable to have both solid and liquid manure
to handle, which would mean extra disposal equip-
ment. The Brambell Committee on Animal Welfare
recommends that only half of the area be slatted to
produce an inhibiting effect. However, the use of a
slatted passage between two rcws of cubicles enables
the liquid in be stored beneath the slats and maintains
a balance between solid and slatted areas A passage
width of 8 ft. combined with usual cubicle dimensions
7 ft long by 3 ft. wide is effective Experience has
shown that slats 5 in. wide with a 1 Vi in. gap are
satisfactory and that concrete slats are less slippery
than ste«) slats The slats should be designed to carry
a load of 500 Ib / square foot. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System)
3295 - A2, A4, A6, A13, Bl, D3,
E2, Fl, F2
FARM WASTE DISPOSAL,
Agriculture, Vol. 77, No 4, p. 1*5-167, April, 1970.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Cattle, Poultry,
Odor Water pollution, Feedlot runoff, Aesthetics,
Economics. Legal aspects, Aeration
Identifiers: Housing, Great Britain, Land spreading.
Housing of cattle and poultry has created difficulties
with manure storage and disposal because of smells,
unsiKhlliness. and water pollution by runof! from
vard concrete or manure heaps. With profit margins
at their present levels nobody can insist on a return to
ranching or free range, but high standards of manure
management are required topreventjustifiablecom-
nlaints of nuisance. Regular land spreading of man-
ure will help to keep odors down, and aeration before
Dumping will ultimately remove much of the smell
from liquids. Silage liquor is universally offensive,
but cannot be helped. Farmers can cooperate the
nonagricultural interests by limiting activities at
week-ends and on public holidays when there are
more city dwellers in the countryside. The legal posi-
tion with regard to waste disposal is both complicated
and diffuse. There is no tidy consolidating act which
defines the whole situation clearly. Legal action for
nuisance, e.g., smell or noise, may be brought eitoer
at common law, or under section 92 of the Public
Health Act. 19J6 The principal object of the action is
to obtain either an injunction or an abatement order
against the offender.TheRiversiPrevention ofPollu-
tion) Acts 1951 and 1961 forbid thedischarge of farm or
trade effluents into a stream or watercourse unless it
has been agreed to in writing by the Local River Au-
thority (Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
3296 - B2, E2, Fl
GROUP OPERATIONS: WASTE DIS-
POSAL BY TANKER.
Agriculture, Vol. 79, No 10, p. 43M37, October, 1972.
Descriptors. Liquid wastes. Equipment, Economics.
Identifiers: Land spreading
The article discusses use of liquid manure tankers on
the farm. These tankers are seldom operated to
capacity on any farm. There may be situations in
which it is advantageous to share a tanker and its
associated labor in order to reduce the costs invested
in machinery. On small farms a group may operate a
tanker and improve waste handling. Larger tankers
can do more work for a given tractor and labor imput
and can handle wastes of varying dry matter, as well.
The working rate of any tanker depends on tanker
capacity, filling rate, and transport distance. The
right kind of tanker for a particular project in hand
must be chosen on the basis of such! actors as distance
and dry matter content of waste. The articleouUines a
possible scheme arranged among three farms for
joint operation ol a 700-ton tanker filled by vacuum
and emptied under pressure. Accommodation and
reason are stressed in this example. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System)
3297 - A4, B2, Cl, C2, E2
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL,
Agricultural Engineering Advisory Officer of Pal-
merston North, Great Britain
AgrTcuUu're/Vol. 77, No. 3, p. 23-37, March, 1970.21 fig,
Stab
Descriptors: Water pollution, Dairy industry. Spray
irrigation Effluents, Waste disposal, Confinement
pens. Physical properties. Chemical properties.
Identifiers. Land disposal.
This four-part series of articles covers the following:
sources of agricultural wastes, stream pollution,
dairy wastes, and spray irrigation. The trend toward
farming at a greater intensity has meant that the
dung and urine which was previously voided in the
paddocks will become an increasing problem. In
every intensive agricultural system and problem of
disposal of unwanted material becomes an important
part of the enterprise, and planning for it has to be
incorporated from the start. The us< of oxygen by
organic material in the stream is very important as it
effects the whole pattern of life within the stream. As
animal wastes discolor the water, contain suspended
solids, and have a very high orygen requirement
their effect on a stream is quite marked and rapid. »
is generally cheaper and easier to return all the
wastes to the land and so avoid any discharge to
streams. Methods of disposal of dairy wastes are dis-
cussed: pouring wastes down the drain, a sump to
catch suspended solids, ponding, sump and tanker-
honey wagon manure spreader trailer, pumping, and
spray irrigation. The spray irrigation method of dis-
posal, if properly managed, completely overcome)
the problem of direct pollution from cowsheds to
streams All of the shed washings are relumed im-
mediately to the pasture, thus gaining maximum be-
nefit from the available manurial value of the wastes.
In planning spray irrigation systems, there are a
number of points to consider: labor, volume of
wastes soil, soil cover, topography, and manage-
merit. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
3298 - A6, B3, C2, Dl, E3, Fl
PROTEIN WITHOUT POLLUTION.
Commercial Manager, Process Division, Douglas-
Hownson Limited
Engineering, Vol. 212, No. 11,p. 1081-1083, November,
1»72.1 fig.
Descriptors: Drying, Poultry, Fertilizers, Feeds,
Economics. Proteins, Design, Odor.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refeeding, Great
Britain.
The author describes a method of drying poultry ma-
nure developed by Douglas-Rowson, Ltd. The dried
manure which is 27 percent by weight of the wet
manure is 38 percent protein, and can be used both as
fertilizer and feed additive. The author claims that a
new profit of 8 pounds sterling per ton can be achieved
by processing the poultry manure and utilizing it by
this method. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
3299 - A8, Bl, C2, E2
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CAN
ALS SPOIL AND FARMYARD MAN-
URE AS CALCAREOUS SOIL CON-
DITIONERS,
Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Re-
em. K Bakhati, S. H. Abdel-Malik. E. M.
Abdel->, A. 1. Mitkees. and H. M. Hassan
Agricultural Research Review, Vol. 51, No. 2, p. 1-8,
March. 1973. Stab. 11 ret.
Descriptors: Soil amendment. Crop response, Farm
wastes. Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Canals spoil, Land disposal, Loading
rates. Residual effect.
An experiment was conducted to show the effect of
canals spoil and farmyard manure as a calcareous
soil conditioner on maize yield as well as their re-
sidual effect on the following crop (wheat) . The study
took place at Nobaria Experimental Station, near
Alexandria Six treatments were utilized in a com-
plete randomized block design. The treatments were
replicated 8 times. Treatments were: (It Control, (21
70 ton/feddan of canals spoil. (3) S ton/feddan of
farmyard manure, (4) 35 ton /feddan of canals spoil,
+ 2 5 ton /feddan farmyard manure, (51 70 ton/fed-
danofcanaUspoil S.Oton/feddanfarmyardmanure,
and (6) 10 ton/feddan of farmyard manure. Results
indicated thatmaize and wheat yields wereincreased
successively by increasing ttie levels of farmyard
manure Applying canals spoil alone had little effect
on yield. Applying farmyard manure plus canals spoil
gave better results. Residual effect of these additions
on the following crop was clear, but renewing the
addition before the next crop had pronounced effects.
Canals spoil or any other amendment should not be
used without first analyzing it for harmful salts.
(Merryman-East Central)
3300 - A6, All, Bl,E2
FLOOR TYPES AND VENTILATION
ON BEEF ANIMAL PERFORMANCE,
528
-------
Engineer, Sedimentation Control, North Carolina
Department of Natural and Economic Resources,
Winston-Salem
G. D. Miller, J. I. Sewell. and J. B. McLaren
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 322-325,
March-April, 1976. 2 fig, 5 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Ventilation, Performance, Odor.
Identifiers: Floor types, Knee swelling, Waste man-
agement, Slatted floors, Slab floors.
Primary objectives of the study were to determine the
effects of floor types and ventilation on animal per-
formance and knee swelling. A secondary objective
was to develop waste management criteria for
slatted floor systems. A sheet metal beef finishing
barn with 2 rows of 10 pens separated by a feeding
alley and having open sides and enclosed ends was
completed at The University of Tennessee Aluminum
Co. of America (Alcoa) Farm Bulls and steers weigh-
ing from 204 kg to 253 kg each were used in the tests
started in 1971 and concluded in 1974. The cattle were
fed a finishing ration until they reached slaughter
weight (about 430 kg). Few problems were experi-
enced with the cattle on feeding trials except during
summers. During a 1-year test when ventilation was:
not provided, bulls fed on concrete slabs, aluminum
slats, and concrete slats were similar with respect to
feed efficiency and rate of gain. During summer only,
some cattle exhibited swelling of knee joints; and all
cattle showed signs of discomfort. Cattle in the venti-
lated slat pens gained an average of 1.05 and 1.10
kg/animal day more than those in the unventilated
slat and unventilated slab pens, respectively. Bulls on
ventilated slabs exceeded those on unventilated slats
and unventilated slabs in feed conversion. Perfor-
mance differences were not statistically significant.
Problems associated with slatted floor systems were
high facility investment, odors after spreading waste,
and providing satisfactory environmental conditions
during summer. (Rowe-East Central)
3301 - A6, All, B2, C2, D3, E3
RECYCLING AEROBICALLY
TREATED WASTE WATER TO LAY-
ING HENS,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
Illinois 61801
H. S. Johnson, D. L. Day, C. S. Byerly, and S.
Prawirokusumo
Manuscript submitted to Poultry Science, April, 1976,
9 p. 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Aerobic treat-
ment, Recycling, Poultry, Performance, Nitrates,
Odor.
Identifiers: Oxygen level.
A study was performed to evaluate the performance
of layers that had their waste products aerobically
treated and recycled in their drinking water. Aerobic
treatment enhanced the wastes by killing pathogens,
upgrading the organic matter into single cells with
high protein content, and decreasing the wastes' odor.
Two groups of White Leghorn pullets were used in this
experiment. A mini-oxidation ditch was installed
under the experimental cages. The water level in the
ditch was maintained at about 30 cm. and the contents
were agitated with an aerator. Results showed that
the aerator incorporated more oxygen into the oxida-
tion ditch than necessary. As a result, the dissolved
oxygen level increased from 4.7 to 6.0 ppm from the
fourth to sixth week. Normally, a level of 1 to 2 ppm is
desirable. The nitrate levels increased even more
sharply during this 2-week period. Egg production
dropped sharply during this time. However, the birds
were able to recover much of their production loss
after being subjected to these levels, or slightly lower
ones, for several weeks. (Rowe-East Central)
3302 - All, B1,C1,C2,E3
REFEEDING WASTES,
Feedlot Management, Vol. 18, No. 7, p. 12, July, 1976.
Descriptors: Feeds, Potassium, Sodium. Manganese,
Nutrients, Confinement pens, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Minerals, Roughage, Hous-
ing.
Scientists of U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricul-
tural Research Service and the University o! Neb-
raska have found that feces and manure from housed
cattle on a low roughage ration generally meet the
requirements for feeding as a high roughage ration.
However, supplemental manganese may be needed.
Researchers found that wastes from outdoor feedlots
contain 45-95 percent soil and are not suitable for re-
feeding because of low feed value. The study also
showed that the suitability of excreted materials for
refeeding declines as the amount of roughage in the
original ration increases. Feces from a high roughage
ration, for example, could be reused only as the
roughage component of a ration. They would be equi-
valent to those from a low roughage ration if potas-
sium, sodium, and manganese were added. Resear-
chers found that the roughage level in the ration influ-
enced gross energy, crude fiber, crude protein, all
forms of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, man-
ganese and other mineral elements in the wastes
(Rowe-East Central)
3303 - D2, D3, E3, Fl
SEARCH FOR ALTERNATE FUELS
LEADS TWO CONGRESSMEN, VOL-
KSWAGEN, TO METHANOL,
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 16, p. 8, April 19,1976
R. H. Brown
Descriptors: Fuels, Research and development.
Costs, Recycling.
Identifiers: Methanol, Volkswagen, Automobiles.
Scientists are doing lab work and some congressmen,
in taking a look at substitute fuels, have become in-
terested in methanol, a gas derived from agricultural
or minicipal wastes, coal or natural gas. Senator Alan
Cranston and six other senators are seeking passage
of a bill for road tests on a large scale using methanol
as a fuel for the family automobile. Meanwhile, Vol-
kswagen has been doing some research on its own in
cooperation with the German government. Prelimi-
nary results indicate that methanol produced from
coal, natural gas and livestock wastes is a "mid-
term" possibility, while over the longer haul hydro-
gen is a possibility. Volkswagen is using 45 vehicles in
the testing program. A gasoline-methanol mixture
consisting of 85 percent gasoline and IS percent
methanol is being used in 22 VW Rabbits, 12 V W buses
and 11 Audi 100's. The vehicles will be driven almost
20,000 miles a year and so far only minor adjustments
have been needed to adapt the engines to methanol
gasoline. Hopefully, the studies will show that it will
be possible to quickly shift to the methanol-gasoline.
(Rowe-East Central)
3304 - All, B3, C2, E3
SCIENTISTS QUESTION USE OF MA-
NURE FOR RECYCLING,
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 8, p. 41, April, 1976.
Descriptors: Recyling, Performance, Nutrients, Cal-
cium, Copper, Magnesium.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Toxicity, Digestibility, Min-
erals, Ensiling.
Several studies were done to test the value of manure
in refeeding. Although chemical analysis of feedlot
manure makes the manure look good as a potential
feed, there are problems. It is hard to get livestock to
eat the manure and about 80 percent of what they do
eat becomes manure again because the digestibility is
low. Other tests were performed to see if concentra-
tions of certain minerals in the manure that might be
harmful increased each time it was recycled. The
tests revealed that continued recycling increased cal-
cium, copper and magnesium concentrations in the
dried excreta, but that the increases were not suffi-
cient to be harmful. Other research was done utilizing
pregnant beef cows. The researchers concluded that
manure in combination with barley could be fed as a
supplement to pregnant range cows as an alternative
to high quality protein supplements such as cotton-
seed meal. University of California animal tcientiiU
W N. Garrctt and J. L Hull, based on their research
as well as the work of others, did not recommend
using feedlot manure as • feed. "It's marginal, at best
right now," they agreed, adding that research with
ensiling the manure and feeding it in other forms may
hold some hope for the future. (Rowe-East Central)
3305 - A8, B2, Cl, C2, E2
RENOVATION OF LIQUID DAIRY
AND MILKING PARLOR WASTES,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Delaware University, Newark
W. F. Ritter, R. P. Eastbum. and J. R. Harris, Jr.
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, June 27-30,1976, Paper No. 76-4031.25 p. 5 fig. t
tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Lysimeters, Chemical
properties, Soil profiles, Soil properties. Physical
properties, Leachates.
Identifiers: Dairy wastes. Milking parlor waste
Research on land application of milk-parlor wastes
and liquid dairy wastes was conducted at the Univer-
sity of Delaware Four lysimeters were constructed
from plywood and lined with 4 mil polyethylene. Two
of the lysimeters contained a loamy sand soil and 2 of
the lysimeters contained a silt loam soil. Milking par-
lor waste (MPW) was applied to one of the silt loam
lysimeters and one of the loamy sand lysimeters.
Liquid dairy waste (LOW) was applied to the other 2
lysimeters. Influent and leachate samples were col-
lected from each Ivsimeter and analyzed for COD
nitrate-nitrite nitrogen, ammonia, organic nitrogen.
ortho phosphorus, total phosphorus. line and copper
Soil samples were taken at the end of the experiments
from each lysimeter and analyzed for pH, mag-
nesium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus Kjeldahl
nitrogen, line, copper and organic matter Conclu-
sions that were drawn fron the research were:(1) Soil
filtration is capable of removing over 90 percent of the
COD, over 99 percent of the phosphorus and over 80
percent of the nitrogen from livestock wastes (2)
Temperature did not affect the removal of COD and
phosphorus, but had some effect on nitrogen removal
(3) The milking parlor waste was more effectively
treated than the liquid dairy waste. (4) Milking parlor
wastes and liquid dairy wastes contain low concentra-
tions of zinc and copper. (5) Phosphorus movement
will increase in a soil profile with increased phos-
phorus applications. (6) The pH of the soil profile of
acid soils will increase with high applications of lives-
tock wastes. (7) The organic matter content of the
upper layers of the soil profile of loamy sand or sandy
loam soils will increase with high applications of
livestock wastes. (Rowe-East Central)
3306-B2, D3.E3, F6
THEY'RE PACKING UP WASTE
PONDS,
Chemical Week, Vol. 116, No. 14, p. 37, June 11,1I7S.
Descriptors: Recycling. Anaerobic treatment. Liquid
wastes, Chemicals, Fuels.
Identifiers: Packed-bed biological reactor. By-
product recovery.
Union Carbide's Nuclear Division, which operates
Holifield National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennes-
see, has developed a technique (Anflow) for packing
an anaerobic waste treatment pond into a column.
The Anflow unit is an upflow packed-bed biological
reactor in which liquid wastes are pumped into the
bottom to travel upward through the packing in which
anaerobic microorganisms have been implanted.
This method of treatment reduces both land require-
ments and treatment time. Retention times in the
equipment are as low as 4 hours. The biggest selling
points for Anflow are chemical recovery and fuel gen-
eration. Carbide estimates that IS trillion cu.ft. /year
of methane could be recovered from all wastes in the
U.S But this would be mainly solid wastes. Anflow
could recover methane as an off-gas during treatment
of liquid wastes from starch and food processing, and
529
-------
from domestic sewage. More valuable products also
can be recovered, including butane-diol from starch
waste, sulfur from kraft process black liquor wastes,
alcohols from wastes containing sugars. Researchers
already have adapted the Anflow process to produc-
tion of ethanol and report recoveries In excess of 15
percent from pure sugar feeds containing trace ele-
ments. (Merryman-East Central)
3307 - Al, A3, A4, A9, All, A12
RESOURCES UNDER PRESSURE-
-WATER
Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Department
of the Environment. Stevenage England
M Owens
Intensive Agriculture and the Environment, North
Western European Region Symposium, The Univer-
sity, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, September 19-21,1973 p
33-39 1 fig, 6 tab, 30 re/.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Agricultural runoff
Pesticides, Herbicides, Fertilizers, Phosphates, Nit-
rogen. Biochemical oxygen demand. Fishkill
Identifiers: Agricultural wastes.
In recent years, the agricultural industry has endea-
vored to increase crop yields and minimize livestock
space to such a degree that fertilizers, pesticides
farm wastes and other materials constitute a real
threat to the waters which they pollute. Some of these
materials have harmful effects indeed Certain or-
ganic wastes have a high BOD and cause the water to
lose oxygen necessary for aquatic life. Some of these
substances encourage growth of undesirable or-
ganisms and slimes in the water Livestock wastes
entering surface waters may introduce bacterial
parasitic, or viral diseases that may infect other ani-
mals or man. Feedlot runoff, which has a high con-
fn£r£ °lammo^a'can cause ten-kill* and can
tWriiJ £M'£ tflormation at "ie water works. Pes-
ticides . which often enter surface waters as a result of
land runoff, may cause fish-kills; however short-
i'^.n,?081"'' nf herbici
-------
employees are: (1) Always secure manholde covers'
ana suction hoses so they cannot fall into the slurry
tank. Covers should be made larger than openings so
they cannot fall through, and hoses can be secured to
vacuum tankers with safety chains. (2) Never enter a
slurry tank without first ventilating It for at least 20
minutes. Either wear a safety harness and have 2 men
standing by on the rope in case of emergency or wear
a gas mask or breathing apparatus. (3) Never stand'
over manholes, or sluice gates, or slatted floors when:
the effluent underneath is being agitated, flushed out,'
sucked or pumped. Farmers should put up notices'
warning of the gas hazard at all danger spots in and
around their piggeries. Because methane, ammonia <
and hydrogen sulfide can be explosive, smoking
should not oe allowed when emptying a slurry pit.
Also lighted cigarettes should not be thrown into slat-
ted slurry pits. (Oil-East Central)
3313 - A2, B2, C2, D3
IONIC COMPOSITION OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF,
A Liu
MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Col-
orado State University, Fort Collins, November. 1975,
79 p. 10 fig, 15 tab, 62 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Cattle,
Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical oxygen de-
mand, aerobic treatment, magnesium, bicarbonates.
Identifiers: Ionic composition.
A study was conducted in 1969-1970 to investigate the
ionic composition of cattle feedlot runoff. The runoff
was simulated by making 1 percent cattle manure
aqueous solutions from a manure suspension consist-
ing of 10 grams of cattle feedlot manure and 990 mil-
liliters of distilled water. The ionic composition of the
simulated runoff and the effect of aeration on BOD
and COD were studied. The ionic analysis results
showed that magnesium and bicarbonate were the
major positive and negative ions, respectively. The'
specific conductance value was l,400""*as/cm at
25" C and CaCOj was deposited by the solution. It
was felt that the manure aqueous solution would be
satisfactory for almost all soils as far as the sodium-
absorption-ratio was concerned, Aeration treatment
data showed that, alter 7 days aeration, there was a 74
percent removal of ultimate BOD at 24° C. The study
established that the cattle manure mixture did have a
high degree of aerobic treatability. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
3314 - A6, All, A12, B2, E2, Fl
FIELD TESTS OF LIQUID MANURE
SYSTEMS AT TWO DAIRIES,
Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Tennessee University, Knoxville
J W. High, Jr., J. R. Owen, and J. I. Sewell
Tennessee Farm and Home Science, Progress Report
No. 76, October-December, 1970, p. 3-52 fig.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste storage, Costs,
Odor, Safety, Tennessee.
Identifiers: Holding Tanks, Land spreading.
In 1967,2 concrete liquid manure holding tanks were
constructed at the Dairy Experiment Station at
Lewisburgh and at the Middle Tennessee Experiment
Station at Spring Hill for a cost of JO 85 / cu. f t. storage
capacity. Construction costs, management data, and
operational problems have been recorded since these
tanks were put into operation. In these liquid manure
systems, manure was stored until weather conditions,
cropping systems, and labor schedules allowed the
manure to be spread on fields. Each concrete pit was
accompanied by concrete slabs for easy loading of the
nit equipment for agitating the manure, and equip-
Jnent for pumping the liquid wastes for hauling and
field spreading. The liquid manure systems made
oossible more sanitary conditions during the winter
months than would have been possible with conven-
tional hauling methods. Objectionable odors were not
normally present except during agitation and pit un-
loading and for a short period after the manure was
mread on fields. During summer months, scraping of
the lots was done early in the morning before the
manure had dried appreciably in order to make agita-
tion easier. It was found that caution should be taken
to exclude materials which could damage or clog a
pump and safety precautions should be taken for farm
workers and animals in relation to the flammable and
poisonous gases produced by such liquid manure pits
(Rowe-East Central)
3315 - C2
MICRONUTRIENT CONTENT OF
FARMYARD MANURE OF THE PUN-
JAB,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
G. S. Mann, S. Mangat and S. M. Sood
Journal of Research, Punjab Agricultural University
Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 203-206, June. 1973. 3 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Sampling, Iron, Manganese, Molyb-
denum, Copper.
Identifiers: India, Micronutrients, Farmyard man-
ure.
Because very little information is available about the
micro-nutrient content of the farmyard manure being
used in India, a study was conducted to evaluate the
manure being used in rural areas of the Punjab. The
manure was analyzed for iron, manganese, molyb-
denum, copper, nitrogen, potash, phosphorus, or-
ganic matter, and pH. Thirty-nine samples of far-
myard manure were collected from different villages
of the Faridko, Garhshanker, Banga, Nawan Shahr,
Dehlon and Ludhiana N.E.S. blocks of the Punjab
State. The samples were oven dried at CO degrees C for
72 hours. They were then ground and sieved through a
1 mm sieve for analysis. The overall average value (or
iron was found to be 1.3019 percent. The average man-
ganese value was 40.6 ppm. The average value for
copper was 46.3 ppm. The molybdenum value varied
from 0.9 to 15.9 ppm. (Rowe-East Central)
3316 - A8, Bl, C2, D3, E2, E3, Fl,
F3
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
CATTLE MANURE,
J. B. Lane
MS Thesis, University of Minnesota, September, mi,
83 p. 16 fig, 18 tab, 73 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Methane, Nitrates,
Costs, Equipment, Economics.
Identifiers: Soil amendment.
Anaerobic digestion of cattle manure was investi-
gated in terms of gas production and volatile solids
reduction. Experiments were performed with the fol-
lowing objectives: (1) comparison of gas production
and temperature in adiabatic and isothermal batch
digesters, (2) gas production in digester enriched
with protein supplement, (3) determine the effect on
gas production and volatile solids reduction of aerobic
pretreatment of the substrate, and (4) comparison of
nitrate production in soil amended with fresh manure.
A prototype field digester was then designed and the
materials costs estimated. For 10 dairy cows and 10
beef cows, dome digesters of 8.5 ft and 7.0 ft in radius
were required. Installed costs were estimated at $2500
for each digester. The return on investment from the
methane generated would be 25 percent and S3 per-
cent, respectively. Hence, anaerobic digestion of cat-
tle wastes is not only feasible but economically attrac-
tive to the fanner or feedlot operator. However, more
technical research, especially at the field pilot plant
level, is needed to assure this attractiveness.
(Rowe-East Central)
3317 - All, Bl
EFFECTS OF DUNG BEETLE ACTIV-
ITY ON THE NUMBER OF
NEMATODE PARASITES ACQUIRED
BY GRAZING CATTLE,
A'nimal Parasite Research Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Service, u. S. Department of Agriculture,
Tifton. Georgia 31794
G. Fincher
Journal of Parasitology. Vol. 61, No. 4, p. 759-762 Au-
gust, 1975. 1 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Nematodes.Callle, Grazing. Parasites.
Identifiers: Dung beetles.
A study was conducted to determine the effects of
dung beetle activity on the number of nemalode para-
sites acquired by parasite-free calves grating con-
taminated pastures under natural conditions. Twelve
steers with naturally acquired parasite infections
were used to contaminate 3 pastures (4 cows to each
pasture) with feces containing parasite eggs. Six
parasite-free calves were then allowed to graze the
pastures for 43-45 days. Two calves, crazing a pasture
with a dung beetle population rendered lower than
normal by screening and trapping, acquired 9 times
more parasites than 2 calves that grazed a pasture on
which captured beetles had been released. Two calves
that grazed a pasture with a natural dung beetle popu-
lation acquired 4 times more worms than the calves
on the pasture with the increased beetle population
The 2 major genera of nematodes present (Qstertagia
and Cooperia) were found definitely to be signific-
antly reduced in number by dung beetles. (Rowe-East
Central)
3318-A6, B1.D2
INCINERATION SYSTEM FOR CON-
TROLLING NOXIOUS ODORS IN A
LAYER HOUSE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering,'College of
Agriculture, Pahlavi University, Shirai, Iran
R. P. Kachru
Environmental Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 342-341
1975. 4 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Incineration. Carbon dioxide. Water.
Design, Temperature, Turbulence.
Identifiers: Odor control.
An attempt was made to eliminate obnoxious odors
produced by poultry manure by incincerating it. In-
cineration of gases requires 3 basic conditions: (1)
The combustion elements must be raised to their au-
toignition temperature in the presence of sufficient
oxygen to complete the chemical reactions. (2) Gases
must be retained at that temperature for a sufficient
length of time to permit the oxidation to proceed until
only CO* and water remain. (It was found that a
minimum of 0.5 seconds at about 1400 F is required
for the complete combustion of obnoxious gases pro-
duced in a layer hdose). 13} Turbulence: The degree
of intimate mixing of the air for oxidation with the
waste fuel will affect' the incinerator performance
significantly. (In general, either mechanical or
aerodynamic means are utilized to achieve the inti-
mate scrubbing and mixing of the air and fuel.) Direct
flame incineration has proven to be the most positive
method of continuous elimination of the obnoxious
odorous compounds. Heat recovery, when utilized
with this system, can cut down the expenses on fuel
consumption by an appreciable amount. This com-
bustion recovery heat can be used either for a heat
exchanger placed in the system or for heating the
"layer" house in the winter time. Total initial invest-
ment should be computed and profitability of the in-
cineration system should be analyzed in relation to
the individual poultry production setup in order to
determine the system's feasibility in'individual cues.
(Rowe-East Central)
3319 - A3, A5, A6, A10, B2. B3,
B4, Cl, C2, Dl, E2, Fl
SETTLING AS A METHOD FOR PRE-
TREATING FEEDLOT RUNOFF,
Extension Agricultural Engineers, Agricultural En-
gineering Department, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye, D. D. Jones, and A. L. Sutton
Department of Agricultural Engineering Mimeo,
Purdue University. West Lafayette, Indiana, 1974, X
f. 9 fig. 7 tab.
531
-------
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Settling
basins, Waste storage, Irrigation, Groundwater pol-
lution, Odor, Vectors, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes,
Economics.
Identifiers: Pretreatment, Settling channels, Infilt-
ration area, Holding ponds.
Before selecting a particular waste management and
runoff control system for a feedlot, the settling system
should be considered. The runoff control system is
composed of 3 functional elements: a pre-treatment
unit, a storage unit and a disposal unit. The pretreat-
ment unit may be a settling basin or a settling chan-
nel. When the lot is cleaned only a few times a year
and where large amounts of manure are carried off
the lot in runoff, a settling basin should be used since it
has more room for solids storage and can be more
readily cleaned. If the lot is cleaned frequently the
volume of solids will be less and a settling channel
may be adequate. The storage element may be either
a holding pond or an infiltration area. Holding ponds
take less land out of production than infiltration
areas, but may not be acceptable in areas where the
water tables are very near the soil surface or where
the soil is underlain with fractured limestone or sand
If a holding pond is used, some sort of irrigation sys-
tem will be needed lode-water the holding pond when
it becomes full. Advantages of settling systems are-
(1) Farm labor can build a settling system with
equipment that is usually found on a farm. (2) If an
Infiltration area is used, the management is very
simple (3) The settling basin will reduce the organic
loading on a runoff holding pond or a lagoon, reduce
pond odor problems and lengthen pond life. (4) Smal-
ler irrigation equipment can be used when settling
system is used to treat runoff before it enters the
runoff holding pond. (51 Solid manure handling can be
used to handle the settled solids if the settling basin or
settling channel is properly designed Disadvantages
are: (1 (If settling system is constructed of concrete,
it can be expensive. (2) Flies and mosquitoes may
breed in the channel if it is not cleaned after runoff
events. (3) A settling channel and infiltration area
will take land out of crop production. (4) Solids which
are removed from the system may have to be stored in
a solid manure storage area. (Edwards-East Central)
3320 - A8, Bl
SURVIVAL OF THE SUGARBEET
CYST NEMATODE IN THE ALIMEN-
TARY CANAL OF CATTLE,
Farm Advisor in Imperial County
D G Kontaxis, G. P. Lofgreen, and I. J. Thomason
California Agriculture, Vol. 30, No. 3, p 15 March
1976. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Sugar beets, Nematodes, Cattle
Identifiers: Manure.
The cyst nematode can be disseminated from field to
field by equipment, cultural implements, irrigation
water, manure from grazing cattle, and by any other
means which transfers soil from one place to another
In this study, sugarbeet roots remaining in a field with
high nematode infestation were collected. Soil sam-
ples taken iust prior to harvesting had an average of
10,280 viable eggs per 100 grams of dried soil. The
roots were sectioned into small pieces and fed along
with a conventional milled ration to 6 yearling steers
for 10 consecutive days. Feces and a sample of roots
were collected from each animal. The study showed
that eggs in cysts passing through the digestive sys-
tems of cattle remained viable. This was evidenced by
thcwhite females (new generation) obtained from the
roots of the sugarbeet seedlings. Material eaten by
cattle started passing in the manure about 3 days
after feeding. Most eaten material was excreted
within about 7 days of feeding. (Rowe-East Central)
3321 - Al, A4, A7, A12, Bl, F2
LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO IN-
TENSIVE AGRICULTURE AND THE
ENVIRONMENT,
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, the Nether-
lands
J. P. Van Zutphen
Intensive Agriculture and the Environment, North
Western European Region Symposium, The Univer-
sity, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, September 19-21 1973 D
96-98.
Descriptors: Legislation, Air pollution. Water pollu-
tion, Agriculture, Pesticides, Permits.
Identifiers: Netherlands, Manure tanks.
Several laws have been introduced in the Netherlands
with the intention of balancing agriculture with a
clean environment. Three of these laws are the "Pub-
lic Nuisance Act," the "Pollution of Surface Waters
Act", and the "Air Pollution Act". The Public Nui-
sance Act prohibits the erection, operation and mod-
ification without an official permit of any installation
that may constitute an external danger or cause ex-
ternal damage or a nuisance. The Pollution of the
Surface Waters Act was instituted to curb the pollu-
tion of surface waters such as rivers, streams and
coastal waters. The Air Pollution Act was instituted to
reduce to a minimum the discharging of noxious sub-
stances (including gaseous substances producing
noxious odors) into the atmosphere. Another law the
"Pesticides and Allied Substances Act", prevents a
pesticide from being used before its approval.
Amendments to this Act plan to provide better ways of
assuring that surplus pesticides and empty packages
do not contaminate water sources. The government
also encourages farmers to burn natural gas to cut
down on pollution caused by combustion of heavy fuel
oils. Manure removal is controlled by the previously
mentioned Pollution of Surface Waters Act which
mandates a permit for most waste discharges "Man-
ure banks" have been established, which provide
transportation of manure to areas where it can be put
to good use. (Sanders-East Central)
3322 - A8, Bl, C2, E2, Fl
RENEWED EMPHASIS ON BEEF
FEEDLOT WASTES AS FERTILIZER:
IMPACT ON FARM ECONOMICS AND
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY,
Professor of Agricultural Economics
A. Jacques, M. Freeman and D. Badger
Oklahoma Current Farm Economics, Vol. 48 No 2 p
5-10, June, 1975. 2 tab, 5 ref '
Descriptors: Feedlots, Fertilizers, Soils Crop re-
sponse, Cattle, Economics, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Land application.
In the fall of 1974, a survey of 24 beef cattle feedlot
operators, 10 farmers, and ] commercial manure
handlers was taken in the Oklahoma and Texas
panhandle to determine the supply and demand situa-
tion for beef feedlot waste and resulting environmen-
tal quality implications. Indications are that recent
economic and other events have combined to elimi-
nate much of the livestock waste solids problem in the
southwestern beef feeding states, as related to both
state and federal environmental quality regulations.
Results showed that fertilizer prices have increased
200 to 300 percent in the last 3 years. Consequently,
farmers have turned increasingly to beef feedlot
wastes as a valuable source of plant nutrients. Beef
feedlot operators had a difficult time disposing of
these wastes in the late 1960's and early 1970's Most
were losing money hauling the manure. Now farmers
in the survey are convinced that the nutrient value of
beef feedlot wastes is sufficiently high to pay the cur-
rent rate of (2.50 to 13.50 per ton required for applying
beef feedlot waste to their land. Increasing quantities
of beef feedlot wastes in drier climate zones such as
the Southwest likely will be applied to both irrigated
and dryland crops and pastures. (Rowe-East Central)
3323 - A6, B3, C2, D3
ODOR CONTROL AND ANAEROBIC
DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE
MIXED WITH DIGESTER SLUDGE,
J. L. Roll
M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois, 1973,106 p. 32 fig, 30
tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: Sewage sludge, Degradation. Anaerobic
conditions.
Identifiers: Odor control, Swine, Mixing.
The 4 objectives in this study are as follows: (1) De-
termine potential of adding municipal digester sludge
to swine manure as a method of controlling odors of
swine manure under anaerobic conditions (2) De-
termine the ratio of digester sludge to swine manure
which gives the best anaerobic digestion of swine ma-
nure. (3) Determine the effects of continuous mixine
of the digester contents versus mixing for only 30 mi-
nutes a day. (4) Determine whether microbial action
due to the digester sludge, buffering capacity of the
digester sludge, or dilution by the digester sludge is
the cause of any odor control that may be observed
during the research. Time degradation, odor panel
and off-gas analyses were performed in an attempt to
determine what the mechanism of odor control was
Three trials were made and in all three, digesters 1,2
3,4, and 5 contained the following ratios (on a volume'
basis) of liquid swine manure to municipal digester
sludge: 2:1,1:1,1:2,1:6, and 1:10 respectively It was
found that digester sludge is valuable in setting up
good anaerobic activity in manure. The better
anaerobic activity resulted in odor control and better
degradation of the manure. The best degradation was
observed in the digester with the most odor so a
trade-off may be required. If good solids reduction is
desired, some odor will have tobe tolerated. Perhaps
a closed digester is the answer. (Edwards-East Cent-
ral)
3324 - A8, C2, C3, E2
POULTRY MANURE PHYTOTOXIC-
ITY,
Division of Agricultural Chemistry, 5 Parliament
Place, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia
I. R. Minchinton, D. L. Jones, and J. P. L Sang
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture Vol
24, No. 11, p. 1437-1448, November, 1973. ' '
Descriptors: Poultry, Phytotoririty, Crop response
Litters. '
Identifiers: Land disposal, Growth deformation.
Reports from field personnel and growers in Western
Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales indicated
the presence of a plant toxin in deep litter fowl man-
ure. Affected crops have included vegetables, in par-
ticular tomatoes, ornamental nursery crop's (both
field and container grown) and ornamental cut flower
species. This investigation was conducted to check
the possibility that the toxin was different from 2 4-D
(previous reports from Western Australia suggested
that the toxin was 2,4-D) and to isolate and identify the
toxin. Secondary investigation centered around the
examination of poultry feed additives. Extracts were
made from toxic Victorian and West Australian sam-
ples by shaking 20 g of manure with 50 ml of water and
filtering. Bioassays were conducted on the extracts
and also on concentrations of 2,4-D ranging from 0.1 to
5 parts / million alone and in combination with a non-
toxic manure extract. The results of this and other
phases of the experiment show that phytotoxicity as-
sociated with the use of poultry deep litter was caused
by the impurity 4-amino-3>dichloro-2,6-lutidine in
clopidol, used in feeds to control coccidiosis The re-
sults of this investigation are in direct contrast to
previously published literature which inferred that
the damage to plants was due to 2,4-D contamination
of wheat seed. The results of the second poultry trial
show that phytotoxicity only results when the impur-
ity is ingested by poultry, indicating that an active
metabolite is formed in the alimentary system of the
bird. The bioassay showed that the metabolite is
biologically very active. Bioassay dilution studies on
the resulting manure showed that on the basis that the
diet contained the major impurity at 0.625 part/ mill-
ion, taking account of the digestibility coefficient of 66
percent and assuming complete conversion of the im-
purity to the metabolite, 0.16 part /million of
4-amino-3,5-dichloro-2,6-lutidine in the feed would
cause phytotoxicity and 0078 part /million would
cause no damage. (Cameron-East Central)
532
-------
3325 - A2, A4, A5, A8, A12, E2,
Fl, F2
IMPACT OF FERTILIZERS AND AG-
RICULTURAL WASTE PRODUCTS
ON THE QUALITY OF WATERS,
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De-
velopment
Impact of Fertilizers and Agricultural Waste Pro-
ducts on the Quality of Waters, Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1973
72 p. 4 fig, 9tab.,47ref.
Descriptors: Water quality, Water pollution,
Groundwater pollution, Nutrients, Fertilizers, Eut-
rophication, Organic wastes, Economics, Leaching,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Agricultural runoff. Erosion,
Irrigation, Legal aspects, Public Health.
Identifiers: Waste management, Environmental ef-
fects, Land application, Educational aspects.
Agricultural waste products (particularly animal
wastes) and fertilizers make substantial contribu-
tions of nutrients to surface waters, thus contributing
to the development of eutrophication. This report,
based on an investigation conducted by'the Organisa-
tion for Economic Co-operation and Development
Water Management Sector Group on Eutrophication
of Surface Waters and its control, gives an evaluation
of nutrient contribution to surface waters and indi-
cates measures and practices that may be employed
to reduce such contributions. Sources of nutrient en-
richment of surface waters include industrial dis-
charges, urban discharges, agricultural activities,
and rainfall. The sources of nutrient loss from soil
include those from soil organic matter, soil minerals,
fertilizers and all types of organic manures.
Mechanisms for nutrient losses which occur from ag-
riculture to the water system are leaching, surface
runoff, erosion and direct discharge of animal wastes.
These vary considerably, depending on the agricul-
tural system (e.g. crop rotation and fertilizer prac-
tice) and the geographical characteristics (e.g. cli-
mate, soil type, and slope.) The most serious source of
nutrient losses from agriculture to water is from op-
erations with high livestock densities. Since the range
of climatic and geographical conditions, and the
range of customary agricultural practices vary very
greatly from region to region, only a general guide to
remedial measures can be given. Factors that must
be considered when proposing a change in customary
practices include environmental aspects, employ-
ment, economic feasibility, need for food production,
practical applicability and cost. A change in the edu-
cation of the farmer is needed, which not only consid-
ers the economic factors of fertilizing operations, but
also the environmental consequences of nutrient los-
ses. (Penrod-East Central)
3326 - A4, A7, A8, Bl, C2, D3, E3
METHANE FROM FARM WASTES,
D. M. Paulin
The Soil Association, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 10,20, April, 1974,
Ifig
Descriptors: Methane, Recycling, Fertilizers,
Biological treatment, Organic wastes. Design,
Anaerobic digestion, Copper, Air pollution, Water pol-
lution, Soil contamination.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Swine, Scotland.
The experiments in progress at the Rowett Research
Institute and the Scottish Farm Buildings Investiga-
tion Unit, North of Scotland College of Agriculture,
were started originally not so much for possible
energy production as because of overall public con-
cern about control of land, air, and water pollution. It
was realized at once that biological treatment of farm
wastes could lead to efficient recycling, but it was also
realized that such treatment as is used in domestic
sewage systems was not adequate because of the very
much higher content of. organic material in farm
wastes. The team examining the problems, therefore,
decided to experiment with anaerobic digestion,
using wastes from an intensive pig unit. After exper-
imenting with varying rates and different load mix-;
s, it was found that a mixture of sow-house and
fattening-house waste (J.5 percent solidsl, with a
loading rate of 100 gal /day and at a digester temper-
ature of 35 degrees C, increased gas production to
about 500 cu ft /day, comprising 68 percent methane
and 32 percent carbon dioxide. However, the actual
volume of gas produced depends on the composition of
the waste as well as the volume. Three things seem
within reach in the foreseeable future: (1) The pro-
duction of useful fertilizer, complicated in the case of
pig slurry by the indestructibility of the copper now
apparently included in pig nutrition. (21 The produc-
tion of feed recycled from the treated wastes, with the
same reservations concerning pig wastes, and (3) The
production of methane gas with potential for heating
and for energy for static farm machinery. The ulti-
mate goal is to produce a design for a cheap, easily
run anaerobic plant for the ordinary farm (Rowe-
East Central)
3327 - A4, A7, A8, Bl, D3, E2, Fl
FARM WASTE COMPOSTING PRO-
CESS,
Anonymous
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 15 No 9
p. 482-488, September, 1975.1 fig.
Descriptors: Pollution control. Slurries, Solid wastes,
Design.
Identifiers: Composting, Land disposal.
Dr.K. R.Grayand Dr. A. J. Biddlestone of the Chemi-
cal Engineering Department lead the Compost
Studies Group at the University of Birmingham,
which for the past 5 years has been studying the appli-
cation of composting to the treatment of farm manure
slurries. The Ministry of Agriculture is encouraging
farmers to return to their fields as much animal man-
ure as possible. The new process will enable farmers
to do this without the previously attendant risk of
pollution of the air, neighboring water courses or the
soil. The key to the process is the efficient use of the
head from a slurry-straw composting reaction to
evaporate the water from the slurry, thereby leaving
a solid compost product with no liquid effluent. The
equipment consists of 4 specially constructed cubes
maintained under forced aeration. In each cube a
batch of slurry and straw is composted for about a
month; the cubicle is then emptied and refilled. In
Week 1, for a particular cubicle, slurry and the straw
are carefully blended and the cubicle filled. The straw
matrix filters out the suspended solids from the slurry
and absorbs much of the liquor. In Week 2, the mass
reaches its maximum composting temperature. The
drainage liquor from the recycle tank is carefully
sprayed over the composting mass and becomes to-
tally evaporated into the stream of air being blown
through the matrix. In Weeks 3 and 4, composting
continues under forced aeration conditions but with-
out any liquid recycle. The temperature starts to fall
back and the cubicle is emptied at the end of week 4
The weight of the mass falls to 1 /3 that of the original
charge, owing to the enormous evaporation of water.
The technique can handle manure slurries from any
source-pigs, cattle, or poultry. The capital installed
cost of a manufactured unit is likely to be about 10
pounds per pig place, 100 pounds per cow place. Labor
needs for a 1000 pig or 100 cow unit are about V, hour
per day for cubicle filling and 1-2 hours per week for
cubicle emptying and stockpiling the compost. (Ott-
East Central)
3328 - A9, All, Bl, D2
EVALUATION OF B-EXOTOXIN OF
BACILLUS THURINRIKNSIS BER-
LINER FOR CONTROL OF FLIES IN
CHICKEN MANURE,
3231 E. Lester Street, Tucson, Arizona
R. J. Barker and W. F. Anderson
f« T«e Medical Entomology, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 103-
110,1975. 1 fig, 8 tab, 16 ref
Descriptors: Insecticides. Feeds, Toricity. Perfor-
mance, Poultry.
Identifiers: Fly control. Animal health.
