DOC
EPA
United States
Department of
Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Environmental Research Laboratories
Seattle WA 98115
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Environmental
Engineering and Technology
Washington, DC 20460
EPA-6QO 7-80-027
January 1980
Research and Development
IMearshore Fish and
Macroinvertebrate
Assemblages
Along the Strait of
Juan de Fuca
Including Food
Habits of the
Common Nearshore
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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NEARSHORE FISH AND MACROINVERTEBRATE
ASSEMBLAGES ALONG THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
INCLUDING FOOD HABITS OF THE COMMON NEARSHORE FISH
Final Report of Three Years' Sampling, 1976-1979
by
Bruce S. Miller (Principal Investigator), Charles A. Simenstad (Project
Leader, Fish Food Habits), Jeffrey N. Cross (Research Associate,
Nearshore Demersal and Intertidal Fishes), Kurt L. Fresh
(Research Assistant, Neritic Fishes), and
S. Nancy Steinfort (Fish Biologist, Fish Food Habits)
Fisheries Research Institute
College of Fisheries
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98195
Prepared for
MESA (Marine Ecosystems Analysis) Puget Sound Project,
Seattle, Washington, in partial fulfillment of
EPA Interagency Agreement No, D6-E693-EN
Program Element No. EHE 625-A
This study was conducted
as part of the Federal
Interagency Energy/Environment
Research and Development Program
Prepared for
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
January 1980
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Completion Report Submitted to
PUGET SOUND ENERGY-RELATED RESEARCH PROJECT
OFFICE OF MARINE POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
by
Fisheries Research Institute
College of Fisheries
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98195
DISCLAIMER
This work is the result of research sponsored by the Environmental
Protection Agency and administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) does not
approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary
material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to
NOAA or to this publication furnished by NOAA in any advertising or sales
promotion which endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material
mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly
or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of
this publication.
ii
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ABSTRACT
A seasonal survey of nearshore fishes was made in the Strait of Juan
de Fuca from May 1976 to June 1979. A beach seine was used for sampling
nearshore demersal fishes and a townet for nearshore pelagic fishes; inter-
tidal fishes were sampled with the use of anesthetic and a hand net. During
1976 - 1978, the maeroinvertebrates caught incidentally in the beach seine
and townet were also recorded. Data recorded for fish and maeroinvertebrates
were species present, life history stage (from size), abundance, biomass,
food habits and presence of external abnormalities or disease.
The total number of nearshore demersal and pelagic fish species decreased
from east to west in the Strait of Juan de Fuca but the total number of inter-
tidal species increased — however, it was postulated that this opposite trend
was due to the same habitat relationship: species diversity increased as
habitat heterogeneity increased. Nearshore demersal and pelagic fish catches
were dominated by juvenile and larval life history stages, while intertidal
collections were primarily adults and juveniles. There is little overlap
between the nearshore demersal—pelagic fish assemblages and the intertidal
fish assemblages, and there is no evidence that the rocky intertidal is sig-
nificantly utilized by the common subtidal species as a spawning or nursery
area.
Common nearshore demersal fishes were the flatfish and sculpins, while
herring clearly predominated in the nearshore pelagic zone although smelt and
Pacific sand lance were also important. The common rocky intertidal fishes
were the sculpins and pricklebacks (i.e. "eel blennies").
Seasonal trends were pronounced in the nearshore demersal and pelagic
fishes but largely absent in the rocky intertidal fishes. Nearshore demersal
species were generally at their maximum (number of species, abundance, biomass)
in the summer and at their minimum in the winter, although at the protected
sites the maximum often extended from spring through fall. Nearshore pelagic
species were at their maximum in the spring-summer and at a minimum in the
winter'.
The common fish species found in this survey were categorized into nine
functional feeding groups based on their stomach contents. The most impor-
tant food item found was epibenthic zooplankton for nearshore demersal fishes
while pelagic nearshore fishes fed primarily on pelagic zooplankton. Size
selection was indicated by fish preying on zooplankton.
This study was set up as a first time survey of the fishes of the Strait
of Juan de Fuca. However, it also demonstrated that there is a great deal
of variation from year to year, season to season, from site to site, and
between hauls. How much of this is sampling variation and how much is natural
biological variation was not determined, although we believe most is natural
biological variation. To statistically use the data attained in this study
to assess the result of a perturbation on nearshore fishes in the Strait of
Juan de Fuca would require that the abundance of nearshore demersal fishes be
decreased by about 75% to be detected, and would require that the nearshore
pelagic fishes be decreased by about 95% to be detected. We believe the in-
formation is better used to help in predicting the results of various man-
induced alterations proposed for the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ................................
List of Tables ............................. v±
List of Figures ............................ ix
List of Appendices ........................... x
Acknowledgments ............................ xii
1. Introduction ............................ 1
2. Conclusions ............................ 2
3. Materials and Methods ....................... 6
3.1 Study Sites and Sampling Frequency .............. 6
3.2 Sampling Techniques ...................... 6
3.3 Collection Information ..................... 10
3.4 Biological Information .................... 10
3.5 Processing the Catches .................... 11
3.6 Stomach Analyses ...................... . n
3.7 Possible Sources of Error ......... .......... 11
3.8 Definitions and Statistics .................. 12
3.9 Disposition of Data ...................... 15
3.10 Species Nomenclature ..................... 15
4. Results and Discussion ...................... 16
4.1 Oceanographic Conditions ................... 16
4.2 Nearshore Fish Species Composition .............. 16
4.3 Nearshore Fish Species Richness ................ 30
4.4 Nearshore Fish Density .................... 39
4.5 Nearshore Fish Standing Crop ................. 50
4.6 Occurrence of Fin Rot, Lesions, Tumors,
and Parasites ........................ 56
4.7 Detecting Changes in Fish Abundance and
Biomass after a Perturbation ..... ........... 62
4.8 Macroinvertebrates ...................... 67
4.9 Food Web Relationships .................... 71
4.10 Potential Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on the
Nearshore Fish Communities along the Strait of
Juan de Fuca ........................ 105
5. Literature Cited .......................... HI
6. Appendices ............................. 116
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LIST OF TABLES
Number
1. Characterization of study sites along the Strait of Juan
de Fuca 8
2. IRI table 14
3. Summary of stepwise multiple linear regression of log
abundance and log weight against temperature, salinity,
and dissolved oxygen for beach seine catches 17
4. Summary of stepwise multiple linear regression of log
abundance and log weight against temperature, salinity,
and dissolved oxygen for townet catches 18
5. Number of species collected by each sampling method 19
6. Nearshore fish species collected by beach seine, townet,
and tidepool 20
7. Rank order of the most abundant fishes in beach seine
collections 22
8. Regularly occurring and abundant species in beach
seine collections by site and by season for each of
the study years 23
9. Rank order of the most abundant fishes in townet
collections 27
10. Regularly occurring and abundant species in townet collec-
tions by site and by season for each of the study years .... 28
11. Rank order of the most abundant fishes in intertidal
collections 31
12. Regularly occurring and abundant species in intertidal
collections by site and by season for each of the
study years 32
13. Number of species (yearly total and three-year total)
collected by beach seine at the sampling sites 33
14. Number of species collected (yearly total and three-year
total) by townet at the sampling sites 36
15. Number of resident and transient species collected at
intertidal sampling sites 39
vi
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Number Page
16. Summary of parasitized fish caught by beach seine during
the three years of study 60
17. Summary of parasitized fish from intertidal collections
during 1977 and 1978 62
18. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis that
there has been no decrease in numbers or biomass in
beach seine collections when in fact the null hypothesis
is false 64
19. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis that
there has been no decrease in numbers or biomass in
townet collections when in fact the null hypothesis
is false , 65
20a. Number of macroinvertebrate species collected seasonally
by beach seine during nearshore fish sampling along the
Strait of Juan de Fuca and Whidbey Island, May 1976-
February 1978 68
20b. Number of macroinvertebrate species collected seasonally
by townet during nearshore fish sampling along the
Strait of Juan de Fuca and Whidbey Island, May 1976-
February 1978 69
21. Total number of macroinvertebrate species, according to
general taxonomic group, collected during nearshore fish
sampling, May 1976-February 1978, along the Strait of
Juan de Fuca and Whidbey Island 70
22. Functional feeding groups of 36 species prominent in
the nearshore fish assemblages characterizing the
Strait of Juan de Fuca 72
23. Prey composition of juvenile Pacific herring during three
years of MESA collections for August 1976, 1977, 1978 .... 74
24. Year-to-year overlap (Sanders' Index of Affinity) between
the diet compositions (pooled over year) of 12 prominent
nearshore fish species along the Strait of Juan de Fuca ... 76
25. Geographical overlap (Sanders' Index of Affinity) between
the diets of five nearshore fish species at sampling sites
along the Strait of Juan de Fuca in August 1976, 1977, 1978. . 78
26. Prey composition of juvenile Chinook salmon during three
years of MESA collections for August 1976, 1977, 1978 .... 81
27. Prey composition of juvenile Pacific tomcod during three
years of MESA collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978 82
vii
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Number Page
28. Prey composition of northern clingfish during three years
of MESA collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978 83
29. Prey composition of rosylip sculpin during two years of
MESA collections, August 1977, 1978 84
30. Prey composition of silverspotted sculpin during two
years of MESA collections, August 1976, 1977 86
31. Prey composition of sharpnose sculpin during two years
of MESA collections, August 1977, 1978 86
32. Prey composition of staghorn sculpin during three years
of MESA collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978 87
33. Prey composition of tidepool sculpin during three years
of MESA collections for August 1976, 1977, 1978 89
34. Prey composition of redtail surfperch during three years
of MESA collection, August 1976, 1977, 1978 90
35. Prey composition of high cockscomb during three years of
MESA collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978 91
36. Prey composition of juvenile English sole during three
years of MESA collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978 93
37. Prey composition of starry flounder during two years of
MESA collections, August 1977, 1978 94
38. Prey composition of sand sole during three years of MESA
collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978 95
39. Composition by abundance and biomass of epibenthic
zooplankton in various microhabitats at six sites along
the Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 98
40. Percent overlap (Sanders' Index of Affinity) between
epibenthic zooplankton and diet of nearshore fish at seven
sites (17 distinct microhabitats) along the Strait of
Juan de Fuca, August 1978 101
41. Gammarid amphipod species consumed by 12 common species of
nearshore fish collected along Strait of Juan de Fuca,
August 1978 ; 104
42. Occurrence and relative size of gammarid amphipods
collected by epibenthic plankton pump sampling in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 106
viii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1. Location map of sampling sites 7
2. Example of Index of Relative Importance (IRI) diagram .... 14
3. Species richness of seasonal beach seine collections,
1976-1979 34
4. Species richness of townet collections, 1976-1979 37
2
5. Density of fish (# fish/m ) of seasonal beach seine
collections, 1976-1979 40
3
6. Density (# fish/m ) of fishes in seasonal townet
collections, 1976-1979 44
2
7. Density of fish in tidepools (# fish/m ) and beneath
rocks (# fish/rock) in intertidal collections, 1977-
1979 47
2
8. Standing crop (g fish/m ) of fishes in seasonal beach
seine collections, 1976-1979 51
•j
9. Standing crop (g fish/m ) of fish in seasonal townet
collections, 1976-1979 54
2
10. Standing crop of fishes in tidepools (g fish/m ) and
beneath rocks (g fish/rock) in intertidal collections,
1977-1979 57
11. Total abundance and total biomass of the epibenthic
fauna at six sites in the Strait of Juan de Fuca
sampled in August 1978 100
ix
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Number
6.1 Dates of beach seine, townet, and intertidal sampling 117
6.2 Oceanographic data from beach seine, townet, and
tidepool collections:
a. Beach seine temperature summary 119
b. Beach seine salinity summary 119
c. Beach seine dissolved oxygen summary 120
d. Townet surface temperature summary 120
e. Townet surface salinity summary 121
f. Townet dissolved oxygen summary 121
6.3 Biological data from beach seine collections, 1976-1978:
a. Summary of species richness 122
b. Summary of fish density 122
c. Summary of fish standing crop 123
6.4 Biological data from townet collections, 1976-1978:
a. Summary of species richness 124
b. Summary of fish density 124
c. Summary of fish standing crop 125
6.5 Summary of biological data from intertidal collections,
1977-1978:
a. Species of fish collected at each site 126
b. Density of fish 127
c. Standing crop of fish 128
6.6 Summary of macroinvertebrates collected incidentally
to beach seine and townet samples:
a. May 1976-January 1977 129
b. May 1977-February 1978 * 132
6.7 Macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass raw data,
May 1976-January 1977:
a. Beach seine samples 136
b. Townet samples 143
c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978 150
6.8 Length frequencies of common macroinvertebrates
collected incidentally to combined beach seine and
townet collections 165
6.9 Fish stomach samples:
a. Sources and numbers of stomach samples analyzed from
nearshore fish collections in the Strait of Juan
de Fuca, 1978-1979 173
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Number Page
6.9 Fish stomach samples:
b. Fish stomach contents statistics for nearshore fish
collections in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978-1979 . . . 175
6.10 Diet spectra of nearshore fish collected during 1978 178
10-1 IRI prey spectrum of juvenile Pacific herring
from Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 179
10-2 IRI prey spectrum of northern clingfish from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 181
10-3 IRI prey spectrum of juvenile Pacific tomcod
from Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 182
10-4 IRI prey spectrum of juvenile widow rockfish
from Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 183
10-5 IRI prey spectrum of padded sculpins from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 185
10-6 IRI prey spectrum of smoothhead sculpins from
the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 186
10-7 IRI prey spectrum of rosylip sculpin from the
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 187
10-8 IRI prey spectrum of silverspotted sculpin
from Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 189
10-9 IRI prey spectrum of sharpnose sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 190
10-10 IRI prey spectrum of calico sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 191
10-11 IRI prey spectrum of mosshead sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 192
10-12 IRI prey spectrum of staghorn sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 193
10-13 IRI prey spectrum of tidepool sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 195
10-14 IRI prey spectrum of saddleback sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 196
10-15 IRI prey spectrum of fluffy sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 197
xi
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Number Page
10-16 IRI prey spectrum of tubenose poachers from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 199
10-17 IRI prey spectrum of tidepool sculpin from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 200
10-18 IRI prey spectrum of high cockscomb from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 202
10-19 IRI prey spectrum of ribbon prickleback from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 203
10-20 IRI prey spectrum of black prickleback from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 204
10-21 IRI prey spectrum of rock prickleback from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 206
10-22 IRI prey spectrum of crescent gunnel from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978 207
10-23 IRI prey spectrum of speckled sanddab from
Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 208
10-24 IRI prey spectrum of juvenile English sole
from Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 210
10-25 IRI prey spectrum of sand sole from Strait
of Juan de Fuca, August 1978 211
xii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It would be virtually impossible to acknowledge properly all the
individuals and organizations who contributed to FRI's nearshore fish
communities research in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. To all we express our
sincere appreciation. We specifically wish to recognize the following.
Tony Roth made available the laboratory and living facilities of
Nautilus Bioresource Advisors during our land-based field operations along
the strait. Walla Walla's Biological Station at Deception Pass, managed
by Mr. and Mrs. Frye, was also made available to our staff when they
sampled on Fidalgo and Whidbey Islands.
Charles Gunnstone, Glen Wood, Dan Moriarity, the Four Seasons
Maintenance Commission, the Twin Rivers Investment Club, and the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service have all cooperated graciously in allowing us access
to sampling sites on or across their land.
Andrew Palmer, Robert Waldron, David Strickland, John Balch, Larry
Moulton, Steven Borton, Steve Ralph, John Coffin, Allan Stayman, Julianne
Fegley, Paul Waterstrat, and many others provided invaluable assistance in
the field and laboratory.
Marie Miller spent many long hours drawing the many histograms and
graphs used in the report.
Finally, the patient assistance of the many FRI staff members and
support personnel who have provided the critical administrative services
is much appreciated.
xiii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The possibility of transport of Alaskan North Slope oil to proposed
refinery and transshipment sites in the Strait of Juan de Fuca or Puget
Sound has increased the probability of oil pollution in these waters.
Under proposals presently being considered, oil could be transferred to
refinery, holding, or pipeline facilities at one of a number of sites on the
Strait of Juan de Fuca or the eastern shore of Rosario Strait.
The State of Washington and the federal government, concerned with
minimizing the incidence and impact of oil pollution, have conducted a number
of programs designed to evaluate the detrimental effects of oil pollution on
the biological and economic resources of Puget Sound. One of these, the
Washington State Department of Ecology's (DOE) Northern Puget Sound Biologi-
cal Baseline Study (1974-76), focused on documenting biological communities
in the nearshore habitats of northern Puget Sound (Miller et al. 1977).
When the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca came under consideration as a
possible oil transshipment terminal site, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration's (NOAA) Marine Ecosystem Analysis (MESA) Puget Sound Project
initiated similar biological baseline studies in the Strait of Juan de Fuca
in spring 1976 and along the west coast of Whidbey and Fidalgo Islands in
spring 1977. An important part of the NOAA studies is the ecological survey
of nearshore fishes and their food habits. Nearshore, as opposed to offshore,
fishes were emphasized because: (1) Nearshore habitats are more likely to be
adversely affected by spilled oil than offshore habitats, and (2) fish provide
a potential link to man for the transfer of hydrocarbons.
The principal objectives of this study were to document: (1) The
occurrence, abundance, and distribution of nearshore fishes; (2) food habits
of abundant and economically important species; and (3) occurrence and
distribution of macroinvertebrates collected incidentally with the fishes.
Results of the first two years of investigation (May 1976 - June 1978)
were summarized in a previous progress report (Cross et al. 1978). The
present report summarizes the combined results of the three years of study
(May 1976 - June 1979).
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
A total of 94 species of fish (more than 200,000 individuals) was
collected by beach seine, townet, and intertidal sampling between May 1976
and June 1979. The species richness of beach-seine and townet catches
decreased during the study largely because of the absence of rare species
and was not regarded as significant. In general, the species richness of
beach-seine and townet catches decreased from east to west, while species
richness of intertidal collections increased. In beach-seine.and townet
collections, this trend was attributed to decreasing habitat heterogeneity
and relief, and increasing exposure to ocean storms. The opposite trend in
intertidal collections was attributed to increased habitat heterogeneity and
relief which provide suitable refugia from turbulence.
The assemblage of nearshore fishes sampled with the beach seine was
quite diverse (81 species collected over three years) but consisted largely
of juvenile fishes, reflecting the extensive utilization of nearshore
habitats as nursery areas by many species inhabiting the region. Demersal
species accounted for 69% (56 species) of the species collected. Sculpin
(32% of the demersal species, 18 species) and flatfish (16% of the demersal
species, 9 species) predominated in frequency of occurrence, abundance, and
biomass. Pelagic species accounted for 31% (25 species) of the fishes
collected. Pacific herring and Pacific sand lance often predominated in
abundance and biomass, while seaperch (20% of the pelagic species, 5 species)
and gadids (12% of the pelagic species, 3 species) occurred more frequently.
Seasonal trends in species richness, density, and standing crop of
fishes in beach-seine collections were more pronounced at the exposed sites
(Kydaka Beach, Dungeness Spit) than at the protected sites; maxima generally
occurred in summer and minima occurred in winter. At the protected sites,
maxima occurred from spring through fall and minima occurred in winter. The
abundance and biomass of fishes collected by beach seine were poorly predicted
when regressed against temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen measured
at the time of collection.
The assemblage of neritic fishes sampled with the townet (60 species
collected over three years) was not as diverse as the assemblage sampled with
the beach seine and consisted largely of larvae and juveniles. Demersal
species accounted for 62% (37 species) of the species collected. Pelagic
species, while accounting for 38% (23 species) of the species collected,
composed more than 95% of the total number and more than 90% of the total
biomass of fish collected. Pacific herring, collected at all sites,
accounted for 76% of the total number and 75% of the total biomass of fish
caught. Longfin smelt accounted for 16% of the numbers and 11% of the biomass
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of fish collected and occurred almost exclusively at Pillar Point and Twin
Rivers (99% of all smelt caught). The remaining 58 species composed 8% of
the total number and 14% of the total biomass of fish caught.
Seasonal trends in species richness, density, and standing crop of
fishes in townet collections were similar across all sites—maxima occurred
in spring and occasionally summer, and minima occurred in winter. The
presence of Pacific herring exerted the largest influence on this trend:
Less than one percent of all herring were collected in fall and winter. The
abundance of fishes collected by townet was poorly predicted when regressed
against temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen measured at the time of
collection. However, biomass was predicted fairly well by temperature
(significant at six of the seven sites) but not by salinity or dissolved
oxygen.
The assemblage of fishes collected in the rocky intertidal was composed
solely of demersal species (26 species). Sculpin predominated in the
assemblage (50% of the species, 13 species), followed by prickleback (19%,
5 species). Seasonal trends in species richness, density, and standing crop
of intertidal fishes were largely absent. Unlike the nearshore and neritic
fishes, intertidal fishes do not move into the subtidal during fall and
winter but remain in the intertidal throughout the year. Furthermore, the
fishes sampled by beach seine and townet were primarily juveniles; the
adults of these species generally inhabit deeper water than the juveniles.
The majority of intertidal species collected inhabit the intertidal as
adults. The only evidence of seasonal trends in the intertidal species was
the appearance of recently metamorphosed juveniles in late winter and spring,
but their numbers were not sufficient to produce seasonal peaks in density
or standing crop.
Significantly, the rocky intertidal is rarely utilized as a nursery
area by the common subtidal species, probably because the environmental
fluctuations experienced in the intertidal require specialized adaptations
that would be of limited value to later life history stages spent in
subtidal habitats.
The ability to detect decreases in the abundance and biomass of
nearshore fishes was analyzed using power curves. It was found that the
beach-seine data were better than the townet data for detecting decreases.
For the beach-seine data, decreases must be in general 75% or more before
they can be reliably detected; for the townet data they must be 95% or more.
Using the beach-seine data, it is easier to detect changes in numbers than
changes in biomass, and changes that occur in spring will be more difficult
to detect than changes occurring in other seasons.
The 36 nearshore fishes, composing the most common or abundant species
encountered along the strait, were categorized into nine functional feeding
groups. The most prominent feeding mode was the obligate epibenthic
planktivore, accounting for 15 species (42%). Facultative epibenthic
planktivores included another eight species (22%). Thus, epibenthic zooplank-
ton appear to constitute the trophic base of the majority of the nearshore
fishes of the region. As most epibenthic zooplankton are either detritivores
or herbivores on macroalgae, the annual cycle of production of nearshore
-------
macrophytes and seagrasses and conversion into detritus is the most
important process determining nearshore food web structure and energy flow
in the region.
Examination of variability in prey composition by year and habitat for
14 nearshore fish species indicated that although a limited number of prey
taxa may be important in the diet spectrum of a species, the proportional
contributions among the prey taxa vary considerably. This suggests that prey
switching is probably a common occurrence but may be limited to a narrow
component of the available prey community. In general, diet overlap was more
consistent between years than between habitats (sites) although overlap
values were equally variable in both cases.
Coincident sampling of epibenthic zooplankton during the August 1978
beach-seine and tidepool fish collections indicated that, while harpacticoid
copepods predominated at virtually every site and microhabitat sampled,
nearshore fish tended to feed upon the larger prey of the assemblage
available to them. Accordingly, overlap between the plankton composition
and prey composition of the co-occurring nearshore fishes was higher in
comparisons of biomass than in comparisons of numerical composition. Even
within a prey taxon, such as gammarid amphipods, size-selective predation
upon the largest available amphipods was evident.
Conclusions regarding the composition, abundance, and biomass of macro-
invertebrates collected incidentally during beach-seine and townet collections
must consider that these collection methods were not designed to provide
quantitative data for the macroinvertebrate assemblages. Accordingly,
comparisons between years, sites, and seasons can be considered as only
relative, qualitative differences in the macroinvertebrate assemblages.
In both years, species richness, abundance, and biomass of collected
epibenthic (beach seine caught) macroinvertebrates were generally highest at
the more protected sites, Beckett Point and Port Williams. In many cases
this was due to the abundance and diversity of crangonid (especially Crangon
alaskensis), hippolytid (especially Eualus sp. and Hippolyte clarki), and
pandalid (especially Pandalus danae) shrimps and gammarid amphipods at these
two sites. The two new sites located at the eastern end of the strait,
Alexander's Beach and West Beach, had epibenthic macroinvertebrate catches
similar to Dungeness Spit and Twin Rivers except that gammarid amphipods
(especially Atylus tridens) were more abundant. Over the four quarters,
catches were lowest and least diverse in winter and generally highest in
October; the high autumn catches, however, may be an artifact of the
nighttime collections.
Neritic macroinvertebrates captured incidentally by townet indicated
fewer distinct trends and a patchier distribution than the epibenthic macro-
invertebrates. Mysids (specifically Archaeomysis grebnitzki and Neomysis
rayi) were the major cause of the high fluctuations in abundance and standing
crop, occurring abundantly at all Strait of Juan de Fuca sites at one time or
another and during all seasons except summer. They were not, however,
significantly abundant in the catches from the two sites at the eastern end
of the strait. In several instances there was a slight increase in the
contribution by mysids to the diet spectra of several fish during periods of
-------
high mysid abundance, but there were also several instances where no such
relationship was evident.
-------
SECTION 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 STUDY SITES AND SAMPLING FREQUENCY
A major consideration in determining sampling sites and sampling design
was the desire to make the results of the nearshore fish studies of the MESA
Puget Sound Project comparable to data generated during the DOE Northern
Puget Sound Biological Baseline Study (Miller et al. 1977),.thus facilitat-
ing between-area comparisons. Further considerations used to determine
sampling sites were: (1) The desire to sample throughout the Strait of Juan
de Fuca and Whidbey and Fidalgo Islands; (2) sites had to be accessible to
both the land-based beach-seine operation and the ship-based townet operation;
(3) sites were chosen to reflect the variety of habitats encountered in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca.
Six beach-seine sites and seven townet sites were established along the
Strait of Juan de Fuca in 1976. An additional beach-seine and townet site
was established on Whidbey Island and on Fidalgo Island in 1977, and seven
tidepool sites were established along the Strait of Juan de Fuca in 1977.
Collections on Whidbey and Fidalgo Islands were made only during the sampling
year 1977-78; intertidal collections were made during 1977-78 and 1978-79.
The sampling dates are presented in Appendix 6.1. Sampling sites were
characterized by habitat and sampled with three methods designed to capture
nearshore demersal (beach seine), neritic (townet), and intertidal (tidepool)
fishes (Fig. 1, Table 1). Collection periods were quarterly—winter
(December, January), spring (May), summer (August), and fall (October).
3.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.2.1 Beach Seine
A 37-m (120-ft) beach seine was used to sample demersal fish occurring
within 30 m of shore during slack water at low tide. The beach seine
consisted of two wings with 3-cm mesh joined to a 0.6-ra x 2.4-m x 2.3-m bag
with 6-mm mesh (see Miller et al. 1977, for a diagram of the beach seine).
A weighted lead line kept the seine on the bottom. Floating sets were made
with seven floats attached to the cork line at regular intervals. The net
was set 30 m from the stern of a rowed skiff. Polypropylene lines 30 m long
and 2 cm diameter were used to retrieve the net. Two-person teams situated
40 m apart hauled the net at about 10 m/min. For the first 20 m of hauling
the teams remained 40 m apart; the final 10 m was hauled with the teams 10 m
apart. When the net was entirely on the beach, fish and invertebrates were
removed, placed in plastic bags, and labeled for later processing. Replicate
-------
Olympic Peninsula
Fig. 1. Location map of sampling sites.
-------
Table 1. Characterization of study sites along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. BS = beach seine,
TN = townet, TP = tidepool.
oo
Site
Habitat
Sampling Method
1 Neah Bay
2 Kydaka Beach
3 Slip Point
4 Pillar Point
5 Twin Rivers
6 Observatory Point
7 Morse Creek
8 Dungeness Spit
9 Jamestown
10 Port Williams
11 Beckett Point
12 North Beach
13 West Beach
14 Alexander's Beach
Moderate gradient, high energy, direct exposure, TP
boulder beach, abundant algae
Moderate gradient, high energy, direct exposure, BS, TN
sand substrate, no algae, little detritus
Moderate gradient, high energy, direct exposure, TP
rock substrate, abundant algae
Moderate gradient, moderate energy, moderate exposure, TN
rocky kelp bed with adjacent sandflats
Low gradient, moderate energy, moderate exposure, BS, TN, TP
sand and cobble beach, abundant algae and kelp
High gradient, high energy, direct exposure, rock TP
substrate, abundant algae
Low gradient, moderate energy, moderate exposure, BS, TN, TP
sand and cobble beach, abundant algae and kelp
High gradient, high energy, high exposure, sand BS, TN
and gravel beach, no algae, little detritus
Low gradient, low exposure, low energy, mudflat with BS, TN
extensive eelgrass beds
Low gradient, low exposure, low energy, mudflat with BS, TN
extensive eelgrass beds
Moderate gradient, low exposure, low energy, sand and BS, TN
gravel beach, abundant algae and eelgrass
Low gradient, low energy, low exposure, sand and cobble TP
beach, some algae
Moderate gradient, high energy, direct exposure, sand- BS, TN
gravel substrate, little algae
Low gradient, low energy, low exposure, sand substrate, BS, TN
little algae
-------
hauls were made at each site except when weather conditions made that
impossible. Care was taken so that the area swept by one set was not
included in the replicate. Time between sets was at least 30 minutes.
At sites where the depth of water was less than 3 m, only sinking sets were
made. Where water depth exceeded 3 m (two sites), both floating and sinking
sets were made. Beach seining was conducted during slack water at low tide,
which involved sampling at night between October and March and during the day
between March and October.
3.2.2 Townet
A two-boat surface trawl (townet) was utilized to sample neritic fish
occurring in the upper 3.5 m of the water column adjacent to the shoreline.
The townet measured 3 m x 6 m (10 x 20 ft), with mesh sizes grading from
76 mm (3 inches) at the brail to 6 mm (1/4 inch) at the bag (see Miller
et al. 1977, for a diagram of the townet). The net was towed at 800 rpm
(about 3.7 km/hr) between the 12-m (39-ft) FRI research vessel MALKA and
a 3.7-m (12-ft) purse seine skiff. At each site, two 10-minute tows were
made. One tow was made with the prevailing tidal current along the shore-
line and the other tow was made in the opposite direction.
To reduce net avoidance by pelagic species and to optimize sampling of
those pelagic species which migrate into shallow water nocturnally, sampling
was conducted at night. We also sought to sample during periods of minimal
tidal currents and moonlight to reduce sampling variation, but this was not
always possible.
The net was towed as close to the shoreline as depth, kelp growth, and
flotsam would allow. The net dragged bottom in 5 m (15 ft) of water.
Seldom were we able to follow a consistent transect over the same depth,
distance from shore, and length at the townet sites; conditions during the
collection periods varied because of tide, flotsam, weather, etc. However,
the towing setup proved to be quite maneuverable, allowing us to work along
the shoreline rather easily. Townet sampling was generally conducted within
one week of beach seine collections.
3.2.3 Intertidal
Two types of intertidal habitat were sampled during low tide: Tidepools
and the area beneath large rocks. Both types of habitat were encountered at
most intertidal sites. The sites were categorized as rocky headlands
(Observatory Point, Slip Point, Neah Bay) and cobble beaches (North Beach,
Morse Creek, Twin Rivers), according to their geomorphology.
Tidepools were randomly selected at various heights to ensure sampling
over the entire vertical range of the fish. Each tidepool was partly
drained to concentrate fish into a small area; a small amount of quinaldine
(10% solution in ethyl alcohol) was added to narcotize the fish, facilitating
the collection of secretive and elusive species. Rocks were also randomly
selected over the vertical range of the fish. The rocks were rolled and the
fish beneath them were captured by hand. Fish were preserved in 10%
buffered formalin immediately after capture.
-------
3.2.4 Macroinvertebrate Cataloguing
Epibenthic macroinvertebrates were collected at the eight beach seine
sites and pelagic macroinvertebrates were collected at the nine townet sites
during the first two years of the study. The macroinvertebrates were hand-
picked from the beach seine and townet and placed in 10% buffered formalin,
except for large, readily identifiable crabs and asteroids which were
measured (or the size estimated) and released at the time of collection.
Preserved samples were brought to the laboratory and identified, weighed,
and measured. Species were sorted using a dissecting microscope. For
species occurring in numbers greater than 100, subsamples of 50 individuals
were weighed and measured, the remainder of the sample was counted and a
total weight taken.
Weights were taken to the nearest 0.01 g and lengths were measured to
the nearest millimeter. Carapace lengths, eye to posterior edge of carapace,
were taken on the shrimp. In the laboratory, crabs were measured at their
widest point (carapace width). The remainder of the invertebrates were not
measured.
Species identifications were made using a variety of dichotomous keys,
illustrated references, descriptions, and an existing reference collection
of verified species. The principal references used for taxonomic identifi-
cation were Banner (1947, 1948, 1950), Barnard (1969), Barnes (1974),
Johnson and Snook (1955), Kozloff (1974), Ricketts and Calvin (1968),
Schultz (1969), Smith and Carlton (1975), and Staude et al. (1977). A
reference collection was organized and maintained for the purpose of compar-
ing prey organisms to verified specimens. Amphipods were identified by Craig
Staude at the Friday Harbor Laboratories.
3.3 COLLECTION INFORMATION
The following data were recorded for all sampling methods: Location,
date, time, tide stage and height, weather conditions (air temperature, wind
speed and direction, visibility, precipitation, and cloud cover), sea surface
temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, sea state and color, bottom depth,
area sampled (beach seine), volume sampled (townet), distance fished,
sampling duration, compass heading, light intensity, and current direction
and velocity. All information was recorded on computer data forms.
Water samples were obtained for salinity and dissolved oxygen measure-
ments. For beach seine samples, salinity was determined by the
potentiometric method and dissolved oxygen by Winkler titration. During
townet collections, salinity was measured with a Beckman salinity-temperature
probe, and dissolved oxygen was determined by Winkler titration.
3.4 BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Catches from the beach seine and townet were bagged, labeled, and placed
on ice until processing. Fish retained for stomach analysis were separated
from the catch and preserved in 10% formalin immediately after collection.
10
-------
Generally, catches were taken in their entirety. It became necessary
to subsample when the catch of one or more species was too large to permit
proper handling within the available time. The less abundant species were
sorted from the catch and saved. The abundant species were thoroughly mixed
and a known volume greater than or equal to 10% of the sample was removed
and saved. The volume of the remaining sample was measured and the fish
were discarded.
3.5 PROCESSING THE CATCHES
Fish samples were sorted to species and individuals were counted,
measured (total length), and weighed (to the nearest 0.1 g wet weight).
Where possible the following information was taken for an individual: Sex,
life history stage, external diseases, parasites, and other abnormalities.
When the number of individuals of a species in a sample exceeded 100, 50 or
more individuals were weighed and measured; the remaining fish were counted
and an aggregate weight was taken. All information was recorded on computer
data forms. Hart (1973) was used as a reference for identification of the
fishes.
Fish to be used for stomach analysis were dissected; the stomach was
removed, tagged, and preserved in 10% formalin. In those fish without
well-defined stomachs, the first one-third of the intestine was removed and
preserved.
3.6 STOMACH ANALYSES
Whole fish specimens or intact stomach samples of economically important
fishes were examined according to a systematic, standard procedure (Terry
1977) which identifies the numerical and gravimetric composition of prey
organisms, the stage of digestion of the contents, and the degree of stomach
fullness. In the laboratory, the stomach samples were removed from the
preservative, or from the preserved whole fish, and soaked in cold water for
at least two or three hours before examination. The stomach was then
identified according to information on the label and then processed.
Processing involved taking a total (damp) weight (to nearest 0.01 g),
removing the contents from the stomach and weighing each taxonomic category
including unidentifiable material. Subjective numerical evaluations of the
stomach condition or degree fullness—scaled from 1 (empty) to 7 (distended)—
and stage of digestion—scaled from 1 (all digested) to 5 (no digestion)—were
made at this time. The stomach contents were then sorted and identified as
far as was practical, the sorted organisms were counted, and a total (damp)
weight of each taxon was obtained (to nearest 0.001 g). If a sorted taxon
was represented by too many individuals to count, the number was estimated
using a random grid-counting procedure.
3.7 POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR
A major source of sampling error was gear selectivity. Each gear type
possessed its own selectivity which must be taken into account when comparing
results of different gear types. Sample variation also resulted from bottom
conditions, weather conditions, light intensity (diurnal-nocturnal), sea
conditions, bioluminescence, turbidity, and sampling duration.
11
-------
Density and standing crop estimates for both beach seine and townet
were biased because we assumed 100% gear efficiency (e.g., all fish occurring
in the 11,500-m3 section sampled by the townet were assumed captured). The
large-mesh wings of the townet and beach seine were not as effective in
retaining larvae and small juveniles as the bag, so that quantitative results
concerning small fish were likely to be underestimates. Also, certain fast-
swimming and fast-reacting species probably were able to avoid the sampling
gear.
The topography of the substrate affected the performance of the beach
seine. Smooth substrates were swept more efficiently than uneven substrates.
Furthermore, large quantities of algae or eelgrass reduced sampling
efficiency.
Sampling at Jamestown was discontinued after the first year of the study
because of insufficient water depth on zero or minus tides. Port Williams,
east of Jamestown near the entrance to Sequim Bay, was added to the sampling
plan.
Species identifications may constitute a source of error. All adult
specimens and the vast majority of juvenile specimens were readily identifi-
able. Some species of larval fish and macroinvertebrates presented
identification problems, so in some instances species richness (number of
species) may have been underestimated.
Sample bias was also introduced by the crew during the picking of the
net. Transparent larvae and small fish may have been overlooked,
particularly when sampling was conducted at night in inclement weather.
Beach seining was conducted on the lowest tides of the sampling period.
During October through January, sampling occurred at night whereas in May
through August it occurred during the day. Comparison of these two periods
must take into consideration potential diel changes in the fish fauna.
Bias also occurred in sampling the macroinvertebrates collected with the
fish. The more fish and algae present in the net, the less efficient the
invertebrate sampling effort because of the difficulty in finding inverte-
brates among the algae and also because of time constraints involved in
setting and retrieving the net.
3.8 DEFINITIONS AND STATISTICS
3.8.1 Definitions
Occurrence or % occurrence means the number or percentage of discrete
samples (e.g., stomachs or hauls) in which a species was present. Abundance
means the total number of individual organisms caught. Biomass means the
total wet weight of the organisms caught.
Density means the ratio of the total number of organisms to the sampling
area (beach seine) or volume (townet and tidepool collections) in a discrete
sample and is expressed as number/m2 or number/m3. In the special case of
12
-------
tidepool collections made beneath single rocks, it is expressed as
number/rock.
Standing crop is the ratio of the total biomass of organisms to the
sampling area (beach seine) or volume (townet and tidepool collections)
in a discrete sample and is expressed as grams/m2 or grams/m3. In the
special case of tidepool collections made beneath single rocks, it is
expressed as grams/rock.
Species richness is the number of species present in a sample or group
of samples.
3.8.2 Statistics
3.8.2.1 IRI trophic diagrams. A modification of Pinkas et al. (1971),
"Index of Relative Importance" (IRI) was used to rank the importance of prey
organisms. The IRI values for prey taxa are displayed both graphically and
in tabular form where justified by sample size (n > 25). The three-axis IRI
graphs illustrate frequency of occurrence (the proportion of stomachs con-
taining a specific prey organism) plotted sequentially on the horizontal
axis, and percentage of total abundance and percentage of total biomass
plotted above and below the horizontal axis, respectively (Fig. 2). All
prey groups, including those assigned to a broad taxonomic level (family,
order, class) because of inability to assign a more specific identification,
have been arranged from left to right by decreasing frequency of occurrence.
Prey taxa in differing stages of digestion (e.g., partly digested shrimp,
"Natantia-unidentified," as opposed to family, "Pandalidae," or species,
''Fandalus borealis") are graphed separately.
The IRI value was computed as follows:
IRI = % Frequency of f~% Numerical + % Gravimetric ~j
occurrence. I composition. composition. I
and is equivalent to the area encompassed by the bar for each prey category i
composing the IRI diagrams. In order to compare the IRI values between prey
spectra with different sample sizes, the overall importance of general prey
taxa (e.g., all shrimp, including "unidentified Natantia" and those
identified to family and species, added together) has been discussed as a
percentage of the total combined IRI (areas) of the different prey taxa.
Table 2 illustrates an example of the IRI values and percentages of total IRI
generated from the data diagrammed in Fig. 2. The advantage of the IRI value
is that the more representative prey are not dominated by numerically rare
but high biomass prey (e.g., prey8, Fig. 2), by infrequently occurring but
abundant or high biomass (when eaten) taxa, nor by numerically abundant or
frequently occurring taxa which contribute little in the way of biomass
(e.g., preylt Fig. 2).
3.8.2.2 Trophic diversity and dietary overlap. Four quantitative
indices of the composition and overlap of predator diets were used to describe
trophic diversity:
13
-------
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-------
(1) Percent dominance index: % Dominance = £(p.)2
where p. is the ratio of the number (or biomass) of prey to the total prey
abundance (or biomass).
(2) Shannon-Wiener diversity index:
s
H' = -I (P, Ln P )
1=1 1 Z 1
where p. is the same as in the percent dominance index and s is the total
number of species. H' incorporates both the number of prey taxa present and
the evenness of the distribution (either numbers or biomass) among these
taxa, and is relatively insensitive to sample size.
(3) Evenness index: e = H'/Lns
where H' is the Shannon-Wiener index and s is the total number of species.
(4) Dietary overlap: Sanders (1960) Index of Affinity (similarity),
%S = I min p.
was used as an index of diet overlap, where p. is the percentage of the total
IRI which each prey taxon constituted. Silver (1975) suggested that 80%
similarity was a reasonable significance level.
3.8.2.3 Linear regression. The relationship between abundance and
biomass and the oceanographic parameters measured at each site was investi-
gated with a stepwise linear regression model and analysis of variance.
Abundance and biomass values were transformed with logarithms (base 10) to
normalize the variance (Zar 1974).
3.9 DISPOSITION OF DATA
All data were initially recorded on computer sheets in format required
by MESA specification. Codes utilized in data recording were developed by
the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). The data were checked for
errors, keypunched on 80-colutnn IBM cards, and verified. All data cards
were systematically organized, transferred onto magnetic tape, and submitted
to NODC quarterly.
3.10 SPECIES NOMENCLATURE
Unless otherwise noted, all names of fishes, both scientific and common,
are based on the American Fisheries Society list (1970). The only change that
has appeared subsequent to that list is for the bay pipefish, which has been
changed from Syngnathus griseolineatus to ^. leptorhynchus, according to
Miller and Lea (1972).
15
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SECTION 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen data are presented in
Appendix 6.2 for beach-seine, townet, and tidepool collections.
4.1.1 Beach Seine
The relationship between abundance and biomass and the oceanographic
parameters measured at each site was investigated with stepwise linear.
regression and analysis of variance. Log abundance and log biomass were
poorly predicted by the oceanographic parameters measured; only 10 out of
the possible 48 parameters (20.8%) were significant (Table 3). The
conclusion is that while some of the oceanographic parameters may be locally
important in determining the abundance or biomass of nearshore fish (e.g.,
temperature at Dungeness Spit), there is no predictable relationship across
all sites.
4.1.2 Townet
A regression analysis of variance was also performed on abundance and
biomass measurements from townet catches (Table 4). Log abundance was poorly
predicted by the oceanographic parameters measured; log biomass was poorly
predicted by salinity and dissolved oxygen but was predicted fairly well by
temperature. Temperature was significant at six of the seven sites and was
always positively related to biomass—i.e., an increase in temperature was
correlated with an increase in biomass. The amount of variance in biomass
explained by the regression (r2) ranged from 17% to 48% (mean = 36%).
4.2 NEARSHORE FISH SPECIES COMPOSITION
A total of 94 species was collected from May 1976 to June 1979 during
sampling operations (Tables 5, 6). A decrease in the number of species
collected by beach seine and townet was observed as the study progressed.
This was largely a result of absence of rare species in the catches during
the second and third years of sampling. Some species—e.g., rock greenling,
Pacific sandfish, plainfin midshipman, and kelp perch—were represented by
fewer than five specimens in a particular year and none in others. The
presence or absence of rare species in the catches is stoichastic and not
regarded as significant.
16
-------
Table 3. Summary of stepwise multiple linear regression of log abundance
and log weight against temperature, salinity, and dissolved
oxygen for beach seine catches. NS = not significant; the
significance level is given where appropriate; the coefficient
of determination (r2) is given in parentheses. The equations
are in the form
Y. = a+bX. + s
i i yx
where s x = standard error of the regression.
Log abundance
Site
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
sinking
Dungeness Spit
floating2
Port Williams3
Beckett Point
sinking4
Beckett Point
floating5
Temp.
NS
NS
NS
0.012
(0.33)
0.008
(0.38)
NS
NS
NS
Sal.
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.023
(0.30)
NS
0.030
(0.33)
DO
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.004
(0.33)
0.007
(0.50)
NS
Log weight
Temp.
NS
NS
NS
0.015
(0.14)
NS
NS
NS
NS
Sal.
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.002
(0.50)
DO
NS
NS
NS
0.049
(0.20)
NS
NS
NS
0.043
(0.16)
) = -0.137 -I- 0.194 (temp) + 0.5273
Log (wt.) = 1.603 + 0.288 (temp) - 0.165 (DO) + 0.6197
2Log (nos.) = -2.393 + 0.407 (temp) + 0.7918
3Log (nos.) = 9.129 - 0.463 (DO) - 0.936 (sal) + 0.3715
4Log (nos.) = 3.737 -• 0.119 (DO) + 0.5109
5Log (nos.) = -12.508 + 0.479 (sal) + 0.5254
Log (wt.) = -19.647 + 0.772 (sal) - 0.864 (DO) + 0.5079
17
-------
Table 4. Summary of stepwise multiple linear regression of log abundance
and log weight against temperature, salinity, and dissolved
oxygen for townet catches. NS = not significant; the signifi-
cance level is given where appropriate; the coefficient of
determination (r2) is given in parentheses. The equations
are in the form
where
Y. = a+bX. + s
x i — yx
s = standard error of the regression.
yx &
Log abundance
Site
Kydaka Beach1
Pillar Point2
Twin Rivers3
Morse Creek1*
Dungeness Spit5
Jamestown-
Port Williams
Beckett Point7
Temp.
NS
0.009
(0.30)
NS
NS
0.046
(0.19)
0.001
(0.13)
NS
Sal.
NS
NS
<0.001
(0.48)
NS
NS
<0.001
(0.14)
0.001
(0.44)
DO
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.001
(0.34)
NS
Log biomass
Temp.
0.002
(0.40)
<0.001
(0.48)
0.015
(0.17)
0.001
(0.33)
NS
<0.001
(0.46)
0.006
(0.32)
Sal.
NS
NS
0.002
(0.36)
NS
NS
0.022
(0.13)
NS
DO
NS
NS
NS
<0.001
(0.27)
NS
NS
NS
*Log (wt) = -0.711 + 0.243 (temp °C) + 0.5454
2Log (nos.) = -2.268 + 0.477 (temp) + 0.8711
Log (wt) = -4.181 + 0.697 (temp) + 0.8566
3Log (nos.) = 37.640 - 1.089 (sal) + 0.9720
Log (wt) = 22.437 - 0.726 (sal) + 0.347 (temp) + 0.7667
4Log (wt) = 3.542 - 0.725 (DO) + 0.521 (temp) + 0.8672
5Log (nos.) = -1.288 + 0.377 (temp) + 0.9498
6Log (nos.) = -37.657 + 0.541 (temp) + 0.923 (sal) + 0.064 (DO) + 0.6008
Log (wt) = -13.246 + 0.594 (temp) + 0.315 (sal) + 0.5762
7Log (nos.) = 63.267 - 1.915 (sal) + 0.8360
Log (wt) = -1.270 + 0.321 (temp) + 0.9958
18
-------
Table 5. Number of species collected by each sampling method.
Gear 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 Total
Beach seine
Townet
Intertidal
69
48
—
59
42
24
60
34
25
81
60
26
Total 76 76 69 94
4.2.1 Dominant Species, Beach Seine
The rank order of the most abundant species summed across all collec-
tions at all sites is presented in Table 7. The general consistency of
rankings among years suggests that, at least for the abundant species,
occupation of a particular habitat is fairly constant from year to year and
that quarterly sampling with a beach seine is effective in documenting major
trends in the nearshore fish assemblages.
Between-year differences in the rank order abundances were largely a
result of the sporadic occurrence of a few large individuals—e.g., spiny
dogfish and chinook salmon—which greatly influenced biomass measurements,
and schooling species—e.g., Pacific herring, Pacific sand lance, and
Pacific tomcod—which because of their mobility were not collected
consistently. The presence of the tidepool sculpin in 1977-78 and 1978-79
rankings is a result of substituting Port Williams for the Jamestown site.
Tidepool sculpin inhabit a large rock outcrop adjacent to the area sampled
with the beach seine at Port Williams; on an ebbing tide the sculpins move
off the outcrop and into the area sampled.
Variations in the strength of year classes within a species can affect
the rankings, or even presence or absence, in the table. There is some
evidence that this is the case for speckled sanddab. During the first two
years of the study, only a few speckled sanddab were collected on two beaches
(Kydaka Beach, Beckett Point); during the last year of the study, sanddab
were collected at every site and were ten times as abundant as in previous
years.
A list of the regularly occurring and abundant species by season and by
site for each year of the study is presented in Table 8. Beach-seine catches
were dominated by juveniles of three species: Pacific staghorn sculpin,
English sole, and sand sole. They were present on all beaches during most
of the sampling periods. The similarity of substrates among the sampling
sites accounts for their widespread occurrence. Sand sole were more abundant
on pure sand and coarse sand substrates with little vegetation or detritus
(Kydaka Beach, Dungeness Spit), while English sole and Pacific staghorn
sculpin were more abundant on mixed sand and mud substrates with more
vegetation and detritus. All three species appeared on the beaches in the
spring as metamorphosing larvae or as recently metamorphosed juveniles.
They remained on the beaches throughout the summer and fall. By winter they
had largely disappeared—probably moving into deeper water in response to
19
-------
Table 6. Nearshore fish species collected by beach seine (BS), townet (TN),
and tidepool (TP) .
