United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Radiation Programs
Las Vegas Facility
PO Box 15027
Las Vegas NV89114
EPA 520/6-78-007
August 1978
Radiation
&EPA Radionuclide Interactions
with Soil and Rock Media
Volume 2-Part A:
Annotated Bibliography
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EPA 520/6-78-007
August 1978
Volume 2 of 2 - Part A
RADIONUCLIDE INTERACTIONS WITH SOIL AND ROCK MEDIA
Volume 2: Annotated Bibliography (in two parts)
by
L. L. Ames
Battelle
Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Richland, Washington 99352
Final Report for Contract 68-03-2514
Project Officer
Robert F. Kaufmann
Evaluation Branch
Office of Radiation Programs-Las Vegas Facility
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
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EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Radiation Programs,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the EPA. Neither the United States nor the EPA makes any
warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or respon-
sibility for any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or
represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
-------
PREFACE
The Office of Radiation Programs carries out a national program designed
to evaluate the exposure of man to ionizing and nonionizing radiation, and to
promote the development of controls necessary to protect the public health
and safety and assure environmental quality. A current area of great interest
and effort within the EPA is the development of environmental protection cri-
teria and standards for the management of radioactive wastes. Accidental or
deliberate interactions of such wastes with various geologic media dictate
that the Agency have access to current knowledge concerning the occurrence and
mobility of selected radionuclides in the lithosphere. Herein lies the purpose
and scope of the present study.
Office of Radiation Programs technical reports allow comprehensive and
rapid publishing of the results of intramural and contract projects. The
reports are distributed to groups who have known interests in this type of
information. The study reported on herein is expected to be of considerable
interest to the Department of Energy, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, counterpart organizations in foreign countries facing
similar nuclear-related issues, selected private consulting and environmental
groups, and factions within industry. Ready availability of technical reports
to the scientific community as a whole and to the public is made possible by
distribution through the National Technical Information Service.
Readers of this report are encouraged to inform the Office of Radiation
Programs of any omissions or errors by contacting the Director, Office of
Radiation Programs - Las Vegas Facility, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada 89114.
W. D. Rowe, Ph.D.
Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Radiation Programs
-------
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this bibliography is to abstract the information on
radionuclide-soil/rock interactions available in the literature. The
authors are listed alphabetically, with pages numbered from 1 at the begin-
ning of each letter. A total of 19 elements were considered including
americium, antimony, cerium, cesium, cobalt, curium, europium, iodine,
neptunium, plutonium, promethium, radium, ruthenium, strontium, techm'tium,
thorium, tritium, uranium and zirconium. An index by element and subject
is given at the end of the bibliography.
The information for this report was obtained from various journals.
books, past bibliographies, scientific reports and abstracting services
such as Chemical Abstracts and Nuclear Science Abstracts. An effort was
made to include all relevant information published from 1944 to December
1976. The abbreviations used at the end of each abstract refer to prepara-
tion by the abstracted paper's author (auth), the publishers of Chemical
Abstracts (CA), Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA), ORNL-EIS-72-21,
ORNL-EIS-73-21, ORNL-EIS-74-21 (0-21) and ORNL-EIS-75-77 (0-77). Other
abstracts were prepared by Battelle.
Abstracts reprinted from CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS are copyrighted by the
American Chemical Society and are reproduced with permission. No further
copying is permitted.
The bibliography is divided into two volumes. Volume I contains letters
A through Me, while Volume II contains M through Z and the index.
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CONTENTS
Volume 2 - Part A
EPA REVIEW NOTICE ii
PREFACE iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi
BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS (A THROUGH Me) A-l
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A/AC - United Nations. Secretariat.
A/CONF - United Nations. Conference.
AEC - Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC.
AEC-tr - Technical Information Center, ERDA.
AECD - Technical Information Center, ERDA.
AECL - Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Chalk River, Ontario.
AECU - Technical Information Center, ERDA.
AERE - Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment.
AERE-M - Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell,
Berks, England.
AERE-R - Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, England.
AFOSR - Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Washington, DC.
ANC - American Nucleonics Corp., Glendale, CA.
ANL - Argonne National Lab., Lemont, IL.
ANL-Trans - Argonne National Lab., Lemont, IL.
ARM - Atlantic Richfield Hanford Co., Richland, WA.
ARH-CD - Atlantic Richfield Hanford Co., Richland, WA.
ARH-LD - Atlantic Richfield Hanford Co., Richland, WA.
ARH-SA - Atlantic Richfield Hanford Co., Richland, WA.
ARH-ST - Atlantic Richfield Hanford Co., Richland, WA.
BARC - Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay (India).
BNL - Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY.
BNL-tr - Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY.
BMWL - Battelle-Northwest, Richland, WA.
BNWL-B - Battelle-Northwest, Richland, WA. Pacific Northwest Lab.
BRH/NERHL - Bureau of Radiological Health, Winchester, MA.
Northeastern Radiological Health Lab.
CEA - France. Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique, Paris.
CEA-CONF - France. Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique Centre d'Etudes
Nucleaires, Saclay.
CEA-tr - France. Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique, Paris.
-------
CENA-BC - Centre de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Sao Paulo (Brazil).
CF - Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
CLOR - Polish Academy of Science. Inst. of Nuclear Research, Warsaw.
CNI - Comitato Nazionale per le Ricerche Nucleare, Rome (Italy).
CONF - Technical Information Center, ERDA.
COO - Chicago Operations Office, AEC.
CR-HP - National Research Council of Canada. Atomic Energy Project,
Chalk River, Ont.
CRCE - National Research Council of Canada. Atomic Energy Project,
Chalk River, Ont.
CRER - Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Chalk River Project, Chalk River, Ont.
CRT - National Research Council of Canada. Atomic Energy Project, Chalk
River, Ont.
CU - Columbia Univ., NY.
DL - Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Chalk River Project, Chalk River, Ont.
DP - DuPont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Wilmington, DE.
DP-MS - DuPont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River Lab.
DPST - DuPont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River Lab.
DPSPU - DuPont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Aiken, SC. Savannah River Lab.
EGG - Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier, Inc., Boston, MA.
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Research
and Development.
ERDA - Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, DC.
EUR - European Atomic Energy Community.
EURAEC - United States, Euratom Joint Research and Development Program.
FRNC-TH - Caen Univ. (France).
GJO - Grand Junction Office (AEC), CO.
GS-C - Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
HASL - New York Operations Office. Health and Safety Lab., AEC.
HNS - Hazel ton-Nuclear Science Corp., Palo Alto, CA.
HW - General Electric Co. Hanford Atomic Products Operation, Richland, WA.
HW-SA - General Electric Co. Hanford Atomic Products Operation, Richland, WA.
IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
IAEA-PL - International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
IAEA-R - Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corp., Tokyo (Japan).
-------
IA - Israel. Atomic Energy Commission, Rehovoth.
IDO - Idaho Operations Office (AEC), Idaho Falls.
IFA/R - Academia R.P.R. Bucharest. Institutul de Frizica Atomica.
INIS-mf - International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
ISO-SA - Isochem Inc., Richland, WA.
JINR-P - Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research, Dubna, USSR.
JPRS - Joint Publications Research Service, NY.
K - Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp. K-25 Plant. Oak Ridge, TN.
KFK - Gesellschaft Fuer Kernforschung m.B.H., Karlsruhe (West Germany).
KY - Union Carbide Nuclear Co., Paducah Plant, KY.
LA - Los Alamos Scientific Lab., NM.
LA-DC - Los Alamos Scientific Lab., NM.
LA-tr - Los Alamos Scientific Lab., NM.
LA-UR - Los Alamos Scientific Lab., NM.
LBL - California Univ., Livermore. Lawrence Radiation Lab.
M - Technical Information Service Extension, AEC.
MLM - Mound Lab., Miamisburg, OH.
NAS-NS - National Research Council. Committee on Nuclear Science.
NCG-TR - Army Engineer Nuclear Cratering Group, Livermore, CA.
NERC-LV - National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, NV.
NIM - National Institute for Metallurgy, Johannesburg (South Africa).
NP - Technical Information Center, ERDA.
NR-CONF - Technical Information Center, NRC.
NS - New Zealand, Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research. Division
of Nuclear Sciences, Wellington.
NVO - Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, NV.
NYO - New York Operations Office, AEC.
OAP - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. Hale Observation
ORO - Oak Ridge Operations Office, AEC.
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
ORNL-EIS - Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
ORNL-P - Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
ORNL-TM - Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
ORNL-tr - Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
vm
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PEL - Atomic Energy Board, Pelindaba (South Africa).
PNE - Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (Plowshare Program).
PB - Office of Technical Services, Washington, DC.
RCN - Reactor Centrum Nederland, Hague.
RD/B/N - Great Britain. Central Electricity Generating Board. Berkeley
Nuclear Labs., Berkeley, England.
RFP - Dow Chemical Co., Rocky Flats Division, Golden, CO.
RFP-trans - Dow Chemical Co., Rocky Flats Division, Golden, CO.
RF/PROT - Ohio State University. Research Foundation, Columbus Electronic
Materials and Devices Lab.
RISO - Denmark. Atomeriegi Kommissionen. Forogsinstitut, RISO.
RLO - Richland Operations Office, AEC.
RME - Division of Raw Materials, AEC.
RT/PROT - Comitato Nazionale Per TEnergie Nucleare, Rome (Italy).
SC-CR - Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, NM.
SC-RR - Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, NM.
SFL-A - Institute'of Radiation Physics, Helsinki (Finland).
SLA - Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, NM.
SR - Savannah River Operations Office, AEC.
SRIA - Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, CA.
SRO - Savannah River Operations Office, AEC.
STI/DOC - International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
STI/PUB - International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
SWRHL - Southwestern Radiological Health Lab., Las Vegas, NV.
SZS - Staatliche Zentrale fiir Strahlenschutz, Berlin (East Germany).
TEI - Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
TEM - Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
TID - Technical Information Center, ERDA.
TT - National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
UCID - California Univ., Irvine Campus.
UCLA - California Univ., Los Angeles, CA.
UCRL - California Univ., Berkeley Radiation Lab.
UCRL-trans - California Univ., Berkeley Radiation Lab.
UCSD - California Univ., La Jolla, CA.
-------
UJV - Ceskoslovenska - Akademi. Ved. Ustav. Jaderneho Vyzkumu. Rez.
UOPB - California Univ., Livermore. Lawrence Radiation Lab.
USGS - Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
USNRDL - Naval Radiological Defense Lab., San Francisco.
UWFL - Washington Univ., Seattle. Applied Fisheries Lab.
WASH - Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC.
WIN - National Lead Co., Inc. Raw Materials Development Lab., Winchester, MA.
ZFK - Zentralinstitut fuer Kern forschung, Rossendorf bei Dresden (East
Germany).
-------
Aarkrog, A. 1971. Radioecological Investigations of Plutonium in an
Arctic Marine Environment. Health Physics. 20:31-47.
Samples of the human food chain at Thule, Greenland, were collected
during the summer of 1968, after the nuclear weapon incident in January.
As was to be expected from the increased plutonium levels in bottom sedi-
ments, the highest animal levels were found in bivalves, Crustacea, poly-
chaeta, and echinodermata. The levels in these bottom animals were on the
average two orders of magnitude as high as the fallout background, in a
few cases four magnitude. Fish from the bottom water also showed an
increased plutonium content, whereas seaweed, plankton, sea birds, seals,
and walruses did not differ significantly from the fallout background.
The plutonium concentration in sea water was twice the fallout background.
No samples displayed plutonium levels that were considered hazardous to
man or higher animals in the Thule district or in any other part of
Greenland, (auth)
Aarkrog, A. 1972. Re-examination of Plutonium at Thule, Greenland, in
1970. EUR-4800. 1&2:1213-19.
After the accidental release of plutonium at Thule in January 1968
a radioecological study was carried out in the following summer. Increased
plutonium levels appeared in samples collected as far as 15 kilometers from
the point of impact. Especially bottom animals showed increased levels.
To investigate the distribution as well as the migration of plutonium
in the food-chains at Thule a re-examination was undertaken in August 1970.
As in 1968, samples of seawater, bottom sediments, bottom animals,
zooplankton, fish, seabirds, seals, seaplants, and lichen were collected.
The investigation showed that although the levels in most samples had
decreased since 1968 plutonium was still present in concentrations signifi-
cantly above the fallout background. Samples of bottom sediments showed a
vertical movement of plutonium in the sediments down to a depth at least
10 cm. Bivalves as far as 30 kilometers from the point of imoact contained
plutonium from the accident, (auth)
A-l
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•Abdel -Salem, M.A. and A.I. Boulos. 1372. Kinetics of Isotopic Exchange
in Highly Calcareous Soils. Isotope Radiat. Res. 5:47-59.
Using the clay fractions separated from Baht^m and Maryut soils, it
was found that the exchangeable Ca could be satisfactorily determined by
equilibration with Ca. It was also found that most of the exchange was
associated with the below one micron clay. Surface Ca in CaCO, was also
45
found to equilibrate with Ca and thus interferes with the exchangeable
Ca determination. The relation was found to be linear, statistically
significant and could be represented by regression equations. The per-
centage exchange (ct) was therefore calculated and the fraction exchange
(F) was deduced. The relation between log (1-F) and time was plotted
where two phases A and B were distinguished. The velocity constants (K)
of the exchange reactions were calculated from Mackay's equation. The
values of K indicated that the reactions decreased by time. The activation
energy (E) of each phase was consequently obtained by substituting in
Arrhenius equation, (auth)
K.H., B.B. Zakhvataev, and V.P. Perelvgin. 1968. Determination
of the Uranium Concentration in Plants According to Traces of Uranium
Fission Fragments. Radiobiologiva. 8:765-66.
The use of lavsan to measure the uranium concentration in plants
235
by recording fission fragments of U in thermal neutron fluxes is
described. The use of external detectors of organic polymers permits a
determination of very low uranium concentrations in plants. (0-77)
on
Abe, S., Y. Ueno, and T. Yamaguchi. 1960. Local Changes in * Sr Deposition
in the Soil as Observed in Hokkaido Island, Japan. A/Ac. 82/G/L.389.
QO
A report is made on the " Sr content of surface soils on Hokkaido
Island, Japan in 1958 and 1959. Considerable variation with climatic
conditions and soil characteristics was found. Several correlations
90
between rainfall and Sr levels are established. (NSA)
A-2
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Adams, J.A.S. and W.M. Lowder (eds.). 1964. The Natural Radiation
Environment. Univ. of Chicago Press. CONF-136.
A total of 61 papers are presented on varied topics relevant to the
subject of natural radiation. The topics include radioactivity in the earth,
radioactivity in water, radioactivity in the atmosphere, alpha radioactivity,
cosmic radiation, instrumentation and techniques, aerial surveys, ground
measurements, and surveys etc. (NSA)
Adams, J.A.S., J.K. Osmond and J.J.W. Rogers. 1959. The Geochemistry
of Thorium and Uranium. IN: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Pergamon
Press, New York. 3:298-348.
The natural distribution of uranium and thorium in the crustal rocks is
reviewed along with the average abundance in each rock and sediment type.
The separation of uranium and thorium during weathering processes is
accomplished in three ways: 1) Solution processes in which the minerals
holding the thorium and uranium are put into true solution, 2) physical
movement of resistates containing uranium and thorium, and 3) precipitation
with clays, opal and other similar minerals.
The thorium is easily removed by and concentrated in the clays. Uranium,
as the uranyl ion, is usually precipitated by a low Eh environment.
Adams, J.A.S. and K.A. Richardson. 1960. Thorium, Uranium, and Zirconium
Concentrations in Bauxite. Economic Geology. 55:1653-75.
Twenty-nine samples of bauxites from different locations were analyzed
for thorium and uranium by gamma spectrometric, alpha counting, and wet
chemical methods. The thorium concentrations ranged from 5.0 to 131 ppn
and averaged 48.9 ppm. The uranium concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 26.7
ppm and averaged 11.4 ppm. The thorium-to-uranium ratios ranged from 1.5
to 20.9, with an average value of 5.1. Zirconium determinations on some
of the bauxites gave values ranging from 0.02 to 0.65% zirconium, and
averaging 0.09% zirconium. The thorium, uranium, and zirconium contents
of the bauxites were related to the type of source rock. Bauxites derived
from nepheline syenites contained more thorium and uranium than bauxites
derived from other rock types; bauxites derived from basic igneous rocks
A-3
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had the lowest thorium and uranium concentrations, and bauxites derived
from carbonate rocks had the lowest thorium-to-uranium ratios. The
greatest concentrations of zirconium were found in bauxites derived from
nepheline syenites, and bauxites derived from carbonates contained the
lowest concentrations of zirconium. A study of samples from alumina plants
treating Surinam and Arkansas bauxites showed that during the process over
70% of the thorium and uranium in these two bauxites is concentrated
into the red mud, and the alumina contains very small amounts of these
elements. This study also indicated that much of the thorium and uranium
in bauxites occurs in either primary or secondary resistate minerals, (auth)
Adams, J.A.S. and C.E. Weaver. 1958. Thorium to Uranium Ratios as Indications
of Sedimentary Processes: Example of Concept of Geochemical Facies. Bull.
Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists. ^2:387-430.
More than 200 new analyses of Th and U made with a y-ray spectral techniqus
and an a-activity-fluorometric U technique are reported. The over-all
error is estimated to be < = 20% if the Th/U ratio is more than 0.5 and
there is more than 0.3 ppm U and Th, respectively. Ratios in many oxidized
continental deposits are above 7, whereas most marine deposits have ratios
below 7; this permits recognition of deposits formed in these environments.
Gamma rays from U, Th, and K can be differentiated by a spectral logging
device and useful data for interpretation of subsurface rocks are obtained.
(CA)
Adams, W.H. 1971. Solubility of Plutonium-238 Labeled PuO? in Los
Alamos Tap Water. LADC-12900.
The solubility of 238-labeled Pu02 microspheres of various sizes was
studied with time. Los Alamos tap water was used for this study.
Adams, W.H., J.R. Buchholz, C.W. Christensen, G.L. Johnson, and E.B. Fowler.
1975. Studies of Plutonium, Americium and Uranium in Environmental Matrices.
LA-5661, pp. 1-24.
A nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid treatment for dissolution of plutonium
oxides in soils has been developed; its adaption to other biological
matrices is discussed. Plutonium recoveries of 94 to 99% from 1-g samples
A-4
-------
of spiked and heated soils are reported. Adaptation of the acid solution
to subsequent anion exchange separation of plutonium, followed by
coupling to known electroplating techniques, is described.
The uptake of plutonium, americium, and uranium from spiked soils
by alfalfa, beans, radishes, lettuce, tomatoes, and barley is reported.
238
The "apparent" solubility of Pu02 in tap water was measured, and
the deposition of plutonium in fish, algae, and snails in aquaria containing
238
Pu09 microspheres is reported, (auth)
Adams, W.H. and E.B. Fowler. 1971. Plutonium 238 Incorporated in Fish
Living in Water Containing Plutonium 238-Labeled Pu02- LADC-12899.
The transfer of plutonium in the form of Plutonium 238-labeled PuO?
microspheres from water to fish and snails was measured.
Adler. H.H. 1961. Some Possible Geologic Relationships in the Formation
of 235Uranium from 247r,ur-jum Economic Geology. 56:689-94.
235 247
A mechanism for the derivation of U from Cm is considered as a
235
possible source of U enrichment in radioactive rare earth minerals. The
047
presence of Cm in early earth materials is predictable on the basis of
synthesis through nuclear reactions and from extrapolations of abundances
of lighter nuclides. The chemistry of curium reflects a geochemical
similarity to rare-earth elements and possible incorporation in rare-earth
235
minerals. The amount of enrichment of U that might be expected from
247
Cm decay is calculated for monazite for several geologic ages. Within
247
the limits of the parameters considered, Cm would not provide sufficient
235
U enrichment to be of economic consequence, but its possible existence
in early geologic time may be of interest in geochronology studies. Under-
247
estimation of Cm abundance may affect significantly the probability for
ooc
finding interesting variations in U: U ratios, (auth)
A-5
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Adriano, D.C. and J.C. Corey. 1977. Transport in Natural and Agri-
cultural Ecosystems at the Savannah River Plant. IN: Transuranic
Elements in the Environment. W.C. Hanson (ed.).
Extensive environmental transuranic element research and monitoring
programs at the U.S. ERDA's Savannah River Plant (SRP), near Aiken, S.C.
have produced the following results:
1. The average background Pu concentration in SRP soil (0-30 cm)
2 "
is approximately 2 mCi/km (^ 9 fCi/g soil), similar to the values pre-
viously reported for the southeastern United States. Pu concentration
increased to a high of 2,700 fCi/g soil in an area in close proximity
to one of the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities.
2. The source of Pu-bearing particles entering the SRP environs
233
can be identified through the isotopic composition, i.e. percent a Pu.
238
One reprocessing plant (H-Area) released 95 o % Pu, the other (F-Area),
25%. Global fallout has about 10 a % 238Pu.
3. Pu concentrations in soil, resuspendible matter, honeysuckle,
and camphor weed samples decreased linearly with distance from the nuclear
fuel reprocessing plant, resulting in correlation coefficients of r - -O.S5
for soil (n = 23), r = -O.S2 for resuspendible matter (n = 23) r = -0.85 for
honeysuckle (n = 22) and r = -0.92 for camphor weed (n = 22). Regression
equations can describe these relationships. The Pu concentrations in the
soil and vegetation stayed about constant 4 km and farther from the repro-
cessing plant.
4. Plutonium concentrations in insects and animals were slightly
238
higher at on-plant than at off-plant locations. The a % Pu values
for SRP samples reflect an on-plant source of contamination.
A-6
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5. Pu concentrations of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants
collected from old fields and an area adjacent to a reprocessing plant
in 1975, were'affected by location, distance from the source (stack)
and plant habit and morphology. Samples collected close to the stack
had higher Pu than those farther away. Members of the annual - biennial
group intercepted and retained more airborne Pu-bearing particles because
of their broad and pubescent leaf characteristics. Species with smoother
leaves and little pubescence (e.g. briars, honeysuckle, and grasses) had
lower concentrations.
6. In mixed forest stands close to a reprocessing plant (H-Area),
lower bark of both pine and hardwood trees had consistently higher total
238
Pu concentrations but lower a % Pu than the upper bark samples, reflect-
ing the effect of recent Pu deposition from the stack. The organic matter
(Ao) layer in both stands had considerably higher Pu concentrations than
070 ofln
the litter, immediately above it. The total Pu contents ( ' Pu
238
+ Pu) of the organic layers close to the stem base were higher in pine
trees than in hardwoods. For the profile total (organic + mineral layers),
239 240
the average values were higher for ' Pu at locations close to the
stem base in both stands.
7. Pu concentrations and isotopic compositions in winter wheat
grown in 1975 close to a reprocessing plant (H-Area) were affected by
distance from the stack, plant height, and method of processing the grain.
In general, vegetative materials closer to the stack (South field) had
Pu concentrations a factor of 2 higher than samples farther away (North
field). The straw from the wheat grown on-plant had approximately two
orders of magnitude higher Pu contents than the off-plant straw. Grain
harvested by a combine had an order of magnitude higher Pu content than
laboratory-thrashed grain. When the plant height was short, as in March,
the sources of contamination were the stack emission and the resuspendible
238
and soil materials, as indicated by an average 38 a % Pu. Later in the
season as the plants matured and grew taller, emission became the principal
source of contamination as indicated by a higher a percentage.
A-7
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8. Cultivation of the fields prior to planting wheat caused the
Pu concentrations in the soil profile to become more uniform, increas-
ing the Pu concentrations at the deeper depths (5-15 cm). It also caused
the a percentage for the resuspendible portion to approach the
soil values.
9. Pu concentrations of the foliage of soybeans and corn grown in
the South field were similar to the Pu concentrations of the June wheat
_2
straw (in the order of 10" pCi/g dry wt.) collected from the same field.
238
However, the corn foliage had higher a % Pu than did the wheat and
soybean foliage, reflecting the minimal contribution of resuspension
to the corn canopy. Pu contents of the combined grain of the three
crops were basically similar. Sifting the combined grain separated
about 50% of the Pu-bearing particles and/or foreign natter from the
grain, resulting in Pu concentrations in the sifted grain a factor of 2
lower than the unsifted grain.
10. Preliminary results from the glasshouse studies indicate that
approximately 3% of the total contamination of field-grown crops adja-
cent to a reprocessing facility was contributed by root uptake. Also
it
239
238
it appeared from glasshouse results that Pu was more available than
'Pu.
11. Vegetables and soybeans grown at the White Oak Lake flood-
plain at Oak Ridge had C.R. values of approximately 10" for the foliage
-4
and root components and 10 for the fruits. The C.R. data for fruit
at Oak Ridge are similar to the C.R. data for thrashed-wheat grain
•at SRP.
12. Americium-241 concentrations in crop plants cultured in pots
under controlled conditions were affected by soil amendments. Lime
generally immobilized Am in the soil (i.e. increasing the Kd), result-
241
ing in less uptake by the plants. Soil-incorporated Am was basically
not translocated to the rice grain, that portion of the plant consumed
241
by man. However, introduction of chelated Am to the standing water
may be more available to the rice grain.
A-8
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Agamirov, S.S. 1963. The Geochemical Balance of Radioactive Elements
in the Black Sea Basin. Geokhimiya. Mo. 16:612-14 (in Russian).
By measuring the cross sectional distribution of U and Ra in the
rivers emptying into the Black Sea (1.15 x 10"6 and 2 x 10"13 g/1,
respectively) whereby the content of the shores of the rivers was esti-
mated, and the known U, Ra, Th values of the Black Sea, the average distr-
butions of the radioactive elements of U, Ra, and Th in the sea and river
water as well as in the deposits of the Black Sea Basin were determined. (CA)
Agamirov, S.S. 1963. Precipitation of U in Black Sea. Geokhimiya. Mo. 1:
92-3 (in Russian).
Hydrochemical tests of the northeast portion of the Black Sea Basin
during July 1961 indicated 2.4 g/1 U in the upper 5GO-m layer, 1.6 g/1 U
between 1000 and 18000 m, and much smaller amounts at greated depths.
Further studies showed the feasibility of hexavalent uranium reduction
to tetravalent by hydrogen sulfide contamination, followed by a precipitation
to a depth of 1700 to 2000 m-where the Eh value is 0.15 to 0.20 v, resulting
in an enrichment of Black Sea sediments. (NSA)
Ahlstrom, S.W., R.J. Serne, R.C. Routson, and D.B. Cearlock. 1974.
Methods for Estimating Transport Model Parameters for Regional Ground-
water Systems. BNWL-l'717.
The measurement of dispersion and sorption coefficients to the degree
of detail required by a calculated transmissivity (or permeability) for
the unconfined aquifer beneath the Hanford Reservation would be extremely
expensive and time-consuming, if not impossible. As an alternative,
methodologies were developed for estimating dispersion and sorption
coefficients from correlations with characteristic soil properties.
Preliminary correlations are proposed and contour maps of dispersion
and sorption coefficients for the Hanford aquifer as determined from
these correlations are presented, (auth)
A-9
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Alberts, J.J., M.A. Wahlgren, P.J-.Jehg. D.M. Nelson, and K.A. Orlandini.
1974. Chemical Specification of "s»^°pu and IJ/Cs in Lake Michigan
Waters. ANL-75-3 (Pt. 3), pp. 89-96.
Studies of the submicron size distribution and charge characteristics
239 240 137
of naturally occurring levels of Pu, Pu and Cs were conducted to
help define the physico-chemical state of these fallout derived nuclides
in Lake Michigan waters and in precipitation samples taken in the Argonnne
Laboratory area. Procedures are described for sample collection, size
distribution determination, analysis of ion exchange resins, and plutonium
determination by evaporation. Results indicated that the radioisotopes
exist in several different fractions within the water co-lumn and that
the total charge of these fractions is different from what would be pre-
dicted by simple solution chemistry. The distribution of the isotopes in
snow appears to be different from that in the water column, indicating that
considerable chemical or physical transformations must take place after
the atmospheric input has reached the lake surface. (A)
Aiberts,2JgJ2.0M.A. Wahlgren, C.A. Reeve, and P.O. Jehn. 1974. Sedi-
mentary ' Pu Phase Distributions in Lake Michigan Sediments. ANL-
75-3(Pt. 3), pp. 103-112.
The study was conducted on sediment samples obtained along a
transect in the Grand River and extending into deep water of Lake
039 240
Michigan. Procedures are described for total Pu and Pu
239 240
determinations by acid extraction; Pu and Pu determinations for
239 2<1Q
magnesium chloride fractions; Pu and Pu determinations for citrate-
239 240
dithionite fractions; Pu and Pu determinations for NaOH fractions;
Pu and Pu determinations for fusion fractions; and fulvic acid vs.
239 240
humic acid distribution of sedimentary Pu and Pu. Results "indicated
240
that Pu and Pu concentrations were low in all samples and that
240
Pu and Pu in sediments was relatively immobile and none was in
the form of refractory particles. (A)
A-10
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Albert!, G., C. Bettinali, G. Grassini and F. Filvestro. 1959.
Leaching Tests of Uranium of Canale Monterano. Studie Ricerche Delia
Divisione Georaineraria. 2:129-53.
Short descriptions of the deposit, of the various hypotheses of its
origin and of the methods of sampling are given. The results of the
radiometric and chemical analyses of samples collected in the various
galleries are reported. The conditions of solubilization of the
uranium in pure water and in acidic and alkaline solutions were studied,
taking in account the concentration of the solutions, the time of leaching,
the temperature, the grain size of the crushed material, the presence of
oxidizing compounds and of oxygen under pressure. It was found that in
the case of leaching by water only, the percentage of uranium going in
solution is strictly linked to the acidity of the material. Most of the
examined samples shows pH-values between 2.4 and 3.2, but also extreme
values, such as 1.8 and 5.5 were observed. On the average, about 18
percent of the total uranium present goes in solution in pure water,
while, in solutions with 20 percent sulfuric acid, maximally 60 percent
of the uranium could be leached out. (auth)
Aleksakhin, R.M. 1963. Radioactive Contamination of Soil and Plants.
AEC-tr-6631.
Fallout contamination of soil and plants is discussed. The laws
governing the fallout of radioactive substances after nuclear tests, as
well as the forms and composition of these substances are examined in
order to estimate their availability for uptake and retention by plants.
The significance of Pu 239 in soils is described and attention is given
to the migration of Sr 90 and Cs 137. The scientific research on
reducing the uptake and retention in plants of radioactive fission
products and soil decontamination are also discussed. (0-21)
Aleksakhin, R.M. 1971. Migration of Natural Radionuclides and Their
Effects in Terrestrial Biogeocenoses. Soviet J. of Ecology. 2:582-3.
A brief summary of papers presented at the section "Migration of
Radionuclides in the Biosphere and Problems of Radioecology" of the USSR
A-ll
-------
Academy of Science in presented. One paper by Varsberg revealed no
significant differences in the U, Ra, Th and K contents between soil
types and distribution of these elements in soils. Other papers dis-
cussed the distribution of U, Ra, Th and Po 210 in plants of northwest
European USSR and movement of Ra 226 through soils. (0-77)
Aleksakhin, R.M., V.F. Gol'tsev, M.A. Naryshkin, and A.M. Sirotkin. 1973.
Behavior of Radioactive Isotopes in Soils and Their Accumulation by Wood
Plants. Pochvovedertie. No. 5:51-58 (in Russian).
The upper levels of black earth soils under birch forests are impover-
ished by Rb exchange in comparison with the underlying levels, but the
concentration of exchanged K,'Mg, Ca, and Sr is higher in the upper levels
in comparison with the low-lying levels. The distribution of exchange T!a
in the soil profiles remains uniform. Forest litter is enriched in ID with
respect to Na and Rb in comparison with the upper soil levels. Twelve years
an
after the introduction of Sr about 5% of that in the soil is contained
in non-exchange form. With respect to accumulation by plants the alkali
T.etals are arranged in the series K > Ma > Cs and the alkaline earth
metals in the series Mg > Ca > Sr. The coefficient of accumulation of
90
natural mixtures of Sr isotopes and Sr 11 years after the introduction
of the radionuclide in different parts of the birches is very similar, (auth)
Aleksakhin, R.M., A.N. Sirotkin, E.M. Nikolaeva, V.F. Gol'tsev, and
M.A. Naryshkin. 1974. Migration of Stable and Radioactive Isotopes
of Alkaline and Alkali-Earth Elements in the Bioloaical Chain Soil-
Plant-Milk. Zh. Obshch. Biol. 35:414-422 (in Russian).
Transfer of K, 137Cs, Ca, 90Sr, and stable Sr from the soil to the
herbaceous plants, and further, to the milk after a single contamination
of the meadow with Cs and Sr was studied. In the chain soil-grass
K proves the most labile, the accumulation of Cs in the grass being
90
400-fold lower. The coefficients of the accumulation of Ca, Sr and
Sr . . in the grass (the ratio of these nuclides concentrations in the
s uao
grass and the soil respectively) are circa equal (2 to 2.5). In the
chain grass-milk the transfer coefficients (the ratio of these nuclides
concentrations in the milk and the grass respectively) are 0.11 for Ca
A-12
-------
and 137Cs, 0.01—for 90Sr and Srstab, 0.06—for K. The transfer coefficients
for the chain soil-milk are found to be the highest in the series: K » Ca
> 137Cs = 90Sr = Srstab. Ca, 90Sr, Srstab, K and 137Cs obtained from 1 liter
of milk constitute 1.4, 0.11, 0.10, 0.76, and 1.50% respectively of the daily
90
dose consumed with the diet (grass). The content of Sr in the soil being
2 90
1 mCu per 1 km , 1 pCu Sr/g Ca (1 strontium unit, s.u.) is accumulated in
90
the diet (grass), and 0.1 pCu Sr/g Ca (s.u.) - in the milk. The content
of Cs in the soil being 1 mCu per 1 km , the concentrations of Cs in
the diet (grass) and in the milk are respectively 1.6 and 0.1S pCu per
1 kg. (auth)
Aleksakhin, R.M. and V.D. Vasilevskaya. 1960. Proceedings of the Second
Inter-Institute Conference on the Problem of Microelements and Natural
Soil Radioactivity in the USSR. JPRS-6626.
The conference was devoted to a review of recent work in this
field. Eighty-eight papers were read and discussed covering results
of studies in soil science, plant physiology , agricultural chemistry,
natural soil radioactivity, and methods for determining microelements
in soils and plants. A brief summary is presented in some of the papers. (MSA)
Alekseev, F.A. 1972. Use of Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geo-
logical Research. Yad, Geofix., Dokl. Uses. Nauch-Tekh. Konf 1XX [Dvadtsat]
let Proizvod. Primen. Izotop. Islochnikov. Yak. Izluch. Nar. Khoz.
SSSR. pp. 177-93 (in Russian).
Distribution of radioactive elements (U, K, Th) along the cross-
section and area of a sedimentation basin indicates the age subdivisions
in the deposits, and the stratigraphic boundaries. By establishing the
laws governing the distribution of radioactive elements in a basin, it is
possible to reconstruct the conditions existing in the sedimentation region
(tectonic conditions, climate, physical-chemical situation of the basin),
the composition of the rocks, and the size and configuration of the basin,
relief of the sea bottom, lithological facial zones, etc. There is a large
range in the changes of U content within each stratigraphic complex, variation
ranges in each age complex, and a relatively regular decrease in the U
content upwards in the section. Paleogeographical reconstructions are possible.
A-13
-------
The maximum U quantities are related to accumulations of humus type organic
matter. Increased clayiness of the carbonates is accompanied by increased
Th and K content and increased Th/U ratio. (CA)
Alekseev, F.A., L.G. Bondarev, V.L. Zverev and A.J. Spiridonov. 1973.
Effect of the Radioactivity of Atmospheric Precipitation on the Isotopic
Composition of Uranium in Lake Issyk-Kul in Relation to Its Age Deter-
mination. Geokhimiya. No. 5:787-90 (in Russian).
The isotopic composition and U content in the eolian silts in Lake
Issyk-Kul indicate an age of 110-220 thousand years. This was proven by
recent geologic and geomorpholic studies of the River Chu which supplies
water to the lake. (CA)
Alexander, L.T., R.H. Jordan, R.F. Oever, E.P. Hardy, G.H. Hamada. L. Machta,
and R.J. List. 1961. Strontium-90 on the Earth's Surface. Summary and
Interpretation of a World-Wide Soil Sampling Program. TID-6567,
With the completion of the analyses of soil samples collected in 1959,
90
data are available not only for an evaluation of the total Sr fall-out
in the world, but also for estimating the increments deposited between
90
sampling in 1956, 1958, and 1959. The Sr data for 195S are presented
together with pertinent data from previous years, (auth)
Alietti, A., G. Gottardi, and L. Poppi. 1974. The Heat Behaviour of
Cation Exchanged Zeolites with Heulandits Structure. Tschermaks Mineral.
Petrogr. Mitt. 21:291-298.
The heulandite-type zeolites were based with sodium, potassium, rubidium
or calcium. Above 600°C, the structures were destroyed. Below 600°C,
partial water losses occur along with partial structural collapse.
Almdovar, I. 1960. Thorium Isotope Method for Dating Marine Sediments.
NYO-8919.
A radiochemical modification of the lo ( Th), was developed. A sample
of chemical and radiochemical pure Th is isolated from the sediment sample.
230 23°
The Th/ Th activity ratio is determined from the time dependence of the
A-14
-------
total 6 activity of the samole. The latter ratio is equal to the 238U/"fcTh
activity ratio. The difference I = (2<3°Th/232Th) (234Th/228Th) is the lo
excess on a Th-normalized basis. It is related to the age T of the sample
by I = I0e" , where I0 is the effective value of I at the time of deposi-
tion and X is the disintegration constant of lo. (NSA)
Alvarez-Ramis, C. and A. G. deLos Santos. 1974. Contamination of
Terrestrial Gasteropoda in a Biotope with Low Level a Contamination Due to
Plutonium and Uranium. LA-tr-74-11.
A study was made of the degree of a contamination of the terrestrial
gasteropoda (Leucocroa Candidissima, Helix punctata, and Helix pisana) caused
by the rupture of a thermonuclear bomb at Palomares (Almeria, Spain). Data
are included on the a radioactivity of the plants on which they live, whether
cultivated plants (corn, broad beans, tomatoes, cabbages, etc.), or wild plants
typical of the subtropical climate of this zone (Lygeum spartum, Asparagus
horidus, Passerina hirsuta, etc.). The degree of a radioactivity of the dif-
ferent soil types was also studied. Radioactivity was measured in the first
five centimeters depth of the first layer where the fixed radioactivity acts
most easily and directly on the gasteropoda. The relationships existing
between soil, plant, and gasteropoda flesh and shell contamination was
studied, (auth)
Amavis, R. and J. Vaccarezza. 1960. Utilization of an Experimental
Apparatus for Soil Disposal at C.E.N. of Saclay. Energie Nucleaire.
2:166-80 (in French).
3 °0
The results of percolation tests of H and Sr' made on the soil at
Saclay both in the laboratory and on the ground are presented. Extrapolation,
using the parameters introduced by Hiester and Vermeulen and by W. J. Kaufman,
appears satisfactory when the soil is homogeneous, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1959. The Genesis of Carbonate Apatites. Economic
Geology. 54:829-841.
A portion of the system Na-jPO.-CaCO^-H-O was investigated at low tempera-
tures. The formation of a carbonate apatite by phosphate replacement of cal-
cite in alkaline solutions and the structural positions of the carbonate groups
A-15
-------
are discussed. Data indicate calcite replacement by low concentrations of
phosphate to be the principal mechanism of formation of marine phosphorite
deposits, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1959. The Removal of the "Bone-Seeking" Group of Radio-
isotopes from Solution by a Calcite-Phosphate Reaction. HW-60412.
The addition of phosphate ion (P(L~ ) to alkaline solutions containing
the "bone-seeking" group of radioisotopes results in the formation of an
apatite Ca5(P04),OH from calcite (CaC03). This apatite contains the bone
seekers in small amounts in Ca lattice positions. Tne presence of rnacro-
amounts of alkali metals does not interfere with this reaction. The common
_2
an ions SO, Cl , NO.,, and A102 likewise do not interfere.
The reaction is easily adapted to adsorption columns, giving decontami-
nation factors of 10 to 10 from O.OOSM^ to 0.05M phosphate solutions.
The requirement that the influent solution be basic in pH may prevent
the application of this reaction to wastes high in aluminum, iron, or
alkaline earth metals unless provisions can be made to handle the resulting
precipitates, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1959. The Zeolitic Extraction of Cs from Aqueous Solutions.
HW-62607.
Several zeolites were examined for their ability to effectively remove
Cs from solutions containing large amounts of competing cations. Clinoptilo-
lite satisfactorily removed Cs from these relatively high-salt solutions.
This was done over a known range of pH values from 1 to 12 at flow rates of
20 to 200 gal/ft2/hr. (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1969. Anicn Replacement Reactions for the Removal of
Strontium from Aqueous Solutions. HW-66383.
Several anion replacement systems were studied including the replacement
of carbonate with phosphate or fluoride ions and sulfate with carbonate or
phosphate ions, and the effects on the removal of Sr from solution of varia-
tions in system pH, temperature, solid surface area and concentration of
competing ions, (auth)
A-16
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Ames, L. L., Jr. 1960. Some Cation Substitutions During the Formation of
Phosphorite from Calcite. Economic Geology. 55:354-362.
The nature of cation substitution during replacement of calcite by
phosphorite allows the statistical treatment of data concerning such
substitution.
Log-probability plots of data yield straight lines that allow easy and
accurate extrapolations. Data are presented to show the effect of phosphate
ion concentration, temperature, flow rate, and Ma concentration on the
primary inclusion of the radioisotopes of Pm (III), Sr (II), U (IV), and
Pu (IV). (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1961. Anion Metasomatic Replacement Reactions. Economic
Geology. 56:521-532.
Data on the kinetic anion replacement systems calcite-POl , calcite-F",
-2 -3 +'
gypsum-CCL , and gypsum-PCL are given, along with concomitant Sr "
inclusion into the final product. In a system containing several anions,
only the anion forming the least soluble compound with the available cation
is stable. The replacement reaction rate is directly proportional to the
solubility difference between the original solid and final product. Several
other variables also affect the reaction rate including temperature, column
flow rate, influent pH, surface area of the initial solid, concentratin of
extraneous ions, and concentration of active anion. These variables affect
diffusion rates to and from reaction sites as well as differences in solu-
bility between initial and final reaction products. The crystal structure
of the resulting product greatly affects the concomitant removal rate of
+2
Sr into the resulting product, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1961. Cation Metasomatic Replacement Reactions. Economic
Geology. 56:1017-1024.
The principles governing cation replacement reactions were investigated
utilizing reactions between calcium-, strontium-, and barium-containing solu-
tions and the minerals calcite-strontium-witherite and gypsum-eelestite-
barite. Results indicated that both the replacement order and rates of
A-17
-------
replacement are directly related to the difference in solubility between the
original column material and final replacement product. Replacsment rates
approach zero as the ratio of the concentration of the two cations in the
altering solution appraoches the activity ratio of the two cation-common
, *) , r\
anion compounds. For example, Sr from solution may replace CaT of calcite
aCaC03 +2
only until the is approached by buildup of Ca concentration in
aSrC03
solution.
Changes in the composition of solutions causing replacement reactions
both with time and distance from sources are the rule rather than the
exception for multi-mineral lie deposits, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1961. Characterization of a Strontium-Selective Zeolite.
riW-SA-2364.
A group of several zeolites, including Type A, clinoptilolite,
erionite, phillipsite, and alumina-silica gel, was examined for the ability
to selectively remove small amounts of strontium from aqueous wastes con-
taining high concentrations of sodium salts. The methods used and the
zeolite strontium selectivity data from this study are reported. Type A
zeolite was the most selective of the group for strontium but more than a
simple, reversible exchange reaction was responsible for this strontium
selectivity, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1961. Strontium and Cesium Loading Characteristics of
Oecalso, Linde 4A and Clinoptilolite Columns. HW-7C768.
The cation sieve properties of Decalso, clinopolite, and pelletized
Linde 4A, were compared in laboratory column studies. Decalso was a superior
cation exchange material for cesium and strontium in the absence of macro-
concentrations of competing cations. Linde 4A was the most strontium-selective,
and clinoptilolite was the best exchange material for cesium. No one zeolite
or exchanger was found to be a superior cesium and strontium extractor in all
chemical environments, (auth)
A-18
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Ames, L. L. , Jr. 1961. The Metasomatic Replacement of Limestones by Alkaline,
Fluoride-Bearing Solutions. Economic Geology. 56:730-739.
A laboratory study of the kinetics of limestone replacement by alkaline,
fluoride-bearing solutions is presented. Data on the effects of temperature,
concentration (fluoride ion and cations), pH, calcite surface area, and flow
+2 +3
rates on fluoride ion, Sr , Ce , and U(VI) removal are included. These
data are discussed in relation to field occurrences of fluorite replacement
deposits, (auth)
Ames, L. L. , Jr. 1961. Volume Relationships During Replacement Reactions.
Economic Geology. 56:1438-1445.
The so-called "Law of Equal Volumes" is a result of differences in bulk
density and molar volume relationships between initial and final replacement
reaction products. The replacement of calcite by whewillite, for example,
proceeds in a kinetic system until the large positive volume change from
calcite to whewellite begins to affect the permeability of the original
calcite body. Eventually the flow of oxalate-containing solution may cease
entirely and the resulting "whewellite replacement body" apparently repre-
sents volume replacement of calcite by whewellite.
Replacement reactions and initial rates are determined by the activities
of the system constitutents in relation to their activity product ratios.
Larger positive or negative volume changes between initial and final products
do not initially prevent or cause replacement reactions, but are a result of
replacement reactions, (auth)
Ames, L. L. Jr. 1963. Kinetics of a Replacement Reaction. Economic Geology.
58:1229-1236.
A diffusion-controlled model for the replacement reaction CaSCL^M-CH
BaSO^ + CaCl2 + 2H20 was postulated and the kinetics of the model were
tested and compared with the actual replacement kinetics. Two grain-size
ranges of gypsum were used in the comparison. Agreement between the computed
kinetics of the model and actual replacement kinetics was good, indicating
that the diffusion-controlled model of replacement kinetics was essentially
correct, (auth)
A-19
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Ames, L. L., Jr. 1963. Mass Action Relationships of Some Zeolites in the
Region of High Competing Cation Concentrations. Am. Mineral. 48:868-882.
Mass action quotients for the synthetic zeolites Lir.de 4AXW, 13X,
AW-300, AW-400, AW-500, Norton Zeolon and the natural zeolites clinoptilolite
and erionite were determined for low cesium or strontium concentrations in
the binary systems cesium-sodium, cesium-potassium, cesium-rubidium, strontium-
calcium and strontium-sodium. The equilibrium systems cesium-hydrogen and
strontium-hydrogen were determined for the zeolites Linde AW-300, Norton
Zeolon and clinoptilolite. A portion of the ternary system hydrogen-sodium-
cesium was determined for clinoptilolite.
Cesium mass action quotients generally declined in going from cesium-
sodium to-cesium-rubidium systems. Structural differences between two
members of the same zeolite species often resulted in cation exchange equilibria
differences as great as those between different species.
The binary curves may be used.to determine column loading of the above
zeolites, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1963. Mineral Reaction Work at Hanford. TID-7644, pp. 115-50.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies of radioisotope-removing mineral reac-
tions are reported. The reactions being studied include replacement types
such as gypsum-Ba cation materials and calcite-P04 and -F~ anion materials.
Ion exchange types such as zeolite and clinoptilolite are also being studied.
Considerable data are included and discussed concerning various parameters of
equilibrium conditions and exchange column capacities. (NSA)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1968. Trivalent Cerium Equilibria with a Synthetic Heulandite-
Clinoptilolite Series Zeolite. BNWL-481-3. 3:59-63.
A synthetic zeolite with a high silica to alumina ratio was examined
for its Ce-H30 exchange properties at a constant equilibrium solution norm-
ality of 0.1. An isotherm for the hydrogen-cerium system is given. The zeo-
lite ion exchange capacity apparently changed in Sr-Ce and NH.-Ce systems
probably due to cerium removal by precipitation as well as ion exchange, (auth;
A-20
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Ames, L. L., Jr. 1968. Cation Exchange Properties of Heulandite-Clinoptilo-
lite Series Members. BNWL-481-3. 3:54-59.
The cation exchange properties of two natural clinoptilolites, a
heulandite and a synthetic clinoptilolite like zeolite were studied. The
exchange capacities were 2.33, 1.70 and 1.32 meq/g, respectively, for the
synthetic zeolite, Hector clinoptilolite and Pierre clinoptilolite. The
cation exchange properties of the synthetic, intermediate in composition
between heulandite and clinoptilolite, also exhibits intermediate ion
exchange properties, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1974. Characterization of Actinide Bearing Soils: Top
Sixty Centimeters of 216-Z-9 Enclosed Trench. BNWL-1812.
A program to examine the soil-actinide relationship in sediments from
a disposal facility was initiated in March 1973. Initial work has been done
using samples from the 216-Z-9 covered trench.
Soil mounts were made of soil recovered from a core of an uncontaminated
well drilled alongside Z-9 trench. The mounts were made by plastic-impregnating
smaller, 1-inch diameter cores taken from the original 4-inch diameter cores.
The uncontaminated mounts showed that the less than 30 mesh soil was composed
of predominately metamorphic rock fragements of the Belt Series, brought down
from northern Washington and Idaho by the ancestral Columbia River, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1977. Actinide Occurrences in Sediments Following Ground
Disposal of Acid Wastes at 216-Z-9 Covered Trench. BNWL-2117, pp. 39-71.
Two types of transuranic occurrences were found during examination of
relatively undisturbed sediment cores from a covered trench receiving plutonium
and americium bearing, acid wastes.
One of the occurrence types was particulate plutonium oxide known to be
contained originally in the same form in the waste influent along with Pu(IV)
in true solution. PuOp was found predominately in the top meter of the glacio-
fluviatile sediments immediately underlying the disposal trench. The sediment
acted as a simple filtration system, physically removing particulate plutonium
contained in the waste solution.
A-21
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The second type of plutonium occurrence was concerned with immobilization
of the soluble Pu(IV) during silicate hydrolysis reactions. Alkali metal and
alkaline earth metal cations were extracted during hydrolysis reactions from
several metamorphic minerals and the glassy groundmass of basalt fragments con-
tained in the sediments. A pH gradient resulted in precipitation of soluble
Pu(IV) contained in the acid waste, probably as polymer, as the hydrolysis front
within the fragment was approached. By cutting across rock fragments comprising
the sediments and autoradiographing the resulting rock fragment sections, the
transuranics associated with hydrolysis reactions are readily discernible.
Rock and mineral alteration accompanying Pu(IV) removal were determined with
an electron microprobe. (auth) .
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1977. Proceedings of an Actinide-Sediment Reactions Working
Meeting at Seattle, Washington on February 10-11, 1976. BNWL-2117.
The proceedings incorporate several papers on the general subject of actinide-
sediment reactions, such as disposal forms for the actinide wastes from the
nuclear fuel cycle to field and laboratory observations on plutonium oxidation
states from PuOo dissolution and seepage from a solid waste burial ground.
Each of the ten articles are abstracted. Future vvork in actinide-sediments sys-
tems are reported in a separate section (autn)
Ames, L. L., Jr. and B. F. Hajek. 1966. Experimental Design for the
Preliminary Study of Geochemical Processes. BNWL-CC-573.
An example of the use of a simple factorial design to study the distribu-
tion of Cs and Sr between a soil column and solution is reported. In
this design, two concentration levels of each of four factors (NaNCL, HNO.,,
KNO,, and Ca(NO^)0) were combined in all possible combinations to give a
4 134
total of 2 combinations. In the case of Cs removal, all of the indepen-
dent variables were significant over their respective concentration ranges,
QC
while with the removal of Sr, none of the independent variables was statis-
tically significant. Extending the concentration range of NaNO., caused the
NaNO, main effect total to become statistically significant at the 5% t-test
A-22
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QC
level in its effects on Sr removal. A fractional factorial design was used
to study the removal of Sr from solutions into an apatite during a chemical
reaction between phosphate ion and calcite. The Yates analysis of the Sr
removal data is tabulated. It is noted that even at a t-test level of 1%,
calcite surface area, influent solution pH, and system temperature-solution pH
interaction are statistically significant. The two-level factorial design
yields no direct indication of the Sr removal mechanism but does suggest that
a chemical reaction is involved. (NSA)
Ames, L. L., Jr. and B. F. Hajek. 1966. Statistical Analysis of Cesium and
Strontium Sorption of Soils. BNWL-CC-539.
A statistical design to study removal of radioisotopes by a soil was
tested. A simple two-level factorial utilizing NaNCL, KNCL, HNCK and
CafNO-Jo as independent variables yielded satisfactory cesium and strontium
removal results. A regression equation was used to predict cesium and
strontium removal results, given the level of independent variables. The
results indicate the statistical treatment and prediction of radioisotope
removal by soils is feasible, (auth)
Ames, L. L., Jr. and B. F. Hajek. 1968. Experimental Design for the
Preliminary Study of Certain Geochemical Processes. BNWL-481-3. 3:42-48.
A two-level factorial design was utilized for preliminary study as an ion
137 85
exchange and a chemical reaction. The distribution of Cs and Sr between
a soil column and an aqueous solution was studied. Two concentration levels
of each of 4 factors (NaN03), HN03, KN03 and Ca(N03)2) were combined in all
possible combinations. (NSA)
Ames, L.L., J.R. McHenry, and J.F. Honstead. 1958. The Removal of
Strontium from Wastes by a Calcite Phosphate Mechanism. A/CONF.15/P/395.
A promising mechanism for selectively removing strontium from aqueous
fission product wastes involves the formation of strontian apatite on growth
A-23
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sites furnished by crystalline carbonates of the alkaline earth metals, such
as calcite. It.was found that when such aqueous solutions are made alkaline
and 0.05 M with phosphate ion and are passed over crystalline calcium carbon-
ate, the strontium is removed to a very large extent, apparently depending upon
the solubility of the apatite in the system. The reaction proceeds equally
well in low-salt solutions and 4.0 IN solutions of NaN03. The selectivity of
the reaction for strontium isotopes, and the nearly complete strontium removal
provided, suggest several possible applications. Calcite is a very common
mineral in many semi-arid regions, such as are found in various locations in
western United States. Low level fission product waste solutions may be
treated with phosphate ion, neutralized and discharged directly to such
soils with assurance that the strontium isotopes will be effectively
retained on the calcite in the soil. The reaction may also be used to
remove strontium in a nearly insoluble form from high level waste solutions.
(auth)
Ames, L.L., Jr. and J.L. Nelson. 1961. Cs Loading and Leaching of
Synthetic Zeolite and Clinoptilolite Columns. HW-69263.
A Decalso column was loaded with synthetic 103-A tank supernatant
solution spiked with a 5% actual 103-A tank waste and diluted with an
equal volume of distilled water. The column was washed with four volumes
of tap water to simulate plant washing of the loaded zeolite and leached
with several volumes of synthetic Missouri River water. This river water
137
leaching resulted in elution of 0.63* of the Cs from the Oecalso in 20
column volumes. Eventual elution of most of the Cs must be assumed in
an evaluation of possible hazards under the simulated conditions. Samples
of Decalso saturated with synthetic 103-A waste were fired to 1500 and 2500°F
at atmospheric pressure without the formation of crystalline compounds.
Leaching with several volumes of synthetic river water indicated that
clinoptilolite is somewhat more resistant to elution of Cs than is
Decalso. Clinoptilolite has potential for use as a Cs transportation
medium, (auth)
A-24
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Ames, L.L., Dhanpat Rai, and R.J. Serne. 1976. A Review of Actinide-
Sediment Reactions with an Annotated Bibliography. BNWL-1983.
The purpose of this publication is to summarize the information on
actinide-sediment reactions and help the scientists working in this field
to determine the present status and to direct the research at needed
areas. This publication summarizes and gives an annotated bibliography
of actinides in sediments. The bibliography is divided into sections on
chemistry and geochemistry, migration and accumulation, cultural distri-
butions, natural distributions and bibliographies and annual reviews. The
material in the first two sections was extensively reviewed and summarized.
The abstracts are listed in alphabetical order within sections to facilitate
use. (auth)
Amiard-Triquet, C. 1975. Study of Radionuclide Transfer Between Inver-
tebrates and their Marine Sedimentary Environment. CEA-R-4705.
Radionuclide exchanges between sediment and marine organisms were
studied in some benthic marine invertegrates, especially Arenicola marina L.
(an Annelid). Experiments were carried out on the transfer of ° Co, Cs,
59 144
and accessorily Fe and Ce. Water was the chief vector for benthic
marine invertebrates. These invertebrates seemed to act mainly in sedimentary
areas on the redistribution of adsorbed radionuclides within the sediment.
Radioactive contamination of the invertebrates was affected by various
physiological or ecological factors. Benthic marine invertebrates were
then studied as links in food chains. The transfer of Co was studied
in three food chains or fractions of food chains. The procedure allowed
interesting observations from the health protection point of view and more
fundamental investigations on cobalt metabolism (regulation, excretion) in
a mollusc, a crustacean, and a teleost. (auth)
Amiel, A.J., D.S. Miller, and G.M. Friedman. 1972. Uranium Distribution
in Carbonate Sediments of a Hypersaline Pool, Gulf of Elat, Red Sea. Isr.
J. Earth Sci. 21:187-91.
Two kinds of laminites exist interlayered between blue-green algal
mat carpets of a hypersaline pool, fibrous aragonite and cryptocrystalline
A-25
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high magnesian calcite. Cryptocrystalline laminites contain more U (15 ppm)
than fibrous laminites (3.5 ppm). Organic C in laminites is 1.1-1.4 wt".
The organic phase ties up 35% of total U. Increased U concentration in
Cryptocrystalline layers is related to organic matter present in these
layers and to fine crystal size and greater specific surface area. In
nonorganic matter U occurs in exchangeable as well as in absorbed sites
from which U can be readily removed by leaching with distilled water. (CA)
Amphlett, C.B. 1955. Soil Chemistry and the Uptake of Fission Products.
Research. 8:335-40.
The likely fate of radioactive contamination from an atomic bomb
explosion or nuclear reactor accident is traced according to the nature
of the ground contaminated. A discussion of possible treatment of
contaminated land is included. (NSA)
Amphlett, C.B. 1958. Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. Atomics
and Nuclear Energy. 9:242-4.
The facilities for disposal of radioactive waste to ground at Hanford,
Oak Ridge, Savannah River, and Chalk River are described and the experience
derived from them is summarized. (NSA)
Amphlett, C.B. 1964. Inorganic Ion Exchangers. Elsevier Publishing Company,
New York.
The ion exchange properties of the clay minerals, zeolites, hetero-
polyacid salts, hydrous oxides and insoluble salts are presented in some
detail. The concepts and terms needed in a discussion of inorganic ion
exchange are developed in the introduction including the required thermo-
dynamics. Applications include the use of various inorganic exchangers in
radionuclide removel from waste solutions. The text of each chapter is
well-referenced.
A-26
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Amphlett, C.B. and L.A. McDonald. 1956. Equilibrium Studies on Natural
Ion-Exchange Minerals. I. Cesium and Strontium. J. Inorg. and Nucl.
Chem. 2:403-14.
+ 2+
The uptake of Cs and Sr ions has been studied on a Lower Greensand
j.
soil of good exchange properties; slight fixation of Cs' is observed, but
2+ +• 2+
not of Sr . Isotherms have been obtained for the system Cs -Sr -soil at
-4
two different ionic concentrations; from these a value of 9.3 x 10 has
beed derived for the thermodynamic equilibrium constant of the exchange
2+ -*• +
' reaction 2CsX + Sr -»• SrX~ + 2Cs where X represents the exchange complex
within the soil. Other relevant thermodynamic data have been calculated
for this system, and the results are compared with those of other workers
on the pure clay mineral montmorillonite. (auth)
Amphlett, C.B. and D.T. Warren. 1956. Fixation of Activity in Solid
Form by Absorption on Soils. Part 1. Firing and Leaching Tests.
AERE-C/R-1686.
The absorption of radioactivity from waste solutions on soils,
followed by firing at high temperatures, has been studied as an alternative
to fixation processes involving clay minerals. Fixation on soil is as
efficient as on clay. Two types of process have been investigated, one
based on ion exchange, and one in which the soil is used as a base for
manufacture of a ceramic product by mixing with the waste and firing. Both
types of operation give high decontamination factors under suitable con-
ditions, but the second enables a higher loading to be achieved and is
applicable to a much wider variety of wastes. The engineering problems
associated with large-scale operation are simpler in the first case, although
there is no doubt that the second system can also be scaled up if desired.
(auth}
Amphlett, C.B. and D.T. Warren. 1957. Fixation of Activity in Solid Form
by Absorption on Soils. AERE-C/R-2202.
By incorporating radioactive solutions into mixtures of waste solutions
and soil, glasses are formed on heating to temperatures of ^ 1000°C. Leaching
tests show that these are highly resistant to water and would be suitable for
A-27
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disposal of highly-active wastes. Only Ru volatilizes appreciably during
the firing process, and its loss may be kept to a minimum by suitable
control of the process, as it is easily trapped, and could be returned
to the process if required. The results of this work are compared with
those of other studies on solid fixation, (auth)
Amy, J.P. 1971. Contribution to the Study of the Migration of Ruthenium-106
in Soils. RFP-Trans-140.
The migration of Ru in soils was studied; two solutions of nitrosyl-
ruthenium complexes (state in which Ru is released from the Marcoule
plant) and a noncomplex ruthenium chloride solution were used in experiments
on the mobility of the radioelement, the solutions being percolated through
columns containing the soils. The migration depended on the degree of
ionization: anionic forms were found to be mobile in the soil, a large fraction
being found in the percolate, whereas cationic states were sorbed much more
quickly. The nature of the soil also affected the migration process; Ru
migrated deeply in sandy soils, whereas it was strongly sorbed by the
muddy fractions of soils with a mud sand texture. The mobility of Ru in
the soils studied was found to be more dependent on the solution percolation
rates than on the particle size distribution; these two factors are, how-
ever, closely related. (NSA)
Amy, J.P., A. Grauby, and F. Jacquin. 1970. Environmental Mobility of
lObRu During Irrigation Processes. Compt. Rend., Ser. D. 271:644-7 (in
French).
Environmental mobility of Ru in ruthenium nitrosyl complexes is
very high. The results obtained show that the nuclide is only partly
sorbed by the sediments of the irrigation canals and that it migrates
rather deeply into the irrigated soils, (auth)
Amy, J.P., A. Grauby, and F. Jacquin. 1970. Ru Migration in Irrigated
Soils from the Bas-Rhone. Radioprotection. 5:185-200 (in French).
Two solutions of nitrosylruthenium complexes, and an uncomplexed solution
of ruthenium chloride were used to study Ru mobility during earth-column
A-28
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percolation. Am'onic forms were mobile in the soil and a large fraction
could be found in the percolate, whereas cationic states were sorbed more
quickly. The nature of the soil was important: ruthenium migrated deeply
in sandy soils, whereas it was strongly sorbed by the muddy fractions of
soils with a mud-sand texture. Ruthenium mobility in the soils studied was
found to depend more on the solution percolation rates than on particle
size distribution, both factors being however closely connected, (auth)
Ananyan, V.L. and A.S. Aretisyan. 1971. Contents of Radiostrcntium in the
Main Soils of Armenian. Sovbshch. Inst. Agrokhim. Probl. Gidroponiki, Akad.
Nauk Arm. SSR. No. 11:19-24 (in Armenian).
90
The vertical migration of Sr in the different soils of Armenia and
its proportional contents in the upper layer (0 to 20 cm) of those soils
90
were studied. On arid soils, up to 50 to 80% of the Sr is accumulated
90
in the upper layer (0 to 5 cm). Under definite local conditions, Sr is
mixed and accumulated in lower layers, e.g. 5 to 10 cm, 15 to 25 cm. On
90
arable soils Sr penetrates to a depth of up .to 113 to 140 cm. In general,
90
the distribution of Sr has a zonal feature. However, in the limits of
one and the same soil there are some deviations, (auth)
Ananyan, V.L. and A. S. Aretisyan. 1971. Contents of Radium and Thorium
in the Soils of Armenia Soobshch. Inst. Agrohkim. Probl. Gidroponiki,
Akad. Nauk. Arm. SSR. No. 11:5-13 (in Russian).
Studies have shown that tne contents of radium and thorium are largely
linked with the characteristics of soil-forming rocks. There is no solid
link between the humus and calcareousness of radioactive elements. In
chernozem soils the contents of radioactive elements increases to some
extent, (auth)
Ananyan, V.L. and B.G. Mnatsakanyan. 1971. Effect of the Level of Relief
on the Distribution of Radioactive Elements. Soobshch. Inst. Agrokhim.
Probl. Gidroponiki, Akad. Nauk Arm. SSR. No. 11:31-35 (in Russian).
The effect of relief on the distribution of natural and artificial
radioactive elements on three sub-alpine meadows was investigated. The
distribution of Cs depends on the relief. As a rule, its content is
A-29
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slight on the steep slopes, while on the lower ones it is relatively higher.
The characteristics of the distribution of the total 8 radioactivity is
subject to the same rule, with the differences that the changes are not as
distinct as the others. The changes in the potassium contents depending
on the level of the slopes are weak, and even decrease in some of them, (auth)
Ananyan, V.L. and B. G. Mnatsakanyan. 1971. Migration of Cs on Various
Soils of Armenia. Soobshch. Inst. Agrokhim. Probl. Gidropom'ki, Akad. Nauk.
Arm. SSR. No. 11:14-18 (in Russian).
Studies on the migration of Cs were carried out on three vertical
profiles involving the main soil types of Armenia. It was found that the
127
upper layer (0.5 cm) of different soils of Armenia, Cs content represents
65 to 100%. In brown and chestnut soils, migration is greater than in
chernozem soils and especially in mountain-meadow soils. Content of J Cs
increases in soils rich with humus, (auth)
Agahyan, V.L. and B.G. Mnatsakanyan. 1971. Migration and Distribution of
0 Mn in the Soils of Armenia. Soobshch. Inst. Agrokhim. Probl. Gidropom'ki,
Akad. Nauk Arm. SSR. No. 11:25-30 (in Russian).
54
In the soils under investigation, Mn is characterized by its active
137 90
mobility compared with other isotopes, such as Cs and Sr. In tne
54
chernozemic, chestnut, and high-mountain meadow soils, Mn decreases in
quantity according to depth of soil and in 20 to 40 cm it forms 20 to 3Q%
of the total quantity. Both the types of soil and the vertical zonality
play no decisive role in the process of the migration of 'Mn. (auth)
Ancellin, J., M. Avagues, P. Bovard, P. Gueguentiat, and A. Vilguin. 1973.
Biological and Physico-Chemical Aspects of the Radiocontamination of Marine
Species and Sediments. IN: Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environ-
ment, pp. 225-243. IAEAT Vienna (in French).
Various aspects of the physico-chemical and biological fate of radio-
active pollutants in the marine environment are reviewed in the light of the
results of recent radioecological research. In studying contamination of
any kind, it is necessary to take into account the relative importance of
physico-chemical and biological processes that take place simultaneously.
A-30
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In a certain number of cases the mechanisms whereby elements present in
small quantities in seawater are adsorbed on to living organisms are
similar to those that apply to inert bodies. The contribution of the
species to fixation of the element is passive, and the physico-chemical
properties of the contaminants and of the contaminated carrier can dominate
its own biological properties, particularly the physiological barrier of
regulation. Various types of equilibration of the pollution of the organs,
notably in fish, with the pollution of the environment are examined, together
with the differences in the capability of various competing sites for
adsorption of a specific pollutant, for example, the capability of sediments
cc
or/and living species in contact with the sediments to take up and transport
65Zn, 60Co, 131I, 144Ce, '06Ru, 137Cs, 54Mn, 55Fe, and 85Sr. (auth)
Andelman, J.3. and T. C. Rozzell. 1970. Plutonium in the Water Environment,
ACS Advances in Chemistry No. 93. American Chemical Society, Washington.
In the pH range of natural waters colloidal plutonium (IV) hydroxide
forms from polymeric hydrolysis products and ages slowly. At least over a
period of several days an increase in particle sizes is observed. At pH
7 such solutions aged for a few months showed a significant increase in size
of the colloidal plutonium as the ionic strength increased from O.OC2 to
0.1. The centrifugability of the colloid, aged for three and seven days at
pH 7, decreased for plutonium concentrations less than 10" M. The addition
of macroscopic grains of crystalline silica affected the colloidal plutonium
size distribution as did the variation in pH over the range of 5 to 8. The
2
addition of 10 M bicarbonate ions at pH 7 also influenced the distribution
but less systematically, (auth)
Anderson, A.J. 1973. Plant Accumulation of Radioactive Strontium with
Special Reference to the Strontium-Calcium Relationship as Influenced by
Nitrogen. RISO-278.
Investigations are reported on strontium accumulation in plants grown
in soils which were artifically contaminated with water soluble radioactive
strontium. Since the strontium-90 in radioactive fallout has been shown to
be largely water-soluble, the results from such experiments are assumed to be
A-31
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closely related to the conditions encountered in actual fallout situations.
The purpose of these investigations was to elucidate the consequences of a
heavy contamination of agricultural areas with radioactive strontium and to
evaluate the possibilities of influencing the amounts accumulating in croo
plants. The plant uptake of strontium is closely related to that of calcium
and depends on the relative concentrations of the two cations adjacent to
the room surface. Soil properties, which affect the relative availability
of strontium and calcium, were evaluated for some typical Danish soils. The
uptake of strontium can be influenced either by changing its actual concen-
tration in the soil solution adjacent to plant roots or by changing the
competition from calcium. Both possibilities were tested. An effective
reduction in strontium uptake was obtained by heating the contaminated soil
layer and by deep ploughing. The availability was also effectively reduced
by heavy applications of super-phosphate, whereas application of lime proved
to be rather ineffective to reduce the uptake from most of the soils used.
The uptakes by different plant species and varieties were compared in pot
experiments and the results revealed considerable variation in the strontium
uptake by barley, oats, and rye grass. It was shown in pot experiments that
nitrogen supply changed the relative distribution of strontium and calcium
in oat plants. Since nitrogen is one of the most important growth factors
in modern agriculture this was considered of gread practical interest and it
was therefore decided to elucidate these effects in more details. Attempts
were made to evaluate how nitrogen addition affects the sequence of reactions
which determines the strontium-calcium movement from the soil solid phase
to the grain of oat plants. The main results have been published and the
references are given. (NSA)
Anderson, J.D. 1973. Radioactive Liquid Wastes Discharged to Ground in
the 200 Areas During 1972. ARH-2757 (Pt. 3).
An overall summary of the radioactive liquid wastes discharged to the
ground, since startup and during 1972, in the 200 Area at HAPO is presented.
(NSA)
A-32
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Anderson, J.D. 1974. Radioactive Liquid Wastes Discharged to Ground in
the 200 Areas During 1973. ARH-2806-4Q.
As estimate of the radioactivity discharged to individual ponds, cribs,
and specific retention sites within the Manufacturing and Waste Management
Division during 1973 and from startup through December 31, 1973, and an
estimate of the decayed activities from startup through December 31, 1973,
are tabulated. (MSA)
Anderson, J.D. 1975. Radioactive Liquid Wastes Discharged to Ground in the
200 Areas During 1974. ARH-3093-4Q.
Radioactive liquid waste discharged to ground during 1974 and since
startup within the Production and Waste Management control zone are summarized
in tabular form. Estimates of the radioactivity discharged to individual
ponds, cribs, and retention sites are also summarized. (NSA)
Anderson, R.Y. and E.B. Kurtz. 1956. A Method for the Determination of
Alpha-Radioactivity in Plants as a Tool for Uranium Prospecting. Economic
Geology. 51:64-8.
Scintillation alpha counting has been adapted to the determination of
the radioactivity of plant has for use in uranium prospecting. A system of
sample mounting is described which has high sensitivity and good reproduc-
ibility. Background for the system is only 6 counts per hour. The method
is sufficiently sensitive so that species which accumulate more than 10 ppm
uranium in the plant ash can be used for survey studies, (auth)
Andraschko, J., P. Stipanits and F. Hecht. 1964. The Enrichment of Uranium
on Peat. Mikrochim. Ichnoanal. Acta. No 1:124-35 (in German).
The exchange and adsorption mechanisms that are active in the accumulation
of trace elements, especially uranium, in peats under natural circumstances
were studied. The maximum ion exchange capacity of peat for Mg, Fe, and U
were found to be around 0.3 to 0.5 mval/g. (auth)
A-33
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Angeletti, L. 1972. Contamination of Pastures by I. Part !. Rate of
Deposition of 131i. EUR-4872.
A reference to the origin and a number of physical properties of iodine-131
and the most important method of studying internal contamination of man is
followed by the presentation of various physical and empirical models used
for estimating the transfer of radioiodine from the air to the soil. Experi-
mental results are reported relating to the rates of deposit cited in the
literature, (auth)
Angelo, C.G., N.C. Goldberg, V.J. Janzer, and W.A. Beetem. 1962. Summary
of Kd's for Fission Products Between Ground Water and Basaltic Rocks.
.IN; Geology of the U18a Site, Buckboard Mesa, NTS, Part VI. U.S.G.S.
Report for U.S. Dept. of Defense, Project Danny Boy, WT 1828. pp. 66-81.
Several radionuclides v/ere used to determine Kd values on 32-80 mesh
basalt including sodium, strontium, cesium and mixed fission products. Values
obtained include CsKd of 792 to 9520 ml/g, MaKd of 4 to 20 ml/g, SrKd of 16
to 135 ml/g and mixed fission oroduct Kd of 422-1880 ml/g. The absence of
competing ions raise Kd values.
Andreev, A.G. , V.S. Komarov, A.P. Lopatkina and A.M. Sergeev. 1969.
Estimation of Age of Uranium-Bearing Hydromorphous Soils on the Basis of
Ionium Accumulation. Geokhimiya. No. 6:724-8 (in Russian).
Conditions for making age determinations on the basis of ionium
accumulation for the case of hydromorphous soils with high uranium content
were considered. Equilibrium between the solid and liquid phases in places
of contact of feeding uranium-bearing waters with organic material is
comparatively rapidly set within several years. The concentration of
ionium carried into hydromorphous soils together with uranium, may be
negligible and not be taken into account when estimating the age. The
age of thin bog soils with high uranium content, which was estimated in
three regions of Eastern Siberia, varied in the ranges of 1600 to 2800
years. The age of buried soil with a 40 to 50 cm depth has been estimated
as being 4800 years, (auth)
A-34
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Andreev, A.G., V.S. Komarov, A.P. Lopatkina and A.N. Sergeev. 1969.
Evaluation of the-Ages of Uranium-Bearing Hydromorphic Soils From the
Accumulation of Th. Geochem. Int. Mo. 6:580-4.
230
Hydromorphic soils of high uranium content may be dated by the U/ Th
method if: the age of the uranium accumulation is the same as that of soil
230
formation; allowance can be made for the Th content of the soil-forming
water; and there is no migration of U or Th beyond the accumulation area.
The ages of shallow hydromorphic soils in three areas in East Siberia are
between 1600 and 2800 years, in agreement with carbon-14 ages, (auth)
Anokhin, V.L. 1974. Simulation of Migration Processes of Radioisotopes
in Dry Land Areas. Moscow. Atomizdat.
A mathematical simulation of the processes of migration of biogeowaste-
contained radioisotopes in different dry land areas A/as done using the
most modern methods of analysis of the existing or proposed situation and
the prognosis of its subsequent changes. This simulation was used for
planning sanitary measures. Tests were given for the construction of logic
schemes of structural and functional categories of these simulations; the
matric algorithms of linear algebra were carried out by the mathematical
apparatus. Theoretical concepts of the physical-chemical mechanisms of the
sorption and transport distribution of radioisotopes between liquid and
solid phases during filtration in the soil were given. Questions on the
simulation of the biological cycle were also considered, (auth)
Anonymous. 1959. On the Dispersion of Fission Products by Groundwater.
CRT-866.
On the assumptions that the motion of ions in ground water through
soils may be described by reversible processes of exchange and that
active ions are present in the groundwater only in trace quantities,
the distribution of activity through the soil of a uniform disposal
area is calculated by a statistical method. The mean delay time in
a uniform column is determined by the equilibrium distribution ratio,
D, and the shape of the front of activity is fixed by D and a parameter
N which represents the average number of transfers from the liquid to the
solid state. An appendix shows the relation between the statistical methods
used here and the exchange rate equation, (auth)
A-35
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Anonymous. 1962. Studies on the Migration of Radioisotopes in Homogeneous
Vertical Columns. UCRL-13043.
Several factors affect the transport of radioactive subs by water
through granular earth materials. The distribution coefficient is one
such factor and measurements of it were made of two mesh sized of Ottawa
quartz sand and microcline. Exchange column studies were done using
quartz sand, quartz and microcline in two sizes, 20 to 30 and 50 to 60
j. • O±
mesh and several concentrations of K , NaT or Ca ' as the carrier or
eluting cation. Other factors affecting the movement of radioactivity
in granular minerals in columns are as follows: the rate of uptake of •
the activity by the minerals, the rate of elution of the absorbed
radioactivity, the velocity of the water, hydraulic dispersion, and the
chemical nature of the water, minerals and radioactive substance. All
of the afore mentioned factors were expressed in a nonlinear differen-
tial equation formulated by Joseph E. Exuox. A numerical method is
being developed for calculating histories.
Anonymous. 1965. Deposition Rates by the Protactinium Method. TID-21522.
Results are presented of analyses,of five deep sea drill cores chosen to
represent various sediment types and ocean basins. Core data are tabulated
231
on Pa leaching, CaCO., content, and age. Data are also included on
J 230 231
accumulation rates of the Th and Pa in the specimens. Results of the
investigation indicate that the ionium method may be unreliable and that
the Pa method is more dependable. (NSA)
Anonymous. 1966. Mineral Chemistry. BNWL-235-3, pp. 23-51.
Results are reported for studies on: montmorillonite exchange equilibria
with Sr-Na-Cs; self-diffusion of Na in vermiculite; exchange of alkali metal
»
cations on a natural stilbite; alkali metal cation equilibria with chabazite;
unit cell size and Cs loading on Type A and Type X zeolites; cation exchange
properties of wairakite and analcime; radionuclide migration in soil columns-
development of a computer program; dispersion characteristics of Sr in soil
columns; and Cs and Sr distribution beneath liquid waste disposal sites. (NSA)
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Anonymous. 1967. Report on Radon and Helium Occurrences in Soil Gas.
GJO-928-1.
Studies were conducted to evaluate a method of exploring for subsurface
uranium deposits by measuring the helium and radon content of soil gas. Soil
and rock gas samples were collected for He and Rn analysis from shallow holes
in areas of known He production in Arizona and New Mexico, and from a uranium
producing district in Wyoming. The experimental procedures are described. It
was found that the Ra content of soil and rock gas varied significantly in the
Gas Hills, Wyoming uranium producing area and may be of use in uranium explora-
tion. However, the variations of He content and rock gas samples were not-
significant enough to be useful. Several recommendations are made for deter-
mining the effects of geologic conditions, sampling depth, and time on the mea-
surement of He and Ra content in soil gas. (0-77)
Anonymous. 1968. A Study of Natural Radioactivity in Brazil. NYO-2577-10.
Studies in two areas of high natural radioactivity in Brazil are reported.
The areas include Guarapary, in the monazite sand region, and Yoro do Ferro,
in an area of volcanic intrusives. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were distri-
buted to selected individuals residing in Guarapary and collected approxi-
mately six months later. Uncertainties in the dose rate measurements on the
environment made by this method are discussed. Measurements of Rn and Th
decay products in air and respirable dusts were not satisfactory. A whole-
body counter was constructed. Plants collected from the Morro do Ferro area
were analyzed for Ra 224 and Ra 226. Data on several species of Clethraceae
and Melastonataceae are presented. (NSA)
Anonymous. 1972. Monitoring of Radioactivity in 1972. NP-19836. (in French)
Data are presented from measurements of the total 3 and y activity and
content of certain radionuclides found in fallout in samples of air, soil,
and milk collected at various locations throughout Western South America
and the South Pacific Ocean during 1972. Data are included on I, Sr,
137Cs, 144Ce, 103RU, 95Zr, 95Nb, 141Ce, 14°Ba, and U. (NSA)
A-37
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Anonymous. 1973. Nutrient and Radionuclide Cycling. UCLA-12-919, pp. 43-51.
Results from the chemical and physical characterization of soil profiles
at 79 study sites located in some northern Mojave Desert areas of the Nevada
Test Site are reported. The profiles were characterized under clumps of
perennial vegetation and under bare desert pavement in order to determine the
137 49
modifying influence of shrubs on desert soil. Concentrations of Cs, 'K,
uranium, and thorium were determined in surface fractions of the soil profile.
The following research projects were also conducted; correlations between
soil characteristics and plant ecology in the Mojave desert; effect of shrubs
on native fertility of the Mojave desert; sodium relations in desert plants;
effects of Nad on Tamarix ramosissima grown in solution; effects of chelated
and nonchelated cobalt and copper on yields and microelement composition of bush
beans grown on calcareous soil in a glasshouse; phosphorus levels vs. concen-
trations of zinc and other elements in bush bean plants; and response of bush
bean plants to tin applied to soil and to solution culture. (NSA)
Anonymous. 1973. Radionuclide Cyclina in Terrestrial Environments.
ORNL-4848, pp. 1-8.
Studies on soil chemistry were conducted to determine the character of
secondary reaction products and nuclide availability to plants after weather-
ing under natural environments. Root-soil relation studies were conducted
on plant uptake of 137Cs, 106Ru, 125Sb, 60Co, and 65Zn from White Oak Lake
soils. Other studies were conducted on radionuclide cycling in the cetritus-
soil-root pathway; food chain dynamics; and ecosystem dynamics. New tech-
niques were developed for plutonium analysis of environmental samples and the
use of PVP in cation saturation in x-ray diffraction studies. Comparisons
were made of microbial parameters that influence nuclide transfer. (NSA)
Anonymous. 1973. Toxic Materials in the Environment. ORNL-4848, pp. 52-58.
Research on environmental monitoring of toxic materials in ecosystems
included a biogeochemical survey of trace elements in ecosystems and measure-
ments of trace contaminants at and around the Allen Steam Plant facility.
A-38
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Studies on zonal configuration emphasized applied aspects in elucidating
chemical and biological forms, distribution, and availability of heavy metals
in the environment. Deposits of kaolin minerals were analyzed for titanium
and results are tabulated. Research on plant-soil interaction included studies
109
on uptake of Cd from nutrient solutions. Research on toxic metals in lake
and stream sediments included heavy metal behavior in mineral and sediment
systems and cadmium and zinc in the Holston River and Joe Mill creek. Studies
109
on ecology of toxic metals included the use of Cd as a tracer for deter-
mining Cd behavior in streams, mercury transfer in an aquatic food chain, and
203
a laboratory microcosm study of uptake, retention, and cycling of Hg from
fly ash and by stream biota. (NSA)
Anonymous. 1974. Analysis of Natural Systems. BNWL-1950, Pt. 2, pp. 1-19.
The usefulness of kinetic models for monitoring changes in aquatic
pollution is discussed. The use of computer calculations to predict the uptake
and retention of DDT and Zn in fish is cited as an example. A stratified
random sampling program (FIDLER) was used to estimate the geographical distri-
f\ o Q O Af\
bution of activities from Pu and Pu in surface soil and vegetation at
the Nevada Test Site. Models and procedures used for studies of fallout Cs
transport through the forage-cattle-milk food chain and lichen-caribou-Eskimo
food chain in Alaska are described. The statistical and mathematical aspects
of sampling programs for ecological studies and data acquisition and analysis
systems are discussed, with emphasis on methods for the evaluation of the impact
of nuclear power plants on the environment and the radiation dose to human
populations. (NSA)
Anonymous. 1974. Environmental Studies. LA-5883-PR, pp. 46-62.
The research activities of the Environmental Studies Group include:
environmental resources inventory, radiation ecology studies; Alaskan
arctic ecosystem studies; and atmospheric transport studies. The environmental
resources inventory includes: understory vegetation analysis; species diversity
and composition of small mammal communities, radiotelemetry study of mammal
predators; soils of the LASL; and a National Environmental Research Park
A-39
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proposal. The radiation ecology studies include: honeybees as biological
indicators of radionuclide contamination; radiation ecology studies of canyon
liquid waste disposal areas; small mammal studies in Los Alamos liquid waste
disposal areas; small mammal population densities and composition at Trinity
site; distribution of Pu in Trinity soils; waste disposal canyon intensive
site studies; and Rio Grand River studies. The Alaskan arctic ecosystem
studies include: ecological investigation of Alaskan North Slope oil field
development; and radiation ecology studies of northern Alaska. Terrain
influence on low-level meteorological transport is the only atmospheric trans-
port study discussed. (NSA)
Anonymous. 1974. Freshwater Sciences. BNWL-igSOTPt. 2, pp. 67-106.
Results are reported from studies on the effects of thermal effluents
on the incidence of diseases, behavior and sensory physiology of fish in the
Columbia River, the combined effects of chemical pollution and temperature on
the incidence of diseases in fish, and the effects of tritium irradiation
during embryogenesis of immune reactions in trout. The physicochemical char-
acteristics of radionuclides in Hanford N-reactor effluent water discharged to
a seepage trench were studied as tney percolated through soil and emerged in
seepage springs along the bank of the Columbia River, with emphasis on the
biological availability and geochemical reactivity of Co, Ru, Ru,
122 124 125
Sb, Sb, and Sb present in reactor effluent water partitioned among
particulate, cationic, anionic, and nonionic species. Results of an aerial
survey of salmon spawning in the Hanford reach of the Columbia River during
1974 are compared with surveys made in previous years. Results are reported
from a study of the combined effects of water temperature and y radiation on
the survival of rainbow trout. The uptake and retention of Cs and Zn
238 239 240
by periphyton in the Columbia River and the ratios of Pu to Pu, Pu
241
and Am in biota and sediments in a Hanford waste pond were determined.
(NSA)
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Anonymous. 1974. Marine Sciences. BNWL-1950, Part 2, pp. 107-152.
The HAPO Marine Research Laboratory, Sequim, Washington, is described
and preliminary results are reported from a study of the physical, chemical,
and biological characteristics of Sequim Bay. Results are reported from
studies on: the effects of petroleum and petroleum products in effluents
released to coastal waters on the ecology of animals and plants of inter-
tidal communities; the uptake and retention of hydrocarbons by plankton;
the effects of thermal effluents discharged from nuclear power plants to
coastal waters on the number and occurrence of annelids, arthropods, and
molluscs in marine communities; the effects of temperature changes on the
growth and survival of shrimp (Pendelus danae); a -literature survey on the
distribution and effects of Cu on marine ecosystems; and the rates and
mechanisms of air-seawater exchange and mixing of cosmogenic 3e, fission
products, and Pu isotopes in fallout in North Pacific surface waters. A
program, GEOSECS, was developed to characterize the biogeochemical and
physicodynamic processes occurring in the oceans on the basis of chemical
and radionuclide constituents. The distribution of Hg, Aq, and Co in the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at various geographical and vertical levels
was estimated using the GEOSECS sampling program and neutron activation
techniques. A method was developed for the measurement of Se in seawater
samples. Methods for measuring trace element and radionuclide pollution in
marine sediments are discussed, with emphasis on ^Fe in marine organisms.
Data are included from studies on the concentration and distribution of
Pu and Am in seawater, sediments, and marine organisms collected at
Thule, Greenland and Eniwetok Atoll. (MSA)
Anonymous. 1974. Potential for Plutonium Complexation in Soil and Uptake
by Plants. BNWL-1850, Part 2, pp. 19-24.
Previous studies have indicated that Plutonium is largely insoluble in
soil over the short-term and is not accumulated by plants. However, it is
possible that naturally occurring ligands in soil arising from oraanic
matter decomposition processes may form complexes with plutonium increasing
Plutonium solubility in soil and uptake by plants. Furthermore, the
A-41
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possibility exists that the chemical form of plutonium may be directly
altered by the soil microflora as has been demonstrated for other metals.
The present studies were undertaken to determine (1) the effects of plutonium
on the soil microbial population and on soil microbial processes, (2) the
potential for formation of plutonium complexes in soil and the role of the
soil microflora in this process, (3) the extent of plant uptake and trans-
location of plutonium or its complexes, and (4) the bond types and chemical
forms of plutonium or its metabolites in microbial and plant tissues and
soils. The progress of these investigations is summarized below, (auth)
Anonymous. 1974. Proceedings of the Second AEC Environmental Protection
Conference, held at Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 16-19, 1974. Vol. 1,
WASH-1332-74-V-1.
The Division of Operational Safety of the Atomic Energy Commission
sponsored the environmental protection meeting. Attendees from most of the
Atomic Energy Commission installations gave papers on the diversity of sub-
jects including plutonium in the soil, wastewater treatment to remove plutonium
and plutonium transport by grcundwater.
Anonymous. 1974. Terrestrial Ecology. BNWL-1950, Part 2, pp. 157-207.
Data are summarized on the ecology of wild animals and plants of the
Hanford Reservation, with emphasis on populations of mule deer and birds.
Data are included on the content of 95Zr, 106Ru, 137Cs, and 144Ce in the
238
eggs of Canada geese nesting in the area; Pu content in soils, forage,
129 127
and field crops; the content of I to stable I in aquatic organisms
127 129
and sediments; the content of I and I in the diet and tissues of
swine in the area; and the content of Cs in native residents of
Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska during 1969 to 1975. (NSA)
A-42
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Anonymous. 1976. Hanford Intercontractor Support. IN: Pacific Northwest
Laboratory Annual Report for 1975 to the USERDA Division of Biomedical and
Environmental Research. BNWL-2000, Pt. 2, pp. 50-56.
Distribution coefficients (Kd values) were determined on subsoils from
241 237 99
Washington and South Carolina for Am, Mp, and Tc as a function of
2+ +•
equilibrium solution concentration of calcium (Ca ) and of sodium (Na').
Kd values decreased in all cased with increasing solution concentrations of
2+ +
Ca and Na . For the South Carolina subsoil Kd values ranged from 1.0 to
241 ?+
67 for Am as a function of Ca from 0.2 to 0.002 M, respectively, 1.6 to
280 for Am as a function of Na , 0.43 to 0.66 for Np as a function of
Ca , and 0.16 to 0.25 for Np as a function of Na+ from 3.0 less than
0.015 M, respectively. For the Washington soil, Kd values were greater than
241 2+
1200 for Am and ranged from 0.36 to 2.37 as a function of Ca and from
3.19 to 3.90 for Np as a function of Na+ over the above concentration
99
ranges, respectively. Kd values for Tc were essentially 0 at all NaHCO.,
concentrations on the South Carolina subsoil. (A)
Anonymous. 1976. Influence of Soils and Aquatic Sediments on the Chemical
Behavior, Transport and Bioavailability of Pollutants Resulting from Energy
Production. IN: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1975 to
the USERDA Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research, BNWL-2000,
Pt. 2, pp. 37-42.
The terrestrial aspects of these investigations, which involve close
cooperation between soil and plant scientists, are directed toward identifi-
cation of soil physicochemical factors and plant kinetic and metabolic factors
governing the availability of nuclear and nonnuclear wastes to plants. Princi-
pal recent emphasis has been placed on technetium, a nuclear waste which may
also serve as an analog for the behavior of anionic nonnuclear pollutants in
soils and plants. In aquatic sediment studies, investigations have been
directed toward measurement of the physicochemical properties of suspended
matter and sediments of the lower Columbia River watershed and mercury form
and distribution in water, suspended matter, sediments, and fish as influenced
by seasonal and man-induced changes in watershed and river conditions. The
soil and sediment studies outlined herein closely interdigitate with several
A-43
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investigations dealing with the fate of radionuclides in terrestrial and
aquatic studies outlined in the Freshwater Sciences and Terrestrial Ecology
sections of this report. (A)
Anspaugh, L. T., P. L. Phelps, and G. W. Huckabay. 1972. Methods for the
In-Situ Measurement of Radionuclides in Soil. HASL-269, pp. 12-38.
The feasibility of using a Ge(Li) detector in the field to quantify
radionuclides contained in soil was demonstrated. In addition a generalized
computer code was developed for application to a variety of detector geometries
40
and source distributions. Very small differences, i.e., 2% for K, were noted
in radioactivity levels for the natural occurring radionuclides as measured by
the in situ Ge(Li) method and laboratory analysis. The discrepancy in results
for Cs however was larger and probably was related to inadequate soil sampling
over too small an area. Work is presently underway to better understand the
problem, (auth)
Anspaugh, L. T., P. L. Phelps, N. C. Kennedy, H. G. Booth, R. W. Goluba,
J. P.. Reichman and J. S. Koval. 1974. Resuspension of Plutonium: A Progress
Report. UCRL-75484.
Progress is reported for a research program on the resuspension in the
atmosphere of plutonium fallout deposited on the earth surface. The long-
range goal of the resuspension studies is to produce a set of equations which
can be used to predict the time-dependent average concentration of resuspended
material downwind from a source of any geometrical configuration and soil surface
characteristics. The experiments are conducted at the Nevada Test Site where
plutonium-high explosive tests were performed during the period from 1954 to
early 1956. The investigations have included: monitoring of soil samples for
Pu; development of ultra-high volume air samplers, in-situ particle spectrometers,
particle counters, and a micrometeorology field laboratory; determination of
Pu redistribution due to the rolling of soil particles pushed by winds (creep),
the bouncing of wind-pushed particles (saltation), and transport by dust devils;
and measurements of meteorological parameters. Results from these experiments
A-44
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will be used to establish a data bank on radioisotope distribution and meteoro-
logical conditions at NTS and to provide information of the relation between
the source and the dose to man from existing radioactivity. (NSA)
Anspaugh, L. R., P. L. Phelps, N. C. Kennedy and H. G. Booth. 1973. Wind-
Driven Redistribution of Surface-Deposited Radioactivity. IN: Environmental
Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear Industry. IAEA-SM-172/71,
pp. 167-184.
The desposition of radionucl ides on a terrestrial surface can result in
the delivery of dose to man through external radiation exposure, food chain
239
contamination or inhalation of suspended particles. Pu is one of the few
radionuclides generally regarded as constituting an inhalation hazard through
wind-driven resuspension. No adequate models of resusoension exist. Two
major problem areas have been identified: the rate at which initially deposited
debris weathers into a less erodible state as a function of time, and a source
term factor in material removed per unit time per unit area, applicable to a
source of any configuration. In experiments conducted at the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission's Nevada Test Site, concentrations in air of particles moving
in suspension were studied over a period of six weeks following the nuclear
cratering event Project Schooner and over a 10-month period following accidental
venting of an underground nuclear explosion. Suspended air activity was observed
to decrease in time with half-times of from 35 to 80 days; this factor appears to
be much more important than variations in meterological parameters over these
relatively short time periods. Movement of small particles in suspension accounts
for only a minor fraction of the total mass movement. As much as 50% of the
initially deposited debris was moved by saltation within a 24-hour period. Such
debris under bushes or other places affording shelter from erosive forces.
239
More detailed study of the resuspension process in an aged Pu field is now
in progress. Preliminary data are given on the particle size distribution of
239
the total mass and the Pu moving in suspension, (auth)
A-45
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Anspaugh, L. T., J. H. Shinn and P. L. Phelps. 1975. Resuspension and
Redistribution of Plutonium in Soils. UCRL-76^19.
Formulas were derived which parameterize dust and plutonium fluxes in
terms of micrometeorologic and soil credibility parameters. Interim, simple
models utilizing the time-dependent resuspension factor and mass-loading
approaches are derived which may be used to predict the average concentra-
tion of resuspended plutonium. Intensive measurements of the resuspension
of plutonium at the USAEC's Nevada Test Site are summarized in terms of
resuspension rate through the use of Healy's model of transport and diffu-
-12
sion. Values of the resuspension rate varied from 2.7 x 10 to 4.8 x
10" sec" . The relationship between the resuspension rate and the histori-
cal resuspension factor is developed. The various models and formulations
used are shown to be internally consistent for this experimental site, (auth)
Antal, P. S. 1966. Diagenesis of Thorium Isotopes in Deep Sea Sediments.
Limnol. Oceanog. 11:278-92.
227 230 232
Th, Th, and Th were extracted from Caribbean Sea Sediment
samples of known age using 8P<[ HNO-, or concentrated HCL. The yields were com-
pared with the radionuclide content obtained by complete dissolution of the
sample and with previously reported data on red clays in Pacific Ocean cores.
These comparisons indicated that the internal consistency of dates and sedi-
mentation rates is insufficient to prove the validity of leaching procedures.
230
The nitric acid leaching yields of authigenic Th decreased with depth in
232
the core, that is, with sample age; whereas leaching of Th was independent
230
of depth. It is suggested that the initially soluble precipitate of Th is
transformed in the sediment to a more acid-resistant state, with the apparent
half life of this transformation as 24,000 years at 3°C. Therefore, in the solu-
230 232
tion obtained by partial extraction, the decrease of the ratio Th: Th with
depth in the core is due not only in radioactive decay but alto to the decreased
230
solubility of authigenic Th. Thus sedimentation rates calculated from
230 232
( Th: Th) solution may be too low by a factor of three, (auth)
A-46
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Apt, K. E. (comp.) 1976. Investigations of the Oklo Natural Fission Reactor.
July 1975 - June 1976. LA-6575-PR.
This document reports on activities of the Oklo natural fission reactor
program. During FY 76, studies have been directed toward (1) further char-
acterization of the reactor, including operation, radionuclide production
and dispersion, and ore paragenesis, (2) theoretical prediction of the geo-
chemical behavior of reactor products, (3) search for evidence for other natural
fission reactors, and (4) supportive analytical measurements and procedures
development. These investigations are conducted by personnel at the Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory, the Allied Chemical Idaho National Engineer
Laboratory, and the Department of Geology of the University of New Mexico and
are in conjunction with the ERDA program for geologic isolation of nuclear fuel
cycle wastes, (auth)
ARHCO. 1973. 241-T-106 Tank Leak Investigation. ARH-2874.
On June 8, 1973, the 241-T-106 underground liquid waste storage tank,
located on the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Hanford reservation, was con-
firmed as leaking. It was predicted that the leaked waste would be retained
by the dry sediments well above the water table. A study was instigated to
confirm this prediction. Results show the deepest penetration observed was
27 meters below the ground surface or 35 meters above the water table
(approximately 87 and 116 feet, respectively). Based on these results and
the basic knowledge of liquid movement in Hanford sediments, further movement
of the radioactivity from its present location will be negligible, (auth)
Arkhipov, N. D., Ye. A. Fedorov, R. M. Aleksakhin, P. F. Bondov,
T. L. Kozhevnikova, and V. V. Suslova. 1975. Soil Chemistry and Root Accumula-
tion of Artificial Radionuclides in the Crop Harvest. Soviet Soil Science.
pp. 690-701.
The results of 18-year laboratory and field investigations of the patterns
of movement of the 21 most important artificial radionuclides in the soil and
into plants are generalized. Differences in the accumulation of radionuclides
by plants produced by the physicochemical characteristics of the radionuclides
A-47
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may reach 5-6 orders of magnitude. The differences resulting from the species
and variety characteristics of the plants may reach a factor of 10-350, those
caused by the agrochemical properties of the soils a factor of 20-^0, and those
produced by changes in climatic conditions may amount to a factor of 3-4.
During the first 2-5 years following application the availability of radionuclides
in the soil to plants decreases (by 20-30% for Sr and Cs in plowed soils,
90
and by a factor of 7 for Sr in meadows). Field experiments in different soil-
climatic zones showed a distinct zonality in the accumulation of strontium
radioisotopes by plants as a result of a change in agrochemical properties
Lt
(above all in the content of exchangeable Ca ). (auth)
Armands, G. and S. Landergren. 1960. Geochemical Prospecting for Uranium
in Northern Sweden: the Enrichment of Uranium in Peat. Intern. Geol. Congr.,
Rept. 21st Session, Copenhagen, Part 15:51-66.
Analyses of peat from Masugnsbyn showed an average content on a dry-
matter basis of 600 ppm U(= 900 ppm in the original component). Analyses of
spring waters within the bog showed an average of 0.1 pom U. Profiles across
the bog show considerable variation of pH and U content; similar variations
were shown by determinations of U content of plants (betula alba, B. nana,
Salix, and Alnus). Twigs contain much more U than do leaves. Leaching experi-
ments on Fe ore from the region that contained 0.05 percent U showed that
12-26 percent of the U could be leached by NaHCO., solutions in four days; the
U in the bog probably came from leaching the Fe ore by grcundwater bicarbonate
solutions. (CA)
Armstrong, A. A. and B. L. Baker. 1958. Department of Chemical Engineering.
Progress Report No. 1. Pt. I. Adsorption of Calcium and Strontium on Hydrous
Ferric Oxide and Limonite. Pt. II. Percolation Studies. Univ. of South
Carolina.
A review of the literature was made on the adsorption of ions by the com-
pounds of iron and related compounds. An investigation was made in the labora-
tory on the adsorption of calcium and strontium on hydrous ferric oxide and
limonite.
The investigation of the adsorption of calcium on hydrous ferric oxide and
limonite covered a range of solution pH from 6.0 to 10.0 and a range of equilib-
rium calcium solution concentrations from 1.0 x 10" N to 5.0 x 10~ N. Calcium
A-48
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solution concentrations were determined by the EDTA titration method. The investi-
gation of the adsorption of strontium on hydrous ferric oxide and limonite covered
a range of solution pH from 6.0 to 12.0 and a range of equilibrium strontium
solution concentrations from 1.0 x 10" N to 1.0 x 10" N. Strontium solution
concentrations were determined by the radioactive tracer technique using Sr-89
tracer.
From the experimental data, values of calcium and strontium equilibrium
solution concentrations and solid phase concentrations were calculated. Iso-
therms (at constant pH values) for the adsorption of calcium and strontium on
hydrous ferric oxide and limonite were obtained by plotting the solid phase
concentration versus the solution concentration on log-log and drawing a smooth
curve through the data points. The distribution coefficients of calcium and
strontium between the solid and liquid phases were calculated from the isotherms.
The distribution coefficients (at constant equilibrium solution concentrations)
were plotted versus pH on semi-log paper and smooth curves drawn through the
data points.
The following conclusions were drawn from the investigation:
1. There was no significant adsorption of either calcium or strontium on
hydrous ferric oxide at pH 6.0.
2. The fraction of calcium or strontium adsorbed increased with increase
in pH (7.0 and above) and increased with decrease in equilibrium
solution concentration.
3. The distribution coefficients for calcium and strontium between the
solid and liquid phases increased with increase in pH and increased
with decrease in equilibrium solution concentration. The distribution
coefficient for the adsorption of calcium on hydrous ferric oxide varied
from approximately 8 (meq/am Fe-0^)/(meq/ml) at pH 7.0 and solution
- f. J
concentration of 5.0 x 10 N Ca to 2000 (meq/gm Fe,07)/(meq/ml) at pH 10.0
4
and solution concentration Of 1.0 x 10 N Ca. The distribution coefficient
for the adsorption of strontium on hydrous ferris oxide varied from approxi-
mately 10 (meq/gm Fe,0?)/(meq/ml) at pH 7.0 and solution concentration of
Cm 0
A-49
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1.0 x TO"1 N Sr to 150,000 (meq/gm Fe203)/(meq/ml) at pH 12.0 and solu-
tion concentration of 1.0 x 10"7 N Sr. These data indicate that hydrous
ferric oxide has a high selectivity for the adsorption of calcium and
strontium.
4. The adsorption of calcium and strontium on limonite was on the order
of one-tenth of the adsorption on hydrous ferric oxide, (auth)
Armstrong, N.E., L.W. Canter, and E.F. Gloyna. 1968. Transport of Organic
and Radioactive Wastes. Water Wastes Eng. 5:54-6.
Factors that affect the transport of radioactive wastes in a model river
are described. The design of the model river system, its instrumentation, and
its uses are described in detail. The ground water supply, depth control, and
aquatic life environment are itemized. The instruments installed measure
several environmental factors, such as pH, dissolved 0, temperature, sunlight,
and oxidation-reduction potential. To measure sunlight energy, 2 pyrheilometers
were used ^ midway between the inlet and outlet. The digital data acquisition
system ana its operation are described briefly. The dispersions of 8 radio-
nuclide tracers at various velocities, water depths, and bed slopes were
studied to determine how their transport is affected by environmental con-
ditions. The dispersion of Cr(III) is illustrated. The approximately
Gaussian curves at each station indicated typical dispersion, but the long
tails were the result of uptake and subsequent release of radioactivity by
sediments and plants showing the effects of one environmental condition on
radionuclide transport and also indicating the importance of geochemical and
biochemical relations in transport. The effect of organic pollution on
sediment uptake of Cr(VI) is shown. On the control side of the model
river, where no organic load was added, the percentage rise in the sediment
was only moderate, whereas, on the polluted side, the rise was rapid to
a level ^3 times that of the control side, because of Cr sorbing onto
settling particles. Sediment transport and its role in radionuclide
transport is being considered now for study in the model river. Mathe-
matical models are being developed to describe and predict radionuclide
transport and the manner in which it is affected by environmental con-
ditions. (NSA)
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Armstrong, N.E. and E.F. Gloyna. 1967. Mathematical Models for the
Dispersion of Radionuclides in Aquatic Systems. ORO-490-2.
A general equation is presented which describes radionuclide trans-
port in terms of hydraulic dispersion and convection and by detention
systems which sorb and release. A model to describe sorption by various
substrates using the concentration gradient between the equilibrium
activity in the substrate and the actual activity is also presented.
Linear and non-linear equations are discussed concerning accuracy of
prediction and effect on ease of obtaining a solution. It was found that
the linear equation allowed an easy solution, while the non-linear form
permitted ready comparison of sorption mechanisms between systems, (auth)
Armstrong, N.E. and E.F. Gloyna. 1968. Numerical Solutions of Radio-
nuclide Transport Equations. Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser., 64:47-58.
Radionuclide transport in rivers in regard to instantaneous and
continuous releases of these materials from nuclear reactors or processing
plants is discussed. Because the fate of these radionuclides depends on
hydraulics of river flow, physical sorption, chemical reactions, and
biological uptake, few transport studies have considered more than one
or two of these parameters at one time, and very few have attempted to
assemble these relations into workable mathematical models. Hydraulic
dispersion and physical sorption are considered as the two major influences
in radionuclide transport. The measurement and modeling of dispersion
have moved from one-dimensional models which consider vertical variations
in stream velocity as the dispersion controlling agents to two-dimensional
models with lateral velocities controlling dispersion. The one-dimensional
model is adequate outside the initial dispersion zone, but a two-dimensional
model is needed to model the initial distribution of instantaneous releases
of radionuclides. The exact role which sorption plays in controlling net
transport after instantaneous release in a river has not been carefully
examined. Considerable data on the radionuclide contents of plants and
sediments under essentially continuous release are available from studies
A-51
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in the Clinch River below the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee
and in the Columbia River below the Hanford Plant in Washington. The
purpose of the study was to determine the sorption role of plants and
sediment in the initial dispersion of an instantaneous release of a
85
radionuclide, Sr, to correct for their effect in calculating the dis-
persion coefficient, and to model observed dispersion curves by using the
corrected dispersion coefficient and a numerical solution to the disper-
sion equation. The methods, and conclusions regarding these objectives
are given, (auth)
Arnett, R.C., R.A. Deju, R.W. Nelson, C.R. Cole and R.E. Gephart. 1976.
Conceptual and Mathematical Modeling of the Hanford Groundwater Flow
Regime. ARM-ST-140.
Disposal of radioactive wastes to surface disposal sites at the
Hanford Atomic Reservation has resulted in some radioactive and chemical
contamination of the underlying groundwater flew systems. In support of
the Hanford groundwater management effort a preliminary conceptual model
of the groundv/ater system has been formulated as a first step in under-
standing possible contaminant movement. The matnematical modeling capa-
bilities needed for better understanding and prediction of such contaminant
movement are discussed in this paper and the state-of the-art in ground-
water modeling as real ted to Hanford is summarized with emphasis upon
computer solution methods. An inventory of potentially applicable
codes available both at Hanford and elsewhere is included. The areas
where groundwater modeling capability is lacking are outlined and the
steps needed to overcome such deficiencies discussed, (auth)
Arnold, W.D. and D.J. Crouse. 1965. Radium Removal from Uranium
Mill Effluents with Inorganic Ion Exchangers. Indus, and Eng. Chem.
Process Design and Development. 4:333-337.
226
The concentration of Ra in uranium mill waste solutions is
normally too high to permit their direct discharge to the environment.
Radium was efficiently removed from simulated lime-neutralized acid
waste by adsorption on a number of inorganic ion exchange materials,
A-52
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including barytes, Decalso (synthetic zeolite), and clinoptilolite
(natural zeolite). In column tests, radium breakthrough was not signifi-
cant until many thousands of bed volumes of aqueous feed had passed through
the column. Adsorption efficiency decreased with increase in exchanger
mesh size and in aqueous throughput rate. However, the radium capacity of
the column was not changed appreciably by a fivefold change of radium
concentration in the aqueous feed. Radium adsorption from highly contami-
nated acid wastes was not efficient. Ammonium nitrate (2M) eluted radium
readily from clinoptilolite but less completely from barytes and Decalso.
(auth)
Arnold, W.D. and D.J. Grouse. 1971. Radioactive Contamination of Copper
Recovered From Ore Fractured with Nuclear Explosions. ORNL-4677.
Results of laboratory tests simulating the processing of copper ore
after fracturing with nuclear explosives indicate that only very small
fractions of the radioactive fission products and neutron activation
products will be dissolved on leaching with sulfuric acid. Tritium (as
tritiated water) will be, by far, the dominant radionuclide in the cir-
culating leach liquor, assuming use of a fusion device.
Copper that was recovered from the leach solution by cementation
was significantly contaminated with Ru. The Ru was rejected
effectively in electrolytic purifications; therefore, the final copper
product should be very weakly radioactive and not hazardous to tne customer.
However, the radioactivity level may be high enough to make the cooper
unsuitable for some specific uses. The tritiated water in the leach liquor
T r*c
and the Ru in the cement copper are potential problems at the plant
site and should be carefully considered in the design and in the
operation of the facility. However, since the radioactivity levels
would be low, adequate protection for the operating personnnel should
be neither difficult not costly to provide.
Results of our tests showed that the use of solvent extraction as
an alternative to cementation for recovering copper from the leach liquor
would have important advantages. Since copper is efficiently separated
A-53
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from radionuclides in the extraction step, radioactivity in the processing
operations beyond the extraction contactors should be negligible. The
radioactivity level of the final copper product recovered from the solvent
extraction strip solution by electrowinning should be almost undetectable;
therefore, marketing of the copper should not present any difficulties.
Because of the superior marketability of the product and the much simpler
radiation control problems at the processing site, use of the solvent
extraction—electrowinning flowsheet is recommended, (auth)
Arshad. M.A. 1967. Ionic Exchange Behavior in a Loam Soil as Indicated
by Movement of Radio-Calcium. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 31:321-4.
45
Soil columns were used to study the movement of Ca by leaching them
with salt solutions of various concentrations and ionic combinations. The
results showed that the distribution patterns of radio-calcium within the
soil columns varied with the anionic species as well as with the type of
cations of the salt solutions. Exchange and movement of radio-calcium
was higher with sulfate than with chloride salt solutions. The difference
is exolained on the basis of the differential displacement of calcium
from the exchange sites caused by the salts present in soil solution. The
data obtained may have significance in understanding the development of
solonetzic soils, (auth)
Aston, S.R. and E.K. Duursma. 1973. Concentration Effects of Cs,
65Zn, 60Co, and lQ6Ru Sorption by Marine Sediments, with Geochemical
Implications. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research. 6:225-240.
The uptake of Cs, Zn, Ru and Co by several types of marine
sediment was studied by a simple laboratory technique. The reactions were
measured as functions of equilibration time, carrier concentration, sedi-
ment concentration and salinity. Large values of the distribution coef-
ficients of these radioisotopes at sediment concentration of 0.05 mg/ml
were interpreted as nucleation, respectively aggregation of particulate
forms of the radioisotopes by sediment particles. Constant distribution
coefficients are found at higher sediment concentrations where nucleation
A-54
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137
is masked by adsorption onto the sediment particles. Cs was found to
have an uptake proportional to the illite content of the sediments,
probably involving an ion-exchange reaction with potassium. The other
radioisotopes showed less specific adsorptions. All radioisotope sediment
reactions could be represented by the Freundlich isotherm model. The
consequences of the uptake, especially the high particulate proportions
of the radioisotopes at low sediment concentrations, were discussed with
regard to the supply of trace elements to bottom sediments in the open
ocean and the availability of artifically introduced radioactivity to
filter feeders and benthic life, (auth)
Au, F.H.F. 1974. The Role of Soil Microorganisms in the Movement of
Plutonium. IN: Dunaway, P.B. and M.G. White (eds). The Dynamics of
Plutonium in Desert Environments. NVO-142, pp. 135-141.
Microbial studies which are completed or in progress were designed
to determine the ability of microorganisms to absorb plutonium, to quantify
the uptake, and to determine the microbial population of soils of the Nevada
Test Site (NTS). Results of the microbial inventory of Area 13 (NTS) showed
that about 2% of the Asperoillus was near the surface of the hummock and
increased with distance away from the plants. Penicillium, on the other
hand, showed an inverse pattern in that its relative abundance decreased
away from the plants.
A method was developed for in vitro studies in which aerial fungal spores
were collected to determine soluble plutonium uotake from agar medium.
The concentration of plutonium in mature spores was approximately one-
fourth of that in the growth medium, (auth)
Au, F.H.F and W.F. Beckert. 1975. Influence of Selected Variables on
Transport of Plutonium to Spores of Aspergillus Niger. IN: White,
M.G. and P.B. Dunaway (eds). The Radioecology of Plutonium and Other
Transuranics in Desert Environments. NVO-153, pp. 187-196.
Studies were carried out on the influences of different chemical forms
and concentrations of plutonium at two hydrogen ion concentrations of
A-55
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the culture medium on uptake and transport of plutonium to the spores
of Aspergillus niger. Results indicated that plutonium, when added to
the culture medium as dioxide microspheres, nitrate, or citrate complex,
was transported to the spores, and that an almost linear relationship
existed between transport and concentration. Raising the pH of the
culture medium from 2.5 to 5.5 generally increased transport of plutonium
to spores for all three chemical forms. At plutonium concentrations of
224 pCi/g in the culture media, and for both pH 2.5 and 5.5, transport
of plutonium to spores was approximately three times as high from the
nitrate or citrate form as from the dioxide microspheres. (auth)
Auchapt, J.M. 1962. Study of the Retention of Fission Products by a
Few Common Minerals. Application to the Treatment of Medium Activity
Effluents. CEA-2114.
The conditions in which Sr is fixed on calcite (the object of Geneva
report P/395-USA-1958) are more closely studied and the work is extended
to five fission products in the effluents and to 17 common rocks and
minerals. Although this fixation is not suitable as a method of
treating 3TE effluents (i.e., those from the effluent treatment plant
at Marcoule), the study shows that all the crystals considered are
strongly contaminated by simple contact, (auth)
Audidiere, P., F. Balard, J. Dupouy and F. Van Kote. Distribution of
Radioactivity in Lava from the Cavity of a Nuclear Explosion. UCRL-
Tr-105714.
A series of experiments aimed at defining the methods of incorporation
of active materials into the substrate at the site of a nuclear explosion
is reported. From the properties discovered during the studies, it may
be inferred that during cavity formation the behavior of the a-emitting
elements is different from those emitting 8-Y radiation. The a-emitters
distributed evenly in the molten rock must be incorporated into it
relatively easily and simply diffuse into the liquefied lava. They were
not present in the white crystalline fragments. The 8-y emitters whose
characteristic distribution was strongly heterogeneous preferentially
A-56
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accompanied the dark constituents of the minerals (micas). It is believed
that they condense at a later period than the heavy elements. They were
not found in the crystalline inclusions. (NSA)
Auerbach, S.I. 1958. The Soil Ecosystem and Radioactive Waste Disposal
to the Ground. Ecology. 39:522-9.
A review of the knowledge of the soil ecosystem is presented including
some aspects of current research pertaining to soil disposal of fission
products. Some of the results of research started at ORNL on limited
aspects of the problem are included. (NSA)
Ayres, J.A. 1951. Treatment of Radioactive Waste by Ion Exchange. Indus-
trial and Engineering Chemistry. 43:1526-1531.
With the installation of new laboratories for radiochemical research
in populated areas, the treatment of the wastes presents a problem. It is
desirable to reduce the activity of these wastes to a safe level before
discharging them into the ground or sewage systems.
This paper describes a preliminary study of the application of ion
exchange processes to problems of radioactive waste disposal. The general
behavior of the common radioactive isotopes and the effect of impurities
which might be expected to be present in general laboratory wastes are
discussed. Two general plans for ion exchange treatment of laboratory
wastes are presented. One plan utilized cation exchange to remove the
bulk of the radioactivity and give an effluent free from the ions which
usually adsorb or precipitate in neutral or basic solutions. The other
plan utilizes two columns or a mixed bed to provide complete demoralization
and give an effluent having an activity level below the detectable limit.
This preliminary study points out the advantages and limitations of
ion exchange procedures for treatment of laboratory wastes and makes it
possible to evaluate such procedures or suggest further research along
these lines.
A-57
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Bac, R. 1970. The Influence of the Complex Formation Between Octanol
and Long-Chain-Quarternary Ammonium Nitrates in 0-Xylene and N-dedecane
on the Extraction of Pu(IV). Radiochimica Acta. 13:16-25.
The extraction of tracer amounts of Pu(IV) by quaternary ammonium
nitrates (Q's) from 3 M aqueous nitric acid solutions was studied. The
Q's trilauryl-methyl-ammonium nitrate (TLMA) and hexadecyldimethyl-Benzyl-
ammonium nitrate (HDDMBA) were used in o-xylene or in n-dodecane solutions.
Special attention was given to the effect of n-octanol (0), present as a
solvent modifier, on the metal extraction. In octanol-modified o-xylene,
Pu(IV) extraction data could be explained on the basis of the formation of
complexes between monomeric Q and the octanol monomer and tetramer species.
In octanol modified n-dodecane solutions, monomeric Q forms a complex with
the octanol trimer species. By a curve-fitting technique the equilibrium
constants of the following reactions have been determined:
Q + 0 - QO (KQO)
Q + °3 I Q°3 'V
" ~<~ T UU4
ji~ I . _~j iv _ o^n \j™ '
It is found that these constants are Knn = 28 M and Knn = 230 M for
QO QOdi
both TLMA and HDDMBA in o-xylene + octanol, Knn = 1500 M"1 for TLMA
_
in n-dodecane + octanol and it is estimated that KQO, = 630 M for
HDDMBA in n-dodecane + octanol. (auth)
Bache, B. W. 1970. Barium Isotope Method for Measuring Cation-Exchange
Capacity of Soils and Clays. J. Sci. Food Agr. 21:169-71.
Cation-exchange capacity has been measured by isotopic exchange of
33Ba with Ba + - saturated soils and clays in 2.5 x 10"3 M-BaCl2
suspensions. The rate of isotopic dilution, the efficiency of displacement
2+
of soil cations by Ba , and the precision of the method are critically
assessed. The method is reliable and convenient, and can be used with both
buffered systems, (auth)
8-1
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Baetsle, L. H. 1959. Study of the Fixation and Migration of Radioactive
Cations in a Natural Ion Exchanger. AEC-tr-3949.
In order to utilize lignite as a natural ion exchanger in the
treatment of residual radioactive water, a study of its physical and
physicochemical properties was carried out as they relate to ion exchange.
A survey of the physical and chemical properties is given in the first
part. In the second part, the distribution of Sr and Cs ions in the
presence of Ca and Na is studied and the equilibrium constants are calculated.
The kinetics of ion fixation is discussed in the third part, where a few
necessary parameters for the calculation of ion exchanger beds have been
established. The plans for the study of the migration of radioactive ions
in the soil is briefly sketched in the last part, (auth)
Baetsle, L. H. 1963. Physical Chemistry of tne Migration of the Cations into
the Ground. EURAEC-417.
The present studies led to the development of new methods allowing one
to follow tne variation of the distribution coefficient in a natural ion
exchanger occupied with three macroscopic ions. The determination methods
of the relative velocities of radioactive cations in soils were investigated
comparatively. No definite method has been found for the case of continuous
discharge into the ground. For the migration of radionuclides in a natural
environment the calculation method based on the static distribution
coefficient seems to be adequate. The analogy between the hydrodynamic and
physicochemical dispersion is examined in order to determine the relation
between the parameters describing the phenomena. Finally some practical
cases are presented and discussed, (auth)
Baetsle, L. H. 1969. Migration of Radionuclides in Porous Media. IN:
Progress in Nuclear Energy. Series XII. Health Physics. 2:707-730.
It is the aim of this chapter to present the fundamental laws governing
the natural or induced migration of artificially contaminated zones in
porous media such as sandy aquifers. Since the migration of radionuclides
in unconsolidated media is principally influenced by hydrologic and
B-2
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physicochemical phenomena the resulting transport pattern will be described
by the use of both fluid flow and exchange adsorption equations. The
migration of each radionuclide in its environment will depend on the
chemical nature of the radioelenient, on the mineralogic composition and
physical characteristics of the unconsolidated medium and on the hydraulics
of injections.
Since the hydrogeological, climatological and physicochemical conditions
differ widely from one site to another, it is nearly impossible to present a
detailed outline of what computations may be required without previous
knowledge of the prevailing natural parameters. Nevertheless, some typical
data reported in the literature will be used in the presentation of some
simplified examples, (auth)
Baetsle, L. and P. Dejonghe. 1962. Investigations on the Movement of
Radioactive Substances in the Ground. Part III. Practical Asoects of
the Program and Physicochemical Considerations. TID-7628, pp. 198-210.
The physicochemical characteristics of numerous samples of soil
from the Mol site were determined. Distribution coefficients were determined
in equilibrium conditions for the radioelements Sr, Cs, and Eu in different
chemical media such as demineralized water, HNO.,, tapv/ater, and groundwater.
An attempt was made to calculate approximately the volume of active solution
that may percolate through the soil layers before the radionuc'lides reach the
groundwater. The dynamic conditions of the ion exchange phenomena and the
degree of water saturation of the profile were taken into account. An
insolubilization method was tested using petroleum tar as a protective
agent. (MSA)
Baetsle, L., P. Dejonhge, R. L. Cardozo, W. Maes, E. S. Simpson, and
N. Van de Voorde. 1962. Research Program on the Treatment and
Storage of Radioactive Wastes. EURAEC-295.
Maps of the Mol site were prepared showing contours of the water-table
at time intervals of approximately one month. Several techniques were
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studied to trace the detailed movement of ground water in situ. A promising
method involves the injection of a radioiodine source into the zone of
saturation and then detecting its subsequent dispersion in the ground water
by means of copper rods or silver-plated copper rods, inserted into the
ground. The physical-chemical characterization of the Mol site and the clay-
ground at Houthulst was started. Studies on multiple component exchange
systems were continued. A first attempt was made in order to evaluate the
combined saturating capacity of the different horizons of the unsaturated
part of the profile. Laboratory studies were performed on conditions of
incorporation of ashes and semi-dry sludges in asphalt. Samples were
o
submitted to irradiation at 10 rad. The elution rate of irradiated and
-6 2
nonirradiated samples was around 10 g/cm -day. Construction of the
incinerator was started. It will consist of a series of three combustion
chambers for fines, normal laboratory wastes, and post-combustion of the
gases. A laboratory unit was built for continuous removal of iodine from
gases; it consists of a tube in which gas and sorbant circulate, the sorbant
being recycled, (auth)
Baetsle, L., P. Dejonghe, W. Maes, E. S. Simpson, J. Souffriau, and
P. Staner. 1964. Underground Radionuclide Momvement. Final Report
No. 2, April 1, 1961 - March 31, 1963. EURAEC-703.
The movement of ground water is studied and the influence of the soil
materials on the transportation of radioisotopes by the aquifer in a sandy
or clayey underground is analyzed. For determining the exact pattern of
ground water flow at a given spot, injection techniques were developed and
detection devices built for direct sampling or chemisorption of radioactive
tracers in the aquifer. A laboratory study of the aerated zone enabled
determination of the variations in the permeability in terms of the humidity
of a sandy profile. Studies concerning retention phenomena of radioisotopes
by sorption on soil material led to the determination and calculation of
relative velocities. They also permitted the development of methods making
it possible to follow the variation in the distribution coefficent of a
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natural ion exchanger occupied with three macroscopic ions. For the migration
of radioisotopes in a natural environment the calculation method based on
the static distribution coefficient seems to be adequate. The analogy
between the hydrodynamic and physical-chemical dispersion is examined in
order to determine the relation between the parameters describing both
phenomena. Some practical cases are presented and commented on. In order
to verify the agreement between theory and field observations, relatively
extensive strontium-89 and cesium-134 injections are at present being
made, (auth)
Baetsle, L. , P. Dejonghe, W. Maes, and P. Staner. 1966. Present Status
of the Study Program on the Movement of Radioelements in the Soil at
Mol. EUR-140.f.
The most important subjects of this study are to predict the consequences
of an accidental discharge of radiochemical into the soil and to evaluate the
reception capacity of the soil for solid materials with a known solubility
and elution degree.
This program consists of two essential parts and more specifically of
the study of the water movement in the soil and the influence of
retention due to the soil materials on the transportation of radioelements
by the water.
Regarding the study on the water movement it has been stated that
micromethods should be elaborated in order to measure the direction and
the flowrate on a determined spot instead of using approximating values
for a larger region.
For this reason injection methods of radiotracers and sampling of the
groundwater have been developed on a micro scale. In one case samples were
taken by lowering copper rods or sheets which are activated by chemisorption
of the radiotracer. Equipment of direct soil and groundwater sampling has
been developed.
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A thorough study has been carried out on the retention phenomena of
radioelements by sorption on the earth materials. This study has lead to
the determination and calculation of relative velocities.
Finally for the Mol site a first evaluation of the storage capacity
has been made for materials with known solubility and containing Cs and
Sr90.
Actually relatively important injections into the soil of Sr and Cs
have been prepared in order to verify the agreement between theory and field
observation, (auth)
Baetsle, L. H., W. de Laguna, and J. Souffriau. 1968. Remedial Actions
in Case of Ground Water Contamination of Sandy Aquifers. EUR-4095.
Hydrogeologic investigations on the SCK-CEN site at Mol, Belgium,
have shown that the water table aquifer is made up of two sandy formations
with different permeability and partly sealed from the underlying aquifer by
a succession of tiny impermeable layers. The removal of nonadsorbed radio-
active contamination from the underground by pumping, called "scavenging",
follows the classical pattern of pumping from a water table under the
condition that the two layers with permeabilities 1.12 cm/min and 0.56
cm/min and their respective thicknesses are considered. By injecting HF and
K0H,Sb007 into the aquifer a chemical barrier is formed which is specific
3?
for Sr tests on the penetration of reagents tagged with Br into the
aquifer have indicated that 1.5 to 2 void volumes are sufficient in order
to replace all the interstitial fluid by reagent. Zones with different
permeability have to be treated separately. The delay coefficient of the
chemical barrier installed in the water table aquifer at Mol amounts to
2.0, i.e., the Sr moves twenty times slower than the ground water, (auth)
Baetsle, L. and W. Maes. 1964. Radioisotope Migration in Soil. Pedologie.
14:205-27 (in Flemish).
The migration of radionuclides in soils may be described by two easily
determinable parameters: the distribution coefficient and the dispersion
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coefficient. Studies of ionic equilibria in soils have led to the formulation
of the distribution coefficient (,
-------
Baetsle, L. H., W. F. Maes, J. Souffriau, and P. I. Staner. 1966.
Migration of Radioelements in Soil. EUR-2431 (in French).
Hydrological observations at Mol site have been studied. Real infil-
tration velocities have been computed. A new device called "multicounter"
has been developed for the "in situ" measurement of groundwater velocity
and direction in nonconsolidated media. The activities of the four
counters are recorded simultaneously and provide activity - time plots
which characterize the movement, (auth)
Baestle, L. H. and J. Souffriau. 1967. Installation of Chemical Barriers
in Aquifers and their Siginficance in Accidental Contamination. IN:
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Into the Ground. IAEA-SM-93/17, pp. 229-240.
After the principles of chemical barrier formation are reviewed, the
principal results of laboratory research on the system "Silica-HF-Antimonic
acid" are discussed in some detail. Field experiments have delineated the
82
zone created by injecting reagents traced with Br into an aquifer. The
economics of experimental procedure for the injection of the reagents HF
and KpH^SboOi into the aquifer. The retention capacity of the installed
barrier for Sr is also discussed in relation to its significance for
environmental safety at reprocessing plants, (auth)
Baeva, A. I. 1964. Uranium Content in the Black Soil of the Kadabek
Region (Caucasus). Izv. Akad. Nauk Azerb. SSR. Biol. Nauk. 5:89-93
(in Russian).
The content of U is 1.0 ppm in the upper horizon, 2.0 ppm in the
next horizon, about 50-80 cm from the surface. The lower horizon has the
same amount of U as the base, which is composed of granite rocks. (CA)
Baeva, A. I. 1967. Uranium and Thorium Levels in Soils in Relation to
the Bedrock. Tr. Inst. Pochvoved. Agrokhim., Akad. Nauk. Azerb. SSR.
25:151-9 (in Russian).
U content (by the luminescence method with ZrOCl2 as the carrier), Th
content (Savvin and Bagreyev, 1960), humus, CaC03 and pH were determined
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in layers down to the 42-155 cm deep bedrock in a total of 9 highland and
steppe chernozem and brown forest and meadow soils from the Malyy Caucasus
range in Transcaucasia. The bedrock of individual soils was quartz diorite,
hydrothermally modified andesite, quartz and kaolin porphyrites, serpentinite,
alunitized rock, and limestone. In the bedrock the U content (ppm) varied
from 0.1 in the quartz diorite to 0.75« in the sandesite, and the Th
content varied from 0.36% in the serpentinite to 1.23 in the quartz diorite.
The U contents in the soils varied from 0.1 to 5 ppm and the Th from
0.13 to 5.4%, with the Th/U ratio ranging from 2.4 in the 70-93 cm layer
of a highland meadow soil on a quartz-porphyrite rock to 173 in the
35-46 cm layer of a highland-steppe soil on andesite. The U and Th con-
tents tended generally to be higher in the alluvial layers of these soils,
while the Th content was generally higher in soils with a light mechanical
composition. (CA)
Baeva, A. I. and A. B. Akhundova. 1970. Uranium Content in Various Types
of Plants in the Subtropical Lenkoran Region of Azerbaidzhan SSR. Dokl.
Akad. Nauk Azerb. SSR. 26:69-71.
Natural radioactivity produced by cosmic radiation from rocks and
plants was studied in the subtropical zone in a dry-field region of
Nakhichevan, Azerbaidzhan SSR. It was observed that all higher plants
examined exhibited a higher beta radioactivity than alpha. Results of
120 analyses of various plants for uranium content in various organs
showed a variation of 7.3 x 10(E-6) to 8.5 x 10((E-5)) percent. In ashed
oaks (2 UERCUS sp) the U in leaves was lower than in branches. In bilberry
(VACCINIUM sp) and dewberry (RUBUS sp) bushes, the content of U varied
from 2.8 x 10 E-5 to 2.0 x 10 (E+3) percent. The content of U in ashed
samples depended mostly on the location or type of plant. (0-77)
Bagnall, K. W. 1957. Chemistry of the Rare Radioelements Polonium-Actinum.
Butterworths Scientific Publications, London.
The book deals mainly with the discovery, separation, uses, solution
chemistry, electrochemistry, and compounds of polonium. Actinium, astatine,
francium, and radon are also discussed.
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Bagnall, K. W. 1972. The Actinide Elements. Elsevier Publishing Company,
New York.
This book gives a complete description of the discovery, occurrence and
synthesis of the actinides. Separation and purification methods are given
as well as the physical and chemical properties of the metals and their
compounds.
For this environmental study the chapter on aqueous solution chemistry
is pertinent.
Bain, G. W. 1953. Experimental Simulation of Plateau Type Uranium
Deposits. RMO-44.
Experimental simulation of Colorado Plateau type U deposits is divided
into seven parts. The first three summarize the essential features of
geological occurrence for the ores. The last four parts outline the results
of experimental investigation arranged according to each geological group
of features influencing mode of occurrence. Both field distribution and
laboratory approaches to the problem suggest that the origin for the U and
for the V are disconnected problems. The plateau ores occur in or adjacent
to fluviatile sediments and generally avoid flood plain and aeolian
accumulations. For this reason, a large part of the rocks of the plateau
section are not potential host to economic deposits. The principal deposits
occur well down towards the bottom of synclines and are there distributed
frequently along a near-contour line; this ore axis may transgress several
strata although it stays usually on contour in a stratum. Of the several
explanations suggested, only the one attributing the ore to slight
redistribution by artesian groundwater fails to leave anomalous situations.
The structural and physiographic history of the region indicates earliest
age for artesian circulation as late Cretaceous and the youngest age as
the Canyon Cutting cycle of the late Pliocene. The ores came into their
present site during this time interval. The red jasperoid pebbles of the
Shinarump conglomerate carry a small amount of the primeval uranium of the
Plateau deposits. The direction to the source for these pebbles was
indicated by field studies. The modification of detritus during transportation
was investigated experimentally to estimate how far they had come. Rate
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of change in size of grain and sphericity of grain was measured under
controlled conditions and a source estimated to be along the westward
extension of the Uncompahgre axis almost 30 miles northwest from the
Dirty Devil claims on the San Rafael Swell. Other source regions are
believed to have supplied the primeval uranium as heavy detrital minerals
and as uraninite occluded in the jasperoid pebbles. The deposition of heavy
minerals in intermittent streams was investigated experimentally and the
sites determined. Principal deposition occurred inchannel just below
scour pools on meanders. Heavy mineral deposition occurred during flood
stage and the accumulation was covered by various deposits of the ebb
stage. The patterns of the deposits indicated a groundwater flow parallel
to structural axes at far below the watertable level in existence when the
ores were formed. A simulated aquifer showed that this happens and that
the principal groundv/ater discharge occurs along paths parallel to
structures at far below the watertable and near the structural axis of
synclines. The effect of rate of recharge and plunge of the structural
axis was investigated and the results are presented. Factors influencing
precipitation of uranium from uranyl solutions were investigated and it was
found that the principal cause for precipitation was reduction in availability
of the "vehicle" anion for the uranyl cation. Uranyl sulphate was the
principal solution studied. Calcite and yJJr abstracted SO, ion and caused
precipitation of uranium. Precipitation in the case of calcite was pro-
portional to the original uranyl ion concentration and to the thickness of
calcite penetrated. Vanadium was very effective in removing SO^ ion and
caused precipitation of uranium up to exhaustion of the V^O^. Many materials,
hitherto considered important precipitants, were found to nave only minor
influence unless accompanied by an SO, ion "abstractor", (auth)
Bain, G. W. and H. W. Schreiber. 1954. Influences on Migration of Uranium
and Radioactivity. RME-3086.
Migration of uranium and of radioactivity, which has been suggested by
radiometric and chemical analyses of field samples and of mine water, was
B-ll
-------
investigated in an experimental arrangement for more than 2000 hours. Feed
solutions for all arrangements had a Hydrion concentration to give pH 4 +_ 0.2.
An acquisition test showed radioactivity removed in greater amount than
uranium from a uraninite bearing sand at first contact but indicated
extraction of only insignificant amounts from the deposit as a unit. This
accounts for outcrops showing deficient radioactivity although samples at
only feet in from the surface have much unsupported radioactivity; the
disparity is due as much to migration of radioactivity as it is to uranium
depletion. Changes within the deposit, although very complex, are very
systematic and orderly. The Happy Jack Mine study is used as a field
example of the laboratory leaching experiment. Uranium removed from a
deposit increases in proportion to the logarithm of thickness of deposit
penetrated. The logarithm of the uranium precipitation rate by calcareous
sand is proportional to the logarithm of tne depth of calcite penetrated
until the uranium-calcite ratio is about 1 to 8-1/2, when precipitation
essentially ceases. The Hydrion concentration of the solutions decreases
approximately in proportion to the logarithm of the distance of calcite
penetration, (auth)
Bair, W. J. and J. M. Thomas. 1975. Prediction of the Health Effects
of Inhaled Transuranium Elements from Experimental Animal Data.
IAEA-SM-199/58.
Although animal experiments are conducted to obtain data which can
be used to predict the consequences of exposure to alpha-emitting elements
on human health, scientists have been hesitant to project the results of
animal experiments to man. However, since a human data base does not exist
for inhaled transuranics, the animal data cannot be overlooked.
This paper describes the derivation of linear nonthreshold response
relationships for lung cancer in rats after inhalation of alpha-emitting
transuranium elements. These relationships were used to calculate risk
estimates which were then compared with a value calculated from the
incidence of lung cancer in humans who had been exposed to sources of
radiation other than the transuranics. Both estimates were compared with
B-12
-------
the estimated cancer risk associated with the annual whole body dose
limit of 5 rem for occupational exposure. The rat data suggest that the
risk from a working lifetime exposure of 15 rem per year to the lungs from
transuranium elements may be 5 times the risk incurred with a whole-body
exposure of 5 rem per year, while the human data suggest the risk may be
less. Since the histological type of plutonium-induced lung cancer that
occurs in experimental animals is rare in man, the use of animal data to
estimate risks may be conservative. Risk estimates calculated directly
from the results of experiments in which animals actually inhaled
transuranic particles circumvent such controversial issues as "hot
particles." (auth)
Baker, J. H., W. A. Beetem, and J. S. Wahlberg. 1964. Adsorption
Equilibria Between Earth Materials and Radionuclides, Cape Thompson,
Alaska. TID-20638.
The concept and the derivation of a distribution coefficient were
developed. Ion exchange and the nature of competition among cations are
given. Distribution coefficients for carrier-free cesium, strontium, and
iodine were determined on 17 samples of earth materials collected during
July, 1961, in the vicinity of Cape Thompson, northwestern Alaska. High
percentage uptake of these ions was measured under the test conditions.
Cesium adsorption, at 1 day, was found to be represented by the mass-action
equation. The distribution coefficients for cesium adsorption were so
large that, in all but a few cases, very little of this nuclide would
remain long in solution in the natural waters of the area. Strontium
adsorption was found to be a function of the calcium-plus-magnesium
concentration and to be independent of the sodium concentration. In most
samples, its equilibrium was reached in less than 1 day. Iodine sorption
varied with percent organic matter in the samples. If the iodine remained
in contact with organic matter for several days, a substantial part of it
probably would be removed from solution in the natural waters, (auth)
B-13
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Baker, B. L. and T. H. Wilson (Pt. 1); E. R. Conway (Pt. 2). 1964.
Part I. Inorganic Sorbents. Part II. Soil Percolation Studies.
Progress Report No. 9. TID-20980.
Research work is reported on inorganic sorbents for the removal of
radioactive ions from waste streams. A brief review of previous work is
presented along with descriptions of investigations that were performed
during the period. Results of experiments showed that hydrous metallic
oxides of Fe(III), Co(III), Al and Sn(IV) sorbed Sr ions by the mechanism
of adding one equivalent of hydroxyl ion per equivalent of Sr. These
materials sorbed little or no Cs. Aluminum silicate gel--sodium form with
ratio Al-Oo • IQSiOp was found to be somewhat selective for Cs in the
presence of Na, K, NH*, and Sr ions. The physical characteristics are fair
and make it suitable for column packing. Several cycles of sorption and
elution using columns were made with good results. The gel has a capacity
for Cs of approximately 1.5 to 1.6 meq/gram. A systematic study was begun
to develop other inorganic materials as sorbents. Ferric and zirconium
arsenates were examined. Both show better than 1-meq/gram capacities for
Sr in acid media. Zirconium arsenate appears to be very stable in HNO-,
solutions. Work with the permeameter described in a previous report was
continued in an effort to evaluate the usefulness of a suggested equation
for flow of water through packed beds. Runs were made with Savannah River
Plant soil, with spherical glass beads, with Raschig rings, and with Berl
saddles. The blank correction for the permeameter was re-evaluated and was
checked by calculations. Two new bed lengths were added to those available
for the permeameter and were used for the beds tested. Shape factors for all
packings other than the soil were determined from geometric measurements for
comparison with those found from hydraulic measurements made with the
permeameter. The data for runs reported previously were re-examined and
recalculated in the light of newly determined soil densities and a slightly
new graphical method of evaluating the data of some of the runs. The
recalculated results are somewhat more consistent than those reported
earlier. The results show that the form of an equation suggested by
Ergun gives fair accuracy when used with soil beds of the type tested but
B-U
-------
that it does have some error except when used for beds of spheres. The
agreement found between beds of spheres and the Ergun equation suggests
that the permeameter gives accurate and reliable results. For the soil
tested, the average value of q> was found to be 0.595 for particles
coarser than 45 mesh; the average value found for b was 2.56 (compared
with 1.75 suggested by Ergun). The results of the work with Raschig rings
and Berl saddles suggest that Ergun 's value of the constant a of 150 might
also be somewhat in error for nonspheres. Further work should be done to
find how the constants a and b vary with particle shape. Other evidence
was also found which suggests that some phenomenon occurs in packed
beds that is not accounted for in the Ergun equation: the c and b values
predicted for blends did not agree precisely with those found experimentally
and the working plots of H/w versus w were found to arch slightly for the
coarser nonspherical particles. Further work should be done to discover
the nature of this phenomenon and to find how it should be treated in the
Ergun equation, (auth)
Balashov, Yu. A. and G. V. Nesterenko. 1966. Distribution of the Rare
Earths in the Traps of the Siberian Platform. Geokhimiya. No. 7:854-860.
Data are given on the rare earth content of Russian diabases and
basalts. Europium contents of 0.5 to 4.0 ppm and cerium contents of
6.7 to 53 ppm were reported. The weighted averages were 2.0 ppm Eu and
25 ppm Ce.
Balashov, Yu. A., A. B. Ronov, A. A. Migdisov, and N. V. Turanskaya. 1964.
The Effect of Climate and Facies Environment on the Fractionation of the
Rare Earths During Sedimentation. Geokhimiya. No. 10:995-1014.
Analyses of 40 composite samples of the sedimentary rocks of the
Famennian and Yasnopolyansk stages of the Russian platform show the average
RE,0, content to be 0.032% with ^- = 2.9. Clays average 0.039%, sands
"Ce
0.030% and carbonate rocks 0.008%; the jjy5- ratios are 3.2, 2.3, and 1.3
respectively. The sediments from the Famennian terrian are all very
similar in RE content and composition. The average content in the sediments
B-15
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from the humid Yasnopolyansk terrain is similar to that in the Famenm'an
sediments, but the clays contain more RE9CL (0.042%) than the sands (0.026%),
ECe
and the ratio ^ decreases from 3.4 in clay to 2.4 in sands, and 1.3 in
carbonate rocks. Carbonate and organic complexes of yttrium earths are
more soluble than the corresponding cerium earth complexes, and thus
migrate further.
As the climate becomes more humid, chemical decomposition becomes
more prominent in weathering, and the RE are redistributed. RE maxima occur
in the variegated continental facies adjacent to the provenance area,
and in marine zones separated from continental facies by coal-bearing zones.
This behavior is similar to that of hydrolyzate elements, (auth)
Ballada, J. 1967. Analytic Determination of Plutonium in the Environment.
CEA-R-3220.
Studies on the determination of the plutonium content in fallout from
nuclear explosions are described. The importance of the problems due
to the plutonium, the physicochemical properties of the radio-element, and
the biological dangers that it presents are discussed. A detailed and
critical analysis was made of the radiotoxicological determination of
plutonium as previously reported in the literature. Techniques for the
determination of plutonium in air, rain-water, soils, and plant ash are
presented. After a detailed description of the measurement equipment and
the operational techniques which have been developed, a justification of
these techniques is given with particular reference to their sensivitity
and specificity. The results are then discussed in the case of each
element in which plutonium was determined. The importance of the occurrence of
fall-out plutonium on problems relating to public health is considered.
From a consideration of 200 analyses carried out, it was concluded that
the contribution of plutonium to the exposure of populations is still
very small compared to that of natural radiation and that due to such
fission products such as strontium 90. (auth)
B-16
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Baranov, V. I. 1964. Natural Radioactivity of Oceans. AEC-Tr-6641.
pp. 7-9.
Contents of naturally-occurring radioisotopes and fission products
from fallout in oceans are discussed. Data show that most of the
40
natural radioactivity of sea water is due to K. Uranium-238 contributes
the largest part of the alpha activity. In bottom sediments ratios of
radioisotopes differ markedly from those in the sea water and the
226
predominating radioisotopes are Th and Ra. (NSA)
Baranov, V. I. 1964. Natural Radioactivity of Soils. Izv. Akad. Nauk
SSSR. Ser. Biol. No. 1:159-63 (in Russian).
The estimation of artificial soil radioactivity from the difference
of total radiation assayed radiometrically and radiation of potassium
computed from its content in the soil can be regarded as quite valid.
However, as a standard of potassium radiation in the soil, use should be
made of a soil sample with a definite potassium content rather than of
potassium salts. But to assay the soil content in certain radioisotopes,
both natural and artificial, use should be made of chemical-analytical
or radiochemical methods. The conventional radiometric technique without
nuclear sp'ectroscopy cannot substitute a quantitative assay of the
major components of soil radioactivity, such as U, Th, K, and the conclusions
based on the readings of radiometric devices might be at variance with
the actual pattern and thus devoid of scientific significance, (auth)
Baranov, V. I. and L. A. Khristianova. 1963. Radioactivity of Ocean
Sediments. Khim. Zemnoi Kory, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Tr. Geokhim. Konf.
1:401-8.
A radiochemistry study of upper horizons of bottom sea sediments in
the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean was made from samples and cores
taken in various parts and formations (terrigenous sediments, diatomaceous
sediments, foraminiferal sediments, red deep-sea clays, and volcanic
230
sediments). Maps of Th and Th contents and their distribution were
232
plotted. Th in the sea sediments is of continental or volcanic origin;
230
most of the Th was formed from U in the sea water and only 25% of the
Th is of continental origin. The clay fraction in all types of ocean
B-17
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230
sediments has a Th :Th ratio increasing from 30 in terrigenous to 50
230
in pelitic formations. Increase of the Th :Th ratio from sands, to
230
silts, and to muds indicates that the Th in sea water is in a form
more easily sorbed than Th. A similar effect was observed with Ra; the
clayey fractions are 10 times richer in Ra than sands. The behavior of
U is quite different. Its content in all types of sediments is about
the same and does not depend on the granulometric composition of sediment.
The Th:U ratio in all types of sediments is <1.7-1.8 in clayey fractions
230
and <0.3-0.7 in sands and silts. The Th :U ratio in all types and all
fractions (in silts it is 4 and in clays 7-10) indicates a distinct radio-
230
active disequilibrium caused by predominance of Th over U. The Ra:U
230
ratio has the same character as the Th :U ratio. (CA)
Baranov, V. I. and L. A. Kuzmina. 1954. Ionium Method for the Determination
of the Age of Oceanic Mud Sediments Direct Determination of Ionium.
Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR. 97:483-5.
The radioactive method was used to determine the rate and age of sedi-
mentation of cores from the Okhotsk Sea (I) and of red clay cores from
1 T
the Pacific Ocean (II). The Ra content was of the order of 2 x 10 g/g
of I and 10 times as great for II. Sea water contains an excess of U,
owing to soluble carbonate complexes; the sea deposits an excess of
insoluble Ra and lo, as compared to radioactive equilibrium. The Th and
lo are extended and concentrated by treatment with Na^O^, solution in
HC1, precipitation by NH40H, precipitation as fluoride with La as carrier,
the fractional crystallization. (CA)
Baranov, V. I. and L. A. Kuzmina. 1957. Content of Radioactive Elements
in the Bottom Deposits of the Pacific Ocean in the Region of the Japanese
Islands. Geokhimiya. No. 1:23-32.
The purpose was to elucidate the relationship of the behavior of lo to
the Mn, Fe, and Si content in 5 columns and 7 samples obtained by bottom
dredging. Si02i ?e2®3' anc' MnO were determined. The content of Th in the
upper layer was approximately 5 to 6 ppm, the U concentration amounted
B-18
-------
to 2-3 ppm, and the Th/U ratio fluctuated from 1.3 to 4.3. From the
studies a great constancy was found for tne Th content. This indicated
absence of migration of isotopes of Th. The absolute concentration of
lo more regularly decreased with depth, thus explaining the more complex
mechanism of increase of lo on the sea bottom, rather than simple
absorption by sesquioxides. (CA)
Baranov, V. I. and L. A. Kuzmina. 1958. Radiochemical Analysis of Deep
Sea Sediments in Connection with the Determination of the Rate of
Sediment Accumulation. Radioisotopes Sci. Research, Proc. Intern. Conf.,
Paris, 1975. 2:601-18.
A radiochemical method has been evolved for determining the content
of the radioisotopes U238, Th232, Th230, and Ra226 in sea deposits. A
general picture has been obtained of their distribution in the sea silt of
the Kurile and Japanese Islands. Calculations have been made of the rate
of sedimentation of the shifting of radioactive equilibrium in the series
of U decay products at various depths of the core. (CA)
Baranov, V. I. and N. G. Morozova. 1973. Behavior of Natural Radionuclides
in Soils. Radioecology. V. M. Klechkovskii (ed), John Wiley & Sons,
New York, p. 3-29.
Natural radioactivity of soils is reviewed with emphasis on the
geochemical aspects of the radioactivity. Tables are presented to show
concentration of naturally radioactive L), Ra, Th, and K in soils of
various countries and in various types of soils in the USSR. The concentra-
tion and distribution of natural radionuclides in major soils of some
soil-climatic zones of the USSR are discussed. Radiogeological soil maps
are considered along with their use in establishment of the general behavior
of radionuclides in the planetary soil cover and determination of the role
played by the soil-forming process in the geochemistry of natural
radionuclides. (NSA)
Baranova, V. I., N. G. Morozova, T. G. Akimova and A. V. Orlova. 1968.
Natural Radioelements in Surface and Soil-Subsoil Waters. Geokhimiya.
No. 3:334-41 (in Russian).