The objectives of this study were to determine the
efficacy and safety of B-exotoxin in feed and in water
for control of flies in chicken manure, to establish and
to describe early symptoms of overdosage to birds to
check possible long-range tone effects, and to obtain
a rough indication of the ultimate fate of exoloxin
Because it takes chickens about a week to adapt to
new cages or rations, the same birds were used in
successive tests. First, they were used to establish
what level of toxin should be fed to control flies in
feces. Next, soluble and insoluble salts were com-
pared. Finally, dosages were increased until a mar-
gin of safety between control of flies and harm to birds
could be established. Results were: The B-esotoxin
was highly toxic to chickens whether added to feed as
a calcium or a sodium salt or to water as the sodium
salt. Early poisoning symptoms were loss of vigor,
reduced feeding, and undersized eggs. Reduced feed-
ing was not a consequence of palatability. Esotoxin
caused severe gizzard erosion, enteritis, and prove-
ntriculitis. The exotoxin degraded when manure
liquified and lost the ability to kill house fly larvae
under such conditions. House flies acquired resis-
tance to B-exotoxin after 6 months continuous selec-
tion from larval exposures. The LD.« increased 30
times, to the point that larvae grew with 600 ppm of
exotoxin in the medium. (Rowe-East Central I
3329- All, B1,C1,C2.E3,F1.F2
UTILIZATION OF WASTES AND BY-
PRODUCTS IN ANIMAL FEEDS,
Agricultural Research Council, Poultry Research
Center, King's Buildings, West Mains Road. Edin-
burgh EH9 3JS, Scotland
R. Blair
Feedstuffs, Vol. 46, No 39,1974. 8 tab, 33 ref
Descriptors: Recycling.Byproducts,Feeds, Energy,
Proteins, Minerals, Performance, Legal aspects.
Economics.
Identifiers: Plant wastes. Animal wastes. Industrial
wastes. Dried poultry waste. Dried poultry Utter.
The potential of various wastes and byproducts as
animal feedstuffs is surveyed Included are animal
wastes and byproducts, plant wastes and by-products
and various industry wastes such as bakery wastes!
wood wastes, household wastes, vegetable wastes and
surplus, and waste potatoes. In the animal waste
category, dried poultry waste (DPW) and dried poul-
try litter (DPL) receive particular attention. Among
the points made are: (1) DPW is variable in composi-
tion and contains a high content of nitrogen. (J) The
main difference in DPW and DPL is the higher con-
tent of crude fiber in DPL due to the admixture of
droppings with litter. (3) The nutritive value of poul-
try waste is higher for ruminants than for non-
ruminants because ruminants can utilize uric acid
and some f iber. (4) Studies indicate that DPW can be
used as a source of energy, protein and minerals by
poultry and, under certain price situations, may bean
economic feed ingredient. (5) Studies indicate that
both DPW and DPL are suitable protein sources for
beef cattle although there may be problems in diet
formulation due to the low energy value of the wastes
(6) The main loss of nitrogen from raw poultry waste
is due to fermentation and for ruminant feeding, the
waste is more valuable if collected and dried soon
after being voided. (7) One detrimental feature of
DPL is its content of lignin (about 8 percent), which
ruminants are unable to degrade and which also re-
duces the digestibility of the carbohydrate with which
it is combined. (8) Recycling animal waste is banned
in most EEC countries and in the United Stales. In the
United Kingdom, the use of DPW is not prohibited
unless it can be shown that the feed contains deleteri-
ous ingredients. (Rowe-East Central)
3330 - B2, B3, C2, D3, E2, E3
METHANE DIGESTERS FOR FUEL
GAS AND FERTILIZER,
The New Alchemy Institute-East, Box 431, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts
R. Merrill and Y. Merrill, ed.
Newsletter No. 3. The New Alchemy Institute, 1973,46
P >4 fig, 10 tab, 69 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Recycling
Methane, Fertilizers, Sludge, Organic wastes Alsae
Fish, Design. '
533
-------
Identifiers: Methane digesters.
This study. < 1) presents a general background of the
raw materials and processes of digestion, (2) discus-
ses some preliminare ideas lor using methane gas
and sludge (31 describes 2 designs for building simple
working models of digesters, and < 41 develops feed-
back from readers who are working on digester pro-
tects across the country. From a biological point of
view, digesters can be considered as a culture of bac-
teria feeding upon the converting organic wastes. The
basic gas producing reaction in the digester is: Car-
bon plus water - methane plus carbon dioxide. The
composition and fuel value of bio-gas from different
kinds of organic wastes depends on < I) the tempera-
ture at which digestion takes place, and (2) the nature
of the raw material. Digesters can be designed for
batch feeding (filling all at once, sealing, and empty-
ing when the raw material slops producing gas) or for
continuous feeding (feeding a little, regularly, so that
gas and fertilizer are produced continuously). The
digesters require little daily attention. Anaerobic di-
gestion Is about 60-70 percent "efficient" in convert-
ing organic waste to methane. Most solids not con-
verted into methane settle out in the digester as a
liquid sludge. This sludge may be used as a fertilizer
and soil conditioner or as a stimulant in ponds for
algae growth, which in turn encourages fish growth.
The sludge may also be used in a sludge-algae-
methane system in which green algae is grown on
diluted sludge, then harvested, dried and digested to
produce methane for power and sludge for recycling.
Actual digester design information is given on how to
build a sump digester and how to build an inner tube
digester. (Rowe-East Central)
3331 - A2, A4, A7, A8, B2, C2, E2,
Fl, F2
PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS CON-
TROLLING RUNOFF FROM FEED-
LOTS,
Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural En-
gneering, University of Illinois. UrbanaSlMl
C. Dickey and D. H Vanderholm
Illinois Research, Vol. l«,No. l.p. 10-11. Winter, 1976.
Uig.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlols, Illinois,
Regulations, Water pollution, Air pollution, Soil con-
tamination. Design. Costs, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Potassium, Soil analysis.
Identifiers: Runoff control, Land application.
Although present Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) regulations make runoff control mandatory
for large feedlots. EPA and the Illinois Pollution Con-
trol Board are now proposing livestock regulations
which will apply to all livestock operations regardless
of size. These regulations will require modification of
many facilities and wtll present small and medium
sired operations with the problem of economically
controlling polluted runoff. A runoff control system
usually consists of a runoff collection component such
as a channel, a settling basin to settle out a portion of
the manure solids, and a holding pond to store the
liquid after settling. Liquid from the holding pond is
usually spread on nearby cropland as a supplemental
water supply and a source of nutrients. Because
runoff control systems are few in number and fairly
new to Illinois, several beef, dairy, and swine opera-
tions with runoff control systems in central and north-
ern Illinois have been monitored since the spring of
1(74 with the following objectives in mind: (1) to de-
termine whether installations are preventing air, wa-
ter, and soil pollution, (2) to discover any manage-
ment problems that could be eliminated by modifying
the system, (3) to determine the adequacy of present
design criteria, and 14) to study (he balance of nut-
rients, particularly nitrogen, through runoff systems.
The runoff control systems under study were found to
be helping prevent water and soil pollution. Design
capacities for the settling basins and holding ponds
were found adequate. None of the systems caused
odor complaints. Both liquids and solids were found to
be sources for supplying soil nutrients. The quality of
the holding pond water was largely determined by the
slit of the Ml, number of animals, and management ol
Die lot and runoff control systems. (Edwards-East
Central)
-Bl C2 D3 E3. Fl
ENERGY AND'NUTRIENT CONSER-
VATION IN SWINE WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT,
Associate Professor. Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Clemson University, Clemson, South
Carolina 29631
C L. Earth and D. T. Hill .
Presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
ietv of Agricultural Engineers, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, June 22-25.1975. Paper No. 75^040.16 p. 3
fig.'lOtab, ISref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Energy, Fertiliz-
ers Economics, Anaerobic digestion. Design.
Identifiers: Swine.
Even though animal manures have always been
highly regarded as a source of nutrients for crop pro-
duction, recent increases in the cost of inorganic nut-
rients have made it clear that animal manures can be
an economical, as well as a practical, source of nut-
rients Animal manures can also serve as an al temate
source of energy through methane production Using
animal manures for methane production is attractive
because, after the energy is harvested, the nutrients
remain (or possible recycling on croplands. Farmers
can save money by converting their gas fueled
equipment to use methane. One major problem re-
lated to gas utilization, however, is that because of the
expensiveness of storage of methane gas, the gas
must be used at a rate approximating its production.
Possible uses of methane gas on a livestock farm are:
(1) water heating for the farm residence and/or
livestock, (I) power for feed grinding, (3) family food
preparation, (4) dead animal incineration, and (5)pig
andchicken brooding. An anaerobicdigester, which is
Still being used for experimentation with the goal of
completing the unit so that it can be a more effective
demonstration of the technology and so that it will be
useful for further studies on maximizing the conser-
vation of energy and nutrients from swine and other
animal wastes. (Edwards-East Central)
3333 - B2, C2, D3, F6
THE EFFECT OF AERATION ON THE
GASES PRODUCED BY SLURRY
DURING STORAGE,
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural and Food
Chemistry Research Division, Belfast, Northern Ire-
land
R J Stevens and 1. S. Comfort)]
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol.
25, p. 1249- 12S1,1974. 10 fig, 2 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Aeration. Gases, Slurries, Aerobic
treatment, Oxygen, Microorganisms, Waste storage,
Hydrogen sulfide, Carbon dioxide.
Identifiers: Anaerobic treatment, Decomposition.
The effect of oxygen supply on the gases produced by
decomposing slurry was measured in a series of
laboratory experiments. The slurry mature for the
experimental treatment contained 2.9 percent total
solids (105 degrees C), 0.7 percent total solids (550
degrees C), 0.26 percent total nitrogen, 0.12 percent
ammonia-nitrogen and 1.40 percent total carbon.
Aeration treatments were applied in duplicate using
identical apparatuses. All experiments were done at
laboratory temperature, approximately 18degre«s C.
The amount of o,consumed and carbon dioxide pro-
duced increased with oxygen supply. Decomposition
was the greatest when air was passed through slurry,
*31 percent of initial total carbon being evolved as car-
bon dioxide in U-days. Results showed that readily
decomposable substrates, such as volatile fatty acids,
were rapidly metabolised under aerobic conditions.
Only trace amounts of ethylene were produced in any
treatment. CH, and H » S was prevented from form-
ing if the anaerobic treatment was preceded by an
aerobic treatment. The evolution of H , S from settled
slurry was prevented by surface aeration. Hydrogen
sulfide was released, however, once Wface-aerated
slurry was agitated. A combination W aerobic fol-
lowed by anaerobic treatments caused Ihe greatest
loss of nitrogen from slurry as NH, and N» 0._ The
useofN, to create anaerobic conditions w»s not ideal
since volatile constituents were purged out ol solu-
tion resulting in a lowered activity of methane-
producing bacteria. (Cameron-East Central)
3334 - A7, All, Bl
EFFECTS OF AERIAL AMMONIA,
HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND
SWINEHOUSE DUST ON RATE OF
GAIN AND RESPIRATORY-TRACT
STRUCTURE IN SWINE.
University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
S E Curtis, C. R. Anderson, J. Simon, A. H. Jensen,
D L Day, and K. W. Kelley.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 41, No. 3, p 735-739,
September, 1975.1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Air pollution, Ammonia, Hydrogen si*
fide, Dusts, Gases.
Identifiers: Swine, Animalhealth, Respiratory tract.
This study comprised 7 trials intended to determine
the effects of exposure toammonia (NH j), hydrogen
sulfide (H. S) and dust at variouslevels, alone and in
various combinations, on the gross and microscopic
integrity of the respiratory tract of the pig. Four
dynamic-type, air-pollutant exposure chambers
manufactured out of stainless steel and glass were
used Each chamber had an exposure zone compris-
inE a cube 1 22 m. on a side, giving a volume of 1.81
meters. Each chamber could hold 4 pigs to a body
weight of 50 kg or 2pigs to 100 kilograms. Aerial levels
of NHi, H, S and dust used as treatments in these
trials with pigs were as hign or higher than those
-usually encountered in enclosed swine houses. Re-
sults showed: with the exception of mild conjuc-
tivities and blepharitis in one of the pigs exposed to
NH« (50 ppm), there was no evidence of structural
alterations in any organ or tissue due to experimental
treatment. Turbinates, trachea and lungs of aU pigs
were classified as "normal" after both gross and mic-
roscopic examination. Air factors in swine houses
may influence the incidence and seventy of chronic
pneumonia in swine. However, these results indicate
that the rate of gain and respiratory-tract structureof
growing pigs, which are free of respiratory disease
are not directly influenced by NH,,Ha S and dust at
levels and in combinations commonly encountered in
the air inside enclosed houses at commercial swine
production operations. (Rowe-East Central)
3335 - All, Bl, B2
OPEN FLUMES SLASH CONFINE-
MENT COSTS,
B. Fleming
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 12, p. 8-9, August, 1976. 5 fig.
Descriptors: Design, Costs, Confinement pens, Cat-
tle, Performance.
Identifiers: Floors, Open flumes.
A new floor design, the open flume, is being used by
Gerald Frankl. a Sioux City Iowa consultant, in recent
buildings and waste handling systems that he has de-
signed for cattle feeders in the U.S.,Canada, Iran, and
South Africa. The design has 2 selling points: (1) It
works at least as well as the traditional type of flume
floor and maybe a little better, and (2>Thefloorcosts
less than halt as much as the enclosed system.
Perhaps the first U.S. facility using the new design
concept will be Dennis Ducomum farm, northeast of
Larrabee Iowa. A detailed description is given of this
facility. Frankl estimates that in most Midwest loca-
tions, a feeder can build the floor, plus feedbunks,
fences, waterers and plumbing for flushing, for about
$25 to $35 per animal space. This figure does not in-
clude a lagoon or the building put over the floor. Other
design advantages are: (1) There is less chance of
cattle hurting themselves, and (Z) the narrower build-
ing gives better ventilation on hot days and drier
floors in damp weather. Frankl also discusses the
possibilities ofa confinement that will have a floor but
no building. (Edwards-East Central)
3336 - Al, Bl, B2, B3, B4, C2, Dl,
D3, E2, Fl
534
-------
OHIO LIVESTOCK WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT GUIDE,
Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus 43210
R. K. White
Ohio Livestock Waste Management Guide, Bulletin
604, Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State
University, December, 1975,32 p. 13 fig, 18 tab.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Management, Livestock,
Liquid wastes. Solid wastes. Design, Feedlots, Con-
finement, pens, Waste storage, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Poultry, Economics, Agricultural
runoff, Safety, Pollution, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Runoff control, Land application, Odor
control.
This guide contains information which will help a
livestock owner or operator make decisions in choos-
ing and operating a livestock waste handling system
which controls pollution. One important factor in de-
termining the type of system is' 'how much manure is
to be handled and what kind". Many types of systems
are discussed, along with the cost and safety features
of each. Ways to control rainwater runoff from feed-
lots are given. Other important factors included in
this guide are: (1) land application rates, (2) odor
control, (3) treatment units, (4) milkingfacility waste
management, and (5) silage drainage. (Edwards-
East Central)
3337 - Bl, B2, B4, D3, E2
EVALUATIONS OF BEEF FLUSHING
GUTTER WASTE SYSTEMS IN MIS-
SOURI, IOWA, AND MINNESOTA,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
J. A. Moore and R. M. George
Presented at the 1974 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma State Uni-
versity, Stillwater, June 23-26,1974,10 p. 2 fig, 2 tab, 3
ref.
Descriptors: Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Confine-
ment pens, Cattle, Design, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Flushing, Cold confinement facilities,
Floors, Land disposal, Floors.
In this study, 3 agricultural engineers observed and
evaluated flushing beef systems. The report is based
upon site visits and studies of more than 15 such units
through the winter and spring of 1973-74. The 4 major
components of the system are: (1) A building with
sloping gutters or flumes running parallel to the bunk
the entire length of the building, (2) the pump and
recycle system which introduces the flushing water to
the gutter, collects it at the other end and routes it to
the storage and treatment facility, (3) A lagoon to
store and treat the waste water after it has flushed the
manure from the building and before it has again
recycled, and (4) An irrigation system for sprinkling
this liquid waste on adjacent agricultural land. All of
the buildings observed were cold confinement
facilities open to south. Construction type consisted of
either pole or steel frame. Cattle floor width of 32-36
feet was found satisfactory. A 12-foot eave height
seemed adequate. It was observed that the ridge
opening should be at least 12 inches wide to avoid
frosting shut. Ventilation openings on the back wall
should be adjustable. The floor should be at least as
rough as a broom finish to provide good footing for the
animals. A floor slope of 1-inch per foot was found
satisfactory. The number of gutters to be-used and the
benefits derived needs additional study. The design of
the flushing system has to be based on the total man-
ure distribution into the individual gutters. Narrow,
shallow gutters need to be flushed more often. At the
time of the engineers' visits, lagoons were not very
active due to the cold temperature and no substantial
evaluation was possible. Land spreading had not yet
taken place; hence, it could not be evaluated.
(Rowe-East Central)
3338 - A6, Bl, B2, B5, D2, E2, Fl
REMOVE MANURE ODORS,
Anonymous
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 121, No. 3. p. 161. February
10,1976.
Descriptors: Chemicals, Liquid wastes. Costs, Man-
agement, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Odor control, Biological compounds,
Land disposal, Soil injection.
J. C. Converse, a University of Wisconsin agricultural
engineer, says that some of the chemical and biologi-
cal compounds used for controlling odors in liquid
manure tanks are selling for (19 to $21 per pound.
These compounds fall into the following categories:
(1) Masking agfiots - those used to cover up offensive
odors, (2) Counteractants - those which react with
odors to make them inoffensive, and (3) Bacterial or
enzyme camRQJindS - those which act on the manure
itself to lessen odor production. A study conducted
about 5 years ago showed that most of these com-
pounds are not effective and the ones that were effec-
tive were extremely expensive. Methods such as {1)
soil injection, (2) plow down of manure immediately
after spreading, (3) proper ventilation, and (4) proper
climatic conditions for spreading should be tried be-
fore utilizing chemical and biological compounds. It is
recommended that one should try a small amount of
odor control chemicals before making a large order.
(Edwards-East Central)
3339 - A6, A8, B2, B4, C2, Dl, D2,
TJO T?1 J?O
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF
FARM WASTES,
Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland
J. S. V. McAllister
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 69, No. 4, p. 425-429.1970.
6 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Waste storage, Waste
disposal, Slurries, Nutrients, Potassium, Odor, Dry-
ing, Incineration, Soil contamination.
Identifiers: Ireland, Land application, Odor control,
Plant response, Wet combustion.
At present, practically all the slurry collected in the
British Isles is disposed of by direct application to the
land after a relatively short, 1 to 13 weeks, storage
period. Some of the experience acquired in the handl-
ing and use of slurry in Northern Ireland is reviewed.
Storage tanks in Northern Ireland are generally co-
vered. Spreading is generally done by tanker. Vac-
uum tankers probably give the most uniform distribu-
tion, ensure more thorough agitation of the slurry in
the storage tanks, and in wet weather can spread
through pipelines. The unpleasant odors which occur
during spreading can be minimized by the use of cer-
tain organic compounds, but at present these are not
extensively used as they are expensive relative to the
value of slurry. The manurial value of slurry is vari-
able depending upon factors such as the livestock
from which it is obtained, the duration and conditions
of collection and storage, and the degree of dilution.
Much experimental work is being undertaken to as-
sess the manurial value of the plant nutrients in slur-
ry. No reliable information is available on the long-
term effects of regular applications of slurry on soil
structure and sward growth under local conditions. A
major problem which may arise from the intensive
use of slurry as a manure will be a buildup in the
concentration of nutrients in the soil and especially of
potassium to an excessive level. Alternative methods
of disposal as drying of excreta, incineration, and wet
combustion are reviewed. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
3340 - B2, B3, Dl, E2
HANDLE FREE STALL MANURE AS
A SOLID WITH PICKET DAM STOR-
AGE.
T.L. Loudon
J^^'s Dairyman, Vol. 121, No. 9, p. 587,594, May 10.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes. Solid wastes. Water stor-
age, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: Free stall manure. Picket dam Land
spreading.
There is now an alternative to handling manure as a
liquid from free stall bams. Handling free stall man-
ure as a solid with a new innovation — picket dam
storage — allows the leedlot owner to be flexible in
handling loads, to save time and trips when spread-
ing, to cut hauling fuel costs, and to avoid 2 kinds of
manure equipment. In such a system, manure can be
moved to storage with a stacker, an underground pis-
ton pump which does not require added water during
pumping, or a tractor push-off ramp. A picket-type
structure with continuous verticle slots about three-
fourths of an inch wide between standing planks holds
manure solids back and allows liquids to drain from
the storage facility. The verticle slats are made of
treated 2 x 6's. Drainage should be moved from the
manure storage to a holding pond through an open
ditch or a pumping system involving a level controlled
sewage pump in a sump. (Rowe-East Central)
3341 - B2, C2, D3
SOME EFFECTS OF STOCKING FISH
IN WASTE TREATMENT PONDS,
Fish and Aquaculture Research Station. Dor, Hof
Hacarmel, Israel.
G. L. Schroeder
Water Research. Vol. 9, No.«. p. 591-593. June. 197J.
2 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Fish, Organic wastes. Dissolved oxy-
gen, Chemical oxygen demand. Bacteria.
Identifiers: Waste treatment ponds, pH
Five, 400 m* , 1 m deep freshwater, earthen ponds
were operated for 4 winter months with or without
addition of organic wastes, and with or without fish.
Organic waste in the form of liquid cow manure con-
taining urine and feces was added to the ponds once
every 2 weeks at rates up to 40 tons ha~* . Observa-
tions showed that both DO and pH were significantly
and consistently higher in the manured pond stocked
with fish as compared with the manured, unstocked
pond. Improved disinfection was indicated by the
lower bacteria counts in the water of the manured
pond with fish as compared to the manured, un-
stocked pond. Increased pH also improved the effec-
tiveness of the pond as a nutrient trap. As pH in-
creased, nitrogen was more readily lost to the atmos-
phere as Nrl, and multivalent ions, especially phos-
phorus, became less soluble and so were precipated
more completely. These changes would be improve-
ments to the operation of waste treatment ponds de-
signed to provide an effluent low in BOD, nutrients,
and bacteria. Bacteria concentrations were as much
as IS times lower in treatment ponds stocked with fish
as compared with unstocked ponds. Lower bacteria
concentrations, however, reduced the rale of loss of
COD in the solids of the waste. (Rowe-East Central I
3342-B3,Cl,Dl,F6
POULTRY ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM
MODEL FOR DRYING MANURE,
Associate Professor. Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, University of Idaho.
J. E. Dixon. M. L. Esmay, and J. B. Gerrish
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting. American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska. Lincoln, June 27-30,197t. Paper No. 7C-4039.»
p. 4 fig, 2 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Drying, Ventilation, Design. Poultry,
Computer models. Moisture content.
The principle thrust of this study is the development of
an analytical tool for maximizing nre-mechanical-
drying. A computer simulation model tor ventilation
air pre-drying of poultry manure produced ina cage-
type laying house has been developed. A 5000 bird egg
production operation was used for validating the
model. Experimental measurement of moisture con-
tent was made by taking samples of manure from the
dropping boards just pnor to removal of the manure
from the laying house. The moisture content of these
samples was determined by finding the difference In
the weight of the water in the manure as voided and
the weight of water in the manure just prior to re-
moval from the laying house. The range of values for
the two categories was 68.17 to 76 25 percent and 70.11
to 76.9S percent, respectively. The correlation coeffl-
535
-------
cient of these data was 0.16. The data means and stan-
dard deviations were 73.09: 1.80 and 74.64; 2.07, re-
spectively. The simulation model in its present form
does not seem suitable for accurate estimates of in-
house poultry manure drying using ventilating air.
The basic concepts of the model do seem sound, how-
ever. Further work toward development of the simu-
lation model and its verification would seem desira-
ble. (Rowe-East Central)
3343 - A3, Bl, C2, E2
HOW MANURE APPLICATIONS AF-
FECT EROSION AND RUNOFF,
R. W. Gunther, W. D. Lembke, and J. K. Mitchell
Illinois Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, p. 11-12 Autumn
197S, 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Erosion, Agricultural runoff Nitrates
Percolation, Soil investigations.
Identifiers: Land application.
A laboratory study was conducted to determine the
effects of manure applications on runoff rates ero-
sion, and loss of nitrates. Three treatments were
compared: 3 /8 inch of waste (1.4 tons of solids oer
acre) applied to the soil surface; 3/4 inch of waste
(2.8 tons of solids per acre); no manure but 3/4 inch
of water added to the soil. The water was applied to
reduce the effect of the water in the animal waste
when runoff comparisons were made. Waste applica-
tions decreased runoff by about 50 percent However
the 3/4 inch application did not reduce runoff any
more than the 3/8 inch application. Waste applica-
tions reduced the total loss of solids, both because the
runoff was smaller, and because it contained a lower
concentration of solids. Manure applications in-
creased percolation through the soil. Much of the be-
nefit derived from the liquid manure was due to the
stabilization of the soil surface that resulted from the
crust formed during drying. (Rowe-East Central)
3344 -Al, All, A12, Bl, Cl, C2,
C3, Dl, D2, E2, E3, Fl
PROPERTIES RELATED TO UTILI-
ZATION,
Agriculture Engineer, Agricultural Research Ser-
vice, U. S. Department of Agriculture, College Park
Maryland.
G. W. Willson
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, Winter Meeting, December
1972, p. 5942.
Descriptors: Recycling, Fertilizers, Feeds, By-
product recovery, Fuels, Economics, Safety.
Identifiers: Manure, Soil conditioners, Refeeding,
Construction materials, Waste management Effi-
cacy.
Most known and suggested uses of animal manure fall
into 1 of 4 categories: (1) Soil conditioners and fer-
tilizers, (2) feed and food production, (3) fuel (4)
other uses. After the use is selected, the beneficial and
detrimental properties of the manure can be iden-
tified and quantified. Most manures have been and
probably will continue to be applied to crop lands as
fertilizer. Manure is also useful for establishing cover
on road banks and other construction sites. Manure
may be used as potting soil; however, if the manure is
fresh, some processing is necessary. Besides actually
refeeding manure to animals, other methods of utiliz-
ing manure nutrients include: production of algae and
water plants, raising fly larva in poultry manure as a
protein supplement, culture of bacteria and fungi, and
raising mushrooms on partially composted horse
manure. Fuels may be recovered from manure sim-
ply in the form of dried manure or in production of
gases and oils from manure. Manure may also be
considered as a raw material for production of con-
struction materials. Composted manure can be used
as an organic carrier for chemical fertilizers. Dried
compost can be used for animal bedding. The adop-
tion and success of any of these practices will depend
upon their efficacy, safety, and economics in the
market place. In determining efficacy, consider: (1)
concentration and uniformity of the desired ingre-
dients, (2) availability of those ingredients and the
rates at which they can be utilized, (3) public accep-
tability, (4)stabilityduring storage and handling, (5)
special requirements during the process and levels of
use for the produce. In determining safety, the pre-
sence of extraneous materials, toxic materials,
and /or of pathogenic organisms should be consi-
dered. Economic factors to consider are: potential for
pollution, energy requirements, and possible influ-
ence on the animal production system. (Rowe-East
Central)
3345 - A2, A8, B2, B4, B5, C2, E2
STORED FEEDLOT RUNOFF MAY
UNDERGO CHANGES,
Anonymous
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 6, p. 5, February, 1976.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Agricultural runoff,
Nutrients, Salinity, Feedlots, Effluent.
Identifiers: Holding ponds.
Holding ponds are not considered as effluent treat-
ment devices, but as storage which should beemptied
as soon as possible. The effluent is most valuable
when applied to a growing crop in need of moisture
and nutrients. Because much of the feedlot runoff in
Nebraska comes at a time outside the season for most
annual crops or during a time when the soil profile is
saturated, scientists studied the changes that can
occur in the liquid when it is stored for later use. The
effluent was found to be continually changing due to
solids settling, microbial activity, evaporation, and
dilution by direct rainfall. It was determined that
effluent applications to the land should be adjusted
according to nutrient accumulation and whether
leaching is necessary to control salinity
(Merryman-East Central)
3346 - A2, A4, B2, B4, Dl
SOLUTION FOR SMALL-FARM
RUNOFF,
Anonymous
Farm Journal, Vol. 100, No. 2, p. LK-2, February, 1976.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Design, Settling ba-
sins, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Swine, Infiltration channel, Solids re-
moval.
A simple means of keeping hoglot runoff from
streams, exemplified by Purdue University's
Lynnwood Farm, is to construct a settling basin and
infiltration channel. The cost is about $2 to $3 per hog
capacity. This system is best adapted to a 200-700 hog
operation. Lynnwood Farm is a 250-head Cargifl
open-front unit. It has a 16' x 16' x 30" deep settling
basin at the low end of the apron across the front of the
building. This has been removing 60-76 percent of the
solids and 54-75 percent of the total nitrogen from the
runoff. Snaking to the rear is a grassed infiltration
channel (or ditch or terrace) which ends with a small
earthen retention facility. The infiltration channel
should cover an area twice the size of the feedlot. At
Lynnwood Farm, the total investment for the housing
unit, feedlot and runoff control was $52 per head
capacity. Exact design specifications for each indi-
vidual feedlot owner's operation should b« based on
state regulations and local formulas. (Merryman-
East Central)
3347 - Bl
SLUDGE SAMPLER,
Assistant professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sci-
ences, University of Florida, Gainsville 32611.
R. A. Nordstedt and L. B. Baldwin
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 56, No. 5, p. 47, May,
1975. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Equipment, Sampling, Lagoons,
Anaerobic conditions, Design.
Identifiers: Sludge sampler.
A sludge sampler has been developed which collects
samples at various depths in anaerobic animal waste
lagoons. The procedure for using the sludge sampler
is: (1) The sampler is lowered to the desired depth
aided by depth markings on a conduit. (2) The lever
arm at the top of the sampler is actuated, removing
the rubber stopper from the plastic cylinder and aT
lowing sludge to flow into the sample chamber (3)
The lever arm is released and the spring In the sampl-
ing chamber pulls the rubber stopper back into the
closed position, preventing mixing of the sample with
sludge from other depths. (4) The sampler is removed
from the lagoon. The bottom stopper is opened to
transfer the sludge from the sampler to a bottle for
transport to the laboratory. (Merryman-East Cent-
3348 - A2, Bl, B2, B3, B4, C2, Dl
D2, D3, E2, E3
EVERYTHING GOES ROUND AND
ROUND AT KAPLAN'S FEEDLOT,
Editor, Beef
P. D. Andre
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 9, p. 4-6, May, 1976. 4 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Separation techniques Con-
finement pens, Feedlots, Lagoons, Algae, Agricul-
tural runoff, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Nile Perch, Packing plant
wastes, Land spreading, Paunch manure.
In 1963, Don Kaplan contracted with Corral Indus-
tries, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, to build 6 quarter-mile
long slatted floor barns, along with a manure collec-
tion, separation, and recycling system. The confine-
ment barns, alleyways, and drive lanes cover 18
acres. The barns are roofed and all open areas are
hard surfaced so that every drop of runoff can be
collected. The waste materials which collect under
the barns are scraped on a time clock system every 2
hours and then now by gravity to a nearby collection
pit. Materials from the pit are put through a vibration
separator and the solids are removed and stockpiled
for incorporation back into the ration. The liquid flows
to a nearby lagoon system. The lagoons are worked
phosphate pits left over from a former phosphate min-
ing operation. Connecting lines allow the water to flow
from one lagoon to another. As the material moves
through the series of lagoons, the nutrients are
utilized by algae. Nile Perch have been placed in the
last lagoon to eat the algae. Kaplan has contracted
with a commercial fisherman who will seine out the
fish, except for some brood stock. This operator will
remove the filets and sell them and the unusable por-
tions will be returned to Kaplan for conversion Into
fish meal to be used in his cattle rations. By using the
algae-eating fish, the lagoon water becomes potable
after chlorination and is pumped back to be reused in
the packing plant and feedyard. Some water is also
used for irrigating crops. Other wastes that Kaplan
incorporates into his cattle feeding rations are blood
from the packing plant and meat and bone meal made
from bones and other packing plant residues. Paunch
manure is hauled and spread on nearby fields. Among
Kaplan's future plans is the construction of a methane
production plant for converting wastes to methane. A
by-product of this process will be dry ice. (Rowe-East
Central)
3349 - B2, B4, B5, Cl, C2, D3, E2
THE INFLUENCE OF THE LAGOON
STORAGE OF LIQUID MANURE ON
ITS VOLUME AND COMPOSITION.
F. Schulz
Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnik, Vol. 22, No 6 p
190-191, June, 1972.2 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Waste storage, Physical prop-
erties, Chemical properties, Liquid wastes, Biochem-
ical oxygen demand, Nitrogen, Potassium, Phos-
phorus, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Purification, Irrigation.
A model experiment on the efficiency of the lagoon
storage of liquid manure is described. The rate of
volume reduction of cattle manure in unsealed lagoon
in pervious soil was 1,055 mm per year or 2.9 mm per
day due to the combined effect of leakage and evap-
oration, while the corresponding value for sealed la-
. goon was 220 mm per year. Investigationsof the liquid
536
-------
component revealed reductions of about 62,48, and 54
percent in the BOD, the total nitrogen, nnd the potas- •
sium contents, respectively. The reduction of the total
organic content in unsealed lagoon wux not signific-
ant. The results indicate that storing liquid manure in
lagoons is incapable of producing satisfactory purifi-
cation, and that the liquid component must be dis-
posed of on farmland due to its high organic and min-
eral contents. (Text in German) (Solid Waste Infor-
mation Retrieval System)
3350 - Bl, B2, B3, B5, Cl, C2, Dl,
D2, D3, E2, E3, Fl,
FINISHING CATTLE IN THE SOUTH-
EAST,
'Feedstuffs, Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 33, p. 20-22, August 16,1976.7
fig
Descriptors: Recycling, Lagoons, Biological treat-
ment, Physical treatment, Chemical treatment, Al-
gae, Chlorination, Fuels, Methane, Carbon dioxide,
Byproducts, Separation techniques.
identifiers: Releeding, Tilapia, Dry ice.
Kaplan Industries' Florida feedlot is no ordinary cat-
tle operation. Between its integrated feeding-packing
business and a sophisticated waste handling system,
the company hopes to prove that it is possible to finish
cattle in the semi-tropical region of the United States.
Kaplan's feedlot has been built on an abandoned strip
of land where phosphate was once mined. The yard is
designed to benefit from Florida's bountiful rainfall.
In addition to the rainfall, 350,000 gallons of water
from the packing plant are incorporated daily into the
system. The water is handled in an anaerobic-aerobic
lagoon system which utilizes algae as part of the
biological treatment process. In the final stages, the
water goes by gravity from the lagoons to shallow pits
where more surface is exposed to oxygen and sun-
shine and aerobic bacteria do their work. The water is
then chlorinated and reused as drinking water for
cattle. Any remaining water is sprayed over lOOacres
of crop land. In 2 of the lagoons, tilapia are used to
harvest the algae. Commercial fishermen then pay 13
cents a pound to harvest the tilapia. The fish are fil-
leted, and the heads and bones are returned to Kap-
lan's feedlot where they are rendered into fish meal
and fed to the cattle. The feces and urine which are
generated by the cattle go through a separation pro-
cess. The recaptured solids are ref ed to the cattle. The
liquids are allowed to ferment, giving off methane and
carbon dioxide. The first may be used as fuel to run
the meat packing plant, and supply the needs of the
city of Barlow. The carbon dioxide may be used to
make dry ice. The remaining sludge and dirty water
are centrif uged. The solids are ref ed to the cattle. The
dirty water is fed into the lagoon system. (Rowe- East
Central)
3351 - All, B3, Cl, C2, C3, D3, E3
FERMENTATION, UTILIZATION
AND PALATABILITY OF BROILER
LJTTER ENSILED AT DIFFERENT
MOISTURE LEVELS,
L. F. Caswell, J. P. Fontenot, and K. E. Webb, Jr.
Livestock Research Report, Research Division Re-
port 163, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, July, 1975, p. 96-
111. 11 tab.
pescriptors: Litters, Fermentation, Feeds, Sheep,
Cattle, Moisture content, Performance, Chemical
properties, Biological properties.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Ensiling, Palatability.
Experiments were conducted to study the fermenta-
tion characteristics of large masses of litter ensiled at
22 and 40 percent moisture and to assess the digestibil-
ity nitrogen utilization and palatability of rations
containing these ensiled materials. Wood shaving
based broiler litter was obtained from a commercial
broiler house, dried for approximately 36 hours, and
ground in a hammermill. A 1200 Ib. batch, containing
22 3 percent moisture (no water added), was
thoroughly mixed and augered into each of 2 silos.
Another 1200 Ib. batch was mixed with tap water to
achieve 40 percent moisture content. This batch was
also placed in 2 separate silos. One 22 percent mois-
ture silo and one 40 percent moisture silo were opened
after 159 days of ensiling. The litters from these silos
were fed concurrently in a metabolism trial with
sheep and in the first of 2 palatability trials with cat-
tle. The remaining 2 silos were opened for feeding at
the beginning of the second palatability trial 212 days
after ensiling. Each silo was sampled daily at feeding
and the samples periodically were composited a(>
cording to type of ensiled material and frozen for sub-
sequent chemical analysis. Samples for microbiolog-
ical determinations were obtained from each silo
upon opening and on the last day of feeding from that
silo. Study data indicated that active fermentation
will occur in litter ensiled at a moisture level of 40
percent. Furthermore, utilization of nitrogen from a
ration supplemented with 40 percent moisture litter
silage was comparable to that of a conventional ration
supplemented with soybean meal when fed to sheep.
Although intake by cattle of a ration containing 40
percent moisture litter silage was not satisfactory
this response may have been partially due to the short
period of time over which the product was fed A
longer feeding trial is presently being conducted with
cattle in an attempt to more accurately evaluate the
palatability of litter silage containing 40 percent
moisture and to elucidate the cause of depressed in-
take. (Edwards-East Central)
3352-All,63,01,02,01,02, E3
DIGESTIBILITY OF UNTREATED
AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE
TREATED STEER FECAL WASTE,
D. M. Lucas, J. P. Fontenot, and K. E. Webb, Jr.
Livestock Research Report, Research Division Re-
port 163, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, July, 1975 n
115-122. 5 tab. V'
Descriptors: Sheep, Feeds, Cattle, Waste treatment,
Drying.
Identifiers: Digestibility, Refeeding, Dried fecal
wastes, Sodium hydroxide.
A study was conducted to determine chemical com-
position and digestibility of untreated and chemically
treated heat-dried fecal waste from yearling steers
fed rations containing either 50 percent roughage ra-
tion or 10 percent roughage ration. Each feeding trial
consisted of a 10-day preliminary period which was
followed by a 14-day waste collection period. On odd
days untreated feces were placed in screen wire trays
and dried in a forced draft oven at 248 degrees F for 24
hours, while on even days, feces were treated by ad-
ding 3 percent sodium hydroxide, by weight, and
dried. These processed wastes were later refed in a
randomized block design in which 6 lambs received
each of the following treatments: (1) basal, (2) 75
percent basal; 25 percent untreated low roughage
fecal waste, (3) 75 percent basal; 25 percent sodium
hydroxide treated low roughage fecal waste, (4) 75
percent basal; 25 percent untreated high roughage
fecal waste, (5) 75 percent basal; 25 percent sodium
hydroxide treated high roughage fecal waste. The
basal ration contained 30 percent roughage. Crude
protein content was 20.69, 17.03,18.04, and 14.89 per-
cent, dry basis for oven-dried untreated low
roughage, treated low roughage, untreated high
roughage, and treated high roughage fecal waste, re-
spectively. Treating wet fecal waste with 3 percent
sodium hydroxide appeared to cause some nitrogen
loss. A similar reduction in crude protein content of
sodium hydroxide treated fecal waste occurred for
waste from steers fed the high and low roughage ra-
tions. Crude fiber content of fecal waste from steers
fed a low roughage ration was less than that for fecal
waste from steers fed a high roughage ration, and
crude fiber content of the fecal waste was reduced by
alkali treatment. Apparent dry matter digestibility
was decreased by substitution of all types of fecal
waste for 25 percent of the basal ration. (Edwards-
East Central)
3353-All, Bl, C2, C3, E4
PROTEIN QUALITY OF RUMEN
BACTERIAL PREPARATIONS FROM
CATTLE FED RATIONS OF DIFFE-
RENT ROUGHAGE CONTENT,
R. B. Keyser, K. E. Webb, Jr., and J. P. Fontenot.
Livestock Research Report, Research Division Re-
port 163, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, July 1975 p 123-
127,3 tab.
Descriptors: Proteins, Bacteria, Cattle, Nitrogen,
Amino acid, Rations.
Identifiers: Rumen bacteria, Rats, Roughage con-
tent.
A study was conducted to determine the protein qual-
ity of rumen bacteria from steers fed rations differing
in roughage to concentrate ratio. Rumen fluid was
collected from 2 steers fed on an 84 percent concen-
trate ration and from 2 steers fed a 79 percent
roughage ration via rumen cannulae. Bacteria were
harvested from the supernate by centrifuging at
27,000 x g in a continuous flow system and feed parti-
cles and protozoa were removed from the fluid by
centrifuging at 1,000 x g. After the bacteria were fro-
zen, lyophilized and ground, they were analyzed for
amino acid composition and for total nitrogen con-
tent. Bacteria from the roughage fed and concentrate
fed steers contained 53.55 percent amino acids on a
dry basis. The correlation in amino acid composition
between sources for both concentrations and molar
ration was.997 ± .020 (pOl). Both total nitrogen and
amino nitrogen were very similar between the bacte-
rial sources. Amino nitrogen as a percent of total nit-
rogen was 76.5 percent for the roughage bacteria and
76.1 percent for the concentrate bacteria. The bacte-
rial proteins were found to contain approximately 13
percent nitrogen for both protein sources. Seventy-
five Sprague-Dawley male weanling rats were fed a
standard diet for 5 day period. One group was fasted
for 24 hours and then sacrificed while the remaining 4
groups were placed in metabolism cages and fed ad.
libitum purified diets containing one of 4 different
protein sources which were: (1) bacteria from
roughage fed steers, (2) bacteria from concentrate
fed steers, (3) soy protein and (4) zein protein. They
were fed and weighed daily for 10 days. At the end of
the 10 days, all rats were fasted for 24 hours and sac-
rificed. The following conclusions were drawn: (1)
rats consuming both the soy and concentrate bacteria
had the highest nitrogen intakes, (2) rats consuming
the zein diet had the lowest nitrogen intake, (3) daily
gain was highest for rats consuming the diet with
concentrate bacteria and lowest for those fed the diet
supplemented with zein, (4) nitrogen retention was
greatest for rats fed the diet supplemented with the
concentrate bacteria and lowest for those fed the diet
supplemented with zein. (Edwards-East Central)
3354 - All, B3, C2, E3
PERFORMANCE AND LIVER COP-
PER LEVELS OF BEEF HEIFERS
FED BROILER LITTER.
K. E. Webb, Jr., J. P. Fontenot and W. H. McClure
LeS£CtResearch ReP°rt- Research Division Re-
port 163, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24051, July, 1975. p.
128-131.
Descriptors: Performance, Litters, Cattle Feeds
Copper.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Liver, Toxicity.
Although broiler litter has been shown to have sub-
stantial nutritive value, the Food and Drug Administ-
ration does not sanction the use of broiler litter or any
other animal waste as a feed ingredient. In De-
cember, 1972, a study was begun at the Shenandoah
Valley Research Station to evaluate the effect of
long-term feeding of broiler litter on the performance
of cows and upon the accumulation of copper in the
liver of cows. This study will continue 5 to 7 years
longer. Forty-two weanling heifers were allotted at
random by weight and breeding to 3 lots. During the
winter of 1972-73, lot 1 animals were fed 8.5 Ib of mixed
hay, 3 Ib of ear corn, and 1 Ib of a complex urea
537
-------
supplement per head per day. Animals in lots 2 and 3
were self-fed a mixture of SO percent broiler litter and
SO percent ear com. Copper was added in lot 3 to
supply an additional 100 ppm copper. During the sec-
ond and third winters, the heifers were fed the follow-
ing rations: Lot 1 - Hay; Lot 2 - 75 percent broiler
litter, 25 percent ground ear corn; and Lot 3-75 per-
cent broiler litter, 25 percent ear corn, and 17 ppm
supplemental copper. In order to minimize grazing.
the heifers were kept in small lots. Weight and food
consumption was recorded at 28-day intervals. Each
fall before the cattle were put on the wintering feed
and each spring before they were turned out to pas-
ture, liver samples were obtained by biopsy. It was
found that (1) ration consumptionby heifers was quite
good, (2) calving performance for the first calf crop
was good, (3) the numbers of calves born showed no
detrimental effect of feeding broiler litter or broiler
litter plus additional copper. In fact, more calves
were born In the groups fed litter. This experiment is
still in progress and to date no detrimental effects of
feeding broiler litter as a wintering feed have been
observed in the animals studied. (Edwards-East
Central)
3355-A11.C1, C2, D3.E3
FERMENTATION, UTILIZATION
AND PALATABILITY OF BROILER
LITTER ENSILED WITH HIGH MOIS-
TURE CORN GRAIN,
L. F. Caswell, J. P Fonlenot, and K. E. Webb, Jr.
Livestock Research Report, Research Division Re-
port 183, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, July, 1975 p
132-150. 13 lab
Descriptors: Fermentation, Litters, Sheep, Cattle,
Performance, Corn, Rations, Moisture content.
Identifiers: Refceding, Ensiling, Palatability.
This study was conducted to study the fermentation
characteristics of an ensiled mixture of broiler litter
and high moisture corn grain and to assess the diges-
tibility nitrogen, utilization, and palatability of ra-
tions containing the ensiled mixture. Corn grain con-
taining 25 percent moisture was harvested and en-
siled by weight in a 2 to 1 ration with wood shaving
based broiler litter containing 19 percent moisture
and 37 percent crude protein. Both were then ground
and placed in t silos for the com and 2 for the corn-
litter mixture. After 80 days, 3 of the corn and 1 of the
com litter silos were opened and fed in a metabolism
trial with sheep and in the first of 2 palalability trials
with cattle. The remaining 4 silos were opened for
feeding at the beginning of the second palatability
trial. Study results indicated that litter fermented
with high moisture corn grain appears to be a reason-
able approach to utilization of the waste as well as a
feasible system of fattening cattle since this material
was satisfactorily metabolized when fed to sheep and
was readily accepted when offered to beef steers. Ad-
ditional research is needed to evaluate the utilization
and palatability of mixtures containing a greater
proportion of litter. This would mean that a greater
quantity of the waste would be disposed of, and the
cost of feeding the mixture may be lowered. Also,
fermented mixtures should be fed experimentally in
long term trials in which performance is measured.