Species Common name Gear
Squalus aaanfhias
Raja binoaulata
R. stellulata
Hydrolagus aolliei
Clupea harengus pallasi
Engraulis mordax
Onaorhynchus gorbusoha
0. keta
0. kisutch
0. tshxuytsaha
Salmo olarki
S. gairdneri
Eypomesus pretiosus
Mallotus villosus
Spivinchus thaleiohthys
Poviahthys notatus
Gobiesox maeandricus
Gadus macroaephalus
Microgadus pracimus
Theragra ahalcogpomma
Aulorhynohus flavidus
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Syngnathus leptonhynehus
Amphistiehus rhodoterus
Cymatogaster aggvegata
Brachyisticus frenatus
Embiotoca lateralis
Rhaeoehilus vaooa
Tviehodon trichodon
Anoplarchus purpuresoens
ChJ-polophus nugator
Lumpenus sagitta
Phytiahthys ahivus
Xiphister atropurpureus
X. imeosus
Apodiehthys flavidus
Pholis laeta
P. ornata
Anarvhichthys ooellatus
'Ammodytes hexapterus
Sebastes entanelas
S. flavidus
S. melanops
Hexagrammos decagrammus
H. lagoaephalus
H. stelleri
' 'Ophiodcn elongatus
Avtedius fenestvalis
A. harringtoni
A. lateralis
spiny dogfish
big skate
starry skate
ratfish
Pacific herring
northern anchovy
pink salmon
chum salmon
coho salmon
chinook salmon
cutthroat trout
rainbow trout
surf smelt
capelin
longfin smelt
plainfin midshipman
northern clingfish
Pacific cod
Pacific tomcod
walleye pollock
tube-snout
threespine stickleback
bay pipefish
redtail surf perch
shiner perch
kelp perch
striped sea perch
pile perch
Pacific sandfish
high cockscomb
mosshead warbonnet
snake prickleback
ribbon prickleback
black prickleback
rock prickleback
penpoint gunnel
crescent gunnel
saddleback gunnel
wolf eel
Pacific sand lance
widow rockfish
yellowtail rockfish
black rockfish
kelp greenling
rock greenling
whitespotted greenling
lingcod
padded sculpin
scalyhead sculpin
smoothhead sculpin
20
BS,TN
BS
BS
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
65
BS
BS,TN
TN
BS,TN
BS
BS,TN,TP
BS
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS,TN,TP
TP
BS,TN
TP
TP
TP
BS,TN,TP
BS,TN,TP
BS,TN,TP
TN
BS,TN
BS,TN
BS
TN
BS,TN
BS.TP
BS
BS.TN
BS,TN,TP
BS,TP
BS,TP
-------
Table 6. (Contd.)
Species
Common name
Gear
Aseeliahthys rhodorus
Blepsias cirrhosus
Chi-tonotu. s pugetens-is
Clinooottus aauticeps
C. embryum
C. globioeps
Enophrys bison
Hemilepidotus hemilep-idotus
Leptooottus armatus
Myoxocephalus polyaoanthooephalus
Nautiahthys oeulofasc-iatus
Oligocottus maoulosus
0. rimens-is
0. snydeiri
Radulinus boleoides
Rhaonphooottus richardsoni
Scovpaeniehthys mcamoratus
Synahirus gilli
Gilbeptidia sigalutes
Psychvolutes paradoxus
Agcnopsis emmetccne
Agonus a.C'ipenseri.nus
Bathyagonus nigri-pinis
Oecella verruoosa
Odontopyxis trispinosa
Pallasina barbata
Xeneretmus latifrons
Ewniarotremus orbis
Lipap-Ls aoLlyodon
L. eyclopus
L. dennyi
L. florae
L. muoosus
L. pulahellus
L. vutteri
Citharichthys stigmaeus
C, sordidus
Isopsetta isolep-is
Lepidopsetta bit -ineata
Parophrys vetulus
Platichthys stellatus
Pleuronichthys coenosus
Psettiahthys melanostiotus
Miavostomus paci.fi.aus
rosylip sculpin BS,TN,TP
silverspotted sculpin BS,TN,TP
roughback sculpin BS
sharpnose sculpin BS,TN,TP
calico sculpin TP
mosshead sculpin TP
buffalo sculpin BS,TN,TP
red Irish lord BS,TN,TP
Pacific stagborn sculpin BS,TN
great sculpin BS,TN
sailfin sculpin BS,TN
tidepool sculpin BS,TP
saddleback sculpin BS,TP
fluffy sculpin BS,TP
darter sculpin TN
grunt sculpin TN
cabezon BS
manacled sculpin BS,TN
soft sculpin TN
tadpole sculpin BS,TN
northern spearnose poacher BS
sturgeon poacher BS,TN
blackfin poacher TN
warty poacher BS
pygmy poacher BS
tubenose poacher BS,TN
blacktip poacher BS.TN
Pacific spiny lumpsucker BS,TN
spotted snailfish BS,TN
ribbon snailfish BS,TP
marbled snailfish BS
tidepool snailfish BS,TN,TP
slimy snailfish BS
showy snailfish BS,TN
ringtail shailfish BS,TN,TP
speckled sanddab BS
Pacific sanddab BS
butter sole BS
rock sole BS,TN
English sole BS,TN
starry flounder BS,TN
C-0 sole BS
sand sole BS
Dover sole BS
21
-------
Table 7. Rank order of the most abundant fishes in beach seine collections.
KS
10
Occurrence
Pacific staghorn sculpin
English sole
Sand sole
Starry flounder
Buffalo sculpin
Striped perch
Pacific tomcod
Padded sculpin
Redtail surfperch
Herring
Surf smelt
Tubesnout
Shiner perch
Rosy lip sculpin
Chinook salmon
Spiny dogfish
Sand lance
Tidepool sculpin
Silverspotted sculpin
Speckled sanddab
76/77
1.5
1.5
3
4
5
6
7.5
7.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
77/78
1.5
1.5
2.5
5
6
9
2.5
9
9
7
78/79
1
2
2.5
3.5
7
10
3.5
10
10
8
5.5
Abundance
76/77
5
8
7
10
2
9
4
3
6
1
77/79
4
8
6
9
10
7
3
5
1
2
78/79
8
6
3
9
7
5
4
1
2
10
Biomass
76/77
5
8
2
7
1
9
4
3
6
10
77/78
2
7
3
9
10
6
5
4
1
8
78/79
3
7
4
5
6
1
8
2
9
10
-------
N>
CO
Table 8. Regularly occurring and abundant species in beach seine collections by site and by season for
each of the study years; F = few (< 10 individuals), C = common (10-25), A = abundant (26-100),
AA = very abundant (> 100). Data based upon two seine hauls at each site in each season.
KYDAKA BEACH
Species
Pacific herring
Redtail surfperch
Pacific sand lance
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Speckled sanddab
English sole
Starry flounder
Sand sole
Redtail surfperch
Striped seaperch
Penpoint gunnel
Crescent gunnel
Saddleback gunnel
Padded sculpin
Rosy lip sculpin
Silverspotted sculpin
Buffalo sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tubenose poacher
English sole
Starry flounder
Sand sole
1976-77
SP SU
AA
F
C
A
F C
A A
F A
AA
A
F A
A
F
F AA
F AA
F F
F
A
F AA
F
F C
F
§
•H
.| _i
o
0)
,H
t-1
O
0
O
C
AA
F
A
F
A
A
C
F
A
F
C
W
F
F
F
C
A
C
F
C
F
A
A
C
A
1977-78
SP
F
F
F
C
TWIN
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
C
SU
A
AA
F
A
C
F
A
RIVERS
AA
C
A
F
C
A
AA
C
F
F
A
F
A
F
F
C
F
A
F
F
A
C
F
A
AA
F
F
F
F
F
AA
W
§
-H
^j
o
0)
rH
iH
O
a
o
C
C
C
C
C
F
F
C
F
A
1978-79
SP
F
F
A
F
F
A
A
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A
C
F
SU
F
F
C
AA
F
C
AA
AA
F
A
F
F
A
A
F
F
C
A
F
A
F
A
AA
F
F
F
F
F
C
F
C
A
F
AA
W
C
C
C
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
-------
Table 8 . (Contd.)
MORSE CREEK
Species
Surf smelt
Pacific tomcod
Tube-snout
Striped seaperch
Silverspotted sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
English sole
Starry flounder
§and sole
Spiny dogfish
Pacific herring
Surf smelt
Pacific tomcod
Pacific sand lance
Pacific staghorn sculpin
English sole
Sand sole
1976-77
SP SU
F AA
C
F
F F
F F
F
F A
F
C
F C
C AA
F
A
AA
F C
F A
AA
F W
F
F F
F
F
F F
F F
F F
F F
F
F
F
F
F
C F
F
A C
1977-78
SP SU
C
F
A
F F
F F
F C
F A
F F
F A
DUNGENESS
F
F F
C
F A
F
C
A
F
C
F
F
F
AA
SPIT
C
o
4-1
0
-------
Table 8 . (Contd.)
JAMESTOWN - PORT WILLIAMS
ro
Oi
Species
Shiner perch
Padded sculpin
Sharpnose sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tidepool sculpin
English sole
Starry flounder
Pacific tomcod
Tube- snout
Shiner perch
Striped seaperch
Padded sculpin
Roughback sculpin
Buffalo sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Great sculpin
English sole
Starry flounder
1976-77
SP
F
A
SU
F
A
A
C
F
C
o
•H
4-1
CJ
0)
i-l
rH
O
O
O
C
W
G
O
•H
4J
O
0)
H
r-i
0
o
o
c
SP
F
F
F
F
F
F
1977-78
SU
F
F
C
AA
AA
AA
C
F
AA
F
AA
AA
AA
F
A
BECKETT
F
F
F
F
F
AA
F
A
F
F
AA
C
F
F
A
A
C
F
A
C
AA
F
A
C
A
C
F
AA
AA
AA
F
F
A
F
A
F
A
F
F
F
F
C
F
C
F
F
AA
F
F
F
A
F
F
F
A
A
AA
A
A
F
A
A
F
C
F
W
A
F
F
F
AA
A
F
POINT
A
AA
AA
C
F
F
C
A
F
A
F
SP
F
A
A
A
F
F
F
F
C
A
C
C
1978-79
SU
F
F
A
AA
A
F
A
C
AA
F
C
F
F
A
F
F
F
F
A
A
A
AA
A
C
AA
F
AA
A
A
F
A
AA
F
AA
F
W
F
C
C
A
C
F
AA
A
F
F
A
A
F
A
F
-------
lowered temperatures and reduced food availability in the nearshore
environment.
The list of predominant species collected by beach seine in northern
Puget Sound (Miller et al. 1977) is quite similar to the list compiled for
the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Noticeably absent from northern Puget Sound
collections, but abundant in the strait collections, were sand sole and
redtail surfperch. Small schooling species (e.g., Pacific herring, Pacific
sand lance, Pacific tomcod, surf smelt, shiner perch, and tube-snout) were
ranked generally higher in northern Puget Sound collections than in Strait
of Juan de Fuca collections.
4.2.2 Dominant Species, Townet
Pacific herring, and to a lesser extent longfin smelt, predominated in
townet catches (Tables 9, 10). Pacific herring accounted for 76% of all fish
by number and 75% of the total biomass of fish caught. Longfin smelt
accounted for 16% of all fish by number and 11% of the total biomass. The
remaining 58 species contributed only 8% to the number of fish caught and
14% of the total biomass. Caution is therefore recommended in attributing
significance to variations in the rank order of species beyond Pacific
herring and longfin smelt.
Pacific herring were most abundant during the spring and summer when
they occurred as larvae and juveniles, respectively. Less than one percent
of all herring were caught in the fall and winter, reflecting their movement
out of the nearshore waters. No adult herring were captured during the
study, while juveniles occurred at all sites and in the majority of
collections (88%). The size of catches at a particular site varied between
years and no consistent pattern could be discerned. This is most likely a
result of the schooling nature of Pacific herring and the fact that the
schools are patchily distributed. Thus, while it is clear from the data
that Pacific herring are most abundant during spring and summer, it is
difficult to separate out variations in year class strength and preference
for a particular area from the bias introduced by sampling patchily
distributed fishes.
More than 99% of all longfin smelt collected were captured at Pillar
Point and Twin Rivers. Summer and fall were the periods of greatest abun-
dance. Most of the longfin smelt were young-of-the-year but a few adults
(some ripe) were also captured. The restricted distribution of young-of-
the-year smelt probably reflects the proximity of suitable spawning grounds—
the Pysht River and Twin Rivers. Curiously, few longfin smelt were captured
during the 1978-79 sampling year. Two possible reasons are offered:
(1) There simply was a poor year class in 1978-79, and (2) sampling was too
limited to catch the patchily distributed longfin smelt.
Although numerically not abundant, catches of juvenile salmonids deserve
some mention because of their economic importance. A total of 117 juvenile
salmonids from four species (49 chum, 33 chinook, 32 pink, 3 coho) was
collected; 55% came from collections at Beckett Point and 27% from Jamestown-
Port Williams. Eighty-nine percent of the salmonids occurred in summer
collections.
26
-------
Table 9. Rank order of the most abundant fishes in townet collections.
Pacific herring
Surf smelt
Tadpole sculpin
Crescent gunnel
Occurrence
76/77 77/78
1 1
2 5
3 3.5
4 11
Pacific sand lance 5.5 2
Walleye pollock
Longfin smelt
Tubesnout
English sole
Shiner perch
Pink salmon
Northern anchovy
Manacled sculpin
Pacific tomcod
Spiny dogfish
Starry flounder
Coho salmon
Pile perch
Striped perch
Chinook salmon
Pacific staghorn
Wolf eel
Kelp greenling
5.5
7
8 5.5
9
11.5 5.5
11.5
11.5 7.5
11.5 7.5
3.5
11
11
sculpin
78/79
1
3
5
5.5
2
5.5
4
9
76/77
1
5
7
8
4
2
9
10
3
6
Abundance
77/78 78/79
1 1
4 3
9 5
10
3 2
8
2
6
5 8.5
7 4
6
9.5
9.5
76/77
1
9
4
2
7
3
5
6
8
10
Biomass
77/78
1
7
5
2
6
4
10.5
3
8
9
10.5
78/79
1
5
8
2
4
10
3
Threespine stickleback 9
Sailfin sculpin
Widow rockfish
Chum salmon
Bay pipefish
Pacific sandfish
9
6.5
9
6.5
7
8.5
7
6
9
-------
00
Table 10. Regularly occurring and abundant species in townet collections by site and by season for each
of the study years; F = few (< 10), C = common (10-25), A = abundant (26-100), AA = very
abundant (> 100). Data based upon two townet hauls at each site in each season.
KYDAKA BEACH
Pacific
Species
herring
Surf smelt
Long fin
Pacific
smelt
sand lance
SP
A
F
C
1976-77
SU F
C C
F
1977-78
W
F
F
AA
SP
AA
AA
AA
SU
AA
F
F
F
W
1978-79
SP SU F W
AA A F
F
C F
PILLAR POINT
Pacific
herring
Surf smelt
Long fin
Pacific
smelt
herring
Surf smelt
Longf in
Pacific
smelt
sand lance
AA
F
AA
A
C
A
A AA
F F
AA
AA A
AA A
AA AA
F
F
A
F
F
AA
AA
C
TWIN
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
F
F
RIVERS
A
A
A
AA
rt-
o
•H
- — ^
U
0)
.-t
rH
0
0
O
AA AA F
C F
AA A
AA
AA
MORSE CREEK
Pacific
Pacific
herring
sand lance
AA
A
C AA
F
AA
AA
AA
AA
A
F
F
AA A
A F
-------
Table 10. (Contd.)
DUNGENESS SPIT
NJ
Pacific
Species
herring
Surf smelt
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
sand lance
herring
sand lance
1976-77
SP
AA
A
A
A
C
SU
AA
F
F
A
F
C
F
F
F
W SP
AA
AA
JAMESTOWN
F AA
AA
1977-78
SU
AA
C
F
AA
C
W
F
F
F
1978-79
SP SU F W
AA A
AA
AA F
- PORT WILLIAMS
AA
A
C
AA C C
A
BECKETT POINT
Pacific
Shiner
Pacific
herring
perch
sand lance
AA
F
F
AA
AA
F
AA
F AA
C
F
F
AA
F
F
A
AA F
C F
AA F
-------
As in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Pacific herring ranked first in
occurrence, abundance, and biomass in northern Puget Sound (Miller et al.
1977). Longfin smelt were more abundant in the strait, while threespine
stickleback were more abundant in northern Puget Sound.
4.2.3 Dominant Species, Intertidal
Tidepool and beneath-rock collections were dominated by tidepool
sculpin, northern clingfish, and high cockscomb (Tables 11, 12). They
occurred at all sites but composed a greater proportion of the collections
on the cobble beaches (Twin Rivers, Morse Creek, North Beach) than on the
rocky headlands (Neah Bay, Slip Point, Observatory Point); this was a
result of the greater number of species found on the rocky headlands.
Tidepool sculpin occurred almost exclusively in tidepools, while northern
clingfish and high cockscomb occurred beneath rocks both in and out of
tidepools.
The year-to-year consistency in occurrence, abundance, and bi'omass
rankings (Table 11) is not altogether surprising. The assemblage of inter-
tidal fishes consists of 16 species, a rather limited number compared to
nearshore areas accessible to a beach seine. There are, therefore, a limited
number of combinations of the 10 most abundant species. Additionally, inter-
tidal fish are microhabitat specialists, so their numbers are probably limited
by the amount of their proper habitat which varies little from year to year.
Finally, ranking fish by occurrence, abundance, or biomass obscures the
magnitude of the differences between them, which in some years may be great
and in others small, but the overall ranking remains the same.
4.3 NEARSHORE FISH SPECIES RICHNESS
4.3.1 Beach Seine
A yearly summary of the species richness (number of species) caught at
each site is presented in Table 13 and Appendix 6.3. Species richness
generally increased from west to east in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, includ-
ing sites at Whidbey and Fidalgo Islands. Exposed sites yielded fewer
species than nearby, more protected sites. For example, Twin Rivers yielded
more species than Kydaka Beach and Morse Creek yielded more species than
Dungeness Spit. The causes of this trend are likely the interrelationships
between exposure and habitat complexity. Homogeneous, low-relief beaches
(Kydaka Beach, Dungeness Spit) offer neither a wide variety of habitats
necessary to attract a wide array of species, nor abundant refuges from
turbulence generated by storms; consequently, few species coexist there.
Between-year variations in the number of species captured were low
(less than 25%), with the exception of Dungeness Spit in 1977-78. Low be-
tween-year variations are surprising if one considers that while some species
are present at a particular site every year (i.e., the predominant species),
rare species tend to occur erratically. This is reflected in the total
number of species captured at a site over all three years which was always
greater than the number of species collected in any one year.
30
-------
Table 11. Rank order of the most abundant fishes in intertidal collections.
Occurrence
Species
Tidepool sculpin
Northern clingfish
High cockscomb
Black prickleback
Rosylip sculpin
Mosshead sculpin
Fluffy sculpin
Rock prickleback
Calico sculpin
Smoothhead sculpin
Tidepool snailfish
Sharpnose sculpin
Ribbon prickleback
77/78
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
10
10
78/79
1
3
2
5
10
4
8
6
7
9
Abundance
77/78
1
3
2
4
6
5
7
9
8
10
IB/79
I
5
2
4
3
8
6
7
9
10
Biomass
77/78
1
5
4
2
6
7
8
3
9
10
78/79
2
6
4
3
10
5
9
1
8
7
-------
Table 12. Regularly occurring and abundant species in intertidal collections
by site and by season for each of the study years. F=few (<10
individuals), C=common (10-25), A=abundant (26-100). Data based
upon varying amounts of effort but regarded as typical for each
session at each site.
1977-78
Species
NEAR BAY
Northern clingfish
High cockscomb
Black prickleback
Rock prickleback
Tidepool sculpin
Fluffy sculpin
SLIP POINT
Northern clingfish
High cockscomb
Black prickleback
Rock prickleback
Smoothhead sculpin
Sharpnose sculpin
Mosshead sculpin
Tidepool sculpin
TWIN RIVERS
Northern clingfish
High cockscomb
Black prickleback
Rock prickleback
Tidepool sculpin
OBSERVATORY POINT
Northern clingfish
High cockscomb
Black prickleback
Rock prickleback
Sharpnose sculpin
Mosshead sculpin
Tidepool sculpin
MORSE CREEK
Northern clingfish
High cockscomb
Tidepool sculpin
NORTH BEACH
Northern clingfish
High cockscomb
Tidepool sculpin
Sp
c
c
F
F
C
A
C
A
A
C
F
C
C
A
C
F
F
F
C
C
A
F
F
C
C
A
C
C
A
C
F
C
Su
F
C
F
F
C
C
C
A
C
F
F
C
C
A
C
F
F
C
C
A
F
C
F
A
C
C
C
F
F
F
F
F
A
C
F
C
C
A
F
C
F
F
C
C
A
F
F
C
C
A
F
C
A
F
F
F
W
C
A
F
C
C
A
F
F
C
C
A
F
F
F
A
C
C
A
F
F
C
Sp
C
C
F
F
A
C
F
A
C
F
F
C
C
A
C
C
F
F
C
C
A
F
F
C
F
A
C
C
A
C
F
C
1978-79
Su
C
C
F
C
C
F
A
F
F
F
C
C
A
F
F
F
C
C
A
F
F
F
C
A
C
A
A
C
F
F
F
C
A
F
F
F
C
A
F
F
F
C
C
A
F
F
F
A
C
C
A
F
F
F
W
F
A
F
F
C
C
A
F
C
C
A
F
F
F
A
C
C
A
F
F
C
32
-------
Table 13. Number of species (yearly total and three-year total)
collected by beach seine at the sampling sites.
Site
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
Total
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown-Port Williams
Beckett Point
West Beach
Alexander's Beach
17
23
28
24
11
51
14
21
29
14
35
46
32
35
14
20
29
27
28
42
25
28
42
33
41
65
Species richness exhibited similar seasonal trends in all years of the
study. Maxima occurred in the summer and sometimes the fall; minima were
recorded in the winter (Fig. 3). The most exposed sites (Kydaka Beach,
Dungeness Spit) exhibited the greatest variations between seasons. Seasonal
patterns in maximum and minimum species richness and the number of species
collected within a season were quite similar at these sites. The most
protected sites (Jamestown-Port Williams, Beckett Point, Alexander's Beach)
exhibited the least seasonal variation in species richness, but the number
of species collected was not comparable among the sites; the shallower sites
(Jamestown-Port Williams, Alexander's Beach) yielded fewer species than the
deeper site (Beckett Point). Sites of intermediate exposure (Twin Rivers,
Morse Creek) exhibited some seasonal variation—species richness was lower
in winter and spring than in summer and fall—and produced a comparable
number of species.
Species richness values recorded in this study were similar to species
richness values recorded in the San Juan Islands by Miller et al. (1977),
with the exception of Beckett Point. The number of species collected at
Beckett Point was greater in all seasons than the number of species collected
in comparable habitats in northern Puget Sound, e.g., Deadman Bay. The high
values at Beckett Point may have been the result of one or more of the
following: (1) High abundance, diversity, and availability of food;
(2) utilization of Discovery Bay as a nursery area by many species; (3) the
proximity of two dissimilar habitats—a steep, sand slope and an eelgrass-
covered mudflat.
Seasonal variation in the number of species collected in the San Juan
Islands was similar to the variation observed at all but the most protected
sites in the Strait of Juan de Fuca—high spring-summer values and low
fall-winter values.
4.3.2 Townet
A yearly summary of the number of species caught at each site is
presented in Table 14 and Appendix 6.4. Collections at sites in the eastern
Strait of Juan de Fuca generally produced more species than sites in the
western strait. Between-year variations in species richness at a particular
33
-------
-
.
-
,
-
25-
20-
15-
10-
5 -
Kydaka
25
20
15
10.
5-
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Morse Creek
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
Twin Rivers
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Dungeness Spit
(floating & sinking sets combined)
Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring
Fig. 3. Species richness of seasonal beach seine collections, 1976-1979,
Summer
Fall
-------
.
25 .,
20 _
15 .
10 _
5_
-
i
•H
i
.
'
-
:
-
.
Jamestown-Port Williams
Winter Spring Summer
Fall
30
25-
Beckett Pt.
(floating & sinking sets combined)
Ulllj 1976-77
LJ 1977-78
1978-79
West Beach
Alexander's Beach
Winter Spring Summer Fall W Sp Su F W Sp Su F
Fig. 3. (Contd.) Species richness of seasonal beach seine collections, 1976-1979.
-------
Table 14. Number of species collected (yearly total and
three-year total) by townet at the sampling sites.
Site 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 Total
Kydaka Beach
Pillar Point
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown-Port Williams
Beckett Point
West Beach
Alexander's Beach
14
18
20
25
25
20
25
11
16
11
20
20
19
15
19
23
18
21
11
18
14
13
17
23
28
22
34
31
31
30
site were generally the result of capturing juvenile individuals of demersal
species, usually rare in townet catches.
Seasonal trends in species richness are evident (Fig. 4). Maxima
usually occurred in the spring, and occasionally in the summer and fall;
minima occurred in the winter. The occurrence of high values in the spring
and summer represented the influx of larvae and juveniles into nearshore
surface waters.
Seasonal trends in species richness in the Strait of Juan de Fuca
paralleled the seasonal trends observed in northern Puget Sound (Miller
et al. 1977). The number of species collected in the strait was generally
higher than the number of species collected in the San Juan Islands but
comparable to the number of species collected around Cherry Point and
Anacortes (see Miller et al. 1977, for locations of northern Puget Sound
sampling sites).
4.3.3 Intertidal
Species richness was higher on the rocky headlands (Neah Bay, Slip Point,
Observatory Point) than on the cobble beaches (Twin Rivers, Morse Creek,
North Beach) (Table 15, Appendix 6.5). This is probably a result of the
predictability of the habitat—e.g., tidepools on rocky headlands are
discrete and persist for long periods of time (at least three years and
probably much longer) while tidepools on cobble beaches are less well
defined and may change in size and shape (or disappear altogether) several
times a year after storms (Cross, unpubl. data).
Table 15 also presents the number of transient species collected at
each site. On the rocky headlands they were primarily juveniles of subtidal
cottids (e.g., red Irish lord, buffalo sculpin, scalyhead sculpin) while on
the cobble beaches they also included juvenile flatfish (English sole, rock
sole) and larvae of schooling species (Pacific sand lance, Pacific herring).
On all beaches the transient species were encountered only infrequently.
36
-------
-
w to
~~J
14-1
-
-
20 -
15 -
10 -
25
20 _
15 -
10 _
5 _
0
Kydaka
Gill 1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Twin Rivers
Pillar Ft,
Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter
Fig. 4. Species richness of tovmet collections, 1976-1979.
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Morse Creek
Spring
Summer
Fall
-------
,
,
-
-
•
.
-
-
.
,
.•
25-1
20-
15-
10-
25_
20.
15.
10.
Dungeness Spit
Beckett Pt.
[UD 1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Jamestown-Port Williams
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Alexander's Beach
West Beach
Winter Spring Summer Fall W Sp Su F
Fig. 4. (Contd.) Species richness of townet collections, 1976-1979,
W Sp Su F
-------
Table 15. Number of resident and transient species collected
at intertidal sampling sites. Data based on
abundance (numbers) of fish collected over two
years of sampling (1977-1978).
Number of Number of
site resident species transient species
Neah Bay 16 3
Slip Point 16 3
Twin Rivers n 3
Observatory Point 16 6
Morse Creek 9 5
North Beach 6 9
4.4 NEARSHORE FISH DENSITY
4.4.1 Beach Seine
The density of fishes (number of fish per m2) at the exposed and
moderately exposed sites exhibited marked seasonal trends while at the
protected sites the trends were less distinct (Fig. 5, Appendix 6.3).
Maximum densities at the most exposed sites (Kydaka Beach, Dungeness Spit)
were recorded in the summer; low values (< 0.2 fish per m2) typified the
remainder of the year. Schooling species (juvenile Pacific herring, Pacific
sand lance) were responsible for the high summer densities. (Seasonal trends
at the exposed Whidbey Island site, West Beach, were not evident probably
because of the limited amount of data collected.)
Densities at the moderately exposed sites (Twin Rivers, Morse Creek)
were generally highest in the summer and occasionally in the fall. Species
responsible for the high densities were most frequently demersal (rosylip
sculpin, English sole, sand sole) or pelagic but associated with the bottom
(redtail surfperch) and less frequently, small schooling species (surf
smelt, tube-snout).
Densities at the most protected sites were always among the highest
recorded. Maxima occurred in summer and fall, and occasionally in some
winter and spring collections. The high densities resulted from large
catches of demersal species (Pacific staghorn sculpin, tidepool sculpin,
English sole) and small schooling species (tube-snout, shiner perch,
Pacific tomcod).
The highest densities recorded during the study occurred at the most
exposed sites and were the result of pure catches of either Pacific herring
or Pacific sand lance. The fact that large numbers of these species were
not captured every summer at the exposed sites reflects the patchy distribu-
tion of the small schooling species and suggests a low probability of
capture under a quarterly sampling scheme. The high densities at Beckett
Point, second only to those recorded at the most exposed sites, were more
39
-------
.1)0
W
Su
1.50-
•
0.00
Twin Rivers
1.50-,
1.25-
1.00.
I
Morse Creek
Fig. 5. Density of fish (# fish/m ) of seasonal beach
seine collections, 1976-1979.
40
-------
1.50-
1.25-
1.00.
0.75-
0.50.
0.25.
0.00
Dungeness Spit Sinking! (JJJj] 1976-77
CD 1977-78
1978-79
gsa ,, PI | __.
!!i! bs! Ill .
W Sp Su F
2.16
1.50 -
^ 1.25-
CN
5 i.oo.
co
£• 0.75-
£ 0.50_
c
n
0.25 -
1.50-
1.25
1.00-
0.75_
0.50,
j
Dungeness
Spit
Iff
j Floating
H
l!il
1
Illllil
i
IB
1!
if
:
H
W Sp Su F
1.81
Jamestown-Port Williams
"1
0.25J
0.00
TOR
H cH i i
W Sp Su F
Fig. 5. (Contd.) Density of fish (# fish/m ) of seasonal
beach seine collections, 1976-1979.
41
-------
Beckett Ft. Sinking
1.50JIH- 1.70
1.81
1976-77
1977-78
!H 1978-79
Beckett Pt. Floating
m
c
0)
o
1.50
1.25J
j West West Alexander's
1-°l ! Beach Beach Beach
'Floating Sinking
WSSF WSSF WSSF
Fig. 5. (Contd.) Density of fish (# fish/m ) of seasonal
beach seine collections, 1976-1979.
42
-------
varied in composition. The mixed catches of pelagic and demersal fish at
Beckett Point reflect the variety, and perhaps the quality, of habitats at
that site.
Both the seasonal trends and the magnitude of fish densities in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca were comparable to the seasonal trends and magnitudes
in northern Puget Sound (Miller et al. 1977), although densities at Beckett
Point tended to be greater in spring than densities from similar habitats in
northern Puget Sound. Utilization of nearshore habitats by demersal and
schooling species was similar in the strait and northern Puget Sound.
Schooling species were primarily responsible for the highest densities at
the exposed sites while demersal species were of equal, and in some
instances greater, importance at the more protected sites.
\
4.4.2 Townet
3
Fish densities (number per m ) in townet collections were highest in
the spring and summer (Fig. 6, Appendix 6.4), although at every site there
was considerable within-season variation between years. The high densities
at all sites were a result of large catches of post-larval and juvenile
Pacific herring, and to a lesser extent, Pacific sand lance and longfin
smelt. While Pacific herring and Pacific sand lance occurred at all sites,
over 99% of the longfin smelt were collected at Pillar Point and Twin Rivers.
The apparent proximity of spawnimg grounds (suspected to be the Pysht River
and East and West Twin Rivers) to the sampling sites probably accounts for the
localized occurrence of the longfin smelt. Interestingly, longfin smelt
were captured only during the first two years of sampling; their absence in
the third year cannot be explained.
The marked within-season variation between years may have been caused
by the patchy distribution of the fish, resulting in a low probability of
capture, or by variations in year class strength between years. It is
therefore difficult to attach significance to these variations.
Minimum densities (< 0.6 fish per m3) were recorded at all sites in
fall and winter. Larval fish, which appeared in the water column in spring
and had reached the juvenile stage by summer, had largely disappeared from
the nearshore surface waters by fall.
Unlike beach-seine collections, obvious trends in townet collections
between sites were largely absent—i.e., exposed sites exhibited densities
equal to or greater than the protected sites. With the exception of the
previously discussed longfin smelt, the conclusion is that Pacific herring
and Pacific sand lance are not associated with particular habitats, but
probably wander freely along the shoreline using it as a nursery area, and
perhaps as a refuge from predation, during the spring and summer of their
first year of life.
Fish densities in the Strait of Juan de Fuca tended to be greater than
densities in the San Juan Islands and around Anacortes but comparable to
densities recorded in the vicinity of Cherry Point (Miller et al. 1977).
43
-------
0.500
0.400-
0.300-
0.200-
0.100-
< 0.000_
•£ Winter
•H
<4-i
-
=.
0.500-1
0.400-
0.300-
0.200-
0.100-
o.ooa
Kydaka
Spring Summer
0.718
•f Twin Rivers
Fall
Pillar Pt.
Winter Spring
0.757JTT.
Morse
Creek
:_.66
U 1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
Summer Fall
5.28
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Fig. 6. Density (# fish/m ) of fishes in seasonal townet collections, 1976-1979.
-------
0.500-
0.400-
0.300-
0.200-
0.100-
u 0.500-1
1
0.400-
0.300-
0.200-
0.100-
O.OOO-DUffl
Winter
Dungeness Spit
:: -:
Spring Summer Fall
Beckett Pt.
Spring
Summer
Fall
Jamestown-Port Williams
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
Winter Spring Summer
Fall
Alexander's
Beach
West Beach
W Sp Su F
W Sp Su F
Fig. 6. (Contd.) Density (# fish/m ) of fishes in seasonal townet collections, 1976-1979,
-------
A marked difference between the Strait of Juan de Fuca and northern
Puget Sound was the virtual absence of threespine stickleback from collec-
tions in the strait. In northern Puget Sound townet catches, stickleback
ranked second in occurrence, second or third in abundance, and in the top
ten in biomass, and occurred in all habitats from exposed to protected. The
reason for its absence from the strait is unknown. With the exception of
threespine stickleback, the composition of townet catches in northern Puget
Sound was quite similar to townet catches in the strait.
4.4.3 Intertidal
Two types of habitat were sampled in the intertidal during low slack
water: Tidepools and the beneath-rock habitats. Intertidal fish densities
are presented as number of fish per m2 (tidepools) and number of fish per
rock (beneath-rock habitats) (Fig. 7, Appendix 6.5). Sculpin were generally
the most abundant group in tidepools, followed by prickleback and gunnel
("blennies") and clingfish and snailfish ("others"). Prickleback and gunnel
were generally the most abundant groups in the beneath-rock habitat,
followed by cottids and others. The occasional high densities of cottids
beneath rocks from late winter to early spring may have been spawning
aggregations (Cross, unpubl. data).
The density of sculpin in tidepools was generally comparable among
sites. The densities of blennies and others were similar at all sites
except North Beach where densities were consistently lower. This is probably
a result of the paucity of hiding places beneath or among rocks in the tide-
pools at North Beach. The intertidal at North Beach is heavily sedimented
during late winter and spring. The sand may remain on the beach for months,
filling holes and crevices otherwise used by blennies and others, reducing
the available habitat and resulting in lowered fish densities. Sand is
present on the other cobble beaches (Morse Creek, Twin Rivers) but accumula-
tions are neither as great nor do they remain as long as on North Beach.
Densities of fish beneath rocks varied between sites; densities on the
rocky headlands were generally greater than densities on the cobble beaches.
This was most pronounced at North Beach where fish densities beneath rocks
never exceeded one per rock. The abundance of sand on North Beach was
undoubtedly the cause of the low densities.
Distinct seasonal trends in the density of fish in tidepools and
beneath rocks were largely lacking, although a few generalizations can be
made. Sculpin tended to be more abundant in tidepools from late winter to
early summer, primarily because of an influx of juvenile sculpin from the
plankton. The abundance of blennies in tidepools paralleled that of sculpin
for the same reasons but to a lesser degree. The density of blennies
beneath rocks generally exhibited an increase from late winter to early
summer, again for the same reasons.
46
-------
CO
40 -i
35 -
30 -
25 -
Neah Bay
Slip Pt.
4-1
« 15
0)
p
10
5 ^
i i i i i i i i r i i
N J M H J S
1977
1978
ill i i i i i i i i i
N J MM J S N
197*9
IT
i i i i i
8-, Slip Pt.
o
o
co
•rH
•H
CO
CD
IT7 II I I I I I III
N J M M J S N J
1977 1978
M M J S N
1979
Fig. 7. Density of fish in tidepools (// fish/m ) and beneath rocks
(# fish/rock) in intertidal collections, 1977-1979.
A. Prickleback and gunnel; B. sculpin; C. other.
47
-------
Twin Rivers
Observatory Pt.
IT I I I I 1
o
O
co
•H
•H
CO
c
0)
81
6-
4-
2-
Twin Rivers
N J M M J S N J M M J S 'N
1977 1978 1979
Observatory Pt.
i i i ! ; IT i
N J "M M'
1977
i r i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
S N J M M J S N
1978 1979
Fig. 7. (Contd.) Density of fish in tidepools (# fish/m ) and beneath rocks
(# fish/rock) in intertidal collections, 1977-1979.
A. Prickleback and gunnel; B. Sculpin; C. Other.
48
-------
Morse Creek
35-
30-
CN
,6
,G
•H
£ 20-
TH
w
§ 15H
Q
10-
5-
0
North Beach
B
I i i i i iii
o
o
CO
C
QJ
Q
6-
4-
2-
Morse Creek
B
- North Beach
i i i i i
i i i i
N J M M J
1977
n i i i 1 I i I I I I r I I
S N J M M J S N
1978 1979
A —
III! 1 (II
N.TMMJSNJMMJSN
1977 1978 1979
Fig. 7. (Contd.) Density of fish in tidepools (# fish/m ) and beneath rocks
(# fish/rock) in intertidal collections, 1977-1979.
A. Prickleback and gunnel; B. Sculpin; C. Other.
49
-------
4.5 NEARSHORE FISH STANDING CROP
4.5.1 Beach Seine
Seasonal trends in standing crop, although apparent, were not dramatic
(Fig. 8, Appendix 6.3). At the most exposed sites (Kydaka Beach, Dungeness
Spit), maximum biomass values were recorded in summer and fall and were
highly influenced by the presence or absence of neritic species (Pacific
herring, Pacific sand lance), and to a lesser extent by large demersal
species (sand sole) and neritic species (spiny dogfish). Minimum biomass
values at the exposed sites occurred in winter and spring.
Trends at the moderately exposed and protected sites were more varied.
High values were recorded in all seasons; however, low values occurred in
the winter (Morse Creek, Jamestown-Port Williams) or spring (Twin Rivers,
Beckett Point). Contrary to the situation at the exposed sites, Pacific
herring and Pacific sand lance contributed little to the standing crop at the
moderately exposed and protected sites. High standing crop values at these
sites were the result of large catches of small demersal species (juvenile
Pacific staghorn sculpin, tidepool sculpin, rosylip sculpin), large demersal
species (adult Pacific staghorn sculpin, starry flounder) or loosely
aggregating, pelagic species (shiner perch, redtail surfperch, striped perch).
The lowest standing crop values (< 2 g per m2) occurred at the most
exposed sites. Low standing crop values, particularly in winter and spring,
were probably the result of high turbulence generated by storms and tidal
currents, and the homogeneous, low-relief character of the substrate. Food
abundance and availability may also be reduced at such sites.
Standing crop values were greater at the moderately exposed and protected
sites. Within-season variations between years were common. The highest
standing crop values were recorded at a moderately exposed site (Twin Rivers);
redtail surfperch, and to a lesser extent starry flounder, sand sole, and
Pacific staghorn sculpin, were responsible for the high values.
Standing crop values recorded in the Strait of Juan de Fuca were
comparable to values recorded in northern Puget Sound (Miller et al.
1977).
4.5.2 Townet
The standing crop of neritic fishes was usually greatest in summer;
large catches were occasionally recorded in spring and fall (Fig. 9,
Appendix 6.4). Pacific herring generally contributed the most to the
standing crop at all sites. Spiny dogfish, because of their large size,
contributed greatly to biomass estimates at three sites—Pillar Point,
Dungeness Spit, and Jamestown-Port Williams. Some species were locally
abundant and contributed significantly to biomass estimates: Longfin
smelt at Pillar Point and Twin Rivers; surf smelt at West Beach and Alexan-
der's Beach; and shiner perch, striped seaperch, and pile perch at Beckett
Point.
50
-------
6.0 .
5.0 -
4.0 -
3.0 -
2.0 -
1.0
r^
Kydaka
0.0
25.0
.07
1976-77
] 1977-78
1978-79
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Twin Rivers
20.0 -
(X
o
15.0 -
00
c
•1-t
10.0 -
4-1
5.0 "
n n -Ml
„ !:!_
rr^-l
1
— i
i
il
II
6.0 -
5.0 -
4.0 -
3.0 -
2.0 -
0.0
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Morse Creek
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Fig. 8. Standing crop (g fish/m ) of fishes in seasonal beach seine
collections, 1976-1979. Note different scale for Twin Rivers,
51
-------
e
00
I
;
:
, i
r
6.0
5.0-
4.0-
3.0-
2.0-
1.0-
0.0
Dungeness, sinking
m—n
Winter Spring Summer Fall
HIIII 1976-77
II 1977-78
H 1978-79
6.0-
5.0-
4.0-
3.0-
2.0-
1.0-
JSIJ.
O.OT
Dungeness,
floating
10.76
(Scale reduced
10-fold)
Winter Spring Summer Fall
6.0-,
5.0-
4.0-
3.0-
2.0-
I.Q]
o.o
Jamestown-Port Williams
8.93
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Q
?ig. 8. (Contd.) Standing crop (g fish/m ) of fishes in seasonal beach seine
collections, 1976-1979.
52
-------
Beckett Pt. Sinking
00
:
11.OB ~ a.Mm 12.16
5.0
4.0
3.0
6.0-,
9.
JCTIM,
31". w 19.22
Beckett Pt.
1 Floating
1
4.0^
ram
3.0-
2.0-
1.0-
0.0 -
i~
(IpTTTir
Hi
i — LI. i
1
n 1
i
•i
!! — i
! I
a IH Li!
w
Sp
Su
6.0
5.0 -
4.0 -
3.0 -
2.0 -
1.0
0.0
n
. 7.92
a West Beach Floating
b West Beach Sinking
c Alexander's Beach
WSSF WSSF WSSF
Fig. 8. (Contd.) Standing crop (g fish/m2) of fishes in seasonal
beach seine collections, 1976-1979.
53
-------
2.29
0.035
bO
0.025
0.020-
0.015-
o.oio-
0.005 -I
0.000.
Kydaka
Winter Spring Summer Fall
°-25~| Twin Rivers
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0.05
0.00
0.40
0.25
0.20 -
0.15-
0.10 -
0.05 -
0.00
Pillar Pt.
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
Winter Spring Summer Fall
12.31
Morse Creek
Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer
Fig. 9. Standing crop (g fish/m3) of fish in seasonal townet collections, 1976-1979. Note
different scale for Kydaka.
-------
0.32— 0.29
JMHli J.
U. ZD-
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0.05-
0.00-
Dungeness Spit
|
]
J
-
-
'
-
:
:
•H
t
c
"
*J
K
Winter Spring Summer
0.92
Fall
0.25-1
0.20-
0.15-
0.10-
0.05 -
0.00
Beckett Pt.
*^:n =
0.37
JMiJ,
Jamestown-Port Williams
1976-77
I 1977-78
lililil 1978-79
Winter Spring Summer
Fall
1.50
0.93
Alexander's
Beach
West Beach
W S S F
W S S F
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Fig. 9. (Contd.) Standing crop (g fish/m3) of fish in seasonal townet collections, 1976-1979.
-------
Because of the patchy distribution of neritic fishes, and consequently
their unpredictable occurrence in townet catches, some minimum standing crop
values occurred in all seasons. The within-season variations between years
reflect this situation—e.g., standing crop values recorded in the summer
were often as low as, or lower than, values recorded in the winter.
The other extreme is illustrated by the summer 1977-78 catch at Morse
Creek. In two tows, more than 120,000 juvenile Pacific herring weighing
nearly 300 kg were captured, which obviously exerted a substantial influence
on standing crop estimates.
Nevertheless, standing crop values recorded in the Strait of Juan de
Fuca were generally comparable to standing crop values recorded in northern
Puget Sound by Miller et al. (1977). Standing crop values at the exposed
sites in northern Puget Sound were not as high as at the protected sites,
but this trend was not apparent in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. In both areas
the sporadic occurrence of large individuals (e.g., spiny dogfish, starry
flounder, and Pacific staghorn sculpin) often contributed significantly to
standing crop estimates.
4.5.3 Intertidal
Standing crop values in tidepools exhibited marked variations and no
consistent seasonal pattern (Fig. 10, Appendix 6.5). Sculpin and blennies
were responsible for maxima in standing crop, but at different times of the
year. The others, usually lower in biomass than either sculpin or blennies,
occasionally exhibited high standing crop values. There were no apparent
differences in the magnitude of standing crop between the rocky headlands
and cobble beaches, although the composition of the fauna was often different.
Standing crop beneath rocks was generally dominated by blennies; sculpin
and others contributed less to standing crop, but were usually equally repre-
sented. There were no consistent seasonal patterns in standing crop. Unlike
the tidepool situation, there were differences in the magnitude of standing
crop between the rocky headlands and cobble beaches; standing crop values
were generally lower on the cobble beaches. This is exemplified by North
Beach which had the lowest standing crop of any site. As previously men-
tioned, the reason for the low beneath-rock values was the high sediment
accumulations which reduced the amount of available habitat, and consequently
the standing crop of the fishes.
4.6 OCCURRENCE OF FIN ROT, LESIONS, TUMORS, AND PARASITES
No fin rot, lesions, or tumors were observed on any species of fish
collected in the Strait of Juan de Fuca during the three years of study.
Five English sole (70-182 mm TL) from beach-seine collections and one English
sole (112 mm TL) from townet collections at Alexander's Beach and West Beach
(August and October 1977) had skin tumors (epidermal papillomas). The tumor
incidence, however, was less than one percent in collections with tumored
fish. No fin rot or lesions were encountered on any species collected on
Whidbey or Fidalgo Islands in 1977-78.
56
-------
Neah Bay
Slip Pt.
60
^x
O
o
60
C
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 .
0 -I
NJMMJ S'NJMMJSN
1977 1978 1979
35 -, glip Pt.
30
a «,- i
o 25 -
S-l
o
M
o
00
c
•H
13
CO
20 -
15 -
10 -
5 -
NJMMJ SNJMM JSN
1977 1978 1979
Fig, 10, Standing crop of fishes in tidepools (g fish/m ) and beneath
rocks Cg fish/rock) in intertidal collections, 1977-1979.
A. Prickleback and gunnel; B. Sculpin; C. Other.
57
-------
Twin Rivers
B
O.
o
t-l
o
60
•H
•O
Observatory Pt.
35 -i
30 -
/-*x
•o 25 -
o
M
3 20-
p.
o
B 15 -
60
i io -
4J
m 5 -
0
Twin Rivers f^
\
\
| \
i
I
1
A !
M '
\
i \
i \ >
1 \ \ »
Al \ i ;\
B^- //v/ 'i \ 1 /A^" v*
C "* O~ •// .-\/ \ is | / ; v
^._^j" ^r-^L^S^x' V
fli ii i i I i f i I 1 Til i i r i t i i TT
NJMMJSNJ M M J & H
~ Observatory Pt.
1977
1978
1979
i i I I i i i i i—r i i 1 t—i • i i ii
MJ SNJMMJSN
1978 1979
Fig. 10. (Contd.) Standing crop of fishes in tidepools (g fish/m ) and
beneath rocks (g fish/rock) in intertidal collections,
1977-1979. A. Prickleback and gunnel; B. Sculpin;
C. Other.
58
-------
Morse Creek
North Beach
e
CO
P.
o
GO
•H
13
(3
cfl
70-
60-
50-
40'
30-
20-
10-
0
I I I i i
IT
Morse Creek
North Beach
^^
ii
o
o
CO
o.
o
o
c
•H
C
n)
30-
25-
20-
15-
10-
5-
n
li
\
\
\
\
\
\
*
\
\
\ A
/A * c
v^\/-^i^>/)^r
(Iffi iiiii i i i i 1 11111 Illk
NJMMJSNJMMJS
1977 1978 1979 1
C
BSsu Ai /
A — '^>c-/5£^-
i i i i i i i i I i
N J M M J
977 19
SNJMMJS
8 1979
Fig. 10. (Contd.) Standing crop of fishes in tidepools (g fish/m ) and
beneath rocks (g fish/rock) in intertidal collections,
1977-1979. A. Pricklebacfc and gunnel; B. Sculpin;
C. Other.
59
-------
Table 16 . Summary of parasitized fish caught by beach seine during the three years of study.
ON
o
Life history Number
Species stage parasitized Station
Long fin smelt
Cutthroat trout
Chinook salmon
Pacific tomcod
Redtail surfperch
Striped seaperch
Penpoint gunnel
Padded sculpin
Silverspotted sculpin
Buffalo sculpin
juvenile
adult
adult
juvenile
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
juv /adult
adult
adult
juvenile
juv/ adult
juvenile
1
1
1
1
3
4
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
I
4
1
2
1
2
8
Dungeness Spit
Pt. Williams
Dungeness Spit
Beckett Pt.
Morse Ck.
Twin Rivers
Twin Rivers
Beckett Pt.
Morse Ck.
Twin Rivers
Dungeness Spit
Twin Rivers
Pt. Williams
Dungeness Spit
Twin Rivers
Pt. Williams
Jamestown
Beckett Pt.
Twin Rivers
Morse Ck.
Season
spring
spring
spring
winter
winter
winter
winter
spring
spring
winter
winter
winter
spring
winter
winter
spring
summer
winter
summer
winter
Year
76-77
77-78
76-77
77-78
78-79
76-77
78-79
76-77
76-77
76-77
77-78
78-79
77-78
77-78
76-77
77-78
76-77
77-78
78-79
78-79
Parasite
copepod
leech
cestode
copepod
copepod
copepod
copepod
copepod
copepod
copepod
copepod
copppod
copepod
copepod
copepod
copepod
nematodes
copepod
leech
copepod
Location
external
external
intestine
external
gill chamber
external
external
external
external
external
external
external
external
external
external
external
intestine
external
external
gill chamber
-------
Table 16. (Contdr>
Life history Number
Species stage parasitized Station
Sharpnose sculpin
Pacific staghorn
sculpin
Cabezon
Great sculpin
Tidepool snailfish
English sole
Sand sole
juvenile
adult
adult
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
adult
juvenile
juvenile
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
Pt. Williams
Pt. Williams
Morse Ck.
Twin Rivers
Twin Rivers
Beckett Pt.
Beckett Pt.
Beckett Pt.
Pt. Williams
Pt. Williams
Pt. Williams
Kydaka Beach
Season
summer
fall
winter
winter
spring
spring
fall
spring
spring
fall
summer
spring
Year
77-78
77-78
77-79
76-77
77-78
77-78
77-78
77-77
77-78
77-78
78-79
77-78
Parasite
copepod
copepod
copepod
nematode
copepod
copepod
nematode
copepod
leeches,
copepod
copepod
copepod
copepod
Location
gill chamber
external
gill chamber
intestine
external
external
intestine
external
external
gill chamber
external
external
-------
The summary of parasitized fish caught by beach seine is presented in
Table 16. Nineteen species in eight families were found with parasites; the
incidence of parasitism exceeded one percent (in a sample) only once. The
incidence of internal parasitism is not considered representative since only
a small proportion of each catch were dissected. The incidence of external
parasites is probably also underestimated because only those individuals
having conspicuous parasites were discovered during processing.
