EPA-600/2-76-113
July 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
OIL SPILL AND
OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
August 1975 • October 1975
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-76-113
July 1976
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
August 1975 - October 1975
by
Penelope Melvin and Robin M. Ross
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
Grant No. R803063
Project Officer
J. S. Dorrler
Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08817
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed, and
used, these operations usually pollute our environment. The resultant
air, land, solid waste and other pollutants may adversely impact our
aesthetic and physical well-being. Protection of our environment
requires that we recognize and understand the complex environmental
impacts of these operations and that corrective approaches be applied.
The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati
assesses the environmental, social and economic impacts of industrial
and energy-related activities and identifies, evaluates, develops and
demonstrates alternatives for the protection of the environment.
This report is a product of the above efforts. It cites current
events, literature, research, patents, and other material relevant to
the oil pollution abatement program and is published in an abstract
format on a quarterly basis. As such, it serves as a basic reference
document for all those interested in oil spill and oil pollution
control. This project is part of the continuing program of the Oil
& Hazardous Materials Spills Branch, lERL-Ci to assess and mitigate the
environmental impact of oil pollution.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
iii
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ABSTRACT
The August 1975 - October 1975 Oil Spill and Oil Pollution
Reports is the fifth quarterly compilation of oil pollution
report summaries.
The following topics are included in the report:
a) Summaries and bibliographic literature citations;
b) Current status of some of the research projects
listed in previous reports;
c) Summaries of additional current research projects;
d) Patent summaries;
and,
e) Current oil-related conferences.
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of EPA Grant
No. R803063 by the Marine Science Institute, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California, under the sponsorship
of the Environmental Protection Agency.
iv
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract iv
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction x
Sections
I Publications and Reports
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Reporting . . 1
2. Monitoring 7
3. Remote Sensing 14
4. Sampling 18
5. Analysis 21
6. Source Identification 39
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Containment 44
2. Cleanup and Recovery 47
3. Restoration 62
4. Oil Transfer and Transport 63
5. Design and Engineering 68
6. Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment 70
7. Personnel Training and Education 86
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 87
2. Physical Effects 107
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Page
C. 3. Chemical Effects 108
4. Economic Effects 109
5. General Effects Ill
D. Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
1. Biological Effects 115
2. Physical Effects 119
3. Social Effects 120
4. Economic Effects 121
5. General Effects 122
E. Fate of Oil in the Environment
1. Biological Degradation 138
2. Physical Changes of Oil 149
3. General Fate of Oil 153
F. Oil Pollution Regulations
1. State Legislation 157
2. U.S. Legislation 158
3. International Legislation 162
4. Foreign Legislation 165
5. Industry Standards and Guidelines 167
G. Bibliographies 170
II Current Status of Some of the Research Projects Listed in
Previous Reports
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Monitoring 174
2. Remote Sensing 175
3. Analysis 179
4. Source Identification 188
vi
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Page
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Containment 189
2. Cleanup and Recovery 190
3. Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment 193
4. Personnel Training and Education 194
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 195
2. General Effects 203
D. Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
1. Biological Effects 204
E. Fate of Oil in the Marine Environment
1. Biological Degradation 206
2. Physical Changes of Oil 214
3. General Fate of Oil 216
III Current Research Projects
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Monitoring 217
2. Remote Sensing 218
3. Analysis 219
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Cleanup and Recovery 221
2. Restoration 223
3. Waste Water Treatment 224
4. Personnel Training and Education 226
5.. Contingency Planning 227
vii
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Page
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 228
2. General Effects 232
D. Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
1. General Effects 233
E. Fate of Oil in the Environment
1. Biological Degradation 234
2. Physical Changes of Oil 235
3. General Fate of Oil in the Environment 236
IV Patents
A. United States Patents 238
B. Foreign Patents 261
V Current Conferences 278
Topic Cross Reference 293
Appendix
viii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Ms. Yvonne Pommerville and
Ms. Mary Ankeny for typing the camera-ready copy of Oil Spill and
Oil Pollution Reports. Their untiring efforts have been greatly
appreciated. Suggestions for improvement of the format or content
will be gratefully received.
ix
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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the "Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports" series is to
present a concise, comprehensive information source on oil pollution
events, current research and oil pollution related publications. Included
are bibliographic citations and summaries of articles from the scientific
and technical literature (Section I), the status and results of current
research project entries listed in previous reports (Section II), addi-
tional current research projects (Section III), oil pollution related
patents (Section IV), and current oil-related conferences (Section V).
The sources of the bibliographic citations and summaries of articles
presented in Section I are scientific, technical and abstract journals.
All articles entered deal with subjects relating to aquatic or terrestrial
oil pollution. A list of the periodicals reviewed is provided in the
appendix. The summarized entries are grouped according to subject and
then arranged alphabetically by senior author within each subject division.
Section II lists current research project entries appearing in previous
reports and includes descriptive project information provided upon request
by the principal investigators and/or performing organization. All reports
and publications are entered in summary form. Section II is not complete
in that status information is not given for all research projects listed
in previous reports. Some responses to request letters were not received
prior to publication date. At the end of each entry, the name and address
of the project information source are given.
Current research project summaries (Section III) are grouped according to
subject and then arranged alphabetically by senior principal investigator
within each subject division. Some of the current research projects
listed in previous Oil Pollution Reports have been recently renewed. These
projects have been relisted and are headed by the same serial number as
originally reported, followed by the word (Renewal). All the research
project information was obtained from the Smithsonian Science Information
Exchange (SSIE) and from Environmental Research, Annual Report, sponsored
by the American Petroleum Institute.
Patent summaries are divided into United States and foreign subsections
and arranged alphabetically by inventor in each section. All patent
information is obtained from abstract journals. Illustrations of United
States patented devices are obtained from the U.S. Patent Office Official
Gazette.
A new section, Current Oil-related Conferences, contains descriptive
information on recent and future conferences relating to environmental
oil pollution. Conference dates are listed; and, when information is
available, titles, authors and abstracts of conference papers are included.
All information for this section was obtained from the periodicals reviewed
(Appendix A) and from responses to personal inquiries concerning the
symposia.
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All report entries are serialized. Each section has its own number series,
The serial numbers in this report are a continuation of the numbering
system appearing in Reports I, II, III, and IV. The letters preceding the
serial numbers designate the following sections: C, citations from the
literature; R, research projects; P, patents. Many of the entries can be
included under more than one subject heading. Following each summary are
listed any other topics under which the entry can be categorized. A
subject cross index is provided at the end of the report.
XI
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SECTION I. PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. REPORTING
C-1325-75
No title given
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Oil Weekly Report 9(47):2.
The events leading to and resulting from the August, 1975, accident
in which the British tanker, "Globtik Sun," struck an offshore
drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico are given.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l326-75
BURIAL AT SEA
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Action 6(6):7.
It is reported that over 11-mi 11 ion gallons of fuel oil were dumped
or "lost" at sea during 1974. The Navy has announced that it will
try to find a better way to get rid of contaminated oil.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1327-75
CALIFORNIAN OILED BIRDS
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(7):99.
A disturbing increase in the past four years in the proportion of
dead seabirds that are oiled has been reported by the Point Reyes
Bird Observatory, Bolinas, California. The increase is from 1%
in 1971 to 19% in 1974, and is mainly due to increased oiling of
Common Murres and Sooty Shearwaters.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
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C-1328-75
MORE OIL IN BANTRY BAY
Anon. 1974.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(2):20.
The second oil spill within a year has occurred in Bantry Bay. A
tug collided with a tanker during undocking operations. Local
opinion is becoming increasingly unhappy with the lack of a harbor
authority and anti-pollution measures.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1329-75
OIL POLLUTION AT SEA - HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?