(Edwards-East Central)
3356 - All, Bl, Cl, C2.E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE
FECES FOR SWINE,
M R Holland, E. T. Kornegay, and J. D. Hedges
Livestock Research Report, Research Division Re-
port 163, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, July, 197S, p.
202-207.«tab
Descriptors: Energy, Rations, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Kefeeding, Swine feces. Digestibility,
Minerals, Retention.
The objectives of this study were to characterize wet
and dried swine feces as to their proximate energy
and mineral composition and to determine diges-
tibilities and retention values for the proximate
energy and mineral components. Forty-eight
crossbred gilts, averaging 275 Ibs each, were fed
swine feces collected from finishing hogs. One trial
used unprocessed feces with test rations being: (1)
basal (ISpercent crude protein fortified corn-soybean
meal), (2) basal substituted with 22.90 percent swine
feces, and (3) basal substituted with 33.83 percent
swine feces. In the second trial, dried feces were sub-
stituted for the 15 percent basal corn-soybean ration
previously used at levels of 20.50 percent and 40.71
percent of the dry matter of Die basal rations. Fecal
content of crude fiber, ether extract, crude protein,
magnesium, copper and zinc were found to increase
as the amount of feces substituted for the basal ration
was increased. The fecal content of ash. NFE. cal-
cium, phosphorus, and potassium tended to be con-
stant. Urinary phosphorus was the only urinary com-
ponent that was significantly increased when feces
were substituted for the basal ration. The amount of
feces excreted increased as the amount of feces sub-
stituted for the basal ration was increased, with no
difference in urinary output. Swine feces were found
to be of less nutritive value than a basal corn-soybean
meal ration, but nutrients were available. Diges-
tibilities and retention values were simialr between
the wet and dry trials. (Edwards-East Central)
3357 - A5, B2, B4, C2, C3, D3
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE
LAGOONS ON GROUND WATER
QUALITY,
Department of Agronomy, Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
tute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
T. G. Ciravolo, D. L. Hallock, H. R. Thomas, E. R.
Collins, Jr., D. C. Martens, and E. T. Komegay
Livestock Research Report, Research Division Re-
port 163, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, July, 1975, p.
208-211. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions. Sampl-
ing, Virginia, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Ground water pollution, Swine, Fecal col-
iforms.
Anaerobic lagoons have become increasingly popular
in the Coastal Region of Virginia because of their ease
in construction and their inexpensive maintenance. In
an effort to study the effects of such lagoons on
groundwater quality, tests were conducted at 3 diffe-
rent lagoons. The lagoons were located at (1) Tidewa-
ter Research and Continuing Education Center
(TRACEC), (2) The Virginia Swine Evaluation Sta-
tion (VSES), and at a private farm in Suffolk. The
lagoons were located on high water table soils ranging
in texture from sandy loam to fine sandy loam. Wells
to be sampled were located at various depths and
distances around the lagoons. Bimonthly groundwa-
ter samples were taken from September, 1974,
through January. 1975, to determine NOj-N. NH »-N.
Cl, soluble orthophosphates, Cu, Zn and fecal col-
if orms. Results of the tests showed that USPHS Stan-
dards for drinking water were not exceeded in any
well except for one well at the private farm in Suffolk
which had over 250 ppm Cl. Future work is being
planned which will enable bimonthly sampling of
groundwater. Soil samples will also be collected to
determine the loading capacity of the soil and the
loading effect of seepage from the lagoons on these
soils. (Edwards-East Central)
3358 - A8, C2, E2
EFFECT ON SOIL AND PLANT MIN-
ERAL LEVELS FOLLOWING THREE
ANNUAL APPLICATIONS OF SWINE
MANURES OF DIFFERENT COPPER
CONTENTS,
Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg. Virginia
24061
E. T. Kornegay, J. D. Hedges, D. C. Martens, and C.
Y. Kramer
Livestock Research Report. Research Division Re-
port 163, Virginia Polytechniclnstituteand State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg. Virginia 24061, July, 1975, p.
212-215. 2 tab.
Descriptors: Plant response, Fertilizers, Nutrients,
Copper, Zinc. Magnesium, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Application rates.
A third year of study was conducted on plots planted to
com in order to evaluate the effect of high copper
manures on corn growth and grain composition. The
experimental treatments were: (1) no manure, (2)
control manure applied and (3) high copper manure
applied. There was an accumulation of copper in the
surface layer of soil when high copper manure was
applied, but the level after 3 annual applications was
well within a safe range for good crop production.
When both types of manure were applied, there con-
tinued to be an increase in zinc, magnesium and phos-
phorus levels of the soil. However, these increases
were not considered harmful. No increase was found
in the copper concentration of the grain, and only a
small increase was found in the copper content of the
corn plant (ear leaf) when high copper manure was
applied at a rate of about 26 ton /acre (24 percent dry
matter) annually. The phosphorus and zinc content of
the ear leaf and the grain were increased slightly
when both types of manure were applied.
(Merryman-East Central)
3359 - A3, A8, B2, C2, D3, E2
EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOON
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL ON SOIL-
PLANT RUNOFF QUALITY,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg 24061
E. R. Collins, Jr., D. C. Martens, and E. T. Kornegay
Livestock Research Report, Research Division Re-
port 1S3, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, 24061, July, 1975, p. 216-220.3 tab.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Agricultural runoff, Liquid
wastes. Biological treatment, Confinement pens,
Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Swine wastes, Plant re-
sponse.
The most reasonable waste management alternative
for swine producers is to design and manage systems
so that swine wastes can be collected and applied to
land in a controlled manner. To this end, many far-
mers have begun collecting manure in pits beneath
slatted floor housing, and draining or flushing liquid
manure into anaerobic lagoons. This study was con-
ducted to (It compare 2 systems of biological treat-
ment for swine wastes in Virginia, (2) monitor wastes
from 2 confinement swine production facilities and
effluent from their companion waste treatment sys-
tems to determine the degree of biological treatment
afforded and the fate of mineral feed constituents, and
(3) measure effects of application of lagoon effluent
from the above systems on runoff water quality and
pollutant accumulation in soil-plant disposal areas.
Two enclosed slatted-floor production pens have been
in operation since November, 1974. Each pen contains
equivalent live weight units of feeder pigs. Pits are
flushed into separate sealed concrete treatment
tanks. The first tank is operated as an anaerobic la-
goon while the other is aerated mechanically at a rate
equivalent to twice its estimated daily BODS. In order
to distribute treatment tank effluent on soil-plant dis-
posal plots, a permanent waste irrigation system has
been installed. Since November, 1974, samples of
waste influent and treatment tank effluent have been
taken monthly. NOyNO, -N. NH. -N, TKN. Cl, total
and dissolved volatile solids, and total and dissolved
ash determinations have been made but data has not
been analyzed. Tests will be continued so that suffi-
cient data can be obtained in order to support mean-
ingful conclusions. (Edwards-East Central)
3360 - A12, Bl
EVALUATION OF DIETARY SALT
LEVELS FOR SWINE. 1. EFFECT ON
GAIN, WATER CONSUMPTION AND
EFFICIENCY OF FEED CONVER-
SION,
King Feed Co., Blandinsville, Illinois 61420
I. Hagsten and T. W. Perry
Journal of Animal Science, Vol.42, No. 5, p. 1187-1190
538
-------
May, 1V76. 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Diets, Salts.
Identifiers: Swine, Gain, Water consumption. Feed
conversion.
An attempt was made to establish the salt require-
ment (or maximum rate of gain for growing swine.
Four experiments utilizing 73 crossbred barrows
were designed. Conventional corn-soybean meal diets
with varying amounts of supplemental salt and
deionized water were offered ad libitum. The salt
levels studied ranged from .05 to .41 percent total
dietary salt equivalent. Feed conversion and average
daily gains were inferior below .20 percent total diet-
ary salt equivalent. The pigs with deficient salt in-
takes consumed less water. Salt intake had a positive
significant correlation with average daily gain and
between 15 and 48 percent of the variability in average
daily gain was accounted for by the levels of salt
added to the diets. Under practical swine feeding
situations where the base level of salt content in feed
and water is unknown, supplementation with a
maximum of .20 percent salt is a safe recommenda-
tion. (Rowe-East Central)
3361 - A2, A5, C2
EVALUATION OF NITRATE CON-
TENT OF GROUND WATER IN HALL
COUNTY, NEBRASKA,
Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois 62702
K. Piskin
Groundwater, Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 4-13, November-
December, 1973. 4 fig,»tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Nitrates, Water
pollution sources, Nebraska, Sampling, Fertilizers,
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Hydrogeologic factors, Septic-tank
effluents.
Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater of Hall
County, Nebraska, were evaluated in relation to soil
types, streams, hydrogeologic factors, and cultural
practices. These concentrations were correlated with
selected physical and chemical parameters of wells,
and groundwater, respectively. In the summer of
1971,161 water samples from wells were collected and
analyzed.Nitrate concentrations of less than 10mg/l
were assumed to occur naturally in the groundwater
of Hall County. Nitrate enrichment of groundwater
was found to be related to conditions existing at or
near the wells. High nitrate concentrations were as-
sociated with high hydraulic conductivity. Seepage
from the Wood River, into which effluents from sev-
eral sewage-disposal plants are discharged, elevated
the nitrate content of groundwater adjacent to the
stream. Fertilizers were not found to be contributing
to groundwater pollution in Hall County. Seepage
from septic-tank effluents and feedlot runoff was
found to be a major source of nitrate in groundwater
in highly localized rural and urban areas of Hall
County. About 54 percent of the irrigation wells con-
taining 10 mg /I and greater nitrate concentrations
were associated with domestic wells. Nitrate in
groundwater decreased with the increasing well
depth and well penetration below the water table. Nit-
rate in groundwater was stratified where the concent-
ration was high. Highest concentrations were at or
near the water table in the immediate area of sampled
wells which were close to a potential nitrate source.
(Rowe-East Central)
3362 - A2, A3, A4, A5, Bl, C2, C3,
F4
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURE ON
WATER QUALITY,
Chief Agricultural and Marine Pollution Control
Branch, Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
Son.Q-S.D.1.
{J.Bernard
Relationship of Agriculture to Soil and Water Pollu-
tion, Cornell University Conference on Agricultural
VVaste Management, Rochester, New York, p. 6-10.1
tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Groundwater pollution,
Agriculture, Sediment, Pesticides, Animal wastes
Fertilizers, Nutrients, Salts, Eutrophication Fish
kills. Algal blooms. Nitrates.
Pollution problems arising from sediment, pes-
ticides, animal wastes, nutrient runoff from fertilizer
use, and inorganic salt pollution from irrigation prac-
tices arediscussed. About one billion tons of sediment
reach the contiguous rivers annually from agricul-
tural sources due to erosion. Sediment deposits in
stream channels reduce their capacity to convey
water and sometimes seriously impair drainage of
adjacent lands. Salts and nutrients adsorbed on sedi-
ment particles dissolve in water and contribute to
eutrophication of surface waters. Pesticide residues
carried by sediment may be released in the stream
environment to be taken up and concentrated by vari-
ous aquatic organisms. The oxidation of organic pol-
lutants is hindered by sediment in streams. Feedlot
wastes are also serious pollution contributors. Feed-
lot runoff has caused serious fish kills. Increases in
nitrates in ground waters have been traced to the
animal feeding industry. Nitrogen and phosphorous in
manures may be present in runoff, and may add to the
fertilization of lakes and ponds, increasing the rate of
eutrophication. Pathogenic organisms may also be
present in such runoff. Another large problem is nut-
rient runoff associated with fertilizer use. Fish kills
algal blooms, and foul odors emanating from surface
waters may be associated with such runoff. Ground-
water contamination can also be traced to fertilizer
use. Salts, which are present in soils and geologic
materials of arid regions as a result of mineralogical
weathering processes, find their way into water
sources through leaching and runoff. To maintain a
salt balance in the soil that will support crop growth,
the total amount of salt applied in the irrigation water
must be leached out in the drainage water. Since the
volume of drainage water is much less than the irriga-
tion water applied, the salt content in the drainage is
much greater. The distribution and concentration of
pesticides through the water cycle and food cycle to
the consumer has also become a problem. (Cm-East
Central)
3363-A7, All^.CS, D3
AEROSOL DISPERSION OF PATHO-
GENS FROM A MODEL OXIDATION
DITCH,
University of Minnesota
L. A. Will, S. L. Diesch, B. S. Pomeroy, S. L. Spier P
R. Goodrich
Livestock Environment Affects Production, Repro-
duction, and Health, Proceedings of the International
Livestock Environment Symposium, Nebraska
Center for Continuing Education. University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, April 17-19, p. 176-111.
Descriptors: Aerosols, Pathogenic bacteria. Sal-
monella, Model studies. Sampling, Slurries
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Animal health. Leptos-
pira pomona.
With the knowledge that enteric (salmonella) and
urinary tract (leptospiresjpathogens survive manure
treatment in a model oxidation ditch, researchers en-
deavored to learn whether these microorganisms be-
come aerosolized and transmit disease to laboratory
animals housed in confinement pens above the ditch
A 1:10 scale laboratory model of an existing field
(Pasveer) oxidation ditch was constructed at
5SS3W f^P6"1™*11 Station University of Min-
nesota. Virulent Salmonella tvphimurium and Leo-
tojmrj sero-type pomona MLS bacteria were inocu-
lated into the manure slurry of the model system dur-
ing separate experiments. The slurry and the ambient
air of the model system were sampled and the
laboratory animals were examined for evidence of
infection with either pathogen. L, pomona MLS sur-
vived the minimal six-week periooTwhereas S,
tyjhuniurium was re-inoculated into the slurry to
oSf " K*?I!ian* hea!th """"lous microbial con-
""""S8™ lab-ammal convenient housing unit Ex-
posed hamsters remained culturally and seroioci-
cally negative to leptospiral infection. Turkey poults
occasionally became ii&ected with g, toMcuS
Leptospiral micrpbioaerosols were detected only
once. §, typhimurium was isolated more commonly.
The expressions of leptospiral virulence may have
been altered by the slurry environment Indicator col
iform microbioaerosol counts were below those of
compared dairy barn tests. (Rowe-East Central)
3364 - A7, All, A12, B2, C3, D3
MICROBIAL AEROSOL MONITOR-
ING OF A BEEF HOUSING OXIDA-
TION DITCH,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, S5101
P. R. Goodrich, S. L. Spier, S. L. Diesch, and L. A
Will.
Livestock Environment Affects Production. Repro-
duction, and Health, Proceedingsof the International
Livestock Environment Symposium, Nebraska
Center for Continuing Education, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln. April 17-19,1974 p IB-IB 2 fig. 2 tab.
2 ref.
Descriptors: Aerosols. Public health. Sampling. Bac-
teria. Aeration.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Animal health.
The purpose of this study was to monitor the
broaerosol production from an operational field on-
dation ditch (Pasveer). aerated by a rotor, and to
assess the public health hazard in relation to bacteria
produced by the waste treatment facility. An air sam-
pling program was developed after careful research.
The air environment within the housing unit was
found to harbor a rich bioaerosol Counts approximat-
ing 100 to 200 total colony forming units per liter of air
sampled were observed routinely in the year sampl-
ing period. It was evident, however, that these high
levels were caused by the animal population and not
by the oxidation ditch system. Indicator fecal bacte-
rial aerosols also were higher when the animals were
present. Therefore, the oxidation ditch again was not
deemed to be the source of the bacterial aerosols. The
magnitude of indicator fecal microorganisms was low
when compared with the level of total aerosol mic-
roorganisms found. It was concluded that the wet
floor environment in the buildings suppressed aerosol
formation. During cleaning periods when the floor
was left dry, usually high potentially hazardous levels
of aerosols existed within the bams. During normal
operations, however, the oxidation ditch treatment
system did not create a health hazard for either man
or animals. (Rowe-East Central)
3365 - A6, A7, All, B2, B4, C2
SOME CONSTITUENTS IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE OF A HOUSED SWINE
UNIT,
Microbiologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
L. F. Elliott, J. A. DeShaier. E. R. Peo. Jr.. T. A
Travis, and T. M. McCalla
Livestock Environment Affects Production. Repro-
duction, and Health, Proceedings of the International
Livestock Environment Symposium, Nebraska
Center for Continuing Education, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, April 17-19,1974. p. 189-194.1 fig, S tab.
13 ref.
Descriptors: Air pollution, Confinement pens. Odor,
Waste storage, Anaerobic conditions, Ventilation.
Gases.
Identifiers: Swine, Animal health.
A study was conducted in a completely enclosed s. ™r
growing-finishing building at the University of Neb-
raska Field Laboratory. Mead. The portion of the
building that was used for the study was equipped
with an anaerobic manure-storage pit under a com-
pletely slotted floor. The unit was divided into If pens,
each containing I animals. During the study, the
building was ventilated naturally because of faulty
fans. Aerial C0a . NH, -N. non-NH. -N, and H. S
were measured weekly during the study and inten-
sively during anaerobic pit pumpout. Aerial mea-
surements were taken 1 inch beneath the slotted floor
1 foot above the floor (swine level) and 4 feet above the
floor. No 00t levels were found that could be consi-
dered deleterious to animal health. CO, was higher
in the east end than the west end due to air currents
539
-------
Significantly higher quantities of non-NH, -N were
present in the atmosphere. The non-NHj -N fraction
partially represented amine and /or amine-related
compounds which were very odorous. Ambient levels
of H j S in the unit ranged from 0.9 to 0.2 ppm. During
pumpout, H» S varied considerably, with levels rang-
ing from undetectable to 43.4 ppm and averaging 2.7
ppm. (Rowe-East Central)
3366 - A7, A12, Bl, C2
AIR POLLUTION AND HUMAN WORK
CAPACITY,
Director, Max-Planck-Institute, Bad Kreuznach,
Germany
G. Preuschen
Livestock Environment Affects Production Repro-
duction, and Health, Proceedings of the International
Livestock Environment Symposium, Nebraska
Center for Continuing Education, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, April 17-19,1974, p. 195-198.2 tab, 5ref.
Descriptors: Air pollution, Confinement pens Odor
Respiration.
Identifiers: Health.
- ™*™«M TTIIJ n\ji fling I
production facilities may be reduced: (1 )~More time
must be spent in animal houses due to farm speciali-
zation (2) The same person performs barn work day
after day and the change from barn work to open air
work is rather seldom. (3) Due to specialization only
one kind of stock is kept in large numbers and this
leads to an increasing influence of negative environ-
mental factors on barn workers. (4) Modern animal
houses differ essentially from traditional houses in 2
ways: (a) No bedding is used, and (b) More animals
are confined to a relatively small housing area. Ex-
periments performed on the influence of less annoy-
ing air from animal houses on human respiration led
to the following conclusions: (1) Bad smell from ani-
mal houses is not only unpleasant but health damag-
ing. Irritation of bronchias (coughing) and dizziness
are the result. (2) Subjects with a sensible respiratory
system tend to shortness of breath and will become
easily tired. (3) Existing bronchial allergies may be
intensified so that persons smelling emissions from
animal houses become unable to work because of
asthma. (Rowe-East Central)
3367-A7, All, B1.C2
EFFECTS OF AERIAL AMMONIA,
HYDROGEN SULFIDE, AND SWINE
HOUSE DUST, ALONE AND COM-
BINED, ON SWINE HEALTH AND
PERFORMANCE,
Assistant Professor, Animal Science Department,
University of'Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
S. E. Curtis, A. H. Jensen, J. Simon, and D. L. Day
Livestock Environment Affects Production, Repro-
duction, and Health Proceedings of the International
Livestock Environment Symposium, Nebraska
Center for Continuing Education, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, April 17-19,1974, p. 209-210.1 tab.
Descriptors: Performance, Air pollution, Gases,
Dusts, Hydrogen sulfide, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine, Animal health.
The effects of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and hog-
house dust, alone and in various combinations in the
air, on the performance and respiratory-tract health
of otherwise healthy growing and finishing pigs were
studied in 7 trials. The performance trials were con-
ducted in 4 dynamic-type, air-pollutant exposure
chambers. The air temperature was about 18 degrees
C at all times in all chambers. The absolute humidity
level of the air in all chambers was the same as or
lower than that of the outside air. Crossbred pigs were
assigned to the 4 chambers from within littermate
quartets of the same sex. Pigs were fed a corn-
soybean meal diet formulated to contain 22.5 percent
crude protein to 18 kg and 16 percent from 18 kg on.
The diets contained no antibiotic and were pelleted.
Results suggested that the performance of healthy
pigs may not be affected by air pollution inside en-j
closed swine houses. The possibility remains that the
incidence and severity to lung disease in pigs may be
related to the stress caused by such irritating air pol-
lutants as ammonia. If lung disease were exacerbated
by air pollutants, pig performance would be expected
to decline in turn as an indirect effect of air pollution.
(Rowe-East Central)
3368 - A7, Bl
CONSTITUENTS OF SWINE HOUSE
ODORS,
Professor, Iowa State University, Ames.
E. G. Hammond, P. Kuczala, G. A. Junk, and J. Kozel
Livestock Environment Affects Production, Repro-
duction, Health, Proceedings of the International
Livestock Environment Symposium, Nebraska
Center for Continuing Education, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, April 17-19,1974, p. 364-372.5 fig, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Measurement, Confinement pens.
Gases. Gas chromatography, Mass Spectrometry.
Identifiers: Swine.
This study reports a number of odorous compounds
from the air in a swine confinement building which
were identified by gas chromatography, mass spec-
trometry combined gas chromatography-mass spec-
trometry and other ancillary techniques. A number of
relatively non-odorous compounds tentatively iden-
tified solely by combination gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry are also reported. Air was sam-
pled in a 700-head swine-finishing building of the Iowa
State University Swine Nutrition Research Farm
where manure was flushed out hourly with water, and
feed was dumped onto the floor of the pens from an
overhead conveyor. The odor of the uni t was typical of
swine but was not an outstandingly intense odor
source. Conclusions drawn were: (1) All of the odor-
ous compounds that were found in swine house air
were well known flavor constituents in foods. (2)
Study results suggested that the number of odorous
compounds may be direct products of animal
metabolism. (3) Constituents which are below
threshold may interact with each other and with con-
stituents above threshold to change the character and
strength of the sensation. (4) Possibly some con-
stituents of importance may have escaped the con-
centration and separation methods. (5) Relatively
large amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons were de-
tected in swine house air. (6) It should be possible to
develop routine tests for the odorous substances re-
ported, and such analyses should give an objective
measurement that will correlate well with the com-
plicated subjective measurements of air quality. (7)
One or more of the odorous substances may prove to
be a good indicator compound for the intensity and
character of the odors from animal facilities.
(Rowe-East Central)
3369 - A7, All, B2, C2
MANURE GASES AND THEIR EF-
FECT ON LIVESTOCK HEALTH,
Royal Agricultural College, Department of Farm
Buildings, Lund, Sweden.
K. Sallvik
Livestock Environment Affects Production, Repro-
duction, Health, Proceedings of the International
Livestock Environment Symposium, Nebraska
Center for Continuing Education, University of Neb-
raska, Lincoln, April 12-19,1974, p. 373-377.3 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Confinement pens, Air
pollution, Ventilation, Design, Gases.
Identifiers: Animal health.
The Department of Farm Buildings at the Royal
Swedish Agricultural College investigated the effects
of differenfventilation systems on the gases produced
by liquid manure systems. The ventilation systems
tested were: (1) High exhausting - fans in ceiling and
inlets along side walls. (2) High exhausting - modified
with special inlets in center of building, (3) Low
exhausting - exhaust ducts parallel with manure
channel suck the outgoing air through openings under
the slatted floor or manure gutter. Analyses of air
movements and H2S, NTfy and CH4 were made in
order to obtain a measure of the efficiency of the,
ventilation systems. The comparisons between diffe-
rent ventilation systems required that the manure be
agitated. The tests showed that the location of air
inlets is very important. The air inlet* should be lo-
cated over the feeding table and the incoming air
directed toward the breathing zone of the animal. Low
exhaust and high exhaust have such an inlet design In
piggeries investigations of air movements, gas con-
centrations and checking of weight gain and health
were made. Feed conversion, weight gain, mortality
and classification were recorded. It was found that
the 2 ventilation systems can be assumed to be equal
regarding good environmental conditions in houses
with liquid manure handling. (Rowe-East Central)
3370 - B3, Cl, C2, D2, E3
FERMENTATION OF WHOLE
FEEDLOT WASTE AND ISOLATED
WASTE FIBER WITH
TRICHODERMA VIRIDE IN SUB-
MERGED CULTURE,
Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Agricul-
tural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
H. I. Griffin and J. H. Sloneker
Reprinted from Symposium on Enzymatic Hyd-
rolysis of Cellulose, Aulanko, Finland, March 12-14
1975, p. 419-431. 2 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Fungi, Chemical treat-
ment, Chemical properties, Physical properties, Re-
cycling, Carbohydrates, Cellulose, Nitrogen, Lignins
Separation techniques.
Identifiers: Trichoderma viride, Refeeding,
Hemicellulose.
At the Northern Regional Laboratory, fermentation
by the fungus Trichoderma Viride was examined as a
possible means of decreasing the bulk of cattle feedlot
waste and increasing the quality of its protein so that
it could be refed as a feed supplement without inter-
fering with animal feed efficiency. The point of attack
by Trichoderma Viride is the structural carbohyd-
rates, cellulose and hemicellulose. When crude feed-
lot waste fiber is separated from the whole feedlot
waste, Trichoderma viride ferments it better, achiev-
ing a maximum loss of solids of about 31 percent.
Crude protein increases and improves the feed addi-
tive potential of the feedlot waste; however, other
methods, such as mixed culture and solid-state fer-
mentation, will be necessary to increase solids diges-
tion to a level permitting efficient recycling of animal
waste. (Rowe-East Central)
3371 - All, B3.C2.E3
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre, King's Building, West Mains Road. Edin-
burgh EH9, 3JS, Scotland
R. Blair
Canadian Poultry Review, Vol. 97, No. 9, p. 13-14 16
18, September, 1973. 1 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: Recycling, Economics, Nutrients,
Pathogenic bacteria, Chemical properties, Perfor-
mance, Poultry.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry wastes, Scot-
land.
Recycling dehydrated poultry waste (DPW) through
poultry has been advocated for 2 reasons: it is a useful
source of nutrients and recycling should help to re-
duce the pollution problem. Research performed at
Edinburgh, Scotland, has revealed that, under cer-
tain price situations, dehydrated poultry waste is an
economic feed for poultry, mainly as a source of
energy, amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. Re-
cycling would reduce pollution by about one-third and
possibly more if a level higher than 20 percent in the
ration could be tolerated by hens. Proper processing
seems to render poultry wastes innocuous and patho-
gen free. The risk from residues is potentially greater '
although the scant evidence available suggests than
no serious accumulation may take place even on con-
tinual recycling. (Rowe-East Central)
540
-------
3372 - All, A12, B3, C2, E3
POULTRY EXCRETA CONTAINING
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR
LACTATING COWS,
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute, Ag-
ricultural Research Center, U. S. Department of Ag-
riculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
L. W. Smith, G. F. Fries, and B. T. Weinland
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 59, No. 3. p. 465-474.
March. 1176.1 fig, Stab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Polychlorinated biphenyls, Diets, Dairy
Industry, Public health.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry excreta, Ani-
mal health.
A conventional concentrate mixture and a ration con-
taining 32 percent dehydrated poultry excreta were
fed to 2 groups of 12 cows each to provide 36 percent of
the total dietary nitrogen and IS percent of the total
dry matter intake for 90 days. The objectives were to
study: (a) the digestibility, N-metabolism, and milk
production of concentrate diets supplemented isonit-
rogenously with crude protein from conventional
sources of or from dehydrated poultry excreta
(DPE), and (b) the presence of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB's) in milk after cattle are fed PCB-
contaminated excreta. Manure from caged laying
hens fed known concentrations of different PCB's was
used. Cattle fed the DPE concentrate consumed less
com silage and concentrates and produced less milk
than those fed conventional concentrates. From the
feeding of the 2 pelleted concentrates to wethers, it
was learned that conventional concentrate ash was
1.5 times more digestible than ash in DPE concen-
trate. Neither health nor reproductive performance
differed in relation to the 2 diets. The conventional
concentrate cost 1132 /metric ton and the DPE con-
centrate cost $77 /metric ton as formulated. Pelleting
costs were not figured. Residues for chlorinated hyd-
rocarbon pesticides and industrial contaminants
were not found to be a problem in utilization of DPE.
The residue fed to the chickens from which the
excreta was taken was 20 ppm, 100 times as great as
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guideline of .2
ppm for complete animal feeds. The highest residue
encountered in milk fat was less than 5 ppm, only
twice that listed in the U.S. Food and Drug Administ-
ration guideline of 2.5 ppm. Thus, there should be no
problem of PCB residues in milk from feeding DPE if
the chickens were on diets below 50 times the FDA
guideline. (Rowe-East Central)
3373 - B2, C2, D3
NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM A
CONCENTRATED WASTE BY NIT-
RIFICATION AND DENTRIFICA-
TION.
Senior Research Associate, Department of Agricul-
tural Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York M580
T.B.S. Prakasam, Y. D. Joo, E. G. Srinath, and R.C.
Loehr,
Engineering Bulletin, Purdue University, 1974, p.
497-509.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Denitrification, Nitrification,
Wastewater treatment, Ammonia, Aerobic condi-
tions, Anaerobic conditons, Poultry.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch.
Laboratory and pilot plant scale investigations were
conducted to study the feasibility of a microbial
nitrification-dentrification process for the control of
nitrogen in a concentrated wastewater. In continuous
flow units high ammonia residuals were noted, while
about only 60 percent of the TKN input was nitrified.
Investigations on the causes for the occurrence of a
high residual ammonia concentration and efforts to
minimize it by nitrification led to the development of a
repetitive nltrification-dentrification process for the
waste In a denitruncation stage removed the prevail-
ing inhibitory conditions for the oxidation of the re-
sidua) mixed liquor NH^ In a subsequent aerobic
phase. Studies with the oxidation ditch showed that by
manipulating the rotor operation up to 90 percent of
the total nitrogen input could be removed without ac-
cumulation of significant ammonia residuals in the
mixed liquor. The results of this study showed that the
nitrogen in concentrated wastes can be controlled In a
single treatment unit such as the oxidation ditch by a
nitrification-dentrif ication process without the neces-
sity of an additional dentrification tank or other ap-
purtenances. (Rowe-East Central)
3374 - All, B3, Cl, C2, D2, E3
A NOTE ON DRIED POULTRY MAN-
URE IN THE DIET OF THE GROWING
PIG,
School of Agriculture, University of Aberdeen, Scot-
land
S. Perez-Aleman, D. G. Dempster, P. R. English, and
J. H. Topps
Animal Production, Vol. 13, p. 361-364,1971. 2 tab, 5
ref.
Descriptors: Diets, Performance.
Identifiers: Dried poultry manure, Swine.
Dried poultry manure was evaluated as an addition to
a conventional diet at levels of 10,20, and 30 percent
for growing pigs from 23 to 85 kg liveweight. The man-
ure was obtained from a local broiler producer. The
manure was pressure-cooked in Douglas offal plant in
lots of approximately 500 kg with about 40 liters of
water added to each lot to facilitate the raising of
pressure. The material was subjected to a pressure of
68-9 kNnf* and a temperature of 115 degrees C for
35 minutes. Then it was dried by injecting hot air into
the cooker for 85 minutes. Thirty-two pigs were ar-
ranged in 4 pens to give equal numbers of castrate
males and females in 2 pens, all castrates in the third
pen and all females in the fourth. The pens were
equipped with individual feeding stalls so that the pigs
lived as a group but were individually fed to appetite.
The food was provided twice daily except on Sunday,
when a single meal was given. When the pig consumed -
all his meal, the amount given at the next meal was
increased. There was a tendency for the pigs to eat
more as the level of manure in the diet increased.
However, the actual food consumption of the pigs on
the 4 treatments did not differ significantly. The pigs
remained healthy and the dried manure had no appa-
rent adverse effect on the carcasses. For every 10
percent addition of manure, growth was reduced by
0"96. The dried manure contained about 30 percent
crude protein and was a rich source of minerals.
(Rowe-East Central)
3375 - B2, Cl, C2, D3
OVERLAND FLOW IN NARROW
PLOTS TO TREAT FEEDLOT
RUNOFF,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65201
D. M. Sievers
Presented at 1974 Mid-Central Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mis-
souri, April M, 1974, Paper No. Mc-74-302.14 p. 7 fig, 1
tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Overland
flow, Wastewater treatment, Biological treatment.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chemical oxygen demand,
Solids.
Identifiers: Lagoon effluent.
Research was conducted at theJ.P.HamptonFeedlot
near Brunswick, Missouri, to study the effectiveness
of the overland flow method of treating cattle feedlot
runoff using gated irrigation pipe. Lagoon effluent
from a 2000 head feedlot was applied through the
8fto* P»Pe to plots 150 feet long and 6 feet wide. The
plots sloped S percent and were covered with Tall
Fescue and Reed's Canary. With an application^ 5
gpm, 50 percent of the applied ammonia and 35 per-
cent ot the total phosphorus was removed within the
ISpf oot distance. The removal percentages decreased
with time. Little change was observed in chemical
oxygen demand or solids. Based on study results the
use of the overland flow technique for small feedlots
using gated irrigation pipe seemsquestionable. Small
feedlots are not likely to have large enough volumes of
wastewater for continuous irrigation of the disposal.
Under these circumstances, the microorganism
population will not develop to a large extent and the
quality of the treated effluent will remain poor. The
concentrated flow afforded by gated pipe retards es-
tablishment of the trickling filter concept and results
in poor treatment. For the small feedlot operator who
wishes to utilize feedlot runoff through irrigation, it
would probably be better to employ a system in which
there is little or no runoff produced. If the overland
flow system is to be used, sprinkler application is
recommended with some means of collecting and re-
cycling the low quality runoff. (Rowe-East Central)
3376 - A6, Bl
ODORS FROM EXCRETA OF CATTLE
FED SAGEBRUSH AND PEPPER-
MINT OIL,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
R. O. Kellems, D. C. Church and J. R. Miner
Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of
Animal Science, Vol. 27,1976,3 p. 1 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Diets, Sagebrush, Sampling, Odor.
Identifiers: Odor control, Peppermint oil, Olfactory
panel.
Holstein heifers were fed a basal ration of 25 percent
barley and 75 percent alfalfa to which 2 levels (1 per-
cent and 1.5 percent) of ground mountain big sageb-
rush and one level (0.25 percent) of peppermint oil
were added. A control group of 5 replacement heifers
was maintained on the basal ration during the exper-
iment period. Fresh urine and fecal samples were
collected from the control and the supplemented ani-
mals on an individual animal basis. Then composite
urine and fecal samples were prepared for each
group. Samples containing 50 g feces and 50 g urine
were prepared from the composite samples mixed in
300 ml erlenmeyer flasks and incubated at 30 degrees
C for 24 hours prior to being evaluated by an olfactory
panel. The samples were removed from the water
bath, dried, wrapped in paper, and allowed to equilib-
rate with the ambient temperature for about 30 mi-
nutes prior to evaluation. The olfactory evaluations of
the groups supplemented with 1 and 1.5 percent
sagebrush were not different from the control group.
Samples containing both fecal and urine fractions
were found to be less offensive than fecal + water
samples. A characteristic menthol odor was noted to
be present in the urine obtained from the peppermint
supplemented animals. It apparently partially
masked the normal odor of urine. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
3377 - All, Bl, C2, C3, E3, Fl, F2
POTENTIAL 800 MILLION TONS OF
ANIMAL FEED GOES TO "WASTE"
ANNUALLY, SCIENTIST REPORTS,
Anonymous
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 6, p. 70-71, February, 1976.
Descriptors: Feeds, Farm wastes, Recycling, Per-
formance, Poultry, Cattle, Feedlots, Costs,
Economics, Pathogenic bacteria, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Drug residues.
About 800 million tons of animal feed goes to waste
every year in the United States. J. P. Fontenot of the
Department of Animal Science at Virginia
Polytechnic Institute stated ata seminar that animals
annually produce about 1.6 billion tons of waste, of
which about one-half could be collected and recycled
as animal feed. He added that poultry wastes amount
to about 50 million tons of the total. Pathogens, which
may be present in poultry wastes, can be destroyed by
heat or chemical treatment or by ensiling. While
broiler Utter may contain medicinal drug residues, no
harmful levels have been found in the meat or livers of
cattle fed the waste followed by a May withdrawal
period. Fontenot indicated that pregnant cows would
do well on nearly a 100 percent poultry waste ration
and for fattening cattle, the level would be in the 10 to
25 percent range. Feeder Sam Hay, Jr., Covington,
Georgia, reported that by recycling manure in his
300-head feedlot, he had saved 20 to 25 percent on feed
541
-------
costs, figuring corn at $3 a bushel. Bobby Joe Lee of
Cape Plantation at Tallulah, Louisiana, and George
Shepard. manager of the N B. Hunt Ranch, Dallas,
Texas, were both proponents of using corn silage as a
basic feed for their cattle. At Lee'» fcedlot, urea and
diacalcium phosphate are added to the silage as it is
put into the silo, giving a complete feed to which no-
thing is added. Brady Anthony of Auburn University
reported on a series of feeding trial* In which 50 parts
of wet manure and 40 parts of ground grass hay were
ensiled and then successfully added a basal ration of
82.5 percent ground corn, 12 percent ground Coastal
bermudagrass hay, 4 percent of a liquid protein sup-
plement, 1 percent calcium carbonate and 0.5 percent
trace mineralized salt. Anthony said, based on the
market price of feed ingredients when the feeding
trial took place, the manure added at 20, 40, and 60
percent of the ration, reduced feed cost per hundred-
weight of gain by *4.32, J10.62, and $14.32, respective-
ly. (Rowe-East Central)
3378-A4,Bl,Fl
POLLUTION REGULATIONS RE-
MAIN ONE OF THE TOP
WASHINGTON ISSUES,
Washington Correspondent
J. Richter
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 9, p. 8,9, May, 1976.
Descriptors: Regulations, Water pollution Point
sources.
Identifiers: Beef imports, Checkoff program.
In their present "final" form, regulations say that
feedlot operators won't need pollution permits unless
there is some discharge into navigable waters If
there,£SUCtl a discharBe: (1) Operators with as many
as 1,000 animal units or 700 mature cows will need
permits, (2) Those with 300 to 1,000 animal units will
need a permit if the feedlot discharges into a water-
way directly or through a manmade channel (3)
Operators with fewer than 300 animal units or 200
cows are to be exempt from the control program
unless they have an unusual pollution problem. A
proposed checkoff program is being revived The
Beef Development Taskforce has agreed to go along
with the Farm Bureau on procedure for conducting a
producer referendum on the plan. The Bureau Plan
requires: (1) pr^registration of cattlemen 10 days
prior to the referendum, (2) at least half of those
registered to vote, and (3) two-thirds approval by all
those voting for the checkoff plan to take effect. Beef
imports are going to be more closely monitored this
year, following last year's fiasco when 27.2 million
pounds more beef came into the country than the law
allowed. Responsibility for monitoring imports will
be shifted from the U. S. Census Bureau to the Cus-
toms Bureau. (Rowe-East Central)
3379-Cl, C2, C3
STANDARDIZING PROPERTIES
AND ANALYTICAL METHODS RE-
LATED TO ANIMAL WASTE RE-
SEARCH,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, 355 p.
Descriptors: Analysis, Sampling, Chemical proper-
ties, Physical properties.
Identifiers: Animal wastes.
To promote an exchange of information which would
encourage more uniformity in conducting animal
waste research and reporting findings, the ASAE
committee SE 412, Agricultural Sanitation and Waste
Management, sponsored a conference concerning
"Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods
Related to Animal Waste Research" in December,
1972. Approximately 150 engineers and scientists at-
tended. In December, 1974, the ASAE Committee Se-
412, Agricultural Sanitation and Waste Management,
and T-9, Environmental Quality Coordinating Com-
mittee, organized another conference. The purpose of
this conference was to summarize and disseminate
information concerning changes, refinements, and
new developments needed to assess system perfor-
mance. Papers presented at both of these conferences
are included in this publication. (Merryman-East
Central)
3380-B1.B2, C1,C2
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATE-
RIALS HANDLING,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Iowa State University.
R. J. Smith
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p. 17-25. 10 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Design, Pumping, Solids,
Physical properties, Chemical properties, Equations.
Identifiers: Manure, Open channel, Chemical pre-
cipitation.
This study is divided into: (1) a general discussion of
manure composition and how this should be deter-
mined, (2) the parameters necessary to measure ma-
nure pumping characteristics, (3) the phenomenon of
solids transport in an open channel, and (4) a brief
section on mechanical problems arising from chemi-
cal precipitation. Manure consists of: (1) a liquid con-
taining dissolved and colloidal solids, (2) a fraction
containing very find solids, (3) a fraction containing
coarse participate matter, and (4) hair. Pumping raw
manure requires certain considerations. Two areas
needing numerical characterization are: (1) how
readily the material flows into a pumpsection and (2)
head loss incurred in forcing the material through a
closed pipe. It is possible to put a numerical index on
the onset of suction starvation by examining a curve
of sheer stress vs. strain rate. The head loss in a pipe
carrying solids that are in heterogeneous suspension
can be expressed by: (J-JW)/CVJW =K(niCv)m.J
= head loss for water at velocity V in units of height of
slurry column per unit length of pipe. J = head loss for
water at velocity V in units of height of water per
column per unit length of pipe. K,m a dimensionless
. Precipitation of Mg(NH4)PO4 and
CaCO in manure slurries adversely affects pump per-
formance. Measurement of levels of Mg*" ,
NH4 -h and P04~J may be a waste of time; it is
better to design the pumping system using all-plastic
components, where possible. Deposits can be dissol-
ved by using 1:20 dilution of glacial acetic acid flushed
through the system for about 3 hours. Centrifugal
pumps should employ large clearances between the
rotor and the case. (Rowe-East Central)
3381 - Al, Cl, C2, C3, E2, E3
PROPERTIES RELATED TO EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION,
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
A. F. Butchbaker
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p. 26-47. 7 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Pollution, Water pollution, Air pollution,
Soil contamination, Recycling, Odor, Dusts,
Pathogenic bacteria, Nutrients, Sediments, Radioac-
tivity.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Determining pollutional parameters of animal
wastes is difficult due to the complex nature of the
wastes and the variety of management and weather
effects. The characteristics of animal wastes vary
with ration and animal species. Degradation of the
waste causes further changes. In many cases, the
impact of the waste on the receptor in the environ-
ment is relatively unknown, particularly, for poten-
tial long term effects. To determine the pollutional
characteristics of animal waste, the evolvement of
water quality standards was reviewed. Four broad
categories of media-receiving animal waste may be
considered — (1) Water (surface; ground), (2) Soil
(crop utilization, disposal), (3) Air (odors, dust), and
(4) Utilization or Resource Recovery (Food - Refeed-
ing, Algae production, etc.) Pollutional categories to
be considered in water quality include: organic
wastes, infectious agents, plant nutrients, synthetic
chemicals, inorganic and mineral substances, sedi-
ments, radioactivity, and temperature. Some of the
pollutional parameters for soil are those that may
build up, such as heavy metals, sodium, magnesium
bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, potassium and b»
ron. Air pollutants may be categorized as odors and
dust. Pollutional parameters to be considered in utili-
zation are dependent upon the actual type of utiliza-
tion. Besides crop production from irrigation or direct
manure application, waste usage may include: food
fuel, and building materials. Food products may also
be examined for pathogens, parasites, disease or-
ganisms, endocrine secretions, heavy metals an-
tibiotics and residuals from medicinal compounds. In
fuel production, odors and particulate matter are of
concern. In creating building materials, if the mate-
rial is rendered biologically inert by thermal or chem-
ical means or coated with an inert material, few pollu-
tional parameters exist. Guidance in the selection of
pollutional parameters may be obtained from the var-
ious pollution control and public health agencies
(Rowe-East Central)
3382 - A2, Cl, C2
SAMPLING OF LIQUID AND SOLID
WASTES,
Agricultural Engineer, Agricultural Research Ser-
vice, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Neb-
raska
N. P. Swanson, and C. B. Gilbertson
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972, and De-
cember, 1974, p. 63-77.16 ref.
Descriptors: Sampling, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes.
Physical properties, Chemical properties, Agricul-
tural runoff, Equipment, Measurement.
Identifiers: Animal wastes.
This paper discussed appropriate sampling
techniques and equipment related to sampling animal
wastes and identifies some pertinent properties and
their proper units of measurement that should be con-
sidered in research. Samples should be random and
representative. The what, where, and when should be
planned for sampling before initiating research and
the decisions as to how many samples and how much
to sample should be considered. In
sampling solids, the stable masses of
organic materials and mixtures of
soil and organic materials can be sampled with stan-
dard soils sampling equipment. Chemical content,
organic and physical content, and bulk density may
vary with depth; therefore, it is important to obtain
samples with uniform cross sections. Meaningful
sampling of runoff requires collection of periodic rep-
resentative samples to accompany measurements of
the rate of discharge by units of time or a runoff hyd-
rograph. Factors that affect reliability in sampling
runoff are: (1) Frequency of the sample cutting, (2)
Technique used in taking the sample, (3) Safeguard-
ing the sample from contamination, and (4) Sample
analysis. Equipment should be selected to best meet
the practical needs of the research. Conglomerate
samples should be avoided if the details afforded by
measurements of stratification, changes with time, or
changes in connection with other physical, chemical,
or biological phenomenon will add materially to the
findings. Data should be analyzed promptly to insure
that sampling procedures and equipment are
adequate. (Rowe-East Central)
3383 - C2, C3
SAMPLING OF LIQUID AND SOLID
WASTES,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
J. C. Converse
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p. 78-84. » ref.
542
-------
Descriptors: Sampling, Liquid wastes. Solid wastes.
Equipment, Preservation, Chemical properties.
Physical properties. Analysis.