Parasitized fish occurred at all sites in all seasons but were most
frequently encountered in winter and spring. External parasitic copepods
were observed most often because of their high visibility. Copepods were
found on fishes possessing a variety of modes of life: Schooling species
(longfin smelt, Pacific tomcod)', aggregating species (redtail surf perch,
striped seaperch), and a variety of demersal forms (sculpins and flatfish).
Few parasites were observed in the intertidal fish collections (Table 17) .
The low incidence of external parasites may be a function of a small
surface area of the potential hosts (the two parasitic copepods observed
were in the gill chambers), or possibly the fact that intertidal fish, which
are highly thigmotactic, dislodge external parasites during their close
contact with the substrate.
Table 17. Summary of parasitized fish from intertidal collections
during 1977 and 1978.
Species
Number
infested
Station
Date
Parasite Location
Rosylip sculpin,
adult
Saddleback sculpin,
juvenile
Ringtail snailfish,
juvenile
Observatory Winter 1978 Copepod
Point
Slip Point Winter 1978 Copepod
Morse Creek Winter 1978 Copepod
Gill
chamber
Gill
chamber
Gill
chamber
4.7 DETECTING CHANGES IN FISH ABUNDANCE AND BIOMASS AFTER A PERTURBATION
One of the primary objectives of most baseline surveys is to provide
information (composition, abundance, biomass, etc.) about a community that
will enable researchers to detect alterations caused by subsequent perturba-
tion (e.g., an oil spill). The first step toward the goal of providing
reliable pre-perturbation information is the assessment of the variability
of the baseline data. Our approach in this study is based on statistical
hypothesis testing of data fitting a normal distribution. For example, if
one is interested in testing for differences between the means of two samples,
a null hypothesis is constructed (expressing no difference between means) as is
an alternative hypothesis (expressing a difference between means). Knowing
the variance of the two sample distributions allows a comparison of the two means
statistically. The objective criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis in
62
-------
a statistical test is the significance level (denoted by a), which is
generally a probability of 0.05. Occasionally, a true hypothesis will be
rejected; this is called Type I error and occurs with a frequency of a.
Alternatively, if the null hypothesis is actually false, the test may not
detect it and one accepts a false hypothesis, which is called Type II error
(denoted by B). The power (1-B) of a statistical test is the probability of
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false and should be rejected
(Zar 1974). In this study, power was used to answer the following question:
After an oil spill, what is the probability of detecting a change in the
number or biomass of the fish at a particular site in a particular season?
Number and biomass were chosen because they are easily measurable with the
techniques employed in this study and because communities respond to
perturbations with changes in these parameters.
The number and biomass of fish caught seasonally at a particular site
over the three years of the study represented the distribution of the catches.
The data were transformed by taking the logarithm to homogenize the variance.
Mean and standard deviations of the transformed data were calculated. The
next step in computing power was to make two assumptions: (1) The result of
an oil spill would be a decrease in the number and biomass of fish at the
affected site; and (2) the variance of the catches would not change before
and after the oil spill. The first assumption is reasonable; the second is
more open to question. Finally, a series of hypothesized post-perturbation
catches (number and biomass) were constructed. The hypothesized values
corresponded to decreases of 50%, 75%, 90%, and 95% of the mean number and
biomass of catches at a particular site in a particular season recorded
during this study. For example, if the mean number of fish caught at Twin
Rivers in the winter for all three years was 100, the hypothesized mean
abundances after an oil spill were 50, 25, 10, and 5 (these values were
assumed to be the mean of several sets and were log transformed before
calculating power). Recalling the assumption ojE equal_variances, this
results in two normal distributions with means Xi and X2 and variance Si
(}il corresponds to the mean of the six sets completed during this study and
X2 corresponds to the mean of several sets made after an oil spill). The
null hypothesis was that there was no difference between Xj and X2; the
alternative was that there was a difference.
Power was calculated (Sokal and Rolf 1969) for number and biomass at
every site in every season for the beach-seine and townet data (Tables 18,
19). The tidepool data were not amenable to this operation because the
sampling design did not permit estimates of number and biomass for the
intertidal collections as a whole. _An important point to bear in mind when
analyzing the results is that when Xi and X2 are close, the ability to detect
differences, i.e., power, is reduced.
4.7.1 Beach Seine
The probability of detecting decreases of 75% or more in numbers and
biomass during any season at a particular site was fairly high. For numbers
it was generally high in summer, fall, and winter collections; for biomass
it was high in summer and fall collections. Spring was the most variable
(greatest range of probabilities) season for both numbers and biomass,
probably because of the influx of fish into shallow water.
63
-------
Table 18. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis that there has been
no decrease in numbers or biomass in beach seine collections when in
fact the null hypothesis is false, i.e., there has been a decrease.
The decrease is percent decrease from the mean numbers and biomass
of fish collected during the three years of the study. Blanks
indicate insufficient data for the analysis.
Season
Site
Biomass (% decrease)
S = sinking
F = floating
50%
75%
90%
95%
Numbers (% decrease)
50% 75% 90% 95%
Spring Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit (S)
Dungeness Spit (F)
Jamestown - Port Williams
Beckett Point (S)
Beckett Point (F)
Summer Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit (S)
Dungeness Spit (F)
Jamestown - Port Williams
Beckett Point (S)
Fall
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit (S)
Dungeness Spit (F)
Jamestown - Port Williams
Beckett Point (S)
Beckett Point (F)
Winter Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit (S)
Dungeness Spit (F)
Jamestown- Port Williams
Beckett Point (S)
Beckett Point (F)
,770
.064
.028
.040
.152
.023
.019
.056
.788
.363
.743
.468
.095
.999 .999 .999
.397 .919 .999
.174 .636 .905
.224 .712 .941
.560 .956 .999
.117 .456 .752
.119 .512 .826
.312 .832 .980
.999 .999 .999
.962 .999 .999
.999 .999 .999
.984 .999 .999
.386
.855 .981
.405
.722
.038
.026
.038
.397
.026
.670
.012
.999
.883
.227
.417
,965 .989 .999
,913 .999 .999
,302 .867 .992
,215 .767 .970
,174 .564 .841
,851 .996 .999
.251 .844 .989
.999 .999 .999
.109 .560 .883
.999 .990 .999
.999 .999 .999
.883 .999 .999
.946 .999 .999
.705
.979
.824
.212
.421
.433
.947
.000
.149
.009
.258
.176
.999 .999 .999
.999 .999 .999
.999 .999 .999
.699 .988 .999
.967 .999 .999
.966 .999 .999
.999 .999 .999
.000 .999 .999
.716 .997 .999
.066 .359 .695
.819 .999 .999
.791 .999 .999
.599
.295
.145
.127
.997
.875
.595
.472
.999
.999
.974
.908
.999
.999
.999
.999
.305 .898 .999 .999
.797 .999
.712 .999
.992 .999
.195 .552
.233 .871
.034 .508
.258 .900
.999 .999
.999 .999
.999 .999
.925 .999
.999 .999
.946 .999
.999 .999
64
-------
Table 19 . The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis that there has been
no decrease in numbers or biomass in townet collections when in fact
the null hypothesis is false, i.e., there has been a decrease: the
decrease is percent decrease from the mean numbers and biomass of
fish collected during the three years of the study. Blanks indicate
insufficient data for the analysis.
Season
Site
Biomass (% decrease)
50% 75% 90% 95%
Numbers (% decrease)
50% 75% 90% 95%
Spring
Kydaka Beach
Pillar Point
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown- Port Williams
Beckett Point
.037
.044
.081
.176
.149
.047
.026
.309
.Ilk
.386
.684
.674
.425
.179
.887
.805
.883
.983
.992
.963
.666
.994
.976
.990
.999
.999
.999
.927
.006
.192
.079
.051
.082
.140
.149
.063
.595
.386
.184
.460
.614
.742
.401
.955
.883
.528
.946
.983
.998
.761
.998
.990
.791
.999
.999
.999
Summer Kydaka Beach .056
Pillar Point .024
Twin Rivers .003
Morse Creek .001
Dungeness Spit .005
Jamestown- Port Williams .367
Beckett Point .003
Fall Kydaka Beach .119
Pillar Point .015
Twin Rivers .011
Morse Creek .017
Dungeness Spit .012
Jamestown-- Port Williams .156
Beckett Point .000
Winter Kydaka Beach .032
Pillar Point .071
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek -
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown--Port Williams .047
Beckett Point .012
,326 .853 .986
,099 .352 .622
,047 .371 .758
,005 .026 .071
,034 .212 .492
.948 .999 .999
.024 .218 .492
.618 .988 .999
.049 .305 .583
.038 .138 .284
.053 .164 .312
.102 .512 .844
.692 .994 .999
.001 .006 .021
.127 .618
.006 .036
.005 .050
.000 .001
.834 .999
.152 .742
.001 .003
.532 .993
.043 .274
.016 .062
.017 .061
.048 .413
.066 .367
.000 .003
,145
,198
.166
.051
.448
.484
.488
.203
.782
.719
.752
.413
.066
.156
.050
,057
.302
.375
.201
.076
,986 .999
.187 .421
.319 .666
.003 .009
.999 .999
.998 .999
.027 .095
.999 .999
.811 .978
.230 .444
.209 .401
.955 .999
.883 .991
.023 .081
.782 .962
.722 .900
.587 .849
.245 .444
65
-------
Decreases of 90% or greater in numbers and biomass should be detectable
at virtually every site in summer, fall, and winter; spring again exhibited
the most variation but all probabilities exceeded 0.50.
On the whole, changes in numbers would be easier to detect than changes
in biomass. The rare occurrence of large Individuals in the catches,
although not greatly influencing numbers, drastically affects biomass.
The most consistent site in terms of variability of numbers and biomass
of the catches between seasons was Twin Rivers. This was reflected in the
consistently high probability of detecting changes in all seasons. It is
somewhat surprising when one considers the high number of large fish
(primarily redtail surfperch and Pacific staghorn sculpin) that occurred in
the catches in every season.* The most variable sites were Morse Creek and
Dungeness Spit, but their variability was only moderate and only in winter
and spring.
4.7.2 Townet
Because of the great variability of numbers and biomass in the townet
catches, it would be difficult to detect a decrease of 90% or less in .any
season at any site. In the most extreme case, over 120,000 Pacific herring
were caught in two tows during summer 1977 at Morse Creek, but in other
years less than 100 fish were caught per haul. The probability of detecting
a change after an oil spill based upon catches of such great variability
is very small.
Of all the seasons, spring catches were the most consistent in numbers
and biomass; therefore, the probability of detecting a decrease was greater
and more consistent than in other seasons. Winter catches were relatively
consistent, primarily because of the low number and biomass of fish caught. The
fact that many winter tows did not yield any fish resulted in the exclusion
of three sites from the analysis—interpretations based on limited data are
themselves of limited value. Summer and fall catches were quite variable,
particularly at Morse Creek and Beckett Point. Of all the sites, Jamestown-
Port Williams exhibited the most within-season consistency throughout the
year in both numbers and biomass.
The overall conclusions of the power analysis are: (1) The beach-seine
data are better than the townet data for detecting decreases in numbers and
biomass of the fish after an oil spill. However, even the change in
beach-seine data (numbers or biomass) must in general be 75% or more.
(Townet data changes must in general be 95% or more.) (2) With the
beach-seine data it is easier to detect changes in numbers than in biomass,
and decreases are more difficult to detect in the spring than in other
*Twin Rivers is a very complex site. The fishes collected there are
characteristic of the wide variety of habitats present (rocky intertidal,
kelp beds, sand flats) and probably move into the shallow lagoon (sampling
area) in search of food and/or refuge. The attractiveness of this
site to fishes in summer and fall may be related to the high densities of
Crustacea inhabiting the algal fragments and terrestrial plant detritus
that accumulate in the lagoon.
66
-------
seasons. (However, for townet data, spring is the season when a change is
most likely to be detected.)
A.8 MACROINVERTEBRATES
A total of 191 species of macroinvertebrates was identified from the
1976-1978 nearshore fish collections (Appendix 6.6). There was an increase
in the number of species collected in 1977-78. The 1976-77 collections took
83 species by beach seine and 77 species by townet, whereas the beach seine
yielded 92 species and the townet 95 species in 1977-78. Decapod crustaceans,
amphipods, and gastropod molluscs constituted the most diverse taxa collected,
followed by isopods, mysids, polychaetes, euphausiids, and other less common
taxa. Abundance data for the macroinvertebrates are included in Appendix 6.7.
Beach-seine samples consisted of demersal and shallow-water epibenthic
species, whereas townet samples contained pelagic as well as epibenthic
invertebrates. Asteroids, an echinoid, and the majority of the crab species
were taken only by the beach seine. Euphausiids, an ophiuroid, chaetognaths,
bryozoans, and the majority of the cephalopods were collected exclusively by
the townet. Amphipods, isopods, and shrimp were commonly collected by both
net types.
Errantiate polychaete worms were collected by both net types—five
species by beach seine and ten species by townet. Two nereid species and an
unidentified polychaete species were collected by both.
The parasitic isopod Argeia pugettensis was found parasitizing Crangon
stylirostris. Other bopyrid isopods were found parasitizing Crangon
alaskensis, Heptacarpus pictus, _H. taylori, and Pagurus granosimanus.
However, the overall amount of parasitism was low and occurred mainly in
spring.
The differences in species composition between 1976-77 and 1977-78
(Tables 20a,b) are difficult to interpret as no definite trends are apparent
in the data, particularly since in many instances it was not possible to
obtain invertebrate samples. In addition, species of gammarid amphipods are
not comparable between years because in 1977 only the obvious gammarid
amphipod species were recorded (the rest being identified only to family),
whereas in 1976 they were more thoroughly identified.
Some of the species that were found both years were not always found at
the same sites. Other taxa were much more widely distributed in 1977-78 than
in 1976-77, especially shrimp and euphausiids. For example, euphausiids were
found almost exclusively in townet samples from Pillar Point in 1976-77 but
were found at several locations in 1977-78 (Appendix 6.7).
Species richness in 1976-77 collections generally increased from west
to east. Data for 1977-78, however, indicate comparable species richness
values at all sites, except Beckett Point, Port Williams, and Whidbey Island
where richness was nearly twice that of the other sites (Table 21). These
comparisons should not be considered quantitative, however, because of the
grouping of the two gear types and the effect of missing data points,
especially with the townet. Seasonal species richness values for 1976-77
67
-------
Table 20a. Number of macroinvertebrate species collected seasonally by beach seine during nearshore
fish sampling along the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Whidbey Island, May 1976 - February
1978. NS = not sampled.
Site
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
GO Dungeness Spit
Jamestown*
Port Williams*
Beckett Point
Alexander's Beach
West Beach
Spring
(May)
1976 1977
3
7
15
12
19
NS
35
NS
NS
2
5
3
3
NS
17
26
5
17
Summer
(August)
1976 1977
3
10
10
13
8
NS
15
NS
NS
9
8
8
7
NS
20
13
10
15
Autumn
(October)
1976 1977
NS
1
6
9
NS
NS
7
NS
NS
4
7
12
NS
NS
12
17
6
NS
Winter
(Dec. - Feb.)
76-77 77-78
6
5
13
11
NS
NS
22
NS
NS
NS
5
5
5
NS
15
15
9
3
*As a result of sampling difficulties at Jamestown in 1977,
operations were shifted to Port Williams in 1978.
-------
Table 20b. Number of macroinvertebrate species collected seasonally by townet during nearshore fish
sampling along the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Whidbey Island, May 1976 - February 1978.
NS = not sampled.
1C
Site
Kydaka Beach
Pillar Point
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown*
Port Williams*
Beckett Point
Alexander's Beach
West Beach
Spring
(May)
1976 1977
NS
16
5
11
11
8
NS
6
NS
NS
11
24
11
19
16
NS
21
10
13
17
Summer
(August)
1976 1977
NS
7
8
4
17
10
NS
1
NS
NS
6
2
4
3
7
NS
9
1
10
6
Autumn
(October)
1976 1977
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
16
NS
NS
NS
NS
12
12
2
16
11
NS
11
5
14
11
Winter
(Dec. - Feb.)
76-77 77-78
12
NS
17
13
23
8
NS
NS
NS
NS
5
14
NS
NS
3
NS
9
NS
17
17
*As a result of sampling difficulties at Jamestown in 1977,
operations were shifted to Port Williams in 197.8.
-------
Table 2J.. Total number of macroinvertebrate species, according to general taxonomic group, collected
during nearshore fish sampling, May 1976 - February 1978, along the Strait of Juan de Fuca
and Whidbey Island.
Decapods
Site 76-77 77-78
Kydaka Beach 4
Pillar Point 5
Twin Rivers 13
Morse Creek 14
^, Dungeness Spit 14
0
Jamestown** 26
Point Williams** —
Beckett Point 29
Alexander Beach
West Beach
12
9
13
19
14
—
32
29
18
16
Gastropods
76-77 77-78
0 4
0 2
0 0
3 1
0 1
0
6
8 9
3
5
Amphipods,
isopods
76-77 77-78
8 6
5 11
9 8
14 11
20 8
13
13
12 5
11
12
My s ids,
euphausiids
76-77 77-78
4 4
11 5
11 5
8 4
10 4
6
8
0 5
6
13
Misc.
Groups
76-77 77-78
3 5
3 14
2 4
0 6
6 4
7
12
7 8
12
10
Total // of
species
76-77 77-78
19
24
35
39
50
52
—
56
—
""" "
31
41
30
41
31
—
71
56
50
56
% Total #
of species*
76-77 77-78
15
19
28
31
40
41
—
44
—
"
21
28
20
28
20
—
48
38
34
38
*Total species, 1976-77, 126; total species, 1977-78, 148.
**As a result of sampling difficulties at Jamestown in 1977,
operations were shifted to Point Williams in 1978.
-------
exhibited a minimum in fall and a maximum in spring. Data for 1977-78
exhibited a maximum in spring and similar numbers of species through the
other seasons. There were no consistent seasonal trends in species richness
based on habitat, exposure, or geographical location. The spring maximum
may be a result of species moving inshore to reproduce, since the greatest
number of gravid females was encountered in spring samples.
Although the data are not quantitative, macroinvertebrate abundance
and biomass for both beach-seine and townet catches appear to peak in fall
and winter. Size frequency distributions pooled by season of collection
were plotted for the most common species (Appendix 6.8).
4.9 FOOD WEB RELATIONSHIPS
Stomach contents were analyzed from specimens of nearshore fish collected
by beach seine and townet in August 1978 and from intertidal collections
during January through August 1978. Sixty-two fish species were included in
these analyses (Appendix 6.9). Of the 1,754 stomachs examined, 304 (17.3%)
were empty, providing a sample size of 1,450 stomach samples containing food
material.
A summary of the prey spectra for fishes collected in 1978 is included
in Appendix 6.10; prey spectra for fishes collected in previous years were
included in Simenstad et al. (1977), for 1976-77 and in Cross et al. (1978),
for 1976-1978. The following discussions of trophic structure, annual and
seasonal variation, and diet overlap with documented invertebrate communities
are based on the combined results of the three years of investigations.
4.9.1 Functional Feeding Groups of Predominant Nearshore Fishes
Thirty-six species of nearshore fish occurred commonly or abundantly
enough along the Strait of Juan de Fuca to be categorized into functional
feeding groups (Table 22). The neritic assemblages (those characteristically
caught in the townet) are evenly divided among obligate planktivores (i.e.,
those which exclusively exploit pelagic prey organisms) and facultative
planktivores (i.e., those which have prey spectra including both pelagic and
epibenthic prey organisms). Although the sampling design for fish collections
could not verify such an interpretation, it might be assumed that the obligate
planktivores—Pacific herring, Pacific sand lance, and pink salmon—tend to
feed throughout the surface waters, while the facultative planktivores—
chinook salmon, surf smelt, and longfin smelt—may be more concentrated in
shallow water along the shoreline where epibenthic organisms are more
available.
We were able to distinguish several feeding groups in the rocky and
cobble intertidal, which includes the tidepool habitats characteristic of the
rocky headlands (Slip Point, Observatory Point, and Neah Bay) and cobble
beaches (Morse Creek, Twin Rivers, and North Beach). In some cases the
results from the beach-seine collections made adjacent to cobble beaches
(Twin Rivers and Morse Creek), when compared with sites without adjacent
cobble, indicate those species which probably originate from the cobble
habitat. Fifteen species were evenly divided among obligate epibenthic
planktivore, facultative epibenthic planktivore, and facultative benthivore
71
-------
Table 22. Functional feeding groups of 36 species prominent in the near-
shore fish assemblages characterizing the Strait of Juan de Fuca
(L = larvae, J = juvenile, A = adult).
Habitat:
Neritic
Feeding
mode:
Obligate
planktivore
Predator
species:
(life history
stages)
Pacific herring L,J
Pacific sand lance
L,J,A; pink salmon J
Principal prey taxa:
Calanoid copepods,
larvaceans, crustacean
and fish larvae,
hyperiid amphipods
Facultative
planktivore
Gravel, sand/
eelgrass, and
mud/eelgrass
littoral and shallow
sublittoral
Obligate
epibenthic
planktivore
Rocky and
cobble littoral
Facultative
epibenthic
planktivore
Facultative
benthivore
Omnivore
Obligate
epibenthic
planktivore
Facultative
epibenthic
planktivore
Facultative
benthivore
Chinook salmon J;
surf smelt L,J,A;
longfin smelt L,J
Chum salmon J; long-
fin smelt J,A; Pacific
tomcod J; walleye
pollock J; tube-snout
A; sturgeon poacher J,
A; shiner perch J,A;
striped seaperch J,A;
redtail surfperch J,A:
sand sole J
Padded sculpin J,A;
Pacific staghorn
sculpin J,A; rough-
back sculpin A
Calanoid copepods,
larvaceans, crustacean
and fish larvae,
hyperiid amphipods,
shrimp, drift insects,
ostracods, harpacti-
coid copepods, mysids
Harpacticoid copecods,
gammarid amphipods,
sphacromatid isopods,
mysids, cumaceans,
shrimp, calanoid
copepods, tanaids.
Rock sole J; English
sole J; starry
flounder A
Buffalo sculpin J,A
Harpacticoid copepods,
gammarid amphipods,
polychaete annelids,
gastropods, crabs,
shrimp, mysids
Polychaete annelids,
gammarid amphipods,
isopods, harpacticoid
copepods, holothur-
oideans
Algae, gammarid
amphipods, polychaete
annelids, sphaero-
natid isopods
Sharpnose sculpin J,A; Harpacticoid copepods,
tidepool sculpin J,A; gammarid amphipods,
saddleback sculpin sphaeromatid isopods
J,A; fluffy sculpin J,
A; tidepool snailfish
J,A
Northern clingfish Harpacticoid copepods,
J,A; smoothhead scul- gammarid amphipods,
pin J,A; rosylip scul- polychaete annelids,
pin J,A, silverspotted isopods, gastropods,
sculpin J,A; mosshead crabs, shrimp
sculpin J,A
High cockscomb J,A; Polychaete annelids,
black prickleback J,A; gammarid amphipods,
.rock prickleback J,A; isopods, harpacti-
penpoint gunnel J,A;
crescent gunnel J,A
coid copepods, inci-
dental algae
72
-------
feeding groups. No obligate benthivores—i.e., fish preying exclusively on
benthic organisms—were identified. In all cases, the utilization of
epibenthic crustaceans—harpacticoid copepods, gammarid amphipods, isopods—
was common to all feeding groups. Taxonomically, the epibenthic planktivores
were sculpin (Cottidae), snailfish (Liparidae), and clingfish (Gobiesocidae),
whereas the benthivores were prickleback (Stichaeidae) and gunnel (Pholidae).
Fishes characterizing intertidal and shallow subtidal gravel (sampled
by beach seine), sand, and mud habitats have been put in four feeding
categories; however, many of these species are found in more than one
habitat. The majority (10 of 17) of these fishes can be described as
obligate epibenthic planktivores—i.e., those species that feed almost
exclusively on crustaceans inhabiting the water column immediately above the
bottom. Three other species are also epibenthic planktivores but have more
catholic feeding modes which include benthic organisms in their diet. Only
three species, all flatfish (Pleuronectidae), were true benthivores and even
they fed facultatively since epibenthic crustaceans also appeared as important
components in their diets. One species, buffalo sculpin, might be considered
an omnivore because of the importance of algae (especially Ulva) in its diet;
this phenomenon has been reported in too many other regions to be incidental
(Miller et al. 1977; Fresh et al. 1979). As in the intertidal feeding
groups, no obligate benthivores were identified.
4.9.2 Variations in Diet Spectra of Predominant Nearshore Fish
When considering the importance of various prey organisms to fishes or
when documenting the relative flow of organic carbon through a portion of the
marine food web, the researcher should give some thought to the variability
in trophic linkages. Such variability involves temporal (seasonal and annual)
fluctuations in prey populations as well as spatial (habitat) differences in
the relative abundance or productivity of prey populations. An assessment
of variability will also indicate the general predictability of prey in a
particular habitat. Because of the sampling design used in the MESA baseline
studies, most.nearshore fish species were not consistently available for
stomach analyses over the three years of quarterly sampling. Seasonal,
annual, and between-habitat variability in diet was described for some
species in Cross et al. (1978). Stomach samples were not retained on a
seasonal basis in 1978. Stomach samples from 14 species were retained from
August 1978 collections. We have utilized the prey composition (frequency
of occurrence, numerical composition, gravimetric composition, and percent-
age of total IRI) of these coinciding samples to provide indications of
variability in the diets of the nearshore fish communities in the Strait of
Juan de Fuca. Because of the low sample sizes in some species and the bias
associated with a single "point sample" representing a three-month season,
these examples should be considered only as illustrations.
The prey composition of the most abundant neritic fish—juvenile Pacific
herring—substantiates its grouping with the obligate planktivores (Table 23).
There was no instance over the three-year collection at five townet sites
in which calanoid copepods were not overwhelmingly the predominant prey
organism. Only in one sample—1978, Port Williams—did the percentage of the
total IRI drop below 90%, and crustacean larvae became important. Annual
dietary overlap, measured by Sanders' Index of Affinity, was over 95% in
73
-------
Table 23, Prey composition of juvenile Pacific herring during three years
of MESA collections for August 1976, 1977, 1978. F,0. - freq-
uency occurrence, N,C. = numerical composition, G.C, = gravi-
metric composition, % IRI - percent total Index of Relative
Importance.
Prey % F.O. % N.C. % G.C. 7. IRI % F.O. % N.C. % G.C. % IRI % F.O. % N.C. Z G.C. I IRI
Jamestown/Port Williams
Calanoid copepods
Harpacticoid copepods
Mysids
Gammarid amphipods
Crustacean larvae
Morse Creek
Calanoid copepods
Caridean shrimp
Hysids
Gammarid amphipods
Crustacean larvae
Polychaete annelids
Ostracods
Cumaceans
Hyperiid amphipods
Brachyuran crab larvae
Pillar Point
Calanoid copepods
Ostracods
Euphausiids
Hyperiid amphipods
Crustacean larvae
Twin Rivers
Calanoid copepods
Ostracods
Euphausiids
Hyperiid amphipods
Crustacean larvae
Kydaka Beach
Calanoid copepods
Ostracods
Euphausiids
Hyperiid amphipods
Unidentified detritus
1976 (n-3) 1977 (n
100.00 99.26 99.66 99.82 6.67
33.33 0.74 0.34 0.18 6.67
6.67
6.67
1976 (n=5) 1977 (n
100.00 99.90 99.89 99.98
20.00 0.10 0.11 0.02 (All
-15)
93.75 98.94 96.34
1.56 0.35 0.96
3.13 0.35 1.74
1.56 0.35 0.96
=20)
contents
unidentifiable)
1976 (n=4) 1977 (n=20)
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 60.00
1976 (n-8) 1977 in
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
(All
100.00 100.00 100.00
-25)
197B
28.
14.
1978
100.
90.
70.
70.
10.
50.
50.
50.
10.
(n,
57
29
(n<
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
1978 (n
80.
70.
20.
10.
10.
00
00
00
00
00
= 7)
68.
31.
=10)
96.
1.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
=10)
96.
3.
0.
0.
0.
63
37
00
05
43
85
37
62
37
16
16
27
56
10
02
05
60
39
94
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
99
0
0
0
0
.71
.29
.45
.13
.60
.17
.15
.03
.03
.03
.39
.48
.05
.46
.01
.01
78
21
97
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98
1
0
<0
<0
.55
.45
.73
.01
.37
.36
.18
.17
.10
.05
.08
.34
.58
.07
.00
.00
1978 (n-10)
90.00
contents
unidentifiable)
1977 (n
100.00
-30)
100.00 100.00 100.00
100.
10.
20.
10.
00
00
00
00
1978 (n
100.
100.
60.
40.
10.
00
00
00
00
00
95.
3.
0.
0.
0.
-10)
91.
8.
0.
0.
0.
38
95
52
13
02
19
30
33
16
02
95
0
4
0
0
99
0
0
0
0
.65
.24
.09
.02
.01
.48
.28
.18
.02
.04
97
2
0
0
<0
95
4
0
0
<0
.35
.37
.26
.02
.00
.51
.30
.15
.04
.00
74
-------
seven of nine comparisons and over 75% in the other two (Table 24). Similarly,
dietary overlap was very high in August collections at the five sampling sites*
(Table 25).
Juvenile chinook salmon was the only salmonid collected consistently at
any site over the three years, and then only at Beckett Point. In contrast
to the Pacific herring, this facultative neritic planktivore indicated some
variability among the prominent prey organisms composing its diet in the
three years (Table 26). Sample sizes in 1976 and 1978, however, restrict the
applicability of these comparisons. Polychaete annelids and crustacean
(brachyuran crab) larvae predominated in the prey spectrum in 1976; dipteran
insects, shrimp, and ostracods predominated in 1977; and insects and nereid
polychaetes predominated in 1978. Dietary overlap was thus quite low during
the three years (Table 24). The surprising consistency in the contribution
of drift insects suggests that these food items may be a much more predictable
and abundant food resource than has been thought.
As one of many obligate epibenthic planktivores occurring in several
habitats along the strait, juvenile Pacific tomcod illustrated considerable
annual and between-habitat variability in prey composition (Tables 24, 25,
27). Samples from Morse Creek and Dungeness Spit indicated that mysids and
gammarid amphipods were alternately important prey, but when available,
calanoid copepods were also preyed on. Annual prey overlap values, therefore,
were less than 50% and between-habitat overlap values were less than 15%.
The August 1978 collections at these two sites and at Beckett Point indicated
that different prey may constitute the major dietary item in different
habitats at the same time. Despite the importance of mysids and gammarid
amphipods at Dungeness Spit and Morse Creek, respectively, hippolytid shrimp
completely dominated the prey spectrum at Beckett Point. As will be pointed
out later, hippolytid shrimp,are one of the most important epibenthic organisms
available to fish at Beckett Point (Simenstad et al. 1980.).
Northern clingfish were one of the most common species in the intertidal
collections, especially in cobble habitats. Sample sizes from August
collections in specific habitats were not large enough to provide between-
habitat comparisons. Prey spectra from the combined stomach samples in each
year indicated some variability among the three most important prey taxa—
sphaeromatid isopods, acmaeid limpets, and gammarid amphipods—which resulted
in low indices of dietary overlap (Tables 24, 28). Despite the greater
potential similarity between the August intertidal samples as opposed to
combined annual samples, the dietary overlap was actually 10% lower between
the August samples, reflecting the almost complete absence of acmaeid
limpets in the diet in 1978.
Rosylip sculpin were present in comparable collections for the last
two years of the study. Unlike northern clingfish, rosylip sculpin had very
similar dietary compositions in the two years because of the apparent
specificity toward gammarid amphipods (Table 29). Although the dietary
overlap was almost 85% in the two years' samples, the overlap in the August
collections was appreciably less (Table 24); the low sample size for August
1978 may have contributed to this difference.
75
-------
Table 24. Year-to-year overlap (Sanders' Index of Affinity) between the diet
compositions (pooled over year) of twelve prominent nearshore fish
species along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Unless otherwise noted,
all samples are from August collections, 1976, 1977, 1978.
Pacific herrinp
Jamestown - Port Williams
Morse Creek
Pillar Point
Twin Rivers
Kydaka Beach
(x)
Chinook salmon
Beckett Point
Pacific tomcod
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
1976 vs 1977
96.52
—
100.00
—
(98.26)
6.90
15.80
—
1977 vs 1978
78.53
—
98.34
—
95.51
(90.79)
27.97
48.67
—
1976 vs 1978
78.53
97.73
98.34
97.35
(92.99)
4.93
41.59
9.73
Northern clingfish
All tidepool 66.32
August tidepool
Rosylip sculpin
All tidepool
August tidepool —
Silverspotted sculpin
Twin Rivers 84.61
.Sharpnose sculpin
All tidepool
August tidepool
Staghorn sculpin
Beckett Point 12.80
Morse Creek 37.64
Jamestown - Port Williams 20.25
Twin Rivers 34.54
(x) (26.06)
Tidepool sculpin
All tidepool 82.39
August tidepool —
Jamestown - Port Williams , August
(x)
Redtail surfperch
Twin Rivers 78.73
40.95
33.71
84.20
63.89
86.21
45.98
15.45
40.59
63.27
16.34
(26.06)
49.38
24.96
13.84
(29.39)
67.02
41.69
2.24
4.25
13.48
14.61
(ff.65)
39.94
54.35
76
-------
Table 24. (Contd.)
1976 vs 1977 1977 vs 1978 1976 vs 1978
High cockscomb
All tidepool
August tidepool
English sole
Jamestown - Port Williams
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Kydaka Beach
(x)
Starry flounder
Kydaka Beach
72.92
47.34
32.65
27.53
19.75
55.49
(36.55)
35.11
23.20
54.37
74.42
57.89
40.59
(56.82)
2.22
34.79
78.26
7.13
53.82
19.96
(39.79)
Sand sole
Dungeness Spit
Morse Creek
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
(x)
20.40
—
59.23
83.92
(54.52)
11.12
31.63
2.24
92.84
[34.461
78.75
—
26.67
92.10
f 65. 841
77
-------
Table 25.
Geographical Overlap (Sanders' Index of Affinity) between the diets
of five nearshore fish species at sampling sites along the Strait of
Juan de Fuca in August 1976, 1977, and 1978.
Pacific herring, juvenile
Jameptown -
Port Williams
Morse Creek
Pillar Point
Twin Rivers
1976
1977
1978
1976
1978
1976
1977
1978
—
1978
U)
Morse Pillar Twin
Creek Point Rivers
99.82 99.82 99.82
96.34
78.91 78.55 78.55
99.98 99.98
97.90 97.54
100.00
99.00
(89.37) (94.52) (95.82)
Kydaka
Beach
96.34
78.55
—
95.72
__
100.00
97.16
98.05
(94.30)
Pacific tomcod, juvenile
Beckett Point
Morse Creek
1978
1976
1978
(x)
Morse
Creek
0.31
Dungeness
Spit
0.85
11.86
13.66
(8.79)
78
-------
Table 25. (Contd.)
Staghorn sculpin
Beckett Point
Morse Creek
Jamestown -
Port Williams
James town -
Port Williams
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
U)
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
1976
1977
1978
(x)
Morse
Creek
4.39
23.88
21.61
(.16.63)
English
Twin
Rivers
31.57
4.98
7.13
(14.56)
Jamestown
Point Williams
27.20
50.53
19.10
7.69
23.92
2.25
(21.78)
sole, juvenile
Morse Dungeness
Creek Spit
9.16 8.22
25.56 34.89
32.82 2.23
69.99 51.93
32.70 11.02
7.13 58.57
49.95
47.41
1.99
(29.561 f29.58)
Twin
Rivers
23.42
18.25
24.96
0.00
31.78
11.25
13.49
16.75
7.90
(16.42)
Kydaka
Beach
7.81
15.93
51.65
33.05
52.08
58.39
61.30
56.98
(42.15)
79
-------
Table 25. (Contd.)
Sand sole, juvenile
Dungeness Spit
Morse Creek
Twin Rivers
1976
1977
1978
1977
1978
1976
1977
197R
(x)
Morse
Creek
64.64
9.03
(36.84)
Twin
Rivers
73.13
24.64
86.84
44.63
50.17
(55.88)
Kydaka
Beach
40.40
10.68
21.36
17.64
53. -90
42.19
6.79
43.97
(29.62)
80
-------
Table 26. Prey composition of juvenile chinook salmon during three years
of MESA collections August 1976, 1977, 1978. F.O. * frequency
occurrence, N.C. = numerical composition, G.C, « gravimetric com-
position, % IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey % F.O. 7. N.C. % G.C. % IRI
Beckett Point 1976 (n=4)
Syllid polychactes 25.00 46.91 70.54 53.98
Polychaete annelids 50.00 3.70 13.88 16.16
Brachyuran crab larvae 25.00 17.28 6.21 10.80
Larvaceans 25.00 16.05 0.18 7.46
Fish 25.00 8.64 4.63 6.10
Caridean shrimp 25.00 1.23 3.10 1.99
Insects 25.00 1.23 3.10 1.99
Nematodes 25.00 2.47 0.43 1.33
Cammarid amphipods 25.00 2.47 0.30 1.27
Dipteran insects
Natantian shrimp
Ostracods
Potamogetonaceae (plant)
Calanoid copepods
Hyperiid amphipods
Coleopteran insects
Mysids
Brachyrhynchan crab
larvae
Cumaceans
Hymenopterans
Nereid polychaetes
Chlorophyta (algae)
Hymenopteran insects
Arachnid insects
Unidentified algae
% F
.0.
1977 (n
66
5
11
11
66
88
83
77
16
27
11
5
5
5
5
5
5
.67
.56
.11
.11
.67
.89
.33
.78
.67
.78
.11
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
.56
% N.C.
=18)
2.20
0.04
0.09
0.22
3.29
50.15
28.49
11.93
0.79
1.81
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.04
X G
.C.
y. IRI
X F.O.
X N.C.
X C
.C.
Z IRI
1978 (n-5)
5
0
24
0
9
22
21
10
3
0
0
0
0
<0
0
0
<0
.67
.15
.14
.46
.78
.94
.21
.91
.55
.44
.42
.25
.04
.00
.02
.02
.00
3.68
<0.01
1.89
0.05
6.34
45.54
29.03
12.45
0.51
0.44
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
<0.00
<0.00
0.00
<0.00
40.00
20.00
100.00
60.00
20.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
1.88
2.50
18.13
42.50
1.25
24.38
7.50
0.63
1.25
5
0
43
10
1
24
10
1
0
.59
.99
.45
.90
.53
.77
.36
.81
.60
2.38
0.56
49.06
25.53
0.44
15.66
5.69
0.39
0.30
81
-------
Table 27. Prey composition of juvenile Pacific tomcod during three years of
MESA collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978, F.O. = frequency occur-
rence, N.C. = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimetric composition,
% IRI - percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
Beckett Point
Hippolytid shrimp
Tanaids
Gammarid amphipods
Polychaete annelids
Crangonld shrimp
Morse Creek
Mysids
Calanoid copepods
Gammarid amphipods
Cumaceans
Hippolytid shrimp
Gammaridae
Harpacticoid copepods
Caridean shrimp
Atylldae
Eusiridae
Tanaids
Ostracods
Polychaete annelids
Insects
Brachyrhynchan crabs
Dungeness Spit
Gammarid amphipods
Sphaeromatid isopods
Cumaceans
Molluscs
Idoteid isopods
Mysids
Caprelllid amphipods
Ostracods
Caridean shrimp
Oedocerotldae
Brachyrhynchan crab larv.
Harpacticoid copepods
Unid. debris
Pleuronectidae
Hippolytid shrimp
Eusiridae
Phojiocephalidae
Calllanassid shrimp
Oedicerotidae
Valvlferan isopods
Cancrid crabs
% F.O.
X N.C.
% G.
c.
% IRI
% F.O. X N.C. % G.C. % IRI Z F.
0.
% N.C.
% G.C.
H IRI
1978 (n=19)
1976 (n-6)
66.67
50.00
66.67
16.67
9.65
83.11
6.58
0.66
75.
11.
13.
0.
10
28
23
39
48.
40.
11.
0.
26
31
28
15
1976 (n-15)
86.67
53.33
46.67
6.67
20.00
6.67
6.67
13.33
13.33
6.67
6.67
6.67
6.67
78.25
5.52
7.14
0.32
0.97
3.57
0.32
0.65
0.65
0.97
0.65
0.65
0.32
38.
8.
3.
39.
3.
4.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
79
14
33
97
21
07
50
23
21
11
32
01
11
85.
6.
4.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
81
16
14
27
71
43
10
10
10
06
05
04
02
100.00 67.42
5.26 0.76
5.26 0.76
5.26 30.30
5.26 0.76
1977 (n-7) 1978 (n-10)
14.29 3.85 18.83 4.52
30.
42.86 88.46 62.34 90.19 60.
40.
14.29 7.69 18.83 5.29
10.
20.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
1978 fn
81.
9.
90.
9.
9.
9.
18.
18.
9.
9.
9.
9.
92
09
91
09
09
09
18
18
09
09
09
09
66.67
11.67
6.67
1.67
5.83
0.83
0.83
1.67
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
•11)
13.30
0.28
78.95
0.28
0.28
0.55
3.88
1.11
0.28
0.55
0.28
0.28
98.63
0.01
0.05
0.01
1.30
0.28
42.36
11.97
23.94
0.18
9.21
3.68
2.76
1.84
1.84
0.92
0.92
0.09
2.23
0.02
52.06
0.02
32.31
11.86
0.13
0.04
1.23
0.04
0.06
0.02
98.94
0.02
0.03
0.95
0.06
30.16
48.67
11.19
3.85
1.81
1.51
0.68
6.67
0.40
0.40
0.26
0.26
0.14
9.26
0.02
86.85
0.02
2.16
0.82
0.53
0.15
0.10
0.04
0.02
0.02
82
-------
Table 28, Prey composition of northern clingfish during three years of MESA
collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978. F,0, * frequency occurrence,
N.C, = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimetric composition, % IRI
= percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
All tidepool
Sphaeromatid Isopods
Acm.icid limpets
Cammariil amphipods
Unid. gastropods
Idotcjd isopods
Unid. debris
Ostracods
Fishes
Ischnocliiconidae
Hippolytid shrimp
Unid. isopods
Harpacticoid copepods
Polychaece annelids
Crapsid crabs
Cancrid crabs
Sabellarid polychaetes
Littorine snails
Pagurid crabs
August tidepool
Acmaeid limpets
Sphaeromatid isopods
Gammarid amphipods
Barnacle cirri
Idoteid isopods
Bangiales
Mopaliidae
Crustacean larvae
Hesogastropoda
Polychaete annelids
Balanidae
Nemerteans
Harpacticoid copepods
Valviferan isopods
Ulotrichales
Pagurid crabs
X F.O. % N.C. % G.C. Z IRI X F
.0. 2 N.C. X G.
C.
Z IRI
1976 (n=U8) 1977 (n-102)
36.44 32.47 21.80 46.36 33
25.42 19.32 23.43 25.48 28
33.05 20.13 3.90 18.62 48
15.25 6.82 2.40 3.30 7
6.78 1.62 14.93 2.63 10
6.78 1.46 6.83 1.32 3
8.47 3.90 0.04 0.78 3
2.54 0.49 5.59 0.36 1
1.69 0.32 4.83 0.20 0
0.85 0.16 2.94 0.06
1.69 1.14 0.08 0.05
0.85 1.46 0.01 0.03 5
.33
.43
.04
.84
.78
.92
.92
.96
.98
.88
4.90
7.84
1.96
3
3
3
1
.92
.92
.92
.96
1977 (n=
53
30
46
30
15
7
7
15
7
7
7
7
.85
.77
.15
.77
.38
.69
.69
.38
.69
.69
.69
.69
16.08
11.54
37.76
2.27
2.62
1.22
1.22
0.35
0.17
1.75
11.36
1.40
0.35
0.70
2.27
1.40
0.35
-13)
23.75
30.00
20.00
8.75
3.75
1.25
1.25
2.50
2.50
1.25
1.25
1.25
12.
24.
5.
0.
17.
1.
0.
3.
1.
0.
0.
2.
9.
8.
0.
0.
1.
61.
12.
2.
0.
6.
10.
4.
0.
0.
0.
92
80
80
35
93
02
01
07
29
03
03
02
36
02
12
39
59
26
49
27
02
57
34
04
38
11
11
0.65
0.16
21.
22.
46.
0.
4.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
60.
17.
13.
3.
2.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
32
79
16
45
89
19
11
15
03
23
23
59
42
38
21
15
08
38
25
56
56
09
18
54
29
26
26
19
14
X F.O. %
N.C. 2 G.C. * IRI
1978 (n-47)
25.53
40.43
40.43
4.26
6.38
2.13
14.89
2.13
2.13
10.64
8.51
6.38
197B (n=
12.50
25.00
37.50
12,50
12.50
37.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
2.07
5.89
3.26
0.24
0.56
0.08
1.83
79.62
0.08
3.11
0.40
0.32
10)
2.04
16.33
26.53
4.08
6.12
36.73
4.08
2.04
2.04
6.40
50.69
1.97
17.28
0.01
2.16
0.02
9.03
1.47
0.37
3.48
4.44
0.01
25.20
2.83
63.45
1.33
0.04
3.85
1.78
1.48
6.90
72.98
6.75
2.38
0.12
0.15
f
0.88
6.02
0.11
1.18
1.05
0.97
0.55
22.22
23.56
18.07
1.99
29.52
2.12
1.02
0.94
83
-------
Table 29, Prey composition of rosylip sculpin during two years of MESA
collections, August 1977, 1978, F,0, - frequency occurrence,
N,C. = numerical composition, G,C. = gravimetric composition,
% IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
All tldepool
Gammarid amphipods
Sphaeromatic Isopods
Idoteid Isopods
Polychaete annelids
Pagurid crabs
Unidentified decapods
Oxyrhynchan crabs
Carldean shrimp
Hippolytld shrimp
Mysids
Cumaceans
Nereid polychaetes
Hydroids
Pinnotherid crabs
Gnathostomata
Brachyrhynchan crabs
Unld. flabelliferan
isopods
Gammaridae
Fish larvae
August tidepool
Gammarid amphipods
Sphaeromatid isopods
Idoteid Isopods
Crustacean larvae
Cottldae
Carldean shrimp
Unidentified debris,
sand, and algae
Polychaete annelids
Crangonld shrimp
Canxnaridae
Myslds
Pagurid crabs
Fishes
Unidentified decapods
Oxyrhynchan crabs
% F.
1977
63.
32.
15.
15.
8.
2.
4.
3.
3.
0.
3.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0. %
(n=
79
76
52
52
62
59
31
45
45
86
45
72
86
86
86
N.C.
116)
65.27
11.98
3.14
2.84
1.65
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.60
4.34
1.20
0.30
0.15
0.15
0.15
% G
11
7
28
18
4
7
2
2
2
4
0
1
2
1
1
.C.
.71
.27
.53
.30
.71
.28
.40
.49
.52
.49
.02
.96
.78
.60
.68
% IRI
75.49
9.69
7.56
5.04
0.84
0.33
0.22
0.18
0.17
0.12
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.02
1977 (n=107)
65.
30.
5.
0.
2.
2.
3.
5.
1.
3.
42
84
61
93
80
80
74
61
87
74
2.80
1.
I.
1.
1.
87
87
87
87
16.73
7.85
0.60
69.70
0.14
0.14
0.19
0.37
0.09
0.37
0.93
0.09
0.28
0.09
0.09
14
21
13
0
10
9
4
2
5
1
6
2
1
1
1
.80
.70
.77
.43
.98
.77
.69
.06
.63
.12
.14
.34
.56
.55
.39
63.30
27.97
2.47
2.01
0.96
0.85
0.56
0.42
0.33
0.17
0.27
0.14
0.11
0.09
0.08
% F.O.
1978 (n
50.00
16.67
2.38
21.43
2.38
9.52
7.14
4.76
2.38
z N.C. :
-42)
55.86
11.72
0.69
14.48
3.45
2.76
2.07
1.38
3.45
Z G.
19.
12.
6.
20.
5.
27.
0.
0.
6.
C.
71
34
46
14
13
08
75
41
79
X IRI
71.17
7.55
0.32
13.98
0.38
5.35
0.38
0.16
0.46
1978 (n-12)
66.67
16.67
16.67
66.67
8.33
5.56
22.
00
6.75
1.09
70.77
3.01
1.33
Unidentified flabelliferan
Isopods
Brachyuran crab larvae
Tanalds
16.67
8.33
8.33
5.56
2.78
2.78
0.44
1.09
0.02
1.20
0.39
0.28
84
-------
The single comparison available for silverspotted sculpin—August 1976
and 1977 samples from Twin Rivers—illustrated high dietary overlap (almost
85%) due to the relatively constant proportions of mysids and gammarid
amphipods (Tables 24, 30).
Variability in the prey composition documented for sharpnose sculpin in
intertidal collections showed a trend consistent with that shown by rosylip
sculpin—i.e., high dietary overlap (85%) for the combined annual samples
but considerably less for the August samples (Tables 24, 31) because the
principal prey taxa, gammarid amphipods and sphaeromatid isopods, were
reversed in importance.
Staghorn sculpin is one of the most widely distributed and commonly
encountered nearshore fishes along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The important
prey taxa were seldom consistent either between years (Tables 24, 32) or
between habitats (Table 25) and dietary overlap values were generally less
than 50%. The highest annual dietary overlap values, though not considered
significant, were in the 1977 and 1978 samples at Jamestown-Port Williams.
The opportunistic use of patchily distributed, large prey organisms—fishes
(seaperch, sand lance, flatfish), shrimp, crabs, and mysids—is probably the
reason for such high variability. Low sample sizes may have biased the
estimate of this variability .
Tidepool sculpin, a common sculpin in all intertidal and some beach-
seine collections, ate mostly epibenthic crustaceans. Prey taxa often varied
between samples (Table 33); for example, while gammarid amphipods were
equally important in the combined tidepool samples for 1976 and 1977,
harpacticoid copepods contributed more to the total prey composition in 1978.
Whether this reflects a general increase in availability of harpacticoid
copepods over the three years or a bias of the sampling design cannot be
answered without quantitative samples of epibenthic zooplankton during these
years. The importance of harpacticoid copepods is even more pronounced in
the August 1978 tidepool collections and 1978 Port Williams beach-seine
collection. In both cases the increased importance of harpacticoid copepods
resulted in even lower diet overlap values (Table 24) than for the combined
annual tidepool collections.
Redtail surfperch were consistently caught over the three years only at
Twin Rivers. While gammarid amphipods dominated the prey composition in all
three years, their relative importance declined between 1976-77 and 1978
with increased contribution by flabelliferan isopods (Table 34). It is
impossible to determine whether or not this increased utilization reflects
actual increased availability of flabelliferan isopods.
High cockscomb were chosen as representative of the facultative benthi-
vores of the intertidal rocky headlands and cobble habitats. While prey
compositions for combined intertidal collections in 1976 and 1977 were
similar (Tables 24, 35), 1978 collections were less so because of the
decreased representation of nemerteans and increased contribution of poly-
chaetes. This was further examplified in the comparison between 1977 and
1978 August tidepool collections which had a dietary overlap value of 23.20%.
Similar to the diet of tidepool sculpin, harpacticoids were more important
in 1978 than in 1976 or 1977.