Anon. 1975.
BioScience 25(5):339-340.
The article reports the findings of the Workshop on Inputs, Fates
and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment (Airlie
House, Virginia, 1973) concerning the amount of petroleum hydro-
carbons entering the ocean. It was estimated that 6.113 metric
tons a year of oil enter the ocean, with transportation sources
being the largest contributor to pollution. Needs for further
investigations into this topic, as emphasized in the Workshop's
report, "Petroleum in the Marine Environment," are outlined.
Source identification
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1330-75
ON POLLUTION CONTROL
Anon. 1974.
New Civil Engineer Special Reviews 95:53.
Oil spill and prevention events during and following the Santa
Barbara oil spill of 1969 are recounted. Legislation covering
pollution control in the United Kingdom sector of the North Sea
from 1964 to 1971 is reviewed.
Foreign legislation
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,608. 1975.
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C-1331-75
POST-MORTEM ON MILFORD HAVEN OIL SPILL
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(3):35-36.
The Mil ford Haven Conservancy Board reacted well to a three-ton
oil spillage from the VLCC "Texaco Great Britain" in October,
1974. The ship was allowed to berth despite the small leakage,
but prompt action kept oil off the beaches and away from the
power plant.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1332-75
SUPER SPILL
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Action 7(7):14.
The article reports the massive spill of about 126,000 gallons
of illegally dumped oil in the Florida Keys in July, 1975. Coast
Guard officials believe that the culprit was a negligent super-
tanker. Scientists report no serious environmental damage in the
area.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1333-75
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. NO. 54
Anon. 1974.
Joint Publications Research Service - 62994.
An article on oil spills in the Strait of Magellan is included in
this collection of translations on water and environmental pollution.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-03036. 1975.
C-l334-75
BENZO(A)PYRENE POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF A LARGE CITY
[English Summary]
Audere, A., Z. Lindbergs, and G. A. Smirnov. 1975.
Gigiena 1 Sanitariya (4):98-99.
Contamination of snow, soil and plants in Riga, Latvia, by
benzo(a)pyrene has been reported. Deposition of the benzo(a)pyrene
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has increased five to six times over the last thirteen to fourteen
years; the main sources of contamination are motor vehicles and
some industrial plants.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32484r. 1975.
C-1335-75
INFLUX OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS INTO THE OCEAN
Bates, C. C., and E. Pearson. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint No.
OTC-2390, Vol. 3. p. 535-544.
In the past five years, four studies have been published on the
influx of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) into the world's oceans.
The study by the National Academy of Sciences Panel (1975) concluded
that approximately 6.1 million metric tons of PHC (.25% of that
produced) entered the ocean in the 1971-1972 time period. Major
PHC sources measured are listed.
Source identification
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,605. 1975.
C-1336-75
OIL POLLUTION ON ISRAELI COASTS
Dixon, T., and T. Dixon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(5):70-72.
Illegal discharges of ballast waters in the Eastern Mediterranean
have long polluted Israel's coast. Now the country also has an
inshore oil pollution problem which originates from industrial
waterways, general cargo ports, power stations and the oil ports.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1337-75
HYDROCARBONS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Farrington, J. W., and P. A. Meyer. 1975.
Environmental Chemistry 1:109-136.
"A review with 114 references is presented on hydrocarbons of the
marine environment."
Bibliographies
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#63452h. 1975.
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C-l338-75
VLCC 'METULA1 OIL SPILL
Hann, R. W., Jr. 1974.
U.S. Coast Guard Report, C6-D-54-75. 65 p.
On August 9, 1974, the Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) "Metula,"
with a load of 195,673 tons of Arabian light crude, ran aground
in the Straits of Magellan, Chile. The report includes a history
of the spill, oil deposition onshore, impact of oil on the shore
and comments regarding containment, cleanup or stabilization
possibilities.
General effects of oil pollution
Biological effects of oil pollution
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4281. 1975.
C-1339-75
TAR BALL DISTRIBUTION IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC
McGowan, W. E., W. A. Saner, and G. L. Hufford. 1974.
Final Report, CGR/DC-24/74&SCG-D-52-75. 29 p.
The surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean were quantitatively
sampled for tar balls for two years (1972, 1973). A south to
north decrease in tar pollution occurred for both the ocean and
the Atlantic seaboard. High iron levels in the tar balls imply
that man-made sources are partially responsible.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#AD/A-006 821/3GA. 1975.
C-1340-75
OIL TANKER DISASTER IN NORTHWEST COAST OF INDIA
Ramamurthy, V. D. 1974.
Current Science (Bangalope) 43(9):293-294.
The article describes an investigation which examines the immediate
effects of the oil pollution disaster of the tanker, "M. T. Cosmos
Pioneer," which broke into two pieces and released 18,000 tons of
black oil on the Giyarat Coast of India. Long-term environmental
degradation in the Giyarat Coast seems probable due to continuing
oil pollution of the area.
General effects of oil pollution
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
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C-1341-75
OIL AND THE SEA [English Summary]
Sabioncelo, P., et al. 1974.
Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju 25(2}:241-245.
Possibilities of sea contamination by oil and methods of controlling
oil spills are described. The oil spill in Kvarner on 29 December
1971 is dealt with in detail.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l342-75
BACTERIA ON PETROLEUM GLOBULES IN THE PHILIPPINE SEA IN JANUARY,
1973
Seki, H., and H. Abe. 1974.
Oceanography Society of Japan, Journal 20(3):151-156.
An investigation was made to study aerobic petroleumlytic micro-
organisms on the surface of petroleum globules in surface water
of the relatively unpolluted western North Pacific central water.
About 1Q6 of total bacteria or heterotrophic bacteria and about
10^ of petroleumlytic bacteria were enumerated per square centi-
meter of the surface of these globules suspended in the topmost
10 m of water.
Sampling
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l343-75
QUANTITATIVE TAR AND PLASTIC WASTE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE PACIFIC
OCEAN
Wong, C. S., D. R. Green, and W. J. Cretney. 1974.
Nature (London) 247(5435):30-32.
The first quantitative data on tar and plastic waste distribution
in Pacific Ocean surface waters are reported. Values for tar
distribution in the Pacific, combined with those obtained in
portions of the Atlantic and Mediterranean by other workers,
indicate that these wastes are widespread on the surface of the
oceans.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
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2. MONITORING
C-1344-75
MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING (PETROLEUM)
Anon. 1974.
U.S. National Bureau of Standards. 56 p.
Abstracts are presented of papers on sampling and analytical
methods for determining oil in water, marine organisms and
sediments. Some papers also discuss standards and the biological
assessment of oil pollution.
Samp!i ng
Analysis
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02583. 1975.
C-1345-75
OIL-SPILL DETECTOR KEEPS CONSTANT WATCH
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(35):132-133.
A new scanning oil-spill detector has been developed which projects
a beam of ultraviolet light to detect fluorescence of oil films on
water. An optical fence is constructed and an alarm is sounded
when the fence is crossed by oil. The system can distinguish between
heavy and light oils, and has a scanning range of 300 ft at night
and 30 ft in daylight.
Design and engineering
Information Source: Baird-Atomic,Inc., 125 Middlesex Turnpike,
Bedford, Mass. 01730
C-l346-75
SCANNING OIL SPILL DETECTOR MODEL SOS-1
Anon.
Product Information
The Model SOS-1 utilizes a fluorescence technique for the automatic,
unattended detection of oil spills. The detector automatically
scans the water surface both in azimuth and elevation to provide
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continuous, wide area monitoring from a single location. The
SOS-1 detector can also distinguish between light and heavy oils
to aid in determining the source of the oil.