A discussion is given of the following: (1) the different
types of samplers available, (2) sampling statisti-
cally, (3) preservation of samples prior to analysis,
and (4) preparation of samples for obtaining a rep-
resentative aliquot from the sample for analysis. The
author states that it is better to obtain 2 samples at the
same time and make one analysis on each than to take
1 sample and duplicate analyses. This will reduce the
likelihood of error. Wood and Stanbridge (1968) de-
termined that it is advisable to incorporate a re-
frigerator into an automatic sampler to keep samples
at 5 degrees C to minimize changes in nitrate and
biochemical oxygen demand. In remote locations
where refrigeration is not feasible, pheny] mecuric
acetate may satisfactorily preserve a runoff sample.
Other preservation techniques are also available. No
research results have been found concerning the ef-
fect of freezing on BOD, COD, total solids, suspended
solids, and other characteristics. In evaluating the
degree of preparation, the samples can be divided into
4 categories - liquid, semi-solid, solid, and dried sam-
ples. Liquid samples need no preparation. Semi-solid
samples may contain enough large solids that they
have to be broken so a representative aliquot can be
taken for analysis. This may be done with a blender.
Solid samples can be ground into a uniform mass with
a Hobart grinder. Dried samples may also be ground
before analysis. It is most unfortunate that more de-
fined procedures are not available on sampling
techniques like those for analytical work. Sampling is
a very integral part of the research, but it is the im-
pression of the author that more emphasis should be
placed on developing reliable sampling techniques.
(Howe-East Central)
3384 - Cl, C2, C3
SAMPLING OF GASES AND
AEROSOLS
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
43210
R. K. White and D. P. Stombaugh
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of,
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p. 85-109.3 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Sampling, Gases, Aerosols, Equipment,
Dusts, Mist, Bacteria.
Identifiers: Data reporting, Impingement.
The following were discussed: (1) general sampling
procedures and equipment, applicable to both gases
and aerosols, (2) specific equipment and procedures
unique to either aerosol or gas samplings, and (3) the
type and form of data reporting. Only aerosols and
gases of agricultural origin were considered. Princi-
ple aerosols considered were: soil particles from til-
lage operation, harvesting dust, fertilizer, lime dust,
dust from animal and poultry units, mist from pes-
ticide applications, pollen, bacteria, fungi, and
smoke. Gases considered were: hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane. Specific
aerosol sampling procedures that were discussed in-
cluded: settlement, filtration, and impingement.
Specific gas sampling procedures that were discussed
included: adsorption and absorption. Check lists were
included which can be used for reporting sampling
procedures. (Rowe-East Central)
3385 - Cl, C2, C3
SAMPLING GASES AND AEROSOLS,
Research Associate, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
% T. Sobel and D. C. Ludington
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research .American Society of
Aericultural Engineers, December 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p. 110-113.1 tab.
pescriptors: Sampling, Gases, Aerosols, Equipment,
Ammonia, Poultry, Ventilation.
Many aspects of sampling gases and aerosols were
discussed, including precautions which must be con-
sidered. In relation to gas scrubbing equipment the
following comments were made: (1) When using
fritted glass scrubbers, it should be kept in mind that
each unit has its own flow characteristics and units
should not be interchanged without noting flow
changes. (2) Fritted-glass units will change their flow
characteristics with time and must be cleaned, usu-
ally in acid, periodically. (3) Air flow should be re
corded at the beginning and end of sampling whtn
using flow rate meters. (4) For multiple use of gas
scrubbers, a constant vacuum source tank is valu-
able. (5) Indicating flow meters may be used to mea-
sure the quality of air that passes through the collec-
tor. A specific example is outlined for using gas
scrubbing to measure the concentration of ammonia
in poultry house ventilation air. The method was ab-
sorption of ammonia in dilute acid and measurement
of direct nesslerization. (Rowe-East Central)
3386 - A6, B2, Cl, C2
ANALYZING PHYSICAL AND CHEM-
ICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
WASTES,
Senior Research Associate, Cornell University
Ithaca. New York, 14850
T. B. S. Prakasam, E. G. Srinath, and P. Y. Yang
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p. 114-166. 9 fig.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Liquid wastes, Sampling, Analysis, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Odor control.
Research and demonstration studies were conducted
on the treatment of poultry wastes obtained from the
Poultry Research Farm, Cornell University, with
particular emphasis on nitrogen control, waste
treatment, and odor control. A variety of analytical
methods were evaluated for their applicability to the
routine analysis of animal and especially poultry was-
tewaters. Parameters analyzed were: (1) Physical:
total and suspended solids, (2) Chemical: chemical
oxygen demand, NH4-N, TKN, and phosphorus, and
(3) Biochemical: biochemical oxygen demand,
(BOD)* and' nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD).
(Rowe-East Central)
3387 - B2, Cl, C2
ANALYZING PHYSICAL AND CHEM-
ICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
WASTES,
Associate Professor, Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering Department, North Carolina State Univer-
sity, Raleigh
F. J. Humenik and M. R. Overcash
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972, and De-
cember, 1974, p. 167-182. 3 fig, 3 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Chemical properties •
Physical properties, Sampling, Equipment, Cen-
trifugation, Ammonia, Nitrogen, Nitrates.
Identifiers: Electrode techniques.
The paper, "Evaluation of Methods for the Analysis to
Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Properties of
Poultry Wastewater", by T. B. S. Prakasam E G
Srinath, P. Y. Yang, and R. C. Loehr has advanced the
continuing quest for the most accurate, convenient,
and rapid method of analysis, especially when a
number of parameters must be tested to properly
evaluate complex agricultural wastewaters. The re-
sults which they report concerning storage of samples
are important and should be included in any critical
evaluation of published data. Prakasam, et al., have
shown that the centrifugation method is a reliable
estimate of suspended solids and have thus recom-
mended centrifugation with subsequent drying of the
sediment for this determination. Results of
Prakasam sj aj for the rapid COD test are very en-
couraging. The determination of ammonia and or-
ganic nitrogen by the standard K jeldahl method is the
most tedious and lengthy analysis that Is routinely
made in most laboratories. Work is in progress to
reduce the time requirements of this method by using
the Orion Ammonia electrode. Determination of nit-
rate in soil-water interflows by means of the Orion
specific ion electrode and the ultraviolet spcc-
trophotometric test has had good results. More atten-
tion should be given to new and more rapid instrumen-
tal and electrode techniques. These techniques will
require refinement before confident routine employ-
ment can be made for animal wastes, but time and
labor benefits will be enormous. (Merrynun-E*st
Central)
3388 - Cl, C2
ANALYZING PHYSICAL AND CHEM-
ICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID
WASTES,
Agricultural and Microbiologist, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Lincoln,
Nebraska
C. B. Gilbertson, T. M. McCalla, and A. T. Sobel
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December. 1972, and De-
cember, 1974. p. 183-196. 2 tab, 41 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Solid wastes, Analysis.
Identifiers: Livestock wastes. Poultry wastes.
Physical and chemical analyses required to define the
nature of livestock and poultry wastes were outlined.
The following procedures may be used in analyzing
these physical properties: Total solids (moisture con-
tent) — oven dry to constant weight; Fixed solids
(Volatile solids) — combustion; Settleable solids —
Imhoff cone test; Nonfiltrable solids — vacuum filter;
Partical size — wet sieve analysis; Bulk density,
specific—gravity—weight/volume measurement
phychometer; Flow characteristics — (a) slump
test — slump cone; limit; (b) viscosity
— stormer viscometer, coaxial cylinder
viscometer: Compaction — proctor de-
nsity test; Liquid and shrinkage limits; Moisture re-
moval — physical and thermal; Equilibrium mois-
ture content — temperature-controlled container;
Gross energy — bomb calorimeter; Freezing point—
thermocouple; Waste production — laboratory/field
collection; Odor — nose; Specific heat — method of
mixtures; Thermal conductivity — thermal conduc-
tivity probe. Chemical procedures which may be used
for analyzing the following properties are: pH—pH
meter; EC — conductivity meter; D.O. — dissolved
oxygen meter; BOD - 5 day incubation; COD—dis-
chromate reflux method; Odors — gas chromatog-
raph; Total organic carbon—combustion; Total N —
micro-Kjeldahl procedure; NO2-N — steam distilla-
tion and colorimetric; NC^-N—steam distillation and
colorimetric; NH|-N — steam distillation and col-
orimetric; Total P — ashing, acid extraction, flame
photometer; Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, As, Hg — digestion
acid extraction, atomic absorption; Cl, I—digestion,
acid extraction, colorimetric of gravimetric
methods; Digestibility — jn, vitro digestion with ru-
minant fluid; Antibiotics — thin-layer chromatog-
raphy; Pesticides, insecticides — extraction with
water and organic solvents; measured in gas
chromatograph. The physical properties of animal
wastes will be affected by such properties as ration
fed, animal environment, climatic conditions, feedlot
management, and microblal activity. These varia-
tions have made it difficult to develop guidelines for
laboratory analyses. By adapting existing techniques
and introducing some new ones, information on ani-
mal wastes can be documented to assist in basic un-'
demanding of the material. (Rowe-East Central) ;
3389 - B3, Cl, C2
ANALYZING PHYSICAL AND CHEM-
ICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID
WASTES,
Instructor, Agricultural Engineering Department,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
J. A. Moore
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
.AgriculturaJ Engineers, December, 197J and fae-
543
-------
cember. 1971, p. 197-204. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Chemical properties,
Physical properties. Analysis.
The analysis of solid animal waste is being ap-
proached by people in several disciplines bv resear-
chers throughout the United States. H is, therefore,
very important to develop a uniform technique for the
methods not listed in STANDARD METHODS FOR
THE EXAMINATION OF WATER AND WASTE
WATER. There are no-standard methods" (or many
of the tests dealing with solid animal wastes Testing
methods, most of which vary from published
methods, are discussed. For uniformity in the pub-
lished literature, the author recommends that 104 de-
grees C be accepted and used as the standard drying
temperature for solid determinations unless a diffe-
rent temperature is stated. Two techniques for filter-
ing suspended solids are: (It Dilute the semi-solid
waste material until the suspension is thin enough so
as not to plug up thef liter before achieving mostol the
filtering process. (2) Prefilter the sample Wet sc-
reening has been found to be the most successful
method in describing particle size distribution. A
crude but useful technique for determining flow
characteristics is to measure the angle of internal
friction or angleof repose. Equilibrium moisture con-
tent may bedelermined by measuring the humidity or
dew point in a closed container or by placing manure
samples in a jar, at a constant temperature with a
known salt solution in the environment. A bomb
calorimeter can be used to measure the decrease over
time in total energy of the solids remaining in a con-
tinuous aerated treatment system. Determinations of
dissolved oxygen may be made through use of dissol-
ved oxygen meters. Nitrate and nitrite measure
ments may be determined colorimetrtcally. A
chromotropic acid method may also be used for nit-
rate analysis. (Merryman-East Central)
3390 - A6, A7, C2, C3
ANALYTICAL METHODS RELATED
TO ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH:
GASES AND AEROSOLS,
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Oregon State University
J. R. Miner
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p 205-215. 3 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: Gases, Aerosols, Analysis, Sampling,
Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide, Odor.
Identifiers: Livestock wastes.
Interest has been generated in the analysis of gases
due to possible toxic effect of manure related gases to
confined animals, accelerated material degradation,
and the potential spread of disease from wind-earned
aerosols. Gas analysis techniques basically fit the fol-
lowing classifications: (I) Ammonia, (2) Hydrogen
sulfide, (3) Odoranl identification, and (4) Aerosol
monitoring. At concentrations of approximately 0.3 -
0.5mg l.ammoniaactsasarirritanttotheeye,nose,
and throat of humans. At high concentrations, it acts
as an asphyxiant. Similar reactions have been noted
in theresponseof domestic animals. The most widely
used method of ammonia analysis has been selective
ammonia absorption followed by color formation
using Nessler's reagent. Ammonia may also be de-
termined by moistening pH test paper with distilled
water and exposing it to the air for 15 seconds. Exces-
sive amounts of hydrogen sulfide are also toxic to
humans and animals. Methods for measuring hydro-
gen sulfide include: (1) a titration procedure, (2) a
colorimetric procedure, and (3) modification of the
method for analyzing hydrogen sulfide concentra-
tions in wastewater as prescribed in STANDARD
METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF WATER
AND WASTEWATER. Odorant identification
techniquesarenumerous and varied. Included among
them are: (1) Paper chromatography, (2) Am-
moniamine absorption on silica gel treated with
minhydrin, (3) Gas chromatography electron capture
detector, and (4) Gas chromatography flame lomza-
tion detector. An Anderson sampler which impinges
bacterial particles contained in air upon petn dishes
located at various stages within the sampler may be
used in aerosol monitoring. (Merryman-East Cent-
rail
3391 - A6, A7, C2
ANALYZING PHYSICAL AND CHEM-
ICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES AND
AEROSOLS,
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Clemson University, Clemson, South
Carolina 29631
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1974, p. 216-224. 4 fig, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Biological proper-
ties, Gases. Aerosols, Odor, Air pollution, Legal as-
pects, Measurement.
Identifiers: Odor intensity.
Animal producers must anticipate that air pollutants
orig inating from their operations are going lobe regu-
lated more firmly in the future. Hopefully the technol-
ogy for odor emission control will keep pace with the
technology for odorant concentration determination.
The following classification distinguishes between
odorous and non-odorous gaseous compounds. (1)
Odorants — ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, volatile or-
ganic acids, amines, alcohols, carbonyls, mercap-
tans, and disulfides, and (2) Non-odorants — carbon
dioxide and methane. The necessity for objective odor
intensity measurement becomes apparent when
faced with the fact that some slate air pollution con-
trol regulations contain limits on odor intensity. At
least 8 states and the District of Columbia now include
such standards. Methods for measuring odor inten-
sity are outlined. (Merryman-East Central)
3392 - All, A12, Bl, C3, D3, E2
ANALYZING BIOLOGICAL PROP-
ERTIES OF WASTES.
Professor, Microbiology Department, South Dakota
State University, Blockings 57008
P. R. Middaugh J „
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, 197! and De-
cember, 1974, p. 238-245. 22 ref.
Descriptors: Biological properties, Odor, Waste
treatment, Bacteria.Public health, Clostridium.Bac-
Identifiers: Farm wastes, Land disposal, Pathogens,
Animal health
The need for economic, rapid stabilization of animal
wastes with control of odors, ammonia, and other ob-
jectionable characteristics will require the applica-
tion of all available knowledge of the biologica
characteristics of farm animal wastes. Commercial
operators of livestock enterprises and investigators
studying waste materials handling and ultimate dis-
posal ofliveslock wastes on land can appreciate the
value of bacteria, both as built-in indicators of en-
vironmental pollution and as the means of stabiliza-
tion of organic wastes. Development of standardized
methods For detection of the major pathogenic enteric
microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi
and protozoa should be a major objective for Im-
proved environmental health for both farm animals
and man. Methods for determining closlndium and
bacteroids are discussed. Microorganisms and their
association with odor control are also discussed.
(Merryman-East Central)
3393 - A5, AS, B2, B3, Cl, C2
SAMPLING OF LIQUID AND SOLID
ANIMAL WASTES,
Associate Professor, Texas AiM University, College
D. L.0Reddell, J.I. Sewell, C. B. Gllbertson, and H. C.
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, December, U7J and De-
cember, 1974, p. 258 281, 2 fig. t tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Sampling, Liquid wastes. Solid wastes.
Agricultural runoff. Slurries. Equipment. Chemical
properties, Physical properties, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Soil sampling, Crop sampling, Ground-
water sampling, Land disposal.
The sampling of liquid and solid animal wastes is
discussed in terms of 4 broad categories — manure
sampling crop sampling, soil sampling and ground
water sampling. For each of these categories, the
following are described: 72, and De-
cember, 1974, p. 297-332. 53 fig.
544
-------
Descriptors: Sampling, Preservation, Analysis,
Chemical properties. Poultry. Cattle.
Identifiers: Swine, Dairy cattle
Research was done to establish the magnitude and
rate of any transformation that occur in animal waste
samples as a function of the preparation and/or pre-
servation techniques In most operations, there is a
time lag between sampling and analysis of animal
waste. A wide variety of preservation techniques are
commonly used For the purpose of this study, sam-
ples were handled in the following ways: stored at
room temperature, refrigerated, frozen, and
acidified Comparisons were made of the impact of
these techniques on the different parameters consi-
dered in the individual studies Samples were taken
from fresh manure (feces * urine), fresh feces,
lightly loaded lagoon, heavily loaded lagoon, oxida-
tion ditch mixed liquor, and noil column leachales.
They were measured for some, though not necessarily
all, of the following parameters : Total Kjeldahl nitro-
gen, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, chemical oxygen
demand, total organic carbon, conductivity, and pll
The wast« originated from beef cattle, dairy cattle,
poultry, and swine. Actual sample preparation
techniques, preservation techniques data analysis,
results, and conclusions are outlined for the studies
that were conducted. (Merryman-East Central)
3396 -Cl, C2
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL
ANALYSES FOR ANIMAL WASTES.
Assistant Professor, North Carolina Slate University,
Raleigh
M. R. Overcash, A G. Hashimoto, D. L Reddell, and
D. L. Day.
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods Re-
lated to Animal Waste Research, American Society of
Agricultural Engineer!, December, 1972 and De-
cember, 1874, p 3»35S. 17 tab, t ref.
Descriptors: Chemical analyses, Physical proper-
ties, Chemical properties, Costs, Quality control.
Identifiers: Animal wastes.
Chemical procedures for analyzing animal wastes
were reviewed. The parameters chosen for study in-
cluded physical properties, chemical oxygen de-
mand, carbon, forms of phosphorus, forms of nitro-
gen, and certain metal elements. Procedures were
compared. Validity of tests for recovery of known
addition, estimated test variability, rate of analyses,
and cost factors were all discussed The need for a
quality control program was stressed. (Merryman-
Easl Central)
3397-A4, B1.C1.F2
SIMULATED BEEF FEEDLOT BE-
HAVIOR UNDER ALTERNATIVE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RULES,
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Ohio
Stale University
D L. Forster
American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol 57,
NO. 2, p 2»M», May, I»7S > "g
.
. '7 re'
Descriptors: Model studies, Feedlols, Water pollu-
tion, Management, Costs, Legal aspects, Michigan.
In order to Investigate the Impact of alternative rules
established by federal and stale agencies concerning
water pollution from feedlots, a simulalion model was
constructed to represent Ihe behavior of betf feedlots
in Michigan and similar stales over Ihe 1974-85 period.
The model's 4 component! were: (I) the farm feedlot
component which assumed a whole farm approach to
feedlot production by simulating feedlol design and
bi«f production, the production of crops necessary to
feed the cattle, the transportation of crop from field to
tlorane facilities, thedeslgn of feed storage facilities,
and Ihe removal of wastes to the fields, (2) ex ante and
ex post price equations which were used to represent
ihe fi*dlol operator's price expectation and output
and inPut Pr'ces whifn were »<'lui'l|y experienced bv
the operator, (3) a decision making process which
determined the lype and level of inputs employed and
which was used during each time period by each simu-
lated firm, and (41 an optimization procedure, which
was employed to find the values of 4 unknown
parameter values. It was concluded that the beef
feedlots of less than 1000-head capacity would change
their performance only slightly under any of the al-
ternative water pollution control rules tested. Other
results from the analysis indicated that costs which
the feedlols would bear as a result of the rules Investi-
gated vary with feedlot technology. As a means of
conducting such investigations, the model was found
to have disadvantages in terms of the cost require-
ments of the analysis, but to have advantages in terms
of its flexibility and dynamic attributes. (Rowe-East
Central I
3398 - A4, A7, Bl, C2
CONTAMINATION OF WATER BY
AIR POLLUTANTS, ESPECIALLY
FROM ANIMAL MANURES,
University of Georgia, Athens
J. Giddens
Completion Report, USDI OWR1 Project No.
A-OSO-GA, Department of Agronomy, University of
Georgia and Environmental Resources Center,
Georgia Institute of Technology, December, 1975,19
p. 4 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Waler pollulion, Ammonia, Poullry,
Cattle, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Georgia, Precipitation (at-
mospheric).
Identifiers: Air pollutants.
Ammonia traps using .01N H2S04 were placed near
poultry and beef cattle operations. Up lo 66 kg/ha
ammonia was trapped near the animal operations. At
distances greater than 900 to 800 meters away, there
was no effect from the animals but there was still
about 15 kg / ha /yr of ammonium nitrogen trapped.
Precipitation was collected at 8 rural locations in
Georgia during 1974 and analyzed. The water pH
ranged from 4.1 to S.6. The amounts of fertilizer ele-
ments and heavy metals in precipitation, except nit-
rogen and sulfur, were negligible when considered
from the overall content of these elements in soils.
The water was low in chemicals when compared to
thai reported for industrialized and Iraffic congested
areas. (Giddens-University of Georgia)
3399 - B2, B3, Dl, D3, E2, E3
AUTOMATED PIG WASTEWATER
TREATMENT AND EFFLUENT RE-
CYCLE,
Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural
Pollution Control Research Laboratory, Agricultural
Engineering Department, Ohio State University, Col-
E. P. Taiganldes, C. R. Mole and R. K. While
Proceedings of the 28th Industrial Waste Conference
Part 2, Purdue University, May 1-3,1973, p. 778-783.4
fig, 1 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Wastewaler treat-
ment, Recycling, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Swine.
A system which appears lo have good potential for
meeting Die wasle handling and treatment require-
ments of Ihe nalion's pork producers was buill in 1971
on the Research Farm of Bolkins Grain and Feed Co
and has been operated as a demonstration project for
2 years. The treatment plant received all the waste
produced in a 500 head capacity swine growing and
finishing barn. As long as the proper population is
maintained, the pigs defecate on the slatted floors and
In the gutters and their movement forces the wastes
through the slatted floor into a channel below. From
f' H|5 water U Periodically Hushed by siphon Hush
tanks The slurry thus formed flows into a sump from
which It is pumped to a stationary screen. Solids re-
moved by the screen drop Into a solids treatment unit
The effluent goes Into an oxidation ditch. Effluent
mixed liquor from Ihe dilch flows into the center of a
gravity clarifier. Clarified effluent flows Into a stor-
age well. Water from the storage well is pumped into
the flush tanks for reuse. Settled sludge from the bot-
tom of the clarifier is pumped back into the ditch.
Satisfactory operation of the ditch is maintained by
regularly wasting some of the sludge from the
clarifier to the solids trealment unit. Effluent from
the solids treatment unit flows into the solids storage
tank. Periodically solids from the storage tank are
field spread. Performance of the system may be
generalized as follows. The automated flushing has
worked extremely well. Odor in the building has been
minimal and the pigs have been very clean. Winter
freezeup of the trealment plant has been avoided by
covering it with plywood and using some type aerator
other than a surface aerator. Foaming of the oxida-
tion ditch during cold weather has been satisfactori-
aly combatted by using a foam suppressing drum or a
high velocity spray. General performance of Ihe planl
is belter in warm weather than in cold. (Rowe-East
Central)
3400 - B2, B4, Cl, Dl, E2
INFLUENCE OF PRELIMINARY
TREATMENT AND STORAGE ON
THE ORGANIC CONTAMINATION OF
LIQUID MANURE,
Beitrag aus dem Instilul fur Wasserwirtschaft, Berlin
D. Kramer and C. Konrad
Wasserwirtschaft Wassertechnik, Vol. 20, No. 6, p.
189-193, June, 1970. 7 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Hydrologic aspects, Cat-
tle, Waste storage, Sampling, Fertilizers, Separation
techniques.techniques.
Identifiers: Swine.
A hydrological assessment of liquid manure is pre-
sented. Agricultural practices which are unsatisfac-
tory from the standpoint of water resources protec-
tion are criticized. Results of investigations of organic
contamination by liquid manure of cattle and pigs are
discussed in relation to Ihe duration and kind of stor-
age and the influence of phase separation. To avoid
undue scalier of measured data due lo the use of diffe-
rent sampling procedures, a standard procedure is
proposed in which the sample is taken without dis-
turbing the natural stratification 5 cm below the sur-
face, or the floating cover of the liquid. No perceptible
decrease of organic contamination was found using
the above mentioned parameters when the liquid ma-
nure was stored for a maximum of 358 days, fnase
separation had a definite influence on the hydrologi-
cal contamination potential of Ihe liquid manures.
However, even though the sediment constituting (in
the mean) 30 percent of the raw liquid manure con-
tains 60 percent of the total organic contamination.
the cenlrifuged liquid, constituting the other 70 per-
cent, still is an organically strong contaminated
liquid. This contaminated liquid requires a highly ef-
fective method of decontamination for use as a fer-
tilizer in agriculture. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System) (In German)
3401 - A8, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF BEEF-FEEDLOT MA-
NURE AND LAGOON WATER ON
IRON, ZINC, MANGANESE AND
COPPER CONTENT IN CORN AND IN
DTPA SOIL EXTRACTS,
Research Assistant, Kansas State University, Man-
hattan 66505
G. W. Wallingford, L. S. Murphy, W. I. Powers, and H.
L. Manges
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 28,
No. 3, p. 482-487,1975. 5 fig, 4 tab, 25 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Callle, Crop response, Nut-
rients, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, Com, Trace
elements.
Identifiers: Land application, Lagoon water, Soil ex-
tracts, Soil cores, Micronutrients.
The effects of beef-feedlot manure and lagoon water
on DTPA extraclable iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), man-
ganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) of a silty clay loam soil,
concentrations of these elements in corn forage and
leaf tissue, and their uptake by corn forage were
studied in the field. Soil cores were taken from the
545
-------
surface 1 m of sets of plots which had received 2 an-
nual applicationsof manure and 3 annual applications
of feedlot lagoon water. DTP A extractions were per-
formed on these cores. It was found that in the 2 years,
annual application of beef-feedlot manure did not ap-
preciably change the pH of the neutral-to-alkaline soil
studied, though soil availability of Fe, Zn, Mn, and, to
a lesser extent, Cu was increased. Three years of field
data showed that applications of manure enhanced
corn-leaf and forage concentrations of Zn and Mn and
corn-forage uptake of Mn. The Mn plant data were
consistently highly correlated with the cumulative
manure applied, the increased availability of Mn
probably resulting from chemical reducing condi-
tions in the soil. Manure applications did not consis-
tently affect corn concentrations of Fe and Cu and
uptake of Fe, Zn, and Cu, but were shown to increase
the availability of Zn and Mn in the soil studied. Soil
cores taken from plots that had received 2 years of
beef-feedlot lagoon water contained increased DTPA
extractable Fe, Zn, and Mn; Cu was unaffected Up:
take by corn forage of Fe, Mn, and Cu followed yield
curves most years. Lagoon water effectively in-
creased the availability of Fe and Mn in the soil
studied. Beef-feedlot wastes were shown to be sources
of the trace elements Fe, Zn, and Mn. (Rowe-East
Central)
3402 - B2, B5, C2, D3, Fl
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
ANIMAL WASTES II-PROCESS STA-
BILITY,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Man-
itoba, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
E. J. Kroeker, H. M. Lapp, D. D. Schulte, J D
Haliburton, and A. B. Sparling
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, Canadian Soci-
ety of Agricultural Engineering, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, July 4-8,1976, Paper No. 76-208,15 p. 2 tab 17
ref.
Descriptors: Methane, Pilot plants, Feasibility
studies, Anaerobic digestion, Slurries, Ammonia,
Economics, Design, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Animal wastes, Swine.
Pilot-plant experiments to determine the technical
and economical feasibility of anaerobic digestion of
swine manure have consistently achieved extreme
process stability. Despite periodic environmental
shocks, including rapid temperature and loading-rate
changes, digestion has never been impaired. In addi-
tion, ammonia-nitrogen concentrations have consis-
tently been outside the range considered safe for
anaerobic digestion. Laboratory experiments were
conducted to lest an hypothesis which explained the
mechanism of process stability and related it to the
high concentrations of ammonia in the manure slur-
ry. (Kroeker. et. al. - University of Manifoba)
3403 -A8, All, B1.C2.E2
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS,
Water Resources Institute, South Dakota State Uni-
versity, Brookings 57006
M. L. Horton, J. L. Wiersma, and J. L. Halbeisen
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-
600/2-76-188, September, 1976,83 p. 7 fig, 45 tab, 26ref.
Descriptors: Salinity, Salts, Rations, Cattle, Feed-
lots, Crop response, Performance, Nutrients, Ca-
tions, Sodium.
Identifiers: Northern Great Plains, Land Applica-
tion, Application rates.
The effect of salt level of the ration for beef steers
upon sal inity of the waste and the effects of the applied
waste upon the soil and upon crop production was
' investigated. In addition, the study was conducted in
both covered and open feedlot pens to study the effect
of shelter in a northern climate upon animal perfor-
mance and waste characteristics. The field portion of
the study included 4 rates of waste up to 179 MT/ha.
applied to plots 0.02 ha. in size. Detailed soil analyses
were made which included salinity, nutrients, ca-
tions, and the dispersion hazard as indicated by the
level of exchangeable sodium. The levels of salt used
in the ration appeared to have little or no effect on
animal performance; however, the salinity and
sodium levels of the waste weredirectly affected. The
salinity level of the surface 30 cm of soil where high
rates of waste were applied was sufficiently high to
affect the growth of corn. The lack of leaching water
caused a maximum effect of the applied waste In the
surface layer. (Horton, et. al. - South Dakota State
University)
3404 - Bl, B2, B3, B4, Cl, C2, Dl,
D2 F^2
PIG SLURRY TREATMENT BY SEP-
ARATION, HIGH RATE FILTRATION
AND SLUDGE DEWATERING,
Farm Buildings Department, National Institute of
Agricultural Engineering
L. E. Osborne, R. Q. Hepherd, and R. W. Sneath
Water Pollution Control, Vol. 74, Part 5, p. 597-606
1975. 9 fig, 6 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Separation techniques. Filtra-
tion, Sludge, Dewatering, Waste treatment. Liquid
wastes, Solid wastes, Temperature, Chemical prop-
erties. Physical properties, Performance, Floccula-
tion.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Swine, Aluminum
chlorohydrate.
A treatment system utilizing separation, high rate
filtration and sludge dewatering for treating pig
slurry is described. The effects of temperature on the
performance of the system is examined. The system
reduced the amount of liquid for disposal to about 30
percent of the volume produced by the animal. This
liquid was low in suspended solids, allowing it to be as
easily pumped and stored as water. The solids result-
ing from the system were fibers from the separator
and dewatered sludge. Both solids and liquids had
little odor, were easy to store, and could be applied to
land at the optimum time for utilization of plant nut-
rients. Separation of the raw slurry enhanced pump
life and permitted the operation of high rate filters
without blocking. After flocculation through use of
aluminum chlorohydrate, the sludge was dewatered
by gravity in straw bale compounds of hessian-lined
pallet boxes. The complete system was automatic. It
required less than 1 man hour /day and could be op-
erated by a competent farm worker. As part of the
complete system, operation of high rate filters run-
ning at mean temperatures of 17-3 degrees C and S • 7
degrees C had similar performances when judged on
effluent quality. When considered alone, the heated
tower removed about twice as much soluble BOD as
the ambient tower. The installation of a high rate
filter in a piggery or the heating of the filter by using
exhaust ventilation air from the piggery would be
worthwhile, if only to avoid freezing. (Howe-East
Central)
3405 - All, Bl, E2,E3,F1
A GROWING SUCCESS IN CATTLE
FEEDING,
Calf News, Vol. 14, No. 10, p. 20,22,42, October, 1976. B
fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Recycling, Cattle,
Economics, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Farmers' Coop Society, Refeeding, Ani-
mal health.
The Farmers' Coop Society of Sioux Center, Iowa, has
a service of matching farmers owning extra cattle to
feed with farmers owning extra pen space. This led to
the construction of 2 large confinement barns, each
capable of holding 2500 cattle. Members of the Coop
Confinement Feedlot, who must also be members of
the Farmers' Coop Society, own the 30 pens in each
barn. One person can own up to 6 pens, and can grow
or finish his own cattle, or rent his pens to someone
else. The opera tion has been so successful, that 2 more
barns have been added. Each bam has 3 gutters I
inches wide and 10 inches deep in a "u" shape. The
slope of the barn floor is half of one percent and the
cattle work the manure down to the flume and water
.flushes it down and out to a recycling shed. A recycl-
ing unit separates out the solids which are used for
refeeding, and the water is reused to flush down the
flumes. Excess water is used as fertilizer. A recent
group of 80 cattle weighing 575 pounds was fed the
recycled manure at 50 percent of their ration and in 90
days moved out of the growing pen weighing 814
pounds. The final cost of feed was only 35
cents /pound of gain. The Farmers' Coop Society also
has an interesting arrangement with their veterina-
rian. The veterinarian gets half a cent/head/day
and in return does the following: (1) vaccinates aU
cattle, (2) takes an egg count of the manure, (3)
worms the cattle, if necessary, (4) if an animal dies,
he gives the owner a post mortem report, and (5) the
veterinarian walks through each pen once a week.
The veterinarian gets 20 percent over his cost for
drugs used. One agreement now in force among the
members is that the Coop's nutritionist has the discre-
tion over rations. At present, the death loss in this
condominium is three-tenths of one percent
(Edwards-East Central)
3406 - Bl, B2
LAST MINUTE LEGISLATION HELPS
SWINE PRODUCERS.
Wallaces Fanner, Vol. 101, No. 12, p. 9, June 26,1976.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Iowa, Regulations, Zon-
ing, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Nuisance suits, Swine.
In addition to passing a $100,000 appropriation to
study pseudprabies, the Iowa legislature has passed a
bill which gives livestock producers some protection
against nuisance suits and rapid changes in state en-
vironmental and zoning regulations. This bill protects
livestock producers against suits by people who move
in near facilities which have already been built; how-
ever, the bill does not protect livestock producers who
are sued by people who were there before the facility
was built. The bill protects livestock producers
of construction of facilities that meet current re-
quirements. Some producers and lenders have been
worried that changes in Department of Environmen-
tal Quality regulations might make confinement
facilities and waste handling systems obsolete
(Edwards-East Central)
3407 - All, Bl, B3.D3, E3
PRODUCERS DISCUSS REFEEDING
ANIMAL WASTES,
Anonymous
Calf News, Vol. 14, No. 10, p. 57, October, 1976.
Descriptors: Recycling, Fertilizers, Economics, Ra-
tions, Litters, Performance.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Animal wastes.
At the annual meeting of the American. Society of
Animal Science at Texas A&M University, Russell
May of Timberville, Virginia, and Sam D. Hay, Jr., of
Covington, Georgia, talked about their refeeding op-
erations. May runs an angus herd along with swine,
poultry, and sheep. He talked about the use of poultry
litter in rations for his herd. Early rations consisted of
one pound of corn meal and 3 pounds of litter,
supplemented with hay during winter months.. Now
May mixes com silage along with the litter and his
herd receives a ration of 25 percent litter and 75 per-
cent silage. He piles up the litter for 4 to 6 weeks to
allow it to go through a heating period before he uses
it. Mr. Hay recycles manure by using a ration consist-
ing of 45 percent corn, 15 percent com silage, and 40
percent manure for his backgrounding and cattle
finishing operation. The silage and corn are mixed
with manure and put into a silo for 10 to 14 days before
being fed to the cattle. Hay says that with the above
ration, an average daily gain of 2.65 per animal has
been realized in the finishing operation. Dr. Arnold
Peterson from Sear Co., Elbum, Illinois, talked about
a $1.5 million plant at Summerfield, Texas, where
manure from feedlots is being processed for use in
finishing rations, as well as for fertilizer for home
gardens. Peterson said that at a feedlot near his home
546
-------
base, a ration containing 30 percent manure and 70
percent com silage is being utilized. He contended
that 30 to 40 percent is the upper limit for feeding
manure. He noted that as a feed and as a fertilizer,
manure is valued at about (5 million annually in the
United States. (Edwards-East Central)
3408 - Bl, B2, B3, B4, Dl, D2, D3,
E2, Fl, F4
SYSTEMS AND COSTS OF HANDLING
MANURE FROM DAIRY COWS,
Assistant Farm Manager at R. and J. Findlay Ltd.
Easter Cadder, Kirkintilloch, Glasgow, Scotland
R. G. Cason and J. T. McAuslan
Farm Management Review, No. 2, June, 1973,24 p. 2
fig, 8 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Economics, Design,
Waste storage, Costs, Waste disposal, Solid wastes,
Liquid wastes, Equipment, Drying.
Identifiers: Waste management. Housing systems,
Cowsheds, Cubicle housing, Strawed cattle courts,
Bedding, Cleaning, Land spreading.
The economic principles, costs and physical factors
relevant to the choice of manure handling systems for
cowsheds, cubicle housing and strawed cattle courts
are investigated. The various handling systems which
can be used with each type of housing are outlined.
The systems are compared on a cost per cow basis.
Only costs associated with manure handling are in-
cluded. The following items have been costed: (1)
buildings — alterations of additions necessary to ac-
commodate the manure handling system; (2) storage
_ construction costs, equipment and materials for
storing manure; (3) cleaning, removal to storage and
disposal — equipment, labor, power and fuel; and (4)
beading — materials and labor. Of the systems
analyzed, minimum handling costs are found in cubi-
cle housing systems with herds over 60 cows. (Rowe-
East Central)
3409 - C2, D2, E3, Fl
FUELS AND PETROCHEMICALS
FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTES,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
H. W. Parker and G. A. Whetstone
Paper 5e, presented at the 76th National American
Institute of Chemical Engineers Meeting, Tulsa, Ok-
lahoma, March 10-13,1974, 24 p. 4 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: Energy, Recycling, Fuels, Electricity,
Economics, Chemical properties, Organic wastes.
Identifiers: Agricultural wastes. Manure, Pyrolysis,
Hydrogasification.
It is both more humanitarian and more profitable to
utilize arable lands for the production of food and
natural fibers than for the growing of plant materials
primarily for fuel or bulk petrochemical feedstocks.
For this reason only agricultural wastes, which could
yield less than one percent of the nation's energy
needs, are available for fuels. These agricultural
wastes, both manure and plant materials, could po-
tentially be burned in combination with coal for the
generation of electricity. Thermochemical processes
such as pyrolysis and hydrogasification are techni-
cally feasible for agricultural wastes, but the quan-
tities of wastes available in any one vicinity are too
small to supply fuel conversion plants of- sufficient
size to compete with plants processing coal or oil
shale. (Parker and Whetstone-Texas Tech Univer-
sity.)
3410 - A2, A4, Bl, Cl, C2
POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF SNOW-
MELT RUNOFF FROM AGRICUL-
TURAL FEEDLOTS,
Instructor in Agricultural Engineering, South Dakota
State University, Brookings
J. M. Madden and J. N. Dornbush
Presented at the 1970 Annual Meeting, North Central
Region, American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
North Dakota State University, Fargo, Paper NC70-
404,26 p. 7 fig, 7 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Sampl-
ing, South Dakota, Chemical properties, Physical
properties.
Identifiers: Snowmelt runoff
A study was initiated in February, 1969, to: (1) deter-
mine the quantity and quality of runoff from livestock
feeding operations in South Dakota, (2) relate the
above information by hydrological and geological
considerations in order to appraise the overt influence
of this runoff on specific beneficial uses of receiving
waters, and (3) determine the influence of spring
feedlot runoff as occurs in northern climates. Feed-
lots were selected for study and were instrumented
with a Type H flume and a continuous state recorder
to determine the quantity of runoff. Runoff quality
was determined from samples taken by an automatic
self-starting sampler. After each runoff period the
runoff volumes were computed and individual sam-
ples were composited according to flow and analyzed.
Grab samples representing portions of the runoff
hydrograph were also analyzed. Samples were
analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand, chemical
oxygen demand, dissolved and suspended solids,
Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Conclusions
drawn from the investigations were: (1) Spring runoff
from livestock feeding operations contains high con-
centrations of total and suspended solids, plant nut-
rients, and oxygen demanding material. (2) An em-
pirical relationship considering the animal density,
feedlot area, and the depth of runoff can be used to
estimate the quantity of pollutional constituents re-
moved during spring runoff. (3) Suspended solids
represent a significant portion of the waste concent-
rations, and detention facilities which provide re-
moval of solids will significantly reduce the pollution
potential. (4) Pollution potential is highest from: a
series of small runoff events in comparison to one
large event, a number of small feedlots as compared
to one large feedlot, and a feedlot having a small
animal density as compared to one having a high
animal density. (Merryman-East Central)
3411 - B2, E2, Fl
MACHINERY REPORT. . .CENTER-
PIVOT FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE IN-
TRODUCED.
Anonymous
Nebraska Farmer, Vol. 118, No. 20, p. 40, October 16,
1976. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Irrigation, Equipment, Liquid wastes,
Waste disposal, Temperature, Costs.
Identifiers: Land spreading.
• Valmont's "Valley Water and Waste Irrigation Sys-
tem" was designed for applying liquid livestock
wastes directly on the field from pit, holding pond, or
lagoon. This stub center-pivot system carries volume
guns in place of the sprinkler heads found on the com-
pany's conventional center-pivot sprinkler systems.
Each volume gun has a 0.6-inch orifice which permits
application of liquid wastes with 5 percent solids or
slightly higher. Wastes are applied uniformly
throughout the area covered by the system. The waste
system is electrically driven. It can be operated off
either 460-volt or 220-volt electric service. Th%com-
pany offers a portable alternative unit with matched
one-cylinder diesel engine to generate electricity to
the waste system tower motor. Among benefits Val-
mont officials list for utilizing wastes through appli-
cation with this system are the following: (1) Only a
limited amount of labor is needed to remove livestock
wastes and get them on fields, (2) Spreading can be
done whenever temperature is 40 degrees F or higher
and the ground isn't frozen, (3) The system provides
the dual purpose of irrigation and waste disposal, and
(4) Water does the incorporating, making tillage for
incorporation of wastes unnecessary. The 10.4-acre
Water and Waste Irrigation System will cost some-
where around »9,000 to $10,000, excluding the portable
engine-alternator unit. Additional equipment needed
includes slurry pump unit and conveyance pipe to the
system. (Rowe-East Central)
3412 - B2, C2, E2, Fl
USE FEED TO FIGURE HOG WASTE
VALUE,
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 5, p. 58, March 13,1976.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Liquid wastes,
Economics, Sludge.
Identifiers: Swine, Land spreading.
Amount of fertilizer you get from hog waste depends
mainly on how much feed the hog eats and how much
it absorbs. Feed that isn't absorbed comes out the
other end for fertilizer use. Knowing how much waste
goes into the pit can tell you how much you have
available to spread for fertilizer. You get about 8.2 Ib.
of N, 7.6 Ib. of P2O5 and 5.3 Ib. of Ktf for every 220-lb
hog marketed. Total fertilizer value is computed at
$3.01 per 220-lb hog. No P& of KjO should be lost in
moving the wastes or in the field ifthere is no runoff.
But the wastes should be stirred before being taken to
the field. P^s is often tied up in the sludge at the
bottom of the pit. K20 is usually in the liquid floating at
the top of the pit. Stirring waste before you handle it
will give a more uniform fertilizer treatment.
(Rowe-East Central)
3413 - A6, B2, B4, D3
THE EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC DI-
GESTION UPON SWINE MANURE
ODORS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering. University
of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2TZN2
F. W. Welsh, D. D. Schulte, E. J. Kroeker, and H. M.
Lapp
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, Canad ian Soci-
ety of Agricultural Engineering, Halifax. Nova
Scotia, July 4-8,1976, Paper No. 76-206,16 p. 3 fig, 4 tab,
IS ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Anaerobic digestion. Sampling,
Waste storage, Waste treatment, Temperature.
Identifiers: Odor panels, Swine manure, Retention
time, Agitation.
A series of odor panels were established to determine
the effect of anaerobic digestion on the odor of swine
manure. Samples from digesters operated at various
solids retention times, agitation rates, and operating
temperatures were tested. Anaerobically digested
manure that had been stored for various periods of
time and undigested manure samples were also
tested. Odor ratings demonstrated that: (1)
anaerobic digestion brings about substantial and
statistically significant reduction in odors from swine
manure; (2) the most effective odor reduction
through anaerobic digestion occurs at or beyond a 11
day solids retention time; (3) anaerobic digestion at
35 degrees C is more effective than that at 25 degrees C
from an odor-control viewpoint; (4) increased agita-
tion can improve the odor control capability of
anaerobic digesters at solids retention times of less
than 12 days; (5) odors emanating from anaerobically
digested swine manure in storage were reduced from
that of undigested manure in storage for storage
periods as long as one month and possibly as much as
two to three months, and (6) although the odors from
anaerobically digested swine manure were consider-
ably reduced in presence and offensiveness, they
were still identifiable as manure odors having nega-
tive qualities. (Rowe-East Central)
3414 - A2, B2, El, E2
MODELING THE PERFORMANCE
OF FEEDLOT-RUNOFF-CONTROL
FACILITIES,
Assistant Professor. Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Kansas State University, Manhattan
J. K. Koelliker, H. L. Manges, and R. I. Upper
Transactions of ASAE, Vol. 18, No. 6, p. 1118-1121,
November-December, 1975. 2 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Feedlots, Water-
sheds, Model studies, Kansas, Fertilizers. Irrigation.
Identifiers: Runoff control.
547
-------
A watershed model including a feedlot surface, runoff
control structure, and runoff disposal system was de-
veloped to help estimate: (a) the percentage of total
runoff controlled, (b) conditions under which
facilities will overflow, (c) additional requirements to
eliminate overflow or limit overflow to prescribed
amounts or situations and (d) other sizes of facilities
•nd management alternatives that would allow
adequate control with varying intensities of man-
agement or that would allow utilization of feedlot
runoff for irrigation and fertilizer. The model was
used to determine daily runoff evaporation from the
structure, precipitation onto the structure, overflow
amount disposed, and volume of runoff in the struc^
ture. In Kansas, runoff-control structures sized to
contain the volume of a 10-year, or 25-year, 24-hr pre-
cipitation event from a feedlot and dispose of 10 per-
cent of the volume per disposal day would control
from»lJto99Xand93.0tolOO.Opercent,res|^tiveIy
of all runoff from an unsurfaced feedlot at locations
from east to west across the state. About one-third of
the average annual precipitation in Kansas Is ex-
pected to run off an unsurfaced feedlot while about 44
percent is expected to run off a surfaced lot Based on
results from the watershed model presented wa^
oratjon pond sizes in Kansas (to provide con'trd £
good orfbetter than land disposal systems! woudbee
surflce™"±? ^ 12° freent of the minim™
sunace area and 4 ft. deep for a surface area i«tf
Cental, "* mMm
-------
for refceding Nitrogen loss was about 80 percent be-
fore nitrification under conditions for promotion of
ammonia formation. After establishment of nitrifica-
tion promoting conditions, nitrogen loss increased to
about 95 percent of total loaded. It was not feasible to
use poultry waste to sustain biological growth in the
thermophilic range (approximately 40 degrees C),
using this experimental set-up, since no self-sustained
temperature rise could be established. Use of the
thermophilic process to manage nutrients must be
considered impossible, at least when nitrification is
desired. It is impossible to con serve the heat liberated
and maintain a residual DO at elevated temperatures
simultaneously. (Howe-East Central)
3420 - Bl, C2, D2, E3, F6
RESEARCHERS PROVE CATTLE
MANURE PRODUCES ETHYLENE,
Anonymous
Eco Systems, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 5, January, 1976.