85
-------
Table 30. Prey composition of silverspotted sculpin during two years of
MESA collections, August 1976, 1977. F.O, » frequency occur-
rence, N.C. = numerical composition, G,C, « gravimetric
sition, % IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
X F.
0.
Twin Rivers 1976 (n
Mysids
Gammarid
amphipods
Idoteld Isopods
Caridean
Crangonid
shrimp
shrimp
80.
80.
20.
20.
10.
00
00
00
00
00
3! N
.C.
Z G
.C.
X IRI
-10)
68
13
1
14
1
.03
.93
.64
.75
.64
48
10
1
15
23
.57
.82
.67
.08
.87
76.
16.
0.
4.
2.
29
20
b4
88
09
Z F.O. Z N.C. Z C.C. Z IRI
1977 (n-7)
85.71 53.85 64.31 68.41
57.14 46.15 35.69 31.59
Table 31. Prey composition of sharpnose sculpin during two years of
MESA collections, August 1977, 1978. F.O. = frequency occur-
rence, N.C. = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimetric com-
position, % IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey 7. F.O. Z N.C. % C.C. Z IRI Z F.O. Z N.C. % C.C. Z IRI
All tidepool
Canunarid amphipods
Sphacronatid isopods
Dlptcran insects
Harpaccicoid copepods
Idoteld Isopods
Cumaceaas
Asellotan Isopods
Polychaete annelids
Ostracods
Unidentified gastropods
August tidepool
Gammarid amphipods
Sphaeronatid isopods
Harpacelcoid copepods
Ostracods
Unidentified debris,
sand, and algae
1977
60.
52.
22.
16.
9.
6.
4.
3.
1.
1977
56.
47.
(n-61)
66
46
95
39
84
56
92
28
64
(«
52
83
38.15
23.99
9.25
20.23
2.02
2.02
1.16
0.58
1.73
i-23)
68.50
30.71
41.30
45.53
3.78
0.84
5.20
0.09
0.50
1.13
0.02
79.98
19.60
52.
39.
3.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
77.
22.
29
57
24
75
77
15
09
06
03
68
27
1978 (n-26)
57.
42.
23.
15.
15.
3.
1978
22.
11.
11.
11.
11.
69
31
OS
38
38
85
(n
22
11
11
11
11
30.94
17.27
15.83
12.95
19.42
0.72
•9)
25.00
12.50
37.50
12.50
12.50
44.46
31.97
0.95
0.12
18.71
3.17
1.90
95.24
0.95
0.95
0.95
56.96
27.28
5.07
2.63
7.68
0.20
23.71
47.48
16.95
5.93
5.93
86
-------
Table 32, Prey composition of sta,ghorn sculpin during three years of MESA
collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978. F,0. - frequency occurrence,
N.C. = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimetric composition,
%IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
Beckett Point
Fishes
Atclccyclid crabs
Crangonid slirimp
Hippolytid shrimp
Pandalid shrimp
Pleocyemata
Grapsid crabs
Pcrciformes
Cancrid crabs
Carldean shrimp
Unid. detritus
Flabelliferan isopods
Nematodcs
Gammarid amphipods
Embiotoeid fishes
Brachyrliynchan crabs
Mysids
Tanaids
Potamogetonaceae
Bivalves
Majid crabs
Polychaete annelids
Pagurid crabs
Cadidae
Ulotrichales
Morse Creek
Crangonid shrimp
Flabelliferan isopods
Gammarid amphipods
Hippolytid shrimp
Mysids
Folychaete annelids
Valviferan isopods
Pleiironectidae
Fishes
% F.O.
1976 (n
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
1976 (n
40.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
7. N.C.
= 10)
97.73
0.14
0.19
0.48
0.39
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.19
0.43
0.05
0.10
=5)
44.00
20.00
8.00
4.00
12.00
S.OO
4.00
X G.C.
33.34
15.42
4.17
2.41
13.04
11.89
6.94
5.05
4.73
1.21
1.20
0.57
0.02
% IRI
77.22
9.17
2.57
1.70
2.64
2.34
1.38
1.00
0.94
0.55
0.32
0.12
0.02
% F.O.
1977
-------
Table 32. (Contd.)
prey X F.O. 7, N.C. Z G.C. X IRI
Twin Rivers 1976 (n-3)
Unidentified detritus 66.67 50.00 0.77 33.73
Pleuronectiformes 66.67 20.00 30.30 33.41
Fishes 33.33 20.00 48,86 22.87
Brachyuran crabs 33.33 10.00 20.07 9.99
Brachyrhynchan crabs
Cottidae
Cancrid crabs
Polychaete annelids
Chlorophyta
Crangonld shrimp
Flabelltferan isopods
Emblotocidae
Potamogetonaceae
Cammarid amphipods
Unidentified algae
Idoteid Isopods
Cancrid crabs
Carldean shrlnp
Unidentified Isopods
Brachyuran crabs
Ulotrichales
Brachyrhynchan crabs
Potamogetonaceae
Pandalid shrimp
Majid crabs
Mysids
Wood
Bivalves
Jamestovm-Port Williams 1976 (n-6)
Polychaete annelids 50.00 55.26 13.61 52.15
Calllanassld shrimp 16.67 2.63 49.13 13.06
Unidentified decapods 33.33 5.26 14.24 9.84
Unidentified detritus 33.33 13.16 3.13 8.22
Fishes 16.67 2.63 18.26 5.27
Cammarid amphlpods 33.33 7.89 0.94 4.46
Tanaids 33.33 7.89 0.06 4.01
Bivalves 33.33 5.26 0.63 2.98
Mysids
Pandalid shrimp
Dlpterans
Hlppolytld shrimp
Crangonld shrimp
Cancrid crabs
Flabelllferan Isopods
Carldean shrimp
Plnnotherld crabs
Caprellld amphlpods
Ostracods
Brachyuran crabs
X F.O.
1977 (n
42.86
42.
28.
14.
14.
14.
28.
14.
14.
22.
22.
22.
11.
11.
1977
11.
5.
47.
17.
88.
29.
11.
76.
11.
17.
11.
5.
11.
5.
5.
5.
86
57
29
29
29
57
29
29
22
22
22
11
11
Z N.
-7)
20,
16,
12.
4.
8.
20.
8.
4,
4,
13.
10.
5.
2.
2.
,C.
,83
,67
50
17
33
,83
,33
,17
,17
51
81
41
70
70
% G.C.
5.12
33.77
4.98
28.97
18.32
4.42
1.95
2.44
0.03
1.72
3.87
5.18
0.49
0.12
% IRI
20.46
39.76
'/. F.O.
1978 (n
25.00
25.00
X N.C.
-4)
22.22
5.56
2 G.C.
0.56
16.82
Z IRI
7.37
7.24
9.18
8.71
7.00
6.64
5.40
1.73
50.00
11.11
1,62
• 8.24
1.10
7.
6.
5.
0.
0.
20
94
00
75
67
(n-17)
76
88
06
65
24
41
76
47
76
65
76
88
76
88
88
88
0.
0.
3.
0.
39.
20.
0.
30.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
89
18
56
53
86
28
36
60
36
71
36
89
36
71
18
18
4.08
1.72
7.34
49.92
5.72
0.41
0.01
2.61
16.40
3.13
5.18
2.44
0.44
0.46
0.10
0.05
0.
0.
5.
9.
44.
6.
0.
28.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
65
12
69
87
60
75
05
17
19
75
72
22
10
08
02
01
50.00
25.00
25.00
37.50
25.00
50.00
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
16.67
33.33
11.11
13.33
31.67
15.00
1.67
6.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
79.52
1.46
0.03
10.99
11.56
0.30
12.56
1.30
2.05
0.50
0.03
0.03
0.01
62.27
11.26
3.61
16.68
19.77
14.00
3.25
1.82
0.85
0.50
0.39
0.39
0.38
1978 (n-15)
20.00
33.33
73.33
46.67
13.33
80.00
6.67
26.67
6.67
6.67
20.00
13.33
6.67
0.86
9.77
18.39
24.71
0.57
39.94
0.29
2.30
0.29
0.29
1.15
0.57
0.86
4.28
2.11
12.63
6.04
0.45
22.13
0.25
25.35
6.04
13.73
4.07
O.SO
2.41
1.00
3.88
22.29
14.06
0.13
48.66
0.04
7.22
0.41
0.92
1.02
0.14
0.21
-------
Table 33.
Prey composition of tidepool sculpin during three years of MESA
collections for August 1976, 1977, 1978, F,0, = frequency occur-
rence, N.C, = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimetric composi-
tion, %IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
All tidenool
Cair.mnrid amphipods
Sphaeromat id isopods
Barnacle cirri
Harpact icoid copepods
Polychaete annelids
Crustacean larvae
Idoteid isopods
Dipteran insects
Oscracods
Pagurid crabs
Unidentified insects
N'emerteans
Unidentified debris,
sand & algae
Acmaeld limpets
Cottidae
Tur bel lar ians
Caridean shrimp
Nudibranchs
Mysids
Grapsid crabs
Fishes
Cumaceans
Callianassid shrimp
Chitons
Glyceridae
Asselotan isopods
Coleop tora
Gamma r idae
Hyalidae
Bracliyrhynchan crab, juv.
Isaeidae
Hippolytid shrimp
Fishes
Archaeogastropods
Ampithodae
August tidepool
Sphaeroma t id isopods
Cammarid ampliipods
Pagurid crabs
Harpacticoid copepods
Barnacle cirri
Polychaete annelids
Callianassid shrimp
Terebellidae
Dipteran insects
Ostracods
Asselotan isopods
Gammaridae
Coleoptera
Hyalidae
Asselotan isopods
Isaeidae
Archaeogastropods
Brachyrhynchan crab, juv.
Brachyuran crab, juv.
Hippolytid shrimp
Acmaeid limpets
Ampithodae
Fishes
Unidentified debris,
sand & algae
Port Williams
Cammarid amphipods
Mysids
Polychaete annelids
Tanaids
Sphaeromatid isopods
Harpacticoid copepods
Hippolytid shrimp
Calanoid copepods
Unidentified debris
Valviferan isopods
Isaeidae
7. P.O. 7, N.C. 7. C.C. "/. IRI % F.O.
Z N.C.
Z G.C.
7. IRI
1976 (n=230) 1977 (n=223)
53.04 23.81 21.98 A3. 44 51.12
37.39 14.48 32.13 34.76 36.77
18.26 19.44 2.31 7.92 17.04
15.22 15.67 0.58 4.93 20.18
7.83 2.78 9.48 1.91 18.83
1.74 12.25 0.42 0.44 2.24
2.17 0.30 7.85 0.35
7.83 1.24 0.32 0.24 9.87
5.22 1.54 0.14 0.17
2.17 0.25 3.64 0.17 3.59
4.35 1.19 0.27 0.13 4.48
2.61 0.79 1.71 0.13
1.30 2.43 0.89 0.09 3.14
0.87 0.64 1.40 0.04
0.43 0.05 4.49 0.04
0.87 0.15 1.75 0.03
0.43 0.05 1.82 0.02
0.43 0.15 2.08 0.02
3.14
2.24
2.24
1.79
0.90
0.90
0.90
27.29
10.16
6.74
34.46
2.48
0.33
2.48
0.56
2.01
0.37
1.54
0.42
1.59
1.12
0.09
0.09
0.23
19.96
21.63
1.06
0.70
15.51
1.87
0.27
10.04
0.49
2.65
6
2
1
0
4
1
3
.66
.34
.12
.04
.10
.28
.05
48.95
23.69
2.69
14.37
6.87
0.10
0.55
0.77
0.23
0.19
0.52
0.13
0.12
0.04
0.08
0.02
0.06
1977 (n=39)
41.03
43.59
12.82
17.95
15.38
7.69
2.56
2.56
1977 (n-
81.82
45.45
9.09
18.18
9.09
RQ
21.77
29.03
3.63
26.21
12.10
1.61
0.40
0.40
11)
80.33
9.84
1.64
6.56
1.64
34.14
4.50
41.94
0.29
0.53
6.50
7.48
2.08
44.83
28.56
11.42
9.29
3.79
1.22
0.39
0.12
% F.O.
% N.C.
% G.C.
'/. IRI
1978 (n=137)
45.99
27.74
13.87
42.34
12.41
10.95
13.14
2.19
6.57
2.92
2.92
8.03
5.84
5.84
5.11
4.38
2.19
1.46
1.46
1.46
0.73
6.25
4.29
3.88
72.21
1.04
2.56
2.24
0.12
0.76
0.36
0.16
0.72
0.56
0.72
0.64
0.64
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.04
12.06
20.40
11.87
5.00
12.00
0.52
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
1
2
9
1
1
2
4
1
.12
.72
.17
.06
.45
.79
.83
.11
.77
.46
.61
.94
.77
.61
.06
15.62
12.71
4.05
60.66
3.00
0.63
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.58
.12
.11
.08
.14
.23
.15
.20
.32
.82
.07
.05
.08
.13
.01
1978 (n=73)
10.96
45.21
41.10
17.81
4.11
16.44
13.70
12.33
10.96
10.96
9.59
5.48
4.11
2.74
4.11
5.48
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
0.89
5.40
74.90
3.21
0.21
4.10
2.67
1.03
1.23
0.96
1.09
0.96
0.21
0.14
0.27
0.27
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.07
4.36
8.01
3.09
23.83
2.91
1.
0.
1.
2.
1.
5.
0.
3.
9.
15.
1.
2.
1.
2.
2.
1.
06
10
37
32
74
81
97
39
68
49
36
90
94
23
71
55
1
10
.23
.38
68.40
10.28
0.27
1.81
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
81
63
83
63
41
23
32
57
38
19
09
06
07
08
05
1978 (n=291
82.
3.
13.
0.
0.
43
74
25
05
53
93.72
4.34
0.95
0.85
0.14
37.93
20.69
10.34
10.34
3.45
44.83
3.45
6.90
6.90
3.45
3.45
4.00
2.19
0.39
0.39
0.13
86.19
0.13
4.65
0.77
0.13
0.13
12.
5.
10.
0.
2.
26.
30.
3.
4.
1.
1.
20
68
66
48
39
34
45
28
57
74
09
9.
2.
1.
0.
0.
81.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
96
64
85
15
14
78
71
89
60
10
07
-------
Table 34. Prey composition of redtail surfperch during three years of MESA
collection, August 1976, 1977, 1978, F,0. = frequency occurrence,
N.C. = numerical composition, G,C, = gravimetric composition, %IRI
= percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey % F.O. X N.C. % G.C. X IRI X P.O. X N.C. X G.C. X IRI X F.O. Z N.C. X G.C. X IRI
Twin Rivers
Gammarid amphipods
Mysids
Hyperild amphipods
Flabelllferan isopods
Natantian shrimp
Fish
Idoceid isopods
Polychaete annelids
Talitridae
Dipteran insects
Ulotrichales
Atylidae
Unidentified algae
1976 (n=10)
90.00
90.00
10.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
60.00
71.27
24.04
1.49
0.34
0.06
0.06
2.75
81.15
14.33
0.71
0.21
0.68
0.08
2.84
78.15
19.67
0.13
0.09
0.04
0.01
1.91
1977 (n
50.00
10.00
40.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
-10)
75.32
1.30
16.88
2.60
1.30
2.60
86.81
0.65
11.10
0.72
0.65
0,07
86.63
0.21
11.96
0.71
0.21
0.28
1978 (n
84.62
7.69
69.23
30.77
7.69
7.69
23.08
7.69
7.69
7.69
-13)
42.73
0.91
29.09
6.36
0.91
10.00
2.73
1.82
0.91
4.55
39.55
1.37
48.15
4.66
0.76
4.04
1.07
0.01
0.08
0.31
53.83
0.14
41.35
2.62
0.10
0.84
0.68
0.11
0.06
0.29
90
-------
Table 35. Prey composition of high cockscomb during three years of MESA
collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978, F,0, = frequency occur-
rence, N,C. = numerical composition, G.C, = gravimetric compo-
sition, %IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
All tidfipool
Ncmor Leans
Polychaete annelids
Gamtriarid amphipods
Unidentified debris,
sand & algae
Rhodophyta
Sabellaridae
Gastropods
Harpac t icoid copepods
Sphaeromatid isopods
Sabellidae
Chlorophy ta
Dipteran insects
Cumaceans
Nereldae
Lumbr i ner idae
Crangonid shrimp
Echinoids
Ulotr icliales
Ostracods
Bangiales
Barnacle cirri
Tcrehellidac
Scy tosi phonacuae
Crustacean larvae
Aulacopoda
Di'omares t iaceae
Caridean shrimp
AselloLan isopods
Valviferan isopods
Bivalves
Camrnar idae
Hippolytid shrimp
August tiiiepool
NoniiM'teans
Ganmarid amphipods
Bangiales
Polychaete annelids
Harpacticoid copepods
Ulotr ichales
Barnacle cirri
Sphaeromatid isopods
Sabellidae
Asellotan isopods
Ostracods
Gastropods
Chlorophy ta
Terebellidae
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
Scytosiphonaceae
Bivalves
Ampharet idae
Bangiaceae
Hirudinea
Insects
Valviferan isopods
Unidentified debris.
sand i algae
Nema todes
Gammaridae
Hippolytid shrimp
•/. P.O. % N.C. :; G.C. % IRI % P.O. ;
'. N.
,C.
•/.
:r> n "!
O . L . /,
IRI
1976 (n=118) 1977 (n=155)
42.37 27.02 26.03 52.81 27.
22.88 10.62 27.64 20.57 21.
30.51 16.17 7.05 16.64 34.
11.86 5.31 3.99 2.59 3.
9.32 4.85 5.24 2.21
6.78 8.31 0.38 1.38 4.
6.78 2.31 4.39 1.07 3.
4.24 2.08 0.02 0.21 12.
4.24 3.00 2.55 0.55 6.
3.39 9.93 1.76 0.93 0.
3.39 0.92 3.56 0.36 5.
2.54 1.15 0.11 0.08
0.85 0.23 1.16 0.03
0.85 0.23 4.91 0.10
0.85 0.23 3.82 0.08
0.85 0.23 1.16 0.03 0.
0.85 0.23 1.09 0.03
5.
3.
3.
3.
3.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
74
94
19
23
52
23
26
45
65
81
65
81
87
87
87
87
29
29
65
65
65
5.13
5.
16.
0.
1.
0.
5.
1.
1.
2.
0.
0.
1.
,34
,32
51
95
62
13
03
03
26
10
92
23
0.62
1.
1.
0.
45.
1.
0.
0.
64
03
21
79
64
21
10
25.18
16.91
6.52
1.14
0.18
4.34
0.12
1.29
0.26
2.73
A. 43
8.51
0.07
5.11
0.66
9.21
2.36
1.46
0.22
2.73
1.64
34.07
19.77
31.64
0.22
0.39
0.65
2.61
0.61
0.03
1.17
0.12
2.22
0.20
0.90
0.36
1.60
0.13
2.47
0.05
0.08
0.05
1976 1977 (n=29)
44.83
34.43
20.69
17.24
13.79
10.34
10.34
6.90
3.45
6.90
10.34
3.45
6.90
3.45
6.90
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.45
14
15
6
5
10
3
7
2
10
4
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
.58
.63
.25
.21
.42
.13
.29
.08
.42
.17
.13
.08
.03
.04
.08
.04
.04
.13
.08
.04
.04
.04
33
2
21
8
0
8
1
3
1
0
0
4
0
4
0
2
2
0
1
0
0,
0.
.15 50
.45 14
.85 13
.68 5
.04 3,
.68 2,
.12 2,
.74 0.
.12 0.
,84 0.
.20 0.
.67 0.
.76 0.
.58 0.
.10 0.
.99 0.
.99 0.
.19 0.
.03 0.
.56 0.
.19 0.
.09 0.
.62
.74
.75
,67
.41
,89
,06
.95
,84
82
81
55
46
46
36
33
33
27
25
13
10
09
% F.O. Z N.
1978 (n=53)
7.55 0.
32.08 10.
28.30 2.
15.09 1.
1.89 0.
16.98 17.
1.89 0.
3.77 0.
7.55 66.
1.89 0.
7.55 0.
5.66 0.
3.77 0.
3.77 0.
1.89 0.
1978 (n=29)
6.90 0.43
41.38 3.46
37.93 31.10
20.69 55.94
6.90 0.43
6.90 1.51
10.34 1.30
6.90 0.43
10.34 0.86
10.34 1.51
6.90 0.43
6.90 0.65
3.45 0.22
C. % C.
39 4.
11 31.
07 7.
10 19.
06 9.
30 0.
06 2.
13 2.
56 1.
06 6.
45 0.
26 0.
13 1.
19 1.
06 7.
7.54
9.40
37.37
0.38
5.01
0.05
0.75
3.26
0.30
18.05
0.05
2.26
n.28
C. '/. IRI
26
48
50
79
29
24
92
65
49
90
93
16
73
19
03
1
11
54
24
0
0
0
0
1.23
46.61
9.47
11.02
0.62
10.41
0.20
0.37
17.94
0.46
0.36
0.08
0.24
0.18
0.47
.16
.22
.77
.57
.79
.23
.45
.54
0.25
4,27
0.07
0,4?
ft
.1ft
91
-------
Juvenile English sole were classified as facultative benthivores.
This species is a good illustration of prey variability because of its broad
distribution over a number of shoreline habitats along the strait. Samples
are available from August collections at five of the seven beach-seine sites
(excluding Beckett Point) over the three years (Table 36). In general,
variability between habitats is greater than between years (Tables 24, 25),
although both show considerable differences in prey composition. Tanaids
and polychaete annelids were most important in the mud/eelgrass habitat at
Jamestown-Port Williams, although gammarid amphipods predominated in 1977.
Polychaete annelids and gammarid amphipods were the main prey in the sand/
cobble habitat at Twin Rivers and Morse Creek except for the occurrence of
holothuroideans at Twin Rivers, and harpacticoid copepods at Morse Creek in
1977. Except for the contribution by cumaceans, prey compositions from
Dungeness Spit were the least similar among the three years: gammarid amphi-
pods, mysids, and cumaceans predominated in 1976; cumaceans, gammarid amphi-
pods, and harpacticoid copepods in 1977; and holothuroideans and cumaceans
in 1978. The principal difference between 1976 and 1977 prey compositions-
at Kydaka Beach was the appearance of polychaete annelids in the 1977
sample. The relative contributions of the seven principal prey taxa varied
considerably among the 14 separate samples.
Starry flounder, the only large adult flatfish captured in the near-
shore region along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, were not caught in high
enough numbers to warrant comparison of diet spectra. Two beach-seine
samples, August 1977 and 1978, at Kydaka Beach indicated low dietary
overlap (Tables 24, 37).
Sand sole were the only flatfish classified as obligate epibenthic
planktivores. Except for the series from Twin Rivers, the diet spectra
from four sites differed between years (Tables 24, 38). While mysids were
often predominant in the prey spectrum, they occurred so sporadically that
other prey organisms—fishes, gammarid amphipods, cumaceans, hippolytid
shrimp—assumed predominance. Variability was equally extensive for most
between-habitat comparisons (Table 25).
In conclusion, examination of the variability in prey compositions
among years and habitats for 14 representative nearshore fish species
indicated that although a few prey taxa may be important to the diet of a
species, the proportional contributions among the prey taxa vary considerably.
In general, diet overlap was more consistent between years than between
habitats, although the overlap values were equally variable. Trends in
increasing contributions of several prey taxa over the three years of the
study were noted but could not be verified without corresponding indications
of trends in prey abundance at those sites over the three years.
4.9.4 Overlap Between Diet Spectra of Nearshore Fish and Documented
Invertebrate Assemblages
The basic problem associated with determining the relative importance
of a particular prey taxon to a predator (i.e., the selectivity of the
predator) is the measurement of actual prey availability. The lack of
concurrent sampling of prey abundance and predator stomachs in the MESA
studies along the Strait of Juan de Fuca limits our ability to either
92
-------
Table 36. Prey composition of juvenile English sole during three years of
MESA collections, August 1976, 1977, 1978. P.O. = frequency occur-
rence, N.C. = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimetric composi-
tion, %IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
% F.O. % N.C. % G.C. I IRI
% F.O. % N.C. 7. G.C. Z IRI
Z F.O. % N.C. X G.C. Z IRI
Jamestown/Port Williams 1976 (n=10)
Tanaids
Polychaete annelids
Bivalves
Cumaceans
Gammarid amphipods
HarpacCicoid copepods
Glycerid polychaetes
Phoronids
Oscracods
80.00 44.97 38.83 54.33
70.00 30.20 32.83 35.76
40.00 4.70 1.62 2.05
30.00 14.09 4.00 4.40
20.00 2.68 11.36 2.28
10.00 0.67 0.12 0.06
10.00 2.68 11.24 1.13
Twin Rivers
Polychaete annelids
Gammarid amphipods
Harpncticoid eopepods
Mysids
Cumaceans
Tanaids
Flabelliferan isopods
Valviferan isopods
Bivalves
Euphausiids
Fish
Holothuroidea
Chlorophyta
Potamogetonaceae
!'orse Creek
Cammarid amphipods
Polychaete annelids
Cumaceans
Tdoteid isopods
Harpacticoid copepods
Holothuroideans
Ulotrichales
Mysids
Carldean shrimp
Brachyuran crabs
Calanoid copepods
Ampeliscidae
Isaetdae
Bivalves
Dunfieness Spit
Gammarid amphipods
Mysids
Cumaceans
Polychaete annelids
Holothuroidea
Unidentified detritus,
sand, and algae
Ostracods
Harpacticoid copepods
Tunicates
Kydaka Beach
Cammarid amphipods
Cumaceans
Harpacticoid copepods
Polychaete annelids
Ostracods
Holothuroidea
Bivalves
Nemerteans
Valviferan isopods
Decapods, unid.
Kysids
Flabelliferan isopods
1976
60.
60.
20.
20.
20.
20.
20.
20.
20.
20.
20.
1976
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
(n-
7.
70.
2.
8.
2.
4.
1.
0.
0.
2.
0.
4)
54
35
76
29
51
52
01
25
25
26
25
38,
38,
0.
6.
1.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
10.
.99
.28
,01
,67
43
22
08
86
65
14
68
27,
63,
0,
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
.35
.86
.54
,93
,77
93
60
22
18
47
14
100.00 84.71 88.96 91.68
75.00 5.88 7.10 5.14
50.00 4.71 1.89 1.74
25,00 1.18 1.42 0.34
50.00 3.53 0.63 1.10
1976 (n=15)
80.00 49.34 21.90 46.69
60.00 25.11 51.59 37.70
60.00 15.42 11.48 13.22
20.00 7.93 1.38 1.52
6.67 0.44 4.59 0.27
6.67
6.67
6.67
6.67
1976 (n
90.00
90.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
10.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
-10)
28.54
49.02
17.43
2.83
1.09
0.22
0.44
0.22
0.22
8.94
0.11
0.01
0.01
56.96
29.24
0.71
2. 76
1.85
7.08
0.91
0.46
0.02
0.51
0.03
0.02
0.02
49.08
44.93
3.47
1.07
0.75
0.47
0.17
0.04
0.02
1977 (n-9)
55.56 57.69 20.80 40.11
11.11 2.31 8.00 1.05
55.56 5.38 2.24 3.90
66.67 33.85 52.96 53.23
11.11 0.77 16.00 1.71
1977 (n=15)
46.67 48.69 9.56 25.79
33.33 14.66 6.82 6.79
6.67 0.52 0.01 0.03
6.67 0.52 0.14 0.04
60.00 35.08 83.16 67.29
6.67 0.52 0.29 0.05
1977 (n-12)
58.33 12.95 25.35 20.61
66.67 7.38 60.52 41.86
66.67 3.08 6.97 6.19
41.67 76.26 A.46 31.10
8.33 0.06 1.14 0.09
8.33 0.06 0.73 0.06
8.33 0.12 0.10 0.02
8.33 0.06 0.10 0.01
8.33 0.06 0.10 0.01
8.33 0.06 0.52 0.04
1977 (n-12)
33.33 15.75 17.49 21.72
25.00 50.00 66.03 56.86
16.67 3.94 6.21 3.31
8.33 0.39 5.08 0.89
25.00 29.92 5.19 17.21
1977 (n-10)
60.00 15.09 6.52 12.03
70.00 48.11 15.23 41.15
10.00 0.94 0.02 0.09
80.-00 10.38 43.46 39.97
40.00 3.77 0.45 1.57
10.00 1.89 2.44 0.40
10.00 3.77 27.42 2.89
10.00 15.09 4.26 1.80
10.00 0.94 0.20 0.11
1978 (n-21)
90.48 69.17 40.25 66.80
52.38 13.28 42.30 19.65
9.52 0.23 0.04 0.02
38.10 5.43 2.04 1.92
71.43 8.55 14.88 11.29
14.29 2.19 0.06 0.22
14.29 0.58 0.40 0.09
1978 (n=20)
40.00 18.05 9.43 7.13
85.00 79.42 88.55 92.63
10.00 1.08 1.55 0.17
1978 (n-21)
71.43 25.08 48.26 46.83
71.43 11.43 43.93 35.35
42.86 2.93 1.97 1.88
9.52 0.20 0.51 0.06
28.57 57.63 1.94 15.22
14.29 0.30 2.20 0.32
9.52 1.72 1.01 0.23
19.05 0.51 0.12 0.11
3.98
0.02
5.49
0.02
6.22
0.11
34.86
0.11
55.56 13.86 90.47 58.46
11.11 0.99 0.02 0.22
1978
93
-------
Table 37. Prey composition of starry flounder during two years of MESA
collections, August 1977, 1978, F.O. = frequency occurrence,
N.C. = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimentric composition,
%IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance,
Prey
Z F.O. Z N.C. Z G.C. Z IRI Z F.O. Z N.C. Z C.C. Z IRI
Ammodytidae
Cancrid crabs
Unidentified detritus,
sand and algae
Gammarid anphipods
Holothuroidea
Cumaceans
Flabelliferan iaopods
Polychaete annelids
1977 (n=6)
66.67 89.47
16.67 5.26
93.88
5.36
97.78
1.42
1978 (n-7)
71.43 35.00 83.77 75.21
16.67 5.26 0.76 0.80
42.86
42.86
28.57
28.57
28.57
14.29
15.00
17.50
15.00
10.00
5.00
2.50
2.23
1.14
10.29
0.68
1.86
0.02
6.55
7.08
6.41
70
74
0.32
94
-------
Table 38.
Prey composition of sand sole during three years of MESA col-
lections, August 1976, 1977, 1978. P.O. <= frequency occurrence,
N.C. = numerical composition, G.C. = gravimetric composition,
%IRI = percent total Index of Relative Importance.
Prey
Dungeness Spit
Mysids
Caiiimarid aniphipods
Crangonid shrimp
Natantian shrimp
Idoteid isopods
Ho lothuroi deans
Ammody t idae
Cumaceans
Ciupeidae
Fish larv . , juv.
Unidentified detritus
tlorse Creek
Gammarid amphipods
Mysids
Ciupeidae
Ilippolytid shrimp
Fish larvae
Larvaceans
Pleuronectidae
Unidentified detritus
Polychaece annelids
Atylidae
Brachyrhynchan crab
larvae
Ulotrichales
Caritlean shrimp
Ens i r i dne
Twin Rivers
Mysidf
Fishes
Caridean shrimp
Unidentified detritus
Cransonid shrimp
Gammarid amphipods
Polychaete annelids
Ulotrichales
Atylidae
K^daka Beach
Fishes
Mysids
Gammarid amphipods
Crangonid shrimp
Caridean shrimp
Ammodyt Idae
Unidentified detritus
Ulotrichnles
Bivalves
Calliopiidae
EtisiridAe
Cammar idae
Flabelliferan isopods
Isaeidae
Cumaceans
Larvaceans
% F.O. 7. N
.C.
% G.C.
7. 1RI
1976 (n=12)
66.67 75
50.00 15
33.33 4
8.33 1
8.33 0
8.33 0
8.33 0
1976
1976 (n=5)
'80.00 98
80.00 0
20.00 0
40.00 0
20.00 0
20.00 0
1976 (n=7)
57.14 7.
28.57 62.
28.57 27.
14.29 1.
14.29 1.
.68
.32
.50
.80
.90
.90
.90
.35
.51
.21
.51
.10
.31
50
50
50
25
25
33.7 i
4.20
40.73
5.78
0.43
0.18
14.94
69.68
26.40
3.09
0.15
0.41
0.27
67.59
11.37
2.59
13.08
5.37
72.99
9.77
15.09
0.63
0.11
0.09
1.32
85.57
13.71
0.42
0.17
0.07
0.07
56.75
27.92
11.37
2.71
1.25
7. F.O. '/. N.C.
1977 (n-14)
14.29 10.00
28.57 40.00
7.14 10.00
21.43 30.00
7.14 5.00
7.14 5.00
1977 (n=12)
50.00 40.54
33.33 32.43
8.33 2.70
25.00 24.32
1977 (n-20)
80.00 78.71
10.00 1.12
10.00 0.56
5.00 0.28
70.00 17.65
5.00 0.28
5.00 0.28
1977 (n=10)
60.00 50.00
10.00 8.33
10.00 8.33
10.00 25.00
10.00 8.33
7. G.C.
0.74
2.91
11.12
0.48
51.90
32.84
2.09
4.18
91.77
1.96
7. IRI
5.36
42.87
5.27
22.84
14.21
9.45
44.44
25.44
16.41
13.70
% F.O.
1978 (n
86.36
68.18
27.27
22.73
4.55
1978 (n
33.33
9.52
19.05
14.29
4.76
9.52
9.52
4.76
9.52
4.76
4.76
4.76
7. N.C.
= 22)
81.66
10.45
5.10
0.64
2.04
•=21)
26.42
0.94
2.36
50.47
0.94
6.13
0.94
3.77
1.89
0.47
1.B9
1.42
7. G.C.
76.02
2.30
0.98
18.07
2.44
6.24
0.24
70.04
0.30
14.16
1.33
1.58
1.09
0.26
3.34
0.47
0.04
% IRI
90.19
5.76
1.10
2.82
0.13
31.31
0.32
39.66
20.86
2.07
2.04
0.69
0.67
0.59
0.52
0.32
0.20
197H (n-16)
21.04
45.70
8.97
1.58
3.45
15.58
3.39
48.32
0.15
0.40
50.77
0.37
78.74
4.62
0.94
0.09
14.57
0.78
0.18
85.20
1.23
1.26
10.96
1.26
68.75
18.75
6.25
25.00
12.50
1978 (n=
20.00
40.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
92.16
1.96
0.65
3.27
1.96
'10)
5.93
17.80
1.69
12.71
0.85
1.69
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
55.08
6.89
82.67
0.18
0.18
0.09
32.56
25.07
3.37
23.95
7.86
0.37
1.12
0.75
0.75
0.04
0.04
4.21
78.26
20.39
0.06
9.90
0.29
15.30
34.07
1.01
7.28
1 .73
0.41
0.39
0.32
0.32
0.18
0.17
23.53
95
-------
appraise the feeding selectivity of the fishes or to establish the importance
of different nearshore habitats to the fishes. This latter problem, the
need to evaluate shoreline habitats in the context of the nearshore food web,
is further hindered by the lack of appropriate sampling methodology for
effectively documenting prey organisms.
In the case of neritic plankton communities, the MESA-sponsored investi-
gations by NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) of the
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton community in the strait
(Chester et al. 1977, Chester et al. 1980) provide seasonal
documentation of zooplankton composition and estimates of abundance for nine
sites. Unfortunately, these sites'are in the deepwater regions of the strait
and quite distant from the nearshore environs where the neritic (townet) fish
collections were made. This does not necessarily preclude comparisons with
the prey composition of obligate planktivores such as juvenile Pacific herring
and Pacific sand lance which tend to feed exclusively on pelagic calanoid
copepods. If assumptions about advection of these zooplankters from deep
water into shallow water can be made, then the data from the PMEL study may
be descriptive of the prey community available to these neritic fishes.
The epibenthic plankton assemblages exploited by the facultative
planktivores have not been documented on a seasonal basis by quantitative
sampling and were only crudely sampled (large forms only) during the townet
collections of neritic fish. Since epibenthic crustaceans such as mysids
and shrimp are important, some quantitative documentation of their composi-
tion and distribution in neritic waters will be necessary before evaluation
of the available prey resources in different nearshore habitats can be made.
Other MESA studies include quantitative surveys of the intertidal and
shallow subtidal benthos along the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Nyblade 1979,
Webber 1979) which have been conducted concurrently with the nearshore fish
collections since 1976. These data provide the best index of infaunal
organisms available to nearshore fish in the specific habitats surveyed.
Polychaete annelids, bivalve molluscs, gastropod molluscs, and a number of
other organisms which typically remain within or upon the sediment were
available for quadrat, core, or Van Veen grab sampling at low tide when the
surveys were conducted. Many organisms, however, were not adequately
sampled either because they actively move with the tide or because they
were too small to be retained by the 1-mm mesh sieve. Some of these—e.g.,
gammarid amphipods, cumaceans, mysids, harpacticoid copepods—were known to
be important components of the diets of many fish (Cross et al. 1978).
Subtidal sampling with a Van Veen grab possesses many of the same biases
inherent in intertidal surveys because of the avoidance capability of
epibenthic zooplankton.
An experiment was conducted under the sponsorship of MESA to attempt
quantitative documentation of epibenthic zooplankton in the intertidal and
shallow subtidal regions when the tide was in and the organisms were available
to predation by nearshore fish (Simenstad et al. 1980). Sampling of the
epibenthic zooplankton was coordinated with the sampling of nearshore fish
during August 1978 and was designed to provide data directly comparable with
the results of the stomach analyses conducted on the predominant nearshore
fish collected at that time. Sampling of the epibenthos, described in
96
-------
Simenstad et al. (1980), utilized a suction pump and sampling cylinder
designed to reduce zooplankton avoidance and enable the sampling of micro-
habitats within the various sampling sites. Sampling was conducted directly
upon the shallow subtidal or intertidal area sampled for nearshore fishes by
beach seine or in tidepool collections. Discrete samples were taken, however,
in distinct microhabitats found within these areas. Depths of the sampled
microhabitats varied between 0.1 and 3.0 m.
The results of this survey, provided in detail in Simenstad et al.
(1980), are summarized in Table 39 as the percentage composition of
invertebrate taxa by abundance and biomass, and in Fig. 11 , indicating the
total abundance and total biomass (wet weight) of the epibenthic fauna at
the six sampling sites and the various microhabitats sampled therein.
Comparable prey spectra from concurrently sampled nearshore fish were
described previously for predominant species in Appendix 6.1. Overlap of
the numerical and gravimetric composition of the epibenthic fauna and the
diet of the prevalent nearshore fish sampled at the various sampling sites
has been estimated using Sanders' Index of Affinity (Table 40).
The most impressive result of the epibenthic survey is the abundance
and numerical dominance by harpacticoid copepods at virtually every site and
microhabitat sampled. In one sample—Port Williams, eelgrass—harpacticoids
even dominated the fauna on the basis of total biomass. Although seemingly
too small (0.250-1.50 mm) to constitute preferred prey for most nearshore
fishes, harpacticoids were important in the diets of sharpnose sculpin,
tidepool sculpin, high cockscomb, and juvenile English sole. Harpacticoid
copepods are probably important prey of primary carnivores, including
polychaete annelids, shrimp, and crabs, which are preyed on by nearshore
fishes (Simenstad et al. 1979). Differences in total epifauna density
and biomass among the sites and microhabitats (Fig. 11 ) are primarily a
function of the abundance and biomass of the harpacticoid copepods.
Overlap values in the stomach contents of the nearshore fish and the
epibenthic plankton samples were generally low for most species, principally
because of the discrepancies between the presence of harpacticoid copepods
in the microhabitat and their presence in the stomach contents of the fishes.
Several species, including tube-snout, tidepool sculpin, tubenose poacher,
juvenile English sole, and speckled sanddab, preyed heavily on the harpacti-
coids and therefore exhibited higher overlap in their diet spectra and the
environment. In general, overlap values were appreciably higher in comparisons
of biomass than in comparisons of numerical composition of the prey organisms
(Table40 ). This may be a result of two related phenomena: (1) The high
numerical contribution of the harpacticoid copepods in the diet is not reflected
in the total biomass; thus, other prey organisms contribute higher percentages
to the overlap value based on biomass. (2) Prey selection by the fish is most
likely to be based on size of prey rather than density (Griffiths 1975, Eggers
1977); therefore, overlap in larger prey organisms based on biomass tends to be
higher than overlap based on density. This suggests that within certain size
ranges, the standing crop (weight/area or volume) of particular prey organisms
may provide a more appropriate measure of the importance of a habitat to near-
shore fish than the density.
97
-------
Table 39. Composition by abundance and biomass of epibenthic zooplankton
in various microhabitats at six sites along the Strait of Juan
de Fuca, August 1978. Detailed descriptions of microhabitats
appear in Simenstad et al. (1980).
lara i
Abuadanca
Harpactlcold copcpoda 79.88
Calanold copapoda
Cyelopold copapoda
Blvalvaa
Camoarld aophlpoda
Aaallocan laopoda
Cuoacaana
Hlppolytld ahrlap
Naogaatropoda
Gaatropoda
Splonid polychaataa
Polychaaca annallda
Naaatodaa
Oftracoda
Haroaeticold ac.ga
Carldaaa ahrla?
Cruatacaaa agga
Taaalda
Shannon-Hlanar Dlvariltjr
iBdu (H1)
4.45
3.07
1.40
0.74
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.48
0.68
0.49
2.83
1.02
3.75
0.75
1.41
land
•lout a
6.31
9.16
6.01
6.31
13.51
0.15
0.15
6.01
12.01
10.66
.00
.90
.16
.01
.01
3.30
4.30
••ekttt
0.3-* Call
Abuadaoc*
72.93
2.09
3.52
0.41
0.36
0.59
—
0.60
1.30
0.01
6.39
1.44
4.44
1.31
2.34
1.88
talM
raaa
ItOMI*
20.69
1.18
1.47
0.32
2.06
0.30
—
51.55
12.40
0.01
1.09
0.60
0.39
0.29
0.62
2.65
l-» Ial|
Abundaoca
71.50
0.45
1.40
0.15
0.26
0.41
—
0.68
0.36
0.05
5.21
0.30
0.81
5.48
0.00
11.81
0.32
1.73
raaa
lloaiaaa
28.70
0.23
0.44
0.22
1.64
0.30
~
50.14
8.26
0.11
7.84
0.22
0.34
0.2Z
0.01
3.89
0.28
2.29
Harpacclcold copapoda
Cmacaana
Oitracod*
Hlppolytld ahrlmp
Blvalvta
Harpaetlcold i||i
Gaacropoda
Calaoald cop«poda
Tanaldi
Shunoa-Ulmar Dlvarilty Ind«
» (H1)
Coaraa
Abundant*
68.23
20.84
2.88
0.03
0.12
5.27
0.02
0.43
0.37
1.49
Port U
(and
Bloaa.a
35.73
42.00
1.15
10.54
1.82
0.65
0.03
0.96
0.49
2.31
llllaaa
l-« Ealgraaa
Abundanca
84.07
3.23
3.70
0.00
0.16
1.88
0.30
1.45
0.59
1.27
Blonaaa
54.31
2.40
3.93
2.27
1.17
0.11
10.76
0.43
0.89
2.94
Dun(«a*l« Spit
Coara* uo^
Abundance
Rarpactlcold copcpodi
Cunacciaa
H«m»tod«i
Oatracoda
Harpactlcoid copcpod
Hydrolda
Caatropoda
Polyehaata aonallda
Caoaucld aaphlpoda
CaprtilU aaphlpoda
Calaoold eopapoda
Tanalda
•it»
70.50
10.17
2.35
4.53
1.51
2.27
0.53
0.87
3.49
0.84
0.76
1.06
1, fraval
Slouaa
7.26
23.89
2.46
2.34
2.34
2.34
22.37
14.03
12.42
2.57
2.34
2.46
StunuK»-Wln«r Dl».r«lty lodcx (8')
2.29 4.14
98
-------
Table 39. (Contd.)
Harpacticoid copepoda
Copepod nauplil
Spionld polychaecea
Calanold copapoda
Barnacle larvaa
Crustacean aggs
Nematodca
Karpacticold agga
Cyclopold copapods
Zplcarldean laopoda
Gusurld up hi pod a
Shannon*Ulenar Dlvaralty
Hcnkaktui— til
•w
tL^rli'l^i^T*"
0*tr«c»d«
litrptctlceid •£§••
NftMtod*.
A*eh»«>i«.tropa4«
ftrlttliiura
OllfactactM
Sph*«c««tl4 iMfeda
MM|4airopo4»
Pafurld erafc*
ItaldMtlf lad «u«
140£«14 l»opodt
FolyclMCC* «HMlldi
•ilAcarld eltM
4a«llot«e lift pi it
••MtMCTOtesa
OM«C»*M
ClrolMliI iMpod*
lUffelftU •hrlaa
llnln«
CrtKUem •eti
••raw Crack
•eta sea* Cobkla Saatf aad cobbU
torpacttcold copepoda 53.35 16.19 92.28 6.28 32.62 14.19
Calanold copapoda 39.90 27.15 1.53 3.36 30.21 34.80
My'"' 0.24 15.92 0.04 0.15 0.24 10.14
Cyclopoid copepoda 1.84 10.44 — — 7.4J 13.65
Cuaaceena 0.05 0.26 0.25 3.21 —
Neaatodea 0.92 5.22 — —
Bivalvaa 0.92 5.22 — —
Ouetognaths 0.92 5.22 — —
Camnarld anphlpoda 0.38 3.91 1.83 44.41 0.12 0.34
Pinnotharld craba 0.05 2.61 — — 0.12 0.34
Gastropods 0.18 0.52 0.41 21.00 0.12 0.34
Caprellld anphlpod • — — 3,04 4.59 —
Polychaato annelids — — 0.73 3.06 -- —
Barnacle larvaa — — 0.73 3.06 —
Cruataeau egga — — 0.73 3.06 —
Aaellotea laopoda — — O.M 1.68 — —
Idotald laopod* — — 0.04 1.51
Oatracoda — — _ _ 2.56 7.09
Harpacticoid copapoda — — — _ 2.687.09
Spionld polychaacee — — 0.84 3.21 2.44 6i7S
Taaalda 0.96 5.48 — —
Shaonon-Ulenar Diversity
Indu (H() 2.03 4.01 0.68 4.03 2.29 3.5C
Krtaka taawh
•are sand
Abundance lioaaaa
37.92 11.81 Harpactlcold copapoda
16.73 7.87 Copepod nauplll
16.74 11.81 Calanold copapods
7.15 12.60 Ollgochaataa
3.35 11.81 Pycnogoolda
5.58 7.87 Oatracoda
4.46 7.88 Cyclopold copepoda
2.23 3.94 iaraacla nauplll
3.35 7.88 rlysida
1.12 3.9* Cuucaau
0.40 10. OS Oaaiiarld ophlpod*
Unidentified eggs
Ind.x (B'> 3.26 4.4O Csldarlaw
Shaaaon-«Uaar Dlnralty Ia4u (I*)
ftllf tolJU «UMO*U
•t.l 1 1 1 4 5
pe a« Ce«t«rlu». give Cadlm. 41«rU, Corrillu*. Ikldut. broM, Ueldut. trine.
MLLa lav«ru. i 4 S»4Q»hTllu»i * tWopt&llvm Phtlo«p«dt» Myt tlu» viva. Hytjlua
VoloMi O.OaO e1 0.076 e* 0.111 «J 0.044 •' 0.174 e1
TUe Wl«btl 40.01 e 0.0 • 40.14 e 41.07> 41.01 •
A»ua4MC« lleeeM AbuadMkCi llown 4buadoac« •!<»••• Abund4ncc Bloeiti Abundioc* tlo«4«f
t.Ol 21.51 12. M 24.41 15.4) 20.75 4.44 M.I! 4.42 10.41
l.M l.M 0.0) O.M 2.41 O.tl 2.40 4.4) 1.11 OM
2.4) 0.51 5.45 1.25 — — — — J.47 a It
1.31 0.51 1.11 1.11 0.41 0.51 7.U 4.M t.)2 O.t4
0.07 41.71 0.14 4.17 1.41 5.54 — — 0.2) 2.27
— — - — 0.14 IS. 14 _ _ 0.42 12.14
O.U 4.51 0.4] 4.J7 0.02 0.01 0.14 0.1) 0.57 1 11
0.01 l.M 0.11 11.71 0.10 l.tl 0.11 0.21 0.17 t.ll
— — — — 0.04 4.11 — — — _
— — — — 0.03 1.47 — — —
0.01 0.51 0.54 1.21 — — — — O.OJ 0.04
— — - — O.Ot 2.21 - — 0.02 0.4S
1.74 17.51 1.47 44.41 l.M 12.12 0.24 1.41 11.57 21. M
0.0) t.Ol — — — — — — — _
0.12 0.5) O.M 1.25 2.11 O.!t — — l.M O.M
0.11 0.57 0.71 l.)7 I.U 5.04 0.11 0.2) 2.1! t.M
0.0) 1.0) O.M 1.15 0.07 I.t4 0.11 1.11 0.1) 1.11
O.M 0.15 0.01 O.Ot 0.11 1.11 0.24 0.21 0.11 O.M
— — — — 0.02 1.47 — — — —
— — 0-0) 0.42 — - 0.11 11.41 0.11 l.M
0.01 0.01 — — 0.01 0.21 1.40 4.4) 0.05 0.04
0.11 0.54 O.U 0.11 0.07 O.Ot — — 0.15 1.11
O.M 0.51 — — O.M t.M — — l.M O.M
fwla Uvee-e
Bare aaad
42.63 .44
15.00 .55
.12 .69
.73 .91
.50 .77
.50 .77
.50 .77
.50 .77
.48 * .12
.50 .77
.11 1 .U
.74 .05
.17 .93
3.0) 4.14
t
Ha alfM» Mrtliue
0.047 .'
41.11 •
AbuodMct lloeefi
44.12 1.11
1.74 11.01
0.05 O.M
1.17 i.ai
4.70 l.tl
1.11 7.25
0.05 1.44
0.40 O.tl
0.05 O.Ot
0.15 10.17
0.05 4.M
0.0] O.Ot
0.05 0.11
5.50 12.42
«- «
5.41 4.A2
O.U 1.00
l.M l.tl
~- ^»
O.OS O.Ot
2.17 1.11
O.U O.M
l.M 4.05
l.M 4.07
l.M 4.14
99
-------
o
o
13
O
August. 1978
Epibcnthic Plankton
&--•>>»
&:-erohrt.l«
c:cobbU
J
&
.9 A
(
•A
"a
^
t
,-.,A
= 1
1 0 i 1-..A
* : ? i
i 1 i i
i
eA
i
*9
[
•/cA
W««t -^
2 ••&
SI
t
i
j
J
1
M
0)
X
w
i
I i
.t-
i -
j ;
5 •"
H .9
•-,
? *
August, 1978
Epibentliic Plankton
A=microhabttat
e: cobble
C ;Banit
^
E 'o
« 0.
i r
i
I J
i ^
1 * I
1 < ! 1
* .1 i s
<
^- East West
(
)•
-^
)•
(
A^
> A-.-
A.
i
AC
A>
>
A«c^|o»l
>•
CM«,
1
&•
^- East
Fig. 11. Total abundance and total blomass of the epibenthic fauna at six sites in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca sampled in August 1978.