B-19
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Date on the radium, uranium and thorium content in soil-subsoil
waters, lake and river waters of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
are given. It is shown that the Ra-content changes in the ranges of
n x 10"14 to n x 10"13 g/1, U - n x 10"7 to n x 10"6 g/1 and Th - n x 10"8
to n x 10" g/1. In all types of surface waters equilibrium between U
and Ra is lacking. In soil-subsoil waters, lake and river waters the
equilibrium is displaced towards U dominance over Ra. In the same type
of waters radium makes up 20 to 50% of the equilibrium amount with uranium
being contained. In lysimetric soil waters and acid waters of low-land
bogs Ra is present in an amount considerably exceeding the equilibrium
amount with contained uranium. In surface waters of all types the Th:U
ratio «1 (with an average value of 0.1 to 0.4). (auth)
Baranov, V. I., N. G. Morozova and K. G. Kunasneva. 1966. Natural Radio-
activity of Soddy Carbonate Soil in the Estonian S. S. R. Radioaktiv.
Pochv. Metody Ee Opred., Akad. Nauk SSR. pp. 195-212 (in Russian).
The occurrence of Ra and Th in peat-carbonate soil of the Estonian
S.S.R. has a regional character. Three zones can be observed: the central
-1C
Estonian zone has a normal Ra and Th content (0.7-1.2) x 10 and
(6-12) x 10 %, respectively, and the southern zone has (0.3-0.5)
x 10 and (4.7) x ~\Q %, respectively. The distribution of Ra and
Th in the soil profile is determined by the type, intensity, and duration
of the soil-forming process. Cultivation does not alter the distribution
of Ra and Th in the soil profile, when the tilling is not lower than the
humus horizon. The maximum accumulation of Ra and Th in peat carbonate
soils in moraine moves from the surface humus horizon A-| to the depth in
the illuvial horizon of well developed zones. Assimilation of radioactive
elements in soil horizons takes place simultaneously with soil development.
(CA)
Baranov, V. I., N. G. Morozova, K. G. Kunasheva, G. I. Grigorev and
V. I. Vernadskii. 1963. Geochemistry of Some Natural Radioactive
Elements in Soil. Soviet Soil Sci. Ho. 8:733-40.
B-20
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Studies were made of the average content of natural radioisotopes in.
soil groups of various climatic zones in the USSR and their distribution
by genetic horizons. Soil samples were analyzed for radium and thorium by
ordinary radiochemical methods. Data are presented in tables. Pre-
liminary investigations showed that there was no significant deviation
in the soil samples from the radioactive equilibrium between uranium
and radium. The thorium content of different soils varied 400-fold and
the radium content 100-fold, whereas the content in the underlying rock
was within one order of magnitude. Organic matter was found to play an
important role in the migration of radioelements. Soils rich in organic
residues had the lowest Th:Ra ratio. (NSA)
Baranov, V. I., A. B. Ronov and K. G. Kunasheva. 1956. On Geochemistry
of Dispersed Thorium and Uranium in Clays and Carbonate Rocks of Russian
Platform. Geokhimiya. No. 3:3-8.
In sedimentation processes U migrates to a considerable extent in the
form of soluble compounds, whereas Th migrates in collodial form. Magnitude
of Th:U ratio is twice as large in clays as in carbonate rocks, and in
the latter Th is contained in the insoluble portion. Clays of the Russian
-3 -4
Platform contain on the average 1.1 x 10 % Th and 4.1 x 10 % U;
-4 -4
carbonate rocks 2.4 x 10 . Th and 2.1 x 10 » U. Maximum content of
Th is noted in rocks formed during periods of most intensive erosion of
crystalline rocks or shell of weathering. Content of U in rocks of
different composition and geological age varies to a considerably lesser
extent than that of Th. A certain enrichment in U is observed in rocks having
an increased content of organic substances. (NSA)
Baranov, V. I. and N. I. Titaeva. 1961. Uranium, Thorium, Radium, and
Ionium Content in the Quartenary Deposits of the River Lena. Geokhimiya.
No. 2:110-14 (in Russian).
Data are given on the content of radioactive elements in young
continental sedimentary formations of Siberia. Uranium capture from aqueous
environment by sediments with a high content of organic matter is ascertained.
The enrichment of the sediments in uranium on the background of low thorium,
radium, and ionium contents is indicative of the possibility of using the
ionium method to ascertain the time of their formation, (auth)
B-21
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Baranov, D. D. 1967. Comparative Studies of the Sorption and Desorption
of Various Radionuclides by Shoal Grounds. IN: Voprosy Biookeanografii.
Materialy II Mezhdunarodnogo Qkeanograficheskogo Kongressa, 30 Maya-9
lyumya 1966 g. Moskva. Kiev, IzdateTstvo Dumka (in Russian).
Experiments were carried out on the sorption and desorption
of 90Sr, 91Y, 95Zr, 106Ru, 137Cs, and 144Ce, by soils from the Black
Sea littoral, in order to study the migration of these radionuclides.
The sorption tests were carried out in closed, cone-shaped flasks con-
taining 3.5 g of soil and 50 ml of filtered seawater; the radionuclides
were introduced together in indicator amounts. After shaking the flasks
and letting the contents settle for 12 hrs, the dried soil and the water
samples were subjected to radiometric measurements. The results indicated
that the silts possess great sorption capacity with respect to Cs and
144
Ce. The silt samples were fractionated in order to determine the portion
playing the most important role in the process and the uptake coefficient
of these nuclides. Aleurolite and phaseoline-type shoal silts were found
to possess great sorption capacity toward all of the radionuclides in spite
of differences of physical and mechanical properties. These silts had
similar uptake coefficients for each of the isotopes, attributable to the
<90 p diameter particle size fraction. Cesium-137 was most easily
retained by the silts; it was desorbed by seawater and 2 N_ hydrochloric
91 144
solution. The desorption of Y, Ce by the same acid from the silts
increased with their carbonate-bearing soil content. The silts may be
91 137 144
considered as a sink for Y, Cs, and Ce in the sea. The action
90
with respect to Sr may be negelected. (NSA)
Baranov, V. I. K. G. Kunasheva, N. G. Morozova, F. I. Pavlotskaya, and
E. B. Tyuryukanova. 1964. Some Regularities of Distribution and Migration
of Radioactive Elements in Soil Covering. A/CONF. 28:385.
Results are presented of a study of the contents and distribution of
90
natural radioelements (Th, Ra, and U) and of Sr in different soil types
in USSR. Differentiation of the radioelements with depth is discussed.
The highest radioactivity level is found in soddy bog, alluvial clay-bearing
soils of river bottomlands, while the minimum level is found in sandy soils,
particularly in peat upland bogs. Differentiation of the radioelements
with depth is discussed. (NSA)
B-22
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Baranov, D. D. and G. G. Polikarpov. 1968. Sorption and Desorption of
Radionuclides by Shallow-Water Sediments of the Black Sea.
Okeanologiya. 8:427-30 (in Russian).
From among the sediments studied, the shallow-water muds, aleuritic
with mussel biocoenosis and phaseoline, have the greatest sorption ability
for 90Sr, 95Zr, 106Ru, 137Cs, and 144Ce. Despite different mechanical
properties and chemical composition, these muds have similar concentration
factors for each nuclide which is due to the size of the fraction with
particle sizes less than 90 u. Aleurite mud with mussel biocoenosis and
Ql Q5 1 "37 1AA
phaseoline mud adsorb 3IY, 30Zr, IJ/Cs, and IHHCe most effectively. How-
ever, Sr and Ru have no high concentration factors: i.e., they are
poorly extracted from sea water. Muds best retain Cs, which is apprecia-
bly desorbed by sea water and by 0.2N.HC1. In contrast, 90Sr and 106Ru
are readily desorbed by these solutions by 90% and 86.5», respectively. An
91 144
increase of the desorption of Y and Ce by 0.2f[ HC1 from the muds studiec
is correlated with the presence in the latter of carbonic rocks. (NSA)
Barber, S. A. and G. L. Malzer. 1974. Movement of Strontium Through the
Soil to the Plant Root Membrane. COO-1495-24.
Distribution of Ca and Sr among the several phases of the soil and the
influence of this distribution on the rate of supply of the ions to, and
absorption by the root were investigated. Calcium and Sr in the soil may be
present as soluble ions, soluble chelate-exchangeable cations, and precipitates,
Adding a soluble chelate to the soil system either decreases or increases the
Ca/Sr ratio in solution depending on the nature of the chelate. When CaSO^ or
SrS04 precipitated about the root, the uptake rate of the precipitating ion
was reduced relative to the nonprecipitating cation. Uptake of Ca and Sr from
soluble chelates in solution was greater than direct absorption of the chelate
indicating that cation exchange between the root and the chelate probably
occurred. The Cd-electrode was used in developing a procedure to measure
potentiometrically the amount of chelate in solution. A procedure was also
developed to measure on one plant system Ca and Sr uptake rate over a wide
range of their concentrations in solution. Translocation of Ca and Sr was
related to the Ca/Sr ratio in the external solution rather than the Ca/Sr
ratio in the plant root, (auth)
B-23
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Barbier, G. and L. Duval. 1958. The Exchange of Cations Present in Minute
Quantities, as Applied to the Retention of Radioactive Strontium and Cesium
in Soil. Ann. Agron. VI:695-712.
After a brief review of some quantitative equations of ion exchange, a
study using Sr and Cs is made of the exchange between small amounts of
strontium and cesium with other cations, especially calcium and potassium.
The exchange strontium-cesium in variable proportions, down to quite minute
ones, is also investigated, (auth)
Barbier, G., J. C. Fardeau, and P. Marini. 1971. Diffusibility of Phosphate
Ions in Soil. Ann. Agron. 22:309-42 (in French).
The self-diffusion of phosphate ions accumulated in soil through
fertilizer residue during previous decades was investigated. The errors
in interpretation resulting from the application of the isotope dilution
formula to groups of phosphorus atoms (soil, or soil plant) whose isotopic
compositions are nonuniform are examined. The validity of isotopic measure-
ment technique was confirmed from results obtained when the isotopic tracers
of two phosphorus sources were interchanged. Studies of soil samples obtained
from fields which have been under cultivation for a long period of time
confirmed that a considerable fraction of the long-buried phosphate atoms
were no longer isotopically exchangeable (in a period compatible with that
32
of P.). At the isotopic dilution limit, the ratio representing the
increase in isotopically exchangeable P04 and the total mineral P04 did not
exceed 10% in the calcareous soils studied. Even in soils, which are
neither calcareous, nor distinctly acid, this ratio can exceed 50%. Never-
theless, it is premature to conclude that the maintenance of the present
level of PO^ ion chemical activity requires phosphorus enrichment of the
soil over an indefinite period of time. It was demonstrated that plant
roots have the ability to liberate PO. from solid organic or mineral
compounds, especially from calcium based compounds. As apatitic phosphate
from Gafsa was found to be attacked by rye-grass even in basic soil, but
not in calcareous soil. An experiment on plant phosphorus nutrition in a
heterogeneous environment is discussed, the concentration of diffusible
phosphorus being investigated. (NSA)
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Barbier, G. and G. Muchion. 1954. Disposal of Low-Activity Waste and
Accumulation in Cultivated soils. IN: Disposal of Radioactive Wastes.
IAEA, Vienna. 2:401-6.
A method is described for accumulating long-lived radioisotopes in
soils and calculating the maximum contamination they would cause in
vegetables grown on these soils. A way is suggested for expressing this
contamination and a formula is given by which the maximum contamination
of 1 kg of the harvested produce in relation to the tolerated contamination
per liter of irrigation water could be calculated, (auth)
Barker, F. B. 1958. The Adsorption of Radioactive Substances on Waterborne
and Consolidated Materials. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. Preprint 11, Session 35.
Adsorption is a phenomenon that has a direct bearing on the transport
and distribution of radioactive substances in surface and ground water. The
rate of adsorption of radioactive substances and the quantity adsorbed are
related to the composition of contaminants in the liquid form, to the
chemical quality of the natural water involved, and to tne minerals present
and their ion-exchange capacity. Preliminary results of some studies of this
type are discussed, (auth)
Barnes, C. A. and M. G. Gross. 1966. Distribution at Sea of Columbia River
Water and Its Load of Radionuclides. RLO-1725-41.
Properties, distribution, and movement of Columbia River water in the
Northeast Pacific Ocean and of the sediments near the river mouth were
investigated. Distribution of salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll a, fission
products from atmospheric fallout, and neutron-activation products from the
Hanford reactor are reported. Surface salinities near the mouth of the river
were generally under 35 0/00- Studies of river discharge yielded two periods
of peak flow, the highest being from mid-May until mid-June. During late
spring and summer the Columbia River contributes over 90% of the runoff
reaching the Northeast Pacific Ocean between 38° and 48°N. Distinctive
features of the discharge plume for late summer 1961 are plotted.
Distribution of salinity, nitrate, phosphate, and chlorophyll a_ in surface
waters near the Columbia River were determined during late summer 1961 and
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in winter 1962. Radionuclide contamination by Cr, Zr and Mb was
95 95 106 144
detected in surface waters, and Zr, Mb, Ru, and Ce were found in
sediments. The vertical distribution and abundance of fission products in
sediment cores provide possible means of determining the rate of sediment
accumulation in the region and of evaluation the effects of the vertical
mixing of sediment due to the activities of marine burrowing organisms.
Preliminary data suggest that rapid vertical mixing extends to a depth
of at least 2 cm in the cores. Radionuclides from the Hanford effluent
provided the opportunity to study the distribution of Columbia River sediment
on the Continental Shelf and its movement in the area. Zinc-65 proved to
be the most valuable of the neutron-activated products in this respect. (NSA)
Barr, N. F. 1975. The Radiological Significance of Transuranium Radio-
isotopes Released to the Environment During Operation of the LMFBR Fuel
Cycle. IAEA-SM-199/102.
Estimates based on current knowledge and conservative assumptions
indicate that release of transuranium elements from the Liquid Metal Fast
Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) fuel cycle are likely to produce population dose
commitments small compared to those produced by naturally occurring alpha
emitters and globally dispersed transuranium radioisotopes from tests of
nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Potential health consequences of these
releases to current and future generations are estimated to be very small
compared to risks associated with the production of energy by fossil fuels.
The estimates are subject to a number of uncertainties imposed by lack of
knowledge. Some of the uncertainties are not likely to be greatly reduced
until LMFBR facilities are designed and operated. Others may be significantly
reduced prior to facility design and operation. The paper discusses the
sensitivity of the estimates to uncertainties and approaches to reducing
those uncertainties which strongly influence the estimates, (auth)
Barraclough, J. T., and R. G. Jensen. 1976. Hydrologic Data for the
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Site, Idaho. IDO-22055.
The Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) discharges low-level waste
and chemical waste directly to the Snake River Plain aquifer through a
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600-foot (180 meter) disposal well. Most of the radioactivity is removed by
distillation and ion exchange prior to being discharged into the well.
During 1971 to 1973, the well was used to dispose of 404 curies of radio-
activity, of which 389 curies were tritium (96 percent). The average yearly
Q
discharge was about 300 million gallons (1.1 x 10 liters). The distribution
of waste products in the Snake River Plain aquifer covers about 15 square
miles (30 square kilometers). Since disposal began in 1952, the wastes have
migrated about 5 miles (8 kilometers) downgradient from discharge points.
The perched groundwater body contains tritium, chromium-51, cobalt-60, and
strontium-90. Radionuclides are subject to radioactive decay, sorption, and
dilution by dispersion in the aquifer. Chemical wastes are subject to
sorption and dilution by dispersion. Waste plumes south of the ICPP
containing tritium, sodium, and chloride have been mapped and all cover
a similar area. The plumes follow generally southerly flow lines and are
widely dispersed in the aquifer. The waste plume of strontium-90 covers a
much smaller area of the aquifer, about 1.5 square miles (4 square kilometers)
Based on the relatively small size of the plume, it would appear that the
strontium-90 is sorbed from solution as it moves through the Snake River
Plain aquifer. (A)
Barraclough, J. T., W. E. Teasdale, and R. G. Jensen. 1967. Hydrology of
the National Reactor Testing Station Area, Idaho. Annual Progress Report,
1965. IDO-22048.
A study was undertaken, by the U.S. Geological Survey, to determine
the effects of radioactive waste disposal to the basalts of the Snake Plain
aquifer. Ground- and surface-water samples were collected for chemical and
radiometric analyses. The results were evaluated and mapped. Groundwater
levels were also monitored and mapped. Pumpage and waste disposal data are
given. A record flood of the Big Lost River enabled recharge effects,
infiltration rates, vertical percolation rates, and pressure transmission
to be determined. Studies of air flow in the zone of aeration were con-
tinued. Study of internal fluid flow in wells showed that no consistent
B-27
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flow direction exists. The natural gamma spectra of rocks were determined.
Seismic effects on well hydrographs were evaluated. Effects of radioactive
waste disposal to ponds and wells are described and mapped. Tritium is the
only waste radionuclide at the National Reactor Testing Station that can readily
be detected in groundwater at significant distances from points of disposal.
Tritium concentrations in groundwater decreased principally because less
waste was discharged. The tritium front in the aquifer lies about 4 miles
south of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant disposal well. Strontium-90
has also been detected in groundwater almost half a mile south of the
disposal well, (auth)
Barraclough, J. T., W. E. Teasdale, J. B. Robertson, and R. G. Jensen. 1966.
Hydrology of the National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho. IDO-22049.
This annual report describes studies by the U.S. Geological Survey,
sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, to determine the hydrologic
effects of disposal of radioactive waste to the ground at the National Reactor
Testing Station. The project has involved the collection and analyses of
ground- and surface-water samples for radiometric and chemical changes.
Results have been evaluated and mapped. Ground-water levels have also been
mapped over the station. The net ground-water consumption after pumpage
and waste injection has been determined. Two billion gallons of water were
pumped during 1966 of which 40 percent was metered and returned to the
Snake Plain aquifer.
A record runoff of the Big Lost River during 1965 and 1966 induced a
large amount of recharge to the Snake Plain aquifer. The recharge caused
water levels to rise as much as six feet, but apparently did not have a
great effect on the concentrations of waste products in the ground water.
Pressure transmission or mass transfer effects from the recharge, were
observed as far as 50 miles southwest of the river.
Tritium is the primary radioactive waste product discharged to the sub-
surface. Several aspects of tritium disposal have been studied in detail at
the TRA (Test Reactor Area) and the ICPP (Idaho Chemical Processing Plant)
areas. The distribution of waste tritium in the Snake Plain aquifer has been
B-28
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mapped, and background levels were determined to range from 0.05 to 0.1 pCi/ml
(picocunes per milliliter). Waste tritium in water from the Snake Plain
aquifer has been detected 4-1/2 miles south of the ICPP. An estimated mass
balance of total tritium remaining in the Snake Plain aquifer is presented
for the TRA and ICPP areas. About 21,500 Ci (curies) of tritium at the ICPP
and about 3,700 Ci at the TRA have been disoosed from 1952 through 1966.
About 14,000 Ci and 2,700 Ci of tritium, respectively, should remain after
radioactive decay. Similar amounts are indicated to be present in the
ground water. Waste tritium has been used as a tracer in studies of the
complex flow characteristics of the aquifer in the ICPP area.
Dissolved chromium has been used to trace TRA pond waste water in
perched ground-water bodies and downgradient 2-1/2 miles in the Snake Plain
aquifer. Concentrations of hexavalent chromium ranged as high as 1.7 ppm
(parts per million) in the perched water and 0.4 ppm in the water from the
Snake Plain aquifer. Chromium serves as a good tracer of TRA wastes
because it does not occur in nearby ICPP wastes, is not usually present in
natural waters, and can be determined in very low concentrations.
Natural fluoride in the water of the Snake Plain aquifer has been used
to trace the ground-water flow downgradient from the northeast end of the
Snake River Plain. The fluoride, which is dissolved from certain rocks,
indicates recharge areas and flow paths in the aquifer.
A project to test the feasibility of disposing radioactive gases into
the ground is presently underway. A seismic survey was used to map surface
sediment thickness, and two test wells were cored to evaluate potential
injection-well sites.
A "breathing" well has been instrumented to study flow rates,
temperature, humidity, and other aspects of vertical flow of air in the
well. Results of the continuing study are presented.
Studies made on several wells which had vertically flowing borehole
water indicated that the physical and chemical properties of the water
are influenced by the flow. One well with downward flow had a head
difference of 0.01 to 0.07 foot between two permeable throughout the
year.
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Barsukov, V. L. , T. M. Sushchevskaya and B. I. Malyshev. 1971. Composition
of Solutions Responsible for the Formation of U-Mo Deposits. At. Energ.
31:28-34 (in Russian).
The composition of hydrothermal solutions, which formed typical U-Mo
ore deposits, was evaluated on the basis of gas-liquid inclusions in pitch-
blende and uraninite-bearing minerals. Aqueous extracts were analyzed for
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl , SO*, and HCO.,, and the thermodynamic instability con-
stants of a number of Ca salts at 25 and 150°C were calculated as the
basis for further discussion of the mechanics of ore formation. (NSA)
Bates, T. F. and W. Spackman. 1965. An Investigation of the Mineralogy.
Petrography and Paleobotany of Uranium-Bearing Lignites. Final Research
Report. NYO-10361.
A summary is presented of a research program which was conducted to study
the uranium complexes in uraniferous lignites, and to develop geological,
mineralogical , petrographic, and paleobotamcal criteria for locating other
sources of uranium. The program covered the following areas: Mineralogy of
western lignites and related sediments, autoradiography, chemistry and petro-
grapny of western lignites and related sediments, palynology of Dakota lignites,
and modern phyto-organic sediments and sedimentary environments. (NSA)
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory. 1966. Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Annual Report for 1965. In the Physical Sciences to the USAEC Division of
Biology and Medicine. Volume 3: Earth Sciences. BNWL-235-3.
Cation exchange reactions involving sodium, potassium, and cesium with
a natural stilbite were investigated. Equilibrium constants of 7.03, 0.131,
and 1.03 were derived from the 23°C isotherms for sodium on the zeolite
replaced by cesium, potassium on the zeolite replaced by sodium, and
potassium on the zeolite replaced by cesium, respectively. The equilibrium
constant for sodium on the zeolite replaced by cesium falls to 1.65 at 85°C.
Chabazite equilibria were studied in the systems sodium-potassium,
sodium-cesium, and cesium-potassium at 23°C. The Gibbs free-energy change
derived from the isotherm for the reaction NaMfll1te + KSQlution *
+ Nasolution snowecl 9ood agreement with Barrer's chabazite results for the
B-30
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same system. Only 85% of the 3.53 sodium atoms per unit cell, or 3.00 cesium
atoms, were contained in the chabazite cell at equilibrium. These equilibria
can be explained in terms of the chabazite crystal structure given by Smith.
Strontium and calcium based analcimes were synthesized and their cation
exchange properties compared with those of natural and synthetic wairakites.
Not even calcium self-exchange was exhibited by the wairakites. Strontium
self-exchange was absent on calcium and strontium analcimes. Wairakite
occupies a position in the analcime series analogous to pollucite.
Particle self-diffusion coefficients of sodium were determined in a
fraction of nearly pure vermiculite utilizing a thin bed technique. The
size fractions were obtained by sieving and sedimentation. The self-diffusion
-7 2
coefficient of sodium at exchange half-time was 0.56 x 10 cm /sec.
A method to predict radionuclide distribution and breakthrough concentra-
tions was developed for simple soil-solution systems. Input data consist of
the equilibrium distribution coefficient, weight of soil and volume of soil
32
solution. Experimental and calculated P breakthrough curves agreed satis-
factorily with the relative breakthrough concentration of 60%.
Investigation was made of radiocontaminant concentrations and distribu-
tion beneath selected liquid waste disposal facilities. Additional wells were
drilled and core samples taken of the earth materials for laboratory analysis.
The bulk of the long-lived radioisotopes, such as Cs and Sr, was found
retained high in the soil column some 100 ft or more above the regional water
table. Thus the effectiveness of the soil in removing certain radioisotopes
by absorption and ion exchange is confirmed, (auth)
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory. 1972. Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Monthly Activities Report, September, 1972. Division of Production and
Hanford Plant Assistance Programs. BNWL-1691.
Research progress in the environmental and regulatory technology program
is reported on development of radionuclide transport models and on development
of methods for predicting activity coefficients in high ion strength mixed salt
solutions. Efforts in waste management programs were devoted to salt cake
B-31
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reduction studies. Process technology research is reported on Pu reclamation
facility instrumentation, waste management instrumentation, treatment of Purex
Plant stored waste sludge, CsCl melting equipment, seismology, and effluent
behavior. In programs for technical assistance to the Hanford Plant, efforts
were devoted to environmental evaluations, radiation protection, and radiation
standards. (NSA)
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory. 1972. Radionuclide Decline in
Columbia River Water. JN.: Annual Report for 1971 to USAEC Division of
Biology and Medicine. BNWL-1651, Pt. 2. 11:74-80.
The radionuclide depletion processes in the Columbia River are being
characterized following the closure of the Hanford reactors. Residual
radioactivity is associated mainly with sedimentary deposits behind McNary
cc gc AC ice go
Dam. The most abundant radionuclides are Fe, Zn, Sc, Eu, Co,
Eu, and Eu. These radionuclides are bound to the sediments and
enter the river by sediment resuspension and dissolution into soluble forms.
The main mechanism for depletion of radioactivity from the river, other than
radioactive decay, is by scouring of surface sediments during high river flow,
and their subsequent transport into the Pacific Ocean. It appears that even-
tually the radioactive sediment deposits behind McNary Dam will become covered
by new, uncontaminated silt deposits. The high fraction of radionuclide in
the particulate form in Columbia River water changes their availability for
biological uptake, (auth)
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory. 1975. In Situ Monitoring. IN:
Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1974 to the USAEC Division
of Biomedical and Environmental Research. Part IV. BNWL-1950, Pt. 4, pp. 12-16.
Systems for in situ analysis of radionuclides around storage areas and
nuclear sites are being developed. The development and initial use of a
Ge(Li) system for down well radioactivity measurements was completed. Design
90
criteria were developed and construction begun on a Sr counter for use on
natural soils, (auth)
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Baturin, G. N. 1966. Uranium Content in Caspian Sea Sediments. At. Energ.
21:515-16 (in Russian).
The content of U in 34 samples of Caspian Sea sediments, taken across
the sea bed, varied 1.0-23 ppm. The maximum content of U was found in sedi-
ments from the central part of the middle Caspian Sea syncline and the mini-
mum in the sediments from the western shelf of the sea. The data are compared
with the U content in the Caspian Sea water (6.5-10) x 10" g/1, and with U
content in waters and sediments from the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. The
experimental data disproved the theory that the accumulation of U in sea
sediments is connected with the presence of H^S, which is absent in Caspian
Sea water. (CA)
Baturin, G. N. 1968. Geochemistry of Uranium in the Baltic Sea. Geokhimiya.
No. 3:377-81 (in Russian).
The content of U in the surface layers of sediments of the Baltic Sea
-4 -4
varies from 1 to 4 x 10 % in the coastal deposits and from 5 to 20 x 10 %
in deep-lying clay and silt-clay sediments. The distribution of uranium in
the sediments of the Baltic Sea is of the well-regulated type with distinct
pelagic maximum. The concentration of uranium in the sediments and its dis-
tribution per surface was controlled by the content and distribution of the
organic material. The hydrogen sulfide contamination of water near the ground,
having a local and sporadic character, is not a basic factor in the concentra-
tion of uranium in sediments of this basin. One of the reasons for the low
U/C relation in the sediments of the Baltic Sea is the low content, in
comparision with other seas, of dissolved U in its waters, (auth)
Baturin, G. N. 1969. Uranium in the Surface Layer of Sediments in the North-
western Part of the Indian Ocean. Okeanologiya. 9:1031-7 (in Russian).
The average content of U in sediments of the northwestern Indian Ocean
is the same as that in sedimentary rocks on the continents. Higher U concen-
trations are reported in two samples with high organic C content, and in fish
scales. U concentrations are not related to the quantity of pelitic fractions,
but are inversely proportional to CaC03 concentrations and are correlated with
B-33
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organic C and P. Relatively high U concentrations are confined to shelves and
the continental slope. The concentrations are minimum in sediments of the
abyssal plains. (CA)
Baturin, G. N. 1971. Uranium in Solutions of Ooze Deposits in the South-
eastern Atlantic. Dokl . Akad. Nauk SSSR. 198:1186-8. (in Russian).
Determinations of uranium were made in ooze solutions of deposits after
separation from the core samples under pressure. A range of 1.3 to 650 vig
U/l was recorded for the samples under test; in the majority of cases the
U content was significantly greater than in the ocean waters (3.2 g U/l).
A correlation between pH and U content of samples is shown. (NSA)
Baturin, G. N. 1972. Phosphorites Found in Ocean Depths. Priroda (Moscow).
No. 6:86-7 (in Russian).
Numerous fragments of (tentatively) Tertiary metasomatic phosphorites and
phosphatized rocks were taken from the Pacific Ocean bottom. The fragments con-
sist of phosphatized coral-algae and foramiferal limestones in addition to
phosphorites containing 20-32% P205< The U in the phosphorites (80 samples)
is 10-100 times lower (1-6 ppm) than the U content in natural phosphorites.
The guano from Peru and Fernandino and Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) contain
0.2, 0.5, and 0.4 ppm U. This suggests the genetic relation between phosphorites
from submarine mountains and guano. The Pacific submarine mountains were islands
during Tertiary time and phosphorites found there could be from guano. (CA)
Baturin, G. N. 1972. Ratio of Average Concentration of Uranium to Organic
Matter in Recent Marine and Oceanic Sediments. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR.
207:186-9 (in Russian).
The concentration of U in recent marine and oceanic sediments is 1 x 10"
to 6 X 10" 3%, the content of organic matter 0.1-15S, and the U/organic C ratio
(1-7) x 10"4). A high U/organic C ratio is characteristic of zones with a slow
sedimentation rate. In submarine oceanic sediments, the calcareous and sili-
9"3O
ceous oozes have a low average concentration of U with U/ U <1. (CA)
B-34
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Baturin, G. N. 1973. Uranium During Sedimentation in the Black and Azov
Seas. Litol. Polez. Iskop. No. 5:21-32 (in Russian).
In rivers of the Azov-Black Sea basin, U migrates predominantly in a
dissolved state. The sediments of the Azov Sea exhibit a uniform distribution
of U; in the Black Sea sediments, U distribution is controlled by organic
matter. The U/organic C ratio in sediments shows a steady increase during
sedimentation. The deposition of U from marine waters occurred, during a
lowering of the EH, at the interface water-sediment. (CA)
Baturin, G. N. 1973. Uranium in the Contemporaneous Sedimentary Cycle
of the Sea. Geokhimniya. No. 9:1362-1372 (in Russian).
During rocks weathering and in the river run-off, uranium is divided into
the dissolved and the suspended one at an average 1:1 ratio. The average
uranium content in the sum of dissolved and suspended matters of river run-off
corresponds to its average content in the Earth crust; that determines uranium
content in sea and ocean sediments. The share of hydrogenous uranium being
concentrated in sediments of sea basins and the peripheric zones of the ocean
-4
up to (10 to 60) x 10 % plays in the total balance a secondary role. This
concentration is favored by the enrichment of sediments in organic matter and
phosphorus, by the heightened uranium content in waters, by the reducing con-
ditions near the boundary of water-bottom divide, by the slackened sedimenta-
tion rate, by the renewal of near-bottom waters. Uranium transition from the
solid phase to interstitial waters, wnere its concentration reaches n x 10" g/1,
is a precondition of its redistribution during diagenesis. (auth)
Baturin, G. N. and E. M. Emel'anov. 1973. Distribution of Uranium in the
Sediments of the Mediterranean Sea. Okeanologiya. 13:814-20 (in Russian).
Basic types of sea bed sediments were sampled from the 0-5 cm horizon and
-4
analyzed by chemical luminescence. The U concentration was 2-50 x 10 %,
the mean value being 17 x 10" %. The minimum U concentration was found in
coarse silts of the southern part of the basin and the maximum in the fine
silty muds of the peripheral parts of the sea. U deposits show correlation
with organic C. (CA)
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Baturin, G. N. , T. D. Ilyina, and N. I. Popov. 1971. Soviet Investigations
of Natural Radionuclides in Marine and Ocean Sediments. Proc. Roy. Soc.
Edinburgh, Section B. 72:183-91.
Investigations of the radioactivity of marine and ocean sediments, begun
in the USSR in 1944, helped to reveal the basic traits of marine geochemistry
232
of natural radioelements. Among them U is the most mobile and Th the most
inert in the marine sedimentary cycle. Considerable work has been done in
developing the absolute dating methods based on the use of Th and U isotopes.
It seems that the Th- Pa method is the most reliable for oceanic condi-
tions. The determinations of the total radioactivity and the analysis of the
gamma spectrum of marine sediments made in situ and in the laboratory are
largely used for revealing tectonic structures as well as the facies compo-
sition and content of certain radioelements in sediemnts. (auth)
Baturin, G. N. and A. V. Kochenov. 1969. Migration of Uranium in Rivers
and the Duration of Its Presence in Waters of the World's Oceans, Seas,
Lakes. Geokhimiya. No. 6:715-23 (in Russian).
The average uranium content in the total amount of dissolved and suspended
materials of river run-off is similar to its average content in rocks of the
Earth's crust. The rivers of the Earth every year supply the World ocean with
approximately 20,000 tons of dissolved uranium and with approximately as much
suspended uranium at a ratio of 1:1. In final run-off basins the prevailing
part of dissolved uranium is precipitated together with terrigenous material
on shelfs and continental slopes. The time of dissolved uranium stay in waters
of the basins varies from tens of years to hundreds of thousands years and
depends on their depth, (auth)
Baturin, G. N. and A. V. Kochenov. 1973. Uranium in Interstitial Waters
of Marine and Oceanic Sediments. Geokhimiya. No. 10:1529-36 (in Russian).
Interstitial waters were sampled from the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
and Black Sea diatomaceous and terrigenous shelf oozes, calcareous aleuropelitic
continental silts, and eupelagic and miopelagic shales. Location of the
sample (latitude and longitude), depth, type of sediment, moisture content,
pH, Eh, and organic C, CaCO^, and amorphous SiO-j, P» and U contents are
B-36
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tabulated. The U content in the interstitial waters has a wide variation
(from 1.3 x 10" to 650 x 10" g/1) caused by the great diagenetic mobility
of U. The U content is controlled by the pH, Eh, and the content of
organic C. (CA)
Baturin, G. N., A. V. Kochenov, and S. A. Kovaleva. 1966. Some Aspects of
the Distribution of Uranium in Black Sea Waters. Ookl. Akad. Nauk SSSR.
166:698-700 (in Russian).
During the 16th voyage of the scientific-research ship "Mikhail
Lomonosov" in August-September 1964, £6 samples were taken at various depths
of the waters of the Black Sea at 16 different stations, including 15
samples of the bottom layer. According to the determinations, the uranium
content of the Black Sea waters (except the bottom layer) ranges from
2 x 10 to 4 x 10 g/1, the average being 2.8 x 10 g/1. The uranium
content of the bottom layer is much lower, frequently dropping to n x 10" g/1,
This is attributed to the removal of uranium by adsorption on the sediments.
One of the major factors in the adsorption of uranium by the sediments is
thought to be the presence in the latter of organic matter whose particles
can occlude this metal while it is still precipitating in the mass of the
water as a result of its reaction with hydrogen sulfide contaminating the
water. (NSA)
Baturin, G. N., A. V. Kochenov, and Y. M. Senin. 1971. Uranium Concentration
in Recent Oceanic Sediments of Water Uprise Zones. Geokhimiya. No. 4:456-62
(in Russian).
Uranium concentration in recent oceanic sediments in water uprise zones
(i.e., of permanent ascending currents) is several times higher near the
shores of continents in comparison with deep-sea oceanic sediments. Biogenic
and diagentic phosphates, which are present in these sediments, accumulate
•3 _2
up to 10 to 10 % of uranium. In both cases uranium concentration occurs
by the way of extraction from sea water. Uranium precipitation in these
regions is connected with the accumulation of organic matter and phosphorus in
bottom sediments and with hydrogen sulfide contamination of benthonic waters.
B-37
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The intensive supply of organic matter and phosphorus to sediments of shelf
zones is conditioned by their high biological productivity and by periodical
mass starvations of the fauna, (auth)
Baturin, G. N., A. V. Kochenov, and K. M. Shimkus. 1967. Uranium and Minor
Metals in Columns of Bottom Sediments of the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
Geokhimiya. No. 1:41-50 (in Russian).
The similar distribution of metals (U, Mo, Co, Ni, and V) was observed
in sedimentary columns of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The metal
distribution was correlated with that of organic substances. In bottom
sediment columns of the Black Sea the correlation with organic C was most
typical for U and Mo. The correlation of rare metals and C in the
sedimentary columns was contrastingly different from the surface layer of
muds. This indicated the diagenetic redistribution of rare metals in the
sea sediments. The transformation of organic substances was the main factor
affecting mobility of metals in the sedimentary formations. Diagenetic
redistribution of Mo, Co, Ni, and possibly V was partly related to the forma-
tion of pyrite and Fe-Mn microconcretions. The accumulation of U and enrich-
ment of mud in organic substances occurred both during sedimentation and
during diagenesis of sediments. The movement of U in the marine sediments
was related to the migration of bituminous part of organic substances. The
concentration of U in organic components of the Black Sea sediments depended
on the rate of sedimentation. (CA)
Beard, S. J. and W. L. Godfrey. 1962. Waste Disposal into the Ground at
Hanford. ISO-SA-31.
Ground disposal practices currently in use at Hanford for the disposal
of low- and intermediate-level liquid and solid wastes are discussed. Low-
level liquid wastes are routed to artificial swamps and intermediate-level
wastes to underground tile fields which rely on the ion exchange properties
of the soil to retain the radioactivity while returning the water to the
environment after a delay of several years. Intermediate-level wastes which
contain radioactivity that would not be efficiently absorbed by the soil are
released to trenches in limited quantity so that the soil retains the contamv
B-38
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nated liquid by absorption. Typical liquid waste disposal costs are SI.40,
S700, and S7400 per million liters for swamp, crib and trench disposal,
respectively. Waste solids are packaged in cardboard, wood, steel or concrete
burial boxes depending on size, weight and radiation intensity. These
packages are then buried in disposal trenches. Small size, high-activity
solid wastes are packaged in steel drums and placed in underground caissons,
while equipment too large to be conveniently disposed of by these methods
is loaded on expendable railroad cars and stored in railroad tunnels. Costs
for solid waste disposal range from $15 to $3000 per cubic meter depending
on the relative complexity of the disposal. The bases for determining the
type of disposal method used and the physical features of the disposal sys-
tems are reviewed, (auth)
Becker, V., J. H. Bennett and 0. K. Manuel. 1968. Iodine and Uranium
in Ultrabasic Rocks and Carbonatites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 4:357-362.
A series of ultrabasic rocks and carbonatites were analyzed by neutron
activation for iodine and uranium. The uranium data are compared with
earlier data on tne uranium content of possible mantle material. The high
uranium content of the carbonatites, 0.80-8.0 ppm, indicates that these may
make a sizeable contribution to the average terrestrial heat flow. The
iodine and uranium data are compared with the iodine and uranium contents
12°
of stone meteorites and with the xenon decay products of extinct Jl and
244
Pu in the meteorites. The concentrations of these decay products in the
atmosphere are used to show that the earth began to retain these gaseous
products as early as the eurite achondrites. (auth)
Becker, V. J., J. H. Bennett, and 0. K. Manuel. 1972. Iodine and Uranium
in Sedimentary Rocks. Chem. Geol. 9:133-136.
The abundance of iodine and uranium in sedimentary rocks was determined
by neutron activation analyses. The iodine content is higher in the sediments
than in igneous rocks and the iodine concentrations follow the same general
patterns as chlorine and bromine in sedimentary rocks and deep-sea sediments.
B-39
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The uranium concentrations in these sediments are in good agreement with
previous estimates, except for two uranium-rich sandstones, (auth)
Beckert, W. F. and F. H. F. Au. 1975. Plutonium Uptake by a Soil Fungus and
Transport to Its Spores. IAEA-SM-199/72.
Three concentrations of plutonium-238 nitrate, citrate, and dioxide were
each added to separate plates of malt agar buffered to pH 2.5 and 5.5 to
determine the uptake of plutonium from these chemical forms and concentra-
tions by a common soil fungus, Aspergillus niger. After inoculation and
incubation, the aerial spores of Aspergillus niger were collected using a
technique that excluded the possibility of cross-contamination of the spores
by the culture media or by mycelial fragments.
Plutonium-238 was taken up from all three chemical forms and transported
to the aerial spores of Aspergillus niger at each concentration and at both
pH levels. The specific activities of the spores grown at pH 5.5 were
generally at least twice those of the spores grown at pH 2.5. The uptake
of plutonium from the dioxide form was about one-third of that from the
nitrate and citrate forms at both pH levels. The term "transport factor"
is used as a means to compare the transport of plutonium from the media to
the fungal spores; the concentration-independent transport factor is defined
as the specific activity of the spores divided by the specific activity of
the dry culture medium. Though the transport factors were less than 1,
which indicates discrimination against the transport of plutonium-238 from
the culture media to the spores, these findings suggest that this common soil
fungus may be sulubilizing soil-deposited plutonium and rendering it more
biologically available for higher plants and animals, (auth)
Beetem, W. A. 1963. Adsorption Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey.
TID-7644, pp. 211-25.
A system containing dissolved Na, Ca, and a trace of Sr in contact with
various minerals is reported. Tests with this system revealed that large
increases of the Na concentration resulted in a reduction of Ca and Sr absorp-
B-40
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tion with a corresponding reduction of the distribution coefficient (Kd) value
for Sr. Experimental data on Ca-Na exchange on montmorillonite, kaolinite,
and alkite are compared with theoretical results. (NSA)
Beetem, W. A., V. J. Janzer, C. G. Angelo, and M. C. Goldberg. 1962. Summary
of Distribution Coefficients for Fission Products Between Ground Water and
Granitic Rocks, Climax Stock, NTS. U.S.G.S. Technical Letter MTS-13.
I OT gc
A series of K. values were determined on climax granite with Cs, Sr
131
and I and mixed fission products mixed in "ground water." Three surface
areas of granite were used including surfaces only, crushed granite and
ground granite. Ground K. values were higher than crushed granite K, values
for all radionuclides. Granite surfaces that had been altered gave the
highest K, values.
Bettem, W. A., V. J. Janzer, and J. S. Wahlberg. 1962. Use of 137Cs in the
Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity. U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1140-B.
Separate determinations of the exchange capacity of 5 American Petroleum
Institute standard clay samples and 7 soil samples were made using cesium,
ammonium, and manganese ions, respectively, to saturate the exchange sites of
the samples. The cesium method was found to be more rapid and the results
obtained more precise than those obtained using either the ammonium or the
manganese method. Using the cesium method, an accurate measurement of the
exchange capacity of two soil samples was obtained even when the sample
analyzed weighed as little as 30 milligrams, (auth)
Beitel, G. A. 1976. Chemical Stability of Salt Cake in the Presence of
Organic Materials. ARH-LD-119.
High-level waste stored as salt cake is principally NaNO-j. Some organic
material is known to have been added to the waste tanks. The present state
of this organic material is unknown. It has been suggested that some of this
organic material may have become nitrated and transformed to a detonable
state.
B-41
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This report discounts the presence of nitrated organics in the waste
tanks. Additionally, supportive detonation tests offer experimental evidence
that salt cake and "worst-case" organic mixtures are not detonable.
Beitel, G. A. 1976. Final Report on Investigation of Stability of Organic
Material in Salt Cake. ARH-LD-126.
The following conclusions all contribute to confidence that salt cake
is stable against exothermic reactions:
Organics added to the waste tanks were not nitrated at the time of
addition and cannot have been subsequently transformed to detonatable
nitrated organics.
Whatever organic has found its way into the tanks has been and will
be essentially unaffected by radiation.
Mixtures of the types of organics which could have been added to the
waste tanks with either simulated salt cake or pure sodium nitrate
are not detonable. The maximum amount of organic which could have
been added to the waste tanks is less than 0.9 weight percent of the
salt cake, a concentration far below the concentration required to
support combustion.
The many years during which the liquid high-level waste was boiling,
and the subsequent evaporation-crystallization processing, have
allowed many of the more volatile organics to be distilled off, fur-
ther reducing the maximum expected concentration of organics.
The occurrence of an explosive exothermic reaction of an organic
in the waste tanks would require concentration and mixing by an
unknown and uncontrolled means. The mixture would then have to
remain in its concentrated state long enough to be triggered by
an explosion, a totally unreasonably hypothesis.
B-42
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Even if a combustible concentration existed, temperatures
generated by radionuclide decay in the salt cake are by design
below 175°C and therefore would be incapable of igniting any
of these mixtures.
Furthermore, even if any of the major organic solvents were
present in concentrations theoretically adequate to support
combustion, they probably would not burn. Because of their
volatility, they are more difficult to react than charcoal,
the normal fuel in sodium-nitrate-base explosives, and may
be imposible to ignite, (auth)
Beitel, G. A. 1976. Sodium Nitrate Combustion Limit Tests. ARH-LD-123.
Sodium nitrate is a powerful solid oxidant, capable of exothermi-
cally oxidizing almost any organic material. Rate-controlling variables
such as temperature, concentration of oxidant, concentration of fuel,
thermal conductivity, moisture content, size, and pressure severely limit
the possibility of a self-supported exothermic reaction (combustion).
The tests reported in this document showed that below 380°C, NaN03,
was stable and did not support combustion. At moisture concentrations
above 22 weight percent, exothermic reactions did not propagate in even
the most energetic and reactive compositions. Fresh resin and paraffin
were too volatile to enable a NaN03-supported combustion process to propa-
gate. Concentrations of NaNCu above 95 weight percent or below 35 weight
percent did not react with enough energy release to support combustion.
The influence of sample size and confining pressure, both important factors,
was not investigated in this study, (auth)
Belitskii, A. S., E. I. Orlova, and A. I. Ryzhov. 1961. Movement of
Radiostrontium with Ground Water Current. AEC-tr-7512, pp. 359-367.
89 90
Field studies were conducted on the movement of Sr and Sr in an
alluvial bench consisting of quartz sand. Strontium delivered into under-
ground water was distributed in the direction of movement of underground
B-43
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water. Most of the Sr contained in ground water was sorbed by sand near the
contamination site. Radioactive strontium absorbed by sand could reenter
ground water as a result of desorption under the influence of changes in water
chemistry. (NSA)
Bell, J. T., C. F. Coleman, D. A. Costanzo and R. E. Biggers. 1973. Plutonium
Polymerization-Ill. The Nitrate Precipitation of Pu (IV) Polymer. J. Inorg. &
Nuclear Chem. 35:629-632.
The precipitation of aged Pu(IV) polymer by HNO-j, LiNOp A1(N03)3 and
NaNCL has been observed. With the exception of LiNO.,, the precipitation of
0.00678M Pu(IV) polymer was dependent of the source of NO.,, and the maximum
amount of precipitated polymer occured at 28 N03. Further addition
of NO., redissolved the polymer. The nitrate precipitation of Pu(IV) polymer
has been analyzed according to the solubility product principle and has been
found to closely resemble a solubility product mechanism, (auth)
Bell, J. T., D. A. Costanzo and R. E. Biggers. 1973. Plutonium Polymerization-
II. Kinetics of the Plutonium Polymerization. J. Inorg. & Nuclear Chem.
35:623-628.
Experimental data for the distribution of Pu(III), Pu(IV), Pu(V), Pu(VI)
and Pu(IV) polymer have been used to calculate the rates of polymerization
of Pu(IV). The rate of formation of Pu(IV) polymer is proportional to the
first power of the Pu(IV) concentration and to the inverse square of the
acidity as long as the solution contains a detectable amount of Pu(IV). When
the concentration of Pu(IV) is not detectable, the rate of polymerization is
proportional to the product of the square roots of the Pu(V) and (III) con-
centrations. When the concentrations of both the Pu(IV) and (III) are not
detectable, the rate of polymerization is proportional to the product of the
squares of the Pu(V) and the acid concentrations and to the inverse first
power of the Pu(VI) concentration, (auth)
B-44
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Bell, K. G. 1960. Deposition of Uranium in Salt-Pan Basins. U.S.G.S.
Professional Paper No. 364-G, pp. 161-169.
Drainage waters carry minute quantities of uranium into oceans, inland
seas, and lakes, and when bodies of water evaporate completely in desiccating
salt-pan basins, the uranium must be deposited together with all other dissolved
materials. The ratio of uranium to total evaporite sediments is approximately
1:2 x 10 . The distribution of uranium in salt-pan basin sediments is not
completely known. Some organic-rich muds, and phosphatic sediments deposited
in desiccating basins may contain uranium in amounts as large as O.OX percent.
Uranium may be adsorbed on clays that are deposited with some evaporite sedi-
ments. These muds, phosphatic sediments, and clays may remove nearly all of
the dissolved uranium from the water of some basins. Anhydrite, gypsum, halite,
and potassium-bearing evaporite minerals probably are the least uraniferous of
all rocks in the earth's crust; their uranium contents generally are less than
0.00001 percent. Within salt-pan basins where oxidizing conditions tend to
prevail, and no significant amounts of organic-rich muds, clays, and phosphatic
sediments are deposited, highly soluble uranium salts remain in solution and
are deposited only as the basin finally is completely desiccated. These final
nighly soluble evaporite sediments are not likely to be preserved because they
are subject to removal by wind erosion and leaching, (auth)
Bell, K. G. 1960. Uranium and Other Trace Elements in Petroleums and Rock
Asphalts. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 356-B.
Uranium is a minor trace-element constituent of petroleums and their
natural derivatives. The quantity of uranium in crude oils produced by
primary-recovery processes generally ranges from none to 5 ppb although
some crude oils may contain as much as a few tens of parts per billion. The
average uranium content for all crude oil is estimated to be about 1 ppb,
or about one-third that of the average content of sea water. Paraffin-base
crude oils have the smallest uranium content, less than 1 ppb. Mixed-base
and asphalt-base crude oil, in general, contain a slightly greater
quantity of uranium and show a rough positive correlation between specific
gravity and uranium content. There is no correlation between uranium
B-45
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contents of crude oils and geologic ages of reservoir rocks. Crude oils
from one region are no more uraniferous than those from any other,
except perhaps as a result of local predominance of heavy aromatic and
asphaltic constituents. As a group, the crude oil of the Colorado
Plateau and Rocky Mountain regions, both being uraniferous provinces,
contain less-than-average quantities of uranium, a condition that is
attributed to predominance of paraffinic constituents. Crude oils
produced by secondary-recovery processes utilizing water flooding and
detergents apparently contain above-average quantities of uranium,
possibly because they contain asphaltic residues that are removed from
pore walls of reservoir rocks. The mode of occurrence of uranium in
petroliferous materials and the source of the uranium have not been
determined. The bituminous constitutents of rock asphalts contain as
much as a few thousand parts per billion of uranium, the average being
about 1000 ppb, a concentration that is about a thousand-fold increase
over that in crude oils and probably a somewhat smaller increase over
that in petroleums. It is believed that the bitumens extract uranium
from the host rocks. There seems to be a positive correlation between
the uranium content of the bitumens and that of the host rocks. There
is no evidence that petroleum acts as an ore-forming fluid for uranium.
Oil field waters containing dissolved organic substances extracted from
petroleum, and hydrogen sulfide, may provide a reducing environment in
which uranium brought in by ground water or hydrothermal solutions may
be precipitated at the interface of the solutions. Crude oil is not a
practical source material for uranium; the total uranium content of the
crude oil reserves of the United States does not exceed 5 tons. The
bitumens of the rock-asphalt deposits of the United States contain
several hundred tons of uranium, but, because these bitumens are dis-
persed in several billion tons of rock, they are not practical source
materials for uranium, (auth)
B-46
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Belot, Y. and C. Gailledreau. 1963. Kinetics of Strontium-90 Retention
by a Calcite-Phosphate Reaction. IN: Proceedings of an International
Symposium on the Retention and Migration of Radioactive Ions in Soils held
in Saclay, France, October 16-18, 1962.
The influence of different parameters on stromtium-90 retention was
studied using synthetic solutions. The parameters were length of columns,
flowed volume, flow rate, phosphate ion concentration and sodium concentration.
From a simple hypothesis an extropolation formula is given and compared with
the experimental results. It is planned to use calcite columns to treat
waste waters, (auth)
Belova, E.I. and Z.G. Antropova. 1969. Comparative Distribution of Strontium-
90 and Cesium-137 in Different Types of Soils. TT-74-50011, pp. 72-75.
Results are presented of investigations into the distribution of strontium-
90 and cesium-137 along the profile of five types of virgin soil 10 years
after their contamination. The investigations were conducted under natural
conditions on artifically contaminated plots of sod podzolic, gray forest,
leached chernozem, meadow solod, and solonchak soils." It is shown that by
the tenth year some characteristic features are observed in the distribution
of the investigated radioisotopes along the profile of different types of
soils. The influence of the forest cover on the migration rate and distribution
of radioisotopes along the soil profile is noted. The soils are arranged
in the following series according to the content of cesium-137 in the upper
layer (0-4 cm): meadow solod < sod podzolic < gray forest < solonchak < leached
chernozem. The series for strontium-90 content is as follows: meadow solod <
sod podzolic < solonchak < gray forest < leached chernozem, (auth)
Beolva, E.I. and Z.G. Antropova. 1971. 90Sr and Cs Distribution in
Different Types of Soils. Tr., Inst. Eksp. Meteorol. 21:77-80 (in Russian).
The Sr and Cs profiles were determined in five types of virgin
soil, 10 years after being contaminated. The studies were made under natural
conditions on artifically contaminated areas of turf podzol, gray sand, leached
B-47
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chernezem, meadow solod, and salt marsh soils. The effect of forest litter on
tha migration rate and distribution of these nulcides along the soil profile
in the 10-year period was observed. The Cs content of the upper 0- to
4-cm layer was in the order: meadow solod < turf podzol < gray sand <-
90
leached chernozem, while the Sr order was: meadow solod < turf podzol <
salt marsh < gray sand < leached chernozem, (auth)
Belter, W.G. 1963. Ground Disposal. Its Role in the U.S. Radioactive
Waste Management Operations. Colloq. Intern. Retention Migration Ions
Radioactifs Sols, Saclay. D. 3-10.
Ground disposal in the U.S. is reviewed. Some of the most important
aspects of the Hanford operation are considered briefly, and the monitoring
program required is outlined. Three types of geologic formations that may
be technically feasible for the discharge of liquid radioactive wastes are
recommended for investigations: salt dome or bed; deep permeable formations
containing connate brine; and excavation in impermeable formations. Development
work accomplished to date in this field is summarized. Basic geochemical
and geopnysical studies have been developed to obtain better understanding of
fission products movement in the ground in order to provide a basis on
which sound waste disposal practices can be established. (NSA)
Bender, M. , W. Broecker, S.S. Sun, and P. Biscaye. 1971. Geochemistry
of Three Cores From the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci . Lett.
12:425-33.
Sedimentation rates of a core from the crest and two cores from the flank
of the East Pacific Rise were determined from the depth variations of their
2*30
excess Th content. Composite strip samples from these three cores were
analyzed for Mn, Fe, Ni, SiOo, A12°3' NaC1 ' and mineral°9y» and tne rare
earth contents and isotopic computation of Pb, Sr, and U were determined in
the crest core. The Mn accumulation rate of the crest core is 25 times
higher than the world average; at least some of the elements in these sediments
derive from local volcanism. The relative concentrations of the rare earth
elements and the isotopic computation of U and Sr in the crest core indicate
that these elements derive from sea water. The isotopic computation of
Pb in the crest core indicates that the Pb is mostly of local volcanic origin.
(CA)
B-48
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Benecke, P. 1967. Investigation into the Behavior of Precipitation Water
in Soils by Means of 1311. IN: Isotope and Radiation Techniques in Soil
Physics and Irrigation Studies. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 227-38.
In a drained silty soil the groundwater was filled to surface level
using artificial precipitation. After this a K I-solution was added at a
defined spot between two drains. Using a scintilometer the spread of the
radioisotope was recorded at varying times. The results were plotted as
isorates (lines connecting points of equal activity at the same time in the
soil profile). The activity maximum remained at the spot of initial activation
during the investigation period (two weeks). Within a few minutes after
application, however, small activities of I were found one meter away
from the point of application, in both a vertical as well as a lateral
direction towards the nearest drain. The movement was mainly directly down-
wards and closely followed a half-logarithmic timerdistance relationship.
From this, the minima of the observed water-flow velocity were calculated.
The influence of the physical soil properties on the spreading was repre-
sented by a proportionality constant. An interpretation of this constant
is difficult because of the complexity of factors involved. In addition to
these quantitative results interesting qualitative conclusions can also be
drawn from studying the pattern of the isorate lines: the streamlines towards
drainage penetrated the subsoil to a depth of more than 2 m; a former drain
ditch showed a higher permeability than the undisturbed soil. This meant
that mechanical cultivation remains effective even after decades in silty
soils; and vertical water flow was hindered at the borders of layers of dif-
ferent texture, even where there was higher premeability in the underlying
layer, (auth)
Benes, J. 1973. Sorption and Desorption of Radionuclides by Czechoslovak
Soils. INIS-mf-887-3, pp. 45-52 (in Czech).
The results are outlined of a study on the sorption properties, for
the separation of Sr and Cs, of five basic types of soil. The compo-
sition and the chemical and physico-chemical properties of the soils studied
were determined. A study of the competitive effect of various cations on
B-49
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strontium and cesium sorption showed no pronounced effect of these cations
at'concentrations not exceeding ^ TO" M. Desorption from soils was
studied under both static and dynamic conditions. Under static conditions,
137
the desorption of Cs was considerably affected by the solution volume;
it proceeded best with a IN chloride solution, or with a solution of
90
potassium or ammonium acetate. The desorption of Sr was best with a 0.1N
calcium chloride solution. The radionuclide content in plants was also
checked, and a method was elaborated of determining Sr, Cs, and I.
137
The data on Cs activity levels in basic cereals and leguminous plants
are tabulated. (NSA)
Benes, J. 1974. Natural Radioiodine Sorbents in the Living Environment.
Jad. Energ. 20:316-319 (in Czech).
A brief outline is presented of the rate of the I deposition on
plants, of the radioiodine retention by plants and of its clearance, of
the retention and transport of radioiodine in the soils, and of the
radioiodine sorption on the soils. Also discussed are the radioiodine
retention in deposits and fluvial deposits and the possible applications
of natural sorbents in practice. (NSA)
Benes, J. and Z. Dlouhy. 1972. Retention of Radioactive Substances in
Soils: Properties of Czechoslovak Soils. Jad. Energ. 18:229-32
(in Czech).
Samples of most important pedologic types of soils occurring in the
Czechoslovak territory were studied from the viewpoint of their sorptive
90
properties for two critical radionuclides. Sorptive velocities of Sr
and Cs were determined; changes in distribution coefficients for both
radionuclides were expressed as a function of the volume of liquid phase,
and as a function of the amount of soil coming into contact with contami-
nating solution, (auth)
B-50
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Benes, J. and Z. Dlouhy. 1972. Sorption of Cs and Sr on Czechoslovak
Soils in the Presence of Competitive Ions. Jad. Energ. 18:312-15 (in Czech).
Among the Czechoslovak soils the highest degree of Cs and Sr sorption
was found with chernozem, the lowest degree with podzolic soil. Sorption was
conspicously affected by an excess of competitive ions. Agents were found
to transfer both radionuclides into solution from any soils occurring in the
CSSR. (auth)
Benes, Jiand Z. Dlouhv. 1973. Behavior of Some Critical Radionuclides in
enes, i^an . ouv. . eavor o ome rtca aonuc
Soils: U/Cs, 131I, 89sr, and 90Sr. IN: Health Physics Problems of
Internal Contamination. Bujdos, E. (ed~T- Budapest; Akademiai Kiado.
pp. 431-433.
In order to evaluate consequences of soil contamination with radioactive
materials, the rapid and effective determination of these substances in a
given medium and also the regularities of their behavior in soils should be
known. Therefore, soprtion and desorption properties of five most spread
types of soils in Czechoslovakia were studied. The results show that direct
contamination of the sources of drinking and supply waters may be caused by
iodine radioisotopes. Their penetration velocity into the earth's layers is
great compared with that of cesium and strontium isotopes. Strontium and
cesium are well retained by a majority of farmlands and their penetration
into water-bearing formations is not possible, (auth)
Bennet. B.G. 1974. Environmental Pathways of Transuranic Elements.
WASH-1359, pp. 131-152.
A large number of laboratory and ecological studies have been performed
to elucidate specific aspects of these pathways, such as resuspension of
deposited activity, plant uptake, and physical and biological transfers in
terrestrial and aquatic environments. In addition, the measurements of
fallout Pu, tracing the course of this material in air and diet to man,
provide some of the most directly appropriate data regarding the environ-
mental pahtways. It is generally recognized that for an initially airborne
B-51
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release, the inhalation pathway is the dominant contributor to the body
burden in man. The low solubility of the transuranic elements inhibits
plant uptake and absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and minimizes
the importance of the ingestion pathway. The physical mechanisms of
transfer of activity are thereby emphasized instead of biological accumu-
lation mechanisms. Dispersion of airborne radioactivity is governed by
the local and regional meterology. For contamination which originates on
the ground surface, such as leakages or spills, resuspension could be an
important consideration. (NSA)
Bennet, B.G. 1975. Transuranic Element Pathways to Man. IAEA-SM-199/40.
Transfer to man of transuranic element contamination may occur by the
inhalation or ingestion pathways. The measurements of globally dispersed
fallout radioactivity have provided pertinent data on the environmental
behavior of plutonium. Additional data may eventually become available for
americium. From the .measured and inferred concentrations of fallout
plutonium, the inhalation intake has been determined and the ICRP Task
Group lung model used to estimate deposition in the lung and transfer to
other body organs. The computed body burden reached a maximum of 4 pCi in
1964 and is currently about 2.5 pCi. A complete diet sampling has been
conducted to determine ingestion intake. Plutonium concentration in food
ranged from 0.01 pCi/kg in shellfish to undetected (less than 0.0003
pCi/kg) in milk. Annual intake in total diet is estimated to have been
1.6 pCi in 1972. Low uptake by the gastrointestinal tract makes contribu-
tion to organ burdens from ingestion negligible. Long-term pathway
considerations include plant uptake from the cumulative deposit in soil
and resuspension. Downward movement in soil may limit the significance of
these long-term pathway components, (auth)
Bennett, J.H. and O.K. Manuel. 1968. Iodine Abundances in Deep-Sea
Sediments. J. Geophys. Res. 73:2302-3.
I abundance in 4 samples of deep-sea sediments was 40.3 ± 3.4, 46.4 ± 2.4,
49 ± 10, and 10.9 ± 22 ppm. U abundance in these samples in the same order
was 162 ± 22, 61 ± 24, 250 ± 100, and 1500 ± 400 ppb. (CA)
B-52
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Bensen, D. W. 1960. Review of Soil Chemistry Research at Hanford. HW-
67201.
Soil adsorption of cesium, strontium, plutonium, zirconium, ruthenium
and the rare earth series isotopes from water and from simulated and
actual waste in the laboratory and under field conditions is discussed.
Ion exchange, precipitation and in some cases mineral replacement
reactions are responsible for radionuclide uptake by soil. The completeness
with which an ion is taken up by ion exchange on the soil is dependent
upon the concentration of the radionuclide and upon the concentration of
accompanying ions. The concentration of the radionuclide and of accompanying
cation species are of minor importance in precipitation and in mineral
replacement reactions.
Cesium is taken up by an ion exchange reaction. In some cases a
portion of the cesium is "fixed" in the soil. Strontium is also largely
taken up by ion exchange. In calcareous soil strontium can be removed from
alkaline solutions by a mineral replacement reaction with calcite (CaCO.,).
Above pH 2 plutonium and zirconium are largely taken up by precipitation on
the soil. The rare earth nuclides and tritium are similarly precipitated
at pH above 6. Below the pH necessary for complete precipitation, soil
uptake of these nuclides presumably occurs by a combination of ion exchange
and precipitation. The uptake of trivalent ruthenium is similar to that
of the rare earths.
Soil uptake of plutonium, zirconium, rare earths and ruthenium is
adversely affected by anions which form complex anionic species with the
nuclides.
B-53
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Strontium is usually taken up from alkaline wastes more completely
than cesium. However, from an acid waste, cesium uptake is better than
that of strontium. The general order of radionuclide uptake from waste
is:
Pu > R.E. > Sr > Cs » Ru. (auth)
Bensen, D.W. 1961. Mineral Adsorption of Radionuclides in Reactor Effluent.
HW-69225.
The relative adsorption of P32, As76, Np239, Zn65 and Cr51 from tap
water was determined by contacting radionuclide solutions with finely
32
ground samples of 25 selected minerals. P was adsorbed best by olivine,
pyrite, pyrrhotite, fluorite, calcite, galena, dolomite, hornblende, scapolite,
goethite, microcline, apatite, and epidote. Moreover, olivine and pyrrhotite
exhibited good adsorption of arsenic, zinc, and chromium. Neptunium
adsorption was not significant with any of the minerals, (auth)
Bensen, D.W. 1962. Crib Disposal of the NPR Decontamination Wastes.
HW-73432.
Decontamination of the NPR will generate large volumes of radioactive
waste cleaning solutions. A proprietary phosphoric acid cleaner (Hanford
designated Phos-1) is specified for a once-through front and rear face
decontamination. A recirculation (multistep) process is specified for
decontamination of the full reactor or single loop cells. The latter
process involves the consecutive recirculation and rinsing of peroxide
carbonate, alkaline permanganate, and a proprietary sodium bisulfate clean-
ing solution. Combining the multistep cleaning solutions and adding of an
iron salt causes a precipitate which scavenges most of the radionuclides
from solution. The addition of iron and calcium salts and sufficient
caustic to neutralize fully (- pH 12) the Phos-1 waste also scavenges
most radionuclides from this solution. Research was undertaken to deter-
mine, on the basis of laboratory permeability and filtration experiments,
the feasibility of disposing of the scavenged NPR decontamination wastes
to a crib. Soil permeability of NPR decontamination waste was found to
B-54
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be 43 to 65% that of water. Based on operating experiences with 200-Area
cribs, the rate of sludge-feee waste percolation fron a crib is estimated
2
to be 2 to 4 gal/ft /day. More than six hours were necessary to settle
completely the slowest settling Phos-1 waste solids. The expected annual
volume of waste sludge was estimated to be about 24,000 ft in 4.5 x 10°
gallons of waste, (auth)
Bensen, D.W. , J.L. Nelson, and G.J. Alkire. 1963. Chemical and Physical
Properties of 100 Area 'Soils. HW-76181.
Physical and chemical properties of Hanford 100 Area soils were
determined to characterize the soil and to provide data for use in
selection of sites that might be best suited for disposal of reactor
wastes. A summary is presented of the cation exchange capacities and
the particle size distribution of samples of subsoil taken from wells
in and near the 100 Areas, (auth)
Berak, L. 1963. The Sorption of Microstrontium and Microcesium on the
Silicate Minerals and Rocks. UJV-528.
Sr and Cs adsorption on many silicate minerals and rocks were
reported. A K.mncro for the above radionuclides were given from a solution
containing 4 meq/1 Ca, 1 meq/1 Mg and 1 meq/1 Na. Unaltered primary silicate
minerals remove and retain Sr and Cs relatively poorly. Alteration of the
primary minerals results in secondary layer silicates and zeolites that
remove Sr and Cs much better than the primary minerals. Cs was removed
better than Sr in both cases.
Berak, L. and J. Munich. 1966. Barium Sulfate Activated for Sorption
of Strontium by Heat Treatment with Calcium Sulfate. Coll. Czech.
Chem. Commun. 31:881-901.
By heat treatment of barium sulfate with calcium sulfate a selective
sorbent of ions was obtained whose sulfates are isomorphous with barium
sulfate. The conditions of the preparation of the most suitable sorbent
were investigated and the capture of strontium from solutions containing
soluble calcium salts was studied. The reaction mechanism was explained
in first approximation, (auth)
B-55
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Berdnikova, A.V. 1970. Migration of Uranium from the Environment into a
Human Being. Faktory Vnesh. Sredy Ikh Znachenik Zdorov'ya Naseleniya.
No. 2:135-7 (in Russian).
A total of 250 various samples of water, food products and human organs
were investigated, and the results were treated statistically. The water U
content was 9.5 x 10"7 ± 3.2 x 10"7; meat 6.1 x 10"10 ± 1.8 x 10"10; milk
1.3 x 10"10 ± 0.85 x 10"10; eggs 9.0 x 10"10 ± 3.6 x 10"10; and vegetative
products 5.1 x 10"10 ± 0.9 x 10"10 (g/g). It appears that U had a definite
physiological function. U was always present in the urine of people who
resided permanently in the investigated region (1.05 x 10" g/day). The
greater amounts of U accumulated in the bones, kidneys, internal secretion
glands, and organs related to the reproductive activities and was directly
proportional to the amount in the environment. (A)
234 238
Bernat, M. and C. Allegre. 1969. Study of the "\I/"°U Ratio in Core
Samples of Sediments Near Seashores: Various Effects. Compt. Rend.,
Ser. D. 268:641-4 (in French).
234 238
The variations in the U/ U observed in the core samples that
were studied appear to be due to a variation in the detrital/authigenic
ratio for uranium in the sediments. Consideration was given to the poss-
ibility that this interpretation is equally valid for the pelagic sediments
studied by Teh Lung Ku. If this is true, it is necessary to abandon the
idea of tranfer into the seawater of U by the sediments. This would
have important consequences on the geochemical balance of uranium, (auth)
Bernat, M., R. H. Bieri, M Koide, et al. 1970. Uranium, Thorium, Potassium,
and Argon in Marine Phillipsites. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 34:1053-71.
Analyses of elements at trace levels in phillipsites from Pacific Ocean
deposits indicate the mineral continues to grow within the sedimentary
column. The thorium and uranium concentrations decrease while the mineral
concentrations increase with depth in the deposit. This observation can be
explained by a continuous growth of the phillipsite within the deposits.
The varying concentrations of uranium and thorium in phillipsite, fish teeth
B-56
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and clay minerals from given levels of the core indicate a competition by such
substances for the dissolved phases of these elements. Phillipsites from the
surface layers (upper 20 cm) of widely separated deposits have apparent K-Ar
ages >10 years. Systematic variations in this ratio occur with depth. At
&0 AQ
three levels a differentiation of the Ar/ K ratio with repect to size is
observed, the larger crystals having smaller ratios and vice versa. Treatment
of three samples with HC1, presumably removing about 40% of the outer layers of
the crystals, increased the concentration of radiogenic argon by almost a factor
of two. Heating experiments indicate that loss of argon by diffusion is of
minor importance. Idealized models of continuous spherical growth of the min-
eral over long time intervals, and assuming dr/dt = constant, indicate the
40 40
time dependence of the Ar/ K ratios for a growing crystal. Most of the
results can be explained by modified versions of such models. Without addi-
tional knowledge about the many parameters involved in marine phillipsite for-
mation, however, these minerals are not suitable for dating by the K-Ar method.
(auth)
Bernat, M. and E. D. Goldberg. 1969. Thorium Isotopes in the Marine Environ-
ment. Earth Plant. Sci. Lett. 5:308-12.
Analyses of thorium isotopes isolated from fractions of a North Pacific
Core, representing authigemc and detrital minerals, indicated that there
228
were movements of Ra within the sedimentary column, that the thorium comes
to the deposit primarily from seawater, tnat there is no evidence for the
migration of thorium isotopes within the sedimentary column, and that there
is a continued growth of phillipsite at depths in the column. Finally, there
231 227
appeared to be a preferential accommodation of Pa and/or Ac in the
phillipsite, the authigenic zeolite, relative to the detrital minerals. The
high values of the Th/ Th ratios in seawater may be influenced by the
228 228
contribution of Th arising from Ra migration through the water-sediment
interface, (auth)
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Berzina, I. G., I. B. Berman, M Y. Gurvich, G. N. Flerov, and Y. S. Shimelevich.
1967. Determination of the Uranium Concentration and Its Spatial Distribution
in Different Minerals and Rocks. U.S.A.E.G. JINR-P13-3159 (in Russian).
Measurements were made of low concentrations of U and its spatial distri-
bution in different minerals and rocks. Measurements were made in some minerals
by spontaneous and induced fission of U nuclei revealed directly in these min-
erals, and in rocks and other materials by induced fission of U nuclei recorded
by special detectors. The comparison of tracks from spontaneous and induced
fission of U nuclei shows the migration of U within the time of mineral existence.
Recommendations on practical use and selection of detectors and on the integral
doses applied are given to determine different concentrations of U in the sam-
ples investigated. (NSA)
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. 1971. Bibliography on Hydrological Considera-
tions in (i) Water Resources for Agriculture (ii) Ground Disposal of Radioactive
Wastes. Desalination and Effluent Engineering Division. BARC-573.
References (1465) are given to books, reports, theses, and journal items
published up to January 1971. The main bibliographic source was Nuclear
Science Abstracts but other scientific journals dealing with hydrology, flow
through porous media, soil physics etc. were also consulted and abstracted.
In addition to the materials identified in Nuclear Science Abstracts from
1960 to January 1971, earlier works from various textbooks and scientific
reports have also been included. The references are presented subject-wise,
which includes: textbooks, handbooks, guidebooks in hydrology; hydrology, use
of tracers in hydrology; ground water flow; determination of ground water
velocity; determination of permeability; determination of hydrological char-
acteristics; hydrological mapping; determination of soil moisture and soil
density; apparatuses, techniques used in hydrology; field studies on disposal
of radioactive wastes; migration of radioisotopes into ground, transport of
radioisotopes in lakes/ rivers/ ocean; adsorption of radioisotopes on soils;
ground water monitoring and analysis; ground water resources; charge-recharge;
pumping tests; theories of groundwater motion; dispersion in porous media;
B-58
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steady/unsteady, saturated/unsaturated, flow in homogeneous/heterogeneous
media; solution of ground water flow equation; analog models for hydrologic
studies and computer programs; predictive methods for groundwater flow;
research work in hydrology through IAEA contracts; hydrology work in Arab
countries; ground water management, (auth)
Bhandari, N. , S. G. Bhat, S. Krishnaswamy. 1971. Rapid B-r Coincidence
Technique for Determination of Natural Radionuclides in Marine Deposits.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 11:121-6.
A nondestructive and specific counting technique using S and v detectors
in coincidence is described. The application of the system rests on the fact
230 232
that several daughter nuclides of Th and Th exhibit a favorable S-y
decay allowing their high sensitivity assay. The activities due to the radio-
nuclides 214Pb, 214Bi (238U series) and 228Ac, 208T1 (232Th series) can be
unambiguously identified and measured without any chemical separation. The
activity ratios 214Pb/228Ac, 214Bi/228Ac, and 214Bi/208Tl independently form
230 232
a direct measure of Th/ Th in a geochemical closed system for Ra isotopes.
Thus, for deep sea sediments, Mn nodules, and other geochemical accumulations,
238
the technique offers a quick and convenient method for measurement of U
232
and Th daughter products, eliminating chemical processing. In nonequilib-
rium systems such as sea water, after simple chemical preconcentration steps,
the method allows determination of the geochemically important activity ratio
090 ?9fi
Ra/ ~ Ra without introducing errors due to uncertainties in counting and
chemical efficiencies. The results of measurements made by using the 3-7
assaying technique on a variety of marine sediments and nodules collected from
the Indian and Pacific Oceans and sea-water Ra concentrations from the Arabian
Sea are presented. (CA)
Bhat, S. G. and S. Krishnaswamy. 1969. Isotopes of Uranium and Radium
in Indian Rivers. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Section A, No. 1:1-17.
The concentrations of dissolved uranium and radium isotopes have been
determined in the waters of several Indian rivers. The concentration of
B-59
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U was found to vary between 0.01 to 7.0 micrograms/liter, depending pri-
marily on the terrain through which the river flows. From the available
234 238 238
data on the activity ratios, U/ U, concentration of U in rivers and
the amount of uranium depositing on the ocean floor, a material balance
calculation has been attempted. This showed that, based on above measurements,
the supply of U deposited in the sea by rivers was inadequate to explain the
238 234 226
observed concentrations of U and U in the oceans. The Ra concentra-
tion of river waters was found to be of the order of 0.1 dpm/liter (varying
2?fi
between 0.05 to 0.2 dpm/liter). The activity ratios, Ra/ Ra range
between 1 and 4. This large variation is clearly related to the fact that
??fi OpQ
the concentrations of the parent nuclides of Ra and Ra are different.
The observed ratios were consistent with those expected from leaching of clays/
soils; however, analogous to the situation in the case of U the observed con-
centrations of Ra isotopes in the oceans are too large to be explained by their
influx by rivers, (auth)
234
Bbat, S. G., S. Krishnaswamy, D. Lai Rama, and W. S. Moore. 1969. Th/
2J8U ratios in the Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci . Lett. 5:483-91.
The activity of the short-lived 234Th (half-life = 24 days) is found to
be in marked radioactive disequilibrium with repsect to the concentration of
238
its parent, U, in the top hundred meters of the seawater column; values
above and below secular equilibrium exist. The mechanisms responsible for
234
the observed distribution of Th are discussed and their rates are
evaluated, (auth)
Bhatnagar, A. S. 1969. Radon Measurement in Soil in the Exploration for
Uranium in India. IN: Proceedings of a Panel on Nuclear Techniques and
Mineral Resources in Developing Countries held in Krakow, Poland, December
8-12, 1969. CONF-691229. pp. 157-162.
Radon distribution in soil is influenced by many factors and present
knowledge on these factors is incomplete. Daily variation in the results
of radon measurement made at the same station has been noted. This indicates
that the measurement is subject to unknown influences and any interpretation
B-60
-------
based on a single observation can be very misleading. The radon content of
the soil is derived not only from the parent material diffused in the soil,
but also from the migration of radon from another source containing a
higher concentration of the parent. In interpreting a radon anomaly it is
necessary to distinguish between the contributions made by these two types of
sources. Because of the influence of the unknown factors, the problems of
interpretation become very entangled. Since the migration of radon from a
distant source with a large concentration of its parent is highly subject to
meteorological factors, it is suggeested that the unaccounted fluctuations in
observed radon values may be themselves taken as an indication of the presence
of a distant large source, such as a uranium deposit in the area, (auth)
Bhatnagar, A. S. 1973. Study of the Behavior of Radon in Soil. IN: Uranium
Exploration Methods. IAEA, pp. 219-236.
Measurements of radon were made over widely separated areas. The fluctua-
tions were statistically studied. Values over some areas arranged themselves
in a single lognormal distribution while in some other the data resolved
itself in two distinct lognormal distributions when plotted on probability
paper. Geologically the areas showing a single distribution are known to be
unmineralized. Those showing a double distribution are found to be mineralized
and contain varying uranium enrichment though not of any economic value. As
in the mining industry, an attempt has been made to see if the two types of
distributions are related to the nature of mineralization. No generalization
can be made at this stage, and further studies are in progress to confirm if
any such correlation really exists. An experiment to test the results was
made by injecting radon in one of the holes and taking measurements in the
surrounding holes, (auth)
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Bhatnagar, A. S. and P. C. Ghosh. 1954. Using Autoradiography for Quantita-
tive Study of U in Ore. Nucleonics. 12:58-9.
A combination of radioassay and autoradiography makes it possible to
determine the percentage of U in radioactive minerals without their having to
be separated from the ore. Radioassay gives the percent U in the ore. Since
radioactive particles can be distinguished by an autoradiograph of the sample,
a fairly accurate determination of the radioactive mineral in the ore is
obtained by counting a large number of particles. The percent U in the radio-
active mineral is then calculated. (NSA)
Bhujbal, B. M., and K. B. Mistry. 1971. Studies on the Leaching of Radio-
strontium Through Typical Soils. IN: Radiation and Radioisotopes in Soil
Studies and Plant Nutrition. Bombay Dept. of Atomic Energy, pp. 49-62.
Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of leaching with
89
deiom'zed water, 0.005N CaCl9, and 0.005N Nad on the quantity of Sr removed
89
from a contaminated layer of soil and on the vertical movement of Sr in soil
columns. The results indicated that some of the treatments employed can result
in the leaching of significant quantities of radiostrontium out of the con-
taminated soil layer. The EDTA and moderately high calcium irrigation water
treatments also lead to considerable vertical movement of the nuclide in the
soil profiles. However, it is noteworthy that under conditions of the present
study, which involved leaching of large volumes of solutions over prolonged
periods, the maximum depth to which radiostrontium was moved was 15 cm. It is
clear, therefore, that while dealing with an actual situation which requires
decontamination of the surface soil layer the leaching treatments would have
to be combined with other measures such as plowing under of the top soil.
Further, in order to minimize the radioactive contamination of the food chain
these measures should necessarily be comined with application of lime and
organic matter to soil in the root zone which leads to reduced uptake of
radiostrontium by crop plants. (NSA)
3-62
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Bierschenk, W. H. 1959. Techniques for Estimating the Specific Retention
Properties of Hanford Soils. HW-61644.
The specific retention capacity of a soil varies with the period of drain-
ing, with the size of the sample, and with soil characteristics such as the
average grain size. It is recognized that mechanical analyses permit only a
qualitative description of the soil which is useful chiefly for comparision
purposes. Data have been obtained which indicate that the natural moisture
content of certain Hanford soils in the field may be satisfactorily repro-
duced by draining a 1 cm thick sample of soil from the same horizon at
1000 gravities for 1 hour in a centrifuge. This empirical test was applied
to samples from geologic horizons having a natural moisture content ranging
from <1 to about 18% moisture by volume. The average ratio of the natural
field moisture content to that defined after centrifuging saturated samples
ranged from 0.82 to 1.06, indicating good reproduction of the natural mois-
ture content by the centrifuge drainage technique. Assuming this moisture
content represents equilibrium specific retention after extended drainage, the
specific retention capacity of columns of soils beneath 200-West Area was
estimated to be roughly 2% volume whereas beneath 200-East Area it was esti-
n _
mated to be less than 1%. Terzaghi's equation (t-j = N t), which theoretically
relates drainage time and the gravitational force applied to achieve a given
drainage was tested. The results averaged about 7% by volume for certain
columns of soils beneath 200-West Area and about 3% for 200-East Area for
drainage periods of 30 years at one gravity, (auth)
Biggar, J. W. and D. R. Nielson. 1962. Miscible Displacement: II. Behavior
of Tracers. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 26:125-128.
It is of interest to know the microscopic flow velocity distribution of
water moving through soil. Dissolved constituents frequently have been used
to trace water movement in porous materials. It is apparent from this and
previous investigations, that the distribution of a tracer some distance
from its source, depends upon the geometry of the porous material and the
physical and chemical interaction of the tracer solution and media during
flow. Therefore, investigators studying water movement using tracers are
compelled to ascertain the importance of the interaction of tracer solution
B-63
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in the media. Tritium and chloride ions were used as tracers for water flow-
ing under stationary conditions in laboratory soil columns. The distribution
of the tracers measured in the effluent is explained on the basis of the
relative effects of pore geometry, diffusion rates, adsorption and exchange.
(auth)
Bittel, R. and J. Lehr. 1968. Various Qualitative Aspects of the Effect of
Soil Organic Matter en the Behavior of Artificial Radioisotopes in Soils. IN:
Isotopes and Radiation in Soil Organic-Matter Studies. CONF-680725,
pp. 497-513 (in French).
While humified organic matter with low mobility fixes soil elements
in the form of poorly soluble complexes, soluble or slightly humified
organic matter as found in all soils, but especially in acid and reducing
soils, combines with soil elements to form complexes which are frequently
soluble. This simple organic matter then tends to increase the mobility
of elements useful to plants. The problem takes on a quantitative aspect
in so far that the overall amount of organic material exerts an effect,
but is primarily concerned with the qualitative aspect in terms of the
content in the soil of each of the organic compounds, element concentrations
and stability constants of the organo-meta1. complexes. This qualitative aspect
is discussed in the paper with particular reference to cobalt and zinc. These
two trace elements are more intensively complexed by amino acids, mercapto-
carboxylic acids from reducing soils, and amino polycarboxylic acids present
in a variety of effluents than by humic and fulvic acids, (auth)
Blaine, D. E., R. A. Schwind, H. W. Kirby and E. L. Murphy. 1974. New-
Process for Removing Plutonium from Waste Water - A Progress Report. IN:
Proceedings of the Second AEC Environmental Protection Conference, Albuquerque,
New Mexico. April 16-19, 1974. WASH-1332-74-V-1, pp. 321-338.
238
A process is under development at Mound Laboratory to remove Pu from
process water prior to discharge. The contaminated water normally is in the
pH range of 6-8. Under these conditions, plutonium in all of it oxidation
states is hydrolysed and exists mostly in a colloidal or polymeric state.
Pilot plant tests show that a continuous fixed bed phosphate treatment of
B-64
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unprocessed influent waste water is feasible. However, treatment with ferric
hydroxide and polyelectrolytes is necessary to remove colloidal or polymeric
plutonium before contact with calcium-hydroxyapatite. The apatite removed
essentially all of the ionic plutonium but permitted the colloidal or poly-
meric species to pass through. Centrifugation or ultracentrifugation after
processing removed 70-85% of the Pu in effluent solution which leads to the
conclusion that colloids and polymers are not absorbed.
Blanchard, R. L. and B. Kahn. 1973. Fate of Radionuclides Discharged from
a PWR Nuclear Power Station into a River. IN: Environmental Behavior of
Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear Industry, IAEA. pp. 195-204.
A detailed radiological study of a river in the vicinity of a large
PWR nuclear station was conducted to determine the impact of the station on
the environment and surrounding population. The wastes from the reactor are
discharged into a 1.8-km long canal that empties into a large river. During
a 1 yr period samples of algae, plankton, aquatic grasses, fish, bottom sedi-
ment and water v/ere collected from the discharge canal and from the river
below and above the canal. Because the temperature of the canal water can be
as much as 1.27°C higher than the river water, normal habits and growth char-
acteristics of fish and other biological life in the canal and surrounding
river waters are altered. The influence of this atypical situation on the
uptake and concentration of radionuclides in the fish and aquatic plants is
discussed. Radionuclides found in samples of algae, grasses, and plankton
as a consequence of the discharges from the nuclear power station included
3U 14- 54M 57- 60rrt 90C 95, 95,.. 131T 134- 137- . 144-
H, C, Mn, Co, Co, Sr, Zr, Nb, I, Cs, Cs, and Ce.
The fish were dissected for muscle, heart area, stomach, gut, bones and liver
plus kidney. Special care was exercised to remove all bones from the muscle.
Radionuclides detected in the fish samples were 3H, 14C, 58Co, 60Co, 131I,
Cs, and Cs. Concentration factors for water to organisms were calculated
and their implications were discussed. The radiation dose to people eating
the fish were estimated to be below 10 mrem/yr. (auth)
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Blanchard, R. L., B. Kahn, and G. G. Robeck. 1958. Laboratory Studies on the
Ground Disposal of ORNL Intermediate-Level Liquid Radioactive Wastes. ORNL-2475.
Radioactive waste and ground water solutions were passed through columns
of indigenous Conasauga shale to determine the sorptive behavior of the radio-
nuclides. Cesium-137, the major radioactive constitutent of the basic waste
solution, was adsorbed very effectively with a shale/solution distribution
ratio of 500. A small fraction of ruthenium-106, the only other radio-
nuclide present in relatively large concentration, was adsorbed per unit
weight of shale, but this adsorption occurred even when the radionuclide had
previously passed through 200 feet of shale. The ruthenium and small amounts
of cobalt-60 and antimony-125 present were removed by coprecipitation with
lead dioxide after the addition of sodium hypochlorite. By combining copre-
cipitation with adsorption on shale columns, it was possible to obtain decon-
tamination factors of 2 x 10 for gross beta, 3 x 10 for gross gamma,
4 x 10 for cesium, and 2 x 10 for ruthenium, (auth)
Blanco, R. E., W. Davis, Jr., H. W. Godbee, L. J. King, J. T. Roberts,
W. C. Yee, G. J. Alkire, E. R. Irish and B. W. Mercer. 1966. Recent Develop-
ments in Treating Low and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste in the United
States of America. IN: Practices in the Treatment of Low- and Intermediate-
Level Radioactive Wastes. IAEA-SM-71/26.
Recent research and development work in the treatment of low- and
intermediate-level radioactive wastes is surveyed and brief economic evalua-
tions of new treatment methods are included. A scavenging-precipitation ion-
exchange process was developed for treating low-level waste which provides
decontamination factors of >10 for strontium and caesium (for 2000 resin
column volumes) and satisfactory decontamination of other activities. The
decontamination factor for ruthenium was 14 at 300 column volumes. Pilot-
plant tests showed this process could be used at many installations to decon-
taminate wastes adequately. Laboratory studies with a similar process,
designed to treat water before its recycle and re-use, which included the
use of activated carbon, showed 10 to 100 times higher decontamination for
ruthenium and cobalt and equally good results for other activities.
B-66
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A scavenging-precipitation foam-separation process was developed and
tested on a laboratory and pilot-plant scale as an alternative treatment
method. Representative decontamination factors are: Sr, >1000; Cs, 10;
Ru, 4; and Ce, >20. Cesium removal was achieved by sorption on Grundite
clay.
A process was developed and tested on a small engineering scale for
treating process condensate wastes containing ammonia and organic materials.
Over 97% of these impurities are removed in a steam-stripping column. The
process steps are steam stripping, filtration, and sorption in sequence on
anion and cation exchange resins. Decontamination factors of up to 5000 are
obtained with the exception of ruthenium. About 90°o of the ruthenium was
removed. Electro-deiomzation and electrodialysis were also tested for
removing ruthenium from intermediate-level wastes.
A process for incorporating intermediate-level wastes in asphalt was
developed in the laboratory, and design of a pilot plant is in progress.
The process is designed to handle a variety of wastes such as solids from
the low-level waste-treatment process and miscellaneous evaporator concen-
trates. A free-flowing emulsified asphalt containing about 302 water is
used; thus, mixing with liquid wastes or solids is easily accomplished at
room temperature. Mixing is achieved either in batches or continuously in a
wiped film evaporator. After the water is volatilized, the temperature is
raised to about 130°C. At this temperature the product flows from the
evaporator into the final disposal container. Products containing up to
Q
60% solids showed suitable radiation resistance at 10 rad. The leach rates
of contained solids were not affected by this dose level, (auth)
Blanco, R. E. and E. G. Struxness. 1962. Waste Treatment and Disposal
Progress Report for April-May 1962. ORNL-TM-376.
Chemical and material balance flowsheets were prepared for the pot cal-
ciner pilot plant, which is to be installed at Hanford. As part of the
mechanical testing program, it was demonstrated that already designed pots
can be satisfactorily sealed by welding. A test rack was designed for test-
ing calciner feed pumps, and a design study indicated the practicability of
B-67
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installing radioactive hot cell equipment for evaporation-calcination tests in
an existing facility originally intended for self-sintering experiments with
high-activity wastes. In two engineering-scale runs, simulated high-activity
waste was satisfactorily evaporated and pot-calcined. In the first run a large
fraction of the Hg volatilized from the calcination pot and was returned to
the evaporator. An Hg trap in the primary off-gas line, in the second run
collected only 19% of the Hg. Type 304L stainless steel coupled to Ti was
corroded at a rate of 77 mils/month during the final 2 hr of a TBP-25
evaporation-glass fixation cycle (900°C) compared with an estimated 61 mils/
month when exposed along the Ti was corroded at a rate of 31 mils/month.
Aluminum borophosphate glasses were prepared which incorporated up to
17 wt% Darex waste oxides, gave volume reductions of 2.5 to 3.8 and had bulk
densities between 2.44 and 2.74 g/ml and initial softening points of 750 to
S50°C. Incorporation of 25 wt% Darex waste oxides in similar glasses resulted
in products which became devitrified to give crystalline or segregated glassy
materials. A semi continuous fixation of TBP-25 waste in phosphate-lead glass
resulted in volatilization of about 16% of the Ru; physical entrainment of the
147
Pm present was only about 0.1%. Operation with a rising liquid level and a
minimum inventory of unmelted solid appears to be advantageous for Ru control.
A container of a similar glass held 4 weeks at 900°C developed a vacuum which
eventually reached 27 in. H-O. The presence of phosphates in the low-level
plant feed caused a premature resin column fission product breakthrough during
one of the runs after 1022 bed volumes had been treated. Run HR-10 was success-
fully made with decontamination factors for Sr90 and Cs of 2880 and 181,
respectively, after 1500 resin bed volumes, representing <1% of MPC for both
W
isotopes. Recirculation of 5 to 10% of the clarifier solids to a laboratory
scale flash mixer lowered the total harcmess of the clarifier effluent (caustic-
copperas treatment) to 8 to 14 ppm (as CaCO-j). Addition of copperas to the
flocculator instead of the flash mixer lowered the clarifier effluent hardness
to 5.2 ppm. The presence of 1.7 to 2.4 ppm Turco 4324 in tests with ORNL
tap water had no effect on total hardness of the effluent but 3.2 ppm increased
flash mixer and clarifier effluent hardness to 44 and 37 ppm, respectively.
BO-4 grade vermiculite was inferior to CS-100 resin in terms of flow rate,
pressure drop, and decontamination factor. With vermiculite and a feed flow
B-68
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2
rate of 0.25 ml/cm -min, 50% Cs breakthrough occurred at 1000 bed volumes and
the Sr d.f. was ^1000 at 1500 bed volumes. Decontamination decreased with
p
increasing flow rate. With CS-100 resin at a flow rate of 5 ml/cm -min, the
d.f.'s for Sr and Cs were 1100 and 1800, respectively, at 1500 bed volumes.
A cost study of the shipment of calcined solids in 6, 12, and 24-in. diameter
cylinders was completed. Costs were lowest for shipment in the largest casks
considered manageable, 60 in. ID and containing four 24-in. diameter, nine
12-in. diameter, or thirty-six 6-in. diameter cylinders. Some wastes would
have to be aged before shipping to allow heat generating fission products to
decay. The longest decay time required was 11 years for acidic Purex waste
in 24-in. diameter cylinders. Weights and costs of casks at minimum ages
were about 100 tons and $50,000 for iron casks, 80 tons and $120,000 for lead
casks, and 65 tons and $650,000 for depleted U casks. Shipping costs were
lowest in all cases for Pb casks, and ranged from 0.70 x 10 mil/kwh. acidic
-3
Purex in 24-in. diameter cylinders for a 1000-mile round trip to 32 x 10 mil/
kwhg for reacidified Thorex in smaller cylinders for a 3000-mile round trip.
The low-activity wastes being considered for disposal by deep-well injection
require containment for about 200 years. Intermediate-activity wastes, requir-
ing containment for 450 years, may be considered for disposal by this method if
low-activity wastes can be handled satisfactorily. It is unlikely that high
activity wastes resulting from chemical processing of spent reactor fuel ele-
ments will be released to the ground without first immobilizing the fission
90
products. Sr , the major contributor to the hazard of the waste, will move
only 1 to 10% as fast as the transporting water because of ion exchange. Pre-
cipitation reactions will provide additional restrictions to radiostrontium
movement. Cs is expected to move much more slowly than Sr because of highly
selective exchange reactions. Ru movement is not likely to be hazard-
controlling. Salt samples from the Carey Salt Mine at Hutchinson, Kansas,
fractured at about 250°C and released trapped moisture totaling 0.106 to
0.293% of the weight of the salt. Salt from the Carey Mine at Lyons with a
moisture content of 0.048% to 0.100% broke up at about 215°C. The Subcommittee
on Bottom Sediments, Clinch River Study, met on May 10, 1962 to compile and
evaluate all available data pertaining to deposition of and radioactivity
associated with bottom sediments of the Clinch and Tennessee Rivers. A draft
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of the evaluation is in preparation for review in early July 1962. A highly
selective sorbent for Sr was prepared by heating gibbsite (A1(OH)3) above its
decomposition temperature of 150°C. Aluminum oxides with high surface area
2 ?
(>200 m /g) were formed, in contrast to the low surface area (-^0.3 m /g) for
the original gibbsite. Distribution coefficient (Kd) ranged from 4000 to
40,000 when the solid/solution ratio was increased from 0.001 g/50 ml to
0.05 g/50 ml. A raw Al ore CBauxite) containing 40% gibbsite showed good
Sr-sorbing properties when the gibbsite component was decomposed by heating.
Ru determinatives on a series of soil samples taken within the bed of
former White Oak Lake indicated that (1) as of February 1962, there was
approximately 1200 curies of Ru in the bed; (2) Ru concentrations
are highest in the top 2 in. of soil; (3) about 75% of the activity in the
lake bed is associated with the first 2 ft of soil; (4) and, although Ru
is being transported by ground water through the lake bed soil, a relatively
small amount of it reaches the creek in this way. The activity flows onto
the bed from two streams that drain the intermediate-activity waste pit area.
In continuous tests with ORNL tap water and low-activity waste, the total dis-
solved hardness reduced to <2ppm, as Ca, by precipitation with 0.005 M each
of MaOH and Ma-COg, coagulation with ^2 ppm Fe . and filtration in a sludge
column clarifier. Suspended hardness was <0.2 ppm. Beaker tests showed
that Turco 4234, Fab, sodium hexametaphosphate, and sodium pyrophosphate
all had more deleterious effects on water softening with 0.01 ^ NaOH than
on softening with NaOH-NagCO.,. (auth)
Bliss, W. and L. Dunn. 1971. Measurement of Plutonium in Soil Around the
Nevada Test Site. _IN_: Fowler, E.B., R.W. Henderson, and M.F. Milligan
(co-chairman). Proceedings of Environmental Plutonium Symposium held at
LASL, August 4-5. LA-4756, pp. 89-92.
Experiments conducted at the Atomic Energy Commission's Nevada Test
Site between 1951 and 1963, using plutonium in both critical and subcritical
configurations, have resulted in distribution of plutonium beyond the
boundaries of the Test Site. The Southwestern Radiological Health Labora-
tory of the Environmental Protection Agency is conducting a survey to
assess the distribution and concentration of plutonium in the off-site
environment.
B-70
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Special sampling methods were devised since desert soil is too coarse
and dry for sugar and cookie cutter sampling techniques. Soil sample analyses
are performed by a dissolution, ion exchange, and electrode-position procedure
followed by alpha spectroscopy. Plutonium has been detected in four locations
around the Nevada Test Site. These locations corresponded to fallout areas
previously identified for the various test series. Plutonium concentrations
in the top 3 cm of soil were 10 to 100 times greater than the concentration in
soils from areas not subject to contamination by these series.
Bliss, W. A. and F. M Jakubowski. 1975. Plutonium Distribution in the Environ-
ments of the Nevada Test Site - Status Report. H^: White, M. G., and
P. B. Dunaway (eds). The Radioecology of Plutonium and Other Transuranics in
Desert Environments. NVO-153, pp. 237-250.
In September, 1970, the National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas
began a study to define the distribution of plutonium in the environment
surrounding the Nevada Test Site (NTS). As a part of this study, off-NTS air
and soil are being investigated for plutonium content.
Air sample analyses have been limited to filters collected at selected
Air Surveillance Network Stations over a period from 1966 to 1973.
Soil samples have been collected in close proximity to the NTS. Exten-
sive soil sampling has been conducted downwind from the NTS in accordance with
old atmospheric fallout patterns. Since the plutonium-in-soil study began,
several special related projects have been started.
A basin study is under way to determine the movement of plutonium with
surface water drainage. A fruit and vegetable study has just been completed.
The study was designed to determine the uptake of radionuclides in locally
grown and consumed crops. Another special related project has been designed
to define the transport of radionuclides off the NTS via Fortymile Canyon.
A resuspension study is being designed to measure the ambient levels of
plutonium northeast of the NTS.
The collection and analysis of both air and soil samples should remain the
same as in the past. Whenever special related projects such as those noted
above are designed, appropriate plutonium studies should be included, (auth)
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Boberg, W. W. and D. D. Runnels. 1971. Reconnaissance Study of Uranium in
the South Platte River, Colorado. Econ. Geol. 66:435-50.
The South Platte River in Colorado drains areas of crystalline and sedi-
mentary rocks. The water is a sodium-calcium-sulfate-chloride type through-
out its length of flow in Colorado. The concentration of uranium in the
water of the South Platte during the winter of 1969 to 1970 ranged from
5 ppb to 67 ppb, making it anomalously rich in uranium in comparison with most
other rivers of the world. The concentration of uranium increases downstream,
in contrast to the decrease in uranium concentration observed in other rivers
that drain areas with known deposits of uranium. The South Platte contains a
higher concentration of uranium than either the Colorado or North Platte
rivers, despite the fact that the latter two rivers drain ore-producing areas
of the United States. It is likely that most of the uranium in the South
Platte is contributed by uraniferous coal seams in the Cretaceous Laramie
Formation and by uranium-rich black shales in the Cretaceous Pierre Formation.
The possibility that undiscovered deposits of uranium ore are present in the
drainage basin of the South Platte cannot be excluded, but no major deposits
are known. Use of the parameter "incremental areal uranium-load" permits cer-
tain portions of the drainage basin to be recognized as contributors of
anomalously large amounts of uranium to the river. In the headwaters of the
2
South Platte the incremental area uranium-load is a low 0.00018 kg U/day/km ,
whereas for the increment of drainage between Weldona and Balzac, Cororado,
2
the incremental areal uranium-load is 0.016 kg U/day/km . This parameter may
be useful for hydrogeochemical prospecting for uranium ore in other areas. The
concentration of uranium in the interstitial water of the aluvium in cutoff
meanders varies seasonally, but there is no clear-cut evidence for precipita-
tion of uranium minerals. Measurements of Eh, pH, and total vanadium in
interstitial waters indicate that neither uraninite, coffinite, nor carnotite
is stable, (auth)
on
Bobovnikova. Ts.I. and K. P. Makhon'ko. 1973. Sr Migration in Fresh
Water. Jj^: Radioekologiya Vodnykh Organizmov. II. pp. 30-35 (in Russian).
90
Experimental data gn the migration of Sr deposited from the atmosphere
90
are given. In the middle belt of the USSR about 40% of Sr deposited in
B-72
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the soil migrates with rain water, 80 to 90% deposited on the glaciers in the
Qf>
south of the USSR migrates with snow-melt water; sorption by Sr by the
stream bed before the stream joins the river is about 90%. The beds of rivers
90
give up Sr accumulated during the period of decrease in radioactive fallout.
90
During the period from 1962 to 1968 the contribution of Sr washing out from
the soil to the river water increased from 33 to 66%, and the contribution
of fallout decreased from 37 to 4.5%. In 1967 to 1968 the contribution of
90 -1
Sr washing out of the soil was %1 year for the zone of sufficient
moistening (the Pechora), %0.2 years" for the zone of insufficient moistening
(the Don), and ^0.35 years" for rivers of Moscow regions, (auth)
90
Bobovnikova. Ts.I. and Z. S. Shulenko. 1972. Sr Migration from Soils to
Rivers. INIS-mf-887-3, PP. 89-94 (in Russian).
Contamination was investigated of rivers in the area below Moscow with
90
Sr from soils and fallout. In areas of normal precipitation in the period
90
of maximum fallout, Sr in rivers from this fallout amounts to 35 to 40% and
90
decreases to one half every following year. The amount of Sr washed out from
the soils in the period of maximum fallout amounts to 35 to 55% and increases
to up to 70% in the following years. On the average, in the area of normal
90
precipitation, the rate of Sr washed out from the soils into the rivers is
0.4%, in areas of subnormal precipitation 0.25% and in areas of considerable
precipitation 1%. (NSA)
Boenzi, D. and Z. Dlouhy. 1966. A Contribution to the Study of the Sorption
Properties of Tuffs. RT-PROT-(66)-6.
The Italian tuffs are compact volcanic rocks showing certain nonhomo-
geneities. The presence, besides the zeolitic material that forms the bulk
of the cementing groundmass, of some accessory minerals seems to cause a dilu-
tion of the main active material (or materials) reducing their good sorption
properties. Starting from this result an experimental research was carried
out in order to try the separation possibility of the active fraction of an
Italian tuff. The material was chosen because of its easy availability as
well as of its good sorption properties. Four separation methods were
examined: electromagnetic, separation in heavy liquids, hydrogravimetric,
and mechanical method based on the different hardness of the constituting
B-73
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mi-nerals. The results showed that the nature of the material does not allow
a complete separation of the most active fraction from the less or inactive
ones by means of the experimented methods, but it was possible to achieve a
good economically available enrichment, (auth)
Boenzi, D. , Z. Dlouhy, and G. Lenzi. 1965. A Study on the Sorption Properties
of the Natural Tuffs Occurring in the Lake Bracciano Region (Rome). Rep. Mo. 2.
RT/PROT(65)29.
Samples of 85 different materials were studied with respect to their sorp-
tion capacity for microamounts of Cs and Sr from low-activity waste solu-
tions. The materials studied were classified according to certain criteria,
chiefly as regards the influence on sorption of grain size, of pH, of the con-
' 0-1-
tact time, and of the concentration of competing NaT and Ca ions. On a
limited number of particularly interesting samples, sorption kinetics were also
briefly studied. The classification of a total of 175 samples, tuffs (90
in the first and 85 in this second part of the work), has led to the identifica-
tion of a number of very promising materials, predominantly volcanic tuffs,
which meet the requirements of good natural sorbents and which may be used to
advantage in the treatment of contaminated liquids, (auth)
Boenzi, D., Z. Dlouhy, and G. Lenzi. 1965. A Study on the Sorption Properties
of Natural Tuffs Occurring in the Lake Bracciano Region (Rome). RT/PROT(65)19.
This study includes a preliminary classification of natural tuffs from
the Lake Bracciano Region, according to their ability to take in microamounts
of cesium and strontium. The materials studied were classified by means of
criteria of distribution coefficients for both radionuclides. The most
promising among these sorbents were studied in more detail. The influence of
granulometry, of pH, and of the concentration of competing Na and Ca ions,
as well as the sorption kinetics, were the main criteria for comparing the
selected materials, (auth)
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Boenzi, D. and G. Lenzi. 1967. A Contribution to the Study of the Site of
the Casaccia Nuclear Research Center. Cs+ Ion Sorption Characteristics of
Certain Representative Samples of Tuffs and Their Components. Progress
Report No. 2. RF/PROT-(67)14.
The cesium sorption characteristics of tuffs in the vicinity of the
Casaccia Nuclear Research Center, Italy, were determined. It is concluded
that the chabazites and black pumices abundant in the area have a high selec-
tivity for Cs ions and cor
nation of aquifers. (NSA)
tivity for Cs ions and constitute an important barrier against the contami-
Bogatyrev, 1.0. 1962. Distribution of Co and of Some Radioisotope Fission
Products Among the Components of Experimental Reservoirs. Izvest. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. No. 1:122-6 (in Russian).
Observations of the distribution of Co60, Cs137, Ru106, Sr90, and mixed
0- and y-emitting fission fragment in open reservoirs showed a rather strong
90
retention of Sr by the water with considerably lesser retention by silt, an
extremely high concentration of Co in the marine plants (elodia and urut),
and a rather high absorption of Cs by sand. The distribution of Ru was
close to that of Co , and the mixed fission fragment distribution was simi-
90
lar to that of Sr . The data indicate the feasibility of utilizing reservoirs
90
for storing liquid wastes containing radioelements (except Sr ). (NSA)
Boltneva, L. I., L. I. Buyanova, A. V. Dmitriev, V. A. lonov, R. M. Kogan,
and I. M. Nazarov. 1965. Radioactivity of Sands in Central Asia. Dokl.
Adad. Nauk. SSSR. 165:183-6 (in Russian).
Airborne y-roeasurements were used to study radioactivity of the main
sand massifs in the U.S.S.R. (Kara-Kum, Muyun-Kum, and Balkhash occupying
M million sq km) by determining U from Th, and K contents. The results were
interpreted for 2 groups of sands, separated according to their genesis:
(1) sands of various genesis subjected to eolian reworking and eolian sands, and
(2) sand of alluvial origin. In the 1st group of sands, the displacement of
particles during the formation of the sand massif or during secondary migration
had no predominant direction. This caused a strong mixing of elastic material
and a sufficiently homogenous distribution of particles. This resulted in
relatively uniform concentrations of U, Th, and K in entire territory of an
B-75
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individual massif. A correlation was found between U and Th. The directed
transport of particles, accompanied by gravitational separation, is typical
of the alluvial sand massifs.
Boltneza, L. T., Yu.A. Izraehl', V. A. lonor, I. M. Nazarov, and E. D. Stukin.
1972. Present Level of Global Contamination and the Natural Radioactivity of
Soils. INIS-mf-887-3, pp. 95-112 (in Russian).
A variety of factors related to geographical and climatic conditions was
observed in the investigation of the distribution of Sr and Cs in soils.
The level of contamination depends on precipitation, it increases in mountainous
areas, is dependent on geographical latitude and it has also been observed
that there are certain areas where contamination with Cs is different than
in the neighboring areas. In this connection a certain analogy was observed
137
with the map of precipitation. The Cs gamma radiation dose rates were
determined for different types of soil in relation to the amount and depth
of location. (NSA)
Bonatti, E., D. E. Fisher, 0. Joensuu, and H. S. Rydell. 1971. Post-
depositional Mobility of Some Transition Elements, Phosphorus, Uranium, and
Thorium in Deep Sea Sediments. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 35:189-201.
Deep sea hemipelagic sediments from the east Pacific show an oxidized
upper zone of variable thickness and a reduced zone below. The geochemistry
of a core from this region was studies in detail. The Eh of the upper zone
is close to +100mV, while in the lower zone it reaches about -400 mV.
Reducing conditions in the lower section of the core are related to the
oxidation of organic matter in the sediment, as indicated by the gradual
decrease with depth of the concentration of nitrogen in the upper part of
the core. Various elements, such as Mn, Ni, Co, P and La, are enriched
in the upper oxidized zone, while Cr, V, U and S are enriched in the lower
reduced zone. Postdepositional mobility of the elements in question, mainly
by diffusion in the interstitial solutions, can explain their distribution
in the core. Redox reactions can account directly for the mobilization of
Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, V and U, indirectly for that of P and La. Fe and Cu do not
B-76
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migrate significantly, since they are immobilized as sulfides in the reduced
zone. Th appears not to be affected by diagenetical mobility. Some of the
consequences of the postdepositional mobility of elements in deep sea sedi-
ments are: (1) The average elemental content of deep sea sediment, generally
estimated from measurements of samples from the upper part of the sediment
column, may be affected by errors; namely, an overestimation in the case of
Mn, Ni, Co, P and La; an under-estimation in the case of V, Cr and U.
(2) Postdepositional redistribution of U may introduce errors in age determina-
tions of sediments by the 230Th/232Th and 230Th/231Pa methods. (3) Some geo-
graphical variations in the composition of Fe-Mn nodules can be explained by
postdepositional mobility of Mn, Ni, and Co. (auth)
Bond, W. D. and W. E. Clark. 1960. Leaching of Tamalpais Debris. ORNL-2810.
From Tamalpais debris crushed to <53u, 5.5, 19.6, and 12.5% of the alpha,
beta, and gamma activities, respectively, were leached in 72 hr at room
temperature by a 100 to 1 weight excess of ground water from the Nevada test
site. The extracted alpha-activity material was >97% Pu-239 and <3% Am-241,
and the gamma was 92% Ru-106, 4.7% Zr-Nb-95, and 3.1% Cs-137. The beta
activities could not be identified. The ground water leached 10-20 times
as high a percentage of activity from Tamalpais debris as from Rainier debris
in a previous study, but on a count rate basis the total activity released
to the ground water was a factor of 2 greater for Rainier than for Tamalpais.
Increasing the leaching temperature from room temperature to boiling doubled
the amount of active material extracted. Increasing the particle size
classification from <53 to 590-1190 u decreased the extraction efficiency
approximately 3-fold, (auth)
Bond, W. D. and W. E. Clark. 1959. Leaching of Rainier Debris. ORNL-59-4-30.
The leaching data show that no appreciable amounts of radioactive con-
taminants will be released to ground water. Only about 0.5% of the activity
was leached from debris crushed to 53u when agitated for 48 hours with
B-77
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ground water from the Nevada test site. Even under extreme conditions of
6 M_ boiling acids, only about 2% of the activity was leached in 16 hours from
samples crushed to 149-297 y. (auth)
Bondietti, E. A. 1974. Adsorption of Pu(IV) and Th(IV) by Soil Colloias.
Agronomy Abstracts.
The tetravalent actinides, Pu and Th, are extensively hydrolyzed in
aqueous solutions above pH 2 in the absence of complex!ng agents. Adsorption
consequently involves interactions of hydrolytic species. Calcium-saturated,
reference clays (montmorillonite and kaolinite) removed similar amounts
(about 95%) of the Pu and Th from the aqueous phase in batch equilibration
studies at pH 6.5. Calcium humate removed 99.9+%. Desorption by Ca-
citrate was extensive from the clays (10-30%), while from humic acid less
than 1% was removed. Stronger complexers (DTPA and EDTA) were required
for appreciable removal (20-30%) of Pu or Th from humic acid. Soil fulvic
acid also effects desorpticn. Adsorption-desorption studies of a soil clay
(Miami silt loam) showed that removal of organic matter (O.M.) by NaOCL
oxidation reduces the adsorption of Pu, and Fe + O.M. removal is not appre-
ciably different from O.M. removal alone. In all cases, however, greater
than 95% of the Pu was adsorbed. A mixed organic-hydroxy complex is proposed
for the reaction of Th(IV) and Pu(IV) with humic substances. The possible
role of organic matter in environmental Pu chemistry will be discussed, (auth)
Bondietti, E. A. and S. A. Reynolds. 1976. Field and Laboratory Observations
on Actinide Behavior in Environmental Matrices. Prepared for Seattle Working
Meeting on Actinide - Sediment Reactions. February 10-11, 1976.
Water samples taken from White Oak Lake (ORNL) in October,1974 and
September, 1975 revealed significant differences in the Pu-238/239+240 ratios
found in the soluble (less than 0.45 urn) and particulate phases. Both Pu-238
and Cm-244 showed low affinity for particulate phases. Furthermore, Pu-238
and Cm passed a nominal 10,000 molecular weight filter, indicating that the
soluble activity was not associated with colloidal phases. The Pu-238,
Cm, U, and Co-60 present in the solution phase also sorbed to an anion
exchange resin but not significantly to a cation exchange resin. A source
B-78
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of the Pu-238 and Cm-244 activity (leachate from a solid waste burial ground)
was evaluated to understand the possible mechanisms responsible for the
observed behavior once mixed in White Oak Lake water. The leachate had a
pH of 8.05 and an apparent bicarbonate content of 9.1 mM. The leachate
was filtered (0.45 urn) and assayed. After standing in a polyethylene bottle
for 1.5 years, about 90% of the Cm but very little of the Pu-238 disappeared
from solution. The Pu activity in solution in part behaves as if present
in a higher oxidation state than Pu(IV). This behavior was deduced from
coprecipitation behavior on rare earth fluoride, isomorphous precipitation
with sodium uranyl acetate, and diethyl ether extraction. Organic chelators
cannot be ruled out as a carrier of Pu(IV), however.
Laboratory studies conducted with Pu, U, and Np indicated that the
organic coatings on clay minerals isolated from soil are effective in the
sorption of Pu(IV) and Np(V). Removing the organic coating reduces the sorp-
tive efficiency for Pu and Np but not U(VI). In no case was sorption related
to the sodium exchange capacity of the treated clay. Removal of the free
iron oxides for example significantly reduced the sorptive capacity for Np(V)
but not the sodium exchange capacity. Specific sorption sites apparently
exist which are not directly attributable to exchange capacity. The sorptive
behavior of Np(V), which is not hydrolyzed at the experimental pH (6.5), illus-
trates this very clearly.
These studies illustrate aspects of actinide behavior related to
oxidation states.
Bondietti, E. A. and S. A. Reynolds. 1977. Field and Laboratory Observations
on Plutonium Oxidation States. BNWL-2117, pp. 505-533.
Test methods for evaluating Pu oxidation state species in experimental
samples were developed and tested. These methods, which are based on sol-
vent extraction and coprecipitation principles, enabled the elucidation of
Pu(VI) and Pu(IV) monomeric species in laboratory soil-water equilibration
studies, plutonium dioxide dissolution studies, and in seepage solution
collected near a solid waste burial ground. The methods employed also allowed
the identification of soluble polymeric Pu species which do not revert to
monomeric forms upon acidification, (auth)
B-79
-------
Bondietti, E. A., S. A. Reynolds, and M. H. Shanks. 1975. Interaction of
Plutonium with Complexing Substances in Soils and Natural Waters.
IAEA-SM-199/51.
The reactions of Pu with selected organic substances found in the environ-
ment have been studied to evaluate the valence and metal-complex behavior of
Pu. Hexavalent Pu (and by inference pentavalent Pu) was unstable in the
presence of fulvic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and alginic acid.
Citrate-Pu (VI) complexes, however, were relatively more stable. Plutonium
(IV) was the most stable valence upon interaction with these organics. Fur-
ther reduction of Pu(IV) to Pu(III) occurred by fulvic and humic acids. The
reduction, under aerobic conditions, does not appear to occur above pH 3.1.
The reduction mechanism is probably similar to the Fe(III) reduction pre-
viously documented for phenolic humic substances, (auth)
Booth, R. S. 1975. Systems Analysis Model for Calculating Radionuclide
Transport Between Receiving Waters and Bottom Sediments. ORNL-TM-4751.
Equilibrium radionuclide concentrations in waters receiving radioactive
effluents and in bottom sediments associated with the receiving waters were
calculated so that potential doses to man and biota and radionuclide buildup
in the environment could be determined realistically. These calculations were
performed to test the accuracy of simpler models, where receiving water con-
centrations were determined by neglecting the influence of bottom sediments.
The simplified calculations were incorporated into environmental impact
statements for nculear power stations prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory
for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A four-compartment systems
analysis model was developed to predict dynamic radionuclide transfer. The
dependent variables of the model are the receiving water, interstitial water
intermingled with the bottom sediments, bottom sediment particles that undergo
sorption-desorption reactions with the interstitial water, and bottom sediment
particles that undergo only sorption reactions with the interstitial water.
The model was used to generate two tables. The first table gives equilibrium
radionuclide concentrations in the receiving water when radionuclide transfers
to bottom sediments are possible, divided by the receiving water concentrations
B-80
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when transfers to bottom sediments are ignored. These factors are always less
than unity, since radioactivity must be conserved, and adding sediments to the
system adds another compartment where radionuclide concentrations will equilibrate.
The other table lists ratios of equilibrium radionuclide concentrations in sedi-
ments, divided by their corresponding receiving water concentrations. These
concentrations in the sediments can be used to calculate external doses to a
person sunbathing or fishing. Preliminary results indicate that the usual
effect of a neglect of sediment interactions is an overestimate of the total
potential dose to man from the radionuclides. The reason is that a neglect
of sediment interactions over estimates receiving water concentrations which,
in turn, over estimates potential doses from important pathways (drinking
water or eating fish) directly related to the receiving water concentration.
This would not be the case, however, for a situation where exposure to radio-
nuclides in sediments is the critical pathway. The results for Cs are
particularly interesting since it often causes a major fraction of the calcu-
lated dose for a typical release. For environmental parameters appropriate to
freshwater lakes in the northeastern states, neglecting sediment interactions
could result in potential doses approxiamtely 4 times too high from Cs con-
tained in potable water and edible fish. Further, increasing only the K/sub
d/value of a sample of sediment from 27,000 to 270,000 (which reflects measured
variations between various freshwater environments) increases this factor from
approximately 4 to approximately 25. (auth)
Borak, T. B., M. Awschalom, W. Fairman, F. Iwami, and J. Sedlet. 1972. Under-
ground Migration of Radionuclides Produced in Soil Near High Energy Proton
Accelerators. Health Physics. 23:679-87.
The radioactivity (T-|/2 > 15 d) induced in soil by high-energy hadrons
was measured by radiochemical analysis of soil samples irradiated near two
proton synchrotrons. Laboratory experiments were then performed to determine
which of the radionuclides could be leached by water. Of the isotopes identi-
fied in the soil (3H, 7Be, 22Na, 45Ca, 46Sc, 48V, 51Cr, 54Mn, 55Fe, 59Fe,
B-81
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Co) only H, Na, Ca and Mn were observed in the leach waters. Macro-
scopic production cross sections and ion velocities relative to ground water
flow in soil near the National Accelerator Laboratory are presented, (auth)
Borg, I. Y., R. Stone, H. B. Levy, and L. D. Ramspott. 1976. Information
Pertinent to the Migration of Radionuclides in Ground Water at the Nevada
Test Site. Pt. 1: Review and Analysis of Existing Information.
UCRL-52078 Pt. 1.
This report is a comprehensive, detailed review of what is known concern-
ing migration of radionuclides in ground water at the Nevada Test Site (NTS).
A history of NTS is given, the geologic and hydrologic setting is described,
and the amount of radioactivity deposited within and near the main aquifers
is estimated. The laboratory and field investigations into general processes
retarding the movement of radioactivity from the source and dispersing its
concentrations are described, together with results of programs designed to
monitor the source terms and the movement of radioactivity at the site. The
conclusions include: 1) information currently available is insufficient to
state categorically that radioactivity will never be carried off the Nevada
Test Site by ground water movement; 2) nonetheless, such a migration at
levels above the maximum permissible concentration to existing wells and
springs is considered unlikely; 3) if offsite migration occurs, it will prob-
ably be from the southwestern margins of Pahute Mesa, where there in only a
small chance of contaminating existing public water supplies; 4) tritium is
the most mobile radionuclide and may be the only long-lived isotope of concern;
5) predictions of migration both within and without NTS are hampered by a
lack of values for fundamental parameters used in transport calculations.
Recommendations for future studies to minimize uncertainties are described
and given priority ratings. Highest priority is assigned to 1) measurement
of tritium and other radionuclides in large water Samples taken from nuclear
chimneys that water has re-entered after an explosion; 2) expansion of the
existing groundwater monitoring program at NTS to include wells with a higher
probability of intersecting flow of contaminated water; 3) measurement of
ground-water flow velocities and other associated hydrologic parameters. High
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priority is assigned to 1) production of an inventory of radionuclides deposited
near NTS borders, especially beneath Pahute Mesa; 2) determination of amounts of
radioactivity deposited directly into the Lower Carbonate Aquifer; 3) a
sensitivity analysis of the many parameters than enter into transport calcu-
lations; 4) a study of the many unplugged holes that penetrate the Tuff
Aquitard; 5) testing of the assumption that radionuclides deposited in the
unsaturated zone are isolated from the saturated zone because of limited pre-
cipitation and downward movement of moisture; 6) determination of distribu-
tion coefficients for NTS alluvium, carbonate, and rhyolitic rocks, which are
lacking or poorly represented in the literature. Twelve other recommendations
of lesser priority are also given.
Borg, I. Y., R. Stone, H. B. Levy, and L. D. Ramspott. 1976. Information
Pertinent to the Migration of Radionuclides in Ground Water at the Nevada
Test Site. Part 2: Annotated Bibliography. UCRL-52078. Pt. 2.
Part 2 of UCRL-52078 consists of the bibliography and abstracts that were
compiled in the course of a literature search for information on the migration
of radionuclides at the Nevada Test Site. A relevance factor of 1, 2 or 3 is
assigned to each item abstracted, the most relevant being designated 1, and
the least, 3. The papers abstracted number 261.
Borkov, F. P., N. E. Egorov, and E. V. Zaitsev. 1971. Peculiarities of
Formation of an Increased Uranium Concentration in Oxidizing Conditions.
Izv, Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. , Geol. Razved. 14:51-7 (in Russian).
The peculiarities of the formation of an enhanced U concentration under
oxidizing conditions were examined. Similar concentrations are generally
adapted to an oxidation zone of U deposits and are scarcely ever encountered
in rocks with a Clark content of uranium. The U concentrations in oxidation
zones of rocks with normal or somewhat increased Clark radioactive elements
are usually adapted to regions of arid climate and their formation is considered
to be a result of an evaporative concentration of elements in ground waters
(insolation). The U concentrations in the ore phenomena under consideration
did not agree with these notions, but instead are examples of favorable
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geological conditions and geochemical circumstances. An epigenetic accumula-
tion of U might occur under conditions of an oxidizing medium through its fixa-
tion in the hexavalent state, (auth)
Borovec, Z. 1973. Uranium in Sedimentary Rocks. Cas. Mineral. Geol.
18:199-208 (in Czech).
A review is presented with 63 references on U contents in rocks, migra-
tion during weathering processes, chemical form in natural waters, epigenetic
infiltration in sedimentary rocks, and its content in phosphorites, carbonates,
evaporites, sands, and sandstones. (CA)
Bortoli, M. de, and P. Gaglione. 1968. Environmental Radioactivity. EUR-408.
In this report are briefly described the measurements of environmental
radioactivity performed during 1967 by the site survey group of the Protection
Service. Data are given on the concentrations of Sr-90, Cs-137, Pu-239, Pu-238,
and other radionuclides in fallout, air, soil, waters, herbage, animal bones, and
foods, (auth)
Bortoli, M. C. de, and P. Gaglione. 1969. Natural and Fallout Radioactivity
in the Soil. Health Physics. 17:701-710.
The long-lived radionuclides (Sr-90, Cs-137, and Pu-239) from weapon fall-
out were measured in soil samples collected in the surroundings of the Euratom
Ispra Establishment (northern Italy). The vertical profile of the contamination
and the distribution of Cs-137 in soil particles of different size were studied.
In addition, also the concentration of natural radionuclides was determined and
the calculated air dose rate was compared with iomzation chamber, (auth)
Bostroem, K. and D. E. Fisher. 1971. Volcanogenic Uranium, Vanadium, and
Iron in Indian Ocean Sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 11:95-8.
About one hundred U, V, and Fe analyses of Indian Ocean sediments indicate
that enrichments of U and V occur in hemipelagic sediments close to the con-
tinents, probably associated with biogen constitutents. The highest
B-84
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concentration, however, of U, V, and Fe occurs in active ridge sediments,
suggesting that submarine volcanism is an important source of these elements.
(auth)
Bourrier, J., P. Bovard, and A. Grauby. 1960. Practical Measurement of the
Ability of Soils to Retain Radioelements. Compt. rend. acad. agr. France.
46:349-52 (in French).
A method for studying the behaviour of radioelements in soils subjected
to radioactive submersion of rain is presented. This method is based on
two operations: evaluation, by counting, of the residual radioactivity of
the eluates; localization by autoradiography of the radioactivity in the mass.
Results, .obtained on soils in position which have retained their main param-
eters, allow a rapid deduction of path of the ions and the chances of con-
tamination of the sub-soil or the water table, (auth)
Bourrier, J., P. Bovard and A. Grauby. 1960. Technique for Study of the
Radioactive Contamination of Soils In Situ. A/AC.82/G/L.709.
A study was made to determine if the Vergiere method, which is now
used for the study of soils to be irrigated, could be used for determining
contamination of soils in situ by fall-out or by radioactive adsorption.
The principle of the Vergiere method is that all measurements of various
magnitudes are made with a cube with side dimensions of 10 cm, cut from the
soil and transported to the laboratory encased in paraffin on its four verti-
cal faces. The method was used in preliminary experiments and conclusions are
reported. The humidity of the soil sample was determined directly and the
importance of this measurement was shown. (NSA)
Bovard, P. and A. Grauby. 1960. A Study of the Retentive Power of Soils
Under Natural Conditions for Radiostrontium. CEA-1751.
Independently of a theoretical study of the propagation of radioactivity
in soil as a result of submersions or of radioactive rain, studies were made of
how radioactivity can vary in the soil. A simple, rapid method was perfected
B-85
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which makes it possible to maintain for each soil sample the natural param-
eters (structure, humidity, etc.) without introducing boundary effects. In
the laboratory, after charging the soil samples, part of the study of the
propagation of radioactivity is done by autoradiography. As a practical appli
cation, the study of an atomic site illustrates the methods, (auth)
Bovard, P. and A. Grauby. 1961. The Direct Study of the Contamination of
Soils in the Field by an Autoradiographic Method. Bull. Inform. Sci. et tech.
(Paris). No. 53:2-6 (in French).
The autoradiographic method gives definite information on the behavior
of a radioisotope in a given soil. This method and the results obtained
with it are briefly discussed. (NSA)
Bovard, P. and A. Grauby. 1963. Study of Radioelement Migration in the
"In-Place" Soils. Collog. Intern. Retention Migration los Radioactifs
Sols, Saclay. pp. 123-9 (in French).
The problems of medium protection against radioactive contamination
hazards led to a study on the behavior of ions in soils. A simple direct
method was developed for study of in place soils contamination. However,
a principal drawback remains, the necessity to extrapolate from one or two
reduced size samples, to a more or less large area. This is all the prob-
lem of sampling, which is not specific of the method. However, a choice
justified by classical pedological data, allowed a sufficient number of
results and a suitable accuracy to be obtained. (NSA)
Bovard, P.. A. Grauby, and J. Boyer. 1963. Retention and Accumulation of
106Ru + TOoRh in Various Samples of Soils. Collog. Intern. Retention Migra-
tion Ions Radioactifs Sols, Saclay. pp. 141-50 (in French).
Ruthenium migration was studied in three types of soils: silt, pozdol,
and compost. Successively the effects of permeability and of exchange poten-
tials in radioisotope fixation are shown. Exchange potential is not suffi-
cient to explain soil behavior. Absorption, indeed, seems clearly to depend
B-86
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on exchange capacity but other factors should be taken into account.
Lixiviation tests were made on the three soil types. The results show that a
small part of the fixed ions is swiftly transported but that the major por-
tion seems to be strongly fixed. Results obtained thus far correspond to
given working conditions, (auth)
Bovard, P., A. Grauby, and A. Saas. 1968. Chelating Effect of Organic
Matter and Its Influence on the Migration of Fission Products. IN:
Isotopes and Radiation in Soil Organic-Matter Studies. CONF-680725,
pp. 471-95 (in French).
Organic matter plays a vital role with regard to the radioisotopes
introduced by fallout, irrigation water, or surface storage. The chelating
effect of various types of organic matter on fission products is considered.
The free functional groups (carboxylic, phenolic) are the cause of the
fixation and complexing of radioisotopes. A mean order of complexing was
established which varies in its details depending on the type of organic
matter concerned. The order established for humic acids, for example, is
Ce > Fe > Mn > Co _> Ru _> Sr > Cs > 1. In the case of fulvic acids this order
is considerably more upset and is governed essentially by the functional
groups present. A verification is presented of the results obtained for two
types of soil: a calcareous alluvial soil and a humo-ferruginous podzol.
Organic matter plays an essential part in the movement of fission products
in these two types of soil. Fulvic acids bring about the accumulation of
fission products in the Bh horizon of the podzol, and appear to be partially
immobilized in the calcareous alluvial soil. Leaching of fission products,
particularly ruthenium, by heavy rains occurs essentially in the form of
fulvates. (auth)
Bovard, P. and G. Monnot. 1960. Disposal of Radioactive Waste. Flow Rate
of Solids and Adsorption of Radio Elements. Centre beige etude et document.
eaux, Bull, trimestr. CEBEDEAU. No. 48:135-42 (in French).
Control of the radioactivity of a medium demands a knowledge of the
phenomena of diffusion and accumulation. With this aim, the distribution of
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contamination in different elements of pools near Saclay is studied. By far
the greatest amount is fixed on the silt. The influence of pH on the adsorp-
tion of Sr , Y , Cs , and Ru on glass and granular materials such as:
Fontainebleau sand, quartz, feldspar, and mica was also studied. The adsorp-
tion of Ru can be considered as negligible; as for Cs and Sr , the
adsorption is the greatest at about pH 7. (auth)
Bowen, V. T. 1971. General Summary of Progress, 1970-1971. MYO-2174-129.
The 1970 research activities of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
which were related to determining fallout distribution in oceans are described.
These activities include: the analyses of reagent blanks for Cs and Sr;
interlaboratory comparisons of results from reference sample analyses;
90
measurement of Sr content in Atlantic Ocean surface waters; and measure-
90
ment of Sr content in Atlantic Ocean surface waters; and measurement of
the vertical penetration of fallout in both seawater columns and ocean sedi-
137 90
ment columns. Data are presented on the Cs and Sr analysis of sea-
water samples, Sr content of Atlantic Ocean waters; Cs and Sr
vertical penetration in waters of Atlantic Ocean and Sargasso Sea; and
Cs, Pu, and Sr vertical profiles in both water columns and sediment
cores from the North Atlantic and the western Mediterranean. (NSA)
Bowen, V. T. 1974. Plutonium and Americium Concentration Along Freshwater
Food Chains of the Great Lakes, U.S.A. COO-3568-4.
Samples of water, sediments, and biological materials were collected
and anlyzed for radioisotopes. Tables are presented to show results of
137 239 90
radiochemical analysis of water for Cs, Pu, and Sr; of sediments for
137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu, and 90Sr; of fish and plankton for l37Cs, 239Pu, and
240Pu; and of shoreline plants for 241Am, 127Cs, and 239Pu. (NSA)
Bowen, V. T. 1974. Radioelement Studies in the Oceans. Progress Report,
COO-3563-28.
Results are reported from studies on the distribution of fallout ' Cs,
Sr, Pu, and Pu in Atlantic Ocean waters sampled at various locations,
B-!
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These radionuclides were also used as tracers for studies of upwelling in
Gulf Stream rings. Samples of plankton, algae, fishes, marine invertebrates,
239 240
and birds were analyzed for Pu and Pu content, and sediment cores from
137 23Q 240 241
various locations were analyzed for Cs, Pu, Pu, and Am. (NSA)
Bowen, V. T. 1974. Transuranic Elements and Nuclear Wastes. Oceanus.
18:43-54.
The author suggests that larger and longer-term studies are needed on
the mechanisms-of actinide movements and distributions at disposal sites.
Bowen, V. T. 1975. Transuranic Elements in Marine Environments. HASL-291.
Transuranic elements are present in marine environments as a result of
six types of human activity: 1) worldwide fallout; 2) close-in fallout;
3) the SNAP-9A burnup; 4) pipeline disposal of reprocessing wastes; 5) neutron
capture by uranium in one-pass cooling-water reactors; and 6) the B-52 crash
in Thule, Greenland.
Distributions and movements of these nuclides from these introductions are
being studied partly because the transuranic elements themselves are geo-
chemically interesting, partly because they appear to serve as tracers for
specific oceanographic processes, and partly because of concern that man is
faced with the problem of disposal of rapidly increasing amounts of transuranics
as radioactive waste, and that we must be able, soon, to predict the fates and
effects of those amounts that reach the coastal waters or the deep oceans.
Plutonium and americium are widely distributed in the oceans as a result
of man's activities. But appear to be more mobile than expected, and Pu shows
little behavior in these environments that had been predicted from laboratory
studies. Although their associations with biological material seem to be
most striking for rooted plants or Sargassum, it is too premature to dismiss
the possibility of their being a real hazard to marine life. For all the
abundantly produced transuranics (neptunium, plutonium, americium, and curium)
many more data are needed, (auth)
B-89
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Bowen, V. T. and H. D. Livingston. 1975. Americium 242m in Nuclear Test Debris.
Nature (in press).
mAm was produced in nuclear explosions by neutron capture by Am and
decays to Cm, according to these authors, Decay scheme = Am -
242gAm - 242Cm + 238Pu 1/2 life = 122 years, 1/2 life = 16 hours.
mAm was suggested by the authors as a source of Pu more mobile than
that Pu produced in the original event.
Bowen, V. T., H. D. Livingston and J. C. Burke. 1975. Distributions of
Transuranium Nuclides in Sediment and Biota of the Nortn Atlantic Ocean.
IAEA-SM-199/96.
The effects of the interaction of marine sediments with their biotic popula-
tion on the penetration, redistribution, sediment association and biotic avail-
ability of delivered transuranium nuclides are discussed as a function of both
sedimentation regimes and in-fauna populations. Data on the penetration and
redistribution patterns of fallout transuranium nucliaes in the shallow sediments
of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, are discussed in terms of the known parameters c*
sedimentation and 'in sediment1 biological activity. In this (and most common)
type of sedimentation regime, translocation of bioturbationally downmixed trans-
uranium nucides back toward (and probable loss from) the sediment surface is
demonstrated. Various biological and biochemical mechanisms are advanced that
may act on these nuclides within sediments. The increased availability to
marine biota of sediment transuranium nuclides by these remobilization processes,
is indicated by data showing accumulations of these nuclides in marine inverte-
brates and fish, (auth)
Bowen, V. T. and V. E. Noshkin. 1973. Plutonium Concentration Along Fresh
Water Food Chains of the Great Lakes, U.S.A. General Summary of Progress,
1972-1973. COO-3568-3.
The following radiochemical data are tabulated for analyses of samples
in Lake Ontario during 1972: Pu, Cs, and Sr values in water samples;
238Pu, 239Pu, 137Cs, and 90Sr values in sediment samples; and 239Pu and
1 37
Cs for values in plankton, fishes, and clams. A discussion is presented of
B-90
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the quality of the data. The results indicated that bottom-feeding fish such
239
as the gizzard shad, redhorse sucker, carp, bullhead, or drum had higher Pu
concentrations than predators such as yellow perch or largemouth bass. The
data were not consistent with a very striking food-chain magnification of
Plutonium in fresh-water ecosystems. It is suggested that plutonium concen-
trated on silt particles is remobilized by digestive processes of filter feeders
or bottom feeders and that there may be rather large differences among species
with regard to the efficiency of this. (NSA)
Bowen, V. T., V.gE. Noshkin, H. L. Volchok, H. D. Livingston, and K. M. Wong.
1974. !37cs to Sr Ratios in the Atlantic Ocean, 1966 Through 1972.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 19:670-681.
Ratios of Cs to Sr are summarized from analyses of a large number of
seawater samples collected in and about the Atlantic Ocean from 1966 to 1972
at various depths. Analytical comparisons by the participating laboratories
are presented. In open-ocean surface samples the mean ratio is 1.43, and
in subsurface samples containing no less than 5 dpm Cs per 100 liters the
mean is 1.44; in subsurface samples containing less than 5 dpm Cs per
100 liters, the mean is 1.64. No trend in this ratio with time can be seen,
nor can any systematic difference by seen between North Atlantic, South
Atlantic, or Mediterranean samples. Agreement of the various open-ocean ratios
with that predicted in fallout, 1.45, is excellent. In nearshore samples from
several different areas, however, the mean ratio is 1.07. Material balance
and other considerations seem to preclude simple selective loss of Cs to
the sediments. A number of other processes are available, nearshore, for
reducing the Cs: Sr ratio, but it is not now possible to evaluate their
relative importance, nor to explain why their action should result in about
the same ratio in so many different nearshore environments, (auth)
Bowen, B. M., 0. M. Selby, and J. H. Edgerton. 1959. Geology and Hydrology
in the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. Bull. Georgia Acad. Sci. 17:145-52.
The problems of radioactive waste disposal and talents needed to solve
them are varied. Solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes must be handled in dif-
ferent ways. Many of the methods are in the realm of the earth sciences.
B-91
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Ground disposal of solid as well as low- and intermediate-level liquid wastes
is an efficient, safe, and economical method when effected under carefully
controlled conditions. Geological and hydrological parameters are of utmost
importance in this method. Other means of radioactive waste disposal of
concern to geologists are being investigated, and more research and develop-
ment need to be done on these projects, (auth)
Bowen, V. T., K. M. Wong, and V. E. Noshkin. 1971. Plutonium 239 in and
over the Atlantic Ocean. Journal Marine Research. 29:1-10.
Plutonium- 239 has been found in over-ocean aerosols in about the same ratio
to Strontium- 90 as that reported over land. In seawater, Pu-239, Sr-90 ratios
are shown" to be less than half of those in over-ocean aerosols, confirming
geochemical separation of these nuclides in the ocean. It is suggested that
the sedimentation of Pu-239 may be more involved with biological processes than
has been found for Ce-144 or Pm-147. (auth)
Boyer, J. 1967. Effect of Fallout on the Radioactivity of Rain, Soil, and
Certain Plants Considered as a Function of the Dates of the Experimental
Nuclear Explosions Detonated from 1961 to 1965. Bull. Tech. Genie Rural,
No. 82:1-39 (in French).
Fallout studies were made from January 1961 to August 1955 at the
stations of Antony and Vergiere (France). Throughout that period, efforts
were made to compare the evolution of levels of radioactivity in rainwater,
arable soil, and plant ashes including natural grass sward and some vegetables.
Attempts were made to extract from these data some general conclusions con-
cerning the incidences of fallout occurring almost continuously for over
four years, (auth)
Boyer, J. and B. Cook. 1967. Purification of Water After Decontamination
by Filtration in Soil. Prot. Civ. Secur. Ind. No. 157:39-44 (in French).
After decontamination of water by filtration in soil, the water is often
muddy, has a yellow coloration, and is probably bacteriologically impure.
B-92
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Wood charcoal, aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, potassium permanganate, and
a combination of potassium permanganate and sodium hypersulfite were tested
to determine their efficiency for the decoloration of the water and the elimi-
nation of the mud. Wood charcoal gave the best results, although the mixture
of the potassium permanganate and sodium hypersulfite gave usable results.
The combination of filtration on wood charcoal and of the addition of mixtures
of potassium permanganate and sodium hypersulfite assured the bacteriological
purity of the water. The water obtained after this treatment was clear with
no disagreeable taste or odor and was easily digested. (NSA)
Brady, D. N. 1972. Environmental Surveillance Sampling Results at the
Nevada Test Site, July 1969 - June 1970. NVO-^10-11.
Data derived from the environmental surveillance program at the Nevada
Test Site (NTS) for fiscal year 1970 are presented. Gross beta radioactivity
results for water and air samples collected throughout the NTS are listed
and measurements of gamma radioactivity in soil and vegetation samples are
also documented. Tabular data is supplemented by graphical presentations
and sampling locations are shown in maps depicting the NTS. (auth)
Brady, D. N. and B. W. Church. 1975. Discussion of NAEG Distribution and
Inventory Program Sampling Data in Preparation for Initiation of Phase III.
IN: White, M. G., and P. B. Dunaway (eds.). The Radioecology of Plutonium
and Other Transuranics in Desert Environments. NVO-153; pp. 217-230.
The Nevada Applied Ecology Group (NAEG) Distribution and Inventory Pro-
gram's soil sampling effort during 1974 was significantly upgraded by imple-
mentation of improved sampling techniques. Initiation of Phase III sampling,
based upon results of the overview phase, was achieved. Preliminary data
analysis aided in designing a program to infer Pu results by Ge(Li)
scanning techniques, (auth)
Branca, G. and S. Gagliardi. 1963. Efficacy of Active Mud in the Decontami-
nation of Radioactive Waste Material. Igiene Sanita Pubblica (Rome).
19:496-519.
Research was carried out with the object of ascertaining the efficiency
of active mud processes for the decontamination of waste products containing
B-93
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radioactivity. The biological systems used for the purification of domestic
waste products, including the process with active mud, are not specifically
suitable for the treatment of contaminated waters. Nevertheless these offer
to a community that possesses purifying plants a certain degree of protec-
tion in those cases in which the waste products are contaminated accidentally.
The active mud process is preferred because it has the advantage of making
possible the addition to the waste products of coagulant reagents which
increase the decontamination. The radioisotopes studied were: Cs,
Sr, Ru, I and P. The results obtained are presented in graphs and
tables. (NSA)
Branca, G., Lenzi, G., and R. Sinno. 1962. Preliminary Study on the
Behavior of Clay Materials Passing Radioactive Solutions. Rend. Acad.
Sci. Fis., Mat., Soc. Nazi. Sci. Napoli. 29:259-84 (in Italian).
The possibility of making use of a montmorillonitic flegrea pozzuolana
was examined for the decontamination of radioactive liquid wastes. The
90
Sr distribution coefficient of clay material was studied with regard to the
particle size and to the moisture. Furthermore, the removal of such nuclide
was determined depending on flow rate in the column. Afterwards the ion
exchange capacity of the montmorillonitic component of pozzuolana was measured;
thus the absorption mechanism interpretation is given and the occupied posi-
90
tion of Sr in the lattice defined on the basis of the results obtained by
the x-ray data and the thermic-differential analysis, (auth)
Brandt, H. L. 1957. Calculations of Purex A-8 Crib Capacity. HW-51399.
Strontium-90 was found to be the critical isotope for disposal purposes
in the A-8 crib waste. A linear relationship was found between the probability
90
distribution of C/C for Sr and the logarithm of the volume of A-8 waste
90
run through 80 cm laboratory soil columns. Owing to the inaccuracy of Sr
analyses in concentrations less than 4.5 x 10 uc/cc, an extrapolation of
the breakthrough curve was required to the limiting concentration of
8 x 10 uc/cc to determine column capacity. If it may be assumed that the
observed linear relationship is independent of the length of the soil column,
B-94
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a method becomes available for calculating the usable capacity of the
200-foot column of soil underlying the A-8 crib. Calculations by this means
show that 285 million gallons of A-8 waste may be discharged to this crib
90 -8
before the Sr would exceed 8 x 10 uc/cc in the ground water, (auth)
Brandt, H. L. and A. E. Reisenauer. 1958. The Influence of Limestone
Neutralization on the Soil Uptake of Sr90 from a Radioactive Waste.
HW-56582.
'90
The relative order of affinity of the soil for Sr from wastes pre-
pared in three different ways from an acidic radioactive condensate may be
explained on the basis of ion exchange and mass action. The use of calcium
carbonate as a neutralizing agent can introduce enough calcium into the solu-
90
tion to greatly inhibit the removal by soil of Sr . This effect is of impor-
tance in the ground disposal of all waste solution containing more than
90
0.1 MPC Sr . The proximity of calcium to strontium in the lyotropic series
suggests that calcium should compete strongly with strontium for ion
exchange sites in the soil even at low concentrations of calcium. The appar-
ent strontium competitor for exchange sites in the soil in the unneutralized
condensate is the hydrogen ion. Equilibrium data give some indication that
dissolution of calcium from the soil by the acid waste may be militating
against greater soil uptake of strontium. The use of sodium hydroxide can
effect pH control without introducing any formidable competition for the
strontium ion in soil adsorption. This reagent is, therefore, generally
superior to limestone for neutralizing acidic radioactive wastes when effi-
cient utilization of the soil for Sr removal is desired, (auth)
Bray, L. A. 1963. Denitrification of Purex Wastes with Sugar. HW-76973.
Polyhydroxy compounds such as sucrose, fructose, glucose and crude
syrups rapidly and controllably decomposed nitric acid in aqueous solutions
at temperatures above about 85°C. The number of moles of nitric acid
destroyed per mole of sugar fed was a function of the temperature of reaction
and the moles of dissolved multivalent metal cations. The products of
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denitrification are all gaseous, consisting of oxides of carbon and nitrogen.
No residual carbon or organic compounds remain in the treated solution.
Nitric acid can be regenerated from the off-gases by conventional down-draft
condensers, (auth)
Breger, I. A. 1955. Radioactive Equilibrium in Ancient Marine Sediments.
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 8:63-73.
Radioactive equilibrium in eight marine sedimentary formtions has been
studied by means of direct determinations of uranium, radium, and thorium.
Alpha-particle counting has also been carried out in order to cross-calibrate
thick-source counting techniques. The maximum deviation from radioactive
equilibrium that has been noted is 11%--indicating that there is probably
equilibrium in all the formations analyzed. Thick-source alpha-particle
counting by means of a proportional counter or an ionization chamber leads
to high results when the samples contain less than about 10 ppm of uranium.
For samples having a higher content of uranium the results are in excellent
agreement with each other and with those obtained by direct analytical
techniques. The thorium contents that have been obtained correspond well
to the average values reported in the literature. The uranium content of
marine sediments may be appreciably higher than the average values that
have been reported for sedimentary rocks. Data show that there is up to
14 times the percentage of uranium as of thorium in the formations studied,
and that the percentage of thorium never exceeds that of uranium. While
the proximity of a depositional environment to a land mass may influence
the concentration of uranium in a marine sediment, this is not true with
thorium, (auth)
Breger, I. A. 1974. The Role of Organic Matter in the Accumulation of
Uranium. The Organic Geochemistry of the Coal-Uranium Association. IN:
Formation of Uranium Ore Deposits, IAEA-SM-183/29. pp. 99-124.
Geochemical studies have been carried out on 64 speciments of coali-
fied logs from Triassic and Jurassic uranium-bearing sediments of the
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Colorado Plateau and from Paleocene and Eocene sediments of Wyoming. These
logs contain from 0.0005 to 16.5% uranium. Autoradiographic studies and
observations of relative reflectivities of uraniferous and non-uraniferous
specimens demonstrate that uranium was introduced into the coal epigeneti-
cally in solution along micro-faults and/or shrinkage cracks. Following
its introduction, probably as a complex alkali uranyl carbonate, the
uranium was reduced by the coal to form uraninite or coffinite.
Data indicate that radiation from the uranium and its equilibrium
daughter products causes radiochemical dehydrogenation and demethanation of
the coal. This transformation results in significantly higher reflectivity
and hardness related to cross-linking that produces diamond-like clusters
of carbon atoms. Irradiation of the coal does not cause its rank to rise
to that of anthracite. Organic sulphur contents up to 13.1% have been noted
for coalified logs of Triassic age from the San Rafael Swell area. Such
unusual values have been attributed to the interaction between the coal and
hydrogen sulphide from underlying sediments at temperatures of 110 to 120°C
corresponding to burial under about 3000 tons of overburden. If uranium was
introduced into the sediments following the interaction between the coal and
the hydrogen sulphide, this mineralization could not have occurred before
late Cretaceous time. This work, in context with previous studies, has led
in a generalization of principles underlying the association of uranium with
coal, (auth)
Breger, I. A. and M. Deul. 1956. The Organic Geochemistry of Uranium.
U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 300, pp. 505-10.
A review with 35 references. The association of U with organic matter
such as that of carbonaceous shales and coal is not primary; these materials
collect U both by adsoprtion and by the formation of specific compounds
such as humates. (CA)
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Breger, I. A., M. Deul, and R. Meyrowitz. 1955. Geochemistry and Mineralogy
of a Uraniferous Subbituminous Coal. Econ. Geol. 50:610-24.