Descriptors: Recycling, Feedlots. Byproducts, Am-
monia, Ethane, Methane, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Ethylene, Cattle manure.
Beef cattle manure, long a major pollution problem
for the animal feedlot industry, has been found to
yield significant amounts of ethylene, an important
productderived from petroleum and natural gas. The
discovery was made at Texas Tech University. As-
suming a realistic value of ten cents per pound for
ethylene, a conservative estimate of the value of the
ethylene production from manure produced from a
100,000 head feedlot in the Texas high plains alone
would be around $18 million per year. The objective
of continuing research is to optimize the process to
increase the yield of ethylene. Evidence to date indi-
cates that the process appears to be economically
feasible for large concentrations of feedlots. En-
gineers suggest that the ethylene production plants be
placed at the feedlot because it is easier to ship the gas
by pipeline than to transport the manure. (Rowe-East
Central)
3421 - A2, A4, B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D3,
Fl
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF,
T J. McGhee, D. S Backer and M. V. O'Neal
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 48,
No. 1, p- 153-162, January, 1976. 7 fig, 3 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff. Biologi-
cal treatment, Water pollution, Aerobic treatment,
Liquid wastes, Sedimentation, Costs, Chemical oxy-
gen demand, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Fish kills.
The pollutional strength of feedlot runoff is suffi-
ciently great to require prohibiting its discharge into
surface waters. It was felt that aerobic biological
treatment of the runoff might be a good means of
reducing its pollution characteristics. Extensive
laboratory studies of the treatability of settled feedlot
runoff were carried out. Then a field installation was
constructed at the University of Nebraska Field
Laboratory near Mead. The waste originated on beef
cattle feedlots 1.33 acres in area, passed through a
shallow grit basin, and was retained in an anaerobic
holding pond. Settled feedlot runoff was pumped from
the holding pond by a variable capacity pump into an
effluent weir. After a retention time of 3.4 hours the
, effluent then went into the sedimentation basin. Here
the effluent was retained another 3.4 hours and then it
went into the aeration basin, which operated at 1 day
retention time. It was found that the system (based on
210 days operation/yr and a 2-day retention time)
would treat 38,200 gal/yr. When evaporation from
and rainfall on the pond surface at Mead were taken
into account, this was equivalent to the average an-
nual runoff from 0.97 acres of feedlot. With an animal
density of 200 head /acre and an average residence
time of 180 days, this gave a cost of 10.58 /animal.
Study conclusions were: (1) An aerobic biological
treatment system can stabilize the readily degrada-
ble organic material in settled feedlot runoff. An
effluent BODS of less than 30 mg /I may be attained at
a 2-day liquid retention. (2) Design criteria for such a
system are similar to those of high-rate activated
sludge if the COD of the settled waste is considered to
be equivalent to the BOD. (3) The mixed liquor sus-
pended solids concentration in this system may be
estimated with sufficient accuracy from the settled
sludge volume. (Rowe-East Central)
3422 - All, B3, Cl, C2, Dl, E3
RECYCLED DRIED POULTRY MAN-
URE IN CHICK STARTER DIETS,
Department of Poultry Science, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1W5
Canada V61
J. Biely and P. Stapleton
British Poultry Science, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 5-12
January, 1976. 7 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Poultry, Diets, Perfor-
mance, Mortality, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
This research was concerned with the evaluation of
dried poultry manure (DPM) as a substitute for
wheat or as a feed ingredient, when incorporated in
the diets of chicks up to 3 or 4 weeks of age. In order to
obtain a uniform source of DPM, 300 1 day-old chicks
were fed on the basal diet for 3 weeks. The chicks we.-e
reared in Jamesway electrically heated, raised wire
floor, battery brooders in an air-conditioned room.
The droppings were combined, dried at a tempera-
ture of 45 degrees C for several days and then ground
to a fine powder which contained less than 10 percent
moisture. The dried manure was incorporated at a
level of 0,5,10,15 and 20 percent in a chick starter diet
and recycled 4 times. Results showed: (1) There was
a linear decrease in body weight and efficiency of food
utilization with each percentage increase in DPM. (2)
The amount of dried droppings recovered as a percen-
tage of food consumed was proportional to the amount
of DPM included in the diet and remained fairly con-
stant during the recycling. (3) Body weights and effi-
ciency of food utilization were substantially the same
during the first 3 recycling periods but declined sig-
nificantly during the fourth period. (4) Mortality was
negligible and all chicks appeared healthy and vigor-
ous. (5) Chicks fed on 10 percent DPM in an isocaloric
and isonitrogenous diet grew and utilized food as well
as those fed on the basal diet; chicks fed on 20 percent
DPM did not consume enough to meet their require-
ments. (Rowe-East Central)
3423 - A6, A8, Bl, C2, E2
HOW TO AVOID COMPLAINTS FROM
APPLYING MANURE,
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, Vol. 35, No. 416, p. 422. October, 1976.
Descriptors: Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Odor control, Land application.
John M. Sweeten, Animal Waste Management
Specialist for Texas A&M University, stated that
proper application of liquid and solid poultry manure
in such a way as to minimize odors can help avoid
pollution complaints. Poultry manure should be
applied at such a rate that the available nitrogen (ap-
proximately 70 to 90 percent of the total nitrogen)
matches the annual soil /pi ant nitrogen requirement.
Disposal sites should be flat to gently sloping and well
vegetated. Applications should be made from mid-
morning to mid-afternoon. Fields for disposal should
always be downwind, rather than upwind, from
neighbors. Subsoil injection of liquid manure, using
chisel attachments on tank wagons, gives excellent
odor control. Sweeten recommended these additional
practices to avoid pollution complaints: (1) maintain
good general appearances and public relations (2)
good management of waste drinking water, (3)
proper disposal of dead fowl, (4) properly locating the
facility, and (5) obtain all pollution control permits.
(Rowe-East Central)
3424 - A2, B2, B4, El
PRINCIPLES OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF
CONTROL,
Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, University of Nebraska. Lincoln
A. F. Butchbaker. and M. C. Paine
NebGuide G 75-214, Cooperative Extension Service
University of Nebraska, 1975,1976, 4 p. 6 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Management. Design Ag-
ricultural runoff, Diversion, Drainage Waste dis-
posal.
Identifiers: Runoff control. Debris basin. Detention
pond.
Good management of an open feedlot includes control
of runoff. The runoff from an open feedlot carries a
large amount of organic matter. This organic matter
has an oxygen demand that may deplete the oxygen in
public streams. Oxygen depletion may cause fish
kills. The five principle factors to consider in feedlot
runoff control are diversion, drainage, debris basin.
detention ponds, and disposal. Diversions should be
installed to prevent unpolluted water from running
onto the feedlot surface. Drainage of the pens can be
accomplished by maintaining the original surface
shaping of the pens. A debris basin will reduce the
solids reaching a holding pond. The detention pond
should temporarily hold the runoff. Final disposal of
the runoff can be achieved by returning it to the land
or by evaporation. (Rowe-East Central)
3425 - All, E3
PROCESSED POULTRY WASTE
COMPARED WITH URIC ACID,
SODIUM URATE, UREA AND
BIURET AS NITROGEN SUPPLE-
MENTS FOR BEEF CATTLE FED
FORAGE DIETS,
Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Nutrition Institute
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
R. R. Oltjen, and D. A. Dinius
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 201-208
July, 1976. 3 fig, 5 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Ureas, Biuret, Cattle, Feeds, Perfor-
mance, Diets.
Identifiers: Poultry wastes, Uric acid, Sodium urate,
Refeeding.
Poultry waste products processed to recover com-
pounds for industrial and medicinal uses were com-
pared with uric acid, sodium urate, urea and biurel as
non-protein nitrogen sources for cattle fed forage
diets. In a metabolism trial, steers fed 50 percent of
their dietary nitrogen from uric acid, sodium urate or
a processed poultry waste product (containing 28 per-
cent uric acid) were found to digest dry matter, fiber,
and nitrogen equally well. Steers fed poultry waste
had greater urinary nitrogen losses and retained less
nitrogen than those fed the sodium urate diet. Rumi-
nal fluid pH was not different among treatments.
Ruminal fluid ammonia concentration was consis-
tently higher for steers fed poultry waste than for
steers fed yric acid or sodium urate. During a 90-day
growth trial, steers receiving 40 percent of their diet-
ary nitrogen from 2 processed poultry waste products
gained weight faster and more efficiently than steers
fed similar dietary percentages of nitrogen from
either biuret or urea. Neither the concentration of
ruminal fluid volatile fatty acids nor the concentra-
tion of plasma free amino acids differed among
treatments. Adaptation study results indicated that
ruminal microbes could not readily degrade biuret
after 14 days of diet adaptation, but after 28 days,
ruminal ammonia concentrations averaged 30 per-
cent higher with steers fed biuret than with those fed
urea. Study results indicated that the processed poul-
try wastes tested were similar to uric acid and sodium
urate but superior to urea and biuret when used as
nitrogen supplements for beef cattle fed forage diets.
(Rowe-East Central)
549
-------
3426 - C2
PROPORTIONS OF AMMONIA,
UREA, URATE AND TOTAL NITRO-
GEN IN AVIAN URINE AND QUAN-
TITATIVE METHODS FOR THEIR
ANALYSIS ON A SINGLE URINE
SAMPLE,
Biology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacksburg, 24061
F. M. McNabb and R A. McNabb
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No. 5, p. 1498-1505 Sep-
tember, 1975.30 ref. ' r
Descriptors: Analysis, Ammonia, Ureas Urine
Identifiers: Samples, Urate, Total nitrogen.
The purposes of this study were: (1) to develop a
dilution method that would evenly distribute all nitro-
gen compounds in a solvent and (2) to modify existing
analytical methods for ammonia (NH3), urea, urate
< UA) and total nitrogen to permit determination of all
these nitrogen compounds on aliquots of the same
diluted urine sample. After this system was de-
veloped, stored samples of rooster urine collected
during a study by Ward £l. ai. (1975) were analyzed to
extend information on the proportions of nitrogeneous
distribution of all nitrogen compounds (including
those in the original precipitate) and performing this
step in an ice bath prevented NH3 loss from the al-
kalmemixture. This permitted determination of total
nitrogen on an aliquot of diluted urine identical to
those used for other analyses, thereby permitting de-
?I^m"0" of an unkrown-N fraction not included in
UA, NH3. or urea. Accuracy and precision of these
methods were very good. The proportions of urinary
nitrogen found were: uric acid — 55-72 percent; am-
monia -11-21 percent; and urea-2-11 percent This
ranking of proportions was consistent for * different
dietary protein-water availability regimes. No sig-
nificant differences in the proportions of these nit-
rogenous compounds due to either dietary protein in-
take or changes in water availability were found
(Rowe-East Central)
3427 -A6,A7,A10, All, A13.B1,
Cl, C3, Dl, D2, D3, E2, E3
RESEARCH ON POULTRY WASTE IN
THE UNITED STATES,
Cooperative State Research Service, U S Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250
W. E. Shaklee
J°Urnal' Vo1 20' No <• P-
Descriptors: Research and development, Recycling
Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Odor, Dusts
Aesthetics. '
Identifiers: Poultry wastes, Flies.
The effects of poultry waste on the environment have
received much attention in recent years in the United
States. With the development of relatively inexpen-
sivecommercial fertilizers, poultry waste is no longer
needed for soil enrichment. Greater concentration of
poultry and egg producing units has resulted in large
amounts of waste products near large population cen-
ters with limited areas of open land available for dis-
posal. More and more neighbors are complaining
about odors, flies, dust, and unsightly manure ac-
cumulations associated with poultry producing units
As a result of such animal waste disposal problems,
regional research, funded by appropriations under
the Hatch Act, has been conducted in an effort to
better understand and manage animal wastes. Re-
search projects that are being conducted in the United
States on the handling of poultry waste are outlined
for 45 different institutions. The research has pointed
to several solutions for poultry waste problems. In-
corporation into the soil is still one of the most satis-
factory methods of handling waste if enough land is
available. Much of the research is geared toward re-
ducing disagreeable aspects of poultry waste by
minimizing odors, flies, dust and other debris. Other
research is designed for processing the waste into
useful products. (Rowe-East Central)
3428 - B3, C2, D3, E2, E3, Fl
FROM RAW MANURE TO FER-
TILIZER IN 50 DAYS,
Associate Editor, Nebraska Farmer
N. Effertz
Nebraska Farmer, Vol. 118, No. 20, p. 9 10 and 14
October 16,1976. 4 fig.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Feedlots, Costs.
Identifiers: Composting.
The Schliz-McGinley feedlot at Bnile cleans its lots
and hauls its manure to a composting site at one edge
of the feedlot where a Sterling, Colorado company
composts the manure for the feedlot. The company
charges $12.50 per ton for composting the wastes but
the feedlot has found this charge worthwhile. The
composting cuts the manure volume in half. The com-
post has a nitrogen fertilizer value 15-20 times that of
raw manure on an available nitrogen basis. Applica-
tion rates are much less and the concentrated form of
the compost lets them cut their spreading time by
about 75 percent. The compost can be stockpiled for
more than a year, so there is no waiting until fields dry
out for spreading before they can clean the pens. The
composting technique employed by the composting
company involves these steps:(1) Manure is placed
in 5-foot high by 10-foot wide windrows. (2) A special
bacterial culture is added to the windrows as a
machine custom-designed for the compost corpora-
tion passes over the windrows, grinding and aerating
the manure. (3) Bacteria multiply and the windrow
material heats to about 140 degrees F., killing all dis-
ease organisms and weed seeds. (4) The bacteria con-
tinue to break down the organic matter which is
machine-aerated every 3-6 days. In B-8 weeks the
fermentation process is complete and what remains is
a 25 percent-moisture, odorless, stable humus re-
sembling coarse-ground potting soil. Whatever of the
compost that the feedlot owner doesn't choose to use
on his own land may be marketed. (Rowe-East Cent-
rsl)
3429 - Bl, B4, C2, D3, E3
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
ANIMAL WASTES. I. FUNDAMEN-
TAL CONSIDERATIONS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
H. M. Lapp, A. B. Sparling, D. D. Schulte, and L. C.
Buchanan
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 17 No 2 D
97-102, December, 1975. 6 tab, 19 ref. ' '
Descriptors: Methane, Biological treatment, Recycl-
ing, Anaerobic digesters, Chemical properties, Waste
storage, Safety.
Anaerobic digestion, a complex biological process, is
dependent upon nutrient balance in the feea material,
loading rate, retention times, temperature, alkalinity
and pH, volatile acid concentration, total solids, con-
centration, and degree of mixing for successful opera-
tion. These factors and their influences are being
monitored in a pilot plant at the University of Man-
itoba where 4 digesters are being fed hog wastes. Di-
gester gas contains 60-70 percent methane, 30-40 per-
cent carbon dioxide, small amounts of hydrogen sul-
fide, and traces of additional gases such as ammonia
hydrogen, and oxides of nitrogen. Methane is known
as a "permanent gas" because it cannot be liquified
by pressure at ordinary temperatures. This property
presents a unique storage problem, particularly for
use in mobile power units. Procedures for handling,
purification and placing the methane into storage
must be established for successful production and
utilization of this gas on farms. Safety precautions
must be observed during the production and utiliza-
tion of the gas, since methane is explosive when com-
bined with air in ratios ranging from 5 to 15 percent
(Rowe-East Central)
Anonymous
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 54, No. 29 p 11 Aoril
12, 1976. ' r
Descriptors: Recycling, Nutrients, Cattle Perfor-
mance, Minerals, Toxicity.
Identifiers: Ref ceding. Digestibility.
Two University of California scientists have been
studying recycling manure as a cattle feed. Most feed-
lot manure contains 12-18 percent crude protein It is
also relatively high in carbohydrates which the
rumen can digest and has important minerals such as
calcium and phosphorus. While the chemical analysis
doesn't look too bad, the manure has been found to be
essentially a poor quality roughage with high nitrogen
content. Digestibility is low. It is hard to get livestock
to eat the manure and about 80 percent of what they do
eat becomes manure again. University of California
scientist W. M. Garret! and former graduate student
C. L. Ferrell conducted a study to see if concentra-
tions of certain minerals in manure that might be
harmful increased each time the manure was recy-
cled. They concluded that continued recycling in-
creased the calcium, copper and magnesium con-
centrations in the dried excreta. but that the increases
were not sufficient to be harmful. In another study
University of California scientist J. L. Hull and some
fellow researchers supplemented 2 groups of pre-
gnant beef cows on dry native range with either pel-
leted cottonseed meal or a pelleted mixture of 75 iter-
cent feedlot manure and 25 percent barley for 84 daw
A third group received no supplementation. The study
revealed that manure in combination with barley
may be fed as a supplement to pregnant cows as an
alternative to high quality protein supplements such
as cottonseed meal. Based on research as a whole
however, the scientists found the use of manure as a
feed to be marginal at best. (Rowe-East Central)
3431 - B2, C2, D3
MODELING SHORT-TERM
MINIMUM AEROBIC PROCESSING
OF SWINE MANURE,
Engineering Research Service, Research Branch
Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada '
P. A. Phillips and J. R. Ogilvie
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 16 No 2 D
86-90, December, 1974. 3 fig, 2 tab, 13 ref. ' '
Descriptors: Model studies, Waste treatment, Aera-
tion, Chemical oxygen demand, Liquid wastes.
Identifiers: Swine manure, Dilution rates, Flow
rstes.
A short-term minimum aeration cintinuous culture
treatment for swine manure—was designed on a
laboratory scale. The model was tested at 3 levels of
dilution rate and 3 levels of flow rate to determine the
effects of these paratmeters on soluble chemical oxy-
gen demand. It was found that measuring change in
mixed liquor chemical oxygen demand during batch
culture aeration offered a rapid measurement from
which necessary oxygen requirements of swine man-
ure could be derived. Using a fixed aeration device no
significant effect of flow rate or detention time'on
reduction in soluble chemical oxygen demand was
observed while varying the oxygen demand of the
manure on the short-term minimum aeration proces-
sing system. The calculated oxygen demands raneed
from about one-half to twice the oxygenation capacity
of the aerator (as determined in clean water). Detejv
tion time had an effect (P=0.9) on reduction of total
chemical oxygen demand. Flow rate had no effect on
total chemical oxygen demand reduction. Analysis of
covanance indicated that variation of influent-
3430-All, B3, C2, E3
VALUE OF RECYCLED MANURE
QUESTIONED,
varaon o nuent-
soluble chemical oxygen demand from about 10 000 to
18,000 mg /liter had no effect on effluent-soluble
chemical oxygen demand concentration from the
short-term minimum aeration processing system.
Variation in influent-soluble chemical oxygen de-
mand significantly affected reduction in total mixed
liquor chemical oxygen demand. The size of the model
tested may be increased 100 percent or more, but it
should be emphasized that the model results may be
subject to unknown effects of scale. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
550
-------
3432 - All, B3, Cl, C2, C3, D2,
D3, E3, Fl
REFEEDING SEMINAR BRINGS
HOPE FOR LOW-COST FEEDING,
Anonymous
Calf News, Vol. 14, No. 9, p. 46-47, September, 1976. 4
«g
Descriptors: Litters, Performance, Physical proper-
ties, Chemical properties. Biological properties
Costs.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Poultry wastes, Ensiling,
Manure.
A Waste Management and Recycling Seminar was
held in July by Texas Grazon of Amarillo, Texas, to
give feeders a chance to hear from experienced men
on the subject of refeeding manure and poultry litter.
Dr. W. B. Anthony of Auburn University said that his
research has convinced him that blending animal
waste with other ingredients and ensiling the combi-
nation is the best use of the product. Anthony stated
that manure should be left in the silo for at least 10
days with at least 35 percent moisture. Everett Hat-
field of the University of Illinois showed data which
demonstrated that when waste was used as 10 percent
of the ration, conversion was improved and gain was
no different. No significant difference in the rate of
gain or efficiency was found when Hatfield substi-
tuted poultry litter for all the minerals, all the non-
protein nitrogen and part of the roughage. Dr. Gene
Masters, president of Master's Agri-Consultants,
Athena, Georgia, has been successfully feeding 3,000
cattle a ration with 10 percent grain, 20 percent candy
wastes, and 70 percent broiler litter. Another feeder,
Sam Hay, Jr., from Covington, Georgia uses 45 per-
cent cracked corn, 15 percent silage and 40 percent
manure. This ration is put in an upright silo for 10
days. Walter Paetzold, owner-manager of Western
Feedlot of Herford, Texas, uses poultry and cage
droppings instead of cattle manure. Manure collect-
ing was a problem because his lot is located on caliche
hills. Paetzold purchases poultry and cage droppings
for nine dollars a ton at 40-50 percent moisture.
(Edwards-East Central)
3433 - A2, A10, B2, D3, E2
THEIR LOW COST MANURE SYS-
TEMS ARE DOING THE JOB,
R. E. Marcoot and W. R. Bock
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 121, No. 18, p. 1056, Sep-
tember 25, 1976. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Feedlots, Lagoons,
Costs, Irrigation, Anaerobic conditions.
Since much of the soil in southwest Missouri is not
suited to cash crops, the area is largely dairy
oriented. For dairymen whose herds do not exceed
30-40 cows, handling manure has not been a problem;
however, dairymen with larger herds have turned to
semidrylot systems in which runoff is channeled into
lagoons. To determine the volume of an anaerobic
lagoon, one must figure the amount of manure and lot
runoff. Amount of manure is determined by: (1)
number of cows, (2) time they are in the lots, and (3)
percent of manure from lots that is placed in the la-
goon. Amount of lot runoff is determined by: (1) lot
size, and (2) annual rainfall. In a lagoon, bacterial
action breaks down the solids into small particles
which can remain in suspension. This effluent can be
distributed onto the land during dry periods through
an irrigation system. A small irrigation system will
deliver an acre inch of effluent in a little over an hour.
Anaerobic lagoons with a 2 percent slope have been
most economical for construction costs. The push off
ramp on a lagoon is another cost item. Designed so
that wastes can be deposited in at least 4 feet of water,
these reinforced concrete ramps vary in costs from
$400 to $1,000. Lagoons in southwest Missouri have
been built with the following objectives in mind: (1)
keep cows clean, (2) cut labor needs, (3) control flies,
(4) save plant nutrients, and (5) control pollution for
the least investment. Cows are kept cleaner because
the manure can be pushed into the lagoon when field
conditions are unfavorable for hauling. Labor re-
quirements are reduced because it is faster and easier
to use an irrigation system for hauling manure.
Breeding areas for flies are eliminated when the ma-
nure is stored in a lagoon. (Edwards-East Central)
3434 - A2, A4, C2, C3
RIVER POLLUTION BY FEEDLOT
RUNOFF,
Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia
C. W. Prophet
Conservation Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy
of Science for 1967, Vol. 48, p. 207-209. 1 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution. Agricultural runoff,
Feedlots, Kansas, Ammonia, Coliforms, Dissolved
oxygen.
Identifers: Cottonwood River, Fish kills.
The purpose of this study was to draw attention to the
problem of ieedlot runoff and to report on a prelimi-
nary study concerning its effect on the Cottonwood
River in the vicinity of Emporia, Kansas. If relatively
large numbers of cattle are concentrated into a river
or stream, large quantities of organics may be intro-
duced. The amount of contamination will vary de-
pending upon the number of cattle present, the
amountof accumulated wastes, and the precipitation.
To date, the most evident result of the introduction of
f eedlot runoff into the Cottonwood River has been fish
kills. Adverse river conditions created by the feedlot
runoff include decreased dissolved oxygen, increased
ammonia, and increased fecal coliform bacteria.
During the absence of runoff, dissolved oxygen at all
points in the study tended to exceed 4 ppm, ammonia
was generally less than one ppm, and fecal coliform
bacteria rarely exceeded 1000 cells per 100 ml. Follow-
ing runoff, ammonia was frequently greater than 10
ppm and dissolved oxygen was decreased. The fecal
coliform counts rose whenever there was runoff.
(Howe-East Central)
3435 - C2, D3, E3, Fl
STORAGE A PROBLEM FOR "BIO-
GAS" USE,
Anonymous
Nebraska Farmer, Vol. 118, No. 10, p. 23, May 15,1976.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Fuels, Waste stor-
age. Economics.
Identifiers: Anaerobic digester.
Methane or "bio gas" may be produced in an
anaerobic digester when manure in the digester is
broken down by bacteria. Ralph W. Hansen, Colorado
State University Extension Agricultural Engineer,
says that manure from 50 cows would produce enough
methane gas each day to heat a well-insulated three
bedroom home during the winter. Since this gas can-
not be liquified under normal temperatures, it is best
suited for stationary uses such as cooking and heat-
ing. Because of the high compression needed to get
enough bio gas on a tractor to run it, a serious safety
hazard would be created if it were used in this man-
ner. Bio gas has a heat value of 500-600 Btus per cubic
foot as compared with natural gas, which has a heat
value of 1,000 Btus per cubic foot, and gasoline, which
has a heat value of 124,000 Btus per gallon. Hanson
said that out of the several types of energy capturing
processes available, the production of bio gas appears
:o be the most feasible for most agricultural opera-
tions. He lists the main disadvantages as: (1) amount
of management required due to the sensitivity of the
digesters, (2) high initial investment for equipment,
and (3) wastes still must be disposed of after diges-
tion. Attempts are being made to find new strains of
bacteria and culturing techniques for producing this
gas, and also to find designs which will reduce the
costs and make it more practical. (Edwards-East
Central)
3436 - All, Bl
STILL TIME TO BUILD FEEDLOT
MOUNDS,
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 20, p. 4 October 25
1976.
Descriptors: Feedlots,Cattle. Design, Management.
Identifiers: Mounds.
Tips are given for planning and constructing a feedlot
mound that will keep cattle out of mud during the
winter. The tips are: (1) Locate mound close to feed-
bunk slab so cattle can get from mound to the bunk
without crossing a mudhole. (2) Build mound parallel
with general lot drainage. (3) Mounds should be 54
feet high. (4) Slope the mound as steeply as possible
while still allowing cattle to rest comfortably (5)
Crown the mound for good drainage. If the top is left
flat, pockets develop where water will stand. Keeping
the top fairly narrow helps too. (6) To stabilize the
mound, use good firm soil, preferably clay. (7) Cover-
ing the mound with bedding helps protect the mound
surface and insulates the animal's body from the fro-
zen ground. (Merryman-East Central)
3437 - A8, Bl, E2
HEAVY MANURING HURTS YIELDS
ON DRY SOIL,
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, Vol 101. No. M p. 4 October 25.
1976.
Descriptors: Salts, Rainfall, South Dakota. Crop re-
sponse, Soil sealants, Infiltration.
Identifiers: Land application, Feedlot wastes. Appli-
cation rates.
Caution should be used in applying excessive animal
wastes to soils when there is a lack of sufficient rain-
fall. South Dakota research found that application of
beef feedlot wastes in excess of 20 tons of dry mat-
ter/acre in each of 2 consecutive years resulted in
large increases of salts within the soil profile Less
than normal rainfall resulted in little or no leaching
water, thus increasing salts in the soil and decreasing
crop yields. Following those 2 consecutive years, soils
receiving greater than 40 tons of waste /acre /year
showed a substantial reduction in the ability to infil-
trate water. Elimination of the waste treatment for 1
season resulted in increased water infiltration and
reduced salinity due to rainfall and weather condi-
tions. Sealing of soil resulting in reduced water infilt-
ration appears to be temporary and can be expected
to improve with decay of the applied wastes.
(Merryman-East Central)
3438-A8,B3,El,E2,F3
LEACHED MANURE - A PROMISING
SOIL ANTI-CRUSTANT,
Farm Advisor, Monterey County, California.
D. Ririe
California Agriculture, Vol. 30, No. 9, p 16-17, Sep-
tember, 1976. 4 tab.
Descriptors: Soil amendments. Crop response. Cat-
tle, Leaching, Irrigation, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Anti-crustant, Land application, Steer
manure.
The problem of soil crusting in California has been
dealt with by using the following materials: (a) pet-
roleum mulch, (b) stabilized vermiculite, and (c)
phosphoric acid; but due to cost, application difficul-
ties, and other reasons, these materials are not al-
ways acceptable. Steer manure is being tested as a
soil anti-crustant, and when it is leached, it has been
found to enhance lettuce seedling emergence under
soil crusting conditions. Tests in 1962, where 3- and
10-ton-per-acre applications of chicken manure was
tested as a soil anti-crustant, showed no evidence that
chicken manure prevented crust formation. In 1964, a
test was made in which steer manure was mixed with
soil and used to cover lettuce seeds, but no benefit was
derived from this method. In 1973, steer manure was
leached with water, pulverized, and used to cover
lettuce seeds. In this test, it was found that covering
the seeds with leached manure greatly improved let-
tuce emergence. However, this material was still
slightly inferior to stabilized vermiculite in all of the
evaluation factors except seedling weight. The tests
also showed that steer manure used as a seed cover-
ing gives results which vary, depending on the
amount and frequence of irrigation. Further experi-
551
-------
menu which appear to be justified include: (1) field-
test leached manure, (2) ascertain the amount of
leaching necessary, (3) define the irrigation regime
necessary for best results, and <4) find a satisfactory
mechanical means of applying the material
(Edwards-East Central)
3439 - All, Bl
TEXAS TECH SCIENTIST CITES RA-
TIONS' EFFECT ON WASTE AC-
CUMULATION,
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, Vol. 43, p. 4, September 25, 1971.
Descriptors: Rations,Cattle,Feedlots,Management
Performance.
Identifiers: Waste accumulation. Roughage.
At the annual meeting of the ASAE in Davis, Califor-
nia, Dr. Robert C. Albin, animal science professor at
Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, staled that
different rations of feeder steers can affect waste ac-
cumulation, without greatly affecting animal per-
formance. Cattle that were fed a zero-percent
roughage ration had a waste accumulation of only 2 2
Ib daily as compared to cattle fed a 10 percent and 12
r/fif" "f^aE6 whose daily wastes ammounted to
4.5 Ib. and 5 Ib., respectively. Albin said that it isn't
practical to feed a zero percent roughage ration for
the sole purpose of getting a large waste reduction
but that it is important to realize the practicality of
lowering the amount of roughage a small degree to
achieve a lower amount of waste accumulation Ra-
tions used in the trials consisted primarily of dry rol-
led gram sorghum formulated into all concentrate (or
no roughage) and the 10 percent and 12 percent
roughage finishing rations. Circumstances where no
significant differences were found included- (1) diffe-
rent slopes, 7* percent and 15 percent, which were
both concrete surfaces, and (2) shaded and unshaded
pens. Differences did occur where there was a var-
ianceinanimaldensity.Whentheamountofsq ft per
head was changed from 120 sq. ft. to 30 sq ft the
following reactions developed: (1) lower daily gains
(2) less feed consumption, and (3) reduced efficiency
of food utilization. (Edwards-East Central)
3440 - A2, A3, A4, Bl, F2
WASTE TREATMENT RULES WON'T
PUT "IMPOSSIBLE" BURDENS ON
PRODUCERS,
Feedstuffs, Washington editor
J. McClung
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 31, p. 2, August 2, 1976.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Feedlots Agricul-
tural runoff. Legal aspects
Identifiers: 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Point sources, Nonpoint-'sources.
Section 208 of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act requires beef andother livestock producers to
use the best possible management procedures but
according to a panel of EPA and USDA specialists, it
will not put an impossible burden on these producers.
Section 208 is a program which will attempt to get
cooperation among local governments in a particular
area to find ways where common water problems, too
severe or complex for technology solving alone, can
be solved. Pollution factors in a given point may in-
clude (1) point and nonpoint sources, (2) industrial-
municipal pollutants, and (3) agricultural runoff. In
addition to agricultural runoff, this plan will speak to
forestry, mining, and construction activities and the
intrusion of salt water into ground water supplies do to
the reductions in the flow of fresh water from any
cause. The 1972 act works in the following way. Gov-
ernors of states decide which areas in their state need
208 planning. Then designated areas have an agency
created with members which include elected officials
from the local governments concerned. These men
then plan for waste water treatment. Their goal is to
have all the treatment works necessary to maintain
acceptable water quality over a 20-year period. Once
approved by the EPA, federal funds are available to
the planners. To minimize water pollution problems
with as little federal involvement as possible Is the
intent of the 208 program. Because of the few options
available to ranchers on waste control, cow-calf oper-
ations should not be affected. (Edwards-East Cent-
ral)
3441 - A8, B2, C2, D3, E3
USE OF SOIL SYSTEM FOR RENO-
VATION OF EFFLUENT FROM MIN-
IMAL TREATMENT OF SWINE MA-
NURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Macdonald
Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue,
Quebec, Canada
A. M. Shady, and J. R. Oglivie
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 18, No 1 p
10-13, June, 1976. 6 fig, 4 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Effluents. Nitrogen, Aeration, Leach-
ing, Denitrification.
Identifiers: Land application. Swine manure Odor
removal, Soil systems.
Evaluation of the efficiency of the soil systems on
nitrogen and odor removal from effluents and mini-
mally treated swine manure were investigated. Soil
columns of 60
-------
This study was undertaken to find a master equation
for describing the rheological properties of aerated
poultry waste slurries under laboratory and field
scale treatments. The study revealed aerated poultry
waste slurries to be pseudoplastic and a master equa-
tion involving shear stress, shear rate, and volume
fraction index was developed. For the temperature
ans and shear rate range studied, the effect of temp-
erature on the apparent viscosity of aerated poultry
waste slurries was negligible. Thus, for the tempera-
ture range experienced in the field (10-25 degrees C),
temperature effects may be disregarded when es-
timating apparent viscosities for design purposes.
Because data from rotational and capillary tube vis-
cometers were comparable, the results obtained from
rotational viscometer studies can be used for design-
ing pipeline transport systems. Further research is
needed to correlate the Fanning friction coefficient
with the generalized Reynolds number for pipeline
transport of livestock slurries under field conditions.
(Merryman-East Central)
3446 - A6, Bl, C2, D2, D3
SMELL LIKE MONEY...OR PIG MA-
NURE,
Successful Farming, Vol. 74, No. 12, p. 50, November
1976.
Descriptors: Odor, Management, Waste treatment,
Biological treatment, Chemical treatment.
Identifiers: Swine, Odor control.
Probably the most important step in keeping odors
within tolerable limits is to select a site for livestock
facilities where odors will be less of a problem. Pre-
vailing wind patterns should be checked. Manage-
ment practices which may be utilized to combat odor
problems include: dilution, ventilation, aeration,
covering, burning, absorption, adsorption, masking,
and filtration. Chemical treatment of wastes can also
reduce odors. Hydrated lime reduces production of
hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, but increases
ammonia liberation and therefore decreases fer-
tilizer value. Chlorine stops bacterial action, reducing
odors, but it also stops breakdown of wastes. Both
treatments require relatively large amounts of chem-
icals. (Merryman-East Central)
3447 - All, B3, C2, E3
TURKEY LITTER SILAGE IN RA-
TIONS FOR DAIRY HEIFERS,
Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
D. L. Cross and B. F. Jenny
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 59, No. 5, p 919-923
May, 1976.1 fig, 3 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Litters, Feeds, Performance, Rations.
Identifiers: Dairy heifers, Turkey litter silage.
Turkey litter silage was evaluated as a replacement
for corn silage in diets for replacement heifers.
Twenty-four Holstein heifers from 8 to 12 months of
age and averaging 215 kg were assigned randomly by
weight to one of 4 groups. All rations contained (dry
matter basis) 10 percent of a concentrate supplement
'plus (1) 90 percent com silage, (2) 15 percent turkey
litter silage and 75 percent corn silage, (3) 30 percent
turkey litter silageand 60percent corn silage, or (4) 45
percent turkey litter silage and 45 percent corn silage,
and were formulated to be isonitrogenous. Average
daily gains for heifers on 15 percent turkey litter sil-
age were higher than for controls. Urea nitrogen of
plasma was higher for animals on 30 percent than 45
percent turkey litter silage. Ruminal ammonia was
higher for heifers receiving 30 percent turkey litter:
silage than for those receiving 15 percent or 45percent
turkey litter silage. Calcium of plasma was highest
for the control ration, while plasma phosphorus was
highest for the 30 percent and 45 percent turkey litter
silage. Ruminal propionate was lower and butyrate
higher for the control ration. Turkey Utter was found
to have potential as a feed ingredient in rations for
young dairy animals. However, further research in
this area should evaluate the true potential of this feed
source to the dairy industry. (Rowe-East Central)
3448 - B2, Cl, C2, D3
SLUDGE ACCUMULATION AND
STRATIFICATION IN ANAEROBIC
DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sci-
ences, University of Florida, Gainesville
R. A. Nordstedt and L. B. Baldwin
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 18, No. 2. p 312-315
March-April, 1975. 2 fig, 6 Ub, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Sludge, Dairy industry. Lagoons
Anaerobic conditions.
A lagoon system on a commercial dairy near Braden-
ton, Florida, was studied in order to: (1) determine
the rate of sludge accumulation, and (2) determine
the physical characteristics and stratification of the
sludge as they related to sludge removal from the
lagoon. The anaerobic lagoon received waste from the
holding, cow washing, and milking parlor areas
Sludge accumulated in the lagoon at a rate of 14.9 and
16.9 percent of lagoon volume per year. Three zones of
biological activity developed. In the first zone, ex-
tending from the point of inflow a distance of about 70
meters, the sludge resembled raw manure in appear-
ance. Sludge depth was less than in the other 2 zones
and gas evolution was extensive. The second zone'
extending about 70-130 meters from the inlet con-
tained stratified sludge with lifting occurring'from
the dense bottom layer. The third zone contained
sludge which was darker in color and had a smaller
particle size. There was slightly less gas evolution
Vertically, the top layer was supernatant through
which masses of sludge were lifted by evolved gas. As
the masses of sludge dissipated and settled out of the
supernatant, a light sludge layer formed beneath the
supernatant. The lower layer was dense, viscous
dark in color, and contained very small particles. The
light sludge layer probably contained the most active
digestion, and its volume seemed to depend upon the
organic loading rate. As this layer was pushed nearer
the water surface due to dense sludge accumulation
on the bottom, the supernatant volume was reduced•
and the detention time decreased. When the light •
sludge level reached the outflow structure, sludge
was discharged in the effluent and sludge removal
became necessary. (Rowe-East Central)
3449 - B2, Cl, Dl
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF
SWINE MANURE,
Sanitary Engineer, Natural Resources and Environ-
mental Protection Department, Division of Water,
State of Kentucky, Frankfort
S. C. Jett, H. E. Hamilton, and I. J. Ross
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 18, No. 6, p. 1128-1129
1135, November-December. 1975. 3 fig, 2 ref.
Descriptors: Settling basins, Design, Physical prop-
erties, Separation techniques. Liquid wastes. Sludge.
Identifiers: Swine manure. Solids.
The development of data for the design of settling
basins for fresh swine feces and urine was studied. A
settling column was used to obtain data for the de-
velopment of settling curves. Sedimentation charac-
teristics were determined for swine waste with solids
concentrations of 0.5,1,2 and 3 percent. The data for
solids removal as a function of time indicated that a
solids concentration of 1 percent would give the high-
est solids removal efficiencies in a settling basin with
no sludge removal. As solids built up in the 2 percent
and 3 percent solids concentration studies, they hin-
dered the settling of the particles remaining in sus-
pension. This was caused by the displacement of the
water by the settling particles which decreased the
removal efficiency of solids at the 4.5 ft. level and
below. The 0.5 percent solids concentration study in-
dicated removal efficiencies lower than those
achieved in the 1 percent and 2 percent studies after 14
minutes. Overflow rates of 2,000 to 15,000 galAiay-sq
ft. gave estimates of solids removals of about 70 to 45
percent respectively depending on solids concentra-
tion in a 6-ft deep settling basin. A mechanical re-
moval device would improve the efficiency of a settl-
ing basin and reduce the depth required for storage of
solids. The sludge removed should be in the order of 70
to 75 percent of the tolal solids. (Rowe-East Central)
3450 - A8, Bl, C2, D3, E2
EFFECTS OF SHORT-CHAIN FATTY
ACIDS EXTRACTED FROM BEEF
CATTLE MANURE ON GERMINA-
TION AND SEEDLING DEVELOP-
MENT,
Agricultural Research Service, High Plains Gru*.
lands Research Station, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
G. E. Schuman and T. M. McCalla
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol 31
No. 5, p. 655^60, May, 1976. 4 fig, 6 tab, n ref. '
Descriptors: Crop response, Bioassay, Sorghum
Germination.
Identifiers: Short-chain fatty acids. Composted man-
ure, Fresh manure. Corn, Seedling development.
Germination and seedling development of sorghum
and wheat were examined in relation to the short-
chain fatty acids extracted from beef manure. Com-
posted and fresh beef manure samples were ex-
tracted with distilled water, methanoi, acetone. 1N
sodium hydroxide, 2 N hydrochloric acid, and ether.
The extracts were bioassayed with wheat and sor-
ghum seeds. Bioassays of the composted manure ex-
tracts generally showed limited phytotoxic effect! on
germination and seedling development. All the ex-
tracts of fresh manure, except distilled water, re-
tarded germination. While acetic, butyric, propionic,
valeric and isovaleric acids were found in ether ex-
tracts of fresh manure at avenge concentrations of
348, 876, 578,34, and 19jJg/g. respectively, on a dry-
basis, only trace amounts of these acids were found in
composted manure. Presence of these acids in man-
ure could reduce seed germination and seedling
growth if high levels of fresh manure were applied to
the soil. Composting the manure on the feedlot would
reduce the fatty acids to insignificant levels, making
the manure more beneficial to crops. (Rowe-East
Central)
3451 - A4, A5, A9, All, A12, Bl,
F4
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER: A RE-
VIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITER-
ATURE,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of
California, Berkely
D. K. Todd and D. E. 0. McNulty
Polluted Ground water: A Review of the Significant
Literature, Water Information Center. Inc., Hun-
tington, New York, 1975,179 p.
Descriptors: Bibliographies. Farm wastes. Animal
wastes. Pesticides. Herbicides, Pollutants. Health.
Monitoring.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution. Literature re-
view, Urban pollution, Industrial pollution. Agricul-
tural pollution, Irrigation return flows, Disposal
wells. Injection wells, Recharge wells.
This literature review is concerned with groundwater
pollution resulting from man's activities. Literature
included was selected on the basis of its significance
and relevance from a variety of bibliographies, gen-
eral references, and abstracts. Excluded from con-
sideration were all unpublished materials, adminis-
trative regulations at all government levels, and legal
reports. The study was limited to literature of the
United States, with the exception of a few Canadian
reports and a recent book on the European groundwa-
ter pollution situation. Items of historical interest
were excluded because they have limited bearing on
the current and future pollution situation; only a few
references predate 1950. Selections from research re-
ports were restricted to those directly concerning
changes in groundwater quality. Chapters II andlfl
contain annotated listings of bibliographies and im-
portant general references. Thereafter the literature
is reviewed in essay form on a subject basis, includ-
ing: urban pollution, industrial pollution, agricultural
pollution, pollution from wells, salt water and surface
water, pollutants and effects, and evaluating pollu-
tion. (Merryman-East Central)
553
-------
3452 - All, B2, C2, D3
LIQUID MANURE, POSSIBILITIES
OF DECOMPOSITION BY MEANS OF
AEROBIC WASTE WATER CLEANS-
ING METHODS,
H. Liebmann and K. Scherb
Wasser-und Abwasser-Forschung, Number 1 p 8-11
January, 1971. 5 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Aerobic treatment, Acti-
vated sludge, Ammonia, Drying, Nitrification, Waste
water treatment.
Identifiers : Detention time, Toxicity .
Aerobic biological treatment of liquid manure can be
accomplished by special activated sludge plants For
this treatment, manure has to be diluted in a 1 to l
ratio with water. The plant should be operated with
sludge loadings below 50 BOD per kg MLSS per day
and detention times of more than 20 to 30 days Liquid
manure has a high percentage of ammonium hyd-
roxide which has tobe oxidized, since it is toxic to fish
Tests show that ammonium can be nearly completely
mtnfied if the oxygen content and the reactor time
m the activated sludge plants is sufficient. Howew
biological treatment demands areas in which theex-
«rt ^?e/an bedeP«"«4 Excess sludge has a.
very good drying property. After 1 to 2 days it is'
reduced to half the volume without developing odors
After a short drying time, the water content was 91 to
93 percent, and after 3 months, only 87 to 88 percent
(Text in German) (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
system )
3453 - Bl, C2, D2, E3
This bibliography of 416 entries and abstracts covers
materials published from 1946 to June. 1975, concern-
ing anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to produce
methane. Sources from which the entries were first
identified include: Bibliography of Agriculture. Bib-
lisgiapjjy el Agriculture computer search. Chemical
Abstracts. Water Pollution Abstracts. Common-
wealth Bureau of Soils annotated bibliography ng.
g7$; Manure£35. London Scjejgj Museum Sciencg
Chemical Engineering News. Vol. 50, No. 22, p 14-15
May 29, 1972. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Feeds, Fuels, Farm wastes,
Hydrogenation.
Identifiers: Bureau of Mines, Pyrolysis, Refeeding.