-------
Table 40. Percent overlap (Sanders' Index o£ Affinity) between epibenthic
zooplankton and diet ot nearshore rish at seven sites (17 distinct
microhabitats) along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, August 1978.
Beckett Point
Pacific comcod juv.
Tube-snout
Widow rockfish juv.
Padded sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tidepool sculpin
Tubenose poacher
Pile perch
Crescent gunnel
Speckled sanddab
James town-Port Williams
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tidepool sculpin
English sole juv.
Dungeness Spit
Pacific tomcod juv.
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Speckled sanddab
English sole juv.
Sand sole juv.
Morse Creek
Pacific tomcod juv.
Tube-snout
Widow rockfish juv.
Silverspot ted sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tubenose poacher
Speckled sanddab
Eng 1 ish sole juv.
Sand sole juv.
Twin Rivers
Padded sculpin
Rosylip sculpin
Si Iverspot ted sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tidepuol sculpin
Tubenosu poacher
Kedtail surTpcTcli
Striped senpercli
PenPoint gunnel
Speckled sanddab
English sole
Sam role. j'u
-------
Table 40. (Contd.)
Morse Creek
Pacific tomcod juv.
Tube-snout
Widow rockfish juv.
Silverspo 1 1 eel sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tubenose poacher
Speckled sanddab
English sole Juv.
Sand sole juv.
Twin Rivers
Padded sculpin
Rosylip sculpin
Silverspotted sculpin
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Tidepool sculpin
Tubenose poacher
Redtail surfperch
Striped seaperch
Penpoint gunnel
Speckled sanddab
English sole
Sand sole juv.
Kydaka Beach
Lingcod juv.
Pacific scagliorn sculpin
Redtail surfperch
Speckled sanddab
Starry flounder
Sand sole juv.
Slip Point \
Abund Biom
Tidepool sculpin 10.46 32.00
High cockscomb
Bare
46.99
79.38
0.67
0.62
1.16
53.73
0.38
40.84
0.62
Bare
6.11
8.59
8.59
6.11
42.80
8.59
7.02
8.38
8.59
8.59
0.00
7.71
Bare
0.00
1.52
1.72
1.54
4.02
1.25
2
Abund
13.32
13.29
sand
22.45
37.24
7.50
7.57
0.04
10.20
3.91
6.23
4.14
sand
1.18
15.46
53.24
0.03
18.56
46.35
11.49
10.16
10.20
34.73
0.00
7.46
sand
0.00
3.27
7.90
7.44
3.02
13.99
Biom Abund
26.40 28.39
25.78 35.97
10.
74.
2.
1.
0.
62.
2.
4.
2.
Cobble
17 49.00
86 10'. 69
89 43.78
87 44.56
81 0.55
15 50.69
55 44.69
34 51.38
60 11.70
Sand t.
36.99
78.65
0.36
0.36
0.24
52.74
0.12
30.33
0.36
i cobble
2.64
35.24
4.77
4.00
0.13
6.63
0.34
2.28
0.57
Tidepool Number
3
Biom
29.26
41.75
It
Abund Biom
80.20 13.66
0.24 9.49
5
Abund Biom
66.54 15.35
14.34 30.42
6
Abund Biom
39.85 10.51
16.73 22.22
102
-------
The epibenthic pump sampling appeared to be appropriate for the sampling of
several important prey organisms in addition to harpacticoid copepods. The
best example is that of hippolytid shrimp which, due to their size, contributed
significantly to the prey spectra of juvenile Pacific tomcod, juvenile widow
rockfish, tubenose poachers, and several other species in certain habitats,
especially those at Beckett Point. Other prey taxa which indicated relatively
high correlation with epibenthic fauna at different sites included tanaids,
cumaceans, calanoid copepods (especially at Morse Creek), and polychaete
annelids.
Several taxa of epibenthic crustaceans, which are important in the prey
spectra of nearshore fishes, may not have been effectively sampled during the
survey. The two most notable taxa are sphaeromatid isopods and mysids.
Although sampled by the suction pump, they did not represent the proportion
of the total epibenthos which was reflected by their occurrence in the stomach
contents of the predators. This was especially true at the exposed sites of
Dungeness Spit and Kydaka Beach, where mysids formed an important component
of the prey spectra of such species as juvenile Pacific tomcod, juvenile
English sole, and sand sole, and yet were not sampled at all. This suggests
(1) extensive selection of these taxa by nearshore fishes; (2) ineffective
sampling using the suction pump; or (3) differential occurrence of the organisms
in the water column between the time of the beach seining and the time of the
epibenthic pump sampling. In the case of the mysids, it is suspected that
their patchy distribution and probable diel aggregation in the water column
also contribute to the lack of sample overlap. Systematic diel sampling,
perhaps coordinated with nearshore epibenthic sled sampling or plankton net
sampling by SCUBA diver, would have to be conducted before the question of
mysid availability will be resolved.
Results from the epibenthic pumping of tidepools at Slip Point indicated
that sphaeromatid isopods were available to the pump, at least in the situa-
tion of a contained volume of water which was completely filtered. Sphaero-
matid isopods are mainly associated with rocky nearshore habitats and are
preyed on by the fishes found in that habitat—prickleback, gunnel, and some
sculpins.
The lack of overlap in epibenthic pump samples and stomach samples in
some instances was associated with the inability of the suction pump to
capture large epifauna such as crab's, true infauna such as bivalves, some
polychaete annelids, and fish. Diets of predators utilizing these organisms,
such as staghorn sculpin, cannot be adequately assessed using only this
methodology even though they can be considered to be principally epibenthic
carnivores. Similarly, sessile organisms such as barnacles often contribute
measurably to the diets of fish inhabiting rocky nearshore areas; overlap in
the epibenthic assemblage will also be low in these cases.
Gammarid amphipods, although not always a prevalent group numerically,
usually contributed significantly to the total biomass of the stomach contents
of many nearshore fish species and were especially prominent in the tidepools
sampled in the rocky intertidal habitat at Slip Point.
According to occurrence in the diets of predominant nearshore fish
collected at all nearshore sites along the strait (Table 41, Appendix 6.10),
103
-------
Table 41. Gairanarid amphipod species consumed by 12 common species of
nearshore fish collected along Strait of Juan de Fuca,
August 1978. + = occurrence, t = abundant; number is mean
wet weight in grams.
Smooch- Redtail Ribbon Black
Pacific Widow Padded head Rosy lip Tide poo I Fluffy surf- High pricklt- prlckl*
Pray
Carr-Tiaridea
Amphithodac
Amphithoe simulans
Aoridac
Aoreidcs Columbia*
Atylidae
Cilliopitdac
Calliopiella pratti
Euceridae
Gamma rldae
Melita ealifornica
H. desdichata
Hyalellldae
Hyalidae
_*i-t *P"
H. rubra
Ptrallorchestes ochotensif
Iiaeldat
Phoci« ap.
_• "V P*S
Podoceropaig sp.
Ischyroccrlda*
^ichyrocerus IP.
Otdlcerotida*
Honocu lodes sp.
Synch*! id lun ghoemakeri
PhoKoe«ph*lld«t
Handibulophoxus gilcsi
PUusctda*
Talicrlda*
OrchescU sp.
+
0.0230
4. +
0.0008 0.0010
+ + 4- + +
0.004 0.0207 0.0070 0.0010 0.0310
+
0.0000
4.
0.0070
1 1
0.0006 0.0015
+
0.0190
-f +
0.0130 0.0180
4
0.0020
•<• • f •
0.0070 0.0025 0.0014 0.0030
+
0.0030
0.0018 0.0001
+ +
0.0075 0.0020
-*• t + .
0.0040 0.0024 0.0013
+ + + +
0.0020 0.0040 0.0100 0.0030
4.
0.0117
0.0013
+
0.0001
+
o.ooio
4.
0.001
+
0.0001
4-
0.0004
+
+
0.0010
4.
0.0137
0.0003
1
0.0014
o.ooot
104
-------
the prevalent amphipods included Aoroides columbiae, Atylus tridens, Accedo-
moera vagor, Melita californica, M. desdichata, Hyale rubra, and Parallor-
chestes ochotensis. There was considerable overlap in amphipods in stomach con-
tents and those in plankton pump samples, especially with Aoroides columbiae and
Melita desdichata (both exclusively collected in tidepools) and Hyale rubra
and Ischyrocerus sp. There were more cases where the epibenthic pump sampled
species were not utilized by the nearshore fish (Amphilocus littoralis,
Gitanopsis vilordes, Amphithoe sp., A. simulans, A. lacertosa, Calliopius sp.,
Corophium sp. , £. baconi, Pontogeneia rostrata, Maera simile, Megaluropus sp.,
Eohaustorius washingtonianus, Allorchestes angustus, Jassa falcata, Lepide-
pecreum gur j anovae, Orchomene sp., Paraphoxus sp. , and P_. spinosus) . To a
lesser extent, species occurred in stomach contents which had not been
sampled during the epibenthic survey (Melita californica, Najna consiliorium,
and Orchestia sp.). Although we cannot verify the actual availability of
these amphipod species to the fish predators, it would appear that (1) the
pump quantified the majority of the amphipods preyed on by the fish and
especially the more common prey species, and (2) the fish used only a fraction
of the species (and numbers) of amphipods potentially available to them. By
examining the characteristic habitat types of the species consumed by the
fish, we see that the majority of the consumed species are algae-associated,
as compared with those which which are not preyed on, which are typically
sediment-associated (Simenstad et al. 1980). There is also good
evidence for selectivity by the fish for the larger species and sizes (within
species) of amphipods available to them; in almost all cases, the prevalent
amphipods among the stomach contents had a higher mean wet weight (Table 41)
than those collected by the epibenthic pump (Table 42). If there are no
size-related avoidance biases by amphipods during pump sampling, we can
theorize that the fish are optimizing their energy intake per prey organism
by selectively feeding on the large species and groups available in the
environment (Griffiths 1975). The implication of such selective feeding is
that only a portion of the available assemblage of prey organisms constitutes
optimum food sources for nearshore fish, and that habitats where the abundance
of epibenthos has been reduced by seasonal phenomena or unnatural perturba-
tions—or where the prey species or size composition has been altered—may
not support an equivalent density or composition of nearshore fishes.
4.10 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON THE NEARSHORE FISH
COMMUNITIES ALONG THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
There is little doubt that major releases (greater than 42,000 gallons—
1,000 barrels or 150 tons) of petroleum hydrocarbons adversely affect marine
environments. Recent evidence has documented the conditions under which
petroleum is toxic to aquatic organisms (Baker 1978, Am. Inst. Biol. Sci.
1976, Wolfe 1977, Malins 1977, Mclntyre and Whittle 1977, Fish. Res. Board
Can. 1978). In most cases, acute toxicity has been stressed; problems of
sublethal and chronic toxic effects have only recently been addressed.
There is still considerable controversy about the "significance" of
petroleum-induced perturbations to biological communities—i.e., the
longevity of the impact, the effect of significant reduction of prey
populations of important consumer species, the transfer of hydrocarbons or
metabolites from prey to predator, and the rates of biological succession in
determining the recovery of a damaged ecosystem. Furthermore, the ability to
detect actual changes in density, productivity, or community structure which
105
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Table 42. Occurrence and relative size of ganunarid amphipods collected by
epibenthic plankton pump sampling in the Strait of Juan de Fuca,
August 1978. Number below occurrence values is relative size in
grams wet weight per individual.
(itmmarid anphlpod
fiarurtarldea
Aropeliscidae
A^.philocus littoralls
Citanopsis vilordes
Anphithodae
Anphithoe sp.
A. simulans
A. laccrtosa
Aoridae
Aoroides columblae
Atylidae
Atylus sp.
Calliopiidae
Callloptus sp.
Calllopiella pratti
Corophiidae
Corophium sp.
C. baconl
Euslrtdae
Accedomoera vaeor
Pontoseneia sp.
P. rostrata
Gaimnaridae
Kaera simile
Mccaluropus lonsimcrus
Mcllta desdlchata
Haustorlldae
Eohaustorius washinstonianus
Hyalellidat
Ilyalldat
Allorchestes angustus
Hyale sp.
H. rubra
Parallorchestes ochotensls
Isaiedae
Photis sp.
P. brevipss
PrctorcdoU •?.
Podoceropsls sp.
Ischyrocerldai
Ischyrocerus my.
Jassa filcatt
iecuctt
Point
l/m3 g/m3
0.8 0.010
0.0010
66.7 0.024
0.0009
0.8 0.010
0.0020
0.8 0.010
0.0020
0.8 0.001
0.0010
14.1 0.050
0.0011
66.7 0.005
0.0001
2.5 0.000
0.0001
Point
Williams
»/m3 g/r.3
2.5 0.000
0.0001
26.3 C.002
0.0001
7.5 0.005
0.0007
3.8 0.001
0.0003
298.8 0.053
0.0002
188.7 0.080
0.0004
127.5 0.037
0.0001
1.3 0.000
0.0001
76.3 0.005
0.0001
57.6 0.014
0.0002
28.9 0.003
0.0001
908.8 0.347
0.0004
75.0 0.002
0.0000
1.3 0.000
0.0001
1.3 0.000
0.0001
103.8 0.005
0.0001
2.5 0.008
0.0030
7.5 0.001
0.0902
525.1 0.057
0.0001
25.0 0.002
0.0001
508.8 0.042
0.0001
Spit Morse Creek Twin Rivers Slip Point
*/m3 g/m3 l/m3 g/m3 »/m3 g/m3 Ifm3 g/m3
105.3 0.010
0.0001
15.0 0.020
0.0011
1705.4 0.133
0.000}
0.8 0.000
0.0001
7.7 0.008
0.0010
5.0 0.001 0.8 0.000 3.8 0.000 3844.9 0.053
0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000
78.8 0.008
0.0001
4.2 0.005
0.0012
5.0 0.000
0.0001
6,6 0.004 2.1 0.000
0.0004 0.0001
76.9 0.008 2.1 0.000
0.0001 0.0001
1.7 0.002
0.0010
344.3 0.458
0.0017
7.5 0.003
0.0003
6.3 0.000
0.0000
19.2 0.004
0.0002
76.9 0.008
0.0001
0.8 0.001 27.1 0.019
0.0010 0.0008
3.3 0.006
0.0018
50.0 0.005 139.6 0.010
0.0001 0.0001
2.3 0.000
0.0001
7.5 0.000 25.9 0.007 2.1 0,000
0.0003 0.0006 o.OOOl
3.3 0.000
0.0001
Beach
*/m3 g/m3
5.0 0.003
0.0002
5.0 0.003
0.0005
2.5 0.005
0.0020
2.5 D.005
0.0010
106
-------
Table 42. (Contd.)
Yslanassidae
Lepidepecreum gurjanovae
Orchotrone sp.
Edlcerocldae
Monoculodes sp.
S/nchelidium sp.
S^ shocnakeri
Oxocephalldae
1'araphoxus sp.
1.3 0.000
0.0001
1.3 0.000
0.0001
1.3 0.000
0.0001
22.5 0.004
0.0001
115.0 0.008
0.0002
Euscldae
Paraplcustes nautilus
37.5 0.008
0.0002
3.3 0.001
0.0003
0.8 0.000
0.0001
23.7 0,007
0.0003
2.1 0.000
0.0001
2.5 0.000
0.0001
107
-------
can be attributed to increased hydrocarbon concentrations in the environment
is often lacking.
A discussion of the potential effects of petroleum on the marine food
webs and nearshore communities of northern Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan
de Fuca is presented in Simenstad et al. (1980). The following is a
discussion of the results of the three years of nearshore fish surveys along
the strait as they relate to the vulnerability of nearshore fish assemblages
to the effects of petroleum. A discussion of the quantitative usefulness of
the nearshore fish data to detect measurable changes in fish density and
biomass has been presented earlier in this report.
The effect of petroleum on the neritic fish assemblage may vary with
the species involved. The juveniles and adults of the species (especially
Pacific herring, Pacific sand lance, and longfin smelt) appear to be
transient in the nearshore region. Since they have the ability to detect
low concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in the water, neritic fishes may
be capable of seeking uncontaminated areas. Certain species in the neritic
fish assemblage, however, are strongly associated with the nearshore region,
particularly the juveniles of several species of Pacific salmon, the most
economically important food fish in the region. The use of drift, epibenthic,
and pelagic prey organisms by those species ensures the transport of hydro-
carbons to higher levels in the food web.
Because of its lack of mobility and high sensitivity to hydrocarbons in
low concentrations, the ichthyoplankton component of the neritic fish
assemblage may be especially vulnerable to oil spills. It has been demon-
strated that the success of neritic fish larvae in locating and feeding on
patchily distributed food organisms determines their survival past this
critical life history stage (Arthur 1976, Hunter and Thomas 1974, Lasker
et al. 1970 , Laurence 1974 , May 1974 , O'Connell and Raymond 1970, Rosenthal
and Hempel 1973). Disruption of the phytoplankton and microzooplankton
preyed on by the larval fish during the first few weeks of their pelagic
life, even though only local, may result in significant larval mortalities.
The nearshore demersal fish assemblages may be vulnerable to the toxic
effects of petroleum present in intertidal and shallow subtidal regions
because of their restriction to these regions. Although demersal fishes may
have the same capability as neritic species to detect, water contaminated by
petroleum hydrocarbons, they may not be able to avoid contaminated waters.
Juveniles of many species (e.g., English sole, sand sole, Pacific tomcod,
chum salmon) use the nearshore environment as a nursery ground. In a sense
they are ecologically constrained to the nearshore environment. If these
fishes did behaviorally avoid contaminated areas by moving into deeper water
they would probably suffer increased mortalities as a result of increased
predation and lack of appropriate food resources.
Among the habitats studied during the three years of nearshore fish
surveys, the protected bays, such as Beckett Point and Port Williams, would
seem to possess the greatest potential for damage to the biotic community.
Not only were species richness, density, and standing crop of the nearshore
fishes typically highest in these habitats, but also the reduced exposure to
vave action would prolong the period required to weather spilled petroleum
108
-------
beyond a toxic state. Investigators of the 1969 West Falmouth oil (No. 2
fuel) spill found that in fine sediment, saltmarsh habitats, petroleum became
incorporated into the sediments where it was preserved in a moderately toxic
state until recycled by benthic infaunal organisms or physically removed by
wave action and erosion (Blumer and Sass 1972a,b, Krebs and Burns 1977 , Teal
et al. 1978). Although the water over oiled sediments may not reach toxic
levels through the leaching process, sublethal but deleterious levels may be
maintained for many years and the prey organisms used by the fish may
continue to act as transporters of petroleum hydrocarbons from the sediments
to the fish.
The results of the food habits studies of the predominant nearshore fish
species described in this and other reports (Simenstad et al. 1977, Cross
et al. 1978, Simenstad et al. 1979) document the importance of detri-
tivorous organisms, especially epibenthic crustaceans, to the nearshore fish
in the region. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) may be one of the most important
sources of detritus in the nearshore ecosystem (McRoy and Herfferich 1977)
and may also act as sediment traps, serving to entrain detrital particles
where they can be utilized by the abundant detritivorous crustaceans in this
habitat (Kikuchi and Peres 1977). The epibenthic plankton pump sampling in
August 1978 (this report; Simenstad et al. 1980) revealed that the
density and standing crop of epibenthic organisms were higher in eelgrass
beds than in other habitats. From this evidence it appears that both as a
habitat for invertebrates and fishes and as a major organic carbon source
in nearshore areas, eelgrass is a key feature in the production and diver-
sity of nearshore fishes. A substantial reduction of the eelgrass habitat or
decrease in productivity would alter the community structure and energy flow
in the nearshore zone. Petroleum spills are likely to inhibit the rate
processes and structure of detritus-based food webs. Adsorption of petroleum
hydrocarbons by detrital particles will introduce hydrocarbons directly into
the base of this food web. High concentrations of unweathered petroleum
adsorbed by detritus may inhibit bacterial decomposition, although some
bacteria which can utilize petroleum will probably be enhanced. But through
the combined processing of detritus and petroleum by bacteria, hydrocarbon
components or metabolites can be transferred to detritivorous epibenthic
organisms and ultimately to the nearshore fish that prey on them. This
process of active pollutant transfer is, however, mediated, often in a very
short time, by depuration and metabolic losses of the toxic components.
One of the more important contributions of the nearshore fish investiga-
tions along the strait has been the first comprehensive survey of the inter-
tidal (tidepool and beneath-rock) fish assemblages of rocky and cobble
habitats. These habitats make up a large proportion of the shoreline in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca and northern Puget Sound region. Although the rocky
intertidal may not be as vulnerable to the long-term effects of an oil spill
as the soft-sediment habitats, the fish assemblages and the prey resources
are extremely vulnerable to short-term effects because of their confinement
in pools and beneath rocks at low tide. Unlike sand and gravel beaches where
the fish move up and down the beach with the tide, rocky intertidal fishes
would be constantly subjected to high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons
as they accumulated in the intertidal zone with each tidal influx. The prey
resources of the rocky intertidal fishes, mainly epibenthic crustaceans
associated with algae, would also suffer high mortalities during the initial
109
-------
event. Because of weathering of petroleum and lack of incorporation into
the substrate in rocky intertidal habitats, the long-term recovery would
probably be quicker than in the soft-bottom eelgrass habitats.
Of all the habitats studied, the exposed sand-gravel beaches (e.g.,
Dungeness Spit, West Beach) are probably the least vulnerable to oil spills.
Because of wave action, most of the fish species which occur at these sites
are rather transient and are often virtually absent during winter. The
weathering of petroleum would be more rapid in habitats exposed to wave
action than in the protected habitats. However, juvenile salmon, principally
coho and chinook, may be abundant in the exposed habitats from spring through
late summer. As mentioned previously, these neritic fishes may be able to
detect and avoid contaminated waters, but it is conceivable that an extensive
petroleum spill could reduce the populations of prey organisms important to
the juvenile salmon (especially mysids) and transfer petroleum hydrocarbons
to an economically important group of fish utilized by man.
The time of year of an oil spill may determine the extent of its
effects on the nearshore fish assemblages. Midwinter through late summer
appears to be critical from several standpoints. Fish eggs and larvae are
most abundant in the neritic waters between February and May and the survival
rate of entire year classes could be affected by a petroleum spill at that
time. This period is also an important time for the decomposition of
detritus in the nearshore zone and the corresponding increase in epibenthic
zooplankton; reduction of this detrital source, inhibition of the decomposi-
tion process, or reduction of the first reproductive generation of epibenthic
crustaceans would tend to depress or delay production of many important prey
resources for the nearshore fish. Spring and summer represent the periods
of maximum density and standing crop of nearshore fish, and more important,
the period of recruitment of many species to nearshore habitats. Their
dependence on these habitats for growth and protection from predation
emphasizes the potential for deleterious effects from the introduction of
petroleum into the nearshore ecosystem.
110
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SECTION 5
LITERATURE CITED
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Kikuchi, T., and J.M. Peres. 1977. Consumer ecology of seagrass beds.
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Krebs, C.T., and K.A. Burns. 1977. Long-term effects of an oil spill on
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Lasker, R., H.M. Feder, G.H. Theilacker, and R.C. May. 1970. Feeding,
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115
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SECTION 6
APPENDICES
116
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Appendix 6.1 Dates of beach seine, townet, and intertidal sampling.
Beach seine collection dates (month-day) Townet collection dates (month-day)
Kydaka Beach
76-77: 5-17, 8-10, 1-15
77-78: 5-7, 8-28, 10-14
78-79: 5-8, 8-18, 1-12
Twin Rivers
76-77: 5-16, 8-9, 10-26, 1-18
77-78: 5-5, 8-27, 10-16, 1-21
78-79: 5-9, 8-19, 10-17, 1-13
Morse Creek
76-77: 5-15, 8-8, 10-25, 1-17
77-78: 5-6, 8-26, 10-13, 1-22
78-79: 5-6, 8-14, 10-16, 1-8
Dungeness Spit
76-77: 5-13, 8-6, 10-23, 1-14
77-78: 5-3, 8-24, 1-20
78-79: 5-7, 8-15, 10-18, 1-10
Jamestown-Port Williams
76-77: 5-12, 8-5
77-78: 5-4, 8-25, 10-17, 1-24
78-79: 5-11, 8-16, 10-15, 1-9
Beckett Point
76-77: 5-14, 8-7, 10-24, 1-19
77-78: 5-8, 8-23, 10-15, 1-23
78-79: 5-10, 8-17, 10-14, 1-11
Alexander_'_s Beach
77-78: 5-17, 8-26, 10-18, 2-22
West Beach
77-78: 5-18, 8-23, 10-17, 2-23
Kydaka Beach
76-77: 5-22, 8-13, 10-2, 12-30
77-78: 5-14, 8-31, 10-22, 12-29
78-79: 5-14, 8-26, 10-22
Pillar Point
76-77: 5-22, 8-13, 10-2, 12-30
77-78: 5-14, 8-31, 10-22, 12-29
78-79: 5-14, 8-26, 10-22
Twin Rivers
76-77: 5-23, 8-13, 10-2, 12-30
77-78: 5-13, 8-31, 10-22, 12-29
78-79: 5-14, 8-26, 10-22
Morse Creek
76-77: 5-23, 8-14, 10-3, 12-29
77-78: 5-15, 8-30, 10-21, 12-28
78-79: 5-15, 8-27, 10-21
Dungeness Spit
76-77: 5-24, 8-14, 10-3, 12-29
77-78: 5-15, 8-30, 10-21, 12-28
78-79: 5-15, 8-27, 10-21
Jamestown-Port Williams
76-77: 5-24, 8-14, 10-3, 12-29
77-78: 5-15, 8-30, 10-21, 12-28
78-79: 5-15, 8-27, 10-21
Beckett Point
76-77: 5-24, 8-14, 10-3, 12-29
77-78: 5-15, 8-30, 10-21, 12-28
78-79: 5-15, 8-27, 10-21
Alexander's Beach
77-78: 5-16, 9-1, 10-24, 12-30
West Beach
77-78: 5-16, 9-1, 10-24, 12-30
117
-------
Appendix 6.1 (Contd.)
Tidepool collection dates (month-day)
Neah Bay
77-78: 6-2, 8-15
78-79: 4-27, 6-7, 6-25, 8-19, 11-16
Slip Point
77-78:TI-19, 2-14, 4-8, 5-22, 7-31, 9-16, 11-14, 12-11
78-79: 1-9, 2-6, 3-6, 4-26, 5-24, 6-22, 7-5, 8-18, 11-15
Twin Rivers
77-78:D721, 2-13, 4-9, 5-20, 6-1, 7-4, 7-29, 8-1, 8-16, 11-13, 12-10
78-79: 1-8, 2-5, 3-5, 4-25, 5-26, 6-5, 6-21, 6-24, 8-17, 11-14
Observatory Point
77-78:2-12, 4-7, 5-21, 5-31, 7-3, 7-28, 8-14, 11-12, 12-9
78-79: 1-7, 2-4, 3-4, 4-24, 4-28, 5-22, 6-4, 6-19, 8-15, 11-13
Morse Creek
77-78^2^Il, 4-10, 5-19, 5-30, 7-1, 7-26, 8-13, 11-11, 12-8
78-79: 1-6, 2-3, 3-3, 4-29, 6-18
North Beach
77-78: 12-20, 4-6, 5-18, 6-30, 8-12, 11-10
78-79: 4-23, 5-21
118
-------
Appendix 6.2 Oceanographic data from beach seine, townet, and tidepool collections:
a. Beach seine temperature ( C) summary.
Location
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown -
Port Williams
Beckett Point
West Beach
Alexander ' s
Beach
X
SD
Appendix 6
Location
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown -
Port Williams
Beckett Point
West Beach
Alexander's
Beach
X
SD
Spring
76/77 77/78
11.
13.
11.
9.
10.
13.
11.
1.
.2
5 11.6
5 9.2
5 10.0
6 9.2
4 10.0
5 13.6
11.5
13.4
7 11.1
45 1.76
(Contd
Spring
76/77 77/78
31.
26.
31.
31.
_
30.
30.
1.
3 29.9
8 19.4
4 31.4
3 31.3
24.4
2 31.1
29.6
26.9
2 28.0
76 4.25
Summer
78/79
10.5
14.0
10.5
11.0
14.5
12.0
12.1
1.77
.) b
76/77 77/78
10.4 11.
12.2 11.
10.6 11.
10.4 11.
12.6 11.
13.8 5.
12,
13.
11.7 11.
1.29 0.
. Beach
0
5
3
2
5
9
0
6
7
88
78/79
12
12
12
12
13
14
12
0
.0
.5
.0
.5 .
.0
.0
.7
.75
seine
Summer
78/79
30.4
28.0
30.2
31.5
12.1
29.9
27.0
7.40
76/77 77/78
30.8 31.
29.6 31.
28.8 29.
30.4 31.
— 27.
30.7 29.
29.
29.
30.1 29.
0.76 1.
5
0
7
1
1
7
3
7
9
39
78/79
30
30
30
30
27
32
30
1
.9
.3
.1
.1
.3
.0
.1
.56
Autumn
76/77 77/78
9.3
7.7 9.0
8.3 10.0
8.4
10.0
9.8 10.1
10.0
9.1
8.6 9.6
0.77 0.49
salinity
Autumn
76/77 77/78
32.0
29.7 30.2
31.2 30.9
31.3
29.9
31.2 31.4
30.5
30.6
30.9 30.8
0.67 0.72
Winter 76/77
78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 X SD
8.5 — 7.0 10.1 1.24
10.2 9.0 8.0 6.2 10.6 2.34
10.0 8.5 7.5 6.5 9.7 1.36
9.0 7.5 9.0 6.5 9.0 1.11
10.3 — 7.0 6.0 11.5 1.10
10.0 7.7 7.0 6.0 11.2 2.56
9.0
8.0
9.9 8,2 7.9 6.4
0.52 0.62 0.84 0.38
(ppt) summary.
Winter 76/77
78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 X SD
30.2 — 31.1 30.8 0.45
23.2 14.3 29.2 27.3 2.65
30.7 27.2 31.3 30.5 1.03
30.9 29.7 32.2 31.0 0.37
— 23.3 31.3
30.8 30.1 31.9 30.7 0.36
28.6
24.2
29.6 25.3 31.2
2.99 5.52 1.05
Totals
77/78
X SD
10.6 1.19
9.4 1.48
9.7 1.59
9.8 1.22
9.6 1.89
10.2 3.30
10.6 1.38
11.0 2.89
Totals
77/78
X SD
31.3 1.10
23.7 8.21
29.8 1.87
30.7 0.87
26.2 2.95
30.6 0.81
29.5 0.79
27.9 2.90
78/79
~X SD
9.8 2,57
10.7 3.40
9.8 2.33
9.8 2.60
11.0 3.73
10.5 3.42
78/79
X SD
30.8 0.36
29.2 1.15
30.5 0.67
31.3 1.07
23.6 10.13
31.3 1.18
-------
Appendix 6.2 (Contd.) c. Beach seine dissolved oxygen (% saturation) summary.
Location
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown -
Port Williams
Beckett Point
West Beach
Alexander's
Beach
)C
SD
1— •
O
Appendix
Location
Kydaka Beach
Pillar Point
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown-
Port Williams
Beckett Point
West Beach
Alexander's
Beach
X
SD
76/77
109.0
113.0
95.0
110.0
116.0
153.0
116.0
17.81
Spring
77/78
72.4
64.7
59.5
103.5
106.5
156.0
113.5
140.6
102.1
35.12
6.2 (Contd
76/77
9.4
8.6
8.9
8.4
9.5
9.3
12.4
9.5
1.34
Spring
77/78
8.2
8.4
8.5
8.8
8.5
8.9
10.2
8.8
8.9
8.8
0.58
78/79
76.4
128.7
140.5
154.1
128.6
144.6
128.8
27.47
.) d
78/79
9.0
8.6
8.8
9.8
9.4
8.9
9.4
9.1
0.42
Summer
76/77 77/78
87.1
71.9 54.9
84.9 45.7
107.2 112.2
93.8 76.2
104.1 66.5
94.0
131.9
92.4 83.6
12.92 28.98
. Townet
Summer
76/77 77/78
9.5 13.2
9.8 9.4
10.7 9.4
10.0 9.4
10.0 9.3
10.0 10.1
13.5 12.1
10.6
10.2
10.5 10.4
1.37 1.37
78/79
112.6
106.2
139.1
131.7
90.8
140.2
120.1
20.04
76/77
—
107.1
89.8
58.5
—
66.2
80.4
19.25
Autumn
77/78 78/79 76/77
94.0 — 101.3
109.2 -- 100.8
106.9 -- 94.5
98.0
78.8
91.1 — 82.6
—
—
96.0 — 95.4
Winter
77/78
—
98.0
106.7
117.1
95.4
63.0
101.1
101.1
97.5
12.42 — 6.86 16.78
surface temperature (
78/79
12.4
12.0
12.0
12. &
10.7
10.0
10.7
11.5
1.04
76/77
9.0
8.9
9.7
9.6
a. 3
8.9
10.8
9.5
0.68
Autumn
77/78 78/79 76/77
8.2 8.9 8.5
8.6 9.1 8.5
8.1 8.7 7.9
8.4 8.8 7.5
8.5 8.9 7.7
8.6 9.1 7.1
9.7 9.7 7.3
9.4
9.8
8.8 9.0 7.8
0.65 0.33 0.55
76/77
78/79 X SD
72.3 105.2 3.90
102.5 98.2 15.79
87.9 91.1 4.09
94.5 93.4 20.65
91.0 104.9 11.10
78.8 101.5 32.64
87.8
10.89
Total
77/78 78/79
X SD X
84.5 11.03 87.1
81.7 26.01 112.47
79.7 31.80 122.5
110.9 6.89 126.77
89.2 14.32 103.47
94.2 43.09 121.2
102.9 9.87
124.5 20.75
SD
22.18
14.18
29.97
30.10
21.77
36.79
C) summary.
Winter
77/78
7.1
7.2
7.4
7.0
6.2
6.7
6.1
7.1
6.8
6.8
0.44
76/77
78/79 X SD
5.8 9.1 0.45
5.9 8.9 0.59
5.2 9.3 1.19
5.9 8.9 1.14
9.1 0.99
5.8 8.8 1.23
5.8 11.0 2.70
5.7
0.27
Total
77/78 78/79
X SD X SD
9.2 2.73 9.0 2.70
8.4 0.91 8.9 2.50
8.4 0.83 8.7 2.78
8.4 1.02 9.3 2.85
8.1 1.34 917 0.93
8.6 1.41 8.5 1.83
9.5 2.51 8.9 2.14
8.9 1.46
8.9 1.52
-------
Appendix 6.2 (Contd.) e. Townet surface salinity (ppt) summary.
Total
Location
Kydaka Beach
Pillar Point
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
76/77
32.6
32.5
31.9
28.1
31.0
Spring
77/78
33.1
32.6
33.1
31.6
32.4
78/79
31.6
32.9
32.8
30.9
32.1
76/77
32.4
32.2
31.9
31.8
32.2
Summer
77/78
33.1
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.3
78/79
32.2
32.4
32.5
32.2
32.3
76/77
32.6
32.7
32.6
32.2
32.5
Autumn
77/78
33.0
32.3
32.9
32.9
33.3
78/79
33.4
34.6
34.2
32.3
32.0
76/77
28.3
31.6
31.5
31.8
32.7
Winter
77/78
32.7
32.8
33.1
33.0
33.2
76/77
78/79
32.3
32.4
33.1
32.9
—
X
31.5
32.3
32.0
31.0
32.1
SD
2.12
0.48
0.46
1.93
0.76
77/78
X
33.0
32.8
33.1
32.7
33.1
SD
0.19
0.45
0.21
0.78
0.44
78/79
X
32.4
33.1
33.2
32.1
32.1
SD
0.75
1.04
0.74
0.84
0.15
Jamestown-
Port Williams 30.5 32.3 32.2 31.7 32.8 32.5 32.7 32.8 29.6 32.2 32.7 32.1 31.8 0.94 32.7 0.24 31.6 1.34
Beckett Point 31.3 32.2 32.0 31.6 32.4 32.3 32.0 32.5 32.2 33.1 32.6 32.1 31.7 0.32 32.4 0.17 32.2 0.13
West Beach 31.2 31.4 - 31.-* 30.9 31.2 0.21
Alexander's
Beach 31.1 31.4 31.3 31.0 31.2 0.16
X 31.1 32.2 32.1 32.0 32.7 32.3 32.5 32.5 32.6 31.6 32.6 32.5
SD 1.54 0.76 0.69 0.30 0.89 0.13 0.27 0.71 1.67 1.57 0.97 0.42
Appendix 6.2 (Contd.) f. Townet dissolved oxygen (% saturation) summary.
—
Spring Summer Autumn Winter 76/77 77/78 78/79
Location 76/77 71/18 78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 X SD X SD X SD
Kydaka Beach 97.0 92.3 87.5 75.3 105.5 106.9 68.0 71.3 100.1 101.6 88.2 85.0 84.5 2.12 89.3 14.10 94.9 10.39
Pillar Point 84.0 100.6 90.9 82.2 74.5 102.1 64.9 71.5 100.0 96.3 86.3 71.0 81.9 0.48 83.2 13.23 91.0 14.19
Twin Rivers 90.0 88.6 93.6 84.8 74.1 65.2 75.9 63.2 100.0 95.5 83.3 29.0 86.6 0.46 77.3 11.15 72.0 32.38
Morse Creek 86.0 92.9 104.3 82.6 62.7 106.0 69.9 79.4 100.0 87.6 84.2 70.0 81.5 1.93 79.8 12.70 95.1 16.91
Dungeness Spit 86.0 89.8 87.1 72.6 66.3 84." 74.6 60.6 100.0 80.3 81.3 — 75.9 0.76 82.0 11.28 90.4 8.49
Jamestown-
Port Williams 94.0 97.9 81.8 76.8 68.9 74.0 62.8 65.2 100.0 78.3 85.2 79.0 78.0 0.94 79.3 15.14 83.7 11.34
Beckett Point 136.0 137.0 95.0 116.0 92.6 81.8 92.3 104.3 102.2 81.9 89.6 84.0 106.6 0.32 105.9 21.7 90.8 9.57
West Beach 85.6 — 71.3 82.5 79.8 7.52
Alexander'a
Beach 92.7 68.9 80.2 86.0 82.0 10.09
X 96.1 97.5 91.5 84.3 76.7 88.6 71.3 74.1 100.3 88.8 85.2 69.7
SD 18.19 15.50 7.19 14.64 14.73 16.57 10.27 13.13 0.83 9.10 2.68 20.90
-------
Appendix 6.3 Biological data from beach seine collections, 1976-1978:
a. Summary of species richness (number of species).
Location 76/77
Kydaka Beach 7
Twin Rivers 10
Morse Creek 9
Dungeness Spit 8
Jamestown-
Port Williams 7
Beckett Point 19
West Beach
Alexander's
Beach
X 10.0
SD 4.6
Appendix 6.3
Location 76/77
Kydaka Beach 0.05
Twin Rivers 0.13
Morse Creek 0.01
Dungeness Spit 0.01
Jamestown-
Port Williams 0.04
Beckett Point 0.50
West Beach
Alexander's
Beach
X 0.12
SD 0.19
Spring
77/78 78/79
4 7
16 12
11 7
5 12
16 17
16 23
14
10
11.5 13.0
4.9 6.2
(Contd.)
Spring
77/78 78/79
0.01 0.05
0.02 0.07
0.02 0.05
0.01 0.13
0.07 0.12
0.03 0.06
0.02
0.73
0.11 0.08
0.25 0.04
Summer
76/77 77/78
13
18
15
13
6
30
15.8
8.0
b.
76/77
1.75
0.74
0.38
0.76
0.10
1.18
0.82
0.59
10
16
15
12
17
27
16
11
15.5
5.3
78/79
13
16
21
12
14
28
17.3
6.1
Summary of
Summer
77/78
18.36
0.58
0.13
0.11
0.64
1.74
0.07
0.33
2.75
6.33
78/79
0.14
0.48
0.02
0.12
0.49
0.98
0.37
0.36
Autumn
76/77 77/78 78/79
10
12 13 16
11 19 20
17 — 17
16 17
25 31 22
17
13
16.3 17.0 18.4
6.4 6.9 2.5
fish density
Autumn
76/77 77/78 78/79
0.05
0.19 0.64 0.20
0.03 0.15 0.24
0.08 — 0.17
1.81 0.47
1.66 0.30 1.12
0.17
0.75
0.49 0.55 0.44
0.78 0.61 0.40
Winter
76/77 77/78 78/79
7—4
12 14 8
12 7
5 5 11
18 9
30 17 22
13
10
13.2 12.0 10.8
9.9 4.9 6.8
(f ish/m2) .
Winter
76/77 77/78 78/79
0.02 — 0.04
0.14 0.12 0.04
0.02 0.03
0.01 0.01 0.02
0.40 0.06
2.03 0.34 0.44
0.54
0.12
0.44 0.22 0.12
0.89 0.20 0.18
Total
76/77 77/78 78/79
X SD X SD x SD
9.0 3.5 8.0 3.5 8.0 4.6
13.0 3.5 14.8 1.5 13.0 3.8
11.8 2.5 13.0 5.2 16.0 7.8
10.8 5.3 7.3 4.0 13.0 2.7
6.5 0.7 16.8 1.0 14.3 3.8
26.0 5.2 22.8 7.4 23.8 2.9
15.0 1.8
11.0 1.4
Total
76/77 77/78 78/79
X~ SD X SD X SD
0.61 0.99 6.14 10.58 0.08 0.06
0.30 0.29 0.34 0.32 0.20 0.20
0.11 0.18 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.12
0.22 0.36 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.06
0.07 0.04 0.73 0.76 0.29 0.23
1.34 0.66 0.60 0.77 0.65 0.49
0.20 0.2?
0.48 0.31
-------
2
Appendix 6.3 (Contd.) c. Summary of fish standing crop (g/m ).
Spring
1 — '
NJ
U)
Location
Kydaka Beach
Twin Rivers
Morse Creek
Dungeness Spit
Jamestown-
Port Williams
Beckett Point
West Beach
Alexander's
Beach
X
SD
76/77
0
0
1
0
0
10
2
4
.39
.32
.70
.33
.12
.35
.20
.03
77/78
0.
1.
3.
0.
4.
1.
4.
1.
2.
1.
35
49
18
08
09
61
78
29
11
72
78/79
1.28
4.32
0.27
0.43
0.20
0.48
1.16
1.59
76/77
6.39
7.06
2.03
2.89
0.38
6.36
4.19
2.78
Total
Summer
77/78
52.07
7.08
2.17
0.48
5.47
12.16
3.30
1.91
10.58
17.17
Autumn Winter
78/79 76/77
1.
17.
2.
0.
0.
0.
4.
6.
66
.92 17.85
83 4.09
12 1.52
95
98 17.00
08 10.12
84 8.51
77/78 78/79 76/77
1.49 — 1.23
5.67 6.65 12.61
1.95 3.86 0.36
3.36 0.11
8.93 2.58
3.78 10.36 13.25
4.38
7.92
4.87 5.36 5.51
2.82 3.19 6.79
77/78
—
9.31
0.20
0.04
1.01
2.31
1.74
1.43
2.29
3.20
76/77 77/78
78/79 X SD X
1.58 2.67 3.25 17.97
8.12 9.46 7.52 5.89
2.05 1.54 1.88
0.22 1.21 1.28 0.20
0.28 0.25 0.18 4.88
1.81 11.74 4.50 4.97
3.55
3.14
2.40
3.28
29
3
1
0
3
4
1
3
78/79
5P X
.54 1.51
.29 9.25
.24 2.32
.24 1.03
.28 1.00
.88 3.41
.36
.20
SD
0.20
5.99
1.85
1.56
1.10
4.67
-------
Appendix 6.4 Biological data from townet collections, 1976-1978:
a. Summary of species richness (number of species).
ro
Location 76/77
Kydaka Beach 5
Pillar Point 11
Twin Rivers 10
Morse Creek 19
Dungeness Spit 9
Jamestown-
Fort Williams 10
Beckett Point 9
West Beach
Alexander ' s
Beach
X 10. A
SD 4.2
Appendix 6.4
Location 76/77
Kydaka 0.01
Pillar Point 0.01
Twin Rivers 0.11
Morse Creek 0.09
Dungeness Spit 0.03
Jamestown-
Port Williams 0.02
Beckett Point 0.09
West Beach
Alexander ' s
Beach
X 0.05
SD 0.44
Spring
77/78
4
4
4
5
6
6
4
5
13
5.7
2.9
78/79
11
11
9
12
10
9
13
10.7
1.5
(Contd.)
Spring
77/78
0.32
0.01
O.?0
0.76
0.41
0.12
0,01
0.01
0.04
0.29
0.34
78/79
0.04
0.03
0.72
0.09
0.41
0.07
0.03
0.20
0.27
Summer
76/77 77/78
2 6
5 4
13 3
10 8
12 8
9 9
12 6
12
11
9.0 7.4
4.1 3.0
Autumn
78/79
7
9
2
6
8
6
7
6.4
2.2
b . Summary of
Summer
76/77 77/78
<0.01 0.01
0.03 1.66
0.20 0.01
<0.01 5.28
0.04 0.01
0.01 0.03
0.30 0.01
0.23
0.32
0.08 0.84
0.12 1.75
76/77
6
7
7
10
9
12
14
9.3
2.9
fish
77/78
3
6
6
11
12
4
9
4
9
7.1
3.3
78/79
6
7
1
3
3
4
1
3.6
2.3
density
Autumn
78/79
<0.01
0.13
<0.01
<0.01
0.1?.
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.05
76/77
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
0.01
0.02
77/78
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.03
<0.01
<0.01
78/79
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Winter
76/77 77/78 78/79
312
420
600
523
640
533
451
6
6
4.7 3.2 1.3
1.1 2.2 1.4
(f ish/m3) .
Winter
76/77 77/78 78/79
0.01 <0.01 <0.0l
0.01 <0.01 0.0
<0.01 0.0 0.0
0.01 <0.01 <0.01
-------
o
Appendix 6.4 (Contd.) c. Summary of fish standing crop (g/m ).
Total
Spring Summer _ . . . A^tunin _ U'inter 76/77 77/78 IS/19
Location 76/77 77/78 78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 76/77 77/78 78/79 X SD X SD X SD
Kydaka Beach <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 ^0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0,01 <0.01 0,01 0.02
Pillar Point 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.16 2.29 0.40 0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 0.07 0.57 1.14 0.11 0.19
Twin Rivers 0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.27 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 <0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.08 0.13 0.02 0.02 <0.01 <0,01
Morse Creek 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 12.31 0.01 0.04 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.01 3.09 6.15 <0.01 <0.01
Dungeness Spit <0.01 0.02 0.01 0.29 0.32 0.01 0.08 0,04 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.0 0.09 0.14 0.09 0.15 <0.01 <0,01
Jamestown-
Port Williams 0.03 0.01 <0.01 0.17 0.13 0.18 0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.09
Beckett Point 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.92 0.03 0.02 0.38 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.34 0.43 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
West Beach <0.01 0.93 0.07 <0.01 0.26 0.45
i—•
N5
l_n Alexander's
Beach 0.03 1.50 0.20 0.02 0.44 0.71
X 0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.26 2.06 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
SD 0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.31 3.92 0.15 0.14 0.06 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.0l
-------
Appendix 6.5 Summary of biological data from intertidal collections,
1977-1978: a. Species of fish collected at each site;
residents (o), transients (*).
Species
Gobiesox maeandriaus
Artedius fenestralis
A. harringtoni
A, iateralis
Ascelichthys rhodorus
Blepsias cirvhosus
Clinooottus acuticeps
C. embryum
C. globiceps
Enophrys bison
Kerriilepidoius hemilepidotus
Oligoaottus maculosus
0. T'imens'is
C. snyderi
Anoplarchus purpurescens
Phytiehthys chirus
Xiphister atropurpureus
X. muaosus
Apodiohthys flavidus
Pholis laeta
P. ornata
Liparis florae
L. cyclopus
L. rutteri
Neah
Bay
o
o
o
o
o
o
*
0
o
o
o
o
0
o
o
0
o
Slip
Point
o
*
o
0
0
o
o
*
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0
o
*
Twin Observatory
Rivers Point
0 0
*
*
o o
o o
A
O O
0
o
* *
o o
o
* 0
o o
o
O 0
O 0
0 0
0 0
*
o o
* *
Morse North
Creek Beach
o o
*
0 *
0 0
O 0
*
* *
*
o o
* *
*
0 0
* *
*
0 *
o o
0 *
*
*
126
-------
N>
2
Appendix 6.5 (Contd.) b. Density of fish. Above, density of fish in tidepools (number/in );
below, density of fish beneath rocks (number/rock).
Feb
Location
North Beach
Morse Creek
Observatory
Point
Twin Rivers
Slip Point
Neah Bay
77
__
20.0
1.0
28.0
12.0
23.2
1.1
13.0
1.6
—
78
__
11.8
1.3
28.5
4.7
20.4
0.6
51.0
2.5
—
Apr
77
2.9
14.9
2.1
27.5
6.8
51.1
2.1
15.2
1.6
—
78
10.3
0.4
15.4
0.7
21.4
1.6
15.3
1.4
17.4
1.9
11.3
May
77
3.0
0.9
7.5
2.2
23.3
2.6
43.3
0.9
11.9
2.1
65.8
78
18.8
0.6
—
78.9
1.8
32.2
2.7
10.4
37.8
Jul
77
14.1
0.1
34.4
1.4
18.8
2.5
21.1
2.5
17.8
3.5
—
78
_~.
25.3
2.3
26.1
3.3
—
28.4
3.7
—
AUR
77
7.2
0.6
35.0
4.6
47.8
5.7
23.3
27.9
1.7
1.3
78
—
23.3
32.0
43.3
22.9
Nov
77
20.3
0.5
10.7
1.8.
60.7
3.9
16.7
0.5
24.9
6.7
—
78
40.0
1.7
30.8
9.0
22.8
1.3
35.1
0.6
9.4
1.1
9.1
-------
NJ
00
2
Appendix 6.5 (Contd.) c. Standing crop of fish. Above, standing crop of tidepool fish (g/m );
below, standing crop of fish beneath rocks (g/rock).