A sample of subbituminous uraniferous coal from the Red Desert, Sweet-
water County, Wyoming, has been studied mineralogically. The coal contains
gypsum (6%), kaolinite (1%), quartz (0.3%), calcite (trace), and limonite
(trace). This suite of minerals and the absence of pyrite show that the
coal has been subjected to weathering and oxidation. No uranium minerals
have been found; mechanical fractionation has indicated that the uranium
is associated with the organic constitutants of the coal. The minerals
that have been isolated contain 0.0006% uranium, a content that is to be
expected for nonuraniferous sedimentary rocks. The organic components of
the coal contain approximately 0.002% uranium. On the basis of material-
balance calculations, the organic components carry 98% of the uranium in
the coal. Batch extraction of the Wyoming coal with 6N hydrochloric acid
leads to the solution of almost 90% of its uranium. Recovery of uranium
is independent of the particle size of the coal between -4 and -20 mesh,
and is accompanied by the solution of approximately 70% of the inorganic
constituents (ash) of the coal. The extract contains, together with uranium,
a concentration of several elements such as manganese, cerium, and vanadium
that are present in the coal. Fischer assays of this weathered coal from
the Red Desert indicate a yield of 16.7 gallons of tar per ton. Yields of
both tar and char are about 15% lower if the coal is first treated with 6N
hydrochloric acid to extract the uranium. It is suggested that uranium was
introduced into the coal by means of ground water carrying soluble alkaline or
alkaline earth uranyl carbonate complexes. The mineral schroeckingerite--a
similar complex—is found near this subbituminous coal in the Red Desert of
Wyoming. These complexes, which are unstable in acid medium, release the
uranyl ion (IIO^**). which may then react with organic constituents of the
coal to form ionic uranyl-organic compounds that are insoluble above a
pH of about 2.2. Preliminary data indicate that the uranium is associated
with various humic components of the coal. The distribution of uranium
among the components of the.subbituminous coal from Wyoming is similar to
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the distribution in a lignite from South Dakota. There is no indication
that uranium was introduced into or retained by the two coals by appre-
ciably different geochemical processes, (auth)
Breger, I. A., M. Deul, and S. Rubinstein. 1955. Geochemistry and
Mineralogy of a Uraniferous Lignite. Econ. Geol. 50:206-26.
Detailed studies have been carried out on a uraniferous lignite from
the Mendenhall strip mine, Harding County, South Dakota. By means of
heavy-liquid separations, a mineral-free concentrate of the lignite was
obtained that contained 13.8% ash and 0.31% uranium in the ash. The
minerals (gypsum 69%, jarosite 10%, quartz 2%, kaolinite and clay minerals
19%, and calcite trace) contain only 7% of the uranium in the original
coal, indicating an association of the uranium with the organic components
of the lignite. Batch extractions show that 88.5% of the uranium can be
extracted from the lignite by two consecutive treatments with boiling IN
hydrochloric acid. Continuous extraction with hot 6N hydrochloric acid,
removes 98.6% of the uranium. Columns of coal were treated with water,
IN hydrochloric acid, 6N hydrochloric acid, and a solution of lanthanum
nitrate. The experiment with lanthanum nitrate indicated that only 1.2%
of the uranium in the coal is held by ion exchange. The elutriation
experiments showed that the uranium is held in the coal as an organo-
uranium compound or complex that is soluble at a pH of less than 2.18. A
geochemical mechanism by which the uranium may have been introduced into
and retained by the lignite is discussed, (auth)
Brendakov, V. F., A. V. Dibtseva, V. I Svishcheva, and V. N. Churkin.
1968. Vertical Distribution of Fragment Elements in Some Types of Soils
in the USSR. At. Energ. (USSR). 25:331-2 (in Russian).
Vertical distribution of debris elements in USSR soils was studied
in various landscape regions in order to determine isotopic penetration
into the soil surface. The mean laboratory errors in determining radioactive
isotopes are 5 to 10% for 137Cs, 10 to 20% for 144Ce and 106Ru, and 20 to
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125
30% for Sb. Tabulated studies of the vertical distribution profile of
total B activity in soils in southern districts showed a rapid decrease of
fragments in depth in dense red earths which are represented by argillaceous
soils enriched with iron oxides. A maximum penetration of isotopes was
observed in brown soils. Data on vertical distribution of isotopes on a
mountainside measured in the Far East during 1964 showed the main concen-
tra
125
tration at 3 cm depth (with 90Sr-95%, 144Ce-96%, 137Cs-96%, 106Ru-90%, and
Sb-90%). Studies of soils at depths below 33 mm revealed the presence
90
about 1% Sr and rapidly
found at such depths. (NSA)
90
of about 1% Sr and rapidly disappearing while other isotopes were not
Brendakov, V. F., A. V. Dibtseva, V. I. Svishcheva and V. N. Churkin.
1969. Vertical Distribution and Evaluation of the Mobility of Fission
Products in Certain Soil Types of the Soviet Union. AEC-tr-7030,
pp. 152-170.
The purpose of the present report is to define more accurately the
distribution of fission products in soil profiles and to estimate their
mobility. To solve the problem for plots of undisturbed soil, 3 mm thick
layers were collected with a special sampler.
The Sr-90 content was measured radiochemically, that of other fission
products by gamma spectrometry. The distribution of total beta activity was
also studied along the profile.
The results are expressed in relative units on semi-logarithmic graphs
showing the percent of the radionuclides in each 3 mm layer (the content in
a 150 mm layer is taken to be 100 percent.
Analysis of the data indicates that the vertical distribution of
fission products in the soil profile follows an exponential law. The largest
part of these elements is firmly bound in a thin layer of the soil's upper
horizon. The lowest content of Sr-90 in a 20 mm layer was 71 percent in
1963-1965. It was 76 percent for Ru-106, 83 percent for Sb-125, 86 percent
for Cs-137 and 92 percent for Ce-144. Control measurements of the radionuclide
content in soils deeper than 150 mm indicated the presence of only traces.
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Repeated investigations carried out over a number of years on the
same plots made it possible to evaluate the movements of the fission products
in the soil cover. From the table given below it can be seen that the
transfer of the bulk of the radionuclides does not exceed a few millimeters
per year.
The average displacement of the deposit served as a criterion for assess-
ing the mobility of radioisotopes in soils. Average displacement x is defined
by the average deposit weighted according to depth:
x =
where p. = fraction percent of the isotope in a layer and xi = the depth
of the layer.
The contribution of fresh deposition was allowed for in the
calculations, (auth)
Brendakov. V. F., S. V. lokhel'son, and V. N. Churkin. 1967. Potassium,
Radium, and Thorium Contents in Caucasian Soils. Pochvovedenie. No. 1:
41-7 (in Russian).
The distribution of natural radioactive elements in the upper layer of
Caucasian soils is discussed. A method of collecting and analyzing soil
samples is described. Schematic maps of potassium, radium and thorium
distribution in the upper layer of Caucasian soils are presented, (auth)
Brendakov, V. F. , V. I. Svishcheva, A. V. Dibtseva, and V. N. Churkin.
1969. Vertical Distribution and Evaluation of the Mobility of Fission
Products in Certain Soil Types of the Soviet Union. AEC-tr-7030.
pp. 152-6.
Samples of two types of undisturbed Russian soil, in 3 mm thick layers,
were collected and examined during 1963 to 1966 to determine the vertical
144 137
distribution and mobility of the following fission products: Ce, Cs,
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106Ru, 125Sb, and 90Sr. The results showed over 76% of all the radioiso-
topes were in the top 20 mm soil layer with only traces below a depth of
150 mm, and that the transfer of the bulk of the radioisotopes did not
exceed a few mm per year. (NSA)
Brewer, L. W. 1974. Environmental Monitoring Report for Sandia
Laboratories for 1973. SLA-74-67.
Water, soil, and vegetation are regularly monitored by several dif-
ferent methods and the results analyzed to assure that Sandia Laboratories
operations are not adversely affecting the surrounding environment. The
radiation levels are presented for the year 1973. (auth)
Bright, W. C., D. R. Cartwright, J. D. Moseley, and E. Vejvoda. 1973.
Research and Ecology Semiannual Progress Report July Through December 1972.
Chemistry Research and Development. RFP-2004-A.
A semiannual report of the Chemistry Research and Development Department
of the Dow Chemical Company at Rocky Flats. Work on plutonium behavior in
the soil-water environment is presented by Miner, Glover and Miller. Plutonium
distribution coefficients were presented for several characterized soils from
near chemical treatment or waste storage facilities. A plutonium particle
size of 0.1 urn was chosen for the experimental work. Equilibration on for
10 minutes to 24 hours. A constant
-------
BHsbin, I. L., Jr., R. J. Beyers, R. W. Dapson, R. A. Geiger, J. B. Gentry,
J. W. Gibbons, M. H. Smith, and S. K. Woods. 1974. Patterns of Radiocesium in
the Sediments of a Stream Channel Contaminated by Production Reactor
Effluents. Health Physics. 27:19-27.
Levels of radiocesium contamination of the sediments of the stream
bed, delta, and associated floodplains of Steel Creek of the AEC Savannah
River Plant are among the highest reported for a natural system. Desorption
studies have shown that the radiocesium is not tightly held by the sediments.
Fine-particle silt and clay sediments averaged 170.47 pCi/g dry weight,
with a maximum of 561.96 pCi/g dry weight and were higher in radiocesium
content than the coarser sediments which averaged 18.10 pCi/g. Differential
distribution of fine and coarse sediments in the stream channel region has
resulted in a complex surface mosaic of radiocesium contamination. Samples
collected 1 m apart differed in radiocesium content by as much as 190% of
their mean. Greater deposition of fine sediments on the delta has given
this area the greatest total radiocesium content, although the radiocesium
content of the fine sediments, on a per gram basis, was no greater in the
delta region than further upstream. Radiocesium was correlated with both
available potassium and the organic matter content of the sediments, and
over 68% of the total radiocesium was found in the upper 20 cm of sediments.
(auth)
Brissaud, F., P. Couchat, and J. P. Gayraud. 1974. Study and Representation
of the Transport of Sr in a One-Dimensional Flow in Porous Media.
CEA-CONF-2681 (in French).
Transport of strontium in a shaly sand was studied with a methodologic
objective: how the exchange process must be taken into account to provide
convenient numerical solutions of cation transport in porous media. Exchanges
of strontium between sand and aqueous solution were determined from batch
sorption tests and from displacements in sand columns; adsorption-desorption
hysteretic isotherms designed the exchange equilibrium. Experiments in
columns were performed for various initial concentrations in tracer. Numerical
simulations using LAPIDUS and AMUDSON'S equilibrium model, with second degree
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polynomial approximations of adsorption-desorption isotherm, fit conveniently
the experimental data; they demonstrate that the equilibrium relations to be
considered are those derived from column tests. (NSA)
Broecker, W. S. and A. Kaufman. 1968. Investigations of the U and Th
Series Isotope Disequilibria in the Ocean and in Pleistocene Sediments.
Annual Report. CU-3139-2.
Research progress is reported in six sections. A separate abstract
was prepared for each section. (NSA)
Brookins, D. G. 1976. The Grants Mineral Belt, New Mexico: Comments
on the Coffinite-Uraninite Relationship, Probable Clay Mineral Reactions,
and Pyrite Formation. New Mexico Geological Society, Special Publications.
No. 6:158-166.
Consideration of geochemical and clay mineralogic data for some of
the Grants mineral belt uranium deposits suggests that U(VI), transported
as uranyl dicarbonate ion, is precipitated as U(IV) in coffinite when the
activity of dissolved silica is relatively high and as uraninite otherwise;
this process may take place penecontemporaneously with the oxidation of
sulfur in (H2S) or (HS~) to form pyrite. Clay minerals may react with
organic matter (humic acid and derivatives) such that Mg-clorite, Mg-illite,
Mg-rich mixed layer chlorite-illite or other clay minerals are also enriched
in the U-rich zones. Pre-existing montmorillonite, illite, and possibly
small amounts of kaolinite are influenced by the humic acid; it is postulated
that Fe released is consumed during pyrite formation, Mg by clay mineral
alteration/formation, Si either by new clay minerals or in coffinite. By
this model no "special" solutions rich in individual ions from extrinsic
sources are required, (auth)
Brookins, D.G. 1975. Fossil Reactor's History Probed. Geotimes. October,
pp. 14-16.
The article reviews the history of the discovery of the natural reactor
at Oklo, Gabon, including the efforts of P.K. Kuroda to locate just such
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j natural reactor in the decade between 1950 and 1960. The author points
out that scientists should be on the lookout for other natural reactors
because of the applicability of radionuclide migration data to present
waste storage studies.
Brookins, D.G. 1975. Uranium Deposits of the Grants, New Mexico Mineral
Belt.
Geology of the Grants Mineral Belt including the stratigraphy of the
Morrison Formation at Laguna, Ambrosia Lake, Smith halse and Churchrock
Districts are given. A description of the mineralogy of the uranium and
vanadium and accompanying materials is'detailed. The clay mineralogy is
reviewed and includes analyses, and distributions of the clays. Geochemical
studies suggested mineralization in the late Jurassic.
Brookins, D.G. 1976. Shale as a Repository for Radioactive Waste: The
Evidence from Oklo. Environmental Geology. 1:255-259.
Study of the 1.8 billion-year-old "fossil nuclear reactor" zones at
C!K Jklo Mine in the Republic of Gabon shows that many of the elements
produced by fission have been almost completely retained, as evidenced by
proper budgets of stable daughter elements. Plutonium, ruthenium, the rare
earth elements, zirconium, and palladium have been effectively retained
while most chalcophile elements exhibited some degree of remobilization.
The alkali and alkaline earth elements have migrated to varying degrees but
their presence in gangue affected by younger periods of alteration suggests
redistribution not far removed from sites of formation. More important,
such migration may not have started until some 25,000,000 years after the
reactor shut down. The noble gases xenon and krypton escaped with apparent
earse during the 500,000 years the reactor was operative, and iodine seems
to have been mobile.
The Oklo reactor ores, significantly, occur in shale infilled into a
fracture system in organo-argillaceous sandstone. So many of the fission-
produced elements retained in this shale along with evidence that most
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others may have been only locally redistributed lends support to considering
shales in geologically stable areas for radioactive waste disposal.
Brookins, D.G. , M.J. Lee, B. Mukhopadyay, S.L. Bolivar. 1975. Search for
Fission-Produced Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba at OKLO. IAEA-SM-204/3, pp. 401-413.
Five samples from the 2'P1 cross-section, Oklo Mine, Gabon have been
analysed to determine the isotopic composition of Rb, Sr, and Ba in order
to search for the presence of fission-produced isotopes of these elements,
as well as Ba and Ba which may be enriched due to fission-produced
Cs. Three of the samples were powders and the other two U-rich segments
of core; all five contain abundant total U (40 to 55%) and are depleted
in 235U (0.52 to 0.41% of total U). Further, all samples are mixed to
various degrees with silicate plus oxide gangue material. Even on the core
samples the gangue is present along grain edges, in cracks, and is virtually
impossible to separate from the uraninite. Presumably this gangue material
is rich in alkaline earth elements and thus acts as a diluent for any fission-
produced material. Rb, Sr, and Ba were separated by ion-exchange chrcma-
tographic techniques following cleansing by leaching with HC1 and standard
HF:HC104 dissolution and their isotopic compositions determined by mass
spectrometric thermionic emission. The leachate fractions of four of the
five samples contain more Rb, Sr, and Ba of normal isotopic composition
than the insoluble residues for which three of the five samples indicate
the presence of fission-produced Cs (now as Ba isotopes) and Rb; further,
increasing (135Ba/137Ba) correlates with decreasing (85Rb/87Rb). All five
88
samples indicate the presence of fission-produced Sr as reflected in very
86 88
low ( Sr/ Sr ratios; available data suggest correlation between increase
i
in fission Sr and depletion in U. The collective data suggest that
fission-produced Rb, Sr, and Cs (now as Ba isotopes) are present in these
samples but highly diluted by large amounts of the normal elements. Enrich-
1 36
ment in Ba has not been demonstrated; which may be attributed to the
high Ba content (i.e. 0.2-0.3%). (auth)
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Brown, D.A. 1974. Adsorption and Diffusion of Pu in Soils. ORO-4700-1.
Progress is reported on the following projects: development of special
equipment for safe handling of Pu in adsorption and diffusion experiments;
development of a manually operated cryostatic microtome for partitioning
soil cores and of a large glove box for containing diffusion and radio-
assay instruments; completion of a temperature controlled plutonium labora-
tory including the necessary air sampling and alpha radiation monitoring
systems; preparation of mineral samples of kaolinite, illite, and montmoril-
lonite for adsorption and diffusion experiments; chemical characterization
of soils and clays; and experiments on diffusioi
solutions and in standard clay minerals. (NSA)
237 238
of soils and clays; and experiments on diffusion of Pu and Pu in salt
Brown, D.J. 1964. Chemical Effluents Technology Waste Disposal Investigations,
January-December 1964. HW-84549.
Results of radioactive nuclide surveillance in the ground at Hanford are
reported. Sections are included on analysis of ground water monitoring data
from 200-east, 200-west, and 600 areas. Information is also included on
fission-product tritium in ground water and proposed well drilling. Data
are included on the average concentration of radioisotopes in various wells,
and on concentration of radioisotopes found in ground water that exceed
the routine detection limit of 0.08 pCS cc. (NSA)
Brown, D.J. 1967. Migration Characteristics of Radionuclides Through
Sediments Under Lying the Hanford Reservation. IN: Disposal of Radioactive
Wastes Into the Ground. 1AEA-SM-93/16, pp. 215-228.
The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Chemical Separation Plants at
Hanford have discharged large volumes of intermediate and low-level
radioactive liquid waste to the ground for more than twenty years. The
information acquired by tracing the movements of radionuclides through the
underlying sediments via an extensive network of monitoring wells and
sophisticated monitoring equipment has increased our knowledge of the
migration characteristics of radionuclides assoicated with these wastes.
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Sediment samples obtained by core drilling a disposal facility at
the time it was removed from service and again ten years later, show that
over 99.9% of the long-lived radionuclides are contained within the first
ten metres of the 60-metre partially saturated sediment column underlying
the disposal facility. All radionculides with half-lives of less than one
year, except ruthenium-!03 and strontium-89, decay to below detection limits
before they reach the regional groundwater table. The relative permanency of
fixation of the long-lived radionuclides is attested to by leaching studies.
For cesium-137 and strontium-90, the data show that after passing 60 column
volumes of groundwater through sediments, obtained from beneath an abandoned
disposal site, 11% of the caesium is removed and 4% of the strontium; 500
column volumes removes an additional 4% of the caesium and 27% of the strontium.
Equilibrium coefficient and soil column tests indicate that the trace amounts
of strontium-9C and caesium-137, leached from sediments underlying a disposal
facility, are resorbed in the saturated zone below the water table. The
distribution coefficients determined in these saturated sediments were
approximately 300 for caesium-137 and 50 for strontium-90. Three radio-
nuclides (ruthenium-106, technetium-99 and tritium), not readily sorbed on
sediments, enter the groundwater at about the same concentration as that
measured in the waste stream prior to release. The movements of these
nuclides are traced in the groundwater for distances up to fifteen miles by
routine analysis of well water samples. At distances of only two and a
half miles from the disposal sites, all radionuclides concentrations in
the groundwater are below the established drinking water limits, (auth)
Brown, D.J. and W.A. Haney. 1964. Chemical Effluents Technology Waste
Disposal Investigations, July-December 1963. The Movement of Contaminated
Ground Water from the 200 Areas to the Columbia River. HW-80909.
The history and current status of low and intermediate-level radio-
active liquid waste disposal practices in the 200 Areas at Hanford, and
the ground water monitoring results, continue to attest to the safety and
practicality of ground disposal operations. An average travel time of from
7 to 8 years is estimated for Ru contamination in the ground water to move
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from the Purex Plant site southeast to the Columbia River. A period of time
only slightly less, 6 to 7 years, is indicated for tritium following the
same path. These travel periods will result in less than one percent of the
ruthenium and about 70 percent of the tritium entering the ground water
beneath Purex Plant cribs reaching the Columbia River. Tritium concentrations
in test wells adjacent to the river may soon be more than an order of
magnitude greater than the present background concentration in river water.
Ruthenium-106 concentrations in test wells will be detectable but, due to
decay and quantity discharged, will be several orders of magnitude below
the recommended exposure limit for the population at large. It was con-
cluded that neither radionuclide would affect measurably the exposure to
downstream water users, (auth)
Brown, D.J. and W.A. Haney. 1965. The Role of Geology in the Disposal of
Radioactive Wastes. BNWL-SA-57.
The role of geology in evaluation of disposal sites prior to their
use, and how geology is utilized in the interpretation of monitoring results
after the disposal facility is put in operation is discussed. Detailed
geological and hydrological evaluations of each site to evaluate disposal
potential, and the establishment of a monitoring system around the disposal
facility to assess the continued safeness of the operation after the site
is put in use are given as reasons for the success of the waste management
program at Hanford. (NSA)
Brown, J.H. and W.D. Keller. 1952. Uranium in the Clay of a Black Radioactive
Shale. Science. 116:632-3.
The results of a brief study of a black radioactive shale from St.
Genevieve County, Missouri, show that the U contained in it is located
predominantly in a relatively fixed condition in the fine clay fraction,
and not in the black organic matter. This result is at variance with recent
suggestions that the U in black shales is more likely attached to the organic
matter. Leaching experiments were conducted to determine the ease of removal
of the U. HC1, HN03, H2S04, aqua regia, and dilute Na2C03 were effective
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Solvents, but hot and cold H20, ethyl alcohol, CS2> and CC14 did not
extract enough U from 2 g of shale to produce fluorescence. Propyl alcohol
dissolved a small amount of U. Attempts to exchange the U cationically
indicated that the U is held by the clay minerals in a not easily exchange-
able condition. (NSA)
Brown, K.W. 1976. Americium: It's Behavior in Soil and Plant Systems.
EPA-600/3-76-005.
The small amount of data available on the behavior of americium in
plant and soil systems is reviewed and found lacking in several critical
areas. Although some studies have been done on the physical and chemical
interaction of americium on these systems, most of them were short-term
and limited in scope. As americium is classified as a hazardous radio-
nuclide and is likely to increase in importance as an environmental
pollutant, further study is suggested. Also, the use of americium as a
tool for measuring various soil parameters is discussed, (auth)
Brown, K.W. 1976. Ruthenium: It's Behavior in Plant and Soil Systems.
EPA-600/3-76-019.
The information published concerning-the behavior of ruthenium in
plant and soil systems is reviewed and areas needing further investigation
are identified. Studies in the literature indicate that ruthenium is one
of the most chemically complex elements, thereby challenging the initiative
and investigative abilities of both physical and biological scientists.
Ruthenium can become extremely mobile in soils at one time, and then
become tightly bound the next. The retention and binding of ruthenium on
soil colloids and other environmental media have been demonstrated to be
both a physical and chemical phenomenon; however, these binding mechanisms
have largely remained unidentified and uninvestigated.
Evidence indicates that ruthenium can become incorporated into plants
through either a root or foliar exposure. Mechanisms of vegetative incor-
poration and retention of ruthenium are still not fully understood, thereby
requiring continued study, (auth)
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Brown, R. and W.A. Wolstenholme. 1964. Analysis of Geological Samples by
Spark Source Mass Spectrometry. Nature. 201:598.
The article presents data on the trace element content of standard
rock samples Gl (granite) and Wl (diabase). The data include the rare
earths, strontium, cesium, uranium, thorium, zirconium, iodine and ruthenium.
Brown, R.E. 1948. Recommendations for 291-T Wash Water Disposal Crib.
HW-10332.
The article outlines recommendations for building a wastewater disposal
crib based on the geology and hydrology near 291-T building so that sediments
near foundations beneath the buildings do not become saturated.
Brown, R.E. 1959. Desirable New Geologic Research in Support of Radio-
active Waste Disposal as Indicated by Hanfcrd Experience. IN: Disposal
of Radioactive Wastes. Conf. Proc. Monaco, Nov. 16-21, 1959, 2:499-516.
All disposal of radioacitve wastes to land relies on the geologic
environment. Disposal to that environment is not ultimate since no material
is impermeable, unleachable, or noncorrodible when geologic time is considered.
Hanford's disposal interjects a maximum of geologic features between disposal
sites and the point of nearest public exposure. This is the "delay-and-
decay" concept named by Simpson. Problems involved in disposal at Hanford
include (1) the quantitative inexactness of geology, (2) the lack of iso-
tropic homogeneous earth materials, (3) determination of the quantitative
importance of deviation of geologic and hydrologic features from an average,
and (4) determination and measurement of the parameters of interest. Cases
at Hanford are cited to illustrate these points. Wells totaling 557 in
number and 33,000 m in depth were drilled, but provide data that must be
cautiously used. Standard aquifer performance tests are limited in value,
since unit and directional permeabilities are integrated into average values.
Ion-exchange studies provide quantitative values of direct interest, helping
to interpret geologic features. Hydrologic studies, correlated to the soil
chemistry work and the geologic data, result in logically explainable
B-lll
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geologic controls to the ground water movement. Disposal to ground of
radioactive wastes is neither a cure-all nor something to be feared. The
integration of data from studies by geologists, hydrologists, geochemists,
and mathematicians has gone far to assure the safe disposal of wastes to
ground at Hanford. A great amount of work remains to be done, (auth)
Brown, R.E., D.J. Brown, et al. 1961. Chemical Effluents Technology.
HW-70050, pp. 143-219.
Results are reported from a series of studies on the special geological
features of the Hanford Area that affect the three-dimensional flow of
ground water and related studies of interest in the monitoring of ground
water for radioactive contaminants and the storage and disposal of wastes
at depth. The geology of the area was characterized in such a manner that
mathematical models may be used in calculations of macroscopic flow in porous
media as induced by mechanical potentials. Adequate numerical techniques
and an associated computer program were devised to solve the class of non-
linear partial differential equations required. A laboratory flow system
was devised to permit the simultaneous addition of two liquids of different
densities so that they flow one above the other into a bed of 3 mm glass
beads. The system was designed for use in studies of waste disposal to a
ground aquifer. A diagram is presented of a laboratory vertical flow system
designed for use in obtaining data for use in developing an equation for
unsaturated flow based on the Darcy equation and an analogy of the Poiseuille
equation. Data are tabulated on flow rates at various moisture contents
and hydraulic gradients for various sand and soil samples. Comparisons
are presented of theoretical and experimental analysis of partially
saturated flow. Finite difference techniques applied through a computer
program were used for solution of the nonlinear equations. A technique
using electrical analogs was developed for in-place measurement of per-
meability in heterogeneous media for use in ground water studies of the
Hanford region. Several zeolites were examined for their ability to effectively
remove Ce from solutions containing large amounts of competing cations.
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Schematic sketches are presented of a constant temperature apparatus
designed to study the column behavior of zeolite adsorbers and an apparatus
used to obtain zeolite loading curves. Results are tabulated for some of
the experiments. Studies were continued on the nature of cation substitutions
during formation of phosphorite from calcite. Data are presented from a
statistical treatment of substitution data for the radioisotopes of Pm ,
+2
Sr , U(VI), and Pu(IV) in apatite which forms during alteration of calcite
by alkaline, phosphate-bearing solutions. An investigation was also made
of the general principles governing anion replacement reactions and there
relationship to concomitant cation incorporation in the final replacement •
product. Data are tabulated for some experimental mineral columns in
which the final products were identified by their x-ray diffraction patterns.
Replacement reactions were evaluated for possible application to the
decontamination of solutions by the incorporation of radioactive cations
+2 +2
in the solid product. The fixation of Sr by substitution of Sr for Ca
is cited as an example. Data are included from studies on the effects of
rare earth oxidation state and the nature of the reactions involved in
rare earth uptake by soil. The effect of accompanying ions on the retention
of radiostrontium in soil columns and the adsorption of Sr by soils under
saturated and unsaturated flow conditions were studied. A field test was
instituted to examine the capacity of the soil beneath a crib for the
absorption of radioisotopes. Wells were driven into the water table at
various points around the cribs and ground water samples were analyzed
QC
for nitrate ion and Sr . Equipment development is reported for use in
studies on the deposition of particulate matter in sampling lines, for
multiple sampling of wells, for vertical well sampling, for measurement
of soil water, anf for use in monitoring noble gas isotopes as an index
to radiologically significant fission products in reactor effluents cooling
water. Results are reported from a series of studies to determine the
effect of irradiation on the release of fission products from U heated in
air and the quantity and size distribution of particulate material formed
during the oxidation of U. (auth)
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Brown, R.E., D.W. Pearce, W. de Laguna, J.H. Morton, and C.M. Patterson.
1959. Experience in the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes to the Ground.
IN: Hearings on Industrial Radioactive Waste Disposal. 2:1205-17.
Disposal of low level liquid radioacitve wastes to the ground at the
Hanford Works, Washington, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee,
and the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina, is founded on the ability
of various earth materials to remove and retain fission product cations.
Twelve years of practical experience in the controlled disposal of wastes
to the ground at the Hanford Works, seven years at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory and four at the Savannah River Plant, have demonstrated the
feasibility, safety, and economy in the disposal of at least limited
volumes of some types of liquid wastes at shallow depths. Some of the
experience which indicates the potential of this disposal method and the
problems involved are described, (auth)
Brown, R.E. and H.G. Ruppert. 1948. Underground Waste Disposal at Hanford
Works. HW-9671.
A review of the past and present methods of underground disposal of
liquid wastes at the Hanford Works is given.
A general picture of the geology of the region is presented with
localized spots used for waste disposal being described in detail.
The results of the program in the 200-West Area indicate that the
Plutonium and fission products in the wastes are removed within a relatively
short distance of the cribs; that the plutonium is removed from solutions
closer to the cribs than the fission products; that the contamination so
removed is largely deposited on the surfaces of the sand grains, from
which it is not readily washed; and that the contamination is concentrated
from the solutions on the grains. A total of 18,000,000 gallons of waste
were discharged into these cribs and a few dry or reverse wells in the
200-West Area up to December 1, 1947. This waste contained about 3,300
grams of plutonium and more than 50 curies of fission products, none of
which is known or believed to have penetrated to the water table from the
disposal practices in the 200-West Area.
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Results to date indicate that such disposal can be carried on
over a long period of time. Observations over a period of several years
are necessary, both in this and other areas, before final conclusions can
be made however. Experiments in both the laboratory and in the field are
continuing, which when completed will give a much more conclusive answer to
the problem.
The description of the methods of drilling, sampling and analyzing
the information are given, (auth)
144
Brown, R.E., R.E. Franklin, and R.H. Miller. 1969. Reactions of Ce in
Solution and Suspensions of Soil Humic Acid and Bentonite. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. 33:677-81.
144
A study was made of the formation of radiocolloids by Ce and the
adsorption of Ce by equilibrated suspensions of humic acid, bentonite clay,
and a mixture of these two colloids saturated with either Ca or K and H.
The availability of Ce in these suspensions was measured using excised roots,
Ionic strength, Ce concentration, and pH were critical factors affecting
the equilibrium between radiocolloidal and monomeric Ce. As ionic strength
and Ce concentration decrease and as pH increases the equilibrium is
shifted towards the radiocolloidal form of Ce. At pH 6.5 and ionic strength
10" about 90% of the Ce in a solution is in the radiocolloidal form. A
multiple regression equation is presented which shows the effects of pH,
ionic strength, and Ce concentration on the formation of radiocolloidal Ce
144
in salt solutions. Humic acid absorbed much greater amounts of Ce and
restricted uptake by barley and soybean roots more than did bentonite in
the Ca-H saturated system. However, humic acid and bentonite absorbed
1 44
similar amounts of Ce in the K-H saturated systems. Mixing bentonite
and humic acid produced a synergistic-type effect in regard to Ce absorption.
It was proposed that the strong bonding of Ce by Ca-humic acid and humic
acid-bentonite mixtures resulted from a more favorable orientation of the
humic acid molecule for chelation of Ce. (auth)
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Brown, R.E., D.W. Pearce, W. de Laguna, E.G. Struxness, J.H. Morton, and
C.M. Patterson. 1958. Experience in the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
to the Ground. A/CONF.15/P/1767.
Up to 12 years of pracitcal experience in controlled waste disposal at
the Hanford Works, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Savannah
River Plant have provided a wealth of data on the feasibility of disposal
of radioactive liquid waste at shallow depths in the ground. The disposal
problems at the three sites are quite dissimilar since the environments are
markedly different. The geologic and hydrologic conditions at the three
sites indicated early in their history that at least small volumes of low
activity level wastes would be discharged to the ground but that disposal
of intermediate level materials demanded more detailed knowledge of the
geology, microhydrology and soil chemistry. Determination of the waste
behavior in the ground based upon laboratory research, field tests and the
extensive use of monitoring wells provided the data permitting the safe
disposal of many billions of liters of low to intermediate level waste
at Hanford. At the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Savannah River
Plant, similar earth sciences studies and field work have shown the inadvisa-
bility of ground disposal of high level radioactive liquids. Experience in
the use of cribs, trenches, seepage pits, and swamps at Hanford and Savannah
is discussed, (auth)
Brown, R.E. and H.G. Rupert. 1950. The Underground Disposal of Liquid
Wastes at the Hanford Works. HW-17088.
Field occurrences of Pu were noted as a result of waste disposal
operations. The bulk of the plutonium in waste solutions at near-neutral
pH was removed by the sediments relatively close to the disposal point.
Brownell, L.E., G.R. Chiaaramonte, and R.E. Issacson. 1970. A Stopper
for Radioactive Wastes. ARH-1658.
The recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences National
Research Council Committee on Geologic Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal
have been reviewed noting that "the concept the Committee favors above all
others (is) a procedure of disposal involving concentration of radioactive
solutions, their conversion to almost insoluble solids, and subsequent
burial far below freshwater aquifers in almost impermeable rock. . .". This
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objective may be fulfilled by conversion of radioactive wastes to insoluble
silicates similar to basalt and stable in basalt-water systems. A very
dense basalt with almost zero transmissibility at a depth between 3,000 and
3,200 feet below surface at Hanford, Washington should prove ideal for
such isolation. Cesium would be trapped as pollucite — a cesium aluminum
silicate clathrate, strontium as strontium anorthite and plutonium as plutonium
silicate an analog of zircon. Pollucite, anorthite and zircon are stable
mineral rocks, (auth)
Browne 11 , I.E., R.E. Isaacson, W.E. Ogren, and D.E. Griffing. 1974. Durability
Evaluation of Radioactive Wastes in Ceramic Form. ARH-SA-178.
Durable radioactive waste product forms are required to assure their
safe storage during the long time required for radioactive decay. Leaching
tests with water are used as a measure of the durability of the waste product
form. Experimental data have been accurately fitted with a polynomial
equation, the terms of which can be related to leaching mechanisms. The
mechanisms of ideal diffusion and chemical attack processes are a function
of time to the one-half power and first power, respectively. The generalized
equation for the total fraction leached, ft, up to and including complete
leaching, as a function of time, t, of a durable waste product has the form:
m z k ti/2
f = L ziKir
1=0
where k, is the leaching coefficient and zi is the phase affected by
the leaching mechanism, (auth)
Brownell, I.E., R.E. Isaacson, J.P. Sloughter, and M.D. Veatch. 1971.
Moisture Movement in Soils on the Hanford Reservation. ARH-2068.
Methods being studied are as follows: the thermodynamic method based
on water potential and thermocouple psychrometers; the tracer method using
atmospheric tritium; the annual water balance based on the annual heat
balance; the field lysimeter using thermocouple psychrometers; the influence
of soil breathing as a result of changes in barometric pressure; and the
8-117
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influence of soil stratification. Progress to date has involved the
installation of thermocouple psychrometers from the surface to the water
table 310 feet below. These instruments are in the process of equilibration.
Isothermal methods of analyzing water potential must be extended to include
nonisothermal conditions which are dominant at the Hanford Reservation. Tracer
techniques using tritium analyses of soil samples have successfully demonstrated
that archaic water exists in virgin soil at the Hanford Reservation from a
depth of approximately 7 meters to the water table, indicating that percolation
has been limited to lesser depths. The annual heat balance indicates that
quantities of water many times greater than the annual average precipitation
of 16 centimeters can be evaporated from the soils at the Hanford Reservation
during a normal summer. This indicates that the critical precipitation
(P/sub c/) value may be greater than 30 to 50 centimeters of water. More
precise values of the Bowen's ratio for the Hanford Reservation are required
to refine this computation. The field lysimeter is perhaps the most direct
method of determining the critical precipitation values for the Hanford
Reservation but as yet has not been used, (auth)
Brownell, I.E., C.H. Kindle, and T.L. Theis. 1973. Review of Literature
Pertinent to the Aqueous Conversion of Radionuclides to Insoluble Silicates
with Selected References and Bibliography. ARH-2731.
The type of aluminosilicate produced depends upon the composition of
the liquid waste and the reactants used. Waste with large amounts of
NaOH and NoNO., give a salt filled cancrinite. Relatively pure radioactive
cesium salts convert to mineral pollucite by clay reaction process
(reacting Bentonite, Pyrophyllite, or Kaolinite + silica gel with alkaline
solutions of cesium salts) reaction occurs by distillation of minerals
to form amorphous material and at temperatures 80-100°C produces spherical
crystallites of pollucite as a product. The presence of N03 in solution
causes the formation of cancrinite; whereas halites, phosphates, perchlorate
and other anions cause sodalite to form. The anions, in some cases, are
considered to behave as structural templates in zeolite crystallizations,
causing specific aluminosilicates to form.
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Clays react with alkaline wastes at relatively low temperature (70-100°c)
at 100°C reaction is fast, reaching completion less than one day. All
cations in groups II through VIII from insoluble silicates or aluminosilicates,
Bruckert, S. and F. Jacquin. 1969. Interaction Between Several Organic
Acids and Various Cations in Mull and Mor Humuses. Soil Biol. Biochem.
1:275-94 (in French).
An investigation was made of the movement and transformations of the
more abundant, low-molecular weight organic acids encountered in soil and
also of their effects on exchangeable cations. In soils with mull (humus) an
abundance of exchangeable cations combined with vigorous biological activity
favored psysicochemical retention and decomposition in situ of organic acids
and hindered their movement into the B horizon. In soils with mor (humus),
especially those with cold and wet climate, there was a pronounced movement
of citric, oxalic, and vanillic acids into the lower soil horizons during all
seasons of the year, whereas p-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumanic acids moved
during the winter. Among these simple compounds, only the aliphatic acids
were involved in the formation of complexes with Fe and Al, and the transport
of these sesquioxides into the B. horizon. In the spodic horizon all the
acids studied were in part mineralized to CO- but a major proportion was
incorporated into polymeric compounds. (CA)
Brungs, W.A. 1963. The Relative Distribution of Multiple Radionuclides
in a Fresh Water Pond. Thesis. Ohio State University.
There was an initial rapid loss of Cs, Zn and Cs from solution
following addition. Cobalt and zinc were principally associated with
suspended solids and cesium with bottom sediments. Strontium was slowly
85
removed from solution with 64% Sr still in solution after 4 days.
Eight % of the 60Co, 4% of the 65Zn and 5% of the 137Cs remained in solution
after 4 days.
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Brims, L. E. 1974. Aerial Gamma Survey by Helicopter to Measure Surficial
Contamination. ARH-SA-176.
A development project was carried out to determine whether aerial y
surveys could adequately measure the activity of high specific activity
Y emitters contaminating large surface areas. The survey successfully
137
measured the Cs activity and the total gross y over areas from less than
241
one square kilometer to 20 square kilometers. Also Am was successfully
measured over areas wherein the Cs was sufficiently low. Microcuries
per square meter were measured as low as 0.1 for Cs and Am. Other
radionuclides such as Co were also detected. An aerial neutron survey
was tried though its efficiency limited detection to areas having more
than ten kilograms Pu per 4,000 square meters. The aerial survey can
analyze a complete area thereby saving millions of dollars in statistical
sampling and analytical programs, (auth)
Bruns, L.E. 1974. Trip Report Nevada Applied Ecology Groups Meeting,
October 9-10, 1974. ARH-LD-106.
The meeting was attended by approximately 150 people and consisted of
three parts. The first day, October 9, 1974, consisted of presentations by
members of the Nevada Applied Ecology Group (NAEG). The second day was
divided into two pans; one, presentations on transuranic studies by
organizations other than NAEG and secondly, presentations by five repre-
sentatives of the Atomic Energy Commission - Headquarters (AEC-HQ) groups
concerning what they considered to be appropriate future research work. This
report is divided into four parts: (a) summary of the meeting, (b) NAEG
research highlights, (c) other research highlights, and (d) recommendations
for Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company derived from the meeting.
Bruns, L. E., K. T. Key, and B. A. Higley. 1977. Hanford Contaminated
Sediment Stabilization Studies. ARH-CD-640.
The major problems with radionuclide waste sites in the 200 Area
plateau on the Hanford Reservation is the high degree of toxicity or
Hazard Index (HI). Transport Factors (TF) are fortunately low but can
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increase with time and certainly with episodic events such as explosions
or earthquakes. Reducing the TFs one to three orders of magnitude by
affixation may eliminate or greatly minimize Hazards Available (HA) to man
despite time or episodic events.
Two major tests involving surface affixation were sponsored by the
Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company, one by Dowel 1 using M-166 and the
other by Battelie-Northwest comparing many different surface affixants.
The latex emulsion, M-166, appeared to be well suited for the Hanford desert
type area. Of the many surface affixants tested by Battelle-Northwest,
Coherex and Aerospray appeared to be the best. As an emergency precaution,
200 barrels of M-166 were purchased for surface affixation in case of a
range fire.
The subsurface affixants laboratory and field tests include organic
polymers, asphalt emulsions, concrete, AM-9, and sodium silicate-calcium
chloride-foramide grouts. The applications were second containment (or
leak prevention) of subsurface waste tanks and piping, grouting water wells
to prevent contamination leaking to the water table, and encompassing cribs,
trenches, burial grounds, and other subsurface sediment contaminations.
Organic polymers added strength to the soil, but penetration of the
viscous liquid was not as deep as desired; it may be good for situations
requiring only a few inches penetration, such as well grouting. The asphalt
emulsion looked promising as an easily injected well grouting material and
it may also be good for encompassing suosurface contaminated sediment plumes.
The sodium silicate-calcium chloride-formaide affixant appeared best for
second containment of waste tanks but may require the help of asphalt emul-
sion to ensure good coverage.
Future endeavors will be aimed at continued literature survey, working
with other sites, and consulting companies. More laboratory and field tests
are planned for both surface and suosurface grouts.
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Bryant, E. A., G. A. Cowan, W. R. Daniels, and W. J. Maeck. 1976. Oklo,
An Experiment in Long-Term Geologic Storage. LA-UR-76-701.
The article reviews the background of the 1.8-billion year old
reactor at Oklo, including analytical data, and relates them to fission
product migration. A table is given (Table 1) that outlines the migration
behavior of several elements and references to this behavior. Cesium,
strontium, iodine, technitium, and lesser amounts of ruthenium, migrated
from the site. The rare earths and actinides were mostly retained.
Bryant, G. T., J. T. O'Connor, and I. Wintner. 1961. Studies of Ruthenium
and Cesium Retention on Soil - Sawdust and Soil - Peat Mixtures. NYO-7834.
Investigations were made to determine whether ruthenium or cesium would
be retained in increasing amounts from sodium nitrate solution when the solu-
tion was stored in contact with soil and fermentable materials such as saw-
dust and peat. Using sodium nitrate solutions ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 M_
and storage periods up to 120 days, the following general results were
obtained: the retention of ruthenium on soil-sawdust mixtures increases
with storage period for sodium nitrate concentrations up to 2.0 M; some
increase in retention of ruthenium on soil-peat mixtures occurred, but the
increases were not very pronounced; and there was no appreciable increase in
retention with time of cesium on soil-sawdust mixtures; there was no increase in
retention with time of cesium on soil-peat mixtures. The peat, however, showed
a greater capacity for retaining cesium than the sawdust did. (auth)
Bucholz, J. T., W. H. Adams, C. W. Christenson, and E. B. Fowler. 1971.
More on the Plutonium Particle Size Problem. LADC-12898.
Soil Analyses are directly effected by the particle size of plutonium.
Larger plutonium particles tend to cause problems with analytical
reproduceability.
Buckner, M. R. and D. W. Hayes. 1975. Pollutant Transport in Natural
Streams. DP-MS-74-53.
A mathematical model was develooed to estimate the downstream effect
of pollutant releases to tributary streams and rivers. The one-dimensional
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dispersion model was employed along with a dead zone model to describe
stream transport behavior. Options are provided for sorption/desorption,
ion exchange, and particle desposition in the river. The model equations
are solved numerically by the LODIPS computer code. The solutions method
was verified by application to actual and simulated releases of radio-
nuclides and other chemical pollutants, (auth)
Bukhsh, M. N., J. Flegenheimer, F. M. Hall., A. G. Maddock, and
C. F. de Miranda. 1966. The Chemistry of Protactinium. The Fluoro-
Complexes. IN: Physico-Chimie Du Protactinium. No. 154. Colloques
InternationaT~Ou Centre National De La Recherche. Scientifique.
pp. 181-188.
Ion-exchange and conductimetric titration experiments suggest the
existence of the PaF0 " anion. Pure samples of K0PaF, and Na-PaF0 have
o c. I J o
been prepared and analyzed. The salt KPaFc has been made, but a completely
o
pure product could not be obtained from solution. Some observations have
been made on the I.R. and n.m.r. spectra of the three complexes. Using an
electrochemical method a preliminary set of values for the successive com-
plexing constants k, g for the protactinium fluoro-complexes has been
obtained.
Bunker, C. M. and C. A. Bush. 1968. Radioelement Composition of Surface
Soil in Adams County, Colorado. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 600-B,
pp. 71-5.
Eighty-three samples collected from the Bennett, Manila, Horse Creek,
and Sunnydale seven and one-half minute quadrangle areas near Denver,
Colorado, were analyzed to determine the radioelement content and distri-
bution. The radioelement concentrations are: 7:7 to 19.0 ppm thorium,
0.7 to 3.3 ppm radium-equivalent uranium, and 2.07 to 3.75 percent
potassium. These data provide ground control for a proposed calibration
of the U.S. Geological Survey's airborne gamma-radiation detection
systems, (auth)
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Buntebarth, G. 1976. Distribution of Uranium in Intrusive Bodies Due to
Combined Migration and Diffusion. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 32:84-90.
Uranium is enriched in the border zones of magmatic bodies and the
enrichment is believed to be caused by the migration of hydrous solutions
which carry that element along intergranular paths towards the contact
zone with the wall rock. It is proposed that the contact zone is a geo-
chemical barrier at which the uranium, present in the solution, would
be deposited if it were not for diffusion away from the increased con-
centration at the margins. The two particle flows, the one caused by
migration and the other caused by diffusion can be described by a
differential equation, whose solution is the concentration of uranium as
a function of time, diffusion coefficient and velocity of migration. The
distribution of uranium in two intrusive bodies, the Mont Blanc granite
(Swiss Alps) and a pluton in the Dshetui-Oguz massif (U.S.S.R.), gives the
following parameters: duration of process 0.3-1 m.y., diffusion coefficient
4 x 10 to 5 x 10" cm/s, and velocity of migration 0.1-0.3 cm/year. The
combined process of migration and diffusion is assumed to be an important
mechanism for controlling the distribution of uranium throughout the earth's
crust and for its change in geological time, (auth)
Burger, L. L. 1955. The Stability of Hexone Toward Nitric Acid with
Reference to the Thorex Process. HW-36315RD.
No vigorous reactions have been observed for conditions less severe
than hexone containing 3 M HN03 at temperatures above 70°C. At this acid
concentration, the addition of 0.01 ^ HN02 can lead to a rapid and occasionally
explosive reaction if the temperature is permitted to rise without control.
The reactions in hexone containing one to two molar nitric acid depend
on the nitrous acid present. With no added nitrous acid, the solutions are
visibly stable at 60-70°C for several hours. The addition of 0.01 M HN02
will produce a deep yellow color in 10 minutes at 45°C.
Thorium nitrate may increase the rate of color formation slightly, but
no marked catalytic effect has been observed.
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A typical Thorex solution containing 0.2 ^ Th(NO.,K and 1.3 M_ HNO.,
reacts slowly with hexone at room temperature to produce a light blue
color (typical of the initial Hexone-HNO^ reaction) which changes to a
slight yellow-brown color in several hours. At 60°C, a deep yellow color
is produced in ten minutes and at 85-90°C a slow gas-producing reaction
begins. '
Burger, L. L. 1958. The Decomposition Reactions of Tributyl Phosphate
and Its Diluents and Their Effect on Uranium Recovery Processes. IN:
Progress in Nuclear Energy - Series III. Volume 2. Process Chemistry.
pp. 307-319.
The properties of tribuyl phosphate and its common contaminants are
discussed. Tributyl phosphate decomposition occurs mainly by hydrolysis.
Rate constants for the reaction are given as a function of temperature
and phase composition. Impurities which are important from a process stand-
point may also be introduced by radiation-induced decomposition of tributyl
phosphate and by chemical and radiation decomposition of the diluents that
are usually employed with it. (auth)
Burgus, W. H. and E. S. Grimmett. 1954. Evaluation of Waste Disposal by
Electrode - lonization and Clay Absorption. IDO-14367.
Results of an evaluation of a waste handling process consisting of
electrodeionization to reduce aluminum content followed by absorption of the
fission products on clay are presented. A tentative flowsheet is included.
(NSA)
Burgus, W. H. and E. S. Grimmett. 1957. Evaluation of Waste Disposal by
Electrode - lonization and Clay Absorption. IDO-14367 (Del.).
An evaluation of waste disposal by electrodeionization and clay absorp-
tion was made. A description of the process, engineering feasibility, flow-
sheets, and a rough cost estimate for the process are given. (NSA)
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Burke, G. deP. and Marcin, D. G. 1974. Computer Program for Calculating
Various Parameters Related to Soil-Water Balance. HASL-282.
A computer code for the routine calculation of various climatic
parameters was developed based on a soil-water balance model developed by
Thornthwaite and Mather. The parameters calculated are useful for corre-
lation with time changes of the environmental gamma radiation exposure
caused by variations in the density of the soil water medium and the amount
of surplus water on the surface acting as a shield against radiation from
the ground. Required input to the code includes information on general
soil and vegetation type, soil water holding capacity, hours of sunlight,
and routine Weather Service temperature and precipitation data. Output
includes values of water storage, water surplus and deficit, and actual
evapotranspiration. The code, job rain, is written in Fortran IV for an
IBM 360-30 and is listed in the report, (auth)
Burkholder, H. C. 1976. The reconcentration Phenomenon of Radionuclide
Chain Migration. IN; Nuclear Waste Management and Transportation Quarterly
Progress Report, January Through March 1976. BNWL-2029, pp. 1.8-1.24.
The potential reconcsntration of radionuclide decay products during
their transport by flowing groundwater from underground geologic nuclear
waste disposal sites to the biosphere is analyzed. The calculations show
that the predicted maximum (but not the average) nuclide discharge rates to
the biosphere for certain nuclides in particular disposal environments can
increase above their corresponding values for surface storage. Thus as a
result of geologic isolation the largest dose that any individual receives
throughout geologic time from these particular nuclides can be increased
above doses from surface storage even though the discharge of the nuclides
to the biosphere has been significantly delayed. Conversely, the doses
averaged over all geologic time are decreased from surface storage doses as
a result of the geologic isolation. Both the magnitude and range of occur-
rence of the phenomenon are functions of the adsorption properties of the
geologic medium, the migration path length to the biosphere, and the leach
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rate of the waste form. The results of this investigation emphasize the need
to perform a thorough and comprehensive safety analysis of nuclear waste man-
agement systems and to establish the acceptability criteria for geologic
isolation systems with great care, (auth)
Burkholder, H. C. 1976. Nuclear Waste Partitioning Incentives. IN: Proc.
Conference on Management of Radioactive Waste: Waste Partitioning as an
Alternative. NR-CONF-001, pp. 444-463.
The incentives for separating and eliminating various elements from
radioactive waste prior to final geologic storage have been examined. The
study required evaluation of numerous parameters concerning the transport
of radioactivity from the geologic storage repository to man. Available
data were used whenever possible, but many of the study parameters had to
be estimated. The values used were either consistent with current know-
ledge or were selected to maximize the calculated potential radiation
doses; thus incentives for removing various elements from the waste were
greatly increased. In addition, incentives were greatly overestimated by
neglecting all short-term risks and by assuming that elements removed from
the waste could be eliminated from the earth without risk. The conclusion
that the incentives for removal of any elements, including the transuranics,
from high-level waste are vanishingly small was based on comparison of the
predicted potential radiation doses with routine doses from natural sources.
The study found that there are reasonable conditions of geologic emplacement
where the predicted incremental dose to man is calculated to be at least as
low as one-tenth of "background." Additional investigation can reduce the
uncertainties present in the study. Such investigation should be the major
focus of future research related to partitioning, if any is undertaken.
(auth)
Burkholder, H. C. and G. E. Koester. 1975. Radionuclide Migration from
Salt Formations. IN: Nuclear Waste Management and Transportation
Quarterly Progress Report, January Through March 1975. SNWL-1913.
Th authors have modelled the migration of radionuclides from a salt
geologic storage site by estimating the effects of strong brine solutions
on radionuclide adsoprtion coefficients.
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Burney, 6. A. and R. M. Harbour. 1974. Radiochemistry of Neptunium.
NAS-NS-3060.
The book deals with general properties and solid and solution phase
chemistry of neptunium. The methods of analysis and procedures for
separating neptunium from various materials are also discussed.
Burns, R. E. and M. J. Stedwell. 1957. Volume Reduction of Radioactive
Waste by Carrier Precipitation. Chem. Eng. Prog. 53:93-95.
A new waste-scavenging process removes cesium-137 and strontium-90
on carrier precipitates, permitting the disposal of large volumes of wastes
to ground. The demonstrated ability of metal ferrocyanides to remove Cs
from aqueous wastes suggests their use in a Cs recovery process, (auth)
Burton, J. D., W. B. Guenther, and H. M. Owen. 1964. Profile of Natural
Radioactivity in Hartsells Loam. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28:500-1.
During the summer of 1961 bulk samples at 4-in. to 30-in. depth incre-
ments were collected at 15 random locations within an apparently uniform
single acre of Hartsells loam in an oak-hickory timber stand on the Cumberland
Plateau in Tennessee. Net radioactivity, total potassium content, and
mechanical fractions were determined in the laboratory. After samples were
stored in sealed containers for 7 days, activity was counted again and
found to be increased. Linear regressions of initial activity on silt-olus-
clay and on K, K on silt-plus-clay, and 7-day activity on clay, on K, and
on 1-day activity were highly significant. Distributions of K, and of
initial activity in the soil profile were more closely related to the pro-
file of total fines than the clay curve. Initial activity was believed to
40
be due largely to K, but activity gain during storage was probably due
to daughters of 238U. (auth}
B-128
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Butler, F. E., R. Lieberman, A. B. Strong, and U. R. Moss. 1971. Sampling
and Analysis of Soils for Plutonium. IN: Fowler, E. B., R. W. Henderson,
and M. F. Milligan (co-chairmen). Proceedings of Environmental Plutonium
Symposium, held at LASL, August 4-5. LA-4756, pp. 47-50.
This paper describes the progress in analysis of soils artificially
spiked with plutonium, soils containing particulate plutonium deposited
from a processing plant, and soils containing fallout plutonium. The
emphasis is on distribution of the actinide determined after both fusion
and acid leaching techniques.
The residue from multiple evaporations of soil with hydrofluoric acid
is fused with potassium fluoride and potassium pyrosulfate, dissolved in
dilute sulfuric acid, and the solution evaporated to remove fluorides.
Plutonium is then extracted with a hydrochloric acid solution with tri-
isootylamine (TIOA) and stripped from TIOA with dilute acid. Plutonium is
coprecipitated with LaF^, the precipitate filtered onto a 0.2 u polycarbonate
filter membrane, and the plutonium counted in an alpha spectrometer.
Recovery, indicated by Pu-239 tracer added to each sample, is 75 ± 6%
for 5 g soils. Recovery is higher for smaller samples. Assays of five
interlaboratory cross-check soils in the range 0.5 to 16.0 pCi/g yielded
an average error of only 3.65o by this method, (auth)
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California, University of. 1962. Studies of the Migration of Radioisotopss
in Homogeneous Vertical Columns. 2nd Ann. Rpt. UCRL-13048.
Several factors affect the transport of radioactive substances by water
through granular earth materials. The distribution coefficient is one such
factor and measurements of it were made for two mesh sizes of Ottawa quartz
sand and microcline. The coefficients for cesium in fine sand and fine
microcline ranged respectively from about 0.1 to 8.0, and 3.0 to 41 for a
+ -2 -5
variation in K concentration from 10 to 10 molar. The coefficients for
+ 2+
Cs vs Ca exchange for coarse quartz sand and fine quartz sand ranged
respectively between 2.5 and 4, and 7 and 13. The distribution coefficients
+ 2+
for Cs vs Ca and microcline ranged from 15 to 26 for the coarse sand and
22 to 60 for the fine sand. Exchange column studies were done using quartz
sand, quartz, and microcline in two sizes, 20 to 30 and 50 to 60 mesh, and
. , o i
several concentrations of KT, Na , or Ca as the carrier or eluting cation.
Pulses of cesium and strontium of 10 ml size were placed on the minerals in
lucite columns and eluted at flow rates of 10 or 1 cm per hour. An approximate
correlation was possible between the K, data and the column data. Other factors
affecting the movement of radioactivity in granular minerals in columns are
as follows: the rate of uptake of the activity by the minerals, the rate of
elution of the adsorbed radioactivity, the velocity of the water, hydraulic
dispersion, and the chemical nature of the water, minerals, and radioactive
substances. All of the aforementioned factors were expressed in a nonlinear
differential equation formulated by Joseph E. Knox. A numerical method is
being developed for calculating column histories, (auth).
Calvo, M. M. 1974. The Role of Humic Natural Organic Matter in Uranium
Concentration. IN: Formation of Uranium Ore Deposits. IAEA-SM-183/33.
The paper reports a short experiment on the metal!ogenetic aspects of
the uranium-organic matter association in nature. The author carried out
several experiments on uranium fixation by organic matter with different
degrees of maturity. Although further studies are considered necessary,
the results already obtained lead to the following conclusion: when
uraniferous solutions come into contact with humic organic matter, the
efficiency and nature of the uranium-organic matter association thus
C-l
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established depends on the degree of carbonization attained by the humic
material. At the beginning of the development process, the organic matter
has high chemical activity and the uranium tends to occur in stable organic
phases. As the process continues, a stage is reached from which uranium
tends to form its own minerals independently of organic matter. From the
coalification stage onwards the tendency towards uranium-organic matter
association becomes increasingly less in any form. Petrographically, the
humic constituents to which uranium is closely and positively related belong
to the huminite maceral group. Lastly, it is considered that when the
organic matter is present as an accessory constituent in other sedimentary
rocks and with quite low maturity indices, there is greater favorability
for the formation of uranium deposits, (auth)
Campbell, D. 0. 1966. Studies of the Behavior of Protactinium in Sulfuric
Acid. IN: Physico-Chimie Du Protactinium. No. 154. Colloque-Internationaux
Du Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique. pp. 209-224.
Our studies of the chemistry of protactinium in sulfuric acid solutions
have continued, utilizing primarily the solvent extraction method. Emphasis
has been placed on the behavior at relatively high protactinium concentra-
tions, up to several mg/ml. Data is reported for extractions into 0.03 M
trilaurylamine from 2.5, 3.2, and 4.17 M sulfuric acid. In all cases a
reasonably constant extraction coefficient is observed if the protactinium
concentration in the aqueous phase is below about 0.004 mg/ml, but at higher
concentrations extraction increases sharply. Above 0.01 mg/ml consistent
extraction coefficients are observed for the higher acid concentrations,
but for 2.5 M acid results are not reproductible. Rates of extraction are
very slow for the higher protactinium concentrations. The change in
extraction behavior with protactinium concentration is interpreted in terms
of the existence of several species which are probably polymeric in
protactinium. At least two of these are extractable, but the species formed
at higher protactinium concentrations are inextractable although they
reach equilibrium with the extractable species very slowly.
C-2
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Preliminary results are presented for measurements of the ultraviolet
absorption spectra. Three different spectra have been observed for
protactinium in concentrated sulfuric acid, depending on the source of
protactinium. This indicates that the spectra may yield some evidence
about species in these solutions.
Carey, A. G., Jr. and N. H. Cutshall. 1973. Zinc-65 Specific Activities
from Oregon and Washington Continental Shelf Sediments and Benthic
Invertebrate Fauna. IN: Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment.
IAEA, Vienna, pp. 287-305.
Relationships between the benthic invertebrate fauna and sediments on
the continental shelf of Oregon and Washington were investigated by determin-
65
ing specific activities of Zn. Zinc-65, induced by neutron activation in
Columbia River water used to cool plutonium production reactors at Richland,
Washington, was carried down the river and into the marine environment.
Sediment from the Columbia River moves northward. Zinc-65 specific ac-
tivities in sediment and benthic invertebrates decrease northward with
distance from the river and westward with both distance and depth. Many
organisms to the south of the river mouth and westward with depth have higher
Zn specific activities than the sediments in, or on, which they live.
Other sources of Zn via the food web are suspected as the cause for the
difference in specific activity between the sediment and benthic fauna.
Long-term declines in bZn specific activities were noted. Many species from
a range of trophic levels were included in the study, (auth)
Carfagno, 0. G., and W. H. Westendorf. 1972. Environmental Monitoring
Report: July-December 1971 and 1971 Summary. MLM-1922.
The environment surrounding Mound Laboratory was monitored and reported
on for the second half of 1971 and for the entire year. Samples analyzed and
reported on include air, water, foodstuffs, soil, and silt. For radioactive
species the average concentrations of polonium 210, plutonium 238 and tritium
detected were well within the stringent standards adopted by the Atomic Energy
Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency. Data concerning non-
radioactive species in air and water are presented for the first time. Data for
these indicate the Mound Laboratory operations have negligible effect on the
environment, (auth)
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Carlile, B. L. and B. F. Hajek. 1967. Soil Radionuclide Adsorption and
Participate Filtration in an N-Area Soil. BNWL-CC-995.
Interim experimental results are reported from an investigation
of the extent of radionuclide movements, both ionic and participate, from a
Hanford ground disposal facility designed for disposal of radioactive waste
coolant generated in the event of a reactor primary loop failure incident.
Laboratory soil column investigations with high activity Cs and Sr solutions
showed breakthrough values to be appreciably higher than previously extrapolated
predictions for the soils. From the breakthrough pattern obtained in the
initial phase of this study, it was evident that some phenomena other than ion
exchange was responsible for this effluent activity. The three possible
mechanisms of activity transportation are ionic solution transport, diffusive
movement, and collodial or particulate migration. Since only the latter mech-
anism could result in the breakthrough pattern obtained in this study the
possibility of particulate migration was investigated, and preliminary results
are reported. (NSA)
Carpenter, R. 1973. Columbia River Effects in the Northeast Pacific:
Chemical and Geological Studies. Progress Report, May 1972-May 1973.
RLO-2225-T-24-14. (NSA)
Sedimentation rates of the Northeast Pacific continental shelf and
slope adjacent to the point of inflow of the Columbia River during approximately
the past hundred years were measured using radiometric analysis of natural
occurring Pb and Po and C dating of drill core samples from various
locations and depths. The results showed that Columbia River sediments do
not accumulate uniformly over the shelf or move uniformly over the shelf
break and downslope. An attempt was made to find Hanford-derived radionuclides
in surface sediments but no Co or Zn was detected. The effects of the
salinity of the seawater mixing zone on the diffusion of Columbia River
fluorine and mercury were also studied. (NSA)
C-4
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Carrigan, P. H., R. J. Pickering, T. Tamura, and R. Forbes. 1967.
Radioactive Materials in Bottom Sediment of Clinch River: Part A,
Investigations of Radionuclides in Upper Portion of Sediment. ORML-3721
(Suppl. 2A).
Cs was the dominant radionuclide found in the bottom sediments of
the Clinch and Tennessee Rivers. The highest Cs concentration was found
in the Clinch River bottom sediments (100 pCi/g). High adsorption of
Cs was ascribed to the high illitic-type mineral content of the sediment
clay fraction. Sand and silt sizes consisted of mostly quartz. As
radioactive material was hydraulically dispersed, concentration of radionuclides
in bottom sediments decreased.
Carroll, D. 1960. Ion Exchange in Clays and Other Minerals. Geol. Soc.
Am. Bull. 70:749-780.
A review of ion exchange phenomena in clay minerals, zeolites and
some feldspathoids as it relates to mineral structures, expecially the
layer silicates. Capacity ranges are given for the minerals and fixation
is discussed.
Cassano, G., G. Lenzi, and A. Mazocchi. 1970. Composition of CRN Trisaia
Sand and Clay and Their Ability to Absorb Some Fission Products.
RT/PROT-(70)5 (in Italian).
The mineralogical and grading composition of the CRN Trisaia's sand
and its clayey component were studied. Also, the pleistocene based clay
was studied by diffractometric and DTA methods. The sand is mainly composed
of quartz and plagioclase grains, calcite, with small amounts of heavy
minerals (pyroxene and magnetite type). The clay part of the sand, like
the underlying clay, is composed of the mineral illite (more or less some
impurities constituted of calcite and quartz) with minimum traces of vermiculite.
Studies were made of the distribution coefficients for Cs, Sr, Ce, in the
sand and clay relating to various parameters e.g., grain size and the presence
and concentration of external ions and pH. The cesium sorption from clay is
practically influenced only by K+ at a concentration of 10" N; on the contrary,
C-5
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_LJ. -I'H'
strontium is practically influenced by Ca and Mg . The pH optimum in
the sand that is in the clay is in the range of 4 to 8. (auth)
Cassol , A., L. Magon, R. Portanova, and E. Tondello. 1972. Hydrolysis of
Plutonium (VI): Acidity Measurements in Perchlorate Solutions. Radiochimica
Acta. 17:28-32.
The hydrolysis equilibria of the plutonyl (VI) ion have been studied at
25 °C in solutions with 1 M (Na)ClO.. by e.m.f. measurements of [H ]. The
VI
experimental data obtained at various Pu concentrations in the range 0.1-
30 mM indicate that the main hydroxo complexes are polynuclear. Several
combinations of hydrolysis products were tried in order to get the best
fit with the data, using graphical procedures and a least squares program.
It is concluded that, in the range of n values from 0 to 1 , the species
produced in important amounts and their equilibrium constants are:
(OH]+, log *B11 = -5.97 + 0.05; [Pu02)2 (OH)2]2+, log *S22 = -8.51 * 0.05;
[(Pu02)3(OH)5]+, log *853 = -22.16 + 0.03. (auth)
Cataldo, D. A., E. L. Klepper, and D. K. Craig. 1975. Fate of Plutonium
Intercepted by Leaf Surfaces-Leachability and Translocation to Seed and
Root Tissues. IAEA-SM-1 99/60.
A low windspeed plant exposure chamber was employed for the generation
and deposition of particulate plutonium-238, -nitrate, -citrate, and -oxide
(fresh and aged) onto foliage of Phaseolus vulgaris. Physical deposition
characteristics and particle sizing were routinely measured and deposition
parameters calculated. At wind speeds of 0.4 cm sec" , deposition veloci-
ties for these compounds were of the order 10" cm sec" with deposition
238 2 1
rates onto exposed foliage of 0.26 to 0.52 pg Pu cm sec . The fate
of surface-deposited Pu compounds with respect to chemical modification and
Teachability was evaluated by leaching with synthetic "rainwater" and
0.1% HN03 solutions. Leaching of contaminated foliage with acidified
solutions resulted in a l-to-9 fold increase in Pu removal from foliar
surfaces, depending upon chemical form, as compared to rainwater. Sequential
leaching of foliage at 1 , 7, 14, or 21 days after contamination indicated
a reduced Teachability of surface deposits with residence time on the leaf.
C-6
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The extent of leaching and concentration of soluble component was dependent
on chemical form supplied (Pu-citrate > -nitrate > -aged oxide > -fresh
oxide). The bioavailability of Pu as measured by translocation of foliarly-
deposited plutonium to root and seed tissue was markedly affected by the
presence of a solution vector (i.e., simulated rainfall), and also the
timing of its application. Accumulation ratios (AR) were increased by as
much as three orders of magnitude when precipitation coincided with the time
of maximum bean development. AR values for roots and seed tissue in the
absence of a solution vector were from 10" to < 10"°. In the presence
of a solution vector, AR values were substantially increased (10 to 10 ).
Cave, L. and L. Freedman. 1975. A Statistical Evaluation of the Radiotoxicity
of Inhaled Plutonium in Insoluble Form. IAEA-SM-199/1.
The purpose of the paper is to analyse statistically the available
human data relating to plutonium toxicity, to see whether two outstanding
uncertainties can be resolved, viz:
1. Whether there is a marked increase in toxicity with size of
particle, due to a "hot particle" effect
2. Whether the commonly used value of 0.016 u ci for the maximum
permissible lung burden for occupational workers is an adequate
interpretation of the ICRP recommendation that the dose to
the lung should not exceed 15 rem per year.
Of tne human data available, only that for the group of 25 LASL
workers who acquired substantial lung burdens during 1944/45 can, at
present, make a substantial contribution to the statistical analysis.
Data relating to particle size distribution in plutonium handling
facilities is reviewed. This review shows that it is reasonable to assume
that the distributions to which these workers were exposed was reasonably
representative of those which might be encountered in the normal operation
of such facilities, and in accident conditions at such plants or at such
nuclear power stations.
C-7
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The statistical methods employed provide estimates of "risk factors"
in terms of unit activity burden or per particle. They are able to take
account of substantial random errors in the basic data and to give an
appropriate weight to various hypotheses as to the extent, if any, of a "hot
particle" effect.
The results of the analysis give little support to the view that there
is a substantial "hot particle" effect. Some published estimates of "risk
per particle" appear to be too large by factors of at least 1000.
The total exposure represented by the available human data is not
yet large enough to substantiate fully, on a statistical basis, the value of
0.016 y ci for the maximum permissible lung burden. However, regarded as a
"best estimate" this value should not be too high by a factor of more than
15 or, by a factor of more than 40 at the 95 per cent upper confidence level.
The occurrence of 1 or 2 cases of lung cancer, attributable to their
plutonium exposure, in the LASL group during the next 20 years would not
lead to a gross change in these limiting values for the risk factor, (auth)
Cearlock, 0. B. 1968. Transport Analysis: Basic Predictive Aporoach
to the Movement of Pollutants Through Soils. BNWL-SA-671.
Transport analysis for determining distribution of pollutants through
soil is discussed. Since the transport equation describes two independent
phenomena, fluid movement and pollutant reactions (the reactions of the
pollutant with its environment), the analysis was simplified by investigating
them separately. The transport equation was then used to combine these into
one interrelated equation which yields the concentration distribution of the
pollutants involved. (NSA)
Cearlock, D. B. 1968. Transport Analysis: Basic Predictive Approach
to the Movement of Pollutants Through Soils. BNWL-481-3, pp. 34-8.
An accurate knowledge of the concentration distribution of pollutants
in a ground water system is an essential element in effective waste disposal
C-8
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management where effluents are discharged to the ground. A transport equation
was developed with which concentration distributions of pollutants in a
groundwater flow system can be determined. With this equation the two main
independent phenomena which affect the transport of pollutants through
soils, fluid movement and pollutant reactions, are combined into one
interrelated equation which yields the concentration distribution of the
pollutants involved, and permits the separate investigation of the reaction
aspect of transport analysis independent of the flow aspects. (MSA)
Cearlock, D. B., R. C. Routson, and C. A. Bryan. 1970. Mathematical
Simulation of Groundwater Transport of Radionuclides at Hanford.
BNWL-SA-3494.
A method for predicting the distribution and movement of radio-
isotopes in heterogeneous subsurface environments is being developed to
improve understanding of the radiological effects of environmental waste
disposal practices at Hanford. The transport equation used to predict
the time-dependent, concentration distribution in saturated and unsaturated
soils is discussed. Experiments performed to determine the effects of
concentration of solution macroions on radioisotope adsorption, particularly
Sr adsorption, and to obtain ion exchange data are described. Data on the
energy potential of water in the Hanford soil were obtained to study the
deep percolation of rainfall. The tritium content of deep well waters was
measured to study the characteristics of the confined aquifer, the inter-
relations between the surface and confined aquifers, and the effects of
Hanford operations on the water quality in the confined aquifer. Finally a
method for developing a computer program for visually displaying the ground
water contours and flow paths for the measured aquifer conditions is described.
(NSA)
Cerrai, E., M. G. Mezzadri, B. Schreiber, C. Triulzi. 1970. Some radio-
activity Measurements of Sediment Samples Collected in the North Adriatic
Sea. Energia Nucleare. 17:176-181.
Some sediment samples,, collected in the Adriatic Sea on 15th January, 1966
90
during the N/0 Bannock cruise, were analysed to determine the content of Sr,
C-9
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226Ra, 137Cs, 144Ce, 147Pm, 155Eu, 60Co, and 125Sb. Considered samples
consisted of 1-cm and 5-cm thick upper layers of sediment.
Results point out a more radioactive content in the fine fraction of
sediment samples collected North of 45° parallel. Besides, a comparison is
reported between these radioactivity data and those concerning coastal sediment
samples of the Ligurian Sea. (auth)
Cerrai, E., M. G. Mezzadri, and C. Triulzi. 1969. Sorption Experiments
of Strontium, Cesium, Promethium, and Europium on Marine Sediment Samples.
Energia Nucleare. 16:378-85.
Radioactive strontium, cesium, promethium, and europium solutions in
sea water or salt environments were contacted with marine sediment samples
to determine activity percent uptake and distribution coefficients in batch
experiments. Activity percent uptake was measured as a function of sediment
weight up to 200 mg. Sorption appreciably increases in the order: strontium,
cesium, rare earths. Leaching experiments were also carried out to evaluate
the extent of radioactivity release in the case of cesium, promethium, and
europium contaminated sediments. The radioactive isotopes used were:
137Cs, 89Sr, 147Pm, and 152Eu. (auth}
90
Cerrai, E., B. Schreiber, and C. Triulzi. 1965. Sr in Upper Layers
of Coastal Sediments of the Ligurian Sea and Contribution of Some
Radionuclides to Their Radioactivity. Energia Nucleare. 12:549-52.
90
The content of Sr was determined in samples of upper layers of
coastal sediments by using the first five portions of three cores collected
90
at a bottom depth of either 85 or 120 m. The presence of Sr was detected
in the first three portions, which corresponded to a 6-cm thick layer. The
on on 144 144 147
contribution of Sr + *UY, 4\e + IHTr and IH/Pm to the gross beta radio-
activity of the upper layer of one of the cores was also evaluated, (auth)
C-10
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Cerrai, E., B. Schreiber, and C. Triulzi. 1966. Ra, Io, Th and U in Some
Coastal Sediment Samples of the Liqurian Sea. Energia Nucleare. 13:680-6.
A reversed-phase chromatographic method was used in the separation of
226n_ 230TU 232TU ._, 238
JRa
230 232 238
, Th, Th, and U found in three coastal sediment cores from
the Ligurian Sea. Alpha sources were prepared by electrolytic deposition,
and all determinations were made by a spectroscopy. Values are given as
grams per gram of sediment and these values are compared with samples from
other seas. (NSA)
Cerrai, E., B. Schreiber., C. Triulzi. 1967. Vertical Distribution of
90C 144r 147D a
Sr, Ce, Pm, ai
Nucleare. 14:586-92.
QO 144 147 155
Sr, Ce, Pm, and Eu in Coastal Marine Sediments. Energia
90 144 147
The vertical distribution of the content of Sr, Ce, Pm, and
Eu in coastal sediment samples of the Ligurian Sea is reported. Ten
subsequent 2-cm thick fractions were analyzed beginning from the top of the
cores. Such fractions derive from the blending of the corresponding 7-core
fractions collected at 50 m depth. The chemical and radiochemical procedures
used are described for the separation of strontium and rare earths, both
contained in an acidic extract. Particular care was taken during processing
and measurements, owing to the small activities involved. Radioactivity
2 90
deposited on the bottom results to be, in pCi/cm , 0.298 for Sr, 10.9 for
144Ce, 15.99 for 147Pm, and 1.81 for 155Eu. (auth)
234 ?18
Chalov, P. I., K. I. Merkulova, and T. V. Tuzova. 1966. The "V u
Ratio in Waters and Bottom Sediments of the Aral Sea and the Absolute
Age of the Basin. Geokhimiya. No. 12:1431-8 (in Russian).
734 ?38
The results of U/ U ratio study in waters and bottom sediments
of the Aral Sea are reported. On the basis of U decayed data the
absolute age of the Aral Sea (139 +_ 12 thousand years), the upper limits of
the date of the Amu Darya bend towards the Aral Sea and the Minor Sea
existence (22 thousand years) have been established, (auth)
C-ll
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Chalov, P. I., N. A. Svetlichnaya, and T. V. Tuzova. 1970. Isotopic Com-
position of Uranium (23\|, 238U) in Waters and Bottom Sediments of the
Balkhash Lake and the Time of the Basin Existence. Geokhimiya. No. 7:
848-54 (in Russian).
234 238
The results of U/ U ratio studies in waters and bottom sediments of the
Balkhash Lake are reported. On the basis of the data received according to
*y nyi
U decay, the absolute age of the Balkhash Lake (37 +_ 7 thousand years)
was established, (auth)
Chalov, P. I., N. A. Svetlichnaya, and T. V. Tuzova. 1973. Use of Nonequi-
librium Uranium for the Establishment of a Connection Between Inland Bodies
of Water in the Past. Geokhimiya. No. 6:897-902 (in Russian).
234 238
The nonequilibrium ratio between U and U is used for the geo-
chronology of the continental basins and for establishing a relation between
the Balkhash and Ala-Kul lakes in Kasakh SSR. The 234U/238U ratio (R) is
determined with an ionization a-spectrometer with a resolution of 50-60 keV.
The ages of the Balkhash (37 2 7) and Ala-Kul (49 ± 7 x 1000 yr) are calcu-
late based on the U/ U ratio. However, the R of the bottom sediments
of these two lakes differ from each other suggesting that they had different
modes of origin. (CA)
Champlin, J. B. F. 1967. Transport of Ruthenium and Sodium Through a
Simulated Aquifer. IN: Proc. of Symp. on Groundwater Hydrology,
San Francisco, CA. Nov. 6-8, 1967. Marino, M. A. (ed.). Urbana, III,
AWRA.
Two chemically diverse elements, sodium and ruthenium, were used to
investigate the mechanism of ion transport through a model aquifer. A
large box containing 1600 pounds of sand was constructed with permeable
end-plates to permit horizontal flow. A radioactive solution containing
103
Ru was passed into the packed sand bed and the movement of the activity
through the sand was observed by use of a Geiger—Mueller probe from the
outside. Collection of the effluent showed a small portion of the total ra-
dioactivity had actually penetrated the sand bed with the water front. A
significant portion of the effluent radioactivity was found associated
with suspended fine particulate matter sufficiently large to be trapped
C-12
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on 0.45 micron membrane filters. Its radioactivity was determined and compared
24
with the total received in the effluent. A similar procedure, using Na as a
tracer ion, led to the conclusion that some fine particulates in the sand
bed exchanged ions with the solution and were sufficiently mobile in suspension
to travel through the bed with the water into the effluent. This mechanism
of ion transport appears to have much in common with the manner of migration
of ions, such as ruthenium, observed in the field. The physical nature of
these particles is considered and a discussion of the potential of using
tagged particulates for water flow studies is included, (auth)
Champlin, J. B. F. 1969. Transport of Radioisotopes by Fine Particulate
Matter in Aquifers. PB-232179.
Information on the long-term movement of radioactive fission products
and other pollutants from waste pits, fallout, and underground nuclear
explosions is persued through theoretical and experimental investigations of
the various phenomena that pertain to ion transport or retention by soils.
.The theoretical section explores the interactions between solids in water
that result from thermal forces, electrostatic charges, and Van der Waals
forces. The particle range considered is that of the large colloid to the
finest silt. Special attention is given to sources of energy sufficient
to cause breakage of adsorption bonds, additive bonding, and the relation-
ship between suspended particles and the granules making up the aquifer.
The experimental section explores factors which influence either retention
of radioactivity by the sand bed or transport of the activity through
such a bed by micro-particles. (NSA)
Champlin, J. B. 1970. Transport of Radioisotopes by Fine Particulate
Matter in Aquifers. Thesis. Georgia Inst. of Tech.
The information required to explain the long-range movement of
radioactive fission products from waste pits, fallout, and underground
nuclear explosions, as well as that of other environmental pollutants
was sought. Both theoretical and experimental investigations of the various
phenomena that pertain to ion transport or retention by soils are included.
C-13
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The theoretical section delves into the interactions between solids in water
that result from thermal forces, electrostatic charges, and van der Waals
forces. The particle range considered is that of the large colloid to the
finest silt. Sources of energy suffucient to cause breakage of adsorption
bonds and the importance of the concept of additive bonding in the water
are discussed. The important relationship between suspended particles and
the "massive" granules making up the model aquifer is explored at some
depth. In the experimental section factors which influence either retention
of radioactivity by the sand bed or transport of the activity through such
a bed by micro-particles are considered. Correlation is sought between the
phenomena observed experimentally and that predicted in the theoretical
section. Casimir's correction to the theoretical van der Waals interactions
is proposed to account for major changes in the particle retention ability
of the sand bed when dispersants are included in the influent water. The
future potential of such research, as well as some of the practical aspects of
the results reported here is discussed, (auth)
Champlin, J. B. F. and G. G. Eichholz. 1976. Fixation and Remobilization of
Trace Contaminants in Simulated Subsurface Aquifers. Health Physics.
30:215-19.
The adsorption and remobilization of radioactive trace elements in
porous water-bearing media is of great significance in subsurface waste
disposal. Experiments have been done to demonstrate the role of fine
particulates and bacteria in the movement and retention of trace
contaminants in a model sand bed. Addition of phosphates or complex
detergents has been shown to remobilize previously "fixed" particulates.
Organic complexing action, similarly, may be responsible for subsequent
movement of originally retained trace materials, (auth)
Champlin, J. B. F. and G. G. Eichholz. 1968. The Movement of Radioactive
Sodium and Ruthenium Through a Simulated Aquifer. Water Resources Research.
4:147-158.
The interaction of water solutions with the particulate matter
composing a natural aquifer is of steadily increasing interest with the
C-14
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new emphasis on pollution of our natural resources. As a means of studying
the contribution made by water to the transport of ionic materials through
soils, radioactive solutions were injected into a model aquifer containing
725 kilograms of sand with dimensions of 1 x 2 x 0.25 meters. As the
radioactivity passed through the sand, its progress was followed by a
collimated Geiger-Muller tube situated on the exterior of the bed. The
appearance of the radioactivity in the effluent, which marked the arrival
of the sodium front, was found to be correlated with an increase in suspended
particulate matter, potassium and calcium concentrations, and over-all
conductivity. Of particular significance was that portion of the radioactivity
shown to be related directly to the filterable mass of particles in the
effluent, despite the high solubility of the ion used. The results with
the sodium were compared with those of similar tests on the movement of
trivalent ruthenium, which is not soluble at the pH of the solutions used.
Both the sodium and ruthenium studies indicated that a significant amount
of radioactivity was transported through the test bed on particulate matter
which was large enough to be trapped on 0.45 micron membrane filters, (auth)
Charnell, R. L. and T. M. Zorich. 1969. Hydrologic Redistribution of
Radionuclides around a Nuclear-Excavated Sea-Level Canal. Bioscience.
19:799-803.
A brief discussion of the hydrologic redistribution of radionuclides
deposited in the environment following nuclear excavation of a sea-level
canal in Central America is presented. A simple yet comprehensive numerical
model is presented by which estimates of the rates of removal of radionuclides
from deposited fallout and from the ejecta and fallback can be made, as
well as a diagrammatic model of the general hydrologic cycle is presented.
The largest reservoir in the hydrologic cycle is the ocean-canal system
where water is held in the form of a saline solution. Water leaves this
reservoir by evaporation to lodge temporarily in the atmosphere and
returns to the surface as precipitation. From the surface, water evaporates
or satisfies soil moisture or vegetation requirements. Some of the water
enters the groundwater system. Water returns to the ocean by runoff and
flow from ground water. Volatile constituents travel all paths of the
C-15
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bydrologic cycle. Soluble radionuclides move with the water except during
evaporation, but are retarded because of plant uptake and adsorption on soil
and rock particles. The filtering action of soil and rock restricts the
movement of particulate matter to surface water. Examination of the entire
hydrologic redistribution regimen requires that the alteration of the
hydrologic system be taken into account. The redistribution model can be
applied to specific field conditions with the proper selection of values
for the rate coefficients. (NSA)
Cheka, J. S. and K. Z. Morgan. 1956. Radioactive Fission Product
Contamination in the Mud of White Oak Drainage System. MonH-258.
The White Oak Creek drainage basin is used for the disposal of
radioactive wastes. The water is purified to a large extent by the
precipitation and adsorption on clay and organic material of many of the
radioactive isotopes. Deposition of activity has varied with changes in
plant processes. During the years when Pu separation was the chief
process, deposition ratio between the marsh at the upper end of the basin
4
and the mouth of the White Oak Creek differed by a factor of about 10 ,
the marsh having values up to 0.4 uc/g of surface mud. Later when Ba
separation was the chief process, values at the marsh dropped to less
than half of the previous values, but the deposition ratio differed by a
factor of less than 1000 between the above mentioned points. A later assay of
total curie content in the basin showed about 70 curies still being retained
by the mud. This figure is 13% of the estimated total activity released
into the basin between the beginning of operations and the time of the
survey. Chemical analyses indicate that the distribution of isotopes also
changed; Ba, Sr, and Cs totals being less than 1% increasing to about
50%, Zr and Nb totals, meanwhile, dropping from about 75% to about 2%.
(auth)
Chebotina, M. Ya. 1971. Influence of Plant Extracts on the Mobility of
59Fe and 60co in Soil Under Conditions of Dynamic Laboratory Experiments.
Sov. Radiochem. 13:756-9.-
Under the conditions of dynamic laboratory experiments, plant extracts
(aqueous extracts from pine needles, linden and aspen leaves) increase the
C-16
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content of Fe and Co in the filtrate of soil columns in comparison
59
with the control (lake water). The content of Fe in column filtrates
increases with increasing number of volumes of the solution passed through
(in all the experimental variations). The content of Co in the filtrate
in the control is practically constant; in the variation with an extract from
pine needles it increases with increasing number of volumes of the solution
passed through, while in the variation with extracts from linden and aspen
leaves it at first increases, but then remains practically constant. The
mobilizing action of the extracts in general increases in the series:
lake water < extract from pine needles < extract from linden leaves <
extract from aspen leaves. In the variation with extracts, radioactive
cobalt is uniformly distributed through the soil filter; in the control it
is basically sorbed by the first soil layer. The content of iron-59 in
all the experimental variations more or less uniformly drops along the
layers of the soil filter, (auth)
Chebotina, M. Ya. and N. V. Kulikov. 1973. Influence of Water-Soluble
Decomposition Products of Grassy Plants on the Absorption of Radioisotopes
in the Soil. Sov. J. Ecol. 4:84-85.
The influence of water-soluble decomposition products of the above-
ground mass of various grassy plants on the absorption of five radio-
isotopes (60Co, 90Sr, 91Y, 137Cs, and 144Ce) in the soil was studied. It
was found that in the presence of plant extracts the distribution coefficients
of all the radioisotopes studied are sharply reduced in comparison with the
control. This means that water-soluble substances of the decomposing above-
ground mass of grassy plants reduce the absorption of radioisotopes in soil,
thereby increasing their content in the liquid phase. (NSA)
Cheng, H. and H. Hamaguchi. 1963. Sorption of Radiocesium by Soil. J.
Chinese Chem. Soc. 10:200-9.
The sorption of radiocesium (Cs-134) by seven different samples of soil
was studied over a wide pH range (0-14). In general, the sorption is
C-17
-------
excellent except in the low pH region. The presence of 0.01 H_ Na , Mg , Ca ,
2+ 2+ 3+
Sr , Ba and Al does not seem to influence either the uptake of radio-
cesium by, or the extraction of the sorbed radiocesium from, red soil and
yellow soil, (auth)
Cheng. H. and H. Hamaguchi. 1968. Studies on the Adsorption of Radio-
isotopes on Marine Sediments. I. Role of Exchangeable Cations on the
Adsorption of Cesium and Exchange Equilibria. Health Physics. 14:353-63.
The distribution coefficients of cesium in demineralized water and sea
water were found to be proportional to the ratio of either exchangeable
potassium to total potassium or exchangeable magnesium to total magnesium
of the marine sediments. The degree of desorption was, on the contrary,
inversely proportional to these ratios. Mass action law could apparently be
applied to the Cs-K and Cs-Mg systems, when cesium was employed at tracer
concentrations. The observed separation quotients for the two systems were
abnormally higher than the equilibrium constants at macroconcentrations.
Equilibrium constants increased in the order: Cs-K, Cs-Na, Cs-Mg and Cs-Ca.
(auth)
Cheng, H. S. and A. D. Leu. 1968. Equilibrium Studies on the Adsorption
of Cesium by Clay Minerals. 1 Ho Tsu K'o Hsueh. 6:83-9.
Adsorption of cesium by terrigenous clay materials was studied. The
K. values were proportional to the Rk values of the montmorillonites regard-
less of their origin. The equilibrium studies were made for Cs-Na, -K,
-Mg, and -Ca systems. Apparent application of the mass action law for
Cs-K and Cs-Mg systems were found. For the other systems, the doubly
saturated samples showed little difference from the singly saturated ones.
The application of the mass action law to the systems containing tracer
quantity of cesium ion in the presence of macroquantity of sodium, potassium,
magnesium, or calcium ions, involving the terrigenous clay materials was
investigated. The results revealed that the mass action law held, like
in the case of the marine sediments, only for the Cs-K and Cs-Mg exchange
systems, (auth)
C-18
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Cherdyntsev. V. V., U. K. Asylbaev, D. P. Orlov, L. I. Shmonin, E. A. Isabaev,
and N. B. Kadyrov. 1972. The Uranium Isotopes in the Nature. I. Actinium-
Radium Ratio of Minerals. Geokhimiya. No. 8:650-5 (in Russian).
The actinium-radium ratio was investigated in 35 natural minerals by
two methods. Considerable deviations of the actinium-radium ratio were
observed in metamorphosed minerals. In some cases it may be shown with
certainty that this is caused by the migration removal of radium. At the
same time some primary minerals also contain an actinium excess which
is especially great for cassiterites and some molybdenites, (auth)
Cherdyntsev, V. V., I. V. Kazachevskii, and E. A. Kuzmina. 1963. Isotopic
Composition of Uranium and Thorium in the Zone of Hypergenesis. Investiga-
tion of Fossil Bones, Soil and Shells of Mollusks. Geokhimiya. No. 3:
254-65 (in Russian).
The ratio of Th isotopes (lo, UX,, Th232, RdTh) and U isotopes (Ui34
238
and U ) in natural waters, fossil bones, and soils, as well as in shells
of freshwater mollusks of the Paleolithic site Molodovo and other areas of
the Dniester foreland was investigated. In the waters of Molodovo are
234 238
distinguished waters of neogenic limestones with a low value of v = U / =
10.3 x 10.5 and waters of the Paleozoic: 7 = 1.34, apparently feeding the
quarternary stratum. The mineralization of fossil bones was realized in
the Upper Paleolith by waters with low values and in the Middle Paleolith
by waters with high y-values. Uranium migration was confirmed by the
investigation of the radioelement ratios in fossil bones of the sites
Molodovo I and Molodov V. This process apparently did not affect the
Mousterian layers of the site Molodovo V, so that the age of the layers,
according to Io/UX, and y» equaling 130 thousand years, is near to the
truth. The age of the fossil soil of the lower horizon of Molodovo I
(end of Riss-Riss-Wiirm) is more than 260 thousand years. In the shells
of fresh-water mollusks an intensive migration of U and Ra isotopes occurs.
For example, an exceptional high value RdTh/Th = 12.3 = 0.9 (activity
units) was obtained, (auth)
C-19
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Cherdyntsev, V. V., I. V. Kazachevskii, L. D. Sulerzhitskii, and E. A.
Kuz'mina. 1965. 239pu in Nature. Geochem. Inter. 2:918-20.
The occurrence of Pu in some natural minerals was studied. Plutonium
was separated from the other elements in ion-exchange columns and precipitated
electrolytically on Ni-plated tablets used for activity measurements by an
239
ionization a spectrometer. The yield of Pu was controlled by adding the
238
carrier Pu; it amounted to 5 to 20%. The association of this a radiation
source, with an energy of 5.15 MeV, with the Pu isotopes was confirmed by
reprecipitation of some samples: this radiation source always followed
238
by the Pu. A typical a spectrogram is illustrated. A considerable
number of mineral samples (over 300) from natual sources did not contain
239 239
measurable amounts of Pu. The content of Pu in natural waters was
as high as n x 10" g/1, with a = n x 10" , which is many times higher than
for U minerals; as such, it indicates a different source of Pu enrichment.
This isotope was identified in deep carbonate waters, as well as in some
fresh waters, namely in waters of ore vein areas. Among the Pu-bearing
minerals of ore veins were sphene, molybdenite, magnetite, and particularly
12 12
apatite (3.6 x 10 g/g) and zircon (2.9 x 10 g/g). Among the
Quaternary deposits, Pu was observed in ferruginous carbonates and exhala-
tion products of submarine volcanism. The low Th/U ratio in these products
suggests that the ore substance was not likely enriched by radioelements
from the ocean waters, nor was there any likelihood of an industrial origin
21Q
for Pu. Furthermore, Pu was qualitatively identified in middle Pleistocene
soils (Siberia), calcareous tuffs, and some formation waters. (NSA)
Cherdyntsev, V. V. and V. F. Mikhailov. 1963. The Primordial Transuranium
Isotope in Nature. Geokhimiya. No. 1:3-14 (in Russian).
In some young natural samples a primordial radioactive a-emitter is
obtained. The a-spectrum main line extends from 4.2 to 4.6 Mev and the gamma
rays have the energy in the region: 90 to 250 kev. This isotope apparently,
OA~J ?d? ?"3Q 247
is Cm . Decay products of Am and Pu accompany it. The Cm content
C-20
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8 247 238 2
in natural minerals is about n x 10 % and Cm /U = n x 10 (activity
g
units). The decay period of the isotope is estimated as 2.5 x 10 years.
(auth)
Cherdyntsev, V. V., D. P. Orlov, E. A. Isabaev, and V. I. Ivanov. 1961.
Isotopes of Uranium in Natural Conditions. II. Isotopic Composition of
Uranium of Minerals. Geokhimiya. No. 10:840-8 (in Russian).
234 238
The deviation of U /U from the equilibrium state is in most
cases, if not always, connected with the removal of uranium from the
mineral, the uranium of solutions and of the minerals precipitated from
234
them proving to be enriched in U , and the uranium which remained in the
934
mineral being somewhat empoverished in this isotope. An excess of U is
detected in some endogenic minerals. In a number of cases, including such
234
as primary visually preserved minerals, a deficiency in U is observed.
This bears witness of an intensive uranium migration in the zone of epigenesis.
235
A measurable U excess may accumulate as a result of the decay of some
transuranium isotope, being present in the mineral. The surplus content
235
of U in magnetites of a pegmatite vein by 45 z 5 and 23 =. 6 percent is
confirmed. The other minerals of this ore body have a normal isotopic
composition which indicates the local presence of transuranium emitter in
the magnetite. An excess of actinium (and U ) is also found in this
235
mineral. An excess of U of about 40 percent is established in one of
235
the molybdenite samples. A bond between minerals with a surplus of U
and minerals with a surplus actinium is outlined but its character is not
found, (auth)
Cherdyntsev, V. V., V. L. Zverev, V. M. Kuptsov, and G. I. Kislitsina.
1968. 239pu In Nature. Geokhimiya. No. 4:395-401 (in Russian).
239
The content of Pu, the product of decay of the transuranium isotope
(probably Cm) with 4.4 to 4.6 MeV energy, was investigated in various
natural formations. In a number of cases preparations of the transuranium
isotope were investigated. The best results were obtained by sublimation
from nitrate solutions. By its chemical properties the isotope most closely
approaches osmium. In ferruginous - manganese deposits of recent volcanism
C-21
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the content of plutonium reaches 7.4 x 10~ %, and in meteorites 3.5 x 10" %
when the Pu/U ratios are 1.7 x 10" , 1.8 x 10" , respectively. The geo-
chemical features of plutonium behavior are considered, (auth)
Cherry, J. A., G. E. Grisak and R. E. Jackson. 1974. Hydrogeologic
Factors in Shallow Subsurface Radioactive Waste Management in Canada. IN:
Proc. Inter. Conf. Land for Waste Management, Ottawa, Canada, Oct. 1-3,~T973.
pp. 131-146.
Very small but significant amounts of solid radioactive wastes are
being produced by the Canadian nuclear industry. The production rate of
these wastes will increase manyfold as nuclear power rapidly becomes a major
source of energy in Canada. All of the low- and medium-level solid radioactive
wastes and a small portion of the high-level solid wastes are disposed of or
stored in the ground at shallow depths. Subsurface radioactive-waste
management sites are now located in five areas in Central and Western Canada.
This paper describes hydrogeological factors that are important with
respect to the location and operation of shallow radioactive-waste management
sites and presents two types of hydrogeological evaluation schemes using
five main site criteria. The schemes can be used in the search for and ap-
praisal of new sites or in the evaluation of existing sites, (auth)
Cherry, R. D. 1964. Alpha Particle Detection Techniques Applicable to the
Measurement of Samples From the Natural Radiation Environment. IN: J. A. Adams
and W. M. Lowder (eds) Univ. of Chicago Press. Natural Radiation Environment.
pp. 407-24.
Detection techniques useful in measuring a activity in samples from the
natural environment are reviewed. Discussions are included concerning
total counting with no energy measurements and spectrographic techniques
used when a particle energies are measured to identify specific nuclides.
(NSA)
C-22
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Cherry, R. D., K. A. Richardson, and J. A. S. Adams. 1964. Unidentified
Excess Alpha-Activity in the 4.4 Mev Region in Natural Thorium Samples.
Nature. 202:639-41.
An unidentified alpha activity with an energy of about 4.4 Mev found
in thorite minerals is reported. Positive identity of the source of this
activity could not be determined. (NSA)
Chipperfield, A. R. and D. M. Taylor. 1972. The Binding of Thorium (IV),
Plutonium (IV), Americium (III) and Curium (III) to the Constituents of
Bovine Cortical Bone in Vitro. Radiation Research. 51:15-30.
By means of a gel filtration technique it has been shown that
thorium (IV), plutonium (IV), americium (III) and curium (III) bind to five
glycoprotein fractions isolated from bovine cortical bone and to certain
other substances. The effects of pH on the binding of plutonium to poly-
L-glutamic acid and to bone chonodroitin sulfate and of curium to bone
sialoprotein and chondroitin sulfate-protein complex are described. Plutonium,
americium, and curium were found to find to bone glycoproteins in the presence
of a 30-fold greater mass of bone mineral than glycoprotein. Some experiments
on the precipitation of calcium phosphate in vitro in the presence of plu-
tonium and americium are also presented. These observations are discussed
in the light of the hypothesis that certain actinide elements are localized
at bone surfaces by binding to glycoproteins. (auth)
Christenson, C. W., M. B. Ettinger, G. G. Tobuck, E. R. Hermann, K. C. Kohr,
and F. F. Newell. 1951. Removal of Plutonium from Laboratory Wastes. Ind.
and Eng. Chem. 43:1509-15.
Methods investigated for Pu removal included adsorption on Kaolin,
pumice, tuff, Celite and activated carbon, alum and iron floes pH adjusted
with Ca(OH)2, lime and phosphate floes. Polyphosphates and citric acid
interfered with Pu removal and formation of good floes.
Adsorption methods resulted in larger sludge volumes - recirculation
of sludges reduced sludge vo-lume.
C-23
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Christenson, C. W. , E. B. Fowler, G. L. Johnson, E. H. Rex, and F. A. Virgil.
1958. Soil Adsorption of Radioactive Wastes at Los Alamos. Sewage and
Industrial Waste. 30:1478-1489.
Plutonium wastes had formerly been disposed by discharge to seepage
pits or canyons at Los Alamos project. Areas receiving plutonium waste have
been monitored repeatedly and no appreciable movement has been noted.
Observations were made, however, that the concentration of plutonium in the
soil of a canyon receiving low level wastes has moved progressively downstream.
Because of this movement, which has not been extensive and is within acceptable
tolerance levels, investigations were made of the movement of plutonium through
local sites of the Los Alamos area under varying conditions. Strontium-90
and cesium 137 were also included in the study because of the possibility of
introduction of those wastes in the future Cores of tuff were cut from
unweathered rock and solutions of the radionuclides and mistures of the
nuclides were allowed to pass through the cores. Alpna, beta, and gamma
activity were measured. When activity of the effluent indicated breakthrough
of the nuclide, autoradiographs were made to determine distribution of the
radionuclide within the core. Tuff local to Los Alamos has shown a high
capacity for retention of various nuclides. Cs "' is apparently tightly
239
bound to the tuff and resists leaching. Pu is also readily retained,
however, it is possible that this nuclide could be released at some future
time by inadvertent discharge of solutions such as versene in the same
90
area. Sr is not retained as well and dis[
be undertaken with extreme caution. (0-21)
90
area. Sr is not retained as well and disposal of this radionuclide should
Christenson, C. W. and P. G. Thomas. 1962. Movement of Plutonium Through
Los Alamos Tuff. JiN_: TID-7628, Part of Second Ground Disposal of Radio-
active Wastes Conference, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Chalk River, Canada,
September 26-29, 1961. pp. 248-281.
Uncontrolled and uncontained ground disposal of plutonium can be
dangerous under field conditions. Plutonium species penetrate at least
28 feet in Los Alamos tuff. Moisture data, rates of flow of liquid and
physical inspection indicated that this penetration takes place along
fissures. The amount of activity sorbed at any one point in depth is
C-24
-------
dependent upon the chemical and physical nature of the substructure in
that area. High percentages of clays, deposited by local weathering, will
sorb plutonium species and result in a localized area of high alpha activity.
As the species percolates through the soil, changes in valence state may
also occur with changes in chemical environment; sorption or even solution
may result.
Christensen, W. R. 1976. Processing Options and Plans for Wastes Containing
Chelating Agents. ARH-CD-793.
Processing and/or transferring the complexant waste solutions from single
wall tanks to double wall tanks is necessitated by the mobility in soil of
complexed plutonium and strontium and the risk of leakage from single wall
tanks. Segregation and concentration of the complexant waste prior to
storage in double wall tanks is the most desireable option since no viable
method is available for chemical removal of strontium and plutonium.
Blending the complexed waste with uncomplexed evaporator feeds and
concentrating does not sufficiently reduce the concentrations of plutonium or
strontium, increases the volume of residual liquor containing complexed
strontium and plutonium, and may result in formation of an unacceptable
salt cake product during concentration.
Concentrating the segregated complexant wastes prior to storage in
double wall tanks may increase the potential for plutonium and strontium
releases from the vacuum-evaporators, but minimizes the volume of complexed
waste that must continue to be stored in single wall tanks and also
significantly reduces the number of double wall tanks required to store the
complexed waste.
Current plans include neutralization of the Z Plant waste at 242-T
using noncomplexed 242-S bottoms liquor, and eventual additional neutraliza-
tion and/or concentration. B Plant solvent extraction wastes are to be
segregated as much as possible from other tank farm solutions, concentrated,
and/or collected in double wall tanks as soon as practicable, (auth)
C-25
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Christ!, R. J. 1964. Storage of Radioactive Wastes in Basement Rock
Beneath the Savannah River Plant. DP-844, pp. C14-C17.
The ground beneath a three-square-mile area of the Savannah River Plant
was explored to determine the attitude, continuity, types, and character
of the basement rock; the hydrology of the basement rock; and the hydrology
and character of the overburden. These studies show that radioactive waste
solutions can be stored safely in the basement rock beneath the Savannah
River Plant. A conceptual design has been developed for constructing a
20,000,000-gallon, or larger, storage facility 1300 to 170 feet beneath
the ground, (auth)
Chu, N. Y. 1971. Plutonium Determination in Soil by Leaching and Ion
Exchange Separation. Anal. Chem. 43:449-452.
A method to determine the levels of plutonium in 100-g samples of
soil is described. The soil is leached with a mixture of nitric and
hydrochloric acids in the presence of Pu 236 tracer. Plutonium in the
leachate is converted to Pu (+4) with sodium nitrite and absorbed from
8 N nitric acid onto Dower 1 - x4 ion exchange resin. Plutonium is removed
from the exchanger and electroplated on a platinum disk. The plated disk
is counted in an alpha spectrometer. The results obtained by leaching were
found to be in good agreement with plutonium measurements of reference soils
analyzed by complete solution of the sample. (0-77)
Chupka, S. and M. Petrashova. 1974. 90Sr and 137Cs Content in Soil, Grain,
Fodder, and Milk for 1963-1971. Sov. At. Energy. 36:281-283.
Samples of atmospheric precipitation, milk, wheat, and soil in the area
90
around the atomic power station at Yaslova Bogunits were analyzed for Sr
137
and Cs. Results indicated that the soil component dominates in the
contamination of grain and the plant extracts from the soil predominantly
Sr. Similar conclusions were reached for alfalfa. The ratio of Cs to
90
Sr in milk was 2.1; in atmospheric precipitation 1.6; in alfalfa 0.8;
in soil 1.7; and in wheat 1.8. The overall reduction of Sr and Cs in
precipitation was responsible for reduction of these isotopes in all parts
of the food chain except the soil. (NSA)
C-26
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Church, B. W., D. N. Brady, I. Aoik, and W. A. Bliss. 1974. Distribution
and Inventory, Element Activities on-NTS and off-NTS. IN: Dunaway, P. B.
and M. G. White (eds.). The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert Environments.
NVO-142, pp. 311-319.
The Nevada Applied Ecology Group Distribution and Inventory Element has
expanded its activities this past year to include investigation of all
Plutonium-contaminated areas on and near the NTS. The progress summary
report describes the element activities underway, but does not include
compiled data. A separate comprehensive element progress report is in
preparation, which will include details of the Distribution and Inventory
Element activities to date, (auth)
Church, B. W., E. S. Medling, and D. N. Brady. 1975. A Different Look at
Area 13, FIDLER Survey Date. IN: White, M. G. and P. B. Dunaway (eds.).
The Radioecology of Plutonium and other Transuranics in Desert Environments.
NVO-153, pp. 231-236.
FIDLER (Field Instrument for Detection of Low-Energy Radiation) data
239
corresponding to soil samples analyzed for Pu is evaluated for all isopleths
of Area 13 of Nevada Test Site. It was found that when considering data for
the total area, a function can be derived predicting surface " Pu con-
centrations approximately within a factor of 2. (auth)
Church, T. M. and M. Bernat. 1972. Thorium and Uranium in Marine Barite.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 14:139-44.
Analysis of Th and U from deep-sea barites and their sediments show that
(1) marine barites concentrate Th relative to their bulk sediments and
appear to be growing near the sediment surface, however, some barites are
found associated with ferromanganese deposits, and these barites, like
continental varieties, are depleted in Th and may reflect formation or
alteration from effects of volcanic processes: (2) while marine barites
show Th/ Th depositional rates analogous to their sediments, they
have distinctly lower isotope ratios which may reflect their formation
from deep-sea or pore water; (3) marine barites, like phillipsites and
228
sea water, contain excess amounts of Th and are probably undergoing
a continuous exchange chemistry within the Th series as the result of
Ra mobilization in the sedimentary column. (CA)
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Chuveleva, E. A., K. V. Chmutov, and P. P. Nazarov. 1962. Investigation
of the Ion Exchange Sorption of Radioelements by Soils. III. Determination
of the Dissociation Constants of Humic Acid Carboxyl Groups. Zhur. Fiz.
Khim. 36:833-5 (in Russian).
The apparent dissociation constants of humic acid, KB-4 and SG-1,
were determined by means of potentiometric titration and found to be 2.51
-4 -5 -5
xlO ,1.12x10 , and 2.0 x 10 , respectively. The acid may be used as
sorbent to isolate ions from solution, the pH of which is 3 and higher, (auth)
Chuveleva, E. A., P. P. Nazarov, and K. V. Chmutov. 1962. Ion Exchange Sorption
of Radioelements by Soils. IV. Complex Formation of Certain Metal Ions with
Humic Acid. Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 36:1378-81 (in Russian).
The bonding of Y, Pm, and Ca in humic acid solutions was studied.
Humic acid forms complex compounds with rare earth and alkali ions. The
stability constants were determined for the Y, Pm, and Ca complexes. (NSA)
QO I -37
Clanton, U.S. 1968. Sorption and Release of Sr and Cs by Recent
Sediments of the Guadalupe River of Texas. Thesis. Univ. Texas.
137 39
Experiments were performed to determine the rates of Cs and Sr
sorption and release in recent sediment samples from the Guadalupe River
drainage basin in Texas. The samples were analyzed for their mineral
composition, ion exchange capacity, and radionuclide sorption. Rates of
radionuclide sorption and release were highest during the first few moments
of contact but totals slowly continued to increase throughout the seven-day
duration of the experiments. Sediments containing the naturally occurring
on I -37
organic fraction had the highest sorption values both for Sr and Cs.
The organic fraction contributes to the overall sorption capacity of the
sediments, even though some of the organic molecules may block exchange
sites on the clay minerals against exchange with the radionuclide. These
laboratory experiments indicated that radionuclide sorption in the dynamic
fluvial environment was temporary. When the contaminated sediments were placed
in conditions simulating a marine environment, 43% of the Cs and 42% of the
Sr were released because of competition for the exchange sites from the
more abundant ions in seawater. Even though fluvial releases are considered
an acceptable means of radionuclide disposal, it should be emphasized that
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all stream systems are dynamic, and this disposal is at best temoorary. The
brief respite gained today may be overshadowed by the ultimate contamination
of tomorrow. (NSA)
Clark, D. A. 1974. State-of-the-Art: Uranium Mining, Milling, and Refining
Industry. EPA-660/2-74-038.
The report presents an overview of the uranium mining, milling, and
refining industry of the United States. Topics discussed include ore
reserves, geographical locations, production statistics, future require-
ments, processes for extraction and beneficiating, waste characteristics,
including radioactive and other potential pollutants, current treatment and
disposal methods, effects of wastes on the environment, standards for
radiological protection, testing and monitoring programs, technological
advances within the uranium industry, anticipated future problems and
recommended areas for further study, (auth)
Cleary, R. W. and D. D. Adrian. 1972. Analytical Solution of the Convective -
Dispersive Equation for Cation Adsorption in Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 37:197-199.
The analytical solution of a cation adsorption soil problem is derived in
detail by an integral transform method. The solution applies to the case of
unsteady-state, one-dimentional flow through soils where a linear equilibrium
exists between the cation in the flowing solution and the cation adsorbed
on the exchanger phase. The effects of axial dispersion are also included
in the solution, (auth)
Clebsch, A. and A. E. Peckham. 1963. Research by the United States
Geological Survey Related to the Movement of Radionuclides in the Earth
Environment. IN: Retention and Miaration of Radioactive Ions in Soils.
189-97.
Geologic and hydrologic research by the U.S. Geological Survey related
to the movement or retention of radionuclides embraces several scientific
disciplines, a wide variety of geohydrologic terranes, and various types of
radioactive materials. Most of the applied studies are carreid out on
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behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, but the Survey's broad
responsibility for earth-sciences research and data collection includes much
that is of interest to health physicists and others responsible for the
control of radioactivity.
Field studies have been completed or are in progress at all the major
nuclear energy installations in the United States where "large" releases of
radioactivity have been made, either in the form of radioactive wastes or
as the consequence of nuclear explosions. Much of this work is designed to
develop an understanding of the influences of geologic and hydrologic
features on radionuclide movement.
Chemical studies include supporting services for field projects as well
as research on reactions between radioactive substances and earth materials.
Descriptive geochemical research on the distribution of stable elements, such
as strontium, and naturally occurring radioactive elements, such as radium and
uranium, has been a small but important part of the work. Theoretical and
laboratory investigation of the basic mechanisms of fluid movement as they
affect the transport and dispersion of radionuclides has emphasized the
effects of the abundant departures in nature from idealized systems.
Work related to the development of new techniques for disposal of
wastes, such as deep-well injection, ultimate storage of fluids in cavities
mined in rocks of low permeability, and storage of solids or fluids in salt,
ranges from the compilation of broad summaries of the geology of geologic
basins to detailed geologic and hydrologic investigations at the particular
site, (auth)
Cleveland, J. M. 1967. Compounds of Plutonium. IH: Wick, 0. J. (Ed.).
Plutonium Handbook, A Guide to the Technology. Chapter 12, 1:335-401.
Plutonium forms compounds with all of the nonmetallic elements except
the noble gases and astatine, and in addition forms many complex compounds
containing more than one other element. A number of these compounds have
been studied extensively and are now quite well known; other compounds,
while known to exist, have received only a minimum of attention. Plutonium
(III) and (IV) form a number of stable compounds; fewer compounds of Pu(V)
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and Pu (VI) are known, and they are less stable than the corresponding
uranium compounds. Plutonium compounds tend to vary slightly in stoichiometry
and hydration depending on the method of preparation; careful control
of conditions is required, therefore, to prepare compounds with reproducible
compositions, (auth)
Cleveland, J. M. 1967. Solution Chemistry of Plutonium. IN: Wick, 0. J.
(ed.). Plutonium Handbook, a Guide to the Technology. Chapter 13, 1:403-520.
The chemistry of plutonium in aqueous solutions is, in every sense of
the word, complex. The multiplicity of oxidation states in solution and the
involved equilibrium and kinetic relationships between them, combined with
the strong complexing tendencies of Pu(IV) ions, result in a very
complicated system with countless opportunities for fundamental research.
The process applications of these chemical properties are widespread. There
has been considerable interest in the molten-salt chemistry of plutonium,
and this field promises to become increasingly important. The status of
research in these systems is reviewed at the end of this chapter, (auth)
Cleveland, J. M. 1970. The Chemistry of Plutonium. Gordon and Breach
Science Publishers, New York.
The book gives a detailed account of general principles, solution
chemistry, solid compounds, and chemical processing of plutonium.
Cline, J. F. 1960. Potassium, Cesium-137 and Rubidium-86 Relationships
in Plant Uptake, Soil Oissusion Rates and Irrigation Practices. HW-62037.
117 flfi
Addition of potassium to the nutrient substrate reduced Cs and Rb
uptake by plants, but less than expected from an assumed physiological
117 86
equivalence of the ions. Discrimination between Cs -K or Rb -K varied
with the concentration of potassium in the substrate. Cs was not moved
appreciably through soil columns by water. Fifty percent was leached from
acid soil columns with 0.1 N_ KCL, but none was removed from alkaline
137
soil. Flooding did not increase Cs uptake by rice plants over that
observed when soil was not flooded, (auth)
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Cline, J. F. 1967. Uptake of Americium 241 and Plutonium 239 by Plants.
3NWL-714,pp. 8.24-8.25.
Concentrations of Am 241 were 20-30 times greater than those of Pu 239
in plant tissues grown on substances containing equal amounts of radio-
isotopes. Americium was more toxic than plutonium to growing roots. It
was bound tightly to soil particles but showed some movement with irrigation
water, especially in basic soils, (auth)
Cline, J. F. and W. H. Rickard. 1971. Radioactive Strontium and Cesium
in Cultivated and Abandoned Field Plots. CONF-710501, Part I, pp. 209-211.
Strontium-90 and Cs added to surface soil of small field plots
16 and 8 years ago, respectively, were measured in soil and plants. Five
years ago these plots were abandoned and allowed to be naturally colonized
by the annual weeds, cheatgrass and mustards, characteristic of early secondary
succession in the steppe region of southeastern Washington. After 16 years,
90 Q0
Sr remained available for plant uptake. The major loss of " Sr from the
plots was attributed to physical decay. Less than 2% of the estimated loss
could be assigned to plant harvest and cultured practices. After eight
years, 70% of the added Cs remained in the upper inch of untilled soil.
In tilled soil, Cs was concentrated at the tillage layer depth of 5 to 6 in.
Strontium-90 was distributed throughout the upper 10 in. of untilled soil
and tended to form an accumulated front at 4 to 5 in. deep after 16 years. In
90
the tilled soil, Sr was scattered throughout the upper 10 in., and some
had probably moved into the gravel lying below 10 in. (auth)
Cohen, D. 1961. Electrochemical Studies of Plutonium Ions in Perchloric
Acid Solution. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 18:207-210.
A potentiostat was used to obtain current-voltage curves for the
oxidation-reduction reactions of plutonium ions and to prepare the four
valence states of plutonium in perchloric acid solutions, (auth)
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Cohen, D. 1961. The Absorption Spectra of Plutonium Ions in Perchloric
Acid Solutions. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 18:211-218.
The absorption spectra of the four ions of plutonium have been measured
o
in the region between 2000 and 12,500 A in perchloric acid solutions, (auth)
Cohen, 0. 1972. Americium (VI) in Basic Solution. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
Letters. 8:533-535.
The absorption spectra of Am(VI) in 1 N[ CsOH is given.
Cohen, D. and S. Fried. 1969. Some Observations on the Chemistry of
Neptunium in Basic Solution. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Letters. 5:653-663.
Oxidation of Np as Np(IV), Np(V) and Np(VI) in various bases was
investigated. The absorption spectra of Np(V), (VI) and (VII) are given
in 1 M tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
The preparation of Np(V) anion and its ion exchange behavior are
discussed. Data on the electromigration of Np(V), Np(VI) and Np(VII)
are given. Np(V) in acid solution is cationic.
Cohen, P. 1961. An Evaluation of Uranium as a Tool for Studying the
Hydrogeochemistry of the Truckee Meadows Area, Nevada. J. Geophys. Res.
66:4199-4206.
Forty-seven water samples collected in the Truckee Meadows, an alluviated
intermontane basin in western Nevada, were analyzed for uranium and for
the principal dissolved constitutents. Some of the relationships between
uranium and other chemical constituents described by other writers are
verified in the study of the hydrogeochemistry of the Truckee Meadows area;
others are not. The following relationships between uranium and bicarbonate-
plus-carbonate content, uranium and chloride content, and uranium and sulfate
content were observed in the waters of the Truckee Meadows area: uranium
content tends to increase as the bicarbonate-plus-carbonate content increases;
thermal, chloride-rich waters of the Steamboat Springs area are relatively
deficient in uranium; and some waters high in sulfate content are relatively
rich in uranium; others are not. Because of the variability in concentration
C-33
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and the complex interrelationships between the bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate,
and chloride anions, and because uranium content appears to be dependent upon
these variables, uranium has little value as a tool for studying the
hydrogeochemistry of the area, (auth)
Cohen, P. 1970. The Radioactivity and Its Fractionation During Underground
Nuclear Explosions in a Granite Medium. IAEA-PL-388/9, pp. 211-229.
Results are presented for samples obtained from underground shots in
the Sahara. The sampling methods for gases and solids are described. The
evolution of the radioactive composition of the gases as a function of
sampling times and sites is discussed (tritium, Ar, fission gas). Certain
AC O 7
activation products have been determined (tritium, Ca, Ar). The homogeneity
of fission products and fissionable materials in vitrified samples has been
confirmed in granite, the vitrified mass of which is 1300 t/kton. Autoclave
leaching (200°C) showed that the amounts of radionuclides liberated from
vitrified granite were extremely low, with Cs the highest, (auth)
Cohen, P. and C. Gailledreau. 1960. A Project for Storing the Radioactive
Sludges from Marcoule in the Soil. CEA-1433.
A study was made of the feasibility of storing radioactive sludges in the
soil. Special attention is paid to the case of the Marcoule plant, which produces
three kinds of sludges. The movement of the different fission products was
investigated, (auth)
Cohen, P. and C. Gailledreau. 1961. Preliminary Investigations of the
Adsorption of Radiostrontium in Saclay Soil. Three-Component System. TID-
7621, pp. 90-9.
90
A summary of measurements of the Sr partition coefficients in Saclay
soil is presented. Information from a preliminary study on adsorption of
trace ions from solutions containing two bulk ions is also included. (NSA)
Coleman, N. T., R. J. Lewis, and D. Craig. 1963. Sorption of Cesium by
Soils and Its Displacement by Salt Solutions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.
Cesium was sorbed by montmorillom'te, illite, and kaolinite in quantities
corresponding to exchange saturation and was displaced readily on leaching with
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IN KC1 or CaCl-. Vermiculite and heated (600°C., 12 hours) K-montmorillonite
bound Cs tightly against displacement by CaCl- and A1C1.,, but not by KC1 or
NH.C1. Prolonged leaching with IN KC1 removed 97.5% of the Cs sorbed by
heated K-montmorillonite, while IN CaClo eventually displaced BB%.
Potassium and Rb sorbed on vermiculite were displaced more rapidly by
Ca or Mg than by monovalent ions, but this was not the case with heated
K-montmorillonite.
The exchange-displacement behavior of Cs on vermiculite and heated
K-montmorillonite suggests that this ion is unique in that its sorption
in interlayer spaces leads to interplanar distances which admit K and NH^
ions but greatly restrict the entry of Ca. Cesium, then, is not expected
to follow the "fixation-release" rules that have been developed for K and
NH4.
Heated montmorillomte samples leached with mixtures of CsCl and other salts
sorbed more Cs when the complementary ion was Ca or Al than when it was K or
NH.. Differences were especially pronounced at low equivalent fractions of
Cs in the leaching solution, showing a larger preference by exchange sites
for Cs over divalent than over monovalent ions. Apparent "specific sorption"
of Cs against exchange with CaCl2 occurred at quite large Cs saturations.
(auth)
Collet, M., R. Maushart and P. Spaander. 1968. Accumulation of Radioactive
Materials by River Silt. IN: Radiation Protection. Part 2. Snyder, W. S.,
et at. (eds.) pp. 1343-9.
Within the framework of the studies on the radioactivity of the Rhine
basin, the fixation capacities of tne river silt for radioactive material
was determined in order to draw conclusions on the deposition of fission
products and other radioisotopes in the river bed. Therefore, the distribution
coefficient C between river silt and river water (the ratio of the absorbed
mass of the element studied per gram silt to the concentration of the same
element in the water in equilibrium with the silt) was determined in the lab-
oratory for the elements Ce, Cs, I, P, Ru, and Sr. 141Ce, 137Cs, 131I, 32P,
103 89
Ru, and Sr were used as the labeling isotopes. Altogether 756 individual
samples were processed. These samples were separated by a centrifuge method
into the three fractions sand, clay, and organic material, in order to obtain
C-35
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conclusions on the effect of the individual constituents of the silt. The
methods were outlined, the results were reported, and fixation capacities
found were related to the activity of the individual fallout nuclides
present in the silt, (auth)
Colloques Internationaux Du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
1966. Physico-Chimie du Protactium. No. 154. Orsay Institute du Radium
July 2-8, 1965.
This publication deals with the symposium on the physical chemistry of
Protactinium.
Comstock, M. 1957. Strontium-90: Bibliography. M-6472.
Nuclear Science Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, and the Brookhaven
National Laboratory library files were searched for all aspects of the
literature on strontium-90. One hundred forty-nine references are listed.
(NSA)
Condren, A. J. 1969. Radiation-Induced Oxidation of Selected Organics
in Waste Water. Thesis. Purdue University.
A review of the principles of radiation chemistry established several
variables that could be of significance in the application of ionizing
radiation to the oxidative destruction of organics found in waste water. The
variables considered to be applicable to these studies were: organic species,
concentration of organic species, absorbed radiation dose, concentration of
H-Qy* concentration of dissolved 0^, and combinations of the above. Irradiation
of static 30, 90, and 150 mg/1 phenol solutions gave a linear rate of removal
with respect to total absorbed dose, the rate approximating 22 mg/1 COD per
megarad for all three concentrations. Prior introduction of hydrogen peroxide
enhanced the amount of oxidation which occurred, the amount of removal being
a function of both the initial hydrogen peroxide concentration and absorbed
radiation dose. Air and oxygen diffusion at a given flow rate enhanced the
oxidation; however, increasing the gas flow rates did not increase the
amount of radiooxidation. Air pressurization during irradiation of 90 mg/1
C-36
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phenol solutions showed that increased oxidation resulted as pressure on the
system increased. COD removal approached a linear removal rate only when
120 psig pressure was employed. Pure oxygen pressurization during irradiation
led to linear removals of COD with respect to absorbed dose. The effect of
substrate concentration on the amount of radioinduced COD destruction was
investigated. Combination of all experimental variables showed that no
synergistic effects resulted. A very slight cumulative removal effect was
noted, maximum measured COD destruction being about 6% greater than that
obtained by single variable treatment. Solutions of phenol, alanine, sucrose,
and tannic acid were irradiated in the presence of air diffusion at 300 ml/liter/
min and analyzed for COD and organic carbon removals. The COD removals of
these solutions followed the general pattern of linear removal followed by a
decreasing rate of removal as the substrate concentration became limiting.
The organic carbon data for each treated solution showed two distinct linear
removal functions as total dose increased, the initial rate being less than the
rate obtained at greater total absorbed doses. This occurrence implied that
a given amount of fragmentation, oxidation, and hydrolyzation of the parent
molecule had to have occurred before maximum oxidation of the organic carbon
dioxide could be obtained. The maximum organic carbon removal rates for
phenol, alanine, sucrose, and tannic acid were 17, 17, 23 and 28 mg/1 per
megarad, respectively, (auth)
Cook, G. B. and J. Wilkinson. 1948. The Sorption of Fission Product
Mixtures in Relation to Effluent Disposal. AERE-C/R-340.
Possible methods for the disposal of radioactive S-active effluent are
considered, and the previous work on the absorption of fission-product mixtures
in aqueous solution is reviewed. A method is developed for the sorption of
greater than 99% of the fission products from dilute acid solution on a
mixture of soil and barium sulfate for the treatment of laboratory effluent.
It is proposed that the secondary plutonium plant solutions be treated with
ferric or aluminum hydroxides which adsorb 96% of the fission products from
alkaline solutions, (auth)
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Coppens, R. 1949. On the Radioactivity of the Sand From the Beaches Along
the River of Crach (Morbihan). Compt. Rend. 229:1319-23 (in French).
The sand of the beaches from Demoiselles to Penestin is composed largely
of heavy elements. A certain amount of radioactivity is, therefore, to be
expected in these sands and, in fact, has already been detected (Compt. rend.
228, 1938, 1949). The activity of the sand from various beaches was
measured by photographic methods and the results are tabulated. This activity
appears to be due, primarily, to thorium and to small inclusions of uranium.
The distribution and possible origin of the radioactivity are discussed. (NSA)
Coquema, C., R. Coulomb, M. Goldsztein, and J. C. Schiltz. 1963. Radioactive
Disequilibrium and Isotopes of Thorium in Geochronology. IN: Radioactive Dating.
IAEA, pp. 133-48 (in French).
Systematic work was going on for a number of years to determine the main
natural radionucl ides (U238, Ra226, Th230, Pa231, Rn222, Po210, and Th232)
present in a wide variety of geological materials (rocks, soils, ores, river,
and marine sediments) with a view to working out the pattern of radioactive
equilibirum and the laws of geochemical distribution. Although the primary
objective of this work is to obtain precise data on weathering or deposit
phenomena, the results which were obtained can be applied directly to geo-
chronological problems. The radiochemical and radiometrical methods which
are used routinely are described. These involve the use of multichannel
alpha and gamma spectrometers, alpha and beta counting with automatic low-
background sets, and the determination of radon by scintillation balloons
and of uranium by fluorimetry. Some typical results are given for various
geochemical models; on this basis it is possible to make age determinations
of secondary mineralization in deposits or to calculate sedimentary deposit
rates. Emphasis is laid on the need for subjecting both the sample and the
environment to a simultaneous and thorough geochemical study, (aoth)
Cordero, G., P. Gasos, J. L. Merino, and E. Suarez. 1966. Static Leaching
of Spanish Uranium Ores. AEC-tr-6850.
A review is made of Spanish experience after seven years of work with
the static leaching of uranium ores. A great diversity of minerals has been
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studied, both from the point of view of uranium grade (250 and 2000 ppm)
and of the type of minerals and ores (granites, shales, sandstone, sulfides,
carbonates, limonites, etc.). The scale of the studies has also varied
considerably, ranging from a few kilograms to several tons. Different leaching
agents have been used: water, solid reagents (pyrites), alkaline carbonates
and sulfuric acid. The systems used range from simple set-ups to more
elaborate ones with liquid recirculation. The uranium was initially
recovered from the liquids by direct precipitation, but later, ion exchange
technique and extraction with amines were eventually used, (auth)
Cordfunke, E. H. P. 1969. The Chemistry of Uranium-Including Its Applications
in Nuclear Technology. Elsevier Publishing Company. Amsterdam.
The book deals with the extractive metallurgy, properties of the metal,
interaction with other metals, solid compounds, solution species and their
reactions, applications in nuclear technology, and analytical chemistry of
uranium.
Corey, J. C. 1968. Contribution of Tritiated Water at Various Depths in
Soil to Evaporation at the Soil Surface. DP-MS-67-95.
Tritiated water deposited on the soil returns directly to the atmosphere
by evaporation from the soil surface and by transpiration by plants. The
time for tritiated water to evaporate from a foamy sand was measured when
tritiated water was placed 0 to 14, 14 to 28, or 28 to 42 cm below the surface
and for soil water contents of 0.05 and 0.10 g/g of oven-dry soil. The
evaporation time increased with the depth of placement and with a decrease in
water content. Tritiated water 14 to 28 cm below the soil surface did not
evaporate before 60 hr. Tritiated water 28 to 42 cm below the soil did not
evaporate before 200 hr from soil wet to 0.10 g/g of oven-dry soil, and not
before 300 hr from soil wet to 0.05 g/g of oven-dry soil, (auth)
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Corey, J. C. and A. L. Bonn. 1975. Removal of Plutonium from Drinking
Water by Community Water Treatment Facilities. IAEA-SM-199/81.
Plutonium removal factors (RF) averaged 14 ± 10 during a study of the
effectiveness of three drinking-water treatment plants for removing plutonium
from Savannah River water. Plutonium concentrations between 0.1 and 3.5 fCi/1**
were measured in raw and finished water samples. From 50 to 10,000 liter
samples of water were concentrated by ion exchange techniques and processes
to determine the concentrations of plutonium-239, 240 and to derive plutonium
RF's. The similarity between RF's observed for both plutonium and suspended
solids suggests a collodial behavior for plutonium. Plutonium RF's may be
limited by low-level buildup on the treatment facility filters and subsequent
bleeding into finished water, and thus may be higher during abnormal plutonium
releases to the environment. Flocculation and filtration appear to be the
primary factors in the water treatment process contributing to plutonium removal.
The similarity between the plutonium contents of finished water from treatment
facilities uostream and downstream of the Savannah River Plant (SRP) indicates
that there is no measurable dose-to-man from SRP plutonium releases in the
water. The 70-year bone dose commitment to an individual for consumption for
one year of 1.65 liters per day of treated Savannah River water, based on
the plutonium concentrations of finished water from the three treatment
facilities is 5 x 10" mrem.
Corey, J. C., R. H. Hawkins and R. F. Overman. 1970. Gamma-photoneutron Method
for Laboratory Studies of Soil Water. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34:557-60.
The gamma-photoneutron method is unique among nuclear methods used to
2
study water movement in soil because the heavy water ( H20) content of
laboratory soil columns can be measured independently of bulk density of soil,
soil texture, light water ( H20) content, and type of clay mineral. The
method requires a radioactive source that emits gamma photons in excess of
2.23 MeV and a neutron detector. The neutron detector measures photoneutrons
produced when the deuterium nuclei in the gamma radiation field split into
a photoneutron and a proton. The number of photoneutrons detected is linearly
releated to the heavy water content of the soil column, (auth)
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2
Corey, JioC. and J. H. Morton. 1967. Movement of Water Tagged with H,
JH, and I00 Through Acidic Kaolinitic Soil. DP-MS-67-55.
Miscible displacement techniques were used to compare the behavior of
deuterium, tritium and oxygen-18 as water tracers. Displacement of a
170-ml portion of triply tagged water through a 186-cm-long column of water-
saturated acidic kaolinitic soil by distilled water revealed no differences
in the relative rates of movement of deuterium-, tritium-, and oxygen-18-
tagged water, (auth)
Corley, J. P., D. M. Robertson, and F. P. Brauer. 1971. Plutonium in Surface
Soil in the Hanford Plants Environments. IN: Fowler, E. B., R. W. Henderson,
and M. F. Milligan (co-chairmen). Proceedings of Environmental Plutonium
Symposium,-held at LASL, August 4-5. LA-4756, pp. 85-88.
Surface soil sampling from February, 1970 through April, 1971 on and
around the Atomic Energy Commission's Hanford Reservation is described. The
sample sites selected were from less than 1 mile to as far as 30 miles from
major plutonium-handling facilities, including sites around the perimeter of
the AEC controlled land.
The top one-half inch of soil was sampled. Vegetative litter and rootmat
were avoided as much as possible. Portions of the mixed soil samples were
dried and analyzed for plutonium content, using acid leaching, solvent
extraction, and alpha counting. Several locations were sampled in replicate.
Certain samples were analyzed in duplicate. The plutonium results (all
as dpm plutonium per g of dry soil) grouped by general location were: within
restricted areas, from 0.05 to 1.4; outside restricted areas but within the
reservation boundaries, <0.01 to 0.28; and outside the plant boundary, from
<0.01 to 0.13. (auth)
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Costa, F., I. Esparraguera, N. Ortin, M. del Val, F. de la Cruz, 0. Carpena,
and R. F. Cell 1m". 1967. Influence of Irrigation Rate and Soil Type on the
Vertical Migration of Iron and Manganese in the Soils of Southeast Spain.
IN: Isotope and Radiation Techniques in Soil Physics and Irrigation Studies.
IAEA, Vienna pp. 251-68 (in Spanish).
The citrus plantations in southeast Spain, situated largely on
calcareous soils which are submitted to intensive cultivation, are
investigating nutritional changes caused mainly by deficiencies of
trace elements, especially iron and manganese, which result in a lower
yield and premature exhaustion of the trees. A radioactive tracer study
was made of the behavior of these ions in soils and the factors influencing
their migration to the root zone; the object of the work is to develop a
rational and economic fertilization policy. The work has been based on
two types of soil, representing extreme situations encountered in practice:
one soil is calcareous and the other noncalcareous. A set of columns was
assembled, each column having a length of 1 m and a cross-section of
32 cm ; solutions of Fe and Mn were added to these columns both in
sulphate and chelate form. A definite amount of water, proportional to
the requirements of citrus plantations, was intermittently passed through
these columns. Soil samples were taken periodically and the total activity
and the activity of the assimilable and nonassimilable fractions of the
elements being studied were measured. At the same time an apparatus
involving a collimated scintillation detector was developed to follow the
vertical migration of these ions in soils; the water drained from the
columns after each irrigation was analyzed radiochemically for the same
purpose, (auth)
Costanzo, D. A., R. E. Biggers and J. T. Bell. 1973. Plutonium Polymeriza-
tion - I.A Spectrophotometric Study of the Polymerization of Plutonium (IV).
J. Inorg. and Nucl. Chem. 35:609-622.
Standard spectra of the Pu species have been observed and then used in
the calculations of the distribution of Pu(III), (IV), (V), (VI), and
polymeric Pu(IV) in solutions containing ^ 0.009 M metal Pu at initial
acidities of 0-1, 0-075, 0-06 and 0-04 M HN03, and at 25°C and 75°C. The
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distributions of the Pu species are given for the four acidities at 25°C,
and the distributions are given for the initial acidity of 0-075 M HN03 at
25°C, 50°C and 75°C.
In these studies the polymer is not formed when the initial acidity is
0-1 M and the temperature is 25°C, but the degree of polymerization continuously
increases at the lower acidities and is almost quantitative when the initial
acidity is 0-04 M. The effect of an increasing temperature is to increase
the rate of polymerization at the expense of the ionic Pu species. The amount
of polymer formed at 75°C is ^ 3-5 times as great as the amount at 25°C
when the initial acidity is 0-075 M. (auth)
Cottrell, W. D. 1959. Radioactivity in Silt of the Clinch and Tennessee
Rivers. ORNL-2847.
Surveys of radioactivity in the Clinch and Tennessee rivers during
1954 through 1958 are summarized. It is concluded that no immediate hazard
exists due to the reconcentration of radioactive materials in downstream
bottom sediments. However, if the amount of radioactivity in the bottom
sediment continues to increase for the next few years, it will be necessary
to re-evaluate our present waste disposal policy in order to further restrict
the release of radioactive wastes to the Clinch River. The most probable
effect of the radioactive sediment on industry would be an increased
background counting rate if sand from the river bottom were used in making
concrete for the construction of counting rooms of instrument laboratories.
The problem of the radioactivity in solution in the river water would have
to be considered before using the downstream water as process water in the
manufacture of film emulsions or other photographic materials, (auth)
Cowan, G. A. 1975. Oklo-A Prehistoric Natural Fission Reactor.
LA-UR-75-2040.
The article is a talk given to the Californium 252 Utilization Meeting
concerning the history and uses of the analytical data obtained from the
Oklo, Gabon, natural reactor. Migration of the reactor fission products
Kr, Xe, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Mo, I and Pb were reported and their relationship
to the geological storage of radioactive waste was discussed.
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Cowan, G. A. 1976. A Natural Fission Reactor. Scientific American.
235:36-47.
This is a good descriptive article of the Oklo, Gabon, natural
reactor with many illustrations of how the reactor formed and operated.
Some illustrative data on uranium migration is presented.
Cowan, G. A., E. A. Bryant, W. R. Daniels, and W. J. Maeck. 1975. Some
United States Studies of the Oklo Phenomenon. IN: The Oklo Phenomenon.
IAEA-SM-204/5, pp. 341-356. ~~
Analyses of samples from the Oklo site are in agreement with previous
reports by Naudet et al. concerning the occurrence of a natural chain
reaction in Precambrian times. A preliminary modelling of the reactor
suggests that the event took place 1.7 to 1.9 x 10 yr ago, and that the
period of criticality lasted at least 2 x 10° yr. Uranium may have accreted
and, to a lesser extent, migrated during the period of criticality or
subsequent to it. (auth)
Cc'.vser, K. E. 1962. Movement of Ruthenium in the ORNL Waste-Pit System.
TID-7628, p. 513-31.
A significant increase occurred in the amount and concentration of
fission products released to the ORNL wastepit system in 1959. The
concentration of ruthenium in the chemical waste entering Pit 3 during
o
September 1959 averaged about 2 x 10 d/m/ml or 90 uc/ml. Based upon as-
sumed conditions and evaluation of past events, it is estimated that
24,000 curies of Ru may be released to the Clinch River each year without
exceeding the calculated MPC value (continuous nonoccupational exposure)
W
for the river. With the waste-pit system acting as the primary source of
Ru that is discharged to the river, it is estimated that on an annual
basis, concentration of Ru in waste released to the pit system should not
exceed 25 uc/ml; this amounts to 350,000 curies of Ru in 3.7 million
gallons of waste each year. Special treatment of the waste to enhance the
removal of Ru was not considered in the calculations. The concentration
of ruthenium in waste released to the pits in September 1959 was 3.6 times
greater than the average annual concentration, and a continued discharge
at this level could create a potential hazard in the river. No attempt
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has been made to establish an allowable concentration of Ru in waste
released to the pits. Such a value is influenced by Laboratory policy
regarding use of the natural environment for waste disposal, riparian
rights for equitable use of the river, Federal and/or state regulations, and
ultimately the effects of such release in the physical, chemical, and
biological systems of the river, (auth)
Cowser, K. E., W. de Laguna, et al. 1960. Disposal of ORNL Wastes.
ORNL-2994, p. 15-36.
The study of open waste pits at ORNL was discontinued in 1959.
Emphasis is now placed on studies of the disposal of intermediate-level
waste in a newly designed cover pit (waste pit 5) and the development
of soil-column disposal by fracturing. Burial ground 4 was closed, and 5
was opened in 1959. Although radioactivity was found in wells, seeps,
and streams in and around burial ground 4, the amount of activity con-
tributed to White Oak Creek is so small that it is difficult to measure.
(auth)
Cowser, K. E. and F. L. Parker. 1958. Soil Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
at ORNL: Criteria and Techniques of Site Selection and Monitoring.
Health Physics. 1:152-63.
The ability of soil to remove and retain the bulk of the fission
product cations from aqueous solution is used as the basis for disposal
of large volumes of intermediate level wastes. An experimental system
consisting of three 1 million gal disposal pits has been developed at
ORNL and througn December 1956, received a total of 5.5 million gal of
waste containing 58,000 c of Cs , 15,000 c of Ru and lesser amount
of Sr , Sr , Co , Sb and the rare earths. Sodium ion and nitrate ion
account for the largest part of the chemical constituents. The geologic
and hydrologic characteristics of the reservation served as a guide in the
selection of small areas for detailed study. The information obtained from
field studies of a specific area and laboratory investigations of the
interaction of waste and typical soil were used to estimate the operating
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characteristics of a disposal pit. After the pit was in operation, the
underground movement of the chemical constituents and radionuclides in the
waste was followed by sampling and radiologging observation wells and
sampling at stream gauging points in the pit area. These results have
confirmed the preoperating estimate of the direction and path of waste
movement and the seepage of anion materials such as Ru and NO.," through
the soil. (auth)
Crawley, D. T. 1969. Plutonium-Americum Soil Penetration at 234-5 Build-
ing Crib Sites. ARH-1278.
Plutonium-americium carried in a slightly acid, high salt waste had
penetrated to a depth of 18 feet in the Z-1A tile field, the limit of
sampling. Plutonium-americium contained in neutralized low salt v/aste
routed to the Z-12 crib had penetrated the soil to a minor extent, based
on sampling to 16 feet. At each disposal site, some concentration of the
plutonium-americium was noted at the top layer of soil, (auth)
Cressy, P. J., Jr. 1973. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides in Chesapeake Bay
Sediments Near Calvert Cliffs. ORO-4328-1, pp. 9-15.
The purpose of this study is several-fold: to determine present base
levels of gamma-emitting radioactive species in sediments that may be
affected by the operation of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant; to
measure the distributions of these radionuclides as sorbed and mineralic
(K, U, and Th) species among various sediment materials (i.e., quartz sand,
clay, organic matter, minor mineral components); to study variations in
concentrations with time (including the effect of resuspension or deposition
of sediment by storm activity) and with other measurable parameters of the
Bay, such as pH, temperature, salinity; and to investigate the uptake of
existing radionuclides by vegetative and animal species in the Bay. Preliminary
studies utilized sediment samples obtained from the surface (to about 10 cm)
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of the Bay floor on a quarterly basis by anchor dredge, under the direction
of personnel from the Hallowing Point Field Station. The locations of these
sampling sites are described. Data are included from samples obtained on
5/16-17/72 and 8/8/72, before and after tropical storm Agnes, (auth)
1 *^ T
Crews, W. S. and D. D. Tillson. 1969. Analysis of Travel Time of I from
the 1301-N Crib to the Columbia River During July 1969. BNWL-CC-2326.
The 1301-N crib at Hanford receives waste waters from the 100-N Reactor
operation. The crib, which has been in service since 1964, receives an average
flow of approximately 2000 to 2500 gal/min waste water. Radionuclide
concentration of the influent stream to the 1301-N crib can fluctuate
significantly in very short periods of time, but the quantitative spectra
of the crib influent during normal operation will be heavily weighted with
H followed by Cr and I. When a fuel element failure occurs, the major
contribution to the radionuclide inventory of the 1301-N crib influent will
come from the reactor coolant bleed systems. For a short period, 1 to 8 hr
following a fuel element failure, the quantitative spectra of the crib
131
influent will be dominated by I. Correlations of concentration peaks
at the crib influent with a subsequent appearance of corresponding peaks
in downgradient groundwater monitoring wells and in the riverbank springs,
which have developed since crib operation was begun in 1964, provide a means
for determining radionuclide travel times in the ground system. Data are
presented on I concentrations in well and riverbank spring samples taken
over a period of 30 days following two fuel element failures, 1 week apart,
during the first part of July 1969. The minimum travel time from the 1301-N
crib to the Columbia River was approximately 9 ± 1 days for I during this
131
period. The peak of maximum concentration of I occurred approximately
15 +_ 1 days after release to the ground system. (NSA)
Croff, A. G.14!976. Evaluation of Options Relative to the Fixation and
Disposal of C-Contaminated C02 as CaCO-j. ORNL/TM-5171.
A paper study was conducted to determine the best method for fixing the
14
C-contaminated COp resulting from an HTGR fuel block burner as CaCO,, and
C-47
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to determine the best methods for disposing of the CaC03 thus produced. The
fixation method selected was the direct reaction of a Ca^H)- slurry with the
CO-. The least expensive disposal options which are likely to be acceptable
appear to be the shallow-land burial of either drummed CaCO., solid (total
cost = $18.47/kg heavy metal) or drummed CaCO, concreted with cement (total
cost = $43.33/kg heavy metal). Neither placing the C02 fixation process
before the Kr removal process nor separating the bulk of the graphite fuel
block from the fuel particles is attractive on both technical and economic
grounds. However, reduction of the HTGR fuel nitrogen content appears to be
a more attractive method of reducing the C release rate. (A)
Crow, Neil B. 1976. First Observations of Tritium in Ground Water Outside
Chimneys of Underground Nuclear Explosions, Yucca Flat, Neveda Test Site.
UCRL-52073.
Abnormal levels of radionuclides had not been detected in ground water
at the Nevada Test Site beyond the immediate vicinity of underground nuclear
explosions until April 1974, when above-background tritium activity levels
were detected in ground-water inflow from the tuff beneath Yucca Flat to an
emplacement chamber being mined in hole U2aw in the east-central part of
Area 2. No other radionuclides were detected in a sample of water from
the chamber. In comparison with the amount of tritium estimated to be
present in the ground water in nearby nuclear chimneys, the activity
level at U2aw is very low. To put the tritium activity levels at U2aw
into proper perspective, the maximum tritium activity level observed was
significantly less than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for
a restricted area, though from mid-April 1974 until the emplacement
chamber was expended in September 1974, the tritium activity exceeded
the MPC for the general public. Above-background tritium activity was
also detected in ground water from the adjacent exploratory hole, Ue2aw.
The nearest underground nuclear explosion detonated beneath the water
table, believed to be the source of the tritium observed, is Commodore (U2am),
located 465 m southeast of the emplacement chamber in U2aw. Commodore was
detonated in May 1967. In May 1975, tritium activity significantly higher
C-48
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than regional background was detected in ground water from hole UeZar,
980 m south of the emplacement chamber in U2aw and 361 m from a second
underground nuclear explosion, Agile (U2v), also detonated below the water
table, in February 1967. This paper describes these occurrences of tritium
in the ground water. A mechanism to account for the movement of tritium is
postulated. It is believed that the tritiated water passed through a network
of induced and natural fractures in the tuff beneath Yucca Flat which formed
a pathway from the sources of tritium to the sites where it was detected,
and that hydraulic pressures induced by forces related to the explosions
significantly augmented the natural hydraulic gradient in moving the
tritiated water outward, (auth)
Csupka, S. 1972. Behavior of 90Sr and 137Cs in the Soil-Fodder-MiIk
Chain. INIS-mf-887-2, pp. 51-63 (in Slovak).
The contribution of soil to the lucerne and milk contamination was
determined by regression analysis. In the years 1964 to 1969 soil contributed
to the contamination of lucerne with Sr and Cs by 28 to 88% and by
5 to 55%, respectively. Lucerne contamination was responsible for 26 to
90
59% of Sr in milk. Cesium-137 tends to form irreversible bonds with soil
minerals; it is therefore less possible for plants to sorb the minerals
from soil and the contribution of Cs to lucerne contamination is thus
smaller. A certain relationship of Sr and Cs in soil and in lucerne is
expressed by correlation coefficients. Their low values confirm that a
loose relationship exists between the two quantities. The correlation
90
coefficients have the following values: r = -0.26 between Sr in soil,
accessible to plants, and its content in lucerne; r = 0.50 between Cs
in soil, accessible to plants, and its content in lucerne. (NSA)
Csupka, K. 1974. Study of Cs Sorption on the Soil Sorption Complex
Between the Years 1964 and 1970. Pol'nohospodarstvo. 20:114-122
(in Slovak).
Effects of Cs sorption on the collodial complex of the soil
and the mutual influence of the pair Cs-K were studied after successive
extraction of the soil by certain agents. The nonextractable residue was
C_49
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137
pyrogenated with carbonate and after mineralization the Cs and potassium
contents were determined. Of the total potassium content in the soil, the
nonextractable form amounted to 83 to 98«. Of the total Cs content in
the soil (average value 355 pCi/kg of the soil), 28% was constituted by the
non-extractable form. The correlation coefficients of the elements Cs-K
had the following values: Exchangeable K-exchangeable Cs r = +0.517,
exchangeable K-available Cs (extractable in a boiling HC1) r = +0.525 and
available K (extractable in a boiling HCl--total Cs) (determined by
carbonate pyrogenation) r = -0.396. (auth)
°0
Csupka, S., M. Petrasova, and J. Carach. 1964. The Contribution to * Sr
Determination in Fallout and Soil in Western Slovakia. Jaderna Energie.
10:196-9 (in Czech).
90
The accumulation of Sr in soil in the period of 1962-1963 in chosen
90
localities of Western Slovakia was investigated. The Sr activity in soil
during the running year has not shown marked differences. (MSA)
Csupka, S. 1971. 137Cs in the System of Soil-Plant in the Years 1964-
1969. Pol'nohospodarstvo. 17:363-70 (in Slovak).
In the course of the years 1964-1969, radiocesium in soils and lucerne
was followed under natural conditions. A certain correlation was found
between potassium, calcium, and phosphorus in soil and in lucerne as well as
between the exchangeable potassium and radiocesium in soil. The relationship
137
between the content of Cs in soils and in lucerne is expressed by a positive
correlation (r = +0.47). There occurred a cumulation of radiocesium in soil
under the influence of the fallout. The extent to which the soil component
will make itself in the contamination of plants will depend especially on
meteorological and soil conditions and whether radiocesium gets outside the
root system of plants, (auth)
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Cuddihy, R. G., R. 0. McClellan, L. D. Chapman, J. R. Wayland and V. L. Dugan.
1975. Simulation Modeling of Environmental Transport and Health Consequences
of Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Systems.IAEA-SM-199/107.
Developing programs for widespread production of electrical power from
nuclear reactor systems require detailed analyses of anticipated radioactivity
releases, environmental contamination and potential impact upon human health.