Studies were conducted by the Bureau of Mines to
determine the use of agricultural wastes for feed or
fuel. Two processes were explored for converting
such waste to fuel. One was a pyrolysis method, in
which the feed was heated in a closed system at at-
mospheric pressure without the addition of air or
other gas. In the second method, hydrogenation, the
feed was heated under pressure in the presence of
carbon monoxide, steam, and a catalyst also in a
closed system. Hydrogenation offers the most com-
mercial promise. The reason is that it yields a single
produce (oil), which would be simpler and more
economical to produce, store, and market than would
theSproductsformedbypyrolysis. An alternative use
for bovine manure is as a raw material for making
cattle feed. Bovine manure may be anaerobically
fermented to convert it to a more usable form. The
method not only produces an animal feed but also a
fuel gas (methane), which can be burned tosupply the
heat and indirectly theelectricalpower needed for the
process. The single most important question yet to be
answered is the actual nutritional value of the feed
ingredient when fed to ruminants. (Howe-East Cent-
3454 - Bl, C2, D3, E3
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
LIVESTOCK WASTES TO PRODUCE
METHANE: 1946-June 197S; A BIB-
LIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS,
Center for Studies of Physical Environment, Institute
of Technology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
G. Shadduck and J. A. Moore
The Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Wastes to Pro-
duce Methane, 1946-June 1975; A Bibliography with
Abstracts, University of Minnesota, December, 1975
103 p.
Descriptors: Bibliographies, Anaerobic digestion,
Methane, Farm wastes, Fertilizers, Effluents.
If *•"* N^yj fe-'v jTivinqii^ i ai i- ci II _ _
1 Egs. Residus Agncoles. gri Vue De Son
^....^..».i A M! Ferine. In addition to tnese, there
were other articles which the authors identified and
abstracted themselves. Recent popular articles were
generally excluded. Four appendices give the follow-
ing information: (1) Bibliographic entries for publi-
cations concerning anaerobic digestion of farm-
generated cellulosic materials. (2) Bibliographic en-
tries for publications concerning fertilizing qualities
of digester effluent, (3) Search methodology and limi-
tations, and (4) A tabular summary of recent litera-
ture pertaining to continuous fed digesters.
(Merryman-East Central)
3455 - A2, All, Bl, D3, E2, Fl
ANIMAL WASTE - A PROBLEM OR AN
OPPORTUNITY,
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory'
Ada, Oklahoma 74820 '
W. C. Galegar and L. R. Shuyler
Water —1972, AIChE Symposium Series, New York
American Institute of Chemical Engineers 1973 n'
167-171. 12 ref. '
Descriptors: Farm wastes. Agricultural runoff
Feedlots, Economics, Recycling, By-product recov-
ery, Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency Re-
search, Land disposal. Fish kills.
During the last 15 years, modernizing animal produc-
tions has resulted in the concentration of large feeding
operations. This concentration of animals has elimi-
nated the natural capacity of the environment to as-
similate waste at the point of excretion. There are
three major problem areas in animal waste man-
agement: (1) beef cattle feedlot waste, (2) dairy
waste, and (3) swine waste. In the mid 1960's, over 80
percent of the fish kills and a number of disease
transmissions were caused by rainfall runoff from
concentrated feeding operations. Some purification
methods for rainfall runoff are treatment, reuse, and
land disposal. EPA emphasized the land disposal
method. Because of the economy of commercial fer-
tilizers, land disposal methods have been neglected.
Properly applied waste can provide an economic re^
turn and waste must be disposed of in some manner.
In many locations sufficient land for waste disposal is
becoming scarce. So, EPA has been researching
methods of gas production from animal waste and
refeeding of animal waste back to animals. The type
of feed rations and collection methods used may be
dictated by type of by-product recovered. (Cannon-
East Central)
3456 - Al, C2, C3
BIOGENIC SEDIMENTATION AND
ALTERATION OF ARGILLACEOUS
SEDIMENTS IN SHALLOW MARINE
ENVIRONMENTS,
H. N. Fisk Laboratory of Sedimentology, University
of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
W A Pryor
Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 86, No. 9,
p. 1244-1254, September, 1975. 12 fig, 3 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors: Marine animals. Sedimentation. Diges-
tion.
Identifiers: Callinassa major Say. Onaphis mic-
rocephala Harunan, FecaTpelTets, Argillaceousleo>
iments.
The feeding activities and excretory products of the
marine decapod Callinassa major Say and themarine
anaelidOjiuphismicrpcephaJaHartman were studied
In shallow marine environments of the southern At-
lantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico coasts of the U S
These filter-eating organisms produce significant
quantities of argillaceous fecal pellets which are
transported and deposited as granular clay with hyd-
raulicaUy equivalent quartz and grains. At average
population densities observed in shallow marine envi-
ronments, these organisms are able to remove and
pelletize approximately 12 metric Ions of suspended
materials per square kilometer per year. The diges-
tive processes of these organisms wholly or partly
destroy chlorite, partly destroy mixed-layer clay
minerals, and disorder kaolinite and illite. The fecal
pellets rich in organic matter, result in the develop-
ment of biogenic muds of relatively concentrated high
organic content. These organic-rich fecal pellets may
serve as progenitors of glauconite pellets, furnishing
sites for the microreducing environments necessary
for the glauconitization processes. Whereas floccula-
tion is the important process in the deposition of argil-
laceous sediments in deltaic environments biogenic
pelletization may be the most important process in
depositing argillaceous sediments in shallow marine
mterdeltaic environments. (Rowe-East Central)
3457 - A4,A7, A8, A11,B2,C2,E2
DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT
FOR POLLUTION CONTROL,
Delta Engineering. Inc., Sumner, Washington
W. Dalrymple
Dairy Science Handbook 5, p. 142-143,1972.
Descriptors: Daily industry. Air pollution, Water pol-
lution. Anaerobic lagoons. Waste storage, Irrigation
Crop response, Nitrogen. Phosphorus, Biochemical
oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Field application.
Animal wastes are a significant problem in air and
water pollution. Many attempts have been made with
different systems to meet requirements that are pre-
sently established by regulatory agencies Often
these develop as a result of the one-step-at-a-time ap-
proach imposed without warning by regulatory agen-
cies. Because of the expense and general poor treat-
ment of the resulting management practice an exten-'
sive research project was undertaken in More
Washington, to demonstrate the practicality of sea-
sonal application to fields, together with storage
Criteria which must be taken into consideration are
climate, land values, soil conditions, etc. A roof was
built over the area where the cows were kept to reduce
rainfall addition to wastes. All the wastes (about 20
gal /animal—10 excrement and 10 for flushing) was
pumped into anaerobic lagoons which provided 8
months storage. The lagoons quickly developed sur-
face crust which eliminated odors and flies. Little
treatment occurred because the waste was stored
during the winter. Effluent from the lagoons was ap-
proximately 3000 ppm BOD, total nitrogen about 1000
ppm, and total phosphorus about 110 ppm. This was
applied to the fields at 40,000 gal /acre 4 times per
growing season. A 150.000 gal/acre rate proved to be
in excess and killed all the clover in the green chop.
Tests conducted on phosphorus, nitrogen, and bacte-
rial movement through the soil revealed that bacteria
(coliform) moved less than a few inches and a buildup
of movement of nitrogen and phosphorus was not de-
tected past the root zone of the grass. When the spray-
ing occurred during the wet season, nitrogen moved
readily through the soil. Green chop was cut and fed to
the cattle with no ill effects or rejection. Compared to
any other scheme, manure management by this
method seems to be the best solution available (Ott-
East Central)
3458 - A8, B2, E2
THE DISPOSAL OF COW SLURRY ON
ARABLE LAND. PART I. APPLICA-
TION AND INITIAL EFFECTS,
Trawscoed E.H.F.
H. T. H. Cromack and D. O'Connell
Experimental Husbandry, Vol. 28, p. 69-80.1975.
554
-------
Descriptors: Potatoes, Slurries, Dairy industry,
Waste disposal, Crop response. Nutrients.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Application rates.
An experiment was started at Bridget's Experimen-
tal Husbandry Farm in 1969 to investigate the effect of
applying large quantities of cow slurry to arable land.
The experiment was carried out on four sites in four
successive years 1969-72. On all sites the soil was An-
dover series, a well /structured calcareous silty loam
with upper chalk at 3046 cm below the surface with an
organic carbon content of 1.9 percent. Drainage was
natural and very good. The slurry contained f eces and
urine from dairy cattle. It also contained a small
quantity of sawdust which had spilled from the housed
dairy cubicle beds. Slurry disposal is described in
terms of cow-equivalents. A cow-equivalent is the
quantity of slurry produced by one cow housed for 364
days. It was found that the application of more than 8
cow-equivalents caused serious runoff problems and
made it difficult to plant potatoes in the spring. Cul-
tivating the soil and applying slurry in smaller but
more frequent applications reduced but did not elimi-
nate surface runoff. Large quantities of nutrients
were applied with the slurry; these raised the soil
nutrient status in proportion to the quantity of slurry
applied. Slurry application increased the yield of
potatoes compared with an inorganically fertilized
treatment. Potato yields were little affected by the
quantity of slurry applied. (Cameron-East Central)
3459 - A8, B3, C2, E2
EFFECT OF FARM YARD MANURE
ON THE AVAILABILITY OF CA FROM
CA<5CO3lNASODICSOIL (ESP 77.7),
Department of Soils, Haryana Agricultural Univer-
sity, Hissar, India
S. R. Poonia and D. R. Bhumbla
Plant and Soil, Vol. 38, No. 3, p. 679-682,1973.4 tab, S
ref.
Descriptors: Calcium, Calcium carbonate. Crop re-
sponse.
Identifiers: Land application, Sodic soil, Fary yard
manure, Dhaincha.,
An evaluation was made of the effect of farm yard
manure (FYM) on the availability of Ca from Cal-
cium carbonate in a non-saline sodic soil, using Ca**
C03- Three and a half kg of a non-saline sodic soil were
separately weighed for 12 polyethylene lined earthern
pots. Four levels of FYM, 0, 3, 6 and 9 percent on
dry-weight basis, were thoroughly mixed into the soil,
keeping 3 replications. Five me of tagged CaCOy per
100 g soil was thoroughly mixed in the soil at all levels
of FYM and treated soil was watered, equilibrated for
7 days, remixed, and planted with 20 dhaincha seeds.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were applied at
a rate of SO, 20, and 20 mg /kg soil respectively. Ten
plants of dhaincha were allowed to grow in each pot
for SO days, harvested, washed, dried, weighed,
ground and analyzed for Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, N, and
Ca<* Results showed: (1) even with the use of FYM,
the contribution of Ca from CA *•' CO3 is less than 6
percent of the total Ca in plant, (2) dry matter yield of
plant tops is negatively related with Na content and
positively with Ca:Na ratio, (3) apart from increased
availability of Ca from Ca Cos with the application of
FYM, other factors—(a) improvement in soil physi-
cal conditions, (b) supply of nutrients, and (c) proba-
ble decrease in the activity of Na in the growth
medium, also seem to be the probable reasons for
increased dry matter yield, and (4) the increase in the
total uptake of Ca from the soil as well as applied
Ca1" COj in response to FYM seems to be because of
an increased root growth and increased availability of
Ca. (Rowe-East Central)
3460 - A9, A12, B3, D2
THE EFFECT OF FUMIGATION
WITH METHYL BROMIDE OR FOR-
MALDEHYDE ON THE INFECT! VTTY
OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER
NATURALLY CONTAMINATED
WITH SALMONELLA VIRCHOW.
Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton, Hun-
tingdon, England
J. F. Tucker, E. G. Harry and H. E. Wainman
British Veterinary Journal, Vol. 131, No. 4, p. 474-485,
1975.1 fig, 21 ref.
Descriptors: Litters, Salmonella, Chemical treat-
ment, Poultry, Fumigants.
Identifiers: Infectivity, Methyl bromide, Formal-
dehyde,
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the
effectiveness of methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation
in rendering litter naturally contaminated with Sal-
monella virchow. noninfectious to chicks in experi-
mental animal accommodation, a comparison being
made with the use of formaldehyde (HCHO) for this
purpose. !L virchpw was used as a test organism be-
cause it has been implicated in cases of food poisoning
originating from infected poultry carcasses. The ef-
fectiveness of the fumigation process was also deter-
mined by measuring the reduction in Salmonella con-
tamination in the treated litter. Application of methyl
bromide at 2 dosage rates and at various tempera-
tures resulted in widely varying treatments, in terms
of the measured concentration-time products, in the
approximately 20-hour exposure period allowed.
However, in no case was the litter rendered non-
infectious to chicks. A single trial with formaldehyde
was also ineffective. In some of the tests where rela-
tively small amounts of MeBr were used, fumigation
seemed to enhance litter infectivrty. In 3 of the 4 tests
in which MeBr fumigation was carried out with
concentration-time products of 430 mg h /litre and
less at floor level, and in the test using HCHO fumiga-
tion, the incidence of salmonellosis was higher in the
chicks on the fumigated litter, than in those on the
unfumigated litter. The apparent lack of effect of
formaldehyde fumigation on the Salmonella content
of the litter was considered to have resulted from the
method of sampling the litter, in which both subsur-
face and surface layers were included. (Rowe-East
Central)
D. Purushothaman and R. Kesavan
Indian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. H, No. 3, p. 137-
138.1174. 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Farm waites.
Identifiers: Soil amendments, Soil enzymes. Land
disposal.
The effect of certain soil amendments on soil enzymes
is examined. Ten kg each of read loam and black
cotton soils of Coimbatore tract were taken in circular
cement pots. Well powdered groundnut cake (GNC)
and farm yard manure (FYM) were separately
mixed with the soil in calculated quantities to obtain
40 kg level of nitrogen /ha. The treatments were suf-
ficiently replicated with appropriate controls. The
3461 - A8, E2
EFFECT OF GYPSUM AND MANURE
ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT IRRI-
GATED WITH BICARBONATE RICH
WATER,
Rajasthan Salinity Laboratory, Jodhpur, Rajasthan,
S. S. Puntamkar, P. C. Mehta, and S. P. Seth
Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Vol. 20,
No. 3, p. 2S1-28S, 1972.2 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Gypsum, Irrigation,
Wheat, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium.
Identifiers: Manure, Land application.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect
of gypsum and manure on soil properties and crop
yield. Gypsum was applied at S, 10, and 20 tons /ha
and manure at 15 and 30 tons /ha alone or in combina-
tion with one another. Wheat (Sonora 64) was grown
as a test crop. The crop was irrigated with bicarbo-
nate rich water. Gypsum and manure was found to
increase wheat yield when they were applied sepa-
rately or in combination. The highest yield was re-
corded when 20 tons of gypsum was appl ied alone. The
application of manure with gypsum was found to en-
hance the replacement of exchangeable sodium. The
decrease in exchangeable sodium ranged from 1.8 to
10.9 percent by the addition of gypsum and manure;
whereas, exchangeable calcium was found to in-
crease up to 17.7 percent. Exchangeable magnesium
was found to decrease from 0.3 to 11.4 percent;
whereas, potassium increased 0.8-3.6 percent.
(Merryman-East Central)
3462 - A8, Bl, E2
EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMEND-
MENTS ON CERTAIN SOIL EN-
ZYMES,
Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Biology.
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural University, Coimbatore -
641003, Tamil Nadu. India
.and 45th days.
One g quantities of soil samples were incubated with
the appropriate substrates for 24 hr. at 17 degrees C.
The reaction mixture was clarified by centrifugation
at 2100 x g for 15 min. and the end products formed
were determined in a Spectronic-20 colorimeter. Re-
sults showed that the black and red loamy soils wben
amended with FYM and GNC exhibited increased en-
zyme activities. w-Amylase and invertase were found
to be relatively more active in the 2 soils than
glucosidase and cellulase. GNC amended soils in-
creased amylase activity; FYM enhanced invertase
activity. FYM amendment enhanced B-gluoosidase
activity only inblack soil. GNC amendment increased
the same in red soil. -^-Amylase activity of soil was
positively correlated with organic nutter content.
The FYM and GNC soil amendments increased
•(-amylase activity. Cultivated neutral soils were
characterised by greater activity of invertase;
whereas, sandy soils exhibited poor activity. The
black soil exhibited more invertase activity than did
red loam. Addition of organic amendments slightly
increased B-glucosidase activity. Cellulise was found
to have a feeble activity in soil, possibly because cel-
lulose is not an obligatory carbon source to soil mic-
roorganisms since the microorganisms have a broad
nutritional base. (Ott E*st Central)
3463 - All, B2, B4, C3, F6
THE EFFECT OF STORAGE IN
SLURRY ON THE VIRULENCE OF
nilRLTN.
Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Re-
search on Animal Diseases, Compton. Newbury.
Berkshire
P. W. Jones
Journal of Hygiene, Vol. 74, p. 65-70, 1975. 3 tab, 6 ref
Descriptors: Waste storage, Slurries, Pathogenic
bacteria.
Identifiers: Virulence, Salmonella dublin. Mice,
Bacto-tryptose (BT), Animal health.
Research was done to determine whether storage of
Salmonella dublin in slurry and in broth reduces the
virulence of the organism. An aerogenic smooth st-
rain of S. dublin isolated by M. H. Hintcn from a case
of abortloninTdairycowwasused. White BSVSmale
mice were used at an average weight of II g- All mice.
housed one animal per cage, received 0-25 ml. of in-
oculum delivered into the stomach from a syringe
needle with a 'pear drop1 end. Bacto-tryptose (BT)
broth was prepared according to the formula: bactot-
ryptose (Difco), 20 g., sodium chloride S g.. sodium
glyceropnosphate 2 g., glucose 1 g., distilled water
1000 ml., and had a pH of 7.4. Slurry, collected from a
dairy farm lagoon, was centrifuged at 1000 g for 2 mm.
to remove fiber. Slurry and BT were stored in 200 ml.
volumes in a water bath at 10 ± 0.1 degrees C. No
apparent reduction in virulence was noted in S. dybjin,
stored either in slurry for up to 36 days or BTfor up to
70 days. Mortality was slightly higher In groups of
mice which had received stared rather than freshly
prepared S. dublin. It appears that S. dublin survives
in slurry for up to a month without Toss of virulence.
The disease risk associated with infected slurry is
presumably related'to the number of pathogenic or-
ganisms present rather than to their virulence. Al-
though S. dublin will remain capable of causing dis-
ease, the risk to other animals of contaminated slurry
will depend on other factors including the number of
555
-------
animals in a herd-excreting the organism, the dilution
of infected excreta with non-infected excreta, the
period for which the slurry is stored prior to spreading
on pasture and the time elapsing before infected pas-
ture is grazed. (Cameron-East Central)
3464 - A6, B2, Cl, C2, D3
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF
LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER. HI. EN-
HANCED AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
SWINE WASTE BY ANAEROBIC
PRE-CONDITIONING.
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Pollution Control
Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48823.
J. B. Gemsh, J. P. Harper, and P. 0. Ngoddy
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
20, p. 13-23,1»7S. 11 fig, 5 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Biological treatment, Aerobic condi-
tions, Anaerobic conditions, Slurries, Chemical prop-
erties, Physical properties. Odor, Temperature.
Identifiers: Swine wastes, Holding times, Foaming.
A slurry of screened hog waste, diluted fivefold, was
pre-treated anaerobically and then it was aerobically
treated. Four anaerobic holding times were tested to
determine which one would minimize subsequent
aerobic treatment time. The holding times were 0,3,
7, and 10 days. Air was admitted to those systems
after the respective holding times and aeration was
continued for a period of not less than 10 days in any
case. It was found that: (1) reductions in the order of
80-80 percent in chemical oxygen demand, total sol-
ids, volatile solids, and suspended solids can be ob-
tained for strong hog wastes, (2) these reductions can
be achieved in reasonable times, i.e. of the order of 10
days, (3) anaerobic pre-conditioning can reduce the
aeration requirements for a prescribed degree of
treatment; 40 percent reduction in aeration energy
was realized after 10 days' pre-conditioning, and (4)
the test for total solids is unreliable for liquors con-
taining high concentrations of volatiles such as the
volatile fatty acids. The success of the anaerobic pre-
conditioning depends on maintaining the anaerobic
stage at an elevated temperature. Whatever supple-
mental energy is expended in heating the anaerobic
stage can probably be more than compensated by the
saving in aeration energy. The odors emanating from
the batch processes were unacceptable. Some foam-
ing was observed shortly after the onset of aeration.
(Rowe-East Central)
3465 - A4, A7, C2
ABSORPTION OF AMMONIA BY
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS IN A DAIRY
AREA,
R. E. Luebs
Summaries of Papers, Statewide Conference on
Crises and Conflicts in Agro-Ecosystems, University
of California (Division of Agricultural Sciences),
Berkeley. December 21-22. 1970, p. 42-43.
Descriptors: Ammonia, Absorption, Dairy industry,
California, Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollu-
tion.
Identifiers: Acid traps. Water traps.
Three hundred sixty dairies are located in a 55-square
mile area west of Riverside and southeast of Pomona,
California. Preliminary sampling of ammonia ab-
sorption by dilute acid and water was made Vt mile
from this area's densest accumulation of dairies.
Over a 10-day period in November before the winter
rainfall season, ammonia absorption by dilute acid in
the dairy area exceeded that at a control site by a
factor of SO. The control site was located at an airport,
6 miles from the dairy area. Urban residences and
business areas lay between the dairy area and the
control site. Absorption in an agricultural area de-
voted to crops and with widely scattered chicken
ranches was 6 percent of that in the dairy area. Drying
of wet dairy corrals markedly increased volatiliza-
tion of ammonia. Ammonia concentration outside the
most densely populated dairy area decreased with
distance. Absorption o! ammonia by water In traps
over periods of W days was from 55 to 75 percent that
absorbed in dilute acid. Ammonia content of rainfall
collected over a 3-week period was S times greater
than at the control site. Open water and soils around
dairies or f eedlots are likely to be enriched in nitrogen
by absorption of ammonia and through its solution in
rainfall. (Merryman-East Central)
3466-All, B2.C3, E2
EXAMINATION OF SLURRY FROM
CATTLE FOR PATHOGENIC BAC-
TERIA,
Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Re-
search on Animal Diseases, Compton, Newbury,
Berkshire
P. W. Jones and P. R. J. Matthews
Journal of Hygiene, Vol. 74, p. 57-64,1975.2 fig, 1 tab,
18 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Cattle, Pathogenic bacteria,
Salmonella.
Identifiers: Brucellas, Leptospires.
A number of slurry systems were examined to assess
the degree to which they were contaminated with
pathogenic microorganisms. Since many pathogenic
microorganisms may be excreted in the leces of in-
fected animals, slurry could be a potential hazard to
farm animals when applied to pasture. One hundred
and eighty-seven samples of slurry from cattle were
examined for the presence of salmonellas, pathogenic
leptospires and brucellas. Twenty strains of Sal-
monella identified as S. dublin. 4 as §. Tvphimurium
and 4 as other serotypes. These were S Indiana. £.
bredenev. £, cerrp and £, 1Ujl.:—. AlTstrains pro-
duced gas in 1 percent glucose peptone water and none
were agglutinable in 17500 neutral acriflavine.
Sixty-four suspected leptospire colonies from 56
slurry samples were examined and confirmed as tre-
ponemas by dark-field microscopy. Sixty-four
hamsters inoculated with these organisms survived
up to21days when they were killed. Nobrucell as were
isolated. The total colony count per sample of slurry
ranged widely, with a maximum at 10" organisms/g.
The coliform count ranged from less than lOVg. to
more than IDVg. with most samples containing bet-
ween 10s and 108 coliforms/g. The total solids con-
centration of the samples ranged from less than 1
percent (one sample) to I9percent with a mean of 11.3
percent. There were two samples outside the range at
26 percent and 34 percent. (Cameron-East Central)
3467 - A4, A7, Bl, B2, B3, B4, Dl,
D2, D3, E2. Fl
EXPERIMENTS OF SLURRY HAND-
LING, TREATMENT, AND LAND AP-
PLICATION AT THE N.I.A.E., 1968-
1974,
National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrest
Park, Silsoe, Bedford, MK45 4HS
R. Q. Hepherd
Report No. 15, National Institute of Agricultural En-
gineering, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford, MK45 4hS,
February. 1975,24 p. 3 fig, 10 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Separating techniques, Waste
storage. Solid wastes. Liquid wastes. Biological
treatment, De-watering, Economics, FlocculaUon,
Anaerobic conditions, Air pollution, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Land spreading. Great Britain.
This report reviews the applied research carried out
at the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering
between 1968 and 1974 to overcome farm problems,
and in particular, to investigate slurry separation,
biological treatment and sludge de-watering. The
main conclusions from the work to-date are as fol-
lows: Separating (1) The separation of slurries before
storageand land spreading produces smell-free solids
that are easy to stack and spread on land and liquids
that are also easy to store and to spread, (2) The liquid
and solid products of separation appear easier to
apply and better for the crops than slurries, (3)
Studies of the economic viability of separation sys-
tems require farm measurements, and (4) The capi-
tal cost incurred in slurry separation may well be
outweighed by the benefits. Treatment—(1) Treat-
ment of aroma! manures to produce an effluent meet-
ing Royal Commission standards is very difficult, (2)
A high proportion of the output of effluent liquid plants
must be applied to land, 13) De-watering is important
if the wet sludges produced by treating slurries are to
be converted to easily stored and handled solids, (4) If
virtually all the slurry is converted into solids which
can be easily transported, stored and spread
elsewhere, the problems of farms which are short of
land for spreading are greatly reduced, (5) Im-
provement separation and treatment stages of a
complete slurry treatment process to reduce de-
watering costs, may be possible by means of floccula-
tion or other sludge de-watering aids, 16) The proces-
ses used to date have been satisfactory with slurries
which have been stored under anaerobic conditions,
and (7) The fibrous solids, de-watered sludge, and
filtrate, are unlikely to cause air or water pollution
problems. (Rowe-East Central)
3468 - A7, Bl, B4, C2
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RE-
LEASE OF GASES FROM BOVINE
WASTE,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
R. 0. Kellems, D. C. Church and J. R. Miner
Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of
Animal Science, Vol. 27,1976, 5 p. 7 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Gases, Diets, Waste storage.Crode pro-
tein, Urea, Specific gravity.
Identifiers: Volatilization, pH, Dry matter, Storage
period.
The effect of different sources of grains (corn, barley,
and Milo) and levels of supplementation (25, 50, 75
percent) on the initial volatilization of volatile gases
from animal wastes and several variables that are
associated with animal wastes (crude protein con-
tent, urea content of urine, specific gravity of urine,
pH of feces, storage period, and dry matter content)
were studied through the implementation of 4 sepa-
rate experiments. Results of the experiments indi-
cated that cereal grain source and level in a ration
affects the initial volatilization of hydrogen sulfide
and volatile nitrogenous gases. This change in rela-
tive amounts of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia was
thought to be due to changes in the pH of the wastes;
this is especially important with respect to ammonia
release due to a direct relationship between pH and
ammonia volatilization. Increasing the moisture con-
tent of the waste reduced the evolution rate of am-
monia and amines during the initial storage period. Of
the variables measured, it was found that the urea,
specific gravity and moisture content of the waste
were the most highly correlated with volatilization of
nitrogenous gases. Further research must be done to
determine how practical this approach would be in
predicting and controlling the production of volatile
gases from bovine waste. (Rowe-East Central)
3469 - All, B3, C2, E3
GROWTH OF BROILERS FED ON
DIETS CONTAINING DRIED POUL-
TRY MANURE,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre. King's Buildings, West Maim Road, Edin-
burgh EH9 3 S, Scotland
D.J.W. Lee and R. Blair
British Poultry Science, Vol. 14, No. 4, p.379-388,1873.
Descriptors: Diets, Poultry, Performance.
Identifiers: Broilers, Refeeding, Dried poultry man-
ure, Food conversion efficiency.
One experiment, using purified diets, tested whether
autoclaving had any effect on the utilization of dried
poultry manure (DPMI and whether the essential
amino acid content of DPM explained the greater
growth rate compared with the basal diet. A second
experiment studied the effect on performance of feed-
ing diets, which had been formulated to include DPM,
to broilers for periods up to8 weeks under commercial
conditions. In the first experiment, 607-
-------
basal diets, formulated to have the same ME con-
tents, had different nitrogenous supplements. Diet A
contained PRC essential amino acid mixture equiva-
lent to ISg NAg; B, basal-M2 percent glutamic acid;
C, basal plus essential aminoacid mixture equivalent
to essential amino acid content of 20-09 percent DPM:
D, basal-^-essential aminoacid +12 percent glutamic
acid; E, basal+2009autoclaved DPM; F, basal-f
20-09 percent unautoclaved DPM. The rank order of
final body weights at 21 days of chicks fed on these
diets were: D(292g)>B(2S8 g)>F(254 g) >E(2S3
g)>A(180g),XP 0.05). Chicks fed diet Chad better
food conversion efficiency than those fed diet A, and D
was better than B. In the second experiment, 24
groups of broiler chicks were given commercial-type
diets containing 0 percent of 5 percent DPM from 1
day of age for 4 weeks. From 4-8 weeks of age, one of
the three diets with 0 percent, 5 percent or 10 percent
DPM was fed according to a 2 (sexes) x2x3 factorial
design. Between 0 and 4 weeks, feeding DPM had no
significant effect on body weight or food consumption,
but birds receiving 5 percent DPM had an improved
food conversion efficiency. Between 4 and 8 weeks,
birds fed 5 and 10 percent DPM were heavier than the
controls at 6 weeks, but this increase was not signific-
ant at 8 weeks. Food consumption was not affected,
but the food conversion efficiency improved with the
increasing inclusion of DPM. At 8 weeks, birds fed 5
percent DPM were heavier than birds fed none.
(Penrod-East Central)
3470 - A8, E2
INFLUENCE OF FARMYARD MAN-
URE ON SOIL STRUCTURE AND
SOME RELATED SOIL PROPER-
TIES,
Department of Soils, Haryana Agricultural Univer-
sity, Hissar, India
M. C. Sarkar, M. Singh, and J. Nath
Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Vol. 21,
No. 2, p. 227-229, June, 1973.1 Ub. 10 ref.
Descriptors: Soil amendments, Organic matter,
Sampling, Hydraulic conductivity, Saturation.
Identifiers: Farmyard manure.
An investigation was undertaken to study the role of
farmyard manure in improving soil physical proper-
ties. Soil samples were collected in 1970-1971 from
surface and subsurface soil layers of a permanent
manurial experimental field at Haryana Agricultural
University Research Farm. The study data indicated
a significant increase in percentage aggregate for
samples collected after 57 and 104 days of manure
application which declined thereafter, and over a
period of 340 days no significant change was noticed.
Likewise, there was some initial lowering of bulk de-
nsity after manure application, but this improvement
was also temporary. Increased doses of farmyard
manure caused significant increase in organic mat-
ter. However, the increased organic matter started
declining from 97 percent to 77 percent and further to
57 percent in samples collected after 57,104, and 185
days, respectively. Organic matter content did not
change thereafter, showing the constancy with the
climate and ecological conditions. From these data, it
was determined that adequate addition of farmyard
manure must be made every 6 months in order to
• maintain the level of increased organic matter. Be-
nefits to be found in this increased organic matter are
increased hydraulic conductivity and increased sat-
uration percentage. Also, the physical condition of the
surface soils is improved. (Rowe-East Central)
3471 - All, B3, Cl, Dl, E3, Fl
THREE-YEAR DPW PRODUCER
SURVEY SHOWS BULK PRICE $5-9
PER TON.
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 50, p. 28, December 6,1976.
Descriptors: Economics, Recycling, Fertilizers,
Feeds, Performance.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refeeding, Appli-
cation rates.
A survey of dried poultry waste (DPW) producers
showed bulk sales from farms ranged in price from
$5-9/ton from 1873-1976. Stage one sales of DPW by 8
producers totaled 14,200 tons for a three-year period,
and the average price was $5.95/lon at the farm where
it was produced. Another 14,000 tons of DPW were
used on local fields owned or leased by producers.
Stage two sales totaled 24,000 tons for the first-year
period. Average price for all stage two DPW was
»62.62/ton. The DPW producers surveyed made these
observations: (1) Cost ofstageoneisabout CD/ton for
the final product (2) Cost of stage 2 is usually over
$60Aon for the final product. (3) There is a need to
develop markets or uses for DPW that don't involve
fertilizer or organic supplements. (4) Stage two pro-
duct at 9 percent moisture was fed back to growing
pullets at levels up to 10 percent of total ration from
8-18 weeks with no adverse effect on laying house
performance. (5) Stage one drying reduces moisture
to 25-60 percent while stage two reduces moisture 7-10
percent moisture. At 7 percent moisture over half of
the total nitrogen is usually lost. (6) Manure out to the
house must be below 60 percent moi sture when enter-
ing dehydrator to be dried readily with minimum use
of fuel. (7) The best application rates of stage one
manure are 2 tons/acre for hay and small grain-
s/year, while com ground may take up to 8 tons/ac-
re/year. (Merryman-East Central)
3472 - Al, A2, A4, Bl, B2, B4, D3,
E2
LIVESTOCK WASTE DISPOSAL - A
MOUNTING PROBLEM,
Research Officer, New Zealand Agricultural En-
gineering Institute
D. J. Hills
Soil and Water, Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 32-36, March, 1974.4
fig-
Descriptors: Waste disposal. Regulation, Confine-
ment pens, Liquid wastes, Livestock, Poultry, Aera-
tion, Irrigation, Lagoons, Agricultural runoff, Dry-
ing, Design, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Waste management, New
Zealand.
Factors which have led to increasing use of confine-
ment pens in New Zealand animal production are:
competition for land, better control of animal health
and nutrition, production of a consistent, high-grade
product, requirement for less labor, and better adap-
tability to the development of the integrated opera-
tion. Confinement pen production of animals has
changed the waste generation pattern from diffused
to point-source, the waste transport form from solid to
liquid handling, the waste processing from simple
storage to rigorous treatment, the waste utilization
from crop fertilizer to soil conditioner, and the waste
disposal from a chore to a vexing problem. It has
become almost imperative to treat animal wastes to
stabilise them so they do not create an environmental
nuisance or health hazard. Thus new waste manage-
ment techniques haveevolved. Management methods
for piggeries, milking sheds, beef cattle feedlots and
poultry houses are discussed. Projected trends for
animal waste management in New Zealand are: (1)
Piggery wastes will be mechanically aerated before
land spreading. Some existing operations will utilize
surface aerators floating in ponds. New operations
will begin incorporation in-the-building oxidation
ditches or external tanks with surface aeration. (2)
Dairy shed wastes will continue to be disposed of by
spray irrigation or anaerobic lagoons. Eventually, as
water becomes a scarcer commodity, mechanical
aeration will be required to treat the wastes. (3) Beef
cattle feedlots are inevitable. Location of these must
take into account runoff pollution following rain
storms. (4) Poultry waste treatment will tend to-
wards in-the-building drying techniques. (5) The ul-
timate disposal of wastes from all treatment systems
will be to the land. (6) Waste disposal systems will be
carefully integrated in the design stages of new lives-
tock operations. (Edwards-East Central)
3473 - Bl, Cl, C2, C3, E3
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMI-
CAL SURVEY OF BEEF CATTLE
WASTE FROM A NONSURFACED
FEEDLOT,
Department of Biology, Texas Tech University, Lub-
bock. Texas 79409
D. W. Thayer, P. Lewter, J. Barker, and J. J. J. Chen
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and To-
xicology, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 26-32, January, 1974.2 tab, 7
ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Chemical properties.
Physical properties. Biological properties, Sampling.
Microorganisms, Reclamation, Proteins, Microbiol-
ogy.
Identifiers: Nonsurfaced feedlots, Dimate.
This article discusses a study which was carried out
on the average microbiological properties and
selected chemical and physical properties of waste
from a large nonsurfaced beef cattle feedlot in a
semiarid climate. The purpose of the research was to
define some of the major properties of the stockpiled
manure prior to its potential use as a substrate for the
production of single-cell protein. Under the discussion
of materials and methods the following are covered
collection on samples; media and culture conditions:
chemical analysis; and sampling periods. Tabular
results are presented on: viable microorganisms in
feedlot manure and the chemical composition of feed-
lot manure. Another topic which is considered is the
stockpile method of manure disposal, which is preva-
lent in the Southwest, and the attendant disposal and
sanitation problems created thereby. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System)
3474 - All, A12, B3, C2, E3
MILK PRODUCTION FROM A RA-
TION CONTAINING DRIED POUL-
TRY WASTE,
Great House Experimental Husbandry Farm
W. A. Kneale and J. R. Garstang
Experimental Husbandry, Vol.28, p. 18-24,1975. (tab,
9 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Feeds.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry waste. Milk
production.
Dried poultry waste was tested in rations fed to dairy
cows during lactation. Autumn calving Friesian cat-
tle were used in these experiments. Seven heifers
wei e allocated per treatment in the first, 8 cows per
treatment in the second and 16cowsper treatment in
the third experiment. Roughage was supplied as hay
and this was fed in an amount calculated to provide 85
percent of maintenance. It was found that the com-
plete replacement of soya bean meal and groundnut
meal by dried poultry waste tended to reduce milk
output from cows fed this ration. Theenergy value of a
ration containing 20 percent poultry waste was lower
than that of a ration containing conventional vegeta-
ble protein. A 10 percent inclusion of poultry waste
appeared to be acceptable in terms of milk produc-
tion. When considering the use of poultry waste, the
ash content of that waste should be determined before
an inclusion rate is decided upon. The inclusion of
poultry waste in a dairy feed was not a health hazard
to those consuming the milk, neither did it produce
tainted milk. (Cameron-East Central)
3475 - D2, E3
A NOVEL CONTINUOUS
PYROLYZER — THE TTU REPORT,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock 79409
H. W. Parker
Presented at the Rocky Mountain Regional American
Chemical Society Meeting, Laramie, Wyoming. June
17-19,31 p. 2 tab, 7 fig, 19 ref.
Descriptors: Pyrolysis, Pilot studies. Recycling. Oil.
Identifiers: Manure.
A variation of the Bureau of Mines Gas-Combustion
Retort for oil shale has been developed which omits
the troublesome internal gas distributor. This is ac-
complished by intermittent addition of air to lh« gas
.being recycled through the retort or by continuous
557
-------
small additions of air to Ihe recycle gas. The 16 cm.
diameter pilot retort has been operated at processing
rates of 940 kg/m2 hr on 0.64 to 1.9cm. manure parti-
cles containing 55 percent ash and 12.6percent water.
Results have shown that this retort can be operated to
pyrplyie manure in both the cyclic and the continuous
air injection modes. Capacity of the retort was estab-
lished for continous air injection as 940 kilograms of
feedlol waste/hour/square meter of retort cross sec-
tion. The limited capacity of the recycle compressor
prevented establishment of maximum processing for
thecyclic mode of air injection, but it isassumed to be
about the same. The continuous air injection mode of
operation yielded less oil, and lower BTU product gas
was observed for the cyclic air injection mode. The
manure employed during the continuous air injection
tests contained much more ash but less moisture than
that used in the cyclic air injection tests When the
data were converted to yields based on moisture and
ash free manure, the continuous air injection mode
still produced much lower gas and liquid yields but
higher char yields. Another factor which contributed
to reduced yields of combustible gases in the continu-
ous air injection mode was that the mixture of recycle
gas and air which was injected into the retort was
always fuel rich. (Rowe-East Central)
3476 - C2, D3, E3, F2
POWER PLANT BOILERS TO BE
FUELED BY COW MANURE,
Oklahoma Rural News, Vol. 27, No. 4, p. 7, November,
1976.
Descriptors: Recycling, Fuels, Methane, Feed, Fer-
tilizers, Oklahoma, Legislation, Grants.
Identifiers: Anaerobic digesters.
Legislation under consideration by both the House
and Senate in Washington, D.C. will.if successful, es-
tablish a study of anaerobic digesters for converting
animal and vegetable wastes into methane gas and
fertilizer. The legislation provides for a study of
anaerobic digesters by the Soil Conservation Service
in consultation with the National Bureau of Standards
and the National Science Foundation. More than 100
farms of 640 acres or less throughout the U.S. would
then participate in field performance tests. Those
models rated most effective and safe would be "cer-
tified" and farmers would be eligible for grants for
the installation of certified models. An Oklahoma City
based firm isn't waiting for the legislation. Calorific
Recovery Anaerobic Process, Inc., is building a plant
in the Oklahoma Panhandle to convert cattle manure
from3 feedlots with a total capacity of 110,000 head, is
scheduled to start in December, 1977. Approximately
600 million cubic (eet of methane will be produced
annually and wai be sold to Natural Gas Pipeline
Company of America for use in Chicago. Animal feed
and fertilizer expected to be used locally by farmers
will also be produced at the plant. (Merryman-East
Central)
3477-All)Cl,C2,C3,D2,E3,F3
POULTRY WASTES AS A
FEEDSTUFF FOR SHEEP,
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 90,
Lennoxville, Quebec JIM 123
P. F'lipot, M. McNiven and J. D. Summers
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 55, No. 3, p.
291-296,1975. Stab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Waste treatment, Performance
Identifiers: Refeeding, Sheep, Poultry manure.
A study was conducted to provide information con-
cerning the acceptability and potential nutritive
value of wet caged hen excreta when fed to mature
sheep. Six wethers averaging 37 kg were used in a
double 3x3 latin square design and were fed diets
which contained approximately 64 percent (wet
weight) poultry excreta. The excreta had been
treated with tannic acid (3 percent) or with parafor-
maldehyde (2 percent). Soybean meal and water
were used in the control diet. Dry matter and water
intake of sheep fed this diet consumed less water and
had correspondingly lower water excretion and per-
centage retention of water. Dry matter, total nitro-.
gen, and energy digestibilities were significantly de-
creased in diets containing poultry excreta.
Paraformaldehyde treatment significantly reduced
the apparent digestibilities of dry matter and energy
of the diet compared to the tannic-acid treated diet.
Nitrogen retained as a percent of total nitrogen intake
was not significantly different for the control and the
tannic-acid treated poultry excreta diet. Ensiling
characteristics were not adversely affected by poul-
try excreta. The study data suggest that wet poultry
excreta treated with tannic acid can be successfully
used for the feeding of sheep. More work is required to
find the most suitable additive to stabilize the chicken
feces, and thus reduce odor and make the product
more palatable. Work is also required on the risk of
pathogenic organisms. (Rowe-East Central)
3478 - A4, A6, Bl, Dl, D2, D3, E2,
F2
PRESENT SITUATION AND PROB-
LEMS ON ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION AND CONSOLIDATION IN
JAPAN,
Chemistry Laboratory, Tokyo University of Agricul-
ture, Japan
K. Ishimaru
Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Symposium on
Animal Research, Tropical Agriculture Research
Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 2-2-1,
Nishigahara, Kita-Ku, Tokyo 114, Japan, 1973 p 147-
162. 25 tab. 'V
Descriptors: Water pollution control, Waste treat-
ment. Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Japan, Odor control.
Increased livestock production has inevitably
brought more stringent environmental protection
laws in Japan. The Basic Law Environmental Pollu-
tion Control (Enacted in 1967, Law No. 132) regulates
air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noises,
osillation, land subsidence, mold and of tensive odors.
Of primary importance to animal husbandry are
odors and water pollution. In Japan, odor intensities
are measured and are required to meet certain stan-
dards. Odor control measures that may be utilized by
livestock owners are: (1) Closure of barn and
deodorization of enclosed odors, (2) Rinsing —
Deodonzation by channeling odor through a smoke
duct or tower and then film-spraying with water, (3)
Chemical treatment, (4) Oxidation, (5) Absorption,
(6) Thermal decomposition, (7) Microorganism
treatment by placing offensive smelling substance in
microorganism growth culture, and (8) Soil treat-
ment. Water must also be safeguarded. The Water
Pollution Control Law requires that the purity of
water in Japanese streams must comply with stipu-
lated levels established for pH, BOD, COD, SS, and
Coli. Treatment processes for animal wastes are dis-
cussed. Primary treatment methods outlined in-
clude: a storage tank, a solids removal apparatus, a
sedimentation tank and settling tank, a simple diges-
tion tank, and a sterili2ed tank Secondary treatment
processes outlined include: the activated sludge pro-
cess and the tricklingfiltration process. While animal
wastes make good fertilizers, the following must be
considered when electing to use animal wastes in that
manner: (1) farm size, (2) soil quality and composi-
tion, (3 (kind of crops, (4) form and decay-rate of the
fertilizer, (5) collection and treatment, (6) transpor-
tation and distribution, and (7) environmental and
sanitation problems. (Merryman-East Central)
3479 - A8, B2, C2, E2
RESIDUAL VALUE OF SLURRIES
(CATTLE, PIG AND POULTRY),
N.A.A.S., Bristol
C. Berryman
Presented at NAAS Soil Scientists Open Conference,
Paper SS/1/116. 1968. p. 326-332. 3 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Cattle, Poultry, Nitrogen,
Potash, Phosphate, Crop response.
Identifiers: Land disposal. Land application. Swine,
Residual values.
The lack of experimental work to measure the re-
sidual value of slurry gives rise to much difficulty
when suggesting residual values of this type of man-
ure. Factors which can influence the residual value
are reviewed and an estimate of the residual value of
nitrogen, phosphate, and potash in cattle, pig, and
poultry slurries is given. There can be no finality .
about estimates of residual values because so much
depends upon the farmer's skill in management and
his particular method of farming. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
3480-B2, Cl, C2.D3, E3
ROTATING DISC PROCESS TREATS
SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
E. L. Stover and D. F. Kincannon
Industrial Wastes. Vol. 22, No.3, p.33-35, May/June
1976. 5 fig.
Descriptors: Waste water treatment, Recycling,
Aeration, Chemical oxygen demand. Temperature,
Dissolved oxygen, Effluents.
Identifiers: Slaughterhouse wastes, Rotating biologi-
cal reactor, Paunch manure.
The rotating biological reactor can successfully treat
slaughterhouse-meatpacking wastes. Blood, grease,
and paunch manure constitute the major problems.
Recovery of these three products greatly reduces un-
desirable contents of the waste-water and can also be
profitable in large slaughterhouses. Dried blood can
be used for livestock feed, plywood adhesive, fer-
tilizer ingredients, or as a protective colloid. In most
of the smaller slaughterhouses, recovery practices
are not incorporated, therefore, the wastewater con-
sists of a mixture of Wood, grease, paunch manure,
and washwater. The rotating biological reactor re-
quires a minimum amout of space. The rotating
polystyrene disc system is noiseless, easy to operate,
and requires a minimum of
maintenance and power. The rotating discs are par-
tially submerged, and the microbial population is al-
ternately passed through the air and the wastewater.