Feb
Location
North Beach
Morse Creek
Observatory
Point
Twin Rivers
Slip Point
Neah Bay
77
—
32.1
2.9
31.9
28.8
33.7
3.6
29.4
10.9
—
78
—
22.8
3.1
22.6
12.8
19.5
0.6
57.9
15.0
—
Apr
77
9.4
25.9
10.5
48.6
17.1
60.8
12.7
21.9
12.4
—
78
18.7
0.6
18.8
5.6
37.0
1.5
10.4
47.1
30.2
14.3
33.0
May
77
10.4
3.7
11.3
12.8
41.5
10.2
62.9
5.6
31.5
12.4
107.0
78
30.1
4.5
—
114.0
2.4
37.3
41.0
50.9
90.7
Jul
77
30.0
0.4
98.2
2.2
44.0
10.0
25.8
29.2
80.9
16.0
—
78
__
78.8
10.3
22.5
25.2
—
33.3
18.5
—
Aug
77
4.4
3.0
92.2
33.8
73.5
19.2
6.8
47.2
8.2
1.5
78
—
52.1
33.0
98.1
73.7
Nov
77
64.6
0.9
11.9
5.0
66.1
9.3
29.4
2.5
79.5
10.7
—
78
126.7
9.2
53.2
12.3
48.4
28.9
64.7
5.7
18.7
11.3
21.4
-------
Appendix 6.6 Summary of macroinvertebrates collected incidentally to beach seine
and townet samples: a. May 1976-January 1977. B = Beckett Point,
D = Dungeness Spit, J = Jamestown, K = Kydaka Beach, M = Morse
Creek, P = Pillar Point, T = Twin Rivers.
Organism Beach seine Townet
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Aequorea aequorea ^
Hydromedusae sp. P,J,D,B
Medusa K»D
Class Anthozoa
Anfhopleura elegantiasima B
Phylum Ctenophora
Bero'& spp. D
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Turbellaria sp. B
Phylum Nemertea
Nemertea sp. •*
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Amphissa colwnbiana B
Llttorina ecutulata M,B
L. e-ifhxna B
Margaritea pupillus B
Nassar-ius mendicus B
Pollinicea letfisi B
Heimissenda crassicornus M>B
Melibe leonina M»B
Class Bivalvia
Clinocax-di-wn nuttalli. B
Cryptomya californica J
Class Cephalopoda g
Octopus sp. £
0. doflein-i
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta
Glyaera capitata J
Platynereis btcanal-iculata J»B P
Polychaeta sp. K,T
Polynoidea sp. J
Tomopteria Beptentrionalie P,D
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Order Mysidacea
Aaanthomyeis davisi M T
A. maaropsis K,P,T,D,M,J
A. nephpophfhdlma PtD»M
A. sculpta T,D,M T,D,M,J
A. eaulpta var nuda D»M D,J
Arohaeomysis grebni.txki-i- D»M K,P,T,D,M,J
Boreomysia micropa T
129
-------
Appendix 6.6 (Contd.) a. May 1976-January 1977.
Organism _ Beach seine _ Townet _
Myaia oaulata T,D
Neomyaia sp. P,D
N. kadiakena-ia K , P , T
N. mercedia T
N. rayU D,M K,P,T,D,M
Pfoneomyeie vtaileai D T,D,J
Myaid sp. K,D
Order Cumacea
Diastyis sp. T
Order I so pod a
Argeia pugettenaio K,D,T
Bopyroides hippolytea B
Gnorvnosphaeroma sp. J
G. oregonensia K,D,M J,D,M,T
Ida tea fewkeai D,M,J,B
J. rufeaoena D
Ligia pallaai M
Pentidoteo. montereyenaia K,M
P. reaecata D,J,B J,P,D,M,T
P. Hosnesenskii. K,T,M D
Pocinela bellioepa T,M J,D,K,M,T
Synidotea angulata J
S. bicuspida K,P,D,J,B
Teotioepa pugettenaia D
Order Amphipoda
Ampheliaca agaaaizi D
A. pugeti-ea D
Amphithoe sp. p
A. humeralis B J,D
A, lacertoaa T,J,B
Anieogarnnarua canfervicolue T
A. pugettensie J,M
Anonyx latiooxae D,M,B J,D,K,M
Atylus collingi T
A. tridene T,D,M,B M,J,D,K,P,B,T
Caprella leviuecula D
Corophium breoia M
Gammaridae ap. p,B
Hyole plumiloaa B
Mel-ita dendata J,B
Metacaprella kennerlyi B
Orcheatoidea pugettenaia D
ftmtogenta -ti>a?ioui M D,M
P. roatrata D,M
Order Euphausiacea
Eupkausia sp. T,M
Euphauaia paeifica P
Thyaanoeaea inermia P
7. longipes p
21. raaehi p
T. apinifera p
130
-------
Appendix 6.6 (Contd.) a. May 1976-January 1977.
Organism Beach seine Townet
Order Decapoda
Callianasoa oalifoimiensia J
Crangon sp. T J
C. alaskenaia T,D,M,J,B J,D,K,P,B,M,T
C. comrtunia B
C, fronc-iacoriffn D,M J,D,M,T
C. nigricauda T,D,M,J,B D
C. etylirostrie K,T,D,M J
Eualus avinus M J
E. fabricii T,D,M,J
E. pusiolus T,B
E. suckleyi T
E. towisendi J
Heptacarpus breoirostTis T,J,B D
H. kineaidi M
H. paludicola J
H. aitchenais J, B
H. stimpsoni B
H. stylus M,B J,M
ff. taylovi J
tf. tenuiasimts M,B K,P,M,x
PandaZus darwe D,B D,B
P. montogui tridens B
P. etenolepia T,D,M,J
Sclerocrongon alata D,J
Spirowtocariff arcuata B
5. snyderi ^ B
Upogebia pugettenais J D
Cancer mxgiater K,T,D,M,J,B
C1. oregonensia M, B
C". prcductus D,B
Fafcia aubquadrata P,D,J
Laphopanopeua bellus B
Megalops j^g
Oregonia gracilia j,B
Pagurus armatus B
P. beringanue J,B
P. gr«nosimamis B
P. hirautiuaculue B
PetroHathes eriemerua B
Pugettia graeilis P,M,J,B
P. prc^«cta J,B p
P. richit M,B
Telmeasua cheirogonus J,B
Zoea T.D.J.B
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea .
Fuaaterios " *--*"
Henricia leviuacula
Class Echinoldea
Dendraater excentricua
131
-------
Appendix 6.6 (Contd.) b. May 1977-February 1978. A - Alexander's Beach,
B = Beckett Point, D = Dungeness Spit, J = Jamestown,
K = Kydaka Beach, M = Morse Creek, P = Pillar Point, PW =
Port Williams, T = Twin Rivers, W = West Beach. (Note:
Jamestown and Port Williams are equivalent sites.)
SPECIES (U8 total) BEACH SEINE (92 spp) TOWNET (95 spp)
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Aequorea aequorea D D,PW,P
Awelia mrita M
Cyanea capillata. K M
Gonionenrue vertens J P
Poluorahis penicillatua P
Unidentified jellyfish T M.B.A.W
Unidentified hydroids P
Phylum Ctenophora
Berve spp. P»M
Pleurobronchia spp. B B,KtA,W
Unidentified ctenophore T,A
Phylum Nenertinea
Unidentified nemertean PW
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Aglaja diomedia B
Callioetona ligatum K
Collisella inatabilis P
Collisella pelta B
Eanrinoea spp. B
Haminoea vireseeno K,M,A,W
Hermissenda crassicornie B
Littorina spp. J,W
L. plemaxis JfB
L. 8cu.tula.ta B
L. sitkana A
Meli-be leonina B D
Hotoacmaea pereona JfW
Notoacnaea scutm J
Nudibranch spp. B,K
Pkiline spp. Pw
Polliniaee leuiei K,B
Pteropod spp. PH,W
Thais lamelloaa A,W
Unidentified snail P
Class Bivalvla
Clinocardiwa nuttalli J,W P
Mytilua edvlie B
Trestie capox B
132
-------
Appendix 6.6 (Contd.) b. May 1977-February 1978.
Class Cephalopoda
Gonatus fabr-iaii P.PW.A.W
Loliao opaleacene P,PW,A,W
Oatcpus spp. *
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta
Flobelligera infundibularis A
Ua.losya.YM breuieetasa P
Lepidasthenia interrupta K-
Nereis vexillosa A
Nereid spp. B,J K,A
Nothr-uz elegans pw
Phyllodocid spp. B
Polychaeta spp. B,A,W
Tomopteris septentrionalie P,M,D,W
Class Hirudinea
Unidentified leech B
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Order Mysidacea
Asantkomyeis columbiae W
Aaanthomysis daviai. T,M,PW
A. macropsta K,P,PW,B,W
A. nepfafopht'nalma T,PW,B
A. pseudonacropsia W
A. eculpto. ' A,W K,D
Ara'naeomusis grebnitzkii W K,P,M,D,PW,A,W
A. maaulata D,W,M
Hysid spp. W
Mysis oaulata PW
NeovysiB auatschenensis W
N. Xadiaker.sis W
N. rayii K,P,T,M,PW,B,A,W,»
Order Cumacea
Unidentified spp. J P,T,D,PW,A,W
Order Isopoda
Dyncanenella glabra P
Dunamenella shear-i P
Gnorirnosp na eromx
oreaoneneis M,W K,M,D,W
Jdotea spp. W
Ida tea feukesi T,w
Pent-idotea aculeata H
P, montereyensia M,J,A,W A
P. reaecata J,B K,P,T.M,D,PW,A,W
P. uosneser.skii T.M.J P
Rooinela bellicepe M.D.A K,P,M,PW,B,A,W
Rocinela propodialia T,D,A
Sur.idotea ancrulata P,PW,B
Synidotea bicuepida W A,W
Tecticepe pugettensie M
133
-------
Appendix 6.6 (Contd.) b. May 1977-February
Order Amphipoda
Amphithoe spp. W M
Amphitlvye foimeralis K,P
A. laaertosa J.B.A
Anortyx latiooxae K,M,D,J K,P,M,D,PW,A
AtyluB eo'ilingi. T
Atylue tridena T,M,J,A,W K,P,M,D,PW,B,A,W
Calliopi.ua spp. V
Caprello. penontia T
Gamnaridae spp. K,T,M,J,A,W K,P,T,M,D,PW,B,A,W
Hyperildae spp. D,A
Westwoodilla caecula W P,A,W
Order Euphausiacea
Euphausid spp. A
EuphiUB-ia pacifica. PW,A,W
Thysanoessa rasa'ni-i P,D,B,W
T. epini-fera P,T,B,A,W
Order Decapoda
Callianassa californiensia PW
C, gigas PW
Cancer gracilia B,A,W
Cancer magister K.T.M.D.J.B.A.W
C. oregcnensis D,B
C, productua T.J.B
Crangonidae spp. PW
Cronaon alaskensie K,T,M,D,J,B,A,H K,P,M,D,PW,A,W
Crangon niariaauda K,T,M,J,B
Crangon etylipostfia K,T»M,D
EuatitS spp. B
EvaT.ua avinus J,A,U
Dualus fabriaii W K,M,PW
Dualua pusiolua PM
Eualus toonsendi B
Henrigrapsue oreganensis T
Heptacarpus breviroetris K,T,M,D,J,A A,W
H. flexua M,B K,P,T,M,D,PW.B,A.U
H. kincaidi B P.M.PW.A
H. paludioola J
H. piotus J
K. et'imvBoni B A
ff. stylus B T,M
B. taylori T.J.B.A T.PW
H. tenuisaimua W
ff. tvidena M M
H-ippolyte alarki J, B
Hippolytidae spp. B K,P,M,D,PW,B
LebbeitB grandimanua B P
Kegalopa K,M,D,W
Oregonia araeilia J,B
fagurua berinricmua B
P. eop-illatua J,B
134
-------
Appendix 6.6 (Contd.) b. May 1977-February 1978.
P. 'hi.psuti.ssul.us J,B,A,W
P. granos-inanus J,B,A,W
Kzanfus spp. M
Pandalidae spf, B K,P,M,D,PW
Pandalus danae T,M,D,J,B,A K,M,D,PW,B,W
P. goniurus K,M,D,A,W
P. montagui tridens A P,M,PW,B,A
P. platyaeTOB B B
P. stenoiepis M
Pinnotheres pugettensis P,D
P. toy IOTT, D
Pugettia gracilia M,J,B,A D
P. product a J, B
P. ria'nii B,A,W
Sclepoaranson aiata P,W
Spirontocaris sp. A
Tel^eaeus ckeiragonua T,J,B
Upoaebia pugettenais J
Zoea T,A,W
Phylum Echinodenaata
Class Asteroldea
Ker.ricia leviusaula D
Leptasterras hezxzctus J
Class Echinoldea
Dendraster excentricus W
Class Ophluroidea
Ophiopholis aauleata f
Phylum Chaetognatha
Unidentified chaetognaths P,T,M,PW,A,W
Phylum Bryozoa
Unidentified bryozoans K(P
135
-------
Appendix 6.7 Macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass raw data, May 1976-January 1977:
a. Beach seine samples (biomass in g, size in mm).
u>
Site; Jamestown
Crangon alaak.en.sia
C. nigricoitda
Septaaarpus brevirostris
H. paludiaola
S. sitchensis
Upogebia pugettensie
Amphithof Taaeftoea
Anisogamxpua pugettensis
Melita dendata
Idotea feakeei
Pentidotea reseaata
Synidotea angiilata
Nemertean sp.
Polynoldae sp.
Platynereis bieandliculata
Canaer magiater
Oregcnia gracilis
Pugettia gracilia
Pugettio. products
Telmeeaua che-iragonus
Cryptonya oaHfomiaa
Total
No.
ttay 1976
Biomass
(gr)
Stze
BEACH SEINES
August 1976
October 1976
Range
Biomass
Ho. (er)
Size
January 1977
x Range
Bioroass
Size
Biomass
Size
No.
Range
17
10
9
9
15
3
9
1
3
1
6
2
1
10
8
1
7
2
19(1*)-
.37
5.0 6.4 5.0-9.0
5.7 8.3 5.0-10.0 25 23.0 7.3 2.0-13.0
6.5 7.3 A. 0-11.0 2 O.L 3.0 3.0
1.5 4.5 3.0-4.5
1.7 3.1 2.0-1.5
0.4 2 2.8
1.0 16 1.2
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0.7
0.4
2 — 5.1
2.1 14.0
15.2 12.2 8.0-29.0 2 2.8 13.0 10.0-16.0
9.5 21.0 18,0-24,0
84.3 22.1 15.0-35.0 7 — 6.0 2.0-7.6
1 0.2
135.6 57 30.1
SITE NOT SAMPLED
SITE NOT SAMPLED
The first number indicates the total number of individuals collected; the number In parentheses indicates the number of Individuals used to calculate
the average size or weight.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) a. Beach seine samples.
00
BEACH SEINES
Species
Site: Dungeness Spic (10X
Cranaon alaekcnsis
C. franoisaorum
C. nigricauda
C. stylirostris
Pandalus danae
Amphelisaa pugetisa
Anonyx laticoxae
Atylus tridens
Caprella leviussula
Orchestoidea pugettensis
Argeia pugettensis
Gnorirnosphaeroma creg.
Pentidotea reeecctta
Cancer minister
C. productus
Pagurus beringanus
Acanthomysis sculpta
A. sculpta var. nuda
Archaeomysis grebnitskii
Neomysis rayii
Proneomysie uailesi
My aid sp.
Evasteriaa troscheli
Henricia leviussula
Meduea SP-
Total
Mo.
sample
13
1
48
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
75
May 1976
Size
D1OH13SS -"" ~
(gr) x Rnnge
size)
6.7 8.0 6.0-10.0
0.3 10.5 --
91.4 10.4 6.0-14.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.7 37
21.6
128.7
No.
18
1
10
18
6
16
38
5
1
1
126
16
2
258
August 1976 October 1976 January 1977
.,. . , Size „,•„,„__ Size n,-nm,cc size
DiOTnsss u loniass oiorruiss
(gr) X Range No. (gr) x Range No. (gr) x Range
15.9 8.6 4.5-13.0
0 8.0 11 18.6 12.1 8.0-15.0
10.6 10.1 8.0-15.0 21 43.4 12.5 8.0-17.0
'32.3 10.1 5.0-15.0 27 40.6 12.7 9.0-17.0 12 28.8 14.3 9.0-22.0
6.5 9.6 8.0-16.0 2 6.6 33.5 32-35
6 1.6 20.5 1 0.2 20
0.7 2 0.1 15.0
3 0.2 2
3.2
6.3 2.5-14.0 24(16) 18.7 17.08 10.2-25.0 4 12.0 26 21.0-32.0
10.16
5-8 57 i.o 11.72 10-13
2.5 49 0.7 13.14 10-15
1 0 11
1 0
0 1 0.1 22
1 0 17
1 0
38.6
1 0.1 21
116.1 93 86.4 150 86.3
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) a. Beach seine samples.
BEACH SEINES
LO
00
Species
Site: Horse Creek
Ceangon ala.eken.eie
C. francisconm
C. nigricaudo.
C. etyliroetrie
Eualus minus
Heptasarpua stylus
H. tenuiaaimua
Anisogomarus pugettensia
Anonyx latisoxae
Atylua tndens
Argeia pugettensis
Pontogenia ivanavi
Gnorimoapbaeronn ofeg.
Idotea feukeei
f. oosnesenskii
ligia pallaei
Pentidotea mntereycnsie
Kocinela bellicepe
Conner magiater
C, oregoneneie
Pugettia graailia
P.
no.
2
3
5
1
3
37
5
May 19'76 August 1976
Size ,, Size
(gr) x Range No. (gr) x Range
2.6 9.0 9.0 8 1.9 5.3 S.0-6.5
7.6 10.7 9.0-12.0 6 6.7 8.1 5.0-12.0
9.2 9.7 8.0-15.0 5 6.5 9.1 6.5-13.0
0 4.5
.0.1
1.3 1 0.1
1 0
1.1 1 0.1
6 2.1
October 1976 January
Size
No. (gr) x Range No. (gr)
6 10.5 12.8 9.0-16.0 4 3.3 10
13 16.4 12.2 9.0-17.0 7 13.6 13
4 5.6 11
7 4.3 17
1 0.2
1 0,2 1 0.1
1 0
1 0.1
3 2.0 27.7 23.0-31.0
1977
Size
x Range
.8 9.0-12.0
.1 10.0-15.0
.0 10.0-14.0
.0 15.0-19.0
0.1
4.5 23
0.1 6.5
1 0.5
1 0.5
1 0.3
10(3) 12.6+ 12.7 7.62-40.0
0.7 10.0
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) a. Beach seine samples.
co
vo
Littorina ecutulata
Acanthomysis davisi
A. sculpta
A. sculpta var. nuda
Arohaeomysie grebn-itzkii
Neorrtye'La fayii
Hermissenda crassicornis
Melibe leon-ina
Total
Site: Beckett Pt.
Cvangon alaskensis
C. commmis
C. nigricauda
Eualue pusiolus
Heptacarpus brevirostrie
H. sitahensis
H. Btimpsani
H. stylus
Heptaoarpus tenuissimus
Pandalus danae
P. montagwi tridena
Spirontocaris arcuata
S. enydern.
Amphithoe humeralia
A, laaertosa
29
179
BEACH SEINES
Mo.
1
1
29
20
May 1976
Size
(gr) x Range
0
0
0.5
0.4
August 1976
Size
No. (gr) x Range
293 8.4
October 1976 January 1977
Size „. Size
No. (gr) x Range No. (gr) x Range
4 0.3 19.5 17.0-23.0
•23.0
5 0
328 25.8
25 33.8
13
6
30
42
41
9
198
7
1
1
• 1
2
7.1
0.7
10.3
6.3
2.7
1.3
18.6
7.1
0.1
0.1
0
0
7.6
3.5
4.7
3.9
3.4
5.0
4.2
11.3
3.0
4.0
3.0-13.0
2.5-4.5
2.5-8.5
2.5-5.0
2.0-5.0
3,0-7.5
2.0-6.0
3.0-14.0 14 36.7 29.6 22.0-38.0
1 0.2 13.0
13
32.5 32.2 24.0-40.0
42 41.4
15
13
18
1.9"
9
1
8.0
4.5
4.3
18
0.6
10.5 5.0-15.0
12,9 6.0-11.0
10.8 5.0-17.0
21.8 15.0-35.0
9.3 8.0-11.0
0.6 12.0
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) a. Beach seine samples.
BEACH S E I N E S
Species
Anonyx latieoxae
AtyluB tridene
Gamm. amphlpod sp.
Hyale pluntulosa
Melita dendata
Metacaprella kennerlyi
Bopyroidea hippolytea
Idotea feakesi
Pentidotea resecata
Platynereie • biaanaliculata
Turbellaria sp.
Cancer magister
C. oregonensia
C. productus
Lophopmopeus bellus
Oregonia graailie
Pagurue atmatue
P. beringanus
P. granosimanus
P. hirsutiuBculus
Petrolisthee eriomerus
Pugettia graailis
P. producta
P. riohii
Me.
5
2
1
1
3
1
1
20
6
1
1
24
3
3
10
May 1976 August 1976
Size . Size
oiomass Biomass
(gr) x Range No., (gr) x Range No.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.7 2
0.1
3 — 6.8 6.4-7.6 4
0.2 16.0
1
0.2 11.0
25.5 10.2 7.0-14.0 2 0.3 5.0 4.0-6.0
0.9
0.2 1 1.3
6.0 10.5 6.5-17.0
2 13.4 23.0 22.0-24.0 3
3 20.0 22.3 22.0-23.0 1
October 1976
n. m,qt Size
(gr) x Range No.
1
1.1 37 32.0-42.0 9
6
14.6 10.2-17.8 3(1)
3
2
9
5
19'
1
54.8 32.3 28.0-40.0 4
0.8 11.0 5
January 1977
n. „„„ Size
Biomass — ~— ~™ — ~_ —
(gr) x Range
0.2
3.1 30.7 25.0-40.0
0.4
1.9 15.04 8.89-21
2.2 12.3 9.0-15.0
0.9 8.0 8.0
56.3
1.1
12.7
0.4 8
21.4 16.8 8-29
6.0 12.4 11-14
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) a. Beach seine samples.
BEACH SEINES
Species
Telmessua cheiragonus
Hcmissenda crass.
Helibe leonina
Amphissa colimbi-ana
ClinoetXKlium nuttalli
Littorina saulata
L. sitkana
Margarites pupillus
Sassarius mendicus
PolliniaeB 'leuisi
Dendraeter exaentricus
Anthopleura elegant.
Octopus sp.
Total
Site: Twin Ri-ver3
Cfffngon sp.
C. alasksnsis
C. nigriaauda
C. atyliostris
Eualue pusiolus
Ueptaaar-pits brev.
AmpJiithoZ lacertosa
Anieogaat. aenferviaolua
Atylus tridens
Ho.
29
37
2
I
1
32
4
May 1976
CJ y'o
Biomass 2^-==
(gr) x Range
0
0.1
0.1
3.8
0.2
No,
6
20
1
1
1
August 1976
Biomass _Size — • —
(gr) x Range
2.7 S.O 2.5-13.0
0.6
October 1976 January 1977
Bioraass ^ Biomass - -Size
No- («r) x Haiipe No. (gr5 x Range
7 78.1 26.3 20.0-49.0 1 7.7 23
2 6.8
2
2
11
7
5
1
0.1
99.4
1 0.9
58 76.1
31
167.3
1.4 0
3.8 10.0 10.0
11.9 8.5 7.0-12.0 47 54.4 8.7 4.0-14.0
10.2 10.3 8.5-12.0 2 1.4 7.5 5.0-10.0
3.9 7.1 6.0-7.5
0
5.2 5.8 3.0-8.0
1
147
10
3
4'
160.7
18.1 13.3 12-17
6.6 14.7 13-18
2.4 7.3 5.0-8.0
1 0
15 0
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) a. Beach seine samples.
n n A c 11 s i: i N K s
ro
Species
Argeia pugettensis
Idotea feukeai
t. uosncsenskii.
Rocinela belliceps
Cancer magister
Asanthomysis eculpta
Total
Site: Kydaka Ft.
Cnmgon etyliroetrie
Avgeia pugettenaie
Gnofimoephaeforna oreg.
t. votenstnskii
Pentidotea montereyensis
Cancer magister
Medusa sp.
Dnident. mysld
Total
Mo.
30
28
5
2
35
Hay 1976
(gr) x Range No.
1
1
1
86
.9
31.2 170
65.0 20
0
1
2
5.3 5.0-5.5
65.0 23
August 1976
BJ Size
(fir) x R.-inj',c
0
0.3
0.1
10.9 5.1-17.8
0.1
71.5
34.4 10.0 5.5-15.0
0.1
0.4
34.9
October 1976
Hi,,....- Size
No. (cr) ~^ Rancc- No.
1
40 0 12.4 7.6-17.8 4
40 0 22
36
2
SITE NOT SAMPLED
1
1
2
7
49
January 1977
... Size
E i oma ;: s —
0.4 22
15.56 7.62-15.24
27.5
64.7 14.1 10-20
—
0.2 25
2.3 23
3.9
0.2 14.1
71.3
-------
Appendix 6.7 Macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass raw data, 1976:
b. Townet samples (biomass in g, size in mm).
T 0 WN E T SAMP L E S
Species
Site: Jamestown
Callianasaa calif orniensis
Cnoigon sp.
C. alaekensis
C. ffansiesorum
C. Btylirostris
EuaZ.ua avinus
E. fabrioii
E. tounaendi
.Beptooorpus stylus
B. taylori
Pandalue otenolepis
Sclerocrcngon alata
Amphithoe himeralis
Anonyx latiooxae
Atylua tfidens
Onorimoephaeroma sp.
G. oregonensie
Pentidotea reseoata
Kosinela bellicepa
Synidotea bicuspids
Glyaera oapitata
Fabia aubquadrata
Crab negalops
May 1976- AuRust 1976
n- SIzr- i;i,n
niomnss Biomass
K°- __(nr)_ x R.mr,e No. fnr^ » IM,,.,.. Fn
1 4.7 67
1 0.1 5.5 —
S5 16.8 5.4 2.5-7.0 52
13 3.6 6.8 5-12
1 0 5.3 —
35 6.0 10.7 7-18 7
18
2
7 0.9 22.1 19-30
3 0.3 17.3 17-18 94
79 5.1 — — 17 1.0 17.7 11-22 6
109 —
1 0.1 — —
1 0.1 11
14 5.9 — —
December 1976 October 1976
Biom.iss S-i« Biomnss - - Sizo
5.7 6.5 4-13
49 18.9 7.0 3-13
2 0.8
2-° — ~ 60 21.9 14.6 8-20
7 0.9 10.9 9-15
2.3 —
7 7.3 24.7 20-30
0.1 18 16-20
4 0.7 23.5 20-27
17.3 22.4 19-25 4 0.8 19 18-20
6.2 20.2 18-22 40 3.7 16.2 12-23
3 0.2 8.7 7-10
1 0.7 37
2.8 115
0.1 3.7 3.0-4.0
3 o.l
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) b. Townet samples.
Species
Crab zoea
Aequorea aequorea
ttydpomeduaa sp.
Asanthomy sis maazvpeie
A. aaulpta
A. aculpta veer, nuda
Arohaeomygia grebnitakii
Proneonyeie uaileei
Totals
Site: Dungeness Spit
Crangon alaakensie
C. francieeorwn
C. nigricauda
Sualua fobricii
Beptoeorpua breviroetris
Pondalua danae
P. atenolepia
Selerocrvmgcn alata
Ifpogebia pugeiteneie
Amph-il-isea agaseisi
AmpMthoe humemlia
Anonyx laticoxae
Atylue tridene
T 0 W H E T SAMPLES
No.
200
464
7
1
24
Hay 1976 Aunust 1976
Blomnss S1-- - Bioraass Si7c~
(gr) x Range- No. (gr) x Ranjjc No.
2 0.5 24 23-25 1
0.3 — —
28.4 83 17.2 181
2.7 6.8 5.0-8.0 50
13 1.5 5.6 3-8
1
12 2.1 10.2 6-21 71
3
1
1 0.5 18
1 0.3 6
0.1 — —
10 —
207 4-10 3
1 0.1 15 — 1
1.1 — — 184 15.6 16.4 4-21 39
December 1976
Rir,m,_.. Size
(Er) x Rnnp.e No.
2.7 55 — 4
6
1
3
6
39.1 197
16.0 7.8 7-11
0.2 7
18.1 13.7 9-19
0.5 5 4-7
0.9 22
0.4 20 19-21
0.2 21
4.9 18.6 11-23
October 1976
Size
Biotnnss — - — —
(fir) x R.inRe
3.0 48.5 38-55
0.1 11.8 10-13
0
0.2 17.7 17-18
0.4 15.5 13-21
59.6
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) b. Townet samples.
Mo.
A
2
Hay 1976
(gr) x Ran
0.1
0 — ,—
August J976
S i z e
£6 No. (gr) x Ra
i-nyu No.
1
3
1
TVcember 1976
i> > S j ?. e
(f.r) x RanKt
0.1 17
0.1 13
07 —
October
No. (gr)
SITE
S A M P L
1976
Size
x RanfiC
NOT
E D
' 0 W S E T SAMPLE S
May 1976
Bioniass *—
Species
Pontogenia ivanofi
P. rostrata
Hestuoodilla caeoula
Onorimospftaeroira oreganensis 2
Idot-ea rufescens ± 0.1 15
Pentidotea reseeata ^ 0 1 22
P. •oo&enaenski. 2 0.2 13 8-18
Rocinela bellicepa 1 o_j 14
Synidotea bicuspids 10 — — 1012-
Teatieeps pugettensis 59 5.5 11.9 g_ig
Tomopterie aeptentrianalie 6 0 — —
Fabia eubquadrata 4 0.1 3.3 2.5-4.0
Crab zoea 5 0-1 __ 10
Uydromedusa 31 —
BeroS sp< 2 0.4 21 19-23
Thysanoeeaa -inermis
AaanthomyBie macpopsie 5 18.o 5.8 15-22 6 o.l 16.2 13-18
A. nephrophthalma 20 — 1 0 17 —
A. eeulpta u, 0.4 14.1 13-15 124 2.0 9.5 9-12
A. eaulpta var. nuda 1 0 17 __
Afohaeomfsis grebnitrtii 34 2.3 121 6.8 18 13-20
Myait oculata 22 1.0 15.5 13-22
Seomyaia sp. 1 0 — —
Heomyais rayii 1 Q_! 24
Pfoneomyeis uaileei 4 0.1 15.5 13-18
My aid, unidentified 5 Q 12.4 12-13
Total 118 6.4 325 46.6 442 50.9
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) b. Tovmet samples.
TOHMET SAMPLES 1976
a\
Species
Pugett-ia graoilis
P. producta
Hydromedusa
Euphauaia pacifica
Thyeanoessa langipea
T. raschii
T. spinifera
Aoanthomyais. maeropsia
A. nephrophtholma
Avchaeomyeia grebnitzkii
Neomysia sp.
N. kod-iakenaia
N. royii
Total
Site: Beckett Point
Crongon alaakensis
Pondalua donae
Atylua tridens
Synidotea bicuspida
Crab megalops
Crab zoea
Hydromedusae
Total
Ho.
71
6
16
22
7
3
1
1
2
3
139
11
3
5
1
26
• 112
158
May August December
Tllonwqfl Sl2S n-tnmaqa -...Size Size
(g) -x Bange No. (g) x Range No. ($5) x Range
2 12.5 19.5 11-28
1 14.8 31
— ~L
0.1 ~
1.3
0.3+
0 ~~ "•"
0
A — ^ «
o
4 0.2 20.8 15-24
0 ~
0 — — —
1.8 12 29.7
0.9 4.3 2.0-5.0 NOT SAMPLED
4 5.3 21.0 18-25
0
0
0
0
0
0.9 4 5.3
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) b. Townet samples.
TOWNET SAMPLES 1976
May
Species No. (g) x ' Range
Site: Kydaka
Crangan alaskensie
Heptaaarpus tenuiseimua
Anonyx laticoxae
Atylus tvidens
Roeinela bellicepa KOT SA'MPLED
Synidotea bicuspida
Polychaeta
AcanthoKTysis macropaie
Arahaeomysis grabnitzkii
Keomysis kadiakensis
Neomysis rayii
Octopus dofleini
Total
Site: Pillar Point
Crangon alaekensis 1 0.1 7.0 —
Heptaoarpus tenuiesimua
Amphithoe sp.
Atylus tridena 20 — —
Can. amphipod ap.
Pentidotea reeeoata
Synidotea bicuspida 10
Platynereis bioanaliaulata 10
Tomopteria septentrionalia 10
Pabia subquadrata 1 0 1.5
August
No. (g) x Range No.
9
6
1
7
NOT SAMPLED 1
1
1
60
9
10
10
1
116
2 1.1 16.5 12-21
1 0.5 34
10 4 —
1 0.6 39
Bece
Biomass
1.9
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.2
0
0
2.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7
7.1
KOT S
mber
Size
x
6.3
8.3
20
19.7
16
7
—
17 . 5
14.6
17.1
19.3
12
A M P L
Range
2-18
5-11
—
12-21
~
—
—
12-21
11-16
14-22
14-22
—
E D
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) b. Townet samples.
T 0 W N E T SAMPLES 1 976
00
Species
Site: Morse Creek
Crangon alaokenaia
C. fronciacorun
Eualua fobricii
Heptacorpue kinaaidi
B. stylus
R. tenuisaimue
Pondalus atenolepia
Anonyx laticoxae
Atylus tridens
Copophium brevis
Pontogenia rostrata
Weetuoodilla aaeeula
Gnorimosphaeroma oregonenoie
Pentidotea. reaecata
Rocinela bell-ioeps
Euphausid (unldent.)
Aoanthomyaia maoropsia
A. nephrophthalma
A. sculpta
Arohaecmysis grebnitzkii
Neorryaie royii
Bero'e sp.
Total
Mo.
3
40
6
1
4
3
1
1
6
159
3
227
May
(g) x Range No.
0 6.9 6.5-7.0
3
19
6.6 5.10 4-8
2
0 ~ — 3
0 __ —
0.1
0.1
0 —
0
0 ™ ™~
6.4
0
13.2 27
August
lUnr-Ann Sl2C
(g) x Range IJo.
80
0.5 5.3 3-8
1.4 8.5 6-10 1
13
1.8 24
6
0.2 16.3 16-17 23
1
7
1
1
4
317
214
2
3.9 670
Decent
Qiomass
(a)
24.4
0.5
1.9
1.2
2.3
0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
16.6
5.8
0.5
53.6
her
Size
x Range
10.2 2-14
8
5.7 4-8
22.3 20-24
19.2 15-23
15
12 11-13
15 —
18
14.5 12-17
25 20-30
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) b. Townet samples.
TOWNET SAMP L E S 1976
vo
May
Biomass
Species No. (g) x
Site: Twin Rivers
Cfangon alaskensie
C. ffanoisaonm
Eualua fabricii
E. auckleyi
Heptacarpus tennis swrrus
PandaluB stenolepie
Atylus collingi
A. tiridens m 13 0.2
Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis
Pentidotea reaecata
Rocinela belliceps
Polychaeta sp.
Crab zoea
Euphausld sp.
Aeanthomysis daviei ^ 0-1
• / f\ "I Q
A. maeropsts *° i'°
A, sculpta
Archaeomysia grebnitzkii
Boreornysia micrope
My sis oculata
Neomysis Tdadiakensie 19 0.1
N. mercedis
N. rayii 2555 91.9
Proneomyais uaileai
Diaatylue sp.
Tr,hai 2634 94.1
August
Size .. Size
Range No. (g) x Range No.
5
2 0.3 5.5 4-7
237
39
3 0.2 14.1 12-18 4
3 0.1 8 — 1
2 0.3 18.5 12-25 6
1 0.2 18
2
1f\
0
2
52
8
4
3
4
30 4.8 22.4 20-25 1856
57 3.4 18.9 11-25
99 9.3 2229
Decemb
Blomase
(K)
1.3
41.0
8.7
n
U
0.2
0.8
0.2
0.2
1.4
0.1
0.2
0.1
0 1
V • J.
0.2
61.6
116.1
er
Size
x
6.6
12.8
6.2
17.3
19
21.5
15.8
11.1
22
19.3
20.5
18.3
6.3
Range
2-11
10-19
5-11
10-20
13-29
—
19-24
10-22
10-12
14-30
18-21
20-21
15-20
5-9
-------
Appendix 6.7 Macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass raw data (biomass in g):
c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Ul
o
Site: Kydaka May
i Beach Seine
Species I No. Biomass
Cyanea
Plewobremchia spp.
Catliootoma liaatvm
Haminoea vireeaens
Nudlbranch spp.
Itillinicea leoiai
Lepidasthenia
interrupta
Nereid spp.
Acanthomyaia macro fais
A. acutpta
Archaeomysis grebni.ts.kii
Heomyais rayii.
Gnor imysphaeroma
oregoneneie
Pentidotea resecata
Rocinela bellieeps
Amphithoe faneralia
Anonyx tatieoxae
Atylue tridens
Gamnaridae spp. '
Cancer magieter 1 . 60
Crangon alaakenaia
C. nigricauda
C. etylirostrie 7 10.35
Eualue fabrioii
Heptacarpua breviroetria
H. flexus
Hlppolytldae
Mcgalops
Pandalldae
Pandalue danae
P. ganiurus
Unidentified bryozoans
Total 8 10.95
"immature C, magieter filled the
1977
Townet
August
Beach Seine
No. Biomass
1
3
3
1
3.
2
6
+
2
2
1
24 -1.
wings, too
Cyanea bell measured 200 imn; not weighed.
04
28
03
01
10
95
07
+
06
03
77
78
No.
1
•*•
1
14
33a
9
1
5
1
65
numerous
measured
Biomass
_b
+
.56
1.09
55.99
3.45
.30
6.81
.32
68.52
to count
in field
1977 October 1977
Townet Beach Seine Tovnet
No. Biomass No. Biomass No.
1
1 b
6
4
1
2
2 .28
3 .08 17
2
2 .04 12
3 1.16
39° 174.28
5 1.28 116 177.08 2
97 21.09
15
11 .27
1
1
120 23.04 15.9 352.52 64
, size approximately 20-25 mm.
(RoZHnicee).
Biomass
.07
.21
.08
.01
.16
3.11
.16
.60
.03
3.34
1.42
1.78
10.97
D«. 1977 - Jan. 1978
Beach Seine Townet
No. Biomass No. Biomass
2 .08
856 36.66
11 .28
1 .05
2*> 1
.23
- - 872 37.38
C62 C, magieter were measured but only 39 weighed; 23 vcre measured In field and released.
+Pre8ent, but not enumerated or weighed.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Site: West Beach May 1977
Beach Seine ' Townet
Species No. Biomass No. Biomass
Jellyfish + +
Pleurobranehia sp.
Haminoea vireeseene 1 .24
Littorina spp. 107 .04
Notoaanaea persona
Pteropod
Thaie lamelloea
Clinoeardiim nitttalli
Gonatua fabricii
Loligo opaleeaena
Polychaeta 1
Tcmopteria
eeptentrionalie
Acanthonysie colwribiae
A. maeropaia 8 .44
. A. peeudomaaropai.s
A. aculpta 10 .19
Archaeomyeis
grebnitzki-i 1 .06
A, maculata 102 2.64
Mysld 33 . 18
Neomyaia oucrtechenaia
H. kodiakeneia 120 5.08
N. rayii 32 1.00
Cumacean + +
Gnorimaphaeroma
oregoneneie 1 .15
Ida tea sp. 3 .01
Ida tea feukesi 1 .02
Pentidotea montereyene-ia
P. reaecata \ . 13
Kocinela belliaepe
August 1977 October 1977 Dec. 1977 - Feb. 1978
Beach Seine Townet Beach Solne Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass
2 .56
2 .45
1 .15
1 .15
3 34.07
1 5.85
1 1.16
6 18.89 1 3.72
1 .02
1 .06
1 .02
35 .66
1 .03 43 1.78
7 .43
24 1.31 70 2.92
2 .06
1 .50
1 .46 3 1.38 3 .78
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Ul
K>
Site: West Beach
Hay 1977
Beach Seine Townet
Species No. Blonass No. Blomass
Synidotea bicuspida
Amphithoe spp. +
Atylue trideno
Calliopiua spp.
Cammarldae 1230
Veotuoodilla caecula +
Euphaueia pacifica
Thyeanoeeoa raechii
T. epinifera
Cancer gracilis
C. magioter 10
Crangon alaskensis 16
Svalus aoinue 10
E, fabrieii 1
Beptacarpua breviroetris
H. flexuB
H. tenuieeimua 1
Megalops
Pagurus hirentiuaculrtt
P. granoeimanue
Pandalue danae
P. goniiania
Pugettia riehii
Sclerocrangon alata
Zoea
Dendraeter excentricue 1
Chaetognath
Total 1402
1 .04
+
280 11.76
7.19 8 .12
+
20 1.35
104 8.60
13.37
8.92 7 3.08
6.26
.61
.21
+ +
+ +
53.55
+ +
90.76 684 34.48
August 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. Biomase No. Blomass
12
1
1
1
23
6
1
2
90
.09 13 .90
.01
1 .08
10.50
.68
10.29
.14
1.54
4.10
68.57 19 3.22
October 1977 Dec. 1977 - Feb.
1978
Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Bio mass No. Blomass
2
15 1.08 117
4 .08 23
10
25
1 .07 15
3 46.75
16 13.15 68
16
14
1 .61
1
1 - 1
2
77 23.39 20 60.51 401
.04
7.33
.69
.32
.73
.96
7.85
.74
1.86
.08
30.54
•(•Present but not quantified.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Site: Alexander Beach
May 1977
August 1977
October 1977
Dec. 1977 - Feb. 1978
Species
Beach Seine
No. Biomass
Townet
No. Bioraass
Beach Seine
No. Blomass
Townet
No. Blomass
Beach Seine
No. Blomass
Townet
No. Blomass
Beach Seine
No. Blomass
Tovmet
No. Blomass
Jellyfish
Pleurobranchia sp.
Ctenophora
Haminoea vireocene
Littorina eitkana.
Thais lamillosa
Gonatue fabriaii
Loligo opaleaaena
Octopua spp.
Flobelligera infundibularis
Nereis vexillosa
Nereid
Polychaeta
Acanthormjaia aculpta 1
ArehaeomysiB grebnitakii
Neomyeia rayii
Cumaceans
Pentidotea montereyeneie
P. reeeaata
Rooinela belliceps
K. propodialis
Synidotea bicuspida
VeetDoodilla oaecula
Amphithoe lacertosa
Anonyx latiaoxae
Atylus tridene
Gammaridae 1
Hyperlldae
Euphausld
Euphausia pacifiaa
Thysanoeesa epinifefa
7 .88
1 29.61
1
.32
2 .06
3 1.05
5 .16
1560 81.80
.02 25 .31
4 63.11
2.24
5 .40
100 23.73
1 9.79
,10
.75
.66
.26
11 .95 17
1.22
1
56
4
1
2
.07
.12
.02
.04
3.80
.04
.02
.02
2.68
.08
.08
12
9
2
1
1
155
41
2
1
41
3
.42
.29
.26
.31
.35
.08
.31
.03
.06
14.53
9.13
.32
.04
1.11
.15
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Ul
Site: Alexander Beach
Species
Cancer gracilia
C. nagiater
Cfongon alaakeneia
Kualua ouinus
Heptacorpus brevirostris
B. flexus
H. kinaaidi
H. etimpeoni
H. • taylori
Paguna hirsutiuBoulus
P. granoeimanuB
PandaluB danae
P. goniwniB
P. nontagui tridena
Pugettia graoilio
P. richii
Spirontocaria spp.
Zoea
ChaetoRnaths
Total
May 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Blomass
3 1.16 21 15.33
3 27.70
2 2.35
2 1.98
+ +
•f +
10 31.23 1627 131.50
August 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. Blonass No. Blomass
2
6
70
5
1
2
3
103
9.93
11.70
25.56 3 .79
1.10
.31
.94
ft 3.84
1 .46
.18
1 .05
115.47 130 41.12
October
Beach Seine
No. Blomass
30 12.41
5 2.00
4 18.33
1 .47
58 34.69
1977
Townet
No. Blomass
1
2
1
1
11
89
.23
.96
.52
.11
18.58
24.53
Dec
. 1977 -
Beach Seine
No. Blonass
2
28
46
2
2
4
87
19.14
14.88
19.24
2.61
1.75
10.77
71.23
Feb. 1978
Townet
No. Blomass
7 1.11
2 .17
283 28.67
^Present but not enunerated
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Oi
Site: Beckett Point
Species
Jellyfish
Pleurobwmahia sp.
Aglaja diomedia
Collieella pelta
Haminoea spp.
Uermieaenda
craee-icornia
littorina plmaxis
L. ecutulata
Melibe leoni.no.
Nudlbranch
Pollinicea leuiei
Mytilua edulia
Treaua capox
Nereid
Phyllodocld
Polychaeta
Leech
Acanthomyeia tnacropeie
A. nephrophthalma
Neony sis rayii
Pentidotea resecata
Rooinela bellicepe
Synidotea angulata
Amphithoe laaertoea
Atylus tridene
Cammarldae
Thysanoesea raeehii
Thysanoesea spinifera
Cancer gracilio
Cancer magieter
May 1977 August 1977 October 1977 Dec. 1977 - Jan. 1978
Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Blontass No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass
15
2
1
3
2
10
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
8
i
10
50 3.18
6.89 50 2.04
.56
.06
.29
2.91
.18
.05
19.67
1 2.16
«
.02
2 92.61
.11
.02
.03
.02
5 .06
1 .02
9440 768.40
3.75 3 1.26 3 .46
1 .36
1 .03
2 .13
10 .64
7 .10
20 .44
5 .24
9.75 3 1.79 2 136.60
8 20.19 4 2 43.13
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Ul
CM
Site: Beckett Point
Species
Cancer oregoneneie
C. producing
Crangon ataakena-io
C. nigricauda
Elialus spp.
E. tcunaend-C
Ueptacarpus flexus
H. kinoaidi
B. etimpsani
H. stylus
H. taylori
H-ippolyte clavki
Hippolytidae
Lebbeuo grandimanuo
Oregonia gracilia
Pagurua beringonus
P. copillatue
P. hirsutiusculuB
P. granoeirnanue
Fandalldae
PandaluB danae
P. nontagui tridens
P. platyceroo
Pugettia gracilis
P. produota
P. riohii
Telmeaeue oheiraqonua
Total
May
Beach Seine
No. Blomass
1
14
3
14
1
9
150
1
10
7
4
274
1977
August 1977
Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Biomass
3
_
9 (3)* 78. 73
23.95
1.78
6.98
.24
.81
11.98
.01
3.21
.98
18.45
112.70
1
8
2 .01
9
1
2
66
3
55(52)*
151 6.77 110
1.16
.87
.94
.21
1.80
77.70
.21
135.12
318.85 1 .36
October 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Blomass
2
13
2
8
+
1
1
+
182
59
4
1
25
308
140.20
12.75
41 12.60
.31
5.76
+
.14
1.44
+
580.86 7 9.38
11 23.20
220.80 2 9.81
8.10
3.50
306.00
1419.88 9501 823.39
Dec. 1977 -
Beach Seine
No. Blomass
42
3
1
1
7
3
1
14
2
1
8
94
40.33
1.26
.08
.22
1.27
97.20
.11
6.96
7.60
1.02
22.68
314.93
Jan. 1978
Townet
No. Blomass
*Telnessus: 55 caught but only 52 weighed - 135.12g. C. productus: 9 caught but only 3 weighed.
•4-Present but not enumerated.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Site: Point Williams
Species
Aequorea aeqvorea
Gonionenie vert ens
Nemertean
Littorina spp.
L. planaxia
Notoacmaea persona
May 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Biomass
1 .40
1 .02
Beach
August 1977
Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Biomass
3
1
2
2.15
.03
.07
October 1977 Dec. 1977 - Jan. 1978
Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass
21 16.34
N. ecutim
Philine spp.
Pteropod
Clinoaardiim nuttalli •
Gonatus fdbricii
Loligo opaleecena
Nereid
Nothria elegane
Aaanthamysia daaiei
A. maaropeia
A. nephrophthalma
A. paeudomacropsis
Arohaeomyaia grebnitzkii
My sis oculata
Neomyeie ray-ii
Cumaceans
Penttdotea montereyensie
P. feeecata
P. uoeneeenakii
Roeinela belliaepa
Synidotea angulata
Amphithoe lacertoaa
Anonyx latiooxae
Afylue tridene
Gammaridae
.17
2 .60
1 65.88
11.48
2 1.23
.28
.T?
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
+
6.03 1
1
.11 52
.04 116
.11
.01
.06
.01
.19
.03
.04
1
.14
3
.07
2
3.05 6
2.02 3
2 .02
2 .10
I .03
.19 1 .13 2 .20
* .st
.80
1 .54
3 .12
.05
i .20 51 12.55
.24 1 .05 1 .13 3 .41
.02 3 .41 2 .13 5 .57 1 .04 1 .17
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Ul
00
Site:
Point Williams
Species
Euphausia pacifiaa
May 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. BiomasB No. Blomass
August 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Binmass
Callianaeea aaliforniensio
C. gigae
Cancer magiater
C. produotue
CranRonidae
Crongon alaekenais
C. nigrioauda
EualitB aoinus
E. fdbriaii
E. puaioTuB
Heptacorpus breoiroBtvie
H. flexue
H. kincaidi
H. paludicola
H. piotuo •
H. taylori
aippolyte clarki
Hlppolytldae
Oregonia graoilie
Pagicmo capillatus
P. hireutiuscttluB
Pagurua granosimanue
Pandalldae
Pcmddlue danae
P. montagui tridena
Pugettia graoilis
P. products
TelmeeouB cheiragonus
Upogebia pugettenais
Leptaateriaa hexaatite
Chaetognaths
Total
1
1
1
27
2
10
1
1
1
23
1
9
93
S 2.62
-
+ +
.57 10 3.93
4.23
16.36
.22
1 .19
1.14
+ +
.44
1.95
.14
+ +
26.77
23.73
U5.77
+ +
227.52 207 31.94
2
1
3
1
47
4
4
64
14
1
1
164
2.65
-
1.51
1 .11
1 .04
.24
14.88
3 .58
1.01
21.02
58.80
1 1.20
17.37
13.78
1.04
201.73 15 3.67
October 1977 Dec
. 1977 -
Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine
No. Blomass No. Biomass No. Blomass
1 2.05
37 289.44 16
3 - 1
67 101.92 1 1.53 66
30 25.09 30
82 45.62 2
3 1.71
3 1.76
1
5 8.13 5
2 6.40 37 72.27
25 49.36
1 2.53 7
16(2)a 6.18 1
1
"T66 440.36 183 192.22 137
14.97
4.22
50.38
18.60
.31
2.04
6.76
3.88
8.60
2.01
112.38
Jan. 1978
Tovnet
No. Biomass
4 .17
2 1.25
70 lt.23
•(•Present but not quantified.
fl!6 were measured but only 2 weighed.