This report describes a simulation model of the environment, including man,
developed to study evaluations of risks associated with radioactive release
from nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The model provides predictions of the
time-related development of potential health effects in human populations
and facilitates the determination of the sensitivity of resulting risk
estimates to the many rate constants, physical variables and siting
assumptions incorporated into the model. Initial modeling efforts have
been directed toward releases of transuranic elements from the Liquid Metal
Fast Breeder Reactor fuel cycle including 238Pu, 239Pu, 240Pm, 241Am, 2*2Cm
244
and Cm. Output from the model includes estimates of tumor and genetic
defect incidences related to projected growth of nuclear reactor programs
through future generations. This information and the sensitivity analyses
are directed toward determining the more important model pathways to man
and identifying areas of the analysis where fundamental information is lacking.
(auth)
Cullen, T. L. 1967. A Study of Natural Radioactivity in Brazil. NYC
2577-8.
Results of several studies of natural background radiation are reported
including thorium activity in a lamp factory and personnel, thorium in
Brazilian plants, gamma activity in sugars and in areas with high monazite
contents in the sediments.
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Cummings, S. L. and L. Bankert. 1971. The Uptake of Cerium-144, Promethium-147,
and Plutonium-238 by Oat Plants from Soils. Radiological Health Data and
Reports. 2:33-85.
The uptake of cerium-144, promethium-147, and plutonium-238 by oat plants
was determined for nine soils, and promethium-147 and plutonium-238 uptakes
were compared with cerium-144 uptake. The percentage uptake values for all
three radionuclides were very low, ranging from 10" to 10" percent. Nitrogen
and potassium fertilizers increased the uptake of promethium-147 by oat
plants from an Amite soil. Because the amount of cerium-144, promethium-
147, and plutonium-238 taken up by plants from soils is very small, the
health hazards to man by the soil-piant-man pathway from these radionuclides
will probably be negligible at the levels used in this study, (auth)
Curie, I. 1946. Possibility of Studying the Activity of Rocks by Observation
of a-Particle Tracks in a Photoaraphic Emulson. Journal de Physique et le
Radium. 7:313-19.
A detailed discussion is presented on the possibility of determining the
uranium and thorium content of ordinary rocks by observing a-particle tracks
in a photographic film applied to the rocks' surface. Such determinations can
be made only where radioactive equilibrium can be assumed. For the examination
of normal granite, exposures of several months are needed. The same method
can be used to study the distribution of radioactive elements within the rock.
(NSA)
Gushing, C. E. and D. G. Watson. 1974. Aquatic Studies of Gable Mountain
Pond. BNWL-1884.
Studies of the biotic and abiotic components of the Gable Mountain
Pond (HAPO cooling water disposal pond) ecosystem were undertaken to
determine if there was a potential problem for offsite transfer of
radioactivity to man orginating with the aquatic food web. Most of the
Cs in the pond is associated with the sediments which are probably the
137
main source of Cs for uptake by the biota. Generally, highest
concentrations of Cs and other radioisotopes were found in the upper two
inches of sediments in the northwest end of the pond and in the deeper areas
C-52
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along the long-axis of the pond. Native goldfish had maximum and average
Cs concentrations of about 340 and 170 pCi/g dry wt, respectively. Algae,
macrophytes, and detritus comprised the main food items of the goldfish,
and the Cs levels in the plants were usually higher than the Cs
concentration in the fish. The Cs concentrations of wild experimental
ducks restricted to Gable Mountain Pond were approximately the same as
resident coots, but significantly higher than transient wild ducks.
Neither the goldfish nor the waterfowl inhabiting the pond attained con-
137
centrations of Cs exceeding acceptable limits. Sediment, however, could
be a source of high concentrations of radioactivity or radioactive
contamination concern if the concentration of radiocontaminants increased
and/or the pond dries up, and the contaminated sediments become windborne.
(auth)
Cutshall, N. H. 1967. Cr in the Columbia River and Adjacent Pacific
Ocean. RLO-1750-22 (vol. 4), paper 3.
Results of investigations aimed at determining factors affecting
fractionation of Cr from the Hanford effluent are presented. Radio-
analytical methods using gamma spectroscopy are described. Sorption of
Cr on solids is discussed along with sediment uptake experiments and
desorption experiments. Electrodialysis and sedimentation fractionation
experiments are also described along with Cr measurements in seawater.
Clarity, low temperature, and low biological oxygen demand were found to
be desirable for rapid and complete dispersion of Cr in water. (NSA)
Cutshall, N. and C. Osterberg. 1964. Radioactive Particle in Sediment
from the Columbia River. Science. 144:536-7.
A hot particle containing only fission product radioactivity and
comprised of a number of characteristics that make it unusual and its
origin uncertain was found in the Columbia River, (auth)
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Dahlman, R. C., C. W. Francis, and T. Tamura. 1975. Radiocesium Cyclina
in Vegetation and Soil. CONF-740513, pp. 462-481.
Data on cesium dynamics in vegetation and soils are reviewed. Special
emphasis is placed on typical environments in the southeast United States.
Clay minerals of soil, especially micaceous types, effectively fix cesium
and remove it from biotic components of ecosystems. Fallout Cs enters
food chains principally by direct deposition on vegetation; uptake by the
root pathway is usually less than direct contamination of plant foliage.
Cesium-137 levels in vegetation of the southeast U.S. Coastal Plain are
estimated on the basis of direct deposition from the atmosphere and root
uptake from soil. Estimated concentrations, based on current concepts of
Cs dynamics in vegetation and fixation in soil, are in good agreement
with observed values of Cs in vegetation collected in 1969 and 1970.
Mechanisms of direct deposition and of increased uptake by roots due to
the absence of micaceous clays adequately explain the higher levels of
137
Cs in vegetation of the Coastal Plain and thus are responsible for the
elevated Cs reported for milk of the Tampa, Florida, milkshed. (A)
137
Dahlman, R. C. and P. Van Voris. 1975. Cycling of Cs in Soil and
Vegetation of a Flood Plain 30 years after Initial Contamination.
CONF-750503-15.
Distribution of radiocesium was determined in soil and vegetation
components of a flood plain contaminated by Manhattan Project operations
in 1944. Thirty years after contaminated waste effluents were deposited
137
in a temporary holding basin, practically all the soil Cs was still
137
within 60 cm of the soil surface. Maximum Cs concentrations occurred
in the 12- to 22-cm.horizon. Concentrations throughout the flood plain
1 37
were variable; maximum levels of Cs exceeded 20,000 pCi/g; intermediate
levels of 5,000 to 20,000 pCi/g were encountered along the watercourse, and
concentrations less than 5,000 pCi/g were found along the flood plain
margins. Relative concentrations in soil, roots, and above-ground vegetation
(expressed as ratios on a gram per gram basis) were 0.6 for root/soil,
0.05 for above-ground vegetation/soil, and 0.03 for above-ground vegetation/
roots. Ratios ranged from 0.001 to 0.53 for all species, and average ratios
D-l
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for the 30-year post-contamination study showed that the relative Cs
distribution between plants and soil has not changed significantly from
distributions reported 15 years ago (plant/soil ratio 0.05 vs 0.03 by
Auerbach et al., 1959). The results also indicated that ratios were
higher at low soil- Cs concentration. Thus, when soil and environmental
conditions remain unchanged over a 30-year period, the relative concentration
of Cs between plants and soil does not appear to change significantly
as a function of time, (auth)
Dahlman, R. C., S. H. Anderson, and H. H. Andrews. 1974. Terrestrial
Radionuclide Cycling Effects. ORNL-4935, pp. 46-60.
Research progress on radionuclide'cycling includes studies of the
mechanism of strontium sorption-desorption by soils from the southeastern
United States. Results indicate that strontium adsorption by clays may
be related to the same sites which bond organic matter. The Aspergillus
niger technique was used to determine available Cs in soil; concentration
_2
factors (1.2 x 10~ ) for the fungus were very similar to those determined by
_p
continuous cropping of White Oak Lake soil by millet (2 to 3 x 10" ).
Distribution and transport of radionuclides leaking from a waste trench
were investigated at the Oak Ridge burial grounds. It was discovered that
Co is complexed with EDTA from the contaminated waste. The fraction of
Co in vegetation of the radioactive seep was only 1% of the total determined
for soil plus biotic components. Ground cover, Impatiens biflora, contained
more 60Co than all trees growing in the seep. Results were obtained on the
kinetics of 60Co and Cs in mineralization immobilization by decomposer
organisms. The influence of microorganisms and decomposability of organic
substrate on radionuclide availability to higher plants were investigated.
The influence of food type on the food chain bioaccumulation of Co and
Cs in quail was determined. Responses of arthropod populations to in
situ exposures were investigated for 2 to 13 rads/day dose rates. Results
on the environmental fate and effects of chemicals from cooling-tower drift
include studies of chromium from ORGDP towers and effects of salt from
D-2
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simulated applications of brackish water to forest species. Maximum
chromium concentrations in grass and tobacco were 400 and 200 ug/g
respectively. Effects on tobacco growth were observed at concentrations
averaging 10 ug Cr per gram at 200 m from the towers. No effects on trees
from experimental salt applications at rates below 100 Ib/acre were ooservea,
but photosynthesis was markedly depressed in all species at a cumulative
application of 900 Ib/acre. (auth)
Daiev, Kh., G. Delchev, G. Gradev, S. Simov, and V. Zhelyazkov. 1972.
Fixation of 192jr on Natural Sorbents in a Bituminous Vessel. At Energ.
32:87-9 (in Russian).
In a simulation of radioactive waste treatment, the sorption of
192
Ir on zeolite and vermiculite and the subsequent fixation with
bitumen of the resulting sorbed products were studied. The initial Ir
solution was prepared by dissolving (NH^MrClg in water to yield a
specific activity of 2,040 cts/min • ml. Layers of vermiculite and
zeolite were placed in a bituminous vessel, and then allowed to contact
192
solutions of AgN03 and Ir (0.001 Ci). After a water wash the sorbed
mixture was dried, and molten bitumen was used to seal the vessel. i!o
leached-out activity could be detected after months of exposure of the
assembly to rain and snow under the open sky. (NSA)
DalTAglio, M. 1971. Study of the Circulation of Uranium in the Supergene
Environment in the Italian Alpine Range. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta.
35:47-59.
Geochemical prospecting surveys for uranium, carried out in the meta-
morphic basement of the Italian Alpine Range, detected marked anomalies
both in alluvia and waters in the Hartello Valley (Trentino Region,
Northern Italy). Detailed surveys showed that no uranium occurrences or
deposits outcrop in the vicinity of the geochemical anomalies. A detailed
study was therefore made in order to determine the causes of these anomalies.
Analyses of uranium were made on fresh water, rock, stream sediment and
soil samples. The water samples were also analyzed for all the major as well
as for some trace elements. Leaching tests on rock samples provided additional
D-3
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information with a view to understanding better the dissolution of uranium
with respect to the major elements. The results of these studies emphasize
some characteristics of uranium in the supergene environment. Uranium,
particularly that contained as uranim'te in the pegmatites, is the element
which passes most readily into the natural waters, where it may reach
anomalous values, even starting from rocks with a normal content. Part of
the uranium dissolved in fresh waters is precipitated by the organic matter
of soils and stream sediments. The percentage of the uranium precipitated
is not high, but it is sufficient to raise the uranium content of the alluvia
to significant anomalous values. These processes, in the particular enviro-
ment of the explored region, explain the anomalous values found in waters
and alluvia, starting from rocks whose uranium contents average slightly
more than the clarke value (approximately 5 ppm). (auth)
Dall'Aglio, M. and E. Casentini. 1970. Distribution of Uranium Between
Precipitates and Brines in the Solar Salt Plant of Margherita Di Savoia.
Geochemical and Geological Considerations. Bull. Soc. Geol. Ital.
89:475-34.
The behavoir of uranium during the solar salt production process was
studied. The research was conducted at one of the world's largest solar
salt plants—located at Margherita di Savoia, Foggia—producing 600,000 tons
of sodium chloride per year. The uranium content was determined in the
brines, in the gypsum, and the sodium chloride precipitates. The results
obtained show that uranium is concentrated in the final bitterns, the
contents of which exceeds 30 micrograms per liter. The contents of uranium
in the gypsum and sodium chloride are very low, i.e., from 0.1 to 0.001 ppm.
The acid insoluble residues of salts show a higher uranium content, that
is in the order of ppm. The geochemical and geological significance of
the results obtained is also discussed, (auth)
D-4
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Dall'Aglio, M., R. Gragnani, and E. Locardi. 1974. Geochemical Factors
Controlling the Formation of the Secondary Minerals of Uranium. IN: Forma-
tion of Uranium Ore Deposits. IAEA-SM-183/21, pp. 33-48.
The formation of secondary uranium minerals directly from natural
waters is examined in this paper. There is evidence of some geochemical
processes which are capable of creating conditions favourable for the
precipitation of secondary minerals, even when there are no primary uranium
(IV) occurrences.
Direct experience indicates that at least two hydrogeochemical processes
are responsible for the precipitation of secondary uranium minerals; namely
(1) the leaching of crystalline rocks, even with a normal content, under
particular erosion and weathering conditions in the wet temperate climatic
zone. This process occurs, for instance, on the Sila Plateau in the
Calatria region (Italy) where autunite is still precioitating; and (2)
evaporitic processes of inland waters under arid climatic conditions, an
example of which is furnished by carnotite deposits in the calcrete area of
Western Australia.
In the paper the results obtained in the course of hydrogeochemical
studies carried out in the Sila Plateau and in Western Australia are pre-
sented. The secondary mineral precipitation as a step towards the forming
of uranium ore bodies in a multistage minerogenetic process is discussed.
(auth)
Dalu, G. 1966. Coefficient of Exchange from Radon Concentration Determinations
Ass. Geofis. Ital., Atti Conv. Annu. 15:399-^08 (in Italian).
Under the assumptions that in the soil the horizontal distribution of
the radionuclides is isotropic, that the average vertical component of the
wind is negligible compared with the vertical exchange owing to turbulence,
that the settling of the particles is negligible with respect to transport by
turbulence, and that precipitation is negligible compared with radioactive
decay, a simplified form of the generalized equation which related Rn and
Th concentrations was derived. (CA)
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Dames and Moore. 1976. Development of Monitoring Programs for ERDA
Owned Radioactive Low-Level Waste Burial Sites.
The primary objective of the program was the development of a generic
monitoring program applicable to ERDA radioactive waste burial sites at
Oak Ridge, Hanford, Savannah River, Los Alamos and Idaho Falls. The
hydrogeologic and radiochemical characteristics of the ERDA burial sites
were compiled and evaluated. An annotated bibliography of the pertinent
literature for each burial site was included.
Danchev, V. I. 1963. Conditions of Formation and Classification of
Exogenous Uranium Deposits. At. Energ. (USSR). 14:296-308 (in Russian).
In view of the increasing importance of exogenous U deposits, their
classification attracted great interest. American and Canadian geologists
made a detailed study of the rocks from the Colorado Plateau and Canada, using
the surrounding formations as the basis of their classification. Ya.D. Gotman
divided the exogenous U deposits into sedimentary rocks of oceanic, lake
water, or marsh water origin. V. S. Domarev, who also took the endogenous
and me^amorphic rocks into consideration, divided the exogenous ones into
weathered and sedimentary deposits. Similar classification schemes, developed
by V. G. Melkov, L. Ch. Pukhal'skii, A. G. Betekhtin, D. Ya. Surazhckii,
V. N. Kotlyar, and A. A. Yakzhin, are given. The following classification
is proposed on the basis of the conditions of formation and the composition
of the surrounding rocks: weathered, sedimentary-hydrogenous, sedimentary,
and sedimentary-metamorphic rocks; each of these groups is further subdivided.
The epigenic redistribution is considered as one of the stages of the formation
process. This approach is expected to be helpful in the correct evaluation
of all exogenous rocks, possibly contributing to the discovery of new
deposits. (NSA)
Danchev, V. J., A. M. Kornilov, M. V. Neimyshev, V. V. Ol'Kha,
B. K. Proshlyakov, N. P. Strelyanov, and M. P. Sytnikov. 1959. Uranium
Mineralization in Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks. Geol. Rudn. Mestorozhdenii.
No. 6:26-38.
D-6
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Data indicate that the formation of U deposits in carbonate rocks was
strongly affected by the country rocks. The U in increased amounts
accumulated together with organic matter in carbonate muds and oozes during
the deposition of sediments in the sea bottom, as suggested by maps of ore
thicknesses (isopachs). During diagenesis, simultaneously with the trans-
formation of carbonate muds, the transition of U compounds into stable
mineral associations took place together with the redistribution of ore
material (formation of concretions, replacement of faunal remnants, etc.).
At a later stage the U-bearing carbonate rocks were subjected to further
transformation, strongly dependent on the degree of fracturing of the ore
body. Small veinlets are characteristic for this stage. The presence of
liquid petroleum, usually in domes of anticlines, is a characteristic
feature of U carbonate deposits. The correlation of the petroleum and U
indicates that the ore bodies were formed before the oil migrated into
them. The oil accumulation in no way affected the distribution of ore
minerals, and very often the sections most impregnated by oil are practically
barren, but the presence of oil (reducing environment) sharply decreases
the epigenetic migration of U. (CA)
Darab, K. and I. Toeroek. 1971. Factors Influencing the Movement and
Fixation of 90Sr in the Soil. Agrokem. Talajtan. 20:147-56 (in Hungarian).
gn
The Sr contamination of 11 soils of different types and textures
was studied. The soils examined were humous sand, meadow soil, and different
types of salt-affected soils having textures varying widely from silty sand
to heavy clay. The total Ca content in the soils and in their colloid
fractions was also different. In the salt-affected soils there were differences
in the total salt contents, ESP values, and the soluble salt compositions.
The areas represented by the samples examined were partly under grassland
partly under agricultural cultivation. One sample was taken from a rice
on
field. The Sr was determined by the oxalate method, after extraction
2
with hydrochloric acid; the activities are given in mCi/km . According to
the results it can be stated that in salt affected soils the fixation and
Qfl
mobility of Sr depends on the alkalinity, on the relative amount of
D-7
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exchangeable Na ions (ESP), and the quantity and chemical composition of
the soluble salts. The higher alkalinity of the soils' liquid phase, the
lower solubility and mobility of the Ca compounds in the soil, the more
90
intense accumulation of Sr in the uppermost soil layers (of some cm) and
higher Sr-fixation. Due to the particular water regime and chemical
properties of the salt affected soils, the texture has only a second-hand
role in the degree and form of strontium fixation which are influenced first
by the degree of salinity and alkalinity. In noncultivated soils, the
radioactive contamination occurs mainly in the some cm thick top layer. As
90
a result of mechanical mixing, the Sr contamination of arable lands is
uniformly distributed in the ploughed layer. By the reclamation of salt
affected soils, the radioactive contamination of the top layer can be
reduced and the leaching of fission products can be promoted by increasing
the solubility of Ca compounds in the soil and, at tne same time, the
2+
concentration of Ca ions in the soil solution. When CaCO^ and CaSO. are
90
not present in considerable amounts in the soil, the mobility of Sr can be
increased by the application of calcium containing chemical amendments.
2+
Beside increasing the Ca ion concentration in the soil solution, the
possibilities of a better downward water movement and leaching are also
to be promoted by eventual irrigation, (auth)
Dasch, E. J. 1969. Strontium Isotopes in Weathering Profiles, Deep-Sea
Sediments, and Sedimentary Rocks. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 33:1521-52.
Modifications in the rubidium-strontium-strontium isotope system
during low-temperature geologic processes were determined for major lithic
units. Rubidium-strontium ratios in basalt and granite increase markedly
during weathering, but strontium isotopic composition is not altered
significantly in many profiles. These relations may be useful in distinguishing
active and relict weathering profiles. Deposition of aluminosilicate detritus
in the marine environment may result in a further increase of rubidium-
strontium ratios for the ditritus, owing to rubidium fixation. Strontium
in even the finest fraction of aluminosilicates deposited in the ocean, however,
apparently does not equilibrate with marine strontium, even after prolonged
D-8
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contact with sea water and interstitial marine water. Thus the isotopic
composition of strontium in deepsea sediments may be used as an indicator of
geologic provenance. Diagenesis of aluminosilicates does not generally
result in equilibration of strontium isotopes, except possibly after the
sediment has been deeply buried. This lack of strontium isotope equilibra-
tion during low-temperature processes places constraints on the dating of
sediments and sedimentary rocks by the rubidium-strontium method, (auth)
Davidescu, D., G. Pavlovschi, and V. Oavidescu. 1969. Uranium in Vine
and Wine. Rev. Hort. Viticult. 18:93-100.
In the soils of the Velea Calugareasca and the Dragasani vineyards,
mobile uranium ranges between 14 and 163 gamma per 100 g of soil. The
distribution of uranium in various vine organs is not a simple process of
suffusion. Higher accumulations are found in the stones. The variable
uranium uptake into the different vine species affect this mineral content
in wines. The maximum concentration was found in the Royal Peteasca (Maidenly)
of the Valea Calugareasca (300 gamma/1000 ml). (NSA)
Davis, J. J. 1961. Cesium and Its Relationships to Potassium in Ecology.
IH: Radioecology. Proc. Sym. on Radioecology. Col. St. Univ. Sept. 10-15.
Schultz, V. and A. W. Klement (eds.), pp. 539-556.
The report discusses the relationships of stable and radioactive
cesium to ecology. The occurrence of cesium in the biosphere, its role in
physiological processes and its cycling and significance in ecological systems
are reviewed. A section on adsorption of cesium by soils reviews that
subject, including the affect of potassium on cesium adsorption.
Davy, D. R., M. S. Giles, and N. Conway. 1973. Pre-Operational Assessment
of the Discharge Limits and Relative Importance of Radioactive and other
Wastes from Uranium Production. In Australia's Northern Territory. IN:
Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear -Industry.
IAEA-SM-172/6, pp. 37-54.
The paper examines the sources and nature of the wastes likely to
arise from the uranium extractive industry now being developed in the
D-9
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Northern Territory of Australia. The area in question is tropical and
has a season of monsoonal rain with heavy run-off, which alternates with
a long dry season. In the dry season river flow is minimal and parts of
the river systems become isolated and subject to heavy loss from evaporation.
In consequence, the environmental problems associated with the uranium
mines and mills are unusual. Ecological mapping to define sensitive
habitats and toxicity studies undertaken on sensitive species indicate
that the levels that can be allowed for heavy metals will dictate criteria
for treatment and containment of wastes from extraction plants. On the
other hand, radiological considerations will govern disposal of pit water
and runoff from storage and overburden dumps.
The naturally occurring levels and transfer mechanisms have been
examined for uranium, radium and lead. These characteristics can be used
to assess the environments of particular mines. For each of four probable
?7fi 210
mine locations four possible exposure routes for Ra and Pb can be
identified and have been evaluated separately. Although their local
environments are very similar, the critical exposure routes differ for at
least three of the possible mine sites. This is because transfer and
dispersion mechanisms, and land use, differ between the sites, (auth)
Davydov, A. V., I. N. Marov and P. N. Palei. 1966. Adsorption Du Pro-
tactinium Pentavalent Su Le Silicagol En Solutions Acides. JN.: Physico-
Chemie Du Protactinium. No. 154. Colloques Internationaux Du Centre
National De La Recherche Scientifque. pp. 196-207.
231 233
The adsorption of Pa and Pa by silicagel from acid solutions of
protactinium has been studied. From 1-10 M HN03 and from 1-6M HC104
solutions, 90 percent adsorption takes place, independently of acid
concentration. The distribution coefficient is 3,440. Adsorption from
hydrochloric and from sulphuric acid media decreases when acidity increases.
Adsorption follows a Freundlich isotherm and the silicagel capacity in
6M HN03 is 0.11 milligramm-atom of Pa per gram of silicagel. Desorption
may be achieved with solutions of complexing agents, both organic (oxalic,
critic, tartaric acids) and inorganic (H-PO, H).
D-10
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Selective adsorption of protactinium from 6M HNO., solution has been
233
utilized for the separation of Pa from neutron irradiated thorium.
The formula and the formation constants of some protactinium complexes
233
are derived from distribution data on the adsorption of Pa by silica/gel
from acid solutions containing HC1, (HN4)2S04> H2C204, and (NH4)2HOP4.
Davydov, E. N., K. P. Makhon'ko, M. A. Tsevelev, and Z. S. Shulepko. 1971.
Determination of Fallout Radioisotopes from Their Content in the Annual
Layers of High-Mountain Glaciers. Tr., Inst. Eksp. Meteorol. 2:33-42
(in Russian).
90 137 144
Results are presented of the determination of the Sr, Cs, Ce,
Mn, Ru, and Pb in the annual layers of snow and ice of high-
mountain glaciers in the Caucasus and Tyan'-Shan. Comparison of the annual
fall-out values for Cs, determined from the Cs content in these layers
in the period 1963-1967 showed agreement of the data. In 1956-1967, the
90
Sr fraction in these layers was 10* of its atmospheric fallout, which
corresponds approximately to the fraction of Sr in nonsoluble form. About
90% of the 90Sr and about 40% of the 210Pb falling out on the glacier from
the atmosphere migrated with the melting water, but the Cs did not migrate.
From changes in fall-out of different isotopes with time, determined from
their contents in the annual layers, the half-life of fission products from
54
the atmosphere was estimated to be 11 months and of Mn, 28 months, (auth)
Dawson, R. and E. K. Ouursma. 1974. Distribution of Radioisotopes Between
Phytoplankton, Sediment, and Sea Water in a Dialysis Compartment System.
Neth. J. Sea Res. 8:339-353.
The distribution of the radioisotopes 36C1, 54Mn, 59Fe, 60Co, 65Zn,
90Sr, 106Ru, 109Cd, 110mAg, 137Cs, 144Ce, 147Pm and 204T1 between seawater,
Mediterranean Sea sediments in suspension, and the phytoplankton species
Phaeodactylum tricornutum was studied by using a competitive technique in
which the various phases were separated by dialysis membranes. The radio-
isotopes were introduced into the seawater compartment and the radionuclide
uptake by sediment and phytoplankton occurred in the adjoining compartments
after the isotopes had diffused through the membranes. On the examination
D-ll
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of the distribution coefficients, the isotopes 90Sr, 110 m Ag, 204T1 and
109
in particular Cd, had higher affinities towards Phaeodactylum tricornutum
than towards the Mediterranean Sea sediments. The isotopes Mn, Co and
Cs had lower distribution coefficients with the phytoplankton than
with sediment and in the case of 59Fe, 65Zn, 106Ru, U4Ce and 147Pm, the
distribution coefficients were similar for both phytoplankton and sediment.
(NSA)
De, S. K., S. S. Rao, C. M. Tripathi, and C. Rai. 1971. Retention of Iodide
by Soil Clays. Indian J. Agri. Chem. 4:43-49.
Twenty-seven typical soils (9 soil samples from 3 depths, viz. 0-6",
6-12" and 12-24") of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh (Palampur) were
taken for obtaining their clay fractions which were used for the study of
iodide fixation. All the clays separated recorded positive fixation as
compared to the natural soils, which were observed to have very little or
no capacity to fix iodide positively than soils containing either mcnt-
morillonite or kaolinite clays. The predominant clay mineral content of the
soil clays appeared to have relation with their iodide retention capacity.
Soils having ilite fixed more iodide than montmorillonite or kaolinite clays.
Similar studies with pure montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite clays
confirmed the above findings, (auth)
De Bortoli, M. C. 1969. Methods for Analysis of the Radioactivity in the
Soil. Minerva Fisiconucl. 13:86-92.
Some of the analytical methods used at the Protection Service of the
Euratom Ispra Establishment for the surveillance of soil radioactivity
are described. The radioisotopes of strontium, cesium, and plutonium can
be determined on a single soil aliquot by appropriate chemical procedures.
Measurements of the uranium concentration are performed through a fluorimetric
technique. Some comments, deriving from the experience gained through the routine
exploitation of the methods described, are required, (auth)
D-12
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deBortoli, M. and P. Gaglione. 1970. Study of the Dispersion of Radioactive
Effluents into a Lake. I. Contamination of the Bottom Sediments.
Minerva Fisiconucl. 14:190-6.
A gamma spectrometry survey was carried out in a bay of Lake Maggiore
(Northern Italy) to evaluate the amount and distribution of the contamination
in the bottom sediments. This contamination is due to the release of
radioactive effluents (almost entirely Co and Cs) from the Euratom Ispra
Establishment via a brook (Novellino), which runs into the bay. The field
measurements have been confirmed and completed by gamma spectrometry analyses
performed in the laboratory on sediment samples from the brook and the bay.
Through these measurements the vertical profile of the contamination has been
also determined and found very irregular. The contamination in the bay is
2
confined to an area of approximately 0.03 km and the activity levels found
are very low, as expected on the basis of the activity released. The mean
Co concentration, which has been discharged in amounts about 5 times
higher than Cs, is 0.5 pCi/g of dry matter in the most highly contaminated
layer, i.e., that from 0 to 7.5 cm. The total deposit of Co per area unit
p
i-s about 78 mCi/km and the associated contact dose-rate is approximately
1.4 prad/h. (auth)
deBortoli, M., P. Gaglione, and C. Myttenaere. 1972. Radioiodine Transfer
in an Irrigated Grassland Ecosystem (Marcita). G. Fis. Sanit. Prot. Radiaz.
16:184-190.
Research was conducted to obtain information on the contamination of
herbage in irrigated grasslands by I present in irrigation water. The
experiment has been carried out on a model in the laboratory, which was
contaminated with I. The radionuclide has been determined at different
times in water, grass, and soil and thus data have been obtained in terms
of concentration as well as of activity budget. These data indicate that,
in the conditions of the experiment: the water-grass transfer coefficient
is about 0.08 uCi/g grass per uCi/cm water; the activity distribution
within the plant is roughly in the proportion: roots = 100, stem-bases =
40, shoots = 2; and the vertical profile of the activity in the soil is
D-13
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approximately exponential, the concentration in the upper 3 cm layer being
one order of magnitude higher than that of the shoots. Finally, a derived
working limit for I in irrigation water, which was the main goal of the
c o
work was obtained. This limit, namely 3 x 10 uCi/cm , corresponds to the
dose limit for 6-month-old child fed with the milk produced with the
contaminated herbage, (auth)
86
Deist, J. and 0. Talibudeen. 1967. Rb as a Tracer for Exchangeable
Potassium in Soils. Soil Science. 104:119-22.
86
A method using Rb-labeled RbCl solution was tested on 4 contrasting
soils to determine the amount of fixed Rb adsorbed on cation-exchange sites
on soil not accessible to K ions from the kinetics of Rb exchange. The
values obtained are closely related to the clay contents of the soils. Rb:K
exchange corrected for such fixed Rb gives values for exchangeable K very
similar to K exchangeable to N ammonium acetate. It is suggested that
86
Rb could be used in experiments lasting 4 to 5 months with plants in the
glasshouse to determine the K available to plants, provided the results
were corrected for such fixed Rb , determined by the simple exchange kinetics
experiment described and the results corrected accordingly, (auth)
Dejonghe, P. and L. Baetsle. 1961. Ion Exchange and Adsorption on
Ligneous Material. TID-7621, pp. 83-9.
The possibility of using lignite as a natural ion exchanger in a combined
chemical and physiochemical treatment scheme for the handling of radioactive
effluents was examined. Approaches to the problem include establishment
by empirical means of the general character of this exchanger and its
potential value in a low-cost treatment system, and establishment of the
optimum conditions for applying lignite by a basic study of its ion
exchange equilibrium and kinetic properties, (auth)
D-14
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DeJonghe, P., L. Baetsle, W. Maes, and P. Staner. 1963. Status Report of the
Belgian Studies Programme on the Movement of Radioelements in Soils. Colloq.
Intern. Retention Migration Ions Radioactifs Sols, Saclay. pp. 25-40
(in French).
The most important subjects of the study are to predict the consequences
of an accidental discharge of radioelements into the soil and to evaluate the
reception capacity of the soil for solid materials with a known solubility and
elution degree. The program consists of two essential parts and more
specifically of the study of the water movement in the soil and the influence
of retention due to the soil materials on the transportation of radioelements
by the water. Injection of radiotracers and sampling of the groundwater were
developed on a micro scale. In one case samples were taken by lowering copper
rods or sheets that were activated by chemisorption of the radiotracer.
Equipment of direct soil-and groundwater sampling was also developed. A
thorough study was carried out on the retention phenomena of radioelements by
sorption on the earth materials. This leads to the determination and calcul-
ation of relative velocities. Finally for the Mol site a first evaluation of
the storage capacity was made for materials with known solubility and containing
Cs and Sr. Actually, relatively important injections into the soil of
on ] 37
Sr and Cs were prepared in order to verify the agreement between theory
and field observation. (NSA)
De Laguna, W. 1958. Desert Basins and Waste Disposal. Health Physics. 1:195-200.
Problems to be considered in the disposal of radioactive liquid wastes
by ground disposal in desert basins are reviewed. (NSA)
De Laguna, W. 1956. Some Geologic Factors that Influence Disposal of
Radioactive Wastes into Pits. TID-7517 (Part. la), pp. 426-456.
The geology and hydrology of the Oak Ridge area are reviewed and the
movement of ruthenium, strontium and cesium from pits in the Conasauga shale.
Due to calcareous lenses in the shale, and other nonhomogenieties in the
formation, the Conasauga shale was not recommended for disposal of radioactive
wastes as liquids into pits. The formation has a low porosity so that waste
solution velocities can be very high on pit leakage.
D-15
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De Laguna, W., K. E. Cowser, and F. L. Parker. 1958. Disposal of High Level
Radioactive Liquid Wastes in Terrestrial Pits—A Sequel. A/CONC. 15/P/2351.
Operating procedures for the three 200 x 100 x 15 feet pits are given.
Methods for detecting the motion of wastes in the Conasauga shale are
described. The conclusion is that it is virtually impossible to predict
from any known method of pretesting, in a proposed site in the Oak Ridge area,
how a waste disposal pit will operate. (NSA)
Delaplane, W. H., W. 0. Forster, and W. C. Renfro. 1969. Distribution of
°bZn and °°Co in Fractionated Sediments of the Columbia River Estuary.
RLO-1750-54, pp. 92-5.
The usefulness of Zn/ Co ratios as tracers of sediment movement from
the Columbia River is based on the assumption that the ratio of Zn/ Co is
a constant as the particles enter the marine environment. Experiments were
performed to test the validity of this assumption. Columbia River sediments
were fractionated into sand, silt, and clay. The Co and Zn content in the
fractioned sediments were measured. The possible correlation between
variability levels of radioactivity in each fraction with the presence of
oxidizable organic material was investigated. Preliminary tests showed that
the Zn/ Co ratios in bulk sediments throughout the estuary varied from
2.48 to 43.4 with a mean of 11.5. The current experiments showed that the
highest average values of organic matter (5.66%), Zn activity (77.85 pCi/g),
and Co activity (5.35 pCi/g) occur in the clay fraction as one might expect
from surface area considerations. However, clay has the lowest average Zn/
Co ratio. This may be attributed to the fact that variation in Zn/ Co
ratios correlate to variation in Co activity. For the several clay fractions
Zn and Co values are given and plotted as a function of the Zn/ Co ratio.
The increase in ratio is shown to be the result of changing Zn values but
corresponds to a decrease in Co values, (auth)
Dement'yev, V. S. and N. G. Syromyatnikov. 1965. Mode of Occurrence of
Thorium Isotopes in Ground Waters. Geokhimiya. No. 2:211-18 (in Russian).
234 228
Concentrations and occurrence forms of the thorium isotopes, Th, Th,
232
and Th were studied in some types of ground waters of Kazakhstan. The
D-16
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highest thorium concentrations were noted in waters containing a large
amount of suspended and colloidal particles and with a high content of
organic matters. With the aid of centrifugation and dialysis methods
the distribution of thorium isotopes between the particles was established
and found to differ by the degree of dispersion, from ionic to coarsely
suspended. Differences in the behavior of isotopes with different half-lives
were noted and found to be apparently connected with different conditions of
accumulation in natural waters. With the aid of the ion exchange method a
chiefly anionic character of sorption was established. It is suggested that
the transportation of thorium isotopes into ground waters is realized both
in a collodial suspension form and as anionic complexes, probably with organic
acids of soils, (auth)
Dement'yev, V. S. and N. 'G. Syromyatnikov. 1968. Conditions of Formation
of a Sorption Barrier to the Migration of Uranium in an Oxidizing Environment.
Geokhimiya. No. 4:459-465.
Maximum sorption and minimum solubility of uranium occur in natural
waters with pH of 6.0 +_ 0.5. Anionic forms of uranium predominate in
waters with pH"< 6.5. Solubility of uranium is shown also to be a function
of C02 content.
The authors suggest that in oxidizing environments, the combined conditions
of maximum sorption and minimum solubility may impede or prevent the migration
of uranium, (auth)
Denham, D. H. 1970. Failure of 307 Basin Transfer Line and Resultant Ground
Contamination. BNWL-CC-2617.
A leak of apparently long duration was discovered on December 9, 1969,
in the transfer line from the 307 retention basins to the 340 contaminated
waste system during the transfer of liquid from one of the 307 basins. This
line was designed to carry only mildly-contaminated retention system waste.
However, the uncovered line suggests that, over a period of time, the bottom
half of the carbon steel transition section between the transfer line and
the 340 contaminated waste system was corroded out. This permitted the
D-17
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highly contaminated waste to percolate into the soil beneath the missing
pipe section. Since neither the duration of leakage nor the exact origin
or nature of the contaminants were known, this study was undertaken to:
1) estimate the amount of radioactivity released; 2) document its location
with respect to the 340 Area and to the underlying groundwater; and 3)
investigate its potential environmental impact. Soil samples were collected
to determine the approximate location and quantity of each of the radionuclides
which had leaked to the soil. One-digit accuracy was deemed sufficient to
decide what, if any, action would be required. The findings from the several
exploratory holes drilled at and adjacent to the site of the corroded transfer
line are reported, (auth)
Denham, D. H., D. A. Baker, J. K. Soldat, and J. P. Corley. 1973. Radiological
Evaluations for Advanced Waste Management Studies. BNWL-1764.
The overall risk evaluation for various radioactive waste management
concepts includes calculation of radiation doses to individuals and local
populations. Radiation doses are the most appropriate measure of the
consequences of unforeseen releases of radioactive materials to the environ-
ment and dose criteria are available by which the severity may be judged.
A comprehensive dose computational model, developed and used for other
Atomic Energy Commission studies, has been adopted to improve its flexibility
and to assist in evaluating alternative means for disposal of highlevel
waste.
Typical input terms for normal use include source terms (radionuclide
release rates to man's immediate environment) and dilution factors. Out-
puts include individual pathway doses and total doses to maximum individ-
uals for both an urban and a rural population. Whole body doses plus doses
to other critical organs are obtained, as well as the fractional dose con-
tributions of individual nuclides. Doses for one year or total doses for
fifty years of exposure are available.
Although all of the many factors and assumptions used can be changed
if desired, listings of those currently being used are given. Factors used
D-18
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are for the most part from recognized sources, supplemented by local data
and assumptions as necessary. For doses to individuals, dietary and living
habits are postualted which will tend to maximize the doses which might
occur from potential release modes.
Examples of dose calculations are included to demonstrate use of the
methodology for a hypothetical geological disposal concept, with direct
release to man's immediate environment after storage periods ranging from
100 to 1,000,000 years. The most significant nuclides in terms of dose
will vary with time and mode of release, but are likely to be Sr-90 and
Cs-137 at 100 years, americium and plutonium at 1,000 to 10,000 years, and
uranium daughters at longer periods.
Potential doses from such releases are highly dependent on the charac-
teristics of both the waste and the receiving medium, as well as any measures
taken to minimize the rate or consequences of release. To illustrate, doses
were again calculated for the geological disposal concept and the same assumptions.
except that retention and dispersion of the nuclides in soil during transit
to surface water was included. For the soil characteristics assumed,
calculated doses with soil retention would be five to six orders of magnitude
lower than those without.
This model, with changes of parameters as required by disposal concept
and fault-tree analysis, can be used to evaluate critical fault paths for
each of the major advanced waste management concepts under consideration.
It is stressed, however, that the calculated doses are primarily valuable
for comparative purposes, and that such doses would be at worst the result
of a series of unforeseen or low-probability events leading to the release
of radioactivity to the environment, (auth)
Dennis, B. P. and D. L. West. 1961. Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Diluents for the
Purex Process. DP-671.
Forty-nine hydrocarbon products were evaluated in the laboratory in a
search for a highly stable diluent for the organic extractant used in a radio-
chemical separations plant. The formation of zirconium ligands during chemical
and radiolytic degradation increased with boiling point for isoparaffinic
products but was approximately constant for n-paraffins. Of those materials
that met the local flash point specification, the n-paraffins were superior.
(auth)
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Department of Agriculture. 1956. Accumulation and Movement of Fission Product'
in Soils and Plants. Annual Report, July 1, 1955 - March 31, 1956. M-7102.
Results are reported from studies on the behavior of various fission
products in the soil and plant stages of food chains. Data are included on
the competitive uptake of strontium and calcium in crops and soils, distribution
factors in 10 crops grown in the greenhouse on soils with varying calcium
content and strontium-calcium ratio, the relative availability to oats of natural
strontium and added strontium-89, the similarity of rubidium and potassium
in the soil-plant system, and reactions of cations with soils and plants. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1956. Accumulation and Movement of Fission
Products in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report, April-June, 1956. M-7103.
Methods are discussed for determining the percentage of available and
fixed strontium-90 and the calcium content of soil samples. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1957. Accumulation and Movement of Fission
Products in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report, October-December, 1956.
M-7104.
Progress is reported in studies on the chemistry of strontium in
soils, the movement of radioactive ions through soils, and the absorption
and translocation of fission products by plants. Data are included on
the foliar entry of radiostrontium and its subsequent translocation and
accumulation within various plant tissues. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1957. Accumulation and Movement of Fission
Products in Soils and Plants. Annual Report, April 1, 1956 - March 31, 1957.
M-7106.
Progress is reported in studies on the absorption and translocation of
radioactive fall-out nuclides by plants and the decomposition of fall-out
particles and reactions of fall-out nuclides with soil. Data are included on
the fixation of strontium-90 by soils and the accumulation of fission products
on plant leaves. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1957. Accumulation and Movement of Fission
Products in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report. July-September, 1957.
M-7107.
D-20
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Progress is reported in a laboratory investigation of the fixation of1
strontium-90 by various soil types, a study of the movement of cesium-134 in
different soil types, and an experiment to determine the distribution factors
for strontium and calcium in alfalfa and wheat plants. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1958. Accumulation and Movement of Fission
Products in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report, October - December, 1957.
M-7108.
Progress is reported in studies on the chemistry and fixation of strontium
in soils, the adsorption and translocation of fission products by plants, the
effects of additions of CaCCL to soil on the absorption and subsequent trans-
locations of strontium-89 after foliar application, the fixation of strontium-90
by soil, and distribution factors for strontium and calcium in alfalfa and
wheat plants. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1958. Accumulation and Movement of Fission Products
in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report. January - March, 1958. M-7109.
Progress is reported in studies on the fixation of strontium-90 in the
plow layer of cultivated soils, laboratory investigations of the fixation
of strontium by various soil types, the adsorption of strontium on various types
of soils and clays, the effect of exchangeable calcium in soils on the uptake
of radiostrontium, and the yield and strontium-89 content of cowpeas grown on
various soil types at several exchangeable calcium levels. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1958. Accumulation and Movement of Fission Products
in Soils and Plants. Annual Report, April 1, 1957 - March 31, 1958. M-7110.
Results are reported from investigations on the fixation of radiostrontium
by natural soil components, the adsorption of strontium by clay minerals, the
removal of strontium-90 from upland land surfaces by runoff, the extent of
movement of radiocesium in soils, greenhouse and growth room studies of
strontium-calcium discrimination factors from soil to plant, the relation-
ship of lime levels of acid soils to the absorption of strontium, and the
effect of the degree of mixing of strongium-90 in the root zone on its uptake
by plants. (NSA)
D-21
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Department of Agriculture. 1958. Accumulation and Movement of Fission
Products in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report, April - June, 1958. M-7111.
Progress is reported in studies on the amount of strontium-90 in runoff
durintj the growing season from field plots located in widely separated areas,
the adsorption of strontium on soils and clays, the absorption and translocation
of fission products, and laboratory investigations of the fixation of radio-
strontium by soils and clays of various types. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1958. Accumulation and Movement of Fission
Products in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report, July - September, 1958.
M-7112.
Progress is reported in laboratory investigations of the fixation of
radiostrontium in soils, the absorption and translocation of fission products,
and field experiments on the effectiveness of crop and mulch removal for
decontamination of land from radioactive fall-out. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1959. Accumulation and Movement of Fission Products
in Soils and Plants. Quarterly Report, October - December, 1958. M-7113.
Progress is reported in studies on the decontamination of bare soil from
radioactive fall-out by means of scraping, with and without application of
asphalt, laboratory investigations of the fixation of radiostrontium by soils,
the adsorption of calcium and strontium by clays, and the adsorption and trans-
location of fission products by alfalfa and wheat. (NSA)
Department of Agriculture. 1971. Treatments for Farmland Contaminated
with Radioactive Material. Agricultural Handbook No. 395.
Information is presented on the effectiveness and feasibility of various
treatments for farmland contaminated with radioactive material. Two kinds of
treatments are evaluated. The first kind, which may be called decontamination,
includes methods of removing radioactive material from farmland. The second
kind includes methods of treating land to reduce the uptake of radioactive
materials by crops without decontaminating. Alternatives to treating contaminated
land are discussed to give a broader perspective on the techniques of managing
contaminated land. Possible sources of radioactive material that could
D-22
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contaminate farmland include widespread fallout from the explosion of nuclear
weapons, a very limited spread from a transportation accident involving radio-
active material, and contamination from a very severe reactor accident, which
might affect several hundred square miles. (NSA)
Desai, M. V. M. and A. K. Ganguly. 1970. Interaction of Trace Elements with
Organic Constituents in the Marine Environment. BARC-488.
Includes pertinent chapters on interaction of a marine humic acid and a
fluvic acid with thorium, uranium and plutonium.
Desetti, G. E. 1946. Retention Characteristics of 200 Area Soil for
Product. Document 13-3427.
Unfortunately the conclusions drawn from this study must be somewhat
qualitative in nature as the soil was not completely saturated with product
(100% break-through of product with the effluent) and time was not available
for a study of the leaching characteristics of the soil (Product=Pu).
The soil has a marked capacity for accepting product but the pick-up
from an alkaline solution is not complete unless the contact time between
soil and solution is rather long. This is borne out by the appearance of
product in the column effluent long before the soil is completely saturated.
Also, the product content of the effluent increases witn rate of flow of the
waste, (auth)
Dey, N. N. and K. C. Pillai. 1971. Radioruthenium in Aquatic Environment
of Trombay. IN: Proc. of the National Symposium on Radiation Physics.
Bombay; Bhabha Atomic Res. Center, pp. 541-53.
Subsequent to the appearance of radioactivity above background levels
in some wells located near the fuel reprocessing plant at Trombay, detailed
studies were undertaken to identify and measure the concentration of radio-
nuclides in the well waters. The measurement of total beta, radioruthenium,
Sr and Cs concentrations indicated that radioruthenium is the most
predominant radionuclide in well waters. The nature of radioruthenium in well
waters was investigated. Measurements made during the last 30 months showed
D-23
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seasonal variations in the activity levels. Radioruthem'urn measurements in
seawater, silt, and bottom sediments in the Bombay Harbor Bay indicated low
levels in seawater and high concentration in sediments. The radioruthenium
in sediments was limited to the discharge locale. Levels were low compared to
Cs. Some benthic organisms collected in the bay from areas close to the
effluent discharge locations showed high concentration factors for radio-
ruthenium, (auth)
Dezsi, Z. 1963. Studies on the Determination of the Radioactive Materials
Content of Natural Waters. Fiz. Szemle. 13:298-304 (in Hungarian).
Presence of radioactive materials found in natural waters may be due to
natural radioactive substances, contamination by fallout, or to the waste
effluents from reactors. Determination of the natural radioactivity is
of great economic importance because it may be an indicator of usable U
deposits; however, care must be taken in interpretation of the data. The
high sensitivity of the fluorometric method makes it possible to detect
10 to 10 of U. Integrating pulsed ionization chambers were used for
determining the Ra and Rn concentrations in waters. The results of analytical
determinations in Rumania and Hungary are reviewed. Although a large body of
numerical data is available, no generally valid laws could be developed,
although it can be stated that within a given geological formation, the
distribution of U and Ra follows the logarithmic Gaussian law. There is no
equilibrium between the radioactive materials dissolved in the water. U
concentrations of the order of 10 y/liter could not be correlated with the
presence of U-rich ores in the surrounding area. (NSA)
Dlouhy, Z. 1965. Study of the Sorption Properties of Pyroclastic Rocks,
for the Decontamination of Radioactive Wastewater. Part 2. Study Under
Static Conditions. Jaderna Energie. 11:207-12 (injCzech).
It was previously found that rhyodacite tuff from Nizny Krabovec is
the most suitable pyroclastic rock for the decontamination of radioactive
waste water. Therefore, this mineral was investigated in greater detail,
2+
and the dependence of the adsorption of the radionuclide ion on tne Ca
D-24
-------
and Na ions present was determined. The results obtained were in gcod
agreement with the published data, except for the value of the distribution
coefficient for Cs. It was concluded that for Cs the proportionality
condition, as reported in the literature, of ion activities and molar fractions
of these ions in solid phase is probably invalid. (NSA)
Dlouhy, Z. 1967. Movement of Radionuclides in the Aerated Zone. _IN_:
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into the Ground. IAEA-SM-93/18, pp. 241-249.
Samples of selected natural materials were examined in detail, on a
laboratory scale, under both batch and dynamic conditions and the results
obtained were used to predict the behavior of selected radionuclides in the
field experiments.
Representative samples of Casaccia soil and Casaccia tuff (CNEN, Italy)
were chosen. The main criteria to evaluate their retention of Cs, Sr, Ce,
Zr, Nb, and Ru were the distribution coefficients (K.), dispersion coefficients,
porosity and permeability. Some variations of these factors were studied
under laboratory conditions, i.e. the variation of K, with pH, time, and
composition of the eluting solution. However, the main effort was directed
to elution experiments, which, by the application of chromatographic equations,
K. and dispersion coefficient data, provided a basis for a theoretical curve
showing the radionuclide distribution in the profile.
The field experiments with selected radionuclides were carried out with
small cribs excavated in the ground. After several cubic meters of water had
been passed through the contaminated bottom of the crib the distribution of
the radionuclide was analysed throughout the profile. In addition, experiments
were made with Cs and Sr in cribs filled with a layer of the tuff. The results
showed a small difference between the theoretical and experimental distributions
of all the radionuclides studied. Dispersion was generally greater under field
conditions and the peak of radioactivity moved faster than expected, perhaps
due to a higher humic-acid content. Nevertheless, even a rough prediction of
the important fission-product behavior is most valuable in the selection of a
suitable disposal site, (auth)
D-25
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Dlouhy, Z. and J. Benes. 1972. Movement of 90Sr and 137Cs in Czechoslovak
Soils. Jad. Energ. 18:273-6 (in Czech).
As a result of the examination of five of the most abundant soil types in
Czechoslovakia, the sorption isotherms of strontium and cesium and the relative
speeds of migration of Sr and Cs through these soils were determined,
presenting also variances from the mean values. It was found that the radio-
nuclides in question migrate much more slowly in soil than in water. Retention
of radioactive nuclides in the soil reduces considerably the danger of
contamination of the water supply in case of an accidental release of
radioactivity. (NSA)
•
Dolcater, 0. L. 1970. Cation Exchange Selectivity and Mineralogy of Soil
Clay Materials. Thesis. University of Wisconsin.
Interactions involving structural and charge properties of layer silicate
exchangers and cation properties such as valence, size, and hydration gave rise
to variations in cation exchange equilibria. Cation exchange selectivity values
were determined as the ratio of exchangeable cation equivalents displaced from
an exchanger which had been equilibrated with a solution 0.005 N^ with respect to
each of two competing cations. When Na saturated initially, biotite and
muscovite gave KX/CaX values ranging from 0.9 to 1.7, compared to 0.1 to 0.3
for montmorillonite, micaceous vermiculite, and soil clays. The differences
,were attributed to the presence of varying amounts of interlayer wedge sites
and varying layer charge density. Selectivity values with coarse clay muscovite
ranged from KX/CaX =1.7, through KX=SrX = 1.3, to KX=6aX =0.4, varying with
the degree of hydration of the cations, decreasing in the order Ca, Sr, and Ba.
Vermiculite, as a result of limited expansion, selectively adsorbed the divalent
cation having the smallest unhydrated diameter (MgX/CaX = 2.7, SrX/CaX = 0.76,
and BaX/CaX = 0.42). Potassium saturation and drying of the samples resulted in
decreased basal spacing of the expansible materials, lowered cation exchange
capacity, and doubled KX/CaX selectivity values relative to those obtained for
Na saturated, undried materials. These results indicated that the number of
interlayer wedge sites was increased by K saturation and drying. After these
treatments, the cation exchange capacities of micaceous vermiculite, biotite, and
muscovite were similar (9.5, 7.7, and 9.7 meq/100 g, respectively); however, the
D-26
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KX/CaX selectivity values (0.4, 1.7, and 4.0, respectively) still varied
widely. The differences in selectivity were attributed to the high layer
charge density of mica relative to that of vermiculite. The higher KX/CaX
selectivity of muscovite relative to biotite was explained by the smaller
ditrigonal holes and the oblique orientation of hydroxyl groups in the
muscovite structure. Titanium in the crystalline Ti02 minerals, anatase and
rutile, was differentiated from that isomorphously substituted into minerals
dissolved by dihydrogen hexafluorotitanate (H,JiF6). Analyses of the original
samples and the residues, by both wet chemical (Tiron) and neutron activation
methods showed that 100% of the Ti in the synthetic anatase and 92% of the
Ti in coarse clay sized rutile was in the residence. The latter value suggested
that about 3% amorphous TiOo was removed from the mechanically dry ground
rutile by the ^TiFg reagent. An average of 86% of the titanium in seven kaolinita
samples was present in the residue, largely anatase with some rutile as shown
by x-ray diffraction. Only 28% of tne Ti in two bentonites was present in the
free Ti02 form. The Ti present as crystalline Ti02 in 40 soils and sediments
ranged from 0 to 100%. Lyotropic cation exchange selectivity was greatly
influenced by the number of interlayer wedge sites but also by variations in
layer charge density. The combined effect resulted in the adsorption of
10 times as much K as Ca by muscovite compared to vermiculite and 40 times
as much compared to montmorillonite. The layer charge density and cation
exchange properties of minerals would be influenced by Ti isomorphously
substituted into phyllosilicate layers. The several cation exchange factors of
micaceous materials investigated undoubtedly influence their reaction with
radioactive fallout products such as Cs c
and other pollutants entering soils. (NSA)
radioactive fallout products such as Cs and Sr, and with radioactive wastes
Dolgikh, P. F., L. A., Vladimirov, and F. P. Yudin. 1970. Estimation of the
Diffusion of Materials in Clayey Grounds. At Energ. (USSR). 29:385-387
(in Russian).
The diffusion-induced spreading of salts in water-resistant clay layers
above and below the water table was determined, assuming that other phenomena,
such as filtration, chemical interaction, and adsorption play a relatively
minor role. The solution of the problem requires an evaluation of the period
required for a given diffusing material to reach the permissible mean annual
D-27
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concentration at a given distance from the porous layer of the water table.
These diffusion times were calculated for the case of sodium nitrate. The
method may be used to calculate diffusion of radioactive materials. As the
mean annual permissible concentration of radioactive materials is usually
very low, the coefficient a, expressing the ratio of this maximum permissible
concentration in the aquifer and the original concentration of the material
in the waste effluents was chosen as being 10, 10, and 10"9, the diffusion
2
coefficients were assumed to be 0.01 and 0.0001 cm /day. The results are
presented in tabular form without, however, having taken the radioactive decay
into account. The method may be used also to calculate the spreading of other
materials, even of gases, by diffusion. (NSA)
M iqyfl. Comoarison of the Radium and Uranium Contents of Plants
Harvested on Uraniferous Land. IN: Proceedings of an International
Symposium on Radioecology held in Cadarache, France, September 8-12, 1969.
CONF-690 918. 2:909-921.
Earlier work established the radium contents of 20 species belonging to
the spontaneous flora of uraniferous lands of the Monts d1 Ambazac, Haute-
Vienne (France). Later on, the same samples of plant ash were used to determine
the uranium content. In both cases, where the ground is highly radioactive,
the variation in the concentration of these radioelements is independent of
that of their concentrations in the soils. There even seems to be a decrease
in the uranium and radium absorption in the most radioactive stations. In
addition, the ashes of the most radium-rich plants (for example VACCINIUM
MYRTILLUS: 3757 x 10 (E-12) Ci per gram of ash) contain only 13 ppm of
uranium whereas DESCKAMPSIA FLEXOUSA (L.) TRIM., that is the richest in uranium
amongst the species studied (185 ppm), only contains 440 x 10 E-12 Ci of radium
per gram of ash. For each species therefore the radium and uranium absorption
exhibit a large degree of independence. The main phenomena brought to light
are a double absorption selectivity (variation between species towards the
same radioelement and different behavior of each species towards uranium and
radium). This gives a possible explanation of the wide differences observed
between individual support to knowledge of the radioactivity peculiar to
plants developing on uraniferous land, (auth)
D-28
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Dominici, G., A. Malvicini, and L. Vido. 1960. Distribution of Artifical
Radioactivity in Soil. CNI-50.
The radioactivity distribution in soil at various depths is described.
The values of total beta radioactivity of the fission products in soil are
compared with the value of activity of fallout collected with cylindrical pots
at Ispra from February 2, 1958. The fission product radioactivity was
measured by a low-level large-surface scintillation counter. The activity
of the most important radionuclides was determined in the first 5 centimeters
of soil and it was found that about 90* of artificial radioactivity is concen-
trated in this layer, (auth)
Dorta, C. C. and E. Rona. 1971. Geochemistry of Uranium in the Cariaco
Trench. Bull. Mar. Sci. 21:754-65.
Four core samples taken during a cruise (P6603) of the R/V Pillsbury
from the Cariaco Trench off the coast of Venezuela, were analyzed for major,
minor, and trace elements. Special attention was given to Th, Pr, and U.
A high concentration of U (30 ppm) was associated with the organic reduc-
ing sediment; with a 5-fold decrease in U in the oxidized clay layer. This
change was dated to the last glaciation. No change in Th and Pr concen-
tration was noted. (CA)
Druin, V. A. 1965. Transuranic Elements in Nature. Perspektivy Sinteza
Transuranovykh Elementov, Izdatel'stvo Znanie (in Russian), pp. 30-3.
The possibility of finding traces of transuranium elements on Earth
is examined. In view of the estimated age of 5 billion years of the Earth,
only isotopes with half lives of at least 100 million years may be expected
239
to be still found. Systematic searches reveal trace amounts of Pu and
Np in uranium minerals, but their half-lives of 24,000 and 2 million
years indicate that they could not have been present in the crust at the
time of the formation of the Earth, but were probably formed by the inter-
action of neutrons with the uranium nuclei. Analysis of the A spectrum
of New Hampshire thorite revealed the characteristics of the thorium family
with small amounts of ad-mixtures of lines originating from decaying members
of the uranium family. The spectrum may be exolained by ascribing certain
D-29
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247 244
lines to Cm and Pu; Soviet scientists reported similar findings.
235 238
Other explanations of the very high U/ U ratio in these minerals
are less plausible. (NSA)
Duguid, J. 0. 1974. Groundwater Transport of Radionuclides from Buried
Waste: A Case Study at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. CONF-740406-5.
Five burial grounds have been used in past operations at ORNL.
Current burial ground studies show that burial ground 4 is the major contributor
90
of Sr to the groundwater within the burial ground complex. Higher con-
90
centrations of Sr in the groundwater in the watershed in which burial ground
90
4 is located increase the amount of Sr in White Oak Creek, which drains the
area and flows into the Clinch River. After burial of low-level waste in burial
ground 4 was discontinued in 1959, the elevation of the water table in that
burial ground increased. Then the area was used for disposal of uncontaminated
fill. The fill increased the surface elevation and also increased the per-
meability of the surface soil. This raised the groundwater table because of
the change in topography and the increased infiltration rate. The resulting
saturated conditions and likely changes in soil chemistry increased the
leaching rate of the buried waste. The increased leaching rate causes 1 to
90
2 curies of Sr to be transported from burial ground 4 each year, (auth)
Ougid, J. 0. 1975. Status Report on Radioactivity Movement from Burial
Grounds in Melton and Bethel Valleys. ORNL-5017.
The offsite radioactivity releases in the Clinch River from ORNL
are less than 1 percent of the amount allowable for unrestricted use of
the water by a population. However, studies directed toward locating sources
of radioactivity release and toward seeking methods for reducing or eliminating
them have been continued. Results are reported from a study, initiated in
April 1973, concerned primarily with determining the radioactivity contributions
to the Clinch River from the buried waste at ORNL and with implementing
corrective measures. The groundwater transport of radionuclides, with
on
emphasis on Sr, from buried waste at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was
90
measured. Estimates of Sr discharge from the burial ground made from
D-30
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90
hydrologic data and groundwater monitoring shew that 1 to 2 Ci of Sr
are transported from the burial ground annually. The amount of transport is
directly related to precipitation, and stream monitoring data show that the
90
discharge of Sr from burial ground 4 has decreased over the past 11 years.
QQ
Suggestions of engineering methods designed to decrease the " Sr discharge
are made. (NSA)
Duguid, J. 0. 1976. Annual Progress Report of Burial Ground Studies at
Oak Ridge National Laboratory: Period ending September 30, 1975.
ORNL-5141.
The offsite radioactivity releases in the Clinch River are less than
]% of the amount allowable for unrestricted use of the water by a population.
However, in keeping with ERDA's objective to maintain releases to "as low as
practicable," studies have been conducted to locate sources of radioactivity
release and to seek methods of reducing or eliminating them. This study,
begun in April 1973, is concerned with determining the radioactivity con-
tributions to the Clinch River from the buried waste at ORNL and with
implementing corrective measures.
The Co-organic complexes present in ground water near trench 7 have
been identified to be present in two molecular weight fractions, one greater
than 700 and one less than 700. Approximately 85« of the Co is being
transported with the lighter organic fraction. The chemical composition of
this fraction has not been identified, but may be composed of natural
organics or EDTA (ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid).
90
The calculated discharge of Sr from burial ground 4 to White Oak
Creek showed a decrease in the discharge corresponding to a decrease in
precipitation. The calculated discharge does not agree with stream-
monitoring data, and it is believed that the stream-monitoring data are
90
in error or that a new source of Sr is present in the drainage. Drain-
age improvements for the burial ground have been installed, but as yet
no data are available to show their effectiveness.
D-31
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Alpha radioactivity has been found in water samples from burial
ground 5. More detailed analyses of the water from one seep indicated
244 238
that both Cm and Pu were present in the water. Because of the
presence of these radionuclides, corrective measures were applied to reduce
the amount of water moving through the buried waste. Four trenches were
sealed with a near-surface plastic membrane; however, as yet, no data are
available to show its effectiveness.
The procedures for design of a bentonite-shale mixture have been
developed, and enough data have been obtained to show that an adequate
sealing material can be made using approximately 10% bentonite. This material
will be used for near-surface sealing of both past and current burial grounds.
Two computer codes for calculation of water movement and radionuclide
transport have been completed. These models are currently being applied to
seepage trench 7 to predict the future behavior of the waste, (auth)
Duguid, J. 0. and M. Reeves. 1976. Comparison of Mass Transport Using
Average and Transient Rainfall Boundary Conditions. CONF-760709-1.
A general two-aimensional model for simulation of saturated-unsaturated
transport of radionuclides in ground water has been developed and is currently
being tested. The model is being applied to study the transport of radio-
nuclides from a waste-disposal site where field investigations are currently
under way to obtain the necessary model parameters. A comparison of the
amount of tritium transported is made using both average and transient
rainfall boundary conditions. The simulations indicate that there is no
substantial difference in the transport for the two conditions tested. How-
ever, the values of dispersivity used in the unsaturated zone caused more
transport above the water table than has been observed under actual conditions.
This deficiency should be corrected and further comparisons should be made
before average rainfall boundary conditions are used for long-term transport
simulations. (A)
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Duguid, J. 0. and 0. M. Sealand. 1975. Reconnaissance Survey of the
Intermediate Level Liquid Waste Transfer Line Between X-10 and the Hydrofracture
Site. ORNL-TM-4743.
Two leakage points on an intermediate-level liquid waste line were
located. The waste line is used periodically to transfer waste between X-10
and the hydrofracture site. The first leak had occurred prior to this survey
and had been repaired. However, no contaminated soil had been removed. The
second leak had not been discovered previously and soil contamination in this
area was more intense than at the first leak. Analyses of soil samples taken
from both locations are given in this report. Groundwater data that in-
dicate the effectiveness of the removal of the contaminated material from leak
two are presented, (auth)
Dunaway, P. B. and M. G. White (eds.). 1974. The Dynamics of Plutonium
in Desert Environments. Nevada Applied Ecology Group Progress Report as
of January 1974. NVO-142.
A progress review of the applied ecology group that includes reports
under the headings of soils, statistics, vegetation, microorganisms, animals,
resuspension, distribution and inventory, information support and modelling.
Dunigan, E, P. and C. W. Francis.
85Sr, and 137Cs on Soil Humic Acid.
1972. Adsorption and Desorption of Co,
Soil Science. 114:494-496.
Humic acid was isolated from the top 2.5 cm of the A horizon of an
Emory silt loam soil. Preweighed samples of the prepared humic acid were
washed twice with 25 ml of normal chloride solutions of Sr, Co and K, labeled
with Sr, Co, and Cs, respectively. Desorption studies were carried
out using 4 washings of the humic acid. A strontium--humic acid equilibrium
was established slowly. Addition of base increased the amount of Sr adsorbed.
85
The opposite effect was noted with Co and Cs. More than 98% of the Sr was
removed by washings with salt solutions; 91 to 99% of the Co was removed;
varied results were obtained for Cs. (NSA)
Dupont. 1965. Sorption of Sr and Cs by Stream Beds. TID-26519.
137 gg gn
Data are presented on the Cs, Sr, and Sr content in water
at two locations along the Lower Three Runs Creek, which indirectly receives
radioactive material discharged during the operation of the R reactor. These
data show that the stream bed acted as an ion exchange system. (NSA)
D-33
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Duursma, E. K. 1966. Molecular Diffusion of Radioisotopes in Interstitial
Water of Sediments. IAEA-SM-72/20.
The extent of radioisotope migration in sediments of the oceans is
considered. The simplest way is to regard migration as a diffusion process
2 ?
defined by the basic diffusion law: 6C/6t = D(o C/6x ). The coefficient of
diffusion 0 may differ from sediment to sediment or it may depend greatly on
the chemical properties of the radioisotope. Knowing D, relations can be
calculated for the concentration course in the sediment with depth and time.
One case of boundary conditions is considered. Close-packed sediments may
theoretically have the same water quantity between 20 and 25% (v/v). In
addition the way of transport will not differ greatly, with the result that
D can only depend on the wall influence of the sediment particles. The
effect of the capillarity on the water itself is an indirect influence and in
fine sediments the interstitial water molecules (and groups of them) have less
freedom; the chemical reaction (sorption) with the sediment particles is a direct
"6 -5 2
influence. 0 was found for nonreacting ions in sands to be 10 — 10 cm /sec
-7 2
and for fine clays, with reacting ions, a value lower than 10 cm /sec. With
the help of laboratory experiments it was possible to determine the diffusion
coefficients for nonreacting ions in different sediments and separately the
chemical activity for reacting isotopes. In this way two diffusion coefficients
can be given: one depending on the sediment, the other on the sediment and the
isotopes. To some extent it is possible to predict for certain isotopes the
process of migration in sediments from which only the sedimental composition
is known, (auth)
Duursma, E. K. 1972. Geochemical Aspects and Applications of Radionuclides
in the Sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 10:137-223.
This review is intended to update the geochemical part of the earlier
review by Mauchline and Templeton (1964), published in this same annual review
series. It covers the geochemical aspects of both artificial and natural
radionuclides in the sea, and attention is paid to the use of radionuclides
as tracers for sediment and water transport studies. The biological aspects
of radionuclides in the marine environment will be reviewed in a separate
D-34
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article. The majority of the literature reviewed is that published since
1963 with some mention of relevant papers published earlier but not included
in the review of Mauchline and Templeton (1964). (auth)
Duursma, E. K. 1973. Concentration Effects of 137Cs, 65Zn, 60Co, and 106Ru
Sorption by Marine Sediments with Geochemical Implications. Neth. J. Sea
Res. 6:225-240.
The reactions of Cs, Zn, Ru, and Co and several types of
marine sediment were measured as functions of equilibration time, carrier
and sediment concentrations, and salinity. Large values of the distribution
coefficient found for each isotope at low sediment concentrations (<0.5 mg/ml)
are attributed to enhancement of particle formation by aggregation or nucle-
ation of the radioisotope with the sediment particles in suspension; this
nucleation would be masked by adsorption at high sediment concentrations.
13"7
Uptake of Cs was proportional to the illite concentration of the sediments
and probably involves an ion-exchange reaction with K, the others showed less
specific adsorption. All radioisotope sediment reactions could be repre-
sented by the Freundlich isotherm model. The difficulty of predicting geo-
chemical consequences of the experimental results is discussed. The role
of sediments as adsorbents in the distribution of trace element and radio-
active pollutants is suggested as the main regulating mechanism in areas with
concentrated suspensions where nucleation is negligible, such as coastal waters.
At very low suspension concentrations, nucleation may be a widespread mechanism
in the control of trace element budgets in marine environments. (NSA)
Duursma, E. K. 1973. Specific Activity of Radionuclides Sorbed by Marine
Sediments in Relation to the Stable Element Composition. IAEA-SM-158/4,
pp. 57-71.
The problem investigated is whether the binding of radionuclides to
marine sediments in a waste disposal area can be predicted from studies
of the trace metal contents of the sediments. To evaluate this, the
experimentally determined distribution coefficients of various radionuclides
and the existing corresponding stable isotope distribution were compared for
different marine sediments of the major ocean basins. The ratio of the
D-35
-------
distribution coefficient of the radionuclide to that of its stable counter-
part was considered to be a measure of the amount of the stable isotope avail-
able for exchange with the radionuclide in seawater. The ratios were normally
low, but ranged from about 0.1 to 100% for the different elements and sediments
tested. The practical application for waste disposal evaluations is that the
ratios estimated for a particular area might be used for a first approximation
of the maximum amount of radionuclides that might be held by the sediment at
a given specific activity in the seawater. (auth)
Duursma, E. K. and C. J. Bosch. 1970. Theoretical Experimental, and Field
Studies Concerning Diffusion of Radioisotopes in Sediments and Suspended
Particles of the Sea. Part B: Methods and Experiments. Netherlands Journal
of Sea Research. 4:395-469.
Experiments were performed to verify the validity of previously developed
mathematical models of radioisotope diffusion in sea sediments. Methods were
developed for determining the diffusion coefficients and distribution coeffi-
cients of sorption. Physicochemical interaction processes between sediments
and a number of important isotopes were investigated. The mathematical models
were experimentally verified and the following conclusions made: under the
conditions of the models, penetration into a sea sediment, due to concentra-
tion gradients, can be regarded as a diffusion process; the model for diffusion
into a sediment from a thin supernatant current is applicable only if no sorp-
tion by the sediment occurs; and the results show that for diffusion of radionu-
clides in sea sediments the diffusion coefficients are between 10" and
10"6 cm2/sec, depending on the sorption of the migrating radionuclides from
the interstitial water by the sediment particles. (NSA)
Duursma, E. K. and D. Eisma. 1973. Theoretical, Experimental and Field
Studies Concerning Reactions of Radioisotopes with Sediments and Suspended
Particles of the Sea. Part C: Applications to Field Studies. Netherlands
Journal of Sea Research. 6:265-324.
With the help of a number of national institutes a cooperative study was
made of the radionuclide sediment behavior of 59 characteristic marine sedi-
ments. The sediment samples were obtained from the sea floor of the three
oceans, the Arctic Seas, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the Mediterranean,
D-36
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the Black Sea and the Red Sea. The radionuclides studied were 90Sr, Cs,
65Zn, 60Co, 95Zr/Nb, 54Mn, 59Fe, 106Ru, 147Pm and 144Ce. Only with
Mediterranean sediment the behaviour of Pu, Ca, Rb and Pb was
investigated.
The sediment composition has been investigated for clay minerals in
different grain-size fractions, for median grain size and sorting, for specific
surface, for exchange capacity, for organic matter, and for the extractability
of the ions Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe with acetic acid. NH.-acetate, 0.1 N HC1,
20 percent HC1, and concentrated HC1. Each of the parameters of the sediment
composition has been related to the distribution coefficient of sorption
which characterizes the radionuclide sediment behaviour. The best relation-
ships were found with the base-exchange capacities and the specific surface
values of the sediments.
The results of these studies may be applied to description and prediction
of the behaviour of various radionuclides in seawater sediment systems. Using
these data together with knowledge on the hydrography and sedimentology of
an area, it may be possible to predict some of the consequences of future
waste-disposal practices in this area.
Duursma, E. K. and M. G. Gross. 1971. Marine Sediments and Radioactivity.
IN: Radioactivity in the Marine Environment. National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, D. C., pp. 147-160.
Sediments and sedimentary particles have a substantial capacity to remove
radionuclides from seawater. The particles may be deposited on the ocean
bottom or picked up by filter-feeding organisms that may concentrate the
radionuclides and pass them into man's food supply.
Certain radionuclides are more strongly sorbed on sediment particles than
others. Mineral-related reactions, each with a degree of specificity, appear
to be controlled by chemical species of the radionuclides and the physico-
chemical conditions of the sediments and sedimentary particles. In some labor-
atory experiments, the amount of radionuclides taken up by sediments and
sedimentary particles depends on the history of the sediment-water system
prior to the introduction of the radionuclide; this makes it difficult to
predict radionuclide behavior in sediment-laden water.
D-37
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Radionuclides may move through the sediment after deposition. Among
the processes by which radionuclides move are diffusion through the inter-
stitial water, movement with the interstitial water expelled from the sedi-
ment by compaction, and groundwater discharge through the sea bottom. Where
sediment accumulation is sufficiently rapid, the radioactive particles may
be covered by later sedimentary deposits before these relatively slow move-
ments can move the nuclides through the sediment-water interface. On a
large part of the continental shelf and on much of the deep-ocean bottom,
rates of sediment accumulation are slow enough that diffusion processes may
be dominant.
Sediment particles and their associated radionuclides may be mixed or
moved by burrowing activity of benthic organisms, near-bottom currents, wave
action, turbidity currents, longshore currents, or by ice.
Sediments or sedimentary particles can remove radionuclides from seawater
and deposit them on the sea bottom. Calculations have been given to indicate
the effect of such applications of sediments, and criteria have been presented
to guide the selection of materials to be used in such applications, (auth)
Duursma, E. K. and C. Hoede. 1967. Theoretical, Experimental and Field Studies
Concerning Molecular Diffusion of Radioisotopes in Sediments and Suspended
Solid Particles of the Sea. Part A: Theories and mathematical calculations.
Netherlands Journal of Sea Research. 3:423-457.
The best way to describe the kinetics of the uptake of radioisotopes from
sea water by bottom sediments and suspended solid matter is by molecular
diffusion. The basic diffusion laws can be applied for finding the important
parameter of the diffusion, the diffusion coefficient, which will characterize
the migration of radioisotopes in sediments and the kinetics of the sorption
into solid suspended matter. A theoretical approach is made for several
situations, for which the relation between concentration with time and distance,
or total uptake with time is calculated, (auth)
Duursma, E. K. and P. Parsi. 1974. Distribution Coefficients of Plutonium
Between Sediment and Seawater. .IN.: Activities of the International Labora-
tory of Marine Radioactivity. IAEA-SM-163, pp. 94-96.
D-38
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The authors using a Pu 237 as a tracer, conducted a series of experi-
ments to determine the distribution coefficient of plutonium onto sediments
under oxic and anoxic conditions. The plutonium was added in three different
valence states; III, IV, and VI. All three valence states showed Kd values
4
in order of 10 for both anoxic and oxic conditions. The authors speculate
that Pu (IV) enters adsorption phenomenon, while Pu (III) and Pu (VI) may be
precipitating in addition to active reactions, (auth)
Duursma, E. K., P. Parsi, and G. Statham. 1974. Fixation of Radionuclides
with Time by Marine Sediments. IAEA-SM-163, pp. 107-108.
Sorption of radionuclides by sedimentary particles is a time dependent
process in which the adsorption on the surface of the particle is relatively
rapid (minutes, hours, days) and the absorption into sediment particles is
relatively slow (weeks, months, years). The release to the water phase of
radionuclides from contaminated sediments as a consequence of desorption or
loss by other means depends on their degree of binding. When the radionuclides
have been in contact with the sediments for long periods of time, the possi-
bility exists that the ease of removal decreases due to complex surface reac-
tions or binding within crystal matrices. Laboratory experiments were performed
to verify field data obtained under semi-natural conditions that relate to
this question. The experiments were performed by mixing 50 g of Mediterranean
sediment with 10 liters of sea water in seawater in several lots, each contain-
ing approximately 1 uCi/1 of radiotracer; stable metal experiments utilized
100 ug/1 additions of stable metals and 1 g/1 of sediment. The degree of
fixation was determined by the degree of release of the radionuclide or trace
metal after leaching by IN acetic acid/NH^-acetate solution (pH 5.4), and
IN acetic acid. Radionuclide concentrations in the leachates were determined
by y or g counting and the stable metal concentrations by anodic stripping
voltammetry. Results are reported from studies using radionuclides of Mn, Fe,
Cs, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ru, As, Cd, Co, Ce, and Pb as tracers. Of all elements
studied, only Cd and Sr were completely Teachable by both solutions after a
sorption period of seven months, while Ag was the only element completely
fixed. (NSA)
D-39
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Duursma, E. K., L. A. Rancitelli, and D. E. Robertson. 1972. Specific
Activity of Radionuclides Sorbed by Marine Sediments. BNWL-SA-4330.
Studies were made on whether the binding of radionuclides to sediments
in a waste disposal area can be predicted from studies of the trace metal
contents of the sediments. To evaluate this, the experimentally determined
distribution coefficients of various radionuclides and the existing corres-
ponding stable isotope distribution were compared for different marine
sediments. The ratio of the distribution coefficient of the radionuclide
to that of its stable counterpart was considered to be a measure of the
amount of the stable isotopes available for exchange with radionuclides in
seawater. The ratios were normally low but ranging from about 0.1 to 100%
for the different elements and sediments tested. The practical application
for waste disposal evaluations is that the ratios estimated for a particular
area might be used for a first approximation of the maximum amount of radio-
nuclides that might be held by the sediment at a given specific activity in
the seawater. (auth)
Dworm'k, E. and M. Ross. 1955. Application of the Electron Microscope to
Mineralogic Studies. Am. Mineralogist. 40:261-74.
A discussion of the use of the electron microscope in mineralogic studies
and of sample preparation is followed by a series of electron photomicro-
graphs showing the size, shape, and crystal habit of fine fractions of
some uranium-bearing minerals from the Colorado Plateaus, lignite from
North and South Dakota, phosphate minerals from Florida, and minerals
synthesized in the laboratory. The information obtained from these
photographs is useful in establishing paragenetic relations of associated
minerals in uranium deposits, in supplementing mineralogic descriptions,
and in guiding and checking separation techniques, (auth)
Dyck, W. 1969. Uranium Exploration Using Radon in Soils. Can. Mining J.
90:45-49.
Highlights of tests carried out during the 1968 field season to
determine the applicability of the radon method for detailed prospecting
for U are given. Where the overburden is one to two feet thick, on-site
D-40
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on and thoron determinations in soil emanations in the Gatineau hills
lined radioactive pegmatites more clearly than did x-ray tests. In
ieral the radon method outlined radioactive sources more clearly than
i the Geiger counter. On-site radon-thoron emanations were determined
th a portable counter using ZnS (silver activated) cell modified in such
*ay to permit the flow of soil gas through it. These gases were obtained
om one to two feet deep holes punched into the soil with a needle bar. (0-77)
, W. 1975. Geochemistry Applied to Uranium Exploration. Can Min. J.
5:58-62.
The principles of hydrogeochemical exploration for uranium deposits
238
•e reviewed. The mobility of U and its decay products in various
.•rivironments is discussed. Analyses center on U, Ra, and Rn. Helium is
•too difficult to measure and interpret, except in deep ground waters. Inter-
pretation of results must take into account background, flow rates, geophysical
relief, water chemistry, the presence of associated heavy metals, and climate.
(NSA)
D-41
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Eberhardt, L. L, and R. 0. Gilbert. 1972. Statistical Analysis of Soil
Plutonium Studies, Nevada Test Site. BNWL-B-217.
This report has been written to summarize the results of our efforts
to date in the plutonium environmental studies program of the Nevada Applied
Ecology group. Many of the field studies are currently not completed, but
it seems desirable to produce a summary analysis of the statistical aspects
at this time. We believe the report will be useful in planning further
studies at the Test Site. It should also serve as a basis for discussion
of the kinds of data needed for statistical appraisals of particular
problems.
Much of our effort thus far has been directed towards the problems of
estimating the inventory of plutonium in soil. The only extensive set of
data available to us thus far is from the GMX area. That data suggests
that it is quite feasible to proceed with an inventory for GMX with the
tools at hand. The other kinds of objectives (described under SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES) require more data and various decisions as to what is wanted
from the studies.
Eberhardt, L. L., and R. 0. Gilbert. 1973. General Statistical Considera-
tions. BNWL-SA-4810.
The high sampling variability encountered in environmental plutonium
studies along with high analytical costsmakes it very important that effi-
cient soil sampling plans be used. However, efficient sampling depends on
explicit and simple statements of the objectives of the study. When there
are multiple objectives it may be difficult to devise a wholly suitable sam-
pling scheme. Sampling for long-term changes in plutonium concentration in
soils may also be complex and expensive. Further attention to problems
associated with compositing samples is recommended, as is the consistent
use of random sampling as a basic technique, (auth)
E-l
-------
Eberhardt, L. L., and R. 0. Gilbert. 1974. General Statistical Considera-
tions in Environmental Plutonium Studies. IN: Dunaway, P. B., and M. G.
White (eds.). The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert Environments. NVO-142,
pp. 43-49.
The high sampling variability encountered in environmental plutonium
studies, along with high analytical costs, makes it very important that
efficient sampling plans be used. However, efficient sampling depends on
explicit and simple statements of the objectives of the study. When there
are multiple objectives, as in the Nevada Applied Ecology Group (NAEG)
study, it may be difficult to devise a wholly suitable sampling scheme.
Sampling for long-term changes in plutonium concentration may also be com-
plex and expensive. Further attention to problems associated with composit-
ing samples is recommended, as is the consistent use of random sampling as
a basic technique, (auth)
Eckelmann, W. R. and J. L. Kulp. 1956. Uranium-Lead Method of Age Deter-
mination. I. Lake Athabasca Problem. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 67:35-54.
Specimens of galena, clausthalite, and pitchblende were analyzed chemi-
2flfi 238
cally and isotopically to obtain apparent ages from the ratios Pb /U ,
?b20//U235, and Pb207/Pb206. A check on equilibrium in the decay series
was made by measurement of the Pb /Pb ratios, and Rn-leakage measure-
ments were also made on the samples. The Rn-leakage correction was found
210 2(16
to be very minor, and the Pb /Pb ratios showed that all samples are
presently in radioactive equilibrium. Apparent isotopic ages range from
220 to 1860 million years, and these anomalies cannot be explained by loss
of U or Rn. Partial Pb removal at some time or times during the geological
207
history of these minerals is the probable cause of the anomaly, the Pb /
20fi
Pb age is thus closest to the true age but is minimal. For the Lake
Athabasca district initial deposition of the pitchblende occurred about
1900 million years and recrystallizations accompanied by Pb removal probably
occurred about 1200 million years and 100-200 million years ago. It is con-
sidered that agreement among isotopic ages from a given locality is excel-
lent evidence that the true absolute age is known; conversely, anomalous
ages owing tn Pb loss prove the occurrence of one or more periods in which
the regional temperature has increased. (CA)
E-2
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Edgington, D. N., J. J. Alberts, M. A. Wahlgren, J. 0. Karttunen and C. A.
Reeve. 1975. Plutonium and Americium in Lake Michigan Sediments. IAEA- •
SM-1 99/47.
9-30
The vertical distributions of 'Pu, "°Pu, and Cs have been
measured in sediment cores taken from Lake Michigan. Sections from a limited
241
number of cores have been analyzed for Am. In addition, grab samples from
ten locations in the southern basin of the lake have been analyzed for phase
239 240
distribution of ' Pu using a sequential extraction technique.
9-5Q
The results indicate that the »Pu, Pu, and Cs from weapons
testing, and the Am formed in situ are concentrated in the sediments. A
239 240
comparison of the total deposition of ' Pu deposition in the sediments
238 239 2dO
show values of the Pu/ ' Pu ratio are in agreement with values reported
in Lake Ontario sediments (and Lake Michigan plankton) and show little variation
with depth. Am data support the concept of in situ production with little
preferential mobility after formation.
239 240
Studies of sedimentary phase distributions show that ' Pu is
associated with hydrous oxide phases which are chemically stable under the
prevailing conditions in the lake sediments. Since Lake Michigan sediments
239 240
remain aerobic, relatively little "'»*• upu is available for chemical
mobilization from the hydrous oxide or organic phases present in the sedi-
ments. (auth)
Edington, D. N., J. C. Ritchie, and J. A. Robbins. 1975. Comments on the
Paper: "Use of Rivers to Predict Accumulation in Sediment of Radionuclides
Discharged from Nuclear Power Plants" by P. Plato. Health Physics. 29:
429:431.
Reference is made to a paper by Plato (Health Phys.; 26:489 (1974)
in which the source and distribution of Cs in the bottom sediments off
the eastern shore of Lake Michigan is discussed. It is stated that in his
analysis Plato neglected to consider the influence of three important fac-
tors which can seriously affect the validity of his conclusions. These
factors are (1) the almost impossibility of calculating the total amount
of Cs in a sediment profile from a grab sample; (2) the strong ionic
bond between 137Cs and clay minerals; and (3) the contribution of direct
atmospheric deposition into the lake by wet or dry scavenging processes.
The effect of these factors on Plato's conclusions is discussed. (NSA)
E-3
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Edgington, D. N. and J. A. Robbins. 1973. Determination of Recent Sedi-
mentation Rates in Lake Michigan Using 210pb and 137cs. ANL-8060 (Pt.3),
pp. 39-62.
210
Natural Pb dating appears to be a valid and powerful technique for
establishing the age of recently deposited sediments in the Great Lakes.
The method gives measures of the sedimentation rates which are essentially
in agreement with those derived from more laborious and less exact but
established palynological and seismic methods. The Pb profile studies
to date show an expected exponential shape consistent with the assumption
of uniform sedimentation rates over the last several hundred years and of
210 226
secular equilibrium between supported Pb and Ra. No evidence was
seen for contributions of Pb from nuclear detonations. Companion Cs
profiles indicate that the coring technique was probably recovering the
uppermost levels of the deposit and that the mobility of both radionuclides
within the sediment is small, (auth)
Edgington, D. N. and J. A. Robbins. 1974. Application of Natural and Fall-
out Radionuclides to Studies of Sedimentation in Lake Michigan. CONF-740701,
pp. 443-458.
The feasibility of using natural and artificial radionuclides, specifi-
o] n ] -37
cally Pb and Cs, for the determination of the rates of accumulation
of recent sedimentary layers was studied. These two radionuclides are
present in the atmosphere and are transferred to the sediments by two pro-
cesses, wet deposition at the air/water interface by precipitation scaveng-
ing and removal from the water column in association with allochthonous or
autochthonous sedimenting particulates. The reactions occurring in the
water column may involve, among others, ion exchange with clay minerals,
direct incorporation by organisms, and absorption by organic detritus.
Sediment cores have been taken at many stations in Lake Michigan, and the
profiles of 210Pb and 137Cs determined in each case. The interpretation
of these profiles is discussed, (auth)
E-4
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Edvalson, L. E. 1971. Radiolysis of Citric Acid Solution. ARH-2163.
Radiolysis of citric acid in solutions of HNO.,-Sr(N03)2 by a cobalt'60
gamma source has a G value of 0.80. For each mole of citric acid destroyed,
an average of 7.00 moles of hydrogen ion disappear. Concentrations of
citric acid and nitric acid at which dark-brown radiolysis products and/or
solids formed were also determined, (auth)
E. G. and G., Inc. 1974. Ground Based Observations Supporting the Ship-
pingport, Pennsylvania, Aerial Radiation Survey of February 1973. EGG-
1183-1597.
Soil samples and tissue-equivalent dose measurements were obtained at
three ground sites beneath two aerial flight lines in the Shippingport,
Pennsylvania, survey area. This work was done in support of the aerial
radiological survey at Shippingport on February 24, 1973. The soil samples
contained naturally occurring isotopes and Cs only. The Cs concen-
tration varied from 0.46 to 0.85 pCi/g of dry soil. The tissue-equivalent
dose measurements ranged in value from 7.8 to 9.5 yRad/hr, and compare well
with the gamma exposure rates measured by the Aerial Radiological Measuring
System (ARMS), (auth)
E. G. and G., Inc. 1974. Radiological Survey of the Area Surrounding the
National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho Falls, Idaho. Date of Survey:
1 and 2 February 1972. EGG-1183-1632.
The Aerial Radiological Measuring System (ARMS) was used to survey the
National Reactor Testing Station (NRTS) during February 1972. The purpose
of the survey was primarily to identify the presence of Ru and Rh in
a release from the Chemical Processing Plant at NRTS. Additionally, the
gamma-ray terrestrial exposure rate levels were mapped and the distribution
of any man-made isotopes was located and defined. (A)
Ehhalt, D. H. 1973. On the Uptake of Tritium by Soil Water and Ground-
water. Water Resources Research. 9:1073-74.
Tritiated molecular hydrogen in the atmosphere is oxidized by soil
microorganisms and may contribute to the T input into soil with a rate of
2
5.4 T atom/cm sec. (auth)
E-5
-------
Eichholz, G. G., T. F. Craft, and A. N. Galli. 1967. Trace Element Frac-
tionation by Suspended Matter in Water. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta.
31:737-745.
Fractionation of trace elements by silt and sediment particles in
natural waters has been studied by means of radioactive tracers. Partition
of dissolved tracer ions between sediments and water has been observed as
well as the relative changes in concentration of fission product ions in a
mixture, after contact with suspended particles in naturally occurring
abundances. Gamma-ray spectra have been obtained to illustrate the extent
of separation occurring as a result of preferential adsorption of some of
the fission products on clay silt particles. In waters with a high organic
content, the pattern of fractionation is different, as expected,, with a
higher extraction of anions and anionic complexes. The results have an
important bearing on the degree of self-purification by bottom sediments
in turbulent, polluted streams. Careful distinction is required in analyti-
cal reports between truly dissolved elements and total "dissolved solids",
which may include ions adsorbed on submicron silt particles, (auth)
Ekstrom, A., and A. B. McLaren. 1971. The Kinetics and Mechanism of the
Oxidation of Pu(IV) by Ce(IV) in Sulfate and Nitrate Media. J. Inorg. & Nucl
Chem. 33:3511-20.
The oxidation of Pu(IV) by Ce(IV) was studied in the presence of sul-
phate and nitrateions. The rate of reaction is strongly inhibited by sul-
phate ion, being inversely proportional to between the square and cube of
the HS07 concentration at a given acid concentration. In the range 10" -
i ^
10 M nitrate, the reaction rate is independent of nitrate concentration,
but is inversely proportional to the square of the hydrogen ion concentra-
tion. Possible reaction mechanisms consistent with the observed data are
discussed, (auth)
Elgawhary, 5. M. and S. A. Barber. 1971. Differential Sr-Ca Bonding on
Soil as Influenced by Bonding Site. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:566-71.
The Sr-Ca selectivity coefficient, kSr/Ca> was used to interpret the
differential Sr-Ca bonding of cation exchange sites in two soils. A
E-6
-------
dominant complementary cation, K, was used to place the Sr and Ca on sites
which favored Sr and Ca over K. As the equivalent fraction of Sr plus Ca
in the equilibrium solution was reduced, k~ ,- decreased, indicating that
organic exchange sites were the first to be filled. When the complementary
ion was Mg or Ba, kcr/Ca was much larger, indicating that these complemen-
tary ions competed more nearly equally with Sr and Ca for all exchange sites,
There was a relationship between the log of the equivalent fraction of Sr
plus Ca and kcr/Ca that was linear over segments of the range of equivalent
fraction used. Chromatographic separation of Sr and Ca on a Sidell soil
reflected the ks .- of this soil at low Sr plus Ca saturations. Little
Sr and Ca separation occurred with the Edwards muck apparently because of
the over-shadowing of the readily exchangeable cations by Sr and Ca adsorbed
in very slowly exchangeable positions resulting in little movement of these
ions, (auth)
Eliason, J. R. 1966. Montmorillonite Exchange Equilibria with Strontium-
Sodium-Cesium. Am. Mineral. 51:324-355.
The ion exchange isotherms and the free-energy changes of -2278, -331,
and -4019 cal/mole for the cesium-sodium, strontium-sodium, and cesium-
strontium systems respectively were determined for the Bayard, New Mexico
montmorillonite. The ion exchange isotherm and the free-energy change of
-2035 cal/mole for the cesium-sodium system on the Chambers, Arizona mont-
morillonite were determined for comparison with the Bayard, New Mexico
montmorillonite. A surprising increase in selectivity for cesium and stron-
tium at high cesium and strontium loading was observed in the cesium-sodium
and strontium-sodium systems. The selectivity increases were presumed to
be related to changes in the c-axis spacings. (auth)
Eliason, J. R. 1967. Earth Sciences Waste Disposal Investigations, July-
December 1966. BNWL-432.
Analytical results are presented for gross 3 activity in unconfined
ground water aquifers and gross 8 activity in ground water from wells.
Results are given where concentrations of radionuclides are above the
E-7
-------
routine detection limit of 0.08 pCi/cc. Average concentrations detected
during the previous report period are listed. Gross 3 activity is calculated
as Ru- Rh. Analysis was made at specific sites for gross a, H, Sr,
and Cs. Gross 8 and tritium are plotted on water contour maps and iso-
concentration lines are drawn to show two-dimensional extent and direction
of contamination spread. Ground water quality near disposal sites has
changed due to concentration of salts in the waste and indirectly due to
the degradation of minerals in the soil by the wastes. Concentrations of
nonradioactive materials in the ground water are below the Public Health
Service recommended drinking water limits except for nitrate which is above
45 ppm. (NSA)
Eliason, J. R., and B. F. Hajek. 1967. Ground Disposal of Reactor Coolant
Effluent. BNWL-CC-1352.
A study in which reactor coolant effluent was disposed to an existing
trench at 100-0 Area was conducted for a 4-month period from March to June
Q
1967. During this time 3.367 x 10 gallons of effluent were infiltrated at
2
an average rate of 1277 gal/day/ft . Groundwater elevations and tempera-
tures increased in the vicinity of 100-D; however, no significant decrease
in infiltration rate occurred. Decontamination factors ranged from 2.5 for
Cr to >276 for Zn. These are probably minimum decontamination factors
since the route followed by wastes moving from the trench to the springs is
considered to be the path having the shortest travel time. Groundwater
elevations quickly returned to near pre-test levels upon termination of
disposal; however, groundwater temperatures are decreasing slowly. This
study showed that large volumes of reactor coolant effluent can be disposed
to the ground for significant periods of time. The decontamination achieved
is probably greater than could be obtained by any other treatment process.
(auth)
Ellerhorst, R. H., and R. K. Klopenstein. 1958. Literature Search: TBP-
Kerosene Solvent Degradation. NCLO-744.
Literature search of early years of TBP-solvent degradation
studies, (auth;
E-8
-------
Ellett, W. H., N. S. Nelson, W. A. Mills. 1975. Allowed Health Risk for
Plutonium and Americium Standards as Compared to Standards for Penetrating
Radiation. IAEA-SM-199/113.
Estimates of excess cancer mortality, based on the linear nonthreshold
hypothesis and calculated by means of the absolute risk estimates in the
NAS-BEIR Report, are given for a number of current occupational limits.
These include continuous total body exposure to adults, age 20 to 65 at
5 rads per year from external low LET radiation and skeletal body burdens
for 45 years at the critical organ limits given by ICRP Committee II for
radium-226 and plutonium-239. The estimated cancer mortality for these
three situations differs by a factor of 8. Additional mortality estimates
are made for americium and curium isotopes and for the case of continuous
ingestion.
These estimates include the cancer risk in liver as estimated from the
excess mortality observed in persons containing large thorotrast burdens
and newer estimates of the relative damage factor for radionuclides deposited
on bone surfaces. For all of the transuranics studied the estimated excess
mortality due to liver cancer is a major risk and often the largest, (auth)
El Nadi, A. F. and M. Ammar. 1960. Thorium Content in Nile Water. Proc.
Math. Phys. Soc. (U.A.R.) No. 24:11-16.
A study of thorium concentration in Nile water was carried out by the
flow method using a cylindrical ionization chamber. The results indicate
Q
that the amount before and after flood has an average of 14.7 ± 0.6 x 10"
-8
g/cc, while during flood it decreases to an average of 10.1 = 0.7 x 10"
g/cc. This decrease may be attributed to the effect of the presence of
suspended clays which may absorb Tn gas on its surface and thus decrease
the amount of Tn expelled during the process of deemanation. (auth)
El Wakeel, S. K. and J. P. Riley. 1961. Chemical and Mineralogical Studies
of Deep-Sea Sediments. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 25:110-46.
Chemical and spectrograohic analyses are presented for the major and
several minor elements in 10 calcareous, 12 argillaceous and 3 siliceous
deep-sea sediments from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and
E-9
-------
Mediterranean Sea; a 5 m core from the Atlantic; 3 deep-sea volcanic sedi-
ments; an unusual calcareous manganiferous ooze, and the <2 u fractions
from 2 near shore muds. The distribution of the minor elements was very
similar to that described by Goldberg and Arrhenius for Pacific sediments.
Except for their higher content of ferrous iron and organic carbon the chemi-
cal composition of the <2 u fraction of the near shore clays closely resem-
bled that of the deep-sea argillaceous sediments. This resemblance and the
similarity of the abundances of certain of the minor elements, such as Ti,
Zr, Cr and V, in the pelagic to their abundances in igneous rocks, suggests
a mainly terrigenous origin for red clay. The argillaceous material of two
globigerina oozes from the Mediterranean was very similar in composition to
that of the deep ocean sediments. The proportions of all the major elements
down the length of the 5-05 m core of red clay from off the Bermuda rise in
the Atlantic were very constant. Niggli values have been used to compare
the sediments, on a carbonate-free basis, the sediments from the Atlantic
are characterized by their higher Al and lower Fe values compared with
those from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Illite and chlorite, with lesser
amounts of montmorillonite, are the principal clay minerals in the deep sea
sediments. The near shore clays are richest in kaolinite, but illite and
montmorillonite are also present, (auth)
Emery, R. M. and T. R. Garland. 1974. The Ecological Behavior of Plu-
tonium and Americium in a Freshwater Ecosystem: Phase II. Implications of
Differences in Transuranic Isotopic Ratios. BNWL-1879.
The ecological behavior of Pu and Am in a freshwater processing waste
pond has been studied since July 1973 to characterize the pond's limnology
and define the isotopic distributions in this ecosystem (Emery et al. 1974).
Results from this study show that the history of transuranics discharged to
the pond has created a complex combination of source terms and isotopic
ratios. Since these source terms and chemical forms entering the pond have
not been clearly defined, a material balance for Pu and Am in this ecosystem
238
cannot be developed. Relatively large quantities of U have been released
to the pond, and these, along with unidentified levels of Th and Th
create a problem of interpreting the ecological behavior of Pu and Am in
E-10
-------
238 239 240
this ecosystem. Ratios of Pu to ' Pu found in the pond are much
•higher than those in the processing wastewaters released to the pond.
940. 741
Ratios of Pu to «^upu and "'Am to 'pu are significantly higher
in the pond biota than in the sediments suggesting a common source of avail-
ability to the biota. This contention is supported by the rapid establish-
ment of these ratios in goldfish (Carassius) which were experimentally
238
introduced into the pond. Ratios of Am to Pu in the pond biota are
also significantly different from those of the sediments but to a lesser
degree than ratios of 238Pu to 239>240pu and 241Am to 239'240Pu. A wide
238 239 240
range of particle sizes of Pu and ' Pu may exist in the pond sedi-
ments. The pond sediments, however, may not be the major source of "avail-
able" Pu and Am because results of this study suggest that sediments in a
trench carrying the processing wastes to the pond may be the primary source.
(auth)
Emery, R. M. and D. C. Klopfer. 1975. The Distribution of Transuranic
Elements in a Freshwater Pond Ecosystem. Prepared for Eighth Rochester
International Conference on Environmental Toxicology: Radioisotopes in
the Aquatic Environment, Models and Mechanisms.
During the past 2 years a unique study has been initiated on the
Hanford Reservation concerning the ecological behavior of plutonium and
americium in a freshwater environment. This study involves a waste pond
which has been receiving Pu processing wastes for about 30 years. The pond
has a sufficiently established ecosystem to provide an excellent location
for limnological characterization. In addition, the ecological distribu-
tion of Pu and Am is being investigated. The purpose of this work is to
explain Pu and Am concentrations at specific ecological sites, important
export routes out of the pond, and potential pathways to man. The pond is
also highly enriched with nutrients, thus supporting a high level of algal
and macrophyte production. Seston (30% diatoms) appears to be the principal
concentrators of Pu transuranics in the pond system. The major sink for
Pu and Am in this system is the sediments. Organic floe, overlaying the
pond sediments, is also a major concentrator of transuranics in this system.
Aside from the seston and floe, no other ecological components of the pond
E-n
-------
appear to have concentrations significantly greater than those of the sedi-
ment. Dragonfly larvae, watercress, and snails show concentrations which
approximate those of the sediments but nearly all other food web components
have levels of Pu and Am which are lower than those of the sediments. Thus,
Pu and Am seem to be relatively immobile in the aquatic ecosystem. However,
the role of algae as a potential mechanism for the long-range ecological
transport of Pu and Am will receive additional attention, (auth)
Emery, R. M., D. C. Klopfer, T. R. Garland, and W. C. Weimer. 1974. Eco-
logical Distribution and Fate of Plutonium and Americium in a Processing
Waste Pond on the Hanford Reservation. BNWL-1950. Part 2, pp. 96-100.
A study concerned with the ecological behavior of Pu and Am is being
carried out in a shallow waste pond (14 acres) which has existed and re-
ceived Pu processing wastes for about 30 years. The system is ultra-
eutrophic and the major organisms are macrophytes (mainly Potamogeton),
algae (mainly Cladophora), benthic invertebrates (mainly diptjeran and odonate
larvae, hemipterans, amphipods, and gastropods) and goldfish. Sediments are
238 239 240
the principal repository of Pu and Am containing about 390 pCi of ' ' Pu
(EPu)/g (dry) and about 83 pCi of Am/g. Pond water had much lower con-
centrations of zPu (0.01 pCi/1) and Am (1.1 pCi/1). In the biota the
principal concentrator of Pu and Am is decomposing algal material, the major
feeding substrate for the system, containing about 2 pCi of EPu/g and 250 pCi
of Am/g. In spite of these levels, the remaining biota have relatively
lower concentrations, ranging from 0.5 to 154 pCi of EPu/g and 0.3 to 50 pCi
?A1 ?7fi ?TQ 7dn
of 'Am/g. Ratios of Pu to "*»"upu in the biota are generally higher
than that of the sediments (0.9), but lower than that of pond water (3.5).
o yi n
The same was true for ratios of AmrzPu in biota; most organisms had
ratios exceeding those for sediments, but considerably less than those for
water, (auth)
Emery, R. M., D. C. Klopfer and M. C. McShane. 1977. The Ecological Export
of Plutonium from a Reprocessing Waste Pond.
A reprocessing waste pond at Hanford has been inventoried to determine
quantities of plutonium (Pu) that have accumulated since its formation in
E-12
-------
1944. Expressions of export were developed from these inventory data and
from informed assumptions about the vectors which act to mobilize material
containing Pu. This 14-acre pond provides a realistic illustration of the
mobility of Pu in a lentic ecosystem. The ecological behavior of Pu in
this pond is similar to that of other contaminated aquatic systems having
widely differing limnological characteristics. Since its creation, this
p->q
pond has received about a C1 of tj'»tl*upu and Pu and has retained >99%
of this quantity in the upper 20 cm of its sediments. Submerged plants,
mainly diatoms and Potamogeton , accumulate >80% of the Pu contained in
biota. Transient insects are the only direct biological route of export,
mobilizing <1 x 10 nCi of Pu annually. Waterfowl, birds and mammals col-
lectively do not export more than 5x10 nCi of Pu yearly. There is no
apparent significant export by wind, and it is not likely that Pu has
migrated more than 1 m below the pond via percolation. Although this pond
has a rapid flushing rate, a eutrophic nutrient supply with a diverse biotic
profile, and is in contact with an active terrestrial environment, it appears
to effectively bind Pu and prevent it from moving to man and other remote
life, (auth)
iV
Emery, R. M. , 0. C. Klopfer, and W. C. Weimer. 1974. Ecological Behavior
of Plutonium and Americium in a Freshwater Ecosystem. Phase I. Limnologi-
cal Characterization and Isotopic Distribution. BNWL-1867.
A Pu processing waste pond on the Hanford Reservation was studied
since July 1973 to characterize the pond's limnology and determined the
ecological distribution of Pu and Am in this ecosystem. This shallow
14-acre pond has existed and received processing wastes for about 30 years,
having a possible total Pu input of 8.1 kg. Limnological studies have
characterized the pond as having a simple food web existing under ultra-
eutrophic conditions, with physical circulation and mixing being primarily
controlled by wind and secondarily by heated water entering the pond. This
pond receives about 10 m of water per minute, of which at least 95% leaves
via percolation through the desert-like soil. Macrophytes (mainly Potamoge-
ton), algae (mainly Cladophora), benthic invertebrates (mainly dipteran and
odonate larvae, hemipternas, amphipods, and gastropods) and goldfish are
E-13
-------
the major biotic components of this system. Sediments are the principal
repository of Pu and Am, containing about 390 pCi of 238«239»240pu (£pu)/g
(dry) and about 83 pCi of 241Am/g (dry) with ratios of 238Pu:239'240Pu of
241
about 1:1, and Am:zPu of about 0.23:1. Levels of these transuranics in
the pond water are much lower having concentrations of EPu of about 0.01 pCi/1
and Am of about 1.1 pCi/1, with ratios of Pu: 'Pu of about 3.5:1
241
and Am:EPu of about 120:1. In the biota the principal concentrator of
Pu and Am is decomposing algal material (designated as algal floe, and rich
in microorganisms) with levels of EPu of about 2 nCi/g (dry) and ~ Am of
about 250 pCi/g (dry). This material serves as a major energy source for
most of the pond fauna. In spite of the relatively high levels present in
the sediments and major food source most of the biota have accumulated rela-
tively lower levels of Pu and Am. Only an ephmeral growth of watercress
(Rorippa) exceeds both EPu and Am levels in the sediments. However,
watercress, dragonfly larvae (Libellula), and the snail Lymnaea had higher
241
Am concentrations than that of the sediments. Levels of these trans-
uranics in other aquatic flora and fauna are also reported which range from
241 238
0.5 to 154 pCi of EPu/g and 0.3 to 50 pCi of ^'Am/g. Ratios of "°Pu:
' Pu in biota were generally higher than that of the sediments (i.e.,
>1:1), but lower than that of pond water (i.e., <3.5:1). The same was true
for ratios of Am:EPu in biota as most organisms had ratios exceeding
0.23:1 (with maximum of 2:1), but not approaching that of pond water (120:1).
Also discussed are concentration factors for pond biota with respect to
various expressions of biological availability. Depending upon assumptions
made for availability the CF values for any organism may range by many
orders of magnitude, (auth)
Emery, R. M. , D. C. Klopfer, T. R. Garland, and W. C. Weimer. 1975. Eco-
logical Behavior of Plutonium and Americium in a Freshwater Pond. BNWL-
SA-5346.
A Pu processing waste pond on the Hanford Reservation has been studied
since mid-1973 to characterize the pond's limnology and determine the eco-
logical benavior in this ecosystem. This shallow 14-acre pond has existed
and received Pu processing wastes for about 30 years. During this period
E-14
-------
about 8.1 kg of Pu was reported to have been discharged into waste trenches
leading to the pond. This ultra-eutrophic pond has a water inflow rate of
10 m /min. of which greater than 95% leaves the pond by percolation. Macro-
phytes (mainly Potamogeton) , algae (mainly Cladophora), benthic inverte-
brates (mainly dipteran and odonate larvae, hemipterans, amphipods, and
gastropods) and goldfish are the major biotic components of the system.
Sediments are the principal repository of Pu and Am having mean concentra-
tion for 238Pu, 239'240Pu, and 241Am of 169, 177, and 81 pCi/g (dry),
238
respectively. Mean ratios of isotopes in the sediments are 0.85 for Pu
to 239'240Pu, 0.61 for 241Am to 238Pu, and 0.49 for 241Am to 239>240Pu.
Levels of Pu and Am in the interstitial water range from 0.5 to 13 pCi/g
(dry weight of sediment) and exist mainly in cationic or nonionic forms.
238 239 240
For Pu in pond water the mean concentration is 0.007 pCi/1, for ' Pu
it is 0.002 pCi/1, and for Am it is 1.08 pCi/1. Algal floe (decomposing
algal material) is the major concentrator of Pu and Am in the pond having
mean concentrations for " Pu of 986 pCi/g, for "r><1-uPu of 615 pCi/g, and
0 A 1
for Am of 256 pCi/g. Watercress (Rorippa) had Pu levels about equal to
those of -the sediments, while dragonfly larvae (Libellula) and snails
(Lymnaea) along with watercress had Am levels approximating those of the
sediments. The remaining biota had Pu and Am levels which were generally
well below those of the sediments. Although goldfish remain in the pond
longer than any of the other fauna, and feed most heavily on plant, algae,
and organic debris, they concentrate relatively small amounts of Pu and Am
(about 10 to 15 pCi/g). In situ experiments indicate that goldfish reach
an equilibrium level for Pu of about 15 pCi/g within a few days of exposure
to the pond, after which they may remain active in the pond for many months
238
without further accumulation. The biological availability of Pu appeared
239 240
to be greater than that of tj:7'"upu since most of the pond organisms sam-
pled accumulated more 238Pu than 239»240pu on an activity basis. Ratios of
238Pu to 239>240Pu, and 241Am to 239'240pu are significantly higher in the pond
biota than in the pond sediments. These results primarily indicate that
transuranics are being made available and/or utilized by pond organisms in
ratios which are not reflected by pond sediment concentrations. A common
E-15
-------
source of available Pu and Am for pond biota is suggested by the rapid
238 23Q 240 241
establishment of "°Pu to "y'^uPu, ana ^!Am to 'pu ratios in
imported goldfish. Within 2 weeks after these fish had been introduced
into the pond they had accumulated transuranic ratios which were similar
to those of all other pond biota and dissimilar to those of the pond sedi-
241 238
ment. Ratios of Am to Pu in U-Pond biota are significantly different
238
from those of the sediments but to a lesser degree than ratios of Pu to
239-24°Puimd241An,to'239-24V (auth)
Enfield, C. G. 1970. An Irreversible Thermodynamic Approach to Simulta-
neous Movement of Water, Heat, and Salt Through Unsaturated Soils.
BNWL-1429.
Literature was reviewed to obtain the basis for the simultaneous flow
of water, heat, and salt through unsaturated soils. Flow theories were
developed from the general theory of water flow in saturated soil under
isothermal conditions to the analysis of simultaneous solution flow caused
by two driving forces, such as water and heat, using irreversible thermo-
dynamics. Based on this review, conclusions were made that the theory of
irreversible thermodynamics is the most applicable approach for modeling
when both liquid and vapor transport are to be considered, (auth)
Environmental Plutonium Data Base Group. 1972. Environmental Aspects of
Plutonium. A Selected, Annotated Bibliography. ORNL-EIS-72-21.
This bibliography is the first publication of the Environmental Plu-
tonium Data Base, which is being assembled for computer storage and
retrieval. Work at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory was supported by the
Nevada Applied Ecology Group of the USAEC Nevada Operations Office, Las
Vegas, Nevada. Although the literature was selected and abstracted speci-
fically to meet the needs of the Nevada Applied Ecology Group, other people
involved in similar or related research should find this publication useful.
The abstracts report observations and measurement methods about or appli-
cable to plutonium in the environment. The subjects of central concern
were the movement of plutonium through the environment, particularly that
of the Nevada Test Site with emphasis on its availability to man. Related
E-16
-------
material, such as biological effects of plutonium, interaction of plutonium
with various ecosystems, dispersion of fallout from nuclear explosions, was
also included, (auth)
Environmental Plutonium Data Base Group. 1973. Environmental Aspects of
Plutonium and Other Elements. A Selected, Annotated Bibliography.
ORNL-EIS-73-21 (Suppl. 1).
This supplement to the bibliography (ORNL-EIS-72-21) published by the
Environmental Plutonium Data Base Group contains an additional 884 references
that have been prepared for computer storage and retrieval. The literature
was selected to meet the needs of the Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas,
Nevada, but should be of interest to others in related fields. The deposi-
tion and movement of plutonium, americium, and uranium and their pathway
through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to man are emphasized. An effort
is made to include numerical data in the abstracts and to refer to relevant
tables (in the comment field). Indexes are given for authors, permuted
titles, subject categories, key words, publication description, geographic
location, and taxonomy, (auth)
Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. Radiation Quality Assurance Inter-
comparison Studies, 1974-1975. EPA-600/4-75-014.
The Quality Assurance Branch of the Monitoring Systems Research and
Development Division at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environ-
mental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas prepares and distributes
calibrated low-level radioactive solutions to Federal, State, and private
laboratories involved in environmental radiation monitoring and surveillance.
These solutions are utilized for both the calibration of counting instru-
ments and chemical yield determinations. Since the laboratories using
these samples must have confidence in their accuracy, the Quality Assurance
Branch has instituted intercomparison studies with the National Bureau of
Standards and with the Energy Research and Development Administration Health
and Service Laboratory. The results of the studies conducted during 1974
and 1975 are described, (auth)
E-17
-------
Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. Tentative Reference Method for
Measurement of Tritium in Environmental Waters. EPA-600/4-75-013.
A tentative reference method for the measurement of tritium in potable
and nonpotable environmental water is described. Water samples are treated
with sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate and then a water fraction
is separated from interferences by distillation. Two distillation proce-
dures are described, a simple aqueous distillation for samples from potable
water sources, and an aqueous-azeotropic-benzene distillation for nonpotable
water sources.
Aliquots of a designated distillate fraction are measured for tritium
activity by liquid scintillation detection. Distillation recovery and
counting efficiency factors are determined with tritium standards. Results
are reported in picocuries per milliliter. (auth)
Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Measurement of Strontium-89 and
Strontium-90 in Environmental Waters. A Tentative Reference Method.
EPA-600/4-76-011.
89 90
A tentative reference method for the measurement of Sr and Sr in
environmental waters is described. Samples of environmental water sources
89
are collected, preserved with acid-strontium carrier, and analyzed for Sr
Of) gg QQ
and/or Sr. Sr and Sr are separated from the sample water by precipi-
tating with stable strontium carrier as carbonate. The strontium carbonate
is dissolved, yttrium-90 separated, the strontium reprecioitated as car-
go gn
bonate, filtered, and counted for the combined Sr and Sr activity. The
Qfl 90
Y is allowed to grow in from the Sr activity; the strontium carbonate
on
is redissolved; the Y is separated, precipitated, and counted for the
Qrt QQ
Sr determination. The Sr activity is then determined by difference of
on go on
the total Sr and Sr and the separate Sr activities. Recoveries are
determined from the added and found (recovered) strontium carrier. Count-
ing efficiencies are determined with prepared standard reference samples.
Results are reported in pCi/liter. (auth)
E-18
-------
Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Measurement of Total Radium and
Radium-226 in Environmental Waters. A Tentative Reference Method.
EPA-600/4-76-012.
A tentative reference method for the measurement of total radium and
22fi
Ra in environmental water sources is described. Samples are collected,
preserved with acid-barium carrier treatment, and analyzed for total radium
7?fi
and/or Ra. For samples analyzed for total radium, the barium and radium
are then separated from the lead carrier, precipitated as the sulfate,
226
filtered, and counted for alpha activity. For samples analyzed for Ra,
the radium is separated from the sample with barium carrier, dissolved and
222
transferred to a de-emanation bubbler, the Rn daughter allowed to grow
222
in, the ingrown Rn de-emanated from the solution and transferred to a
scintillation counting cell, and alpha counted. Recoveries are determined
from the added and found (recovered) barium carrier. Counting efficiencies
are determined with prepared standard reference samples. Results are
reported in pCi/liter. (auth)
Erametsa, 0., K. J. Lounamaa, and M. Haukka. 1969. Vertical Distribution
of Uranium in Finnish Peat Bogs. Suom. Kemistilehti B. 42:363-70.
U has a rather high tendency to escape from the lithosphere into the
hydrosphere. It is transported mainly in the form of the highly stable
uranyl dicarbonate and tricarbonate complexes. Humic acids also form
stable complexes with U. The capture and the distribution of U from ground
waters by solid humic acids was studied in 14 arbitrarily chosen peat bogs
scattered in different parts of Finland. The uranium concentration gener-
ally peaks to a very sharp maximum at a level beginning 1/4 from the bottom
of the bog. In every other bog, at the depth mentioned, the U content
exceeded the detection limit of 30 mg/kg in ash. The method of analysis
was by X-ray fluorescence, as developed, to detect small amounts of sub-
stance. The maximum concentration was 1450 mg U/kg in ash. The amount of
U was evenly distributed over the total bog area. In 1 bog the distribu-
tion of Pb and Ni was compared with the distribution of U. (CA)
E-19
-------
Ergashev, S. E. 1968. Formation of Radiochemical Compounds in Soil Waters.
Dokl. Akad. Nauk Uzb. SSR. No. 7:3-4 (in Russian).
The distribution and properties of radioactive elements in the ground
waters of one of the artesian basins in an arid region of the USSR were
studied. The content of uranium in soil water varied from 5 x 10" to
3 x 10 g/1. An increased amount was found in some lower regions of the
basin in which the load of soil water was heavier and the U content of
these underground waters reached 1 to 3 x 10" g/1. The waters were highly
mineralized with sodium chloride and less-frequently with sodium sulfate-
chloride content. (NSA)
Erickson, H. A. 1925. The Mobilities of the Ions of the Active Deposits
of Thorium and Radium. Phys. Rev. 26:629-32.
Two positive active bodies differing in mobility were found in the
active deposits of thorium and radium. It is more probable that the dif-
ferent mobility is due to one body being singly charged and the other
doubly charged than that it is due to a deposit of an A product and a B
product successively. (CA)
Erickson, R. L., A. T. Myers, and C. A. Horr. 1952. The Association of
Uranium and Other Metals with Crude Oils, Asphalts and Petroliferous Rocks.
TEM-513.
Uranium analyses and semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the
ash of crude oils, natural asphalts, and oils extracted from petroliferous
rocks indicate that U and other metals, including V, Ni, Cu, Co, Mo, Pb,
Cr, Mn, and As, as consistently present—sometimes in unusually high con-
centrations—in this type of organic matter. The U content of the ash of
these samples ranged from less than 0.001% to more than 10%; the U content
of the total oil or asphalt ranged from less than 0.001 to 32,410 ppm (3.24%)
It seems probable that these metals occur as metallo-organic compounds and
are concentrated in the heavy asphaltic portion of petroleum. The high con-
centration of unusual elements in the ash of the analyzed samples suggests
that these elements were concentrated by some agency connected with the
actual formation of oil and therefore have a genetic relationship with the
E-20
-------
origin of oil and the petroleum source beds. The results of this investi-
gation also suggest that natural asphalts and petroliferous rocks may repre-
sent the source materials for the U and other metals in some U deposits.
(NSA)
Eriksson, A. 1970. Radioactive Fallout in Soil. Grundforbattring.
23:23-30 (in Swedish).
Fallout after the nuclear weapon tests in 1961 and 1962, and the
resulting intake with food and accumulation of Sr and Cs in the body
of man during the following years, are considered. In the long term
situation, after the cessation of fallout, the amounts of Sr and Cs
deposited in the soil are the only source from which the crop can be con-
taminated. In this situation the characteristics of the soil determine
the contamination levels of the crop products within wide limits. A higher
90
Sr/Ca-ratio in plants is obtained on soils with low cation exchange
capacity and low calcium content than when these characteristics show
higher values. A factor of 10 was observed for cultivated soils. A still
larger variation has been found for the root uptake of Cs. A factor of
50 was observed. The Cs uptake is lowest on soils rich in clay and
potassium, increases with decreasing content of clay and potassium, and
reaches its highest value on organic soils. The fact that the main charac-
teristics of the Swedish soils are relatively well known has made it pos-
sible to classify the different production areas with respect to the ex-
pected content of Sr and Cs in the crops at certain contamination
levels of the plough layer. This work shows that the main part of our
foods is produced in areas where they will obtain comparatively low con-
tents of Sr and Cs after a fallout period. In some economic margin
areas, however, the contamination level of the foods can be considerably
higher, and this may give relatively higher internal radiation exposure
to local groups of farmers who produce the greater part of their own food.
(auth)
E-21
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Ermolaev, N. P., A. P. Zhidikora, and V. A. Zarinski. 1965. On the Sili-
cate Form of Uranium Transport in Aqueous Solutions. Geokhimiya. No. 7:
813-26 (in Russian).
One of the transportation forms of uranium under certain natural con-
ditions in the silicate aqueous solutions appears to be a hydroxyuransili-
cate compound with the approximate formula (UOoOHKHSiO,). The hydrosTli-
cate complex ion is considered as a group that is stabilizing hydroxyuran
in a solution or the former as the addendum of a weak complex. The size
of these particles (in solution) is between that of colloid and ionic par-
ticles. The established form of uranium migration in solution exists in
the near-neutral and weak basic range of pH and temperatures till 200°C, the
concentrations of strong electrolytes in a solution being relatively low
(i.e., not higher than the equilibrium concentration with uranyl or sili-
cate). The silicate form of uranium transport in carbonate aqueous solu-
tions is destroyed and uranium forms a complex with carbonate, (auth)
Essig, T. H. and R. B. Hall. 1967. Environmental Status of the Hanford
Reservation for December 1966. BNWL-CC-637-12.
Data are summarized on levels of radioactivity in environmental samples
collected at Hanford during 1966, including detail-ed data on samples col-
lected during December. Data are included on the radioactivity in fallout
from Chinese and Russian nuclear weapons test, samples of drinking water
and Columbia River water, the Mn content of Columbia River water sampled
at various locations, the I content of gaseous wastes and surface waters,
and the radioactivity of soil samples from the chemical separations liquid
waste treatment and disposal area. The radiation dose to personnel during
the year from all environmental sources was estimated to be less than 0.3%
of the applicable limits. (NSA)
Essington, E. H. 1971. Long-Term Release of Radioactivity from Rainier
Melt-Glass. NVO-1229-177.
As a result of underground nuclear explosions much of the radioactivity
produced is associated with melt-glass, formed partly as the condensation
product of vaporized rock and device materials.
E-22
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Movement of these radionuclides away from the explosion zone by flow-
'ing ground water requires dissolution of the melt-glass and solubilization
of the component radionuclides.
Samples of melt-glass collected from the Rainier explosion zone at the
Nevada Test Site were suspended in water of a chemical nature native to the
area for periods of time ranging from a few minutes to nearly 4 years.
Results of the study indicate that the major beta contributing radionuclides
solubilized include Sr, Cs and Sb. At no time during the 4 year
period were levels of these radionuclides found above reference Concentra-
tion Guide values specified for release of radioactivity to individuals or
population groups in uncontrolled areas, (auth)
Essington, E. H., R. 0. Gilbert, L. L. Eberhardt, and E. B. Fowler. 1975.
Plutonium, Americium and Uranium Concentrations in Nevada Test Site Soil
Profiles. IAEA-SM-199/76.
Many soil profile samples were collected by the Nevada Applied Ecology
Group from five nuclear safety test sites on the Nevada Test Site and
Tonopah Test Range in Nevada, U.S.A. The profile samples were analyzed for
Plutonium, americium, and in some cases uranium in order to estimate the
depth of radionuclide penetration and level of contamination at specific
sampling depths after an extended period of time since deposition on the
surface. Nearly 70 individual profiles were examined. About one-half of
the profiles exhibited a smooth leaching pattern with more than 95% of the
plutonium in the top 5 cm. Other profile patterns are discussed relative
to 1) mechanical disturbance of the profile after the initial deposition,
2) accumulation of plutonium in specific zones within the soil profile,
and 3) occurrence of large amounts of plutonium in the deepest parts of the
soil profile. The implications of these observations are discussed with
respect to redistribution of radioactivity by wind, water, and burrowing
animals, ingestion by burrowing and grazing animals, uptake by vegetation,
and cleanup operations, (auth)
E-23
-------
Essington, E. H. and H. Nishita. 1966. Effect of Chelates on the Movement
of Fission Products Through Soil Columns. Plant and Soil. 24:1-23.
Distilled water, mock irrigation water, and chelating agents (DTPA,
CDTA, and EDDHA) were evaluated as to their ability to move the radio-
nuclides 65Zn, 85Sr, or 90Si
columns of calcareous soil.
nuclides 65Zn, 85Sr, or 90Sr, 91Y, 106Ru, 137Cs, 144Ce, and 147Pm in
Of the radionuclides studied only the movement of Ru and radio-
strontium was affected by leaching with distilled or mock irrigation water.
All treatments moved considerable amounts of Ru, but the chelating
agents were only slightly more effective than distilled or mock irrigation
water. In all cases the movement of radiostrontium was attributed mainly
to the presence of Ca-ions. The chelating agents used caused no perceptible
movement of Sr or Cs. DTPA and EDDHA moved Zn below the zone of
contamination. CDTA did not influence the Zn movement. This result was
attributed to alkaline hydrolysis and the presence of high concentrations
1 44 1 47
of Ca-ions. Yttrium-91, Ce, and Pm were not moved by distilled or
mock irrigation water, but virtually no effect was observed with CDTA or
qi 144 14.7
EDDHA. Large amounts of Y, Ce, and Pm were leached with DTPA and
appeared in the leachate solution.
The observations presented in this paper indicate that radionuclides
vary in their ability to be leached with chelating agents through a cal-
careous soil. Chelation of the radionuclide prior to leaching has a marked
effect on the degree of radionuclide movement in soils during leaching.
(auth)
Essington, E. H., H. Nishita, and A. J. Steen. 1965. Release and Move-
ment of Radionuclides in Soils Contaminated with Fallout Material from an
Underground Thermonuclear Detonation. Health Physics. 11:689-698.
Fallout material from an underground thermonuclear detonation was
analyzed to determine the presence of several longer lived radionuclides.
The following radionuclides were identified: 95Zr-95Nb, 103Ru, 106Ru-
106Rh, 131I, 137Cs-137Ba, 140Ba-140La, 141Ce, 144Ce-144Pr, 46Sc, 51Mn,
88Y, 102Rh, 181W and 188W-188Re. Radiotungsten contributed the major
E-24
-------
fraction of the total activity. In suspension studies, chelating agents as
compared to water generally increased the amount of soluble radionuclides
but the effect was small. The effect of water and a chelating agent on the
movement of radionuclides in soil columns were also studied, (auth)
Essington, E. H. and J. V. A. Sharp. 1968. Some Aspects of Ground Water
Solution Chemistry, Underground Nuclear Explosion Zones, Nevada Test Site.
Mem. Geol. Soc. Am. 110:263-273.
Silicate melts formed by contained underground nuclear explosions in
silicate media scavenge most of the explosion-produced radionuclides and
form bodies of radioactive glass at the base of collapse rubble chimneys.
The glass may react with ground water, resulting in transfer of radioactivity
to water, a possible means for radiocontamination of ground water at Nevada
Test Site. Leaching experiments have investigated the transfer of radio-
nuclides from glass to ground water.
Glass from the Rainier test in Tertiary tuff was broken and graded
into size fractions which were sequentially equilibrated for two days and
56 days with water prepared to simulate the sodium bicarbonate ground water
of the tuff. A small but constant amount (about 1 x 10 ") of alpha and
beta radioactivities of the glass was dissolved for particle fractions
above 500 microns. Below 500 microns, dissolved radioactivities were
higher and increased progressively with decrease in particle size. The
first equilibration released more radioactivity than did the second equili-
bration. Dissolution characteristics are correlative with specific surface
areas of the glass determined by the BET gas (argon, nitrogen) adsorption
method.
Results indicate that ground water in silicate rock testing media may
dissolve radioactive material from explosion glass to a degree that is of
relevance to contamination of water supplies. Further work is required to
understand fully the glass-water interactions and to develop means for
quantitative estimation of in situ transfer of radioactivity from glass to
water, (auth)
E-25
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Esson, J., R. H. Stevens, and E. A. Vincent. 1965. Aspects of the Geo-
chemistry of Arsenic and Antimony, Exemplified by the Skaergaard Intrusion.
Mineralogical Magazine. 35:88-107.
The distribution of As and Sb in a series of Skaergaard rocks and
some of their minerals have been investigated using neutron activation
analysis, and the geochemical behavior of these elements during the frac-
tionation of a basic magma is discussed.
It is concluded that As + is probably accepted into octahedral lattice
sites usually occupied by Fe + , Mg , Ti , and Al , and that there is
also some substitution of As + for Si + and Al in tetrahedral sites.
There is a strong tendency for the element to concentrate in both inter-
stitial and late-stage liquids.
Sb seems to show a marked preferential entry into early (magnesian)
olivines, as in the case of Ni. The analytical results indicate that the
3+ 2+
substitution of Sb for Fe ' probably accounts for most of the Sb in sili-
cate and oxide minerals. The tendency for Sb to concentrate in the resi-
dual Skaergaard liquids is less marked than in the case of As, but greater
than in the cases of V, Cr, and Ni.
As and Sb have also been determined in four chrondritic meteorites,
in which the As/Sb ratio ranges from 8.5-12.4. Analyses for As and Sb in
the standard rock powders G-l and W-l have also been made, (auth)
Evans, A. G. and J. W. Fenimore. 1960. Radioactivity in Soil, Vegeta-
tion, and Ground. DPSPU-60-33.
Analysis of vegetation from the seepage basin area indicated that
deep-rooted plants had assimilated radioactivity from the soil. Highly
radioactive vegetation was confined to the immediate vicinity of backfilled
basin 1 and an abandoned construction sewer line. Lower levels of radio-
activity in vegetation were detected over a wider area south of basin 1.
The major soil contamination was confined to the basin 1 sewer-line area.
The movement of radioactivity in ground water was found to be more rapid
in the sandy soils surrounding basins 1 and 3 than in the clay strata de-
veloping the remainder of the basins. Zoological specimens collected near
the basin system and in R Area showed an uptake of radioactivity, (auth)
E-26
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Evans, D. W. and N. H. Cutshall. 1973. Effects of Ocean Water on the
Soluble-Suspended Distribution of Columbia River Radionuclides. IAEA-SM-
158/8.
The relationship of dissolved concentrations of Hanford radionuclides
with salinity in the Columbia River estuary was interpreted in terms of the
exchange of the radionuclides between dissolved and suspended particulate
phases. Both Zn and Mn carried by the Columbia River were partially
desorbed from suspended particulate matter upon mixing with ocean water in
the estuary. Experiments in which ocean water was added to Columbia River
water and to suspended particulate matter collected on filters confirm the
partial desorption of Zn and Mn from the particulate phase. The per-
centage of Zn and Mn desorbed varied with experimental approach but
desorption of Zn seemed to lie in the range 15 to 45% and Mn in the
range of 30 to 60%. None of the experiments revealed any effect of salinity
51 124 46
upon the soluble-suspended particle distribution of Cr, Sb, or Sc.
Dissolved concentrations of these nuclides varied inversely with salinity.
There was no evidence that any of the radionuclides studied were removed
from solution by flocculation, precipitation, or adsorption as a result of
54
mixing with ocean water. Ocean water contact partially removed Mn but
not Zn, Sc, or Co from Columbia River bottom sediments transferred
to the marine environment. The inability of ocean water to desorb Zn
from bottom sediment contrasts with its action with suspended particulate
65Zn. (auth)
Evans, E. J. 1956. Plutonium Retention in Chalk River Soil. CRHP-660.
Experiments are described which had as their objectives the determina-
tion of the degree of fixation of plutonium by soil from the Chalk River
Area, the leaching effect of various solutions on fixed plutonium, and the
effects of particle size and the mineral content on plutonium fixation.
The results, briefly summarized, are:
1. Plutonium was efficiently fixed by the soil from solutions containing
various dilute alkali acids and salts, but not from 15.3M nitric acid,
strongly alkaline solutions, Alconox solution, or laundry wash solution.
E-27
-------
2. The solutions from which plutonium was taken by the soil did not
efficiently remove Pu, previously fixed on the soil, whereas the
solutions from which plutonium was not removed by the soil were
efficient leaching solutions.
3. Quartz decontaminated a dilute acid solution spiked with plutonium
more efficiently as the particle size of the quartz decreased, indi-
cating the dependence of absorption on the surface presented by the
relatively chemically inert mineral.
4. Variations were shown in the removal of plutonium from weakly acid
solution by various minerals. Glauconite was the most efficient of
the five minerals used in the experiment.
5. A brief discussion of the disposal of liquids containing plutonium
into the soil is presented, (auth)
Evans, E. J. 1958. Chemical Investigations of the Movement of Fission
Products in Soil. CRER-792.
The movement of radionuclides in dilute and concentrated liquid wastes
in the soil at Chalk River is presented. The two types of waste considered
are low level and intermediate level wastes. (MSA)
Evans, E. J. and A. J. Dekker. 1969. The Fixation and Plant Recovery of
137cs. Soil Science. 107:175-80.
fixed against extraction by neutral N ammonium acetate was found
to increase on moist incubation in two acid soils either when heavily pre-
cropped to oats or when not precropped. These results were not in agree-
ment with the work of others but the difference can probably be attributed
to the differences in the soils used. Fixation was greater in the pre-
cropped soils than in the soils not precropped. Both soils fixed more
Cs when cropped to alfalfa than when left uncropped, in agreement with
other investigations, but the differences in Cs fixed between the pre-
cropped and the not precropped condition were eliminated when the soils
were further cropped to alfalfa. The previous cropping conditions appear
E-28
-------
to be unimportant to Cs fixed during subsequent cropping. When the
effects of Cs fixation by certain environmental factors were investi-
gated, it was found that the two soils differed in several respects. The
one fact which was the same for all soil conditions was that alternate
wetting and drying of the soils fixed more Cs than did moist incubation
or dry incubation at 0°, 36°, and 75°F, respectively. NH.C1 and KC1
137
leached much more Cs from the soils than did MgCU, CaCl? or A1CU, yet
137 137
appreciable Cs was taken up by oats from the Cs remaining in the
soil after being leached by NH.C1 and KC1. This tended to show that soluble
137
Cs added to soil but fixed against extraction by salts was available to
plants and that the ammonium ion caused greater amounts of Cs to be
taken up by the plant than did other ions, (auth)
Evans, S. D. and S. A. Barber. 1964. The Effect of Cation-Exchange
Capacity, Clay Content, and Fixation on Rubidium-86 Diffusion in Soil and
Kaolinite Systems. Soil Sci. See. Am. Proc. 28:53-6.
86
An investigation of the factors influencing the diffusion of Rb in
QC
eight soils showed that the more strongly Rb was absorbed by the soils
the slower was the rate of diffusion. In leached soils that were dried
86
after labeling, diffusion was correlated with the amount of Rb fixed
against NH.OAc extraction. In leached soils that were kept moist after
labeling, diffusion was closely related to clay content and exchange
capacity. In dilute kaolinite systems, diffusion was related to the
86
amount of Rb in solution, (auth)
Evseeva, L. S. and N. P. Fomina. 1963. Study of Oxidation-Reduction
Properties of Sedimentary Uraniferous Rocks. Geokhimiya. No. 11:1050-4
(in Russian).
Oxidation-reduction properties of uraniferous sandstones and rocks of
coaly-carbonaceous composition were studied. The relative oxidation-
reduction capacity of rocks is established by the mentioned potential
being the value of the decrease of the solution-oxidant potential inter-
actions with the rock sample. It is shown that an epigenetic enrichment
of sedimentary rocks in uranium, the degree of their uranium content, is
directly proportional to the value of the mentioned potential of the rocks.
(NSA)
E-29
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Eyman, L. D. 1972. Cesium-137 and Stable Cesium in a Hypereutrophic Lake.
Thesis. Mich. State Univ.
The input of Cs and stable Cs and their distribution among the
various components of an aquatic ecosystem were studied in a lake exhibit-
ing an advanced stage of eutrophy. Components sampled and analyzed for
these two isotopes of cesium included water, sediments, macrophytes, fila-
mentous algae, zooplankton, and several species of fish. Most of the
cesium pool (87% Cs; 98% stable Cs) was associated with the sediments.
Stable Cs enters the lake primarily in an organically bound state as
migratory waterfowl excreta and is deposited to the sediments. Cesium-137
enters as a soluble inorganic form and is distributed throughout the system.
Specific activity (pCi Cs/ng stable Cs) of the sediments is lower than
other components of the system due to the different modes of entry of the
137
two isotopes of cesium. A trend of increased Cs concentration at higher
trophic levels is demonstrated for those fish that are free-ranging limnetic
feeders. No such trend is evident for stable Cs. Forms closely associated
with sediments have higher Cs concentrations than expected based on their
feeding habits. On the dates samples were collected, specific activity in
limnetic fishes was constant but was variable in other forms. The degree
of association of biotic forms with sediments is reflected in their specific
activity. (NSA)
Eyman, L. D. and N. R. Kevern. 1975. Cesium-137 and Stable Cesium in a
Hypereutrophic Lake. Health Physics. 28:549-555.
The inputs of 137Cs and stable cesium and their distribution among
the water, sediments, macrophytes, filamentous algea, zooplankton, and
several species of fish were studied in a lake exhibiting an advanced
1 ^7
stage of eutrophy. Most of the cesium pool (97% Cs; 98% stable cesium)
was found to be associated with the sediments. Stable cesium enters the
lake primarily in a bound state as migratory waterfowl excreta and is
deposited to the sediments. Cesium-137 is associated with fine particu-
lates in the inorganic form as it enters the lake. This results in a
longer residence time in the water column with distribution throughout
E-30
-------
137
the lake. Specific activity (pCi Cs/ng stable Cs) of the sediments was
lower than other components of the system due to the different modes of
entry for the two cesium isotopes. A trend of increased Cs concentra-
tion at higher trophic levels was demonstrated for fish that are free-
ranging limnetic feeders. No such trend was evident for stable cesium.
Fauna closely associated with sediments appear to have higher Cs con-
centrations than would be expected based on their feeding habits. On the
dates samples were collected, specific activity in limnetic fishes was
constant but was variable in other forms. The degree of association of
biota with sediments was reflected by specific activities, (auth)
E-31
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Fairbridge, R. W. 1972. The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental
Sciences. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Volume IVA. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, New York.
The encyclopedia defines and discusses basic concepts in geochemistry.
Each of the elements is described in terms of general properties, chemical
properties, nuclear properties, mineralogy, distribution and abundance and
economic geology.
Farcasiu, 0. and H. Sahagia. 1969. Measurement of Atmosphere and Soil Radio-
activity by Aero Methods. Use of Helicopters for Rapid Detection of Contamina-
tion by Gamma Emitters. Bui. Inst. Politeh. Brasov, Ser. B. 11:57-70
(in Rumanian).
The use of helicopters for the rapid detection of gamma radiation using
a recording GM counter was studied. The measurements are made at different
heights up to 620 m in uniform radiation fields created by Co and I
sources. The minimum I activity that can be detected from a 20 m height
2 2
is 0.89 uCi/m . The maximum permissible level of 0.5 uCi/m (corresponding
to maximum permissible I concentration in milk) can be detected up to
3.5 m. From experimental data an equation was obtained which serves in draw-
ing"dose/height curves for different soil contamination levels, (auth)
Fardy, J. J. and J. M. Pearson. 1974. An Ion Exchange Study of the Sulfate
Complexes of Plutonium(IV). J. Inorg. & Nucl. Chem. 36:671-677.
The sulphato-complexes of plutonium(IV) were studied at 25°C in 1 and
2 M perchloric acid media using the ion-exchange method o* Fronaeus. Beta
1A 1
liquid scintillation counting of the Pu normally present in plutonium
samples was used to measure the distribution of plutonium between resin and
241
solution to avoid interference from the alpha-active Am. Valence insta-
bility caused problems until solutions were stabilized by the addition of
2
nitrite ion. Only two complexes, PuSO^ and Pu(S04)2> were formed in the
range of ligand concentration investigated, 5.0 x 10" to 0.2 M HSO^. The
stability constants for the complex equilibria
F-l
-------
Pu4+ + nHSO" ^ Pu(S04)J[~2n + nH+
in an acid perchlorate medium of ionic strength I = 2, are 3, = 556 ± 16
* 3
and 3o = (27.2 ± 0.8) x 10 . Stability constants of the sulphate-complexes
of the tetravelent actinides are tabulated and compared. The stability
4+ 4+ 4+ 4+
sequence Th < U > Np ' < Pu generally follows the simple electrostatic
4+
model, with the reversal of the Np being attributed to changes in the
shape and size of the hydration shell, (auth)
Faure, J., P. Viallet, A. Grauby, and P. Picat. 1972. Complexing of the
Organic Matter of a Sediment and Certain Radioisotopes. Distribution of
these Radioisotopes as a Function of the Molecular Weight of the Organic
Substances. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Agr. Fr. 58:377-383 (in
French).
Two fractionating methods (gel chromatography and ultrafiltration)
were used to study the organic matter of a sediment taken from the Rhone
and contaminated with radioisotopes. Spectroscopic and nuclear techniques
demonstrated that the organic matter obtained (under given extraction condi-
tions) consisted principally of molecules having molecular weights of less
than 500 to 700 with which most of the radioactivity is associated, (auth)
Faust, R. A., F. M. Martin, C. T. Sanders, and S. S. Talmage (comps. and
eds.). 1975. Environmental Aspects of the Transuranics: A Selected,
Annotated Bibliography. ORNL-EIS-75-21-5.
This fifth published bibliography of 594 references is from the com-
puter file built to provide information support to the Nevada Applied Ecology
Group (NAEG) of ERDA's Nevada Operations Office. The general scope is envi-
ronmental aspects of uranium and the transuranic elements, with a prepon-
derance of material on plutonium. In addition, supporting materials involv-
ing basic ecology or general reviews on other nuclides are entered at the
request of the NAEG. Tables containing significant numeric data are
referred to in the comment field. The references are arranged by subject
category with first authors arranged alphabetically within the category.
Indexes are given for author, keywords, geographic location, permuted title,
taxons, and publication description, (auth)
F-2
-------
Fedorov, G. A., I. E. Konstantinov, A. D. Rumyantsev, and V. F. Brendakov.
1969. Character of the Vertical Distribution of 137Cs in Soil in Certain
Areas of the Soviet Union, 1966-67. AEC-tr-7030, pp. 145-3.
The vertical distribution of Cs in soil at four sites in the USSR
was measured in 1966 and 1967 and compared with similar data acquired before
1961. The sampling and measurement procedures are described. The results
137
indicate that Cs activity decreases more rapidly with depth than does
90
Sr activity and is practically all concentrated in an upper layer 2 cm
137
deep. 42 to 82% of all the Cs activity, including that in the plant
cover, was at a depth less than 6 mm. The relaxation lengths ror Cs in
soil exceeded those observed before the 1961 to 1962 tests, and can be
explained by the fact that the powerful 1961 and 1962 tests resulted in
fallout deposition during 1963 to 1965 and by assuming that the Cs
deposited in 1966, unlike that produced in tests up to 1959, had not had
time to migrate appreciably into the soil. Further studies of this time
dependence factor and of the effects of other soil types is recommended.
(NSA)
Fedorov, E. A, and G. N. Romanov. 1970. Quantitative Characteristics of
the Relation Between the Environmental Contamination Levels and Radioisotope
Concentrations in Selected Types of Farm Produce. AEC-tr-7128, pp. 112-126.
Studies on the effects of the environment on radioisotopes and the
effects of global fallout on contamination levels of farm produce led to the
determination of proportionality factors for certain farm products. Estab-
lishment of these quantities made it possible to estimate the contamination
of farm products for known levels of radioactive fallout and a known content
of radioisotopes in the soil. Tables are presented to show soil proportion-
ality factors for 137Cs, 144Ce, 106Ru, 89Sr, and 90Sr in hay, wheat, leafy
vegetables, potatoes, and root vegetables. Data on uranium concentrations
in farm crops show that there is a close relationship to the content of
the available form of the uranium in the soil. A formula is presented for
determining the air proportionality factor for I. Ratios between levels
of 90Sr and 137Cs contents of milk and fallout levels were studied. (NSA)
F-3
-------
Feldt, W. 1972. Behavior of Radioactivity in the Marine Environment.
IN: Disposal of Radioactive Waste. Paris, Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, pp. 69-79.
The distribution, reconcentration, and sedimentation of radionuclides
deposited in the sea are discussed. These parameters vary for near shore
and deep sea areas, however, there are some mechanisms basic to both environ-
ments. The concentration factor, biological transport, and adsorption on
sediments are common phenomena that are defined and described. The radio-
biological aspects of radioactivity in the marine environment and the cri-
teria for site selection for disposal of radioactive wastes are also
discussed. (NSA)
Feldt, W. 1974. Radioecology of Coastal and Inland Waters. IN: Kontamina-
tion und Dekontamination von Lebensmitteln. E. Fischer (ed.). pp. 112-130.
Bonn, AID (in German).
The dependence'of the Sr and Cs uptake on the Ca and K content of
the water was studied in flounders, which live both in fresh and salt water.
°0
The Sr contamination decreases with increasing Ca content in the waters.
The dependence of the uptake on the K content is not as clear as that
Qfl
of Sr since in the uptake of Cs the food of the fish plays a larger role
than in Ca. Concentration factors in fresh water, fish pontweed, and mussel
for Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn are determined. The uptake of various radioisoropes
through the sediment is discussed on the basis of published data. The
qn 137
radiation dose given by Sr and Cs under normal conditions were calcu-
lated. Fresh water fish receive an additional radiation dose equal to that
of the natural radiation burden. (NSA)
Fenimore, J. W. 1964. Land Burial of Solid Radioactive Waste During a
10-Year Period. Health Physics. 10:229-236.
Since the initial land burial of solid radioactive waste in 1953 at the
Savannah River Plant, 577,000 c of fission products and induced radioactivity
has been buried. Routine surveillance of thirteen test and observation
wells has indicated no migration of radioactive material. Geologic and
F-4
-------
hydrologic studies, radioassays of soil samples, and measurements of ground-
water velocity using tritium as a tracer, indicate little possibility of
introducing this buried radioactivity into public zones. Maximum movement
detected by radioassay of soil was 2 ft, with one exception, (auth)
Fenske, P. R. 1969. Prediction of Radionuclide Migration in Ground Water.
NVO-40 (Rev. 2), pp. 69-82.
A method for predicting the hypothetical contamination of ground water
due to the migration of underground explosion-produced radioisotopes is
described. The basic data required include radioisotope production, explo-
sion zone parameters that affect the sorption dispersion, and radioactive
decay of the radioisotopes, and the velocity and direction of ground water
flow through the explosion zone. Simple predictions are calculated to
illustrate the method. (NSA)
Ferro, C., G. P. Giannotti, M. Mittempergher, D. Musy, G. Sidoti,
E. Stampone, and C. Vallone. 1973. Utilization of Clay Formations for
Storage of Solid High-level Radioactive Wastes. CONF-721107, pp. 887-916.
Some clay formations, which represent a valid alternative to salt
formations as a geological environment to be used for the storage of solid
high level radioactive wastes, were investigated. This study was carried
out in an area where a clay formation, mainly composed of illite, chlorite,
kaolinite, montmorillonite and detrital minerals, reaches a thickness of
about 700 to 800 m and outcrops, under stable conditions, at an altitude
near sea level. The vertical and horizontal homogeneity of the clay forma-
tion were ascertained by bore holes. The absence of circulating water was
ascertained by radioactive tracers. Geotechnical tests carried out in the
laboratory showed the deformation characteristics of the clay formation.
The low migration in the clay formation of radioactive elements occurring
in the wastes was demonstrated by several radioactive tracers. The theo-
retical behavior of the isothermal lines, in transient state of a cylindri-
cal heat source in a homogeneous semi-infinite medium, was determined.
This research has demonstrated that some types of stable clay formations
can be considered as a suitable natural environment for the storage of
solid high level radioactive wastes, (auth)
F-5
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Field, B. 0. and E. N. Jenkins. 1960. Degradation of Diluents Used with
TBP in Solvent Extraction. AERE-R-3507.
The degradation of odorless kerosene and of a range of alternative
diluents, in the presence of 20% TBP, by mixtures of nitric and nitrous
acids at 60 - 70°C has been investigated. It has been established that the
relative extent of degradation can be conveniently and reproducibly measured
181
by a retention test using hafnium with Hf as tracer. Alternatives to
kerosene and fractions isolated from kerosene, show greater resistance than
kerosene itself to nitric acid. The purification of degraded solvent has
been studied, (auth)
Fielder, H. J. and H. Reissig. 1965. Contamination of Soils and Plants
with 90Sr as a Result of Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Interval from 1960
to 1963. Biol. Rundschau. 3:149-68 (in German).