Source identification
Design and engineering
Information Source: D. V. Dunn, Government System's Division,
Baird-Atomic, Inc., 125 Middlesex Turnpike,
Bedford, Mass. 01730
C-l347-75
HANDBOOK ON ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Cross, F. L., Jr. 1974.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic. 242 p.
No summary available.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47635q. 1975.
C-l348-75
FALSE-ALARM RISKS AT RADAR DETECTION OF OIL SPILL
Eklund, F., J. Nilsson, and A. Blomquist. 1974.
Specialist Meeting on Microwave Scattering and Emission from the
Earth, Bern, Switzerland, 1974. p. 39-45.
The following topics are discussed: the generation of capillary
and short gravity waves at sea, possible false oil spill alarm
causes, and some results of an experimental evaluation of false
alarm risks.
Citation Source: International Aerospace Abstracts 15(15):
#A75-33855. 1975.
C-1349-75
FAO MANUAL OF METHODS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH. PART 1.
METHODS FOR DETECTION, MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF WATER POLLUTION
FAO. 1975.
FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 137. 238 p.
This manual is based on papers presented at a training course in
marine pollution. The topics treated include the problems of
analyzing aquatic samples, descriptions of methods of measuring
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physical and chemical parameters and the different classes of
pollutants in the environment.
Personnel training and education
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(8):116. 1975.
C-1350-75
STUDY OF NATURALLY OCCURRING HYDROCARBONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
AND THE CARIBBEAN
Geyer, R. A., and W. Sweet. 1974.
IEEE International Conference on Engineering in the Ocean
Environment, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1974. Vol. 1. p. 289-300.
Results are presented of the research undertaken to study hydro-
carbon seepage on the bottom, beaches and in the water column in
the Gulf of Mexico, and at the surface in the Caribbean and the
Gulf. Emphasis is placed on the chemical, geological and biological
aspects related to seepage. Methods and techniques used are
described.
General effects of oil pollution
Source identification
Analysis
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(5):#032528.
1975.
C-1351-75
THE MUSSEL WATCH - A FIRST STEP IN GLOBAL MARINE MONITORING
Goldberg, E. D. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(7):111.
A world mussel watch is proposed for the systematic monitoring of
the exposure levels of major pollutants in various parts of the
ocean. In this program, 100 coastal and open ocean sites would
annually be analyzed for their concentrations of halogenated hydro-
carbons, transuranics, heavy metals and petroleum. Both indigenous
organisms and alien species transferred to open ocean sites would
be employed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
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C-l352-75
FAIL-SAFE OIL-IN-WATER MONITOR DEVELOPMENT
Higginbotham, H. L. 1975.
Final Report, Contract DAAK02-73-C-0387. 94 p.
A study was undertaken to determine the best technique for detection
of small quantities of oil-in-water. The theoretical basis of
detection, the experimental model sensor and the evaluation of the
model are described. The detection level was limited to several
parts per million due to the mechanical-electronic interface.
Analysis
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 13(14):
#N75-22711. 1975.
C-1353-75
A SHIPBOARD OIL-IN-WATER CONTENT MONITOR BASED ON OIL FLUORESCENCE
Hornig, A. W., and J. T. Brownrigg. 1975.
Final Report, USCG-D-87-75, Contract DOT-CG-34169. 179 p.
The report describes the design and development of a shipboard
oil monitor based on the luminescence of oils emulsified in water.
Feasibility of this device has been documented; however, several
areas of improvement are suggested, i.e., better emulsification,
improved mask design, a transmission monitor and a high-level
bypass monitor.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(15):
#AD-A010 475/26A.
C-l354-75
IN-SITU DETECTION OF OIL SLICKS UTILIZING DIFFERENTIAL EVAPORATION:
PHASE- II. SYSTEM DESIGN
Horvath, R., E. F. Lirette, and D. M. Zuk. 1974.
U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Research and Development, CG-D--4-75.
38 p.
The basic detection design of an oil slick sensor is defined and
the design parameters of the several subsystems are described.
Design features have been developed to insure operability and
survivability in a harbor or river marine environment.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(5):
#5Q5484. 1975.
10
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C-1355-75
MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING (PETROLEUM)
Junghans, R. C. 1974.
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication, No. 409. 293 p
Included in these proceedings are: lectures on scientific,
environmental and regulatory aspects of petroleum hydrocarbon
measurements, summaries of papers dealing with developments in
this area, recommendations of the topical discussion groups, and
a report from an international workshop recommending the initia-
tion of a pilot project for petroleum pollution monitoring.
International legislation
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(24):#206,438. 1975.
C-1356-75
RADAR IMAGERY OF OIL SLICKS
Pilon, R. 0., and C. G. Purves. 1973.
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, AE-9.
p. 630-636.
A controlled oil slick experiment was sponsored by the U.S. Coast
Guard in 1970, in which the Naval Research Laboratory's synthetic
aperture radar was used to detect and monitor slicks at frequencies
of 428, 1228, 4455 and 8910 MHz during low sea state conditions.
At frequencies of 1228 MHz and higher, slicks were detected with
sharp boundaries. Area growth rates for 2500-liter spills of
API 26-1 crude oil and API 9-7 fuel oil in a calm sea were also
obtained.
Remote sensing
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4396. 1975.
C-1357-75
SURFACE SLICKS AND FILMS - A NEED FOR CONTROL
Rittall, W. F. 1974.
Proceedings of Seminar on Methodology for Monitoring the Marine
Environment. S. S. Verner (ed.). EPA—600/4-74-004. p. 55-71.
The author points out that surface concentrations of films, slicks
and particulates are important factors in effective pollution
11
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control. The question of whether existing water quality regula-
tions are effective in pollution control is discussed.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(6):
#5Q6791. 1975.
C-1358-75
SIGNIFICANCE OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS IN EASTERN GULF
WATERS
Sackett, W. M. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling Eastern
Gulf of Mexico, Conference/Workshop, St. Petersburg, Florida,
1974. 17 p.
The author indicates that both natural and man-derived sources
of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons give rise to high concentrations
of low-molecular weight components. Although it appeared that
the high levels of hydrocarbons along coastal Texas and Louisiana
were associated with oil drilling/production, it is not certain
that they were all due to these activities. Natural gas seepage
may have contributed to the existence of such high concentrations.
Source identification
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#PB-238 867/6GA. 1975.
C-l359-75
USE OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT-HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS AS
INDICATORS OF MARINE POLLUTION
Sackett, W. M., and J. M. Brooks. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
Gaithersburg-, Maryland, 1974. NSF/IDOE-74-46. 5 p.
Coastal waters of offshore Louisiana and Texas contain up to six
times the concentration of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
found in the open ocean. The high levels of C-j to C3 hydrocarbons
do not seem to harm marine life but serve as sensitive indicators
of more toxic petroleum fractions which are usually simultaneously
introduced to the ocean.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#PB-238 866/8GA. 1975.
12
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C-l360-75
SEMINAR ON METHODOLOGY FOR MONITORING THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT.
PROCEEDINGS
Verner, S. S. 1973.
Seminar, Seattle, 1973.
PB-239052/4; EPA-600/4-74-004.
Topics discussed at the seminar include: surface slick sampling
and analysis, a systems approach to marine pollution monitoring,
and a summary of recent studies on biological effects of crude
oils and oil-dispersant mixtures to the Red Sea.
Citation Source:
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(15):#N75-24178. 1975.
13
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3. REMOTE SENSING
C-1361-75
APPLICATION OF POLARIZATION EFFECT FOR THE PURPOSES OF OIL-FILM
DETECTION ON SEA SURFACE
Buznikov, A. A., G. A. Ivanyan, K. Ya. Kondratev, and D. V.
Pozdnyakov. 1975.
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 221(5):1082-1085.