The discs provide media for the support of a fixed
microbial growth, contact the growth with the waste-
water, and aerate the wastewater to provide the dis-
solved oxygen necessary to maintain aerobic biologi-
cal activity. The rotating disc used in this study was a
four-ft. long, ten-gallon capacity unit built specifi-
cally for experimental purposes. Some
experiments were carried out at a hydraulic
loading of 0,5 gpd/ft. and varying organic
loadings of slaughterhouse wastewa-
ter. Approximately 5fl percent of the total COD re-
moved occurred in the first stage of the unit. The
substrate removal rates decreased and approached a
constant minimum value as the applied organic load-
ing was increased. A COD removal efficiency of 80
percent was achieved at a loading of O.OM Ib COD
/day/ft. As the organic loading increased, the re-
moval efficiency decreased and approached a con-
stant minimum value. At loadings of 0.039 Ib COD
/lay/ft, and greater, only ten percent COD removal
was obtained by the unit. As the wastewater passed
through the unit it increased in pH. A temperature
drop of 25 degrees F was noted between the influent
and effluent wastewater. There was an oxygen utili-
zation of approximately 1 mg/1 above that supplied by
the unit. Therefore, oxygen utilization did not restrict
the removal efficiency of the unit. (Rowe-East Cent-
ral)
3481 - B3, Fl
EFFECTIVE MANURE HANDLING:
TIME-MOTION FOCUS ON FEEDLOT
WASTE EFFICIENCY,
Texas AtM University
J. M. Sweeten
Feedlot Management, Vol. 18, No. 5,p. 2J-25,21, May,
1976.8 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Efficiencies, Solid wastes, Manage-
ment, Feedlots, Equipment, Costs, Productivity,
Texas.
Identifiers: Time-motion studies, Manure collection,
Elevating scraper, Wheel loader, Energy consump-
tion.
558
-------
A time-motion study of manure collection was con-
ducted at 4 feedlots (ranging from 28,000 to 100,000
head capacity) in the Texas Panhandle. Collection
systems included elevating scraper, wheel loader,
and wheel loader plus plowing or rototilling. Major
objectives were to compare machine productivity
(tons manure/hour), energy consumption (ton-
s/hp/hour) and cost (dollars/ton) for both collec-
tion and loading phases of solid manure handling. It
was found that the elevating scraper had a lower
energy requirement and slightly lower cost than
wheel loaders operated with or without the benefit of
pre-plowing or rototilling of the manure pack. In addi-
tion , the elevating scraper and the wheel loader chisel
plow combination yielded the highest productivity
(175 tons/hour). (Merryman-East Central)
3482 - Bl, B4
SWINE PRODUCTION AND HOUSING
IN CALIFORNIA,
Tulare County Farm Advisor, California
R. F. Miller and W. J. Van Kiel
Leaflet 2761, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Uni-
versity of California, September, 1975,15 p. 36 fig.
Descriptors: California, Management, Waste stor-
age, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Swine, Housing.
Guidelines are given for establishing swine produc-
tion facilities in California. Topics of discussion in-
clude: planning a swine production unit, production
methods (pasture vs. confinement), stock selection
and breeding, gestation and farrowing, care of baby
pigs to weaning, growing and finishing, housing and
space guidelines, and health and sanitation.
(Merryman-East Central)
3483 - A8, All, B3, C2, E2
POULTRY MANURE: WASTE OR
RESOURCE,
S. R. Wilkinson
Contribution from Soil, Water, and Air Sciences,
Southern Region, Agricultural Research Service, U.
S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the
University of Georgia Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tions, 1974,4 p. 2 tab.
Descriptors: Litters, Fertilizers, Crop response.
Identifiers: Poultry waste, Land application. Appli-
cation rates, Animal health, Pollution.
The value of poultry manure as a fertilizer and the use
of land for litter disposal areexamined. Plant nutrient
content of poultry litter is variable and depends on its
water content, the circumstances of flock manage-
ment and production, and length and type of storage.
Plant responses to nutrients present in high water
content manures have been disappointing. Nitrogen
in manures is generally not as readily available as
nitrogen from commercial fertilizers. Utilization of
poultry manure and litters as fertilizers or merely as
a waste to be disposed of upon the land must be done
under the constraints of maintaining a quality envi-
ronment. Wise application of manure recycles nut-
rients to the soil, increases productivity, improves the
soil, doesn't hurt the quality of water leaving the soil,
and enhances a quality environment. Safe levels of
broiler litter fertilization of fescue cut only for hay are
about 8-10 tons acre. Four to five tons of broiler lit-
ter/acre/year is recommended for grazed pastures in
order to prevent animal health problems of fat nec-
rosis, grass tetany, nitrate toxicity and difficulty in
fully using the grass grown. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral)
3484 - A8, Bl, C2, E2
SOIL AND CROP RESPONSE TO
APPLIED ANIMAL WASTE,
Research Assistant, Plant Science Department,
South Dakota State University, Brookings
M. L. Horton, R. R. Schnabel, and J. N. Wiersma
Journal Paper No. 1431, South Dakota Agricultural
Experiment Station, Brookings, 1S75,14 p. 2 fig, 6 tab,
11 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response. Salts, Diets, Infiltration
rates, Soil properties, Cattle, Confinement pens,
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Land application.
Research was initiated in August, 1973, which in-
cluded feeding trials, field disposal plots, and
laboratory analysis. The research was conducted to
Investigate the effects of various rates of applied
wastes produced by animals on different rations upon
soil properties and crop production under sub-humid
conditions where minimum amounts of leaching
water are available. Beef steers from confinement
pens (11 head/pen) and 8 pens in the open with no
shelter (11 head/pen) were fed a common basic ration
with 4 levels of added salt — 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75
percent of the ration on a dry-weight basis. All wastes
were collected, stored until time of application, and
applied to field disposal plots at 4 rates (44.8, 89.6,
139.4 and 179.2 MT/ha). The applied wastes consisted
of 2 salinity levels — low (combined wastes from pens
receiving 0.50 and 0.75 percent added salt). Laborat-
ory analyses were performed on waste samples col-
lected at the time of field application, on soil samples
collected at planting and harvest, and on plant sam-
ples collected at tasseling stage. An infiltration study
was conducted on half of the plots during the period
July 6 to July 18,1975. Results confirmed that applica-
tion of animal waste to certain soils under conditions
of minimal leaching can increase the salinity to levels
harmful to the growth of many plants of agronomic
importance. Applications of animal waste in excess of
90 MT/ha caused reduced infiltration. The cause of
decreased water infiltration appeared to be increased
sodium levels and dissolution of organic matter.
(Merryman-East Central)
3485 - B2, Cl, C2, D3
RHEOLOGY OF LIVESTOCK WASTE
SLURRIES,
Research Leader, U. S. Meat Animal Research
Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
A. G. Hashimoto and Y. R. Chen.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 5, p. 930-934,
September-October, 1976.1 fig, 7 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Rheplpgy, Slurries, Equations, Aera-
tion, Pumping, Mixing.
Study objectives were: (1) to identify a parameter
that would mathematically describe the Theological
properties of aerated and fresh dairy, poultry and
swine waste slurries and that could be easily and pre-
cisely measured experimentally; and (2) to describe
the procedures to estimate the effect of rheological
properties on pumping, mixing, and aerating lives-
tock waste slurries. The study showed that the
rheological consistency index (k) and rheological be-
havior index (n) of livestock waste slurries can be
to 04 were determined for aerated arid fresh dairy"
poultry and swine waste slurries, and were found to be
different depending on the range of 4L. The relation-
ships between K and n to the effective^iscosity (*e)
and generalized Reynolds number (NRe) have been
described along with the effect of lie and NRe on
mixed power characteristics, oxygen transfer effi-
ciency, and pressure headloss in pipeline transport of
slurries. The centrifugation method to determine*!,
is also described. (Merryman-East Central)
3486 - A6, Bl, C2, D2
REMOVAL OF GASEOUS AMMONIA
AND METHYLAMINE USING OZONE,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, University of Florida, Gainesville
D. T. Hill and C. L Barth
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No 5 p 935-938
944, September-October, 1976.4 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Ammonia, Ozone.
Identifiers: Odor control, Methylamine, Animal
health.
Some of the basic properties of ozone-ammonia and
ozone-methylamine reactions were investigated
when using ozone as an oxidant for odor removal
Specific objectives were: (1) to determine whether
ozone requirements for reduction of odorant concent-
ration can be predicted by stoichiometric relation-
ships and (b) to determine the ozone dosMontact
time relationship for effective ammonia
methylamine removal. Ozone was found to be an ef-
fective oxidant for both compounds studied, a given
enough time However, the relatively long contact
times that are needed for ammonia and methylamine
removal from odorous atmospheres in animal pro-
duction facilities make the process appear to be of
questionable value. The fact that these atmospheres
contain many more diverse and chemically active
compounds that would compete with the ammonia
and methylamine for the ozone suggests that the con-
tact time for effective ammonia and methylamine
removal would be longer than observed in the investi-
gation. The physiological effect on the animals by the
ozone would prohibit this. One solution to the problem
would be to exhaust the atmosphere of the production
unit with a fan. If odor problems occurred because of
close proximity to neighbors, ozone could then be
employed to abate the problem. (Merryman-East
Central)
3487 - Bl, Fl
NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DAIRY
WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNA-
TIVES.
Agricultural Engineering Department, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca New York
L. M. Safley, Jr., D. R. Price, and D. C. Ludington
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 5, p. 920-924.
September-October, 1976. 3 fig, 2 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Computer programs. Management.
Dairy industry, Waste treatment, Waste disposal.
Economics.
Identifiers: Network analysis.
Network analysis was applied effectively to the prob-
lem of determining the economic cost of dairy uaste
handling. Eleven freest-all waste handling systems
were denned and compared on the basis of a given set
of input parameters. The network developed was
analyzed on the basis of initial construction cost and
yearly operational cost. A computer program was
written to facilitate the computation. The program
was constructed so that it might be easily adapted to
new systems. It is felt that providing analysis for de-
cision making on waste management alternatives has
been partially met with the network analysis tool. The
analysis tool was developed for use by extension per-
sonnel to assist fanners in selecting a system best
suited to their specific farm operation and location.
Additional inputs are needed to improve the useful-
ness of network analysis, such as benefits From man-
ures for fertilizers, labor requirements, and odor con-
trol. (Merryman-East Central)
3488 - A6, Bl, C2, F6
QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION OF
ODOR INTENSITY,
Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, University of Florida, Gainesville
D. T. Hill and C. L. Barth
Transactions of the ASAE. Vol. 19, No. 5, p. 939-944,
September-October, 1S76. 2 fig, 6 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: Equations, Ammonia, Hydrogen sul-
fide.
Identifiers: Odor control, Odorant concentration.
Odor intensity, Methylamine.
An investigation was made of the relationship of odor
intensity, of odorant mixtures and individual odorant
concentration using hydrogen sulfide. ammonia, and
methylamine, common odorants in animal produc-
tion facilities. Mathematical equations were de-
veloped to measure three, two-odorant mixtures and
one, three-odorant mixture and it was found that they
sufficiently quantified the relationship between pure
odor components. Theempirically derived prediction
equations all contained a linear term and an exponen-
tial term, and extremely complex coefficients. The
complexity of these equations would increase when
559
-------
greater numbers of odorants are involved. II was felt
that controlling one odorant emitted in waste treat-
ment process could provide significant odor reduction
by limiting the odorant interactions of addition of
synergism. Controlling one odorant would be easier
than controlling all or most of the significant odorants
present. (Merryman-East Central)
3489 - A8, Bl, C2, E2
AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION AND
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN
SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE
DISPOSAL,
Research Agricultural Engineer, Environmental Ef-
fects Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Missis-
sippi
R. E. Peters and D. L. Reddell
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No. 5 p 945-952
September-October, 1976. 5 fig, 6 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Ammonia Nitrogen
Soil chemical properties. '
Identifiers: Land disposal, Volatilization, Cattle ma-
nure.
A soil column installation was used in studying am-
monia volatilization and nitrogen transformations
when a large application of beef manure is incorpo-
rated into the soil. Limed (pH-12) and unlimed
(pH = 7.5) soil columns were incubated for 30 60 and
90 day periods Ammonia volatilization was found to
be much greater from the high PH treatment while
carbon dioxide evolution was much lighter from the
low PH treatment Approximately 10 percent of the
total nitrogen from the low pH treatment was lost
while a 20 percent loss occurred in the high pH treat-
ment. (Merryman-East Central)
3490 - D3, E3, Fl, F6
MANURE-METHANE CONVERSION
BEING STUDIED IN WEST,
Feedstuffs, Vol. 48, No. 47, p. 16, November 15,1976.
Descriptors: Recycling, Fuels, Methane, Feedlots
Anaerobic digestion, California.
Identifiers: Cattle manure, Sanitary landfill.
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. and Southern California
Gas Co. are spending $50,000 to study the potential
conversion of cattle manure into methane. The study
should take 6 months. It is expected that an estimated
30 million cubic feet of methane a day could be pro-
duced in Imperial, Fresno, and Kern counties. The
main methane conversion process being examined
involved anaerobic digestion. Also, Pacific Gas is
working with Mountain View, California, and the En-
vironmental Protection Agency in a joint project to
see if methane can be extracted from the 544-acre
Mountain View sanitary landfill. (Merryman-East
experimental results closely followed f «=16 NRC. For
livestock waste slurries, the laminar How region
ended at Nge=3)00 and the fully developed turbulent
region began at NRe «4300. The f - tiae correlation for
!1,v"'°c^ waste slurries with n' between 0.4 and 1 and
4300 - 0.18. In these
equations, f ^fanning friction coefficient, dimension-
less; NRe =generalized Reynolds number for non-
Newtonian liquids, dimensionless; n'srheoloeical
behavior index from capillary viscometer, dimen-
sionless. (Merryman-East Central)
3492-A6,A8,Bl,C2,Dl,D2,D3,
E2
OHIO SWINE WASTE SYSTEM
SHOWS LESS POLLUTION ODOR
J. D. Kendall, ed.
Feedstuffs, Vol.47. No 12.pl3-14,27,March 24,1975.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal. Waste
storage. Physical treatment, Chemical treatment.
Biological treatment, Chlorine
Identifiers: Odor control, Land disposal, Application
rates. Hydrogen peroxide, Sodium hypochlorite
Potassium permanganate.
E. P. Taiganides of Ohio State University discussed a
three-year test of a complete automated waste treat-
ment system on a pig farm in Botkins, Ohio in which
there was no water pollution and a minimum of odor
nuisance. The treatment system included (1) hyd-
raulic removal of wastes in the building by flushing
gutters with liquids from overhead siphon tanks and
tipping buckets; (2) primary treatments consisting of
a stabilization of solids, solids storage tanks and final
disposal of settled solids on farm land; (3) secondary
treatment, consisting of an oxidation ditch final
clarifier and re-use of clarifier effluent as flushing
liquid in the building, and (4) tertiary treatment con-
sisting of a laboratory evaluation of the use of high-
pressure-driven membranes for the removal of chem-
ical nutrients from the clarifier effluent. Control of
odor from stored liquid swine wastes by means of
various chemical and biological compounds was also
discussed in terms of the work undertaken by
Pennsylvania State scientists C. A. Cole, H. D
Bartlett, D. H. Buckner, and D. E. Younkin. In short-
term experiments, hydrogen peroxide, sodium
hypochlorite, chlorine, and potassium permanga-
nate, dosed at 500 ppm, greatly reduced sulfide and
odorlevel in liquid swine manure. However, activated
carbon dosed at even 5000 ppm was not as effective In
another study, Bartlett studied the effects of injecting
waste slurry directly into crop land, thus avoiding the
"lingering pungent odor" of slurry spread on top of
the ground. Subsurface applications of liquid manure
were shown to give complete control of odor problems
at the spreading site; however, manure application
rates should be limited to supply nitrogen not much in
excess of the amount that the crops can assimilate
(Merryman-East Central)
for odor problems has to have a permit. The other was
that an optional permit program in which permits
would not be required, but such permits would help in
defense in event of complaints. Unless there are some
hangups, some or all of the regulations being consi-
Cenlr "n" 'nl° "''"' 'h'S **"'' Merrvman-East
3494 - A2, A4, Bl, F2
GOOD NEWS AND BAD IN FEEDLOT
RUNOFF RULES,
J. Wiebel
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 20. p. 15, October 23,
1976.
Descriptors: Regulations, Legal aspects Feedlots
Agricultural runoff. Water pollution
Identifiers: Permits.
Iowa's new feedlot runoff regulations go into effect
October 25. 1976. Sizes (minimum capacity) of open
I™'0}5 re1ulred lo have permits are: beef cattle -
1000, dairy cattle - 700, swine (butcher and breeding
JVer 55«bL,2500; sheeP and lambs - «>.«». and tur-
keys - 55,000 Multipliers are given for computing
animal units for feedlots of more than one species A
permit is needed by feedlots having more than 1000
animal units. Open feedlots as small as 100 beef cattle
or the equivalent may need a permit if runoff enters a
stream. The stream must be large enough to drain
more than 3200 acres above the feedlot. Deciding fac-
tor is how far the runoff must travel to reach the
stream in relation to feedlot size. For confinement
feedlots, those where livestock are kept under roof
and wastes are handled in liquid or semi-liquid form
capacity requirements for obtaining a permit depend
upon the type of waste handling system used. A per-
mit must also be obtained if wastes are discharged
into a stream through a manmade drainage system
such as a ditch, tile, or flushing system Same
capacities apply if a stream runs through the feedlot
Operations requiring permits under these cir-
cumstances have the following minimum capacities-
beef cattle -100, dairy cattle - 70, swine - 250, sheep -
1000, turkeys - 5000, and chickens - 9000. Feedlot own-
ers may also be required to secure permits if they
don t meet minimum control measures or they are
polluting state-waterways. Feedlots requiring per-
mits must apply for them by April 1 1977
(Merryman-East Central)
3491-B1.C1, F6
PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF LIVES-
TOCK WASTE SLURRIES,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York
Y. R. Chen, and A. G. Hashimoto
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 19, No 5 p 898-906
September-October, 1976. 7 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Equations, Rheology
Reynolds number.
Identifiers: Pipeline transport, Fanning friction coef-
ficient.
A study was undertaken to find the correlation bet-
ween the Fanning friction coefficient (f) of slurries
flowing through 7.42 and 4.80 cm ID aluminum irriga-
tion pipes. The NRe (Reynolds number) were based
on the Theological properties of the slurries measured
by a capillary tube viscometer. The applicability of
using rotation viscometer data in calculating Npe
was also discussed. In the laminar now region the
3493 - A6, A7, til, F2
DEQ DEVELOPS RULES TO CON-
TROL ODORS,
J. Wiebel
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 20, p. 54. October 23,
1976.
Descriptors: Regulations. Legal aspects, Iowa Feed-
lots.
Identifiers: Department of Environmental Quality
Odor control. '
The Iowa Department of Environmental Quality's Air
Quality Commission is evaluating proposed odor con-
trol regulations which may be passed, may be slightly
modified, or which may be modified to such an extent
before the local county board of health in hopes of
circumventing legal action. Also, 2 types of permit
programs were proposed for the new regulations. The
first was a mandatory permit program in which any-
one putting up a livestock facility that has a potential
3495 - A8, E2
EFFECT ON SOIL AND PLANT RON-
ER™£EVELS FOLLOWING APPLI-
CATION OF MANURE FROM SWINE
FED HIGH DIETARY COPPER.
Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
R. T. Kornegay, J. D. Hedges, D. C. Martens, and C.
Y- Kramer
1973-1974 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, July, 1974, p. 129-134. 5
Descriptors: Diets, Copper, Fertilizers, Soil con-
tamination. Crop response, 2jnc, Potassium phos-
phorus. Calcium. Magnesium.
Identifiers: Land application, Swine manure, Corn
Minerals.
Manure from pigs fed high dietary levels of copper
was incorporated into a silly loam soil for 2 consecu-
tive years to study its effects on soil and plant mineral
levels. Average composition of the manure for both
years on a dry basis was 3.66 percent nitrogen, 3.13
percent calcium, 0.94 percent magnesium, 2.53 per-
cent phosphorus. 1.31 percent potassium, 763 ppm
zinc, 2135 ppm iron. Wet manure each year contained
about 22 percent dry matter. Results revealed that in
general copper, zinc, potassium, calcium and mag-
nesium accumulate in the surface layer of the soil
until the soil is plowed, after which there is some
increase in the layers. On the other hand, phosphorus
moves downward, although the surface 4 inches re-
tained the highest level. The copper content of the
560
-------
the plots receiving high copper manure;, however,
there was no increase in the copper content of the
grain. (Merryman-East Central)
3496 - All, Bl, C2, E3
RESEARCH ON ORGANIC INDUST-
RIAL BYPRODUCTS, RECYCLED
MANURE FOR FEED REPORTED AT
ANRC,
Feedstuffs, Vol. 44, p. 6, November 27,1972.
Descriptors: Recycling, Feeds, Additives, Perfor-
mances, Arsenic compounds, Cattle, Wood wastes.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dairy cattle, Sheep, Liver ab-
cess.
Five presentations to the 1972 annual meeting of the
Animal Nutrition Research Council are reported. Dr.
C. C. Calyert noted that one of the problems as-
sociated with the ref eeding of animal manures is their
contamination with feed additive residues. Animal
waste research was done at Beltsville on arsenicals to
determine whether the amount of arsenic from ar-
sanilic acid and 3-nitro-4-hydroxphenylarsonic acid
found in poultry manure and litter has any effect on
the performance of sheep and dairy cows consuming
them and whether residues are deposited in various
tissues and milk. Such arsenic was fed to dairy cows
at levels up to 32 mg As/kg of body weight for 5 days.
Milk production and general health of the cows was
not significantly affected. In experiments with sheep,
results showed that 83-91 percent of the total ingested
arsenic was excreted in urine and feces. Aresenic fed
to sheep at levels of 30, ISO, and 300 mg kg of diet for 28
days resulted in no clinical symptoms of arsenic toxic-
ity in the sheep. Dr. L. B. Carew, Jr., reported on the
subcommittee for metabolizable energy standards
which divided the task of establishing standards Into 4
categories: (1) analytical methods, (2) direct
methods, (3) indirect methods, and (4) biological and
environmental variables. Dr. Terry Klopf enstein and
Bill Schneider reported that bovine hepatic nec-
robacillosis (liver abcess) is a frequently occurring
condition in cattle fed high concentrate finishing ra-
tions. Several trials have indicated that rations which
produce atidosis, such as those containing high levels
of wheat, increase incidence of liver abcesses. Dr M
R. Spivey-Foi, Food and Drug Adminstration, re^
ported on programs for determination of key ele-
ments in U.S. foods and routes of some elements of the
foods. Dr. David Dinius, noted that wood wastes are
receiving increasing interest as a feedstuff for ru-
minants. The higher the digestibility, the greater the
dietary percentage of wood residue that can be fed
without adversely affecting animal performance.
Energy is essentially the only available nutrient.
(Merryman-East Central)
3497 - All, B2, C2, D3, E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AEROBI-
CALLY TREATED LIVESTOCK AND
MUNICIPAL WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
D. L. Day and B. G. Harmon
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-
660/2-74-041, Wastewater Use in the Production of
Food and Fiber — Proceedings, Oklahoma City,
March 5-7, 1974, p. 240-255. 3 fig, 11 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Nutrients, Feeds,
Amino acids, Performance.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Oxidation ditch mixed liquor,
Crude protein, Lysine.
This paper reviews some of the major projects of
analyzing the amino-acid content of aerobically
treated sewage and livestock wastes and of evaluat-
ing the product as a protein supplement in the diets of
livestock. Although the amino-acid content is similar
for aerobically treated municipal wastes and lives-
tock wastes, extraneous materials can be more
closely controlled in livestock wastes than in munici-
pal sewage. A method developed at the University of
Illinois in recent years utilizes oxidation-ditch mixed
liquor (ODML) in situ, supplying drinking water as
well as protein and other nutrients. Crude protein in
the ODML varies from 30 to 46 percent, the latter
value is as high as in soybean meal. Also lysine and
other amino acids essential to growth can be as high in
concentrated ODML as in soybean meal. This method
avoids the ordinary expenses generally associated
with recycling. It also offers 2 obvious advantages:
minimizing pollution and realizing a new source of
nutrients. The present costs of soybean meal make
the method economically feasible and energetically
attractive. However, a more efficient method of oxi-
dation is needed. Even so, the aerobic process offers
possibilities for a least-cost method of waste man-
agement that has several advantages over alternate
methods. Obviously, the acceptance of the use of this
monocellular protein product in the diets of livestock
will require some explanation and education. (Day-
University of Illinois; Merryman, ed.)
3498 - A8, E2
EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE APPLICA-
TIONS OF LIVESTOCK MANURE ON
SOIL AND CROPS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Minnesota
P. R. Goodrich, E. C. Miller, J. J. Boedicker, S. D.
Evans, G. W. Randall, and A. E. Hanson •
1973 Minnesota Cattle Feeder's Report, 1973 Research
Report B-193, Department of Animal Science, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, p. 99-115. It tab.
Descriptors: Crop response. Soil dynamics, Nut-
rients.
Identifiers: Land application. Application rates,
Corn, Livestock wastes.
>
In the summer of 1970, an interdisciplinary project
was initiated involving many agricultural scientists
within the Institute of Agriculture, University of Min-
nesota. Cooperating in the project were personnel
from the experiment stations at Cookston, Grand
Rapids, Morris, Rosemount, and Waseca Objectives
of the main project were to investigate problems as-
sociated with: (1) The heavy annual application and
incorporation of manure. (2) The downward move-
ment of nutrients following the application of manure.
(3) The capacity of land to serve as a disposal medium
for manure. (4) The response of corn to manure appli-
cations. The manure rate study was implemented
after information was gained from several pilot
studies started in 1970. Annual applications of manure
at 3 rates were made to soil cropped each year to com.
Results are given for the ongoing experiments which
are taking place at the 5 experiment stations listed.
(Merryman-East Central)
3499 - B2, Cl, C2, E2, E3, Fl
THAT MANURE PIT: IS IT A
GOLDMINE?,
Managing Editor, Agricultural Engineering
M. Pratt
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 56, No. 6, p. 19, June
1975
Descriptors: Recycling, Liquid wastes. Fertilizers,
Fuels, Methane, Nutrients, Economics, Cattle.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch mixed liquor, Refeedine
Swine, Dairy cattle.
Five experts discussed practical manure handling
and utilization techniques at an open forum session
moderated by WGN-TV farm service director Orion
Samuelson. Jim Converse, University of Wisconsin
stressed the need to look at the net energy retrieved
from a manure utilization system rather than to look
at gross energy possibilities only. This may make
such recycling into energy less attractive. While con-
verting animal wastes into energy seems impractical
now, when our fossil fuel supplies start to dwindle it
may become a viable alternative. Bill Kline, owner of
AgrUabs, Inc. described his firm's program to sell
deodorized liquid manure as a soil additive There is
even a possibility of shipping the liquid manure to
developing nations in the tankers that bring pet-
roleum to U.S. ports. John Eldon and Rodney Bisnich
the system used at Eldon Farms, where
hogs in the finishing house are brought to market
weight consuming liquid from their own wastes as
their only water source. Eldon Farms presently recy-
,1 *°« 2ati.* d.i|.ch,™xed "^or to about 180 hogs of
, .. , ^fpt ln "* flrashinK nouse at one time. Don
Jedele, University of Illinois, described the feedlot
operation of Larsen & Taylor Feedlots in DeKalb
County, Illinois, where manager Ray Larsen handles
1340 cattle at a time, with 2v4 herds a year — which
adds up to about 2.5 million gallons of manure a year
This manure is spread on the land to utilize its fer-
tilizer value. Larsen estimates the manure value as
fertilizer is $9.56 per animal raised At least 400 head
would be required to justify the expense of the tank-
wagon and pump. Larsen figures 34 man-days are
needed yearly in the spreading operation.
(Merryman-East Central)
3500-A3, A4.B1, F1.F2
PLANNING LAND FOR REDUCTION
OF NON-POINT SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION,
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Purdue University, West Lafayette, In-
diana 47907
R. Z. Wheaton
Presented at the 1976 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Neb-
raska, June 27-30, Paper No. 76-2078, 6 p.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Planning, Agricultural
runoff, Economics.
Identifiers: Water Pollution control, Land planning.
Non-point sources.
Planning to achieve land treatment is reviewed based
on experiences resulting from a project in northeast-
em Indiana whose major objective was to reduce sed-
iments and related pollutants in agricultural runoff
for improvement in water quality. As a result of these
experiences, the following conclusions were drawn:
(1) Non-point pollution control will involve treating
private land for public benefit. (2) Public information
programs should be started early. (3) The public
should be kept informed throughout all phases of
planning. (4) Planning should be kept as close to the
people as possible. (5) It is necessary to work through
communi ty leaders. (6) Planning toachi eve ad equate
land treatment will require several times the techni-
cal assistance now available. (7) Some type of cost
share and other incentive programs will be needed.
(8) The planner must be flexible to adapt his technol-
ogy to the needs. (9) Many practices will involve
groups instead of individual land owners. (10) Accep-
tance of certain practices may be slow but once ac-
cepted, their application may proceed rapidly. (11)
Some individuals who are reluctant at first may be-
come willing cooperators after a year or two. (U)
Demonstrations are effective selling tools. (13) A
program for maintenance should be built into the
plan. (14) The land owner must have assurances that
he is in compliance regardless of the occurenc* of
major hydrologic events. (15) Cost share and similar
incentives will not achieve complete land treatment.
(16) The goals must be practible. obtainable and at a
cost that society is willing to pay. (Merryman-East
Central)
3501 - B2, B3, C2, Dl, E2, E3, Fl
SUCCESSFUL RECYCLING CALLS
FOR COMBINATION OF GOOD MAN-
AGEMENT, CARE AND PROCESSING
OF WASTE,
Director of Engineering, Agpro, Inc.
D. J. Cribble
Beef, Vol. 12, No. 9, p. 32-35, May, 1976. 6 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling. Separation techniques, Solid
wastes, Liquid wastes, Irrigation, Fertilizers,
Economics, Performance.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Land disposal. Flushing.
Cattle waste reclamation has potential for solving
several current pressing problems and for showing
substantial return on the investment while doing it. A
system that helps improve sanitation and cleanliness.
561
-------
reduces the labor required to clean up, store and dis-
pose of manure, meets current and projected EPA
requirements, and provides enough reclaimed feed to
pay Its own way. is certainly timely In light of current
regulations and feed costs. An example of such a sys-
tem may be found in a recent research study at the
University of North Carolina where solids reclaimed
from manure slurry were refed to Jersey steers in a
ration consisting of one part reclaimed solids to two
parts silage concentrate mix. The calves maintained
an average gain of 1.9 pounds/day on the ration. The
analysis of the total ration indicated the silage and
concentrate mix could be expected to support an av-
erage daily gain of O.I pounds. The difference (1.1
pounds/day) was attributed to the presence of
screened manure solids in the ration. It was found that
remaining liquid wastes could be applied to croplands
by means of sprinkler irrigation or could be reused as
lush water within the livestock facility.
(Merryman-East Central)
3502 - Bl, B2, B3, E2
TOTAL WASTE HANDLING FROM 100
COWS IN FREE STALL,
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. W. Guest and W. W. Irish
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting, North Atlantic
Region, American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
K?™e^!,ty °' Mar>land. August 13-15.1972, Paper No.
riA7Z-402, 6 p. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Management, Liquid
wastes. Solid wastes. Waste storage, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Waste collection.
Basic components of waste handling systems are col-
lection, transfer, storage, processing and disposal.
Basic criteria for dairy waste management are: (1)
All waste must be removed from dairy housing units
daily. (2) Spreading during the snow season-and in-
tense rainy periods should be minimal. (3) Interfer-
ence with peak labor periods should be minimal, (4)
Labor must be minimized (Automation maximized).
(5) Waste utilization by crops should be maximized
(6) Air and water pollution must be minimal. (7) Con-
servation of water should be practiced. A dual system
with liquid and dry waste handling is proposed and
alternative management methods are given.
(Merryman-East Central)
3503 - A2, B2, Dl, D3
"SINK" "ZIG-ZAG WATERWAY"
FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL,
Nebraska Farmer, Vol. 117, No 13, p. 29, July 5,1975.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoffs, Feedlots, Water
pollution, Nebraska.
identifiers: Runoff control, Field sink, Switchback
waterway, Debris basin.
Three US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service Engineers at the University of Neb-
i£ l^'-SS18 i'l"?,"12 systems far handling feed-
lot runoff without holding ponds. One is the "field
rink , a flat disposal area adjacent to the feedlot,
where the sink can remain under cultivation This
;y.tem.. "Men i» being tried at a feedlot'new
Springfield, Nebraska, is 160 by 325 feet, an area about
85 percent as large as the feedlot from which the
runoff is received. The runoff is first accumulated in a
debris basin in the feedlot with many of the solids
settling out in the basin as the liquid flows out through
an intake riser and into a buried tile line. The other
system is the "switchback waterway", a zig-zagging
grassed waterway with a gradual grade, providing a
long runoff flow-route within a small area This sys-
tem is being tested at a J-acre feedlot near Gretna
Nebraska. Runoff from the feedlot first passes
through debris basins before entering the serpentine
grassed waterway. Within an area that separates the
feedlot and a stream by a distance of about 400 feet
this meandering waterway with its 8 hairpin turns
carries runoff over a 2,600-foot route. It is estimated
that the waterway will control feedlot runoff during
about 80 percent of the rainstorms in Eastern Neb-
raska. (Rowe-East Central)
3504 - All, B3, C2, E3
USE OF POULTRY MANURES IN
STEER FINISHING RATIONS,
Director of Feed Research, Gold Kist Research
Farm, Talmo, Georgia
A. E. Cullison, H. C. McCampbell, A. C. Cunningham
R. S. Lowrey, E. P. Warren, B. D. McLendon and D
H. Sherwood
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 42 No 1 p 219-228
January, 1976.8 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Recycling
Identifiers: Refeeding, Poultry wastes, Steer finish-
ing rations, Crude protein.
Two feeding trials involving 70 and 110 steers, respec-
lively, were carried out. The first trial was to study
the use of different levels of pure dried broiler excreta
as a protein source in steer rations. The second trial
was conducted to compare broiler manure with a
wood shavings base, broiler manure with a peanut
hulls base and dried layer hen manure as steer ration
components. The dried broiler excreta contained 34 5
percent crude protein (dry basis). The other 3 diets
contained, in respective order, 22.5,24.9, and 40.4 per-
cent crude protein. When dried broiler excreta was
fed to provide either one-half or all of the supplemen-
tal protein in steer finishing rations, weight gains
were not significantly different from those obtained
with the control ration; however, there was a ten-
dency fordaily weight gains to decrease as the level of
broiler excreta in the ration increased. Steers receiv-
ing 20 percent broiler manure/Wood shavings and 2
percent cane molasses in place of the control ration
(containing 12.5 percent peanut hulls and 1.5 percent
minerals) performed in every parameter studied in-
cluding taste panel evaluations, as well as or better
than steers on the control ration. In a similar experi-
ment, broiler manure/peanut hulls did not give a
comparable performance until additional roughage
was provided. Rations containing dried caged layer
hen manure yielded lower rates of gain than rations
containing broiler manure. Steers receiving a nega-
tive control ration containing no protein supplement
were found to gain faster than steers receiving sup-
plemental protein in the form of dried hen manure
(Rowe-East Central)
3505 - B3, B4, B5, C2
STABILITY OF POULTRY
ANAPHAGE.
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing 48824
T. S. Chang, D. S. Dorn and H. C. Zindel
Poultry Science, Vol. 53, No. 6, p. 2221-2224, 1974.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Nutrients, Calcium,
Phosphorus, Moisture content, Kjeldahl nitrogen.
Identifiers: Poultry anaphage, Crude fiber, Ether ex-
tract, Non-protein nitrogen.
Poultry anaphage was analyzed for calcium, phos-
phorus, crude fiber, ether extract, moisture, Kjeldahl
nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen immediately at the
time of sampling and after storage of 15 to 54 weeks.
Results showed that the nutrients in the anaphage
were stable during storage. (Rowe-East Central*
3506 - A3, C2
SAMPLING PROCEDURES FOR
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN
RUNOFF,
Soil Scientists, U. S. Department of Agriculture Col-
umbia, Missouri
R. E. Burwell, G. E. Schuman, R. F. Priest, W E
Larson, and E. E. Albert*
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 18, No. 5, p 913-917
1975. 2 fig, 5 tab, 10 ref.
period were analyzed to evaluate sampling methods
needed to determine storm discharges of NOj-N
NH4-N, inorganic P. sediment N (total kjeldahl N)
and sediment P (NaHC03-extractable P). Three
methods of averaging sample nutrient concentrations
were described for calculating storm nutrient dis-
charges, and these were compared with a standard
integrated method The arithmetic mean of nutrient
concentrations for samples collected during major
runoff multiplied by the quantity of water or sediment
was superior to the all-sample mean and the three-
sample methods for determining NOvN and
NaHCOs-extractable P discharges. The threisamp"e
mean method of calculation which Involved only 3
samples collected at runoff rates greater than 0 28
nvVsec (24 percent of total samples collected) was
more favorable than the all-sample mean method for
determining storm discharges of NOj-N, NHi-N and
sediment N. The three-sample mean method would
probably give satisfactory accuracy for most sur-
veys, with savings in field work and laboratory time
A storm-to-storm decrease of NOj-N concentration
was observed, indicating that each storm should be
sampled or an accounting made for this decrease to
quantify cropping season discharges of NCK-N Since
this storm-to-storm effect was not evident for NHi-N
inorganic P, sediment N, and sediment P, sampling of
each event would not be required for these paramet-
ers. Unsampled events could be estimated (Rowe-
East Central)
3507 - B2, Cl, F6
PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF LIVES-
TOCK WASTE SLURRIES,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Department
of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14853
Y. R. Chen, and A. G. Hashimoto
Presented at the 1975 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois
Dec. 15-18,1975, Paper No. 75-4552,19p. 6fig, 1 tab, 16
ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Pipelines, Equations Design
Density.
Identifiers: Rheological data, Livestock wastes
Total solids.
The friction coefficient for pipeline flow of livestock
waste slurries was correlated to the generalized
Reynolds number
-------
have 28 percent protein, 30 percent moisture. 36 per-
cent fiber, 2 percent fat, 8 V4 percent ash and 1 percent
phosphorus. The ensiled litter is fed to steers at a ratio
of two-thirds poultry silage, one-third high moisture
com, plus a mineral supplement. The mineral sup-
plement contains dicalcium phosphate, a trace of
mineralized salt, and vitamins A and D. Wastes from
the steers then go through a separation process in
which solids are composted for a year for refeeding to
hogs and the liquids are forwarded to a storage well
for use on fields as fertilizer. Thus far, the refeeding of
the poultry and cattle wastes has been found entirely
safe. The elimination of a drying process for the
wastes eliminates packaging, storage, and handling
costs, thus increasing the economic benefits of such
recycling. (Rowe-East Central)
3509 - A6, C2
URINE AND FECES EFFECT ON NHs
AND ODORS FROM BOVINE WASTE,
Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
R. 0. Kellems, D. C. Church, and J. R. Miner
Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of
Animal Science, Vol. 27,1976, 3 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: Odor, Ammonia, Urine, Sampling.
Identifiers: Feces, Cattle wastes, Olfactory panel.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate: (1) the re-
lationship between ammonia generation rates and ob-
jectionable odors and (2) the effect of urine, feces, and
length of storage on ammonia production from bovine
waste. Feces and urine samples were collected from 5
Holstein heifers that were fed a ration of 25 percent
barley and 75 percent alfalfa hay. From the composite
samples of urine and feces, the following samples
were prepared: 100 g urine, 50 g feces +50 g water, 50
g feces +50 g urine, and 25 g feces +75 g water. The
samples were incubated at 30*C for 24 hours prior to
being evaluated by an olfactory panel. Rates of am-
monia release for each of the various samples were
determined prior to presentation to the olfactory
panel. The initial numerical rating and ranking val-
ues for relative offensiveness were not found to be
noticeably different for the samples evaluated. This
would indicate that the relative portions of feces,
urine, and water have little effect upon the Initial
release of odoriferous compounds. A negative corre-
lation for the fecal content and a positive correlation
for urine with respect to ranking were observed.
Ammonia release rates were positively correlated
with urine content of the samples. The water and fecal
content were negatively correlated with the initial
release of ammonia. Samples containing urine gen-
erated more ammonia than samples containing only
feces and water. In a second experiment, fresh feces
and urine were collected from Holstein heifers fed 25
percent barley and 75 percent alfalfa hay. Samples
prepared from the composite samples of feces and
urine were: 100 percent feces, 100 percent urine 50
percent feces+50 percent urine, 75 percent feces 4-25
percent urine, 75 percent feces 4-25 percent water 50
percent feces +50 percent water, 25 percent feces +75
percent water, and 5 percent feces +95 percent water.
The samples were maintained in a water bath at 30*C
for 25 days. Ammonia evolution rates of the samples
were determined. Urine was found to be primarily
responsible for the initial release of ammonia. Feces
had little effect. (Rowe-East Central)
3510 - A8, B2, E2
NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEM MAY
ELIMINATE PROBLEM OF LIVES-
TOCK WASTE DISPOSAL,
Beef, Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 12,14-15, November, 1976.2 fig.
Descriptors: Irrigation, Equipment, Design
Economics, Costs. Slurries, Fertilizers, Liquid
wastes.
Identifiers: Land application.
Valmont Industries has come up with a new livestock
waste irrigation system which alleviates past prob-
lems of clogged lines and nozzles and uneven distribu- •
lion. Their new irrigation system utilizes a one'
wheel-and-support unit with a boom that is only IK
feet long. When the boom rotates, it covers a 10-acre
area with liquid manure. The waste system has far
more capacity than is needed by most operations for
just manure handling. The leftover capacity may be
used to provide standby and supplemental irrigation
- a practice which can pay big dividends even in the
«o"i^y'moist C0™1*11 The unit will cost between
$9,000 and $10,000. To that must be added the cost of a
gas-driven power generator, plus the cost of pipe and
the pump. Purdue Agricultural engineer JohnNye
estimates that the system takes about one man-hour
per 10 acres to handle the center pivot. Besides reduc-
tion in labor, two other advantages of the system are
mat manure may be spread in any weather and the
system may be used to apply irrigation water on top of
the spread slumes to carry the fertilizer down inlothe
ground . Ny e does not recommend applying the wastes
to growing crops. (Merry man-East Central)
3511 - B2, Cl, C2, D2, D3, E3, Fl,
F6
PROCESS FEASIBILITY STUDY-
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
DAIRY COW MANURE AT THE
STATE REFORMATORY HONOR
FARM, MONROE, WASHINGTON,
Ecotope Group (Research Consultants)
Process Feasibility Study: The Anaerobic Digestion
of Dairy Cow Manure at the State Reformatory Honor
Farm, Monroe, Washington. Ecotope Group
January, 1975, 119 p. 25 fig, 23 ref, 6 appendices.
Descriptors: Feasibility studies. Anaerobic diges-
tion, Recycling, Costs, Washington, Gases, Fertiliz-
ers, Fuels, Design, Confinement pens. Management.
Identifiers: Dairy manure.
A feasibility study has been completed. Manure from
350 cattle units (one cattle unit«1000 pound animal)
dairy operation will be scraped from loafing shed and
deposited into the digestor to produce a combustible
gas -and ammoniated nitrogen fertilizer. Digestor
tanks will be an existing product which can be purch-
ased at a reasonable cost. Digestion technique will
utilize high rate gas recirculation mixing. Net produc-
tion (after heating needs) of bio-gas (600BTU/cu ft)
was estimated to be 7500 to 9500 cu . ft yday in cold and
warm seasons respectively. Bio-gas will be used to
reduce consumption of"2 fuel oil. BTU replacement
savings is estimated to be $4488.00/year. Fertilizer
earnings are based on transformation of organically
bound nitrogen to the ammoniated form. This was
«S;.lm,Jied to be 8 tons/year 'or earnings of
$6344.00/year to reduce consumption of ammoniated
nitrogen fertilizer. Total direct cost of system was
estimated to be $56,700.00. Evaluation of scale of pro-
ject shows the amortized cost per cattle unit is near
the break-even point for investment payback from
bio-gas earnings alone. (Ecotope Group)
3512 - A2, A4, B2, E2, Fl, F6
WASTE WATER IRRIGATION,
Feedlot Management
Lamp, staff editor
Feedlot Management, Vol. 18, No. », p. 7-8, 10 13 14
August, 1976. 5 fig. ....
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff. Water pollution
Feedlots, Grants, Irrigation, Liquid wastes. Crop re^
sponse. Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Runoff control. Holding ponds Debris
basins, Land application.
L. P. Schram Feedlot, Inc. . Papillion, Nebraska was
thought to pose a threat to the purity of Walnut Creek
which runs through the feedlot. Consequently, an En-
vironmental Protection Agency grant was estab-
lished in which the Environmental Protection Agency
picked up 70 percent of the bill and Schram mud the
other 30 percent in instigating a system to solve the
f™ em,;,Wlih»^ as!istanc< ^ personnel from the
University of Nebraska, the Agricultural Research
aIeSoU
If a,Ie,SoU Conferv«"<» Service, alryltem
was developed for runoff control. In the system that
was developed ten debris basins were located at the
base of the feedlot pens to catch the Initial runoff A
small onf ice insideeach riser screened outsediments
from the liquids, allowing them to flow into holding
ponds via underground PVC tiles. From the holding
ponds, the liquid manure was fed Into a center pivot
irrigation system for disposal or croplands Optimal
disposal times were found to be prior to planting or
after the crops were up « inches This posed the
problem of maintaining runoff holding capacity for a
10-year. 24-hour storm, but avoiding applying runoff
to crops when they were vulnerable. Other problems
that occurred were plugging of the orifices in the ris-
ers and deepening of the debris basins within the feed-
lot caused by cattle walking through them. Also, one
year, a steer lay down on ice covering a debris basin
The ice melted and the steer drowned. While the sys-
tem may not be problem free, at least it permits Mr.