90
The Sr contamination of soils and some important agricultural plants
(grass, rye, potatoes, and cabbage) in the area of the DDR was established
90
and compared with available international data. The increase of the Sr
90
content in soils of the DDR had a rigid relation with the Sr total fall-
90
out. The variation in the Sr content occurring between the individual
cites can be traced back to the different precipitation levels. The com-
90
parison with international data shows good agreement. The Sr contamina-
tion of plants in the area of the DDR shows also good agreement with the
International estimates. It was relatively low in 1960 and 1961. As a
90
result of the nuclear weapon tests in the spring of 1961, the Sr con-
tamination of the plants increased in 1962. A sharper increase was noted
in 1963. The evolution tendencies in the plant parts with higher sensi-
90
tivity for a Sr surface contamination (grass and grains) agrees well with
90 90
the Sr fallout rate. The Sr content of the plants insensitive or only
90
slightly sensitive to Sr surface contamination such as potatoes and cab-
90
bage were more strongly affected. Accumulative Sr content of the soil
showed in 1962 and 1963 a slighter increase than the grasses or the
grains, (auth)
F-6
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Fieldes, M., G. Sealing, G. G. Claridge, N. Wells, and N. H. Taylor. 1960.
Mineralogy and Radioactivity of Niue Island Soils. New Zealand J. Sci.
3:658-75.
Results of x-ray-diffraction analysis, differential thermal analysis,
magnetic, and radioactivity examinations of Niue Island soils (from samples
collected in 1949) are given, and problems of soil origin and agriculture
are discussed. The mineralogy of the soils is unusual and shows consider-
able natural radioactivity. These soils have silicon contents of less than
1% and average phosphorus content of about 1%. Hakupu soils of the ele-
vated coastal fringe contain up to 40% of crandallite [CaAl3(P04)2(OHg)],
2 to 5% magnetite, much geothite, and some gibbsite. Fonuakula and Palai
soil types of the inner basin consist mainly of gibbsite and geothite, with
up to 8% crandallite and 1" magnetite. Crandallite decreases and gibbsite
increases in passing from the raised fringe to the central depression.
Oandallite contents are limited by contents of phosphorus. The relative
contents of magnetite in the soils and in the underlying coral indicate
that the soils are not wholly derived from coral and are probably largely
derived from pumice and meteoric dust trapped in a former tidal lagoon.
Spectrographic evidence supports this. Radioactivity up to thirty times
greater than that of average New Zealand soils is due largely to ionium
TOR
and Ra out of equilibrium with parent uranium. The ionium and radium
have been trapped from sea water by reef sediments, in the former lagoon.
Radioactivity measurements and related data suggest that emergence of the
island from the sea occurred less than 200,000 years ago. Further study
could aid in establishing the geological ages of terrace levels, thus pro-
viding a time scale for Pacific zone fossils, and in assessing effects
of radioactivity on plants and animals, (auth)
Fischer, R. P. and J. H. Stewart. 1961. Copper, Vanadium, and Uranium
Deposits in Sandstone - Their Distribution and Geochemical Cycles. Econ.
Geol. 56:509-20.
Deposits of copper, vanadium, and uranium in nonmanne sandstones are
numerous and widespread. Copper deposits, with or without uranium, are
mainly resident in first-generation arkosic sandstones derived from granitic
F-7
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rock terrains; deposits rich in vanadium, with or without much uranium,
are dominantly in second-generation sandstones derived from sedimentary
rocks; and the uranium deposits with little or no vanadium or copper are
in either first- or second-generation sandstones, many of which are asso-
ciated with beds containing volcanic debris. All three metals are dis-
persed in igneous rocks but not in close association. Copper and uranium
enter the hydrothermal environment, but the record of vanadium in hydro-
thermal solutions and veins is scant. Some of the uranium and most of the
copper minerals in igneous rocks and veins oxidize readily and the metals
go into surface- and ground-water solutions, but the vanadium in igneous
rocks is not so easily mobilized-under normal geologic conditions, con-
ceivably it may require diagenetic reactions and a second period of weather-
ing to solubilize much vanadium. All three metals precipitate from solutions
in the presence of a reducing agent, such as carbonaceous material or asso-
ciated sulfide ions, either in sediments as they accumulate or in existing
rocks. These geochemical habits permit the concept that igneous rock
terrains and hence might accumulate in first-generation sediments, whereas
vanadium would be commonly available only after a second period of weather-
ing. Perhaps the oxidation or devitrification of volcanic debris may con-
tribute uranium to ground waters as does the weathering of igneous rocks.
(auth)
Fisher, D. E. and K. Bostron. 1969. Uranium-Rich Sediments on the East
Pacific Rise. Nature. 224:64-5.
The results are reported of U analyses of a series of sediments taken
during a traverse across the East Pacific Rise. Most samples were from the
depth interval 30 to 70 cm in the sediment cores, except for a few localities
from which surface material could be obtained. Measurements were made by
fission crack analysis on total sediment samples. The samples were covered
with Lexan plastic and reactor irradiated, the U fissions induced providing
energetic fragments that impinged on the plastic and left tracks visible
after etching in NaOH. Results are tabulated and shown graphically, and
F-8
-------
indicate a higher than normal U concentration at the ridges. It is con-
sidered unlikely that the U is a biogenic constituent in the sediments;
the close association between high heat flow, high U content and enrichment
in the crest sediments of other probably volcanogenic constituents suggests
a similar volcanic origin for U. (NSA)
Fix, J. J. 1975. Association of Long-Lived Radioactivity with Sediment
Along the Columbia River Shoreline, Islands, Bottom and Slough Areas.
BNWL-SA-5484.
Since deactivation of the last once-through cooling production reactor
in January 1971, radioactivity associated with sediments or biota in the
Columbia River attributable to past Hanford operations decreased to very low
levels. Currently only a few long-lived radionuclides are measurable and
generally due to the association of these radionuclides with sediments in
the river. The data available from several different monitoring programs
provide a preliminary description of the extent, concentration, and physical
form of these radionuclides. Data are presented on Cs, Co, and Zn,
I CO
and Eu in sediments sampled in 1974. (NSA)
Flerov, G. N. 1970. Search for Remote Transuranium Elements in Iron-
Manganese Nodules. Acta. Phys. Pol. A38:595-601 (in Russian).
Effects of fission of remote transuranium elements were studied in
iron-manganese nodules extracted from the bottom of the southern region of
the Pacific Ocean. A large number of fission tracks (from 7 to 120 tracks/
2
mm ) were found in the mineral nodules of the feldspar group. The results
of analysis showed that spontaneous uranium fission was responsible for
only 10 to 2055 of the observed tracks. It was postulated that the rest of
the tracks were the result of the spontaneous fission of remote transuranium
elements of the earth or cosmic origin, found in the nodules. (NSA)
F-9
-------
Fletcher, J. F., W. L. Dotson, 0. E. Peterson, R. P. Betson. 1973.
Modelling the Regional Transport of RadionucTides in a Major United States
River Basin. IN: Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the
Nuclear Industry. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 449-65.
A comprehensive study of the radiological implications of large-scale
use of nuclear power generation, addressed to the Tennessee-Cumberland River
Basins in the year 2000, is being undertaken. In the course of this study
computer modelling techniques have been developed to evaluate the movement
of radionuclides, by water and air transport, from points of release at a
large number of plant sites and to calculate patterns of radionuclide concen-
tration throughout the region of study. Air transport calculations utilize
a modification of the bivariate normal equation, with the vertical parameter
a characterized as a function of distance from the source, stability and
mixing layer depth. Local variations in air flow caused by major terrain
features are modelled. Depletion of the airborne radionuclides by wet and
dry precipitation processes is accounted for and the concentrations of
deposited radionuclides are calculated. The model sums contributions from
all sources to provide resultant patterns of concentration of airborne and
deposited radionuclides, including contributions from radionuclides deposited
in prior years. The water transport model calcualtes steam concentrations
of radionuclides in solution and absorbed on sediments. Effects of flow
stratification and sediment trapping in reservoirs are considered. The
solution of air-deposited radionuclides and their subsequent transport in
ground and surface waters are modelled. Calculational routines are provided
for simulating radionuclide transport in each stream in the basin and for
calculating the resultant concentrations in solution and associated with
suspended and deposited sediments. Together, the air and water transport
models are designed to calculate regional patterns of radionuclide concen-
trations in the environment that result from the operation of nuclear
facilities in a region. These concentration patterns can then be applied
to the evaluation of radiological dose to man. (auth)
F-10
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Folsom, T. R. and V. F. Hodge. 1973. Plutonium Fuel Problem as it is Being
Approached at Scripps Institution. CONF-730596-1.
Some of the problems involved in anticipating what will be the fate of
Plutonium in the marine environment are considered. Problems from back-
ground variability, behavior of fallout plutonium in the marine biosphere,
chemical properties of plutonium, and monitoring of large-scale oceanic
trends of plutonium are discussed. (NSA)
Forman, H., F. T. Trajillo, 0. Johnson, and C. Finnegan. 1955. Calcium
EDTA and the Excretion of Plutonium. Proceedings of the Society for
Experimental Biology and Medicine. 89:339-42.
A comparison of Ca EDTA and Zr citrate for therapy of plutonium poi-
soning has shown that Ca EDTA brought forth greater plutonium excretion
(50% greater than controls) than did the Zr citrate (10% greater than
controls). Zr citrate resulted in lower plutonium skeletal content than
occurred in the Ca EDTA treated animals. Combined Ca EDTA and Zr citrate
treatment produced the same results as Zr citrate alone. Ca EDTA admini-
stered 29-42 days after plutonium was deposited did remove plutonium slowly
from the skeleton. A comparison of Na EDTA and Ca EDTA therapy with one
using Ca EDTA alone in acute plutonium exposures showed no advantage to
either. Ca EDTA did not influence passage of plutonium across the lung
alveolar membrane nor did EDTA influence mobilization of plutonium from an
intramuscular site. Gastrointestinal absorption was not affected by Ca
EDTA. (0-21)
Forster, W. 0. 1970. Radionuclide Distribution in Columbia River and
Adjacent Pacific Shelf Sediments. RLO-1750-49.
Studies were made to elucidate the complex pathways the radionuclides
from Hanford's nuclear reactors take as they move downstream, continually
mixing with the water and being sorbed on biota and sediments. The dynamic
relationships between the radionuclides and their environment are discussed
relative to the effects of streambed and suspended sediment particle size
on total activity of sediment samples from Hood River to the Estuary and
F-ll
-------
off the shelf, within 100 miles of the mouth; various types of bonding between
the radionucTides and the sediment surfaces in river samples; resulting
changes in individual activities of specific radionuclides in sediments due
to extreme flood and reducing conditions in the estuary; tracer aspect of
using paired radionuclides of different decay constants to determine trans-
port rates of surficial sediments as they move out from the mouth and across
the shelf; and relative contribution of natural fission product and neutron-
induced radioactivity on coastal shelf sediments at different depths and
various distances from the mouth of the Columbia River. A brief illustra-
tion of the specific activity approach in sediment analysis is also given.
(NSA)
Forster, W. 0. 1972. Radionuclide Distribution in Columbia River and
Adjacent Pacific Shelf Sediments. IN: Columbia River Estuary and Adjacent
Ocean Waters. A. T. Pruter (ed.). U of W Press, pp. 701-35.
The distribution of several natural radionuclides and those from the
i
Hanford nuclear reactors is described. Removal of these radionuclides from
the water by suspended and stream-bed sediments creates a major reservoir
of radioactivity in this ecosystem. Redistribution of particulate isotopes
on the various sediment size fractions in the different environments illus-
trates the strength of bonding between the particles and the radionuclides.
Significant changes in the activity levels of individual radionuclides were
found to be dependent on local rainfall and spring floods as well as the
oxidation potentials of particular sites in the estuary. Major changes in
activities due to the Hanford reactor shutdown to 1966 were found. Paired
radionuclides of different decay constants were used to determine the
transport rate of fractionated surficial sediments as they move out from
the estuary and across the shelf. Deposition rates were also calculated
by this paired-tracer technique. The advantages of the specific-activity
approach in determining sediment transport rates were briefly illustrated.
Natural radioactivity of K and Bi was stripped from the gamma spectra
of nearshore sediments, and the Zn in the plume was found to change with
depth, season, organic content, and particle-size distribution, (auth)
F-12
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Forster, W. 0. and P. J. Hanson. 1969. Participate 65Zn and 51Cr in
Columbia Ri«*r Estuary. RLO-1750-54, pp. 55*-7.
The effects of tides on the percentage of participate Cr and Zn
in the Columbia River Estuary were investigated. No correlation between
salinity and percentage of these radioisotopes was established. It is con-
cluded that the scouring action of tides which causes surface sediments to
be loosened and resuspended in solution could be the main factor in increas-
ing the percentages of particulate Cr and Zn. (NSA)
Foster, R. F. 1961. Environmental Behavior of Chromium and Neptunium. IN:
Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Radioecology held at Colorado
St. Univ. Sept. 10-15. V. S. Schultz and A. W. Klemet, Jr. (eds). pp. 569-76.
The most abundant source of chromium is chromite ore with the largest known
domestic reserves situated in Montana. Chromium has been detected in living
organisms in only trace quantities and seemingly plays no essential role in
the physiology of plants or animals. The principal means through which
chromium enters the biosphere is the liquid and gaseous effluents of indus-
trial plants which use this element.
Chromium is a toxic material and if present in high concentration can
damage plants, animals, and humans. Aquatic organisms appear to be especially
vulnerable. The hexavalent state is more readily assimilated than the tri-
valent state and is generally considered to be at least a hundred times
more toxic than the trivalent state. The red blood cells have a strong
affinity for hexavalent chromium which has led to the popular use of radio-
chromium (chromium-51) in clinical studies of hematologic disorders. Ulti-
mately, chromium is concentrated in the reticuloendothelial system, and in
humans it is eliminated principally in the urine.
Chromium-51 is the only radioisotope which has environmental importance
at the present time, and this isotope is present in the effluent from the
Hanford reactors which enters the Columbia River. Retention by Columbia
River solids is measurable but not of great significance. Chromium-51 accumu-
lates in algae of the river, but its concentration diminishes rapidly in
higher trophic levels.
F-13
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The exposed parts of crops which have been in direct contact with irri-
gation water which contains chromium-51 may have detectable quantities of
this isotope, but root crops and fruits contain insignificant amounts. It
has not been found in milk or other products of animals grazed on irrigated
pasture. Chromium-51 has little radiological significance since its decay
to stable vanadium releases very Tittle ionizing radiation.
The artificial element neptunium has two radioisotopes of some interest
to ecologists. Neptunium-239 is created by the capture of a slow neutron
by uram'um-238 and decays with a half-life of 2.3 days to become fissionable
plutonium-239. Substantial quantities of neptunium-239 are created in
plutonium-producing reactors and in conventional atomic bombs, and thus it
has been measured in the environment. The alpha-emitting isotope, neptunium-
237, has not entered the biosphere in appreciable quantity. It has a very
long half-life (2.2 x 10 years) and thus a very low specific activity. The
element, which resembles the rare earths in several aspects, is not easily
incorporated into ecosystems, and it has not been reported in terrestrial
biota or beyond the second trophic level in aquatic forms.
The radiological importance of neptunium has primiarly been associated
with the presence of neptunium-239 in drinking water and the potential dose
imparted to the gastrointestinal tract, (auth)
Fowler, E. B., J. R. Bucholz, C. W. Christenson, W. H. Adams, and
E. R. Rodriguez. 1971. Soils and Plants as Indicators of the Effective-
ness of a Gross Decontamination Procedure. LA-DC-9544.
The results of an investigation on the soil-plant relationship which
was initiated to obtain data relative to plutonium concentrations in the
soil and possible resulting concentrations of plutonium in the plants grown
on those soils are presented. (0-77)
F-14
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Fowler, E. B. and E. H. Essington. 1974. Soils Element Activities,
October 1972 - September 1973. ]_N: Dunaway, P. B. and M. G. White (eds.).
The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert Environments. NVO-142, pp. 7-16.
This report presents a general review of the Soils Element Activities
for the year October, 1972 - September, 1973. Areas declassified, areas
sampled, and analytical results for plutonium 239, 240, and americium 241
are briefly discussed. Changes found in the ratio of Pu 239-240 to Am 241,
as well as the implications of the changing ratio are presented. It is
suggested that the observed increasing ratio with depth of soil profile may
be related to "differential solubility" of the two radionuclides, and that
with passing time, Am 241 may become the radionuclide of prime concern. A
modified analytical method for plutonium in soils, the LASL-HASL leach
method, is discussed, (auth-j
Fowler, E. B. and E. H. Essington. 1975. Nevada Applied Ecology Group,
Soils Element Activities, for the Period October 1973, through 1974. IN_:
White, M. G. and P. B. Dunaway (eds). The Radioecology of Plutonium and
Other Transuranics in Desert Environments. NVO-153, pp. 1-26.
Soils element activities were conducted on behalf of the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission's Nevada Applied Ecology Group (NAEG) program to provide
source term information for the other program elements and maintain con-
tinuous cognizance of program requirements for sampling, sample preparation,
and analysis.
Activities included presentation of papers; participation in workshops;
238 239-240
analysis of soil, vegetation, and animal tissue samples for Pu, Pu,
Am, Cs, Co, and gamma scan for routine and laboratory quality control
purposes; preparation and analysis of animal tissue samples for NAEG labora-
tory certification; studies on a number of analytical, sample preparation,
and sample collection procedures; and contributions to the evaluation of
procedures for calculation of specialized counting statistics, (auth)
F-15
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Fowler, E. B., R. 0. Gilbert and E. H. Essington. 1974. Sampling of Soils
for Radioactivity: Philosophy, Experience and Results, LA-UR-74-1339.
Factors to be considered by the Nevada Applied Ecology Group are choice
of analytical method, choice of sampling method, and choice of sample prepara-
tion method. The interaction of all persons concerned is emphasized. The
two major sources of radioactive material in the environment are worldwide
fallout and release from accidents. Special problems such as decontamina-
tion of equipment and proper labeling are pointed out. Controllable variables
include cross-contamination, sample activity levels, and sampling stratifica-
tion. Determination of areal levels and vertical distribution of radio-
activity at the Nevada Test Site are discussed. Information obtained on
1800 soil samples serves as a basis for other divisions of the NAEG such
as Resuspension, Field Ecology, Biological Studies, and Modeling as these
relate to transfer of plutonium to man. (NSA)
Fowler, E. B., R. W. Henderson, and M. F. Milligan (cochairmen). 1971.
Proceedings of Environmental Plutonium Symposium, Held at LASL, August 4-5,
LA-4756.
The purpose of this symposium was to discuss the distribution and mea-
surement of plutonium in the environment. To this end, the subject master
has been divided into three broad categories, the first dealing with distri-
bution or how plutonium has entered the environment, the second dealing
with methodology or the means by which one obtains environmental samples
and analyzes them, and the third with the results obtained from such mea-
surements and the interpretation which can be inferred from them.
241
Fowler, S. W. and M. Heyhaud. 1974. Accumulation and Retention of Am
in Marine Plankton. IN: Activities of the International Laboratory of
Marine Radioactivity. IAEA-163, pp^. 28-32.
Am+3 probably rapidly lost from seawater (pH 8.3), 17% remains at
four days, 50% remains at one day, and 80% remains at two hours. Particu-
late 40% after 24 hours drops to 20% at four days possibly sorbed on walls.
Algal cells sorp readily, brine shrimp lose accumulated very rapidly as
strongly bound and surface adsorption (stayed on molted shell).
F-16
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Fox, R. D. 1975. Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company Semiannual Report.
BB Process Development. May 1, 1974-October 31, 1974. ARH-ST-118B.
This document represents the second in a series of documents which will
report on a semiannual basis the activities supported by BB Process
Development funds. These research and development activities have the
goal of improving the performance of the plutomum processing and waste
management programs being operated by the Atlantic Richfield Hanford
Company, (auth)
Frazier, A. and J. C. Guary. 1975. Recherche D1Indicateurs Biologiques
Appropries Au Controle dela Contamination du Littoral Par le Plutonium.
IAEA-SM-199/18.
The accumulation of plutonium by 31 vegetal and animal marine species
belonging to a large number of phyla was demonstrated in a reference coastal
site. Fixation levels ranging from 171.6 pCi/kg fresh weight for a Lichen
to 0.05 pCi/kg fresh weight for a fish, showed that the retention of the
radionuclide by the organisms studied was related to their phylogenetic
position. Biological indicators especially suitable for monitoring coastal
plutomum radioactivity have been identified, (auth)
Francis, C. W. 1973. Plutonium Mobility in Soil and Uptake in Plants:
A Review. J. Environ. Quality. 2:67-60.
A survey of the published literature pertaining to the movement of plu-
tonium in soil and uptake in plants reveals that a major portion of the investi-
gations pertain to soils developed under arid or semiarid climates. In some
instances subsoil samples were used to describe plutonium adsorption charac-
teristics and often short-term greenhouse experiments were used to predict
plant uptake. Some recent long-term greenhouse studies indicate a substan-
tially greater plant uptake of plutonium from a higher contaminated soil
after 5 years of cropping as compared to the first year. It appears the
most likely mode of plutonium entry into food chains leading to man would
be that chelated with naturally occurring organic soil components. Chelation
mechanisms have not been established, (auth}
F-17
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Francis, C. W., T. Cox, R. C. Dahlman, and L. N. Peters. 1971. Soil-Plant
Relations. ORNL-4759, pp. 9-15.
Ultrazonal Centrifugational techniques were used to evaluate adsorption
of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) on various clays including illite, bentonite,
and kaolinite. PVP could be described from kaolinite and illite by water
washes or ethanol. Double layer adsorption on sodium-saturated bentonite
was indicated. Isosteric heat of adsorption was determined from equilibrium
values at two different temperatures.
Francis, C. W., S. S. Talmage, and B. B. McMullin. 1975. Radionuclide
Movement in Soils and Uptake by Plants. A Selected, Annotated Bibliography.
ORNL-EIS-75-77.
This selected annotated bibliography was originally assembled as an
information retrieval data base for the purpose of writing a comprehensive
literature review by C. W. Francis on the movement of radionucTides in soil
and uptake by plants. The data base was started when it became apparent
that only through such a retrieval system could the voluminous amount of
literature be critically surveyed. The data base is a result of literature
searches from 1948 to 1975. It contains information on how various chemical,
physical, and biological factors influence the movement of radionuclides in
soils and uptake in plants. As a result of public concern about radioactive
fallout prior to the moratorium on nuclear testing in the atmosphere, much
of the data is related to the major fission products in radioactive fallout,
strontium-90 and cesium-137. A concentrated effort was made to select the
literature that dealt with processes affecting the movement and biological
availability of radionuclides. Consequently literature in which the major
purpose was to report concentrations of radionuclides in soils and plants
such as monitoring type reports, was not included. The data base includes
references to nearly all fission products, a large number of biologically
important activation products and various naturally occurring radioactive
nuclides such as uranium and thorium. The Russian literature has been
carefully surveyed, and the data base probably represents the most complete
bibliography on research efforts in Russia related to radionuclide transport
in soil-plant systems, (auth)
F-18
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Francis, C. W. and T. Tamura. 1971. Cesium-137 Soil Inventory of a Tagged
Liriodendron Forest 1962 and 1969. CONF-710501-P1, pp. 140-149.
The soil has become a major sink for Cs inoculated into Liriodendron
in 1962. The distribution of this radionuclide within the soil profile and
among soil fractions was determined in soil samplings of late fall 1962 ana
summer 1969. The much higher concentration of Cs in the clay fraction
(1962 samplings) at a soil depth of 6 cm (11.1 pCi/mg) as compared with that
at 4 and 9 cm (4.8 and 1.1 pCi/mg respectively) indicates that most of the
inoculated Cs entered the soil through the roots rather than by transfer
from rainfall or litter fall. This conclusion is also supported in that
soil (<0.250 mm) separated from fine roots by ultrasonics contained nearly
twice the Cs concentration to that separated from bark, small stones, etc.
The 1969 soil sampling indicated that some downward accumulation of Cs
occurred after 1962; for example, the concentration at a soil depth of 14 cm
(0.67 pCi/mg) in 1969 was higher than the 0.31 pCi/mg determined at a depth
of 9 cm in 1962. Also, in the 1969 sampling there was no evidence of a
Cs concentrating phenomenon at the 6-cm depth as there was in the 1962
sampling. Separates obtained through density gradient zonal centrifuga-
tion indicated greater than 90% of the Cs on soil is associated with the
mineral soil components. Of the mineral component, the bulk of the Cs
appears to be associated with the predominant soil clay minerals, kaolinite
and chlorite; however, there does seem to be a certain amount of selective
1 ^7
concentrations of ° Cs in the micaceous minerals, (auth)
Frank, W. H., G. von Hagel, and E. Busch. 1964. Studies on the Penetration
of Radioactive Substances from Fallout into Groundwater. Gas-Wasserfach.
105:254-9 (in German).
Penetration of radioactive fallout into groundwater was studied for
several years by means of catchment basins containing four types of fill,
including an alpine soil, soil from the Ruhr Valley, and loess. A 50-cm
layer of gravel was used as a base in each basin. Groundwater could be
removed from this layer without disturbing the soil overlay. Water was
F-19
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withdrawn only if it amounted to 500 ml or more. Factors studied included
the relation between rainfall and groundwater activity, relation between
runoff activity and quantity of water that had percolated through the soil,
relation of the residual activity of the groundwater to the type of soil
profile, study of the depth of penetration of fission products into the
soils, and identification of the free and bound activities. The total s
activity in rain and groundwater decreased slowly after cessation of atmos-
pheric atomic bomb tests. Variations in groundwater activity were less pro-
nounced than in rain. The groundwater from the alpine soil had the greatest
activities, and the groundwater from the loess had the least. Activities
of the groundwater were diluted by increased rainfall. The soils behaved
as high capacity ion exchangers. Much of the activity was due to the K con-
tained in it. Fallout particles did not penetrate farther than the first
cm of the soil surface. (NSA)
Franke, T., F. Schales, R. Keil. 1974. Occurrence of Natural Radionuclides
in Soils. IN: The Natural Radiation Exposure of Man. A Basis for the
Assessment of the Radiation Risk. Aurand, K., et al. (eds). p. 21-30.
A survey is given on the attempts at a systematics of the occurrence
of natural radionuclides in the soil with regard to the type of soil as
well as on the radio-biological interesting extent of variation of concen-
tration in the soil and the epidemiological investigations carried out in
connection with it. (NSA)
Frederickson, A. F. 1948. Some Mechanisms for the Fixation of Uranium in
Certain Sediments. Science. 108:184-5.
A new theory for the concentration of uranium in the sedimentary crust
i-i,
of the earth is given. It is suggested that large U02 ions are formed and
that these, adsorbed between graphite layers of carbonaceous material, may
form a strong structure. The uranium may be in the form of adsorbed ions
and not of discrete minerals, due to base exchange on clays and other layer-
lattice minerals. The conclusion is that if the source containing uranium
F-20
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is weathered to clays with a high base exchange capacity, these clays show
a high radioactivity. Support for the theory is given by the fact that
kaolinite, which has almost no base exchange capacity, has negligible radio-
activity. Several samples are compared supporting the theory. (NSA)
Freiling, E. C. 1970. Radionuclides in the Environment. IN: Proc. of
155th Mtg of Amer. Chem. Soc. San Francisco. April 1-3, 1963. Advances in
Chemistry Series 93.
Air, soil, and water accumulation and transport of radionuclides are
discussed. Papers discussing plutonium, fallout, and fission products
are abstracted separately. Papers covering other radionuclides and plu-
tonium 244 in the early environment of the solar system are not included. (0-21)
Frejacques, C. , C. Blain, C. Devillers, R. Hagemann, and J. C. Ruffenach.
1975. Conclusions Drawn from Study of Migration of Fission Products.
ERDA-tr-67.
The Oklo fossil reactor is especially interesting and so far unique in
the study of migrations of the uranium fission products after an exceptionally
long cooling and storage time amounting to 1.8 billion years. The specimens
studied are located along a drilling core which passes through a reaction
zone. Panoramic analysis by mass spark spectrometry allows qualitatively
displaying the curve of fission yields of the different isotopes and obser-
vation of abnormalities connected in the beginning with some of them:
alkalines, iodine, molybdenum, alkaline-earths. The behavior of certain
special elements has been specified by chemical and isotopic analyses. It
0 Af} .
is shown that the thorium formed by decay of Pu and U has remained
linked to the uranium. The same is true for neodymium, samarium and
gadolinium. The majority of the bismuth is also found to be formed by decay
741 237
of Pu and U. The majority of the Ru has remained in situ, and a
deficit close to 30 percent may be observed in some samples with a part of
this attributed to the migration of the technetium 99. Analysis of krypton
and xenon shows that the greatest part of these gases has disappeared and
that this disappearance began to occur during the nuclear reaction. The
F-21
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magnitude of the storage problem for radioactive wastes produced in nuclear
reactors gives an especial interest which is up until this point still
unique in the lessons that can be drawn from study of the migration of
fission products in the Oklo fossil reactor, (auth)
Frey, F. A. and L. A. Haskin. 1964. Rare Earths in Oceanic Basalts. J.
Geophys. Res. 69:775-780.
Rare-earth relative abundance distribution patterns barely altered from
that characteristic of chondritic meteorites have been found in three basalts
from the mid-Atlantic ridge and in one from the experimental Mohole. Lantha-
num has been depleted to about half its normal chondritic relative abundance
in all four specimens, and Ce and Pr have been depleted by 10 to 15% in the
ridge basalts. Absolute rare-earth concentrations are 10 to 16 times those
of chondritic meteorites and are comparable to those of calcium-rich achon-
drites. It is probable that the whole-earth lanthanide distribution is iden-
tical with the chondritic pattern. The presence of this pattern in terres-
trial, chondritic, and achondritic matter is chemical evidence in support
of the hypothesis that bodies in the solar system derived from a homogeneous
source. No time or mechanism for rare-earth enrichment of the basalts or of
the calcium-rich achondrites over chondritic matter is indicated, but mecha-
nisms which would fractionate the rare-earth group may be ruled out. (auth)
Frey, F. A., M. A. Haskin, 0. A. Poetz, and L. A. Haskin. 1968. Rare
Earth Abundances in Some Basic Rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 73:6085-6098.
Rare-earth (RE) abundances are reported for several basalts, diabases,
and gabbros. Compared with the RE distribution in chondritic meteorties,
continental basic rocks are characterized by an enrichment of the light
lanthanides. Intrusive basic rocks have lower RE contents and less frac-
tionated RE distributions than continental basalts. Chill zones of the
Stillwater and Bushveld complexes have different distributions which are Eu
enriched and light RE depleted. Oceanic island basalts have RE abundances
similar to those of continental basalts. Abyssal subalkaline basalts
dredged from the mid-Atlantic ridge and Eastern Pacific rise have RE
F-22
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distributions which are nearly chondritic. There is a depletion in La, Ce,
Pr, and a broad maximum from Sm to Tb. Similar patterns are found in fresh
basalts, slightly altered basalts, and in greenstones. Abyssal basalts that
are more alkalic are not depleted in La, Ce, and Pr. The relationship of
the RE data to hypotheses for the origin of ridge basalts is considered.
(auth)
Fried, S. M., A. M. Friedman, and L. H. Fuchs. 1973. Retention of Actinide
Elements on Soils and Rock in the Natural Environment. ANL-7996, pp. 6-7.
Investigations included elution of Pu from crushed sedimentary rock at
neutral pH, adsorption of Pu by rock and effects of varying pH on limestone,
shale and sandstone. All absorb Pu strongly with elution of about 1/10
column volumes. Increased elution occurs with limestone and sandstone if
influent is CCL-saturated. About 30% Pu is removed from shale by eight
column volumes of 0.5M HC1 and 20% more with eight column volumes of
4.0 m HC1.
Fried, S. M. 1977. The Retention of Plutonium and Americium by Rock. To
appear in Science.
Relative migration ratios of Pu and Am versus water have been measured
in various rocks. These migration ratios vary from approximately 100 u
meters/meter water flow to 500 v meters/meter water flow respectively.
Under these conditions radioactive decay will have taken place to such an
extent that little Pu and Am can reach the external environment from a
well designed and isolated geologic disposal site, (auth)
Fried, S. and A. M. Friedman. 1976. The Retention of Plutonium (VI) on
Los Alamos Tuff. CONF-761020.
A small cylinder of Bandelier tuff was used in absorption experiments
with a Pu(VI) stock solution at a 2 ml/hour flow rate through the tuff.
Aliquots of the effluent were counted to obtain a Pu breakthrough curve.
The adsorbed Pu(VI) was eluted with aliquots of water to simulate movement
F-23
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of ground water through the tuff. Even 4M HNCL did not completely strip
the remaining Pu which was more or less evenly distributed in the tuff
cylinder. The oxidation state of the Pu has a marked effect on its adsorp-
tion by rocks. Pu(IV) is the desired state.
Fried, S., A. M. Friedman, J. J. Mines, R. W. Atcher, L. A. Quarterman
and A. Volesky. 1976. The Migration of Plutonium and Americium in the
Lithosphere. JN_: Actinides in the Environment, Chapter 3. ACS Symposium
Series 35, A. Friedman, ed.
Chicago dolomite, basalt from the National Reactor Test Site and Los
Alamos tuff were used to measure the relative migration rates of actinides
and water. Los Alamos tuff is very porous, basalt much less so except on
fissures and cracks, and the dolomite required high pressure apparatus to
effect water movement through it. The basalt and dolomite were used to
test effects of actinide binding ability by salt solutions. The bulk of
the Pu and Am were very tenaciously held by the tuff, basalt and dolomite.
Less than 35% of the Pu used migrated at a rate about 10 times faster than
the bulk of the Pu. A small fraction of the Pu and Am migrates vertically
or radially much more rapidly than the remainder of the species. Eventually
this fraction becomes fixed and much less mobile. The chemical environment
can drastically increase the migration rate of Pu and Am.
Fried, S. M., A. M. Friedman, J. J. Nines, and L. A. Quarterman. 1975.
Annual Report on DWMT Project AN0115A, FY-1975. ANL-75-64.
Migration of Pu and Am in rocks and soils were studied using computer
and laboratory-scale models. Surface absorption coefficients of Am were
measured on tuff. (A)
F-24
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Fried, S., A. M. Friedman, J. J. Nines, 6. Schmitz, and M. Wheeler. 1977.
Distribution of Plutonium and Americium at an Old Los Alamos Waste Disposal
Site. IN: Dynamics of Transuranics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments.
A thirty year old waste disposal site at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
has been cored and each six inch increment analyzed for plutonium and
americium. Eighteen million gallons of low level process waste solutions
have been pumped into this site from 1945 to 1967. The actinide content
of each core increment was determined by low energy photon spectroscopy
utilizing the characteristic L x-rays of each nuclide. The data obtained
are presented as a histogram and compared to gross activity measurements
made at the site, (auth)
Fried, S. M., A. M. Friedman, and L. A. Quarterman. 1974. Annual Report
on Project AN0115A, Fiscal Year 1974. ANL-8115.
Three types of measurements relating to the migration of actinide ele-
ments in the lithosphere have been performed. These were studies of surface-
absorption coefficients, migration coefficients, and transport along the
surfaces of fissures. A computer analysis of the fissure experiments indi-
cates that all these phenomena are related and can be understood in terms
of surface absorption.
In addition, it has been found that at least two migratory forms of
plutonium are present, (auth)
Fried, S., A. M. Friedman, and R. Weeber. 1974. The Distribution of Plu-
tonium in a Rock Containment Environment. IN: High-Level Radioactive
Waste Management. Advances in Chemistry Series 153, pp. 126-133.
Studies of the migration of Pu in limestones and basalts indicate that
the absorption coefficients are dependent on the types and amounts of other
ions present in the solution. Migration coefficients were measured for flow
along the surface of fissures and through the porous stone. At least two
chemical forms of Pu were present in neutral solutions and one of these,
presumably a polymerized Pu oxide, migrated 10 times faster than the other
form, (auth)
F-25
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Fried, S., A. M. Friedman and R. Weeber. 1974. Studies of the Behavior
of Plutonium and Americium in the Lithosphere, ANL-8096. pp. 10-11.
Rates of migration of radionuclides from buried wastes will be largely
determined by the rate of flow of water through the burial site. The
authors proposed to measure the soil and rock ion exchange characteristics
from planned disposal sites. Prototype experiments used a pressure apparatus
to obtain a flow of contaminated solution through a rock plug of Niagara
238
limestone. Pu adsorption coefficients were obtained as a function of
NaCl, CaCl2> LaCl3 and ZrCl4 molarities. (auth)
Friedman, A. M., S. Fried, J. J. Mines, and R. W. Atcher. 1976. Observed
Discrepancies of Computer Simulated Migration of Pu and Am. Presented at
Workshop on Geologic Data Requirements for Radioactive Waste Management
Assessment Models. Santa Fe, NM, June 28-July 1.
The authors suggest that the presence of a fast-travelling Pu colloid
or polymer plus a slower-travelling larger Pu peak presents difficulties in
modelling of pu movement from the first Pu addition to a rock surface.
The suggested remedy is to minimize the original solution surge.
Friedman, A. M., S. Fried, J. Mines, and L. Quarterman. 1977. Migration
of Pu and Am. BNWL-2117, pp. 73-102.
In order to model the migrational behavior of Pu and Am in the litho-
spere we originally assumed that a single parameter, the surface absorption
coefficient, would suffice for a description of the process. It is found
that these coefficients measured under static conditions do give a usable
fit to the major features of the process but do not account for the finer
details. It was also found that a chemical form of Pu, shown to probably
be a Pu polymer, migrates at a rate which is an order of magnitude faster
than normal Pu in solution. Simultaneous experiments on laboratory models
using Pu and Am demonstrate the differences in the rates of migration of
these species, (auth)
F-26
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137
Frink, C. R. 1971. Fixation of Cs by Soil Clays. Final Report.
NYO-2955-25.
The effects of Cs sorption on the interlayer collapse in dioctahedral
vermiculite in Connecticut soils were studied and compared with the collapse
with di- and trioctahedral vermiculites obtained by successive removal of
interlayer K from Muscovite and biotite. The sorption and fixation of Cs
by whole soils and how these characteristics are related to the mineralogy
of the soils were investigated using Cs tracers. It was concluded that
the sorption and fixation characteristics of the whole soil can be predicted
from the mineralogy of the clay fraction. (NSA)
Frissel, M. J. and P. Poelstra. 1964. A Theoretical Approach to the Move-
ment of Strontium Through Soils. Soil Science. 98:274-278.
Thornthwaite et al. developed a mathematical description of the trans-
90
port of Sr through a soil. Using the data of Miller and Reitemeier they
evaluated an empirical parameter, namely the leaching efficiency. In the
present report a theory for the calculation of this leaching efficiency is
presented. The difficulties of comparing the calculated and evaluated
leaching efficiencies are discussed. Taking these difficulties into
account, the order of magnitude of the values calculated is concluded to be
quite satisfactory. The differences between theory and experiment increase
in the order 0.005 N CaCU, deionized water, 0.005 N NaCl. The great dif-
ference in leaching efficiency between 0.005 N CaCl- and 0.005 N NaCl is
explained theoretically, (auth)
Frissel, M. J. and P. Poelstra. 1967. Chromatographic Transport Through
Soils. II. Column Experiments with Sr and Ca Isotopes. Plant Soil.
27:20-32.
Some Chromatographic theories considered applicable to soils were
used to calculate radioisotope distribution patterns in columns. The results
of these calculations are compared with experimental distributions. In
studies with Sr, Sr, and Ca the exchange material used was mainly
Oowex 50W-X8 completely saturated with Ca ions, and in a few experiments
F-27
-------
Ca-illite was used (illite 80%, montmorinonite 5 to 10%, kaolinite 5/S,
quartz 5 to 10%). For the transport experiments tubes 3.5 cm in diameter
and 40 cm long were filled with resin or a resin-sand mixture. A 2-cm
90 85
layer of the same material was placed on top and labeled with Sr, Sr,
45
or Ca. The rate of transport of the Ca and Sr ions in resin-sand mixtures
2
was measured at water fluxes ranging from 75 to 59,440 cm/cm /yr, the
distribution coefficient for these ions varying from 8 to 408. The rates
measured agreed well with the calculated values. The dispersion pattern
that developed during chromatographic transport was compared with some cal-
culated dispersion patterns and the calculations were based on different
theoretical approaches. In this way some assumptions concerning the general
or partly general validity of these theories could be verified. There was
good agreement between experiments on clay-sand and on resin-sand mixtures.
(NSA)
90
Frissel,-M. J., P. Poelstra, and P. Reiniger. 1969. Simulation of Sr
Transport Through Soils: Evaluation of Parameters. EUR-4294.
90
A model simulating the migration of Sr in agricultural soils is
presented. The alternatives considered are plowing or no plowing; continuous
contamination or contamination occurring once only. Furthermore, many soil
and climatic parameters of importance for the transport are also considered.
Calculations on 72 combinations of parameters were performed. To make possi-
ble a general application of the results two coefficients were used: the
Sr leaching indicator and the mean apparent diffusion coefficient. Both
coefficients can be calculated from soil and climatic characteristics.
The results are presented in the form of 4 schemes and 42 figures, (auth)
Frondel, C. 1956. The Mineralogy of Thorium. U.S.G.S. Professional
Paper 300, pp. 567-79.
A review with 40 references of the mineralogy and geochemistry of Th,
and a comparison with those of U, Ce, and Zr-Hf. Tables list minerals of
these elements and their composition. (CA)
F-28
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Frondel, C. 1958. Systematic Mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium. U.S.G.S.
Bulletin No. 1064.
Uranium and thorium minerals, together with a few rare-earth minerals
containing uranium and thorium as nonessential constituents, are systemati-
cally and comprehensively described in this volume. The classification of
the minerals included here is chemical. It is based on the nature of the
anion, giving rise to the following broad categories: oxides, carbonates,
sulfates, molybdates, phosphates and arsenates, vanadates, silicates, and
the niobate-tantalate-titanates or, more properly, multiple oxides. The
phosphates and arsenates are described together because in general they are
isostructural and form partial or complete solid-solution series. Within
each category, minerals of analogous chemical composition and crystal struc-
ture are grouped together, such as the torbernite group of minerals within
the phosphates in general. No formal distinction is made in the classifica-
tion between anhydrous species and those containing water or hydroxyl.
Almost all of the minerals described are hyarated. Each mineral species is
described according to its synonymy, composition, crystallography and
crystal habit, physical properties, optical properties, synthesis, identi-
fication, natural formation, and occurrence. The descriptive mineralogy
is followed by determinative tables in which the mineral species are arranged
according to their X-ray powder-diffraction interplanar spacings, chemi:al
composition, optical properties, color, specific gravity, and fluorescence.
The work is documented by more than 800 references to the world literature
of the past 200 years, (auth)
Frondel, J. W. and M. Fleischer. 1950. A Glossary of Uranium- and Thorium-
Bearing Minerals. U.S.G.S. Circular 74.
The glossary is divided into four categories: (1) minerals containing
uranium and thorium as major constituents, (2) minerals containing minor
amounts of uranium and thorium, (3) minerals that, if investigated by modern
analytical methods, might show uranium or thorium content, and (4) minerals
that are nonuranium- or nonthoriurn-bearing, but that have been reported to
contain impurities or intergrowths of uranium, thorium, or rare-earth
minerals. (NSA)
F-29
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Fukai, R. and C. N. Murray. 1973. Environmental Behavior of Radiocobalt
and Radipsilver Released from Nuclear Power Stations into Aquatic Systems.
.IN,: Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear
Industry. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 217-242.
To deduce the general characteristics of the behavior of radiocobalt
and radiosilver released from nuclear power stations into the aquatic
environment, the release situations of several existing power stations
together with field data obtained to date on these and other releases are
systematically assembled and reviewed. These data indicate that, although
the major sink for radiocobalt is bottom sediments, some fractions tend to
recycle into a soluble phase and go through complicated processes such as
hydrolysis, inorganic and organic complex formation, adsorption - desorption
with suspended particles and bottom sediments, etc. In the case of radio-
silver the complex formation with chloride ions in the seawater medium seems
to be important in maintaining this element in solution, while there are
practically no data available for freshwater systems. Since these reactions
have pronounced effects on the availability of the radionuclides to aquatic
biota, possible specification equilibria and related geochemical behavior
of cobalt and silver radionuclides in natural waters are discussed in
detail on the basis of the data obtained by various wo?kers as well as by
the present authors from laboratory experiments and field measurements. An
attempt is made to evaluate and compare the importance of various processes
under natural conditions. Finally, the accumulation of radiocobalt by the
aquatic biota is reexamined from the view point of concentration factor.
Revised concentration factors are presented for some groups of marine
organisms, (auth)
Fukai, R., and C. N. Murray. 1974. Adsorption and Desorption of Plutonium
and Americium in Freshwater - Sediment and Seawater - Sediment Systems.
_IN.: Activities of the International Laboratory of Marine Radioactivity.
IAEA-163, pp. 96-103.
237
The particulate and soluble fractions of added "'Pu (III, IV, VI) and
Am (III) to filtered seawaters at various pH values, and adsorption and
desorption of Pu (III and IV) and Am (III) by sediments and sewage effluents
were studied.
F-30
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The participate formation is shown to be dependent upon the nature of
solution and the pH. The particulate fractions of all species increased
with the increase in pH. For river water at pH 4, some 25, 20, and 30% of
237
the added Pu were associated with particulate (>0.45 u) for the III, IV,
and V valence states, respectively. However, there does not seem to be any
particulate for motion for river water at pH values <4.5. The percentage
of particulate formation was >60 at pH 8 for all species, except Pu (VI).
More than 80% of the plutonium was adsorbed by sediment suspensions
when added as Pu (III) in pH range 3 to 11 and Pu (IV) at pH ^ 8. Adsorp-
tion of Am (III) was highly pH dependent. There was hardly any adsorption
of Am (III) below pH 6.5 and more than 8Q% at pH 8. The desorption of Pu
(III and IV) was less than 10% in 3-10 pH range, while the desorption of
Am (III) showed pH dependence. The addition of sewage effluent to sediment
suspensions increased the adsorption of Pu (III) by about 10" at pH 8.1.
Fukai, R., C. N. Murray, G. Statham, and K. Asari. 1974. Radionuclide
Measurements of Water, Sediments, and Biota, Collected from the Ligurian
Sea: Pu 239-240, Sr 90, and Cs 137. IN: Activities of the International
Laboratory of Marine Radioactivity. IAEA-163, pp. 134-138.
239 240
The authors reported ' Pu values for surface water (5m depth) of 0.5
to 2.8 x 10" Ci/kg, which are similar to values reported for Pacific and
239 240
Atlantic ocean waters. The ";'''-™pu content of the sediments ranged from
-12
0.3 to 4.2 x 10 Ci/kg. In general, the plutonium concentration decreased
with the increase in particle size.
Fukui, M. and K. Katsurayama. 1975. Fundamental Study on Longitudinal
Dispersion of Tritiated Water Through Saturated Porous Media. Healtn
Physics. 28:717-725.
Dispersion phenomena of ions or molecules through porous media are
found not only in engineering fields such as the process of ion exchange
and filtration, but in natural hydro-systems. Recently the pollution of
underground water due to industrial wastes has been discussed, and it is
important to forecast the behavior of pollutants. The purpose of this
F-31
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paper is to investigate the effect of the average axial velocity of flow,
the effect of size and the shape of porous media and flow length on the dis-
persion coefficient in more detail, and to examine the application of diffu-
sion type equations to dispersion phenomena. Moreover, numerical analysis
of the diffusion equation was tried under a boundary condition of variable
concentration, which was not solved analytically in general, and the solu-
tions were compared with the break-through curves under such conditions.
(auth)
Fuller, W. H.f M. F. L'Annunziata. 1969. Movement of Algal- and Fungal-
Bound Radiostrontium as Chelate Complexes in a Calcareous Soil. Soil
Science. 107:223-30.
Leaching with a water-formaldehyde solution and water alone caused
little movement of radiostrontium in Mohave sandy loam. Leachings with
0.067 M DPTA solutions displaced from 0.2 to 1.6% of the algal- and fungal-
bound radiostrontium below a 20-cm depth. The profile distribution of radio-
strontium remaining in the leached soil columns was strikingly contrasted
between the DTPA-treated and the H20-treated columns. Wherever DTPA was
added, the radiostrontium moved downward throughout the column, whereas
in the H20-treated control soils, the radioactivity remained primarily in
the upper 2.5 cm layer where it was applied. Evidence is given for the
presence of negatively charged radiostrontium complexes formed from excre-
tions of the desert soil alga Anacystis Menegh. (auth)
Furnica, G. 1970. Retention of Certain Radioactive Ions by the Suspensions
of Surface Basins and by Certain Active Earths in Rumania. J_N: Symposium
International de Radioecologie. Vol. I. Fontenay-aux-Roses, France, pp. 181-
200 (in French).
A study was made of the retention, by mud taken from the river of
Dimbovitza- -Bucharest, of the isotopes 22Na, 85Sr, 110Ag, 134Cs, 5:3Zn,
59Fe, and 131I dissolved in the water. These isotopes are fixed by the
mud in different propotions, i.e., 15% Na, 45%' Sr, 37% I, 97% In, 95% Fe,
?? 85 110
or 98% Cs. By elution of the mud retaining "Na, 03Sr, or uAg, a
phenomenon of ion exchange between the radioactive ions and the natural
F-32
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product was observed. The sand fixes separately: 3.6% Na, 22% Ag, 72%
Zn, 8.8% I, 99% Cs, 93% Sr, or 94% Fe. Treatment of the sand with 5%
HN03 or 10% HC1 alters the radioactive ion retention capacity. Similar
determinations were made with montniorinonitic bentonites, the retention
observed being greater with respect to Cs and smaller with respect to
Na. (auth)
Futagawa, K. and E. F. Gloyna. 1968. Radioactivity Transport in Water:
Effects of Organic Pollution on Radionuclide Transport. ORO-490-16.
The ecological environment of a river system was simulated with the aid
of a specially adapted research flume. The characteristics of the spacial
and temporal variation of the oxygen concentration in the flume water were
determined. The reaeration rate constants, the biological oxidation rate
constant, and the photosynthesis and respiration rate of benthal algae were
measured. In the determination of reaeration rate constants, the oxygen
concentration of the influent was maintained at a constant level by the use
of sodium sulfite. Cane sugar was used as a pollutant. The effects of
benthal algae on the system were determined under stagnant flow conditions.
(auth)
F-33
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Gabelman, J. W. 1971. Sedimentoloay and Uranium Prospecting. Sediment.
Geol. 6:145-86.
The world's principal economic uranium resources occur in continental
sandstones or conglomerates often associated with preferred sedimentary
structures. These relations have long been recognized and used empirically
in exploration. Although the genesis of the uranium and the controls over its
fixation are still debated, the epigenetic nature of deposits in sandstone
is now generally accepted, and the argument has shifted to whether it is
intrinsic or extrinsic to its present environment. In reducing oxygen-
poor magmas and pegmatitic or hypothermal fluids, uranium enters into complex,
refractory multiple oxides. It is more easily leached from volcanic glasses,
but is not commonly available from any syngenetic source without corrosive
alteration. Once liberated, uranium oxidizes readily and is mobile in tne
surficial environment. Reducing conditions in shallow, cool, environments
will stabilize uranium. It also may be stabilized in oxidized form by ccm-
plexing with P, V, or As, or by loss of water in arid climates. Upon rock
destruction, unaltered refractory minerals commonly remain intact to form
placers. Liberated uranium is oxidized and dispersed in the fluid medium.
It is extracted chiefly by ionic substitution or absorption in marine phos-
phates, and by adsorption on organic matter in carbonaceous shales. Both
processes prevail everywhere during sedimentation of these uniform rocks,
and uranium remains dispersed. It is rarely mobilized from these rocks
because the chemical reducing environment remains so widespread. For
economic deposits uranium must be concentrated from a mobilized dispersed
state or introduced in concentrations. Epigenetic uranium migrates in
fluid media through permeability systems that govern the quantity delivered
to a precipitation site. Concentrations developed only where permeable rocks
offered a precipitation mechanism. Altered rock matrices of most districts
suggest that mineralizing fluids pervaded large blocks of ground, but formed
deposits only in a few selected stratigraphic units under optimum combinations
of permeability, host rock precipitants, and structures with interrupted per-
meability which allow the precipitants time to act. The most favorable
structures are paleostream channels, intraformational unconformities of
sandstone lenses in mudstone (or vice versa), and crossbeds. The sedimentary
environment of each major productive formation in the United States is
G-l
-------
discussed, ranging from Triassic to late Tertiary. In each stratum only a
small portion of the area of regionally similar sedimentational environment
is mineralized. Only a few of th3 similar widespread sedimentary structures
contain uranium, with no apparent differences between productive and barren
examples. A common denominator of uranium districts within favorable host
units appears to be the similarity in their tectonic position, (auth)
Gailledreau, C. 1962. Cesium Uptake by Saclay Soil. Energie Nucleaire.
4:120-3 (in French).
The adsorptive properties of Saclay soil for cesium are measured and
expressed in terms of partition coefficients. It is found that cesium
uptake does not follow the Langmuir isotherm, except for extremely low con-
centrations. Cesium is very selectively adsorbed, however, and its movement
in such a soil is extremely slow, (auth)
Gailledreau, G. 1963. Physico-Chemical Reactions in the Underground Move-
ment of Radioisotopes. Collog. Intern. Retention Migration Ions Radio-
actifs Sols, Saclay. p. 269-75 (in French).
The physico-chemical state of the radioelements moving underground
on
can influence considerably their migration velocity. In the case of Sr,
held on by monmorillonites, apatites, and activated aluminum oxide, the
90
occurrence of electronegative colloids, selectively sorbing Sr results in
an immediate break-through of this isotope. This phenomena was demonstrated
in the case of the calcite phosphate reaction. A high pH is generally fav-
90 2+
orable to Sr sorption (apatite, aluminum oxide). The occurrence of Ca
90
ions act very unfavorably on Sr sorption by minerals specific for this
isotope (apatite, aluminum oxide). The same thing occurs with organic
matters; Cs sorption, attributed to illitic clays, is not very sensitive
to the nature of the solution. Ru seems to move underground chiefly as
a nitrosyl-ruthenium hydroxide complex. This complex would be weakly sorbed
on soil colloids by London—Van der Waals forces, (auth)
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Gaines, G. L. and H. C. Thomas. I?b3. Adsorption Studies on Clay Minerals.
II. A Formulation of the Thermodynamics of Exchange Adsorption. J. Chem.
Phys. 21:714-713.
Expressions of thermodynamic equilibrium constants are set up for the
ion-exchange equilibria of models defined in terms of operational variables.
Formulas summarizing the methods for the computation of the requisite activity
coefficients are given. In particular, the effects of the solvent, which is
considered as an independently variable component, are taken explicitly into
account, (auth)
Gale, H. J., D. L. 0. Humphreys, and E. M. R. Fisher. 1964. Weathering of
Caesium-137 in Soil. Nature. 201:257-61.
The weathering effect over several years for Cs deposited on a number
of types of soil was measured and the observed reduction in dose-rate was
correlated with the measured distribution of activity in the soil. The
results showed that at the time of sampling (4.3 years after deposition)
about 50-80% of the activity is contained in the top 5 cm of soil. After
4.8 years the gamma-dose rate at 50 cm above a small area of soil on which
Cs has been deposited is between 55 and 73% of the initial dose rate for
eighteen plots of five different soil types, the average values for the
individual soil types lying between 60 and 68%. There was little significant
difference between the movement of the activity in the different soils. (NSA)
Gamble, J. F. 1971. Proposed Mechanism for the Recycling of Radiocesium
in Florida Soil Plant Systems. CONF-710501-PI., pp. 133-139.
Cesium-137 levels in Florida milk samples are five to six times
higher than the United States average. There is no evidence to suggest that
Florida has received unusually high amounts of fallout. The elevated levels
are attributed to ecological concentration factors. Preliminary data of
ecosystem compartments, part of a larger, detailed program, indicate that
the mechanism responsible for the high, continued Cs activity in the
Florida biosphere is a combination of cycling within the plant vascular sys-
tem and a mycorrhizal-plant root association that transfers nutrients
G-3
-------
directly from litter to the plant. The efficiency of the recycling is
enhanced by the low natural fertility of the soils. The nature of the
recycling is such that losses of cesium occur primarily in the fruit. In
certain grazing situations, higher levels in beef and milk can be explained
by the ingestion of palmetto fronds, palmetto berries, and acorns. A Cs
tracer study is described, and data are presented for Cs levels found
in selected soil and plant compartnents from a sand pine-scrub oak commu-
nity (Pinus clausa-Quercus chapmanii, Q. geminata, Q. myrtiflora) and from
a mixed hardwood stand in north central Florida, (auth)
Gangloff, A. Uranium Deposits in Sedimentary Basins Studied by the CEA.
AEC-tr-7180.
Uranium deposits in sedimentary deposits of the Agades Basin (Niger),
the Franceville Basin (Gabon), Herault Basin (France), and the Bakouma
region (Central African Republic) were studied. Data on the geological char-
acteristics and types of sedimentation in each area are presented. Some
general characteristics of U deposits in continental clastic sediments,
such as the Agades, Franceville, and Herault basins, and the genesis of
these deposits are described. The unusual characteristics of the Bakouma
uraniferous deposit are discussed. (NSA)
Caravel!i, C. L. 1959. Research on Sources of Error in the Determination
of Uranium and Thorium by Alpha Pulse Spectrometry. IN: Studie Recerche
Delia Divisione Geomineraria. 11:203-35.
The practical application of tne alpha spectrometry to the solution
of mineralogical and geochemical problems under routine conditions is
studied. For the preparation of the alpha-emitting thin layers, a tech-
nique was developed, which is based upon the grinding of the sample in
methanolic suspension, and the subsequent deposition of the layer from the
same liquid. Such a very simple and quick technique gives excellent
spectral resolution. From the results of several series of determinations
carried out on standards with known contents in U and Th, the absence of
6-4
-------
systematic errors in the absolute estimations of these elements is shown;
the coefficient of variation ranges from 3 to 7 percent. Starting points
for such determinations may be either the measurements of the areas under
the peaks in the counts per channel vs. energy plots, or the total number
of counts read on the sealer within the spectral range corresponding to
each peak. The two methods are perfectly equivalent both in precision and
accuracy. For the estimation of the U/Th ratios, precisions were obtained
which agree with the dispersions in the measurements of the absolute contents
in U and Th. The evaluation of such ratios by means of heights of the peaks
leads to exceedingly poor accuracies and precisions. The contribution of
each actual source of error to the total variance is also emphasized.
(auth)
Sard, L. M. et al. 1962. Hydrologic and Geologic Studies for Project Gnome.
U.S.G.S., Part IV. Summary of Distribution Coefficients for Fission Products
Between Groundwater and Rocks from Project Gnome, V. J. Janzer,
M. C. Goldberg, C. G. Angelo and W. A. Beetem, pp.20-32.
Kd values are given for Cs, Sr and mixed fission products between
Gnome rock samples and a native water obtained from the Culebra dolomite
plus five synthetic groundwaters. Adsorption of the radionuclides by rock
samples increased with time. In general, adsorption decreased with increas-
ing salt concentration in solution. Cesium showed preferential uptake by
certain minerals. Strontium adsorption was relatively independent of rock
type and only moderately effected by salt concentration changes.
Gardner, K. and 0. Skulberg. 1964. Sorption Phenomena of Radionuclides
to Clay Particles in River Water. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution.
8:229-41.
The sorption of radionuclides to river sediments was investigated.
Both laboratory exoeriments and experiments in a model recipient were per-
formed. In the laboratory experiments, post-glacial marine clay from the
River Nitelva area, Norway, was investigated. In the model recipient the
investigation was performed on bottom sediments of the same type as in
G-5
-------
Nitelva. The sorption of cesium, cerium, ruthenium, zirconium-niobium,
yttrium, calcium, and strontium to sediments were measured. The results
showed that appreciable amounts of cesium and cerium were sorbed to the
sediments. The sorption of ruthenium, zirconium-niobium and yttrium was
intermediate, and the sorption of strontium was insignificant. The
results also indicate that in Nitelva the removal of radionuclides from
solution was mainly due to sorption of suspended clay minerals. This work
is part of an extensive investigation of problems related to radioactive
pollution of fresh-water environments, (auth)
Garland, T. R., R. E. Wildung, J. W. Neel, and 0. A. Cataldo. 1974. Factors
Affecting Uptake and Distribution of Pu in Barlev and Soybean Plants.
BNWL-1950, Part 2, pp. 30-36.
Barley and soybeans autoradiographed after growth in soil amended with
Pu(N03)4. Split root growth technique used. Uptake from Ritzville (non
calcareous, pH = 6.8) increased greatly with microbe nutrient supplement.
Not true for Cinnebar and Forest soil which were stored since 1968. Microbes
may be dead in Cinnebar and Forest soils.
Soil Pu levels were from 10 u Ci/g - 100 \i Ci/g and 145 u Ci/g - 1450 u
Ci/g.
Garland, T. R., R. E. Wildung, and R. C. Routson. 1976. The Chemistry of
Plutonium in Soils. I. Plutonium Solubility. BNWL-2000, Vol. II,
pp. 23-26.
The article reviews plutonium chemistry in soils work done in the
Ecology Department at Battelle-Northwest in 1975. Ritzville, Muscat!ne and
Hesson soils were amended with Pu(N03)4 and mixed with a V-blender. Pu
solubilities were measured by extraction with water and 0.01M Cad2 as a
function of time and solution to soil ratio. Membrane filtration of the
water extract from the Muscatine soil showed that the 100:1 solution to
soil ratio was 69.75» of greater than 10,000 equivalent molecular weight.
G-6
-------
Garrels, R. M. 1955. Some Thermodynamic Relations Among the Uranium Oxides
and Their Relation to the Oxidation States of the Uranium Ores of the Colorado
Plateau. Am. Mineralogist. 40:1004-21.
Fields of stability of uranium (VI) and uranium (IV) hydroxides and
oxides in water solution at 25°C and at one atmosphere pressure have been
calculated as functions of Eh and pH. Equilibrium values of the activity of
Uot* ion and of U ion also have been calculated and are shown as contours on
the stability fields. Thermodynamic relations among the uranium (VI) hydrox-
ides and hydrated oxides indicate that the free energy differences among the
various species are small. The data are interpreted to mean that a variety
of such uranium (VI) compounds may form and even coexist. Similar studies
of the uranium (IV) hydroxide indicate that it is unstable relative to the
oxide and may well be expected to change to the oxide at a finite rate.
Uranium (V) compounds probably have a transitory existence because of the
instability of the UO^ ion; uranium (III) oxides and hydroxides would not be
expected to occur naturally because the uranium (III) ion would decompose
water. A comparision of the behavior of the vanadium (III) and (IV) hydrox-
ides with uranium (IV) oxide and uranium (VI) hydroxides indicates that
vanadium (III) hydroxide should oxidize to the vanadium (IV) hydroxide at a
lower potential than that required for the change from uranium (IV) to
uranium (VI). A rather highly speculative diagram showing probable fields
of stability of many of the major minerals of the Colorado Plateau is
presented, and the suggestion is made that a consistent picture results if
it is assumed that the ores, as viewed today, represent the superimposition
of a weathering environment on a mineral assemblage that was formed in a
primary reducing environment. It is emphasized that such an interpretation
is consistent but not necessarily unique, (auth)
Garrels, R. M. and E. S. Larsen. 1959. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of
the Colorado Plateau, Uranium Ores. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper No. 320.
The studies reported are aimed at testing the oxidation concept of
U ores, developing a knowledge of the stability relations of V and U minerals
G-7
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under varying conditions of pH and oxidation-reduction potentials, and
defining the nature and equilibrium conditions of the primary (low-valent)
ores. The first five parts present topical data of general application to
the Colorado Plateau; parts 6 through 15 cover the results of theoretical,
experimental, or empirical studies relating to the chemical and physical
nature of ores and their oxidation; in parts 16 through 19 are described
the geological relationships between oxidized and unoxidized ore in several
ore deposits on the Plateau; part 20 concerns the broad geochemical rela-
tionships of V and U throughout the world. The final part summarizes con-
clusions and particularly emphasizes the salient problems requiring further
study. (NSA)
Gast, R. G. 1975. The Behavior of Technetium-99 in Soils and Plants.
COO-2447-1.
Work described in this report is aimed at establishing the magnitude
and mechanisms of Tc-99 sorption by soils and uptake by plants. Studies
included sorption of Tc-99 from aqueous solution by eleven well character-
ized Minnesota soils. Over 98 percent of the Tc was sorbed within a period
of two to five weeks by weight of the eleven soils. Two soils which showed
very little sorption were characterized by low organic matter contents. Sorp-
tion of Tc by a high organic matter soil was greatly reduced by hydrogen
peroxide treatment further suggesting that organic matter might be involved
in the sorption process. The presence of large quantities of chloride and
phosphate did not significantly affect the amount of Tc sorption, indicating
that anion exchange and/or certain specific sorption mechanisms are not
involved. The possibility remains that the disappearance of Tc from solu-
tion may be due to precipitation of technetium heptasulfide under anaerobic
conditions rather than by a sorption process. This will have to be further
investigated.
Studies involving the short-term uptake of Tc-99 from solution by a
variety of agronomic and horticultural crops showed that Tc-99 can cross the
G-8
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solution/root interface and be translocated to the aerial tissues. Wheat
seedlings grown on soils irrigated with water containing Tc-99 showed
appreciable uptake and translocation into the photosynthetic tissue, (auth)
Gat, J. R. 1960. Radioactive Fallout in Israel. Pt. 2. Strontium-90
in Rainwater and Soils. IA-572.
90
Sr measurements in rain water and soils in Israel during the period
October 1957 to May 1959 are reported. Sampling and analytical procedures
90
are described and local factors influencing the Sr distribution in soil
discussed, (auth)
Gat, U., J. D. Thomas, and D. T. Clark. 1975. Two Nuclide Migration Models
at the Maxey Flats Nuclear Waste Burial Site. Trans. Am. Nucl . Soc.
22:101.
Two models of possible migration modes for the Maxey Flats Nuclear Waste
Burial Site in Kentucky were derived. The first model, called CONDUIT, assumes
that a network of continuous fissures exists at the site leading to a laminar
2
flow velocity of a liquid (water) V = p R /8l_n, where p is the head, R is the
radius of fissures, L is the length and n is the viscosity. Utilizing test
holes leakage tests performed at the site and estimating the fissure radius
at 10 um, the fractional fissure area was derived as 5.8 x 10 . Estimating
the liquid head, a migration velocity and quantity were calculated. The
conduit model yields a migration time of ^10 years for nuclides dissolved in
water and a constant water level in the burial pits.
Assuming no fissures exist, the diffusion model yields for the test
a
results a permeability of 8.4 x 10 m/sec. The leakage is given by Q = kbh/l
(ra/O' where k is the permeability, b is the layer thickness, h is the head,
c W
and r and r are the radii of medium and reservoir, respectively. The migra-
-10
tion velocity is calculated as 2.7 x 10 m/sec or a migration time of
4
3 x 10 yr for standing water in the burial pits.
It is concluded that isotopes with a half-life of less than a year are
well contained on the site. Isotopes of half-lives longer than one year
require dry pits of reevaluation. Migration of solids in solids is extremely
slow, (auth)
G-9
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Gat, U., J. D. Thomas, and D. T. Clark. 1976. Radioactive Waste Inventory
at the Maxey Flats Nuclear Waste Burial Site. Health Physics. 30:281-289.
The Radioactive Shipment Records (RSR) for the Maxey Flats low level
nuclear waste burial site near Morehead, Kentucky, have been made computer
accessible. The correction of mistakes in the records is described. The waste
inventory of the site as on the records is calculated. Inventory is given by
several classifications: activity for site and burial pits; accumulated activ-
ity by isotopes; waste volume. Several of the activities are given as deposited,
at the present time and some are calculated as they will be in the future.
Some comparisons are made with other methods of inventory accounting. It is
shown that present records are not completely reliable; possible reasons for
mismatching are postulated, (auth)
Gavrilova, L. K. and R. V. Turanskaya. 1958. Distribution of Rare Earths
in Rock-Forming and Accessory Minerals of Certain Granites. Geochemistry.
No. 2:163-170.
In the granite from the Kirovograd district (Ukraine) the distribution of
rare earths in the granite itself and in separate minerals has been determined.
The main part of the rare earths is contained in monazite. Rare earths are
also present in rock-forming minerals (biotite, microcline). In calcium-
containing minerals (apatite, garnet) a higher content of rare earths has been
noted. The chief part of rare earths precipitate in the final crystallization
state of the melt with a decrease of the alkali concentration, (auth)
Gayraud, J. P. 1973. Tritium, I, and Sr Study of Dispersion and Physico-
Chemical Exchanges in Saturated Porous Media. FRNC-TH-505 (in French).
Having been checked and proved to be a good water tracer, tritium was
used to determine the dispersive properties of three porous materials: a
purely siliceous sand (Fontainebleau sand), a chalky sand containing very
little clay (Montpellier sand) and a very clayey sand (mixture of Fontainebleau
sand and soil). The physico-chemical exchanges of two different elements,
I and Sr, with these three porous media were studied. I used in the
90
form of anion exchanges very moderately, whereas Sr in cation form exchanges
90
without difficulty. Exchanges between Sr and Montpellier sand were studied
quantitatively and the results showed irreversibility of the exchanges and
histeresis of desorption with respect to adsorption. A digital model of
6-10
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tracer migration in a one-dimensional flow was established. It can be used
to determine the migration of strontium from the dispersion coefficient and
from adsorption and desorption relationships between the solid and liquid
phases. (NSA)
Gedeonov, L. I., Z. G. Gritchenko, V. M. Flegontov, and M. I. Zhilkina.
Accumulation of Artificial Radionuclides on the Earth's Surface in the Region
of Leningrad in 1954 to 1965. AEC-tr-7214, pp, 21-6.
Data characterizing the accumulation of total fission products and
individual radionucTides on the earth's surface in the vicinity of Leningrad
during the period 1954 to 1965 are presented. It is shown that the cumulative
activity of radionuclides which fell in the period of observation varied con-
siderably, increasing with a certain delay after a series of tests and
declining in the period of moratorium. An especially sharp decrease was noted
in 1960, in January to August 1961, and in 1965. Long-lived radionuclides of
Sr and Cs reacted less noticeably in the series of tests conducted before
1961, but the large release of those radionuclides in 1961 to 1962 caused a
sharp increase in their accumulation on the earth's surface. By the end of
1965 the rate of accumulation of radionuclides with a half-life of 30 to
65 days (89Sr, 91Y, Zr + 95Nb, 103Ru, and 144Ce) from explosions in 1961 to
1962 had declined to zero. The accumulation of Ce + Pr was 120 mCi/km ,
of 106Ru, 41 mCi/km2; of 90Sr, 41 mCi/km2, and of 137Cs, 82 mCi/km2. (auth)
Gedeonov, L. I., B. A. Nelepo, G. V. Yakovleva, I. N. Maksimov, L. N. Sysoeva,
and L. I. Belyaev. 1966. Study of the Content of Long-Lived Fission-Fragment
Radionuclides in the Black Sea. IAEA-SM-72/21 (in Russian).
For studying the permissibility of disposing of radioactive wastes in the
Black Sea, data on radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions were analyzed.
The collection and isotopic analysis of the fallout were performed by the usual
methods. The quantity of fallout products reaching the surface of the Black
90
Sea during the period 1960 to 1964 is given. The total amount of Sr and
Cs in the Black Sea was calculated with reference to the sea's hydrological
regime, i.e., with reference to the contribution of radioactive fission products
G-ll
-------
from the inflowing rivers and to the exchange through the Bosphorus between
the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora. In 1964 the amount of 90Sr and 137Cs
4 4
in the Black Sea amounted to approximately 1.7 x 10 and 3.4 x 10 , respec-
90
tively. It was shown that the contribution of Sr from rivers flowing into
the Black Sea averages about 16% of the total amount reaching the surface of
the sea. During the years when no experiments were conducted the proportion
90
of Sr entering the Black Sea from the rivers rose to 36%. This relatively
large proportion is explained by the small dimensions of the Black Sea and the
substantial area of the basins of the inflowing rivers. The large inflow of
fission-fragment radionuclides from the rivers points to the impermissibility
of disposing of radioactive wastes from the nuclear industry into the rivers
flowing into the Black Sea, particularly since the overall capacity of the
nuclear industry in Europe is continually growing. The real concentration
90
of Sr in the surface layer of the Black Sea was shown to be lower than the
90
concentration calculated on the assumption that the entire quantity of Sr
is uniformly distributed in the surface mixing layer (as far as the thermocline).
This indicates the penetration of artificial isotopes to a level lower than the
surface mixing layer. The penetration of surface water to greater depths is
compensated by the rise of water from below. Tests confirm this and indicate
that the exchange proceeds faster than was earlier believed. Consequently, the
Black Sea cannot be regarded as a suitable site for the deep disposal of radio-
active wastes, (auth)
Gedeonov, L. I., S. P. Rosyanov, and V. K. Vinogradova. 1969. Distribution
and Migration of Strontium-90 in Soils. TT-74-50011, pp. 76-84.
9U
Results are given of a study of Sr distribution along soil profiles.
This enables the radioactive contamination of the soil cover and the rate
90
of Sr migration deep into soil to be estimated. These data can be used
90
in an attempt to study the mechanism of Sr migration in soil. Soil samples
taken at depths down to 30 cm were subjected to radiochemical analysis for
90 QO
Sr. It was found that Sr in 1964-1965 was mainly retained in a 15-cm
on
soil layer. Measurable amounts of Sr were found in the 25-30-cm layer.
90
The distribution of Sr along the profile of loamy soils can be described
6-12
-------
in a first approximation by a power law. Calculations with its aid show that
90
Sr penetrates deeper than 40-60 cm. The motion of radioactive fission products
inside the soil cover involves a combination of different physicochemical pro-
90
cesses in the soil, the most important of which are Sr migration by diffusion
and isotope migration together with the soil solution. The dependence of the
90
rate of Sr diffusion on the soil moisture content and temperature was deter-
mined. It was found that the diffusion coefficients in chernozem and sod pod-
zolic soils for yearly averages of the moisture content are 0.49 x 10" and
0.84 x 10" cm /sec, respectively. The vertical distribution of Sr in soils
resulting from diffusion alone was calculated with the aid of the coefficients
QQ
found. Comparison of the calculated distribution of Sr with the distribution
90
obtained by radiochemical determination of Sr showed that in loamy chernozem
90
Sr migrates mainly by diffusion. In sandy sod podzolic soil this process is
of the same order as the others, (auth)
90
Gedeonov, L. I., S. P. Rosyanov, and V. K. Vinogradova. 1971. Sr Distribution
and Migration in Soils. Tr., Inst. Eksp. Meteorol. 21:80-87 (in Russian).
90
Results are presented of studies on the Sr distribution in soil, from
90
which the radioactivity load of the soil cover and the rate of Sr migration
to the deep soil can be estimated. The data may be used in studies on the
90 90
mechanism of Sr migration in soil. Radiochemical analyses for Sr in soil
on
samples taken at depths down to 30 cm showed that in 1964-1965 the Sr was
mainly in the first 15 cm of soil, but detectable amounts were found in the
90
15- to 20-cm layer. The Sr distribution along the profile of loamy soil
may, to a first approximation, be described as an exponential function. Cal-
90
culations using this relation show that Sr penetrates to depths of more than
from 40 to 60 cm. Translocation of fission products in the soil cover is due
90
to a combination of physico-chemical processes in the soil, particularly, Sr
90
diffusion and transfer of isotopes in solution. The coefficient of Sr
diffusion in chernozem and turf-podzol under average annual moisture condi-
tions was 0.49 to 0.84 x 10" cm /sec. The vertical distribution of Sr in
soils was calculated from these coefficients as a function of diffusion only.
G-13
-------
Comparison of the calculated diffusion with that obtained from radiochemical
90
data showed that, in loamy chernozem, Sr migrates chiefly by diffusion.
In sandy loam turf-podzol soils this process is comparable with others, (auth)
Gedeonov, L. I., V. K. Vinogradova, S. P. Rosyanov, and Z. G. Gritchenko. 1964.
Accumulation of 90$r and ^'Cs in the Soils of the Leningrad Region. IN:
Radioaktivnye Izotopy V Atmosfere i Ikh Ispol'zovanie V Meteorologii.
Karol, I. L. (ed.) Moscow, Atomizdat (in Russian).
The results of experiments to measure Cs and Sr in arenaceous soils
between 1958 and 1962 in the environs of Petrokrepost are presented, and the
cumulative deposition of these isotopes on the earth's surface is discussed.
It is concluded that vertical washout by precipitation is responsible for a
90
large percentage of the surface accumulation of Sr and that surface waters
90
washed out the Sr into the rivers, seas, and oceans. Contamination through
seepage was negligible. It was also found that accumulation on surface soils
depends on the physico-chemical properties of the soil. (NSA)
Geiger, E. L. 1959. Radioassay of Uranium and Plutonium in Vegetation, Soil
and Water. Health Physics. 1:405-408.
A method is discussed for the separation of uranium and plutonium from
vegetation, soil and water. The method is based on the extraction of uranium
and plutonium from 4 to 6 N nitric acid into 50 percent tri-n-butyl phosphate
in n-tetradecane diluent. Uranium and plutonium are recovered together with
sufficient reduction in total solids to allow a-counting and pulse height
analysis. Data from several hundred "spiked" samples to which uranium and
plutonium were added indicate a nearly equal recovery of uranium and plutonium.
Average recoveries are 76 = 14 percent for vegetation, 76 i 16 percent for
soil, and 82 ± 15 percent for water. The procedure is designed for samples
that may be collected and analyzed for radioactivity as a part of a health
physics regional monitoring program, (auth)
G-14
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Gel'man, A. D., A. I. Moskvin. L. M. Zaitsev, and M. P. Mefod'eva. 1962.
Complex Compounds of Transuranium Elements. Trans, from Russian by
C. N. Turbon and T. A. Turton. Consultants Bureau. New York.
This book contains the following chapters: complex formation by neptunium
in aqueous solutions, complex formation by plutonium in aqueous solutions, syn-
thesis and properties of some complex compounds of tri-, tetra-, and hexavalent
plutonium, complex formation by transplutonium elements in solution, and
application of complex compounds in the isolation and separation of trans-
uranium elements.
Gemmell, L. and S. G. Pearsall. 1962. Transport of Fission Proaucts Through
the Soil Following Injection from a Well and Methods Used for Removal.
BNL-6554.
In the summer of 1960 one of the wells on the Brookhaven National
Laboratory site became accidentally contaminated with radioactive material.
Procedures used in tracking the spread of the contamination through the soil
are described. Data are presented on the radioactivity in water from test
wells and soil samples taken over a 2-year period. In 1961 approximately
227,000 gal of water were pumped from the test wells, decontaminated by
means of an ion exchange column, and returned to the environment. The cost
of this decontamination was approximately 1.06 mills/gal. (NSA)
General Electric Company, Rocky Flats Division, Golden, Co. 1970. AEC
Study Tends to Confirm Nonhazardous Plutonium Levels Near Rocky Flats.
Nucleonics Week. ll:la-lb.
Nucleonics Week reports from the contamination area near Rocky Flats:
Reporting on a several-month sampling study of Colorado soil up to 40 miles
east and north of the AEC Rocky Flats plutonium plant operated by Dow
Chemical Co., AEC's Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL) in New York City
estimates the presence of 2.6 Ci of Pu-239 in an irregularly shaped area
totaling some 43 square miles. hASL found that the likely source of the
Pu-239 was contaminated oil that spilled from leaky barrels in storage at
Rocky Flats between the mid-1960s (when the leakage was discovered) and
G-15
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1968 (when something was done about it); during periods of high wind the
radioactive material became airborne. HASL took soil samples as far as
40 miles north and east (prevailing wind direction) of the plant. HASL
found more plutonium in the area than previous investigators because HASL
went up to 20 cm into the soil. However, HASL found no plutonium deeper
than 13 cm. (auth)
Gera, F. 1975. Geochemical Behavior of Long-Lived Radioactive Wastes.
ORNL-TM-4481.
The hazard potential associated with the heavy elements present in high-
level radioactive waste decreased greatly in the first few tens of thousands of
years of decay; however, further reduction in the hazard potential becomes
extremely slow after about 100,000 years. In the time period between 100,000
and 5 million years the hazard potential of high-level waste is reduced by a
factor of between 10 and 20. Current evidence seems to indicate that if
radioactive waste containment were to fail after a period of 100,000 years
or more, some environmental contamination would result; however, the contami-
nation levels would be low. The radiological risk would not be significantly
different from that now existing in various localities as a result of the
accumulation of natural radioactive elements. With the partial exception of
radium, which is concentrated in the fruit of specific perennial plants, the
long-lived alpha-emitters are characterized by very low biologic availability
in terrestrial ecosystems. The biologic availability may be somewhat higher
in aquatic ecosystems due to the significant reconcentration factors in particu-
lar organisms. Data concerning the levels of activity in foods grown on radio-
active soils seem to confirm the low biologic availability of the natural
radioactive elements. Surveys of uranium mill tailings indicate little dis-
persal of the radioactive elements into the environment; even though untreated
tailings piles would appear to be particularly vulnerable to resuspension of
dust particles by wind. (NSA)
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Gersper, P. L. 1970. Effect of American Beech Trees on the Gamma Radioactivity
of Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 34:318-23.
Various factors that affect the distribution of gamma-emitting radioisotopes
in soils under mature American beech trees (Fagus grandifolia L.) were investi-
gated. Because of its smooth bark and consequent greater amounts of steamflow
this species concentrates more fallout radioisotopes in soil near its stem than
most other species. Soil near the stems of beech trees contained considerably
more fallout and was subjected to greater leaching of natural radioisotopes,
to a depth of 30 cm or more, than soil not affected by stemflow water. Depth
penetration of fallout and leaching of natural radioisotopes was greater in
Oekalb fine sandy loam than in Bennington silt loam. Radioisotope distribution
in soil under these trees was also affected by variations of stemflow around the
stems, slope gradient, and the quantity and distribution of organic litter on the
forest floor. Near two trees that had variable stemflow, the surface soil con-
tained an average of five times more fallout on the high-stemflow sides of the
stems than on the low-stemflow sides. Under a beech tree growing on a 20" slope,
soil on the downs!ope side of the stem contained more fallout than soil on the
upslope side. Organic litter had a much higer content of fallout than of
naturally occurring radioisotopes. As a consequence of the greater concentra-
tions of fallout, herbaceous plants, spicebush (Lindera benzoin L.), and
American beech saplings growing near the stems of mature beech trees had higher
uptakes of these radioisotopes than those growing farther from the stems.
(auth)
Geslin, M. 1954. Radioactivity of Water, Rocks, and Natural Sediments.
Cahiers Naturalistes. 10, Suppl. 3-8.
This is primarily a review of about 30 papers to compare the relative
amounts of radioactivity in the materials mentioned. The unit used for Ra
is 10 g, and for Th 10" g/g of material. River water contains 2 to * units
of Ra as compared to the ocean with 1 to 34. Igneous and sedimentary rocks
contain from 1000 to 3000 units. Marine sediments contain 50,000 x 10" g/g.
For all sources reported Th ranges from 0.5 to 2.1. (CA)
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Gibbs, H. S. and G. J. McCallum. 1955. Natural Radioactivity of Soils.
New Zealand J. Sci. Tech. 837:354-68.
The radioactivity of principal horizons of a number of soil types was
examined for relationships to properties used in the identification and
classification of soil profiles. Techniques for measuring the intensity of
gamma radiations in the field and of beta radiations in the laboratory are
described. After correction for cosmic ray background the measurements
showed a range in gamma counts from 410 to 2420 cpm and in beta counts from
21 to 154 cpm. Correlations of the data and soil profiles showed that the
soil radioactivity depends partly on the rock materials from which the pro-
files are developed and partly on the extent of weathering and leaching of
the profiles. Rock materials determine the initial level of radioactivity
in a soil—high to moderate count rates being general for C horizons from
greywacke, sandstone, siltstone, or deposits of rhyolitic ash beds, and low
counts being common on C horizons from dolerite or andesitic ash beds. Reduc-
tion of the initial level by weathering or leaching is shown by counts of C
horizons of soils developed from the same type of rock decreasing with increas-
ing leaching of the profile, and by count rates within the profiles decreasing
from C to B horizon and from B to A horizon. The decreasing count rate up
the soil profiles indicates an absence of significant accumulation of radio-
active substances in B horizons and of significant circulation of radio-
active substances by the plant and animal life. Radioactivity measurements on
A horizons are too variable for comparison of profiles. Measurements on B and
C horizons of soils developed from greywacke, sandstone, dolerite, and
rhyolitic or andesitic volcanic ash beds are suitable for assisting identifi-
cation of soil types formed from parent materials difficult to distinguish in
the field, or for indicating changes of parent materials within a soil profile.
As weathering and leaching tend to lessen the differences in count rates
between soil types, weakly or moderately weathered and leached soils are
recommended for comparisons of natural radioactivity, (auth)
6-18
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Gilbert, R. 0. and L. L. Eberhardt. 1974. Plutonium Studies on the Nevada
Test Site. BNWL-1950, Part 2, pp. 6-7.
Soil counting by Ga(LI) satisfactory a wet chemical separation is not
needed. Shows readings 0.5 to 17 m ci/g Pu-239, 240.
Gilbert, R. 0. and L. L. Eberhardt. 1974. Some Quantitative Aspects of
Environmental Plutonium Studies. BNWL-1950, Part 2, pp. 5-6.
Problems caused by extreme variability encountered in Pu content. Special
precautions to avoid insufficient or unrepresentative sampling are required.
Large soil particles tend to be under-represented and since larger par-
ticles tend to have lower Pu concentration than fines results biased on the
high side.
Particulate nature causes very large differences between aliquots.
Gilbert, R. 0. and L. L. Eberhardt. 1974. Statistical Analysis of Pu in
Soil at the Nevada Test Site -- Some Results. IN: Dunaway, P. B. and
M. G. White (eds). The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert Environments.
NVO-142, pp. 51-89.
Statistical field sampling design being used to estimate surface soil
inventory in Areas 13 and 5 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) is Pu-239, 240 in
the upper 5 cm of soil inside the outer fence region of Area 13 is 39 curies
with a standard error of 5 curies. This estimate is obtained from soil
samples collected at randomly chosen locations according to a stratified
random sampling plan. Correlation and regression analyses are comouted,
which indicates that lab gamma scans on soil samples for Am-241 can, in
general, predict quite well the concentrations of Pu-239, 240 present in
the soil in Area 13. This suggests the determination of Pu-239, 240 may
not be required on all soil samples in this area. This also appears to be
the case for Area 5, although the lab analyses are incomplete. Average
Pu/Am ratios are obtained for Areas 13, 5 and the Tonopah Test Range (TTR).
The average ratio for TTR appears to be considerably greater than those
for Area 13 or 5. There is also some evidence to suggest that the Pu/Am
ratio may not be constant over all levels of Am-241 for the lower count
per minute (cpm) regions of Areas 13 and 5.
G-19
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Correlation analyses indicate the FIDLER field instrument as used in
the current sampling program (cpm readings taken 1 ft off the ground over the
soil sampling location) is not accurate in predicting Pu-239, 240 concen-
trations in surface soils. However, three-dimensional maps of FIDLER readings
taken at grid points in Area 13 and Pu-239, 240 determinations of Pu-239,
240. Data are presented which suggest the Pu/AM ratio may decrease with
depth of profile. Also, the available data are examined to estimate the
within-lab variability on replicate samples (expressed as the coefficient
of variation c = s/x). The estimates of c range up to 0.93, which indicate
four or five replicates may be necessary to detect even rather large dif-
ferences between the three participating labs. There are no apparent con-
sistent differences between the three participating laboratories in reporting
Pu-239, 240 determinations for aliquots from the same soil samples from
Area 13, 5, and TTR sent to each lab. Finally, the data and analyses presented
here are subject to change due to refinements in the data and statistical
analyses, (auth)
Gilbert, R. 0., L. L. Eberhardt, E. B. Fowler and E. H. Essington. 197*.
Statistical Design Aspects of Sampling Soil for Plutonium. BNWL-SA-5144.
Some of the statistical aspects of the design of efficient soil sampling
programs for estimating the inventory (total amount) and geographical dis-
239-240
tribution of Pu in surface soil are discussed. On-going experience
with using stratified random sampling for estimating plutonium inventory in
soils on "safety shot" sites on the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and the Tonopah
Test Range (TTR) under the auspices of the Nevada Applied Ecology Group
(NAEG) is emphasized. The NAEG is conducting plutonium environmental studies
on these sites where past experiments involving plutonium devices and high
explosives have resulted in plutonium contaminated soil. The information
gained on the amounts and distribution of plutonium in soil will support the
resuspension experiments currently underway at these sites, (auth)
G-20
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Gilbert, R. C., L. L. Eberhardt, E. B. Fowler, E. M. Romney and
E. H. Essington. 1975. Statistical Analysis and Design of Environmental
Studies for Plutonium and Other Transuranics at NAEG "Safety Shot" Sites.
IAEA-SM-199/67.
This paper discusses the use of stratified random sampling for esti-
239-240
mating the total amount (inventory) of Pu and uranium in surface
soil at ten "safety-shot" sites on the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and the Tonopah
Test Range (TTR) currently being studied by the Nevada Applied Ecology Group
(NAEG). This sampling design has resulted in estimates of soil inventory
that have smaller standard errors than would be expected if simple random
sample (no stratification) had been used.
Estimates of inventory are given for 235U, 238U, and 238-240pu at
"A Site" of Area 11 on NTS. Other results presented include (i) average
concentrations of one or more of these isotopes for soil and/or vegetation
234 236
in soil profile samples at depth to 25 cm, (ii) average U and U con-
centrations in vegetation, and (iii) estimates of the regression relationship
between uranium concentrations in adjacent soil and vegetation samples.
The applicability of using data collected via stratified random sampling
for estimating plutonium concentration contours in surface soil is also inves-
tigated. Estimates of such contours are obtained using several different
computer algorithms on untransformed and log-transformed data. The need for
efficient field sampling designs to minimize costs is emphasized and some
suggestions are offered for meeting this need, (auth)
Gillette, R. K., M. L. Curtis, E. B. Nunn, J. 0. Frye, and C. T. Bishop.
1972. Investigation into the Determination of Plutonium in Soil by a
Fusion Procedure. HLM-1901.
A method for the determination of plutonium in soil is discussed. The
method involves complete dissolution of the soil by a fusion technique
followed by chemical separation of the plutonium, electrodeposition, and
alpha pulse height analysis. Results are given for analyses of a spiked
soil sample and four soil samples previously analyzed by a procedure in
which the plutonium is acid-leached from the soil. The analysis of the
6-21
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spiked soil indicated good accuracy and precision of the fusion method.
The results of the analyses of the four soil samples indicated agreement
with the leaching results, but indicated that the plutonium was probably
not uniformly distributed in the soil, (auth)
Gindy, A. R. 1961. Radioactivity in Monazite, Zircon, and "Radioactive
Black" Grains in Blacksands of Rosetta, Egypt. Econ. Geol. 56:436-41.
More than 50 different heavy minerals are known to occur in the Egyptian
Nile deposits. Small scale concentrations form on the beaches of the Nile
delta, the most important occurring near the Rosetta. A variety of tech-
niques employing nuclear emulsions were used to measure the radioactivity
of individual grains of monazite, zircon, and black sands from representa-
tive Rosetta samples. The specimens are described, and results from measure-
ments of radioactivity are presented graphically. (NSA)
Glnell, W. S., J. J. Martin, and L. P. Hatch. 1954. Ultimate Disposal
of Radioactive Wastes. Nucleonics. 12:14-18.
A process for storing radioactive wastes is proposed employing the
selective adsorption of fission-product cations on montmorillonite clay.
The radioactive ions can then be sealed within the crystal lattice by
heating to 1,000°C. (NSA)
Ginzburg, S. I., N. A. Ezerskaya, I. V. Prokof'eva, N. V. Fedorenko,
V. I. Shlenskaya, and N. X. Bel'skii. 1975. Analytical Chemistry of
Platinum Metals. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
In addition to the details of platinum metal chemical analysis, the
aqueous chemistry, occurrence and natural abundance of ruthenium were given.
Many references to ruthenium complexes were listed.
Glenn, J. L. 1971. Relations Among Radionuclide Content and Physical,
Chemical, and Mineral Characteristics of Columbia River Sediments.
TID-25786.
The radionuclides discussed were produced by neutron activation of
elements in Columbia River water that was used to cool the once-through
G-22
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nuclear reactors in the Hanford area near Pasco, Washington, prior to their
final shutdown early in 1971. After return of the low-level radioactive
cooling waters to the Columbia River, some radionuclides were attached to
sediment particles and some particles incorporated in the streambed. Data
are presented on radionuclides in size separates of streambed sediments and
relations among radionuclide content, particle size, cation exchange capacity,
carbon and nitrogen content, and mineralogy are described. Differences in
radionuclide concentrations with particle size and with sample location are
evaluated in the framework of simple models for the origin of radionuclides
in streambed sediments. Chromium-51, zinc-65, scandium-46, manganese-54, and
cobalt-60, in decreasing order of concentration, are the gamma-emitting radio-
nuclides identified in Columbia River size separates. Clay separates contain
an average of 36 percent of the sum of the zinc-65 concentrations in all
separates; fine and medium sand separates combined contain less than 2 percent
of the sum of the zinc-65 concentrations in all separates. Weighting radionuclide
concentrations with results from particle-size analyses shows that the rela-
tively more abundant fine and medium sands contain nearly 45 percent of the
total amount of zinc-65; the relatively less abundant clay separate contains
only 16 percent. (NSA)
Glover, P. A., F. J. Miner, and W. L. Polzer. 1977. Plutonium and Americium
Behavior in the Soil/Water Environment. I. Sorption of Plutonium and
Americium by Soils. BNWL-2106.
Plutonium and americium behavior in the soil/water environment is being
investigated by obtaining equilibrium sorption and elution characteristic
measurements for both "soluble" and "insoluble" plutonium in the soil. These
measurements will be used to postulate a process or processes for plutonium
sorption by the soil.
Equilibrium sorption measurements have been obtained using plutonium
in nitric acid as the soluble sorce of plutonium and americium in nitric aicd
as the soluble source of americium. Seventeen soils from various parts of the
United States have been used in this study.
The results indicate approximately 98 percent of both plutonium and
americium are sorbed by the soil in approximately 48 hours.
G-23
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The statistical techniques of stepwise regression and principal component
analysis were applied to equilibrium sorption data relating plutom'um sorption.
in the soil.
Statistically significant relationships were found using stepwise regres-
sion between plutonium sorption (count data, d/min/ml) and some of the physical
and chemical characteristics of the soil. Clay was significant at all three
-8 -7
levels of plutom'um concentration (10~ , 10" , 1(
the high and medium levels of plutonium. (auth)
-8 -7 -6
levels of plutom'um concentration (10~ , 10" , 10" M). CEC was significant at
Glowiak, 8., E. Malysowa, J. Pacyna, and J. Borys. 1974. Radioactive
Contamination of Some Arable Soils in the Lower Silesia in 1972. Nukleonika.
19:587-592 (in Polish).
The contents of Sr and Cs were determined in arable soil samples
90
taken from eight spots in the Lower Silesia. The mean content of Sr was 27.6
2 137 2
mCi/km , and that of Cs was as high as 52.1 mCi/km . The level of contami-
90
nation of Lower Silesian arable soils with Sr found in 1972 was approximate
to that of 1964, increasing in heavier and heavier soils, (auth)
Gloyna, E. F., S. K. Bhagat, Y. Yousef, and C. Shih. 1966. Transport of
Radionuclides in a Model River. STI-PUB-126, pp. 11-32.
A model river system was used to conduct a variety of experiments involv-
ing releases of 58Co, 85Sr, 137Cs, 65Zn, and 103Ru. These investigations were
to evaluate the measurements involved in the transport of these radionuclides
in an aquatic environment. Primary emphasis was directed toward the accumula-
tion of quantitative uptake data and the interpretation of transference of
these radionuclides from a liquid phase to sediments, the movement of the
radionuclides from suspended sediments to bed sediments, the resuspension of
radionuclides from bed sediments, and the sorption of the radionuclides on
plant and animal forms. The net transport of selected radionuclides has
been studied under a variety of environmental conditions. A fully-instrumented
flume and reservoir complex was used to simulate typical ecological environ-
ments. A model river as represented by the flume has been used to develop more
fully a comprehensive transport equation, thereby defining the transport
coefficients needed to satisfy any prediction model. This system has been
used to evaluate the effect of various environmental conditions on the net
G-24
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transport of the radionuclides. The effects of ecological changes, sucn as
changes in predominant species, die-away, etc., have been measured. Continuous
measurements have been made on total light input, filtered or usable light,
oxidation-reduction potential, pH, air and water temperatures and dissolved
oxygen. Additional measurements such as carbon dioxide, plant mass, and
dispersion have provided useful information, (auth)
Gloyna, E.F., Y. A. Yousef and T. J. Padden. 1971. Radioactivity Transport
in Mater: Continuous Release of Radionuclides in a Small Scale Ecosystem.
Technical Report ORO-490-21.
Model rivers were simulated in two channels of a research flume. The
control channel of the model river system contained a typical bottom sediment
and received a potable water supply. The second channel, in addition to bottom
sediment, contained a lush community of rooted aquatic plants in one end and
received water which was rich in phytoplankton. Both channels were subjected
to a continuous release of Cs and °Sr for periods up to thirty-five days.
The distribution of the radionuclides in the bottom sediment, plants, algae,
and water was determined. Under the conditions of the release, less than
maximum permissible concentrations, the radioactivity continued to increase on
the surface of bottom sediments until a quasi-equilibrium level was reached at
approximately 25 days after initiation of release. At this condition or
134
saturation, the specific activity of bottom sediments associated with Cs and
85 222
Sr approached 55 yu c/cm and 3.34 up c/cm and 3.34 uy c/cm respectively,
2 2
and sediment concentration factors were 275 ml/cm and 35 ml/cm . In the case
of rooted plants, quasiequilibrium for Cs (89 uu c/gm of plant) and for Sr
(25 uu c/gm of plant) was reached within two days. The plant weight was based
on oven dried mass. Plant concentration factors averaged 400 and 600 ml/g
respectively for Cs and Sr. In the phytoplankton rich water, it was found
that as much as 27% of the radioactivity of the water was actually contained on
134
or in the phytoplankton. The rate of Cs uptake by the phytoplankton was
related to net photosynthetic oxygen production. The experimentally determined
parameters were applied to predictive models and these realtionships were
checked against some observed data, (auth)
G-25
-------
Godse, V. B., A. L. Mohan, M. Singh, R. V. Amalraj and K. T. Thomas. 1967.
Characterization of Trombay Soils for Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. IN:
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Into the Ground. IAEA-Sfl-93/17, pp. 229-240.
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is situated on an island about 5 km
east of Bombay Island, from which it is separated by the Bombay harbour bay.
The area consists of typical horizontal basaltic flows covered by 1 to 2 m
of loose soil followed by weathered rock to a depth of 9 to 10 m. The radio-
active waste disposal/storage area is located at the foot of Trombay hill
2
between the contours of 25 ft and 90 ft and covers an area of 50,000 m .
Laboratory and field studies were carried out to characterize the
Trombay soils and groundwater and to examine the criteria for the safe dis-
posal of radioactive wastes. The physical and chemical properties of the
soils were determined to evaluate their retention and leaching properties for
radionuclides of interest.
Gof, H. 1968. The Natural Radioactivity of Sediments of the Bay of Banyuls.
Cah. Oceanogr. 20:225-35 (in French).
Variations of radioactivity in sediments of the Bay of Banyuls are con-
trolled by equilibrium between the fine clay fraction predominant in the
sediments and the proportion of heavy minerals and micas, whose importance is
a function of their proximity to the drift zones of the continents. Total
activity is in general the result of natural radioactive minerals; but fission
products are important. This latter activity is localized in fractions of
lamellar minerals (clays, micas), which because of their structure favor fixa-
tion of artificial radionuclides. In all samples the levels are as follows:
232Th, 234U > 228Th > 134Cs, 125Sb > 40K > 67Zn. In various samples (total,
232
clays, sands, heavy minerals, micas) the ratio of fission products to Th -
U varied between 0.20 and 0.38; that of fission products to Th between
0.44 and 1.07, the latter being a total sample; that of fission products to
K between 0.62 and 1.10. Analysis was performed by a 400-channel analyzer.
(NSA)
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Goh, K. M. and J. D. Stout. 1972. Radiocarbon Enrichment and the Turnover
of Soil Organic Matter in a Chronosequence of Soils Developed on Wind-Blown
Sand in New Zealand. Nh Proceedings of the Eighth International Radiocarbon
Dating Conference. Rafter, T.A. (comp.) Wellington, New Zealand. 2:E67-E79.
The degree of radiocarbon enrichment in the various members of a soil
14
Chronosequence was studied to determine the extent of bomb-produced C-
incorporation with time (soil age), and the possible pathways of humus forma-
tion, and to provide information on the rates of turnover of soil organic
14
matter. The following results were obtained: C-enrichment of soil organic
matter occured mainly in topsoils and decreased with increasing soil age;
14
C-enrichment was higher in pasture top soils than in forest topsoils; organic
matter continues to accumulate even in soils more than 10,000 years old and
an equilibrium is never reached; and although there is a minimum influence
14
of bomb- C in the subsoils, the subsoil organic matter is subjected to a slow
14
but continuous incorporation of C from the atmosphere via plant residues.
(NSA)
Goldberg, E. D. 1961. Chemical and Mineralogical Aspects of Deep-Sea
Sediments. IN: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 4. L. H. Ahrens,
F. Press, K. Rankama, and S. K. Runcorn (eds.), pp. 281-302.
Keys to phenomena which occurred on the surface of the earth are sought
in studies of the chemistry and mineralogy of sediments from the deep-sea
floor. Climate, vulcanism, and the paths of ocean water currents are but a
few examples of activities that may well be logged in pelagic deposits.
Recently, emphasis has been placed on the calcareous deposits with impetus
being provided by the isotopic geology of carbon and oxygen. The problems
of paleo-temperatures and paleo-productivity in the marine environment have
been dealt with most successfully (a summary of this work may be found in
Arrhenius, 1959). The deep-sea deposits are especially attractive on a
number of counts. First of all, the total length of the column of uncon-
solidated sediments is small; in the Pacific the first major change in
travel times of seismic waves occurs at a depth of the order of hundreds
G-27
-------
of meters (Paitt, 1956). Although up to the present only a surface layer
of tens of meters has been cored and but a modest penetration into the
Cretaceous has been made, there is every hope that within a few years all
levels of the pelagic column will have been explored. Secondly, most of
the recovered samples from the deep-sea floor appear to be relatively
undisturbed. Some alterations in the depositional record are evident and
are apparently due to near-bottom currents, earthquakes, or bottom orga-
nisms or combinations of any of the three, but, as will be pointed out in
the text, we are now in a position to estimate in many cases the degree of
disordering quantitatively. Finally, the various minerals that make UD the
deposits are small in number, compared to their terrestrial or near-shore
counterparts, and can often be unambiguously traced to the geosphere in
which they were formed. This circumstance can provide a ready entry into
investigations of the mechanisms of formation and modes of transport of
individual components of the deposit. Present day researches have for the
most part left the descriptive stage; two related areas of work appear
quite rewarding--geochronology and the authigenic minerals. The potential
radioactive clocks for the pelagic deposits cover essentially the entire
span of geologic time. However, their full utilization awaits more informa-
tion on the chemistry and mineralogy of the solid phases of the deep-sea
floor. Also, present laboratory work on the synthesis and analysis of authi-
genic minerals is already yielding significant information on oceanic condi-
tions in the past accompanying their formation. This paper will attempt to
take stock of recently acquired knowledge, and the accompanying problems,
emphasizing by way of examples the noncalcareous pelagic sediments of the
Pacific Ocean, (auth)
Goldberg, E. D. 1975. Marine Geochemistry Research. Progress Report.
UCSD-34P84X9.
-
The Pu and uPb content of the coastal deposits off southern
California and Baja California was measured. A continuing increase of the
239+240
Pu concentration was detected. The primary source of these isotopes
was identified as crustal rock debris mobilized by winds to the marine
G-28
-------
238
environment. Pu from the burned up SNAP device was detected in the Santa
Barbara Basin. A substantial fraction of the Pb and Pu isotopes in atmos-
pheric dusts is water soluble. The significance of these in the explanation
90
of Sr fallout is discussed. Preliminary i
the Sam Clemente Basin are reported. (MSA)
90 226
of Sr fallout is discussed. Preliminary results on Ra geochronology in
Goldberg, M. C., V. J. Janzer, C. G. Angelo, and W. A. Beetem. 1962. The
Effect of Sodium Ion Concentration on Distribution Coefficients for Tuffs
from NTS. U.S.G.S. Technical Letter NTS-16.
177 3^ 171
The distribution coefficients for J Cs, Sr and I in Area 12
simulated groundwater with increasing Na concentrations on ground NTS tuff
was studied. Kd values varied for Sr from 2070 to 3480 ml/g for Cs from 12,000
to 17,800 ml/g and I at 1.1 ml/g as an inverse function of sodium concentration.
Goldberg, E. D. and M. Koide. 1962. Geochronoloqical Studies of Deep Sea
Sediments by the Ionium/Thorium Method. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta.
26:417-50.
The ionium/thorium method for determining the rates of accumulation of
marine sediments was applied to a group of deposits from the Pacific, Atlantic,
and Indian Oceans. The thorium isotopes which were accommodated in authiqenic
minerals (presumably derived from sea water) were obtained through a hot
hydrochloric acid leaching of the sample. A model for the mixing of the
upper layers of the sediment, by worm-burrowing or near-bottom currents, is
proposed and, if valid, allows the depth of mixing to be ascertained from the
ionium/thorium profiles. Sediments in the South Pacific had rather uniform
and low rates of deposition (0.3 to 0.6 mm/10 years), while the North
Pacific values in general were at least several times higher. These results
are in accord with a much greater contribution of sedimentary complementary
components from the continents in the northern area. South Atlantic deposi-
tional rates were of the same order, millimeters per thousand years, as the
North Pacific, while two adjacent Indian Ocean cores gave widely contrasting
values. Surface values of the ionium/thorium ratio and to a lesser extent
the hydrochloric acid Teachable thorium concentrations, showed a marked
geographical dependence which was attributed to the relative amounts of
continental run-off an oceanic area receives, (auth)
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Goldberg, E. D. , C. Patterson, and T. Chow. 1958. Ionium-Thorium and Lead
Isotope Ratios as Indicators of Oceanic Water Masses. A/Conf. 15/P/1980.
The ionium-thorium ratios and isotopic composition of lead in manganese
nodules and in deep-sea sediments from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have
been studied using alpha spectrometric and mass spectrometric techniques,
respectively. The manganese nodules are concretionary accumulations of oxides
of iron and manganese with appreciable concentrations of such trace metals as
cobalt, lead, the rare earths, zinc, copper, nickel, and thorium. These
deposits are unique to the deep-sea floor and the ferromanganese phases appar-
ently form from chemical species in solution in oceanic waters. The deep-sea
sediments analyzed in this study had as principal constituents clay minerals
(mainly illites), detrital quartz and feldspars, biogenous opal, and phillip-
site. Both the isotopic composition of the lead and the ionium/thorium ratios
in surface samples from the sediments and nodules showed distinct variations
between oceans and also possessed characteristic values for different locali-
ties within the Pacific Ocean. These results can be interpreted on the basis
that the deep oceanic water masses, which are in contact with the sediment
surfaces, furnish these isotopes to the sediments. The isotopic compositions
of lead and thorium in these different circulating water masses probably reflect
the previous histories of the waters in the accumulation and loss of products
from the major sedimentary cycle. Such isotopic analyses in samples from the
deep-sea floor can compliment the classical methods of study of deep-oceanic
circulation which are based on the distribution of temperature and the concen-
trations of dissolved constituents in the water under consideration or on
direct measurement of the velocities of the water masses. Further, the
possibility of studying the character and behavior of deep oceanic waters in
past ages presents itself in the depth distribution of these isotopes in
deep-sea cores. Finally, the validity of rates of accumulation of deep-sea
sediments based upon ionium/thorium ratios is considered. Two critical
assumptions of the method are: the bulk of the ionium and thorium enter the
sediments from a dissolved form in ocean waters, and the ionium/thorium
ratio in seawater has been constant over the time period that is being studied.
G-30
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Certain aspects of the latter assumption are considered on the basis of
residence times of elements in the oceans and the chemical and mineralogical
compositions of deep-sea sediments, (auth)
Goldsmith, W. A.' 1968. Radionuclide Retention from Dilute Solutions by
Panamanian Soil Clays. Thesis. Univ. of Florida.
45 89 137 86
The retention of the radionuclides Ca, Sr, Cs, and Rb was deter-
mined for six selected Panamanian soil clay fractions. The clays were sepa-
rated from soils representing the major types present in the sea level canal
feasibility study area. The sorption of the radionuclides was determined
using the slurry test. The slurries were run with the radionuclides paired
into two stock solutions: Cs with Rb and Ca with Sr. Gamma emitters
were counted by gamma spectroscopy, beta emitters by liquid scintillation
counting. Each stock solution was prepared from commercially prepared radio-
nuclide chloride solutions diluted to 50 ^Ci/1 with distilled water. The
results of the slurry test followed the linear function C/U = b(K2/K,) + bC
where U is the percent uptake at clay concentration C; b is the inverse of the
ultimate uptake, the percentage of radiocations which would ultimately be
sorbed from solution by an infinite mass of clay; (K«/K,) is the half dosage,
the clay concentration required to sorb one-half of the ultimately sorbable
cations, expressing the efficiency or selectivity of the clay for sorbing the
radionuclide. This equation was derived on the basis that the mass of clay
is the most important consideration in the determination of radionuclide uptake
by the slurry test. The derivation was analogous to that of the Langmiur adsorp-
tion isotherm. The results obtained for the six Panamanian soil clays suggested
that the soil colloid fraction in the Panamanian study area represents a limit-
less reservoir capable of sorbing soluble fallout radiocations that would be
produced in nuclear excavating techniques. The selectivity for each Panamanian
soil clay under the conditions for which they were tested expressed by the half
dosage, generally followed the sequence: Ca = Sr > Cs > Rb. Neither
the ultimate uptake nor the half dosage could be correlated with either the
cation exchange capacity or surface area parameters of the six clays tested.
The results of slurry tests performed by seven other investigators also were
well described by the equation derived in this study. All results indicated
6-31
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that the half dosage requirement of a radionuclide for any clay depended on
the type of clay mineral present, the ionic size and charge of the radio-
nuclide, the chemistry of the substrate solution, and the time of contact for
nonexpanding lattice, clay minerals. The ultimate uptake value was apparently
influenced very slightly by the type of clay mineral involved and by the chemi-
cal nature of the substrate solution. (NSA)
Goldsmith, W. A., W. E. Bolch, and J. F. Gamble. 1969. Retention of Selected
Radionuclides from Dilute Solutions by Panamanian Clays. Bioscience. 19:623-4.
Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the retention of Ca,
137 86 89
Cs, Rb, and Sr by six selected Panamanian clays. The method consisted
of slurrying a known quantity of clay, exposing the slurries to isotope solu-
tions for 90 minutes, filtering the exposed slurries and determining the
retention of radioisotopes in the clay by gamma spectroscopy and liquid scintil-
lation counting. For the six clays used the Ca uptake was between 97
and 100%, the 137Cs uptake between 96 and 100%, the 86Rb uptake between 94 and
Q0
100%, and the Sr between 96 and 100%. The implication is that the soil
colloid fraction in the Panamanian study area represents a limitless reservoir
capable of retaining soluble fallout radiocations that would be produced in
nuclear excavation technqiues, and that the radioactivity is thus likely to be
bound in the plant-soil cycle and little, if any, should be leached to hydro-
logic outlets. (NSA)
Goldsmith, W. A. and E. J. Middlebrooks. 1966. Radioactive Decontamination
by Slurrying with Yazoo and Zilpha Clays. J. Amer. Water Works Ass.
58:1052-62.
A dosage of approximately 1,100 mg/1 of Yazoo clay effectively decontami-
nated Co; whereas the desired decontamination factor was not obtained with
90
any dosage of Zilpha clay. Yazoo clay was ineffective for decontaminating Sr
in a tap water substrate, perhaps because of its CaCO-, content. Zilpha clay
90
was effective for removing small amounts of Sr. Yazoo and Zilpha clays were
equally effective for removing microquantities of Cs. Pretreatment of Yazoo
and Zilpha clays by excessive heating for a prolonged period appears to reduce
the effectiveness of these clays for removing Cs. The time required for
G-32
-------
these pretreated clays to settle out of suspension is much less than the
time required for normal days. The decontamination factors and percentage
removals obtained for the clay dosages used in the investigation, except
90
Yazoo clay for Sr, exceeded the values obtained from comparable experiments
involving other clays. The results indicated that Yazoo and Zilpha clays
may prove to be economically more feasible than the clays now used commer-
cially as adsorbers of radioisotopes. (NSA)
Goldsztein, M. and J. Ros. 1963. On the Uranium Content of Sediments of the
Western Basin of the Mediterranean. Bull. Inst. Oceanog. (in French).
The U content of the sediments of the Mediterranean sea was studied. Three
hundred samples were analyzed from the French Continental Shelf, from the
Balearic Continental Shelf, and from the Abyssal Plain. The average U content
is 2.3 ppm. In the sediments of the Continental Shelves, 60% of the U is
Teachable with 2N^ nitric acid; while this figure is 36« in the sediments of
the Abyssal Plain, (auth)
Gorham, E. 1963. A Comparison of Natural and Fallout Radioactivity in
Ontario Soils Under Pine. Can. J. Botany. 41:1309-18.
The radioactivity of organic litter layers of pinewood soils of southern
Ontario sampled in the spring of 1962, after resumption of thermonuclear
weapons testing, was about 12 times that of soil samples from the same region
collected during the spring of 1961 and about 30 times the natural % activity
before worldwide thermonuclear fallout. Mineral soils sampled during the
same periods showed little differences in radioactivity. Leaf litter from
angiosperm trees was more radioactive than litter from gymnosperm tress.
(NSA)
Gorham, E. and R. H. Hofstetter. 1971. Penetration of Bog Peats and Lake
Sediments by Tritium from Atmospheric Fallout. Ecology. 52:898-902.
Tritium in surface bog peats of the Red Lake wetland, northern Minnesota,
exhibits about the same concentration as in atmospheric precipitation, which
is still appreciably enriched by tritium from nuclear weapon testing. Past
input pulses are not preserved in the peat profile, and the pattern of subsurface
G-33
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decline suggests that most of the modern precipitation rich in tritium is
removed rapidly by evapotranspiration and by lateral runoff within the top
1.5 m of the 3.5-m thickness of little-decomposed Sphagnum peat at the crest of
the raised bog. However, some bomb tritium has penetrated, presumably by
molecular diffusion, down to the discontinuity between the high permeable
Sphagum peat and the underlying we11-decomposed and much less permeable fen
peat. In profundal lake sediments of four Minnesota lakes the influence of
highly enriched precipitation from the early 1960's has likewise been largely
transitory and of major significance only in sediment depths of less than 1 m,
although some penetration below that depth has occurred, presumably by mole-
cular diffusion, (auth)
Gorski, M. and S. Zymslowska. 1956. Natural Radioactivity of Some Polish
Soils. Postepy Nauk Rolniczych 3. No. 6:11-20.
The concentrations of Th and U in two soils was determined by microscopic
counts of numbers and measurements of length of a-particles tracks in a
photographic emulsion. The soil samples, taken at different depths, were
compressed into tablets of 18 or 35 mm diameter; the exposure time of the
photographic plates was 26 days (soil I) and 34 days (soil II). The ratio
of Th:U concentrations was calculated from the formula: CT^/CM = 3-3/(v2/'vl "
0.8), where v~ is the number of shorter (32-30-u), and v, the number of
longer (over 39-y) tracks. The concentrations were calculated from the
relation: (^ = kN/[St(7.25 + (Z.ZSC^/Cy))], where N is the number of tracks
in the measured area S (corrected for the radioactivity of the photographic
emulsion and averaged for areas of high and low depth), t is the exposure
time, and k the retardation coefficient of a-particles, found for each sample
from the equation k = ESc/A, where c expresses the concentrations of non-
radioactive soil elements, A their atomic weight, and S their retardation
coefficient. Except for few high-depth spots, the distribution of Th and U
in all samples was uniform. The concentration of Th was about tenfold that
of U. Soil I contained 9.2 x 10"7 g U/g and 9.3 x 10"6 g Th/q at a depth
of 10 cm, and 8.6 x 1C"7 g U/g and 8.6 x 10 g Th/g at a depth of 50 cm.
The corresponding values of soil II were: 9.7 x 10" g U/g and 11 x 10"
g Th/g at 5-10 cm, and 8.4 x 10"7 q U/g and 12 x 10"6 g Th/ g at 27-33 cm.
It is pointed out that natural radioactivity must be taken into consideration
when interpreting results of experiments on the effect of nuclear radiations
on plant growth. (CA)
G-34
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Gottfried, D., L. P. Greenland, and E. Y. Campbell. 1968. Variation of
Nb-Ta, Zr-Hf, Th-U, and K-Cs in Two Oiabasic-Granophyre Suites. Geochem.
et Cosmochim. Acta. 32:925-947.
Concentrations of Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Th, U and Cs have been determined in
samples of igneous rocks representing the diabase-granophyre suites from
Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, and Great Lake, Tasmania.
Niobium and tantalum have a three to fourfold increase with differentiation
in each of the suites. The chilled margin of the Great Lake intrusion con-
tains half the niobium and tantalum content (5.3 ppm and 0.4 ppm, respectively)
of the chilled basalt from Dillsburg (10 ppm and 0.9 ppm, respectively). The
twofold difference between the suites is correlated with differences in their
titanium content. The average Nb/Ta ratios for each suite are similar: 13.5
for the Great Lake suite, and 14.4 for the Dillsburg suits.
The zirconium content of the two suites is essentially the same and
increases from 50 to 60 ppm in the chilled margins to 240-300 ppm in the
granophyres. Hafnium is low in the early formed rocks (0.5-1.5 ppm and
achieves a maximum in the granophyres (5-8 ppm). The- Zr/Hf ratio decreases
from 68 to 33 with progressive differentiation.
In the Dillsburg suite thorium and uranium increase from 2.6 ppm and 0.6
ppm, respectively, in the chilled samples to 11.8 ppm and 3.1 ppm in the
granophyres. The chilled margin of the Great Lake suite contains 3.2 ppm
thorium and 9.8 ppm uranium; the granophyre contains 11.2 ppm thorium and
2.8 ppm uranium. The average Th/U ratios of the Dillsburg and Great Lakes
suites are nearly the same—A. 1 and 4.4, respectively. Within each suite
the Th/U ratio remains quite constant.
Cesium and the K/Cs ratio do not vary systematically in the Dillsburg
suite possibly because of redistribution or loss of cesium by complex
geologic processes. Except for the chilled margin of the Great Lake suite,
the variation of Cs and the K/Cs ratio are in accord with theoretical con-
siderations. Cesium increases from about 0.6 ppm in the lower zone to
3.5 ppm in the granophyre; the K/Cs ratio varies from 10 x 10 in the lower
zone to 6 x 10 in the granophyre.
G-35
-------
A comparison of the abundance of some of these elements is made with
those reported on oceanic tholeiites from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Trace elements with large ionic radii (Th, U, Cs) are present in significantly
greater concentrations in the two continental tholeiitic series than in the
oceanic tholeiites. However, this does not seem to be true for lithophilic
elements of smaller ionic radii (Zr and Nb). These trace element distribution
patterns, when considered with other minor element and isotopic studies, indi-
cate that (1) crustal contamination does not entirely account for differences
between continental and oceanic tholeiites, and (2) the oceanic tholeiites do
not necessarily delimit the geochemical characteristics of the mantle, (auth)
Graham-Bryce, I. J. 1963. Effect of Moisture Content-and Soil Type on Self
Diffusion of 86Rb in soils. J. Agr. Sci. 60:239-44.
86
Self-diffusion coefficients (D) for Rb ion were measured in a heter-
oionic Lower Greensand soil over a wide range of moisture contents at three
different compactions. The moisture content is shown to have a considerable
effect on the value of 0, a rapid rise in the value of D taking place between
5 and 10% moisture content. It is shown that this effect is not simply due
to the increased volume of water-filled pore space at higher moisture contents,
and other possible factors which could influence the shape of the D/moisture
86
content curve are discussed. Values of D for Rb in eight other soils at
pH two are also reported, but no simple correlation with any of several soil
-7 2
properties measured could be found. An average D value of 1.0 x 10 cm /sec
86
was derived for Rb in moist Ca-dominated soils. The range of D values in
7 2
the nine soils tested was 0.71 to 1.55 x 10 cm /sec. It is concluded that
the rapid rise in the value of D at 5-10% moisture content may correspond
with the establishment of a continuous aqueous diffusion system. At lower
water contents the pores which are occupied may be well isolated, thus
preventing continuous movement by diffusion, while at moisture contents above
10% a large proportion of the added water may be filling wide air pockets
connected by smaller pores. At low moisture contents the diffusion cations
may be confined to pores so narrow that the effects of the surface charges
of the soil particles (in the form of diffuse electrical double layers)
extend throughout the pore. At higher moisture contents ions would diffuse
in wider pores where they would not be confined to the double layer. It is
G-36
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pointed out that the rapid rise of D occurs in the region of pH 4.2, that is
at the approximate tension associated with the permanent wilting point,
suggesting that a substantial decrease in the mobility of plant nutrients
in the soil may be associated with wilting. (NSA)
Grainger, L. 1958. Uranium & Thorium. George Newnes Ltd. London.
Various chapters of the book deal with uranium and thorium from mineral
to metal, chemistry of and properties, health hazards, and the use of uranium
and thorium as nuclear fuels.
Grandstaff, D. E. 1976. A Kinetic Study of the Dissolution of Uraninite.
Economic Geology. 71:1493-1506.
The kinetics of uraninite dissolution in water may be summarized by
the equation:
R - -d(uran)
dt
= lO^-^SSKRFr^lO-3-38-10'^00)^ )(D.O.)(aHJexp(-7045/T)day-1
where R is the rate of the dissolution reaction, SS is the specific surface
2 -1
area (cm -gm ), RF is an organic retardation factor, NOC is the mole frac-
tion of nonuranium cations in the uraninite, D.O. is the dissolved oxygen
content of the water (ppm), ECCL is the total dissolved carbonate, and I is
the absolute temperature. Application of these data may allow better under-
standing of factors influencing oxidation of uraninite and the resulting
mobility of uranium in natural water, (auth)
Grebenshchikova, V. I. and Y. P. Davydov. 1961. Adsorption of Pu^ ' on the
Surface of Glass. Radiokhimiya. 111:165-172.
The adsorption of Pu(IV) on glass as a function of pH was shown to be
reversible below pH 3.2. The Pu adsorption coefficient steadily rises from
0.7 at pH 1.0 to 34.0 at pH 3.0, then falls to 4.1 on quartz glass. The
reversal is not due to a sign change on the Pu(IV) colloid because this was
shown not to occur below pH 8.0, but probably was due to the irreversible
adsorption of positively charged hydrolyzed forms of Pu(IV) on the surface
of solid impurities.
G-37
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Grebenshchikova, V. I. and Y. P. Davydov. 1961. A Study of the State of
Pu^lv' in Dilute Solutions of Nitric Acid. Radiokhimiya. 111:155-164.
At at Pu concentration of 6.8 x 10 M, the state of P»r ' in solution
was measured by: 1) adsorption on glass, 2) ultra-filtration, 3) centri-
fugation, and 4) migration in an electric field. The authors concluded that
Q
Pu(IV) at 6.8 x 10 M was in an ioi
colloidal form from pH 7.5 to 12.0.
-8
Pu(IV) at 6.8 x 10" M was in an ionic form from pH 2.8 to 7.5, and in true
Grebenshchikova, V. I. and Y. P. Davydov. 1965. State of Pu^ ' in the Region
of pH = 1.0-12.0 at a Plutonium Concentration of 2.10'5 M. Radiokhimiya.
7:191-5.
The interplay of polymerization and coagulation processes were studied
as the pH increased. Up to pH 7.5 to 8.0, colloidal Pu particles possess a
positive charge. Above pH 8.0, the charge becomes negative. From pH 1.5
to 4.5, Pu(IV) colloids are from 1-3 to 30-40 urn in size. From pH 4.5-10.5,
colloids are precipitated by centrifuging, with a visible precipitate of
Pu(IV) hydroxide from pH 6.0-8.5 and a size of greater than 40 ym. At pH
8.0 to 8.5, the isoelectric point-for Pu colloids occurs at the above Pu
concentration.
Grebenshchikova, V. I., Y. P. Davydov, and A. S. Pershin. 1971. The
Adosrption of Plutonium (+4) on a Precipitate of Barium Sulfate. Soviet
Radiochemistry. 13:457-459.
Mechanisms relating to the adsorption of plutcnium (IV) on a barium
sulfate precipitate at various solution pHs, electrical ootential and
time are evaluated, (auth)
Griffiths, J. C., J. A. Cochran, D. W. Groff, and J. S. Kahn. 1954.
Petrographical Investigations of the Salt Wash Sediments. RME-3106.
Investigations into the general petrographic background of ore-bearing
sediments in the Salt Wash member of the Morrison formation are completed.
The first part is an introduction to the problem and a discussion of the
physical and chemical characteristics of the ore-bearing sediments. Part II
is concerned with the use of bulk density measurements to characterize the
ore-bearing sediments. The bulk density variation was investigated to form
G-38
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a quantitative basis for sampling the sediments but the stratification of
the sediments into units either on the basis of lithology or cementation
failed to increase the efficiency of the sampling pattern. Part III describes
an investigation into the grain packing of the sediments and establishes that
the packing in sediments near an ore-bearing sandstone zone is different from
that in a barren sandstone. This analysis serves to confirm the nature of
the physical attributes of the ore trap. The emphasis is on textural arrange-
ment which is different in the ore-zone from the barren zone sediments. Part
IV describes the results of dye testing the sediments both in the field and
the laboratory. This simple test appears to be an effective tool for use in
the correlation of mud-stone horizons. The results accruing from a field
excursion over the Colorado Plateau and the implications of lithological
description in the field are described. Part VI is concerned with semiquanti-
tative spec-trographic analysis of ore-bearing sediments and mudstones from
the well cores of Bull Canyon. The concentration of these elements appears to
be somewhat higher than would be expected in average sediments and suggests
that the sedimentary rocks on the Colorado Plateau are unusually rich in
"trace" elements. It may be concluded that on the basis of a very considerable
background of petrographic information on the Salt Wash sediments the differ-
ences between ore-bearing and barren sediments are differences of degree not
kind. The problem of locating ore in the Salt Wash member reduces to the
selection of suitable criteria for differentiating the ore-bearing from barren
sediments. These criteria must be capable of being measured by techniques
which possess a reasonably high degree of precision and the criteria must be
related to the characteristics which are associated with ore in the sediments.
(auth)
Grigal, D. F. 1971. Calcium Cycling: Diffusion into a Forest Soil.
CONF-710501-P1, pp. 218-224.
Calcium-45 was introduced into red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees in
spring, and the leaves were harvested in autumn and laid on the floor of
45
an oak-hickory forest. Movement of Ca from the leaves into other
components of the ecosystem, and particularly into the soil and soil-water
G-39
-------
systems, was monitored for two winters and the intervening summer by
periodic sampling of soil, litter, and soil-water. After 72 weeks,
45
approximately 50% of the Ca had moved into the soil. Activity of the
isotope decreased exponentially with depth and little had moved below
20 cm. Some of the isotope had also cycled through the surrounding
vegetation and back to the soil surface. The Ca did not move into
the soil in solution but instead moved by surface or exchange diffusion
along the soil particles. A grain-boundary diffusion model, which infers
rapid diffusion along pores and slow diffusion into soil peds, was used
45
to predict this movement. The Ca initially introduced into the system •
is accounted for by that observed in the litter and that predicted by
the model in the soil. The results imply that studies that emphasize soil
solution, as with tension lysimeters, may not provide sufficient information
with which to describe movement of naturally incorporated cations from
leaf litter into soil. The results further indicate that after introduced
fertilizer cations are initially fixed either chemically by the soil or
biologically by the macro- and microflora, losses of such cations from
the system are likely to be'small. (auth)
Grimaldi, F. S. and M. M. Schnepfe. 1971. Determination of Iodine in
the P.P.M. Range in Rocks. Anal. Chem. Acta. 53:181-184.
The article describes an analytical procedure summarized as:
Alk
rn *- Tf)
' 1U 1U
'3 KMn04 1U3 SnSO^ l
The iodine is extracted into carbon tetrachloride and determined
spectrophotometrically.
Grindler, J. E. 1962. The Radiochemistry of Uranium. NAS-NS-3050.
Various chapters of the publication deal with general review of
chemistry, isotopes, features (such as solution chemistry, spearation
of uranium, determination procedures, and dissolution) of uranium chemistry
that are of chief interest to radiochemists, and collection of detailed
procedures for uranium analysis.
G-40
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ligration of Radio Elements in the Soil. Mem., Ass. Int.
Istanbul. 8:392-414 (in French).
is presented of the studies of various factors affecting
ribution, and dispersion of radionuclides in the soil. The
aste material, physico-climatic, and biological properties
il media are discussed. Tabulated data are included in the
ious methods of detection based on chemisorption, exchange,
aging calibration. (NSA)
1965. Estestvennaya Radioaktivnost' Rastenii I Pochv.
latural radioactivity of plants and soils and its significance
soil fertility are summarized. Methods of studying natural radio-
etermining U, Ra, Th, Po, and other natural radioelements in
are discussed. The nature of radioactivity of various types of
lal soils and the radiation field produced by this radioactivity
are described. New data are included on the biophysical and
esses on which the effects of radioactivity on growth depend.
oactivity in the origin of life on earth and in the evolution of
i. The physiological role of natural radioactivity, the signifi-
iioactive properties of an element essential to plant nourishment,
practical uses of naturally radioactive elements are discussed.
and E. F. Gloyna. 1973. Radioactivity Transport in Water: Final
,cal Report No. 22. ORO-23.
are undertaken to obtain a more accurate concept of the transport
es in aquatic systems. Various stages of this research were com-
lished previously in progress reports, and are listed in the rafer-
reports describe the dispersion, uptake, release, and transport of
1 Ru, s Co, and Cr. Transport data were obtained by conducting
adel river, and field tests. Canal, river, and estuarine environment
G-41
-------
provided the necessary field information on hydrodynamic dispersion and on
uptake and release of radionuclides by sediments. Model river data provided
most of the useful uptake and release information involving special sediments,
plants, and aquatic environments. Topics discussed include the factors affect-
ing radionuclide transport, the use of model rivers to study continuous release
of radionuclides, and the influence of various environmental factors on the accu-
mulation and desorption of mercurials by a fresh water alga. Radioactive isotopes
of mercury in the form of mercuric mercury and methyl mercury were used as
tracers. (NSA)
Gromov, V. V. 1975. Investigation of the Behavior of Trace Elements in Ocean
Water by the Desorption Method. BNL-tr-611.
239 106
Studies were conducted on the absorption and desorption of Pu, Ru,
99 60 54
Tc, Co, and Mn in equilibrium with seawater. Equations are developed
for absorption and desorption of trace elements by various sorbents. Samples
of ocean sediments were contaminated with radioisotopes and desorption was
carried out with fresh water. Kd constants of the elements are tabulated for
different types of bottom sediments and typical curves of the amounts of dif-
ferent elements present in the carbonate sediment are presented. (NSA)
Gromov, V. V. and V. I. Spitsyn. 1974. Influence of Photoplankton on the
Physicochemical State of 239pu, 10
-------
O-5Q ] flC QQ
Gromov, V. V. and V. I. Spitsyn. 1974. Sorption of J3Pu, u Ru, and r3Tc
by Bottom Sediments of the Pacific Ocean. Sov. Radiochem. 16:157-162.
239
An investigation was made of the absorption of microamounts of Pu,
Ru, and Tc by the most common sediments of the Pacific Ocean (deep sea
red clay, carbonate sediment, diatomite ooze, and also hydrogenic sediment).
It was established that red clay and carbonate sorb radioactive products most
effectively. The radioactive isotopes studied may be arranged in the follow-
1QC 239 99
ing sequence with respect to the degree of absorption: Ru > Pu > Tc.
It was shown that in sea water several equilibrium physicochemical forms corres-
106 99
pond to the given radioisotopes: Ru has several sorbable forms, while Tc
evidently exists in the form of the difficultly sorbable anion TcOT (the initial
form added to the sea water), (auth)
Gromov, V. V., V. V. Surikov, and Yu. A. Bogdanov. 1972. Absorption of Yttrium-91,
Niobium-95, and Cerium-141 by Suspension and Bottom Deposits of the Indian Ocean.
Sov. Radiochem. 14:834-8.
The adsorption capacity of the bottom deposits and surface suspension,
collected in different portions of the Indian Ocean, was investigated. It was
established that various groups of sorbents studied can be arranged in the
following series according to the degree of their absorptive capacity: bottom
deposits, Foraminifera > surface suspension > zooplankton. It was found that
niobium-95, in contrast to cerium-141 and yttrium-91, is sorbed most completely
by carbonate or weakly carbonate sediments. On the other hand, regardless of
the nature of the sorbent, radiocerium is absorbed most effectively from sea
water (Krf > lO6-^7). (auth)
Gross, M. G. 1967. Distribution and Movement of Radioactive Continental
Shelf Sediment, Northwestern United States. RLO-1725-73.
The results of studies made from 1961 to 1963 on the radioactivity and
movement of sediments on the Continental Shelf near the Columbia River are
reviewed. Sediments contained radioactivity from naturally occurring radio-
nuclides, radioactive fallout from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons,
G-43
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and radionuclides released from Hanford. Results of the studies do not indi-
cate whether the entire sediment or only certain size fragments are moving.
Data on the velocity of near bottom currents are not available but it appears
that radioactive particles move at speeds of 0.08 to 0.16 cm/sec. (NSA)
Gross, M. G. 1966. Distribution of Radioactive Marine Sediment Derived from
The Columbia River. Journal of Geophysical Research. 71:2017-2021.
Sediment from the continental shelf off Washington and Oregon contains
radionuclides from the Hanford reactors. The distribution of radioactive sedi-
ment in 1963 indicated that particulate matter from the Columbia River is
deposited near the river mouth and moves dominantly northward on the continental
shelf. The distribution is apparently controlled by the variable wind and
surface current regime near the Washington-Oregon coast. Radionuclides derived
from atmospheric fallout were ubiquitous in the continental shelf sediments.
(auth)
Gross, M. G. 1972. Sediment-Associated Radionuclides from the Columbia River.
Ul_: Columbia River Estuary and Adjacent Ocean Waters. A. T. Parter (ed.)
U. of W. Press, pp. 736-54.
Gamma-ray spectrometry was used to determine abundances of naturally
occurring radionuclides ( K and Bi), fallout fission products ( Zi— Nb,
103Ru-103Rh, and U1Ce), and radionuclides from the Hanford reactors (50Co,
Zn, Cr, and Mn) in sediment from the northeast Pacific Ocean near the
Columbia River mouth. Naturally occurring radionuclides were ubiquitous in
the sediments; on the continental shelf their activity levels were nearly
constant and generally exceeded the levels of other radionuclides except near
the Columbia River mouth. Fission products were widely dispersed in 1963 and
showed highest activities near the river mouth as did the radionuclides from
Hanford. Both the Hanford radionuclides and the fission products were slightly
more abundant and more widespread north of the river mouth than south
Northward-setting near-bottom currents on the continental shelf off Washington
and Oregon apparently cause the northward skewing of the distributions of
G-44
-------
Hanford and fission-product radionuclides. The surface layer (1 cm thick)
of the sediment contains about 11" of the Cr and about 14% of the °Zn reser-
voir supported by the average 1963 discharge of sediment-associated radio-
nuclides in the continental-shelf sediment in the area studied may be as much
as three times as large as the activity of the 1-cm-thick surface layer.
(auth)
Gross, M. G., D. A. McManus, and J. S. Creager. 1963. Preliminary Report on
the Sediments and Radioactivity'in the Vicinity of the Columbia River Effluent.
Brown Bear Cruise 291 (July 29-August 12, '61), 311, (July 23-August 14, '62)
Tech. Rpt. No. 84. TID-20200.
The sediments in the area affected by the runoff from the Columbia River
were studied to determine the distribution of sediment types and the presence
and amount of radioactivity in the sediments. The study of the dispersal
processes and distributional patterns of the sediment and its radioactivity is
in the initial phase of a three-phase program. Various sedimentological
analyses of 178 samples provided preliminary data on sediment distribution.
The inner part of *tie continental shelf is covered with sand which grades into
silt along the outer part of the shelf. The sediment of the abyssal plains is
principally a silty clay, although local coarsening of the sediment is produced
by the accumulation of microorganisms. The presence of quartz sand in samples
from the abyssal plain appears to be restricted to those samples collected from
deep-sea channels. Analyses of the gamma spectra of sediments collected near
the Columbia River mouth in 1961 indicate that radionuclides, in addition to
40
the naturally occurring K , are present in the sediments. The sandy sediments
from Grays Harbor and the beaches adjacent to the Columbia River had very low
activities although Cr51, Zn55, Co57, and Co60 were detected, (auth)
Grove, D. B. 1969. The Development of Theoretical Equations to Describe
the Flow of a Radioactive Ion in Ground Water. SC-CR-68-3637.
A mathematical modeling study of the flow of trace concentration of ions
through a porous media is described. The theoretical work was oerformed as
an aid in evaluating possible hazards resulting from the earth burial of a
SNAP device containing radioactive fuel material, (auth)
G-45
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Grove, D. B. 1970. Method to Describe the Flow of Radioactive Ions in
Ground Water. Final Report, Dec. 1, 1966-June 30, 1968. SC-CR-70-6139.
An equation based on instantaneous ion exchange and on a linear adsorp-
tion isotherm predicts ionic concentrations in the groundwater systems as a
function of time and position. This equation accounts for radioactive decay,
ion exchange, and longitudinal hydraulic dispersion. Critical constants
necessary for solution include groundwater velocity, ion exchange distribu-
tion coefficient, exchange ratio, and dispersion coefficient. The need for
simplicity dictates the use of an equilibrium concept rather than a rate
process to describe the ion exchange reaction in the predictive equation.
(auth)
Gruner, J. W. 1956. Concentration of Uranium in Sediments by Multiple Migration-
Accretion. Econ. Geol. 51:495-520.
The continual expansion of the areas in which uranium finds are being
reported in sedimentary rocks makes the hypothesis that the metal was trans-
ported by solutions hydrothermal in origin entirely inadequate. Solutions, which
originally by their very nature were concentrated, would have had to be dispersed
over vast areas with exactly the opposite effect of that necessary to make work-
able deposits. Weathering and erosion of Precambrian granitic rocks in volumes
of many thousands of cubic miles has occurred since Pennsylvanian time in the
eight western states which make up our uranium province. If we add to these
granites the small amounts of volcanic tuffs, the uranium contained in these
rocks staggers the imagination, it being at least as large as 400 million tons
and probably several times this figure, (auth)
Gruzdev, B. I. 1971. Combined Analysis of Some Components of a Biogeocoenosis
During a Study of the Migration of Radioactive Elements. Metody Radioekol.
Issled. pp. 54-8 (in Russian).
Investigation of U and Ra migration in a system plant-mineral showed that
Ra was accumulated by all experimental plants more readily than U. Combined
analysis of plants and their mineral substratum indicated that the biological
accumulation coefficient for uranium was 0.02-6.8, increasing in the sequence
G-46
-------
mosses < foliaceous lichens < fruticose lichens < shrubs < trees. Corres-
ponding values for Ra were higher, the highest accumulation being found
in mountain ash and Korean rhododendron. (CA)
Gruzdev, B. I. and D. M. Rubtsov. 1972. Accumulation of Thorium, Uranium
and Radium by Plants and Organogeneous Horizons of Soils. IH_: Radio-
ekologichoeskie Issledovaniya v Prirodnykh Bigeotsenozakh. I. N. Verkhovskava
(ed.). Izdatelistvc Nauka, Moscow, USSR. pp. 112-123.
The accumulation and distribution of thorium, uranium, and radium in
plants of the taiga zone was studied in relation to the content of radio-
elements in the soil. Only radium is accumulated by plants in substantial
quantities, its biological accumulation coefficients as a rule exceeding 1.0.
It was found that the European mountain ash (Scorbus aucuparia L.) is possessed
a selective capacity of radium absorption, expressed in its high absolute
content (up to n. 10(E-8)%) and characterized by a significant (up to 100)
accumulation coefficient. Uranium and thorium accumulation coefficients are
as a rule lower than 1, decreasing to 0.09 to 0.01 with a considerable increase
of thorium in the soil. The study of the distribution of radieelements in
plants showed that the greatest quantities of these elements concentrate in
the older organis and tissues (bark, branches, wood) and the least in young
ones (leaves, inflorescences). It is shown that radium, uranium, and thorium
are elements with an acropetal distribution. The accumulation of thorium in
forest litters follows the same trend as in the vegetative cover, that is no
enrichment of the humus horizon with thorium is observed at a high content of
this element in the soil, (auth)
1 dA 14.4 1 "37 Qn
Grzybowska, 0. 1967. '^Ce + ' ' Pr, u/Cs and yuSr Content in Soil in
Poland in the Year 1964. CLOR-63/D.
Radiochemical analyses of surface-layer samples (0 to 5 cm) of soil from
the vicinity of Warsaw in 1964 showed an average content of 89 mCi to Ce-144 +
Pr-144/km2, 24 mCi Cs-137/km2 and 20 mCi Sr-90/km2. Among the most frequently
occurring in Poland's 4 kinds of soil, silt presented the highest radioactivity.
G-47
-------
Detailed results of radionuclide content as well as additional deter-
minations (incineration coefficient, the total sum of exchangeable bases,
pH, calcium and potassium content) are presented in tables and diagrams.
The results of determination in layer samples from 0 to 30 cm showed that
the surface layer (0 to 5 cm) contains about 90% of radioelements detected
in the 0 to 30 cm layer, (auth)
Gudiksen, P. H. and 0. D. T. Lynch, Or. 1975. Radioactivity Levels in
Eniwetok Soil. Health Physics. 29:17-25.
A radiological survey was performed to define the distributions of
radioactivity within the soil on the islands in the Eniwetok Atoll,
a former U.S. nuclear weapons test site in the Pacific. Soil samples
were collected on each of the 40 islands within the atoll. Special emphasis
in terms of increased sample collections, was given to islands expected to
have been the most affected by the testing program as well as those con-
sidered to be the most likely sites for future habitation. The predominant
radionuclides observed in the samples were Sr, Cs, Pu, and Co.
In general, the activities appeared to approximate log-normal distributions.
Geometric mean values were determined for each area exhibiting significantly
different radiological characteristics. The distribution of activity with
soil depth shows a wide range of variations. The island of Yvonne is the
most contaminated land area within the atoll. Particles containing as much
as several milligrams of plutonium are randomly scattered on or near the
surface over most of the northern part of the island. In addition, the
northern tip of the island includes the highest external gamma levels (500
to 750 mu R/hr) due to soil radioactivity found on the atoll, (auth)
Guegueniat, P. 1975. Physio-Chemical Behavior of Fission Ruthenium in
the Marine Environment. CEA-R-4644 (in French).
A study was made of the physico-chemical behavior and fate in sea-
water of Ru, a fission product released by nuclear fuel reprocessing
plants into the environment as nitrato and nitro complexes of nitro-
sylruthenium (RuNo). Preliminary investigations on the properties of
G-48
-------
nitrato complexes in various HNO, media were used as a basis to the study
1 nc
on their behavior in sea-water, where Ru showed two competitive reactions:
formation of soluble chloro-derivatives, and hydrolysis leading to the
formation of polymers constituent of colloids and semi-colloids. The latter
ones occuring mostly in the case of solutions of low specific activity
could neither be retained on filters (O.lu) nor sediment by ultracentrifugation;
a procedure based on the use of cationic resins in electrolytic medium was
developed in order to study their properties and remove the truly soluble
fraction. The soluble forms (3 anionic, 1 neutral, 2 cationic) were bound
together by equilibrium reactions that determined the contamination kinetics
of the carriers studied (algae, mussels, sediments). Following the fast
disappearance, more or less important according to the cases, of some forms
(cationic, colloidal, semi-colloidal forms carrying positive charges) the
unretained (mainly anionic) were slowly changed into forms that could be
retained with a speed always determining a contamination proportional to
the logarithm of time. As to nitro-complexes, the contamination of algae
and sediments, though, resulting from slower reactions, was also proportional
to the logarithm of time. Finally, a procedure for the determination of
Ru in seawater, allowing for the existence of equilibrium reactions, is
presented together with some in situ results, (auth)
Guegueniat, P. and J. LeGall. 1972. Fixation of Ruthenium-106 on Various
Types of Sediments. CEA-CONF-2223 (in French).
A laboratory study was made of the interaction in seawater of Ru with
mud sediments samples along the Ranee estuary. After three weeks of contact
two forms were isolated: soluble forms representing 20 to 40" of the initial
Ru and insoluble forms representing 20 to 30% of the initial Ru. A strong
fixation of the Ru on the walls of the receptacle was noted. The hydrolyzed
forms are rapidly fixed on the sediments, but the fixation of the soluble
forms is only partial. One sample rich in iron oxide and devoid of car-
bonates fixed 91% of the Ru. (NSA)
G-49
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Gurskii, G. V., V. K. Lukashev, and V. A. Tolkach. 1967. Uranium and
Radium in the Zone of Active Water Exchange of the Northeast Part of the
Pripyat Basin. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 11:1017-20 (in Russian).
The results of the determination of the content of uranium and radium
in different types of water of the active water-exchange zone were reported.
Some regularities of the distribution of these elements, expressed in the
increase of the content of uranium in the chloromagnesium waters and the
decrease of radium in the water of a sulfate-sodium state, were established.
The ratio of radium to uranium was determined and the displacement of the
radioactive equilibrium toward some increase of the radium content was
noted. The coefficients of water migration for the elements studied were
calculated as 1 for uranium and 8 for radium. The character of the dis-
tribution of uranium and radium in water and surrounding rocks was examined.
(auth)
Gurskii, G. V. and S. A. Tikhonov. 1966. Uranium and Radium Geochemistry
in Sod-Podzolic Soils of Belorussia. Dok. Akad. Nauk. Beloruss. SSR.
10:763-5 (in Russian).
The contents of U and Ra in sod-podzolic soils in glacial-lacustrine,
loess-like, morainic, and fluvio-glacial loams and in wind-blown sand were
studied. The total content and the content in the fractions <0.001 mm
from the sections 2-22C cm were determined. The results are presented in
the tables. The content of U is (0.2-5.0) x 10"4 , Ra (0.9-4.83) x 10"10
c/o. The distributions of U and Ra with respect to particle dimension,
depth of sampling, and the type of loam are discussed. (CA)
Guskova, V. N. and A. N. Bragina. 1962. On the Radioactivity of Soil
(2nd Communication). Gig. Sanit. 27:103-5 (in Russian).
An analysis of 193 samples taken from various regions in the Soviet
Union in 1958 indicated a natural total soil 3 radioactivity of 0.166 up
to 3.5 C/km2. The K40 activity was from 3 x 10~9 to 1.8 x 10"8 C/kg; the
-9 -8
radioactivity of the grassy cover was from 2 x 10 to 7 x 10 C/kg.
G-50
-------
-8 -8
The radioactivity of 50% of the samples was 1 x 10" to 3 x 10 C/kg with
-8 8
a mean of 1.4 x 10 C/kg. The radioactivity of plant roots was 1 x 10"
8 8
to 3 x 10 C/kg, with a mean of 2 x 10 C/kg. In a 5-cm surface layer,
the distribution of activity was 95.2 to 99.2" in the soil, with only a
small percentage in the grassy cover and roots. (NSA)
G-51
-------
Habashi, F. 1962. Correlation Between the Uranium Content of Marine
Phosphates and Other Constituents. Econ. Geol. 57:1081-4.
Sulfate and uranium appear to be genetically related in phosphorites.
From the analysis of seven samples of sedimentary phosphates of different
origin, it was found that the uranium content increases with decreasing
sulfate content. This is attributed to the formation of sulfate complexes
of uranium during sedimentation processes. The increase of uranium content
with increasing P^O,- content previously reported in the literature was
verified. A sample of magmatic phosphate was found not to behave in a
manner similar to the sedimentary phosphate, (auth)
Haberer,. K. 1969. Radionuclides in Water. Distribution, Application,
Measurement, and Removal. Thiemig-Taschenbuecher, Band 17.
Topics covered include: properties of radioactive materials and
their effects on man; measurement of radioactive materials in water;
origin, distribution, and properties of radioactive materials in waters;
the behavior of radioactive materials in soils and waters; the removal
of radioactive material from water; and the use of radionuclides in the
hydroeconomy. (NSA)
Q0
Haeussermann, W. and H. Schreiber. 1967. Investigations of the Sr -
Contents in Soils. Atompraxis. 13:303-6 (in German).
90
The results of more than 200 determinations of the Sr-contents
in soils during 1960 to 1964 down to 20 cm in depth are given. The annual
amount of precipitation on the different collection places across the
Black Forest ranges from 780 to 2200 mm. The variations in time of the
90
Sr activity and the distribution in depth are discussed, (auth)
Hagemann, R. 1976. Nuclear Knowledge Drawn From the Study of the Oklo
Phenomenon, Estimation of the Age and Life of the Reactions. Study of
the Migration of Fission Products. Rev. Gen. Nucl. No. 2:133-140 (in
French).
The natural fossile reactors of Oklo (Gabon), preserved almost
intact for two billion years, represent a field of investigation which is
extremely useful and up to now unique. The operation of these reactors
H-l
-------
has deeply transformed the chemical and isotopic composition of the minerals
existing in the reaction zones. The chemical and isotopic analysis of the
fission products is possible for the first time after the complete decay of
the radioactive isotopes. The methods applied or specially developed to
estimate the age and life of the nuclear reactions are described. The study
of uranium and fission product distribution in the reaction zones enables the
migration of fission products stored in sedimentary soils for 1800 million
years to be determined. (A)
Haghiri, F. 1968. Detailed Characterization of Soil and Vegetation of"
Selected Sites to Serve as Basis for Future Evaluation of Effect of
Radioactive Contamination. Technical Progress Rept. Mar. 1 '68-Nov. 26, '68.
COO-414-8.