"Based on experiments in the Caspian Sea, the given polarization
method for the remote detection of oil films is justified in a
designated range of azimuth angles with sea disturbance up to 3°.
It is concluded that this remote detection method should be
desirably conducted in short wave regions of spectrum at zenith
distances of sun less than 40°, sighting angles of 40 to 45°,
azimuth angles greater than 30 to 50°, with direction opposite
to the sun."
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(33):#209,504. 1975.
C-1362-75
AIRBORNE DETECTION AND MAPPING OF OIL SPILLS, GRAND BAHAMAS,
FEBRUARY, 1973
de Villiers, J. N. 1973.
Data-73-7. 19 p.
The ability of various airborne sensors to detect and map Louisiana
Crude and Naptha oil spills by day and by night was investigated.
Photographic, infrared scanning and low light level T.V. are able
to detect Louisiana Crude; only infrared scanning detects Naptha.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#PB-238 841/1GA. 1975.
C-1363-J5
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Edgerton, A. T., J. J. Bommarito, R. S. Schwantje, and D. C.
Meeks. 1975.
Final'Reportl AESC-1812FR-1 USCG-D-90-75, Contract tDOT-CG-22170-A.
327 p.
The multisensor airborne oil surveillance system, developed for the
U.S. Coast Guard, permits real-time day/night, all weather detection,
mapping and documentation of oil spills at sea. The system consists
14
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of a sidelooking radar, a passive microwave imager, a muHi spectral
low light level TV, a multichannel line scanner, a position
reference system and a real-time processor/display console.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#AD-A011 275/5GA. 1975.
C-l364-75
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS BY REMOTE FLUOROMETRIC
SYSTEMS
Eldering, H. G., A. W. Hornig, and W. A. Webb. 1974.
Final Report, USCG-D-73-75, Contract DOT-CG-31529-A. 158 p.
An Oil Spill Surveillance System has been designed and developed
for oil spill detection and oil classification in a commercial
harbor environment at a range greater than 100 m during hours of
darkness. A method for estimating film thickness from remote
fluorescence measurement and a polarization technique for
distinguishing marine and oil fluorescence are presented.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(15):
#AD-A010 000/8GA. 1975.
C-l365-75
PROGRESS IN THE APPLICATION OF HIGHER SPECIFICITY LASER INDUCED
LUMINESCENCE TO THE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES
Gross, H. G. 1973.
Remote Sensing Earth Resources, Technical Papers Conference Earth
Resources Observation and Information Analysis. F. Shahrokhi (ed.).
p. 345-361.
Laser-induced luminescence is applied to the problems of oil spill
observations relative to environmental pollution, and to the remote
identification of rocks and minerals relative to natural resources.
Oil spill observations have indicated the need to combine several
techniques, i.e., microwave, IR, and luminescence, for oil detection
and characterization. The active luminescence system serves as the
oil identifier.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#31231u. 1975.
15
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C-1366-75
EMISSION PROPERTIES OF WATER SURFACES AT 3 MM WAVELENGTH
Hofer, R., and E. Schanda. 1974.
Specialist Meeting on Microwave Scattering and Emission from the
Earth, Bern, Switzerland, 1974. p. 17-23.
"Antenna temperature- and forward scattering measurements at
94 GH2 on water surfaces in a temperature range between 7 and
43 C are compared and discussed." A study of an oil-polluted
water surface and surface waves is described.
Citation Source:
International Aerospace Abstracts 15(15):
#A75-33853. 1975.
C-1367-75
THE DETERMINATION OF OIL SLICK THICKNESS BY MEANS OF MULTI-
FREQUENCY PASSIVE MICROWAVE TECHNIQUES
Hollinger, J. P. 1974.
U.S. Coast Guard, CG-D—31-75. 139 p.
An investigation was made of the technique of multifrequency
microwave radiometry used for the remote determination of thickness
and volume of sea surface oil spills. Aircraft-borne studies of
15 controlled marine oil spills (eight conducted under calm sea
conditions and seven under rougher sea and higher marine wind
conditions) revealed oil slick regions with film thicknesses of 1 mm
or more, surrounded by larger and thinner slicks containing very
little oil.
Citation Source:
Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(5):
#5Q5483. 1975.
C-l368-75
REMOTE SENSING FOR WESTERN COAL AND OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Parker, H. D.
Remote Sensing Applied to Energy-Related Problems. Proceedings of
the Symposium/Course, Miami, Florida, 1974. p. S4-3 to S4-25.
This paper discusses the following two categories of remote sensing
applications in the development of fossil fuel resources in the
western U.S.: (1) preconstruction site evaluations, land use and
usability mapping; and (2) environmental baseline data acquisition
involving long-term environmental monitoring.
Citation Source:
International Aerospace Reports 15(16):
M75-35458. 1975.
16
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C-l369-75
MAPPING OF OIL SLICKS FROM THE ERTS-1 IMAGERY BY A TWO-DIMENSIONAL
DENSITOMETER
Rosenberg, N. W., and J. Otterman. 1974.
In: Meteorological and Earth-Resources Satellites - Special
Technologies - International Collaboration - International Symposium
on Space, 14th, Rome, 1974. p. 435, 437-443.
The operation components of a computer-controlled two-dimensional
densitometer and display used to prepare a map of oil slicks from
ERTS-1 micron-band sea imagery are described.
Citation Source: International Aerospace Abstracts 15(14):
#A75-31602. 1975.
C-1370-75
REMOTE SENSING APPLIED TO CROP DISEASE CONTROL, URBAN PLANNING,
AND MONITORING AQUATIC PLANTS, OIL SPILLS, RANGELANDS, AND SOIL
MOISTURE
Texas A & M University. 1975.
Progress Report, NASA-CR-142558; RSC-08, Grant NGL-44-001-001.
70 p.
The application of remote sensing techniques to oil spill monitoring
is one of the subject areas discussed. Results of various projects
are presented along with cost effective considerations.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports 13(12):
#N75-20799. 1975.
C-1371-75
EVALUATION OF AN INFRARED OIL FILM MONITOR
Wright, D. E., and J. A. Wright. 1974.
Final Report, April 1973 - August 1974, USCG-D-51-75, Contract
DOT-CG-33672-A. 102 p.
The effectiveness of a remote oil film detection instrument was
evaluated. Both laboratory and in situ experiments showed that
the instrument could specifically detect hydrocarbon films on
water surfaces. Test procedures, results, the theory of operation
and functional descriptions of the monitor are detailed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#AD/A-004 912/2GI. 1975.
17
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4. SAMPLING
C-1372-75
DEVELOPMENT OF BOAT AND HELICOPTER DEPLOYABLE OIL SLICK SAMPLER
Allen, A. A., and L. E. Fausak. 1975.
Final Report, June-August 1972, USCG-D-99-75, Contract
DOT-CG-24828. 54 p.
Described is an oil slick sampling device, developed by
MARCONSULT, Inc., which is capable of sampling water-borne oil
films ranging from 0.001 to 10 mm in thickness. The sampler,
composed of a modified stainless steel testing sieve containing
a sheet of sorbent material, is dipped into an oil slick. Oil
adheres to the sieve screen and is absorbed by the sorbent sheet.
The sampler is immediately sealed after retrieval with a clean
lid and bottom pan.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(15):
MD-A010 199/8GA. 1975.
C-1373-75
STUDIES ON THE POLLUTION OF OUR COASTAL SEA BY URBAN SEWAGE AND
MINERAL OILS - RETROSPECTION OF THE REGULATION IN CLASSIFICATION
OF THE COASTAL SEA [English Summary]
Deskovic, I., and H. Ivekovic. 1974.
Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju 25(2):233-240.