The two weighed 6.18.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Ui
vo
Site: Dungeness Splc May
Beach Seine
Species No. Rtomass
Kequorea aequorea
Melibe leonina
Tomopteria eeptentrionalia
Aaonthomyeia eaulpta
Archaeomysia grebnitzkii
A. maculata
Cumaceans
Cnorimoephaeroma
aregonensie
Pentidotea reaecata
Koainela belliceps
K. propodialio
Anonyx latieoxae
A tying trident}
Gammarldae
Hyperlldae
Thyeanoeaea raechii
Cancer magister
C. oregonenais
Crangon alaakeneia 8 12. A 9
C. aiyliroatrie 5 11.29
Heptaearpua breoiroetrie
H. flexue
Hlppolytldae
Mega lops
Fandalldae
Pandalue danae 3 3.79
P. goniurue
Pinnotheree pugetteneio
P. taylori
Pugettia graailie
Venriaia leviuacula
Total 16 39.06
1977
August 1977
Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomasa No. Riomasa No. Rlomans
1
60
A5
398
3
10
2
1
43
12
7
13
+
•f
+
6
541
1
.03
.83
3.33 1 .06
13.54
.03
.37 3 .24
1 .25
.09
.04
1.85 1 .09
.21
.17
42(29) 41.10*
1 .04
6.64 68 127.4 11 5.07
3 .75
+
+ 8 .13
+
51 169.2
3 .18
.17
4 16.97
27.30 170 355.46 28 6.02
October 1977
Beach Seine Townet
No. BlomaRS No. Blom.iss
26
1
202
32
51
1
45
337
74
2
1
Tn~
16.02
1.79
9.90
6.18
4.36
.01
21.23
29.97
153.24
3.80
10.12
256.62
Dec. 1977 - Jan. 1978
Beach Seine Tovnet
No. Biomass No. Blomass
1 .31
15 5.31 4 .99
33 156.87
120 184.29 12. t.U
3 2.77
8 Z.Z1
172 349.55 Z/» 7.5f
*29/41 were weighed, therefore, 29 weighed 41.10g.
•(•Present but not quantified.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Site: Horse Creek May
Beach Seine
Species No. Blomass
Aurelia aurita
Cyanea capillata
Jellyfish
Beroe spp.
Haminoea oireecena
Tomopteria eeptentrionalia
Aconthomyaia doviai
Archaeomyaia grebnitzkii
A. maculata
Keomyaie rayii
Gnorimoephaeroma
oregonenaia
Pentidotea aauleata
P. monteyensis
P. reaeeata
P. uoeneaenakii
Rooinela bellioepa
Tectecepe pugettenaia
Anphlthoe spp.
Anonyx taticoxae
Atylua tridene
Gamraarldae
Cancer magieter 4 16.50
Crangon alaakenaie
C. nigricouda 4 2.25
C. etyliroetrie '- 4 9.06
Eualue fabricii
Heptacarpue brevirostrie
H. flexua
H. kincaidi
H. Btylus
n. tridena
1977
No
1
J
4
3
4
71
17
1
7
1
1
51
38
1
Townet
. Blomass
.62
' /
.28
.08
.05
2.94
.39
.02
1.75
.03
.11
1.38
.47
.13
August 1977 October
Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine
No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass
4 2.03
6 .88
4 2.65
1 .66
1 .05 2 .60
2 .27
4 .22
i .02 1 .27
5 * 37(31) 49.95+
1 1.23 54 52.61
9 *
50 8.22
1 1.12
2 .63 1 .57
1977
Dec. 1977 - Jan. 1978
Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass
1
52
29
12
2
1
43
27
12
25
110
47
14
.72
1.46
.50
2 .37
3.40
.73
.02
5.97
.98
1.10
51(45) 175.79+
20.44 123 157.24
28.70 4 2.53
16.05
2.99 1 .79
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Site: Morse Creek
May 1977
Beach Seine Townet
Species
Hlppolytldae
Megalops
Pagurus spp.
Pandalldae
Pandalua danae
P. goniianta
P. montagui tridene
P. etenolepi.8
Pugettia gracilie
Chaetognaths
No. Blomass -No.
1
2
J
10
14
Blomass
.04
.10
/
.20
1.46
August 1977
Beach Seine Townet Beach
October
Seine
No. Blomass No. Blonass No. Blomass
1
4
1 1.68 1
.10
31.98
3.79
1977
Townet
No. Blomass
11 28.46
4 3.96
22 39.08
Dec. 1977 - Jan. 1978
Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Blomass
Total
16 27.81 227
10.05
27
4.71
52
8.29 114 144.19 412 139.50 181 336.72
/Present but not quantified.
*Measured in field and released, not weighed.
+31/37 were weighed. 31 weighed 49.95g.; 45/5' weighed, 45 weighed 175.79.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
N>
Site: Tuln Rivers
Species
Jellyfish
Ctenophore
Acantliomyeie daoiei
A. nephrophfhalma
A. paeudomacfopeia
Neomyeie rayii
Cuoaceans
Idotea fcukeai
Pentidotea reaecata
P. uoeneeenskii
Rocinela propodialis
Atyltte collingi
Atylus tridene
Caprella penantis
Canmarldae
Thysanoeesa epinifera
Cancer magieter
C. produatua
Crangan alaskeneia
C. nirjrieauda
C, etyliroatria
HendgrapBus
aregoneneis
Heptoearpue
breoirostria
S. flexue '"
H. stylus
H. taylori
PandaluB demae
Telmeeeus cheiragonue
Zoea
ChaetoRnaths
Total
Hay 1977 August J977 October 1977 Dec. 1977 - Jan. 1978
Beach Seine Townet' Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Blomass No. Blonass No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blomass No. Blonass No. Blomass No. Biomass
2 137.20
+ +
1 .01
7 .22
2 .04
7 .28 8640 521.44
+ +
1 .19
1 .04
1 .35
2 .03
14 .25
2 .21
1 .03
9 .14 1 .41
1 .09
4 * 52 * 21 * 2 *
1 *
24 31.41 9 4.98 163 198.37 51 128.80
107 69.39
10 16.56 10 2.81
1 5.46
1 .21 31 *
3 1.04 36 15.24
4 1.49
1 .70 5 20.17 1 .87
11 20.60
3 29.02
+ +
•f +
41 48.88 32 23.29 195 77.99 11 .39 231 253.86 8676 536.68 57 267.06
* Measured and released, not weighed.
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
CO
Site: Pillar Point May
Beach Seine
Species No. Blomass
Aequorea aequorea
Conionemua vevtena
Polyorchia peneoillatve
Hydro Id s
Beroe spp.
Colliaella instabilis
Unidentified snail
ClinOcardium nuttalli
GcmatuB fabricii
Loligo opaleecens
Halosydna brewieetoea
Tomopteria eeptentrionalia
Acanthomysia macropsia
Arehaeomya-io grebnitskii
Neomys-ia rayii
Cumaceans
Dynamenella glabra
D. sheari
Tentidotea resecata
P. uoGnesenakii
Rocinela bellicepe
Synidotea angulata
Vcatuoodilla caecula
Amphithoe himeralia
Anonyx laticoxae
Atylus tridene
Cammarldae
Thyeanoeesa raachi
Thysanoeaea epinifera
Cvangon alaakenaie
Heptaaorpua flexua
1977
Townet
No. Blomass
1
la
12
1
1
2
13
3
13
53
+
1
1
27
16
2
1
1
.18
.55
1.15
.22
.04
.07
1.94
.05
.12
1.63
+
.01
.08
.46
.43
.22
.26
.45
August 1977 October 1977
Beach Seine Tovmet Beach Seine Townet
No. Blonass No. Biomass No. Blomass No. Blomass
10 44.47
1
4
1 . 08 22
1
3
1
9
10
17
5
1.11
.07
1.21
.06
.09
.09
.41
.03
.61
.59
Dec. 1977
Beach Seine Tovnet
No. Blomass No. Blomass
5
191
248
1
2
1
6
2
12
6
1
82
21.50
29.95
17.70
.03
.21
.03
.17
.04
5.25
.16
.04
17.93
-------
Appendix 6.7 (Contd.) c. Beach seine and townet samples, 1977-1978.
Site: Pillar Point May
Beach Seine
Species No. Blonass
H. kincaidi
Hlppolytidae
Lebbeue grandimmus
Pandalldae
Pandalua montagui tridena
Pinnotheres pugettensis
Soleroerangon alata
Ophiopholie aeuleata
Chaetognaths
Bryo zoans
1977
Tovmet
No.
1
4
3
1
+
la
Biomass
.02
.07
.11
.84
+
2.88
August 1977 October 1977 Dec. 1977
Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet Beach Seine Townet
No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass No. Biomass
4 1.67
1 .28
1 1.78
1 .03
Total
144 11.78
11 44.82
78 7.72
559 85.32
•••Present but not quantified.
•A clunp of organisms was counted as 1.
-------
40
o
M 30
20
10
5
J
1
•
5
I
Crangon stylivostvis
Spring
n = 26
X = 14.9 mm
10
Summer
n = 27
15
20
25
8.5 mm
10 15
Length, mm
25
1 5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
Appendix 6.8 Length frequencies of common macroinvertebrates collected
incidentally to combined beach seine and townet collections.
165
-------
80
70
60
50
>v
o
c
0)
g.40
30
20
10
Etutlua fabriffi.
Summer
n = 102
X = 6.3 ram
10
Heptaoarpus tridens
Fall
n = 15
X = 6.3 mm
5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
60
50
u
§ 40
0*
(U
I-J
30
20
10
Pandalus montagui tridens
Fall
n = 73
X = 14 . 5 mm
10 15 20
Length, mm
25
60
50
a
c
340
cr
at
20
10
Pandalus platyoepos
Fall
n = 61
X = 18.3 mm
5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
Appendix 6.8 (Contd.)
166
-------
60
50
a
§ 40
cr
(U
30
20
10
60
50
o
§40
cr
30
20
10
Hepta.ca.vpus flexus
Fall
n = 628
X = 6.3 mm
5 10 15
Winter
n = 96
X. = 5.4
mm
5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
60
50
o
§ 40
cr
20
10
50
>,
a
c
-------
80
70
60
50
u
1 40
cr
30
20
10
Eualus avinus
Spring
n = 37
X = 9.9 mm
80
70
60
50
a
§ 40
cr
-------
80
70
60
50
§ 40
Ol
i-i
u.
30
20
10
70
50
40
30
20
10
Pandalus danae
Summer
n = 183
X = 12.4 mm
10 15 20 25
Fall
n = 310
X = 13.9 mm
5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
80
70
60
50
u
I 40
cr
0)
30
20
10
70
60
50
§ 40
cr
01
30
20
10
Pugettia grac-ilis
Spring
n = 33
X = 11.3 mm
5 10 15 20 25
Summer
n = 14
X = 12.1 mm
5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
Appendix 6.8 (Contd.)
169
-------
60
50
2.40
30
20
10
50
CJ
£ 40
cr
O)
20
10
o
CU
0)
M
fa
B-S 3C
Heptaaarpus taylori
Summer
n = 47
X = 5.4 mm
10 15 20 25
Fall
n = 16
X = 8.1 mm
10
Winter
n = 10
X = 7.5 mm
15 20 25
5 10 15 20
Length, mm
25
60
50
CJ
§40
cr
Q)
,30
20
10
60
10
Crangon nigricauda
Summer
n = 108
X = 8.8 mm
5 10 15 20 25
Length, mm
Hippolyte alarki
Spring
n = 60
X = 10.0 mm
10 15 20
Length, mm
Appendix 6.8 (Contd.)
170
-------
50
a
§ 40
cr
0)
30
20
10
Telmessus eheivagonus
Summer
n = 53
X = 21.1 mm
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
50
o
§40
cr
0)
30
20
10
Fall
n = 29
X = 32.6 mm
10 15 20
Length, mm
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
70
Appendix 6.8 (Contd.)
-------
20 Cancer magister
Winter; n = 106; X = 36.0 mm
10
30
20
10
o
aj
cr
o>
£30
20
10
30
20
10
Fall; n = 155; X = 63.9 mm
JuJl
Summer; n = 1A4; X = 66.6 mm
Spring; n = 20; X = 60.7 mm
I
J.L
— 1
JLJiiLjL
J I
10 20 30 40
Length, mm
Appendix 6.8 (Contd.)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
-------
Appendix 6.9 Fish stomach samples: a. Sources and numbers of stomach
samples analyzed from nearshore fish collections in the
Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978-1979.
Beach seine Tounet Intertidal
Species
Spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias
Big skate. Raja blnoeulata
Kydaka Beach
(Q
U
s
1-1
G
Morse Creek
Dungeness Sp
1
4-1
CL>
4-1
cd
OJ^Q QJ QJ CO 01 U
-------
Appendix 6.9 (Contd.) a. Sources and numbers of stomach samples analyzed..
Tldepool sculpin,
Oligocottus maculosus
Saddleback sculpin, 0. rlnensis
Fluffy sculpin, (>• snyderl
Manacled sculpin, Synchirus gilli 1
Cabezon juv.,
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus
Roughback sculpin,
Chitonotls pugetensis
Tadpole sculpin,
Psychrolutes paradoxus
Warty poacher, Ocella verrucosa 1
Tubenose poacher, Pallaslna barbata 11 10
Ribbon snailfish, lilparis cyclopus
Tldepool snailfish, L. florae
Ribbon snailfish, L. rutterl 1
Kelp perch, Brachylstius frenatus
Shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregate
Striped seaperch juv.,
Embiotoca lateralis 8 2
Pile perch, Rhacochilus vacca 1
Redtall surfperch,
Amphisticus rhodoterus 24
Pacific sandfish, Trichodon trlchodon 1
High cockscomb,
Anoplarchus purpurescens
Ribbon prickleback,
Phyttchthys chirus
Black prickleback,
Xiphlster atropurpureus
Rock prickleback, X. mucosus
Penpolnt gunnel, Apodlchthys flavidus 15 9
Crescent gunnel, Pholis laeta 4 2
Saddleback gunnel, P. ornata 1
Pacific sand lance juv.,
Ammodytes hexapterus 2 4
Speckled sanddab,
Cithartchthvs atigmaeug 20 9 12
English sole juv. ,
Parophrys vetulus i 15
Starry flounder,
Platichthys atellatus 11 3 2
C-0 sole, Pleuronlchthys coenosus
Sand sojLe juv.,
Psettlchthya roelanostlctua 18 17 ia
Total number of species, 62
Subtotal gj u-] 14J
Total ?|
29 10 78 29 20 12 9
2 13 12 1
17 56 6 15 2
1
1
1
4
2 6
1
1 1 20 6 5
1
10
1 15
3
20
43 . 12 16 6
9 87 7
4 39 12
16 6 6 8
2 6 16 1 4 1
21' 5 16 11 5 5 3
2
11 3
9 25 20
1 1
2
23
89 82 214 12 22 10 11 15 19 24 56 434 161 103 109 7
61 89 904
*No identifiable organisms.
174
-------
Appendix 6.9 (Contd.) b. Fish stomach contents statistics for nearshore fish collections
in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1978-1979. See Methods and Materials for a
description of condition and digestion factors. Statistics were generated
from samples itemized in previous table.
Spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias
Big Skate, Raja binoculata
Pacific herring juv.,
Clupea harengus pallasi
Chura salmon juv., Oncorhynchus keta
Coho salmon juv., 0. kisutch
Chinook salmon juv., 0. tshawytscha
Rainbow trout fsteelheaJ)
Salmo gairdneri
Night smelt, Spirinchus starksi
Plainfin midshipman,
Porlchthys notatus
Northern clingfish
Gobiesox maeandrieus
Pacific toracod juv.,
Microgadus paeificus
Threespine stickleback,
Casterosteus aculeatus
Tube-snout, Aulorhynchus flavidus
Bay pipefish,
Syngnathus grisealineatus
Widow rockfish juv.,
Sebastes entomelas
Kelp greenling juv.,
Hexagramaos decagraanus
Rock greenling juv., H. lagocephalus
Nhitespotted greenling, H. stelteri
Lingcod juv., Ophiodon elongatus
Padded sculpin, Artedius fenestralis
Scalyhead sculpin, A. harringtoni
Sooothhead sculpin, A. lateral is
Total
sample
size
n
5
1
67
13
1
12
1
10
1
58
43
1
24
7
34
6
2
2
9
31
8
66
Number
empty
stomachs
1(20.0)
0(0)
4(6.0)
10(76.9)
0(0)
1(8.3)
0(0)
7(70.0)
1(100.0)
9(15.5)
0(0)
1(100.0)
6(25.0)
6(85.7)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
1(50.0)
3(33.3)
6(19.4)
2(25.0)
9(13.6)
Adjust.
sample Condition
size factor
n1 X 1 SD
4
1
63
3
1
11
1
3
0
49
43
0
18
1
34
6
2
1
6
25
6
57
2.0 0
4.0
5.2 2
4.3 1
4.0
5.5 1
7.0
3.3 1
.0
.0
.5
.4
.5
4.2 1.4
5.3 1
4.1+2.
4.0
5.3*1.
4.8+1.
6.0+1.
5.0
3.7+1.
5.2+1.
4.5±0.
4.9+1.
.7
0
7
7
4
,0
.4
8
,7
Digestion
factor
X 1
4.5 0
5.0
3.4 1
2.7 2
3.0
4.5 0
5.0
2.7 2
3.7 1
4.4 1
4.4+1.
4.0
4.6+0.
3.7±1.
2.0+0.
3.0
3.5+0.
4. Oil.
3.8+0.
4.2+1.
SD
.6
.6
.1
.7
.1
.1
.0
2
6
5
0
8
4
8
1
c
X
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
9.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Total
ontents
"eight
1 SD
.70 0.86
.17
.12 0.10
.37 0.30
.25
.41 0.34
.90
.02 0.02
.10 0.17
.22 0.53
02+0.02
02
11+0.10
35+0.26
12+.0.10
14
23±0.16
15+0.21
02+0.03
18*0.41
Total
contents
abundance
X 1 SD
39.5 53.7
2.0
298.2 274.
140.7 241.
7.0
39.5 27.1
5.0
1.7 2.1
27.1 142.1
14.3 19.1
6.9±7.3
2.0
70.6+149:7
11.3±7.0
1.0+0.0
10.0
1.2+0.4
3.2+2.5
6.5±3.9
3.3*4.1
Diet diversity
Shannon-Wiener
Index
Numbers
1.39
—
6 0.48
0 0.15
0.99
2.97
1.37
1.92
—
1.81
3.12
1.68
0.00
0.57
3.11
1.00
0.00
2.24
4.15
1.95
3.78
Rioraass
2.23
—
0.29
0.15
0.99
2.78
0.16
1.61
—
3. 71.
2.27
0.32
0.00
1.68
2.62
0.44
0.00
2.03
3,52
1.64
3.40
-------
Appendix 6.9 (Contd.) b. Fish stomach contents statistics for nearshore fish...
Rosy lip sculpin.
Ascclichthys rhodorus
Silverspotted sculpin,
Blepsias cirrhosus
Sharpnose sculpin,
Clinocottus acuticeps
Calico sculpin, C. embryua
Mosshead sculpin, C. globiceps
Buffalo sculpin, Enophr/s bison
Red Irish lord, juv..
Hemilepictotus hemilepidotus
Pacific staghorn sculpin
Leptocottus armatus
Great sculpin
Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus
Tidepool sculpin
Oligocottus maculosus
Saddleback sculpin, 0. rimensis
Fluffy sculpin, 0. snyderi
Manacled sculpin. Synch irus gilli
Cabezon Juv. ,
Scorpaenichthys marmoratus
Roughback sculpin,
Chitonotis pugetensis
Tadpole sculpin,
Psychrolutes paradoxus
Warty poacher. Ocella verrucosa
Tubenose poacher, Pallasina barbata
Ribbon snailfish,' Liparis cyclopus
Tidepool snailfish, L. florae
Ribbon snailfish, L. rutteri
Kelp perch, Brachyistius frenatus
Shiner perch , Cymatogaster aggregata
Striped seaperch juv.,
Enbiotoca lateralis
Pile perch, Rhacochilus vacca
Redtail surfperch,
Anphisticus rhodoterus
Pacific sandfish, Trichodon trichodon
83
32
30
30
72
12
1
65
4
187
28
96
1
1
1
1
5
29
1
33
2
10
16
13
21
24
1
19(22.9)
0(0)
2(6.7)
0(0)
9(12.5)
4(36.4)
0(0)
1(1.5)
2(50.0)
7(3.7)
2(7.1)
3(3.1)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
4(13.8
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
6(60)
11(68.8)
3(23.1)
7(33.3)
4(16.7)
0(0)
64
32
28
30
63
7
1
64
1
180
26
93
1
1
1
1
5
25
1
33
2
4
5
10
14
20
1
4.6+1.6
6.2+1.0
4.4+1.6
5.7+1.2
5.3+1.4
5.6+1.9
5.0
5.6 1.4
5.0 1.4
5.4+1.3
4.5H.2
4.9±1.5
3.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.2+0.8
4.2±2.0
6.0
5.2+1.4
6.5+0.7
2.5±0.6
4.6U.1
3.4+1.3
3.6*1-0
3.3+1.6
3.0
3.3+1.5
3.8±1,5
3.6+1.4
4.3+1.2
3.9+1.4
4.6±0.8
5.0
4.3+1.1
5.0+0.0
3.9±1.2
4.1+0.9
3.5+1.5
5.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
5.0+0.0
3.611.4
4.0
4.1+0.9
5.040.0
2. 0±1. 4
2.641.5
4.2+1.2
2.811.3
4.6±0.7
1.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
<
0.
0.
0.
07±0
10±0,
.10
.07
01+0.02
01+0.01
02+0.03
75±2. Sfl
18
30±3.
35*0.
97
34
04i0.05
01+0.01
0340.05
0.0
20
.18
,04
0.0510
0.0110
.05
.01
0.15
0.10+0
0.17+0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01+0
.11+0
.04*0
.05+0
.48±0
.06
.9
.18
.01
.07
.03
.03
.74
3.2+3.3
8 3+8 4
5.0+6.2
11.5±12.8
9.6+14.9
9.0+10.1
5.0
41.8+81.5
7.5+3.5
18. 3+26. 2
9.3±8.1
12.6+29.5
13.0
12.0
4.0
3.0
14.448.3
3.8±7.6
23.0
17. OU8. 8
38.0i43.8
10.748.2
109.2±104.0
12.1±9.1
50.4±70.5
13.0±12.3
0.0*
3.82
2.62
3.30
3.24
3.56
1.91
1.92
2.13
0.91
2,72
2.18
2.37
0.00
1.04
0.81
0.92
1.74
2.37
0.77
2.01
0.73
0.00
1.17
0.92
1.18
3.08
0.00
4.25
2.99
2.84
3.09
2.55
0.81
0.91
4.19
0.53
5.06
1.78
3.44
0.00
0.25
0.79
,
0.32
1.44
2.09
1.46
2.31
0.93
0.00
1.14
0.24
1.66
2.90
0.00
-------
Appendix 6.9 (Contd.) b. Fish stomach contents statistics for nearshore fish...
High cockscomb,
Anoplarchus purpurescens
Ribbon prickleback,
Phytichthys chirus
Black prickleback,
Xiphister atropurpureus
Rock prickleback, X. mucosus
Penpoint gunnel, Apodichthys flavidus
Crescent gunnel, Pholis laeta
Saddleback gunnel, P. ornata
Pacific sand lance juv.,
Amnodytes hexapterus
Speckled sanddab.
Citharichthys stigmaeus
English sole juv.,
Parophrys vetulus
Starry flounder,
Platichthys stellatus
C-0 sole, Pleuronichthys coenosus
Sand sole juv. ,
Psettichthys melanostictus
77
31
55
\f*
JO
54
70
3
6
55
71
18
2
76
21(27.3)
2(6.5)
27(49.1)
11(306)
33(61.1)
22(314)
0(0)
2(33.3)
14(25.5)
4(5.6)
5(27.8)
3(0)
12(15.8)
56
29
28
25
21
48
3
4
41
67
13
2
64
4.611.6
4.6+1.5
4.011.4
5.411.7
3.5+1.3
4.6+1.8
4.3+1.5
6.3+0.5
5.112.0
5.0+1.6
4.6+1.6
6.5±0.7
4.7+1.8
3.5H.4
4.5H.O
3.5*1.1
4.4H.O
4.211.2
4.441.3
5.010.0
2.311.3
4.511.1
4.4+1.2
4.5+0.9
5.010.0
4.5+0.9
0.02+0.02
0.0410.04
0.1410.39
0.82+1.46
0.0110.02
0.02+0.02
0.02+0.02
0.0210.01
0.15+0.15
0.09+0.10
1.71+2.71
3.58+4.39
0.4810.99
27.61133.7
6.H5.4
5.818.6
18.4135.2
15.4+36.4
19.7135.7
10.3+11.4
7.5111.7
18.0129.9
33.3+47.2
16.6126.5
7.5+6.4
19.8+30.1
2.04
3.58
3.42
2.52
1.62
2.99
1.22
0.47
3.65
3.02
1.95
0.91
2.74
2.
3.
1
0
3
3
1
0
2
4
3
2
1
,19
.06
.28
.08
.51
.03
.89
.29
.68
.00
.60
.62
.24
Total
1754 304(17.3) 1450
-------
APPENDIX 6.10 DIET SPECTRA OF NEARSHORE FISH COLLECTED DURING 1978
Similar information from 1976 and 1977 was contained in Simenstad et al.
1977 and Cross et al. 1978, respectively.
Spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Four of the five captured in a Port
Townsend townet haul contained food items, including hyperiid amphipods,
ctenophores, nereid polychaetes, crab (Porcellanidae) larvae and pieces of
algae (Chlorophyta).
Big skate, Raja binoculata. One specimen captured in a Dungeness Spit
beach-seine sample had consumed two crangonid shrimp, Crang'on stylirostris.
Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi (juvenile). This species was
captured, in abundance at five of the seven townet sites (not Beckett Point
and Dungeness Spit) and in two of the beach-seine collections (Morse Creek
and Dungeness Spit). Their prey composition was essentially identical to
that reported in previous years. Of the total FRI, calanoid copepods made
up 97.86%, and the only other prey organism of any consequence was pelagic
ostracods (Fig.10-1).
Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (juvenile). This species was collected
principally during two townet collections at Beckett Point and Morse Creek.
Ten of the thirteen, however, had empty stomachs. The three specimens with
identifiable stomach contents had consumed mainly calanoid copepods and just
a few larval mysids.
Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (juvenile). One specimen from the
Beckett Point townet collections had three polychaete annelids and pieces of
unidentified algae in its stomach.
Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (juvenile). Samples originated
from both beach-seine and townet collections at Beckett Point and Kydaka
Beach. The total prey spectrum was rather evenly proportioned between drift
insects (Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera) and brachyuran crab larvae
(me galops).
Rainbow (steelhead) trout, Salmo gairdneri (juvenile). One specimen
from the Morse Creek beach-seine collections had consumed three juvenile
fishes (98.03% of the total identifiable biomass), one insect, and one isopod,
Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis.
Night smelt, Spirinchus starksi (juvenile). Caught for the first time
during the MESA nearshore fish collections in the Strait of Juan de Fuca,
this species was found in the townet collections in August. A sample of ten
178
-------
u
Q_
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IHPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OlftORflM
FROM Ftt.E IDENT. HESfl78. STflTlON flLSTfl
lOOr
80
60
.40
20
S 20
i 4°
o 60
8
ni so
-100
PREOHTOR 8747010201 - CLUPEfl HflRENOUS PflLLfiSI
(PflCIFIC HERRIND ) flDJUSTED SflMPLE SIZE = 63
33S
50
100
150
200
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
FPFO NUM.
=i = Fv jr;., I)CC'.I» CPMP.
CftlAMOtOft ^B.?S 93. *><>
'>c",TO9Cnr>4 S0.7Q A.?7
avBrilPOOS-HYOi." v»J JijCfl j<3.f)S .1'
C51.CT4CF/S 17. 4S .7?
^*v^T*^ACr^fl l£»PQ ?A
P*HC*iAli^tAC^^ lft«^^ •?*>
r-4->MA»!nEi 11.11 .10
cuwacfA 7.0^ .0^
M«np4CTtC"I04 A.T5 .p*,
CC«P.
Oft.fl? 1
.1*.
.0?
.PS
• ?5
.40
.11
.01
.0]
i!SIi.
1ft06.7
??5.?
2.7
?7.S
7.1
If .T
?.A
.7
.4
PfPCEMT
TOTAL IB!
97.8*
1.69
.0?
«?1
.OS
.1?
.0?
.01
.00
; «OTH
rooM
PLOT
250
.1'
Fig. 10-1. IRI prey spectrum of juvenile Pacific herring from Strait of Juan
de Fuca, August 1978.
179
-------
from Pillar Point had only three with identifiable stomach contents. These
three had fed on gammarid amphipods (57.14% of the total identifiable biomass),
calanoid copepods, euphausiids, and mysids.
Plainfin midshipman, Porichthys notatus. One adult from Beckett Point
had an empty stomach.
Northern clingfish, Gobiesox maeandricus. This fish was commonly found
in intertidal collections in both rocky tidepool and cobble intertidal
habitats. Acmaeid limpets (Notoacmaea persona, 1J. scutum, Collisella pelta)
at 70.92% of the total IRI dominated the prey spectrum (Fig. 10-2). Supple-
mental contributions were also made by gammarid amphipods, sphaeromatid
isopods (mainly Exosphaeroma amplicauda, but also Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis
and Dynamenella sheareri), polychaete annelids (sabellarids), and harpacticoid
copepods.
Pacific tomcod, Microgadus proximus (juvenile). Three eastern Strait of
Juan de Fuca sites—Beckett Point, Port Williams, and Morse Creek—produced
high catches. Total IRI prey spectrum was rather evenly split between
hippolytid shrimp and mysids (Fig. 10-3); secondary prey was gammarid amphipods
(14 Accedomoera vagor, four Mandibulophoxus^ gilesi, one Monoculodes sp., and
one Synchelidium shoemakeri). One juvenile sand sole made up 23.47% of the
total identifiable biomass.
Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The stomach of one
specimen collected in a Port Williams beach-seine collection was empty.
Tube-snout, Aulorhynchus flayidus. This species was fairly restricted
to the collections in the eastern end of the strait, especially at Beckett
Point and Morse Creek. Juvenile hippolytid shrimp, 65.21% of the total IRI,
and harpacticoid copepods, 33.20%, were the only prey of consequence.
Bay pipefish, Syngnathus leptorhynchus. Of seven captured in the Beckett
Point beach-seine collections, all had empty stomachs but one, which contained
two juvenile hippolytid shrimp.
Widow rockfish, Sebastes entomelas (juvenile). In the three years of
MESA collections in the strait, the only time this species was captured in any
abundance was August 1978. They were especially common in beach-seine
collections at Morse Creek and Beckett Point and townet collections at Kydaka
Beach. The composite IRI prey spectrum (Fig. 10-4) is dominated by both
epibenthic hippolytid shrimp and calanoid copepods, 60.96% and 36.53% of the
total IRI, respectively. The gammarid amphipods, which constituted only 1.21%
of the total IRI, were mainly Accedomoera vagor but also Anisogatnmarus puget-
tensis, Melita desdichata. Najna consiliorimn, Hyale rubra, Parallorchestes
ochotensis, and Podoceropsis sp. However, examination of the prey composition
of samples from specific sites shows that the diet becomes more specific and
typically less diverse. The specimens from the Kydaka Beach townet collections
had consumed calanoid copepods almost exclusively while the Beckett Point
beach-seine sample had a prey spectrum almost completely dominated by
hippolytid shrimp. The Morse Creek sample had the most diverse prey
composition, including most of the gammarid amphipods.
180
-------
INDEX OF RELATIVE IMPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OlflGRflH
FROM FILE IDENT. HESR78. STRTION RLSTfl
PREDfiTOR 8784010101 - OOBIESOX MEflNDRICUS
(N. aiNOFISH ) flDJUSTEO SflMPLE SIZE =
49
100
1 80
J 60
o
§
£ 40
i— i
a.
8 20
£
0
1 2°
* 40
O
1— 1
t— »
(O
1 so
s
^ 80
(J
Q_
inn
1(JU
"f.Y ITF"
4cva-I|.ar
GA-o'APIOFA
^OtvAFRO-'flT 111*:
•-iootr y icojli
^iGFiLAOf 1C if
i. I TTO2 INI OAF
f^T^ACO^A
OA^IIPIOAE
TO^TFJ.". ££
PO( Y C ^ 1 F T S
^ICO.ILVI l^.AF
r-SAJcIPAt
BOfY ^4yi 'vlT^-l F
ro«an-;I T Ifi.-.i «0TLJ
HnT NOT rJn" fi
OF^CTMT OnMFM
SHAf!nrj»!-uF IMF
f«EVNEs«i I^HF
h
'
.
•
1 I— • LJ -
T
'
u
CO « 0>
T3 •adu o
•H -H *O CO (Q
0) U O -H 13 CO *D
.3« J.4H 31. S 1.0?
f>.l? .S3 .01 3.3 .11
*..)? .30 4.44 79. ^ .94
4.n« ,?3 17.2* 71.4 p.32
?.04 7s;. 3f> 9.03 17?. 3 5.60
?.04~^ ,fl<5 2.1* 4.*. .IS
?.04 .OP 1.47 3.? .10
?FQ. OCC1I&. LF^S THAN S AND MIMEPICAL AMD GOAVIMETRlC
Lt^S TMAN 1 flPF FxCLl'OEP FOOM THE TARLF ANO PLOT
.CUL'TI^tM OF !">I\/FO<;ITY INDICES)
tNCC INnpn ,5ft .30 .52
"• OIVFPt;iTY 1.57 2.45 1.71
* .34 .53 .37
Fig.10-2. IRI prey spectrum of northern clingfish from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978.
181
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IHPORTBNCE tl.R.I.) OIBGRWI
FROI1 FILE IDENT. HESR78. STflTlON flLSTfi
PREOflTOR 6791030601 - MICROGRQUS PROXIMUS
CPRCIFIC TOMCOD ) flDJUSTEO SflWLE SIZE = 40
too
80
40
20
§ 20
S 60
fc *°
100
OPF.Y I
pory
-n
X
r-t
o
m
o
^-i-
q) a) O' •— (
u'w P. a.
20 40 60 60 100 120 140
CUttULfiTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
MI.M. GPAV. PO£Y °l
OCCUR COMP. COMP. I.B.I. TOTAL I«I
160
IOPOLVTIII 4P Sn.oo
4w«4PlOE"A 40.00
v^nacPA p^.oo
H'.'iCEA 17. SO
IJ^lotOAE 7. SO
4l"4Mf»tf)A 7.<50
ftoojCT7COIPA 5.00
ni.VCHAETA =.00
L^HPflNif CT ID IP ?.SO
14. P5
10.28
4*1.49
1.47
2.61
13.05
1.14
*>.69
.1ft
34.14
2.25
37.83
.f
.13
.00
.00
.01
23.47
P6.49.4
501.?
?1 08.1
20.7
?o.*s
97.9
5.7
33. S
S9.1
46.12
9.44
39.69
.39
.39
1.84
.11
• M
1. 11
L.ITH F»EO. OCCii-5
N PriTH LESS THIN 1 AOF ExCLUDPD FoOH THE T^BLF
CIW cfti.cuL*Tion or OI\/F:PSITV
INOEX
IHOEX
.55
.3?
l.»7
.41
PLOT
1.70
.37
Fig.10-3. IRI prey spectrum of juvenile Pacific tomeod from Strait of Juan
de Fuca, August 1978.
182
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IHPCRTRNCE (I.R.I.) DIRGRWl
FROM FILE IDENT. HESfi78. STflTION flLSTfl
PREDflTOR 8826010114 - SEBHSTES ENTOMELAS
(WIDOW ROCKFISH ) flDJUSTED SRMPLE SIZE = 32
100
PCT. COMPOSITION BY RBUNDflNCE
3 8 6 § §
^-
§ 20
UJ
3
ffi
s 40
| 60
§
£ 80
100
0
Av^flQTt"%p'j*
A 1 ft *')C t P M
•
•
'• [_j i— a
v n
•H 3
h X
3 -5
3 S - 3 « »S J
r ' 2 ^ 0) -H -o 01 aj E S « 41
4? TJ ^ Ui-ia^olBu-OTJal
i i g •5'3S!33-g5>T:g.3
O. | ^ *mnJei'H>lO"Hfl]'H
S 3 3 4- 3 3 3 ISa!!!1
1 1 i- i 1.1 . , ,
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
FPEO NUM. r,R4y. "PEV PE9CENT
OCCUR COMP. COMP. I.R.I. TOTAL IRI
S«J.W 2.5S 7?. 03 4430. n 60. 9S
?^.'10 l.SO 2.0? R7.9 1.21
2=.no P3.4f> 12.7? ?iS54.7 36.53
*•?* .1? .7? 7.9 .11
"•38 .17 .65 7.6 .11
•>.•»* .46 ,^S ^.ft .12
ft.?S .Ofl .81 S.f. .OS
ft. ?5 .17 .63 5. •» .07
ft. '5 .0« 4.45 ?8.-> .39
s 6.7S ,0« .3? ?.-; .04
^•?c; .37 .4? ?.o .07
•i.'5 ,2S l.ft? 12. g .is
?«H .1? 2.01 6.7 .09
(Hi!T «,OT f^
Cti|..ATI
I-V-" I MFD H !
J 7 y
.1? .36
F AMI! PLOT
1.17
Fig.10-4. IRI prey spectrum of juvenile widowrockfish from Strait of Juan
de Fuca, August 1978.
183
-------
Kelp greenllng, Hexagrammos decagrammus (-juvenile). This fish was
collected in both beach-seine and intertidal collections. Despite the low
sample size, the diet composition was spread over pandalid and hippolytid
shrimp, gammarid and caprellid amphipods, bivalves, and oxyrhynchan,
brachyuran, and brachyrhynchan crabs. Pandalid crabs, at 13.24% of the
total number of prey organisms and 50.17% of the prey biomass, were the
single most important prey taxon.
Rock greenling, Hexagrammos lagocephalus (juvenile). Two were collected
during intertidal sampling along the western end of the strait. One had
consumed a gammarid amphipod and the other a caprellid amphipod.
Whitespotted greenling, Hexagrammos stelleri. An adult from Beckett
Point had only pieces of plant material (probably eelgrass) in its stomach.
Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus (juvenile). Captured during the beach-seine
sampling at Kydaka Beach, six of the nine specimens had identifiable stomach
contents. The majority of the contents—71.93% of total number of prey,
75.47% of the total prey biomass—was remains of fish; a mysid and a
crangonid shrimp had also been eaten,
Padded sculpin, Artedius fenestralis. This species was most common in
the beach-seine collections, especially at Beckett Point, Port Williams, and
Twin Rivers. The prey spectrum (Fig. 10-5) was one of the most diverse; it
had the highest value of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index based on prey
numbers, and it was the seventh highest based on prey biomass.
Polychaete annelids (26.72% of total IRI); gammarid amphipods (18.67%); wood,
rock, and other debris (16.16%); cancrid crabs (12.79% of the total IRI
combined and including Cancer magister); and hippolytid shrimp (8."27%)
constituted the prevalent prey taxa.
Scalyhead sculpin, Artedius harringtoni. Specimens from Slip Point
tidepool collections had fed mainly on gammarid amphipods (79.49% of total
number of prey, 59.96% of total prey biomass), although one caridean shrimp
contributed over 30% of the total prey biomass.
Smoothhead sculpin, Artedius lateralis. Collections at rocky tidepool
sites at Slip Point, Observatory Point, and Neah Bay provided the highest
number of samples. Gammarid amphipods, the most common prey, made up almost
70% of the total IRI (FigJ.0-6). The gammarid Atylus tridens was the only
identifiable species. Hippolytid shrimp (Heptacarpus breviorstris). 9.61%
of the total IRI, and larval fish, 8.45%, constituted the prey of secondary
importance.
Rosylip sculpin, Ascelichthys rhodorus. Twin Rivers was the only beach-
seine site which produced considerable numbers of this species; however, they
were common at a number of intertidal sites, including Slip Point, Twin
Rivers, Morse Creek, and Neah Bay. Gammarid amphipods, 69.11% of the total
IRI (Melita desdichata. Pontogeneia ivanovi. Hyale sp., Parallorchestes
ochotensis. Ischyrocerus sp., Orchestia sp.) and sphaeromatid isopods,
13.30%, (Gnorimoaphaeroma oregonensis and Exosphaeroma amplicauda) were the
primary prey taxa. Polychaete annelids (7.45%), idoteid isopods (3.57%,
Synidotea pettiboneae, Idotea sp.)» mysids (2.54%), and juvenile brachyrhynchan
crabs (2.70%) constituted secondary prey organisms (Fig.10-7).
184
-------
INDEX OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE (I.R.I.) DIAGRAM
FROM FILE IDENT. MESA78. STATION ALSTA
PREDATOR 8831020401 - ARTEOIUS FENESTRALIS
(PADDED SCULPIN ) ADJUSTED SAMPLE SIZE = 25
100
1 80
f- &
CD
-z.
o
£ 40
CO
§ 20
CJ
°- n
u
1 20
ix
CD
§
I 60
4 80
a
100
1 1 1
1 1 1
0
•o
•H
&
d>
•Q PLOT
(OUT NIT FPOM CALCULATION r>F DIVERSITY IMOICESI
PForf,NT no"lM4NCF IMOF, .11 .21 .16
<^t
-------
INDEX OF RELATIVE IHPORTRNCE (I-R.I.) OIRORflH
FROM FILE IDENT. MESfl78. STflTION flLSTfl
PREOflTOR 8831020403 - RRTEOIUS LftTERflLIS
(SMOOTHHERO SCULPIN ) ADJUSTED SBHPLE SIZE = 57
a
I
£
100
80
60
COMPOSITI
3 S
.
1—
U
Q. _
0
1 20
uj
COMPOSITION BY H
g £
B M
ion
1 1
EF-
CD
•o
•H
t-i
CO
0 V
Cd T3 4J
» CU *->
(0 O O U i-H
E 0> 0)
CO 0) «H t-H CD
X 1 | | — , , „ r-i_n
E=C]^[J^-J
.c
u
c
U F
(0 I
« f
I CL
CQ O
O O
O. <1> ^
tfl (0 (8 ft
O*O*O Q "O
(U i-t -H 1 O
Q 4J O OJ CO -r»
Oil s CO 4J T3
O 0 .C I-i 00 ^iH C *J -H
20 40 60 80 100
CUMJLflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
160
P»FV'TTEM
AWM4RIOEA
^t.EO^TEI
i °POL YT i o AE
LF^CYFMATA— CADIOEft
^FLLOTA
IICAOIQA-OECAPODA-RPACHYRHY
PhAF.POMATlQAF
AOPfiCTICOIOA
APijalOAF
TYLIDAE
'OI.-YCWAFTA
'Ah . fl lOACEA-OIXONnPHOPA
INTT.F.NTIFIEO
FPEO
• OCCUP
ft3
14.04
!?.?&
R.77
^.77
fl.77
NCH 7.0?
7.02
5.?6
5.?6
3.^1
1.51
7. SI
3.51
3.51
NUM.
COMP.
43.6*
16.3?
4.74
3.68
4.21
2.63
3.16
3.6fi
2.11
l.SR
1.05
1.05
2.11
1.05
2.63
COMP.
7.03
6.69
25.15
4.49
.1?
1.53
2.86
.36
.00
6.67
.14
.12
.03
40.55
.40
oof v
T.O.I.
?*>«.?. 9
322.9
367.n
71.7
38. n
36.5
42.?
?P.4
11. 1
43.4
4.?
4.1
7.5
146.0
t 10. «•
OF.PCENT
TOTAL I»I
69.R6
8.45
9.61
l.RR
1.00
.96
1.11
.74
• 29
1.14
• 11
.11
.20
3.fl2
.29
C3FY TAXA *1TH KPF.C. OCCUR. LFSS TH4N 5 AND NUMERICAL AND
r.^MpoMTION ROTH \_F.^ TH«W 1 4PF EXCLUDED FDOM THE TABLF ANP> PLOT
(=I|IT NOT FKOM CALCULATION OF OI'/EOSITY INDICES)
°Ft>CF-jT
C^ INOfX
DIVERSITY
.23
3.15
IMOF*
2.64
.56
.51
1.74
.37
Fig.10-6. IRI prey spectrum of smoothhead sculpins from the Strait of Juan
de Fuca, 1978.
186
-------
§
INDEX OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE (I.R.I.) DIAGRAM
FROM FILE IDENT. MESA78. STATION flLSTA
PREDATOR 8831020501 - ASCELICHTHYS RHOOORUS
(ROSYLIP SCULPIN ) ADJUSTED SAMPLE SIZE = 61
100
80
60
40
S 20
o
Q-
2 20
40
60
90
100
o
•a a
u B
•H o o)
o
a a
o -a
O)EjO-H*O
U§a)(DTf
3d»H3C
20
40
60
80
100
120
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
OCCUR COMP. COHP
PFOCEMT
I.9.!. TOTAL IR!
140
T a *.") c-r T r; .-j 4 c F a K
14. 75
94
=;*>
92
9?
1 .64
47.29
13.79
10.34
3.94
6.40
1.97
1.48
.99
1.97
1.4*
.49
.49
.49
17.33
14. 08
12.41
16.56
.41
.46
1.01
.61
1.11
5.17
5.47
2.OR
4.IS
3096
594
334
160
121
9
9
6
4
9
.0
0
.5
.3
c
6
.?
3
4.?
(SB.75
13.19
7.43
3.57
2.54
2.70
.21
.21
.15
.19
.09
.?!
.2?
.09
Tflx* i,,JTh ^PFO. 1CCII9. LFS": THAN S «MD MUME»IC*I. Awn OPAVI«ET»IC
'-.ITIO\ SOTH LESS THAN 1 4QK exCLl.'OFO FoO*< THE TARLE AMO "LOT
MOT FOOM CAl_CUt4Tnt! OF OIvFO^ITY
.2A
S.fiS
.12
3.3S
.73
.50
1.65
.36
Fig.10-7.
IRI prey spectrum of rosyllp sculpin from the Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978.
187
-------
Silverspotted sculpin, Blepsis cirrhosus. Specimens originated mainly
in beach-seine collections at Morse Creek and Twin Rivers. Gammarid amphipods
and mysids, with combined contributions of 55.60% and 39.36% of the total IRI,
respectively, and sphaeromatid isopods, 4.05% (Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis).
Were the only other prey of significance (Fig.10-8).
Sharpnose sculpin, Clinocottus acuticeps. This fish was typically found
in the cobble intertidal 'habitats at Morse Creek and Twin Rivers. Epibenthic
crustaceans composed the majority of the diet (Fig.10-9). Gammarid amphipods,
sphaeromatid isopods (Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis, Exosphaeroma amplicauda,
Dynamenella sheareri), dipteran insects, harpacticoid copepods, and idoteid
isopods made up approximately the same proportions of the total number of
prey, but gammarid amphipods (56.50% of the total IRI) and sphaeromatid
isopods (27.07%) would have to be considered more important by biomass.
Calico sculpin, Clinocottus embryum. While C_. acuticeps were found mainly
in the cobble intertidal habitats, C^. embryum were typically collected in the
rocky tidepool habitats at Slip Point and Observatory Point. Specimens were
also collected at Morse Creek. Accordingly, barnacle cirri were prominent
components of the prey spectrum (60.46% of the total IRI). Gammarid amphipods
(17.79%), harpacticoid copepods (9.79%), insect larvae (4.81%), and sphaero-
matid isopods (3.77%, Exosphaeroma amplicauda) followed in importance as prey
(Fig.10-10).
Mosshead sculpin, Clinocottus globiceps. Intertidal collections at Morse
Creek, Slip Point, and Observatory Point produced substantial numbers of
specimens. Like £. embryum, £. globiceps appears to be most common in rocky
tidepool habitats. Prey includes harpacticoid copepods, barnacle cirri, and
gammarid amphipods. The alga Ulotrichales, which includes Ulva sp., composed
the greatest proportion of the total IRI (69.94%), mostly because of high
biomass contribution (74.23%). It is not known whether algae are utilizable
food for the sculpin, or whether they are consumed incidentally with other
prey (Fig. 10-11).
Buffalo sculpin, Enophrys bison. Juveniles were captured by beach seine
at Morse Creek, Port Williams, and Twin Rivers, and in intertidal collections
at Slip Point and Observatory Point. Algae (Ulotrichales) accounted for
76.19% of the number of prey items and 97.45% of the total prey biomass, and,
according to other documentation of buffalo sculpin's prey spectrum (Miller
et al. 1977, Cross et al. 1978, Fresh et al. 1979), may actually be a
food resource. The only other food items of consequence were gammarid amphi-
pods, 17.46% of the total number of prey.
Red Irish lord, Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus. One juvenile collected in
a Slip Point tidepool had consumed one crab, Lophopanopeus•bellus (79.26% of
total prey biomass), two sphaeromatid isopods, Exosphaeroma amplicauda (17.02%
of total prey biomass), and incidental pieces of wood and algae.
Staghorn sculpin, Leptocottus armatus. This species was common at all
beach-seine sites. Sixty-eight percent of samples were juveniles. Mysids
(Archaeomysis grebnitzki) dominated the diverse prey spectrum (Fig.10-12)
because of high contribution (80.85%) to the total number of food items.
Cancrid crabs (Cancer magister) and fishes (Microgadus proximus, Psettichthys
188
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IttPORTHNCE (I.R.I.) DlflGRWI
FROM FILE 1DENT. MESR78. STRTION flLSTfl
PREDRTOR 8831020602 - BLEPSIRS CIRRHOSUS
(SILVERSPOTTED SCULP ) flDJUSTEO SRMPLE SIZE = 32
100
8°
60
to
1
1
§ 20
S
0
1 .
S.
^
£
g 4°
CO
£ 60
§
^ 80
^
••
•
Q
v a
3 S
14 CQ
OJ "O
e -H
CJ S
0 50 100
01
Q)
•O
•H
*; v
e TI
O tH
VJ h
tu m
a §
M-I O
S 2 il l£ o a. o*
lalaaaS
200 250
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
FOFO "-'I."*.
psfY IT1:" OCCUR COMP.
6«.7S 31.70
•.•YCinaCRA 40.63 3S.a7
cpi-AFP1"AT IOAf 1*>.75 4.91
f-AM'«APTOAF l^.^S 5.?^
C"t!c;Iu)If)AP 1^.63 3.77
ATvl ITAF 9.1R 2.26
°' A3C 1^1
' fl. ic-.a(r 6.?5 l.(?9
fanop/i tpri 6.?5 1.P9
4JDlTnr6lF 3.13' 1.13
i^r'-tvPooF WIIAF; "'.i1 1.13
pi t.~/-vFvJAT A-CAPI^FA 3.13 .75
Hlcs/M.vTinAr 3.13 1.51
f3'. \.r.O>i!P.i»C 3.13 .31?
COFY TAY* ,'ITn FPFg. -ICCl'S. L^SS T«»N «? ANO
ORAV. PPfY DpSCEWT
COMP.
?2.55
I.R.I.
W?9.fl
34^31 ?972.9
11.40
11.61
.66
1.52
.15
2.23
.66
1.27
• 2^
4.21
2.53
5.07
C'lupn^ITI-OM cnTH l>cc THAN'I i"7 EXCLHOFO FDPM THE
305. B
316.7
69.3
35.5
10.4
25.7
>5.9
7.S
4.3
15.^
1?.6
17.0
AL AMO
TOTAL IRI
49. 3<*
39.36
4.05
4.19
.9?
.47
.14
.34
.21
.10
.06
.21
.17
.23
GOAVIWETOIC
TABLE ANO PLOT
(AijT MOT F"OM CAI CUL^TIONi OF DIVFOSITY INDICES)
PFPCf'lT OOMI^JANCiT I^.DFC .2*1
SH^MNI^^I-WF JMPo OIVFPSITY ?.67
i"ve'i'-'ec:;= I^DPV .60
.20
2.44
.64
.40
1.66
.37
Fig.10-8. IRI prey spcetrum of s±lverspotted sculpin from Strait of Juan
de Fuca, August 1978.