Runoff water, leachate water and plant samples from field micro-plots
90 90
were assayed for Sr and stable Ca. The removal of Sr by the above
materials as influenced by cropping systems and soil management practices
90
is presented. Over a six year period the percent Sr activities in runoff
water from micro plots decreased while the activities in leachate water
increased with time. High rates of lime increased the yield of corn fodder
90
and grain and decreased the Sr uptake by corn. Over a six year period
on on
total Sr removed from plots treated with Sr was 14.683, 12.305, 11.294,
10.073 and 7.328% for gravel mulch, rotation "a", continuous corn, rotation
90
"b" and permanent grass, respectively. The activities of Sr in the leach-
90 90
ate obtained from Sr treated soils were not different from Sr plus para-
quat treated soils. Similar results were obtained for Ca. The
ineffectiveness of paraquat appears to be due to the low amount of applied
paraquat. The relationsnip between the levels of paraquat applied to various
90
soil types and Sr adsorption by soils was studied. In general, the percent
Sr not adsorbed by soil increased with increasing level of added paraquat.
90
The percent Sr not absorbed by soil was negatively correlated with %
organic matter, % clay, pH and Mg contents of soil. Small quantitites of
QO
Sr were detected in leachates of the soil columns incubated with plant
90 90
tissue containing Sr. The largest quantities of Sr in the leachates
H-2
-------
were from the Wooster soil and from the corn tissue. In the leachate of
90
the Muck soil samples, Sr was detected only from the soybean treatment.
90
For the Plainfield sand, Sr was detected only from the corn treatment.
Drying (at 105°C) the soil samples after the adsorption of Sr increased
the quantities of water soluble Sr. The liquid phase also had more color,
suggesting a higher concentration of organic compounds. These soil sam-
ples were extracted with water solutions of various organic compounds. Phytic
acid was the most efficient extractor of Sr from the soil samples. Glucuronic
acid and citric acid were next best and dextrose was the poorest. Pectic acid,
glycine and pyrocatechnol were intermediate, (auth)
Haglund, D.S. 1968. The Distribution of Uranium in Recent Carbonate Sedi-
ments and Skeletons of Organisms and the Effect of Diagenesis on Uranium
Redistribution. Thesis. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
A study of the uranium concentrations of calcium carbonate skeletons
from recent molluscs, corals, algae, hydrozoans, and a barnacle and uncon-
•
solidated skeletal sands was undertaken to establish relations between
environmental, mineralogical, and taxonomic control of uranium uptake. In
addition, two suites of carbonate sediments each composed of recent uncon-
solidated marine beach sands and consolidated Pleistocene limestones were
examined to establish the effect of fresh water alteration on the uranium
content.
Analytical work included uranium analyses by the fission track powder
method and quantitative mineralogy by X-ray diffraction techniques. Environ-
mental designations of the samples are made of the basis of geomorphology.
The mean uranium content of all samples is 1.08 ppm, which is approxi-
mately half of the uranium clarke of limestones. The difference is due to
the influence of low uranium molluscs and the exclusion of non-carbonate
held uranium. The uranium concentration ranges of each environmental exhi-
bit broad overlap between the environments. Gross sample uranium content
is not judged to be a reliable environmental indicator.
H-3
-------
Corals contain an average uranium content of 2.96 ppm and aragonitic marine
molluscan shells contain an average of 0.15 ppm. A taxonomic effect on
uranium uptake exists for the corals and the molluscs containing all or
some calcite are among those molluscs with the lowest uranium content.
The uranium content of the fresh water samples shows a biomodal dis-
tribution. One mode contains pure aragonite molluscs with less than .02
ppm uranium, the other contains pure calcite samples with greater than .05
ppm uranium. The calcite samples include oncolites, algal reef sands, and
inorganic precipitates. The distinction between the uranium concentration
modes is related to the ability of molluscs to discriminate against uranium
incorporation in their shells.
The mean uranium concentration per environment of all recent molluscs
appears to be related to the salinity of the environment although broad
overlap exists for all environments. The uranium concentration of samples
from cores of the marine environment indicate the uranium concentration of
the skeletal sands is constant while the samples are in contact with marine
water. The uranium content of core samples from fresh water environment
decreases with depth in core and is related to increasing crystallinity
of the calcite grains.
Uranium concentrations of the recent and Pleistocene carbonate sedi-
ments from Bermuda and the Mediterranean Coast of Israel are compared to
accepted indicators of fresh water alteratioa Aragonite and uranium con-
tents of the beach sands show a trend with high positive correlation, an
effect of the coral content of the sands. An inverse relation exists
between the uranium and Mg-calcite content of the beach sands. As the fresh
water metastable aragonite and Mg-calcite are removed from the sediment
system and the sample type changes from unconsolidated beach sand to con-
solidated limestone there is a concomitant decrease in uranium content. The
uranium and calcite concentrations show an inverse relation and indicate
the product of fresh water alteration, calcite, rejects uranium. The uranium-
stable carbon and oxygen isotope relations for the Bermuda suite are incon-
clusive whereas the same plots for the Israeli Coast suite show a direct
H-4
-------
relation between decreasing uranium content and increasingly negative delta
values. The relations of uranium and accepted fresh water alteration indi-
cators provide converging lines of evidence indicating that fresh water
dissolution and replacement of marine carbonate sediments causes a reduc-
tion, up to 50 percent over the Pleistocene period, in total sample uranium
content, (auth)
Haglund, D.S., G.M. Friedman, and D.S. Miller. 1969. The Effect of Fresh-
Water on the Redistribution of Uranium in Carbonate Sediments. J. Sediment.
Petrol. 39:1283-96.
The uranium concentration of two independent carbonate sediment sample
suites was studied to establish the effect of fresh water alteration on the
redistribution of uranium. Recent carbonate sands and their ancient analogs
were studied in Bermuda and along the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea
in Israel. The results of the uranium analyses are compared to established
indicators of fresh water alteration in carbonate sediments. Interpreta-
tion of the data from both areas yields the same conclusions. As the meta-
stable minerals aragonite and Mg-calcite are removed by fresh water from the.
sediment system and the sample type changes from unconsolidated carbonate
sand to consolidated limestone there is a concomitant decrease in uranium
content. The uranium and calcite concentrations show an inverse relation
and indicate that the product of fresh water alteration, calcite, accepts
less uranium than the original aragonite. The relationship between uranium
and the stable carbon and oxygen isotopes for the Bermuda suite is incon-
clusive, whereas the same plots for the Israeli Coast suite show a direct
relationship between decreasing uranium content and increasingly negative
delta values. The relations between uranium and established indicators
of fresh water alteration provide converging lines of evidence indicating
that fresh water dissolution and replacement of marine carbonates cause
a reduction, up to 50 percent over the Pleistocene samples, in total
sample uranium content, (auth)
H-5
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Hahofer, E. and F. Hecht. 1954. Determination of Uranium in Deep-Sea
Samples. Microchim. Acta. pp. 417-34.
A scheme is given for determing U in deep-sea sediments. It provides
for fusion with Na2 CO^, dissolving the melt in dillute HNO.,, removal of
the Si02 from HNO, solution rather than from HC1 solution as usual, extrac-
tion of U02(N03)2 with ether, or separation of U by paper chromatography.
The U is finally determined by measuring the intensity of fluorescence of
a NaF bead in which the U is concerned. The U content of Pacific Ocean
deep borings was approximately IX per gram of sediment. (CA)
Hajek, B.F. 1965. Adsorption, Migration, and Dispersion of Strontium and
Cesium in an N-Area Soil. BNWL-CC-208.
Experimental and mathematically derived results are presented which
characterize the adsorption, migration and dispersion in an N-Area soil of
Sr and Cs present in a simulated emergency waste water. Experimental results
from laboratory soil columns and equilibrium studies showed that the soil
at the proposed disposal site is more selective for Cs than Sr. The dis-
tribution coefficients were 420 and 43 ml/g for Cs and Sr respectively.
Extrapolation of column breakthrough data showed that 42 and 12 column
volumes of influent were required for 0.01 percent breakthrough for Cs
and Sr respectively. Calculations based on theoretical equations and equi-
librium distribution coefficients indicated that the average migration
rate of Cs through a soil column should be 1/10 the rate of Sr. The actual
migration rate of Cs through the column was 1/11 of the Sr rate. Migra-
tion rates in ground water were determined relative to ground water move-
ment: Migration rate of Sr = 1/100 rate of ground water movement, and
Migration rate of Cs = 1/1000 rate of ground water movement. Diffusion
coefficients determined for Sr and Cs in soil material indicate that
spreading of these adsorbed radionuclides by this mechanism is negligible.
O
The average infiltration rate was determined to be 170 gpd/ft . (auth)
H-6
-------
Hajek, B.F. 1965. Some Adsorption, Difussion, and Dispersion Characteris-
tics of Anions in Soils. BNWL-36IV, pp. 4.1-4.4.
Adsorption, diffusion and dispersion characterti sties of CT, PO/3,
-2 -2
CrO. and Cr?07 were determined in a Hanford soil. Adsorption selec-
-2 -3 -3 -2
tivity is Cr,07 > AsOA > POA > CrO, and Cl . Diffusion coefficients
62 62
ranged from 0.21 x 10" cm /sec to 1.2 x 10" cm /sec. Laboratory soil col-
umns were used to determine dispersion and rate of anion movement through
soil relative to flow rate, (auth)
Hajek, B.F. 1966. Dispersion Characteristics of Strontium in Soil Columns.
IN: Pacific Northwest Laboratory 1965 Annual Report in the Physical Sciences.
BNWL-235-3. Earth Sciences. 3:44.
The author found that the expression
x - t
c/co = 1 2 erfc
where
D is the dispersion coefficient,
v is the flow velocity,
x is the distance,
t is the time and,
b is the retardation factor or 1 + rK. (r is the ratio of solid mass
+2
to liquid volume), adequately predicted Sr distribution in soil
columns.
Hajek, B.F. 1966. Plutonium and Americium Mobility in Soils. BNWL-CC-925.
Laboratory scale diffusion and leaching experiments show that only a
small amount of plutonium from surface soil material in the 216-Z-9 crib
is mobile. About 0.1 percent of the plutonium can be leached by invading
groundwater; however, the leach rate is slow and plutonium migration, after
being leached into lower soil layers, is about 10 times less than the
transporting solution velocity. Movement by diffusion will be negligible
in a ten half-life period, (auth)
H-7
-------
Hajek, B.F. 1966. Radionuclide Migration in Soil Columns - Development
of a Computer Program. W: Pacific Northwest Laboratory 1965 Annual Report
in the Physical Sciences. BNWL-235-3. Earth Sciences. 3:43.
A computer program is described that predicts radionuclide distribu-
tion in simple systems. The program divides the column into n cells and
successively describes the changes in these cells as influent is added at
the column top. The volume of input solution, soil weight and radionuclide
K. are required input data.
Hajek, B.F. 1967. Trace Strontium Adsorption in a Partially Saturated
Transient System. BNWL-715 (Pt. 4), pp. 50-6.
The results of a study on the movement of trace quantities of
strontium in a sodium solution invading dry soil are presented. (NSA)
Hajek, B.F. 1968. Dispersion Characteristics of Strontium in Soil Columns:
Partially Saturated Transient Flow. BNWL-481-3, pp. 39-42.
An experiment for determining the migration and dispersion charac-
teristics of strontium ions invading soil in two partially saturated tran-
sient systems is described. Porous soil was packed into a tray and a solu-
85
tion of 0.1 N^ Sr(NO,)2 traced with Sr introduced. The quantity of wetting
solution and position of the wetting front were recorded, the flow stopped,
and the soil samples analyzed for moisture and strontium content.
It was concluded that no model could be successfully used to predict Sr
dispersion in soils, and that the solution flow rate had little effect on
the Sr dispersion at equivalent distances migrated. (NSA)
Hajek, B.F. and L.L. Ames, Jr. 1968. Strontium and Cesium Equilibrium
Distribution Coefficients: Batch and Column Determinations. BNWL-SA-343.
Studies were made to determine the agreement between batch and column
experimental methods used to determine equilibrium constants for cesium
and strontium in macro and trace soil systems. In batch methods the solu-
tion-to-soil ratio used significantly affected the distribution coefficient
in some systems. This was especially evident for trace cesium in ground
water. Equilibrium distribution coefficients determined by use of small
columns should eliminate volume effects. Some secondary reactions may
cause some desorption during throughput. (NSA)
H-8
-------
Hajek, B.F. and K.C. Knoll. 1966. Disposal Characteristics of Plutonium
and Americium in a High Salt Acid Waste. BNWL-CC-649.
This study confirmed that adsorption of plutonium and americium on
soil material from the surface to ground water was minor from AAW waste
and showed that soil neutralization or complexing agents would not satis-
factorily improve adsorption. Gelling in soil pores could be induced by
partial neutralization; however, permeability was lost. Precipitation by
neutralization effectively scavenged both plutonium and americium in a
waste containing only saturation amounts of organic and produced a super-
nate with improved soil adsorption characteristics, (auth)
Haji-Vassiliou, A. 1969. The Association of Uranium with Naturally Occur-
ring Organic Materials in the Colorado Plateau and Other Areas. Thesis.
Columbia University.
Urano-organic associations may be divided into various types mainly
on the basis of their geological mode of occurrence. In order to under-
stand the nature of these associations more fully, the following problems
have been considered: the origin or source of the associated organic matter;
the form of occurrence of the associated uranium; and the probable mechanisms
responsible for their formation. Most of the types of associations studied
here represent occurrences in the Colorado Plateau area. Selected local-
ities include the sandstone-type deposits at Temple Mountain, Utah and at
Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico; the uraniferous carbonaceous shale near Gallup,
New Mexico; and the urano-organic matter in sulfides and altered volcanic
rocks at La Bajada, New Mexico. The non-Plateau occurrences are also
included: The uraniferous lignite of South Dakota, and the thucholite of
the Rand conglomerates of South Africa. The two basically different sources
of organic matter in rocks and sediments are terrestrial plant derivatives
(or coal) and petroleum derivatives. Geological evidence indicates that
both petroleum and plant derivatives have contributed to the formation of
the Temple Mountain ore. Similar evidence shows that plant derivatives
constitute the most probable source for the organic fractions in the urano-
organic deposits at Ambrosia Lake and Gallup, and, certainly, in the
uraniferous lignite. The mode of occurrence of the ore at La Bajada suggests
H-9
-------
petroleum as the source. The source for the thucholite is not clearly
differentiated in terms of geological evidence alone. Physical properties
did not decisively relate the origin of the impregnated organic matter to
either of the two basic sources, but furnished certain suggestions. These
suggestions became definite indications upon consideration of refractive
indices and chemical-structural data obtained mainly through organic ele-
mental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and vacuum differential thermal
analysis. A final consideration of both geological and physio-chemical
evidence indicates plant derivatives as a major source for the organic
components in all but one of the deposits. Petroleum is indicated as the
main source for the organic fractions in the La Bajada deposit, as well as
a major source (along with coal) for the Temple Mountain ore. Microscopic
and X-ray data show the presence of primary uranium minerals (uraninite or
coffinite) in the urano-organic ores at Temple Mountain and Ambrosia Lake,
and in the thucholite. No uranium minerals were identified in the La Bajaaa
ore or in the uraniferous organic shale. Only secondary uranium minerals
have been faund in the highly uraniferous lignite. The relationship of
the uranium content to the ash content of mechanically fractionated por-
tions of representative samples from each deposit indicates that most of
the uranium in the urano-organic materials from temple Mountain, Ambrosia
Lake, and La Bajada is related to the mineral content of these materials;
and most of the uranium content of the lignite and carbonaceous shale is
closely associated with the organic components. Several investigators
have demonstrated the capacity of organic matter to adsorb or reduce large
amounts of uranium from uranium-bearing solutions. In terms of the evi-
dence obtained on the nature of the urano-organic deposits, the accumulation
and deposition of most of the uranium in the lignite, the carbonaceous
shale, and the ore at Ambrosia Lake and La Bajada may be attributed to such
a capactiy for the organic components. The major mechanism of formation
of the South African Thucholite and the ore at Temple Mountinn seems to be
the pseudomorphic replacement of pre-existing uraninite by activated organic
matter. (NSA)
H-10
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85
Hakkinen, U.L. and E. Lakanen. 1974. Adsorption and Extraction of Sr
and 13?cs in Finnish Soils. IN: Comparative Studies of Food and Environ-
mental Contamination IAEA, Vienna, pp. 249-258.
Investigations on the adsorption and extraction of Sr and Cs in
Finnish top soils show that both nuclides are strongly adsorbed by mineral
soils. The adsorption of Sr in organic soils is also high, whereas Cs
adsorbed is considerably lower in organic soils than in mineral soils.
oc
Acid ammonium acetate extracts a large part of adsorbed Sr from mineral
soils; extraction from organic soils is lower. Cs extraction from
mineral soils is only between one quarter and a half of the corresponding
Sr extraction, whereas Cs extraction from organic soils is of same
QC
order or higher than Sr extraction from the same soils. From regression
analysis studies it was found that the adsorption of Sr and Cs
increases and their extraction decreases in most soil groups with increasing
clay content, pH-value, and exchangable calcium and potassium. Increasing
35
organic-matter content increases Sr adsorption and decreases its extrac-
tion, whereas the opposite is true for Cs. (auth)
Hakonson, I.E. 1972. Kinetics in a Montana Lake Ecosystem. Thesis.
Colorado State University.
This study was initiated to determine the kinetics of cesium in East
Twin Lake, a 5 hectare, natural semi-drainage lake, which lies at an ele-
vation of 2880 meters in the north-central Colorado Rockies. The lake,
which has a 7 meter maximum depth, is characterized by its extensive
littoral and emergent zones, emergent vegetation and dyseutrophic appear-
ance. One kilogram of Cs was introduced into the water of East Twin
Lake on September 15, 1970. Samples of water, seston, sediment, amphipods,
zooplankton, trout and three species of vegetation were obtained over a
393 day period following the dosing event. Stable cesium was measured by
neutron activation analysis. The loss of Cs from water occurred in
two phases. The rapid phase, which resulted in the loss of 60% of the
cesium from water, had a loss half-time of 0.5 days while the slow phase
had a loss half-time of 130 days. The seston fraction of each water sample
133
contained from 25" to 80% of the Cs present in each liter of unfiltered
H-ll
-------
water. Bottom sediments were identified as the major site of deposit
133
of the Cs dose. The sediment, at 393 days post-dosing, accounted for
82% of the Cs inventory in the lake whereas water and seston accounted
for only 3 and 14%, respectively. Amphipods and zooplankton reached equi-
1 -j-j
librium with the water within about three weeks after the Cs adminis-
tration and achieved concentration factors of about 700 and 150, res-
pectively. During mid-winter, however, these organisms showed increased
concentrations of Cs with concentration factors ranging up to 2800
and 400 for amphipods and zooplanton, respectively. Trout accumulated
the Cs more slowly than the invertebrates and reached a maximum concentra-
tion factor of about 5500 some 260 days following the dosing event. The
133 133
major parameters governing Cs accumulation in trout, namely the Cs
retention half-time and food intake, were shown to vary greatly throughout
1 33
the year. The simulation of the kinetics of Cs in the East Twin Lake
ecosystem was approached by utilizing the observed ingrowth data to solve
for the intercompartmental transfer rate constants. The constant coeffi-
cient model described the general behavior of the observed data very well.
The use of Cs as a tracer for Cs was both reliable and feasible.
-8 133
Absolute quantities as small as 10 grams of Cs were detectable. Con-
centrations of ' Cs and fallout Cs in trout muscle were significantly
correlated which indicated that the kinetic behavior of the isotopes was
similar. Furthermore, the stable tracer obviates the radiation protection
problems that would arise from contaminating a public water with a radio-
isotope of cesium. (NSA)
Hakonson, T.E. 1975. Environmental Pathways of Plutonium into Terrestrial
Plants and Animals. Health Physics. 29:583-538.
Attempts to assess the relative hazards (or lack of hazards) associated
with plutonium dissemination to the environment emphasize the need for
quantitative data to resolve the many unanswered questions regarding environ-
mental plutonium behavior. This review summarizes most of the available data
on plutonium in native terrestrial plants and animals and discusses some of
the known and speculative mechanisms by which plutonium moves into biota.
Factors which require consideration in preparing environmental plutonium
safety evaluations are discussed, (auth)
H-1Z
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Hakonson, I.E. and L.J. Johnson. 1973. Distribution of Environmental
Plutonium in the Trinity Site Ecosystem After 27 years. IH_: Proceedings
of the Third International Congress of the International Radiation Protec-
tion Association, pp. 242-247.
The results are presented for a radioecological survey of the Trinity
Site environs, where the world's first (July 1945} atomic bomb was detonated.
The temporal behavior of the low environmental levels of the plutonium pro-
duced by this detonation are discussed. The data from this study were
compared with similar data obtained in the Trinity Site Environs nearly 20
years ago. The major change which was observed was an increased migration
of Pu into the soils. Concentrations of Pu in vegetation and rodents were
too low to make valid comparisons, (auth)
Hakonson, T.E., L.J. Johnson and W.D. Purtymun. 1973. The Distribution of
Plutonium in Liquid Waste Disposal Areas at Los Alamos. IN;. Proceedings
of the Third International Congress of the International Radiation Protec-
tion Association, September 9-14, 1973, Washington, DC, CONF-730907-P1, pp.
248-253.
This paper descirbes an ecological investigation of plutonium in the
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory environs. Data are presented on the dis-
tribution of plutonium in the alluvial sediments, water, vegetation and
rodents from Mortandad Canyon, an area which has been used for liquid waste
disposal for 10 years.
Hakonson, T.E., J.W. Nyhan, L.J. Johnson and K.V. Bostick. 1973. Ecological
Investigation of Radioactive Materials in Waste Discharge Areas at Los Alamos
for the Period July 1, 1972 - March 31, 1973. LA-5282-MS.
The ecological research program at the Los Alamos Scientific Labora-
tory is described and, in addition, the progress made on current project
activities between July 1, 1972, and March 31, 1973 is summarized. Infor-
mation is presented on: an environmental inventory of the Los Alamos area;
a radionuclide inventory in three liquid waste disposal areas; studies to
determine the applicability of the honeybee as an indicator of environmental
radio-contamination; and a 27-year post-shot resurvey of the Trinity area
to determine the bioavailability of the plutonium from the world's first
nuclear detonation. Samples of soil, vegetation, rodents, turtles, insects,
rabbits, and snakes were analyzed for 137Cs, 60Co, 90Sr, 90Y, 133Ba, 152Eu,
155Eu, 241Am, 238Pu and 239Pu. (NSA)
H-13
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.Hakonson, I.E., J.W. Nyhan and W.D. Purtymum. 1975. Accumulation and Trans-
port of Soil Plutonium in Liquid Waste Discharge Areas at Los Alamos.
IAEA-SM-199/99.
The soils component of terrestrial ecosystems appears to be the major
reservoir of plutonium originating from both weapons and industrial sources.
Data presently available indicate that transport of plutonium within the
soils component and From soils to biotic components can occur by physical
processes with biological and chemical processes playing a largely unde-
fined role in the redistribution of this element. Relatively high concen-
trations of plutonium in native vegetation and in pelt and lung samples from
small ground dwelling rodents are usually attributed to resuspension processes
whereby the plutonium associated with the soil is redeposited on external
surfaces or is inhaled.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the accumulation and trans-
port of plutonium in the sediments of Mortandad Canyon in Los Alamos, New
Mexico. This area has received plutonium in treated liquid effluents since
1963. Data are presented on the horizontal distribution of plutonium and
total inventories in stream channel sediments for two sampling periods
spanning a seven month interval in 1972 and 1973. Data were also gathered
on the importance of storm runoff in the downstream transport of plutonium
contaminated sediment, (auth)
Hakonson, T.E. and F.W. Whicker. 1975. Cesium Kinetics in a Montana Lake
Ecosystem. Health Physics. 28:699-706.
The kinetics of cesium transport in East Twin Lake, a 5-ha, natural
semi-drainage lake which lies at an elevation of 2880 m in the north-central
Colorado Rockies were determined. One kilogram of Cs (as CsCl) was
introduced into the water of East Twin Lake. Samples of water, seston,
sediment, amphipods, zooplankton, trout and two species of vegetation were
obtained over a 393-day period following the dosing event. Stable cesium
was measured by neutron activation analysis, (auth)
H-14
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Hale, V. 0. and A. Wallace. 1970. Effective of Chelates on Uptake of Some
Heavy Metal Radionuclides from Soil by Bush Beans. Soil Science. 109:262-263.
DTPA has the ability to increase uptake by plants of several metals. In
the present study DTPA increased uptake from Hacienda and Yolo loam soils of
Pb 210 and Am 241. There was a decreased effect in the 2nd and 3rd harvests
relative to the first. It had an effect on uptake of Sb 125 or Hg 203.
EDDHA increased uptake of Sb 125 from Yolo loam, and of Am 241 from both
soils. The effect of EDDHA did not persist in the soil as much as did that
of DTPA. DTPA increased slightly the uptake of Cs 137. (auth)
Halevy, E. and A. Nir. Use of Radioisotopes in Studies of Ground Water Flow.
II. On the Characteristics of Tracer Pulse Shape. A/CONF.15/P/1614.
Several theoretical approaches to the problem of ground water tracing
are analyzed. Characteristics of pulse shapes resulting From two different
simple models are summarized and compared with laboratory results. General
conditions for the validity of both models are then proposed, dependent on
flow velocity, geometry, and effects of molecular diffusion. Examples
for the calculation of pulse shapes and model experiments for the investi-
gation of aquifer characteristics are given, (auth)
Halevy, E., A. Nir, Y. Harpaz, and S. Mandel. Use of Radioisotopes in Studies
of Groundwater Flow. I. Laboratory and Field Experiments on the Suitability
of Various Tracers. A/CONF.15/P/1613.
The suitability of various radioactive isotopes for ground water tracing
was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Isotopes investi-
gated were I131 (KI as carrier), Zn65 (in versene), Cl36 (as NaCl), and Ir192
(Ir in versene and IrClc" with cobaltinitrite as carrier). A small-scale
131
field experiment was performed using I . Ground water in a limestone
aquifer was traced between two wells, 50 meters apart. The results permitted
the determination of some hydrological characteristics of the aquifer. The
radioactivity was detected with a large-volume liquid scintillator, having
a sensitivity of 2 x 10"10 c/1 of I131, (auth)
H-15
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Hamaguchi, H. 1941. Chemical Investigations of Deep-Sea Deposits. VIII.
Radium Content of Deep-Sea Deposits. J. of the Chem. Soc. of Japan.
62:836-42.
Analyses of 13 samples of deep-sea deposits in the Pacific Ocean show
that the Ra content and the Mn + Fe content are proportional. (NSA)
Hamid, A. and B.P. Warkentin. 1967. Retention of I Used as Tracer in
Water Movement Studies. Soil Science. 104:279-82.
Iodine-131 retention in marine-deposited clay soils was evaluated.
Adsorption was measured with different competing am'ons at different salt
concentrations and at varying pH values. The I was assayed for y radia-
tion with a spectrometer using a solid Nal crystal scintillator. Keeping
the pH value above 7 or the addition of stable iodide salt prevents the
adsorption of I on the clay particles. The I can be used as a tracer
in acid soils only in the presence of stable I" carrier. (MSA)
Hamman, R.D., E.B. Nunn, M.L. Curtis and J.O. Frye. 1972. Determination
of Plutonium in Soil. MLM-1888.
The residues from leached soil samples were analyzed by the fusion pro-
cedure to determine what percentage of plutonium had been leached out of the
sample. Since previous work indicated that plutonium is concentrated in a
few small particles such that even multiple riffling of a large sample would
not produce smaller samples of the same plutonium composition, the sample
size was increased from 10 g to 50 g. Two new electrolysis cells were con-
structed for the electroplating step to replace the existing one.
Hamstra, J. 1975. Radiotoxic Hazard Measure for Buried Solid Radioactive
Waste. Nuclear Safety. 16:180-189.
This article reviews the radiotoxic hazards resulting from the disposal
of high-level reprocessing wastes into a deep geological formation. The
term radiotoxic hazard measure (RHM), used to measure the hazard from buried
radioactive wastes, is based on the maximum radionuclide concentration
permissible in water.
H-16
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Calculations are made of the RHM levels for the high-level reprocessing
wastes of both light-water-reactor and fast breeder reactor fuels. In com-
paring these RHM levels with that for the natural activity of an equivalent
amount of uranium ore and its mill tailings, it is concluded that an actual
additional radiotoxic hazard for buried high-level reprocessing waste only
exists for the first 300 to 500 years after burial.
Haney, W.A. 1957. Disposal of High Cobalt-60 Scavenged Wastes. HW-48862.
Existing cribs in 216-BC should be used for disposal of in-farm scavenged
wastes under the following conditions:
1. All waste to be sampled and analyzed in the manner presently estab-
lished including Co determination.
2. Adequate soil adsorption for Cs and Sr to be demonstrated by
laboratory test prior to disposal as in the past.
3. Co concentration not to exceed 4x10" uc/cc.
4. Cribs to be used in the order established in this report. No more
than 1,000,000 gallons per month should be disposed.
5. Use of a crib to be discontinued when Cs appears in the gound-
water at 0.1 MPC. Crib disposal also to be terminated should
unforeseen developments show that a hazardous or otherwise
undesirable condition may be resulting.
6. Four new monitoring wells and deepening of an existing well will
be required within 6 months of the start of disposal, (auth)
Haney, W.A. 1957. Proposed Use of Test Wells to be Installed as Part of the
High Cobalt-60 Scavenged Waste Disposal Tests. HW-50132.
The use of wells for sites of high Co scavenged waste disposal is
discussed. Monitoring requirements are discussed. (NSA)
H-17
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Haney, W.A. 1963. Fission Product Tritium in Fuel Processing Wastes.
HW-SA-3303.
The presence of tritium in aqueous wastes required a reappraisal of
waste disposal operations because tritium tends to travel in the groundwater
nearly as fast as the groundwater velocity. The only holdup on the soil
is due to replacement of water already present, and is relatively minor.
Tritium at MPC was about 5 miles from the Columbia River in 1963. Large
dilution factors at the river and in the groundwater lower the tritium con-
tent of waters leaving the Hanford site to below MPC for potable water.
Haney, W.A., D.J. Brown, and A.E. Reisenauer. 1962. Fission Product Tritium
in Separations Wastes and in the Groundwater. HW-74536.
Analyses of composited waste samples from the Purex and Redox separations
plants indicate that about 47 to 64 per cent of the theoretical quantity of
fission product tritium entering the plants is discharged to ground in process
waste streams. Although a precise material balance cannot be calculated at
present because of insufficient data, most of the remaining 36 to 53%
of charged fission product tritium is believed to be a gas phase, which
is released to the atmosphere, and in high level liquid wastes, which are
stored in underground tanks.
Ground water contamination patterns based on tritium concentrations are
similar to those based on gross beta emitter and nitrate ion concentrations.
The comparatively rapid movement of tritium in the ground water has assisted
in defining the preferential paths which other radionuclides may later follow.
Tritium concentrations exceeding the recommended maximum concentrations
in drinking water for continuous non-occupational exposure, 1 x 10" uc/cc,
were observed in monitoring wells located up to six miles southeast of the
200-East Area, (auth)
H-13
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'Haney, W.A. and J.F. Honstead. 1958. A History and Discussion of Specific
Retention Disposal of Radioactive Liquid Wastes in the 200 Areas. HW-54599.
Specific retention is defined at Hanford as that volume of water that
may be disposed to the soil and be held against the force of gravity by the
surface tension characteristics of the soil surfaces and pores, when expressed
as per cent of packed soil volume. A history of this method of disposal at
Hanford from 1944 through 1957 is presented, and recommendations for its
use are outlined. A value of 6% by volume is recommended for specific reten-
tion application until unknowns associated with this disposal method can be
more completely evaluated. About 635 by volume is thought to be a conser-
vative value that recognizes the uncertainties resulting from poorly defined
physical characteristics and lack of more certain information regarding the
mechanism. In addition, continued discrimination against disposing of
wastes by this method, even under the more restrictive conditions, is recom-
mended. (NSA)
Haney, W.A. and C.E. Linderoth. 1959. Exploratory Field Study of a Ground
Waste Disposal Facility. HW-60115.
In 1956 an extensive well drilling and soil sampling program was carried
out in the vicinity of the Redox 216-S-l and 2 cribs to study the distribu-
tion of radioisotopes in the soils beneath the cribs. Information is
included on the crib history, monitoring well drilling and locations, radio-
logical protection procedures used during well drilling, and the collection
analysis, and interpretation of contaminated sediment samples. The results
2
showed that: the waste spread from an initial area of 4000 ft to tne
2
ground water, 80,000ft ; geological data can be used to predict directions
90
of waste movement and extent of spreading; Sr reaching ground water
2 137
encompassed an area of about 10,000 ft ; Cs is confined to the upper
90
strata immediately under the crib site; and about 0.01 Ci of Sr is con-
tained in the 10 ft of soil above the ground water table. It is concluded
that this well drilling and soil sampling method can be expected to provide
fairly accurate information relative to radioisotope distribution and waste
dispersion. (NSA)
H-19
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Hanna, A.E. 1964. Migration of Fused Fallout Simulant into Soils. AD-609645.
Results are reported from a study of the migration of fused fallout
simulant into alternately frozen and thawed soils. Four different soils
or soil mixtures were used; Monterey sand treated with Barium-140 and sodium
silicate was the fallout simulant. Radiation levels were measured after each
of twelve thaw-freeze cycles. It was concluded that the fused fallout simu-
lant did not migrate into the soils. Further work is recommended using
actual fallout debris, (auth)
Hanna, A.E. 1965. Migration of Fallout and Fallout Simulants into Soils.
Tech. Rpt. R-362. Type C Final Rpt. NP-14814.
A series of tests was performed to determine whether radioactive fall-
out would migrate vertically downward through soils. A thin layer of fused
or Teachable fallout simulant (Monterey sand coated with Ba- La) or of
natural fallout (fission products in soil) was spread on trays containing
frozen soil mixtures. The trays were alternately thawed and allowed to
rafreeze, with radiation-level measurements made periodically. After a
number of thaw-freeze cycles the frozen soils were vacuumed to remove surface
activity. Core samples of the soils were taken and layers of the cores were
counted to determine actual migration. It was concluded that migration did
occur by leaching and particle movement, and that particle migration occurred
only in soils having a wide range of particle sizes. A single vacuuming
removed most of the detectable activity, (auth)
Hannah, S.A. and A.C. Printz, Jr. 1961. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness
of Polyelectrolyte Coagulant Aids for the Removal of Radioactive Isotopes
by Water Treatment Processes. Final Report. NP-11105.
Eleven polyelectrolyte coagulant aids were studied in conjunction with
conventional and modified water treatment processes for removal of Cs ,
on TAJ lo] 238
Sr , Pm , I, and U . In general, the polyelectrolytes were quite
effective in reducing turbidity and its associated activity, resulting from
lime soda softening of added clay, but improvements in overall removal of
H-20
-------
fallout products where much of the activity is in an insoluble form. Illite
and fullers earth were shown to be good adsorbents for Cs , while Volclay
89
was effective for removal of Sr . Small dosages of chlorine were found to
increase the adsorption of I by activated carbon. Recommended procedures
are given for removal of individual isotopes and of fallout products. The
coagulant aids are rated according to their relative efficiencies in removal
of turbidity and activity, (auth)
Hansen, R.O. 1965. Isotopic Distribution of Uranium and Thorium in Soils
Weathered From Granite and Alluvium. Thesis. University of California.
Chemical techniques and physical instrumentation were developed to mea-
sure quantitatively the radioactivities of U-234, U-238, Th-230, and Th-232
in air-dry powdered samples of soils and rocks. These alpha emitters were
measured by alpha-particles spectrometry with ionization chambers and
associated electronics constructed for these experiments. In residual soils
of the Sierra Nevada, both uranium and thorium were concentrated to a greater
degree than in the underlying rocks. Both uranium and thorium were most
highly concentrated in clay fractions. Thorium-230_had redistribution patterns
different from those of U-238, U-234, or Th-232 and often somewhat between
those of isotopes of uranium and those of Th-232, showing the effects of
Th-230 having existed as U-234 a significant fraction of the soil-forming
period of time. Uranium-234 and U-238 usually had similar radioactivities.
-12
Curie radioactivity levels of individual nuclides ranged from 0.23 x 10
-12
curies/gram for a fresh rock sample to 3.2 x 10 curies/gram for a clay
formed from the rock in the case of U-238 and U-234. In the residual upland
soils studied, uranium was preferentially retained whereas in the alluvial
soils thorium was preferentially retained. Lime concretions from Ducor type
soils showed enrichment of uranium in excess of thorium. Ages of 40,000 to
over 180,000 years were calculated by means of two equations, one based
upon the rapid initial accumulation of uranium and the other based upon a
constant rate of accumulation of uranium. For an estimate of age for a pri-
mary soil (Ahwahnee sandy loam) with a developed "B" horizon, an equation
H-21
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was developed analogous to a branched decay where one branch represented
leaching loss and another radioactive decay. An age of 32,000 years was
calculated for the topsoil. (NSA)
Hansen, R.O. 1970. Radioactivity of a California Terrace Soil. Soil
Science. 110:31-36.
From this study the radioactivity per unit area and depth has been cal-
culated. This is of use when assaying background activities or surveying
radioactivities with detectors above the soil surface or in airplanes. When
freed from minerals by weathering, uranium is leached more rapidly than is
thorium, although thorium also shows evidence of movement. The degree of
230
loss of uranium versus Th is calculated and knowing the age of the sedi-
mentary deposit, the rate of loss of uranium was estimated.
Determinations of thorium by two independent means (alpha and gamma
226
spectrometry), show reasonable agreement. Radium activities are close to
230
those of Th as might be expected.
Hansen, R.O. and G.L. Huntington. 1969. Thorium Movements in Morainal Soils
of the High Sierra, California. Soil Science. 108:257-65.
Thorium distributions in a sequence of morainal soils in Bench Valley,
California, were determined by gamma spectrometry of profile samples. Con-
centrations of thorium ranged from 10.8 ppm in a B2h horizon, to 24.0 ppm
in a B2ir horizon. The data indicated distinct thorium accumulation in
horizons immediately underlying horizons of high organic content. A2 or B2ir
horizons respectively contained higher thorium concentrations when overlain
by Al or B2h horizons. Soil organic matter apparently complexed with thorium
as well as with iron, although the leached iron accumulated visibly in
horizons of pH 5.5 or greater, whereas thorium distributions were more diffuse
and apparently less affected by change in pH. Radium was distributed (0.85
to 1.91 picograms/g) more irregularly than was thorium reflecting the effects
of the soil chemistry of 238U, 234U, 230Th, as well as 226Ra, with the passage
of time. Radium distributions are explained in terms of uranium retention
H-22
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by organic matter, mobilization of Th by organic matter, plant absorption
of radium, and time. Potassium concentrations ranged from 1.9 to 4.8%
being generally higher in A2 horizons than in Al horizons. (NSA)
Hansen, R.O. and P.R. Stout. 1968. Isotopic Distributions of Uranium and
Thorium in Soils. Soil Science. 105:44-50.
Both uranium and thorium tend to concentrate as a result of rock weather-
ing. Uranium and thorium losses from soils occur, but differential leaching
favors uranium in one instance and thorium in another. Thorium concentrations
are higher than uranium in the B horizons, but in the upper horizons of the
upland primary soils uranium concentrations increase. The alluvial soils
of the San Joaquin Valley tend to have higher and more evenly distributed
concentrations of thorium. There are instances where U and Th become sepa-
rated as a result of soil-forming processes, such as movement of uranium into
lime nodules with calcium, or thorium from top-soils where the organic con-
tent is highest. In these instances measurements of decay and of accumula-
tions of Th-230 can give clues to the rates of soil-forming processes and
for determining the ages of soil fractions. Isotopic analyses of uranium and
thorium by alpha particle spectrometry appears to be a useful means of
acquiring information about the mechanisms and rate of soil formation, (auth)
210
Hansen, W.R. and R.L. Matters. 1971. Unsupported PoO- in Soil: Soil
Adsorption and Characterization of Soil Solution Species. Soil Science.
112:145-55.
The adsorption of polonium-210 oxide by agricultural top soils was
correlated with the silt content. The adsorption of polonium oxide on all
soil horizons was correlated with both the pH and silt content of the soils.
Equations were formulated from the data for prediction of the distribution
coefficient of polonium in soils. Soil adosrption of PoOp expressed as
a distribution coefficient, K., was confirmed by soil column elution experi-
ments. Soils in columns with K.'s greater than 100 adsorbed greater than
210
98% of the Po02 in the first two cm with normal annual rainfall equiva-
lent eluants. Soil in columns with a K, less than 100 did not adsorb the
210
total PoO? added, but allowed movement with water. Electrophoresis experi-
210
ments indicated both positive and negative species of Po in soil solution.
H-23
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Dialysis experiments with Visking dialysis membranes indicated an average
of 34% dialyzable polonium species in soil solution after equilibration
with the soil solid phases, (auth)
21 n
Hansen, W.R., R.L. Watters, and N.D. Yaney. 1971. PoCL Movement in a
Mountain Watershed Soil. Health Physics. 20:425-9.
Uniform contamination of a Rocky Mountain watershed with PoO~ from a
SNAP generator would find the major contamination retained by the soil.
A simulated snow-melt run-off experiment was conducted with a mountain Podzol
210
soil from the Fraser Alpine Area, Colorado. Po02 was applied to the litter
layer as a point source one meter from water collection vessels at the base
of a 30% slope. Cores from the soil on which one mean annual rainfall (18.6
in.) of ice was melted indicated both vertical and horizontal movement of
PoO- into the soil. The run-off water collected at the base of the slope
c _7
at the bottom of the litter layer and A- horizon indicated only 10 of the
original acitivity moved through these soil horizons. Data from soil cores
210
were used to predict the movement of a uniform deposition of PoO^ to a
stream. The equations derived indicate only the first 50 cm bordering a
stream contribute significant contamination to the water, (auth)
Hanson, G.L., J.D. Anderson, G.R. Kiel, B.J. McMurray and N.P. Nisick. 1973.
Input and Decayed Values of Radioactive Liquid Wastes Discharged to Ground
in the 200 Areas Through 1971. ARH-2761.
Low- and intermediate-level liquid wastes from the reprocessing of
spent fuel elements have been discharged to the ground at the Hanford disposal
sites since 1944. The input values and radioactivity discharged at each
site have been reported but no corrections for radioactive decay were made.
In order to provide the decayed inventory of radioactivity discharged to
each liquid waste disposal site the annual inputs of liquid volume is liters,
233
gram of plutonium or U, kilograms of uranium, curies of total beta radio-
activity, and curies of specific fission produces Cs, Sr, Ru, Cs,
to each site, were tabulated and submitted for computerized radioactive
decay using computer code DCAY1. Decay calculations were made only on the
total beta activity and on the specific fission products. The annual inputs,
total inputs and decayed inventory through December 31, 1971 for 200 East
Area liquid waste disposal sites and for 200 West Area liquid waste disposal
sites are tabulated. (NSA)
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Hanson, P.J. 1967. Vertical Distribution of Radioactivity in the Columbia
River Estuary. RLO-1750-22 (Vol.2) Paper 2.
In a preliminary investigation of certain y emitting radionuclides in
the Columbia River Estuary, a system was designed for the collection of water
samples and the simultaneous in situ measurement of salinity and turbidity.
Salinity and temperature were measured by a portable battery-operated induc-
tion salinometer and turbidity by a self-contained transmissometer indicating
light transmission. Preliminary measurements of dissolved and suspended
particulate radioactivity were made and correlated with salinity and turbidity.
Particulate Cr and ° Zn increase with depth and the percent particulate
correlates with turbidity. Dissolved D Cr appears to vary inversely with
salinity.but Zn shows no linear relationship to salinity. (NSA)
Hanson, W.C. 1974. Behavior of Plutonium in the Environment. CONF-740115,
pp. 64-71.
Data available on the behavior of Pu in the environment are reviewed.
Once into the environment Pu is subject to a variety of factors that modify
its behavior in terms of concentration and/or discrimination within eco-
system components. The contamination of large land areas within significant
quantities of Pu in the past has usually been by controlled releases of
treated radioactive wastes, as in the canyon ecosystems at Los Alamos; nuclear
weapons tests, such as the Trinity Site in central New Mexico and the Nevada
Test Site; or nonnuclear detonation of nuclear weapons, such as occurred at
Palomares and Thule. Most of our Knowledge of characteristic Pu behavior in
the atmosphere has come from plutonium isotopes that were injected into the
stratosphere as a result of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. Another
source resulted from the reentry and burnup of the SNAP-9A power generator
during April 1964. Both of these major sources have been closely studied
239 90
and results indicated that the ratio of Pu to Sr produced by nuclear
weapons testing in the atmosphere essentially remained constant at about
2%. Such estimates showed that, of the 0.4 MCi of Pu produced by nuclear
weapons testing through 1962, more than 98 percent had been deposited by
1965. About 0.3 MCi had been deposited as worldwide fallout, and the
H-25
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remaining 0.1 MCi was locally deposited at the test sites. Latitudinal dis-
tribution was closely correlated with rainfall belts at 40 to 60° north
latitude and 30 to 50° south latitude and 80% of the total deposition
occurred in the Northern Hemisphere, where most of the Pu had been injected
into the stratosphere. Plutonium 238 from weapons tests represented about
0.024 of the total plutonium in soils collected at various worldwide loca-
tions prior to the fallout from the SNAP-9A device, compared to a ratio of
238 239
about 3% for Pu/ Pu which is characteristic of most nuclear weapons
238
test debris. The SNAP-9A Pu had an entirely different distribution
pattern, principally because of its injection into the Southern Hemisphere.
Stratospheric inventories indicated that, by mid-1970, 95% of this debris
was deposited on the earth's surface. Over 75% of it was in the Southern
238
Hemisphere, compared to only 20% of the total weapons Pu fallout that
occurred in that hemisphere. Interception of atmospheric Pu by vegetation
is one means of biological transport that has been shown to depend on local
fallout phenomena and physiogomy of the vegetation. Plutonium concentration
in trees of an eastern forest was reported to be 16 to 100% more than that
on adjacent pastureland plants. And Pu deposition on lichen communities
of the Thule, Greenland, area was more efficient per centimeter of precip-
itation than deposition on lichen communities of northern Alaska. The
uptake and transport of Pu by wild animals also occurs. Soil Characteristics
have an important influence upon Pu movement. One of the most important
and most controversial aspects of Pu in soils is the phenomenon of resus-
pension, defined by Langham as the ratio of the air concentration of Plu-
tonium (in micrograms of plutonium per cubic meter) to the surface deposition
(in micrograms of plutonium per square meter) below the air mass. (NSA)
Hanson. W.C. 1975. Ecological Considerations of the Behavior of Plutonium
in the Environment. Health Physics. 28:529-537.
Radiological considerations of plutonium released to the environment are
logically based upon an understanding of ecosystem structure and functions.
H-26
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Studies of Pu in the atmosphere, lithosphere, terrestrial ecosystem of the
biosphere, and in the hydrosphere are reviewed to evaluate areas for con-
sideration of environmental consequences of nuclear wastes. Soil is the
major reservoir of deposited Pu in most terrestrial ecosystems. Resuspen-
sion of Pu into the air mass above contaminated soil occurs over a highly
-2 -11 -1
variable range of 10 to 10 m , reflecting important effects of several
physical and biological variables. Uptake by most natural plant species is
of the order of 10" (acceptor/precursor). Appreciable external deposition
of Pu upon plants through resuspension is a complicating factor in interpre-
tation of field data. Pu concentrations in smaller terrestrial mammals also
emphasize the greater importance of physical processes rather than physio-
logical or chemical processes in the movement of Pu through terrestrial
ecosystems. Freshwater and marine investigations indicate that Pu is generally
concentrated over ambient levels in water but with decreases of about a
factor of ten at each trophic level of a food chain. An apparent change in
availability of Pu 238 is indicated by several studies and physical processes
that may account for this are discussed, (auth)
Hardy, E. 1974. Depth Distributions of Global Fallout 90Sr, 137Cs, and
239-240Pu in Sandy Loam Soil. HASL-286, pp. 1-2 to 1-10.
The first of a series of depth Profile soil samples taken at an undis-
90 137 239-240
turbed site on Cape Cod have been analyzed for Sr, Cs, and Pu.
239-240
Cesium 137 shows the least tendency to migrate downward followed by Pu
90
and Sr, in that order. The objective of this experiment is to measure
the depth distributions of these isotopes on a bi-annual basis to estimate
rate of movement, (auth)
Hardy, E.P. 1974. Worldwide Distribution of Plutonium. IN: Plutonium and
other Transuranium Elements: Sources, Environmental Distribution and Bio-
medical Effects. WASH-1359, pp. 115-128.
Nuclear tests conducted in the atmosphere are the major sources of
239
Plutonium contamination on a worldwide basis. About 320 kilocuries of Pu
have deposited about 4 kilocuries remaining in the stratosphere will reach
the earth's surface.
H-27
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Measurements are being made of air concentrations at ground level and the
deposition rate. Inhalation is the major route of human exposure and later
testimony will be presented to show the resulting body burden. Contamina-
tion levels in foods have also been measured and the comparatively smaller
body burden from ingestion will also be discussed, (auth)
Hardy, E.P. and P.W. Krey. 1971. Determining the Accumulated Deposit of
Radionuclides by Soil Sampling and Analysis. IN: Fowler, E.B., R.W. Henderson,
and M.F. Milligan (co-chairmen). Proceedings of Environmental Plutonium
Symposium, held at LASL, August 4-5. LA-4756, pp. 37-42.
Soil sampling and analysis is a feasible way to determine the accumulated
amount of long-lived radionuclides that have deposited on the ground. The
90
Health and Safety Laboratory has measured Sr and plutonium isotopes in
soil samples to determine global and regional deposition patterns and inven-
tories. Site selection and representivity, sampling, and analytical pre-
cision and accuracy are discussed in the paper. It is shown that the preci-
sion of replicate aliquoting and analysis is the determining factor in the
overall error associated with soil sampling.
Hardy, E.P., P.W. Krey, and H.L. Volchok. 1972. Global Inventory and Distri-
bution of 238Pu from SNAP-9A. HASL-250.
238
Following the burn-up of a SNAP generator containing Pu in the upper
atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere in April 1964, balloon and aircraft
sampling successfully documented the atmospheric transport and inventory
of the debris from this unexpected release. Attempts to measure the fallout
rate on a continuous basis at sites in both the Northern and Southern Hemi-
spheres were not successful. By the end of 1970, results of the stratospheric
measurements indicated that 95X of the SNAP plutonium had deposited over the
earth's surface. Integrated fallout in the form of soil samples collected
at over 60 sites throughout the world provided the data required to assess
the distribution pattern and inventory of the deposited SNAP debris. Of
238
the 17 kilocuries of Pu originally in the generator, 13.4 j^ 2.2 kilo-
curies are globally deposited with 3.1 +_ 0.8 kilocuries in the Northern
Hemisphere and 10.3 + 2.1 kilocuries in the Southern Hemisphere. This
238
accounts for essentially all of the Pu inadvertently released as a result
of the satellite abort, (auth)
H-28
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Hardy, E.P., P.W. Krey, and H.L. Volchok. 1972. Plutonium Fallout in Utah.
HASL-257, pp. 195-1118.
Accumulated plutonium fallout in the north central and south-eastern
sections of Utah was measured in soil samples collected in June 1971. The
2
maximum values in Utah of the deposition (mCi Pu 239, 240 per km ) and
2
deposition concentration (mCi per km per cm of precipitation) were 2.2 and
3.8 times the maximum values found anywhere else in the United States. By
comparing the Pu 239, 240 to Sr 90 activity ratios of the Utah soils with
the average activity ratio of 32 Northern Hemisphere soils collected in
1970-1971, we estimate that up to 60% of the total Pu 239, 240 activity
deposited at some Utah sites was from a source other than the stratos-
pheric reservoir. Soil samples taken at a site near the University of Utah
from 1959 through 1971 revealed that the excess plutonium was delivered
prior to 1959. Nevada Test Site is the probable second source and that about
2
3.5 mCi Pu 239, 240 per km or twice the level expected from global fallout,
deposited in the Salt Lake City areas from NTS. Excess plutonium was not
evident at sites north of Salt Lake City and due east in the valley regions
beyond the Wasatch range, (auth)
Hardy, E.P., P.W. Krey, and H.L. Volchok. 1973. Global Inventory and Dis-
tribution of Fallout Plutonium. Nature. 241:444-445.
238
It is stated that an accidental stratospheric injection of Pu in 1964
resulted in almost a three-fold increase in global fallout of this nuclide.
The accumulated fallout and its geographical distribution from this release,
as well as from weapons testing, are here reported. The accidental release
238
occurred from a Pu power generator carried on a navigational satellite,
launched from California, whose rocket failed. Stratospheric checks indica-
238
ted that by mid-1970 95% of the Pu had been deposited on the earth's
surface, and it was important to determine how this was distributed and to
record the deposit. Soil analysis was used for the determination. From
October 1970 until January 1971 sixty-five sites around the world were
sampled. Determinations of Pu and Pu, assumed to be entirely derived
from weapons testing, were also made. Data are shown tabulated.
H-29
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238 ??fi PAD
The weapons Pu contribution was obtained by multiplying the ' Pu values
by 0.024. The distribution pattern for weapons Pu showed heaviest deposi-
tion in the Northern Hemisphere temperate latitudes and a minimum in the
238
equatorial region. The satellite Pu deposit was 326 +_ 36 kCi, and the
238 238
weapons Pu 7.7+0.9 kCi. The estimate of the satellite Pu deposit
was 13.9 + 2.2 kCi. (NSA)
Harder, R. and S. Chaberek. 1959. The Interaction of Rare Earth Ions with
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 11:197-209.
The interactions of rare earth ions with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic
acid have been investigated by potentiometric procedures. Metal chelate
formation constants have been calculated and compared with those defining
similar interactions with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and
N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid, (auth)
Harley, J.H. 1974. Transuranium Elements on Land. U\_: Proceedings of the
American Nuclear Society, 1974 Winter Meeting, October 27-31, Washington,
D.C., pp. 75-76.
It is possible that with the increased development of light-water and
breeder reactors we will be entering into a plutonium economy. Plutonium and
its related transuranium elements are all extremely toxic and it is necessary
to improve our understanding of their behavior in the environment. Most of
the experimental work on plutonium has been directed toward the study of its
toxicity following injection or inhalation. This only answers the final
step in the overall evaluation of hazard and it is necessary to know more
about the behavior and transport of the transuranium elements in the environ-
men under natural conditions.
We presently have plutonium deposited on the earth's surface as a result
of nuclear weapons tests, as a result of failure of a SNAP power source, and
as a result of releases from nuclear processing facilities. There has been
H-30
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a concerted effort to use this deposited material to determine the transfer
of plutonium through the environment and to estimate its uptake by man.
This has required the development of sensitive analytical methods and very
sophisticated counting equipment, since measurements for scientific purposes
must be considerably more accurate than those merely designed to fulfill
monitoring needs.
The three sources can be looked at separately, since the SNAP device
238
was Pu and the weapons debris and production material differ in isotopic
composition. Mixtures are difficult to resolve to better than about +25%
but some useful data are available. For example, it has been possible
to estimate the contributions of production material and fallout to various
sites surrounding the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado.
poo 2^8
Particulates of Pu show increased solubility over comparable w Pu,
probably due to radiation damage. This means that separate behavior studies
are required for the two isotopes. The plutonium economy will also produce
significant quantities of americium and curium isotopes which tend to have
a greater biological availability than plutonium. Information on these
elements is relatively scare, but is expected to multiply in the next few
years.
The greatest hazard from insoluble plutonium is through inhalation, so
the present evaluation of plutonium in soil is directed toward measuring air
concentrations and the particle size, which controls the lung deposition.
With sufficient data, it may be possible to make rough predictions of the
air concentrations from soil measurements. For the more soluble material,
including americium and cesium, uptake from soil into diet components may
be a long-term contributor, but it is unlikely this will be a controlling
factor in hazard evaluation.
This paper will review the available data as of the time of presenta-
tion and indicate how we have improved our knowledge of the environmental
behavior of the transuranium elements, (auth)
H-31
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Harpaz, Y. 1959. Medium and Low Level Waste Disposal on Alluvial and Recent
Deposits. IN: VI Rassengna Internazionale Elettronica e Nucleare. 1:27-32.
Earth materials underlying a plant site, their geology, texture, and
groundwater hydrology have an influence on the complex evaluations called
for in locating nuclear plants. Recent deposits and alluvial soils are
scattered in abundance over many areas of land. Their granular constituents
(gravels, sands) are a good hydraulic medium which can be treated mathema-
tically. The silt and clay particles in such soils have the highest absorp-
tion and exchange capacity. Thus, alluvial soils may provide the plant
planner with an effective and practical collector for low and medium radio-
active waste solutions. The rate of disposal and the degree of permissible
radioactivity will depend also on other hydrological factors, as well as
on the type of installation employed, (auth)
Harper, J.A. and L. Jolly, Jr. 1964. A Method for Disposal of Large
Quantities of Degraded and Low Level Contaminated Solvent. DPSPU-64-30-8B.
Solvent used in radiochemical separations processes is degraded during
exposure to radiation, and retains certain fission products. Disposal of
large quantities of degraded solvent is a waste disposal problem of con-
siderable magnitude.
Of several disposal methods considered, controlled open pan burning
was selected as the safest and most economical. An extensive air sampling
program showed that more than 99% of all the solvent radioactivity, pri-
marily fission products and Plutonium, remained in a gummy residue.
Over a period of two years, 80,000 gallons of solvent was burned which
contained about 8 curies of gamma emitting isotopes and about 60 millicuries
of alpha emitting isotopes. No adverse effect on the environment adjacent
to the burning operations was detected, (auth)
H-32
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Harriss, R.C. and J.A.S. Adams. 1966. Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies
on the Weathering of Granite Rocks. Am. J. of Sci. 264:146-73.
Chemical, mineralogical, and autoradiographic techniques have been
applied to the study of five weathering profiles developed on granitic rocks.
Two profiles from the Tishomingo granite, Oklahoma, two profiles from the
Mount Scott granite, Oklahoma, and a single profile from the Elberton gra-
nodiorite, Georgia, were investigated. The relative mineral stabilities in
the three granites under investigation generally follow the expected sequence:
plagioclase feldspar, biotite, potassium feldspar, quartz, from least to
most stable respectively. This relative stability sequence is consistently
observed regardless of climatic and/or local physiochemical variations.
Kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral present in the Elberton profile
from Georgia. Illite and Kaolinite are both present as major constituents
in the four Oklahoma profiles. The largest physical and chemical changes
occur in the transition from the C horizon (weathered rock) to the B hori-
zon (soil). Mineralogy is the predominant factor controlling the relative
mobility of calcium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and thorium during weather-
ing. Calcium and sodium are concentrated in the plagioclase feldspars and
mafic minerals and are released and mobilized during the early states of
weathering. Potassium and rubidium are concentrated in the relatively
stable orthoclase feldspars and thorium in the resistate minerals. These
three elements are mobilized only in the intermediate and final stages of
weathering. Lithium, copper, manganese, and zinc are generally enriched in
the soil portion of the weathered mantle as a result of adsorption and sur-
face exchange with clay minerals. Stability diagrams indicate that the
natural surface waters of east-central Georgia are in equilibrium with
kaolinite, the major clay mineral present in the soils. In contrast, the
surface waters of southern Oklahoma are in equilibrium with kaolinite and
montmorillonite but not ill He which is a major constituent of the Oklahoma
soils. Combined field and theoretical evidence indicates that the Georgia
soils have reached maturity and are probably the result of extensive weather-
ing early in the postglacial period. The Oklahoma soils are very immature and
are presently undergoing active alteration, (auth)
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Harrison, F. 1969. Radioactive Debris from Underground Nuclear Explosions.
1: Physical and Chemical Characteristics. 2: Biological Availability of
the Radionuclides to Aquatic Animals. UCRL-50596.
Radioactive debris from the chimney area of two contained underground
nuclear explosions was characterized as to particle size, radionuclide con-
centration, Teachability, and biological availability to representative edible
freshwater and marine animals. The particle-size distribution was quite
similar for the two events even though the detonation conditions were differ-
ent. For both events the fission products were in higher initial concentra-
tion than most of the activation products.
The Teachability of the debris radionuclides was determined in distilled
water, synthetic pond-water, synthetic seawater and 1 M ammonium acetate.
The percent of the added radionuclide in the liquid phase and the leaching
distribution coefficients were dependent on particle size, composition of
the leaching solution, and solubility characteristics of the individual
radionuclides.
The biological availability of the radionuclides was dependent on the
amounts in solution and/or in suspension in the water. The amount of radio-
activity accumulated by the animals varied with the radionuclide and with
the species. In general, higher concentrations of radionuclides were
observed in the visceral organs than in muscular tissue. The freshwater
animals concentrated radionuclides of Ce, Mn, Ru, Zn and Zr/Nb quite rapidly
but those of Co, Cs and Sb were accumulated slowly. The marine animals
concentrated radionuclides of Ce, Cs, Mn, Ru and Zr/Nb quite rapidly while
those of Co, Sb and Zn were accumulated more slowly, (auth)
Haseman, J.D. 1947. Significance of Atomic Energy to Petroleum Problems.
Petroleum Engineer. No. 18:70-6.
Explores the theory that there may have been sufficient local concentra-
tions of radioactive minerals in the past sediments to affect the synthesis
of petroleum out of plant cellulose. (NSA)
H-34
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Haskin, L. and M.A. Gehl. 1962. The Rare-Earth Distribution in Sediments.
J. Geophys. Res. 67:2537-2541.
Neutron activation analyses confirm the essential constancy of the rela-
tive abundances of rare-earth elements for most sediments, as found by
E. Minami in 1935. Values for yttrium and some of the lanthanides in the
Forest City chondnte are given. The yttrium content of 2.15 ppm corresponds
to 4.1 atoms of yttrium per 10 silicon atoms for chondrites. Possible
reasons for the difference in the sediment and chondnte rare-earth distri-
butions are considered, (auth)
Haskin, L.A., M.A. Haskin, F.A. Frey, and T.R. Wildeman. 1968. Relative and
Absolute Terrestrial Abundances of the Rare Earths. IN: Origin and Distri-
bution of the Elements. L.H. Ahrens (ed.). Intern. Ser. Monographs Earth
Sci. 30:889-912.
Results of analyses on composite samples of igneous and sedimentary
rocks and chondritic meteorites, obtained by an improved analytical proce-
dure, are reported. The relative rare-earth abundances in composite samples
of shales, metamorphosed shales, basalts, rhyolites, and granites are remark-
ably similar to each other, but small differences are apparent, even among
the heavier rare earths. Eu and Ce show "anomalous" abundances in several
of the samples. A new value for the average Gd content of chondntic meteo-
rites leads to the conclusion that common crustal rocks are deficient in Eu,
relative to the other rare-earths.
Straight lines can be drawn on comparison diagrams between the elements
Pr and Tb in most samples, and between La and Tb (Eu excepted) in some.
Equally good lines can be drawn whether rare-earth atomic number, ionic radius,
or reciprocal ionic radius is used as the abscissa, (auth)
Haskin, L.A., T.R. Wildeman, F.A. Frey, K.A. Collins, C.R. Keedy, and M.A.
Haskin. 1966. Rare Earths in Sediments. J. Geophys. Res. 71:6091-6105.
The relative elemental abundances of the rare-earth elements (REE) in a
composite of 40 North American shales and in the average for 38 individual
sediment samples are found to be identical with each other and with the
H-35
-------
average determined for sediments of the Russian Platform, to within an experi-
mental uncertainty of +10% ( standard deviation). The average RE distribu-
tions for 9 carbonates, 7 sandstones, 5 graywackes, and 8 ocean sediments are
identical with the North American shale distribution to within a standard
deviation of +15%, and the average for 9 shales lacks only one element of
being so. Only 14 of the 38 individual sediment distributions are identical
with the North American shale composite to within +_15%, but fewer than 3%
of the distributions differ in any part by a factor of 2 and fewer than 15%
of them differ by a factor 1.5. The spread in absolute RE content for
sediments of a given type ranges from a factor of less than 3 for the ocean
sediments to more than 30 for the sandstones. The average absolute RE con-
tents increase in the order limestone, sandstone, graywacke, ocean sediment,
shale. The absolute RE contents of the shale composites vary from somewhat
more than 75 ppm to 335 ppm. The average total RE content of sediments is
probably between 150 and 300 ppm. Preliminary results for separated minerals
indicate that the bulk of the REE in the St. Peter sandstone is in the
quartz, and in the Byron formation limestone it is in the caroonate. Experi-
ments on adsorption of the REE on calcite are described, (auth)
Hatch, L.P. 1953. Ultimate Disposal of Radioactive Waste. Am. Sci.
41:410-421.
Of interest for soil-radionuclides reactions is the description of .
cation exchange work on montmorillonite.
Hatch, L.P., J.J. Martin, and W.S. Ginell. 1954. Ultimate Disposal of
Radioactive Wastes. BNL-1781.
Results are reported from laboratory experiments on the take-up of
fission products on montmorillonite clay. Synthetic fission product solu-
tions with tracer amounts of radioactive fission products added were used
in the study. It was found that high concentrations of hydrogen, sodium,
or ammonium ions are detrimental to the take-up of fission products on the
clay. Best results were obtained on acidic wastes following acid removal
H-36
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by means of anion exchange, electrolysis, or distillation. Investigations
of anionic adsorptive properties are incomplete, however the long-lived
activities are generally associated with cations. Advantages of the clay
include its capacity and selectivity as a cation exchanger, its relatively
low cost, its ease of process handling, and its chemical and physical stabi-
lity before and after heating to high temperature. (NSA)
Hatch, L.P., W.H. Regan, B. Manowitz, and F. Hittman. 1956. Processes for
High Level Radioactive Waste Disposal. .IN.: Proc. Int. Conf. Peaceful
Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, August 8-20, 1955. 9:648-658 (p/553).
Considerable work on montmorillonite cation exchange and the effects of
heat on the clay are described. The montmorillonite used had a cation
exchange capacity of 120 meq/lOOg.
Haushild, W.L., G.R. Dempster, Jr. and H.H. Stevens, Jr. 1973. Distribution
of Radionuclides in the Columbia River Streambed from the Nuclear Reactors,
Han-Ford Reservation to Longview, Washington. TID-26531.
Until all the eight reactors that were cooled by once-through flow of
treated Columbia River water were shut down in 1971, their cooling-water
effluents were the main source of dissolved and particulate radionuclides
in the Columbia River. The distribution and quantities of radionuclides
accumulated in the riverbed were investigated; reconnaissance surveys of
radionuclide concentrations and particle size of surficial sediment and
sediment at depth were made; radionuclide discharges at two locations were
defined; and radionucl ide concentrations in surficial sediment at three
river locations were observed semimonthly. Data presented on radioisotopes
in Columbia River sediments include: seasonal variations; fixation in
coarse and fine sediments; stratigraphic distribution; geographic distribu-
tion, and total accumulated quantities of Co, Cr, Mn, Sc, and Zn.
(NSA)
H-37
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Haushild, W.L., H. H. Stevens, Jr., and G.R. Dempster, Jr. 1971. Radio-
nuclides in Transport in the Columbia River from Pasco to Vancouver, Washing-
ton. TID-25894.
The radionuclide discharges in the cooling-water effluent of the reactors
on the U.S. Atomic Energy Reservation at Hanford, Wash., were formed by neu-
tron activation: (1) impurities in the Columbia River water used to cool
the reactors, (2) corrosion products from the reactor components, and (3) che-
micals used in the water-treatment process. Until all the eight reactors
that were cooled by once-through flow were shut down, their cooling-water
effluents were the main source of dissolved and particulate radionuclides
in the Columbia River. Concentrations and discharges of 13 dissolved and
particulate radionuclides were observed at Pasco and Vancouver, Wash., for
all or parts of the period from January 1964 to September 1966, and at Uma-
tilla, Oreg., from May 1965 to September 1966. A time-series analysis of
concentrations and discharges of eight of the 13 particulate and dissolved
radionuclides at Pasco and Vancouver showed a progressive decrease in the
concentrations and discharges of many radionuclides during the study period.
The decrease was mainly attributable to a decrease in the number of operating
reactors. The hydrodynamic and sedimentation characteristics of the Colum-
bia River and the chemical characteristics of the radionuclides were found
to be important factors affecting the disposition in the Pasco-Vancouver
reach of the radionuclides discharged at Pasco. (auth)
Havlik, 8. 1970. Radioactive Pollution of Rivers in Czechoslovakia. Health
Physics. 19:617-624.
One of the oldest uranium mining areas in the world is the spa Jachymov
in Bohemia. A study of environmental contamination began there when uranium
mining was at a maximum, and continued until mining ceased 6 years later.
Content of Ra 226 and total beta activity of water, river sediments and
water plants were estimated in the streams of this area and from the other
uranium ore area, where mining reached its maximum during the study period.
Radioactive pollution of the major Czechoslovak rivers during 1964 to 1967
is described, (auth)
H-38
-------
Havlik, B., J. Grafova, and B. Nycova. 1968. Radium-226 Liberation from
Uranium Ore Processing Mill Waste Solids and Uranium Rocks into Surface
Streams. I. Health Physics. 14:417-422.
Intensive uranium ore mining and processing cause increasing contamina-
tion of surface waters with natural radioactivity not only a pertinent resid-
ing region, but often of large areas. Most of the radioactive wastes pene-
trating into surface waters (mine waters, effluents from uranium ore processing
mills, wash down from dumps and overburdens) contain radioactive isotopes
bound before all to sedimenting matter. This paper presents the results of
experimental studies of the dependence of radium release bound in radium ore
and sediments on different concentrations of hydrogen ions in surface waters.
??fi
Dried homogenized samples of uranium ore and sediments containing Ra to
14 pCi/g, 84pCi/g and 540 pCi/g were shaken for 15, 30, 60, 180, 300 and
480 min with water of a pH modified in the range of 1-13. Radium was leached
in 15-30 min of shaking in the maximum amount when pH was l(to 22%). With
the increasing of pH the amount of released radium decreased to pH 9. (auth)
Havlik, B., B. Nycova, and J. Grafova. 1968. Radium-226 Liberation from
Uranium Ore Processing Mill Waste Solids and Uranium Rocks into Surface
Streams. II. Health Physics. 14:423-430.
The control of the radioactivity level of surface water contaminated by
radioactive waste from uranium ore mining and processing revealed higher
concentration of dissolved radium in places several kilometres far from the
place of the outlet of the wastes than in the outlet itself. After the
finding that the pH of surface waters does not play the main role in releasing
radium from the sediments, we experimentally studied the influence of inor-
ganic salts concentration. Homogenized and dried samples of uranium ores
and sediments were shaken with distilled water together with 1 N, 0.1 N
and 0.01 N concentrations of BaCl2, SrCl2, MgCl2> CaCl2> LiCl, NaCl, KC1,
(NH4)2S04, Na3P04, K3P04, and MgC03 salts. It was found, that 95-100% of
radium bound in sediments was released in 1 N solutions of KC1 and NaCl salts,
dependent on their structure and mineralogical composition. Positive effect
on the Teachability of radium has also CaClp solution, (auth)
H-39
-------
Hawkes, H.E. (comp.). 1948. Annotated Bibliography of Papers on Geochemical
Prospecting for Ores. GS-C-28.
This bibliography is a list of papers dealing with geochemical prospecting
for ores. This field includes methods of exploration for metallic and non-
metallic mineral deposits by chemical studies of ore elements in soil, vege-
tation, and water. No papers on general geochemistry are included in this
list, nor are there references to geochemical prospecting for petroleum
which has been adequately covered in the Geophysical Abstract series. (NSA)
Hawkes, H.E. 1954. Geochemical Prospecting Investigations in the Nyeba Lead-
Zinc District Nigeria. U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1000-B.
A field study of the distribution of traces of lead and zinc in weather-
ing products, particularly residual and alluvial soils, was made in the
Nyeba lead-zinc district, southern Nigeria. Similar geochemical work in
temperate climates has shown that systematic sampling and trace analysis of
residual soils and other weathering products hold considerable promise as a
method of mineral exploration. The purpose of the present investigation
was to learn whether geochemical methods of prospecting would apply equally
well in a tropical environment.
The program consisted principally of detailed studies of the distribu-
tion of lead and zinc in residual and alluvial cover over known lead-zinc
lodes, followed by experimental reconnaissance sampling surveys to determine
the feasibility of large-scale geochemical prospecting work. A chemical
kit was shipped to the field area and used for obtaining prompt analytical
data to assist in guiding the sampling program.
As a result of these experiments, it is concluded that the metal content
of small, near-surface samples of residual soil collected at a spacing of
100 feet would be adequate to show the location of the important lead-zinc
lodes of the Nyeba district, and that the metal content of deeper samples
of alluvial soil collected at a spacing not greater than the width of the
lode would indicate the presence of sulfides beneath alluvial cover.
H-40
-------
An all-African crew was trained to do all but a minor part of the
routine work of sample collection and analysis, (auth)
Hawkins, D.B. 1963. Mineral Reaction Studies at National Reactor Testing
Station. TID-7644, p. 151-75.
An outline of the NRTS program for waste processing by mineral reactions
is presented. Work is in progress on a reconnaissance study concerning the
decontaminating properties of ion exchange materials such as lignite, ben-
tonite, rock phosphate, montmorillonite-enriched sediments, and clinoptilolite-
bearing vitric tuff. Disposal of small-volume wastes in cribs in one or
more of these materials is being considered. Other work is reported on the
capacity of alluvial sediments which underlie the basalt at NRTS to decon-
taminate low-level liquid wastes. (NSA)
Hawkins, D.B. 1964. Removal of Cobalt and Chromium by Precipitation and
Ion Exchange on Soil, Lignite and Clinoptilolite From Citrate-Containing
Radioactive Liquid Waste. IDO-12036.
Laboratory studies indicate that cobalt 60 and chromium 51 can be removed
from separate waste streams containing ammonium citrate and alkaline per-
manganate by a combined process of precipitation and ion exchange. The
general procedure used was to neutralize the alkaline permanganate with
sulfuric acid and to combine this solution with the ammonium-citrate solu-
tion causing the oxidation of the citrate. The cobalt and chromium originally
present as complex anions were converted to cationic form by this process
and scavenged from solution by the manganese-dioxide precipitate formed by
reduction of the permanganate. The cobalt and chromium remaining in solu-
tion were then removed by ion exchange on lignite, soil and clinoptilolite.
Distribution coefficients for cobalt and chromium were 56 and 1.2, 800 and
36 and 24 and 0.1 for soil, lignite and Clinoptilolite respectively. Lignite
used in combination with the oxidation-precipitation step resulted in the
removal of 99.72 of the cobalt 60 and 95.1% of the chromium 51 from the
waste streams, (auth)
H-41
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Hawkins, D.B. and H.L. Short. 1965. Equations for the Sorption of Cs and
Sr on Soil and Clinoptilolite. IDO-1206.
A useful quantity in studying the sorption of radionuclides on soils is
the distribution coefficient K.. The K., an experimentally determined quan-
tity, is dependent upon conditions under which it is determined. Four equa-
tions have been obtained which permit the calculation of the distribution
coefficient for the sorption of cesium and strontium on soil and clinoptilolite.
These equations hold over the following concentration ranges of the solution
phase: calcium 5 to 500 ppm, sodium 6 to 650 ppm, potassium 1 to 100 ppm,
ammonium 1 to 100 ppm, magnesium 1 to 125 ppm, cesium 0.05 to 5 ppm, phosphate
0.1 to 10 ppm, and pH 4 to 9. The equation for the sorption of cesium on
soil appears applicable to areas other than the NRTS, where illitic soils
predominate. The equation for the sorption of strontium on soil may oe
applicable to soils at other sites in which the sesquioxides are not abun-
dant. The equations obtained herein coupled with a knowledge of the rate of
movement of the ground water at NRTS make it possible to estimate the rate
at which cesium-137 and strontium-90 released to the ground from waste-dis-
posal operations will migrate through the soil, (auth)
Hawkins, R.H. 1962. Improved Burial of Solid Radioactive Wastes. .IN.:
Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. TID-7628, pp. 462-468.
Solid wastes have been buried for eight years at Savannah River with no
detectable leakage. Bentonite has proven an effective barrier to the down-
ward flow of groundwater.
Hawkins, R.H. 1975. Migration of Tritium from a Nuclear Waste Burial Site.
ERDA-92 (Vol. 2), pp. 622-637.
The Savannah River Plant (SRP) has routinely and continuously monitored
the local environment since 1951. A three-part study was made to assess the
tritium migration from an onsite burial ground for solid nuclear wastes and
the resulting dose-to-man. A major source of tritium is buried, massive,
Li-Al, melt, residues from the thermal extraction step in the SRP tritium
production process. A melt with its extraction crucible and lid were
H-42
-------
.immersed in water to measure the amounts of tritium released as HTO and HT
to the water and to air. The result was a rapid release of 23 curies, of
which approximately 99% was HTO that remained in the immersion water,
and 1% was HT that passed into the air. Three crucibles and lids were
buried in a soil-filled, open-top lysimeter. Results showed that 177
curies were released as HTO to the percolate water during the first 93 weeks
of the test. Approximately one curie of tritium was released as HT to the
air. Tritium concentrations were measured monthly for a year in 41 ground-
water monitoring wells at the burial ground and in 6 adjacent wells for a
shorter time. Average concentrations were used to estimate that some 50
kilocuries of tritium are in the groundwater underlying the 77-acre burial
site. The travel time of tritium in the groundwater from the burial ground
to a tributary stream 3000 feet away is about 60 years. Radioactive decay
and dilution in the Savannah River will limit the dose-to-man to the down-
river population to approximately 0.02 man-rem yearly. (A)
Hawkins, R.H. 1971. Mineralogy and Ion Exchange Characteristics of Savan-
nah River Plant Streambed Sediments. OPST-71-332.
Samples were collected of bottom sediments from three SRP streams and
of soils from the source areas of the sediments. The samples were analyzed
for clay and organic matter contents, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and
mineralogy of the sand, silt, and clay fractions. Results of these analyses
and interpretation of the data lead to the following conclusions: quartz
is the dominant mineral in the sand and silt fractions; kaolinite is the
dominant mineral in the clay fractions; no illite, chlorite, vermiculite, or
montmorillonite minerals are present; the average clay content of the sedi-
ments is 32% by weight; the average organic matter content of the sediments
is 1.26% by weight; the average CEC of the sediments is 2.61 meq per 100 g;
and the highest sorptive capacity is in the downstream sediments near and in
the Savannah River swamp, (auth)
H-43
-------
Hawkins, R.H. 1975. Migration of Tritium from a Nuclear Waste Burial Site.
DP-MS-75-25.
The Savannah River Plant (SRP) has routinely and continuously monitored
the local environment (land, water, air, flora, and fauna) since 1951. As
part of this intensive program, a three-part study was made to assess the
tritium migration from an onsite burial ground for solid nuclear wastes and
the resulting dose-to-man. A major source of tritium is buried, massive,
Li-Al residues (referred to as melts) from the thermal extraction step in
the SRP tritium production process. A melt with its extraction crucible and
lid were immersed in water to measure the amounts of tritium released as HTO
and HT to the water and to air. The result was a rapid release of 23 curies,
of which approximately 99% was HTO that remained in the immersion water, and
1% was HT that passed into the air. (auth)
Hawkins, R.H. and J. H. Horton. 1967. Bentonite as a Protective Cover for
Buried Radioactive Waste. Health Physics. 13:287-292.
Wyoming bentonite clay prevented infiltration of rainwater into radio-
active waste buried above the water table in a humid region. A lysimeter
study showed that a 1-in.-thick bentonite layer was adequate and that dry-
ing and cracking of the bentonite during prolonged drought could be prevented
with 2 ft of soil cover. A large subsurface bentonite structure built in
the field demonstrated the feasibility of applying a continuous bentonite
layer over extensive vertical ana horizontal areas. The test was evalu-
ated by D20 tracing of soil moisture both outside and under the bentonite
structure. Structures must be maintained free of all plant growth because
bentonite is easily penetrated by roots, (auth)
Hawley, J.E. and Y. Rimsaite. 1953. Platinum Metals in Some Canadian Ura-
nium and Sulphide Ores. Am. Mineral. 38:463-475.
A spectrographic method has been developed for the quantitative analysis
of the platinum metals in fire-assay beads obtained from both sulphide and
some uranium ores to which gold is added as a collector. Beads are incor-
porated in lead buttons and analyzed using lead as a variable internal stan-
dard.
H-44
-------
Results are given for several nickeliferous sulphide ores from both
Canada and South Africa (Insizwa), for an exceptional type of uranium ore,
and for non-nickeliferous copper sulphide ores of both Precambrian and post-
Cambrian age. The amounts of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, and Os are given in ppm,
and ratios of these are compared with those noted by Rankama & Sahama for
a composite of magmatic sulphides. A comparison is also made of the distri-
bution of the platinoids in different metallic minerals, (auth)
Hayes, D.W. 1976. Tritium in the Savannah River Estuary and Adjacent Marine
Waters. DP-MS-75-122.
The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a study on the
tritium distribution in the Savannah River estuary, inland marine waters,
and costal waters. Tritium is released to surface streams from the Savan-
nah River Plant reactor area fuel and target storage basins, and indirectly
by discharge to seepage basins with a fraction ultimately discharged to
streams by groundwater transport. Previously tritium has been used to deter-
mine the travel time and dispersion coefficients for the Savannah River. (A)
Hayes, D.W., J.H. LeRoy and F.A. Cross. 1975. Plutonium in Atlantic Coastal
Estuaries in the Southeastern United States. IAEA-SM-199/8A.
A survey was made to begin to provide baseline information on the plu-
tonium distribution of representative estuarine and coastal areas of the
southeastern United States. Sediments and marsh grass (Spartina) were
collected and analyzed from three locations within a tidal marsh. In three
estuaries (Savannah, Neuse, and Newport), the suspended particulate matter
(1 ym and greater) was filtered from waters with different salinities, and
the plutonium content of the particulates determined. The Savannah River
estuary, in addition to fallout plutonium, has received up to 0.3 Ci of
Plutonium from the Savannah River Plant (SRP) of the U.S. Energy Research
and Development Administration. The SRP plutonium has a variable isotopic
composition that can influence plutonium isotopic ratios in the estuarine
system. The other estuaries do not have nuclear installations upstream.
(auth)
H-45
-------
Healy, J.W. 1946. Absorption and Retention of Plutonium by 200 Area Top-
soil. HW-74776.
Plutonium, at a pH above two, tended to be removed in a narrow band on
the soil even in the presence of considerable salt concentrations.
Healy, J.W. 1972. Problems of Plutonium Measurement in the Environment.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. NS-18:219-223.
The author reviews the difficulties involved in getting all of the
sample into soluble form, especially when the particulates of PuO« are large
and scattered.
Healy, J.W. 1974. A Proposed Interim Standard for Plutonium in Soils.
LA-5483-MS.
Current standards for controlling health effects from plutonium in the
body are discussed. Available information on possible sources of exposure
of people living in an area where the soils are contaminated with plutonium
is analyzed to arrive at estimates of intake. From these estimates, a recom-.
mended interim standard for the upper limit of concentration of plutonium
in the soils in inhabited areas is derived. The recommendation is based upon
conservative assumptions where information is lacking and further studies
should result in revision. The subjects of resuspension, deposition velocity
of particles and effectiveness of radioactive particulates in producing lung
cancer are discussed in appendices, (auth)
Healy, J.W. and W.J. Smith. 1974. Contamination Limits for Real and Per-
sonal Property. LA-5726-PR.
A summary is given of the work performed during this period. Studies
included continuation of work on contamination transfer and the FIDLER res-
ponse and a review of a petition on plutonium limits by the Natural Resources
Defense Council. In addition, a summary of comments on the proposed soil
standard for plutonium is included, (auth)
H-46
-------
Hebel, R. 1973. Contents of ^Cs in Different Soils as a Basis for Pre-
cisely Directed Research of the 137Cs Contamination of Foodstuffs of Animal
Origin. Deut. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 80:404-408 (in German).
137
By means of 156 samples from crater lakes of the Eifel, the Cs-activity
of various types of soil as well as the vertical and lateral distribution
of Cs in the soil were examined. Moreover, the content of potassium, the
percentage of the organic substance, and the pH-value were determined. The
reading of Cs and potassium was obtained by gamma spectrometry in ring
cups, the contents of organic ingredients was ascertained via the carbon pro-
portion, and the pH-value by means of a glass electrode. The content and
extent of penetration of Cs correlate with the proportion of organic
substance, the content of potassium and the pH-value. Nevertheless there
exists no causal dependence between these values. It seems that casual
significance for the contents, the extent of penetration and the lateral
distribution has to be attributed to the surface water, the texture, and the
absorbent qualities of the soils as well as the topography of the region.
The importance of the knowledge of the bf.havior of Cs in the soil in v
of prophylaxis and single-minded taking of samples for the estimation and
the r<
(NSA)
The importance of the knowledge of the bf.havior of Cs in the soil in view
ingl
the reduction of the Cs content of slaughtered cattle is pointed out.
Helbling, J.L. (ed.) 1975. Bibliography of Environmental Research: Eco-
systems Department. 1952-1975. BNWL-SA-4655.
This 3rd biennial edition of the Cumulative Bibliography of Environ-
mental Research was prepared as a single source of information on the pub-
lication history of the Ecosystems Department, from its genesis in the
Biology Operation of General Electric, to its present status as an indepen-
dent department of the Pacific Northwest Laboratories of Battelle Memorial
Institute. (A)
H-47
-------
Hecht, F. 1963. Uranium and Thorium Determinations in Austria Waters and
Rocks. Fortschr. Geol. Rheinland Westfallen. 10:193-9.
Determinations were made by ion exchange, followed by determinations of
U polarographically and of Th with Thoronol. Data are given graphically for
several rivers. Concentrations of U above a ppm in sediments indicate
terrigenous formations rather than marine. (CA)
Hee, A. 1948. Researches on the Radioactivity of a Vosges Granite by the
Photographic Method. Comptes Rendus 277:356-358 (in French).
The radioactivity of a Vosges granite containing pleochroic halos and
zircons in close relationship with uranium and thorium has been studied by
the photographic method recently employed by Poole and Bremner (Nature 161,
p. 884, 1948). A close contact between a thin slab of the granite and an
Ilford plate was maintained for several weeks, after which it was possible
to locate the zircons, halos, quartz, and feldspar in the sample. The
photographic plate thus obtained was used to study the distribution of alpha
particle tracks in the gelatin. A greatly magnified direct photograph was
usec for reference. Some of the zircons proved to be very active, since
many stars and "thickets" of tracks were observed. The complex stars
observed seemed to proceed from the zircons having sections perpendicular
to the quarternary axis. (The zircons crystallize in the form of a bypyra-
midal prism having a square base.) However, all of the zircons did not
exhibit such activity, some being only slightly active or inactive. It was
verified that the pleochroic halos are not associated with the zircons in
the granite and are not radioactive. The two important active zircon centers
which are found in the surface are made invisible by the halo accompanying
each active crystal. Quartz and feldspar were round to contain only rare
isolated tracks. The existence of a white region surrounding an active
region in the negative plate is in agreement with Joly's belief that the
halos in the rock are due to ionization of the substance by alpha rays,
although the halos themselves are not radioactive. More extended work will
be published later. (NSA)
H-48
-------
Hee, A., M. Jarovoy, and J. Kleiber. 1950. Study by the Photographic Method
of Active Deposits of Various Radioactive Substances. Compt. rend. 230:1520-2
(in French).
Several substances rich in uranium and thorium (Colorado carnotite,
Tonkin autunite, and Ceylon thorianite) were electrically deposited on metal
discs which were then placed in contact with IIford plates for periods rang-
ing from about 4 hours to about 4 days. The authors then made a statistical
study of lengths of the a tracks found in the plates after various exposure
times. On the basis of this study they have identified the radioactive ele-
ments contained in these minerals. (NSA)
Heft, R.E., W.A. Phillips, H.R. Ralston, and W.A. Stelle. 1972. Radionuclide
Transport Studies in the Humboldt Bay Marine Environment. UCRL-73745.
Operation of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company nuclear power reactor
(65 MW(e) boiling water) at Humboldt Bay, Eureka, California, produces as a
by-product in low concentration in aqueous solution a number of radionuclides
(fission products, Zn, Co, Mn, H, etc.). At irregular intervals the
accumulated radioactive liquid waste is released into the Bay in accordance
with limits prescribed by the Atomic Energy Commission and the State of
California North Coastal Regional Water Control Board. The Lawrence Liver-
more Laboratory, in cooperation with the Pacific Gas and Electric Company
has undertaken a program to study the transport of the released radionuclides
through the Humboldt Bay marine environment. The Bay is considered to be
divided into five aqueous pools. Within each pool, the radionuclides are
partitioned among some or all of the following compartments - aqueous solu-
tion, bottom sediment,suspended sediment, benthic algae, eelgrass, phyto-
plankton. The experimental program consists of three main parts - assay of
each release for gamma-emitting radionuclides; monthly analyses for radio-
nuclide and stable element concentration in each of the listed compartments;
and intercompartment exchange rate studies. Radionuclide release data accu-
mulated since April 1971 is compared with monthly measurements of radio-
nuclide concentration in the bay. It was found that the amounts released
-------
.have little effect on field concentrations. Exchange study programs now
being carried out in the discharge canal and the laboratory are discussed.
The nature and status of a proposed transport model for the bay is described.
(auth)
Heid, K.R. 1956. Unconfined Underground Radioactive Waste and Contamination
in the 200 Areas. HW-41535.
Present knowledge about locations in the 200 Areas at Hanford, Wash.
where radioactive wastes have been discharged to the ground is documented.
The primary intent is to prevent future use of these sites for other pur-
poses without knowledge of the existing contamination problem, not to deter-
mine whether the waste could contaminate the ground water. The Redox particle
problem during 1954 has been omitted except where the concentration was
sufficient to warrant posting the area as a radiation zone. Also, only those
disposal sites within tank farms that were planned and scheduled have been
included as the entire tank farm is now considered as having sufficient
underground contamination to require monitoring for any excavating, (auth)
Held, E.E., S.P. Gessel, and R.B. Walker. 1965. Atoll Soil Types in Relation
to the Distribution of Fallout Radionuclides. UWFL-92.
The redistribution of radionuclides in atoll soils following fallout
from a nuclear device is described. The soils are calcareous, containing
no inorganic colloids, and their exchange capacity is directly related to
organic content. Comparison of gamma-ray spectra of depth increments from
137 125
young and old soils shows that Cs and Sb move most readily in old soil,
while the principal gamma-emitting radionuclide moving in young soil is
i pc qn
Sb. Sr moves in both old and new soils, and quantitative differences
in vertical movement between soil types is obscured by the highly variable
surface distribution of the radionuclides. Vertical gradients in the dis-
tribution occurs within the surface inch. Litter redeposits Cs and Sr
at the soil surface and bird droppings have added Zn and Co. In young
soils the highest levels of radioactivity are associated with soil algae
H-50
-------
found as a surface crust in undisturbed areas and in coral fragments in
eroded areas. Horizontal movement is localized. Buried organic horizons
contain more Cs than adjacent soil layers, and roots are generally more
radioactive than the surrounding soil except at the soil surface. Pumice
particles in the soil adsorb radionuclides but pumice is found infrequently.
Mechanical mixing by animals in old soil and by erosion in young soils is
important in the redistribution of radionucl ides near the soil surface.
Cs and Sr are the prir
soil-plant system, (auth)
Cs and Sr are the principal radionuclides entering a cycle within the
Hendricks, D.W. 1969. Sorption in Flow Through Porous Media. IH_: Proc.
Int. Symp. Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media, Haifa, Israel,
1969. Elsevier, New York.
Sorption was added to the differential equations describing flow and
dispersion through porous media.
Hendricks, S.B. and L.A. Dean. 1948. Applications of Phosphorus of Mass
Thirty Two to Problems of Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Utilization. Itj_:
Proceedings of Auburn Conf. on Use of Radioactive Isotopes in Agricultural
Research. Dec. 18-20, 1947. AL. Poly Inst. p. 76-86.
32
Tracer techniques involving P in problems of fertility of soil with
respect to phosphate and the availability of phosphatic fertilizers when
applied to soils are illustrated by laboratory, field and growth chamber
experiments carried out by a team of about 10 workers, (auth)
Henzel, N. and 0. Strebel. 1967. Model Studies on the Penetration of Fall-
out in Various Soils. Geophys. 33:33-47 (in German).
The penetration of slightly soluble and soluble artificially constituted
fallouts into various soils was investigated taking into consideration par-
ticle size, solubility, and radiation characteristics of radionuclides
of fallout from nuclear explosions. The experiments with slightly soluble
model fallout (quartz powder ranging from coarse silt to fine sand particle
qc qe on on
size labeled with Zr/ Mb or Sr/ Y) were carried out in a lysimeter
2
filled with sandy or humus type loamy soil. About 400 1/m distilled water
H-51
-------
(corresponding to the mean annual amount of percolation water) was sprinkled
onto the surface of either lysimeter charge. Such irrigation did not result
in a noticeable displacement of the fallout to the deptn of the tube nor in
a subsequent reduction of the dose rate above the soils tested. Solutions
of the nuclide pairs 137Cs/137mBa, 89Sr/89mY, 90Sr/90Y, 144Ce/144Pr, and
95 95
Zr/ Nb served as models for soluble fallout. Two types of experiments
were carried out with these patterns: percolation experiments in glass
columns, and shaking experiments to determine the capacity of sandy soil,
humus sandy soil, calcareous sandy soil, loamy soil, humus loamy soil,
calcareous loamy soil, silty clay soil, and clay soil to take up ions of
95 95
these radioelelements. With Zr/ Nb the soluble activity penetrated
into the sandy soils to about 15 cm, but into the other soils to a few cen-
timeters only. With the other nuclides most of the applied model fallout
remained at the soil surface. Usually humus loamy soil and silty clay soil
showed the strongest retention for the fission products investigated,
whereas sandy soils showed the least retention. It is emphasized that results
of such mock-up experiments can be extrapolated to field conditions only
with reservations. In .agreement with literature data, however, the described
studies did not indicate that in the field the dose rate above a contaminated
soil will decrease, due to displacement of fallout to depths of the soil,
within a short period of time. (NSA)
Herr, W. et. al. 1958. Search for Decay Products of Natural Technitium.
Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 14:158.
qp n-j nj go go
The decay products of Tc and Tc, .Mo, Mo and Ru, were sought
in the minerals columbite, gadolinite and tantalite and the Carbo iron
meteorite. No enrichment of the samples in the molybdenum and ruthenium
isotopes was detected.
Hess, V.F. 1918. Distribution of Radioactive Substances in and Over the
Sea. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Ila. 127:1297-1313.
The author discusses: Interchange of matter, in general, due to diffu-
sion, heat motion, etc.; movements of radioactive substances in the earth,
H-52
-------
the atmosphere, and the oceans; Ra, Th and U content of the seas, oceans,
ocean beds, and rivers; and the question of evaporation in this relation.
An average of 1.04 x 10" curie of emanation is given up to the atmosphere
2
by 1 cm of sea surface per second. Since W. Schmidt and the author pre-
viously determined that the land gives off from 2 to 3 times 10 curie,
the amounts of emanation escaping from the land surface and the sea surface
are approximately equal. (CA)
Hess, H.H. and W.R. Thurston. 1958. Disposal of Radioactive Waste on Land.
Trans. Am. Geophys. Union. 39:467-8.
Two years' consideration of the disposal problem by the National Research
Council Committee on Waste Disposal has led to certain conclusions which
are presented. Waste may be safely disposed of at many sites in the United
States but conversely there are many large areas in which it is unlikely
that disposal sites can be found as, for example, the Atlantic seaboard.
The research to ascertain feasibility of disposal has for the most part not
yet been done. The most practical immediate solution of the problem suggests
disposal in cavities mined in salt beds or domes. Disposal could be greatly
simplified if the waste could be gotten into solid form of relatively insol-
uble character. Disposal in porous beds underground has capabilities of
taking large volumes but will require considerable research to make the
waste compatible with such an environment. The main difficulty with this
method at present is to prevent clogging of pore space as waste is pumped
in. (auth)
Hetherington, J.A., D.F. Jefferies, N.J. Mitchell, R.J. Pentreath and
D.S. Woodhead. 1975. Environmental and Public Health Consequences of the
Controlled Disposal of Transuranic Elements to the Marine Environment.
IAEA-SM-199/11.
Experience from the controlled disposal of liquid radioactive wastes
from the nuclear power programme of the United Kingdom has shown that the
only releases of transuranic elements of potential environmental significance
occur following fuel reprocessing. In this context attention has been
H-53
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directed principally to plutonium because of its long half-life and high
radiotoxicity, although the next most important transuranic element, ameri-
cium, has also been studied.
The paper reviews the radiological significance of these radionuclides
following discharge to the marine environment, in terms of both dose to man
and to environmental resources. Beth plutonium and americium are found in
each of the three compartments, water, seabed sediment and biota, the
highest concentrations being found in sediment, particularly the fine mud
found in estuaries close to the Windscale outfall. Both elements have been
detected in a range of biota including seaweeds, fish and shellfish. The public
health significance of those biota which represent potential human exposure
pathways has been evaluated and estimates of the dose rate to critical
groups from current discharges have been made. In parallel studies atten-
tion has been focussed on the exposure of fish and shellfish stocks. The
dose rates have been estimated by use of environmental data on contamina-
tion levels combined with simple dosimetry models, and the results and
their significance are discussed, (auth)
Heye, D. 1969. Uranium, Thorium and Radium in Ocean Water and Deep-Sea
Sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 6:112-16.
It was found from the data of 25 deep-sea cores that the U/Th ratio of
sediments is nearly constant at a low CaCQ., content. This result and
reflections about some other points have led to the assumption that U and
Th are being transported into the sediment through the intermediary of
minerals. During the transport U (preferably U), Ra, and some Th are
leached by ocean water. This model provides for interpretation of the
234 238
activity ratio U/ U <1 in deep-sea sediments with low carbonate con-
228 232
tent as well as the activity ratio Th/ Th ^ 15 in ocean water. Like-
2?6
wise a part of the Ra excess (compared with the lo in solution) may be
caused by that leaching, (auth)
H-54
-------
Heye, D. 1970. Sedimentation Rate of Deep-Sea Cores of the Indian Ocean
With the Ionium/Thorium and the Protactinium/Ionium Method. "Meteor"
Forschungsergeb., Reihe C. No. 3:15-22 (in German).
Sediment cores were taken at 5 points in the Indian Ocean and lo, Th,
and Pa determined by measurements of their emanations. The water depths
were 2042-4298 m, and in each case cores were taken at sediment depths of
from a few cm to a few m. The rates of sedimentation varied from 0.32 cm/10
year at the greatest depth (in the middle) to 2.1-2.6 cm/10 year near the
coasts. (CA)
Heye, 0. 1970. A System for Detection of Ionium, Thorium, and Protactinium
to Date Deep-Sea Cores. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 34:389-97.
A highly sensitive system for detection of small quantities of Ra, Th-
and An by delayed conincidences was developed. These isotopes were con-
tinually swept from a solution containing their parents into an a-proportional
gas counter. Some deep-sea cores were dated and no loss of Ra by diffusion
could be found, (auth)
Higgins, Gary H. 1959. Evaluation of the Ground-Water Contamination Hazard
from Underground Nuclear Explosions. J. Geophys. Res. 64:1509-1519.
Radioactivities in ground water collected at Nevada Test Site since the
underground nuclear explosions in Operations Plumbbob and Hardtack Phase II
have not been significantly above background, due to the formation of silica
glass by the explosion, and the ion-exchange properties of fission products
in normal earth minerals and water. The glass formed by the high shock
pressures releases less than 10% of its radioactivity when leached with
water, and the rock minerals crushed by the explosive-forces adsorb several
tens of milliequivalents of fission products per 100 g. The distribution
coefficients for adsorption range from 50 to 500,000, depending on the
particular fission product and mineral. A theory pertaining to the flow
of activity in an ion-exchange medium is developed, and equations for appli-
cation of laboratory data to field experiments are included. Some of the
available distribution coefficients are tabulated from the literature on
waste disposal. It is concluded from existing information that hazards
H-55
-------
arising from underground explosions in other media will not give rise to
serious contamination problems. Until more experience is gained, measure-
ment of aquifer properties should be made prior to planned explosions to
determine that safe conditions exist in each particular case, (auth)
Higgins, G.H. I960. The Radiochemistry of the Transuranium Elements.
NAS-NS-3031.
The chemistry of transuranium elements and especially those features
that are of interest to radiochemists are discussed.
Hill-Cottingham, D.G. and C.P. Lloyd-Jones. 1957. Behavior of Iron Chelates
in Calcareous Soils. I. Laboratory Experiments with Fe-EDTA and Fe-HEEDTA.
Plant and Soil. 8:263-74.
eg
Fe-EDTA and Fe-HEEDTA, labelled with Fe , were applied to dry soils.
The analyses of water extracts lead to the following general conclusions.
The decrease in soluble iron could be attributed to both sorption of chelate
anions by the clay and to replacement of iron by calcium in the chelate
molecule. The amount of each chelate sorbed changed little with time and
was proportional to the quantity applied. More HEEDTA was sorbed than EDTA.
The initial decrease in the concentration of soluble iron was rapid for both
chelates, but was the greater for Fe-HEEDTA. The precipitation of iron from
the soluble Fe-HEEDTA was slower than from Fe-EDTA, so that fifteen days
after treatment more soluble iron was obtained from the Fe-HEEDTA treatments.
Marked increases in the recoveries of Fe-EDTA were made when the treated
soils were sealed within small containers, compared with those allowed free
access to the air. Comparable treatments using Fe-HEEDTA had a much smaller
59
effect. Isotopic exchange of Fe with natural soil iron was greater in
the treatments with 10 ppm chelated iron than the 100 ppm level. Fe-HEEDTA
was subject to more exchange than Fe-EDTA at both levels, (auth)
H-56
-------
Hill-Cottingham, D.G. and C.P. Lloyd-Jones. 1958. Behavior of Iron Chelates
in Calcareous Soils. II. Laboratory Experiments with Some Further Chelating
Agents. Plant and Soil. 9:189-201.
An examination was made of the changes with time in the composition of
aqueous extracts of a highly calcareous clay that had been treated with one
of four chelates Fe-DTPA, Fe-CDTA, Fe-HEEDDA and Fe-EDHPA (Fe-Chel 138).
It was found that a rapid fall in the recovery of soluble iron took
place with both Fe-DTPA and Fe-HEEDDA due to sorption by the clay and also
to replacement of iron in the chelate by calcium from the soil. For both
59
these chelates considerable isotopic exchange occurred between the Fe and
the natural soil iron. This exchange increased with decreasing rate of
application of chelated iron.
Fe-CDTA and Fe EDHPA were found to be comparatively unaffected by con-
tact with the soil. Negligible isotopic exchange took place with these two
chelates. (auth)
Hill-Cottingham, D.G. and C.P. Lloyd-Jones. 1958. Behavior of Iron Chelates
in Calcareous Soils. III. Laboratory Experiments with a Further Range of
Chelating Agents. Plant and Soil. 10:194-204.
A highly calcareous clay soil was treated with six iron chelates, those
formed by RA 155, RA 156, RA 157, RA 159, ATA or HEG, and then extracted
with an aqueous solution after intervals of up to 30 days.
About 80% of 'total' RA 155 was recovered at each sampling time, but
after 15 days approximately one-third of the iron in it had been replaced
by calcium. Some of the Fe-RA 156 and Fe-RA 159 was sorbed by the clay,
but no calcium was found to have replaced iron chelated with RA 156, RA 157
or RA 159.
59
The four chelates of the RA series were labeled with Fe . The amount
59
of isotopic exchange taking place between the Fe and soil iron was found
to be negligible.
H-57
-------
A very low percentage of Fe-ATA and Fe-HEG was recovered from the soil.
Approximately 50% of the Fe-ATA was sorbed by the clay, and in the remainder
the chelated iron was replaced by calcium. The cause of the loss of Fe-HEG
could not be determined, (auth)
Himes, F.L. and S.A. Barber. 1957. Chelating Ability of Soil Organic Matter.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 21:368-73.
It was discovered that organic matter reacted with divalent metal ions
in a manner similar to chelation reactions. Radioactive zinc was used to
facilitate the adsorption measurements. Multiple regression was used to
develop a prediction equation to determine the amount of zinc adsorbed as
influenced by zinc added, pH, and ionic strength of the solution.
Removal of organic matter by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide destroyed
the ability of the soil to chelate zinc. Removal of hydrous silicates did
not influence the retention of zinc by the soil.
The organic matter was fractionated into the humic and fulvic fractions.
Both fractions reacted with zinc in a manner similar to the-untreated soil.
Methylation of the organic matter was used to determine the functional
groups involved in the chelation reaction. Carboxyl groups did not appear
to be important.
The stability constant for tne zinc soil complex was investigated by
two independent methods. For a Maumee sandy loam soil at pH 7 and 2N KC1
it was found to be 5.6. (auth)
Himes, F.L. and R. Shufeldt. 1969. Influence of Some Organic Compounds on
the Movement of SrgO in Soils. COO-414-11.
The leachates of undisturbed Canfield soil in lysimeters contain some
90
Sr. The influences of organic compounds and of soil organic matter on
90
the movement of Sr have been studied. The decreasing order of effec-
90
tiveness of organic compounds of the quantity of Sr adsorbed by most soil
samples is: phytic acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, pectic acid,
pyrocatechol, glycine, and dextrose.
H-58
-------
90
The adsorption of Sr by soil samples after treatment with dilute HF
could be altered by methylation. Methylation of soil organic matter with
diazomethane decreased the quantities of exchangeable and chelated Sr frac-
tions proportionally more than the non-displaceable fraction. Methylation
with CH-jOH-BF^ decreased only the non-displaceable fraction.
In general, the quantity of water soluble Sr was greater for soil
samples that had been oven-dried than for samples kept continuously moist.
(auth)
Hodge, V.F., T.R. Folsom, and D.R. Young. 1973. Retention of Fall-Out
Constituents in Upper Layers of the Pacific Ocean as Estimated from Studies
of a Tuna Population. IN: Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environ-
ment. Proc. of Sym. held by IAEA, Seattle, July 10-14, '72 pp. 263-275.
Repeated measurements of cobalt-60, zinc-65, manganese-50, caesium-137,
silver-llOm, silver-108m, and plutonium-239 in several organs of albacore
tuna suggest that the upper layers of the north Pacific Ocean can retain
large fractions of several species of trace elements for periods of a decade
or more. For example, caesium-137 concentrations in the livers and muscle
tissues of North Pacific albacore caught from 1965-1971 decreased to half
in about 10 years. In comparison, the reported rate of input from fall-
out during this period decreased more rapidly, closer to half in one year.
This suggests a strong retention of caesium-137 in the upper water masses
which are accessible to the fish. It is of interest to note that long
environmental persistences in the upper oceanic layers are also indicated
for some other nuclides that are much more highly accumulated by organisms
than in caesium. For example, cobalt-60 and silver-108m concentrations in
albacore liver tissues fell to half during this period in 2.6 and 7.1 years
respectively. Plutonium-239 concentrations in the livers decreased to half
in about 3.5 years. The attenuation rate of zinc-65 was discontinuous
between 1965 and 1968. This fact, along with observation of comparatively
high ratios of zinc-65 to cobalt-60 in tunas of the southern hemisphere
following 1968, suggests that new large weapons were tested that gave off
relatively large amounts of zinc-65. (0-77)
H-59
-------
Hoffman, W. and U. Hofmann. 1961. Application of Bentonites and Vermiculites
to the Decontamination of Waste Waters. Nukleonik. 3:195-200 (in German).
Eight bentonites and three vermiculites were investigated with respect
to their possible utilization in the decontamination of waste waters. With
two exceptions (Geisenheimer bentonites) the tested bentonites proved unsuitable
for filling flow-through columns as they swell too much. Also as precipi-
tation reagents in salt and carrier solutions of radionuclides they are
poor to use as no sufficient decontamination factors were attained. Papers,
which contain bentonite as filler, do not swell. They also, however, are
not suitable as fillers for columns as the activities given up break through
immediately. In the filtration of contaminated water solutions over papers
prepared in this manner a decontamination factor with a maximum of seven
can be obtained. Vermiculites show the advantage, with respect to bento-
nites, of lower exchange velocities. The exfoliated samples of these
minerals take, however, a very large volume so that the capacity per volume
unit is too low and the columns are too large. The Geisenheimer bentonite,
on the contrary, can be fabricated into briquets, which do not lose their
permeability in columns filled at a throughput of >100 I/kg. In an installa-
tion which contains columns filled with briquets of Geisenheimer bentonite,
4
it could be shown that decontamination factors of 10 could be attained in
contaminated tap water, whereas in polluted sewage decontamination factors
of only 10 could be obtained, (auth)
Hoffman, O.C., P.O. Lawrence, J.L. Mewherter and P.M. Rourke. 1971. Detection
of 244Pu in Nature. Nature 234:132-4.
Mass spectrometric measurements of plutonium isolated from Precambrian
O A 1
bastnaesite confirmed the presence of Pu in nature. Although the exis-
tence of Pu as an extinct radioactivity has been postulated to explain
the xenon isotope ratios observed in meteorites, this is the first indication
of its present existence in nature, (auth)
Holbrow, C.H. 1976. Halos from Plutonium Minerals and Fission Alphas?
OAP-465.
044
The normal alpha decay of naturally occurring Pu can be expected
to have produced pleochroic halos detectable in existing rocks. Several ways
to identify such halos are described. Giant halos might also be produced
H-60
-------
244
by the alphas that occasionally accompany the spontaneous fission of Pu.
Under ideal circumstances such giant halos might be as large as 100 ym, and
the possibility is raised that the x-rays recently induced from central
inclusions of giant halos and identified as L x-rays of Z = 126 might instead
have been K x-rays from Te fission fragments.
Holcomb, H.P., J.H. Morton, and E.L. Wilhite. 1976. Actinide - Soil Inter-
actions in Waste Management at the Savannah River Plant. DP-MS-75-118.
Three aspects of the transuranium (TRU) nuclide-soil interaction were
studied in connection with Savannah River Plant (SRP) burial ground operations.
Results of the studies are reported as three separate parts of this report.
(A)
Holcomb, H.P., J.H. Horton, and E.L. Wilhite. 1976. Actinide - Soil Inter-
actions in Waste Management at the Savannah River Plant. Prepared for Seattle
Working Meeting on Actinide - Sediment Reactions. February 10-11, 1976.
Studies on the interaction between transuranium nuclides and soil were
made in burial ground operations at Savannah River. The following three
items were investigated.
1. To assist in evaluating the long-term hazard potential associated
with burial of process equipment from radiochemical separation plants, a
hot-canyon vessel that had been buried for 18 years was exhumed and analyzed
90 137 238 239
for Sr, Cs, and Pu. Soil surrounding the vessel was also ana-
lyzed to assess contamination levels and to determine the radionuclide migra-
tion from the equipment. Transuranium assay of the vessel at time of burial
was prevented by the intense fields of penetrating radiation encountered
in sampling and analyzing fresh waste.
2. A series of simple laboratory tests were made to determine the
feasibility of separation of plutonium-contaminated soil into plutonium-rich
and depleted fractions. Water scrubbing and washing of soil from the
Savannah River Plant burial ground separated a clay-silt fraction containing
about 952 of the plutonium, but comprising only one-third of the total soil
volume. The technique appears adaptable to conventional equipment and
applicable to soils of a high quartz-sand content.
H-61
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3. Movement of organically bound plutonium in soil was investigated
as part of a safety evaluation of the storage of spent solvent in under-
ground tanks. Laboaratory studies showed that organically bound plutonium
in the waste solvent is ineffectively removed by moist soil; however, some
plutonium is transferred to soil water, after which the plutonium is more
readily sorbed by soil, (auth)
Holland, H.D., H.J. Holland, and J.L. Munoz. 1964. The Coprecipitation of
Cations with CaC03- II. The Coprecipitation of Sr+2 with Calcite Between
90° and 100°C. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 28:1287-1301.
2+
The distribution of Sr between solution and precipitate in calcite
and aragonite was measured in precipitates prepared by both the CC^ intro-
duction and CO, release technique. The results are comparable. The value
c 2+
of the distribution coefficient 1C of Sr between solution and calcite was
A ?+
found to be 0.076 + 0.006. The distribution coefficient kSr of Sr~ between
solution and aragonite could not be measured precisely, but the values obtained
are compartible with those reproted previously (0.59 +_ 0.02). The value of
k~ is independent of both the ionic strength of the solution up to 1.4 m
br 2+
and of the mole fraction of Sr in solution. It is probably also nearly
independent of the NaCl concentration in the solutions from which it is
precipitated. The value reported can therefore be used to define the ratio
(m^ 2+/mc 2+) in hydrothermal solutions from which calcite has been deposited
at 100°C. (NSA)
Holland, H.D. and J.L. Kulp. 1954. The Mechanism of Removal of Thorium
and Radium from the Oceans. Geochim. et. Cosmochim. Acta. 5:214-24.
The adsorption and base exchange of Th and Ra on deep-sea red clay,
'28 224
glcbigerina ooze, and green clay were investigated by use of " Th and Ra
as tracers. At equilibrium the fraction of radioactivity remaining in the
sea-water solution is independent of the total quantity of tracer added.
Extrapolation of the data to actual concentrations of Th and Ra in sea water
indicates that the concentrations of these elements in sediments is comparable
to that of these experiments. It is concluded that base exchange is the
method by which Th and Ra are taken up by the sediment. (CA)
H-62
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Holland, H.D. and J.L. Kulp. 1954. The Transport and Deposition of Uranium,
Ionium, and Radium in Rivers, Oceans, and Ocean Sediments. Geochim. et
Cosmochim. Acta. 5:197-213.
Theoretical calculations were made of the factors controlling the con-
centrations of radioelements in sea water. The influx of U into the oceans
and its deposition in shelf sediments are nearly equal, and both exceed the
rate of radioactive decay and deposition in deep-sea sediments. The produc-
tion of Ra by lo decay is greater than river influx, whereas its decay and
deposition in deep-sea sediments exceed deposition in shelf sediments. In
the case of lo the influx and deep-sea sedimentation rates are nearly equal
and much greater than radioactive production from U and deposition in shelf
sediments. The lo concentration in sea water is calculated to be 3.1 ^ 1 x
10"15 g/ml. (CA)
Holly, D.E., N.L. Guinasso, Jr., and E.H. Essington. 1971. Hydrodynamic
Transport of Radionuclides: One-Dimensional Case with Two-dimensional
Approximation. NVO-1229-179.
One-dimensional mathematical models of the transport and hydrodynamic
dispersion of radionuclides in granular media are discribed. The mathe-
matical formulation consists of the derivation of the transport equations
and definition of sundry boundary conditions. The transport equation is
reduced to the heat equation by a suitable change of variables and the solu-
tion of the resulting transformed boundary value problem. Analytical solu-
tions are given for four sets of boundary conditions and the results are
discussed. The analytical solution is limited to a homogeneous aquifer. A
method is presented to obtain an approximate two-dimensional solution as a
product of the longitudinal transport solution and the lateral dispersion
solution for each of the four boundary conditions. Another method to approxi-
mate the two-dimensional solution represents the initial concentration field
as a series of cells, calculates the position of each cell as a function
of time by moving them on groundwater flow trajectories, and calculates the
concentration field by summing the contributions from each cell. Computer
programs to evaluate each of the solutions are presented in Appendices
together with sample outputs and sufficient information to enable the reader
to use them, (auth)
H-63
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Holowaychuk, N., P.L. Gersper, and L.P. Wildung. 1969. 90Sr Content of
Soils Near Cape Thompson, Alaska. Soil Science. 107:137-44.
90
Annual levels of Sr in soils near Cape Thompson, Alaska, were studied.
Strontium-90 distribution as related to soil type and factors responsible
90
for the distribution were evaluated. The increase in Sr burdens in soils
from 1961 to 1964 is thought to be caused by the 1961 nuclear weapons testing.
A consistent correlation was not evident between soil characteristics and
90 90
Sr accumulation. Poorly drained soils seemed to accumulate more Sr, as
90
did soils in areas of higher rainfall. The rate of increase in Sr content
at different sites was not significantly different. Wind transported plant
material debris enriched the accumulation. Deposition and accumulation
appear to be the most important factors affecting fission product redistri-
bution. (NSA)
Honda, Y., T. Muraoka, and T.J. Koga. 1973. Behavior of Co in a Non-
Flowing Small-Scale Rice Field Ecosystem. J. Radiat. Res. 14:209-218.
Radioecological behavior of Co after a single administration was
investigated in a non-flowing small-scale rice field ecosystem, which con-
sisted of natural pond water, rice seedlings, mud snails, loaches, earth-
worms and sandy soils. The radioactivity of Co in water decreased rapidly
for about ten days and gradually thereafter. Ten days after addition of
Co, the fraction, remained in aqueous phase, was about 0.1" of the
initially administered radioactivity. The radioactive concentrations of
both mud snails and earthworms reached maximums in two hours, while those
of rice seedlings, loaches, and sandy soils reached maximums in one day, and
then decreased with time to an equilibrium level. The relative order for
maximum concentration factors was: rice seedling > mud snail > sandy soil
> earthworm > loach. In a mass balance analysis of the radionuclide in
the system, Co retained in the biomass including side wall algae grown
during the experiment showed about "\2%, although the proportion based on
wet weight of the biomass was only about 2.3%. (auth)
H-64
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Honstead, J.F. 1959. The Movement of Liquid Through Soils. HW-SA-42.
Factors governing the rate of movement of water in soils are discussed.
The movement of water through a porous medium is described in terms of the
degree of saturation of the pores with water. It is pointed out that when
radioactive waste disposal to the ground is carried to the point at which
the decontaminating capacity of the soil is reduced to an undesirable extent
it may be necessary to abandon the disposal site and start disposal operations
at a new location. Data are included from studies on Hanford soils. Anti-
cipated research programs in soil physics are outlined. (NSA)
Honstead, J.F. 1963. The Role of "Ground Disposal" in Radioactive Waste
Management. Colloq. Intern. Retention Migration Ions Radioactifs Sols,
Saclay, 1962 11-15.
The importance of understanding the specific role of a waste, management
process such as ground disposal is examined. The role must be specified
before objective research and development is possible and is a prerequisite
for communicating research progress. A general analysis of a schematic
waste1 management situation was made to identify the purpose of its several
components. Two situations are pointed out where the results of research
into the retention and migration of radioactive ions in soils may be usefully
applied. The first is in evaluation of subsurface, high level waste storage
facilities. The second involves the discharge of low-level waste water.
The utility of the ground disposal processes in each case are pointed out.
The importance of a full understanding of the purpose and place of this
technique in waste management philosophy to assure its acceptance and pro-
fitable application to specific problems is empnasized. (auth)
Honstead, J.F. 1968. Evaluation of Radiological Conditions in the Vicinity
of Hanford January - June, 1967. BNWL-665.
Surveillance of the Hanford environs during the first half of 1967 showed
that the concentrations of radioactive materials in the vicinity were well
H-65
-------
within the appropriate limits and that radioactive wastes were under sound
and continuous control. Most of the environmental radiation dose for the
majority of persons living in the Hanford environs was due to natural sources
and world-wide fallout rather than to Hanford operations.
The major source of low-level radioactive waste released to the environ-
ment from Hanford plants is reactor cooling water discharged to the Columbia
32
River. P continued to be the radionuclide of Hanford origin that contri-
buted the largest radiation dose to individuals who consistently ate size-
able quantities of locally caught fish.
To estimate the maximum radiation dose received by persons residing in
the Hanford environs, a hypothetical Maximum Individual was postulated.
Included in this individual's annual diet were 200 meals of Columbia River
32
fish. The Maximum Individual's estimated intake of P from fish for the
12 month period ending June 30, 1967 was about 6% of the Maximum Permissible
Rate of Intake (with bone as the critical organ). This intake is essentially
the same as that reported in the 1966 Annual Report.
The Typical Richland Resident received most of his radiation dose from
natural background and worldwide fallout. The radiation dose from Hanford
sources received by this population group originates, for the most part,
from drinking water obtained from the Columbia River. An evaluation of
estimated doses received by the various body organs of such an individual
indicated that the dose to the GI (gastro-intestinal) tract was the largest
percentage of appropriate limits. The GI tract dose from drinking water
for a Typical Richland Resident for the 12-month period ending June 30,
1967 was about 5% of the limit.
Generally, I concentrations in the Hanford environs were at very
low levels during the first half of 1967. The estimated thyroid dose for
a small child (2 g thyroid) drinking Richland water for the 12 month period
ending June 30, 1967 was 13 mrem, or 3% of the appropriate limit, as com-
pared to 35 mrem during 1966. ' Radioactive fallout caused a brief
H-66
-------
•increase in I concentrations in the environment during January, but con-
centrations soon returned to the low levels experienced during most of 1966.
(auth)
Honstead, J.F., R.F. Foster, and W.H. Bierschenk. 1959. Movement of Radio-
active Effluents in Natural Waters at Hanford. l^: Disposal of Radioactive
Wastes. Conf. Proc. Monaco, 16-21 November 1959. 2:385-99.
The Hanford plant is located in a semiarid region on a very thick bed
of unconsolidated water-deposited sediments resting on the basalt bedrock.
This material may be considered in two geologic units, the lower bed being
much less permeable than the upper. The Columbia River flows through the
plant area and it is first used for human consumption about 55 km down-
stream from the last reactor plant. Low-level effluent from the reactors is
discharged into the Columbia River after a 1 to 3 hr holdup period in reten-
tion basins. More than 60 radioisotopes were identified in the effluent,
nearly all of very short half-life. Depletion of various radioisotopes in
river water by mechanisms other than decay is observed. This averages about
40% in the 55 km between the reactors and Pasco and is ascribed to biological
assimilation and sedimentation processes. Low-level waste solutions from
chemical processing plants are discharged into the ground where they seep
through 70 to 120 m of sediments before reaching the local water table. Most
of the radioactive material is immobilized by adsorption or other reactions
during passage through the soil. The water and the few contaminants that
reach the water table move with the ground water toward the Columbia River.
The rate and direction of travel are determined by the form of the water-
table surface and the hydraulic characteristics of the transmitting aquifers.
The local water-table configuration was radically affected by the disposal
of large volumes of water. From the gradient and the measured permeabili-
ties of the aquifers an average "travel time" for water If 180 years is
estimated. It is recognized that the maximum velocity may be several times
the average. The effect of adsorption or other reactions is to greatly slow
down the movement of dissolved material relative to the rate of movement of
water. No movement of fission products from the disposal sites to the river
was detected, (auth)
H-67
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Honstead, J.F., J.L. Nelson, B.W. Mercer and W.A. Haney. 1962. Waste Fix-
ation on Minerals. TID-7613, pp. 623-40.
Reactions involving radionuclides and solid minerals which result in
the selective removal of radioisotopes from waste streams were investigated
as a means of fixing fission products in a solid without also incorporating
the large concentrations of stable chemicals that usually accompany radio-
isotopes in wastes. Studies were made of both mineral replacement reactions
and specific absorption reactions. Results are reported from scouting
studies on fission product removal from various types of high-salt, high-
activity wastes by passage through clinoptilolite columns. The method gave
good results for the removal of Cs , Sr , Co , rare earths, and a
emitters. Advantages and disadvantages of this type of waste treatment
are discussed. (NSA)
Hoogteijling, P.J. and G.J. Sizoo. 1948. Radioactivity and Grain Size of
Soil. Physica. 14:65-72.
By measurements on separated grain size fraction 0-2y, 2-16u, 16-2000p
of several sedimentary soils, evidence was found for a preference of the
radioactive elements for the grain sizes 2-16u. From the variation of the
activity with the amount of the material spread each time on the same
surface, as well as from the comparison of the radium content with the total
activity, it was concluded that the composition of the radiation depends
on the fineness of the material. The ratios of the concentrations of
the various radioactive elements, therefore, must vary with the grain
size. It is suggested that his variation is not only related to the
mineral composition of the original material, but also influenced by the
combined processes of solution and adsorption during the process of sedi-
mentation (NSA)
H-68
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Hoogteijling, P.J. and G.J. Sizoo. 1948. Radioactivity and Mineral Composi-
tion of Soil. Physica. 14:357.
The data taken on sedimentary sands indicate that the radioactive elements
are concentrated in the heavy mineral fraction, being chiefly bound to the
zircon mineral. Tabulated activities are recorded for various zircon mineral
contents and the zircon activity is compared with that of equivalent weights
of the other heavy fractions of sands. Although no relationship between the
radioactivity and the zircon content was found for clays, a correlation between
radioactivity and potassium content was made. However, the potassium radia-
tion accounted for only a small fraction of the activity of the clays studied.
Tabulated data for various clay minerals are shown. No evidence for a con-
centration of the radioactive elements in any one of the clay minerals was
found. It is concluded that during the chemical transformation of the original
minerals into the clay minerals the radioactive elements are at least partially
free and spread over the whole material by adsorption to the surface of the
precipitating particles. (NSA)
Hornbacher, 0.0. and C.J. Barker. 1975. Radioactive Effluent Monitoring at
the Rocky Flats Plant. ERDA-92. 2:607-621.
The Rocky Flats Plant is in the unique position of discharging effluent
waters directly into two public water supplies serving in excess of 100,000
people, and is located sixteen miles upwind from downtown Denver, Colorado.
The paper gives an overview of the air and water radioactive effluent moni-
toring program conducted to assure the health and safety of the populace
surrounding the Rocky Flats Plant. (A)
Horr, C.A., A.T. Myers and P.J. Dunton. 1961. Uranium and Other Metals in
Crude Oils. A. Methods of Analysis for Uranium and Other Metals in Crude Oils,
With Data on Reliability. Hyden, H. J. B. Distribution of Uranium and Other
Metals in Crude Oils. U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1100.
A. The content of uranium and other metals in crude oils ranges from a
few tenths to several hundred parts per million. To concentrate these metals,
crude-oil samples were prepared for analysis and reduced to ash by two methods:
a modified ASTM method of dry ignition, and a wet oxidation followed by ashing.
H-69
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Results obtained by the two methods do not differ appreciably. The concen-
tration of copper, vanadium, and nickel in the ash of 37 oils was determined
by both the quantitative and semiquantitative spectrochemical procedures. A
comparison of the results showed that more than 60% of the semiquantitative
results for these three elements are in the same one-third order of magnitude
as the quantitative results. Uranium in the ash was determined fluorimetri-
cally and comparative results on several samples showed satisfactory agree-
ment. B. A total of 120 samples of crude oil and 16 samples of refinery
residue were collected from oil fields and refineries located in the western
half of the United States. The oil and residue samples were reduced to ash;
the uranium content of the ash was determined by fluorometric analysis, and
the content of other metals by emission spectrograph. The uranium content
in the ash of a majority of the samples is included in the range 0.0002 to
0.001%. The reported average uranium content in the crust of the earth is
within this percentage range. In contrast, vanadium and nickel contents in
the ash of most of the samples are included in the range of 10 to 50%, which
is several orders of magnitude greater than the reported vanadium and nickel
contents in the crust of the earth. The amounts of other metals in the ash
of oil are similar to those in the crust of the earth; among these latter
metals, molybdenum shows the greatest relative enrichment in the ash of crude
oil. The ratios of vanadium to nickel of the oil samples tend to increase
with increasing age of reservoir rock. Tests indicate that crude oil can
leach uranium from sandstone containing uranium minerals such as uraninite
and carnotite. The uranium content of crude oils, therefore, can be indica-
tive of the uranium content in sandstone oil reservoirs, (auth)
Horton, J.H. 1961. Disposal Practices and Experience at Savannah River
Plant. IN: Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. TID-7621, pp. 34-36.
Savannah River Plant geology is heterogeneous but is generally sands or
sandy clays with a low cation exchange capacity. The groundwater is generally
20 to 60 feet below the ground surface, but never lower than 100 feet. Rain-
fall is about 45 inches/year. To date, 3.6 Ci of alpha emitters and 3200
H-70
-------
Ci of nonvolatile beta emitters have been disposed to seepage basins. Sr
isotopes are poorly retained. However, tritium was the only radioisotope
detected in the groundwater.
Horvath, E. 1960. Investigations of Uranium Adsorption to Peat in Natural
Waters Containing U-Traces. Magyar Tundomanyos Akad. Atommag Kutatfi Inte"zete,
Kb'zlemenyek. 2:177-83 (in Hungarian).
Adsorption tests were made with previously standardized peat samples in
well waters of the vicinity of Debrecen, Komadi, and the Taktakoz region. The
2
investigations revealed an average value of 2 to 3, 5 x 10 for the equili-
brium constant, the so-called "enrichment factor" of uranium adsorption by
peat, (auth)
Horvath, E. 1965. The Laboratory Investigation of Some Factors Influencing
the Aqueous Dissolution of the Uranium Contents of Rocks. Part I. At
Kozlemen. 7:85-93 (in Hungarian).
Investigations were made of how the change in the grain size of a certain
rock and in the time of contact between rock and water influences the quantity
of dissolved uranium. The experiments mere made by percolating through
andesitic granitic rocks distilled water or water containing 2 g/liter NaHCO-j.
On the basis of the results of the exerpiments it was found that the influ-
ence of grain size (i.e., the surface of solution) of the examined rocks upon
the dissolved uranium quantity is much less than expected. In the case of
experiments made under identical circumstances the increase of the surface
of solution with two orders of magnitude led only to a triple or fourfold
rise in the concentration of the dissolved uranium. In connection with the
time function of the solution it was found that the dissolving concentration
which considerably increased in the beginning with the increase of the time
of contact, after a certain period of time (in the case of our experiments
150-240 minutes, depending on the rock examined) does not change any more
with the increase of time, (auth)
H-71
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Hosterman, J.W. , W.C. Overstreet, and J.J. Warr, Jr. 1964. Thorium and
Uranium in Monazite from Spokane County, Washington. "Short Papers in Geology
and Hydrology." Articles 122-172, pp. D128-30.
Monazite occurs in residual clay derived from granodiorite and related
rocks (saprolite) and sedimentary clay deposits of the Latah Formation. In
three samples of monazite separates, thorium oxide (ThOo) averages 3.67 and
uranium oxide (11300) averages 0.37%. The tenor of the monazite is not high
enough to be considered commercial, (auth)
Howery, D. 1961. Initial Work on the Cation Exchange Properties of Clinoptil-
olite.
The ion exchange properties of Hector clinoptilolite for yttrium, barium,
sodium, cesium, strontium and hydrogen were investigated. Stoichiometric
equilibrium quotients were computed in a 0.02N system at 30° and 70° for the
reaction, Cs+ +. Na clinoJNa^ + Cs clino. There was a pronounced selec-
tivity for cesium. The sodium-cesium exchange was nearly temperature-inde-
pendent. Clinoptilolite yttrium capacities were very low. Hydrogen ion
uptake occurs readily but is removed by sodium or cesium with difficulty.
Howery, O.G. and H.C. Thomas. 1965. Ion Exchange on the Mineral Clinoptil-
olite. J. Phys. Chem. 69:531-537.
Cation-exchange equilibria on the zeolitic mineral clinoptilolite have
been investigated for the pairs of ions Na -Cs , Na -NH^ , and NH^ -Cs at
30 and 70° using column techniques with radioactive tracers. The standard
values of AF and AH are shown to obey the triangle rule with discrepancies
of only about 0.1 kcal./mole. The system is discussed in terms of the excess
thermodynamic functions, (auth)
Hsieh, J.J.C. 1966. Ion Migration in Homogeneous Soil. BNWL-280, pp. 108-10.
Cationic Zn in effluent waters from nuclear reactors at Hanford, Washing
ton, becomes predom'natnly associated with particles in the Columbia River.
H-72
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Sedimentation carries Zn and other partiale-sorbed radionuclides into bottom
deposits. Two types of retention were studied by observing the fractions of
radionuclides displaced by sea water and by solutions of certain first transi-
tion series metals. The first type of interaction is cation exchange; the
second is an exchange phenomenon, with the nature of the metal ion playing a
major role. Less Zn was displaced from the sediments by the interaction
of sea water than could be removed by leaching with solutions of certain
first transition series metals. This was interpreted to mean that ion
exchange is not an important mechanism in the retention of Zn in these
samples. Instead, much of the Zn is held by specific sorption. Neither
treatment displaced Cr or Sc from the sediments, whereas about one-third
54
of the Mn was removed upon contact with sea water. The apparent order of
t\ i o i Ox *" C
effectiveness of Cu , Co , and Mn in displacing specifically sorbed Zn
paralleled the order of stability of complexes of divalent metal ions. Cation
exchange sorption of Zn is probably even less important in sea water than
+ 2+
in fresh water, because other cations (Ma , Mg , etc.) are so abundant in
the sea. On the other hand, specific sorption may occur because transition
metal ions are generally not abundant in sea water. For this reason, it is
especially important to distinguish between nonspecific cation exchange
sorption and specific sorption in sea water. (MSA)
Hubbard, J.E. 1968. Cs in an Alpine Watershed. Thesis. Colorado State
University.
A study was made of the distribution of the fallout radionuclide Cs
on the surface and in the stream channel of an alpine watershed in the
137 2
Colorado Front Range. Cs activities of the surface (mean = 222 nCi/m )
were considerably higher than at Fort Collins, Colorado. The effects of snow-
accumulation, soil-vegetation complexes, and the hydrologic surface were
studied in relation to Cs activity. Snow-accumulation areas contained
significantly more Cs than snow-free areas. Alpine Bog contained signifi-
cantly more Cs than did Alpine Turf and Alpine Meadow soils. Micro-channels
-------
and micro-depressions had significantly higher levels of Cs activity than
areas characterized as surface runoff. Concentrations of Cs in stream
bottom sediments and stream vegetation decreased exponentially downstream
with distance from a permanent snowfield at the headwaters. There is some
evidence that Cs in sediments is accumulating in a marshy area where the
stream flows across the moraine of a former mountain glacier: Cs activi-
ties of the sediments were not highly related to percent silt + clay. Evi-
dence did not support the hypothesis that most Cs would concentrate in the
silt + clay as it moved downstream. Significant quantities of Cs were
not found in stream water or the 1967 or 1968 snowpack. Measureable Cs
activities were found in litter and inorganic materials in and about the
permanent snowfield, and in moss on rocks in the stream channel. (NSA)
Hubbard, J.E. and W.D. Striffler. 1973. Cesium 137 in a Mountain Stream
Channel. Water Resources Res. 9:1440-1442.
1 37
Concentration of the radionuclide Cs in water, sediment, and channel
vegetation was determined in a Colorado mountain watershed in 1967. No
measurable Cs was found in stream water. Specific Cs activity in
sediment decreased exponentially with distance from the headwaters. Its
concentration was 124 pCi/1 at the headwaters, where a snowpile has existed
continuously since the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, to 4 pCi/g
5,600 m downstream. Stream vegetation samples also indicated a similar
decrease in specific Cs activity with site location downstream. (NSA)
Hubbell, D.W. and J.L. Glenn. 1971. Distribution of Radionuclides in
Bottom Sediments of the Columbia River Estuary. TID-25724.
A study was made of the distribution of radionuclides, produced pri-
marily by the neutron activation of naturally occurring stable elements and
chemical additives in nuclear reactor coolant water, in the bottom sediments
of the Columbia River estuary. In situ gross gamma radiation varies over a
seventyfold range and generally correlates with the total concentration of
individually measured radionuclides in surficial samples. The most abundant
H-74
-------
^°K, 46Sc,
in surfi-
sater than
14 pico-
ubstan-
excluding
ut 0.05 to
and Pre-
Prof. Paper.
ige in
3n of results
Dy a simple
nium con-
inations,
from sage-
terial from
•ganic
•ation
the adsorp-
srlal were
and Sr in
undance of
,o the deter
:tric ton
-------
The concentration of the minor elements into the crust (and atmosphere-
ocean system), relative to the earth as a whole, is consistent with their
geochemical properties. The concentration of Rb is 45%, K, 31%, and Sr 13%.
87 fifi
The mean Sr :Sr value in the crust is 0.7090, and in the mantle
0.7035. The radiogenic Sr87 is 950 x 1010 tons in the crust and 3020 x 1010
tons in the mantle.
87
In order to develop the radiogenic Sr in the present mantle and crust
it is necessary that the trace elements of the crust separated continuously
at a rather uniform rate, starting at about 3400 x 10 yr; a single stage
early separation is not possible, (auth)
The relative abundance of Sr in the total earth turns out to be almost
exactly equal to that in chondrites. The loss of K in the earth relative to
chondrites is very closely the same as the loss of Rb, namely about 0.15;
the k:Rb ratio is similar to that in chondrites. The known percentage con-
centration of these key elements into the crust allows the estimate of the
concentration of other elements such as U, Th and the lanthanide group,
through their known behavior as ratios in various rock types. This infor-
mation leads to their relative abundance in the earth as a whole. It is
found that the less volatile elements closely equal their chondrite abundances
adding substantial support to the chondrite model.
Hyde, E.L. 1960. The Radiochemistry of Thorium. NAS-NS-3004.
This book reviews the soluble and insoluble salts; complexes of thorium
and radiochemical methods of determination of thorium.
H-76
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Ideno, E. and T. Sugimura. 1963. Uranium Content in Recent Sediments in
Japan. Nippon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi. 5:46-3 (in Japanese).
The U content in some recent sediments in Japan was determined by a
colorimetric method (Tutsomoto and Goldberg, CA 54, 20687d). The average
content of U was 2.5 ppm, in good agreement with the results given by
Holland and Kulp. (CA)
II'in, D. I., A. I. Petrova, and N. Ya. Chepkasova. 1958. The Migration
of Radioactive Substances from an Open Water Reservoir. Atomnaya Energ.
5:75-7 (in Russian).
Waste disposal into the ground was studied by checking the migration
of radioactive isotopes in open water under natural conditions. The
results are presented from measurements on cross sections of drilled
holes. Tables showing the 3 activity in the reservoir water and in the
drilled holes were prepared. The experiments showed that Sr, Cs, and
other rare-earth elements are well absorbed by sedimentary rocks and that
such ground is suitable for the storage of atomic waste. (NSA)
Illsley, C. T. 1961. Hydrogeochemical Reconnaissance for Uranium in
the Stanley Area, South-Central Idaho. RME-140.
Geochemical data obtained from the analyses of 73 water samples
collected in the Stanley area, Idaho, demonstrate the applicability
of hydrogeochemical techniques to uranium exploration. Uranium concen-
trations in surface waters of the area ranged from 0.2 to 22.0 ppb
U20g. The geometric mean for 27 samples from the Basin Creek mining
area was 3.9 ppb U^O., and the geometric mean for the remainder of the
Stanley area was 1.1 ppb U.,0g (39 samples). Samples from seven hot
springs averaged 0.3 ppb U30g. The conductivity of the surface waters
ranged from 45 to 350 micromhos, with the higher conductivities generally
found in water from areas underlain by sedimentary rock. The pH of the
surface waters varied only slightly from the average value of 7.4. Twelve
of the most highly anamalous uranium concentrations in the Basin Creek
district were found from 0.15 to 2 miles downstream from known uranium
deposits, (auth)
1-1
-------
Imahashi, M. 1970. Uranium and Thorium in Hydrothermally Altered
Rocks Under Acid Conditions. As Exemplified by Silicified Rocks From
Tateyama Jigokudani, Toyama. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi. 91:668-9 (in Japanese).
Uranium and thorium content in hydrothermally-altered rocks from
the Tateyama Jigokudani hot spring area, Toyama, were determined in order
to study the mobility of these elements under acid conditions. The
Teachabilities of these elements were calculated on the basis of content.
It was found that silica is not Teachable during the alterations. The
calculations demonstrated that 60% of the thorium as well as 50% of the
uranium could be removed from original rocks. The mobilities of these
elements under acid conditions are greater than those during weathering
processes under neutral conditions, (auth)
India Atomic Energy Commission. 1971. A Bibliography on Hydrological
Considerations in i) Water Resources for Agriculture; ii) Ground Disposal
of Radioactive Wastes. BARC 573.
This bibliography contains 1465 references to the literature published
up to-January 1971. The main bibliographic source was Nuclear Science
Abstracts but other scientific journals dealing with hydrology, flow
through porous media, soil physics etc. were also consulted and abstracted.
In addition to the materials identified in Nuclear Science Abstracts from
1960 to January 1971, earlier works from various text books and scientific
reports have also been included. The references have been presented
subject-wise, the various subjects are as follows:
Text Books, Hand Books, Guide Books in Hydrology; Hydrology; Use of
Tracers in Hydrology, Ground Water Flow; Determination of Ground Water
Velocity; Determination of Permeability; Determination of Hydrological
Characteristics; Hydro!ogicaT Mapping; Determination of Soil Moisture and
Soil Density; Apparatuses; Techniques used in Hydrology; Field Studies on
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes; Migration of Radioisotopes into Ground;
Transport of Radioisotopes in Lakes/Rivers/Ocean; Adsorption of Radioisotopes
on Soils; Ground Water Monitoring and Analysis; Groundwater resources; Charge-
Recharge; Pumping Tests; Theories of Groundwater Motion; Dispersion in
1-2
-------
Poms Media; Steady/Unsteady, Saturated/Unsaturated, Flow in Homogeneous/
Heterogeneous Media; Solution of Ground Water Flow Equation; Analog Models
for Hydrologic Studies and Computer Programs; Predictive Methods for
Groundwater Flow; Research Work in Hydrology through IAEA Contracts;
Hydrology Work in Arab Countries; Ground Water Management, (auth)
Inoue, Y. 1967. Prediction of Radionuclide Migration in Ground Water at
the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. IN: Disposal of Radioactive
Wastes Into the Ground. IAEA-SM-93/15, pp. 199-213.
The velocity of a radionuclide in ground water is related to the
velocity of ground water, and the dispersion of radionuclides may be
predicted from the dispersion of ground water. The paper deals with the
application of the theory for the prediction of radionuclide movement at
the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) at Tokai-mura.
JAERI is situated at Tokai-mura, where the formation consists of
stratified sand and loam layers, sloping about 10 degrees toward the Pacific
Ocean. This sand layer holds the ground water. To determine the
direction and velocity of ground-water flow, two methods were applied.
One was to estimate groundwater flow by Darcy's law with the aid of permeability
and equi-water level through measurements of ground-water levels at 53
observation wells throughout the area. The other method was a direct
measurement of groundwater flow by the point dilution method, the results
of which were used for the correction of data above. The distribution
coefficient k. may be obtained by measuring the mass-action constant of
the sand or by direct comparison of water and radionuclide travel by
passing a radionuclide in ground water through a soil column. The value of
k. for strontium-90, for example, was 3.6. As the ground-water flow at
90
Tokai-mura has a maximum speed of 16.7 m/d at the JRR-2 reactor site, Sr
travel is estimated to be 1.13 m/d at that location.
The study is only applicable to the continuous pollution of ground water
by radioactive material, and, in the case of an abrupt dose of radionuclides
in ground water, the concentration is expected to be much less due to
dispersion. To investigate this, water tracer was injected at one monitoring
1-3
-------
well and samples collected periodically at observation wells. Because
of the slow movement of ground water (average 30 cm/d), this observation
will need two to three more years before it is completed, (auth)
Inoue, Y. and W. J. Kaufman. 1963. Prediction of Movement of Radionuclides
in Solution Through Porous Media. Health Physics. 9:705-15.
The transport of a cationic radionuclide through the earth was
determined by hydrodynamic convection, hydraulic dispersion, and ion-
exchange sorption. If the manner of water movement is first ascertained
by tritiated water tracer measurements and the exchange properties are
determined by laboratory tests, it is possible to predict the arrival of
individual radioisotopes at some distant point of concern. For the prediction
theory to be fully applicable, the formation should be reasonably homogeneous,
the isotope distribution factor should-remain constant, and exchange
equilibria should prevail at all points. It is also desirable that the
hydraulic flow net remain unchanged. The validity of the prediction theory
was tested with laboratory columns and with a field investigation. The
field test involved several arrays of injections and relief wells and
twenty-three observation wells penetrating a confined aquifer 100 ft
below the earth's surface. The results demonstrated the theoretical
validity and practical utility of the theory, (auth)
Inoue, Y. and S. Morisawa. 1972. Selection of a Site for the Ground
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. I. An Approach to Safety Analysis.
Nippon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi. 14:522-30 (in Japanese).
Disposal of radioactive solids or solidified wastes in the ground
is at present forbidden in Japan, mainly because of the difficulties in
the evaluation of the migration of leaked radionuclides and of the
radiation dose to which the public would be exposed by tne disposed wastes.
First of all, the behavior and the migration of radionuclides in the
environment is quantitatively expressed. Then, the internal dose rate
received by the public is estimated under suitable assumptions. Ten
radionuclides contained in radioactive wastes and three ecological paths
1-4
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of the nuclides in the environment are discussed (i.e., the paths through
drinking water, seafoods, and vegetables). It is concluded that the critical
nuclides in this disposal scheme are Sr and mAg, and that the internal
dose is mainly governed by the intake through vegetables. The safety of
the ground disposal of radioactive wastes is also evaluated, (auth)
Inoue, Y. and S. Morisawa. 1972. Selection of a Site for the Ground
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. II. Selection of a Ground Disposal
Site of Radioactive Wastes by the Sensitivity Analysis. Nippon
Genshiryoku Gakkaishi. 14:652-660 (in Japanese).
A discussion is presented on the desirable conditions in Japan for the
ground disposal sites of radioactive wastes and an approximate method of
estimating the internal radiation dose to man. Sixteen out of 26 environmental
factors and three, ecological transport paths of radionuclides through which
leaked radionuclides migrate (i.e., the path of drinking water, seafoods, and
vegetables) are quantitatively examined by sensitivity analysis. The
relationships existing between the internal dose to human populations and
each environmental factor are shown in an accompanying table. The differences
between the strict and approximate calculations of the internal radiation
dose are also examined, and the approximation is shown to be quite valid,
particularly for the rough estimation of the safety of a ground disposal
site for radioactive wastes, (auth)
Inoue, Y. and S. Morisawa. 1973. Selection of a Site for the Ground Disposal
of Radioactive Wastes. 3. Selection of a Ground Disposal Site for Radioactive
Wastes by Means of a Computer. Nippon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi. 15:126-135
(in Japanese).
A method for systematically selecting the optimum locations for the
disposal of radioactive wastes with the aid of a computer, based on certain
reasonable assumptions and on the experimental data required in estimating
the radiological hazards to the human body caused by the disposed wastes in
a nuclear facility along a coast, is presented. The calculation was made on
a model nuclear facility selected to show the general method of selection of
a ground disposal site. The optimum condition for the ground disposal site
is defined as that which causes minimum internal dose caused by the disposed
1-5
-------
wastes. Four locations that were estimated to result locally in minimum
internal dose to the public were selected on the assumption of 0.1 Ci/y
90
leak of Sr. Among the four locations, that which would expose the public
to the smallest internal dose was estimated to be lower than 10" mrem/y.
The method of selection of the optimum locations is concluded to be reasonably
promising for the solution of present problems of the site selection for a
ground disposal site. A point-rating chart is proposed for rapid comparison
of the safety of sites by evaluating each location with reference to eighteen
factors. The use of this point-rating chart is explained, (auth)
Inoue, Y. and S. Morisawa. 1974. Selection of a Ground Disposal Site for
Radioactive Wastes: An Approach to its Safety Evaluation. Health Physics.
26:53-63.
The disposal of radioactive solids or solidified wastes in the ground
is not allowed in Japan mainly because of the difficulties in estimating the
migration of escaped radionuclides and their effect on the human body (internal
dose). In this report, the action of radionuclides in an environment is
quantified, and the dose rate of internal irradiation is estimated. Ten
radionuclides contained in radioactive wastes ( Cs, Sr, Co, Co,
54Mn, 59Fe, 110mAg, 65Zn, 99Mo, 131I and three paths of flow by which they
have escaped into the ground to migrate in an environment, ie., the paths
of drinking water, sea foods, and vegetables, are discussed. It is
concluded that (1) the most dangerous nuclides in this method of disposal
QP 11 C\m
are Sr and Ag, (2) the largest internal dose is absorbed through the
intake of vegetables, (3) the method of ground disposal of radioactive wastes
appears to be safe and promising because of the low internal dose estimated,
and (4) the method of estimation discussed is also applicable to other
problems of the same type such as the sanitary land-fill of industrial
wastes, (auth)
1-6
-------
Inoue, Y. and S. Morisawa. 1976. Migration of Radionuclides in a Model
Saturated Zone. 1. Experiments and Discussion. Nippon Genshiryoku
Gakkaishi. 18:42-50 (in Japanese).
Leaching of radionuclides from solidified waste and its migration
characteristics are tested using a model sand layer, whose depth 50cm,
width 40cm, length 105cm and consist of 306kg sand taken from Japan Atomic
Energy Research Institute, Tokai Site. Model solidified waste (19.6cm dia.
and 50cm height), solidified with portland cement containing seven nuclide
(90Sr, 137Cs, 60Co, 65Zn, 54Mn, 59Fe and sup (110m)Ag), is set in the
saturated sand layer and the concentration of nuclides in a pore water of
the layer is checked after specific intervals of time. After about 1,280
days, the saturated sand layer is taken to pieces and a distribution of a
nuclide in a bedded sand is also checked. The results obtained through this
90
experiment are as follows: (1) Among seven radio-nuclides, only Sr are
90
detected in both pore water and bedded sand. (2) The distribution of Sr
in a pore water of the layer becomes steady after about 500 days. This
90
steady distribution is closely related to the steady leaching of Sr
QQ
out of solidified waste. (3) First stage leaching of Sr out of solidified
waste close after the contact with water is large, but it results in flat
distribution rapid as the nuclide migrates through a sand layer, which
means a large Sr exchange capacity of bedded sand. (4) Theory of Ksub(f)-
90
factor depicts well a migration rate of Sr in a model saturated sand
layer, (auth)
Inoue, Y. and M. Sakanoue. 1970. The Determination of Plutonium in Soil
Samples. 11:98-106.
The contents of plutonium 239 in soil were determined by using Pu 238
as yield tracer. The samples were decomposed by nitric acid treatment
under ultrasonic vibration and the separation of plutonium from other elements
was carried out by using anion exchange resin. The surface soils showed
2
the plutonium content of about 1 to approximately 4 mCi/km and their
Plutonium 239/Strontium 90 activity ratios were 2 to approximately 5 percent.