In an investigation in which 100 samples of seawater were taken
at characteristic sites on the Yugoslav Adriatic Coast, parameters
characterizing pure seawater and types and intensity of polluted
waters were established. It was shown that the sea is not protected
against any kind of pollution, i.e., "accidental pollution" through
oil and oil derivatives. Several requirements of existing regula-
tions classifying sea waters were determined to be unreasonable and
insufficiently defined.
Foreign legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1374-75
AN OIL SLICK SAMPLING SYSTEM
Fortier, S. H., and J. R. Jadamec. 1974.
Final Report, CGR/DC-38/74 USCG-D-71-75. 20 p,
18
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The system developed can effectively sample all types of oil
spills and can collect enough sample for analysis by several
analytical techniques. The system is light-weight, compact and
inexpensive.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#AD-A010 708/6GA. 1975.
C-1375-75
ESTIMATES USING FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY OF THE PRESENT STATE
OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION IN THE WATER COLUMN OF
THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC OCEAN
Gordon, D. C., Jr., P. D. Keizer, and J. Dale. 1974.
Marine Chemistry 2(4):251-262.
Concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater from the
region between Nova Scotia and Bermuda were measured by fluores-
cence spectroscopy and estimated to be 20.4 yg/1 in surface
water (0-3 mm) and 0.8 and 0.4 yg/1 from 1 and 5 m respectively.
No concentrations could be detected in deeper water. The problems
with using conventional sampling equipment for hydrocarbon analysis
are discussed.
Analysis
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1376-75
HYDROCARBONS IN THE SARGASSO SEA SURFACE MICROLAYER
Wade, T. L., and J. G. Quinn. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(4):54-57.
"Small particles of weathered pelagic tar are suggested as a
major source of hydrocarbons found in surface microlayer and
subsurface water samples collected in the Sargasso Sea."
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1377-75
QUANTITATIVE TAR AND PLASTIC WASTE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE PACIFIC
OCEAN
Wong, C. S., D. R. Green, and W. J. Cretney. 1974.
Nature 247(5435):30-32.
19
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Tar was present in 30 of 33 surface tows made along 35°N during a
Canadian Transpac-72 cruise. Diverse communities composed of
diatoms, bryozoans, blue-green algae and goose barnacles occupied
the tar lumps. The tar concentration was higher in the western
Pacific; this result is discussed in terms of origin, wind trans-
port, and surface water circulation.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Reporting
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(2):#75-01569. 1975.
20
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5. ANALYSIS
C-1378-75
A METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF OIL FROM AN AQUEOUS OIL-DETERGENT
SOLUTION PRIOR TO IR ANALYSIS. PART II
Adams, C. E. 1974.
Final Report, NOLTR-74-164. 13 p.
This report covers the testing and improving of a method to
determine oil in water solutions in the presence of dissolved
detergents. The oil is removed with a silica-gel treatment,
extracted with CC14 and analyzed using an IR spectrophotometer.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#AD/A-006 826/2GA. 1975.
C-1379-75
ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION FROM MARINE ENGINES AND EFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1975.
Final Report, EPA/670/2-75-062, Grant EPA-R-801799. 333 p.
The aim of the research was to obtain sufficient laboratory and
field data to be able to predict the number of outboard engines
which can be operated on any particular body of water without
causing adverse effects on the aquatic environment. After sub-
jecting four natural bodies of water to outboard engine emissions
three times greater than maximum "real world" boating conditions
for a period of three years, results showed that there were no
acute changes in the physical, chemical or biological character-
istics of the water or sediments.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#PB-242 176/6GA. 1975.
C-l380-75
DIGITAL FILM AND PRECIPITATION METER, AND OIL POLLUTION METERING
DEVICE
Anon. 1975.
Translations on Eastern Europe: Science Affairs No. 464.
JPRS-64751. p. 5-6.
21
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An instrument suitable for measuring the oil contamination of
surface waters and feedwaters, and for continuously determining
the total oil concentration is described.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(15):#N75-24657. 1975.
C-1381-75
MARINE POLLUTION BY OIL: CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANTS, SAMPLING,
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Anon. 1974.
Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science Publishers. 207 p.
The book contains information on the characterization of any
petroleum-derived pollutant that is likely to persist in the marine
environment. The recommended analytical procedures developed by
the Institute of Petroleum, and petroleum sampling techniques are
dealt with in detail.
Sampling
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(6):
#5Q6783. 1975.
C-1382-75
METHOD ANALYZES OILY RESIDUES IN WATER
Anon. 1975.
Chemical and Engineering News 53(35):25.
Quality control requirements of waste cleanup systems at Texaco
necessitated the development of method(s) to determine accurately
the nature of oily water. The solvent extraction-infrared finishing
technique, using Freon-113 as the solvent, best determines the
concentration of oil in the water. The method can be used routinely
on the 0- to 10-ppm range.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l383-75
OIL POLLUTION OF SURFACE WATERS [English Summary]
Anon. 1974.
Erdoel und Kohle, Erdgas Petrochemie 27(9):521.
The main aspects of an analytical guide, which has been recommended
for international application, for the characterization and
22
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identification of polluting oils on the water surface are outlined.
The scheme is divided into sections on oil sampling and the
reference specimens, sample conservation and storage, sample
pretreatment, and characterization of mineral oils.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(1):#58. 1975.
0-1384-75
ADVANCES IN THE DETECTION OF WATER POLLUTANTS
Barabas, S. 1975.
Chemistry in Canada 27(6):26-29.
The article summarizes the progress made by the Canadian Center
for Inland Waters in developing analytical methods for the detection
of a number of water pollutants. Two techniques for the differen-
tiation and measurement of phenols using high-pressure liquid
chromatography and spectrophotometry, and a gas chromatographic
method for hydrocarbons are reported.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1385-75
DETERMINATION OF MINERAL OIL IN WATER
Belcher, R. S. 1974.
Examination of Waters: Evaluation of Methods for Selected
Characteristics. Australian Water Resources Council, Technical
Paper No. 8. 109 p.
A review is given of current methods used for the determination
of low-level mineral oil contamination of water, including
limitations of their efficiency of extraction of oil, separation
of natural substances, and measurement of pollution levels. A
method utilizing infrared spectrophotometry and a new extraction
procedure developed by the Department of Agriculture, Victoria,
are described.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l386-75
HYDROCARBONS
Bradley, M. P. T. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(5):189R-199R, 225R-228R.
This article contains a review of the 1972 and 1973 literature
pertinent to the analysis of hydrocarbons. A large number of
23
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applications or modifications of gas chromatography, a strong
interest in the polycyclic compounds, and a new interest in the
analysis of hydrocarbons in the environment are the major develop-
ments reported.
Bibliographies
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1387-75
HYDROCARBONS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM COAL OIL POINT
AREA, OFFSHORE CALIFORNIA
Brandon, E. E. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint
No. OTC-2387, Vol. 1. p. 513-521.
Heavy and light dissolved hydrocarbons have been found in higher
concentrations within one square nautical mile of the Coal Oil
Point seeps than in waters 10-15 miles east-southeast of the
seeps. Hydrocarbons in the sediments introduced by the seeps
can be clearly distinguished from those originating in other
natural processes using chromatographic analyses. These com-
ponents are not moving over a wide area and are not being
incorporated into the sediments or water column elsewhere, and
should have little environmental impact.
Sampling
Source identification
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,567. 1975.
C-l388-75
INTERFERENCE OF NON-HYDROCARBONS IN OIL-IN-WATER DETERMINATION
Bridie, A. L., et al. 1973.
Journal of the Institute of Petroleum 59(50):263-267.