189
-------
a
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IMPORTRNCE U.R.I.) DlfiGRflH
FROM FILE IDENT. MESH78. STflTION RLSTfl
PREOflTOR 8831020701 - CLINOCOTTUS flCUTICEPS
(SHflRPNOSE SCULPIN ) RDJUSTED SflflPLE SIZE = 28
100
80
CD
S
60
40-
O
£
I
§
p
i
0-
20
0
20
40
60
1)
-H
80-
10QL
20 40 60 80 100 120
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
140
160
ITEM
MJM.
COMP. I.O.I. TOTAL IPI
S3.
39.
30.71
17.14
1S.71
13.S7
.71
31
.95
18.70
?7.07
5.01
3.44
7.IS1
13. Q
TA»A WITH r»Eo. ncr.i'-. L^SS T^IN 5 ANO NUMERICAL ANH GD»VIMFTPIC
M ROTH LE"=S THAM 1 4RF ExCL'lDEO FonM THE T4HLF ANO PLOT
JOT FPO^ C4LCIJLATIOM OF •MyF^lTY INDICES)
INDEX
OTVEP1ITV
.75
.34
.54
.40
1.68
.51
Fig, 10-9. IRI prey spectrunv of sharpnose sculpin from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978.
190
-------
INDEX OF RELATIVE IHPORTRNCE (I.R.I.) DIRORflH
FROM FILE IDENT. M£Sfl78. STfiTION flLSTfl
PREOflTOR 8831020702 - CLINOCOTTUS OlBRYUfl
(CflLICO SCULPIN ) flDJUSTEO SRMPLE SIZE = 30
lOOr
80
60
E 40
|
i—
o
0
£
* 40
0
>-1
t—
S 60
& 80
a.
100
iuuo
apTy IJFM
GAM'tAQt?)?*
jMcFTT.i
FLflRFLLtPT^A
CPH/\F90UAT1'.1AF_
PIP TF^? A
MFcnf^A9TJ»ot*oQA
W A I \/ 1 FFo A
OJ
•H
•o
*H
U
;
3 AC^VP^YNC^1
HP A
— — ' CLp-1
1
>»
o a
a b
"£ 2
r -g.
a o
•§ §
« S 5 & 5
•O « -D QUO
•H U *H Di G) 1
a o Q> 4-> o a a
V«tAh-H(Op.
E l-i to aj2a.coyrHco
<5 19 B tHa*HO)3(oaco
U- £ M ibtnoz;u>HM
50 100 150 200 250
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
FOFO l^IIM. GPAV. DPFY PERCENT
ncc-iR COMP. COMP. i.R.r. TOTAL IP!
40.0" 4.65 25.29 llT s.er 13.23 ?S3.9 3.77
13.13 2.6? 1.50 S4.n .81
10.no 1.16 .35 15.1 .23
6.67 .58 3.52 37.-, .41
6.67 ISP Is9 7|« !l?
TA*A <»ITH FDFO. ocriiR. LE^<; THAM
oqITn\ POTh Lrs? T'-SM 1 ASF.
-JIT FOOM CA| CUI.iTIOM OF DIVERSITY
AND NUMERICAL ANP> e»*vlMETOlr
pn>« TriF. TAflLF ANin PLOT
.27
!MOF<
.47
Fig. 10-10. IR1 prey spectrum of calico sculpin from Strait of Juan de Fuca,
1978.
191
-------
INDEX OF RELBTIVE IMPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OIHORfiM
FROM FILE 1DENT. MESF)78. STHT10N flLSTR
PREOflTOR 8831020703 - aiNOCOTTUS GLOBICEPS
(MOSSHEflO 6CULPIN ) RDJUSTEO SflnPLE SIZE = 66
lOOr
S
BO-
60'
i- 4U
§ 20
t—
n
1 20
g 4°
t~t
1—
1 BO
o
i-l 80
CJ
Q_
100
CO
0>
a
-c
1 1 P
CO
•o -o
•H to at
O CO CO 4J «H CO OJ
" -w o -ri p. w o a o
7* o a. * o. e a f f
w CO vHrg^icDcouu
D EB (J O U S O CU ^
— 1 1 1 --1 1 j ,
20
40 60 80 100
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
120
rpfo MUM. GPAV.
OCCUR COMP. C0«o. I.P.I. TOTAL IPI
in-rToIC-ALES
HtBPACTICOIDfl
Clcpjorni A
r,Awut\o[0£A
CHLO'JOPHYTA
ilMIDFNSTIFItO
CSTP ACnOA
PAt_ YC^AF. T ft
AMDIT-^DAE
39
21
\ ^
11
1?
10
fi
4
1
.19
.?7
.15
.64
.1?
.61
.n*.
.55
.5?
70
41
11
7>
4
4
1
.78
.63
.54
.44
.55
.55
.46
.65
.16
74,
1
3,
?,
3,
10,
2.
1,
.23
.17
.67
.31
.93
.83
.04
.10
,6"
4ft5p
•
1
1145. A
?in
64
102
163
9
12
?
•
•
9
,
•
•
•
S
n
A
1
1
5
7
69
19
3
1
1
?
.94
.74
.97
.1?
.77
•81
.16
.2?
.05
cocy TAXft fcilTn FoER. OfCllP. Le^^ TH4N, S AND NU«EPICAL AMD
CI'-'SOSITION BOTH LESS T-UN 1 AOF EnCLUDEn FaQM T*E TARLF. ftNO ' PLOT
("iiT MOT racju CAI CiiL 4TI1M nF P
PFPCF.NT
IMDFH
.27 .57
2.41 1.4*
.57 .35
.53
1.39
.11
Fig. 10-11. IRI prey spectrum of mosshead aculpin from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978,
192
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IMPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OIBORRH
FROM FILE IOENT. HESB78. STflTION flLSTfl
PREOflTOR 8831021801 - LEPTOCOTTUS RRMflTUS
CPflC. STflBHORN SCULPW) flDJUSTED SRMPLE SIZE = 64
w
u
1
1
CD
t— *
t—
i— i
8
|
3
,_
Z
»—
t— •
8
u.
i
•
t
O_
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
'j nn
' '
a
|
1
|
a i
ScQ Q
T) a) m
oj -a *H u Q
U -H C B» *O
ffl k. O -O -H
' TJ ed bo *H ^
*£ 1 S § c
^ 5 U E- O
0 50 100
•o
«
•H
«+J
•c
•H
1§
150
CUHULRTIVE FREQUENCY
313»{ Y
FSFO MUM. t
-,PAV.
|TF" OCCUR COMp. COMP.
U
Q>
5 «
•H CD
4J T3 Cj
vH rt iH U
i-i O 0) O 'O
a) tu « a >.
« EH WS 33 &
200
I
"5
U
fjj
u
* ffl
is R
a. v « js
-"CT 1'IA
ri r in'via-H^ir
v A j 1 A A F
f M c 1 ("i T ^ C 1 D A F
f-APlnAr'
50FY T;\»A l|
ronPOSTTIT
C?!iT NOT F3
pFaC^T
c;'^irjMO>i-
rwe-Mk'F <;c
20.13 2.69
?6.S6 .97
-\jnp,tJnDA ?T.4» S.76
.32
5.07
.11
?3.44 l.?7 22.19
?3.44 ?.02
10.94 .60
in.q4 ,?6
r 10.94 .71
7.81 .37
7.81 .34
7.01 ' .??
<,. '5 .34
jnna-JRArHYi'wv''1JCH 4. ^9 .37
FiF 4.«.9 1 .OS
'• 4.69 .26
^vljQft 4.*.9 .t?
1.13 .07
1.13 .11
1.56 .04
[Tr( F^FO. OCCM9. LFSS THAN S *NO
"OT't LF = S T'^iM t A-5F ExCLIlOFO F =
.30
.03
7.66
.37
.40
.14
1.08
.09
3.79
4.59
14.91
3.49
1.54
16. 16
3.36
MtfMPa
A4.J
160.5
137.6
549.9
54.5
6.9
«6.7
ll.o
6.P
3.0
10.9
2.7
19. S
26.4
71.1
20.?
5.0"
SO. 9
5.3
fCAL ANT
0« THF. TABLF. A
PFPCENT
TOTAL IPI
74.34
1.65
3.12
?.6«
10.70
1.06
.13
1.69
.23
.1?
.07
.20
.OS
.38
.51
1.3H
.39
.10
.99
.10
RPAVIMETRIC
MO °LOT
nw cat CULATlr^; r.f nivFPSlTY l^OICFSI
OOMTMBNCK I*"1(:X .66
»iFjNf.'o litvFWSITY 1.40
TMOF> .2^
.13
. 3.34
.67
.57
1.59
.3?
Fig.10-12. IRI prey spectrum of staghorn sculpin from Strait of Juan de
Fiica, August 1978.
193
-------
melanostic tus, Embiotocidae, Pleuronectidae) made up a large proportion
(15.55%) of the remaining IRI as a result of their high biomass contributions.
Mysids, gammarid amphipods, and crangonid shrimp were the three most frequently
occurring prey in the sample.
Great sculpin. Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus. Hippolytid shrimp
constituted the primary prey item (80.00% of total number, 90.78% of total
biomass) in the stomachs of two of four specimens collected by beach seine at
Beckett Point; several caprellid amphipods and fish bones also occurred in
the stomach contents.
Tidepool sculpin. Oligocottus maculosus. The most common and widely
distributed cottid in the intertidal habitats along the strait, this fish was
collected at all the intertidal sites; it also occurred in abundance at
Beckett Point and Port Williams. Epibenthic crustaceans composed the bulk
(91% of total IRI combined) of the prey spectrum (Fig.10-13). Harpacticoid
copepods because of their numbers accounted for over 66% of the total IRI,
while gammarid amphipods and sphaeromatid isopods contributed more to the
gravimetric composition. Species of gammarid amphipods, in order of
decreasing numerical importance, were Melita desdichata, Hyale rubra,
Aoroides columbiae, Parallorchestes ochotensis, Calliopiella pratti, and
Photis sp. Sphaeromatid isopods were mainly Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis
(62% of those identified), Dynamenella sheareri (20%), and Exosphaeroma
amplicauda (18%). Hippolytid shrimp, brachyrhynchan crabs (Hemigrapsus
nudus, H. oregonensis), barnacles, archaeogastropods (acmaeid limpets), fish,
and pagurid crabs also made considerable contributions to the total prey
biomass but were otherwise unimportant.
Saddleback sculpin. Oligocottus rimensis. This species was captured in
rocky intertidal habitats at Slip Point, Observatory Point, and Neah Bay.
Epibenthic crustaceans predominated in its rather simple prey spectrum
(Fig. 10-14); gammarid amphipods (70.8% of the total IRI) and harpacticoid
copepods (21.27%) were most important, and sphaeromatid isopods (Dynamenella
sheareri) were less important.
Fluffy sculpin, Oligocottus snyderi. This fish occurred in greater
abundance than saddleback sculpin but was generally confined to the same rocky
intertidal habitats at Slip Point, Observatory Point, and Neah Bay; the cobble
intertidal habitat at Twin Rivers also produced quite a few specimens. The
overall prey spectrum of £. snyderi (Fig. 10-15) was markedly similar to that
of 0. rimensis (Fig.10-14). Only the greater proportional numerical
contribution by harpacticoid copepods altered the relative importance of the
principal prey, gammarid amphipods, harpacticoid copepods, and sphaeromatid
isopods. The species Hyale rubra was the only identifiable gammarid amphi-
pod. Sphaeromatid isopods included Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis, Exosphaeroma
amplicauda, and Dynamenella sheareri. Algae (Ulotrichales), chitons
(Polyplacophora), and valviferan isopods (Idoteidae) were also somewhat
important because of their gravimetric contribution.
Manacled sculpin. Synchirus gilli. An adult captured during the Morse
Creek beach-seine collections had consumed 13 harpacticoid copepods.
Cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus. A juvenile caught during beach
seining at Port Williams had eaten nine caridean shrimp (75.00% of total
number of prey, 96.52% of total biomass), two gammarid amphipods, and one
caprellid amphipod. " ..„,
-------
INDEX OF RELRTIVE IHPORTRNCE (I.R.I.I OlflGRWI
FROM FILE IDENT. MESR78. STflTION flLSTft
PREDflTOR 8831022401 - OLIOOCOTTU8 rlflCULOSUS
(TIOEPOOL SCULPIN ) flOJUSTED SflMPLE SIZE = 174
a
1
. 00
i
t—
CO
Jp
i
•
id
X
3
*— i
X-
ffi
§
»— •
l_
§
^
8
•
£
100
80
60
40
20
0 r-
20 •
40
60 • -S
t-i
0) O
•H 4J
Rfl • IS S
OU QJ ™
O X
0 20 40 60 80
H
O c
4)
M j= a
j: IH u
(X O Tl
en a. o
100
120
01
o
&
a £
U 3 S -H
•H TJ >, O W
§T-t rH 01 CO
I- O « O
p-t 00 &. CJ iH
U IX I < H
~irV
.c
u
1
£
CO U
h CO
Jc n
c •§
5 £
1-4 eg
Q •O U
o -rf n
n u «M i o
0 h TlOWTJC-rt-H-O
uo. coimcgfiuaco
CD ^ vf^lPTi
rT~oiocr)ji
-<;T-3^rnnA
n : o T c j ^
T;» A ITiarc A-!J 1*
.".TLI IT*
T •• = -«- T »
«!• Il.TPftF
I ,i T"lF>:Tir IFD
F'i,- 10 j'-)i-n£rap
ocioiinaF
T - ,\ r T -. 1 f
r;i i'"" i .v
r 4 r 1 1 o 1 : 1 1 F.
i-tr:onl.vTtn«F.
jur-'A^ (%'?^CT jo"
T '' i r -1 •; T r T
V 3 f Y T .• V _ . f
roMp.isITJT'
,^,,r ..0T FOO
jpyrfnr r.
ci.i\:j()'j--v
F\/FNM£<;<;
FOF-) N.UIM.
TTF'i OCC'io COMP.
4S.40 S.P4
40.^0 75.13
?'••*! 3-^ri
13.07 .<<1
n.»9 3.04
1". 3* 1.7D
t,..iS .49
?.->n .1?
^>.^n .1?
3.10 1.2'
1.7? .09
1 .7? .09 .
(.0« 1.15 .06
'..IS .06
--. >---F^. nrr'iiri. i. FSS T,'\!>I s, A MO
U.-,TH i f.r.c THdM t »ot *xCU'l.!en f
" C.Z\ Cl;l.**ln«i OF OIVFOSITY IM)I(
O"I\ift»i'CF JN'JEX •e>7
FIMF:O i:ivFPS[Tv 1.80
INOH. . 1?
GR»V.
COMP.
12.55
fl.66
17.11
11 .«?
9.7?
.10
.4?
.3?
.6S
.14
?.26
1.66
7.74
?. 00
1.S1
.5fl
?.?T
6.97
3.77
?.a6
•MiMtPtr
JOM THF,
.09
3.96
.71
PoEY
I.P.I.
FH4.Q
341Q.1
4S7.n
1S3.7
146.6
IP. 7
?0.4
5.'
7.6
3.7
11.1
P. 7
?".'»
4.0
3."
4.1
• 4.0
13.0
4.4
3.7
AL 4t-in
TSfll.F
PERCENT
TOTAL 191
16.13
66-04
8.P3
?.97
?.83
.36
.39
.10
.15
.07
«?1
.17
.SS
.09
.07
.on
• O1*
.23
.09
.OS
r.uAvIMETDlC
4Nf> PLOT
i47
1.72
•31
Fig,10-13. IRI prey spectrum of tidepool sculpin from Strait of Juan de
' Fuca, 1978.
195
-------
INOEX OF RELflTIVE IWORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OlflGRRM
FROM FILE IOENT. MESflTS. STflTION flLSTfl
PREOflTOR 8831022402 - OLIOOCOTTUS RIMENSIS
CSflDDLEBHCK SCULPIN ) RDJUSTED SflttPLE SIZE = 26
lOOr
80
60
z
o
H^
1—
n_
g
*
1—
o_
s
t-^
£
&
i
1—
H*
T3
Q
&
•
H-
tJ
Q_
DCFY
t«,4PIOM
AC'-ACTICOI0*
SPflF'i.-i«ATf Oiif
•cfTCTi
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
D
%
•D T3
S O 4J
•s • 5 g
^ •" o «
a % S 2
S « ' 0> u
1 CU 0) (U
E t-i .c en
,9 NUM. GPAV. OPF.Y PFPCENT
ITFM OCCi'O COMP. COMP. I.P.I. TOTAL IRI
"5?.ll -?3.47 65.37 9i?3.4 70.10
4^.15 54.55 4.84 P741.0 ?1.?7
"JP.77 o.?^ 33.7? 9»4.o 7.64
3.^5 l.'iS ^.45 ?3.5 .13
,TT- rot.-;. OCCMP. LESS TK4M s AND NUftRICftL Ann C,»A V I*ET*1C
i-oTH i ..-;«; THtM 1 flof F^CL'JOFO FDO* THE TSBLF ANO °LOT
0" CA|.CI.'LATI."I>' OF '
^ => Oivrac j
.4?
1.4?
.55
1.14
.36
Fig.10-14. IRI prey spectrxnn of saddleback sculpin from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978.
196
-------
INDEX OF RELRTIVE IMPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OIRORRM
FROM FILE IDENT. MESR78. STRTION RLSTR
PREORTOR 8831022403 - OLIGOCOTTUS SNYDERI
(FLUFFY SCULPIN J ROJUSTEO SRMPLE SIZE = 93
a
2
1
£
g
1—
*n
£
§
.
£
5
1-4
2
O
h-
§
JC
O
•
fe?
100
80
60
40
20
20
60
80
100
•
.
•
CO
•a
•H
i
"
0 20 40
a
•o
•H
O
%
u
u
a
14
60
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY
ajrv
r.l«.-aoin..-a
"iroiCTK.OT")*;
cpu^f or-i. vr.-i.-ft t
T A fi fil^ACfA-")!
i '(_r TO I ruA) tf^
VAI l^TFtOA _
I nr> T F r •" fl F
riooj jf-iiia
« 1 1 i •> ; 1 1 .". a E
"•>l.voL.--COP-T->
sje'r TAxi .„
F3EO
ITCk> OCCua
4A.?<,
?4. ^3
K 17.9(1
7. S3
7. S3
KfM"C3>iOPa 7. S3
"1«-33
?.15
'.15
?. \S
l.OH
A 1.08
ITC FCEO. OCCnR. LF.S? THAf,
Nir*. OWAV.
COMP. COMP.
9.76 39.67
7fl.Sl .63
2.31 13.51
ff,-i ?. ^
a -H
•o a o
•H M 1
o >2 2 S
e ^4 o u
h fH X *O
a ja >, o
f 1 -H C
a. IH o a
80 100
OF OCCURRENCE
DOFY PERCEMT
T.P.I. TOTAL IPI
?294.A 49. SI
'.957.1 4?. 23
'04.' 4;41
?6.q ,5A
34,0 ,7e;
5.S .1?
58.4 l.?ft
Ifl.o. .41
4.1 .09
4.0 .10
!.-> .03
8.7 .10
fCAt AND TiBAvlMETPK
z
J "
V P.
31
II
•H O
CU f*i
D"
GO
01
•-* A
B) (0 U h
,3 rt ° **
C3 > *-* O
120
CivfrlTlON r«OT- Lt.<«; T«AN 1 APE F.XCLllOtO F POM THE TABLE ANO PLOT
l".i:f NOT F*
DFOfFMT
SHAtjvO")-
F»ITVMt.^>j
i" r
-------
Roughback sculpin, Chitonotis pugetensis (.juvenile). One juvenile from
the Beckett Point beach-seine collections had eaten three hippolytid shrimp
(76.25% of total prey biomass) and one cancrid crab.
Tadpole sculpin, Psychrolutes paradoscus. An adult from the Port Williams
beach-seine collections had consumed two gammarid amphipods and one pandalid
shrimp (94.12% of total prey biomass).
Warty poacher, Ocella verrucosa (juvenile). Mysids (50.00% of total prey
numbers, 81.14% of total prey biomass) and gammarid amphipods (45.83% of
total prey numbers, 17.98% of total prey biomass) were the most important
component of the stomach contents of five juveniles caught in beach-seine
collections at Dungeness Spit and Twin Rivers.
Tubenose poacher, Pallasina barbata. This diminutive poacher appeared
commonly in the beach-seine collections at Morse Creek, Port Williams,
Beckett Point, and Twin Rivers. The prey spectrum from this sample (Fig.10
-16) is composed almost entirely of epibenthic organisms, principally
gammarid amphipods (48.23% of total IRI) and mysids (37.38%), and secondarily
caridean shrimp and harpacticoid copepods.
Ribbon sjiailfish, Liparis cyclopus. The stomach contents of an adult
from an Observatory Point tidepool collection contained 20 gammarid amphipods
(86.96% of total prey numbers, 19.43% of total prey biomass), but the
majority of the prey biomass was contributed by a polychaete annelid (53.65%)
and an unidentified decapod crustacean (26.83%).
Tidepool snailfish, Liparis florae. Intertidal collections at Morse
Creek, Slip Point, and Observatory Point provided most of the specimens.
Gammarid amphipods, 92.62% of the total IRI (Fig.10-17), appear to be a
highly preferred prey. Harpacticoid copepods provided 30.54% of the total
number of prey, but they and idoteid isopods (Idotea fewkesi) were less
important.
Ringtail snailfish, Liparis rutteri. Two specimens were collected, one
by beach seine at Twin Rivers and one from an intertidal collection at
Observatory Point. One had fed upon mysids, and the other idoteid isopods.
Both had consumed gammarid amphipods.
Kelp perch, Brachyistius frenatus (juvenile). Only beach-seine collec-
tions at Beckett Point provided specimens for stomach analysis. Only
cyclopoid copepods were identifiable from the contents of the four fish with
food in their stomachs.
Shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata. Of the 16 fish retained for
stomach analyses, 15 originated from the Beckett Point beach-seine collections;
68.8% had empty stomachs. Tanaids were by far the prevalent food item in the
stomach contents (96.15% of the total number of prey, 97.52% of the total
prey biomass) and gammarid amphipods and several.hippolytid shrimp provided
only incidental contributions.
Striped seaperch, Embiotoca lateralis (juvenile). Juveniles were caught
during beach seining at Morse Creek, Beckett Point, and Twin Rivers. Gammarid
198
-------
CO
o
INDEX OF RELRTIVE IMPORTANCE (I.R.I.) DIflORflM
FROM FILE IDENT. MESH78, STflTION flLSTfl
loop
80
60
40
20
•S 20
UJ
40
60
80
100
PREDflTOR 8831081101 - PflLLflSINfl BflRBflTfl
(TUBENOSE POfiCHER ) flOJUSTED SfiMPLE.SIZE = 25
•a.
•H
O
20
40
60
80
100
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
-Jt-'T • 1 !>•>
K' y c r -^ a r K. }
C | r O .** y F .' i y A — (^ A i^ T O r A
ICfiip COM°.
=?.on i?.63
PA.no 17. »9
I*. 01 6.32
f,PAu. pofY
CDMP. I.P.I.
15. P9 'S?3.A
17. 7« 3B5.S
TOTAL IP I
37. 3*
7.37
s.no 40.no. 1.13 T?9.i
-.00 3.1^ 1.6? 38.?
.73
CBI.-Y TAxi -TTM Fu^n. OCCI =. Lrt;^ THAN S A^C NUHE9ICAL Awn GRAVIMETRIC
^.^^AJ'^qIT 10", ariJH L*-'^^ THA«j 1 SOF F XCL'inf.n ROOM THF TA8LF ANO PLOT
' INOICES)
<;:•«/.ri-lM-.vf i».p o
.30
1.91
1.4.S
.6?
.70
120
Fig. 10-16, IRI prey spectrum of tubenose poachers from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, August 1978.
199
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IMPORTRNCE (I.R.I.) DIRORflM
FROM FILE IDENT. NESR78. STflTION fiLSTfl
PREDRTOR 8831090810 - LIPRRIS FLORRE
(TIOEPOOL SNRILFISH ) ROJUSTED SflUPLE SIZE = 33
I
£
§
t-*
t—
1
»—
u
a_
HK
§
5
?
3=
tl
P-^EY
i«MADIC<£»
O^TF [niE
ioo«CT icf1 ins
Pt-»FDr)M4T jrji
iooF.IJ, ;f;F6
JoshLvT IOJE
iotniF
=OFV T»>4 «
roupn<;i T Invi
MrT -POT F3
3F/JCF-IT
CM4-.H.OM-
r'^NJiESS
100
80
60
40
20
n
U
20
40
60
80
100
1
i F^ f=
OJ
•o -c o
03 O W (U T3
O "^
g " O. « t-t C.*H
E O I- ^ CL O.M-,
<0 "O CD O. CO -H ffl
0 i-t X W W 3S £
'•••..•
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
fPifl Ml". f-RAV. ^OFY PFOCENT
1TF« OCCNR COMP. COMP. I.P.I. TOTAL IPl
«1.^? M.07 5^.75 <>i OF nivE^siTv INDITES)
Or-wl«;A>iCE ^:f)EX .47 . .41 ,SA
JFlMhD OIVKSCITY 1.4<> l.f>0 .51
!-lDF> .41 ,4C .14
Fig. $0-17, IRI prey spectrum of ttdepool sculpin from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978.
200
-------
amphipods (76.86% of the total number of prey, 96.53% of the total prey
biomass) were the most important prey organism, followed by cyclopoid
copepods (20.66% of the total numbers of prey), sphaeromatid isopods (3.05%
of the total prey biomass), and raysids (1.65% of the total numbers of prey).
Pile perch. Rhacochilus vacca (.juvenile). Like most of the embiotocids,
this species was captured by beach seine at Beckett Point; all those examined
were juveniles. Gastropod molluscs, perhaps littorine snails, completely
dominated the contents of the seven stomachs which were examined; 71.43% of
the stomachs contained them, 98.72% of the total number of prey were gastropods,
and they composed 95.77% of the total prey biomass. Tanaids, gammarid amphi-
pods, and pagurid crabs constituted the incidental prey items.
Redtail surfperch. Amphisticus rhodoterus. The majority (96%) were
juveniles and appeared to be restricted to the western strait, where they
were collected by beach seine at Kydaka Beach and Twin Rivers. The prey
spectrum was dominated by two epibenthic crustacean taxa—sphaeromatid
isopods (Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis). which accounted for 70.33% of the
total IRI, and gammarid amphipods (Atylus tridens). which accounted for 25.12%.
Cancrid crabs (juvenile Cancer magister) provided 17.7% of the total prey
biomass and bivalves 5.5%, but they were not common prey items.
Pacific sandfish, Trichodon trichodon (.juvenile). One juvenile from a
beach-seine collection at Kydaka Beach had an empty stomach.
High cockscomb, Anoplarchus purpurescens. This species was commonly
collected at all intertidal collections sites. Numerically, barnacle larvae
dominated the prey spectrum (Fig.10-18) at 66.56% of the total number of prey
items, but overall accounted for only 17.94% of the total IRI. Polychaete
annelids were consistently the most important prey taxon, providing 46.61% of
the total IRI. Other important prey were harpacticoid copepods and gammarid
amphipods (Melita desdichata, Aoroides columbiae, Parallorchestes^ ochotensis).
Ribbon prickleback. Phytichthys chirus. This species occurred in inter-
tidal collections at Slip Point, Observatory Point, Morse Creek, and Tatoosh
Island. The diet spectrum (Fig.10-19) was rather diverse considering the
sample size, the fifth highest in prey abundance and the fifth highest in
prey biomass. Gammarid amphipods (Atylus tridens) were the only
prey which stood out as a dominant food item, 78.79% of the total IRI. The
remaining prey composed less than 10% of the total IRI; important
taxa in decreasing order of percent total IRI were polychaete annelids,
algae (Ulotrichales and Rhodophyta), asellotan isopods, and plant material
(Potamogetonaceae).
Black prickleback, Xiphister atropurpureus. Black prickleback have
approximately the same distribution as ribbon prickleback. The prey spectrum
(Fig.10-20) is similarly diverse, and in fact is the second most diverse
spectrum based on percent total IRI (H1 = 2.54 as compared with H' = 3.06
for padded sculpln). Sphaeromatid isopods (both Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis
and Dynamenella sheareri), 40.04% of the total IRI; gammarid amphipods
(Atylus tridens), 25.66%; and sabellarid polychaetes, 10.18%, were the prey
taxa of primary importance. Other polychaetes, harpacticoid copepods, and
serpulid polychaetes were of secondary importance.
201
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IHPORTflNCE 11.R.I.) OlfiGRRH
FROM FILE KENT. MESR78. STflTION flLSTfi
PREOHTOR 8842120402 - HNOPLflRCHUS PURPURESCENS
(HIGH COCKSCOMB ) flOJUSTEO SflMPLE SIZE = S3
IUU
a
o= 80
& "
§
P 40
o
8 20
.
^
"" 0
1 m
i 4°
H-
9-^
s
S 80
100
=T:
a
a
•o
01 -H
||
Z H
-J-1 ~ll^
5 T3 00)
•H H 4-1 -U tlOjaJD-HOfHO.^
S u (j C O*">G.*->-HHprH
| <5 S 1 1 1 3 5 S335S
3 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
FPF.O KMIM. GRAV. UPF. Y
PERCENT
OOFY IT'* OCC')t> COMP. COMP. T.-P.I. TOTAL IPl
pni_>r»-iFTA 3?. 09 10.11 31.43 1333.9
fiit»Mi<»|(pie 4 ?a.30 ?.07 7.51 ?70.9
*-A = "ACT ICnIOA IfS.^fl 17.30 ,?4 ?97.Q
ph TOFkjTIF TEO IS.no 1.10 19.79 315.3
iSFULOTl 7.55 ,45 .93 10.4
*fui.-bTF.» 7.55 .39 4.26 35.1
("IcoiOf-pjA 7.55 66.56 1.49 513.=;
Vil VIrfDS 5.66 .?6 .16 2.4
BI"»t.VI» 3.77 .13 1.73 7.0
lit.^Tolc-ALE's 3.77 .13 2.65 10. 5
P»'.-M*aj-5AF 1.77 .19 1.19 5.?
r.AcronpdQA 1.^9 .06 ^.29 17. <•
KTaooLYTiOAF l.flQ ,(!6 7.03 13.4
••f"FI..3»F l.ag .06 2.9? 5.«>
Tr--FB-;LI-rn-F 1.39 .06 6.90 13.1
46.61
9.47
1ft. 41
11.02
.36
1.23
17.94
.0<)
.24
.37
. 1«
.62
.47
.20
.46
= st:' TJVA «ITH f"FT. OCCi'S. l.r^S THAN 5 AND '-'' l"*t"P 1 C *t ANO GP A V IME TP I C
COMon^iTT.Vj POTH Lt^S THAN 1 4DF ExCLnDF.O FDQM TMF TAflLF A»)O °LOT
(HIIT NiOT F«0« CALCUL*TIOf4 Qf" fllvtO^ITV 1NOITF?)
PFDCFNT flf>MT»!»HCF IMJFX .4fl .17
•;M»>-^nM-wr!SFp OIVtPSlTV l.fl 3.17
FvF»t»jF<;<; TNOF.x .35 .69
.?R
2.33
.51
Flg.KV-18, IRI prey spectrum of htgh cockscomb from Strait of Juan de Fuca,
1978.
202
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IMPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OlflGRfirt
FROM FILE IOENT. MESR78. STflTION BLSTfi
PREDflTOR 8842121001 - PHYTICHTHYS CHIRUS
(RIBBON PRICKLEBflCK ) fiOJUSTEO SRMPLE SIZE = 29
100
1 80
I
I 60
z
T. COMPOSITIC
8 S
a?
0
§ 20
UJ
CO
z 40
o
£ en
0)
a a
•a u
•H S
•u .C
^ a
rH O
0 kl
a o
a 1-1
•H X
B= 0
I . 1 '— | 1_^
1 1 l-l^""1
AF 13.79 5.68 1.04
3ri| YCH4FT4 1T.79 2.?7 12.61
<;oi-aFO^Wi\T in^f 10.34 2.B4 2.29
PhC^oPi-iYTA 11.34 ?^84 Il.5fl
!!LrT3!O4L(:s 10.34 7.95 11.35
r-lcTsncriDA 10.34 1.70 .3A
fNI^^TrFIE-) 10. ->4 7.3<3 6.54
i-icpsCTICOI^i *..'-»n 4.55 .0?
POfSi-or^TONftC^ai-" h.?0 2.P4 8.03
rnpTFiaaE 3.45 ,1.70 .23
ox-t r. rarraf T.45 'l.l* 3.56
""" 1''.'4F 3.45 .57 3.56
uTco.-vi.YTIDiF -3.^5 .57 1.15.
r^, ^OOMYTA -,.45 U14 .gp
4318.0
116.3
93.O
?05.3
- 53.1
149.?
199.7
21.3
144.0
31.5
75. n
6.7
16.5
14.?
5.9
7.1
78.79
2.1?
1.69
3.75
.97
2.7?
3.64
.39
?.63
.57
1.37
.12
.30
.26
.11
.13
r-opY TAX* uITH FCF.O. OCCi'Q. Lf^S THAN ^ ANf> MUMEPICAL ANO fiDAVH
-------
INDEX OF RELHTIVE IMPORTRNCE (I.R.I.) DlftGRRM
FROM FILE IDENT. MESfl78. STflTION HLSTfl
PREOflTOR 8842121401 - XIPHISTER flTROPURPUREUS
(BUCK PRICKLEBRCK ) flDJUSTED SflMPLE SIZE = 28
100
§
£ ^
g
E *°
10
I
§ 20
£
0
| 20
£
2 40
o
»-*
i—
1 60
Q_
4 80
£
« fw-|
1UU
OPFY m-«
ilUMJD I l)f 4
OI-SFPIVJIATIOAI-:
OI.YC^AFTA
A — F.I LADIILJA.E
1 n T o I ("i-1 -l_F*i
A3PACTIC<">IOa
MTDFNTTFIEO
41 V.' T F**3 A
rifjc [oaE
TVI. TOAE
A ^ 1 1 3 1 f) ft F
F£5 3Mi_ JOAE
1 1 1 —
(0 0) 03
•H T3 0) «H 0)
OJ U <0*Hi-HOfl V
QJ eg 4J iH (t O UH 03 Q; QJ «8
•g E V U X i^ IH M «0 OJ 03 TJ
i-l O flj 01 (JiJ4JO'O(0'O*H
)M h j: rH -rt U C »w ft *0 -H iH
CO U U t-< 1- 03 0)*3
1 JT iH ^ O VJ ft »H O >> OO ki
3 & S, 5 3S5.>S 5.84
in. 71 3.09 3.02 65. S 1.97
3.57 2.47 6.45 39.0 1.17
3.S7 1.23 11. 7« 46. S 1.40
3.57 l.SS 2.10 14.1 .42
3.57 .6? 1.13 6.P .19
3.S7 ?3,46 .77 36. "5 2.60
CPFV TA»I
CnMonslTI
(«HT NOT TOO*
. Lfs<; ''TH«N c AMP MUMEPIC»I. AND
1 t»F FvCLUHFO roQM THF
nr DrvE>";iTY iNn.irF.si
INOFX
DIVERSITY
3.11
.77
.56
.62
Fig.10-20. IRI prey spectrum of black prickleback from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978.
204
-------
Rock prickleback. Xiphister mucosus. Rock prickleback had a general
distribution among the intertidal collections similar to that of the black
prickleback. Algae (Ulotrichales and unidentified) dominated the prey
spectrum (Fig.10-21), primarily because of the high biomass contribution
(97.43%). Harpacticoid copepods and gammarid amphipods were the most
abundant prey in the stomach contents whereas sphaeromatid isopods, important
in the other stichaeids, was relatively insignificant.
Penpoint gunnel, Apodichthys flavidus. Beach-seine collections in
gravel-cobble habitats at Twin Rivers and Morse Creek and the sand-eelgrass
habitat at Beckett Point and intertidal collections in rocky and cobble
habitats yielded specimens. Gammarid amphipods were the most common prey
(47.83^ frequency of occurrence) and provided the highest proportion (45.05%)
of the total prey biomass. Although not as common in the sample (26.09%
frequency of occurrence), harpacticoid copepods were extremely abundant
composing 87.62% of the total prey abundance. Sphaeromatid isopods
(including only identifiable Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis) were less common
but composed over 31% of the total prey biomass.
. Crescent gunnel, Pholis laeta. Crescent gunnel appeared to be even more
broadly distributed than penpoint gunnel; they were captured during both
beach-seine and intertidal collections and were most common at Beckett Point
Slip Point, Morse Creek, and Twin Rivers. Because of their high contribution
to the total number of prey items (61.16%), harpacticoid copepods provided the
highest proportion of the total IRI, 51.04% (Fig.10-22). Gammarid amphipods,
however, occurred more often in the sample and made the second highest
contribution to the prey biomass, thus accounting for almost 31% of the total
IRI. Species of gammarid amphipods were, in order of numerical importance
H^ale rubra, Parapleustes nautilus. Accedomoera vagor, and Aoroides columbiae.
Calanoid copepods, because of their abundance, and hippolytid shrimp~a^d
polychaete annelids, because of their high biomass, constituted secondary
prey items. Sphaeromatid isopods (Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis and Dyna-
menella sheareri) and caprellid amphipods were also important.
Saddleback gunnel. Pholis ornata. Three specimens were taken, two at
Beckett Point and one at Twin Rivers, during beach-seine collections. Bivalves
composed 70.97% of the total number of prey and 71.43% of the total prey
biomass; several polychaetes, gammarid amphipods, and pieces of algae formed
the remaining stomach contents.
Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus (.juvenile). Calanoid copepods
were the only prey organisms found in the stomachs of four fish from Morse
Creek and Kydaka Beach beach-seine collections.
I
Speckled sanddab, Citharichthvs stigmaeus. These small flatfish were
common in the beach-seine collections at Morse Creek, Dungeness Spit, Beckett
Point, Kydaka Beach, and Twin Rivers. The relatively diverse prey spectrum
(Fig. 10-23) was composed of epibenthic crustaceans—mysids (Archaeomysis
grebnitzki) 47.53% of total IRI, gammarid amphipods, 22.67%, and cumaceans,
3.4y/.—and benthic holothuroideans (sea cucumbers), 14.63% of total IRI, and
polychaete annelids, 1.79%. The "unidentified" category was primarily sand
grains.
205
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IHPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) OlflGRflU
FROM FILE IOENT. MESR78. STflTION flLSTfl
PREOflTOR 8842121402 - XIPHISTER MUCOSUS
(ROCK PRICKLEBflCK > flOJUSTED SflMPLE SIZE = 25
100
80
HiCDiCTICOlOA
riBPIPE'OIA
POT4MOOF.TONACESE
u.
§
1— 1
i
£
i
*— »
§
"
g
i—
60
ATI
*w
20
0
20
40
60
OP
DC
inn
03
V
,— I
CO
•H
W
o
H
0
Q* Q>
a) oi y
•o -o *o ta
H) ^H ^ c
^1 tij U O 0) O
14-1 0) « U -H U
-( o a, o
4) A 4) ffl -H S
•a s ca o. h d
q al CL a -H o
5 o w sc o o-
20 40
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
FPF3 MIM
OCC'JP COM
PFBCENT
CO"P. T.P.I. TOTAL IPI
3-J.4S P5.97
12.5" 11.56
3.47 .41
o.OO
4.00
4.00
1.05
1.74
.01
.01
1.45
869.1
"(05.5
7.*
11.0ft
.11
3.90
.10
FPFO.
KUMERIC«L
GPAVIMETPIC
M >=OTM Lf<;<: THAU i »PE FxCLUOEO FDQM THE TA>1LF AMD PLOT
Mill NOT FSOM CALCULATION OF niVFPSITY IMOICFS)
F. INDEX
TMOF»
.32
?.0?
.55
.75
.73
.70
.90
160
Fig. 10-21. IRI prey spectrum of rock prlckleback from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, 1978.
206
-------
INDEX OF RELflTIVE IKPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) DlflGRflM
FROM FILE IDENT. MESflTS. STftTION ULSTH
PREDflTOR
(CRESCENT GUNNEL
6842130205 - PHOLIS LflETfl
) RDJUSTEO SAMPLE SIZE
49
100
80
03
Z
O
i-
5
O
8
|
CO
t—
CO
o
fe
s
60
40
20
0
20
-40
60
80
« An
^1 M l
I 1 |__| —
0)
.? -g a oj
•H *H u< ta o)
SO « JJ 0) Q> T)
BP
41
rt
0 03 W i-i nj e-HO>Tl4-l«flJO
Ji jj .,-t -a tooiHaji-i>1'a*H03
T] U O *H JMrH-OtHf-H-H^g
Jn 03 C O OCJ>«3X)i-)^ei.3«iJ
E* ^ o rtj:njRj&a.oo>«
*B CO fd "O OO-i-t^OJ-^O-H-H
5 as o H fcwfcxoxft-eao
IUU0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16
CUMULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
D^FY ITFM OCCUR
iMMAOTrirA 40.92
aoosCTtcolOA 30.61
AI_ifjOtTA 14. ?9
OfTFirt&f 1P.34
n|_vr^AFTA 1?.^4
OH AF3OU AT I OAF 10. ?0
L«3FLI IFFP4 'S.I?
VALTOAF *>.!?
nnDFLLjnFa 6.1?
icpOLvTjniE 4.08
Ar-!lr->If)4F 4.0ft
TvAI_V[A ?.04
liTOMACF.lE ?.04
"IIJM.
B.04
f>l . Ift
15.97
1.80
.63
1.16
1.50
?.T-
.42
.4?
.74
.11
1.59
GPAV.
COMP.
21.3fi
5. 0«
.17
.79
7.71
5.34
1.01
p. a*
fi.*6
1ft. 07
1 »4f
1.20
.0?
OOF.Y
UOfr.O
?O?7.7
??9.2
31.7
10?. S
66. 4
15.0
71.1
42.?
157.1
9.0
2.7
3.1
PEPCENT
TOTAL IPI
10.10
51.04
5.77
.80
?.5*
l.ftT
.40
1.79
1.06
3.95
• 21
.07
.on
cory rixA w!rn FoEO. OCCnP. LF.S<; TriiM 5 AND NUMEPICAL ANO RpAvIMETPlC
roMpr.^iTI^N pOTr Li.<;= T-I6N I A9F £xCLi)0!:'0 FPO" TH£ TAHLE AND °LOT
MMT MOT FOO'J C»I.CliL^TinM OF OIVfclTY INDICES)
2.8?
I'-lOFx
.47
.3ft
2.02
.44
Fig.10-22. IRI prey spectrran of crescent gunnel from Strait of Juan de Fuca,
1978.
207
-------
INDEX OF RELfiTIVE IHPORTfiNCE (I.R.I.) DIBGRRM
FROM FILE IOENT. MESR78. STflTION flLSTfl
PREDflTOR 8857030102 - CITHflRICHTHYS STIGHflEUS
(SPECKLED SflNDDflB ) ' flDJUSTED SflMPLE SIZE = 45
100
u
I 80
* 60
£
I
5 40
8 20
£
— 1
i—
% 20
^
2 40-
&
)_.
co „ -
p 60 • 3
g oj en o -w
•H U ffl 3 «
* on ^ ^ >
°" 3 1 112
]
°^
cd
•o
Tt-
« 3
•o T) a i
a) eg i-t eg a) ca
(flU-ITSBJ-r^ *O (8CB
•0 *JrHOW'H
V4 oJoajr-i-Ht>oaiu*H
u •otjc!!Oja>c>oiH
c *H cuf c. n (0 h v o
ca ecaa.i=u]ijc0f-i.£:
0 50 100 150 200 250
CUttULflTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
FP£0 NUM. GRAV. PPEY PERCENT
°5F.Y IfFM OCCU« CO"P. COMP. I.
R.I. TOTAL IPI
r,flwEA 4ft. 89 13.53 9.87 1144.' ??.67
Mvclnac^A 44.44 ?3.55 30.44 ?3
99.? 47.53
CU>'ACtA ??.?? 10.83 1.64 376.9 5.49
*OI.1T*1IJ°OIUFA ?n.OO 12.31 24.6? 738.7 14.61
POLVCH'F.TA 15.56 1.35 4.47
CANCPIOE* Q.39 ?.30 1.83
IINIOFNTIFIEO o.BQ 21.11 1.27 1
^•DO^LLIOFA 6.67 .54 .1?
cpuJFQnMATlOAF. 6.67 .41 .26
SMOF) isCFOAF 6.67 1.35 2.66
!<;^FIOAF 6.67 .54 .06
C°ANGONJDAE 4.44 ..?7 1.39
LAT'/ACEA 4.44 5.«2 .00
c( FOCYf VATA-C4PIOFA 4.44 1.76 7.86
PMOLtOIDAF ?.?? .14 10. 43
not-y TAxA WITH Fopo. OCCll«..LFS5 THAN 5 AND NUMERICAL
90.6 1.79
36.7 .73
9R.q 3.94
4.4 .09
4.4 .09
?6.» .53
4.n .OR
7.4 .15
25.9 .51
42. R .85
23.* .47
AND GRAVIMETRIC
COMPOSITION BOTH LE-^S THAN 1 ARF EXCLUDED FoOM THE TAflLE" Afin PLOT
(BllT NOT FROM CAiCULATIOM OF DIVERSITY INDICES)
PF°CF.NT 0^MT\io^CF INOFK .15 .1?
SHINNON-^ IMEP UIVER5ITY 3.21 2.97
F.vf>'NESS INDFX .65 .60
.30
?.?3
.45
Fig. 10-23. IRI prey spectrum of speckled sanddab from Strait of Juan de
Fuca, August 1978.
208
-------
English sole, Parophrys vetulus (juvenile). Although more abundant than
speckled sanddab, juvenile English sole were distributed similarly, maximum
abundances occurring at Port Williams, Morse Creek, and Twin Rivers. The
prey spectrum (Fig.10-24) was rather evenly composed of epibenthic crustaceans—
gammarid amphipods, 25.28% of the total IRI, tanaids, 12.49%, and cumaceans,
3.66%—and benthic polychaetes, 27.04%, and holothuroideans, 27.30%. Calanoid
copepods appeared in only 9.7% of the stomachs but made up over 25% of the
total number of prey items.
Starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. This fairly large flatfish was
most common at the western beach-seine sites along the strait, most of the
specimens coming from Kydaka Beach and Twin Rivers. Holothuroideans, 55.26%
of the total IRI, were the most important prey organism and accounted for
71.7% of the total numbers of prey. Cancrid crabs (Cancer magister) because
of their large contribution (58.92%) to the total prey biomass were also
important, with 36.57% of the total IRI. Polychaete annelids (2.49%),
cumaceans (1.62%), gammarid amphipods (1.07%), and callianassid shrimp (1.14%)
were secondary.
C-0 sole, Pleuronichthys coenosus. Two fish from a beach-seine collection
at Beckett Point had consumed mainly bivalves (80.0% of the total prey
abundance, 95.85% of the total prey biomass), in addition to several polychaete
annelids and a nemertean.
Sand sole, Psettichthys melanostictus (juvenile). This species was a
prevalent component of the beach-seine catches at Morse Creek, Dungeness
Spit, Twin Rivers, and Kydaka Beach. Mysids (Archaeomysis grebnitzki)
constituted the main prey in the diet (Fig. 10-25), being well represented in
the sample and providing high .contributions to the total number of prey items
and prey biomass (70.94% of the total IRI). Juvenile fishes, including
juvenile flatfish, were the second most important prey, by contribution to
the total prey biomass (59.11%). Gammarid amphipods, 9.84% of the total IRI,
and larvaceans, 1.55%, were of secondary importance.
209
-------
INDEX OFRELPTIVE IHPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) DIflCRflM
FROM FILE IDENT. HESfl78. STflTION flLSTR
PREOflTOR 8857041301 - PflROPHRYS VETULUS
(ENGLISH SOLE ) flDJUSTED SflMPLE SIZE =
72
g
s
z
o
I—
s
-8-S
o s
SS
iTK"
50 100 150 200
CUMULRTIVE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
PFPCEMT
I.O.I. TOTAL IPI
250
WIJM. fiPAV.
OCCnP Cpvp. COMO.
POL^CHAFTA
C-AWMAPIOEA
'•'OLITHiiPOIOEA
CM»ACEA
*n v 4 1_ v 1 4
CALAMOIOA
ncTOACnnA
40
30
?9
g
9
S
• M
.Sf-
.'.7
I 72
.7?
.Sf,
14
10
6
?6
25
. 9o
.4"!
.67
i36
.6?
.31
?4
19
48
1
4
*
•
*
•
•
•
00
IS
14
55
19
69
04
1774.
IfSfl.
1791.
'39.
P10.
?55.
2.
0
1
0
q
\
7
0
27-
?7i
3.
12.
•
3.
•
04
30
66
49
90
03
(«MT
*'TH FPEOt r)CC"iJ-
V «OTH Lt<^? T-4N 1
=0'' CA|.
THAN c AMD MUMEPICAI AW
PXCL'IOEO FPQM THE TAHLF ANO PLOT
.19
.33
1.97
.49
.57
Fig. 10-24. IRi prey spectrum of juvenile English sole from Strait of Juan
de Fuca, August 1978.
210
-------
INDEX OF RELRTIVE IMPORTflNCE (I.R.I.) D1RGRRM
FROM FILE IDENT. MESR78. STflTION RLSTR
PREDflTOR 8857041701 - PSETTICHTHYS MELflNOSTICTUS
(SflNO SOLE ) flDJUSTED SflMPLE SIZE = 69
100
Id
o
i so
m
v 60
m
g
E 40
§ 20
u
*• n
U
1—
§ 20
UJ
3
m
z 40
o
>—
£ 60
§
£ 80
d_
100
-
•
-^- 1
-H
at -H ** *j
•H tfl *4-l ffl U
w s o ? ? ^ i
So o] a] a) u u
2 rt P w ^
QJ 3 tO § B «H fH
E-< O cJ O D D flu
1111
100 120 140 160
OF OCCURRENCE
POFY PFPCENT
t.P.I. TOTAL IPI
4530.4 70.94
6?8.6 9.84.
1045. P 16. 3«
36.7 .S7
98.? 1.55
.1.9 .06
21.1 .33
5.9 .09
3.6 .06
r.ory T4^4 .[TI^ PofQ. oCCil^. L^^S THAN S ANO NUMERICAL AMD r,e>AVIME TP1C
rn"Doi;l T TON ^(JTH LfT^S THAN 1 ARE FKCLHOFO FoOf* THE
i^iiT >;rT F»fi • C4|. CiJI^T lO'J OF rilvFOSITY HJOTCESt
nrar.F'jT nnMr«MNCF IMDF.X .4? , .46
''•AMn-lM-^f [VIK.O OtVP^SITY 1.95 l.SO
iiVFM^'h^S IMO^X .44 .34
TABLE AND PLOT
.54
1.31
• 2*»
Fig.10-25. IRI prey spectrum of sand sole from Strait of Juan de Fuca,
August 1978.
211
* GPO 797 -840 198T
------- |