From these results, it was concluded that Pu 239 in soil at present was
brought mainly by the fallout due to the nuclear bomb test explosion, (auth)
1-7
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International Atomic Energy Agency. 19-. Radioactive Waste Management and
Environmental Research. STI-DOC-10/53, pp. 1-24.
Studies of radionuclides sorbed by marine sediments, hydrodynamics
of the disposal of low-level liquid radioactive wastes in soils, the
physico-chemico-biological processes affecting the dispersion of radionuclides,
ion absorption characteristics of soils, classification of the properties of
pyroclastic rocks for uptake of fission products, and evaporation of radio-
active liquid wastes by solar energy are reviewed. (NSA)
International Atomic Energy Agency. 1962. Geology of Uranium and Thorium.
Bibliographical Series. No. 4.
The bibliography contains 892 references to literature published from
1940 to 1960. Information is given on age, genesis, mineralogy, geochemistry,
tests, prospecting and exploration, and reserves of thorium and uranium.
The bibliography also includes a guide to literature and a summary giving
the present status of the well-known deposits of thorium and uranium. An
author index is included. (NSA)
International Atomic Energy Agency. 1964. Investigation of the Ion Adsorption
Characteristics of Soils. Final Report. NP-15085.
Research on several aspects of ion adsorption phenomena occurring in
soils and clays with special emphasis on the use of radioactive tracers is
described. The following topics are discussed: conditions necessary for
accurate determination of the activity concentration of soft 6 emitters,
32
notably SO.; problems arising from the use of very short half-life
42 40
isotopes such as K or extremely long half-life isotopes such as K;
40
the isotopic exchange of K in illitic clay; exchangeable Ca in calcareous
45
and gypseous soils using tracer techniques; diffusion of Ca in calcite
crystals; application of tracer techniques in the study of anion adsorption
characteristics of soils and clays using Cl, SO., and PO^ anions; and the
movement of Ca and Na ions in soil columns during leaching with simulated
irrigation water. (NSA) •
1-8
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International Atomic Energy Agency. 1965. Radioactive Waste Disposal Into
the Ground. Safety Series No. 15.
Information is given on: site characteristics affecting ground disposal;
chemical reactions and physical behavior of wastes in the ground; modes of
release; evaluation of sites and methods for ground disposal; and standards
and control techniques. 138 references are cited. (NSA).
International Atomic Energy Agency. 1966. Chemistry of Transplutonium
Elements. Bibliographical Series No. 19.
An annotated bibliography of transplutonium elements is given.
International Atomic Energy Agency. 1968. Geology of Uranium and Thorium.
Vol. II (1961-1966). Bibliographical Series No. 31.
Various sections of the publication deal with geology of radioactive
occurrences, age of radioactive deposits, genesis of radioactive deposits,
mineralogy, geochemistry and radioecology, analytical procedures and tests
for radioactive ores, prospecting and exploration, reserves, resources,
and production.
International Atomic Energy Agency. 1972. Use of Local Minerals in the
Treatment of Radioactive Waste. Technical Reports Series No. 136.
The basic reaction mechanisms are reviewed including coprecepitation,
flocculation of colloids, adsorption, ion exchange, mineral replacement
reactions and redox reactions. Physicochemical characterization of local
rocks and minerals used for radionuclide-containing waste treatment was
outlined, and examples given of such local rocks and minerals used.
International Atomic Energy Agency. 1974. Activities of the International
Laboratory of Marine Radioactivity, 1974 Report. IAEA-163, pp. 90-103.
The analytical determination of radionuclides in sea water depends upon
their physicochemical forms. Studies are continuing which deal with the
identification of these different forms. In addition, the techniques
1-9
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developed for studying trace metal behavior at fresh water/saline water
interfaces relating to sorption/desorption reactions on sediments have
been extended to the study of plutonium and americium. The
Plutonium experiments were performed using a specially prepared isotope,
237
Pu, which decays by electron capture thereby greatly facilitating the
radiochemical measurements. The results of these studies and recent data
from the intercalibration program are presented.
International Atomic Energy Agency. 1975. The Oklo Phenomenon. IAEA-SM-104,
Uranium-235 constituted as low as 0.29% of the uranium at Oklo compared
to the normal uranium-235 content of 0.72%. The Oklo reactor was a fossil
nuclear reactor of 1800 million years in age. The good state of preservation
allowed studies of the fission product distributions and migrations that
are of value for the geologic fission product storage program.
Irish, E. R. 1961. A Comparison of Ground Waste Disposal Status at
Hanford. 1959-1961. TID-7528, pp. 491-505.
The status of ground disposal of radioactive wastes at Hanford is
summarized. Emphasis is placed on the period from July 1959 through
June 1961. Data are tabulated on the volumes of wastes discharged to cribs
and trenches and the annual and accumulated fission product curies. The
activity in the ground after decay was calculated. It was concluded that
the discharge of large volumes of low- and intermediate-level wastes to the
ground at Hanford has been done safely, and it is planned to continue
ground disposal in the future. (NSA)
Isaacson, R. E. and L. E. Brownell. 1972. Ultimate Storage of Radioactive
Wastes in Terrestrial Environments. ARH-SA-126.
New avenues are open for the ultimate storage of radioactive wastes
via the "STOPPER" and "Thermalt" processes. STOPPER is the Stone Process
for Permanent Encapsulation of Radionuclides, a hydrothermal process.
Thermalt is a pyrochemical process for fixing radionuclides in a basalt-
like product. The products contain analogs of silicate and aluminosilicate
1-10
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will provide additional protection from transport by groundwater move-
ments, (auth)
Isaacson, R. E., L. E. Brownell, R. W. Nelson, and E. L. Roetman. 1974.
Soil Moisture Transport in Arid Site Vadose Zones. ARH-SA-169.
Soil moisture transport processes in the arid soils of the United
States Atomic Energy Commission's Hanford site are being evaluated. The
depth of penetration of meteoric precipitation has been determined by
profiling fallout tritium at two locations where the water table is about
90 meters below ground surface. In situ temperatures and water potentials
were measured with temperature transducers and thermocouple psychrometers
at the same location to obtain thermodynamic data for identifying the
factors influencing soil-moisture transport. Neutron probes are being used
to monitor soil moisture changes in two lysimeters, three meters in diameter
by 20 meters deep. The lysimeters are also equipped to measure pressure,
temperature, and relative humidity as a function of depth and time.
Theoretical models based on conservation of momentum expressions are being
developed to analyze nonisothermal soil moisture transport processes.
Future work will be concerned with coupling the theoretical and experimental
work and determining the amount of rainfall required to cause migration of
soil-moisture to the water table, (auth)
Isabaev, E. A., U. ,K. Asylabaev, and V. V. Cherdyntsev. 1960. Determination
of Actinium in Minerals. Radiokhimiya. 2:98-103 (in Russian).
Small quantities of Ac in the presence of Th were determined by
219
measuring AcC and ThC with an a analyzer and by determining Rn (An)
215
and Po (AcA) by counting retarded pulses with a luminescence counter.
The existence of primary minerals saturated with actinium was confirmed,
and secondary minerals with an increased actinium-radium ratio are discussed.
(NSA)
1-11
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Isabaev, E. A., E. P. Usatov, and V. V. Cherdynstev. 1960. Isotopic
Composition of Uranium in Nature. Radiokhimiya. 2:94-7 (in Russian).
The isotooic composition of uranium in natural minerals and waters
was analyzed. The ratio of U isotopes in minerals saturated by actinium
2 ~)Q ? 34
does not deviate from ordinary. The U (UI) and U (UII) varies
considerably in secondary metals and natural waters. Tests on 29 water
specimens from granites indicated variations from 0.72 to 7.8, with an
average of 3. (NSA)
Ishihara, S. and T. Mochizuki. 1969. Chemical Characteristics of River
Water in the Eastern Part of Shimane Prefecture. With Special Emphasis
on Cause of Uranium Anomaly. Chishitsu Chosasho Geppo. 20:435-48 (in
Japanese).
River water of tributaries of Hii-gawa and linashi-gawa in the eastern
2_
part of Shimane prefecture was analyzed for P, SO^, and U on 127 samples.
The surveyed area is composed mainly of early tertiary granitic rocks, and
Miocene andesite and its pyroclastic rocks at north. The Miocene rocks
occasionally accompany nonmarine sediments in which a bedded-type uranium
deposit can be locally located, as shown as an example near Mitoya. This
work was done essentially for geochemical prospecting of the area. Distinct
uranium anomalies found in a reconnaissance study were also examined in
detail. During the period of this study around the end of August in 1967,
there was no accidental condition, e.g., heavy rainfall, that would affect
the chemical character of the water. A weak anomaly, 0.18 ppb U, was
detected near an edge of the Miocene rocks. Distinct anomalies of
uranium along the Ayo river are due to mining operations of uraniferous
and pyrite-bearing molybdenite quartz vein deposits, which are the largest
source of molybdenum production in Japan. The uranium decreases downward
with a rate of 0.07 ppb/km along the Ayo river. Except the mining area,
the water of granite region is about neutral (pH = 7.0), higher in U
9
and lower in SO^'in comparison with that of andesite region, (auth)
1-12
-------
Ishihara, T., T. Tsujino, and Y. Yamamoto. 1960. Radiation Damage to
TBP/Kerosene Solvent Effects on Behaviors of Fission Products and Nitric
Acid. AEC-tr-5071.
The results of the experiment are summarized as follows: (1) Changes
in the behavior of Fission Products (changes in distribution factor, changes
in stripping percentage, emulsion formation and changes in phase separation
time) due to radiation damage to solvent is remarkable in the case of
Zr --Nb extraction and stripping. (2) As for Ru —Rh , damage to
solvent brings about little change in K., and it affects fairly stripping.
a l44 l44
(3) There are little changes in the behaviors of Ce —Pr and nitric
acid due to damage. (4) I shows a peculiar behavior. (5) The change
gc gc
in behavior in the extraction of Zr —Nb is primarily due to the formation
of DBP-MBP in the solvent, and is not related to the formation of butanol
or pyrophosphoric acid. (6) One of the causes for the formation of emulsion
due to damage is the existence of Zr95—Nb95 in Fission Products, (auth)
90
Ishibashi, M. and S. Ueda. 1969. Contents of Strontium and Sr in Shallow-
Water Deposits. Nippon Kaiyo Gakkaishi. 25:233-8 (in Japanese).
The contents of strontium and strontium-90 were studied in the shallow-
water deposits from Nanao Bay, Ishikawa Prefecture. To find the relation
between strontium content in the deposit and coastal geology, the deposits
taken at the several islets around Honshu, Japan, were also examined.
The average contents of strontium and strontium-90 in Nanao Bay deposits
were 145 r 47 ppM and 66 ± 12 pCi/kg dry mud respectively. No relation of
natural strontium to radioactive strontium-90 in these deposits was found.
As to the deposits collected at the several islets around Honshu, Japan,
which consisted mainly of detrital sands, the content of strontium have
a range of 13 to 394 ppm (average 101 ±84 ppm). Strontium was more abundant
in the deposits collected near islets of tertiary formations than in those
of igneous rocks. (NSA)
1-13
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Iskra, A. A., N. V. Kulikov, and U. G. Bakhurov. 1969. Sehavior of Natural
Radioactive Elements in Non-Running Freshwater Basin. A. Energ. (U.S.S.R).
27:134-7 (in Russian).
Experimental data are given on the distribution and accumulation of
238 226
U and Ra in model systems of a non-running freshwater basin: water;
groundwater; groundwater plants; water plants. It was found that uranium
accumulates in the biomass of plants (elodea and water milfoil), thorium—
in detritus and ground (and sand), while radium is evenly distributed in
the components of the water basin. Accumulation coefficients are given
for the major components, which according to their accumulative ability
form the following series: detritus > plants > ground. The coefficients
reach their highest values (hundreds of thousands and several millions)
in detritus. The intensity of accumulation of the elements by plants,
detritus and ground may be represented by the series: thorium > radium >
uranium, (auth)
Israel, H. and R. Haas. 1962. Absorption of Natural Fallout in Soil.
Z. Geophys. 28:289-92.
The atmospheric content of natural radioactive material is considered
as the consequence of a circulation process. After the exhalation of radon
and thoron from the soil they will be distributed in the atmosphere, and
returned to the ground by precipitation and other processes, most of them
after having changed into their decay products. Here they are washed
into the soil by rain. In determining their distribution in the soil, it
was assumed that the laws governing this distribution may be applied also to
the distribution of artificial radioactive fallout. This expectation was
verified experimentally. In the described experiments on different kinds
212
of soil, as a tracer ThB ( Pb) was used because it can be easily separated
from its mother products, thoron and ThA; also, only one daughter product
212
must be considered, namely ThC ( Bi). The measurements were made with
artifical rain, i.e., by sprinkling water, treated with thoron, on different
types of soil. It is shown that radioactivity is absorbed in the uppermost
layers of the ground. The distribution of ThB in the soil was found to
90
be very similar to that of Sr in fallout. These results justified the
use of ThB as a tracer to detect the fallout distribution in soil. (NSA)
1-14
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Ivanov, I. V. and 0. V. Kolpakov. 1965. Geochemistry of Soils and Over-
burdens Over the Korobovsk Deposit. Tr. Volgograd. Nauch. - Issled. Inst.
Neft. Gaz. Prom. No. 3:214-28 (in Russian).
The complex radiogeochemistry surveys (auto-borne y-survey along 7
profiles, B-survey, and rock and soil analyses) were made in 1962 in the
territory of the Korobovsk deposit. The chemical characteristics of soils
(absence of sulfates, small chloride content, and Mg chloride composition
over deposit) were ascertained, together with the decrease of pH (6.2) in
soils over a petroleum deposit in comparison with the soils (pH 6.9) outside
of the deposits and an increase in the pH with increased depths. The
geochemistry of radioactive elements was studied. The content of Ra in
soils somewhat increased from clays to sands but it did not decrease over
the petroleum deposits. This was attributed to a weak migration capacity of
Ra. The largest amount of U in rocks over deposits was detected in loams.
The clay soils, where the sorption compensated for deficiency in U-
containing minerals, the content of U was only somewhat higher than in
sands. The content of U was not the same in various soils because of
higher (than for the Ra) coefficient of aquatic migration of U. The effect
of petroleum deposits was observed in argillaceous soils which contained
mobile forms of U. The amount of U in clay soils over oil deposits decreased
by 22% in comparison with its content in the soils situated in areas
containing no oil deposits. This is attributed to the migration of U from
petroliferous areas. It is suggested to investigate the following
factors during study of the effects of deposit on behavior of radioactive
elements: (1) the actual geochemical environment, (2) the degree of
anomaly of the areas in comparison with the normal background determined
by a topographic-geochemical method, (3) the anomaly in the section, and
(4) migration capacity of elements and effect on it of the mineral compo-
sition of soils and rocks. (CA)
1-15
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90
Ivanov, S. N. and E. D. Shagalova. 1969. Ratio of Sr and Calcium in
Certain Mineral and Peat Swampy Soils. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. BSSR. 13:269-71
(in Russian).
The uptake of strontium-90 by plants is not only dependent on the
90 90
Sr in soils, but also the Ca content. The ratio of Sr and calcium is
expressed in strontium units (CE). Even though there is a higher strontium-
90 content in peat soils than in mineral soils, the uptake of strontium-90
is lesser in the peat soils. These is a higher CE index in sandy soils
than in loam or turf soils, (auth)
Ivanov, S. N., E. D. Shagalova, and S. S. Shifrina. 1970. Certain Data
Concerning the 90Sr Content in Peat-Swampy Soils. Dokl. Akad. Nauk BSSR.
14:849-52 (in Russian).
90
The content and behavior of Sr in peat-swampy soils was studied.
90
It was concluded that Sr penetrates deeper in subsurface peat-swamp
soils than in mineral soils, and that the vertical migration increases with
an increasing water content of the peat moss. For surface-level peat-
90
swamps most of the Sr deposited by atmospheric precipitation remains
near the surface due to uptake by the upper-level peat moss, (auth)
90
Ivanov, S. N., E. D. Shagalova, and S. S. Shifrina. 1971. Sr Content
in the Soil of Central and Western Regions of Russia. Dokl. Akad. Nauk
BSSR. 15:541-4 (in Russian).
90
The distribution of Sr in the soil cover of the central and
western parts of Belorussia was investigated as a function of the geomor-
phological structure of the territory. The influence of the landscape
90
and its associated water run-off on the redistribution of Sr is
90
demonstrated in the system: hills-plains-valleys. A rudimentary Sr
distribution map of the country is included, (auth)
Ivanov, S. N., E. D. Shaglova, and S. S. Shifrina. 1974. Certain Features
in Determining the 90Sr Discrimination Coefficient With Respect to Calcium
in the Soil-Plant System. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. BSSR. 18:66-69 (in Russian).
90
The observed Sr discrimination coefficient in soils is expressed
90
as the ratio of Sr to calcium in the plant divided by the ratio of
1-16
-------
90
avilable Sr to available calcium in the soil. If the discrimination
90
coefficient (DC) > 1, there is discrimination of Sr with respect to calcium.
90
The DC of Sr with respect to calcium is found as a function of the form
and amount of calcium in the soil. Studies have shown that there is a
clearly expressed correlation between exchangeable soil calcium and the
90
DC value in grain culture. The DC value of Sr with respect to calcium for
lupine is related not to exchangeable calcium, but to acid-soluble calcium.
Consequently the discrimination coefficient (DC) is not a constant, and
depends to a significnt degree on biological features of the plant. (NSA)
Ivanov, P. and A. Stanev. 1972. Determination of the Isotope-Exchangeable
Phosphorus in Certain Soil Types. Pochvozn. Agrokhim. 7:13-24 (in Bulgarian).
A study has been carried out to find a more accurate experimental procedure
in measuring the isotope-exchangeable P. The E-values by varying the inter-
action time (from 1 to 240 hours) and the amount of the carrier (from 0.1
to 20 mg of P-Oc/lOO g of soil) have been determined in 16 soil types, which
constitute the most widespread chernozem and grey forest soil types in North
Bulgaria. The values obtained are compared with P uptake by plants in a
glasshouse experiment (ryegrass at 45-day growth period) by correlation and
regression analyses. The absolute E-value with the same soil type varies
markedly not only by modifying the time of exchange, but also by varying
the amount of the carrier. Highest values have been obtained at a minimum
amount of the carrier: these values decrease markedly with the increase in
the amount of the carrier up to 5 to 10 mg; beyond that limit the effect of
the carrier is less strongly expressed and occurs in different trend. The
best correlation of phosphorus uptake by plants is obtained at the one-hour
period of isotope-exchange in determining the E-value. In this case the
amount of the carrier is not of a particular importance. By extending the
32
period of interaction of the P and the soil, the correlation between the
E-values obtained and the uptake by plants decreases, which is more markedly
expressed in the case of grey forest soils as compared with the chernozem
1-17
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types. In that case best results are observed for the isotope-exchangeable
P if 5 to 10 mg of P^O/lOO g of soil as carrier are used, (auth)
Iwai, S. , T. Goda, and Y. Inoue. 1959. A Fundamental Study on the Infiltration
Characteristics of Radioactive Liquid Wastes. IN: Disposal of Radioactive
Wastes. Conf. Proc. Monaco 16-21 Nov '59. Vol. 2:435-48
When a liquid waste containing radioactive substances is released or
leaked out at a disposing site or from a plant using atomic energy or nuclear
products and speard over the ground surface in that place, it will percolate
into the soil and any adsorbable substances contained in the liquid will be
partly adsorbed by soil particles. As one of the fundamental studies on this
problem, the motion of liquid through unsaturated porous media is discussed
and then a theory is introduced to estimate the variation of the concentration
of radioactive substance in the flowing liquid. The validity of this theory
is examined quantitatively by laboratory experiments with a filter column, (auth)
lyengar, M. A. R. and P. M. Markose. 1971. An Investigation into the Dis-
tribution of Uranium and Daughters in the Environment of a Uranium Ore Pro-
cessing Facility. CONF-701227. IN: Proceedings of a Symposium on Radio-
ation and Radioisotopes in Soil Studies and Plant Nutrification held in
Banglaore, India, December 21, 1970. Department of Atomic Energy, Bombay,
India, p. 143-153.
Tabulated data are presented from the monitoring of radioactivity in
soil, water, air, foodstuffs, and vegetation near the uranium mining and
processing facility at Jaduquad, Bihar (India). The concentration of
activity in soil patches adjacent to the river banks on the mill and mine
premises was evident from the study. Air activity due to radon was found
to be significantly higher than in Trombay and Alwaye, the two other centers
handling considerable quantities of urnaium-bearing ores. Water activity
was found to vary widely depending on its radionuclide content. The wide
range of concentration in foodstuffs is perhaps due to the varying radio-
isotope concentrations in different media. The hazards of utilizing the
mine stream for domestic cultivation of vegetables and fishing were demon-
strated. Algae is a good indicator organism in water pollution. The
1-18
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foodstuffs survey has not led to any selective indicator to aid in the radio-
logical monitoring program, (auth)
Iyer, R. H. and M. V. Ramaniah, (eds.). 1972. Radiochemistry Division
Annual Progress Report for 1971. BARC-628.
The major highlights of the activities of the Radiochemistry Division
during the year 1971 were research and development work on the actinides
and other radioelements and services like chemical, mass spectrometric,
X-ray and optical spectrographic analysis of plutonium and other radio-
active materials and supply of special radioactive sources to various
institutions inside and outside Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. As in
previous years, research on the actinide elements centered around solution
and radiation chemistry of plutonium, study of various complexes using X-ray,
electro paramagnetic resonance, thermogravimetric, Mossbauer and optical
spectrographic techniques and investigations of neutron induced fission. The
development work on actinides included process chemistry of neptunium, pre-
liminary studies on transplutonium elements, setting up and operating of
gamma-ray and neutron monitoring assemblies for the in-line analysis of fis-
sion products and plutonium respectively in fuel reprocessing streams and
the accurate analysis of plutonium in plutonium oxide samples and sintered
Pu02 pellets, (auth)
Izrael, Yu. A., A. Ya. Pressman, K. G. Bataev, and E. D. Stukin. 1971.
Distribution of Radioactive Products in Rock Crushed by Contained Nuclear
Explosions and Calculation of Possible Contamination of Petroleum Whose
Output is Stimulated by Such Explosions. IAEA-PL-429/21, pp. 99-116.
The distribution of volatile radioactive products or of ones having
gaseous precursors in rock crushed by a contained underground nuclear explosion
is described. The amound of such isotopes in the zone of fracturing and in
the rubble-filled chimney depends largely on the time of collapse of the
cavity. A scheme is given for the possible contamination of the petroleum
by the radioactive isotopes, and the rate of penetration of these products
together with the petroleum into producing wells in the region of the
explosion. The calculated strontium-89 and cesium-137 concentrations in
the petroleum are in good agreement with experimental data, (auth)
1-19
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•Izrael, Yu. A. and F. Ya. Rovinskii. 1970. Hydrological Uses of Isotopes
Produced in Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes. UCRL-
Trans-10^58.
Where melting has occurred in a nuclear explosion, the radionuclides
are distributed throughout the rock volume, and on the particle surfaces in
the cooler regions. From the glassy material, 1 to 4% of the activity passes
into the water, and 60 to 80% from the surficial material. Thus, 1 to 10" of
89
Sr goes into the water from the glassy material, and up to 90% from surface
90 89 Q0
adsorbed material. Taking the solubility of Sr as 1: Sr, 1.25; Sr, 1.0;
125Sb, 0.3;cl40Ba, 0.24; 103> 106Ru, 0.1; 137Cs, 0.04; 134Cs, 0.02; U1Ce,
91Y, 952r, 54Mn, 60Co, 0.01 to 0.001.
The best tracer to use in solving hydrological and hydrogeological
problems such as the permeability of the nuclear crater's floor and walls
is tritium. The mixing that occurs as inactive surface and ground waters
enter the reservoir is best studied with tritium, Sr or Ru.
Izrael, U. A., et al. 1969. Radioactive Contamination of the Environment
by Underground Nuclear Explosions, and'Methods of Forecasting It.
Secondary migration of radioactive products after an underground explosion
leads to a redistribution of radionuclides. The state of the radionuclides
in the crater water was examined. The Sr was 100% cationic, Cs was
1.5% colloid and 98.5% cationic, Ru was 19.4% colloid, 5.1% cationic and
125
75.7% anionic and Sb was 6.5% colloid, 8.5% cationic and 85" anionic.
In a crater water in salt, the Sr was also 100% cationic, the Cs 1.23
colloid and 98.8% cationic, 106Ru 25.7% colloid, 11.6% cationic and 62.7%
125
anionic, and Sb w s 6.2% cationic and 93.8% anionic. The solubility of
several isotopes with pH and various solution compositions from the con-
taminated rocks and slag were reviewed.
1-20
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Jaag, 0. 1963. The Monitoring of Waters and Soil for Radioactivity.
Oncologia. 16:230-44 (in German).
Methods of measuring radioactivity, the range of the Swiss monitoring
network, and the trend of the measured values for air, precipitation,
surface water, drinking water, fish, water plants, river sediments, soil,
hay, and grass since 1956 are reviewed. The possibilities of decontamination,
especially for cistern drinking water, are discussed. An apparatus is
described, which proved to be suitable for the purification of small
amounts of radioactive water. (NSA)
Jackson, D. D. 1976. Radiochemical Studies for the Nuclear Chemical Mining
of Copper. UCRL-52025.
Experiments were performed to study the long-term reactions of radio-
active materials that would be produced in the nuclear chemical mining of
chalcopynte copper ore. These reactions were carried out in autoclaves
for up to eight months at 2.76 MPa of oxygen -and 363 K. dissolving rates
of radioactive glass in copper-leaching product solutions were determined
by the gamma-counting of solution aliquots. The glass decomposition rate
was linear at approximately 1 x 10 kg/s • m . A radioactive tracer
technique was used to study the extent of scrption of seven fission product
nuclides on ore and decomposition products during leaching as functions
of ore particle size, solution composition, pH, and liquid/solid ratio.
The distribution of radionuclides between solid and liquid phases was
determined. In general, the solids continue to concentrate the radioactivity
from the liquid for long periods of time, as the ore and gangue surfaces
change in the complex cnemical and physical processes of leaching. Solid
phases in a nuclear chemical mine would therefore effectively decontaminate
the leach liquor. Leaching time and pH are variables that could be used
to control the level of activity in solution, (auth)
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Jacobs, D. G. 1965. Desorption of Radioiodine from Clays. ORNL-P-1531.
In the event of a fuel meltdown incident in a nuclear power reactor,
large quantities of radionuclides in the gaseous state would be released
to the containment shell. To alleviate the hazards upon release to the
environment, it has been suggested that these highly radioactive gases be
discharged into permeable formations in the ground. Iodine isotopes
present the most serious hazard potential; hence, it is necessary to be
able to predict their behavior in the ground.
Clays and sediments were contaminated with iodine vapor from the
oxidation of tagged KI. When the iodine was displaced with dry air are-
heated to various temperatures, the heat of desorption increased from
7.3 to 16.7 kcal/mol as the surface concentration decreased. These values
suggest that the adsorbed iodine is a mixture of HI, which has a heat of
vaporization of A.9 kcal/mol, 1^, which has a heat of sublimation of 14.7
kcal/mol, and adsorbed iodine, which has an even higher energy of desorption.
The rate of descrption decreases with decreased surface concentration,
and after 24 hours the residual concentration is proportional to the recip-
rocal of the absolute temperature of the desorbing air. When the water
vapor content of the desorbing air is increased, desorption occurs more
readily. Most of the iodine is easily removed with tap water, but again
it was noted that the desorption rate decreases with a decreased surface
concentration, (auth)
Jacobs, 0. G. 1960. Sorption of Caslum by Conasauga Shale. Health Physics.
4:157-63.
Disposal of intermediate-level wastes at ORNL involves the discharge
of the waste into a series of three 1 million-gal pits excavated in a
Conasauga shale formation. The activity of the waste is about 1.9 x 1C
dis/min per ml, which is too great for direct release to the uncontrolled
137
environment. The solution is essentially basic sodium nitrate with Cs
contributing the majority of the activity. Conasauga shale has been found
J-2
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to be effective for removal of cesium from the waste stream. The partial
cesium capacity of the shale was found to be dependent on the nature
and concentration of the major stable cations present in the waste. The
capacity of the shale for fixation of cesium greatly exceeds the capacity
of the shale for sorption of cesium from the waste stream; thus the cesium
retained from the waste stream would be very difficult to remove from the
formation by percolating ground water. Because fixation sites incorporate
charge deficiency with structural parameters, removal of cesium from the
shale is increased by increasing the concentration of cations in the
leaching solution, (auth)
Jacobs, D. G. 1961. Cesium Exchange by Vermiculite. CF-61-9-31.
The cesium-exchange properties of various grades of commercially
available vermiculite were investigated. Elucidation of the reaction
mechanism led to improvement of the cesium-sorptive properties, either by
treatment of the vermiculite or by addition of potassium salts to the
waste stream. Studies of the kinetics and thermodynamics of the exchange
reaction permitted extrapolation of the data for consideration of the
extended use of vermiculite columns for decontaminating other waste streams.
(auth)
Jacobs, D. G. 1962. Cesium Exchange Properties of Vermiculite. Nuclear
Sci. and Eng. 12:285-92.
The use of a mineral-filled column is regarded as an inexpensive,
yet efficient, alternative method for waste decontamination. For this
purpose the cesium-exchange properties of various grades of commercially
available vermiculite were investigated and compared to other natural ion-
exchange materials. Elucidation of the reaction mechanism has led to
improvement of the cesium-sorptive properties, either by potassium treatment
or heat treatment of the vermiculite or by addition of potassium to the waste
stream. Studies of the kinetics and the thermodynamics of the exchange
reaction permit extrapolation of the data for consideration of the extended
J-3
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use of vermiculite columns for decontaminating other waste streams. Data
obtained from bench-scale and field-scale (10-ft long, 2-in. ID) column
studies compare closely with those obtained by slurry studies. The break-
through curves obtained were sufficiently steep to indicate that the partial
cesium-sorptive capacity of a vermiculite column would be completely utilized
if two columns were operated in series. A column 10 ft long and 10 ft in
diameter filled with Na-treated vermiculite is estimated to be capable of
decontaminating more than 5 x 10 gal of ORNL intermediate-level waste.
Large volumes of waste streams having lower concentrations of stable salts
could be decontamined with respect to cesium and strontium, (auth)
Jacobs, D. G. 1963. Ion Exchange in the Deep-Well Disposal of Radioactive
Wastes. Collog. Intern. Retention Migration Ions Radioactifs Sols. SacTay.
p. 43-54.
In order to evaluate the safety of injection of radioactive wastes
into deep wells it is necessary to be aole to predict the movement of the
more hazardous radionuclides. Exchange of monovalent and divalent cations
on numerous reference clay minerals and sandstone showed that the exchange
potentials of the divalent alkaline earth cations are quite similar.
Strontium is selectively sorbed over calcium by a factor of 1.25. Divalent
cations are sorbed in preference to sodium by the clay minerals and the
exchange is adequately described by the laws of mass action when the divalent
cations occupy more than 10" of the total exchange sites. The sorption
of trace quantities of strontium from a calcium-free sodium salt solution
is greater than predicted for simple ion exchange, suggesting the presence
of small quantities of sorption sites highly selective for divalent cations.
Normalized strontium breakthrough curves coincide with normalized chloride
breakthrough curves and show that radionuclide migration can oe predicted
by observing the dispersion of water in the disposal formation and correcting
for the sorptive behavior of specific radionuclides. Exchange studies with
Richfield sand, a typical deep-well disposal formation, suggest that in the
disposal of ORNL low-level and intermediate-level wastes strontium will move
only 1 and 10% as fast, respectively, as the transporting water due to ion
J-4
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exchange; calcium-strontium precipitation reactions will provide additional
restrictions to radiostrontium movement. Cesium would move much more slowly
than strontium because of highly selective exchange reactions. Ruthenium
may move rapidly but is not likely to be hazard controlling, (auth)
Jacobs, D. G. 1963. Mineral Exchange Work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
TID-7644, p. 187-99.
Work on exchange parameters of deep-well disposal of low- and inter-
mediate-level radioactive wastes is reported. Data are included on Ca-Sr
exchange by sand-calcium carbonate mixtures and Cs sorption from Nad
solutions. (NSA)
Jacobs, 0. G. 1963. Movement of Radionuclides Through the Ground.
Nuclear Safety. 4:109-115.
The approach of Bovard and Grauby seems to be adequate only for gross
comparison of the radionuclide retention properties of surface soils. The
use of a water tracer to obtain the distribution of ground-water velocities,
combined with a time-transformation for radionuclide sorption, seems to be
ideally suited for quantitative site evaluation, provided heterogeneities
and changes in sorption properties are not too severe and the flow conditions
remain reasonably constant. In any case an extensive evaluation of a dis-
posal site requires knowledge of the geology, hydrology, and chemistry of the
disposal formations and their boundaries. Obviously, the more adequately
the system can be described in terms of quantitative effects on the move-
ment and dispersion of water and the sorption of the specific radionuclides,
the more reliable are predictions of changes that will occur upon altering
the disposal conditions, (auth)
Jacobs, 0. G. 1964. Movement of Radionuclides Through the Ground. Nuclear
Safety. 5:109-114.
Four general approches for comparing the migration of radionuclides
in the ground with the movement and dispersion of the transporting water
involve its correlation with a Qualitative description of water movement,
J-5
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a classical hydrodynamic description of the receiving formation, direct
measurement of the hydraulic dispersion using an appropriate water tracer
to obtain the solution velocity distribution, and a quantitative description
of the various factors affecting radionuclide movement and dispersion. The
primary concern is to describe the variation of activity in the solution
phase with time and distance. (NSA)
Jacobs, D. G. 1974. Impacts in Groundwater of Effluents Arising in the
Nuclear Industry. NP-20456, pp. vp., Paper 16.
The following topics are discussed: modes of entry of radioactive
wastes into groundwater; movement of radionuclides in the ground;
degradation processes; behavior of tritium, Sr, Cs, Ru and
transuranic elements; potential pathways to man; and impact of releases
of radioactive materials to the ground compared to radiation protection
standards. (NSA)
Jacobs, D. G. and 0. M. Seal and. 1961. Soil Columns Studies. ORNL-3139,
p. 42-9.
Particle diffusion coefficients were estimated for the migration of
cesium to the interior of vermiculite platelets, and the effects of
particle diffusion on column operation are discussed. Improvement of
vermiculite column operation, based on an understanding of the reaction
mechanism, was demonstrated, (auth)
Jacobs, D. G. and M. U. Shaikh. 1964. Liquid Injection into Deep Permeable
Formations. ORNL-3697, pp. 3-10.
Movement of radionuclides through porous media is due to movement
of the transporting water, but is also affected by the ion exchange
properties of the medium. Calculations were made for the movement of the
solution and radiostrontium through a slab of Berea sandstone and were
confirmed by experimental data. The behavior of chloride as a water
tracer is complicated by its repulsions by negatively charged soil
colloids. The relative exclusion of chloride is especially complicated
J-6
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when clay minerals are present and restricted in their degree of lattice
expansion. However, these effects would be decreased as the concentration
of electrolyte is increased and would probably be rather insignificant in
clean sandstones having low specific surface and high porosity, especially
if most of the surfaces were sufficiently separated to permit full
development of an electric double layer. Anion exclusion gives a good
measure of lattice expansion and collapse of hydrobiotite systems, thereby
providing a rather accurate method for measuring the distribution of
surface charge density of these interstratified materials, (auth)
Jacobs, D. G. and T. Tamura. 1960. Study of the Parameters of Radio-
cobalt Transfer in Continental Aquatic and Irrigated Ecosystems. EUR-4628.
A short review of the literature pertaining to use of soil as a
repository of radioactive wastes is presented.
Jacobs, D. G. and K. E. Cowser, et al. 1960. Soil Column Studies. ORNL-2994,
pp. 78-95.
Several materials were investigated for sorption of cesium and
strontium from solutions similar to the ORNL intermediate-level liquid
wastes. Vermiculites with added PO." were satisfactory for removal of
cesium and strontium. Clinoptilolite and Florida pebble phosphate also
appear promising for column application, (auth)
Jacobson, L. and R. Overstreet. 1948. The Uptake by Plants of Plutonium
and Some Products of Nuclear Fission Adsorbed on Soil Colloids. Soil
Science. 65:129-34.
Barley and pea plants have been found to take up the fission elements
Y, Ce, Zr+Nb, Te, Sr, and the three valence states of Pu, even when these
elements are present in trace amounts on the surfaces of clay or soil
particles. For all the elements tested, the greatest fixation is in or
on the roots. With the exception of Sr, translocation occurs only to a
limited extent. The translocation of Sr is relatively large. Activity
levels of 0.1 microcurie per gram soil are sufficient to cause very
pronounced injury over a 3-month period, (auth)
J-7
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Jakubick, A. T. 1975. Migration of Plutonium in Natural Soil. IAEA-SM-199/3.
The present work deals with the deposition and migration of fallout
plutonium which is considered here as analogous to Pu09 contamination of
239 240
soil. By correlating the few Pu ' measurements available in Germany
with the fallout data coming from Ispra the probable history of Pu concen-
tration in the air is reconstructed for SW Germany. From these data, the
Pu input function in the vicinity of Heidelberg is derived. The calculated
cumulative deposition seems to agree well with the existing measurements
239 240
of the total amount of Pu ' in the soil. For to find out the transport
mechanism of Pu in soil, the estimations of Pu distribution in soil provided
by HASL are interpreted. The removal of PuCL particles from a given layer
seems to obey an exponential law with a characteristic turnover time of
5-6 years in a 5 cm thick partially saturated soil layer.
Using the previously derived input function and the estimated turnover
time, the probable Pu-concentration in the top soil in Germany was computed.
Furthermore, the case of an instantaneous soil contamination is considered.
It is shown that a model using a sequence of boxes leads to a Poison-type
equation which predicts for PuOp a migration velocity of 0.8 cm per year.
Finally the relative migration velocities of PuOp and Pu(NO,)4 are compared.
The comparison indicates that the migration of PuO. is about 100 times faster
than that of plutonium when applied to soil in Pu(NO.,)4 form, (auth)
Jakubick, A. T. 1976. Application of the Box Model Theory to the
Geophysical Transport of PuOp. .IN: Actinides in the Environment.
The soil forms an interface between the lithosphere and biosphere.
The transfer of Pu through the soil results from bioredistribution by
worms, burrowing animals and plants, movement of the soil clay fraction
and oscillation of soil physical properties such as wetting and drying.
Contamination movement through the soil is treated by use of a sequence
of boxes to represent the soil layers. The transportation velocities of
Pu02 and Pu(N03h were compared. A distribution coefficient of 5 x 10
was assumed. If the water moved 1 Km, PuOo migrates 10 meters and Pu in
nitrate form initially, migrates only 10 cm.
J-8
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Jakubick, A. 1976. Migration of Longlived Transuranium Isotopes (i.e.
Pu-239, Am-241) in the Soil and Geological Formations. KFK-2262, pp. 463-467
(in German).
An evaluation of these problems from the pofnt of view of geo-sciences
leads to the following statements: plutonium in soil possess the longest
residence time; the knowledge of potential migration mechanisms in humid
climatic ranges deserve a first order priority in sting of oc-waste final
depositories (case of Maxey Flats), the normally used relationships may be
applied for the evaluation of plutonium transfer in terrestrial ecosystems.
(A)
Jambon, A. and J. P. Carron. 1976. Diffusion of Ma, K, Rb and Cs in
Glasses of Albite and Orthoclase Composition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.
40:897-903.
The measurement of diffusion coefficients for Na, K, Rb and Cs has
been realized by the technique of active salt deposits on glasses of
albite and orthoclase composition, at normal pressure and in the temperature
6 1221
range 300 to 1000°C. The values for D are between 10 and 10 cm s
and, for every type of run, they vary with temperature according to
Arrhenius laws, with activation energies ranging from 13 to 68 kcal mole .
These important variations are related to the size of the diffusion element
(at 700°C in albite glass Dsub(Na)/Dsub(K)/Dsub(Rb)/Dsub(Cs) approximately
equals 10 /10 /10 /I) and to the size of the major alkali element (for
rubidium at 800°C Dsub(or gl/Dsub(ab.gl) approximately equal to 20). By
comparison with available data on diffusion in feldspars, the influence
of the defect density on the diffusion process is stressed, (auth)
J-9
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Jamison, 0. K., B. H. Kornegay, W. A. Vaugnn, and J. M. Morgan, Jr., (eds.).
1963. The Use of Inorganic Exchange Materials for Radioactive Was is
Treatment. Wrkg. Mtg. Wash. D.C. Aug. 13-14, 1962. TID-764^.
A total of eleven papers and one section containing comments on future
plans are presented in the meeting summary report. Separate abstracts
were prepared for ten of the papers. The paper for which no abstract was
prepared concerned properties of hydrogen-based clinoptilolite. (NSA)
Jayaram, K. M. V., K. K. Dwivedy, M. C. Bhurat, and S. G. Kulshrestha.
1974. A Study of the Influence of Microflora on the Genesis of Uranium
Occurrences at Udaisagar, Udaipur District, Rajasthan. IN: Formation
of Uranium Ore Deposits. IAEA-SM-133/31, pp. 89-38.
2
An area of 6 km in the vicinity of Udaisagar shaft was investigated
to study the role of sulphur and iron-oxidizing bacteria in the mobilization
of uranium in the carbonaceous phyllitss and its redeposition in breccias
and the fault gouge. The Aravalli metasediments consisting of conglomerates,
phyllites, impure limestones, carbonaceous ohyllites and ferruginous-
breccia are intruded by granites and gneisses. The general strike is:
N20C-30°W-S2Q0-30°E with an easterly dip of 60-85". Uranium mineralization
is confined to a fault gouge in a 6 x 200 m zone, at a depth of 25-45 m from
the surface. The ore contains stringers of uraninite associated with
uranyl minerals and some iron and copper sulphides. It analyzes 0.7" FeO,
2.3155 Fe203, 6.3% C, 2.97:i SO^", 0.85% moisture and 0.03-0.06:; U-jOg and
has a bacterial population of 2.3 x 10°/g of dry solids. It has a pH
of 2.2 to 4.5 and a redox potential of -360 to -<*80 mV. The ore samples
show disequilibrium in favor of uranium. Samples of the ore analyzing 0.03%
and 0.06" U,00 yielded a Teachability of ^3.3% and 67.8" respectively at
J O
60% P.O. (solids) in 6-h leaching time, using water alone. The carbonaceous
phyllites in the immediate vicinity analyze 3.04% FeO, 2.96% Fe^, 11.2% C,
0.11% S0^~ , 0.153 moisture and 0.0005 to 0.0027% U308 with a pH of 7.0-
8.5 and a redox potential of -200 to -280 rnV. The occurrence of significantly
higher radon valjes in the vicinity of the shaft (35.5 pCi/cm ), the shallow
nature of the deposit, absence of any major channel for waterborne trans-
portation as indicated by resistivity surveys, the presence of elemental
J-iO
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sulphur, soluble sulphates and microflora in the ore samples and the high
Teachability of uranium in water alone show that uranium is mobilized from
the carbonaceous phyllites and redeposited in the fault gouge, (auth)
Jenne, E. A. and J. S. Wahlberg. 1968. Role of Certain Stream-Sediment
Components in Radioion Sorption. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 433-F.
"Natural" and laboratory "dialysis" mass-action selectivity coefficients
were determined for the <60-mesh (< 0.25 mm) and the 9- to 60-mesh (2-0.25 mm)
sediment fractions to evaluate the comparability of these two types of
selectivity coefficients and the effectiveness of nonclay components in
controlling the distribution of radioions between solid and liquid phases.
Stream water and surficial bed sediment were sampled in Whiteoak Creek,
Tennessee, from a small stilling basin. This creek carries low-level-
radioactive waste waters from Oak Ridge National Laboratory to the Clinch
River. Appropriate mass-action selectivity coefficients were calculated
following determination of the soluble radioions in the water and the
exchangeable radioions on the sediment. Portions of the size-fractionated
sediment were air dried and used for 2-day radioion dialysis sorption
experiments.
Sorption of strontium-90 was controlled by in situ precipitated
carbonates. The solubility of the precipitated carbonates was sufficient
in ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride leaches to yield selectivity
coefficients which were high for the natural as compared with the dialysis
values - 9.6 versus 1.2 for the <60 mesh fraction. The carbonate solubility
was sufficient to preclude determination of dialysis selectivity coefficients
with sodium as the competing cation owing to the compounding effects of
calcium plus magnesium. Cobalt-60 sorption was controlled by manganese
and iron oxides and yielded high natural selectivity coefficients for the
<60-mesh fraction owing to partial dissolution of the oxides in the
extracting solution. The dialysis selectivity coefficients were greater
for the 9- to 60-mesh fraction, where the oxides were most abundant.
Sorption of cesium-137, in contrast to strontium-90 and cobalt-60, was
controlled by the clay minerals. The osberved higher natural selectivity
J-ll
-------
coefficients for cesium-137, as compared with laboratory selectivity
coefficients, are attributed to the slow diffusion of cesium into tne
interlayer spaces of illite and vermiculite, the dominant layer silicates.
Precipitation of cesium-144 during dialysis precluded determination
of laboratory selectivity coefficients. Exchangeable and soluble zirconium-35
and niobium-95 were below detection level.
The results of the study indicate that nonclay minerals control the
distribution between the solid and the liquid phases of two out of three
dominant radioions in Whiteoak Creek. Natural and laboratory selectivity
coefficients were not comparable in many instances. This is attributed
to partial dissolution of fine-grained carbonates and of manganese and
iron oxides, and in part of the largely irreversible nature of cobalt-60
and cesium-137 sorption. The laboratory and the natural selectivity
coefficients for cesium-137 agreed within a factor of 2. (auth)
Jennings, A. R. 1964. Evaluation of Selected Radioisotopes as Ground-
Water Tracers. Thesis. Agricultural and Mechanical Univ., Texas.
A tracer moving through a porous medium is subjected to ion exchange
and adsorption. The amount of ion exchange and adsorption of certain
radioactive tracers can be reduced by the process of chelating the
radioactive tracer with ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid. Antimony-124,
cerium-141, chrom'um-51, indium-114, ruthenium-103, and strcntium-85 in
chelate form were tested in vertical exchange columns filled with 20-30
mesh crushed illitic shale having an exchange capacity of 19 meq/100 g.
The elution curves for the chelated radioactive tracers were compared to
the elution curves of chloride pulses. Of the six chelated radioactive
isotopes tested, chromium-51 is apparently the best tracer. In the shale-
filled exchange columns chelated chromium-51 moved through the columns at
a velocity of about 9.6 percent that of the chloride ion. Distribution-
coefficient determinations were made under static conditions for the
chelated radioactive tracers, and comparison of the values for static
conditions with the distribution-coefficient values for static conditions
-12
-------
with the distribution-coefficient values determined from the exchange column
data shows that close agreement exists between the distribution-coefficient
values. Experimental data indicate that it would be possible to determine
the average water velocity within an aquifer by determining the arrival
time of a chelated radioactive pulse peak in an observation well. (NSA)
Jennings, C. D. 1966. Radioactivity of Sediments in the Columbia River
Estuary. RLO-1750-8 (Vol. 2) (Paper 2).
Sediment radioactivity was measured in the Columbia River by use of
2
an in situ gamma-ray detector, calibrated to give activity in pc/cm . The
probe has several advantages over methods which couple collection of sediments
with laboratory radioanalysis. Most important is the rapidity with which
field measurements can be made. Sediments concentrate radioactivity and in
the Columbia River the level of radiation is about an order of magnitude
higher in the sediments than in the water above it. Benthic organisms
which live in the sediments are constantly exposed to this higher radiation
level. Chromium-51 and Zn were the two man-made radionuclides present
in greatest abundance in the Columbia River. The Cr/ Zn ratio in the
sediments varied, but Cr activity was about ten times as high as the Zn
activity. Also identified in the Columbia River sediments, but with lower
activities were 40K, 60Co, and 54Mn. (auth)
Johannsen, K. H. and W. Lenk. 1969. Sorption of Radionuclides on Friable
Soils and Other Natural Absorbents. SZS-6/69 (in German).
The decontamination efficiency of 5 typical soils, browncoal, and
sawdust was investigated for waters containing radionuclides. The dependence
144
on pH, carrier concentration, and time of the distribution ratios of Ce,
Cs, I, Ru, Sr, Co, and fission products was determined by shaking.
The highest distribution ratios (100 to 1000) were obtained with soils con-
taining clay or humic acids. The pH was of no important influence on the ad-
sorption in the pH range of 4 to 10. On the average the highest distribution
ratios were obtained in this range. The strength of adsorption decreased in
the following order: RE > Sr > Cs > Ru > I. The results show that with soils,
J-13
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even in amounts of 1C to 100 g/1, it is not; possible to get decontamination
effects in the order of magnitudes. Moreover it is difficult to handle soils
in water treatment plants. In accidental situations however waste disposal
into the ground is more convenient than disposal into surface waters, (auth)
Johnson, J. E. 1975. Survey for Radioactivity in a Swamp. DPSPU-75-20-3.
An estimated 25 curies of cesium-137 and less than 1 curie of cobalt-60
were deposited in an offsite swamp below the Savannah River Plant by effluents
to site streams during periods of river flooding. Aerial surveys were effective
in defining the deposited radioactivity. Ground surveys with portable gamma
scintillometers and thennoluminescent dosimeters indicated dose rates generally
137
below 60 mu R/hr with a maximum of 120 mu R/hr. Soil samples contained Cs
ranging from less than 1 to 525 pCi/g in the top 7.5 cm. Vegetation contained
from 1 to 235 pCi/g, and wildlife ranged from less than 1 to 15 pCi/g in
edible tissue. A comprehensive ground survey on a three-meter centered grid
pattern was conducted on 43 acres in the area of higher readings. No restric-
tions on use of the swamp are warranted. The swamp will be monitored annually
to evaluate possible redistribution of the Cs. (auth)
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 1959. Hearings on Industrial Radioactive
Waste Disposal. Hearings Before the Special Subcommittee on Radiation of
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United Statss, Eighty-
Sixth Congress, First Session on Industrial Radioactive Waste Disposal, Jan.
28-30; Feb. 2-3, 1959. Vol 2. pp. 987-1823.
Reports are included on the treatment and controlled dispersal of low
and intermediate level wastes to the atmosphere, surface waterways, the ground,
and the ocean. Environmental investigations associated with the development
program are also discussed. (NSA)
-------
Jones, G. B. and G. B. Belling. 1967. The Movement of Copper, Molybdenum,
and Selenium in Soils as Indicated by Radioactive Isotopes. Australian J.
Agr. Res. 18:733-40.
99 75
Copper-64, Mo, and Se were applied to various soils to study their
movement under the influence of various fertilizer treatments. With soils
of moderate exchange capacity, Cu remained near the surface following all
fertilizer treatments and the equivalent of several years' rainfall. With
light soils of low exchange capacity some penetration of Cu occurred, espe-
99
cially following superphosphate and an aqueous extract of lucerne. With Mo,
in general, a high proportion was leached right through the soils, except in
99
the case of the 2 laterite soils examined, where up to half of the Mo was
retained near the surface. Selenium-75 applied as sodium selenite was
64 99
intermediate between the extremes illustrated by Cu and Mo, in that a
high proportion was retained by the calcareous soils but not necessarily
at the surface. The lighter soils retained a much lower proportion of
selenium. (NSA)
Jones, P. H. 1961. Hydrology of Radioactive Waste Disposal at the Idaho
Chemical Processing Plant National Reactor Testing Station, Idaho. IDO-
22041.
Investigations designed to trace the movement of waste water in the
ground reservoir in the ICPP area and to determine and evaluate factors
attenuating its radioactivity were carried out. Borehole geophysical logging
provided data that serve to identify the aquifers tapped and to describe some
of their characteristics. Interbeds of scoria, cinders, flow breccia, and
sediments were found to be the principal aquifers in a basalt terrane. Logs
of water resistivity and temperature provided data on the salinity of water
in the borehole. Waste water from the disposal wells tended to work from thin
to thicker parts of the aquifer. Preferred direction of movements were to
the southeast and southwest with to appreciable flow directly south. (NSA)
J-15
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Jordan, C. F., J. R. Kline, and P. S. Sasser. 1971. Tritium Movement in an
Old-Field Ecosystem Determined Experimentally. IN: Radionucl ides in Eco-
systems. CONF-710501-P1, pp. 199-203
Tritium movement through an old-field ecosystem was studied in order
to better understand how water behaves while inside various ecosystem com-
partments, and also to validate a mathematical model of tritium movement in
ecosystems. Tritiated water was applied to field plots, and was collected
at various depths in the soil and from the vegetation at approximately weekly
intervals. The experimental results confirmed the following computer predictions
A pulse of tritium will move downward througn the soil as a function of the
amount of rainwater entering the soil above the pulse. Simultaneous with
downward movement, the peak will broaden and flatten due to diffusion. The
pulse will become immobilized if the upper soil drys out to the extent that
rainwater does not penetrate to the depth of the pulse peak. Concentrations
of tritium in vegetation will be equal to concentrations in the soil water
at the depth at which the plant is taking up water. Loss of tritium from
the system will occur by evapotransoi ration and deeo drainage. The computer
predictions departed from the experimental results because of two phenomena
not included in tne model: (1) direct transfer of tritium to lower levels
of soil via root and worm holes; (2) adsorption of tritiated hydroxyl groups
onto clay particles, (auth)
1970. Tritium
Jordan, C. F. , J. J. Koranda, J. R. Kline, and J. R. Martin.
Movement in a Tropical Ecosystem. Bioscience. 20:807-12.
Tritiated water moves downward through the soil in a wave-like pulse,
and its downward movement slows considerably after reacning the sol urn-subsoil
interface. Although it is well knov/n that rate of soil -water flow changes as
the water crosses a textural boundary (Gardner, 1963), it may not be widely
realized that a pulse of water maintains a near-symmetrical distribution as
it moves downward through the sol urn, and that the portion cf the pulse moving
on through the subsoil maintains this distribution, while the water above the
discontinuity becomes mixed with other water coming in from above.
J-16
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Residence half-time of tritium in the soil is longer than that in plants
and air when input into each compartment is instantaneous. Since in nature
tritium movement into plants and air is not instantaneous, but is dependent
on tritium movement out of the soil, t, ,~ of tritium in the soil is a rate-
limiting step on the movement of tritium through soil and air.
Since the t,/? in the soil influences t, .? in the plants, it should
also influence the t,,- in the rest of the ecosystem. Koranda and Martin
(1969) gave evidence for this for a desert ecosystem when they showed that
the t,/2 of tritium in the soil is the same as that in the animals which
live on the vegetation growing on the soil.
Since the situation of relatively porous soil overlying denser parent
material is common throughout the world, we believe that the model of tritium
movement presented in this paper is of general applicability and is not
restricted to tropical montane sites. Of course, the ratio of tritium that
moves downward through the subsoil to that which drains laterally would vary
from site to site, but the general model would remain the same, (auth)
Jordan, C. F., M. L. Stewart, and J. R. Kline. 1971. Independent Test of
the Argonne Model for Tritium Movement in Soil. ANL-7860 (pt. 3), pp. 32-7.
An independent test of the Argonne model for tritium movement in soil
was carried out during the summer of 197i. There was good agreement between
the predicted and observed downward movement of the tritium peak, the pre-
dicted and observed peak broadening, and the predicted and observed peak
immobilization. Observed and predicted concentrations of tritium (HTO)
differed by about one percent of the tritium (HTO) entering the soil per
unit surface area. This difference probably is caused by tritium exchange
with clay-bound hydroxyl groups, (auth)
J-17
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Jordan, C. F., M. L. Stewart, and J. R. Kline. 1974. Tritium Movement in
Soils. Health Physics. 27:37-43.
Results of a field experiment to determine tritium movement through
soil were compared with several predictions made by a mathematical model.
The input parameters of the model were evaootranspiration, soil water
diffusion, gravity flow and the past 48 hr history of rain. Initial pre-
dictions of the quantity of tritium in soil as a function of time were about
an order of magnitude too low. The fit was greatly improved when tritium
exchange with hydrogen on soil particles and a high initial dispersion
through large soil pores were incorporated into the model, (auth)
Jordan, H.. S. 1971. Distribution of Plutonium from Accidents and Field
Experiments. IN: Proceedings of Environmental Plutonium Symposium.
LA-4756, pp. 21-24.
Outlines of accidents at:
1. Thule, Greenland (B-52 bomber crash, 1963)
2. Palomares, Spain (Mid air explosion during refueling
operation between B-52 bomoer and
Kc-135 tanker).
Jordan, H. S. 1974. Release of Plutonium to the Atmosphere. IN: Plutonium
Information Meeting. Los Alamos,'New Mexico. CONF-740115, pp. 16-29.
Various aspects of accidental Pu release to the atmosphere were
discussed.
Josa, J. M., J. L. Merino, and A. Villoria. 1966. Spanish Radioactive
Lignites: Uranium Nature and Solubilization. AEC-tr-6851.
The characteristics of some 70 samples of radioactive lignites from
different parts of Spain (Huesca, Lerida, Teruel, Galicia and Murcia) with
uranium grades ranging from 20 to 1200 ppm are presented. The uranium in
these minerals has been recovered by direct treatment and also after
elimination of organic matter and enrichment by roasting. The uranium was
leached in an acid medium, using agitation as well as static bed techniques.
The influence of the following variables was studied: grain size, amount of
acid, temperature, time, oxidation agent and variations in the roasting
process, (auth)
J-18
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Joshi, L. U. and A. K. Ganguly. 1970. Disequilibrium Studies in Th/ Th
Activity Ratio in Some Sediment Samples of India. Proceedings of the Chemistry
Symposium, Bombay. Oept. of Atomic Energy. 11:137-48.
A geochemical study of sediment samples is being carried out by EDTA
leaching at pH 3.0 in order to investigate the surface phenomena and distri-
bution of natural thorium in backwater sediments. Unusually high values of
232 228
Th/ Th activity ratios have been found in the deposits of the sediments
in the Indian coastal region of Bombay and Kerala Belt. The ratio was
approximately 1.75 in the Bombay Harbor region and 1.5 at the coastal region
232 238
of Kerala. The variations in the ratio of Th/ Th is most likely due
228 228
to leaching of Ra by seawater resulting in depletion of Th in the
Th decay chain, (auth)
Joshi, L. U. and A. K. Ganguly. 1972. Activity Ratios 234U/238U and 235u/288'j
in Coastal Marine Sediments. IN: Proceedings of the Chemistry Symposium,
Bombay, Dept. of Atomic Energy. CONF-721239-P1, pp. 246-50.
238 235 234
The activities of U, U, and U in the sediments along the west
coast of India were measured and the 234U/238U and 235U/238U ratios were deter-
mined. The U isotopes were leached from the sediments with an ammonium
carbonate solution, and the U was separated on an anion exchange column.
After plating of the U on stainless steel, it was counted in a solid state
detector. The results obtained were tabulated for various sites. These
238 234
results showed that there is disequilibrium between U and U, but no
disequilibrium was found for the other isotopic ratio. It was shown that
the disequilibrium exists only on the surface of the untreated sediment
particles. The validity of the hypothesis that during the transition of
238 234 234
U to U the U atoms are relocated into crystal defects was doubted.
(NSA)
234 238
Joshi, L. U. and A. K. Ganguly. 1972. Disequilibrium Studies in U/ U
Activity Ratios in Coastal Sediments Along the West Coast of India. Curr.
Sci. (India) 41:762-5.
Sediment samples were collected from the surface of the sea-beds at
different locations along the west coast of India from monozite areas of
Kerala to Bombay. These sediment samples were leached by ammonium carbonate
J-19
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238 235 234
solutions for U, U, and U activities. The reagent was chosen so that
it has high efficiency for leaching uranium and does not attack the mineral
core of the sediments. Uranium in the leachates was placed on stainless steel
planchets and counted using a solid state detector coupled to a 256 channel
pulse height analyzer. All the sediment samples were found to give uranium
234 238 214 ?3R
activity ratios, " U/ U within a range of 1.129 to 1.143. The U/ U
pic 238
activity ratio in coastal waters was 1.151. The U/ U activity ratios
234 238
were found to lie in the range of 0.045 to 0.048. Thus, while U/ U
238
ratio indicates existence of disequilibrium in U radioactive series, there
is no fractionation between U and J U. (auth)
Joshi, L. U. and A. K. Ganguly. 1973. Anomalous Th 228/Th 232 and Th 230/
Th 232 Activity Ratios in Backwater Sediments Along the West Coast of India.
IN: Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment. IAEA-SM-1 58/50 ,
pp. 747-755.
Recently, remarkable disequilibrium between Th 228 and T'n 232 activities
has been observed in the top layer sediments of the backwaters along the
Indian Coast. The Th 228/Th 232 activity ratios in Bombay harbour region
(19°N, 73°E) and Kerala belt (8°-10°N, 763-77°E) have been found to be in
i
the range of 0.55 to 0.67, while this ratio is in the range of 2.00 to 2.19
along the rest of the West Coast of India between Bombay and Kerala region
(19°-153E, 76°-77°E). The Th 230 and T'n 232 activities also show anomalous
behavior in these regions. The Th 230/Th 232 activity ratio in the Boinoay
region is about 0.133, while the ratio lies between 0.23 and 0.25 in Kerala
belt. The coastal region between Bombay and Kerala, the ratio lies in the
range of 0.95 to 1.07. The variation of the Th 228/Th 232 activity ratio
is governed by the Th 230 activity in waters adjacent to the sediments. In
the dynamic processes in marine environment, the sediment and the water
interface are the most important and equilibria are expected to be established
only amongst the chemical species occurring at the surface of the sediment
and the ambient medium. A geochemical study of these sediments is being
carried out by leaching the samples with 5% EDTA at pH 3.00 in order to
investigate the processes occurring on the surface and the distribution of
natural thorium isotopes in backwater sediments, (auth)
J-ZO
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Joshi, L. U., C. Rangarajan, and S. S. Gopalakrishnan. 1971. Investigations
on Lead 210 Concentrations in Various Regions of India. Health Physics.
20:665-668.
Seasonal measurements of Pb 210 were carried out to explore the
possibility of increased Pb 210 levels resulting from high uranium or Ra
224 activity of the soil. Seasonal variations of Pb 210 were measured at
Srinadar, Delhi, and at Nainital where results did not show a pronounced
variation. The radon daughter activity was compared with that of Pb 210
at Bombay and the latitudinal variation of Pb 210 was plotted in surface
air and rainfall. At Gangtok the results were higher than a factor of
2, than those of the other stations, the increase occuring mainly in the
winter months, and not apparently due to a significant increase in Ra 226
in the soil. (0-77)
Juguet, B., M. Donner, L. Coin, and C. Burq. 1966. Importance of Mud and
Suspended Matter in the Transport and Elimination of Radionuclides Contained
in Surface Waters. IAEA-SM-72/7 (in French).
Natural radioisotopes present in surface waters and those which have
been added by human activities, such as fallout and wastes from scientific,
industrial, and medical applications, are discussed. The radioisotopes
are fixed in relatively large amounts on solid particles in suspension and
on mud. The program of studies on the waters of the Seine basin and various
French rivers has been supplemented by examination of mud collected over a
certain period by means of special submerged tanks. This examination
yielded representative data on the radioisotopes transported by the water
during the sampling period (normally one month). The mud collected exhibited
an activity considerably higher than that of the water, and is suitable for
direct gamma spectrometry and various other analyses. The examinations
carried out include: direct gamma spectrometry; drying and crushing; alpha,
beta, and gamma measurements on the dried mud; and separation of the sand,
clay, and organic matter fractions from the fresh mud. Investigations were
also made of the fixation capacity, of the mud and its various components,
of radioisotopes of Cs, Sr, Ce, Ru, P, and I and their significance in
fallout or in scientific uses. The purifying role of mud is confirmed by
J-21
-------
the results of measurement of fixation capacities. Depending on their
nature and chemical form radioisotopes may be only slightly fixed (iodine)
or may be almost totally fixed (cerium). A large part of the activity
transported by surface waters is thus eliminated by deposition of mud by
filtration plants, (auth)
Juo, A. S. R. and S. A. Barber. 1970. The Retention of Strontium by
Soils as Influenced by pH, Organic Matter and Saturated Cations. Soil
Science. 109:143-148.
Four soils varying greatly in organic matter content, CED and texture
were selected for this study. The effects of pH and the kind of saturation
cations on the sorption and retention of Sr from a 3 x 10" M SrCl,, solution
89
labeled with Sr were evaluated in terms of equilibrium distribution
coefficient, Kd, and by repeated N NH^Cl extraction.
It was found that the sorption of Sr by soils increased with the
increase of pH of the system, within the oH range studied (pH .4 to 3).
The influence of the kind of saturation cations on the sorption of Sr by
soils followed the order of Na > K >Mg >Ca >8a >H.
An increasing proportion of the sorbed Sr remained non-exchangeable
with NH. as a result of increasing the pH of the system. This was
attributed to the organic fraction of the soil. This portion of Sr may
be permanently fixed by the soil under favorable pH conditions.
It was also found that when an organic soil was brought into a higher
pH environment, a significant portion of the Sr in the solution phase of
the soil may be present as soluble Sr-cheiates or complexes rather than as
2+
free Sr ions. However, under normal pH conditions usually found in
natural organic soils (pH about 5), the presence of soluble Sr-chelates
or complexes in the soil solution should be negligible.
J-22
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Jurain, G. 1955. Abnormal Radioactivity in the Upper Triassic of the Vosges.
Compt. Rend. 241:975-7.
Lignites from the middle Keuper formation of the upper Triassic exhibit
high radioactivity which was shown to be due to the presence of 12.7-18.8 ppm
U (compared with an average 4.3 ppm for the lithosphere). The U content is
not proportional to the observed radioactivity because the U has been removed
at a rate different from that of its radioactive disintegration products
(especially Ra). The presence of concentrated U and V in lignite is related
to the multiple valence states of both elements. This circumstance permits
them to enter into biogeochemical oxidation-reduction reactions with the
lignite. (CA)
J-23
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Kaddah, M. T. 1968. Cesium and Rubidium Fixation in Vermiculite and Hydrobiotite.
Soil Science. 106:67-72.
Hydrobiotites (interstratified vermiculite mica) from Libby, Montana and
Palabora, South Africa were transformed to vermiculites and the 2 to 10 u size
fractions of the minerals were saturated with tagged Cs or Rb and leached with suc-
cessive increments of normal chloride solutions of Cs, Rb, NH4> K, Na and Ca. The
samples were radioassayed after each leaching to determine the rate of release of
adsorbed Cs or Rb. In another experiment Ca-saturated hydrobiotites and vermicu-
lites were equilibrated with binary chloride mixtures of lattice contracting cations
Cs, Rb, NH^, and K, and the distribution of exchanging cations in the solution and
solid phases were determined. The results showed that the displacement of adsorbed
Cs and Rb by the normal chlorides of lattice contracting cations was in the order
of (1) K > NH. > Rb > Cs for adsoroed Cs in hydrobiotites and vermiculites, and
for adsorbed Rb in hydrobiotites, and (2) K >_ NH4 >_ Rb >_ Cs for adsorbed Rb in
vermiculites; in hydrobiotites and vermiculites, the lattice expanding Na ions
were less effective than K ions in displacing adsorbed Cs and the order of effec-
tiveness was reversed in the case of displacement of adsorbed Rb; relatively more
Cs or Rb was displaced by every displaceing cation from hydrobiotites than from ver-
miculites and from Libby minerals than the corresponding South African minerals;
normal NaCl solutions were more effective in releasing Cs or Rb than N CaCl^ solu-
tions; and adsorption of cations by vermiculites and hydrobiotites from binary
mixtures of the salts CsCl, RbCl, NH4C1 and KC1 showed that the strength of attach-
ment of the cations to the minerals is in the order of Cs > Rb > NH^ > K. (auth)
Kaddah, M. T. 1968. Cesium Uptake by Sudangrass Seedlings from Four Soils in
Southern California. Soil Science. 105:369-375.
The uptake of Cs added to four soils in micro- and macroamounts in the pres-
ence of various salts was studied by a modified Neubauer technique using sudan-
grass as the testing plant. The amounts of Cs added per 100 g. soil varied from
10 to 1 meq. CsCl. Analysis of the shoots of 10 days old seedlings for Cs
showed that (a) Little differences were exhibited among the four soils when the
7 2
Cs additions ranged from 10 to 10 meq./TOO g. soil. With increasing Cs
addition wide variations occurred among the soils with less Cs taken up from
K-l
-------
the vermiculitic soils than from the non-vermiculitic soils. Cs uptake in
the second cutting of any treatment was generally greater than Cs uptake in
the first cutting, (b) Cs toxicity symptoms commenced when the Cs concentra-
tion in the shoots were 0.02-0.03 meq. Cs/g. dry shoots. The toxicity symptoms
started as blanched, water-soaked areas and as reddish-brown streaks which
spread with ultimate drying of the shoots, (c) When Cs was added to soils in
-4
microamounts (<_10 meq./lOO g.) with different salts, the availability of
Cs was influenced by the salt concentration especially by K and NH« salts and
by the sequence of addition of Cs and K or NH, salts. In general, increasing
concentration of K ions decreased Cs uptake, whereas HNd ions increased Cs
uptake in some soils and had little or depressing effect on Cs uptake in other
soils, (d) When 0.1 meq. CsCl was added to 100 g. soils, the enhancing effect
of NH, ions on Cs absorption did not occur. Increasing concentrations of K
or NH4 ions decreased Cs uptake. The results indicate also that Cs ions under
this macro-concentration affected the availability of both K and NHd ions, (e)
For any concentration of added Cs the uptake of Cs was higher when it was added
after rather than before NHd or K ions, especially in vermiculitic soils and
with increasing Cs concentration, (auth)
Kalandiya, A. A., M. A. Vashakidze, and Z. S. Shonvadze. 1968. Efficiency of
'.•later Decontamination from Radioactive Substances by Means of Soil Filtration
Gig. Sanit. No. 3:48-50 (in Russian).
Experimental data are presented on the effect of natural soil filtration
on the degree of radioactivity of a river serving as a source of drinking
water. The experimental finding was that the natural soil filtration provided
Qfl
absorption of 87.4 to 95.9% of Sr. (auth)
Kalmar, T. 1974. Radioactive Contamination of Hungarian Soils. Agrokem.
Talajtan. 23:351-360 (In Hungarian).
In 72 soil samples collected in different parts of the country during
90
1971 to 1972 the Sr contamination (pCi/kg) was measured. The sampling
places were selected according to soil types and land use on the areas sur-
veyed by our Institute. The samples were taken from the upper 5 cm layers of
the different soil types on both cultivated and non-cultivated areas (meadows,
pastures). The samples were treated with hydrochloric acid and the Sr content
was separated with oxalic acid; the activity of the ignited precioitate was
K-2
-------
90
measured using TOO pCi Sr as standard. The pH values, the amount of CaCo3,
the humus percentage, the Ca content of the HC1 extract and the particle size
distribution were also determined in the samples. As regards territorial dis-
tribution, the activity values were the lowest in the samples collected in
Transdanubia and in the region between the rivers Danube and Tisza. In the
case of 38 samples we studied the relationship between radioactive contamina-
tion and certain soil properties. When comparing, in the case of a given soil
90
type, the Sr contamination of cultivated and non-cultivated areas, statistical
90
evaluation revealed significant differences: Sr fixation by non-cultivated
soils was higher. In respect to the relationship between contamination and
90
particle size distribution, Sr fixation by light textured soils (coarse sand)
was less than by heavy loams. Due to the deviation of the data it was only in
the cases'of loamy soils with 41 to 60% physical clay content that a correlation
could be established. Though to a lesser extent, the CaCO, content of the soils
90
plays also a certain role in Sr fixation. In soils with higher calcium con-
tent, the average values of contamination were higher. Apart from some extreme
90
data, the Sr contents of the soil samples examined in 1971 to 1972 varied
generally between 100 and 350 pCi/kg. These values do not exceed those measured
in different parts of Europe, (auth)
90
Kamada, H., M. Hukawa, and M. Saiki. 1973. Removal of Fall-out Sr from
Land to River. Radioisotopes (Tokyo). 22:279-285 (in Japanese).
During 1962 to 1969, in the drainage area of River Edo, River Agano and
QQ
River Yodo, annual variation of the removal of Sr from fallout into the
river was analyzed in various discharge processes from hydrometeorological
and radioecological situation. The following equation was obtained from the
90
annual amount of discharged Sr into the river Q/,-^ (Ci), annual precipi-
90
tated fallout Sr R (Ci), annual rainfall r (m) and its run off coefficient
90
Cr and deposited Sr in surface soil (depth; 0 to 5 cm) at the end of the
90
previous year d (Ci), total deposited Sr in soil D (Ci) in the drainage area,
and C,, C~ and C3, which were coefficients related to discharge processes of
9°Sr- Q(Sr) s ^ • R • Cr + C2 • (R + d) • r • Cr + C3 • [D-(R + dj] • r • Cp.
The C1, coefficient related to "channel precipitation" of Sr, was negligible
in the Edo River basin, 0.00626 in the Agano River basin and 0.0748 in the
Yodo River basin, the C2> coefficient related to "surface run off + a part of
K-3
-------
90
interflow" of Sr, was 0.0110, 0.0187 and 0.0171, and the C3> coefficient
related to "the other part of interflow + ground water flow" of Sr, was
0.00552, C.00585 and 0.0104 respectively. In order to observe the patterns
of annual discharged amounts in various discharge processes, hydrograohical
analysis was carried out and the same tendency was observed in the three
river basins. The peak year of "channel precipitation" indicated the same
peak year of R, and the peak of "surface run off + a part of interflow" delayed
1 to 2 years and that of "the other part of interflow + ground water flow"
delayed 5 to 6 years after the peak of R. The Q/.N was 0.7 to 2 Ci in River
Edo, 5 to 14 Ci in River Agano and 3 to 10 Ci in River Yodo, and the discharge
Q0
rate of " Sr from soil in each drainage area into the river ([Q/c \- C, • R
• Cr]/D) was 0.2 to 0.4%, 1 to 2S and 1 to 2% respectively, (auth)
Kanasiewicz, J. 1966. Geochemical Distribution of Uranium, Selenium, and
Rhenium in the Zechstein Layer of Leszczyn Deposits. Kwart. Geol. 10:13
(in Polish).
The highest concentrations of U, Se, and Re occur in the layers of low
Zechstein, the average content of U being 11.3, of Se 1.31, and Re 1.06 ppm.
The sorption properties of silt favor retention in deposits all of the ele-
ments present in sea water, as testified by a higner U content in marls,
^ 12.1 ppm as compared to limestone, ^ 9.4 ppm. The layers of new red
sandstone and medium and upper Zechstein are markedly lower in the content
of these elements. (CA)
Kapkov, Y. N. 1969. Geochemistry of Uranium in Channel Sediments of the
Stream Network in a Mountainous Taiga Area. Zap. Leningrad. Gorn. Inst.
56:73-80 (in Russian).
A study of the dispersion processes of uranium in granitoid development
showed that the basic mass of transportable material occurs in the form of
thin suspensions, true and colloidal solutions, and represents a signifi-
cant fraction in rock-forming minerals, perhaps as much as 75 to 98". Uranium
is extracted by natural waters relatively easily. It does not play an impor-
tant role in accessory minerals in the total balance of riverbed deposition.
The mobility and the sorption property of uranium in organic material depend
on the reaction medium vxhich in the mountainous Siberian forest region, leads
K-4
-------
to leaching of the uranium from the upper strata. All this causes a high geo-
chemical background of uranium and the formation of "concentration" flows, and
difficulties in separating out the "ore" flows, fauth)
Kaplan, I. R. 1973. Biological Cycling of Elements and Stable Isotopes
in Marine Environments. Progress Report, April 1, 1972-May 1, 1973.
UCLA-34-P-l34-7.
Progress is reported in studies on the biological cycling of elements
and stable isotopes in marine environments. A neutron activation method for
the rapid measurement of total uranium content in marine sediments is de-
scribed. Other studies reported include the anaerobic degradation of organic
matter on the sea floor; an evaluation of the magnitude of ionic diffusion
constants in marine sediments; and the development of a rapid monitoring
system for dissolved sulfate in seawater and sediments for use in evaluation
of the. pollution of the ocean floor. A list of papers accepted for publica-
tion during the period covered by this report is included. (NSA)
Karkhanavala, M. D. 1958. On Radioactive Uraniferous Iron Oxides. Seochim.
et Cosmochim. Acta. 15:229-36.
A study has been made of uranium bearing iron oxides from the shear-zone
of Bihar, with particular reference to the nature of the association of uranium
with magnetite and hematite. In veins where none or very little hematitization
has taken place, the primary magnetite and uranim'te coexist. Where hematitiza-
tion has taken place the uranium is very intimately associated with the hema-
tite probably as a very limited solid solution. A sample of hematite contain-
ing uranium equivalent of 0.15% ILCL was found to be metamict, the reconstitu-
tion of which was established by x-ray and differential thermal analysis
methods. It is believed that a primary oxidizing solution containing uranyl
ions caused the oxidation of the ferrous hydrosol to magnetite and the simul-
taneous precipitation of uraninite. A later stage oxidizing solution or
normal agents of weathering converted the magnetite to hematite and the
uramnite to probably ILOg or DO-,, a small amount of which was then somehow
taken up in the hematite lattice, and the rest being converted to secondary
uranium minerals, the presence of which is known, (auth)
K-5
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Kartashov, N. P. 1961. The Determination of Traces of Uranium, Thorium, and
Potassium in Rocks by Means of y-Ray Spectra. At.Energ.(USSR) . 10:531-533.
A scintillation y-spectrometer with a Nal(Tl) crystal was used to analyze
-3 -4
rock samples with a content, for example, of 5 x 10 % U, 13 x 10 :i Th, and
2.5% K. A system of 3 simultaneous equations of the type a^U + b-jTh •*• CjK = !,
$2^ + l^*1 * C2K = ^2' anc* a3^ + ^3^ * C3K = *3 was utl^12ed' wnere I was
the y-emission intensity spectrometrically measured; U, Th, and K the concen-
trations of these elements; and a-, 0 , b, ~ ,; and c-, , , the y-emission
ijt,jj i >t,j I ,-»j
intensity coefficients of the U, Th, and K. Three spectral energy ranges were
Af]
separated.: 0.8-1.2, 1.3-1.9, and 2.0-2.5 m.e.v. spectra of !< y-emission
are presented, and the limits of error of the determinations discussed. (CA)
Karttunen, J. 0. and D. N. Edgington. 1974. Distribution of Plutonium in
Lake Michigan Sediments. ANL-75-3 (pt. 3), pp. 113-127.
A study was conducted to obtain baseline information as to the present
content of Pu in sediment from Lake Michigan, to determine the utility of
Pu isotopes for estimating sedimentation rates, to assess the extent of addi-
tional radicnuclide inputs to Lake Michigan from nuclear power plants and other
sources, and to determine the vertical distribution in recent sediments. Tables
are presented to show sedimentation rates and calculated mixing depths, flux nor-
p-sq OAn 1-37 21 0
realization factors, and total activity of "3Pu, "uPu, IJ Cs, and tlu?b in
sediment cores taken in 1972, 1973, and 1974. Graphs are presented to show
137 239 2AQ
measured Cs, Pb, and Pu profiles in sediment cores and sedimentary
columns at various stations during 1972, 1973, and 1974. The significance
of the results is discussed. (A)
Kashirtseva, M. F. 1969. Effect of Material Composition of Rocks on Forma-
tion of Epigenetic Uranium Concentrations. Int. Geol . Rev. 11:530-8.
Analysis of the different forms of physical composition of rocks of dif-
ferent U content showed that accumulations of U are confined to rocks of the
pyritic geochemical type. The confinement of epigenetic pyrite and of accumu-
lations of U to tne pyritic type of rocks is evidence that the oxidation
processes and production of hydrogen sulfide by bacteria are conducive to pre-
cipitation of U, as they are responsible for the steep Eh threshold at the con-
tact between oxidized and unoxidized rocks. In prospecting for U or deposits
K-6
-------
of the infiltrational type, the physical composition of the host rocks should
be considered, together with other indications, inasmuch as the rocks may be
favorable or adverse to the formation of economic ores, by virtue of their
inherent geochemical characteristics. Accumulations of various elements,
particularly U, are favored by the presence of substantial quantities of
easily oxidized minerals in the rock, particularly in rocks of the pyritic
type in which the sulfide forms of iron should at least be about 0.3%. The
chlorite-sidentic type, in which these forms do not exceed 0.1% of the rock,
by weight, and the iron minerals are not easily oxidizable, as a whole, is
not as favorable for the accumulations. Rocks in which the iron is mainly
clastic a.nd the sulfides are negligible (0.2 to 0.3%) are unfavorable for
accumulations of such elements as U, Se, Mo, Pb, Fe, and others. Ore deposits
of the type described are rare in nature because only in rare circumstances
are all the factors essential for their development simultaneously operative.
Among these factors, the physically favorable composition of the host rocks
is the indispensable prerequisite, (auth)
Kashukeev, N. T. 1968. Method for Determination of Microquantities of Uranium
in Specimens with Unknown Chemical Composition. Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci.
21: 1041-1044.
A method for determining microquantities of uranium in specimens with
unknown chemical composition is described. The samples were crushed to a fine
powder, mixed, and divided into two identical specimens. One of the specimens
was mixed with a few drops of solution containing a soluble uranium salt of
known concentration and the other was mixed with a few drops of pure solvent.
Then the two solutions were compressed into two tablets, which were irradiated
in a neutron flux. The fission fragments from the specimens were recorded
using a detector and the uranium content determined. The method is suitable
for determining uranium concentrations is soil, carbon, wood, air, and
water, (auth)
Katsurayama, K. 1968. Accumulation of Radioactivity in Rice Fields. Annu.
Rep. Res. Reactor Inst., Kyoto University. 1:293-97.
The adsorption capacity of the following radioactive isotopes in the soil
is discussed: Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Cs, Ca, Co, Ba, Sr, H, La, and Th. Equations
are given for coefficients of distribution and exchange. Ion exchange capacity
K-7
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of the soil is discussed. Estimation of radioactive concentration in the
root zone of rice fields is based on the following phenomena: introduction of
water into the rice field; percolation in the superficial soil of the rice
field; disintegration of radioactive elements; and accumulation of radioactivity
in cultivable soil. A method for estimating the quantity of radioactivity
carried by irrigation water into the rice field in the course of a year is
described. (MSA)
Katz, J. J. and E. Rabinowitch. 1951. The Chemistry of Uranium. Part I.
The Element, Its Binary and Related Compounds. National Nuclear Energy Series,
Div. VIII, Vol. 5, N.Y. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
A comprehensive detailed summary of the "dry chemistry" of U is presented.
The occurrence of U in nature, its extraction from ores, and the physical and
chemical properties of the metal are treated thoroughly. Binary comoounds of
U with H, 0, N, and the halogens, among others, receive extensive discussion,
including methods of preparation and physical properties such as crystal struc-
ture, thermochemistry, and volatility. The volume is to be followed by a com-
panion book dealing with the properties of ionic U in aqueous solution. (NSA)
Katz, J. J. and G. T. Seaborg. 1957. The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Details regarding the nature, occurrence, preparation, isolation, deter-
mination, chemical properties, and compounds of Ac, Th, Pa, M, Np, Pu, Am,
and Cu are given. Bk, Cf, Es, Fr, Md, and No are discussed briefly.
Kaufman, W. J. 1960. The Containment of Radioactive Wastes in Deep Geologic
Formations. JJ^: Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. II. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 535-546.
The injection of radiactive wastes into deep geologic formations is con-
sidered a feasible and economic approach to handling low- and intermediate-
level wastes. Deep injection does not represent a panacea for all nuclear
wastes at all sites, but rather is one possible solution to be arrived at only
after considering all factors peculiar to a given situation. Disposal by
dilution into rivers and oceans, perhaps in combination with chemical or physi-
cal treatment, is often a more satisfactory alternative and should only be
rejected on the basis of a careful analysis of hazard and economic factors.
K-8
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In selecting a site for a central chemical reprocessing plant, the existence
of a suitable geology for ground disposal operations should be given careful
consideration, since deep formations of the earth potentially offer far more
permanent retention than can be achieved by surface storage systems.
The technology of waste-water injection has been developed to a high
degree by the petroleum production industry. The operations of this industry
demonstrate the necessity of pretreatment of wastes to insure compatibility
with the receiving formation. If the wastes at a nuclear site vary widely in
composition, then hold-up and blending, followed by chemical precipitation,
filtration, pH adjustment and chlorination, will no doubt be required to meet
the compatibility criterion.
Detailed exploration of a proposed disposal site will require the applica-
tion of the most advanced geophysical methods, including the drilling of test
wells and the use of water tracers. Information determined by passing typical
waste solutions through formation cores, coupled with field measurements of
the dispersion properties of the formation, will make possible a completely
engineered disposal system. The useful formation capacity, and hence the unit
cost of the injection phases of the operation, should be a calculable quantity.
It is believed that the system of injection disposal described herein, employ-
ing both injection and relief or monitoring wells, will provide economic and
safe containment of low-and intermediate-level wastes, (auth)
Kaufman, W. J., (ed.). 1961. Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes.
TID-7621.
These proceedings were compiled from papers submitted by those attending
an unclassified conference on ground disposal of radioactive waste, and from
tape recordings of discussions at the conference. The conference was spon-
sored by the Division of Reactor Development, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,
and was held at the University of California, Berkeley, California.
The purpose of the meeting was to review the progress made in research
and development studies related to ground disposal of low and intermediate
activity wastes over the past few years, both in the United States and abroad.
Major subjects of discussion included: (1) operating practices, experi-
ences, and problems at Hanford, Oak Ridge, National Reactor Testing Station,
K-9
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the Savannah River Plant, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, Saclay, France, and
Mol, Belgium; (2) research on ion exchange and adsorption in natural media;
and (3) current investigations of hydrodynamic problems in flow through
porous media.
Kaufman, W. J. 1963. Ground Water Study Program: An Appraisal of the Distri-
bution Coefficient for Estimating Underground Movement of Radioisotopes.
HNS-1229-21.
The distribution coefficient is used to describe the relative affinity
of an ion for the solid and liquid phases of an exchange system. !t is nor-
mally expressed as the ratio of the concentration of a single ionic species
or radionuclide on a solid to that in the adjacent liquid. The distribution
coefficient is directly proportional to the selectivity of the exchanger and
to its exchange capacity. It is inversely proportional to the concentration of
competing ions in the liquid. The distribution coefficients of cesium and
strontium in natural ground waters are of special interest in ascertaining
the radiological hazards of underground nuclear explosions. The rate of
transport of these ions is inversely proportional to their distribution coeffi-
cients, such that when contaminated waters of low mineral content traverse
formations of high clay content, a very significant retardation of the contami-
nant occurs. In the case of cesium and certain clay minerals, a high degree
of selectivity exists which may greatly enhance the retarding influence of
the clay, even though the exchange capacity is quite small. The relationship
of the distribution coefficient to ground water-clay mineral systems ana to
the application of these coefficients to estimating the velocities of move-
ment of cesium and strontium is discussed, (auth)
Kaufman, R. F., G. G. Eadie, C. R. Russell. 1975. Summary of Ground-Water
Quality Impacts of Uranium Mining and Milling in the Grants Mineral Belt,
New Mexico. Groundwater. 14: 296-308
Ground-water contamination from uranium mining and milling results from
the infiltration of mine, mill, and ion-exchange plant effluents containing
elevated concentrations of radium, selenium, and nitrate. Available data
indicate that radium concentrations in the discharge waters of a producing
mine tend to increase substantially as the ore body is developed. Whereas
K-10
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natural background radium concentrations are generally about several pico-
curies/liter (pCi/1), 100 to 150 pCi/1 appear in the effluents of operating
mines. The discharge of such highly contaminated mine effluents to streams
and seepage from tailings ponds, creates a long-lived source of ground-water
contamination. Seepage of mill tailings at two active mills ranges from
126,000 to 491,000 m /yr and, to date, has contributed an estimated 2400 Curies
of uranium, radium, and thorium to the ground-water reservoir. The shallow
aquifer in use and downgradient from another mill has been grossly contaminated
with selenium, attributable to excessive seepage from a nearby tailings pond.
Radium, selenium, nitrate and, to a lesser extent, uranium, are of most
value as indicators of ground-water contamination. Gross alpha activity results
are not consistent indicators of radium or uranium in water, although uranium
does appear to be the principal contributor of alpha activity. Accurate
radium-226 analyses yield the most information for radiological evalu-
ation of drinking water.
To date, no adverse impacts on municipal ground-water supplies have been
observed. However, industry-sponsored environmental monitoring programs are
inadequately designed and implemented, and may not define the full, long-term
impact of mining and milling operations on the ground-water quality of the
study area, (auth)
Kaufman, W. J., R. 6. Orcutt, G. Klein. 1955. Underground Movement of
Radioactive Wastes. Prog. Rpt. No. 1. July 1, 1954 to June 30, 1955. AECU-3115.
A preliminary investigation was made of several physical and chemical
factors influencing the feasibility of high-level radioactive waste dis-
posal by injection into isolated geological formations. The report in-
cludes a review of the injection disposal practices of the petroleum and
chemical industries and considers the problems likely to be encountered in
using similar techniques for the disposal of fission product wastes of the
nuclear energy industry. Laboratory model and field studies were made to
determine the influence of hydraulic parameters on velocity variations
during the flow of liquids through porous media. The contribution of
longitudinal mixing in laminar flow to the development of concentration
fronts has been considered. It was observed that even in homogeneous
isotropic media, portions of the injected waste may travel at velocities
K-ll
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exceeding six times the average. A Hele-Shaw parallel plate viscous flow
model was employed to investigate density displacements resulting from the
injection of a liquid differing in density from the formation water. Column
studies of clays and a typical oil sand have shown that exchange reactions
may retard the advance of radiostrontium concentration fronts to as much as
one fortieth of that of the liquid fronts. Ion exchange may thus make a
significant contribution to the waste storage capacity of connate formations.
(auth)
Kawabata, T. 1967. Studies on the Sorpticn and Release of Radionuclides by
River Sediments. J. Ratiat. Res. 8:20-31.
Factors affecting the sorption of various radionuclides by a river sedi-
ment sample in the fresh or saline water were examined; in addition, release
of radionuclides in the sediments when it was exposed to the sea water was
studied. Water and sediment samples were collected at several places along
90
the Sagami River, and radionuclides employed in these experiments were Sr,
Cs, Mn, Co, Cr and ' Fe. Cation exchange capacity of the river
sediments less than 120 mesh fraction was 1 meq/100 g determined by
method, and 2 meq/100 g by the tagged cesium method, and the capacity of
acid treated river sediments by NaCl method was 1 meq/100 g, respectively.
Uptakes of radionuclides by the sediments were much affected by various
competing cations, and the rate of inhibition depends not only on the
cationic species but also concentration of cations. The nigher in the con-
centration of a competing cation, the more inhibitive to the uptake of
radionuclides by river sediments. Release of radionuclides which had been
sorbed by the river sediments in the filtered sea water was examined during
12 days storage. Both Co and Cs were released easily, and never were
90
re-absorbed. The release of Sr, however, increased for the first 2 days,
then gradually decreased, which might be due to the re-absorption of the
54
nuclide by sediments in the sea water. The rate of release of Mn was
rather low, in addition, the amount released in the sea water decreased
gradually, which might be due to the precipitation in the form of
(auth)
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Kawai, H. and Y. Honda. 1967. Alpha Emitters in Foods. Kinki Oaigaku
Genshiryoke Kenkyusho Nenpo. 6:15-19.
The alpha-ray activities were determined in foods by a radiochemical
method. The successive ion exchange separation of uranium in foods is dis-
cussed. The following results were obtained: recovery of uranium by the
method was 78.3 plus or minus 3.8 percent on the average; contamination of
other nuclides was not found in a separated fraction and separation of
uranium was performed almost perfectly; and the uranium content in some
vegetation was determined. It was found that the uranium content of
vegetables was somewhat greater than the content in cereals, green tea
("Ban-tya"), and potatoes. (NSA)
Kawai, H., Y. Honda, H. Morishima, Y. Kimura, and T. Koga. 1968. Radio-
activities in the Sea Near the Goto Islands. Kinki Oaigaku Genshiryoku
Kenkyusho Nenpo. 7:9-12 (in Japanese).
With the future possibility of radioactive contamination in the coastal
waters of Japan due to ocean nuclear tests and nuclear power facilities,
surface seawater, fishes, especially mackerel, planktons and mud were
monitored in the sea around the Goto Islands for 7 days in July 1966. For
the surface seawater, the activities of Sr and Cs were below 0.4 and
0.71 pCi/1, respectively; 65Zn and 60Co both below 0.1 pCi/1; and 3H from
32.6 to 65.6 triton units (TU). The Sr and Cs in mackerel were not
different from those in fishes in other areas of Japan in the same year;
these activities were higher in the liver than in other organs. (NSA)
Kawase, K. 1972. Studies on Radioactive Fallout in Soils of Various Types.
Proc. Jap. Conf. Radioisotop. No. 10:562-67.
From the necessity of knowing the degree of contamination on the
Earth's surface by fallout from past nuclear detonations for future dis-
cussion on environmental radioactivity due to nuclear power generation, a
90
number of studies on the distribution and moving mechanism of Sr and
Cs in the various types of soils in Niigata Prefecture have been made.
Soil samples taken from fifteen localities in 1965-1968 include paddy soil,
field soil, forest soil, and lagoon soil, and the sampling depth ranges
90
from 10 to 70 cm. The Sr was measured by radioactive strontium analysis
K-13
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and the Cs by y spectrometry. The concentration of the Sr measured
(mCi/km ) ranged from 18 to 316 (mostly 100 to 200), and that of the 137Cs
ranged from 79 to 451 (mostly 200 to 400). 137Cs/90Sr ranges from 1.5 to
2.9. From these results, it was concluded that the effect of the contamina-
tion is great. The maximum values of the Sr and Cs cited above are
the highest in Japan for the concentration of these nuclides caused by
fallout. (NSA)
Kawase, K. and E. Yokoyama. 1973. Strontium--90 and Cesium—137 Levels in
Soils of Various Types at Niigata Prefecture, Japan. J. Radiat. Res. 14:
40-48.
Strontium-90 and Cs contents of soils, mostly from radioactive fall-
out from past nuclear explosions, were estimated at 15 locations in Miigata
Prefecture. Fifteen locations include paddy fields, meadow, grass fields,
forest, and dried lagoon. Strontium-90 contents of the soils, except forest
2 137
and dried lagoon, ranaed from 81 to 315 mCi/km and Cs ranged from 234 to
2
451 mCi/km . These results indicate that the soils except forest and lagoon
were highly contaminated with Sr ajid Cs from radioactive fallout, high
activities of Sr and Cs were noted in rice paddy fields. Strontium-90
O 1 *yj J
of 316 mCi/km of Muramatsu Town and Cs of 451 mCi/km of Gosen City are
probably the highest values recorded in Japan. These high values may reflect
the high annual rainfall of these areas. Relatively low Sr and Cs levels
90
of forest soils and dried lagoon suggest that Sr in strongly acidic, sandy,
and low hurnic soils was washed away rather easily by water and that J Cs in
very reductive paddy soil and in volcanic ash soil v/as also easily removed
by water. The distribution of Sr and Cs in relation to various depth
of soils indicates that the monitoring of two nuclides in soils should be
carried out from the soil sample dug up to 50 cm depth, (auth)
Kay, W. L. 1946. Se-Pc #91 Retention Characteristics of 200 Area Soil for
Product. AEC Document No. 3-3427.
Some of the earliest laboratory work with soils and Pu is given. The
conclusion was that Pu would be retained near its point of release.
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Kayuha, H. J., I. Aoki and 0. L. Wireman. 1974. REECo Field Activities
and Sample Logistics in Support of the Nevada Applied Ecology Group. IN:
Dunaway, P. B. and M. G. White (eds). The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert
Environments. NVO-142, pp. 17-19.
The field activities and sample logistics of Reynolds Electrical and
Engineering Co., Inc. (REECo), in support of the Nevada Applied Ecology
Groug (NAEG) plutonium studies in the Test Range complex, are discussed
in this summary report. Field instrument measurements, determination of
sampling sites, and procedures used in preparation of samples are included.
(auth)
Kazanjian, A. R. and D. R. Horrell. 1971. Radiolysis of Oil-Solvent Mixtures.
RFP-1561.
The radiolysis of trichloroethylene-dodecane and carbon tetrachloride-
dodecane mixtures has been investigated. The dodecane is a substitute for
saturated hydrocarbon lubricants. These solvent-lubricant mixtures are a
'common occurrence in the plutonium environment at Rocky Flats. Irradiations
were made with gamma rays, and the total water extractable acids formed
were determined over the entire range of concentrations. The acid yields
were regarded as a measure of the corrosivity (toward plutonium) of the
irradiated mixtures. The variation in these acid yields is explained on the
basis of the radiation chemistry of the compounds. Some of the gaseous
radiolysis products from 50% mixtures were identified by mass spectrometry.
(auth)
Kelkar, D. N. and P. V. Joshi. 1971. Size Spectrum of Plutonium Aerosols:
Parameter for Evaluation of Inhalation Hazard. _M: Proc. of the Nat. Sym.
on Radiation Physics. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
In cases of air contamination involving highly radiotoxic substances
239
such as Pu, knowledge of the size distribution of aerosols is necessary
in addition to concentration measurements, for evaluation of lung exposures.
Results of such measurements done in a plutonium laboratory are presented
here. The plutonium aerosol studied shows an activity median diameter of
K-15
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1.1 urn with a geometric standard deviation of 1.3. Analysis of individual
samples shows that the distribution remains unchanged with time. Results of
the calculations of radioactivity retention by lungs for different size
distributions, based on the current lung model, are presented to show the
effect of this parameter on the exposure evaluation, (auth)
Keller, C. 1971. The Chemistry of the Transuranium Elements. Kernchemie
in Einzeldarsteilungen, Volume 3. Verlagchemie GmbH. Weinheim/Bergstr.,
Germany.
This is a comprehensive book on the chemistry of actinides (Th, Pa, U,
Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es. Md, No, Lr) and is divided into two parrs. The
first part deals with transuranium elements, as a whole, discussing their
preparation, use and properties. The second part deals with the indivicual
transuranium elements, emphasizing che properties and characteristics of
each element.
Kelly, T. E. 1975. Evaluation of Monitoring of Radioactive Solid-Waste
Burial Sites at Los Alamos, New Mexico. U.S.G.S. Open File Report 75-406.
Burial of solid radioactive waste began at Los Alamos, New Mexico in
19^3. Most of this waste contained a low level of radioactivity; consequently,
only limited monitoring of the hydrcgeologic environment has been done in
the past. This study was based on a file-and-literature search in order to
determine the effectiveness of these monitoring activities.
Insufficient aata are available to design an effective monitoring
program at the present time. Various geologic and hydroiogic parameters
need to be defined more accurately if an effective system of monitoring
is to be designed, (auth)
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Kennedy, W. R. and W. D. Purtymun. 1970. Plutonium and Strontium in Soil
in the Los Alamos, Espanola, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, Areas. LA-4562.
Analysis for plutonium isotopes plutonium 238 and plutonium 239 and
strontium isotope strontium 90 were made of soil samples collected from
the Los Alamos, Espanola, and Santa Fe areas to determine concentration
levels considered as originating from world-wide fallout from atmospheric
tests. On the basis of the limited number of samples, it was concluded
that the concentrations in soils from the area of study were similar to
but no greater than those reported by others for soil samples from Colorado,
Ohio, and New York, (auth)
Kepak, F. 1965. Sorption of J S as the Sulphate Anion by Isotopic Exchange
on Barium Sulphate and Natural Barytes. Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Commun.
30:1456-1463.
35
The isotopic exchange of the radioisotope S was studied as the sulphate
anion between precipitated barium sulphate or natural barytes and the
aqueous phase. The isotopic exchange was not effectuated only between the
surface of the precipitate and the solution but recrystallization proceeded
into the deeper layers of the solid phase. The sulphate anion can be
sorbed on these sorbents from solutions in which it is present in low
concentrations, however, the fraction of isotopic exchange decreases from
solutions with higher sulphate concentration. The artificial as well as
the natural material are suitable for the sorption of the radioactive
sulphate ion, which is not accompanied by higher concentrations of inactive
sulphate, (auth)
K-17
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35 1?
Kepak, F. 1965. Sorption of the Radioisotopes S and P as the Sulphate
and-Phosphate Anion on Hydrated Oxides. Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Commun.
30:1464-1472.
35 32
The sorption of the radioisotopes S and P as the sulphate and
phosphate anion was studied from the aqueous phase on hydrated iron (III)-,
aluminium (III)- and zinc (Il)-aluminium (III) oxide. The dependence of
sorption on pH, the sorption kinetics, the sorption isotherm,
the influence of the presence of nitrate on the sorption equilibrium were
determined and conclusions were drawn from these data on the sorption
properties of these sorbents for both anions. All three oxides showed suitable
sorption properties and could be practically employed for the decontamination
of both radioisotopes from aqueous solutions, (auth)
Kepak, F. 1966. Sorption of Small Amounts of Radioiodine as Iodide Anions
on Hydrated Ferric Oxide Containing Silver. Collection Czechoslov. Chem.
Commun. 31:1493-1500.
The sorption of the radioisotope I as the iodide anion from the
aqueous phase on hydrated ferric oxide containing 1" of silver was studied.
The dependence of sorption on the pH of the medium, the effect of surface
active substance, of temperature and other factors on the sorption equilibrium
were studied in order to determine the suitability of a sorbent for the
removal of radioiodine from aqueous solution. Addition of silver increased
the sorption efficiency of ferric oxide, high values of the distribution
coefficient were attained and a sorbent activated in this way showed properties
suitable for the decontamination of radioactive waters from I. (auth)
Kepak, F. 1966. Sorption of the Radioisotopes 35S, 131I and 106Ru on Hydrated
Oxides in Laboratory Columns. Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Commun. 31:3500-
3511.
The sorption of the radioisotope S as the sulfate ion on hydrated
aluminum oxide, 131I as the iodide ion, 106Ru as the ruthenium (III)- and
nitrosylruthenium (Il)-ion on hydrated ferric oxide, containing a small
amount of silver oxide was studied under dynamic conditions. The sorption
of Ru was also studied under static conditions and it was observed that
K-18
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the absorption of a small quantity of silver oxide in ferric oxide increased
its sorption capacity for the ruthenium (III)- and nitrosylruthenium (Il)-ion
and the sorption was characterized by high values of the distribution
coefficient. The results of the column experiments showed that this
technique is suitable for removing S from aqueous solutions on aluminum
oxide, Ru on ferric oxide, containing silver oxide, sorption of I
was less effective in columns of this sorbent. (auth)
Keppel, H. 1969. Morphological, Physiological and Environmental Conditions
Affecting the Accumulation of Long-Lived Radionuclides from Fission
Products by Plants. Proceedings of a Seminar on Agricultural and Public
Health Aspects of Environmental Contamination by Radioactive Materials.
IAEA-SM-117/31, pp. 99-112.
In the food chain from the seed, through food-processing factories or
fodder for animals to human food the growing stage is the most liable
to contamination by airborne radionuclides. This contamination of the
growing plant is the main source of incorporation of radioactive materials by
animals and humans. The danger of total or external contamination of plants
is enhanced, in contrast to that of animals or men, on the one hand by
deposition in a fixed place and on the other by the non-specific uptake of
mineral nutrients. The difference in the habits of plants species, in the
physiological states and in the environmental conditions in which they grow,
affect the extent of the contamination. Among the factors which influence
the accumulation of radionuclides by plants is the morphological constitution
of the leaves and the structure of the roots. These factors are not only
capable of reinforcing each other but also of acting to some extent in
opposite directions. Extended foliage is not always accompanied by a high
rate of uptake. On the other hand, a small but finely divided root system
lying immediately under the surface may lead to higher contamination than a
strong and deep reaching one. The rate of the uptake proper is a function of
the physiological state of the plant, and here one must differentiate
between the processes of diffusion and active transport. The growth of the
plant regulates the requirement of minerals, and the incorporation therefore
K-19
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changes within the vegetation period. Finally, the site in which the plant
grows affects the accumulation of the radionuclides. This factor includes
not only the climatic conditions but also the nature of the soil. Moreover,
some clay minerals are able to include atoms irreversibly in their lattices.
External radiation which results from the deposition of the radioactive
material on the soil surface results in prevention of germination or sprout-
ing, in a change of the morphological structure or in a decrease in the
yield. The chemical and physical natures of the radionuclide must also be
taken into consideration, (auth)
Kerpen, W. and H. W. Scharpenseel . 1967. Movement of Ions and Colloids in
Undisturbed Soil and Parent Rock Material Columns. IN: Isotope and
Radiation Techniques in Soil Physics and Irrigation Studies. IAEA, pp.
213-26.
Undisturbed columns of different soils (Great Soil Groups) are subjected
to percolation with repeated definite volumes of water, and the eluted
Id
rates of cations and anions are determined. The transporation of 'C-labeled
r c +4.+ £ 1\
humic acid, Fe and Fe-labeled montmorillonite, applied to the surface
of the profile column, is checked by liquid-scintillation techniques. The
results show the characteristic solubility rates and sequences of the different
tested ions as well as the fractions in the individual soil types. This
allows the balances of annual losses to be correlated with precipitation
levels. After termination of the experiments (three to four years), the
soil columns are transformed into thin-section layers which, by stripping
emulsion autoradiography, reveal the localization of the labeled substances
within the dispersal system of the soil skeleton and plasma. To study the
sequential order and quantitative relation of ion liberation in different
parent rock materials, 0.5-5-m grain size particles are continuously percolated
with distilled water in columns at 60°C. The recycling system allows
the dissolved and collected eluted material (ions and colloids) to be
analyzed at constant intervals of 1 to 2 months. Oiagenetic concretions
from duripan, fragipan, pseudogley, laterite, podsol and caliche are con-
tinuously leached in Soxhlet extractors and the dissolved substances
analyzed, (auth)
K-20
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Kerr, G. D., S. A. Abdullah, J. A. Auxier, J. S. Cheka, H. W. Dickson,
W. F. Fox, T. D. Jones, S. B. Lupica, J. J. Shonka, and D. G. Wilhoit.
1974. Cesium Distribution in Soil of the Oak Ridge Area. ORNL-4979,
pp. 196-202.
In order to use in-situ gamma spectrometry for the determination of con-
centrations of radioactivity in the soil, a model for the distribution of
activity as a function of depth in the soil must be assumed. For natural
emitters, one generally assumes uniform distribution in the soil. However,
for fallout emitters this assumption obviously cannot be made. Studies on
the actual distribution of fallout emitters in the soil show that emitters
such as Cs are distributed exponentially with depth. Since disagreement
existed on the best exponential parameters to use, it was decided to make
137
measurements of Cs distributions in the Oak Ridge area. A soil sampling
and analysis program was established which could yield information on soil
density, soil moisture, and concentration of radionuclides in the soil,
including, but not restricted to Cs. Several sites were selected in
the Oak Ridge area where in-situ gamma measurements were made. An attempt
was made to define the Cs distribution in terms of an exponential
function. (NSA)
Khalturin, G. V. and U. P. Sevast'ganova. 1972. Standard Plutonium Nitrate
and Citrate Solutions for Biological Experiments. AEC-tr-7457, pp. 303-8.
A technique is recommended for preparation of standard nitrate solutions
of polymeric Pu (+4) with a pH of 1.0-2.0 and Pu (+5) and for preparation
of standard nitrate solutions of Pu (+6). It was shown that Pu (+6) is
stable for 3 months in solutions containing 2-12 m/liter nitric acid. Pu
(+6) is unstable in solutions with a pH of 2.0. A method has been proposed
for preparation of standard citrate solutions of polymeric Pu (+4), Pu (+4)
(sic), and Pu (+6). It was shown at Pu (+5) is very unstable in citrate
medium, (auth)
K-21
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Kharaka, Y. K. and F. A. F. Berry. 1973. Simultaneous Flow of Water and
Solutes Through Geological Membranes. I. Experimental Investigation.
The relative retardation by geological membranes of cations and anions
generally present in subsurface waters was investigated using a high pressure
and high temperature 'filtration cell.' The solutions were forced through
different clays and a disaggregated shale subjected to compaction pressures
up to 9500 psi and to temperatures from 20 to 70°C.
The overall efficiencies measured increased with increase of exchange
capacity of the material used and with decrease in concentration of the input
solution. The efficiency of a given membrane increased with increasing com-
paction pressure but decreased slightly at higher temperatures for solutions
of the same ionic concentration.
The results further show that geological membranes are specific for
different dissolved species. The retardation sequences varied depending on
the material used and on experimental conditions. The sequences for monova-
lent and divalent cations at laboratory temperatures were generally as
follows:
Li < Ma < NH3 < K < Rb < Cs
Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba.
The sequences for anions at room temperature were variable, but at 70°C,
the sequence was:
HC03 < I < 3 < S04 < Cl < Br.
Monovalent cations contrary to some field data were generally retarded with
respect to divalent cations. The differences in the filtration ratios among
the divalent cations were smaller than those between the monovalent cations.
The passage rate of B, HCO.,, I and NH- was greatly increased at 70°C.
K-22
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Khodzhaeva, L. I., V. N. Kurovich, and M. M. Videnskaya. 1973. 60Co Sorption
in Soil. Gig. Sanit. No. 10:106-7 (in Russian).
The behavior of carrier-free Co in several types of soil was studied
in the laboratory in glass columns through which an aqueous solution of
Co was passed. The percent of Co in the effluent was constant regardless
of the activity of the original solution. Examination of the column after
passage of the solution showed that more than 95% of its activity was on the
first 3 cm for sandy loam, loam, and filled earth, with about 72% in coarse
sand and 57% in fine sand. Desorption with water was insignificant. Coef-
ficients of distribution of the radioisotope between water and soil, calcu-
lated under static conditions, varied from 330 to 800 in drinking water and
from 400 to 1100 in distilled water. (NSA).
Khristianova, L. A., V. V. Anikiev, and N. N. Vinogradova. 1973. Distri-
bution of Radioactive Isotopes in Water Reservoirs. INIS-mf-1041
(in Russian).
On the basis of a complex of studies on the distribution of radioiso-
topes in water reservoirs, data were obtained which showed that: the dis-
tribution of fission product radioisotopes along components of the water
reservoir obeys the same laws as found in impounded waters (no flow-through);
the main source for entry of fission product radioisotopes is runoff water;
and the dominant processes in the redistribution of radioisotopes between
the water phase and bottom deposits are the diffusion of dissolved radio-
isotopes into the bottom deposits, and cementation of clay particles. Nat-
ural processes in the zone of hypergenesis cause secondary fractionation of
radioisotopes not only in various components of the water reservoir, but
also create a spatial distribution of this effect. The results can serve as
a basis in solving various problems of radioecology and the geochemistry of
hypergenesis. (NSA)
K-23
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Kilibarda, M., 0. Petrovic, 0. Panov, and D. Djuric. 1968. Contamination
with Polonium 210, Uranium, and Radium 226 Due to Smoking. IH_: Proc. of
the 1st IRPA Congress on Radiation Protection held in Rome. Snyder, W.S.,
et al. (eds.). CONF-660920-2. Part 2:1099-1103.
The content of Po 210, Ra 226, and uranium has been examined in well-
known Yugoslavian cigarettes and in tobaccos from regions of Yugoslavia
where the best tobacco is produced. Simultaneous measurements were made of
the content of these nuclides in the urine of smokers and non-smokers. The
distribution of Po 210 in smoke, ash, and cigarette stubs as a function of
combustion temperature was studied. Values of Po 210 in cigarettes ranged
from 0.4 to 0.6 pCi/g. Ra 226 below 10(E-12) Ci/g and uranium was less than
5 gamma/g cigarette. Analysis of the distribution of Po 210 has shown that
about 40 percent is found in smoke. The urinary Po 210 values in smokers
and non-smokers are different, but there is no significant statistical
difference between them, (auth)
Kimura, Y., H. Morishuma, T. Koga, H. Kawai and Y. Honda. 1968. Studies
on tr.e Sehavior and Distribution of Radioactive Substances in Coastal-and
Estuarine Waters. Kinki Daigaku Genshiryaku Kenkyusho Nonoo. 7:21-31
(in Japanese).
Low-level liquid radioactive wastes are continuously disposed of from
fuel processing plants or radioisotope laboratories into coastal waters.
For an estimation of the influence of these disposals on our environment, the
variation of concentration of thorium and rare earth elements contained in
coastal and estuarine waters was investigated with the tidal change. It was
observed that the concentration of thorium and rare earth elements in
coastal water varied widely with the tidal change. This seems to be not
only due to simple dilution by the water mass but also to the various physico-
chemical conditions such as salinity, pH or water, wind, and tidal motion.
Since thorium and rare earth elements are apt to be colloidal or particulate
in seawater, this character is greatly different from the case of soluble
elements, (auth)
K-Z4
-------
Kinder-man, E. M. and A. H. Samuel. 1963. Radiation Stability of Organic
Liquids. SRIA-101.
Subsystems of possible extractant systems for use in reactor fuel ele-
ment reprocessing were irradiated and decomposition yields and other effects
of radiation were determined. The work performed during this study had two
major directions. The first was a study of the radiolysis of the tributyl-
phosphate-kerosene system (Amsco 125-82 was commonly used as the kerosene
diluent). The second consisted of brief empirical studies of alternate
extractants and of various approaches to avoiding the deleterious aspects of
radiation damage. Detailed descriptions of the experiments performed and
their interpretations are presented. The first investigation was systematic,
beginning with an examination of the radiolysis of pure tributyl phosphate and
then proceeding successively to examination of the radiolysis of pure mater-
ials, anhydrous solutions, and one-phase systems containing water, with and
without nitric acid, and the radiolysis of two-phase systems containing either
the extractant solution (tributylphosphate-Amsco), salting agent (nitric
acid), and water, or the same constituents plus uranyl nitrate. Attempts were
made to establish G values (number of molecules produced or destroyed per
100 electron-volts) for the formation of various radiolysis products and for
the destruction of extractant and salting agents. The empirical studies
covered a wide range of reagent combinations and of treatments designed to
improve and extend the effective life of the reagent system, (auth)
Kirchheimer, F. and F. Scheminzky. 1973. Uranium Absorption on Silica
Gel. Oesterr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Nauturwiss. Kl., Sitzungsber., Abt. 2.
180:317-25 (in German).
A gelatinous SiOo gel deposit from mine water is described which con-
sists predominantly of small opal botyroidal aggregates. Under a fluorescent
microscope, the rock splinters remain dark but the opal aggregates fluoresce
an intense green (254 nm). The fluorescence spectrum of the deposits
corresponds to that of the hyalites and Ca-opal-sinters togethers with a
continuum of coalesced bands. Since fluorescence of the opal aggregates
K-25
-------
depends on U absorption, examination of a fluorescence spectrum can be used
for quality and quantity determination of U. The U-content of most SiCL
gel deposit samples is <1000 ppm solid. (CA)
Kirchmann, R. 1971. Radioactive Contamination of the Soil and the Associated
Radiological Risks. Ann. Gembloux. 77:207-223 fin French).
The sources of radioactive contamination—natural fission products
from nuclear arms tests, and fission products and activation resulting from
peaceful uses of nuclear energy—are reviewed, and the contribution of each
to the contamination was evaluated. The associated radiological risks from
soil contamination come from external irradiation of living beings, the
passage into the food chain, and contamination of the phreatic nappe. The
means of combating this contamination is briefly indicated. (NSA)
Klechkovsky, V. M., L. N. Sokdova, and G. N. Tselishcheva. 1953. Sorotion
of Microquantities of Strontium and Cesium in Soils. IN: Proc. UN Int.
Conf. -Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, 2nd, Geneva, September 1-13, 1958.
18:486-493 (P/2310).
The reduction in equilibrium distribution values (K) for Sr by soils
is given as a function of competing potassium and calcium ion concentrations
from 0 to 0.1N. The effects of the same cation concentrations on CsK were
determined to be much less marked due to the higher cesium selectivity of
most soils.
Klement, A. W. and V. Schultz. 1972. Russian Radioecology. A Bibliography
of Soviet Publications with Citations of English Translations and Abstracts.
TID-3915 (Suppl. 1).
For the purpose of this bibliography, we have adopted a broad working
definition of radioecology and have included research dealing with the
distribution, effects, and utilization of radionuclides in freshwater, marine,
and terrestrial environments, ecological techniques employing radionuclides,
K-26
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and laboratory studies (particularly those dealing with wild species of plants
and animals) which appear to have either direct or indirect ecological applica-
tions. In general, we have limited the bibliography to the works of Soviet
scientists and have not included research by scientists of nations other than
the USSR even though they appear in Soviet publications. We have included a
few articles by Soviet scientists which have appeared in American, British,
German or other foreign publications. We have indicated references for which
we have been able to locate English translations, sometimes more than one
(indicated in parentheses by "English transl.," "AEC-tr- ," "JPRS," or
"Doklady (section)"). Also in parentheses, references to English abstracts
generally available in American technical libraries, are provided in most
cases (Volume (issue): abstract no.).
References to journal articles provide: author, date, translated title,
transliterated journal title, volume, number, pages; and available translations
and/or abstracts. In some cases annotations indicate applicability not
otherwise obvious. Other references are generally cited by author, date,
transliterated title, translated.title, place of publication, publisher,
volume if any, pages, available translations and/or abstracts. Long journal
titles, a few often-used works, and translation and abstract journals are
abbreviated. Also, common Russian acronyms are used for publishers in many
cases. References provide pagination for translated articles which often
differ from the original version, (auth)
Klepper, M. R. and D. G. Wyant. 1957. Notes on the Geology of Uranium.
U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1046-F.
The report attempts to synthesize this great volume of diverse informa-
tion and to point out features that may be important in searching for and
appraising uranium deposits. The report deals with processes that concen-
trate uranium; describes types of uranium deposits; and discusses the clus-
tering of uranium deposits within provinces, and provides some clues for
prospecting and appraisal, (auth)
K-27
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Kline, J. R., J. A. Colon, and S. S. Brar. 1971. Distribution of 137Cs in
Soils and Vegetation on the Island of Puerto Rico. ANL-7860 (Pt. 3). pp. 1-13.
Soils and veqetation of Puero Rico were collected along five north-south
transects of the island and analyzed for Cs content. The results showed
an apparent gradient of this nuclide with high amounts in the eastern
samples and low amounts in the western samples. Activity in samples was
strongly related to rainfall patterns on the island; however, high mountain
forests were much more highly contaminated than could be accounted for on
the basis of rainfall deposition alone. This was attributed to the prooer-
ties of vegetation itself, rather than alteration of deposition patterns.
The vegetation is suggested to have high aerosol interception efficiency
and low turnover rates, which could combine to produce the observed concen-
trations. Data from soil samoles suggest that the island had intercepted
a minimum of 535 curies of Cs from past nuclear weapons tests, (auth)
Kline, J. R. and C. F. Jordan. 1968. Tritium Movement in Soil of Trooical
Rain Fores;:. Science. 160:550-551.
Tritiated water applied to the surface of soil in a tropical rain
forest was found in free water of the litter and top 18 centimeters of soil
as long as 7 months after the application. Plant roots, even in the high-
rainfall environment of a tropical rain forest, therefore are exposed to
tritiated water for considerable periods of time after release, (auth)
Klingeman, P. C. 1965. Transport of Radionuclides in Surface and Estuarine
Waters. Thesis. University of California.
The transport of fission radionuclides in the waters and sediments
of river-estuary systems, the changing distributions of these radionuclides
in estuarine waters, and the factors effecting these changes were studied.
Particular emphasis was given to zirconium-niobium-95 and other fission
products of recent fallout origin. The formation, atmospheric transport,
and watershed deposition of fallout radionuclides were reviewed. The role
of clay minerals in radionuclide transport was then considered, as were the
K-28
-------
95 95
sorption characteristics of Zr- Nb. General characteristics of sediment
transport in rivers and estuaries were also reviewed. Field and laboratory
data demonstrated that the bulk of fallout debris was associated with sus-
pended river particulates and permitted formulation of a model for the trans-
port of fission radionulides through rivers with storm runoff. A change from
river to estuarine environment was shown to have little effect upon the sorp-
tion relation for fission radionuclides, due to the relatively irreversible
95 95
sorption of the predominating Zr- Nb. Laboratory experiments demonstrated
95 95
the integrity of Zr- Nb as a tracer of clay-silt suspensions in river-
estuary systems. Many fundamental relations determining the deposition,
resuspension, and redistribution of flocculent radionuclide-sorbed sediments
within estuaries were observed during extensive field studies of San Pablo
Bay, a major component of San Francisco Bay System. Important differences
exist between short-term and long-term estuarine distributions of sediment
from storm runoff. Certain portions of the estuary were particularly sus-
ceptible to the accumulation of radionuclide-sorbed sediments. (NSA)
Klingeman, P. C. and W. J. Kaufman. 1965. Transport of Radionuclides
with Suspended Sediment in Estuarine Systems. TID-24140.
The transport of the radionuclides with suspended sediment in estuary
systems was studied. Factors affecting the changing distribution of radio-
nuclides in the waters and sediments were determined. By labeling large
masses of river suspended sediments with fallout fission products, the trans-
port, deposition, and redistribution of river suspensions within portions
of the San Francisco Bay system were followed. (NSA)
Khasawneh, F. E., A. S. R. Juo, and S. A. Barber. 1968. Soil Properties
Influencing Differential Ca to Sr Adsorption. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 32:209-15.
The selectivity coefficient, the ratio of Sr to Ca as exchangeable
cations divided by the ratio of Sr to Ca in solution, was found to vary
K-29
-------
from 0.61 to 1.51 on 63 Indiana soils. Soil factors influencing the varia-
tion in k values were studied on selected soils where k was determined
c c
after equilibration of the soil with an 0.1N_ chloride solution of Ca and
Sr having a Ca/Sr molar ratio of approximately 190=1. Organic matter was
negatively correlated with the k value (r = 0.83). Removal of the organic
matter with ^2 on nine soils increased the k value. The magnitude of
the increase was correlated with the percent organic matter in the soil
(r = 0.89). The organic fraction of the soil adsorbed Ca preferentially to
Sr. The inorganic fraction in most instances adsorbed Sr preferentially.
(auth)
Klein, W. L. and R. A. Brechbill. 1972. Preliminary Radiation Surveillance
of an Aquatic System Near the Nevada Test Site, June-July 1967. SWRHL-65-r.
Results of a three-month preliminary radiation surveillance study of an
aquatic system in Upper Pahranagat Lake near the Nevada Test Site are presented.
The study was conducted to determine the concentrations of fission products
in selected samples and to establish the necessary methodology for radiation
surveillance in an aquatic ecosystem. Radionuclide concentrations were
found to be insignificant in water, aquatic plant, and fish samples. Sediment
samples had detectable levels of 137Cs, 40K, 90Sr, and U. Strontium-90
levels in fishbone were low (2.38 pCi/g bone ash) compared with those found
in bovine femur samples (6.9 pCi/g bone ash) collected during the same
period, (auth)
Kline, J. R., J. A. Colon, and S. S. Brar. 1973. Distribution of 137Cs
in Soils and Vegetation on the Island of Puerto Rico. Health Physics.
24:469-475.
Soils and vegetation of Puerto Rico were collected along five north-
south transects of the island and analyzed for " Cs content. The results
showed an apparent gradient of this nuclide with high amounts in the eastern
samples and low amounts in the western samples. Activity in samples was
strongly related to rainfall patterns on the island; however, high mountain
K-30
-------
forests were much more highly contaminated than could be accounted for on
the basis of rainfall deposition alone. This was attributed to the proper-
ties of vegetation itself, rather than alteration of deposition patterns.
The vegetation is suggested to have high aerosol interception efficiency
and low turnover rates, which could combine to produce the observed concen-
trations. The data were used to test and reject the hypothesis that observed
Cs distribution on the island was due to changes in atmospheric aerosol
scavenging efficiency. Data from soil samples suggest that the island had
interci
(auth)
intercepted a minimum of 535 Ci of Cs from past nuclear weapon tests.
Knaelmann, M. 1970. Effect of Concentration on the Iodide Sorption by
Various Soils. Atomkernenergie. 16:247-52 (in German).
Among the fission products, iodine-131 is relatively easily transported
in the soil. Therefore its uncontrolled spreading in the soil constitutes
a hazard. The sorption of iodine by 59 different soils was therefore inves-
tigated. Iodine was supplied in form of aqueous iodide solutions of differ-
ent concentrations. Differences in the relative sorption were noted among
the various soils; however, the plot of concentration supplied versus rela-
tive sorption gave similar shaped curves for all soils, (auth)
Knoll, K. C. 1957. Effect of Chemicals Upon Infiltration of Water into
Soils. HW-50600.
The possibility of increasing the infiltration of water into soils by
the addition of chemicals was investigated. Beneficial effects were obtained
by adjusting the influent to a concentration of 1 ppm Separan 2610, 10 ppm
Dow Corning Antifoam A, a common antifoam agent; or 0.1% by volume of
Aerosol O.T., a wetting agent. The infiltration also was increased if
Krilium was mixed intimately with the upper layer of soil in a column
before adding water, (auth)
K-31
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Knoll, K. C. 1957. Effect of Deteraents Upon Absorption of Radioisotopes
by Soils. HW-52055.
Twelve detergents were tested to determine their effect upon the absorp-
90 137 239
tion of Sr , Cs , and Pu by soils. Each detergent was tested at four
different values of pH. Results are given which compare the distribution
coefficients of these isotopes between the detergent solution and the soil
and between water and soil. No generalized statement can be made about the
effect of the detergents. Each detergent and any hydrogen ion concentration
must be considered individually, (auth)
Knoll, K. C. 1960. Adsorption of Strontium by Soils Under Saturated and
Unsaturated Flow Conditions. HW-67830.
Results from five saturated and five unsaturated flow columns indicate
that for a range between 100% and 36X moisture saturation there is no signifi-
cant difference in the amount of strontium absorbed by the soil. The soil
used was loaded with calcium by pretreatment and the influent contained
90 90
1000 ppm calcium as Ca(NO,)« and 0.1 ppm strontium traced with Sr -Y .
-4
Total amounts of strontium absorbed averaged 5.0 x 10 meq/100 grams of
-4
soil for five unsaturated columns and 4.7 x 10 meq/100 grams of soil for
five saturated columns. In the unsaturated flow columns the rate of stron-
tium uptake underwent greater variation than that of the saturated columns,
but there was no correlation between the percent of moisture saturation and
the rate of breakthrough, (auth)
Knoll, K. C. 1965. Reaction of High-Salt Aqueous Plus Organic Waste with
Soil. BNWL-CC-313.
Soil has considerable capacity for this high salt, acidic waste con-
taining organic compounds and can imbibe it almost as readily as water.
These data, obtained from column measurements in the laboratory, would be
less favorable than those obtained in the field as the moisture cannot spread
horizontally in a column. Uptake of plutonium by the soil was very minor
and of americium negligible.
K-32
-------
Knoll, K. C. 1966. Infiltration of "Fab Oil" and Its Effect Upon Subse-
quent Waste Disposal. BNWL-CC-770.
Soil columns were used to study the infiltration of Fab oil (Lard oil -
CC14 27 - 73%) into a soil similar to that below the Z-1A Tile Field and
its effect upon the subsequent infiltration of an aqueous high salt waste
(CAW) and an organic waste (TEP - CC1, 20 - 80%). Flow of Fab oil into the
2
soil was five gallons per ft /day over 95 hours. The flow of CAW and TBP -
CC14 was not blocked by the presence of the preceding liquid, (auth)
Knoll, K. C. 1968. Reactions of Organic Wastes and Soils. BNWL-860.
The passage of certain organic wastes from a radionuclide separations
plant has little effect on the permeability of the soil for later passage
of a high salt aqueous waste, or on the ion exchange properties of the
239 241
soil. Soil removed Pu and Am slowly from some of the organics and
not at all from others. Radionuclides were leached from soils most notice-
ably by two of the wastes. One was a mixture of 0.4^ di-(2-ethylhexyl)
phosphoric acid and 0.2M tributyl phosphate in paraffin hydrocarbons (C,n to
85
C,,); the other was hydroxyacetic acid. Both of these removed Sr and
Am and to a lesser extent Pu. (auth)
Knoll, K. C. 1969. Effect of Detergents on Adsorption of Radionuclides
by Soil. BNWL-859.
The uptake of Cs and Sr by soil from decontaminating solutions
containing detergents was studied. Seven detergents were used in the study,
each at two levels of concentration. In general, the adsorption of Cs
pc
by soil was imparied in the presence of detergents. Adsorption of Sr by
soil from solutions containing detergents was equal to or better than the
adsorption by soil in the absence of detergents. Any changes which occurred
were more pronounced at higher concentrations, (auth)
K-33
-------
Knoll, K. C. 1969. Reactions of Organic Wastes in Soils. 3NWL-860.
The passage of certain organic wastes from a radionuclide separations
plant has little effect on the permeability of the soil for later passage
of a high salt aqueous waste, or on the ion exchange properties of the soil.
Soil removed Pu 239 and Am 241 slowly from some of the organics and not at
all from others. Radionuclides were leached from soils most noticeably by
two of the wastes. One was a mixture of 0.4M bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester of
phosphoric acid and 0.2M^ tributyl phosphate in paraffin hydrocarbons (CIO
to C14); the other was hydroxyacetic acid. Both of these removed Sr 35 and
Am 241 and to a lesser extent Pu 239. (auth)
Knoll, K. C. 1973. Reaction of High Salt Aqueous Plus Organic Waste with
Soil. Interim Report. BNWL-CC-313.
The soil studied showed considerable capacity for a high salt, acidic
aqueous waste containing organic compounds. Uptake of plutonium by the soil
was very minor and of americium negligible. The soil column measurements
taken should be less favorable than those obtained in the field since the
moisture cannot spread horizontally in a column.
Knoll, K. C. and J. L. Nelson. 1959. Field Experiments with Model Crib.
I. Location, Facility Design and First Experiment. HW-61476.
Nine thousand gallons of a calcium nitrate solution with a concentration
OC
of 600 ppm Ca and traced with Sr were discharged into the ground by means
of a four square foot crib. The ground water underneath the crib was
85
monitored for nitrate and Sr ions by sampling from wells driven around
the crib. The wells were also probed above ground with a G. M. counter.
The amount of solution which has been discharged to the crib up to
the time that a breakthrough of the nitrate was first found was four times
the volume of the column of soil having the cross section of the crib and
extending to ground water.
QC
Sr was retained by the soil until an amount of solution equivalent
to 20 times the column volume had been discharged to ground.
Additional experiments to better define the lateral spread of solutions
are planned, (auth)
K-34
-------
Knoll, K. C. and J. L. Nelson. 1962. Radioisotope and Moisture Distribution
Beneath a Model Crib. HW-71573.
A field experiemtn was conducted to test the validity of using labora-
tory soil columns to forecast the life of a waste disposal crib and to compare
the spread of moisture beneath cribs of different sizes. Two model cribs,
one 6 inches square and the other 24 inches square, were used. Depth to
ground water was about 10 feet. The influent solution to the cribs was
QC
traced with nitrate ion and Sr .
Results are given to show that laboratory columns can be used to
estimate the capacity of field cribs for disposing of radioactive wastes.
Also, it is shown that the amount of lateral spread is independent of the
size of the crib and becomes a smaller fraction of the total crib size as
the dimensions of the crib increase.
Moisture distribution beneath the 6-inch square crib was measured
with a neutron moisture probe and some maps of moisture distribution are
given, (auth)
on
Knoop, E. and D. Schroeder. 1958. Sr Content of Some Soils of Schleswig-
Holstein. CEA-tr-A-834.
90
Measurements were made on the Sr content of Schleswig-Holstein soil
at various sites and at different depths from 0 to 15 cm. The mean monthly
quantity of rain in mm and the ac1
The results are tabulated. (NSA)
90 -9
quantity of rain in mm and the activity of Sr in 10 uc/g were determined.
Kochenov, A. V. and G. N. Baturin. 1967. The Distribution of Uranium in
the Bottom Sediments of the Aral Sea. Okeanologiya. 7:623-7 (in Russian).
Chemical determination of U in 178 sediment cores was made to determine
its distribution over the bottom of the Aral Sea. The U content is distinctly
controlled by lithologic facial types and the organic matter content of the
sediments. The U maximum is found in the central zones of the bays and
lagoons rich in organic matter, reaching above 10" % in some regions;
K-35
-------
-4 -4
most of the lake has a concentration between 10 and 5 x 10 "'-.. Other
higher deposits include argillaceous silts of the central lake and black
argillaceous silt of western coastal indentations; only in the central
lake doesn the C fail to reach 3.1 to 3.5* as in the rest; there it is
only 0.7". The U balance of the sea was studied. The two rivers flowing
into the lake, the Amu-Dar'ya and the Sry-Dar'ya, carry 387 tons/yr of U;
the quantity of alluvium is 129 x 10 tons/yr with a U concentration of
-4
2 x 10 %, so that the flow is 258 tons U/yr. The total introduction is
645 tons/yr, which also corresponds to the deposited quantity of U. (NSA)
i
Kochenov, A. V. and G. N. Baturin. 1967. Uranium Distribution in Aral
Sea Sediments. Okeanologiya. 7:484-7.
Sediment samples were taken by bottom grab in the period August-October
1965. Uranium was determined chemically by the pearl-luminescent method.
Great similarity was revealed on comparison of the areal distribution of
uranium in the Aral Sea and a bottom sediment chart. The main types of
sediment differ clearly in terms of their U content. The least U (0.0001
to 0.0002*) was noted in the sand and silty ooze of the coastal zone; U
content increased in the calcareous and argillaceous sediments of the
central areas of the basin to 0.001*. Similar high contents were noted in
the argillaceous sediments of the northern bays and the semi-isolated bays
of the eastern shore. At the junction between fresh river water and salt
seawater, U content was as low as throughout the coastal zone of sandy and
silty oozes, between 0.0001 and 0.0005%. There is a distinct correlation
between uranium content in Aral Sea sediments and organic matter. It
appears that as much U is annually supplied to the bottom sediments as is
brought in by the rivers, i.e., part of the U enters the basin in solution
and passes into the sediment, as a result of which the latter is enriched
to several times the level of the suspended matter of the river. This
explains the increased abundance ratio of uranium in the sediments of the
central areas of the Aral Sea. The distribution of U in the water over
the sea is uneven and to some extent related to general salinity; U
K-36
-------
content around the river mouths where the freshening effect of the rivers
is felt is (3 to 3.5) x 10" g/liter, whereas in the central areas of the
sea it increases to (5 to 6) x 10 g/liter. The relatively low extraction
of U into the sediment from Aral water is apparently to be explained by its
high carbonate content and oxygen saturation, and by the low content of the
organic component in the sediments. (NSA)
Kochenov, A. V., G. N. Baturin, S. A. Kovaleva, E. M. Emelyanov, and
K. M. Shimkus. 1963. Uranium and Organic Matter in Sediments of the Black
Sea and the Mediterranean. Geokhimiya. No. 3:302-13 (in Russian).
Schemes of organic carbon and uranium distribution in sediments of the
Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea are given. From sediments of the Black
Sea a direct correlation between the content of organic matter and uranium
was established. Their maximum contents gravitated toward the tehalistatic
zones of the Black Sea. The cause of an intensified accumulation of organic
matter with bound uranium are the anaerobic conditions in this reservoir.
(auth)
Koczy. F. F. 1949. Thorium in Sea Water and Marine Sediments. Geol. Foren.
i Stockhold Forh. 71:238-42.
Experiments are described which show the precipitation of thorium in
sea water. The adsorption of isotopes of radium and thorium on red clay,
powdered manganous dioxide, and a powdered manganese nodule was determined.
Radium adsorbed on all three powders, which is not the case with thorium.
The thorium content of a few samples of marine sediments has been measured.
They contain about 1 x 10" g Th/g. One manganese nodule investigated was
found to hold as much as 1.3 x 10" g Th/g. The geochemistry of thorium
and uranium in sea water is briefly discussed. An attempt is made to esti-
mate the thorium content of sea water with the aid of the ratio Io:Th in
the sediments. The thorium content of sea water is calculated to be 1 to
10 x 10"9 g Th/1. (NSA)
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Koczy, F. F. 1961. Ratio of Thorium-230 to Thorium-232 in Deep Sea
Sediments. Science. 134:1978-9.
The ionium-thorium method for aqe determination in deep-sea sediments
is critically reviewed, and its short-comings are discussed. A method that
allows an estimate of the rate of sedimentation in the superficial layer
of the sediment is presented. A formula for calculating the error in age
determination by the method is given for the case when the rate of sedimen-
232
tation is changing and, with it, the rate of Th sedimentation, (auth)
Koczy, F. F., P. S. Anatal, and 0. Joensuu. 1963. The Natural Radioactive
Elements in Sediments. Fortschr. Geol. Rheinland Westfalen. 10:201-14.
A review with 25 references. High contents of U can occur in both
marine and non-marine sediments and are not diagnostic; neither is the ratio
Th/U. Data are given on U and Zn contents of fractions of a Baltic Sea
sediment. (CA)
Koczy, F. F., E. Picciotto, G. Poulaert, and S. Wilgain. 1957. Measurement
of Th Isotopes in Sea Water. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 11:103-29
(in French).
In order to study the geochemistry of thorium isotopes in the hydro-
sphere, particularly in the ocean, a method has been worked out by which
Th232, Th230, Th^23, and Th227 can be determined separately. Eight samples
of 20 to 40 liters of sea-water, from 23.90«to 34.90™ salinity, were collected
in November 1953, in the Skagerak and the Gullmarfjord (Sweden). Thorium
was isolated by the following procedure: just after collection, the samples
234
were brought to pH 2 and a given amount of Th (UX,) was added as tracer.
Thorium was first precipitated with Fe(OH)., as carrier. Further purification
was obtained by ion-exchange column chromatography followed by solvent
extraction; the final fraction was obtained as the citric complex, a form
suitable to incorporation in the photographic emulsion. The total yield
varied from 8 to 23% according to the sample, as determined by the 2
K-38
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activity of the tracer. The various Th isotopes were measured through their
a activity, using nuclear photographic emulsions, more precisely the double-
emulsion technique. RdTh and RdAc both generate five-branched stars; more
than 90% of these originated from RdTh, as indicated by the length of the
tracks; while lo and Th only yield single tracks of range 18.8 u and 15 u
respectively in the emulsion. Most samples showed a much lower activity
than expected; this did not make it possible to discriminate between lo and
Th through the range distribution of their tracks, thus we could only ascer-
tain upper limits of lo and Th concentrations, (auth)
Koczy, F. F., E. Tomic, and F. Hecht. 1957. Geochemistry of Uranium in
the Baltic Sea Basin. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 11:86-102 (in German).
In order to study the geochemistry of U on typical shelf zones, samples
of river water and sea water, as well as samples of sediment from the Baltic
Sea region, have been examined. The Baltic Sea region was chosen for the
investigation since its hydrography is well known,.water transport to and
from it can be estimated to a high degree of accuracy, and the region can
be well sampled. The U content of river water originating in regions of
igneous rocks is low, averaging 0.5 to 10 g U/l. The U content of rivers
from sedimentary rock regions seems higher by a factor of two or more, the
maximum value found being 12.8 x 10" g U/l. It may be concluded that the
U is more easily leached out from sedimentary regions. While the southern
and eastern rivers supplying water to the Baltic Sea have not been investi-
gated, it can be assumed that their U content is high, especially since the
sea area surrounding the mouths of these rivers exhibit high U values. The
Ra content of river water is not in equilibrium with the U, amounting to
only 10% of the latter. It is thus concluded that U is more soluble than
Ra. The U content of water from the Baltic Sea is also variable ranging
from 0.77 to 5.9 x 10" g U/l. High salinity inflowing water shows 1.8 x
10" g U/l, while that of outflowing water is less, averaging 0.9 x 10" g
U/l. Except for the southeastern regions and deep water areas, a marked
K-39
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correlation of salinity and U content exists. An increase of deep water
U content correlates with a surface water increase. Surface water increases
can be explained by the high U content of inflowing river waters; high deep
water values are correlated with an 0 deficiency. Here it may be assumed
that the U (VI) is reduced to U (IV) forming insoluble complex compounds
with organic material. This settles slowly to the bottom, and explains
the rather high U content of the sediment (values range between 3.2 and
10.3 x 10" g U/g; the normal content in clays is about 2 x 10" g U/g).
By an intense study of the distribution of U in sediments, completed by
14
age determination by aid of C , it may be possible to follow the changes
in the past of the state of ventilation of the deep basins of the Baltic
Sea. The attempt to work out a U balance sheet for Baltic Sea U demonstrates
precipitation about equal that which is brought in by rivers. Influx totals
1100 to 1400 metric tons per year, efflux 700 to 1000, leaving about 100 to
700 tons of precipitated material. The investigation carried out shows that
a considerable quantity of U is precipitated on the Baltic Sea shelf. It
appears to be caused by biological activity in the sea which in turn causes
an 0 deficiency. The process is slow. Rivers with a high U content can
raise the U content of the sea water of they empty under conditions wherein
the above factors are not fulfilled. On the other hand, in estuaries and
bays into which U bearing rivers do not flow, U can be precipitated from
sea water by a high biological activity, which is connected with 0 deficiency.
v\lhen the minerogenous sedimentation is at the same time very small, the U
content of the sediment is enriched, amounting to 200 x 10" g U/g and
more, (auth)
Kodaira, K., M. Kato, and M. Ishikawa. 1973. Radiochemical Analysis of
210pb, as well as Distribution of 210pb, 90sr, and 137cs in Soil Profiles.
I. Minor Elements in Terrestrial Environment. Radioisotopes. 22:331-337.
Soils were extracted with 6 N hydrochloric acid containing ?b, Cs,
and Sr carriers. Cs and Sr were separated, and then Pb in the residual
K-40
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solution was separated as sulfide and radiochemically purified. After the
addition of Bi carrier and the achievement of radioactive equilibrium, Bi was
separated as oxychloride and submitted to radioassay. This radioactivity
210
was identified as that of Bi. Therefore this method was considered as a
210
useful one for radiochemical analysis of Pb in soil. By the application
210
of this method, the following results were obtained: Pb was distributed
mostly within soil profiles reaching down to 15 cm. The trend of vertical
distribution was almost the same also for Sr and Cs. Pb content was
higher in phosphate rocks than in soils. But a hypothetical pathway, along
210
which Pb in phosphate rocks contaminates soils as an impurity of phos-
phate fertilizers, was not considered to make an important contribution to
210
the ground deposition of Pb. (auth)
90
Kogotkov, A. Ya. and E. L. Belova. 1972. Natural Leaching of Sr from
Soils. Gig. Sanit. No. 5:111-13 (in Russian).
90
The Sr distribution profiles were observed for a number of years in
turf-podzol and in black earth soils in experimental plots which were con-
90
taminated with Sr in a controlled manner. The data indicate that a sig-
90
nificant difference exists in the retention of Sr by the two soils; the
period of half-removal from the black earth soil under natural conditions
was greater than that period characterizing the turf-podzol soil. (NSA)
Koide, M., K. W. Bruland, and E. D. Goldberg. 1973. 228Th/232Th and 210Pb
Geochronologies in Marine and Lake Sediments. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta.
37:1171-1187.
Two dating techniques, applicable to coastal marine and lacustrine
sediments over periods ranging from years to a century, evolve from the
natural radioactive series: Th-228/Th-232 from the Th-232 series and Pb-210
from the U-238 series. There is an excess of Th-228 over and above that
supported by the parents Th-232 or Ra-228 in such deposits. The amounts
of Th-232 supported and Ra-228 supported Th-228 are similar, indicating
that both radium and thorium isotopes are removed from solution in these
K-41
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coastal zones quite rapidly after introduction or formation. The radium
isotopes are probably transferred from the overlying waters to the sediments
via phytoplankton, where they are reportedly enriched. In the surface
levels of the deposits analyzed, there is nearly an order of magnitude more
unsupported than suported Th-228. This excess Th-228 can be used both for
dating purposes over time periods of the order of a decade and as permissive
evidence that the uppermost levels of the deposit were obtained during the
coring operation. Preliminary results from several lakes indicate the possi-
bility that Th-228/Th-232 geochronologies are held by their sediments.
Average rates of accumulation of lake sediments have been obtained from
decreases in Pb-210 activity as a function of depth, although surface layers
of the deposits may not have been recovered in the coring operation. Finally,
Pb-210 geochronologies have been extended from varved to unvarved marine
sediments, (auth)
Koide, M. and E. 0. Goldberg. 1965. Uranium-234/Ur5nium-233 Ratios in
Sea Water. Progr. Oceanogr. 3:173-7.
The importance of radioactive disequilibrium within the natural
uranium-238 series in various natural systems has steadily gained importance
especially in geochronological and geochemical studies. Russian workers
have shown that the parent member, U-238, and the daughter, U-234, in
groundwaters do not exist in radioactive equilibrium concentrations. It
has been postulated that while U-238 exists in crustal rocks primarily
in the +4 state, as a result of the radioactive decays producing the daughter
U-234, electrons are lost from the nucleus such that a part of the U-234
ends up in the +6 state. The latter form is preferentially brought into
solution by weathering waters due to the formation of the strong complexes
formed between uranyl and carbonate ions. Thus, the activity ratio
A(U-234)/A(U-238) often exceeds one in surface waters. Experimentally
determined values of the activity ratio in surface and deep sea waters
from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea are uniform
K-42
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with a value of 1.14 ± 0.014. The error arises from the counting statistics
in the radioactive assay of the alpha particles emitted by these isotopes
or uranium. This constancy in the ratio is consistent with the long resi-
dence time of uranium and relative lack of reactivity in sea waters, (auth)
Kokotov, Yu. A. and R. F. Popova. 1962. Sorption of Long-Lived Fission
Products by Soils *nd Argillaceous Minerals. Ill: Selectivity of Soils
and Clays Toward 90Sr Under Various Conditions. Radiokhimiya. 4:328-334.
The authors point out the effects of salts dissolved in the soil solu-
tion on the measurement of K, values. Hence, the variation in K, in some
cases with change in the volume of equilibrating solution to soil weight.
90
The differences in the curves of SrK. versus pH for various soils in the
USSR with a given exchange capacity are explained as effects of changes due
to the above phenomenon.
Kokotov, Yu. A., R. F. Popova and A. P. Urbanyuk. 1961. Sorption of
Long-Lived Fission Products on Soils and Clay Minerals. I. Radiokhimiya.
3:199-206.
90
The distribution coefficients of Sr were determined for several soil
types and the effects of the macrocomponent and of the pH of the suspension
on the d
studied.
90
on the distribution coeffcient of Sr in soils and clay minerals were
90
It was shown that the removal of Sr from the root zone by elution
with salt solutions is possible only for soils of low exchange capacity at
salt concentrations not less than 0.01 N.
It was shown that microamounts of Cs are fixed by soils, so that
the elution of the root zone with salt solution is not very effective.
(auth)
-------
Kolehmainen, S. E. 1971. Experimental Uptake and Chemical Fractionation
of Iodine-131 and Iron-59 in a Turtle Grass (Thalassia Testudinum) Bed.
CONF-710501-P2, pp. 829-835.
Carrier-free K I and 'Fed, were added to a polyethylene container
2
that had 0.12 m of a turtle grass bed and 50 liters of seawater. At the
131
sixty-second day the chemical fractionation of soluble I in water was:
84% as 131I", 6% as 131IO" and 10% as organic 131I. No Fe2+ or 59Fe2+ was
59
found during the experiment, but 51% of the total soluble Fe was associated
59 3+
with soluble organic compounds and 49% was as Fe when the experiment was
terminated. Suspended sediments contained 0.02 times as much I and 0.25
59
times as much Fe on the average as was in soluble form in the same water
sample. Green leaves of turtle grass had the highest concentration factor
59
for Fe, and dead turtle grass leaves had the highest concentration factor
131 T5!
for I. Dead turtle grass and periphyton had taken most of the " I tracer,
59
and sediments had accumulated most of the Fe by the end of the experiment.
The specific activities of I and Fe in the compartments of the turtle
grass ecosystem that were in a steady state with the radioisotopes were the
same as in water. However, the experiment showed that in order to apply the
specific activity approach or steady-state concentration factors meaning-
fully, one has to know in which chemical form the elements and their radio-
isotopes occur in seawater. (auth)
Koliadin, L. B., 0. S. Nikolaev, S. M. Grashchenko, Y. V. Kuznetzov, and
K. F. Lazarev. 1960. States of Uranium Detected in Black Sea Waters.
Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 132:915-17 (in Russian).
A carbonate complex of hexavalent uranium was found in a Black Sea
layer between 0 to 2000 m. The data indicate the physico-chemical impossi-
bility of uranium precipitation by reduction to the tetravalent state in
the Black Sea hydrogen sulfide zone. (NSA)
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Kolodny, Y. 1969. Studies in Geochemistry of Uranium and Phosphorites.
Thesis. Univ. of California.
This dissertation is composed of three almost independent parts; the
abstracts are therefore separate. Three experimental studies were per-
formed to determine: the uranium isotopes in sea floor phosphorites; the
uranium in an anoxic fjord; and the carbon and oxygen isotopes in apatite
COo. Analyses using a-spectroscopy techniques of uranium concentration
234 238
and U/ U activity ratios were performed on 40 samples of marine phos-
phorites, almost all of them dredged from the sea floor. In each sample,
the concentration and isotopic composition of total uranium and U(IV) were
analyzed. Uranium concentrations in the analyzed nodules vary between 6 and
524 ppm, tetravalent uranium constituting 38-84% of the total. Whereas the
mean activity ratio for total uranium is 0.97, the ratio is the U(IV)
uranium is 0.71 and the calculated activity ratio for U(Vl) uranium is 1.57.
This indicates that: all the analyzed nodules are old (probably older than
8 x 10 years), and are at the present being eroded rather than Deposited
and the difference in isotopic ratios between the two oxidation states of
uranium generally confirms previously proposed mechanisms of uranium isotope
234
fractionation. Differential oxidation of U is largely responsible for
234 238
the measured U/ U disequilibrium ratios. A model for evolution of
uranium isotope activity ratios in different oxidation states is presented.
A fairly simple chemical fractionation technique was tested for separation
234 238
of authigenic uranium from its detrital counterpart. U/ U activity
ratios can serve as an excellent indicator for testing the efficiency of
such a technique. Uranium is effectively removed from sea water into anoxic
sediments. This process is extremely fast compared to the rate of removal
into deep sea sediments. Authigenic uranium is most strongly correlated
with organic carbon content of the sediments, probably because of the
formation of organo-uranyl complexes. Analysis of interstitial waters can
serve as an indicator for the chemical state of uranium in the solid phases.