A wide range of solvent extraction materials was examined in an
effort to obtain an oil-in-water analysis which determines mineral
oil exclusively and not other organic matter in effluents. The
most effective method was found to use n-pentane with the addition
of 'Florisil' (a Mg-Al silicate adsorbent) which removed the
relevant non-hydrocarbons from the pentane extract. Concawe's
method 11 IB is recommended for the full determination of oil
dissolved in waste water.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(10);
#2920. 1975.
24
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C-l389-75
IDENTIFYING OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Brown, C. W. 1975.
National American Chemical Society Meeting, 169th, Philadelphia,
1975. 760 p. Abstract Paper No. ENVT 72.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(28): Appendix A. 1975.
C-l390-75
NORMAL PARAFFIN PROFILES OF PELAGIC TAR SAMPLES FROM THE MARMAP
SURVEY
Butler, J. N., and J. C. Harris. 1975.
Marine Chemistry 3(l):l-7.
Pelagic tar samples were collected from 20 stations on cruises
from the Marmap Survey and were analyzed by gas chromatography
to obtain normal paraffin profiles in the range from C]Q to 035,
and a qualitative indication of the relative amount of other
compounds having a volatility in that range. The samples were
all weathered residues of waxy paraffinic crude oils and were
similar to numerous samples collected in the Sargasso Sea near
Bermuda.
Sampling
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1391-75
DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATERIALS IN THE SAINT LAWRENCE MARITIME ESTUARY:
COMPARISON AND CHOICE OF METHODS [English Summary]
Cauchois, D., and M. Khali!. 1974.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31(2):133-139.
A comparison was made of two methods, one based on liquid-liquid
extraction and the second by adsorption on a resin, to extract
dissolved organic matter in the St. Lawrence maritime estuary. The
methods removed different spectrums of organics from seawater.
Hydrocarbons were found to compose the major part of the extracts,
varying between 3 and 5 ug/1.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(13):
#W75-06706. 1975.
25
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C-l392-75
THE RECOGNITION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AQUATIC SEDIMENTS
Eglinton, G., B. R. T. Simoneit, and J. A. Zoro. 1974.
A Discussion on Organic Pollutants in the Sea: Their Origin,
Distribution, Degradation and Ultimate Fate,[London], 1974.
The technique of computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
in identifying pollutants and natural compounds in aquatic sedi-
ments is described. The use of this system for the analysis of
an estuarine sediment, in which phthalate esters, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, natural lipids and partially degraded crude
oil were detected, is reviewed.
Citation Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B,
189(1096):415-422. 1975.
C-1393-75
SOLVENTS IN SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS: IDENTIFICATION
AND DETERMINATION
Ellison, W. K., and T. E. Wallbank. 1974.
Water Pollution Control 73:656-671.
The use of infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy in conjunction
with gas chromatography is a powerful technique for the detection
and identification of small amounts of immiscible solvent residues
in waste samples. Petroleum does not mask other solvents in this
method.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(11):
#W75-05840. 1975.
C-l394-75
ANALYSIS OF -HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS: RESULTS OF IDOE
INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISES
Farrington, J. W.} J. M. Teal, J. G. Quinn, P. L. Parker, and
K. Winters. 1974.
Technical Report, WHOI-74-61, NSF/IDOE-74-43. 15 p.
Intercalibration exercises were conducted for the International
Decade of Ocean Exploration's baseline studies of marine pollutants,
The exercises provide an evaluation of the precision and accuracy
of analyses of hydrocarbons in marine organisms.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#PB-238 459/2GA. 1975.
26
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C-1395-75
SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COLLECTION OF MARINE SAMPLES
AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS
Farrington, J. W. 1974.
In: Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in
the Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Chemical Oceanography. R. E. Smith
(ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida, State University System of
Florida Institute of Oceanography, p. 269-278.
The analysis of marine samples to detect petroleum hydrocarbons
in recently biosynthesized hydrocarbons is discussed. The need
is explained for closely spaced sampling stations and intercal-
ibration procedures for comparing baseline data collected by
different laboratories examining the distribution of hydrocarbons,
Citation Source: Marine Geology 19(1):63. 1975.
C-1396-75
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF OIL IN WATER SAMPLES BY INFRARED
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. PHASE I. SAMPLE AGING STUDY
Finger, S., H. Feingold, E. Timko, and S. Orbach. 1974.
Evaluation Report, NSRDC-4535. 110 p.
Results are given from a study in which oil-in-water samples of
naval distillate fuel oil were analyzed to determine and quantify
aging from various types of degradation processes during an
8-week period.
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#AD-A011 040-3GA. 1975.
C-1397-75
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF OIL IN WATER SAMPLES BY INFRARED
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY: PHASE II. INTERLABORATORY STUDY. VOLUME I.
Finger, S., H. Feingold, E. Timko, and S. Orbach. 1975.
Evaluation Report, NSRDC-4536-Vol-l. 124 p.
An interlaboratory study to validate a method for measuring the
concentration of oil-in-water was conducted by seven laboratories.
This analytical procedure was evaluated as a function of oil type,
water salinity and oil concentration. Data, results and con-
clusions are included in this volume.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
MD-A011 041/1GA. 1975.
27
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C-1398-75
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF OIL IN WATER SAMPLES BY INFRARED
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. PHASE II. INTERLABORATORY STUDY. VOLUME II.
Finger, S., H. Feingold, E. Timko, and S. Orbach. 1975.
Evaluation Report, NSRDC-4536-Vol-2. 100 p.
"This volume contains discussions and derivations of some of the
procedures in the statistical analysis used in this study, results
at a greater level of detail, and results based on the inclusion
of sample aging as well as calibration corrections."
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#AD-A011 042/9GA. 1975.
C-1399-75
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF OIL IN WATER SAMPLES BY INFRARED
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. PHASE II. INTERLABORATORY STUDY. VOLUME III.
Finger, S., H. Feingold, E. Timko, and S. Orbach. 1975.
Evaluation Report, NSRDC-4536-Vol-3. 176 p.
Appendices are included in this volume which present a description
of samples shipped to and data provided by laboratories partici-
pating in the interlaboratory study of the IR Oil Concentration
Analysis Method.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
MD-A011 043/7GA. 1975.
C-1400-75
PETROLEUM
Fraser, J. M. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(5):169R, 220R.
The format of the review which follows this introduction is
explained. This is the twelfth in a series of reviews of analytical
chemistry in the petroleum industry and it covers publications
appearing in 1972 and 1973,
Bibliographies
Citation Source: Citation Journal
2fi
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C-1401-75
ANTIOXIDANTS A NEW CLASS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS
Guesten, H., W. Koelle, K. H. Schweer, and L. Stieglitz. 1973.
Environmental Letters 5(4):209-213.
Phenols bearing tert-buty substituents in ortho-position are
found in Rhine water and on filters; they were determined by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although not directly toxic,
these compounds are antioxidants and may inhibit photosynthesis.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental
Pollutants 4(8):#8418. 1975.
C-1402-75
EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM 2-STROKE OUTBOARD MOTORS AND THEIR IMPACT
Hare, C. T., K. J. Springer, and T. A. Huls. 1974.
SAE (Technical Paper), 740737. 26 p.
The losses of condensible and/or soluble exhaust components of
exhaust emissions into the water phase were dependent upon the
water/exhaust ratios, turbulence, water temperature, bubble
residence time and the pH of the water. The national impact of
outboard engines was estimated to be (compared %) hydrocarbons,
1; CO, 0.9; NOX, 0.008; and SOX, 0.004.
Reporting
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15035c. 1975.
C-1403-75
DIRECT ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES FOR ORGANIC POLLUTANTS WITH GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY
Harris, L. E. 1974.
Analytical Chemistry 46:1912-1917.