Schram to stay in business. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral)
3513 - C2, Fl
WHAT'S MANURE WORTH?,
Successful Farming. Vol. 74. No. 11, p. 28-29.47, Oc-
tober, 1976. 3 fig. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Chemical analysis.
Economics, Costs.
Identifiers: Livestock wastes.
Successful Farming cautions against taking anyone
else's figures in trying to figure out how much nutrient
value is in livestock wastes for any particular feedlot.
While livestock wastes have a monetary value, they
also have wide variability in their nutrient content.
This was exemplified by a study in which Successful
Fanning compared nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
and percent solids in manure samples from ( different
farms. To get a good average sample, the lagoon or pit
from which the sample is drawn should be agitated
long enough to get all solids in suspension. The sample
can be personally delivered to a laboratory for
examination or it can be delivered by mail (prefera-
bly well-packed in a plastic container). Cost of secur-
ing such lab analysis varies. Labs checked by Suc-
cessful Farming ranged from $12to$22. Laboratories
which provide such analysis are listed. (Merryman-
East Central).
3514 - All, A12, Bl, B2, B3, E2,
E3
SOLVING THE FARM WASTE PROB-
LEM,
Veterinary Record, Vol. 95, No. 17. p. 399,1974.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal. Dis-
eases, Solid wastes. Liquid wastes. Slurries, Fertiliz-
ers. Recycling.
Identifiers: Carcass disposal.
At a meeting held by the British Veterinary Associa-
tion Congress on September 18,1»74, Mr. A. F. Baldry
reported on traditional methods of waste disposal, on
the factors affecting choice of waste disposal sys-
tems, and on the transfer of disease by animal wastes.
He stated that use of liquid slurry systems is on the
increase and offers advantages of saving labor costs.
reducing straw costs, and eliminating "mucking
out". Factors affecting choice of a waste disposal sys-
tem are: size of the enterprise, housing and feeding
systems, type of land, annual rainfall, cropping poli-
cy, the possibility of water course pollution, health
hazards, capital and running costs, labor require-
ments, nuisance value of odor, pipe moving in cold
weather, and legal aspects. After discussing methods
of disposal and treatment, Mr. Baldry went into the
question of diseases which might be transferred by
slurry, namely, salmonellosis, tetanus, anthrax Q
fever, Johne's disease, viral diseases, parasitic dis-
eases, brucellosis, tuberculosis, leptospira and
metabolic disorders. Most study has been done on the
spread of salmonellosis. The case for the spreading of
viruses has not been proved and requires more inves-
tigation. Mr. Baldry also discussed slurry as a fer-
tilizer, slurry as a source of energy, manure as a feed,
silage effluent, and carcass disposal.
r*ast Central)
563
-------
3515-A1.A3, Bl, E2.F1
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION,
Chief Soil Chemist, Soil and Water Conservation Re-
search Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland
J. Lunin
Advances in Environmental Science and Technology
Vol. 2, New York, Wiley, 1971, p. 215-261. 91 ref.
Descriptors: Pollution, Technology, Agricultural
runoff. Erosion, Fertilizers, Insecticides, Herbicides
Salts, Minerals, Phosphorus, Nitrogen Watersheds
Sediments. Salts, Minerals.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Livestock wastes.
We have adopted more intensified systems of lives-
tock production, increased our use of agricultural
chemicals, and expanded mechanization at a rapid
rate, but only in recent years have we given consider
fa I"™ » me 'T301 °f Ulis techno'°iy on environmen-
ta quality Consequently, research to date has
neither enabled us to assess adequately the effect nf
agricultural wastes on overall enJironmenUI q^itl
nor to efficiently develop or modify technology to
minimize pollution hazards. It is necessary to ide™
tify, quantify, and evaluate the significance of ae
rffili!!?' WaSteS '" env'ronmental Pollution before
efficient management practices can be developed for
control and abatement. Weneed specificdefmitionsof
what constitutes a hazard in soil-Twater, plants ani-
mals, or air from the various agricultural sources
Once criteria are established, management practices
can be developed to achieve desired levels of pollution
control and abatement. Existing management prac-
tices may be improved and new ones developed Many
problems can be solved by curbing runoff and soil
loss. Existing erosion control practices, if universally
adopted, would be quite effective, but these must be
constantly modified to meet intensification of agricul-
tura operations. Technology is needed for increasing
fertilizer use efficiency. New technology is needed for
safer and more economic disposal of animal wastes
Alternatives for use of persistent insecticides are
being investigated. Use of herbicides will increase
and new compounds developed must be evaluated for
safety. New and improved methods for pesticides ap-
plications would help decrease pollution hazards
(Merryman-East Central)
3516-B2.C1, Dl
PUMPING, MIXING, AND FLOW
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL
WASTES,
Agricultural Engineering Department, The Univer-
sity of Tennessee, Knoxville
J. I. Sewell, H. D. Bartlett and R. J. Smith
Presented at the 1974 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember, 1974, Paper No. 74-4542, 14 p. 6 fig, 11 ref
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Slurries, Pumping, Mix-
ing, Flow characteristics, Management, Design, Re-
cycling, Irrigation, Equipment, Cattle, Poultry, Sep-
aration techniques.
Identifiers: Flushing, Agitation, Swine.
Equipment and procedures for pumping and mixing
liquid slurries of dairy, beef, swine and poultry man-
ure are reported by 3 different authors representing
the University of Tennessee, Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity, and Iowa State University. Topics under
study by the University of Tennessee include: agita-
tion and slurry irrigation of animal wastes, flow
characteristics of poultry wastes, agitation of liquid
beef wastes, agitation of liquid dairy wastes, and a
liquid swine waste system. Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity is studying manure slurry pumping. Under
study are: manure pit pumps, manure irrigation
pumps, extrusion pumping, and solids-liquid separa-
tion. Iowa State University is studying liquid swine
waste management. Under study are: recycling of
lagoon liquor, coarse screening of lagoon liquors
hydraulic handling of poultry wastes, dewatering la-
goons by pumping, and slurries flowing by gravity in
pipes. Performance of the systems and design
changes are discussed. (Rowe-East Central)
3517-B2, Cl, Dl, D3
RHEOLOGY OF AERATED LIVES-
TOCK WASTE SLURRIES,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
A. G. Hashimoto and Y. R. Chen
Presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, June 22-25,1975, Paper No. 75-4038 12 D 6
fig, 9 ref. ' r
Descriptors: Rheology, Slurries, Pumping, Mixing
Aeration, Equations. Centrifugation.
The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify a
parameter that would mathematically describe the
Theological properties of aerated dairy poultry and
swine waste slurries and that could be easily and pre-
cisely measured experimentally; and (2) to describe
procedures to estimate the effect of Theological prop-
erties on pumping, mixing, and aerating livestock
waste slurries. The study showed that the Theological
consistency index (K) and rheologica) behavior index
(n) of livestock waste slurries can be expressed in
terms of the equilibrium sludge volume fraction (* L)
as: K=bj ib2and n-b3+b.i ln*L wherebj tob4 are
constants. Values of bi and b< were determined for
aerated dairy, poultry and swine waste slurries, and
were found to be different depending on whether*.
was greater or less than 20 percent. The relationships
between K and n to the effective viscosity (ue) and
generalized Reynolds number (NRe-) were described
along with the effect of ue and NRe- on mixer power
characteristics, oxygen transfer efficiency and pres-
sure head loss in pipeline transport of slurries. Also
described was a centrifugation method to determine
*>L. This method is more precise, less time consuming,
simpler and applicable over a wider total solids range
than the previously reported quiescent settling
method (Rowe-East Central)
3518-A1, A8, B1.E2
USING CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE
TO CONTROL WIND EROSION,
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
N. P. Woodruff, L. Lyles, J. D. Dickerson, and D. V.
Armbrust
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, p 127-129
May-June, 1974. 2 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: Wind erosion, Equations. Weathering.
Identifiers: Erosion control, Surface-applied man-
ure, Tilled-in manure. Anchored wheat straw.
The effectiveness of surface-applied and tilled-in cat-
tle feedlot manure was compared with that of an-
chored wheat straw in controlling wind erosion. Feed-
lot waste containing 66 percent water was obtained
from Kansas State University beef-cattle research
feedlots and applied to plots at 4 rates (2,5,10, and .5
tons/acre, wet-weight) for surface-applied manurt
and 3 rates —15,30. and 60 tons/acre of manure disked
into the soil. Except for the 2-ton surface manure, all
treatments significantly lowered soil loss 2 days after
application, and the 30 and 60 tons of tilled manure,
the 15 tons of surface-applied manure, and all straw
treatments were significantly more effective than
were the 2- and 10-ton surface-applied and 15-ton
tilled-manure treatments. The data indicated that at
least 15 tons/acre of surface-applied manure and 30
tons/acre of tilled manure were required to reduce
soil loss to less than a half ton/acre. This was 88 per-
cent reduction from no-treatment, and it approached
the 92 percent reduction attained with a half ton/acre
of anchored straw. Equations were developed for use
in designing wind erosion control practices. Curves
were drawn for converting different amounts of
surface-applied and tilled-in manure to their flat,
small-grain wind erosion control equivalents. Over-
winter weathering losses of surface-applied manure
averaged 50 percent; tilled-in manure losses aver-
aged 40 percent. (Rowe-East Central)
3519 - A2, B2, B4, Dl
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR
OPEN LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Purdue University
J. C. Nye, D. D. Jones, and A. L. Sutton
Publication No. ID-114 (1976), Cooperative Extension
Service, Purdue University, 1976. 8 p. 8 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Design,
Settling basins, Infiltration, Indiana, Waste storage!
Soils.
Identifiers: Runoff control, Holding ponds.
Runoff control can be accomplished on almost all
livestock farms with settling basins, infiltration
areas, or holding ponds. The size and type of compo-
nents that are used can vary. This study has presented
the basic design information needed to develop an
effective system of runoff controls. To design a settl-
ing basins and infiltration channel area of the feedlot
the soil type must be known. The settling basin U
designed for the runoff from the 1-year, 1-hour storm
which is 1.2 inches over most of Indiana. The infiltra-
tion area is designed to absorb the runoff from the
25-year, 48-hour storm which is 5.5 inches over most of
Indiana. The holding pond cannot be emptied. The
settling basin is designed to slow the runoff and allow
the larger manure solids to settle. The runoff should
be held in the basin for 15 to 30 minutes. The surface
area of the basin is found by dividing the feedlot runoff
rate by 4 cubic feet/hour/square foot. A surface settl-
ing rate of 4 cubic feet/hour/square foot has been
found to be effective for settling the solids from feed-
lot runoff. The depth of the settling basin depends on
how the basin is emptied. If liquid manure handling
equipment is available, a wier notch would be used as
the overflow. If the settling solids are to be handled
with conventional solid manure handling equipment
a porous dam can be constructed of 2 x 6 lumber with a
1V4" spacing between boards. The length of the dam
should be about 2 feet. If long term storage of the
settled solids is needed, surface area of the basin
should be enlarged. If the settled solids will be hand-
led with liquid manure equipment, the basin can be
deeper than 2 feet. If a manure tanker will be driven
next to the basin, the vertical sidewalls should be
reinforced. (Rowe-East Central)
3520-A10, All, Bl, C3
SALMONELLOSIS IN CATTLE,
Veterinary Investigation Officer in charge of the
Ministry's Veterinary Investigation Centre at Nor-
wich, England
E. A. Gibson
.Agriculture, Vol. 73, p. 213-216, 1966.
.Descriptors: Salmonella, Cattle, Pathogenic bac-
teria. Treatment.
.Identifiers: Great Britain, Salmonella dublin, Sal-
monella typhimurium, Clinical signs, Diagnosis.
Of the many types of salmonella which have been
found in cattle, only 2 have been discovered in Great
Britain to be of practical day-to-day importance —
Salmonella dublin and Salmonella typhimurium.
These 2 organisms behave quite differently. Though
occasionally found in other animals, S. dublin is es-
sentially a pathogen of cattle. S. typhimurium seems
able to infect practically all species of birds and ani-
|mals — and man with equal facility. While S. dublin
seems to establish itself in certain geographical
areas, S. tvphimurium infection occurs in adult cattle
throughout Britain. The 2 infections produce similar
clinical signs in adult cattle — dullness, lack of appe-
tite, high temperature, and profuse diarrhea with
fluid feces that may contain mucus and blood. Both
infections can produce a 'carrier' state for spreading
the infection, but iL tvphimurium is usually "carried1
for a much shorter time. Prevention of the infection
may be achieved by use of a vaccine that has been
developed against S. dublin. The vaccine also helps
prevent S. typhimurium infection. Certain manage-
ment practices also may be employed, including
placement of newly-purchased calves into clean, dis-
infected , isolated premises upon arrival to the feedlot.
If salmonellosis is suspected in a batch of calves,
diagnosis and treatment are, of course, matters for
the veterinary surgeon, especially as laboratory
564
-------
examinations may be necessary to confirm the diag-
nosis and to test the sensitivity of the organism to
various drugs and antibiotics. (Merryman-East
Central)
3521 - All, B3, C2, E3
RENAL FUNCTION CHANGES IN
LAYING HENS FED ON DRIED
POULTRY MANURE,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains Road Edin-
burgh 3H9 3FS, Scotland
L. Martindale and D. J. W. Lee
British Poultry Science, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 195-197
March, 1976.
Descriptors: Poultry, Diets, Chemical properties,
Performance.
Identifiers: Dried poultry manure, Renal function,
Refeeding.
Three groups of 8 laving hens of the Warren-SSL st-
rain were housed individually in battery cages with
food and water supplied ad libitum. The hens, which
had been fed on diets containing 0, 10 or 20 percent
DPM for one year from point-of-lay, were allowed to
continue on the same diets. The diets were made up on
a least-cost-basis to contain DPM, 0, 100, and 200
g/kg; metabolisable energy 11-30, 10-38, and 11-46
MJ/kg; crude protein 163, 157 and 151 g/kg respec-!
lively, the true protein content of the DPM being used
in the formulation of the diets. Renal function was
studied in each bird after overnight fasting and,
whenever possible, immediately after oviposition.
Birds fed on 20 percent DPM showed increased rates
of effective renal plasma flow and increased renal
tubular secretion of urate during the infusion of large
amounts of urate. Renal hypertrophy was not de-
tected in any group. (Edwards-East Central)
3522 - B2, C2, D3, E3, F6
METHANE GAS PRODUCTION FROM
ANIMAL WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Manitoba, Canada
H. M. Lapp, D. D. Schulte, and L. C. Buchanan
Publication 1528, Canada Department of Agriculture,
1974, 9 p. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Anaerobic diges-
tion, Canada, Design.
A dual-stage digestion system was installed at
Glenlea Research Station, University of Manitoba in ,
1973. The system consists of 2 fiberglass septic tanks,
8 feet in diameter and 10 feet high, equipped with
mechanical stirrers and internal hot water coils
(35*C). These tanks hold 5.13m2 slurry which is fed at
1.6 g VS/l/day with 20 day detention. The digesters
yield gas of 60-69 percent methane, but fall below the
expectations of 7 cu ft/day/hog. Pilot plant opera-
tional studies are continuing at the University of Man-
itoba to evaluate the technical and economic feasibil-
ity of producing methane from animal wastes by
anaerobic digestion under Canadian climatic condi-
tions. (Merryman-East Central)
3523 - All, B3, C2, E3, F3
UTILIZATION OF DRIED POULTRY
WASTE IN CHICK STARTER RA-
TIONS,
Department of Poultry Science, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5
Canada
P. Stapleton and J. Biely
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 55, p 595-
607, December, 1975.2 fig, 13 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: Rations, Performance, Poultry Feed
additive, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Dried poultry waste, Refeeding, Lysine,
Methionine.
Dried poultry waste (DPW) from chicks fed a basal
diet was formulated in chick starter rations, based on
its chemical analysis, to ensure that all rations were
equal in their true protein, fiber, calcium, phos-
phorus, and estimated caloric content. At 4 weeks of
age, chicks fed rations containing 20 percent recycled
DPW averaged 10 percent less weight than control
chicks. Feed efficiency was found to decrease as DPW
was refed. The addition of 20 percent lysine and 20
percent methionine increased the weights of chicks
and improved feed efficiency by 6 percent when added
to the DPW and control rations. The only important
chemical changes that occurred in DPW recycled 5
times was the increase in fat level from 3.04 to 9.6
percent and the decrease in calcium and phosphorus
levels from 1.94 and 1.88 percent to 0.88 and 1.10 per-
cent, respectively. Amino acid composition remained
the same. Twenty percent DPW rations elevated
plasma uric acid levels to 5.7 mg percent, but no rela-
tionship between body weights and plasma uric acid
was found. The mineral composition of the tibia of
chicks Wi.s not affected by either the protein level or
DPW in the ration. On the basis of results of the feed-
ing trials and of the chemical analyses conducted, one
cannot attribute the growth depressing effect of diet-
ary DPW to a single factor. The lowered body weights
may be due to a combination of factors or to a sub-
stance not revealed by the present analyses. Study
results clearly indicate the need for further investiga-
tion of the nutritive and economical values of DPW in
poultry rations. (Merryman-East Central)
3524 - Bl, C2
SOIL INGESTION BY CATTLE ON
SEMIARID RANGE AS REFLECTED
BY TITANIUM ANALYSIS OF FECES,
Soil scientist, Snake River Conservation Research
Center, Kimberly, Idaho 83341
H. F. Mayland, A. R. Florence, R. C. Rosenau, V. A.
Lazar, and H. A. Turner
Journal of Range Management, Vol. 28, No. 6, p. 443-
452, November, 1975. 5 fig. 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Grazing, Cattle, Titanium, Analysis.
Identifiers: Soil ingestion, Feces.
Soil ingestion was determined for cattle grazing a
Bromus tectorum range in southern Idaho by measur-
ing titanium concentrations in animal feces collected
at 2-week intervals during the droughty 1973 grazing
season. The experiment was based on the premise
that titanium, which is abundant in soils, is contained
only in small quantities (less than 1 ppm) in plants not
contaminated with soil. Soil attached to aboveground
plant parts did not seem to contribute much to fecal
soil concentrations in the study. Fecal-soil concentra-
tions in excess of 2 percent probably originated from
soil adhering to ingested stem bases and roots or from
direct soil ingestion. Fecal-soil concentrations ranged
from 3 to 30 percent during the droughty 1973 season
and generally increased as the amount of available
forage decreased. Muddying of forage was definitely
not a contributing factor in the Idaho study since soils
remained dry during the July to November period. It
was felt that fecal-soil concentrations in this study
were probably related to closeness of grazing, forage
availability, and shallow rooted plants. Cattle easily
pulled the shallow-rooted cheatgeass plants from the
dry silty soils along with portions of rook and at-
tached soil. It was felt that soil ingestion may be im-
portant in considering the uptake of such toxic ele-
ments as cadmium, lead, mercury, pesticides and
radionucleides, which are concentrated in the upper
few centimeters of soil. (Rowe-East Central)
3525 - A4, A5, A8, B2, B3, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF SOLID AND LIQUID
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTES ON SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS AND ON
GROWTH AND COMPOSITION OF
CORN FORAGE,
G. Wallingford
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy, Kan-
sas State University, 1974,293 p. 44 fig, 27 tab, 38 ref.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Feedlots
Crop response. Corn, Salinity, Nitrogen. Water pollu-
tion, Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Loading rates.
A research project was begun in the fall of 1969 to
study the effects of solid and liquid beef feed lot wastes
on soil properties and plant growth. Corn was the crop
chosen for study due to the large acreage of com
growth in the study area and because of its large yield
and nutrient recycling potential. Beef-fe«dlot manure
and lagoon water were shown to improve soil produc-
tivity when applied at rates that do not greatly exceed
the capacity of the growing crop to remove nutrients
contained in the wastes. Large amounts of either the
solid or liquid materials retard corn growth. Salt bull
dup on the soil was thought responsible for the retar-
dation. Electrical conductivity measurement of sur-
face soil saturation extracts was found a reliable
method to monitor salt accumulation. Loading rates
based on salt content should not be used on a long-
term basis because excess nitrogen will be lost out of
the soil profile as nitrate nitrogen. Loading rates
based on nitrogen content can be made on a long-term
basis and are the most practical in conserving nitro-
gen and protecting the quality of groundwater and
surface waters. (Rowe-East Central)
3526 - A8, B3, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER, BAR-
NYARD MANURE, AND CROP RE-
SIDUES ON IRRIGATED CROP
YIELDS AND SOIL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES,
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Lethbridge,
Alberta T1J4B1
S. Dubett, G. C. Kozub, and J. F. Dormaar
Canadian Journal of Soil Science. Vol. 55. No. 4. p.
481-490, November. 1975. 1 fig, 3 tab. 19 ref.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Crop response, Soils, Chem-
ical properties, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Barnyard manure. Crop residue.
Barnyard manure, N fertilizer, and crop residues
(corn stovers and sugar beet tops) were incorporated
into a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil singly and in
combination in an irrigated four-course rotation
(sweet corn, soft spring wheat, sugar beets, and sugar
beets) that completed four cycles. Manure applica-
tion at 27 t/ha every 4 years increased organic matter.
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of the soil and
resulted in a 31 percent increase in the last-cycle
yields of first-year sugar beets. When 66 kg N/ha were
combined with the manure, the yields of first-year
beets were increased 53 percent. Responses by
second-year sugar beets were smaller. Each too of
manure used in the last 3 cycles of the experiment
resulted in an average yield increase of 422 kg of sugar
beets. Each application of 66 kg N/ha, as used in the
last 3 cycles of the experiment, resulted in an anver-
age annual increase of 1.5 tons of sugar beets. The N
fertilizer also increased the yields of corn during the
third and fourth cycles, but corn did not respond to
manure alone. The fertility, treatments dd did not in-
crease wheat yields. Incorporating sugar beet tops or
com stovers into the soil increased beet and corn
yields but not wheat yields. The yields of sugar beets
responded more to the residue treatments when
grown without manure or N fertilizer than when the
fertility treatments were included. (Merryman-East
Central)
3527-AU.C2, E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF A SAMPLE
OF DRIED POULTRY MANURE FOR
THE LAYING HEN,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edin-
burgh EH9 3FS, Scotland
J. M McNab. D. W. F. Shannon, and R. Blair
British Poultry Science, Vol. 15. No. 1, p 159-ltt,
March. 1974, 6 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: Diets,Poultry,Nutrients,Performance.
Phosphorus. Calcium. Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry manure. Diges-
tibility.
565
-------
Two diets containing DPM as the sole source of nitro-
gen were prepared. Diet A contained 600 g/kgof DPM
and diet B contained 995 gAg. At the end of the ex-
perimental period tor each diet, fecal and urine sam-
ples which had been taken from each bird were
bulked, freeze-dried and weighed. The food, dried
feces and urine were ground to pass through a 1 mm
sieve and analyzed for total nitrogen by the Kjeldahl
procedure. The composition of the DPM sample and
the true digestibility coefficients of some of the com-
ponents were determined The true digestibility coef-
ficients of the true protein, crude fat, uric acid, total
organic matter and carbohydrate were found to be
64.2,69 5, 91.2. 25.5 and 23.1 percent respectively by
regression analysis of absorbed vs ingested nutrients.
True digestibilities of some of the constituent amino
acids ranged from 24.7 percent to 76.4 percent. The
absorption of calcium and phosphorus was charac-
terized of the individual bird and ranged from 1.1 to
45 3 percent for calcium and from 7.5 to 46.2 percent
for phosphorus. It was found that Vt to '/) of DPM was
absorbed by the laying hen. (Howe-East Central)
3528-All, B3, E3
THE EFFECTS ON REARING AND
SUBSEQUENT LAYING PERFOR-
MANCE OF REARER DIETS CON-
TAINING TWO LEVELS OF PROTEIN
AND DRIED POULTRY MANURE OR
UREA,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edin-
burgh EH9 3FS, Scotland
D. J. Lee, R. Blair and P. W. Teague
British Poultry Science, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 261-268 May
1976. 5 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Diets, Urea, Energy
Calcium, Phosphorus, Proteins.
Identifiers: Dried poultry manure.
An experiment was performed to determine whether
50 g dried poultry manure (DPMI/kg could be incor-
porated into rearer diets without adverse effects on
subsequent laying performance. Two treatments
were also included to test whether 10 g urea/kg added
to rear diets would cause decreased food intake and
could be used to regulate consumption. Six hundred
and seventy-two light-hybrid, 6-week-old pull els were
allocated to 8 experimental treatments and cage-
reared to 18 weeks of age. In the 6-12 week period, 4
dietary treatments were applied. Diet 1 contained 160
g crude protein/kg. Diet 2 contained 160 g crude pro-
tein/kg with 50 g DPM. Diet 3 contained about 140 g
crude protein/kg. Diet 4 contained about 140 g crude
protein/kg with 50g DPM. Two additional diets were
also fed in which diets ] and 3 were supplemented with
10 g urea/kg (diets 5 and 6) Diets containing DPM
were formulated to utilize the crude protein, energy,
calcium, and 50 percent of the phosphorus content of
DPM Pullets fed on high protein diets {], 2, and 5)
were significantly heavier at 18 weeks than those fed
on low protein diets (3,4 and 6). In the laying period,
total estimated egg weight and food intake and con-
version were significantly less. Dietary DPM had no
significant effect on the 18-week body weight, but food
consumption was significantly less and conversion
was significantly improved. There were no signific-
ant effects on subsequent laying performance. Diet-
ary urea caused no significant effects on rearing or
laying performance. (Rowe-East Central)
3529 - Bl, D3, F6
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF
ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Uni-
versity of Newcastle upon Tyne, England
J. L Woods and J. R. O'Callaghan
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
!9, No. 3, p. 245-258. 1974.
Descriptors: Mathematical models, Waste treat-
ment, Microorganisms, Separation techniques,
Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Substrates.
Models that have been used to describe the dynamics
of microorganism populations are surveyed. One
model, that of Monod, is described in detail. The
Monod model, a substrate model, is based on the as-
sumption that the growth rate can be restricted by a
shortage of any one substrate, This description, relat-
ing organism growth to a limiting substrate, appears
to give greater insight into the physical situation than
the alternative models, which tend to be more empiri-
cal and so limit extrapolation to treatment situations
outside the specific test conditions. A comparison is
made with experimental work, largely relating to pig
slurry and leading to a formula for the prediction of
the chemical oxygen demand of effluent supernatant.
The effects of the feed concentration, the rate of flow,
and the method of solids separation of the treatment
process are discussed in light of the Monod model.
(Merryman-East Central)
3530 - A8, Bl, C2, E2, Fl
USING SWINE MANURE AS A FER-
TILIZER,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Manitoba, Canada
D. D. Schulte and M. B. Tokarz
Presented at the Manitoba Hog Producer Meeting,
Morris, Manitoba. March 1.1976, 12 p. 2 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Nutrients. Economics, Nit-
rogen, Phosphorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Land spreading. Swine manure.
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the relative
costs of commercial fertilizers and manure fertilizers
in a systematic and rational manner in an attempt to
enable the pork producer to better assess the trade-
offs between manure handling systems, the fertilizer
value of the manure and the costs of commercial fer-
tilizer. Results showed that a pig, from the time it is
weaned until it is marketed produces about 7.2 pounds
of nitrogen, 2 pounds of phosphorus, and 3 pounds of
potassium in its manure. However, as much as 50
percent or more of the nitrogen contained in the man-
ure is lost during storage and while spreading the
manure. Additional nitrogen can be lost if (he manure
is not immediately incorporated into the soil. At to-
day's fertilizer prices, and allowing a 50 percent loss
of nitrogen, the nitrogen and phosphorus value of the
manure is about J1.47 per hog marketed. The cost of
using manure or fertilizer compares favorably with
the cost of commercial fertilizer. A typical hog opera-
tion, growing and finishing 1,750 head per year and
borrowing the capital to handle its manure, would
have a net profit of approximately $0.24 to$.36 perhog
by using the manure instead of by purchasing com-
mercial fertilizer. Not taken into account in these fi-
gures are the facts that the manure would have to be
handled anyway (even if it were not used as a fer-
tilizer), and that manure has many beneficial effects
on the soil which are not accountable in economic
terms. (Rowe-East Central)
3531 - All, B2, C2, D3, E2, E3
CORNELL ATTEMPTS TO USE MAN-
URE TO PRODUCE PROTEIN, RE-
DUCE POLLUTION
Keedstuffs, Vol. 48,-fJo. 49, p. 4, November 29,1976.
Descriptors: Proteins, Fermentation, Aerobic condi-
tions. Microorganisms, Bacteria. Yeasts, Feeds, Fer-
tilizers, Energy.
Identifiers: Poultry wastes, Refeeding.
Professor Michael L. Shuler of Cornell's School ol
Chemical Engineering is principal investigator of a
project, funded for2 years with a J139.800 grant from
the National Science Foundation, which will try to
achieve the double objective ol mass producing bac-
teria , and possibly yeasts, using manure as a growing
medium. An aerobic fermentation process will be
used in which air will be bubbled through the poultry
wastes so that microorganisms can grow rapidly. The
whole process should take about 6 hours with a con-
tinuous operation. It is anticipated that the microbial
product would be fed to chickens as part of the regular
diet, substituting for much of the conventional high-
protein feed supplements. Energy value of the micro-
bial feed product is yet to be determined. The solid
residue that will be produced during the process can
be utilized by spreading it on the land. (Merryman-
East Central) »
3532 - A8, B2, C2, E2
USING LIQUID POULTRY WASTES
IN WOODLANDS.
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station,
Box 1106. New Haven, Connecticut 06504
G. R. Stephens, and D. E. Hill
Proceedings of the International Conference on Land
for Waste Management, Ottawa, Canada, October,
1973, p. 234-242. 3 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Poultry. Nitrogen, Pine
trees.
Identifiers: Land application, Woodlands, Plant re-
sponse.
Liquid poultry manure containing260 to2,250 kg/ha N
was applied at rates of 25 to 225 t/ha to plantations of
white pine on well-drained and poorly drained soils
during 1970-1972. Groundwater under plots receiving
up to 115 tons/ha manure always contained less than
10 ppm NOj-N throughout the study period. Ground-
water beneath the poorly drained plot that received
225 tons/ha in 1970 contained as much as 80 ppm
NOj-N within 8 months of application, and still con-
tained as much as 12 ppm NO^-N after 27 months had
elapsed. Storage of nitrogen in pine needles increased
with increasing manure application and was 58 per-
cent greater in heavily manured plots. Needle lall
from all trees contained about a third to a half of the
nitrogen in live foliage. Although manured trees re-
turned more nitrogen to the soil in needle fall, they
also retained more nitrogen in their crowns. After 3
years, relative growth rates of manured trees on the
well-drained site had doubled. Manured trees of the
poorly drained side did not experience a growth in-
crease. It would appear that, assuming that 1,000 hens
annually produce about 64 tons of liquid manure, 1 ha
of pine plantation could safely utilize this manure on a
sustained basis. (Merryman-East Central)
3533 - A5, A8, B2, C3, E2
VERTICAL DISPERSAL OF FECAL
COLIFORMS IN SCR ANTON FINE
SAND,
Department of Microbiology, University of Florida,
Gainesville 32601
F. Dazzo, P. Smith, and D. Hubbell
Proceedings. Soil and Crop Science Society of Flori-
da, Vol. 32. p. 99-102,1973.1 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Coliforms, Sands, Slurries, Ground wa-
ter pollution, Sprinkler irrigation, Percolation.
A 91 cm plexiglass column lysimeter was used to
study removal of coliforms from cow manure slurry
percolating through sandy soil to groundwater table
depths. The column was packed with Scranton fine
sand obtained from a field adjacent to forage crops
receiving cow manure slurry. Deionized water was
added to the packed column to saturate the soil. In the
first experiment, soil solutions were withdrawn from
various depths within the lysimeter in order to
analyze fecal coliform populations. In the second ex-
periment, the remaining waste water was allowed to
drain in order to determine the potential for ground-
water pollution in contaminated soil due to a rise in
the water table. Ninety percent of the fecal coliforms
were removed from the slurry by percolation in the
first 13 cm of the soil. Fecal coliforms could no longer
be detected in the preooiating slurry at a soil depth of
« cm. Under these conditions, groundwater could be-
come polluted from a legal standpoint in terms o! its
bacteriological quality if it rose to a depth of 38 on. It
may be seen then that vertical dispersal ol fecal bac-
teria is a problem which should be considered and
controlled in the design and operation o( a waste
treatment process involving sprinkler irrigation on
land. (Rowe-East Central)
566
-------
3534 - A8, C2, E2
USE CAUTION WHEN SPREADING
WITHOUT AMPLE MOISTURE,
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 121, No. 23, p. 1340, December
10 and 25,1976.
Descriptors: Salinity, Sol water movement. Infiltra-
tion rates, Rainfall, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Land spreading. Application rates.
Maurice L. Morton of the Water Resources Institute at
South Dakota State University advises against apply-
ing excess manure to soils that do not receive enough
rainfall or irrigation water. In the research reported,
application of beef feedlot wastes in excess of 20 tons
01 dry matter/acre in each of 2 consecutive years
resulted in large increases of salts within the soil pro-
file. With less than normal rainfall resulting in little or
no leaching water, the effect of the increased salts
was lower yields. Following 2 consecutive years of
waste application, soils receiving more than 40 tons of
waste/acre/year showed a substantial reduction in
the ability to infiltrate water. Elimination of the waste
treatment for one season resulted in increased water
infiltration and reduced salinity due to rainfall and
weather conditions. (Merryman-East Central)
3535 - B2, B3, Cl, D3, E2, F6
SORTING OUT SLURRY SYSTEMS,
M. Looker
Pig Farming, Vol. 21, No.8, p. 68-«9,73, August, 1973.8
fig
Descriptors: Slurries, Waste treatment, Separation
techniques, Equipment, Design, Biological treat-
ment, Aeration.
Mr. John Hawkins of theNational Institute of Agricul-
tural Engineering (NIAE), Silsoe, Bedfordshire, En-
gland, feels that farmers with intensive livestock
units and a limited amount of land need some form of
treatment plant to help them dispose of the large
quantities of slurry produced. NIAE is studying 3
types of separators with the aim of producing a farm
machine that will separate slurry, which is difficult to
handle and store, into a solid that can be stacked and
spread more easily than farmyard manure, and a
liquid capable of being stored, pumped, and treated
without difficulty. These first-stage separators are all
basically screens, although 2 have an additional com-
ponent which squeezes or presses the fibrous solids
from the slurry. Depending on the machine and its
setting, slurries containing 8-12 percent dry matter
are converted into a solid of 16-25 percent dry matter.
This can form up to 40 percent, by weight of the origi-
nal slurry, and can be stacked and spread. The re-
maining liquid is free-flowing and only contains 5-7
percent dry matter. Oa some intensive units, the
liquid will need further treatment. Basically, 2 types
of aerobic treatment plants are being studied by
NIAE — biological filters and an aeration tower. A
description of these plants is given. (Merryman-East
Central)
3536 - B2, C2, D3, E3, Fl
WHERE THERE'S MUCK THERE'S
GAS,
Rowett Research Institute
S. Bousfield, P. N. Hobson, R. Summers, and A. M.
Robertson
Pig Fanning, Vol. 21, No. U, p. 79,81,83, November
1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Recycling, Gases,
Costs, Economics, Pilot plants, Methane.
Identifiers: Piggery wastes.
Work has been instigated to develop an anaerobic
digestion process for breaking down piggery waste on
the farm. Pilot-plant experiments were carried out in
a 100-litre continuously loaded, stainless-steel diges-
ter, heated to 95°F. The anaerobic processes were
monitored. Results obtained from the pilot plant pro-
vided the basis for constructing a farm-scale digester.
Experiments with the farm-scale digester are only in
their early stages, but these, combined with the
pilot-plant experiments, suggest that anaerobic di-
gestion of piggery waste is possible on a large scale.
The commercial feasibility of making gas by this pro-
cess is debatable. The cost of the experimental diges-
ter vessel was 1300 pounds; the gas holder, 1200
pounds, and the heat exchanger, 450 pounds. Ancil-
lary equipment: pumps, pipe-work, electrical work,
boiler house with gas and oil boilers, storage tank, etc,
2000 pounds. Running costs are not yet worked out. If
the process is considered primarily as a waste treat-
ment, then the costs of this have to be met and produc-
tion of usable gas can offset some of these costs. Fu-
ture experiments will consider adding crop wastes
and silage liquid to the animal wastes for gas produc-
tion on the farm. (Merryman-East Central)
3537 - All, B3, C2, E3
NUTRIENT VALUE AND DIGESTI-
BILITY OF CATTLE MANURE AS A
FEED INGREDIENT,
R. C. Hill
M.S. Thesis, Auburn University, December 10, 1975,
90 p. 21 tab, 154 ref.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Performance, Cattle.
Identifiers: Digestibility, Refeeding. Cattle manure,
Ensiling.
Research was conducted to determine the feed re-
placement value of cattle manure when substituted
into a balanced ration, to characterize the diges-
tibilities of manure-containing rations, and to deter-
mine the effects of manure-containing rations on car-
cass quality. Forty-four steers were allotted by
weight and breed to 4 treatment groups:(1) control —
full fed basal mixture, (2) an ensiled mixture consist-
ing of 80 percent basal and 20 percent wet manure
collected from the feeding floor, (3) an ensiled mix-
ture consisting of 60 percent basal and 40 percent ma-
nure, and (4) an ensiled mixture consisting of 40 per-
cent basal and 60 percent manure. Animals were fed
these rations for 112 days. Average daily gain (kg)
and dry matter fed per unit of gain for rations 1-4
were: 1.21, 7.75; 1.29, 7.50; 1.33, 7.03; and 0.99, 7.45,
respectively. Only at the 60 percent level of manure
addition was daily gain significantly decreased. Feed
intake was markedly reduced when 60 percent man-
ure was added to the ration indicating a possible
palatability or fill problem. The results of this study
indicated that wet manure can be incorporated into a
balanced ration at 40 percent and ensiled without de-
creasing gain, while improving feed efficiency. At
this level of manure inclusion in the diet, 1 kg of dry
manure was found to be equivalent to 1.5 kg of basal
ration in respect to gain, and the calculated
metabolizable energy, of dry manure was 1.25 times
that of com. Thus, wet manure can be incorporated
into a balanced ration, ensiled, and fed to finishing
steers without any adverse effects on performance.
There was also no adverse effect on carcass or flavor.
(Rowe-East Central)
3538 - A6, B2
DRY WEATHER MAY CAUSE LA-
GOON ODOR PROBLEMS,
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 101, No. 21, p.47, November 13,
1976
Descriptors: Lagoons, Odor, Pumping, Solids.
Many livestock producers with lagoons think 1976 was
a great year for their operations because much of the
liquid evaporated during the dry weather, allowing
them to get by without pumping their lagoons down.
However, Stu Melvin, Iowa State University exten-
sion agricultural engineer, fears that, because the
lagoon solids became thicker, lagoon odors will be
terrible in the spring. If lagoons are not properly di-
luted and then pumped down, solids will build up and
shorten the lagoon's life. (Merryman-East Central)
3539 - A8, E2
SUPPRESSION OF SUPERPHOS-
PHATE-PHOSPHORUS
FIXATION BY FARMYARD MAN-
URE. II. SOME STUDIES ON THE
MECHANISMS,
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology Lyal-
pur, Pakistan
M. Sharif, F. M. Chaudhry, and A. G. Lakho
Soil Science and Plant Nutritipn, Vol. 20, No 4 p
395-401, December, 1974. 1 tab, 2 fig, 25 ref.
Descriptors: Phosphorus, Soils, Sampling, Chemical
analysis. Crop response.
Identifiers: Farmyard manure, Superphosphates,
Application rates.
Superphosphate was applied to a calcareous loam soil
at rates of 98. 245, 490, and 2453 kg P/ha NaHCOs
extractable phosphorus was determined in all treat-
ments; whereas, phosphate and lime potentials and
various fractions of soil phosphates were determined
only in treatment of 98 kg P/ha. The fertilizer treat-
ments in quadruplicate were imposed in 3 ways: (1)
superphosphate alone, (2) superphosphate and far-
myard manure premixed at a 1:4 ratio, 24 hours be-
fore their incorporation into soil (premixed treat-
ment) and (3) superphosphate and farmyard manure
at a 1:4 ratio applied to soil separately (unmixed
treatment). Soil samples receiving various fertilizer
treatments were incubated at different time inter-
vals, dried, ground to pass through a sieve, and stored
in plastic bottles before they were analyzed. At all the
time intervals, NaHCOs extractable phosphorus re-
mained at a higher level in the premixed treatments
than in the unmixed or superphosphate treatment
only. The soil solution in the premixed treatments
contained calcium phosphates of higher solubility
than those in the unmixed treatment. The premixed
treatment increased the soluble and Fe-Al phosphate.
at the expense of calcium phosphates. Results suggest
that the increased uptake of phosphorus by plants
from the application of superphosphate premixed
with farmyard manure may have resulted from in-
creased solubility of phosphorus in the pre-mixed
treatments. (Merryman-East Central)
3540 - All, C3, F6
THE LIPIDS OF FOUR UNUSUAL
NON-PATHOGENIC HOST-
ASSOCIATED SPIROCHETES,
Department of Microbiology, University of Min-
nesota, Minneapolis 55455
B. P. LJveirnore and R. C. Johnson
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 21. No. 11 p
1877-1880,1975. 1 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Lipids, Bacteria.
Identifiers: Swine wastes, Spirochetes.
Lipid compositions of 2 spirochetes isolated from the
human oral cavity and 2 isolated from swine feoes
were examined. The isolates were unusual because
they required isobutyricand valeric acids rather than
long-chain fatty acids for growth. Consequently.
mediums free of serum or fatty acid-albumin sup-
plements could be utilized in culturing them The
major fatty acids synthesized were normal and iso
fatty acids with 14 and 16 carbons. No chain lengths
were longer than 16 carbons. No unsaturated fatty
acids could be detected. The major complex lipids
observed were phosphatidyl glycerol, mongalactosyl
diglyceride, and bis-phosphatidyl glycerol. Nitrogen-
ous phospholipids were not snythesized. The data In-
dicated an intermediate position of these isolates be-
tween Treponema and free-living Spirochaeta.
(Merryman-East Central)
3541 - All, A12, B2, C3, D3
SURVIVAL OF LEPTOSPIRES IN
CATTLE MANURE,
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Public
Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Minnesota, St. Paul. 55101
S. L. Diesch
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, Vol. 159, No. 11, p. 1513-1517, December 1,1971.1
fig, 1 tab, 16 ref.
567
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Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria, Model studies,
Public health.
Identifiers: Leptospires, Oxidation ditch, Survival
time, Health effects.
Research objectives were to measure leptospiral sur-
vival tJme: to develop and improve bacteriologic
methods of measurement for detection of pathogens
and for measurement of their survival in beef cattle
IKEJjr 11a,,bora'ory model oxidation ditch during
simulated field environmental conditions at summer
temperatures; and to evaluate potential heaJth ef-
fects of pathogens in cattle manure. Leptospires sur-
vived in manure in Selas candles for 6 days in effluent
for 5 days, in settling chamber sludge for 4 days, and
in manure of the oxidation ditch for 61 days (pre Imi-
nary). The oxidation ditch study was still in progress
Leptospires survived in well and stream water
studies for 3 days. Disposal of beef cattle manure in
™,hi h ,?? dlt? model did c°ns««u'e a potential
public health problem. (Howe-East Central)
R Watkins, editor
Crops for Livestock, p. A-3-A-5, October, 1976. 4 figs.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Liquid wastes La-
goons, Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions
Nutrients, Odor, Fertility. «"">™».
Identifiers: Swine manure
DaY,e Streange, central Indiana volume corn hog
producer, has developed a system for disposing of
liquid hog manure through an irrigation system. A
tractor PTO-mounted pump pulls liquid manure from
a lagoon located next to slotted-floor hog confinement
buildings with pits that empty into the lagoon. The
liquid manure is pumped to irrigation sprinklers
placed in an adjoining cornfield. Manure is disposed
from 4,000 hogs with about 100 hours of labor a year In
winter the lagoon does not function. It simply be-
comes a manure holding pit from where full-strength
waste is irrigated onto idle land. The irrigation sys-
tem is capableof spreading 90 gallons per minute at 90
pounds pressure. The major benefit to the corn crop is
the plant nutrients in the manure. There is quite a
significant loss of nutrients through oxidation of the
waste in the lagoon. About 80 percent of the fertility
'aUetained-
hhHM,,H
llb.^Jdulg to "" land- Through the lagoon, only
a^"JP p^rcent is ret<"n«i. About the only problem
with odor is in the spring when the lagoon changes
from anaerobic to aerobic. At that time there are
some gasses that are offensive, but it doesn't last lone
(Howe-East Central) 6'
568
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-092
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
LIVESTOCK AND THE ENVIRONMENT
A Bibliography with Abstracts—Volume IV
. REPORT DATE
May 1977 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
M. L. Rowe and Linda Merryman
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
East Central Oklahoma State University
School of Environmental Science
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1HB617
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-801454-04
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Ada,
OK
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/15
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACI
Management and research information on animal wastes has expanded rapidly
in recent years. This material has appeared in such diverse sources as journal
articles, conference papers, university publications, government publications,
magazine articles, books' or book chapters, and theses. This bibliography was com-
piled in order to speed the flow of information on findings in one segment of the
livestock industry to other segments that could benefit from this technology.
Included in this publication are the following indexes: (1) author, (2) animal
information categories. These indexes are followed by a section of abstracts of
each reference entry found in the bibliography. Single copies of most articles can
be obtained in hard copy or microfiche form at cost from the Animal Waste Technical
Information Center, School of Environmental Science, East Central Oklahoma State
University, Ada, Oklahoma 74820.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
D.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
Agricultural Wastes
Animal Husbandry
Waste Disposal
Bibliographies-
Abstracts
Animal Wastes Management
Animal Wastes Technical
Abstracts
02/B
02/C
02/D
02/E
-^DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN'
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
575
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
None
22. PRICE
form 2220-1 (9-73)
569
U. S. GOVERNMENT PUNTING OFFICE: 1977-757-056/6l»30 Region No. 5-11
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