About half of the uranium in sediment from the center of Saanich Inlet is
K-45
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strongly bound (as a chemical complex) to organic matter. The other half
is about evenly divided between detrital minerals, authigenic tetravalent
uranium, and uranium adsorbed on organic matter. Analysis of stable carbon
and oxygen isotopes has been applied to a solution of a mineralogical
problem: elucidation of the relation of the carbonate ion to the apatite
structure. Calcite was separated from coexisting apatite in pelletal phos-
phorites, phosphatized limestones and synthetically prepared apatites by
dissolving calcite in triammonium citrate. Both calcite and apatite COp
were then analyzed for carbon and oxygen isotopes. Carbon and oxygen in
the CO- associated with apatite are enriched in their light isotopes as
compared to the coexisting calcites. This indicates that carbonation is a
structural part of apatite, a conclusion which is in accord with other
mineralogical studies. (NSA)
Kolodny, Y. and I. R. Kaplan. 1970. Deposition of Uranium in the Sediment
and Interstitial Water of an Anoxic Fjord. CONF-700965-1.
The distribution of uranium in the sediments of Saanich Inlet was
determined using chemical fractionation methods to separate authigenic
234 238
uranium from detrital uranium. U/ U activity ratios were found to be
good indicators for determining the efficiency of the separation. Uranium
concentration in the sediment shows a significant enrichment relative to
deep sea sediment. Authigenic uranium correlates most strongly with the
organic carbon content of the sediment, and is probably bound as organo-
uranyl complexes. Approximately half the uranium in the sediment of the
central fjord is organically complexed and the remainder is distributed
among detrital minerals, authigenic tetravalent uranium and uranium adsorbed
on organic matter. Uranium is highly enriched in interstitial water (both
oxidizing and reducing waters with an Eh range of +380 mV to -140 mV)
relative to its concentration in normal seawater. Its concentration
appears to depend on the oxidation state and the organic content of the
sediment. Concentration of uranium by the sediments was found to be very
K-46
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efficient in this environment. The residence time of uranium in the water
column was found to be 3 or 4 orders of magnitude less than estimated for
the open ocean, (auth)
90
Koloskov, I. A., V. V. Pisarev, Z. L. Sinitsyna. 1968. Leaching on Sr
from Some Soils and Grounds. Pochvoredenie. No. 2:87-93 (in Russian).
Data are presented on horizontal and vertical leaching of soils con-
taminated with soluble strontium-90 compounds. It was established that the
leaching of this isotope depends on physico-chemical properties and compo-
sition of the soils and amounts to 1 to 5« in the above stated experiments.
(auth)
Kolychev, B. S. , V. V. Kulichenko, and F. V. Rauzen. 1972. The Status of
the Radioactive Waste Disposal Problem. Atom. Eng. 33:723-727.
The authors discuss the state of the art of atmospheric, low and medium
liquid waste and high level waste disposal and storage. Cementation and
bituminization of medium activity wastes also was considered. Little new
data were presented.
Komarov, A. N. and V. P. Egorov. 1970. Radiographic Study of Uranium-
Containing Pyrites. Geol. Rud. Mestorozhd. 12:109-12 (in Russian).
High-sensitivity microradiography based on fragments from induced
uranium fission was used for studying hydrothermal uranium sul fide-type
uranium deposits in a weakly metamorphic alevrolite agrillite rock. Results
of the luminescence analysis showed that the uranium content in pyritic
-4-5 4
specimens was from 10 to 10 and in the ore bearing rock m x 10 *.
Radiography in a synthetic mica irradiated in a reactor neutron flux at
c o
3.5 x 10 n/cm revealed that U fissioned into two fragments one of
which produced a track in the mica forming a micro-zone of radio-induced
distrubances. Two types of pyrite were found in the veins, uranium-bearing
K-47
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py'rite and uranium-free pyrite. In the uranium-bear ing, uranium was
distributed uniformly along the mineral. In 20 to 90% of the minerals,
7 9
micro-inclusions were found which contained from 10 to 10 uranium
atoms. The rest of the uranium had less than 10 atoms. (NSA)
Koop, W. N. 1961. Disposal of NPR Decontaminated Wastes. HW-63863.
Additional bench-scale experiments were conducted with multistep waste
to determine the rate of precipitate, the sludge volume, and the soil adsorp-
tion of radionuclides remaining in the supernatant liquid until sent to a crib.
Disposal of waste from a second process used in decontaminating carbon steel
portions of the primary coolant loop was also investigated. A proprietary
inhibited phosphoric acid was used for this. Scavenging methods studied
included the precipitation of phosphate from the waste, the precipitation
of ferric hydroxide and manganese hydroxide, and the precipitation of calcium
aluminum phosphate. Characteristics of these three methods are summarized.
(NSA)
Koppe, £. F., E. S. Erickson, C. L. Trotter, R. S. Good, W. Spackman, and
T. F. Bates. 1954. An Investigation of the Mineralogy, Petrography, and
Paleobotany of Uranium Bearing Shales and Lignites (Scope B-Lignites).
Third Annual Report [for] Period of April 1, 1953 to March 31, 1954.
NYO-6061.
The objectives of the program were to learn the location of the uranium
relative to the discrete organic and/or inorganic constitutents of lignites
and to elucidate, in some degree, the environmental conditions conducive to
the concentrations of uraniferous materials in lignitic sediments. Collec-
tions of suitable lignite and clay for these studies were made. Results of
the summer field work indicate the lignite occurrences, record the range of
materials encountered, and provide a permanent record of the samples avail-
able for study. Intensive study of uranium-bearing lignites and associated
clay deposits in this program is focused upon three localities in the Slim
Buttes area. Harding County, South Dakota; (1) the Mendenhall stripping
K-48
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site, (2) site "SD-1," and (3) site "BM-1." The clay seams associated with
the lignite deposits as the Mendenhall stripping site, site "BM-1" and
site "SD-1" were studied with a view toward working out the qualitative
mineralogy of these beds. The study centered on the finer-grained fractions
of the clay seams, in essence, the clay minerals. The methods of study are
described briefly. A discussion of the characteristics of the minerals
present and their distribution is included. A general qualitative study of
the mineralogy of the lignite seams was also carried out. (auth)
Koppe, E. F., E. S. Erickson, C. L. Trotter, R. S. Good, W. Spackman,
and T. F. Bates. 1954. An Investigation of the Mineralogy, Petrography,
and Paleobotany of Uranium-Bearing Shales and Lignites. (Scope B-Lignites).
Quarterly Progress Report (for) Period of October 1, 1953 to Decemoer 31,
1953. NYO-6059.
Analyses and sulfur determinations were made upon unweathered, partially
weathered, and weathered lignite obtained at site "S.D.-l" in the Slim Buties
area of South Dakota. Changes were noted which can be ascribed to the weather-
ing process. Increased percentages of moisture and volatile matter are
recorded upon weathering. Ash content is lower in weathered lignite than it
is in unweathered material. The decrease of ash is related to the loss of
pyritic sulfur. The first lignite seam at site "S.D.-l" is extremely pyritic
in the unweathered portions of the seam. Upon weathering, this form of sul-
fur is lost. No correlation can be effected between the weathering process
and the amount of sulfate sulfur present in the coal. Beta-gamma data dem-
onstrate that the radioactivity is increased twofold in the weathered lignite.
This increase is partially attributed to the degree of compaction of the
seam upon weathering. An excess of radioactivity is detected which may
indicate possible enrichment of the weathered lignite by radioactive sub-
stances. Study of clay seam material from the Mendenhall stripping site,
site "S.D.-l" and site "B.M.-l", has revealed that the mineral suites found
at the three locations were similar in composition but that relative propor-
tions of the component minerals varied. The minerals identified were
-------
kaolinite, illite and/or mica, montmorillonite, and quartz. Although the
presence of broad groups of clay minerals has been established, the exact
nature of the individual minerals present has yet to be established. X-ray
data are presented for the mineral identified as kaolinite. Further miner-
alogical studies on the illite and/or mica mineral and the montmorillonite
are discussed. Electron micrographs disclose very small, relatively dense,
discrete particles which are found in seams containing major amounts of
kaolinite. The relationship between these particles and the kaolinite is
being studied, (auth)
Korkisch, J. and P. Antal. 1960. Determination of Microquantities of
Thorium in Rock Silicates, Sediments, and Other Substances after Previous
Enrichment of Thorium by Ion Exchange. CEA-tr-A-954 (in French).
A method for the determination of microquantities of thorium in differ-
ent minerals and in the presence of other ions normally present is given.
The Th is adsorbed along with the elements of the 4th subgroup from 1 N_ KC1
containing ascorbic acid on a strongly acid cation exchanger (form H+ of
Dowex-50). The interfering elements are removed by rinsing the resin with
0.1 M^ citric acid. The thorine spectrophotometric method is then used for
the determination of the thorium. For large quantities of Cr a TTA benzyl
solution is used. (NSA)
Kornegay, B. H., W. A. Vaughan, D. K. Jamison, and J. M. Morgan, Jr. 1963.
Transport of Radionuclides in Fresh Water Systems. TID-7664.
An essential phase of the Atomic Energy Commission radioactive waste
disposal development program is the dissemination of technical information
through the conduct of several small working group meetings each year. In
this manner, an opportunity is provided to engineers and scientists in the
field to informally exchange ideas and information on mutual problems and
specific areas of interest. A meeting of this type was the Conference
K-50
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on Transport of Radionuclides in Fresh Water Systems, held at the University
of Texas in Austin on January 30, 31 and February 1, 1963.
Satisfactory dispersal operations require careful effluent control and
a detailed knowledge of the behavior and distribution of specific radio-
nuclides in the particular environment under consideration. Development of
the necessary environmental data requires a spectrum of technical and scien-
tific disciplines - biology, chemistry, ecology, hydrology, mineralogy,
radiochemistry, sanitary engineering in order to achieve orogram objectives.
This meeting provided an opportunity for these scientists and engineers
to analyze and evaluate what has been done in stream studies and to discuss
which areas need further study. The Conference was organized by the Environ-
mental & Sanitary Engineering Branch of the Division of Reactor Development in
cooperation with the Division of Biology & Medicine. Representatives from
Hanford, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Universities of California,
Harvard, Louisville, Michigan State and Texas, U.S. Geological Survey,
U.S. Public Health Service and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission participated.
(auth)
Kovalev, A. A. 1962. Uraniferous Occurrences Through Evaporation in Arid
Regions. CEA-tr-R-1707 (in French).
In arid regions, in zones of eruptive and sedimento-metamorphic rocks,
there is a high U occurrence. The great majority of these occurrences,
constituted by achrockingerite and uranophane and some secondary U minerals,
has a superficial character. Because of the coincidence with zones of
fracture and hydrothermal alteration of the encasing rocks, the secondary
accumulation can be considered as oxide outcrops of hydrothermal deposits
of U. The essential geological peculiarities of the secondary U accumula-
tions near the surface allow a differentiation of the oxide outcrops. The
essential processes of formation of the secondary accumulations of U is the
K-51
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evaporation of uraniferous waters. The source of U in the beds formed
by evaporation is essentially from rocks possessing a high U concentration.
(NSA)
Kovalev, V. A. 1965. Geochemical Aspects of the Th/U Ratio Investigation
in Rocks. Geokhimya. No. 9:1171-3 (in Russian).
The Th/U ratio can be used to estimate the intensity of weathering
processes. U is more mobile than Th. Black schists and phosphorites show
a low Th/U ratio (less than two). Littoral sands and alluvial deposits
show a high Th/U ratio (greater than 7). Most clay deposits show an inter-
mediate Th/U ratio of 2 to 7. Leaching experiments with 3% HC1 on a 0.01 mm
fraction of mineral showed that only 40% of tne Th could be leached out while
70% of the U was removed from the mineral. The Th accumulated in the heavier,
accessory minerals, and was not leached out readily. (NSA)
Kovalevskii, A. L. 1962. Natural Radioactive Elements in Plants. Izv.
Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk. SSR. 4:108-114.
Selective absorption of Ra, U, and Th isotopes by plants and the radio-
active equilibrium of Ra isotopes and their decay products were studied.
The accumulation of U, Ra, and other rare-earth elements by plants is
determined by chemical rather than radioactive properties. In spite of
the fact that the number of beta decays from natural radioactive element
exceeds (by a factor of 3) the number of alpha decays, the ionization of
living tissue by alpha particles exceeds that by beta particles, especially
in leaves, flowers, and young shoots. The mesothorium and ThX (Ra 224)
alpha emitters are prevalent in plants. (0-77)
Kovalevskii, A. L. 1967. Dependence of the Content of Some Trace Elements
on the Clayiness of Soils. Mikroelem. Biosfere Ikh Primen. Sel. Khoz.
Med. Sib. Dal'nego Vostoka, Dokl. Sib. Knof., 2nd. 1964. 0. V. Makew.
Buryat. Khizhn. Izd.: Ulan-Ude, USSR.
The effect is studied of the clayiness of sod-meadowy noncultivated
soils in the west Siberian lowlands (northern and central part) on the
K-52
-------
amount of total and available trace elements. Samples were taken from a
depth of 0.3-3.0 m. The results show for most of the elements an increase
in clayey (fraction <0.01 mm) soil as compared with sandy soils, the ratio
being 3.0-6.2 (B, Ni, Co, U). The greatest difference was noted in the
content of Pm, Co, and org. C. Analysis of various fractions according to
size showed that the clayey part (0.001-0.01 mm) contains Li, Zn, and Ni
25-50 times, Mn and Co 13-25, Sr, Mg, Fe and Ti 7-13, and Ba, Sn, Al and
Cr 3-7 times as much as the sandy fraction (0.05-0.025 mm). Correlation
between a-activity and Co and Ni is demonstrated. Correlation between
radioactivity and trace elements for the mapping of the concentration by
aerogram and auto y-photos is regarded as promising. (CA)
Kovalski, V. V. and I. E. Vorotnistskaya. 1965. Biogenic Migration of
Uranium in the Lake Issyk-Kul. Geokhimiya. No. 6:724-32 (in Russian).
The role of living organisms in uranium migration in the lake Issyk-Kul
and the connection of uranium food chains with the level of its content in
fishes inhabiting the lake was studied. Various stages of the biogenic
uranium migration were investigated: water silts, benthos algae and higher
plants, plankton, benthos animal organisms, and fishes. The uranium content
was determined by the extraction-luminescent method. The chief uranium
concentrator in the lake was algae of the charophytes family; in this connec-
tion an exceptional polymorphism was observed. It was shown that the chief
enrichment of silts in uranium was genetically connected with its accumulation
by charophyte algae during their life time, since the greatest uranium amount
was contained in silts, underlying the charophyte algae and since uranium
was not washed off the algae, which died. The uranium content and its
accumulation gradient decreased with the complication of organism structure
in the chain: algae ->• animal organisms of the benthos fishes. In uranium
passing through the food chain a gradual decrease in uranium concentration
was observed, (auth)
K-53
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Koval'skii, V. V. and I. E. Vorotnitskaya. 1966. Regularities in the
Biogenic Migration of Uranium. RFP-Trans-141.
Data are presented on the biogenic migration of uranium in a medium
with elevated and normal content of this element. Biogenic migration under
dry-land conditions was studied in the system: soil-plant-animals. It is
shown that uranium concentration by soils depends on the type of soil and
the forms of the uranium compounds. Uncer conditions of elevated uranium
content in the environment, morphological variability was found in some
plant species. The diurnal uptake of uranium by farm animals was computed
Biogenic migration of uranium under conditions of an aquatic environment
was studied using Lake Ussyk-Kul, the waters of which contain an elevated
concentration of this element. It is shown that the uranium content and
gradient of its accumulation in organisms with respect to water diminishes
when uranium passes through the chain: algae - benthic and planktonic
animals - fish, (auth)
Kraus, K. A. 1963. Solution Chemistry of Plutonium. IN: Plutonium
Chemistry Symposium. TID-7683, pp. 30-35.
This is a review article of the aqueous chemistry of plutonium, including
ion exchange reactions with cation and anion resins and extraction of the
actinides by organic ligands.
Kraus, K. A., and F. Nelson. 1950. Hydroloytic Behavior of Metal Ions.
I. The Acid Constants of Uranium (IV) and Plutonium (IV). J. Am. Chem. Soc.
72:3901-3906.
+4
1. Through pH measurements of UC14 solutions, U was established
to be the species of uranium (IV) in acidic solutions.
+4
2. The acid constant of U was determined as a function of ionic
strength for chloride and perchlorate solutions through a spectrophotometric
method. The molarity constants could be fitted approximately to a Debye-
Huckel limiting law and the activity constant K = 0.21 = 0.02 was estimated
for the equilibrium U+4 + 2H20 - UOH+3 + H-jO*.
+d - +3
3. The stability constant for the reaction U + Cl - UC1 was
estimated to be .< = ca. 0.63 (u = 0.5) and K ° = 7.0 (u = 0).
c c
K-54
-------
4. The acid constant of Pu (K = 0.025, u = 0.5) was found to be
+4
almost identical with though slightly small than that of U (K^ = 0.032,
v = 0.5).
5. The spectral data, the quantitative hydroytic data and the
observation that the chloride complexes of uranium (IV) and plutonium (IV)
are weak, are confirmatory evidence of the hypothesis that these elements
are members of a "rare-earth-like" series, (auth)
Krendelev, F. P. and V. A. Bobrov. 1970. Clarke Contents of Uranium,
Thorium, and Potassium in Weathering Profiles Developed on Acidic Igneous
and Metamorphic Rocks of the Enisel Ridge. Geokhim. Mineral. Radioaktiv.
Elem. Sib. pp. 105-155 (in Russian).
The radioactive elements enter into minerals with different degrees of
stability and, therefore, the values of Th/U, Th/K, and U/K ratio depend
strongly on the conditions of bedrock disintegration and sediment formation.
This result if evident from recent sediments where the values of Th/U and
Rh/K ratios vary sharply. An especially strong increase of the Th/U ratio
is observed in redeposited products of weathering profiles, e.g., oligomictic
sandstones and gravel stones. The U and K are removed with the same intensity
and redeposited together. A certain accumulation of U was observed only in
the soils. The total radioactivity of weathering profile products correlates
with the Fe203/FeO ratio. (CA)
Krendelev, F. P. and A. A. Kulikov. 1972. Stratigraphic Separation of
Cenozoic Formations of the Marker Profile in the Mamontov Mountains Based
on Radiometric and Gamma-Spectrometric Data (Southern Yakutia). Tr. Inst.
Geol. Geofiz., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sib. Otd. No. H9:188-96 (in Russian).
General rock radioactivity was examined in three complete profiles
by determining the U, Th, and K contents. A correlation was established
between radioactivity and particle size of the material; with increased
size of the fragments, radioactivity and contents of Th and K. U did not
show this relation, its concentration was minimum in oligomict varieties
and maximum in aleurites. U decreases from the floor of each layer towards
the roof, whereas that of Th and K increases. This trend is even more
clearly reflected in the relation of the pairs U/K and Th/U. (CA)
K-55
-------
239
Krey, P. W. 1974. Pu Contamination in the Denver Area. Health Physics.
26:117-120.
It is stated that there are "omissions, errors, and misconceptions"
contained in the report of Poet and Martell (Health Physics; 23:537(1972))
which indicated plutonium contamination in the environment around the Dow
Chemical Company's Rocky Flats plants near Denver, Colorado. One serious
omission is the lack of a thorough evaluation of the soil sampling and
239
analysis procedures used and another the faulty discussion of the Pu
distribution with depth. Results by other workers are quoted which it is
claimed were omitted by Poet and Martell and which tend to refute their
239
conclusion on the extent of the Pu spatial contamination. (NSA)
Krey, P. W., D. Bogen and E. French. 1962. Plutonium in Man and His
Environment. Nature. 195:262-265.
The analytical data, particularly those given for human tissue
analyses, showed that inhalation was the main mode of entry into man.
The authors suggested that the pulmonary lymph nodes should be considered
in the assignment of the critical organ so far as plutonium inhalation is
concerned, and that the metabolism and trans location of Pu from fallout be
further studied.
Krey, P. W. and E. P. Hardy, Jr. 1970. Plutonium in Soil Around the Rocky
Flats Plant. HASL-235.
Soil samples were collected to a depth of 20 cm at 33 sites extending
as far as 40 miles from the Dow Chemical Co.'s Rocky Flats plant in Colorado.
2
Deposition concentrations of Pu-239 as high as 2000 mCi/km were found off
the plant site but these high concentrations decreased rapidly with distance.
The contamination pattern extends eastward from the plant in the direction
of the resultant wind vector and has virtually no westward component. The
pattern is incompatible with the wind direction on the day of the May 11,
1969 fire. Leaking barrels of plutonium laden cutting oil stored in the
southeast corner of" the plant are considered the likely source of the
contaminant.
K-56
-------
o
Three mCi/km of Pu-239 is the lowest contour readily discernible in the
contamination pattern and extends about 8 miles east and southeast of the
7
plant. The inventory of Rocky Flats Pu-239 within the 3 mCi/km~ contour
but excluding AEC controlled land is 2.6 Ci. The extent of the Rocky Flats
Pu-239 beyond this contour is difficult to determine because the deposition
of Pu-239 from nuclear weapon tests fallout is not precisely known in the
Denver area. Our best estimate of the cumulative fallout Pu-239 is 1.5
2
mCi/km based upon a 1965 soil sample from nearby Derby, Colorado. The
most distant sites at 40 miles to the east and north of the plant show a
2
slightly higher value of 2.0 mCi/km . The intervening sites average 2.4
2
mCi/km . If the extreme and unlikely assumption is made that the entire
area lying 40 miles to the east and north of the plant is contaminated
2
with 1 mCi/km , an additional 3.2 Ci of Rocky Flats plutonium could have
be6n released to these remote areas. Sr-90 analyses of the Rocky Flats
soils and other studies are in process which might resolve this uncertainty
in the remote areas, but additional sampling may be required to thoroughly
solve the problem.
The plutonium has been shown to move down into the soil as far as 13 cm,
although the distribution shows wide variability apparently depending upon
soil chemistry. In several cases there is as much as 60» of the total
plutonium below 5 cm. The analytical precision of aliquoting the sample
and analysis was shown to be - 20". Analyses of duplicate samples taken
from the same location showed similar precision indicating that the soil
sampling was representative of the area studies. (auth)
Krey, P. W., E. P. Hardy, C. Pachuck, F. Rourke, J. Coluzza and W. K. Benson.
1975. Mass Isotopic Composition of Global Fallout Plutonium in Soil.
IAEA-SM-199/39.
The mass isotopic content of fallout plutonium in soil samples collected
from around the world in 1970 and 1971 showed some variability which
correlated with the location of nuclear weapons test sites. Omitting local
effects, the global mean ratios of Pu-2dO/Pu-239, Pu-241/Pu-239 and
Pu-242/Pu-239 are OJ76 = .014, 0.0086 ± .0017 and 0.0044 ± .0011, respectively
K-57
-------
corrected to January 1971. Such isotopic data provide the most sensitive
technique to resolve mixtures to fallout plutonium with plutonium from a
second source. From these data, the Am-241/Pu-239-240 activity ratio of
integrated fallout on the earth's surface can be estimated and will peak at
0.42 in the year 2037. (auth)
Krieger, H. L. 1965. The Measurement of Long-Lived Activation Products
in Soil by Gamma Spectroscopy. Health Physics. 11:653-658.
Soil samples collected at the sites of the 1957 balloon-type nuclear
detonation in Nevada have been periodically analyzed to determine specific
nuclides and to observe changes in spectrum configurations resulting
from decay of the shorter lived gamma activities. In 1963, Cs 134, Co 60,
Pu 152 and Eu 154 were separated by radiochemical analysis and identified by
gamma spectrometry. Both manual stripping of the identified nuclides and
matrix calculations, in which identical geometric configurations were used,
corroborated the presence of these nuclides in the soil sample. Photopeaks
of the induced short-lived Sc 46, which were evident in the 1957 spectrum,
were not evident in the new gamma scan. No Sr 90, Cs 137 or other fission
products were detected; all the nuclides present evidently were stable
precursors. Repeated acid leaching removed only about 70 percent of the
activities of the nuclides present, indicating a very strong attachment
of these nuclides to the soil. Estimations of the relative individual
activities were calculated by use of computer matrix solutions developed
from calibrated standards, (auth)
Knshnamoorthy, T. M. , V. N. Sastry and T. P. Sarma. 1971. U/ U as
a Tool for Dating Marine Sediments. Curr. Sci . 40:279-81.
234 238
A method for dating marine sediments using the decrease of U/ U activity
ratio in the calcium carbonate phase was developed. A selective leaching agent
NH^Ac • HAc buffer was used which attacks only the calcium carbonate phase
and very little of the other phases. The rate of sedimentation for the core,
M-230 (Lat. 23° 10'N, Long. 67° 50' E) from Indian Ocean was found to be 1.16
mm/1000 years by this method. The calculated ionium value for the particular
water column depth and for the typical composition of the top layer of the
sediment was 1.58 dpm/g and agrees very well with the actual value of 1.28
dpm/g observed, considering the uncertainties in the parameters used, (auth)
K-58
-------
Krishnaswami, S., D. Lai, B. S. Amin, and A. Soutar. 1973. Geochronological
Studies in Santa Barbara Basin: 55pe as a Unique Tracer for Particulate
Settling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18:763-770.
Sediments accumulate in the Santa Barbara Basin relatively rapidly;
about 3 to 4 mm yr" based on the analysis of varves. These deposits are
ideal for studying the applicability of nuclear geochronological techniques
in a natural situation. Studies of the depth distribution of several radio-
nuclides, manmade Fe and naturally occurring Pb and Th isotopes, in
recent Santa Barbara sediment layers permit an evaluation of the geochemical
behavior of Fe, Pb, and Th in coastal waters and have established
the usefulness of Fe and Pb for dating coastal or near coastal sediments
deposited during the last decade and half-century respectively, (auth)
Krivolutskii, D. A. and A. 0. Pokarzhevskii . 1974. Role of Soil Animals
in the Biogenic Migration of Ca and 90Sr. Zh. Obshch. Biol. 35:263-269
(in Russian).
90
The quantitative distribution of Ca and Sr in the experimentally
2
contaminated ecosystem under investigation is as follows: 234 g per m
90
of Ca and 200 yCi of Sr are recorded in the soil. The respective values
2
for the vegetation are 50 g per m and 500 pCi, for leaffall and litter--
2 2
10 g per m and 430 uCi respectively. In animals 47 mg per m of Ca and
•3 2 QO
24.5 • 10 uCi per m of Sr are found, the invertebrates contributing
2 -32
42 mg per m and 20 ' 10 uCi per m respectively. Earthworms' rank is
the highest among invertebrates with respect to Ca accumulation (8.8 mg per
2 90 2 2
m ), that of insects with respect to Sr accumulation (1.10 yCi per m ).
2 -4
Among vertebrates the highest respective values (3 mg per m and 30 • 10
9 OQ
:jCi per m ) are recorded in rodents. The amount of Sr accumulated by animals
and passing annually through the food chains constitutes only 0.6% of the
annual decomposition of the radionuclide in question in the ecosystem. As
90Sr which goes into the ecosystem is absorbed by the soils and is involved
in the biological turnover, the index of the biogenic migration of the given
radionuclide by the animals is comparable to that of its distribution by air
90
and to the amount of Sr washed off the ecosystem by the rain water, (auth)
K-59
-------
Krb'll, V. S. 1955. The Distribution of Radium in Deep-Sea Cores. Repts.
Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, 1947-1948. 10:1-32.
Determinations of Ra content by the emanation method were made on about
350 samples from 13 Pacific cores and 4 Atlantic cores. Determinations of
U on 36 samples show that on the whole U and Ra are in equilibrium in the
deeper layers. The Ra in the upper layers is ionium supported. The
distribution of Ra is compared with those of Mn, Fe, CaC03, and Ni. Rates
of sedimentation calculated show considerable variation. (CA)
234 238
Kronfeld, J. 1971. U/ U Disequilibrium in Groundwaters of Central Texas:
A Progress Report on Research Completed. GJO-935-1 (Pt. 2):303-10.
Samples of ground and surface waters from central Texas were analyzed
234 238
for U content and U/ U ratio. The analysis method and results are
presented. Surface U concentrations and isotopic ratios contrasted markedly
with subsurface values. In general, surface U concentrations were higher than
subsurface and were much closer to isotopic equilibrium. Lake Waco water
poo
samples had a U/ U ratio of 1.2 and a U content of 0.66 ppm while ground
water from beneath the city of Waco had a ratio of 5.6 and U content of 0.07 ppn.
234
Surface waters exhibited between 15 and 40% excess U. The ground water
234
samples exhibited between 250 and 1300% relative enrichment of U. The
factors governing the extreme fractionation were not established. (NSA)
234 238
Kronfeld, J. 1972. Hydrologic Investigations and the Significance of U/ U
Disequilibrium in the Ground Waters of Central Texas. Thesis. Rice
University.
Forty-six uranium isotopic analyses were made using alpha spectrometry
on waters from the deep Trinity aquif.er as well as upon surface waters in
234 238
central Texas. Most of the surface waters have U/ U alpha-activity
ratios clustering between 1.15 and 1.40. The subsurface waters exhibit
234
extreme isotopic fractionation, being enriched in U between several
hundred and twelve hundred percent. The uranium content of the subsurface
water is less than surface water, the majority falling around 0.02 and 0.04
ppb. The most extreme fractionation occurs immediately downdip from the
recharge area. From there the activity ratio decreases downdip as a function
K-60
-------
234
of the halflife of U. There is a corresponding , thouqh nonuniform,
decrease in the total uranium content downdip. The Trinity aquifer affords
234 238
a closed system to an isotope dilution study that utilizes natural U/ U
disequilibrium as a hydrologic tracer. Rates of water flow so derived, 0.7
to 3.0 ft/yr, are consistent with the transmissibility values of the aquifer
rocks. Laboratory leaching of uranium from the soils and aquifer sand
234 238
yield U/ U activity ratios that are very similar to uranium isotopic
compositions of surface waters. No extreme fractionation was found in the
solid phases. (NSA)
Krotoszyner, J. P. and R. Kirchmann. 1961. Contribution to the Study of
the Retention of 90Sr in Soil. IN: Pedologie. Brussels, Centred1 Etude
de 1'Energie Nucleaire (in FrencFJ".
A study was made of the retention of Sr in three types of soil taken
from the Gembloux, Mol, and Morhet regions (Belgium). Two horizons for each
of the soils were chosen and the content of humus, clay, and calcium in each
was determined. A granulometric analysis of these substrata was also
carried out. In the first series of experiments, the soils were introduced
QC O~J
into percolation columns and saturated with Sr and Sr. A BaClo solution
was then percolated through the soil column to flush the Sr retained by
capillarity and to determine the exchangeable fraction of strontium. Results
showed that exchange proceeded rapidly and that absorption was mainly
influenced by clay and humus. In a second series of experiments, three
90
surface horizons of soil were shaken in the presence of carrier-free Sr.
Results showed that the examined horizons displayed no differences in
90
absorption rate or in quantity of retained Sr. Under the conditions of
90
these experiments, the retained amounts of Sr varied from 89.3 to 97.8%,
according to the horizon and the shaking period employed. Extensive shaking
of soil with Sr solutions produced a slight reduction in retention values
and was thought to result from exchange of desorbed soil ions with absorbed
90
Sr. It was concluded that Sr uptake by soil is rapid, nearly complete,
and similar in different soil types. (NSA)
K-61
-------
Kruger, P. 1970. Hydrologic Transport of Radionuclides from Nuclear Craters
and Quarries. NCG-TR-30.
Feasibility studies of proposed applications of nuclear explosions
for civil construction have shown that the responsible engineering agency
must have the capability to predict the safety of the applications. One
specific need for nuclear excavation projects is the development of adequate
methods for estimating the hydrologic transport of radionuclides from
excavation sites. In such models consideration must be given to the complexity
of the nuclear, hydrologic, and environmental processes involved. Also, the
model must be usable as a tool to predict, with reliability, the concentration
of radionuclides in surface waters and groundwaters at locations downstream
of a nuclear crater or quarry. A review of the literature related to the
development of numerical and experimental methods for predicting the hydrologic
transport of radionuclides is presented with specific application, to nuclear
excavation and quarrying. Several models have been developed for predicting
surface water and groundwater dispersion and transport of radionuclides.
Because of the complexity of the processes involved, major simplifications
are required to describe the transport for computer calculation. Since no
large-scale excavation or quarrying experiments involving the interaction of
water at the detonation site have been conducted, the prediction models
have not been confirmed. The possibility of using radioactive and activable
tracer methods for experimental study of hydrologic transport under field
conditions to assist in the development of a successful prediction model
is examined, (auth)
Krumholz, P. 1964. Solution Chemistry. Progress in the Science and Tecnnology
of the Rare Earths, Vol. I, edit, by LeRoy Eyring, Oxford-Pergamon Press,
New York, p. 110-138.
The paper is a review of the solution chemistry of the fifteen rare
earths.
Krylov, A. Y. and M. M Shats. 1958. Some Regularities of Uranium Migration
in Waters of Northwestern Districts of USSR. AEC-tr-4474, pp. 319-32.
Data on the uranium contents of some water bodies in northwestern USSR
are presented. The factors influencing uranium transfer into and precipitatior
K-62
-------
from water are discussed at length and applied to a few examples. Precipi-
tation of uranium is shown to occur mostly through the action of iron
hydroxide and humic compounds. (NSA)
Ku, T. 1965. An Evaluation of the U234/U238 Method as a Tool for Dating
Pelagic Sediments. J. Geophys. Res. 70:3457-74.
234
The possibility of using the 15% excess U activity in oceanic
uranium for dating pelagic sediments in the age range 100,000 yr to more
than 1 Myr was explored. Results from a series of analyses of bulk samples,
mechanical separates, and acid leach fractions indicate that separation
of authigenic uranium from detrital uranium by either mechanical or chemical
means is impractical. Measurements on totally dissolved samples reveal
that the sediments do not form a closed system; post-depositional migration
234
of U in the sedimentary column takes place. Based on the experimental
data obtained from three red-clay cores with sedimentation rates ranging
234
from 2 to 6 mm/1000 yr, a model depicting diffusion of the U generated
within the sediments is proposed. The diffusion equation includes three
23d
parameters: sedimentation rate, diffusion coefficient for U, and
234
fraction of the internally produced U subject to mobility. If the amount
234 234
of U lost from these cores is typical, a sizeable part of the U
excess in the sea must be from this source, (auth)
Kubose, 0. A., M. G. Lai, H. A. Goya, and H. I. Cordova. 1968. Radioactivity
Release from Radionuclide Power Sources. Vila. Dissolution Studies of
Plutonium Dioxide in the Ocean, 5 Months' Exposure. USNRDL-TR-68-74.
Post-ocean-exposure examinations have been made on plutonium dioxide
microspheres recovered after a 5-month exposure on the bottom at a depth
of 50 feet off San Clemente Island. These examinations established that
approximately 70 percent of the microspheres became encrusted with marine
growth. Determination of the distribution of the microspheres and adsorbed
activity in the ocean-bottom material was made in addition to post exposure
laboratory dissolution measurements, microscopic examination and x-ray
diffraction measurements, (auth)
K-63
-------
Kudo, A. 1969. Radioactivity Transport in Water: Interaction Between
Flowing Water and Bed Sediment. Thesis. Univ. of Texas.
The delay in transport of radionuclides caused by the interaction
between flowing water and bed sediments was determined. This interaction
phenomenon for cesium-137 was observed by using a set of flumes, each 50
feet in length and a model river which was 200 feet long. The greatest
4 " 2 3
uptake rate, Kst, by bed sediment was 88.7 X 10~ [(cpm/cm )/(cpm/cn )]/
(sec) with a velocfty of 1.65 fps and a flow rate of 0.345 cfs/ft. In this
case the sediment transport rate was 0.0795 Ibs/sec-ft. A mathematical
model was developed describing the migration of radionculides into the
sediments. The relative concentration of radionculides on the surface of
the bottom sediments to that in the bed sediment was found to be a function
of z/(2/D~t), where z, D, and t respectively, are the depth of bed sediment
from the surface, diffusion coefficient of cesium-137 in water, and time
after migration started. (NSA)
Kudo, A. and E. F. Gloyna. 1971. Transport of Cs. II. Interaction
with Bed Sediments. Water Res. 5:71-9.
The transport of Cs in an aqueous environment is described. The
interaction phenomena, i.e., uptake and release of Cs by sediments,
were observed by using a set of flumes each 17 m in length and a model river
which was 61 m long. The greatest uptake rate, K.,., by bed sediment was
A 0 " "3 ^ ** 1
88.7 X 10 {[(cmp cm"~)/(cpm cm )]/sec} with a velocity of 0.504 m sec"
(.165 ft sec"1) and a flow rate of 38.21 sec"1 m"1 (0.410 cfs ft"1). In
this case the sediment transport rate was 117.5 g sec" m" (0.0795 Ib
sec ft" ). The uptake rate increased as the mean velocity in the channel
increased. The desorption rate of Cs was low, being less than 1 per
cent per month for a mean flow velocity of 3.0 cm sec" . This rate was
obtained in a fresh water system where the concentration of total dissolved
solids was about 600 mg 1" . (auth)
K-64
-------
Kuehn, W. K. G. 1967. Determination by Indicator Activation Analysis of
the Sorption Conditions, the Movement, and the De-enrichment Factor of
Anions at a Site on the Danube. _IN_: Isotope and Radiation Techniques
in Soil Physics and Irrigation Studies. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 271-8.
To determine the sorption conditions of anions and their movement in
127
the ground, I available as KI in an aqueous solution was evenly distributed
over a site of 10 X 10 m on the Danube. The iodide was determined by indicator
activation analysis using neutron activation. Soil samples were taken from
inside and outside the distribution area by Puerkhauer drills to a depth of
2.50 m at 50-cm distances after 5, 10, 24, 72, and 1000 hr. After being
processed the samples were activated in a reactor. The results show that
anionic iodide especially is present directly below the distribution area
at a depth down to 2.5 m. Two meters from the edge of the distribution area
the concentration was only double the amount of naturally present iodide,
while at a distance of 4 m and over, the iodide concentration of more than
70 soil samples was within the iodide background (0.3 ppM). The migration
rate is rather high at first and slows down with time. After five hours
a depth-migration rate of about 40 cm/hr was found, which earlier must
have been considerably higher (about 2-3 m/hr). From the iodide concentration
-4
at a 2-m depth and at the surface, a de-enrichment factor of 4.5 X 10 was
found. The degree of de-enrichment obviously depends on the soil structure.
The method developed can be used in individual cases to determine the
concentration of anions that penetrate the soil at much higher rates than
cations. The method can be applied to other anions to determine their
movement and concentration in the soil as a function of interrelationships
of depth, soil structure and irrigation, (auth)
Kuhn, W.. J. Handl, and H. P. Schaetzler. 1973. Transport of 131I, 137Cs,
106Ru, T^ce, and 54Mn in an Undisturbed Soil Under Natural Environmental
Conditions. IN: Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the
Nuclear Industry. IAEA-SM-172/19, pp. 347-362.
An unusually large, undisturbed and overgrown soil sample with a diameter
of 1.9 m and a height of 1.5 m was taken from a site assigned for a reactor.
Over a long period of time the translocation of a mixture of fission products
K-65
-------
containing I, Cs, Ru, Ce and Mn was investigated in the soil
sample under natural atmospheric conditions. The surface activity corresponded
to an accident situation that might occur when activity is released through
the chimney. The penetration of the radionuclides into the soil was deter-
mined by y-spectroscopy and autoradiography. For 10 months after the
contamination the fission products, mainly cationic, could only be found
•}•}•»
in the superficial soil layers. Additional investigations with I and
inactive iodine, determined by activation analysis, showed that anionic
iodine penetrates deeper into the soil within a shorter period of time than
do cations. This offers the possibility of determining in advance the
extent of a casual iodine contamination by investigations with inactive
iodine in a specific soil, (auth)
Kulikov, N. V. 1968. Influence of Certain Complexons on Radioisotope
Sorption by Soil. Tr. Inst. Ekol. Rast. Zknivotn. No. 61:21-5 (in Russian).
The greatest efficiency for reducing the sorption by the soil of radio-
isotopes of cobalt, zinc, cadmium, cerium, and ruthenium was obtained with
EDTA and DTPA, and calcium and strontium—EDBIP and OTPA. All of the chelates
were ineffective for the radioisotopes of rubidium, silver, and cesium.
EDTA and DTPA are of interest for further study under growing conditions
and also in field experiments with the purpose of increasing the migration
capability of cobalt, zinc, cadmium, cerium, and ruthenium isotopes in
more complex soil-solution-plant. (auth)
Kulikov, N. V. and I. V. Molchanova. 1972. Radioisotopes in the Soil-
Solution System. INIS-MF-887-3 pp. 2-13 (in Russian).
The effect was studied of certain factors on the migration and the
distribution in the soil-solution system of the radioisotopes Fe, Co, Sr,
Y, Cs, and Ce. Experiments were carried out using four types of
soil having different physico-chemical properties. The results show that
the degree of sorption of all radoisotopes concerned is determined by the
chemical nature of the radioisotopes and does not depend on the physico-
chemical properties of soils. Also, the effect of complexones (EDTA) on
K-66
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sorption was studied; the results are shown in graphs. The desorption of
the radioisotopes by various desorption agents showed that the degree of
fixation of the radioisotopes into soils depended on the individual
properties of soils alike. Thus, the migration capability of radioisotopes
was found to depend both on their chemical properties and on the physico-
chemical properties of soil and soil solutions. (NSA)
90
Kulikov, N. V. and I. V. Molchanova. 1974. Reduction of Sr Content of
Soil-PIant Cover of Tundra. Sov. J. Ecol. 5:150-151.
on
Data are presented on the variations of the Sr content of soils and
plants of the subarctic tundra during the period from 1966 through 1970.
Of)
The results indicate that approximately as much Sr migrated out of the
biogeocenoses as entered the soil from the plant cover. It is possible
90
that Sr entering the soil by being washed off plants and by the death
and decay of plants cannot be bound in soil with an excessively high moisture
content and strong surface runoff and, hence, migrates relatively easily
by solution in water. (NSA)
Kulikov, N. V, I. V. Molchanova, and E. N. Karavaeva. 1973. Influence
of the Conditions of Soil Moisture on the Passage of Strontium-90, Cesium-137
and Cerium-144 from the Soil into Solution. Sov. J. Ecol. 4:320-323.
It was shown experimentally that with increasing soil moisture
1-37 144
content the amounts of Cs and Ce in tne equilibrium solution
90
increase sharply, while the content of Sr changes less substantially.
It has been suggested that the seasonal drops in the soil moisture content
under natural conditions are among the causes of the equalization of the
rates of vertical migration of the radionuclides studied in the soil, (auth)
Kulkarni, V. V. , T. N. V. Pillai, and A. K. Ganguly. 1973. Distribution
of Natural Radioactivity and Trace Elements in the Soils and Sands from the
High Radiation Coastal Belt of India. BARC-702.
Experiments performed to determine the radiation dose to man from
natural radioactivity present in beach sands and soils in India are described.
K-67
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Ra, Cr, Mn, and Co were used as tracers to study the leaching
of radioactive elements in the soils and the discharge of these elements
to the marine environment. (MSA)
Kulp, J. L., A. Kaufman, R. S. Hirshman, and A. R. Schulert. 1962. Strontium-
90 in the Soils of the New York City Area. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 93:761-74.
As a result of nuclear tests through 1958, which probably introduced
90
about 5 megacuries of Sr into the stratosphere, the deposit in the
New York City area reached a maximum of about 70 mC/sq. mile in the
summer of 1961. In the New York City area, the ratio of soluble to
90 90
insoluble Sr is abot 10:1. The Sr concentration decreases exponentially
90
with depth in the soil so thai in average soil 70 to 75% of tne Sr is in
the upper 2 in. and 90 to 99% is in the upper 6 in. There is no evidence
for significant vertical n
a period of 8 yrs. (NSA)
90
for significant vertical movement of the Sr after initial deposition over
Kunishi, H. M. and A. W. Taylor. 1972. Immobilization of Radiostrontium
in Soil by Phosphate Addition.' Soil Science. 113:1-6.
Alkaline orthophosphate salts can be used to immobilize up to 98% of
the calcium and strontium ions in the upper layers of soil, when applied
in sufficient quantity to the surface of the undisturbed soil. The addition
of smaller amounts of fluoride with the phosphate enhances the reaction and
reduces the amount of phosphate needed. Equilibration of treated samples
for up to 110 days showed that there is little change in the amount of
strontium immobilized after the initial reaction. The effect of supplemental
additions of lime, to replace the original calcium and to prevent redissolution
of the reaction products as the soil pH tended to fall, differed in the two
soils examined. In Cecil soil, with low initial calcium and low buffering
capacity, liming increased the immobilization. In Brookston soil, with
high initial calcium and stronger buffering capacity, liming reduced
immobilization somewhat, although over 90% of the radiostrontium remained
fixed. The reasons for these differences are obscure and further inves-
tigation of the reactions on a wide range of soil types is needed before
K-68
-------
•any detailed interpretation can be made. The ultimate choice of the phos-
phate salts will be among sodium, potassium and ammonium. The sodium salt
has the disadvantage that the resulting exchangeable sodium will make the
soil unstable and will be removed only by leaching into the profile. The
advantages of the ammonium salt are that it is widely available as a
commercial material and will be removed from the soil by plant uptake and
nitrification so that, with the addition of lime, the soil will revert
to a more normal, albeit calcareous, condition. Another advantage of the
ammonium salt is that, although apatite is the ultimate stable phase that
must be formed, other insoluble calcium-ammonium phosphates, including
Ca(NH4)P04 • H20 and Ca2(NH4)2(HP04)3 • 2H20, may be formed as intermediates
that will also decrease the available calcium and strontium. Except for
its ready removal from the soil, many of the advantages of the ammonium
salt may also be exhibited by potassium, including the formation of the
calcium-potassium analogs of the insoluble calcium-ammonium phosphates.
The value of the potassium salt is offset, however, by the limited amounts
that are likely to be readily available. The higher atomic weight of
the potassium ion will also increase the bulk of material required to
produce the same result. For these reasons no work was done with potassium
phosphates, but the value of mixtures of potassium and ammonium salts merits
further examination, (auth)
Kuptsov, V. M. 1970. Method for Determination of Small Amounts of
Protactinium-231 in Natural Substances. Tr. Konf. Molodykh Issled.
Vses. Nach. -Issled. Miner. Syr'ra. Sekts. Anal. Tekhnd., 7th. pp. 41-8
(in Russian).
A method for determining Pa in natural substances (rocks, sea
sediments, hot spring water deposits, etc.) is proposed. The method is
?n
based on a-spectrometric recording of Pa decay products, (i.e., short-
Pi q
lived emanation of Rn). First, the Th fraction is separated from the
sample; it is then held for 19-60 days to achieve equilibrium between
Ac and its decay products; and a,ct-coincidences are recorded at intervals
of 10"2 sec from 219Rn and 215Po isotopes (E = 7.36 MeV) by using an
K-69
-------
a-spectrometer with a special attachment. The method assumed equilibrium
231 227
between Pa and its decay product Ac, which approaches 100 years.
227
Otherwise, only the Ac content was determined in the sample. (CA)
Kuroda, P. K. and W. H. Crouch. 1962. On the Chronology of the Formation
of the Solar System. J. Geophys. Res. 67:4863-66.
The iodine content of nine crustal rocks was determined by a spec-
trophotometric method. The iodine content ranged between 0.04 and 0.33 ppm,
the average value being 0.16 ppm. A method for calculating the time
interval (E) between the nucleosynthesis and the formation of the earth
from the ratio of radiogenic Xe versus fissiongenic Xe J in the earth's
129 136
atmosphere is proposed. The Xe /Xe formation interval (E) of the
earth is calculated to be 102 million years, (auth)
Kurokawa, Y. 1971. Data of Natural Radioactivity in Japan. Hoken Butsuri.
6:192-3 (in Japanese).
Data on U (0.48-2.89), Ra (0.09-1.3), Tn (2.8-20), and 40K(0.5-3.18 ppm)
in soils of 40 districts and those of U (0.57 X 10"" ppm average), Th
(2.7 X 10" ppm average), and Ra (8.2 X 10" ppm average) in 10 river
waters in Japan are tabulated. Rates of radiation dose from natural
radioisotopes in various districts were 28-95 indoors and 15-134 mR/yr
outdoors. A table of natural radioactivities in underground soils is
also given. (CA)
Kurtz, E. B. and R. Y. Anderson. 1956. Uranium Accumulation in Plants as
an Indicator of Uranium Deposits in the Soil. Final Report. AECU-3177.
An alpha scintillation method for the analysis of U accumulation
in plants as an indicator of U deposits in the soil was developed. (NSA)
K-70
-------
230
Kuznetsov, Y. V. 1969. On Occurrence Forms of Ionium ( Th) and Thorium
(232Th) in the Ocean. Geokhimiya. No. 2:177-184 (in Russian).
230 232
Collected data indicate that Th and Th are present in different
forms not only in oceanic waters but also in other components of the oceanic
system, in oceanic sediments and suspensions. It is assumed that most of
the ionium in the ocean exists in hydrolytic forms which are sorbed on sus-
pension particles while thorium is carried into oceans from continents in
relation to the geochronology of oceanic sediments and the geochemistry of
thorium in the ocean is considered, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Y. V. 1969. Rate of Recent Sedimentation in the Ocean.
Geokhimiya. No. 2:251-60 (in Russian).
A determination of the rate of recent sedimentation in the Indian and
230 231 238
Pacific Oceans was carried out using data on the Th, Pa, and U
concentrations in oceanic waters and surface layers of oceanic sediments.
The obtained results on the rate of recent sedimentation agree well with
available publications on this question. The revealed variations in the
rate of sedimentation in various regions of oceans are conditioned by the
peculiarities of the hydrological regime in these regions, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Y. V. 1971. Possible Variations in the Past Concentration of
Uranium in the Oceans. Radiokhimiya. 13:118-25 (in Russian).
Sediments in the bottom of the Pacific Ocean contain an excess of lo
(230th) with respect to the concentration calculated on the basis of its
concentration in the water; this can be explained in several ways, e.g.,
it can be assumed that in the past the U concentration in the water was
high
(CA)
p-so
higher than at present, or that the U/ U was higher than at present.
K-71
-------
Kuznetsov, Y. V., A. N. Elizarova, A. P. Lisitsyn, and F. Z. Faizullin.
1972. Role of Ion Exchange in the Removal of Radium from Ocean Water
into Sediments. Sov. Radiochem. 14:448-452.
A direct relationship was established between the cation exchange
226
capacity of ocean sediments and their content of Ra. It was hypothesized
that ion exchange is one of the leading processes in the complex mechanism
of the accumulation of radium on the ocean bottom, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Y. V., E. V. Komarov, A. N. Elizarova, Z. N. Simonyak and
A. A. Bochkov. 1973. Simulation of the Forms of Thorium-230 in Seawater
to Study its Sedimentation Mechanism. Sov. Radiochem. pp. 715-720.
234
A method is proposed for simulating the forms of existence of Th
in seawater, based on the introduction into it of uranium in the form of a
234-
uranyl carbonate anionic complex with the subsequent formation of 'in
from it. It was shown that the kinetics of sorpticn on quartz glasses of
2*5 4.
Th introduced into seawater in the form of a neutral solution differ
234
substantially from the kinetics of sorption of Th formed in the water
itself from uranium. It is suggested that the method proposed for the
234
introduction of Th into seawater simulates the process of the formation
of 230Th in it most fully, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Y. V., V. K. Legin, A. P. Lisitsyn, and Z. H. Simonyak. 1964.
Radioactive Ocean Suspensions. I. Isotopes of Thorium in Ocean Suspensions
Radiokhimiya. 6:242-54 (in Russian).
Samples of ocean suspensions were taken at numerous places in the
Indian Ocean. The concentrations of ionium and thorium in the various
types of suspensions were determined. The relationships between these
elements and the principal other components as well as the granulometric
size of the suspension particles were determined. Since the relationships
of the two elements were found to be very different, it was concluded that
ionium and thorium are in very different forms in the suspensions. A
close relationship was established between the ionium content in the
K-7Z
-------
suspension and the total phosphorus, iron, organic, and calcium carbonate
contents. No relationship was detectable between ionium and amorphous
silicon or magnesium carbonate or between thorium and iron, organic,
calcium carbonate, or amorphous silicon. The data obtained indicated the
possibility of determining the rate of sedimentation from the lo/Th ratio.
The ionium and thorium contents in the water of the Caspian and Baltic seas
and in muds of the Indian Ocean are shown for comparison. (NSA)
Kuznetsov, Y. V., V. K. Legin, A. P. Lisitsyn, and Z. N. Simonyak. 1967.
Radioactivity of Oceanic Suspensions. II. Uranium in Oceanic Suspensions.
Radiokhimiya. 9:489-97 (in Russian).
Data are given on the concentration of uranium in oceanic suspensions.
The fraction of U in the ocean water, coordinated with the suspensions, was
evaluated. The relation between uranium concentration in suspensions
and concentration of basic components of the granulometric and chemical
states of the suspension was investigated. The direct correlation depen-
dence between Caf^ concentration and uranium in the suspension was
established, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Y. V. and V. N. Shchebetkovskfi. 1971. Distribution of Radio-
active Isotopes Between Sea Waters and Sediments. Geokhimiya. No. 12:
1466-72 (in Russian).
Distribution of radioactive isotopes (137Cs, 14dCe, 234Th) in the sea
water and major types of sediments covering the Pacific Ocean floor are
discussed. The foraminiferal, diatomaceous, and iceberg silt and red
shallow-water clays are favorable locales for the sorption of these iso-
topes. These sediments show a high content of Cs and Ce. Desorption
137 144
of Cs and Ce from the sediments into sea waters was studied. An
empirical relation is established between the percentage of desorption and
volume of water in the case of Cs, with P = V/a + bV, where V = volume
of water, P = desorption percentage, and a and b are empirical constants.
The distributions of Cs between sea water and sediments occurs as a
homogeneous sorbate. (CA)
K-73
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Kuznetsov, Yu, V. and V. N. Shchebetkovskii. 1971. Radioisotope Partition
Between Sea Water and Sediments. Geochem. Int. 8:891-6.
Determinations of the absorption of Cs, Ce, and Th by deep-
water red clay and for iceberg, foraminiferal, and diatom oozes are
reported. Geochemical concepts are used to explain the sorption series.
It is shown that the isotopes are distributed in different ways, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Yu. V. and V. N. Shchebetkovskii. 1971. Study of Radioactive
Isotope Distribution Between Seawaters and Sediments. Geokhimiya. No. 12:
1466-72 (in Russian).
The sorption of cesium-137, cerium-144, thorium-234 by red deep-sea
clay, iceberg, foraminiferic, and diatomaceous oozes has been investigated
during a change of the specific content of sediment in sea water. On the
basis of geochemical principles, an explanation of the established sorption
series is given, in which the capacity of sediments for cerium-144 and
cesium-137 extraction increases. The differences in the character of dis-
tribution of the investigated isotopes is shown, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Y. V., 7^ N. Simonyak, P. A. Lisitsyn and M. S. Frenlikh. 1968.
Thorium Isotopes (230jh, 232jh) in the Surface Layer of the Indian Ocean
Sediments. Geochem. Inst. 5:169-77.
230
It has been demonstrated that the content of ionium ( Th) in the
surface layer of oceanic sediments depends on the depth of water, effective
surface area of the sedimentary particles, and on the rate of sedimentation.
230
Th is co-precipitated with the hydroxides and phosphates of Fe and Mn,
232
while Th is contained in the sedimentary detrital particles, (auth)
Kusnetsov, Y. V., Z. N. Simonyak. A. P. Lisitsyn, and M.
1968. Thorium Isotopes (230Th, 232Th) in the Surface La:
S. Frenklikh.
Layer of Bottom
Sediments from the Indian Ocean. Geokhimiya. No. 2:218-27 (in Russian).
230 232
Data on the concentration of thorium isotopes ( Th, Th) in the
surface layer of various bottom sediments raised in the southern and
central ports of the Indian Ocean were obtained. Peculiarities of the
K-74
-------
distribution of these isotopes on the bottom of the Indian Ocean have been
230 232
revealed. Investigation of paragenetic associations of Th and Th with
components of the chemical and granulometric composition of the sediments
has shown that the deposition mechanisms of these isotopes substantially
differ, (auth)
Kuznetsov, Y. V., Z. N. Simonyak, A. P. Lisitsyn and M. S. Frenlikh. 1968.
Uranium and Radium in the Surface Layer of Oceanic Sediments. Geokhimiya.
No. 3:323-33 (in Russian).
Data on uranium and thorium concentration in the surface layer of the
Indian Ocean bottom sediments are given. Peculiarities of uranium and
radium distribution over the ocean floor were investigated. Paragenetic
associations of uranium and thorium with components of the chemical and
granulometric composition of bottom sediments were studied. Bonds between
uranium and organic carbon and phosphorus were established which provides
evidence in favor of the existence of a certain mechanism of uranium with-
drawal from ocean water. The presence of radium directly precipitated
from oceanic water was proved, (auth)
an
Kvaratskhelia, N. T. and G. L. Glonti. 1966. Movement of Sr in Georgian
Soils. Soviet Soil Sci. No. 10:1187-93.
The movement of strontium under various geomorphological and soil con-
ditions was studied. Core samples were obtained from profiles taken in
typical field plots covered with natural meadow vegetation. A core measur-
ing 20 x 20 cm was cut from each genetic horizon to its entire depth.
on
The Sr content was determined, in hydrochloric acid extracts, from the
90
daughter element Y. The adsorption properties and water permeability of
the soil and rock exerted an influence on the depth to which radioactive
fallout reached within the soil zones. The dynamics of radio-strontium
penetration indicates that: (1) it gradually accumulates in the soil
profile and (2) gradually moves into the deeper levels. Topographic
features were found to play a major part in the redistribution of
K-75
-------
90
radioactive fallout within a soil group. The Sr accumulated largely in
the low-lying elements of the relief (hollows and depressions) and in
drainless plains; comparatively less so, on gentle slopes and plateau-like
elevations; least of all, on rolling and steep slopes. Thus, radioactive
fallout is distributed unevenly along slopes. Despite the brief contact
90
of the atmospheric precipitations with the soil on a slope, Sr nevertheless
accumulates with time owing to its adsorption on the clay particles of the
soil. (NSA)
Kwapulinski, J. 1973. Influence of Some Factors on the Radioactivity of
Bottom Sedimentation in a Limnic Reservoir. Nukleonika. 18:219-228
(in Polish).
An investigation of the 8-radioactivity of a bottom sedimentation
at a given granulation is reported that considers the degree agitation of
the water in the reservoir at given period; the species of bottom sedimen-
tation; the part percentage of the given fraction in the species; the distance
from the barrage. The higher 8-radioactivity was observed when the shallow
reservoir was unagitated. The relative B-radioactivity can be calculated
from the formula: A = 4.14 • e2*'3''0 .5 pCi/g. (auth)
K-76
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Labeyrie, J., C. Lalou, and G. Oelibrias. 1967. Study of Marine Trans-
gressions on a Pacific Atoll by Means of Carbon-14 and the Uranium-234/
Thorium-230 Ratio. J^: Radioactive Dating Methods Low-Level Counting,
Proc. Symp. Monaco, pp. 349-58 (in French).
The last eustatic maximum of +3 m is dated at -3000 ± 58 years, the
0 m level at -5000 ± 500 years, the -7 m level of the eustatic maximum of
the last interglacial at -100,000 ± 20,000 years (reexceeded 8000 years
ago), and finally another eustatic maximum level, corresponding to a pre-
vious interglacial, at -400,000 ± 50,000 years. This level was reexceeded
200,000 ± 40,000 years ago. By dating the subadjacent basalt, it was pos-
sible to evaluate the minimum average subsidence rate of the atoll. The value
value obtained can be used to correct the above data. (CA)
Labeyrie, L. D., H. D. Livingston and V. T. Bowen. 1975. Comparison of
the Distributions in Marine Sediments of the Fallout Derived Muclides
55Fe and 239,240pu: A New Approach to the Chemistry of Environmental
RadionucTides. IAEA-SM-199/115.
We present data showing the distribution of 55Fe radioactivity in
marine sediment cores taken from a large range of water depths; these data
?3Q 240
are compared with the "3>t "Pu analyses of the same or similar cores.
The report is preliminary in that only a small part of the world ocean has
yet been studied.
Evaluation of the results available suggest:
First, that in a good deal of their marine geochemistry, iron and
plutonium move separately.
Second, that in the open Atlantic Ocean, 55Fe has sedimented in asso-
ciation with a mixed population of particles, exhibiting a mean sinking of
about 350 m per year.
Third, part of the iron in coastal sediments is redissolved, probably
by reduction associated with decaying organic matter; this process affects
a higher proportion of the Fe than of the total iron. The solubilized
iron should reprecipitate, after return to the overlying water and oxida-
tion, as microparticulates. These very fine particles, dispersed by
currents, may translocate Fe toward the open sea, only slowly becoming
L-l
-------
associated with larger, faster-sinking mineral particles. It is suggested
that this process may be important in the translocation of other insoluble
239 240
trace elements, and even of part of the ' Pu. (auth)
Lachet, B. 1973. Empirical Equation for the Purification of Surface Waters.
IN: Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear Industry.
IAEA-SM-173/53, pp. 185-192.
An empirical equation describing the kinetics of surface water purifi-
cation by sediments is given. The equation is of the type C = C (1 + t/a)n,
where C and C are respectively the concentration of the radioelement in
water initially and after time t; a and n are parameters estimated by the
least squares method and based on data from different model experiments,
suspended sediments, stagnant water tanks and large pools. Values of these
parameters are given for 51Cr, 54Mn, 59Fe, 60Co, 85Sr, 106Ru, 137Cs, 141Ce,
201
and Hg. The advantages of this simple equation are discussed. Applica-
tions to other pollutants are foreseen, (auth)
Lachet, B., J. Gagnaire, and R. Plebin. 1972. Ru Distribution in a
Reduced Model Simulating River-Banks: Some Hydrodynamic and Kinetic Aspects
of its Adsorption on Sediments. CEA-R-4304 (in French).
Study of the behavior of nitrato-nitrosyl Ru introduced into the
aqueous medium of a reduced model (245 x 110 x 100 cm) to simulate a river
bank, has confirmed the orders of magnitude obtained both for concentration
factors of this element in aquatic plants, and for its weak upward mobility
in aerial parts of semi-aquatic plants. On the other hand, after crossing
into the bank, the complex undergoes transformation, and, as a result,
passes up into the aerial organs of Salix purpurea, Populus nigra, and
Phragmites communis. The effects of hydrodynamic conditions on the adsorp-
tion of Ru in Isere sediments have been studied in columns ( = 30 cm;
h = 2 m): rinsing with uncontaminated water partially displaced the radio-
element; at constant concentration of contamination it was accumulated on
the surface. The flow used was as closely as possible the downwards flow
to the natural underground water-level. Finally, kinetic properties of a
water purification by sediments in suspension can be interpreted as a
1-2
-------
function of time by an equation of the form (Ru) = (Ru) (1 + t/a)n where
"a" and "n" are two parameters fixed by the "least-squares" method, (auth)
Lacy, W. J. 1957. Radioactive Waste Disposal Report on Seepage Pit Liquid
Waste - Shale Column Experiment. ORNL-2415.
Seepage pits excavated from Conasauga shale have been used at ORNL for
over five years as a method for disposing of large volumes of intermediate
level radioactive liquid waste. Results are reported from a study of the
adsorption capacity of the shale. From the results of laboratory studies
an attempt was made to predict when the breakthrough of large quantities of
radionuclides may occur, the order of occurrence for radionuclides present,
and when the leaching action of rain and ground water may be expected to
remove dangerous quantities of radioactivity from the saturated shale in
the event the pits are abandoned as disposal units. (NSA)
Lacy, W. J. 1961. Laboratory Work on Certain Aspects of the Deep Well Dis-
posal Problem. Health Physics. 4:228-32.
If there is sorption near the point of injection of the radioactive
waste into a well, the concentration of activity per cubic food may present
a heat production problem due to radioactive decay. Cesium is a long-life
fission product known to be easily sorbed by clays. The amount of cesium
sorbed was found to be a function of several variables: (1) concentration
of cesium in the waste: (2) concentration of other cations in the waste;
(3) amount and nature of the clay present; (4) composition and amounts of
other minerals in the formation; and (5) hydrogen ion concentration of the
waste. Illite sorbed 3.5 mg of Cs per 10 g of clay from a simulate 6 M
neutralized Purex-type waste solution, while kaolinite sorbed 1.1 mg per
10 g, and halloysite less than 0.5 mg of Cs. Increasing the sodium ion
concentration from 0.5 to 6.0 ^decreased the amount of Cs sorbed from 1.02
to 0.39 mg per g of clay. Decreasing the Cs concentration from 100 to 10
mg/1 resulted in a decrease in the amount of Cs sorbed from 0.35 to 0.11 mg/g
of clay. A mixture of small amounts of limestone with illite reduced the
uptake of Cs from neutralized Purex waste. About three times as much Cs
L-3
-------
was removed from a Na neutralized solution as from an acid solution. The
use of competing ions, like Na and Ca or the control of the Na/Cs ratio can
limit the sorption of Cs within the range where localized concentration of
heat will not represent a hazard to waste disposal through deep well
injection, (auth)
Lagerguist, C. R., S. F. Hammond, E. A. Putzier, and C. W. Pilitingsrud.
1965. Effectiveness of Early DTPA Treatments in Two Types of Plutonium
Exposures in Humans. Health Physics. 11:1177-1180.
Two cases of plutonium exposure are reported. Both cases were given
prompt OTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) treatments. In Case 1,
an employee was sprayed with a plutonium nitrate solution. Plutonium entered
nis body via ingestion, inhalation and absorption through small acid burns
on the skin. In Case 2, an employee's thumb was oierced by a wire contami-
nated with plutonium oxide. The plutonium levels in their urine, feces and
blood were measured regularly. The effectiveness of the DTPA treatments was
markedly different in the two cases. The OTPA was very successful in remov-
ing the soluble plutonium in Case 1. In Case 2, however, the effectiveness
of 'the treatment was inconclusive, (auth)
Lagerwerff, J. V. and W. D. Kemper. 1975. Reclamation of Soils Contami-
nated witn Radioactive Strontium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39:1077-1080.
Evesboro loamy sand, Sassafras sandy loam, and Fort Collins silt loam
were treated with a mixed Ca-Sr solution to give about 95% saturation with
Ca and 5°£ saturation with Sr. Samples of these soils were placed in acrylic
cylinders and leached with 0.06N CaCl^ to remove Sr. The Teachings were
mechanically controlled at various rates for different periods of time.
Extracting the leached soil samples with IN HC1 yielded residual Sr equal
to 0.43, 0.47, and 0% of the Sr exchange capacity of the Evesboro, Sassafras,
and Fort Collins soils, respectively. There was general agreement between
Sr concentrations measured at various depths and those calculated on the
basis of the Lapidus-Amundson equation, especially so with heavier soils.
85
The Evesboro and Fort Collins soils were also tagged with carrier-free Sr
and, mounted in columns, leached with 0.06N solutions of either CaC^ or
L-4
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85
. The removal of Sr was more complete from the Evesboro than from
•the Fort Collins soil, and from the center than from the edge of the columns.
QC
Short-term leaching capability of SrCl~ exceeded that of CaCl- where Sr
was present in amounts small enough to be adsorbed mostly on specific soil
QC
adsorption sites. Where larger amounts of Sr had been adsorbed, Ca was
equally effective as Sr in replacing the contaminant. (A)
Lahr, V. H. and W. Knoch. 1970. Bestimmung von Stabilitatskonstanten
einiger Alatinidenkomplexe. II. Nitrat-Und Chloridkomplexe von Uran,
Neptunium, Plutonium and Americium. Radiochimica Acta. 13:1-5.
Stability constants of the nitrato complexes of several actinides have
been determined under identical experimental conditions: U-IV, U-VI, Np-IV,
Np-V, Np-VI, Pu-III, Pu-IV, Pu-VI, Am-III. The ionic strength was held con-
stant (u = 8) by addition of HC10.. A collection of known constants is
given for comparison. A systematic relation between cationic radius, ionic
charge and complex strength within a series of actinides of equal valency
or different oxidation states of one element could not be established, (auth)
Lallemand, A. and G. Grison. 1967. Laboratory Studies of Four Tracers,
ISlCr EDTA-59pe EDTA-45ca EDTA - (CN)2 110Ag. Comparisons of the Results.
Mem., Ass. Int. Hydrogeol., Reunion Istanbul. 8:383-91 (in French).
Tracer properties of various isotopes used for labeling argilliferous
(clay) and arenaceous (sandy) rocks of known characteristics were compared.
Data obtained showed that Cr EDTA exhibited the best results. The iso-
tope Ag showed best results with the clays. Interesting results were
59 45
also obtained with Fe, while Ca EDTA proved to be ineffective as a
tracer, (auth)
Lalou, C., E. Brichet, and D. Rangue. 1973. Are Some of the Manganese
Nodules Found on the Surface of Sediments Contemporary Formations of Sedi-
mentation. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. D. 276:1661-4 (in French).
230
The presence of a considerable excess of Th in different parts of
Mn nodules in the Pacific Ocean (980 m depth) posed a question on the theory
of the nodule formation. The results are discussed. (CA)
L-5
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Lambet, M. S. and D. S. Nikolaev. 1962. The Mode of Uranium Occurrence
in the Waters of the Azov Sea and in a Number of Estuaries and Rivers of
the Azov-Black Sea Basin. Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 142-681-2 (in Russian).
It had been shown previously that uranium exists in ocean water as a
stable carbonate complex. However, there are no data on the state of uranium
in river water. Hence, samples of river water were filtered at a pressure
of 10 to 12 atm through a cellophane membrane having a pore size of about
1 mp. The uranium content was determined by a luminescence method, and the
pH was taken potentiometrically. All measurements were taken immediately
after sampling. The results show that uranium passed through the filter and
exists in ionic form in the water as a carbonate complex. The possibility
of the existence of a uranium organic complex with humic acid in a number of
the samples is not excluded. The uranium content of the water increases
with an increase in the salt content of the water. (NSA)
Larmiers, W. T. 1968. The Distribution of 60Co, 106Ru, and 137Cs Among
Suspended and Dissolved Particles in White Oak Lake. K-1753.
White Oak Lake, a small impoundment that receives low level radio-
active waste from the operation of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, was
sampled routinely during a 14-month period from November 8, 1966, to
January 2, 1968. Each sample was centrifugally fractionated into selected
particulate fractions and a dissolved materials fraction. These fractiona-
tions, made in the Biophysical Limnology Laboratory, were extracted primarily
to determine the feasibility of employing centrifugal techniques for isolat-
ing and concentrating waterborne particulate materials for study. In addi-
tion, the objective of this study was to establish the relation between
quantity, type, and surface- or bio-activity of the particles in a fraction
and the accumulation of radionuclides by that fraction. The fractions iso-
lated from samples of White Oak Lake water were subjected to radiochemical
analysis. Linear correlations were calculated for several combinations of
the data. From this statistical analysis and interpretation, the pattern
of uptake and distribution of three radionuclides ( Co, Ru, and Cs)
in the aquatic environment is better understood, (auth)
L-6
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Lancelot, J. R., A. Vitrac and C. J. Allegre. 1975. The OKLO Natural
Reactor: Age and Evolution Studies by U-Pb and Rb-Sr Systematics. Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett. 25:189-196.
238 235
Some "°u/"au ratios of the Oklo uranium ore are abnormal and confirm
the recent discovery of a natural reactor by the French C.E.A. in Gabon.
The relationships of these ratios with the U contents show secondary re-
mobilizations. The U-Pb dating of the less perturbed samples gives a pri-
mary age of 1.78 b.y. for the ore formation. Examination of all the data
points in a U-Pb concordia diagram shows a complex secondary history. The
experimental data can be explained by a mixture of components with variable
U (or Pb) isotopic composition, (auth)
Landa, E. R. 1975. Behavior of Technetium-99 in Soils and Plants. Thesis.
Univ. Minnesota.
The sorption of technetium-99 as pertechnetate from aqueous solution
99
by 11 well-character!zed soils was investigated. About 98% of the Tc was
sorbed within a period of 2 to 5 weeks by 8 of the 11 soils. The slow
99
kinetics observed and the removal of trace quantities of Tc from solution
in the presence of large amounts of chloride and phosphate tend to rule out
anion exchange as the sorption mechanism. The lack of sorption exhibited
by the low organic matter soils, the reduction in sorption following hydro-
99
gen peroxide digestion of the soil, and the high recoveries of sorbed Tc
on extraction with sodium hydroxide suggest a role for the living and/or
non-living organic fraction of the soil. Sterilization of previously sorb-
ing soils eliminated the sorption ability, indicating a microbial role in
the process. Aeration experiments were ambiguous but suggest that anaerobic
99
conditions are not a prerequisite for Tc sorption by soils. The uptake
QQ
of Tc by seedlings of several agronomic and horticultural crop species
from solution and soil was also studied. Solution-culture and soil-
irrigation experiments demonstrated a high degree of uptake and transloca-
99
tion to aerial tissue. Experiments involving incubation of Tc with soil
prior to cropping and a subsequent nutrient solution experiment demonstrated
99
a toxicity phenomenon in wheat seedlings at low-levels of Tc. (A)
L-7
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Landergren, S. 1964. The Geochemistry of Deep-Sea Sediments. Rep. Swed.
Deep-Sea Exped. 10:59-148.
Chemical analyses are given of 480 samples from 15 cores, 8 Pacific,
2 Indian, 5 Atlantic Ocean, along with spectrographic analyses for Ti, U,
Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and B. Correlations among the elements are discussed in
detail. Mn, Co, and Ni are enriched with respect to Fe in the pelagic clay
sediments; Co and Ni appear to have been adsorbed by Mn02- (CA)
Landergren, S. and F. T. Manheim. 1963. The Dependence of the Distribu-
tion of Heavy Metals on the Facies. Fortschr. Geol. Rheinland Westfalen. 10:
173-92.
A summary of data on minor elements in marine and fresh-water sediments
with some new data on Ba, Sr, Ga, Cu, Zn, Pb, Mo, Th, and U. None of these
elements seems to be a satisfactory indicator of the depositional environment.
(CA)
Lane, E. S. 1960. Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Kerosene and Related
Inert Diluents Relevant to Their Use in Extraction Plants. AERE-R-3501.
The chemical composition of kerosene and several possible inert
diluents for extraction plants is reviewed, paying particular attention to
their nitration and purification, (auth)
Lane, E. S. 1961. Degraded TBP-Kerosene Clean-Up Using the Alkanolamines
and Related Compounds. AERE-M-809.
The metal-complexing compounds which are present in degraded TBP-
kerosene mixtures and which are unaffected by aqueous washing treatments
are very effectively removed by solvent extraction with the alkanolamines,
e.g., monoisopropanolamine, triethanolamine, etc. (auth)
Lane, E. S. and M. J. Holdoway. 1963. Inert Diluents for Use in Nuclear
Energy Plants. III. Comparison of the Stability of Some Conjunct Polymers
of Simple Olefins with Odourless Kerosene. J. Applied Chem. 13:310-316.
The preparation of some steam-volatile fractions of conjunct polymers
of some readily available olefins is described. Assessment as inert diluents
L-8
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indicated that these fractions were more stable towards nitric acid than
odorless kerosene but less stable than n-dodecane.
The main constituents in the steam-volatile fraction of the conjunct
polymer from dodec-1-ene were identified as isomeric monomethylundecanes by
means of the methylene insertion reaction.
The occurrence of a series of isomeric monomethylalkanes in a kerosene
fraction and in a fully hydrogenated fraction from a Fischer Tropsch hydro-
carbon synthesis (Mepasin) was also demonstrated, (auth)
Lange, E. 1956. Occurrences of Uranium in Terrestrial Sediments. Z. angew.
Geol. 2:3-8.
A review with 17 references. (CA)
Langham, W. H. 1968. The Problem of Large-Area Plutonium Contamination.
NP-18205. Seminar Paper No. 002. Part of Selected Papers from the Bureau
of Radiological Health Seminar Program.
Large area Pu contamination is described in three examples. Risk
evaluation procedures are not now very meaningful. However, it is suggested
that trying to relate exposures to NRCP recommendations is the only present
alternative.
Langham, W. H. 1971. Plutonium Distribution as a Problem in Environmental
Sciences. IH: Fowler, E. B., R. W. Henderson, and M. F. Milligan (co-
chairmen). Proceedings of Environmental Plutonium Symposium, held at LASL,
August 4-5. LA-4756, pp. 3-11.
The potential uses of plutonium in future peace-time technology are
numerous and if realized will result in a production rate of thousands of
kg per year by the end of the century. By the year 2000 it is predicted
that plutonium may be producing 50% of the country's total energy needs,
3 times the amount of electrical energy now produced from coal, gas, oil,
hydro, and nuclear energy altogether. Power sources for mechanical hearts
238
and heart pacers alone will require large quantities of Pu, as will
thermoelectric generators for deep-space missions, space platforms, and
communications satellites. The technology of plutonium production and
L-9
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processing is already established. Whether plutonium attains its predicted
role in the future power economy may depend entirely on whether economically
competitive methods of preventing its distribution in the environment can be
attained. Repetition of the mercury situation cannot be tolerated although,
in some ways, plutonium (by its chemical nature) is not as devious as mercury
as a potential general environment contaminant. Because of its solubility
and other characteristics, it is not readily taken into the ecological chain.
No natural bacterial or other environmental entity has been observed that
converts plutonium to a solubilized form readily enters the ecological cycle;
however, this possibility is worthy of further investigation. Control of
plutonium as an environmental contaminant involves control of distribution
from production reactors, processing plants, storage sites, and inadvertent
releases during transportation and use. An all important factor in the
alleviation of plutonium distribution as a problem in environmental science
is continuous surveillance with sensitive and standardized methods of moni-
toring not only operational discharges but environmental distribution as
well, which is the theme of this conference, (auth)
Langham, W. H. Biological Implications of the Transuranium Elements for
Man. LA-DC-13083.
This is a paper presented at Conf-710919-4, on the history and future pro-
blems associated with the entry of plutonium into the biological cycle. (0-77)
Langley, T. M. and W. L. Marter. 1973. The Savannah River Plant Site.
DP-1323.
The Savannah River Plant is located in western South Carolina along
the Savannah River about 25 miles southeast of Augusta, Georgia. The plant
lies on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and is underlain by a sequence of uncon-
solidated and semiconsolidated Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quarternary
sediments, deposited on an eroded basement of Precambrian and/or Paleozoic
igneous and metamorphic rock. Basement rocks consist of gneiss and schist,
and are at a depth of about 900 ft at the Savannah River Plant. A large
Triassic deposit in a basin of the crystalline rock underlies the southeastern
portion of the plant.
L-10
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The plantsite has numerous streams, basins, marshes, artificial im-
poundments, and canals. Surface water in the plant area is very low in
dissolved solids and iron; it is very soft. The chemical composition of
ground water varies with the different aquifers. The principal aquifer on
the plantsite is the Tuscaloosa Formation. Water from this aquifer is low
in dissolved solids and iron, is very soft, and has a pH of 4.4 to 6.9.
The climate in the Savannah River area is relatively temperate, with
mild winters and long summers. The average winter temperature in Augusta
is 48°F, the average summer temperature is 80°F, and the annual average
temperature if 65°F. The annual average rainfall at the Savannah River Plant
is 47 in. The average hourly wind velocity for August is ^6.4 mph, and the
wind frequently shifts as much as 180° from day to day throughout the year.
Hurricanes occasionally occur along the coasts of South Carolina and
Georgia; however, the Savannah River Plant is 100 miles inland, so wind
velocities at ground level would not be expected to exceed 60 mph. Occa-
sional tornadoes occur in the Savannah River Plant area. The probability
of a tornado striking a given spot in the area is once in 1600 years. No
damage to facilities has resulted from a tornado during the existence of
the Savannah River Plant.
On the basis of three centuries of recorded history of earthquakes, an
earthquake above the intensity of VIII on the Modified Mercalli scale would
not be expected at the Savannah River Plant. The region is accumulating
stresses relatively slowly and tends to relieve these stresses by relatively
frequent earthquakes of small intensity.
Soils on the plantsite are mostly sandy and low in fertility. The
forests contain pine and bottomland hardwood. Wildlife populations have
increased on the plantsite since the plant was closed to the public in 1952.
From the viewpoint of wildlife management, habitat conditions are considered
as fair-to-excellent over the plant.
Natural background radiation, which includes that from cosmic rays,
external terrestrial radiation, and internal natural radiation, amounts to
an annual dose per person of about 120 mrem. (auth)
L-ll
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L'Annunziata, M. F. and W. H. Fuller. 1968. The Chelation and Movement
of Sr89-Sr90 (Y90) in a Calcareous Soil. Soil Science. 105:311-319.
The influence of synthetic chelating agents on the movement of radio-
strontium through soil with leaching was studied.
Phosphomolybdotungstic acid (Folic-Ciocalteau Reagent) was found to
serve as an excellent indicator for chelons, producing a blue color with
the addition of NagCOj. This color reaction was used in combination with
paper electrophoresis to obtain experimental evidence indicating the presence
of radionuclide-complexes in the soil solution as formed by the synthetic
chelating agents.
Movement and displacement of radiostrontium by EDTA, EGTA, DCyTA,
HEEDTA, and DTPA was evaluated in columns of Mohave sandy loam soil. The
89
displacement of Sr from the soil columns was 19, 38, 44, 47, and 81" in the
order: HEEDTA < DCyTA < EDTA £ EGTA < DTPA. Only 5% of the radiostrontium
j_f
was leached out of the columns in the absence of synthetic Sr' -chelating
agents.
Radionuclides occurring naturally and possibly from fallout were leached
from the Mohave soil with DTPA and constituted less than 0.2% of the radio-
activity added to the soil.
The profile distribution of sodium acetate-extractable radiostrontium
remaining in the soil columns after leaching was most strikingly contrasted
between the DTPA and the untreated columns. Trace amounts of radioactivity
were detected in the upper centimeters of the DTPA-treated soil, whereas
much greater amounts remained in the upper few centimeters of the control
columns.
The radionuclides existed as negative complexes formed by the synthetic
chelating agents applied. Any natural organic chelating agents in the soil
did not influence radiostrontium movement, nor did they influence chelation
to any appreciable extent.
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Lauderdale, R. A. 1951. Treatment of Radioactive Water by Phosphate Pre-
cipitation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 43:1538-1540.
The work was done to check the effectiveness of a calcium phosphate
floe in removing radioisotopes from large quantities of water.
In almost every case the phosphate was found to be more efficient than
either alum or ferric hydroxide. Maximum removals were obtained under con-
ditions of high pH and in the presence of an excess of phosphate. In general,
good removals were obtained for those isotopes which would be precipitated
under the same conditions if they were present in macro quantities.
While the data must be considered preliminary in nature, they indicate
that coagulation and filtration techniques, if performed under the proper
conditions, can be applied to treat liquid wastes containing low levels of
radioactivity. The total reduction obtained in the activity of the waste
will be dependent on the radioisotopes present.
Lavrukhina, A. K., V. Kourzhim, and L. V. Filatova. 1959. Determination
of Actinium in Natural Minerals from Its Fr223 Daughter. Radiokhimiya.
1:204-7 (in Russian).
Actinium may be rapidly extracted from uranium minerals by contacting
a benzene solution of thiophenecarbonyl trifluoroacetone (TTA) and an
aqueous solution at pH 3.5 to 5. The amount of francium in the actinium
was found to be only 12 to 15» of the equilibrium amount. Actinium is
apparently adsorbed by the sludge which is insoluble in concentrated nitric
acid. (NSA)
Lazarev, K. F., 0. S. Nikolaev, and S. M. Grashchenko. 1961. Concentration
of Thorium Isotopes in Sea Water. Radiokhimiya. 3:623-35 (in Russian).
A method was developed for concentrating thorium in large volumes of
natural water (200 to 500 1) using iron hydroxide precipitation at low tem-
perature. The contents of thorium and ionium in the Black Sea are (2.2 ±
0.2) x 19~9 and (2.5 ± 1.0) x 10"13 g/1, respectively. The content of
thorium decreases from the coastal area to the open sea. Moreover, the
thorium content decreases much faster than the ionium because larger
L-13
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232
quantities of Th are found in coarse terrigeneous suspension, while
ionium occurs in fine colloidal suspensions that do not settle as easily to
the bottom and are carrier farther into the open basin. (NSA)
Leavitt, V. D. 1974. Soil Surveys of Five Plutonium Contaminated Areas on
the Test Range Complex in Nevada. NERC-LV-539-28.
This report describes soils in five areas located on the Test Range
Complex, Nye County, Nevada. All of the areas have at one time been sites
of above-ground nuclear safety tests. The areas are contaminated with plu-
tonium and are, therefore, the object of investigations regarding the move-
ment of plutonium in the environment. Most of the surface soils in the five
areas have a gravelly texture and are typically classified as gravelly sandy
loam. The majority of the surveyed land is either flood-plain or alluvial
fan with deep soils having well-developed profiles and platy structure. All
of the soils are alkaline ranging in pH from 7.0 to 9.0.
The vegetation is classified in two general categories, low and high
desert shrub. The low desert shrubs are predominantly creosote-bush (Larrea
divaricate.}, and white bursage (Franseria. diunosa}. The high desert shrubs
are mostly fourwing saltbush (Atriplez ocnescens], winterfat (Eu?oziz tanata),
and bud sagebrush (Artemisia spinescens). (auth)
Legin, V. K., Y. V. Kuznestov, and R. F. Lazarev. 1966. Uranium Occurrences
in Marine Sediments. Geokhimiya. No. 5:606-8 (in Russian).
The total U and mobile U contents were determined in samples taken from
the HpS-contaminated zone of the Black Sea, from the coastal zone of the
Black Sea not contaminated with ^S, and from the central part of the Azov
Sea. The mobility of U was determined by leaching the samples with 0.7N
NaHCO., and 3N HC1 + 3N HUSO.. The mobility of U in contemporary sediments
from the Black Sea zone contaminated with H«S was much higher than in the
sediments of the Azov Sea. Only 4 to 6» of the U was extracted from the
Azov Sea sediments after twofold leaching with NaHC03 whereas, under the
same conditions, practically all of the U was extracted from the sediments
of the Black Sea. This marked difference in the mobility of U suggested
L-14
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different forms of occurrence for the U in these sediments. It also sug-
gested the proportion of U from the Black Sea water and the terrigenous form
of U occurrence in the sediments of the Azov Sea. (CA)
Lehr, J. 1972. Indirect Radioactive Contamination of the Food Chain Deter-
mination of the Factors of Transfer Soil /Agricultural Produce and Soil /Mi Ik
in the European Community. EUR-4901 .
An investigation was carried out under practical conditions to deter-
mine factors for the transfer of Sr and Cs from soil to food products,
by making use of the cumulative deposit of these radionuclides resulting
from fallout in the soil. Analyses were made of both crops and soils on
which they had been cultivated. Special attention was paid to the variation
of the soil factors concerned as a function of the properties of the soil,
90
i.e., in the case of Sr of the contents of the soil of exchangeable calcium
and of calcium carbonate and in the case of Cs of the contents of the
soil of clay, organic matter and potassium. In acid and neutral soils the
90
soil factor for Sr was found to be negatively correlated with the exchange-
able Ca. Contrary to this expectation, a tendency to increase in calcareous
soils with the CaCO., content was shown, in particular above contents of 10*.
In cases where several samples of fodder crops (grass and lucerne) were har-
vested on the same field in the course of the growing period seasonal varia-
tions occurred, to the effect that after an initial high contamination in
spring followed a pronounced drop in summer, whereas in autumn the tendency
was rather to increase again. It is assumed that the effect depends mainly
on fluctuations of the degree of humidity of the soil, (auth)
Lembo, G. 1969. Sensitive Method for the Selective Measuring of Artificial
a-Emitters in the Presence of Natural a Activity. Minerva Fisiconul.
13:225-35 (in Italian).
A method, based on the discrimination of artificial o emitters from
natural emitters because of the difference in energy of the emission, is
proposed for the measurement of artificial emitters in the presence of
natural a emitters. The results obtained with this method show that 1 hr
sampling is sufficient to detect 1 MFC of Pu and 0.5 MPC of natural U
and 235U. (NSA)
L-15
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Lenaers, W. M. 1971. Photochemical Degradation of Sediment Oraanic
Matter: Effect on 65Zn Release. RLO-2227-T-12-32.
Columbia River sediment was irradiated with ultraviolet light to deter-
mine if organic material could be removed without altering the sorptive
properties of the hydrous oxides of iron and manganese. A laboratory
preparation of 65Zn-spiked hydrous ferric oxide was subjected to ultra-
violet irradiation in order to assess the photochemical effect upon Zn
release. The photochemically induced release of Mn present on the Colum-
bia River sediment was used to assess the effect on the hydrous oxides of
manganese. The ultraviolet irradiation proved effective in removing up to
68% of the sedimentary organic material in 17 hours without causing release
of Zn, Sc, or Co. Mhile the ultraviolet irradiation had no effect
upon Zn release from laboratory preparations of hydrous ferric oxides
65 54
and Zn spiked montmorillonite, a significant release of Mn resulted
54
from the photolysis treatment. The removal of Mn was not accompanied by
the release of sorbed Zn or Sc (nuclides expected to be sorbed by
hydrous oxides), nor did there appear to be any permanent change in the
54
neture of the Mn on the sediment. Although it is possible that the
hydrous oxides of manganese are affected by the ultraviolet treatment, it
is likely that another species, such as the carbonate, is the species
involved. Photo-oxidation appears to provide a method of obtaining sedi-
ments with substantially reduced organic content without affecting the
sorptive properties of hydrous oxides or clay minerals. This result should
allow the use of uptake studies to determine the imoortance of organic
material in trace metal sorption by sediments, (auth)
Lentsch, J. W., T. J. Kneip, M. E. Wrenn, G. P. Howells, and M. Eisenbud.
1971. Stable Manganese and Manganese-54 Distributions in the Physical and
Biological Components of the Hudson River Estuary. CONF-710501-P2,
pp. 752-768.
54
The concentrations of stable manganese and Mn in water, suspended
sediments, bottom sediments, plankton, rooted aquatic plants, and fish
were measured in samples from a 30-mile sector of the lower Hudson River
Estuary during 1969 and 1970. Manganese-54 was introduced into this
L-16
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section of the Hudson primarily in operational waste from the Indian Point
.unit 1 reactor. Manganese-54 data are presented both in terms of activity
per unit sample mass and as specific activity. The manganese content of
several species of rooted aquatic plants was found to be proportional to
the dissolved manganese concentration in water. However, several species
of fish were shown to regulate manganese uptake or loss and maintain rela-
tively constant manganese levels, regardless of variable concentrations of
manganese in water. Manganese dissolved in water appears to be more bio-
logically available than sedimentary deposits of manganese, as indicated
54
by the specific activities of Mn in water, bottom sediment, and biota.
Manganese was found to leach from bottom sediments when seawater periodi-
cally intrudes into freshwater regions of the estuary, thereby increasing
the concentrations of manganese in water. The use of concentration factors
54
and specific activities in assessing the dosimetric consequences of Mn
releases into estuaries is discussed, and the limitations of these methods
are pointed out. Supplementary data on salinity, freshwater discharge,
suspended sediment load, water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are
included to allow generalization of observed phenomena to other similar
estuaries, (auth)
Lerman, A. 1971. Transport of Radionuclides in Sediments. CONF-710501-P2,
pp. 936-944.
Patterns of distinct peak events in input of radionuclides into sedi-
ment may be easily obliterated by diffusion taking place in the interstitial
waters of sediments. Rates of sedimentation derived from the positions of
diffusion-broadened peaks in sediment may give values exaggerated by factors
of 2 to 3. Diffusion-sedimentation scale distances (D/U) in lake and
oceanic sediments are in general appreciably greater than diffusion-decay
scale distances (^DT); consequently, on the time scale of man-produced
radionuclides, the rates of sedimentation do not significantly control the
amount of radionuclides accumulating in the sediments by diffusion and
uptake from overlying water. In a stratified sediment the chemical and
physical characteristics of the thin layer near the sediment-water interface
L-17
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strongly control the amount of radionuclide accumulating in the sediment.
Exchange and/or adsorption on solid particles in the sediment greatly affect
the amount of radionuclide stored in sediment at steady state: for tritium
in the Great Lakes, the amount stored in interstitial water without uotake
by solids would be only 1 to 6% of the amount in lake water. For metal
radionuclides characterized by strong uptake by solids, the amount stored
in sediment may be 10 to 100 times greater than the amount in lake water
at steady state, (auth)
Lerman, A. and T. A. Lietzke. 1975. Uptake and Migration of Tracers in
Lake Sediments. Limol. Oceanogr. 20:497-510.
Mathematical solutions are given for an equation describing transient
and steady state concentrations in lake water and sediments, in the presence
of adsorption, decay, sedimentation, and diffusion. The results of the model
are compared with the distributions of two tracers, Sr and Cs, in the
sediments of Lakes Erie and Ontario. Adsorption of the two tracers by sedi-
ment particles, supported by experimental data, can be treated as a linear
exchange reaction. Sr is-adsorbed less strongly than Cs by sediments,
90
and this feature accounts for the greater depths of Sr occurrence in lake
sediments. Distribution of the radionuclide activities in sediments is com-
patible with a model based on mean steady input to the lakes for 16 years
(1953-1969), and the following values of diffusion coefficients in pore
waters: for 90Sr, 2 x 1C"6 to 4 x 10"6 cm2 S"1, and for 137Cs, 2 x 10"5 cm2
S" . An additional transport mechanism in sediments, sedimentation, is
more significant in Lake Erie (0.3-0.6 cm yr" , according to the model) than
in Lake Ontario (0.05 cm yr ). Conditions are outlined under which the
fluxes from lake water to sediments are important in the chemical balance
of medium and large lakes, (auth)
Lerman, A. and H. Taniguchi. 1971. Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 in Water
and Deep Sediments of the Great Lakes. CONF-710501-P1, pp. 460-464.
Qfl
Input of Sr into the Laurentian Great Lakes was estimated from the
rates of deposition of nuclear fallout in atmospheric precipitation over
L-18
-------
the lake surface and land drainage basin of each lake, for the period 1954
90
to 1969. The amount of Sr accumulated in the sediments of Lakes Superior,
Michigan, and Ontario is only a small fraction (2 to 6%) of the total
amount introduced into the lakes. The amount of Cs in sediment cores
from Lakes Ontario and Superior is 20 to 35 times greater than the amount
of Sr. These high concentrations of Cs, viewed against the value of
1.45 for the 137Cs/90Sr ratio in atmospheric fallout and 0.16 to 0.36 in
the Great Lakes waters, indicate that Great Lakes sediments strongly control
the concentration of Cs in lake water, (auth)
90
Lerman, A. and H. Taniguchi. 1972. Sr: Diffusional Transport in Sedi-
ments of the Great Lakes. J. Geophys. Res. 77:474-81.
QQ
Penetration depth of Sr in deep-water sediments of Lake Superior and
90
Lake Ontario was 8 to 10 cm by 1969. A detailed picture of the Sr-
containing layer indicates that the main mechanisms of transport from lake
90
water into sediment are diffusion of Sr in interstitial water, and uptake
QO
of Sr by solid phases in sediment. A diffusional transport model, with
/- fi 7 1
diffusion coefficient D = 2 x 10 - 6 x 10 cm -sec" and distribution
90
factor K = 120 - 440 in favor of solids, gives Sr concentrations in sedi-
ment comparable with observed values. Intensity of diffusional flux into
sediment increases with greater uptake by solids (larger values of K). In
90
Lake Ontario, flux into sediment has been removing Sr from lake water at
the rate of 0.2 to 0.5% per year, during the period 1954 to 1969. The slow-
ness of flux compared with the rate of Sr removal in lake outflow (12*
per year) accounts for the small amount accumulated in sediments (4 to 6%
of 90Sr in lake water) and for the lack of noticeable control of concentra-
tions in lake water by floor sediments, (auth)
Lester, 0. H., G. Jansen, and H. C. Burkholder. 1974. Migration of Radio-
nuclide Chains Through an Adsorbing Medium. BNWL-SA-5079.
The migration of actinides and other radionuclides from an underground
geologic nuclear waste disposal site through a soil column to a surface
water body was investigated for impulse and band releases. Numerical cal-
culation of the analytical solutions revealed that differences in adsorption
L-19
-------
characteristics between chain members, axial dispersion, and radioactive
decay all act to reduce radionuclide discharge rates at the exit of the
soil column. The results of the study may have important implications in
the underground storage and disposal of nuclear waste, (auth)
Levi, H. W., and N. Miekeley. 1967. Studies on Ion Diffusion in Venniculite.
IN: Proc. Symp. Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into the Ground. IAEA-SM-
93/12, pp. 161-168.
Clay minerals are an essential part of many soils, and diffusion of
radionuclide ions in the crystal lattices of those minerals consequently
plays a role in radioactivity migration through soils. In this paper, ion
mobilities in vermiculite as affected by the phenomenon of fixation are
studied mainly by isotopic exchange. Among the radioactive ions showing
fixation in vermiculite, caesium is the most important. It is shown that
in a Cs saturated venniculite only the fraction of Cs ions adsorbed at
crystal imperfections is exchangeable. For the bulk of Cs no diffusion
could be observed even at 100°C over a period of three months. In a ver-
miculite loaded with traces of Cs, however, these ions do not lose their
mobility to this high degree. The behavior of vermiculite loaded with two
ions, one of which was Cs, has been examined. In the case of Cs/alkaline
earth, the latter was found to remain mobile but to become much slower.
This shows that the presence of a nonhydrated and, consequently, fixed ion
does not inhibit the migration of other ions in the vermiculite lattice.
The conclusion is that it is not lattice-contraction associated with
caesium uptake, but rather the state of the particular ion in the lattice
that is responsible for the fixation phenomenon. Caesium fixed with respect
to isotopic exchange was shewn to become mobile by exchange with many other
ions. These experiments give evidence of two different defixation mechanisms.
Defixation may be caused by strongly hydrated ions as well as by relatively
small nonhydrated ions. It is an interesting feature that fixed caesium
ions may be exchanged against potassium, but potassium ions remain fixed
against caesium.
The results presented are discussed with respect to radionuclide
migration in soils, (auth)
L-20
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Levy, H. B. 1972. On Evaluating the Hazards of Groundwater Contamination
by Radioactivity from an Underground Nuclear Explosion. UCRL-51278.
The contamination of a groundwater system by radioactivity from an
underground nuclear explosion is considered on a step-by-step basis. A descrip-
tion is given of what happens in the immediate vicinity of an underground
nuclear explosion and of how the radioactive products are initially distri-
buted in the explosion region. Factors affecting the availability of the
radioactivity to the groundwater in a flooded chimney are discussed. Besides
the rate and direction of the groundwater flow, the major factors affecting
the transport of radioactivity through the groundwater system are sorption
on the surrounding rock and dispersion. These factors are discussed briefly
in the text and given a fuller mathematical treatment in the Appendix. An
example is given of an approximate calculation of the type often used to
estimate whether or not radioactive contamination is a problem that warrants
more detailed study. The summary discusses briefly what we know about the
problem of radioactive contamination, some of the pitfalls involved in
making estimates, and some additional studies that might be worthwhile.
(auth)
Lewis, R. J. and H. C. Thomas. 1963. Adsorption Studies on Clay Minerals.
VIII. A Consistency Test of Exchange Sorption in the Systems Sodium-
Cesium-Barium Montmorillonite. J. of Phys. Chem. 67:1781-1783.
Standard free energies of exchange from solutions of the chlorides at
0.04 N on a purified montmorillonite clay have been determined for the
three reactions: Cs ->• Na, -2152 cal/mole; Ba ->• 2Na, -496 cal/mole;
2Cs •*• Ba, -3677 cal/mole. These satisfy the requirement of additivity.
Activity coefficients as functions of surface composition are given, (auth)
Li, T. C. 1974. Soil Contamination. Ti-li Chihshih. No. 1, pp. 30-32.
When poisonous material accumulates in soils, it directly affects the
growing of agricultural crops, which in turn are eaten by man with harmful
effects on his health. Substances causing soil contamination include pesti-
cides, heavy metals, organic contaminants, radioactive substances, excessive
fertilizer, and bacteria. The heavy metals causing contamination are
L-21
-------
cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, nickel, mercury, and
arsenic. Harmful organic compounds incude phenols, cyanides, and oils,
originating in the waste industrial water from petrochemical, coking,
chemical, and electroplating plants. Generally, the concentrations of
contaminants in soil are low; however, on climbing the food chain, the
concentrations gradually rise. At the last stage of the food chain, man
consumes food with the highest concentration cf these toxic materials.
(NSA)
Libardi, P. L. and K. Reichardt. 1974. Generalization of Soil-Water
Movement. 1. Horizontal Infiltration. CENA-BC-016.
The process of infiltration of water into soils is studied with the
objective of finding general soil water movement equations that would
describe the process in different soils. With the aid of a generalization
constant and of dimensionless variables the generalization was possible
for horizontal infiltration. Five soils of the State of Sao Paulo have
been used. Generalized hydraulic conductivity and soil-water diffusivity
data are presented. The possibility of estimation of these hydraulic
characteristics for other mineral soils is also shown. Measurements of
water contents and bulk densities have been made by gamma-ray attenuation.
(NSA)
Libby, W. F. and G. W. Barton. 1964. Search for Natural Curium 247.
J. Geophys. Res. 69:1603-5.
A sample of rare-earth concentrate derived from euxenite was analyzed
247
for the long-lived isotope Cm by mass spectrometric isotope dilution.
-14 247
Less than 10 g of Cm per gram of rare earth was found. It is diffi-
cult to reconcile this negative result with the reported discovery of this
isotope in nature, (auth)
L-22
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Lieberman, R. and A. A. Mcghissi. 1968. Co-Precipitation Technique for
Alpha Spectroscopic Determination of Uranium, Thorium, and Plutonium.
Health Physics. 15:359-62.
Use of coprecipitation techniques is described to provide a rapid and
routine determination of Th, U, and Pu in environmental samples. The sam-
ples investigated included food, vegetation, and soil. The actinides were
first separated from each other and from interfering elements by ion
exchange methods. Coprecipitants examined included hydroxides, oxalates,
and fluorides: of these, hydroxides did not prove satisfactory. Thorium
was coprecipitated with lanthanum oxalate with high recoveries. Other
coprecipitations studied were: Th and Pu (together) with lanthanum fluoride,
and U with lanthanum fluoride. Details of the techniques are given, includ-
ing the subsequent alpha spectroscopy. It is emphasized that the La used
should be of high purity and free of alpha activity. It is stated that the
method is simpler and less costly than the electroplating procedure.
(0-77)
Liebscher, K., F. Habashi, and T. Schonfeld. 1961. Observations on the
Behavior of Fission Products in Surface Waters. Atompraxis. 7:94-100
(in German).
Fission product contents of surface waters and other water samples
(rain, spring, and tap water) were determined by gamma spectrometry of
evaporation residues from autumn 1958 until summer 1959. The results per-
mitted assumptions on the behavior of fission product Zr, Nb, Ru, and Ce
which had entered the water through fall-out. It was found that the resi-
dence time of these products in the water is relatively short. Decontami-
nation through settling or through adsorption on susoended mineral probably
plays an important role. Ru, however, shows a long residence time in com-
parison with the other fission products. This is attributed to the tendency
of Ru to be dissolved out of fall-out particles and to form an anionic
species which, because of its negative charge, is not adsorbed. These
assumptions were confirmed by observations on the behavior of radioruthenium
in the penetration of water through strata of rocks or through water treat-
ment plants and sand beds. The importance of settling in the removal of
fission products was also confirmed by laboratory experiments, (auth)
L-23
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Likens, G. E. 1962. Transport of Radioisotopes in Lakes. Thesis. Univ.
of Wisconsin.
Limnological investigations were conducted in three Northwestern Wis-
consin lakes during 1958-1961. Radiotracer experiments were conducted in
Stewart's Dark Lake to determine if water movements were occurring in the
supposedly stagnant monimolimnion. A rapid and symmetrical horizontal
dispersal of the radiotracer ( Na) at an average rate of 16-18 m/day was
observed in the monimolimnion in replicated experiments during July 1959
and 1960. However, no appreciable vertical movement was observed during
24
the experimental periods. The pattern of lateral transport of Na in the
monimolimnion was thought to be owing mainly to horizontal turbulent flow
with dampened vertical mixing. Sodium-24 was also used to measure the
physical transport in an ice-covered lake (Tub Lake). The radiotracer was
dispersed horizontally at a maximum distance of 15-20 m during the first
24 hours of replicated experiments conducted in January of 1960 and 1961.
Subsequent horizontal displacement was somewhat'slower, but reached a maxi-
mum distance of almost 30 m from the release point in 3 days. The dispersal
pattern was asymmetrical and different in each of the two experiments. Some
vertical movement was indicated by the results, but it was apparently of
very low velocity. Various sources of energy which might be capable of
producing the observed water movement included: heat in the bottom sedi-
ments, external changes in temperature and pressure affected by solar radia-
tion and wind, and exchange of ions across the mud-water interface producing
unstable differences in the density of the water. The relative importance
of each of the forces in the different experiments (summer and winter) is
unknown. A crushing device for breaking a container of radioactive solu-
tion in deep water, and a portable scintillation counting system are
described. Preliminary studies in Stewart's Dark Lake showed that dipteran
midges were capable of transporting measurable quantities of radioiodine
(131I) from the deep water of this lake to the shoreline. The radioiodine
was first detected in samples collected in lighted shoreline traps, 20 days
after its introduction into the lake. However, precise quantitative mea-
surements of amounts and rates of radionuclide transport were not possible
L-24
-------
with the sampling techniques used. Incidental to the study of biological
transport of radioactive materials was the observation that the most abun-
dant forms encountered in the plankton in Stewart's Dark Lake were Chaoborus
larvae and Daphnia. The Chaoborus were concentrated in the upper 4 m of
water at all times during a 24-hour sampling period on 1-2 July 1960. The
Daphnia were restricted to the upper 1 m of water. Studies of the radio-
active background from bottom sediments were made in Stewart's Dark and
Tube Lakes. The radioactivity emanating from these sediments had a seem-
ingly anomalous pattern in both lakes. Consistently higher concentrations
of radioactivity were found along the shoreline than in the deep-water
sediments. Various hypotheses are suggested to explain the origin of the
radioactivity and its possible environmental role. (NSA)
Lindeken, C. L., P. H. Gudiksen, J. W. Meadows, K. 0. Hamby, and L. R.
Anspaugh. 1973. Environmental Levels of Radioactivity in Livermore Valley
Soils. UCRL-74424.
Soil samples collected from areas surrounding the Lawrence Livermore
239 238 241
Laboratory in the Livermore Valley were analyzed for Pu, Pu, Am,
Sr, Cs, and naturally occurring gamma emitters as part of a continuing
239
environmental surveillance program. The medium Pu activity corresoonds
2 238
to a surface deposition value of 1.1 mCi/km . Activities from Pu and
241 239 90
Am were lower than Pu activity by a factor of about 10. Median Sr
137 2
and Cs deposition values were 18 and 31 mCi/km , respectively. All
deposition values appear to be typical of those expected from global fall-
out in this area. At present, 137 Cs is the princioal y emitter observed
in fallout. The radiation exposure rate at 1 m, calculated from the median
Cs soil activity, was about 0.1 yR/hr. Natural terrestrial exposure
40 214 212
rates calculated from the K, Bi, and Pb soil sample activities vary
from 3 to 7 uR/hr. These values are in good agreement with measurements
made using CaF-rDy TLD dosimeters and those obtained with a field-operated
Ge(L-i) detector, (auth)
L-25
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Lindenbaum, A. and W. Westfall. 1965. Colloidal Properties of Plutonium
in Dilute Aquesous Solution. Inter. J. Applied Radiation and Isotopes.
16:545-553.
The colloidal properties of Pu(IV) in solutions suitable for injection
have been investigated as a function of pH, time after pH adjustment, and
relative concentrations of Pu and complexing citrate ions. Polymerization
is increased with increasing pH and depressed by a large molar excess of
citrate. The rate of depolymerization is directly proportional to citrate
concentration, time and acidity. Differences in the rates of polymeriza-
tion and depolymerization are demonstrated. The polydisperse nature of
Pu(IV) colloids is shown by kinetic dialysis studies which demonstrate a
mixture of diffusible species. Apparent discrepancies between values for
the fraction of diffusible Pu obtained by ultrafiltration and by dialysis
are related to reversible polymerization. Techniques are described for the
preparation of Pu-citrate solutions of minimal colloidality and for rapid
estimation of colloidal formation by the uHrafiltration procedure. The
relation between the colloidal properties of Pu and its distribution in
animal tissues is discussed, (auth)
Linderoth, C. E. and D. W. Pearce. 1959. Waste Disposal to the Ground,
Operating Practices and Experiences at Hanford. HW-SA-36.
The separations plants at Hanford discharge large volumes of solutions
containing radioactive materials to various ground disposal facilities.
These facilities are described. Data are summarized on the volume and
curies discharged through mid-year 1959. Management of large volumes of
water as well as control of radioactive materials was required. Extensive
research and development efforts in geology, hydrology, mineralogy, soil
chemistry, analytical chemistry, and process engineering were applied to
the ground disposal problems. As a result of these efforts no demonstrable
hazards have been created by the disposal of wastes to ground at Hanford.
(NSA)
L-26
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Liptakova, H., T. Sabova, and M. Zaduban. 1972. Current Problems of Soil
and Plant Radioecology. INIS-mf-887-2, pp. 1-42 (in Russian).
Main tasks of radioecology are listed in the research into the laws
of migration of radioactive substances in the biosphere. Results are pre-
sented of the research carried out so far, serving as a basis for further
experiments in the field of soil and plant radioecology. Experimental
efforts dealt with the absorption by plants of 90Sr, 91Y, 106Ru, 131I,
137Cs, and 144Ce from soil. (NSA)
Lisitsin, A. K. 1960. Uranium Content of Oxidizing Oils. Geokhimiya.
No. 7:634-9 (in Russian).
Data are given on the uranium distribution in oils and in ashes of
oils from paleogene sediments of the Fergana depression, depending on their
specific weight and general ash content. Results of uranium extraction
from natural waters by oils also are given. The results show that the
principal enrichment of oils in uranium occurs during their oxidation
under the influence of infiltration sheet waters, the capacity for uranium
extraction from underground waters increasing with the increase of the
oxidation degree of oils, (auth)
Lisitsin, A. K. 1962. On the Forms of Uranium Occurrence in Underground
Waters and the Conditions of Its Deposition in the Form of U02- Geokhimiya.
No. 9:763-9 (in Russian).
For estimating the forms of uranium in underground waters, physio-
chemical constants of its equilibrium in aqueous solutions were used. It
is shown that in weak acid, neutral, and alkalescent underground waters of
different mineralization anionic forms of uranium prevail in the form of
di- and tricarbonateuranyl. The values Eh of the equilibrium in solution
with U02 i are in accordance with the results of detailed hydrogeochemical
observations and analyses. The value Eh of the beginning of precipitation of
the tetravalent uranium oxide from underground waters ranges approximately
from 0 to -0.2 volt depending on the uranium concentration in solution,
the magnitude and character of the total mineralization of water, the pH,
and the concentration of HCO^-ion. (auth)
L-27
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Lisitsin, A. K. 1969. Deposition Conditions of Molybdenum and Selenium
in Exogenetic Epigenetic Uranium Deposits. Litol. Polez. Iskop. No. 5:
27-35 (in Russian).
U contents of ground waters are discussed in terms of E,,-pH diagrams.
2-
Mo migrates under exogenic conditions as [MoO,] " ions. Deposition as MoS?
is conditioned by reducing environment and by FLS produced by sulfate-
reducing bacteria. [Se04J2~, [Se03]2", and [HSe03]" are the possible forms
of Se transport. By lowering Eh of the ground waters, Se is deposited
first, mainly in environments of increased acidity. The deposition of U
and Mo is within the fields of FeO stability. MoS- is deposited under
lower EH than U oxides. The lack of Se in the reducing geochemical bar-
riers is explained by low Se in the enclosing rocks and ground waters, the
lack of Mo by specific conditions required for MoS2 deposition. (NSA)
Lisitsin, A. K., I. A. Kondrat'eva, and G. V. -Komarova. 1969. Genetic
Interpretation of Epigenetic Alterations in Sedimentary Rocks. Litol.
Polez. Iskop. No. 3:5-19 (in Russian).
The correlation between compositions of surface waters and authigenous
minerals of the last stage of epigenetic alteration was observed in rocks
of water-bearing horizons in some ore deposits. A comparison of mineralogi-
cal-geochemical zoning of rocks with hydrogeochemical zoning of waters was
used to restore conditions of epigenetic mineralization of several U deposits
in the U.S.S.R. The conditions of epigenetic mineralization can be deter-
mined directly on complete agreement of epigenetic and hydrogeochemical
zoning. A partial agreement of these zonings, observed during study of U
deposits, was interpreted by comparison of ore-controlling epigenetic zoning
with hydrogeochemical zoning in petroleum-bearing carbonate rocks of the
area. It suggested that epigenetic mineral association was formed by intru-
sion of infiltration waters into petroleum-water horizon. Complete dis-
agreement of recent hydrogeochemical environment with paleohydrogeological
conditions of ore formations was observed in the U-Se deposit in continental
varicolored stratum. The correlation of hydrogeological and geochemical
conditions of deposit formation was then made from lithologic facies and
mineralogical geochemical studies. Formation of U and Se concentrations
L-28
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was attributed to groundwaters leaching proluvial formations rich in frag-
.ments of acidic effusive rocks. Precipitation of U and Se occurred in the
zone of reducing geochemical barrier confined to the boundary of proluvium
with river bed deposits rich in plant remnants. The climate during ore
deposition was semiarid according to the paleogeographical study, which
promoted increase in U and Se concentrations in ground waters by water
evaporation. (NSA)
Little, C. A. 1976. Plutonium in a Grassland Ecosystem. COO-1156-83.
A study was made of plutonium contamination of grassland at the Rocky
Flats plant northwest of Denver, Colorado. Of interest were: the defini-
tion of major plutonium-containing ecosystem compartments; the relative
amounts in those compartments; how those values related to studies done in
238
other geographical areas; whether or not the predominant isotopes, Pu
239
and Pu, behaved differently, and what mechanisms might have allowed for
the observed patterns of contamination. Samoles of soil, litter, vegetation,
arthropods, and small mammals were collected for Pu analysis and mass deter-
mination from each of two macroplots. Small aliquots (5 g or less) were
analyzed by a rapid liquid scintillation technique and by alpha spectrometry.
Of the compartments sampled, greater than 99$ of the total plutonium was
contained in the soil and the concentrations were significantly inversely
correlated with distance from the contamination source, depth of the
sample, and particle size of the sieved soil samples. The soil data sug-
gested that the distribution of contamination largely resulted from physical
transport processes. (A)
90
Litynski, T. and A. Oomnicz. 1967. Sr-Contamination of Polish Soils.
Part II. The 90sr-Contamination of Soils of Southern and Central Poland
in 1963. Rocz. Glebozn. 18:43-55 (in Polish).
After two years of systematic investigations on the soil contamination
90
in Central and Southern Poland by Sr it was possible to ascertain that
90
the average soil contamination by Sr on the areas investigated in 1963
amounted to 23.2 ± 6.7 mCi/km . This did not differ significantly from
L-29
-------
p
the contamination observed in 1962, which was 21.3 ± 8.3 mCi/km . There
is a direct relation between the degree of soil contamination and the annual
total precipitation as well as the altitude above sea-level. The inversely
90
proportional relation between the Sr content in soil and the Tatter's con-
tent of silt and clay is conditioned by the radiochemical yield of the
applied method, the yield being nonuniform for the particular soils. There
90
is an inversely proportional relation between the Sr content in soil and
90
its pH, and the results are valid only for the fraction of soil Sr which
is extractable in 10% hydrochloric acid, (auth)
Litynski. T. , A. Domnicz, J. Godek, and K. Gorlach. 1965. The Contamina-
ion by 90$r of Soils in Southern Poland. The Degree of Contamination by
Soils in Voivodship, Krakow, and Southern Districts of Voivodship,
Katowice, and Wroclaw in 1962. Nukleonika 10:Supp. 113-21 (in Polish).
9°Sr was determined in 208 soil samples by the ferrous-yttrium method.
2
The degree of the soil contamination was equal to 21.3 ± 8.3 mCi/km . Some
interdependence was shown to exist between contamination and atmospheric
fallout (snowfall, rainfall, etc.) and elevation, (auth)
Livingston, fi. D., D. R. Mann and V. T. Bowen. 1974. Analytical Procedures
for Transuranic Elements in Seawater and Marine Sediments. COO-3563-27.
Transuranic elements are extracted from seawater by coprecipitation
with either ferric hydroxide or calcium/strontium oxalate, or are leached
from sediments with 8M nitric acid. Radiochemical separations are described
238 239 240 241 241 244 242
for the analyses of "°Pu, "3Pu, ^uPu, ^'Pu, "'flm, \m, and ^Cm.
The electroplated radionuclides are measured by alpha spectrometry using
surface barrier detectors. Spectrometric interferences, especially those
arising from natural series radionuclides, are discussed. Data quality is
discussed in terms both of 'blank1 analyses and of analyses of seawater,
containing transuranics, used in interlaboratory analytical comparisons.
Some marine transuranic data are included which support our belief that
transuranics sink quite rapidly in the oceans — in contrast with 'soluble1
fallout radionuclides. (auth)
L-30
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Livingston, H. D., D. R. Mann, and V. T. Bowen. 1975. Double Tracer
Studies to Optimize Conditions for the Radiochemical Separation of Plutonium
from Large Volume Seawater Samples. COO-3563-12.
By using two tracers of a single element as yield-monitors, adding one
at late steps in a sequential procedure, it is possible straightforwardly
to examine the conditions affecting efficiency at each step. This has been
illustrated by our experiments in optimizing our procedure for plutonium in
seawater, using Pu and Pu for double tracer studies. The results
shown also serve to justify the specific details of our present procedure,
as set out elsewhere, (auth)
Livingston, H. D., D. L. Schneider and V. T. Bowen. 1975. Pu 241 in the
Marine Environment by a Radiochemical Procedure. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
25:261-267.
241
A purely radiochemical method is described for analysis of Pu in
environmental samples. Data are given showing that fallout-contaminated
241 239 240
marine samples, of several kinds and provenances, exhibit Pu/ ' Pu
ratios slightly higher than, but not certainly distinguishable from, those
reported for fallout-contaminated soils. Such ratios, however, in samples
from several planned or accidental Pu releases, are clearly different,
suggesting Pu will be a useful tracer in following the spread of released
Pu. The data have also clear implications for the source, and growth, of
O/l 1
environmental Am. (auth)
Loevborg, L. and P. Kirkegaard. 1975. Numerical Evaluation of the Natural
Gamma Radiation Field at Aerial Survey Heights. RISO-317.
In computational studies of the count rates to be expected in airborne,
radiometric surveys of geological formations, knowledge is required of the
aerial gamma radiation field produced by the radioactive minerals in the
ground. The data presented in this work permits calculation of the energy
and angular distribution of the gamma-ray flux at distances of between 0
and 200 m from a plane, homogeneous ground with known abundances of thorium,
uranium, and potassium. A tabulation permitting calculation of the gamma
dose rate in tne air is also given. The data are applicable to any normal
L-31
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ground material (rock or soil) in which uranium and thorium are in secular
equilibrium with their respective daughters. Besides, the air density may
have an arbitrary variation with the distance to the ground. In calculating
the flux of gamma rays that strike an airborne Nal(Tl) detector it is sug-
gested to represent the bottom of the aircraft by an equivalent layer of air.
For use in the numerical evaluation of aerial total count rates the angular
gamma-ray flux at the point of detection is approximated in accordance with
the double-P-, polynomial expansion method. A detailed tabulation of flux
expansion coefficients, calculated for 0.05-MeV wide energy intervals, is
presented. To evaluate the differential count rates of high-energy Th-U-K
gamma rays, it is convenient to make use of the well-known formulas for a
flux of unscattered gamma rays. With this application in view data for
insertion in these formulas are also given, (auth)
Lomenick, T. F. 1963. Movement of Ruthenium in the Bed of White Oak Lake.
Health Physics. 9:835-45.
Currently, a few thousand c/year of ruthenium flow onto the bed of
former White Oak Lake from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's intermediate-
level waste pits. As the waste water traverses the lake bed a significant
portion of the ruthenium is removed from solution. The ruthenium that is
not sorbed on the lake-bed soil drains into White Oak Creek, a tributary of
the Clinch River. An investigation was made to determine the quantity and
distribution of ruthenium in the soil of the lake bed and to identify and
define geohydrological factors affecting the movement of ruthenium through
the lake bed. As of February 1962, the lake bed contained approximately
1200 c of ruthenium. The ruthenium is present mainly in two tracts of con-
tamination, covering approximately 10 acres, that coincide roughly with the
surface flow of waste over the bed. The highest concentrations of ruthenium
occur in the uppermost few inches of the lake bed and about 70% of the activity
is in the top 2 ft of soil. The lake bed is underlain by a thin layer of
recent lacurstrine sediment, several feet of alluvium and the Conasauga shale
formation of Cambrian age. Water-level measurements indicate that the depth
to groundwater varies from <1 to 5 ft below the surface. The subsurface
L-32
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migration of ruthenium follows closely the paths indicated by water-table
contours. The rate of groundwater movement in the upper 2 ft of soil varies
from 1 to 5 ft/day, while movement in the material 2-5 ft below the surface
ranges from 0.05 to 0.25 ft/day. Thus, the maximum rate at which ruthenium
may travel in the upper layers of soil is approximately twenty times that of
the lower layers. Ruthenium is transported to White Oak Creek by surface
water and ground water moving over and through the bed of White Oak Lake.
Only a small fraction of the ruthenium is transported by groundwater through
the lake-bed soil into the creek. The ruthenium moves at such a slow rate
through the soil that radioactive decay reduces the concentration of that
reaching the creek by subsurface movement to insignificant proportions.
The amount of surface flow and, consequently, the quantity of ruthenium that
reaches the creek from the lake bed varies seasonally. During the dry summer
months drainage from the waste pits recharges the groundwater in the lake bed
and thus there is little surface flow and, consequently, little ruthenium
that flows into White Oak Creek. However, in the wet winter season surface
runoff from the lake bed is high and therefore larger amounts of ruthenium
enter White Oak Creek, (auth)
Lomenick, T. F. and K. E. Cowser. 1962. Land Burial of Solid Waste at
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. TID-7628, pp. 437-59.
The geological and hydrological conditions that exist at Burial Ground
4, now abandoned, are described, and findings with respect to surface- and
ground-water contamination at the site are reported. The site was opened
in February 1951 and closed to routine burial operations in July 1959. The
average rate of burial during this period was about 2.5 acres per year.
Approximately 50% of the buried waste at the site originated at Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, while the remainder was contributed by more than 50
off-site agencies. The burial ground is underlain by the Conasauga shale
of Cambrian age. At the site the formation consists mostly of maroon and
gray shales interbedded with a few thin limestone lenses. Water-level
measurements indicate that the buried waste is in contact with ground water
during most periods of the year. Activity was detected in water samples
L-33
-------
from a number of wells located in areas of low topography where ground-
water contact with the waste is greatest. Radionuclides were also found in
seeps and streams within the area. Identifiable contaminants include Ru,
60Co, 137Cs, 90Sr, 95Zr-Nb, 210Po, 239~240Pu, and the trivalent rare earths.
The contribution of activity from the burial ground to nearby White Oak
Creek has been insignificant. The criteria employed in selecting Burial
Ground 5, the methods used in evaluating the site and a preliminary analysis
of a new burial trench design are discussed. Forty-five auger wells were
drilled to determine the character of the residual cover, the depth of the
water table, and the chemical and radionuclide composition of the ground
water. Five deep wells were drilled to define the occurrence and circula-
tion of ground water at greater depth. Pressure tests of the deep wells
showed that the most permeable zones or fractures occur within the first
100 ft of depth below ground surface. The new burial trench, including a
gravel underdrain, collecting sump, observation well, and asphalt cap, was
designed to improve monitoring and restrict ground-water and surface-water
contact of the waste, (auth)
Lomenick, T. F., D. G. Jacobs, and E. G. Struxness. 1967. The Behavior of
Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 in Seepaae Pits at ORML. Health Physics.
13:397-905.
90
At the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, approximately 40,000 Ci of Sr
and 150,000 Ci of Cs are contained in the vicinity of two intermediate-
level, liquid-waste seepage pits that are no longer receiving input of
liquid wastes. Radiochemical analyses of cores taken within the area indi-
cate that most of the activity is associated with the soft sludges and pre-
cipitates and the first few inches of weathered shale that comprise the side
walls and bottoms of the pits. Concentrations of Cs and Sr were found
to be as high as 96 pCi/g (dry weight) and 70 uCi/g, respectively, in the
sludge and 415 uCi/g and 32 uCi/g in the first few inches of weathered shale
on the side walls and bottom of the pits. The sludge is primarily a mixture
of calcium carbonate and illitic clay, with calcium carbonate comprising
90
about 20-50% of the weight. Most of the Sr in the sludge is associated
with the calcium carbonate, probably as a coprecipitate, while the Cs
occupies selective exchange sites of the illitic clay.
L-3A
-------
With tritiated water as a tracer, it has been observed that the normal
rate of groundwater movement in the waste-pit area is about 0.5 ft/day with
-3 2
a dispersion coefficient of approximately 6x10 cm /sec. Predictions of
radionuclide movement and dispersion with time have been made, based on the
exchange properties of the Conasauga shale for calcium and the critical
radionuclides. The predicted migration agrees closely with experience to
date and suggests that movement of radiostrontium and radiocesium is not
likely to present serious contamination problems in nearby surface streams
in the future, (auth)
Lomenick, T. F. and T. Tamura. 1965. Naturally Occurring Fixation of 137Cs
on Sediments of Lacustrine Origin. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29:383-7.
The distribution of Cs in sediments was studied in White Oak Lake,
which formerly served as a final settling basin for contaminated waste water
discharge from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Core samples of sediments
were taken to a depth of 24 in., and assayed for Ru, Co, and Cs.
The most abundant radionuclide present in the sediment of Lacustrine origin
is Cs, with 704 C in the entire lake bed. Concentrations of Cs on the
sediment were observed to be as high as 77 x 10 uC/g. More than 80% of
137
the Cs is associated with the clay fraction of the material, which was
found to be predominantly illite. Significant quantities of Cs were
removed from the material only by treatment with strong acids. Studies of
several selected clays showed illite to have a high affinity for Cs at
levels of the same order of magnitude as those observed in lake bed sediment
and that desorption is only accomplished after disruption of the lattice
structure. The desorption behavior of the sediments and the corroborative
behavior of the reference minerals are evidence that Cs in the sediment will
not be leached by percolating ground water to any appreciable degree. How-
ever, movement of Cs can occur by erosion of the sediment. (MSA)
L-35
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Lopatkina, A. P. 1964. Regularities of Uranium Migration in Natural Waters
of Humid Areas and Their Use in the Determination of Hydrochemical Backaround
of Uranium. Geokhimiya. No. 8:802-10 (in Russian).
The conditions of uranium migration in waters of igneous rocks in areas
with a humid climate were studied. It was established tnat in conditions of
a humid climate the uranium content in waters of igneous rocks is determined
by its concentration in rocks and the quantity of .dissolved rock. The inter-
dependence between these values may be expressed by the formula m = (2n •
a/100). (NSA)
Lopatkina, A. P. 1967. Conditions of Uranium Accumulation by Peats.
Geokhimiya. No. 6:708-19 (in Russian).
A substantial part of uranium in waters of humid regions is present in
an unstable state and may be precipitated by peats. The peat composition,
the uranium content in waters, and the general mineralization of the waters
influence the uranium concentration in peat. No more than 20 x 10" % of
uranium accumulates in peats at the expense of average contents in rocks
amounting to 1 to 3 x 10 ". (auth)
Lopatkina, A. P., V. S. Komarov, A. N. Sergeev, and A. G. Andreev. 1970.
Concentration of Uranium by Living and Dead Peat-Forming Plants. Geochem.
Int. 7:277-82.
Exposed parts of plants, hydromorphic soils, and water from a marshy
flood-plain of a small stream flowing on mesozoic granites were analyzed for
uranium. Water, peat, various mosses, and dead plants from several bogs
were also analyzed. It was found that in the humid zone the exposed parts
of trees and grasses absorb one tenth to one thousandth of the uranium
absorbed by the hydromorphic soil in which they grow, regardless of the
concentration of uranium in ground waters. It is concluded that these
plants cannot be the source of the high concentrations of uranium in peat.
The roots of higher plants, plant debris, and the humus of hydromorphic
soils absorb much more uranium if they are in direct contact with water.
L-36
-------
The lower plants, mosses, etc., absorb considerable amounts of uranium, the
amount absorbed depending on the concentration of the element in the ground
waters and probably, on the area of contact between plant tissues and water.
(NSA)
Love, J. D. 1964. Uram'ferous Phosphatic Lake of Eocene Age in Intermontane
Basins of Wyoming and Utah. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper Mo. 474-E.
The maximum U content is 0.15% and P-Oj- is 18.2%. The average for the
25 sampled zones, which ranged in thickness from 3 in. to 6 ft is ^0.005%
U and 2.2% PgOg. (CA)
Lowman, F. G. 1959. Marine Biological Investigations at the Eniwetok Test
Site. J_N; Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. II. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 105-138.
The results of marine biological investigations conducted at the Eniwetok
Test Site since 1952 are summarized. Radioisotopes introduced into the sea
from the tests at various times since then include fission products and other
radioisotopes (237U, 239NP, 54Mn, 55'59Fe, 57'58>60Co, 65Zn, and 85W). The
levels of radioisotopes in plankton samples taken 4 days to 6 weeks after
contamination are reported and the distribution of the radioactivity between
plankton and water is given. Grazing fishes contained Zn, Fe, ' ' Co,
and Mn. Carnivorous fishes contained mostly Fe and Zn. (auth)
Luth, W. C., R. N. Anderson, and R. H. Jahns. 1975. Chemistry and Physical
Mechanics of Nuclear Wastes in Rocks. Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 22:354-55.
The article reports studies on the interactions between silicata liquids
produced in melting of granitic rocks and simulated radioactive waste mate-
rial. Experimental runs were made under oxidizing and reducing conditions
over the temperature range from 400 to 1200°C for up to 9 days duration.
Sizable reductions in the rock-waste solidus temperature were noted in the
presence of a borosilicate glass waste host.
L-37
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Lutsenko, I. K., V. G. Bakharov, and R. S. Meshcherskaya. 1969. Physical
and Chemical Conditions of Uranium Underground Leaching from Rocky Ores.
At. Energ. (USSR) 27:500-504 (in Russian).
The dynamics of solution movement into ores and uranium extraction
along its section are described. The mechanism and kinetics of uranium
capillary leaching from uranium minerals and some grained ores by chemical
reagents were considered. The change of ore chemical composition and
physical-mechanical properties at the underground leaching were investi-
gated. On the basis of experimental data, equations describing the process
kinetics were composed. The limits and perspective application of uranium
underground leaching from poor ore are defined, (auth)
Lynch, E. J. 1964. Transport of Radionuclides by Groundwater - Some
Theoretical Aspects. HNS-1229-61.
Radionuclides may be transoorted by flowing groundwater from the site
of a nuclear detonation to points of potential water use. To aid in evaluat-
ing the hazard from this condition, an analysis of water transport and con-
taminant movement was made. Equations are presented for predicting trans-
port time and dispersion in uniform systems. The equations indicate that
dispersion should have a negligible effect on transport time, except for
flow through a single set of parallel fractures. This is at variance with
observed cases of dispersion in granular rocks, and suggests that geologic
inhomogeneities may play an important role, (auth)
Lyubimova, S. A. 1973. Sorption of Sr and Cs by Bottom Deposits of
Freshwater Lake. IN: Radioekologiya Vodnykh Organizmov. II. G. P. Andru-
maitis. (ed.). pp. 96-101 (in Russian).
Study of the concentration of Sr and 'Cs by lymnetic sediments
under the conditions of the experiment showed that these radioisotopes are
especially well accumulated and firmly kept by peat and clay sediments.
For almost all sediments higher concentration factors and more stable fixa-
* *5 T
tion of ' Cs were observed in comparison with strontium-90. (auth)
L-38
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McClearen, H. A. 1974. Plutonium in Soil at the Savannah River Plant. IN:
Proc. Second AEC Environmental Protection Conference, Albuquerque, NM,
April 16-19, 1974. WASH-1332-74. 1:495-510.
Savannah River Plant (SRP) perimeter and off-site soil samples show a
2
background deposition level of approximately 2 mCi/Km . This is well within
the range of deposition noted in Southeastern United States and indicates
that off-site deposits due to SRP operations are small compared to back-
ground. Samples taken within a 2 Km radius of each of the two chemical
2
separations areas show higher levels 51 mCi/Km , indicating some plant
contribution. Perimeter and off-site soil samples show 90" of plutonium
in a 30 cm core to occur in the top 15 cm.
McConiga, M. W., R. E. Brown, and D. W. Rhodes. 1955. Earth Sciences'
Waste Disposal Monitoring Activities. HW-38025.
The breakthrough of TBP process waste scavenged with nickel ferrocyanide
was studied vs. pH. At pH 9, a break in the curve of pH vs. strontium
removed occurred. In leaching experiments, 0.5N ammonium acetate in 1 column
volume removed 55% of adsorbed Sr and 3.ON removed 93% of the Sr. Leaching
with 0.01N HNO, in 1 column volume only removed 8% of the adsorbed Sr. A
40 foot soil column was placed beneath a 38 cm column loaded with waste
2
solution from the TBP plant. About 2700 gal/ft of distilled water was
applied to the contaminated column. Detectable amounts of radionucliues
( Sr, Cs, rare earths) generally moved a maximum distance of 110 cm
137
during water leaching. Cs moved the least distance.
McFarlane, J. C., K. W. Brown, and R. R. Kinnison. 1975. In-Situ Soil
Gamma Analyzer: A New Approach to Determine the Movement of Pollutants
in Soils. Soil Science. 120:140-146.
The in situ soil gamma analyzer is an instrument constructed to
measure the position of gamma-emitting trace elements in soil. It consists
of solid state scintillator, a lead shield with a 3-mm-wide horizontal
window, and a portable analyzer. When the detector is lowered into a
circular excavation dug vertically into the soil of interest, the gamma
Mc-1
-------
activity of the tracer is plotted as a function of depth thus yielding a
profile of the tracer distribution. Because of a broad base profile in
the original plotted data, which is due to soil attenuation and the lack of
collimation, a computer program was written to replot the distribution
pattern to within ±1 mm of actual position. By making a series of time-
related measurements, the rate of pollutant movement in soil is obtained.
(auth)
McHenry, J. R. 1954. Adsorption and Retention of Cesium by Soils of the
Hanford Project. HW-31011.
The adsorption of Cs ion from solution by a composite Hanford soil
is a function of Cs ion concentration, pH, time of contact, total salt
content, and the nature and concentration of the complementary ions.
Adsorption is linear, and nearly complete, for increasing concentrations
of Cs until the Cs concentration approaches the saturation capacity of the
soil. The percentage adsorption of Cs from solution as the concentration
approaches the saturation capacity decreases rapidly. Adsorption from a
numoer of increments of Cs solution by a given unit of soil is progressively
less, approaching as a limit the soil saturation capacity. Adsorption at
pH 8.0 and higher is relatively unchanged; below a pH 8.0 uptake by the soil
decreases rapidly with increasing acidity. Increasing concentrations of
complementary ions and total salt provide increasingly greater competition
to the adsorption of cesium. A 40% solution of NaNO^ decreases the Cs
uptake by one-half for very low concentrations of Cs. Equilibrium
adsorption is accomplished in a matter of minutes for a given set of
conditions. Removal of adsorbed Cs by leaching with a solution is a function
of the nature, concentration, and volume of a given cation, hydrogen ion
being the most effective. However, all cations employed, if sufficient
volume is employed, are capable of replacing and removing the adsorbed Ca.
Replacement is most rapid for solutions of greatest cation concentrations
and for soils containing the greatest amount of adsorbed Cs. (auth)
Mc-2
-------
McHenry, J. R. 1955. Adsorption and Retention of Strontium by Soils of
The Hanford Project. HW-34499.
The adsorption of strontium ion from solution by a composite Hanford
soil was found to be a function of the strontium ion concentration, pH,
time of contact, and the nature and concentration of the complementary ions.
Increasing concentration of a complementary ion generally decreases strontium
adsorption. The influence of monovalent ions on strontium adsorption is
in the order: Cs > NH. = K' > Na > Li , where cesium ion is the most
effective in reducing strontium up take. Increased adsorption is noted in
-2 -3
the presence of C^O, and PO. . The presence of sodium nitrate reduces
strontium ion adsorption. Hydrogen ion is the most effective in replacing
strontium. Other cations which replace strontium are in order: La >
Ba+2 < Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+ > iNa+ > Li + . (auth)
McHenry, J. R. 1955. Adsorption Characteristics of Long Soil Columns.
HW-40990.
Information is presented relative to the characteristic adsorption
of radioisotopes in a long laboratory soil column treated with a high
salt process waste of high activity density. The movement of adsorbed
cations in a soil column subjected to prolonged leaching by water also
was determined. (NSA)
McHenry, J. R. 1957. Properties of Soils of the Hanford Project. HW-
53218.
Soil data includes mechanical analysis, soil paste pH, CaCO., content,
15-atmosphere percentage and cation exchange capacity for soils and sedi-
ments obtained from several Hanford wells.
McHenry, J. R. 1957. The Removal of Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 from
Scavenged Bismuth Phosphate Solutions. HW-48141.
The passage of a scavenged first cycle waste solution through a soil
90
representative of the Hanford project reduced the Sr content of at least
five column volumes of effluent solution below the detection limits for
Mc-3
-------
the analytical procedures employed. This reduction was effected equally
well in synthetic and process bismuth phosphate waste solutions. The
137
removal of Cs from a first cycle waste solution, synthetic or process,
by passage through a column of a representative Hanford project soil was
less efficient than for Sr . A break through of Cs was obtained
generally within one to four column volumes of effluent. The concentration
of Cs in the influent solutions usually was of the some order of
magnitude as the Handbook 52 MFC for drinking water. Consequently the
relatively high C/Co values for Cs in the effluents represented concen-
trations of less than one-tenth the MPC value.
The volume of scavenged first cycle waste solution which may be
disposed safely to ground is dependent on the Cs content of the
waste in question. Three, aid perhaps five, column volumes of the
scavenged bismuth phosphate waste solution can be disposed to ground.
To data all available field data corroborate laboratory estimates of the
removal of Cs and Sr from scavenged bismuth phosphate waste solutions
by soil.
McHenry, J. R. 1958. Ion-exchange Properties of Strontium in a Calcareous
Soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 22:514-518.
The exchange of strontium ion for calcium of the soil complex was
found to be a function of the initial strontium concentration, the pH
of the equilibrium system, and the nature and concentration of the
complementary ions. The ratio of the exchangeable strontium per gram of
soil to that unadsorbed per milliliter of solution was constant when the
strontium-ion concentration was < 10" M. The presence of other cations
had little effect on the exchange of strontium when the initial strontium-
ion concentration was < 10" M. The exchange of strontium is particularly
sensitive to pH--being maximum between pH 8 and 10 and decreasing rapidly
as the pH is lowered below 8.0.
Strontium exchanged on a calcareous soil may be replaced by various
cations by extensive leaching. Hydrogen ions readily replace strontium.
The effectiveness of other cations is a function of their concentration,
charge, and thermodynamic activity.
Me-4
-------
Large volumes of solution containing radiostrontium are decontaminated
on passing through a unit volume of the calcareous soil employed in this
90
study. Such a soil is capable of concentrating 0.5 me. of Sr per g. of
soil when the percolating solution contains < 10 moles per liter of
strontium, (auth)
McHenry, J. R. and J. F. Honstead. 1957. Evaluation of Sites for the
Disposal of Radioactive Waste Solutions. HW-53219.
The depth of soil profile above the water table, the average exchange
capacity, and the capacity factor of the effective soil profile are pre-
sented for the Separations areas and surrounding area in the three contour
maps. The area immediately southeast of 200-West area is found to have the
greatest capacity factor. Greater volumes of radioactive liquids can be
disposed of here per unit surface area than at other sites studied within
current disposal limits. Because the soil profiles are also deepest in this
same general area, disposal by specific retention of liquid would be most
practical in this area. The soil characteristics associated with 200-East
Area sites are generally less suitable for waste disposal than those of
sites in the 200-West Area. Immediately south of the 200-East Area, how-
ever, the soil conditions are considered better for the disposal of radio-
active liquids. The relative utility of the various sites for disposal
of radioactive solutions is based on an evaluation of the soil properites
only, (auth)
McHenry, J. R. and J. C. Ritche. 1975. Redistribution of Cesium-137 in
Southeastern Watersheds. CONF-740513. pp. 452-461.
Sediment samples from 14 southeastern agricultural reservoirs and
surface samples from representative soils from the contributing water
shed areas were analyzed for Cs. The concentrations of Cs measured
reflect the nature of the watershed, its cover, its use, and man's activities.
Since the redistribution of Cs was assumed to result from soil erosion,
recent erosion rates can be calculated from the measured Cs accumulations
Me-5
-------
in sediments and from the decreases in the Cs calculated to have been
1 27
deposited on upland soils. Measured concentrations of Cs ranged from
14 to 158 nCi/m in surface soils. As much as 525 mCi/m2 of 137Cs was
measured in the deposited sediment profile. Watershed budgets for Cs
were calculated for three representative watersheds using available sediment
survey information and the measured concentrations. (A)
McKay, H. A. C. 1961. Alpha Emitters in Reaction Wastes, _IN; Atomic
Energy Waste, Its Nature, Use and Disposal. E. Glueckauf (ed.), pp.
99-108.
217
The four a-emitters to be considered in waste disposal are Np,
238 241 242
Pu, Am, and Cm. The formation of these isotopes, hazards due
to fission products in waste solutions, hazards arising from the recycling
235
of U fuel, hazards arising from Pu fuel, and hazards arising from a
natural U fuel are discussed. It is pointed out that, with one minor
90
exception, no a. emitter is ever likely to be a greater hazard than Sr
90
in unseparated fission product wastes. In Sr-denuded wastes, a emitters
become important esoecially as regards airborne contamination. Data are
tabulated on the most hazardous a-emmiting nuclides under various conditions.
(NSA)
MCKelvey, V. E., D. L. Everhart and R. M. Garrels. 1955. Origin of
Uranium Deposits. Econ. Geol. 50:464-533.
Uranium is concentrated in certain silicic and silica-alkalic igneous
rocks, pegmatites, veins, lenticular sandstones and conglomerates, low-
ranking high-ash coals, asphaltic materials, marine black shales, and
phosphorites. Its distribution in igneous rocks, pegmatites, and veins
shows its tendency to concentrate in late stage differentiates. In the
granitic rocks, uranium CCCUTS mainly as a minor constituent of accessory
minerals that have cations (such as rare earths, thorium, and calcium) for
which uranium can substitute isomorphously, but it also occurs as an acid-
soluble interstitial constituent. In pegmatites, uranium occurs both in
uraninite and in other uranium minerals in combination with niobium,
thorium, and rare earths. Uranium is found in both high-temperature viens,
Me-6
-------
where it is mainly in the titanium minerals davidite and brannerite, and
low-temperature veins, where it is mainly in pitchblende, the botryoidal
variety or uraninite, and coffinite. The low-temperature veins are of
several over-lapping types, but all are characterized by sulfides and many
contain disseminated iron oxide. Whereas thorium is associated with
uranium in igneous rocks and pegmatites, it is rare in the vein deposits
of uranium. This separation may be accomplished by oxidation of u+4 at a
+2
late magmatic stage of (U09) in which form it is carried away from the
+4 +2
unoxidizable Th . Subsequently (U02) is reduced and deposited as
pitchblende along with sulfides and other low-valent minerals in veins.
The sandstone uranium deposits resemble the pitchblende veins in their
mineralogic assemblage except that many of the sandstone deposits also
contain vanadium, a metal not abundant in veins. Isotopic studies indicate
that the Colorado Plateau deposits are epigenetic and suggest that the
uranium was derived from a deep-seated source. The uranium in coal and
associated carbonaceous shale beds occurs in the form of metallo-organic
compounds but secondary uranium minerals like meta-autunite are found in
coals that contain more than 0.1 percent uranium. The uranium in marine
black shales and phosphorites was derived from seawater. The precipitation
of uranium in the shales probably is brought about by chemical adsorption
by living or dead plankton, but reduction evidently plays an important
role in its precipitation and stabilization in the shale. Uranium in the
phosphorites substitutes for calcium in the apatite structure. Its absorp-
tion by apatite is hindered by abundance of calcium ions, with which it
competes for positions in the structure, and by carbonate and hydroxyl
ions, which compete with phosphate ground for structure positions and
form less stable compounds with uranium, (auth)
Me-7
-------
McKelvey, V. E. and J. M. Nelson. 1950. Characteristics of Marine Uranium-
Bearing Sedimentary Rocks. Econ. Geol . 45:35-53.
This is a summary, by the U.S. Geological Survey, of general information
on the occurrence of uranium in marine shales and phosphorite formations.
Such deposits are large but low grade, but inasmuch as other countries,
namely Sweden and possibly Russia, are new recovering uranium from them
it behooves us to investigate this source. Marine deposition of uranium
was favored in certain geological periods and rocks of the appropriate
ages occur in most parts of the United States. (NSA)
McLean, E. 0., C. Lakshmanan, and F. P. Miller. 1969. Relative Adsorption
and Desorption of Strontium and Calcium to and from Soils and Soil Clays:
Column Saturation-Displacement and Acid Displacement. Soil Science.
107:206-12.
Samples from a Canfield so1'! were column leached with mixed
SrCU solutions. Samples were also leached with ALC13 or HC1 solutions,
dried, and column leached. Aliquots of the acid-leached soils were linied
at various rates, incubated, dried and column leached. Clay fractions
were separated, saturated with Ca and Sr, and equilibrated with 0.5
symmetry of HC1 . Column leaching indicated marked preferential adsorption
of the Ca sample, small preferential Sr and sorption, and equal adsorption
of Ca and Sr. Adsorption of Ca and Sr suggested that the main effect of
acid leaching was to inactivate organic charges for adsorption of Ca and
Sr, thus eliminating preferential adsorption of Ca. Amounts of Ca and Sr
in solution after equilibration of Ca-Sr-clays indicated that small prefer-
ential adsorption of either cation may occur, but on the average there is
a slight preferential adsorption of Sr. Additions of lime and incubation of
the acid-leached soils reestablished the preferential adsorption of Ca.
Moist incubation conditions evidently favored reactivation of Ca-preferring
organic sites. Greater adsorption of Ca to hydrolysis-enhancing, pH-
dependent organic exchange sites may account for greater plant uptake of Ca
90
than Sr from soils. Greater leaching of Sr from unlimed soil appears to
be a consequence of its displacement by additional electrolyte per effective
charge, due to lower cation exchange capacity at low pH. (auth)
Me-8
-------
McLendon, H. R. 1975. Soil Monitoring for Plutonium at the Savannah River
Plant. Health Physics. 28:347-354.
Since the amount of plutonium in undisturbed soils reflects the
cumulative deposition from all sources, both onplant and offplant soils
have been collected and analyzed for Pu 238 and Pu 239. Results show a
2
background deposition level of approximately 2.0 mCi/km offsite and over
most of the plant. This level is well within the range of deposition
noted in the southeastern United States and indicates that offsite deposits
due to SRP operations are small compared to background. Only samples taken
within a 2-km radius of each of the two chemical separations areas show
higher levels of plutonium. This elevation indicates some plant
contribution.
To obtain the above information, new techniques in sample collection
and preparation were developed which were comparable with other laboratories
in the country. An analytical procedure, involving an anion exchange resin
column, was also developed to determine the two plutonium isotopes of
interest and to insure increased sensitivitiy when working with the low-
level environmental samples, (auth) "
McLendon, H. R., 0. M. Stewart, A. L. Bond, J. C. Corey, K. W. McLead, and
J. E. Pinder. 1975. Relationships Among Plutonium Contents of Soil,
Vegetation, and Animals Collected in and Adjacent to an Integrated Nuclear
Complex in the Humid Southeastern United States. IAEA-SM-199/85.
Twenty-three representative sampling locations on and adjacent to the
Savannah River Plant (SRP) site were selected to obtain information on
plutonium movement in the food chain under southeastern U.S. environmental
conditions. Soil, a resuspendible fraction of the soil, honeysuckle
(Lonicera japonica), and camphor weed (Heterotheca subaxillaris) were
collected at each location. Grasshoppers and cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)
were collected at some locations. The plutonium concentrations in soil at
the selected locations ranged from 1.5 fCi/g to 171 fCi/g, and alpha per-
238
centages of Pu ranged from 2 to 66. The concentration of plutonium in
Me-9
-------
the vegetation and on the leaves ranged from 0.17 to 76.1 fCi/q, and the
238
alpha percentages of Pu, from 3 to 61. The concentration of plutcnium
in cotton rats and grasshoppers ranged from 0.07 to 3.58 fCi/Qi and the
238
alpha percentages of Pu ranged from 22 to 30.
McMaster, W. M. and H. D. Waller. 1955. Geology and Soils of Whiteoak
Creek Sasin, Tennessee. ORNL-TM-11C8.
Since Oak Ridge National Laboratory began operation in 1943, radio-
active wastes have been released on a continuous basis to the environment
of Whiteoak Creek Basin. The natural factors affecting movement or
retention of the radionuclides released are the water moving in and through
the basin and the materials over and through which the water and its
associated radionuclide load pass in transit. Because the geology and
soils of Whiteoak Creek Basin are the principal modifying agents in water
movement and the soil selectively fixes radionuclides, a knowledge of their
characteristics is nscessary for an understanding of the manner in which
radionuclid'es move through or are stored in the basin. The geologic setting,
the characteristic soils, and the general hydrologic characteristics of the
geology and soils of the basin are described. (NSA)
Me-1C
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