A study was made of the applicability of direct aqueous injection
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to water pollution identifi-
cation. Results indicate that direct aqueous analysis is a
valuable supplementary procedure for the detection of volatile
organic compounds in marine pollutants that are not found with
solvent extraction.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
29
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C-1404-75
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF 370-535° AROMATIC CONCENTRATES
OF CRUDE OILS FROM GPC (GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHIC) ANALYSES
Hirsch, D. E.» J. E. Dooley, H. J. Coleman, and C. J. Thompson.
1974.
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations, No. RI7974. 26 p.
The 370-535° distillates from four crude oils were characterized
by a GPC-mass spectral method. Correlations were developed to
predict the retention volume, molecular volume, chain length and
ring number of many petroleum components.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#45597e. 1975.
C-1405-75
MARINE POLLUTION BY OIL. CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANTS, SAMPLING,
ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION
Institute of Petroleum Oil Pollution Analysis Committee. 1974.
Barking, Essex, Applied Science Publishers, ix + 198 p.
Sampling and sample preparation are described in order that coastal
authorities may collect reliable samples for analyses. Two thirds
of the book is concerned with analyses of petroleum oil. One
chapter provides guidance on interpretation of results related to
identification of oils.
Sampling
Source identification
Citation Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(4):63. 1974.
C-1406-75
PROGRESS REPORT ON PELAGIC, BEACH AND BOTTOM TARS OF THE GULF OF
MEXICO AND CONTROLLED WEATHERING EXPERIMENTS
Jeffrey, L. M., D. J. Frank, N. Powell, A. Bautz, A. Voz, and
L. May. 1973.
Report; Texas A & M University, Department of Oceanography.
Gas chromatography analyses of sulphur and asphaltene content,
V/Ni ratios and molecular size range of asphaltene fractions were
parameters determined in tar samples collected from the Gulf of
Mexico and the Caribbean. Differences observed in these parameters
between the pelagic, beach and bottom tars, and between the
environmental tars and crude or fuel oil products are discussed.
Experiments examining the weathering process of tars are detailed.
Chemical changes of oil
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(3):
#5Q3098. 1975.
30
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C-1407-75
SENSITIVE MONITORING OF PHENOLS AFTER LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Katz, S., and W. W. Pitt, Jr. 1975.
Journal of Chromatography 111(2):470-471.
The authors raise several objections to the procedures used by
Wolkoff and Larose (1974) in analyzing phenols. Their comments
are based on four years of study of the applications of the
cerate oxidative monitor and are contained in a letter to the
editor.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1408-75
ANALYSIS ON NONIONIC SURFACTANTS OF THE ALKYL PHENOL TYPE IN THE
PRESENCE OF MINERAL OIL BY MEANS OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Krejci, M., M. Rounda, and Z. Vavrouch. 1974.
Journal of Chromatography 91:549-556.
A method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts
of non-ionic surfactants of the alky! phenol type (Arkopals) and
mineral oil in waste waters. The sample is first enriched using
a pre-column packed with Porapak Q; this allows concentrations of
ppm to be determined. Liquid-liquid chromatography is used to
discriminate the different Arkopals. UV spectra separates oils
and surfactants.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1409-75
ANALYTICAL AND PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Loveland, J. W., and C. N. White. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(5):208R-220R, 231R-232R.
This review covers the 1972 and 1973 literature relevant to
petroleum analytical and process instrumentation. Sub-sections
cover: pollution, improved instrumental techniques and equipment
with general applicability, elemental analysis, individual and type
compound analysis, and physical property methods.
Bibliographies
Citation Source: Citation Journal
31
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C-1410-75
THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN BEACH ASPHALTS
May, L. A., and B. J. Presley. 1974.
Atomic Absorption Newsletter 13(6):144-145.
Iron, vanadium and nickel were determined in beach asphalts by
flameless atomic absorption using a Perkin Elmer H6A 2000. The
technique is useful in helping to identify the origin of oil and
pollution samples arising from crude oil. Results of the analysis
are given.
Source identification
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(10);
#2749. 1975.
C-1411-75
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF MARINE
ORGANISMS
McKee, H. C., and D. S. Tarazi. 1974.
Ecological Research Series, EPA-660/3-74-026. 62 p.
Laboratory methods for processing, extracting, purifying, con-
centrating and measuring specific organic pollutants in marine
organisms have been developed in a 2-year laboratory study.
Compounds tested include saturated carbons to C22« aromatics to
Cg, alcohols, amines, glycols, unsaturated hydrocarbons, ketones,
phenols, esters, heterocyclic compounds, acids, sulfides and
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(3):
#5Q3162. 1975.
C-1412-75
DETERMINATION OF OIL IN WATER
Meijers, A. P. 1974.
H20 (Rotterdam) 7(21):460-465.
The determination of oil extracted from water with infrared spectro-
metry, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography was compared
by water institute specialists. Daily oil measurements can be
conducted best using infrared spectrometry; this method gives only
minor qualitative information. When more qualitative information
is required, gas chromatography can be applied as well.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(9):
#2464. 1975.
32
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C-1413-75
FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON THE THICKNESS OF CRUDE OIL FILM ON
SEA-WATER SURFACES
Miyahara, S., and Y. Nozaki. 1975.
Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 41(4):
377-382.
The thickness of the average monomolecular films of five crude
oils was measured with a plate-type surface balance and the
largest area that the film can cover was calculated. The resulting
values were much larger than those of the oil films which had
previously been studied. The average molecular weight of the five
crudes was then measured by the Rast's cryoscopic method.
Physical changes of oil
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1414-75
AN ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF NAPHTHALENE AND ALKYLNAPHTHALENES IN THE TISSUES OF OIL-
CONTAMINATED MARINE ANIMALS
Neff, J. M., and J. W. Anderson. 1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(1):
122-128.
The authors describe a direct UV spectrophotometric method for
the semiquantitative determination of naphthalene, methyl naph-
thalenes and dimethyl naphthalenes in seawater and in marine animal
tissues. In past hydrocarbon accumulation and retention studies,
as little as 0.1 ppm of naphthalene and alkylnaphthalenes has
been detected in marine animal tissues without difficulty. The
detection limits in seawater are in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 ppm.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1415-75
INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON (BENZO[A]PYRENE) HYDROXYLASE IN FISH
BY PETROLEUM
Payne, J. F., and W. R. Penrose. 1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(1):
112-116.
A study was conducted in which aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene)
hydroxylase (AHH) activity was measured in brown trout and capelin
under pollution-free and oil-contaminated conditions. Results
33
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indicate the usefulness of measuring inducible AHH in fish as a
means of assessing previous exposure to petroleum or other
products containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1416-75
DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF NAPHTHALENE IN SUBSTANCES OF
THE ENVIRONMENT [English Summary]
Polishchuk, L. R. 1975.
Gigiena i Sanitariya 2:76-78.
The analytical procedure for determining the presence of
naphthalene in waste water and agricultural products is outlined.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(1):#2012t. 1975.
C-1417-75
INVESTIGATION OF PETROLEUM ASPHALTENES BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Posadov, I. A., Yu. V. Pokonova, and V. A. Proskuryakov. 1974.
Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR 47(11) Part 11:2606-2608.
The structural characteristics of the most typical asphaltenes
are given.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1418-75
SPIN-LABELING TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING MODE OF ACTION OF PETROLEUM
HYDROCARBONS ON MARINE ORGANISMS
Roubal,. W. T., and T. K. Collier. 1975.
Fishery Bulletin 73(2):299-305. NOAA-75051501-8, 1974. 8 p.
Basic spin-labeling theory and experimental results from spin-
labeling studies of membrane-hydrocarbon contaminant interaction
are discussed in this report. The purpose of these studies is to
investigate the mode of action of hydrocarbon contaminants at the
molecular level.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#COM-75-50192-02-08/GA. 1975.
34
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C-1419-75
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING OIL IN WATER
Stamulis, A. 1974.
Report No. NRL-MR-2741. 19 p.
Adding an oil-soluble dye to a well mixed oil-in-water solution
produces a homogeneous colored solution. Low concentrations of
oil can thus be visually determined. Many test oils gave positive
results, but in some cases protective colloid action masked the
color test.
Citation Source:
Government Reports Announcements 75(11):
#AD-A007 871/76A. 1975.
C-l420-75
PROPERTIES OF THE NONPOLAR OIL-WATER INTERFACE. I. PROCEDURES
FOR THE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF THE INTERFACIAL PRESSURE OF AN
INSOLUBLE MONOLAYER
Taylor, J. A. G., and J. Mingins. 1975.
Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 71(5):
1161-1171.
A method (J. H. Brooks and B. A. Pethica, 1964) for measuring the
surface pressure of an insoluble monolayer at a nonpolar oil-water
interface is described.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#33352h. 1975.
C-1421-75
CRUDE OILS
Trusell, F. C. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(5):169R-173R;
220R-221R.
The author reviews the literature of 1972 and 1973 pertinent to
the analysis of crude oils. Subheadings include hydrocarbons,
heterocompounds, shale oil, asphalts and residues, metals and
salts, non-routine characterization, routine analytical data,
and distillation data.
Bibliographies
Citation Source: Citation Journal
35
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C-1422-75
COULOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL CONTENT OF PHENOLS IN
REFINERY WASTE WATERS
Tsayun, G. P., and E. E. Yudovich. 1975.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(5-6):489-491.
The colorimetric method used to determine phenol residuals in
refinery waste waters is difficult to automate. Gas chromatog-
raphy is time-consuming. A new analytical method is described
in this paper which uses a coulometric titration of phenol with
bromine. Details of the test and recommendations for practical
uses in petroleum refineries are given.
Monitoring
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(7):#047164x.
1975.
C-1423-75
DETERMINATION OF MINERAL OILS IN WASTE WATER CONTAINING OIL
EMULSIONS [English Abstract]
Vavrouch, Z. 1974.
Vyzkumny Ustav Vodohospodarsky Prague, Prace a Studie (136). 70 p.
A summary is given of the results of a study of the analytical
methods for determining mineral oils in waste water containing oil
emulsions. The possibility of using chromatographic methods and
UV- and IR-spectroscopy to identify mineral oils is discussed.
Attention is focused on methods of separating these oils from
polar substances (emulsifying agents) using adsorption chromatog-
raphy on columns packed with silica gel or aluminum oxide.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(5):#035099.
1975.
C-1424-75
ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS FROM OUTBOARD TWO-CYCLE MARINE ENGINES
Weber, W. J., Jr., D. E. Cole, and J. C. Posner. 1975.
Final Report, EPA/670/2-75-061, Grant EPA-R-801799. 266 p.
Several types of two-stroke engines were run under load conditions
and both condensible and non-condensible emissions were analyzed.
Exhaust products which are considered to be condensible in a water
column constituted less than 10% of the fuel fed in all cases. The
major portion of the water condensible aromatics evaporated fairly
rapidly from the water, but a portion was nonvolatile.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#PB-242 174/1GA. 1975.
36
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C-1425-75
CRUDE OIL SPILLS RESEARCH. AN INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Wilson, C. A., and E. P. Ferrero. 1975.
U.S. Bureau of Mines,Report of Investigations, No. 8024. 28 p.
The article described the program of the Bureau of Mines to
investigate and evaluate analytical techniques for the simple,
rapid and reliable identification of crude oil spills. Gas-
liquid chromatographic analysis, atomic absorption, spectro-
photometric analysis and sulfur-nitrogen determinations are
recommended as the most useful techniques investigated.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#042247.
1975.
C-1426-75
A HIGHLY SENSITIVE TECHNIQUE FOR THE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS OF PHENOLS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Wolkoff, A. W., and R. H. Larose. 1974.
Journal of Chromatography 99:731-743.
The system utilizes a reaction detector in which cerium (IV)
sulfate is allowed to react with phenols in the column effluent,
and the cerium (III) produced is detected by fluorescence
spectroscopy. The lower limit of detection of phenols in environ-
mental samples was shown to be about 0.4 ppb.
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16{3):#2228.
1975.
C-1427-75
SENSITIVE MONITORING OF PHENOLS AFTER LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Wolkoff, A. W., and R. H. Larose. 1975.
Journal of Chromatqgraphy lll(2):472-473.
This 'Letter to the Editor1 is a reply to criticisms on the
authors' laboratory procedures made by Katz and Pitt (1975).
Justification of their method of measuring phenols at a more
sensitive level using high-pressure liquid chromatography is
attempted.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Citation Journal
37
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C-1428-75
HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT AROMATIC HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION OF
PETROLEUM [English Translation]
Zimina, K. I., A. A. Polyakova, and A. G. Siryuk. 1975.
Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 3:53-56.
The composition of this fraction of petroleum was determined by
mass and UV spectra. The aromatic fraction of the high-molecular-
weight aromatic hydrocarbons contained hydrocarbons with benzene
rings. The light fractions included alkyl benzenes with a long
chain, the heavy fractions, alkyl benzenes with several alkyl
chains.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#45535h. 1975.
38
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6. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
C-1429-75
IDENTIFYING SPILLED OIL MAY BE DIFFICULT
Anon. 1975.
Chemical and Engineering News 53(36):22.
A recent study of the methods available for the analysis of spills
indicates that although it might be possible to identify the spill
source, it would be difficult due to the lack of necessary data
on the world's oils. Gas liquid chromatography, V-Ni analysis by
atomic absorption, and sulfur-nitrogen determinations are the most
useful methods of identifying oils. But data on crude oils from
all the various oil fields are necessary for comparison.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1430-75
APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY IN PETROLEUM ANALYSIS AND
OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION
Brown, C. W., P. F. Lynch, and M. Ahmadjian. 1975.
Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 9(2):223-248.
The review covers the comparison of petroleum and component
structures, and the identification of petroleum in the environment
by transmission infrared and attenuated total reflection spectro-
scopy and remote detection.
Analysis
Bibliographies
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47712n. 1975.
C-1431-75
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS BY PATTERN RECOGNITION ANALYSIS
OF NATURAL ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
Duewer, D. L., B. R. Kowalski, and T. F. Schatzki. 1975.
Interim Technical Report, No. 7, Contract N00014-67-A-0103-0036.
42 p.
The use of pattern recognition analysis in determining the source
of an oil spill is described. Procedures utilizing comparisons of
the field sample to single known source samples and to multiple
artificially weathered source samples of a given type are discussed,
Analysis
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(9):
#AD/A-006 471/7GA. 1975.
39
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C-1432-75
IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF OIL SPILLS
Green, D. M., and J. Roburn. 1973.
Proceedings of the Society of Analytical Chemistry 10(8):202-203.
The different methods of identification of the sources of oil spills
are reviewed. The methods include gas chromatography, isoprenoid
alkane, and V-Ni content.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47709s. 1975.
C-1433-75
OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF SO-CALLED CARCINOGENEOUS AND OTHER
POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS IN WATERS
Hellmann.H. 1974.
Deutsche Gewaesserkundliche Mitteilungen 18(6):155-157.
Water and sediment samples from the Rhine River near Koblenz
contain polycyclic aromatics that come from waste water and the
natural contribution of the catchment during flood periods. Load
increased with discharge.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65224j. 1975.
C-1434-75
ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTS
Hellmann, H. 1974.
Vom Wasser 43:179-192.
The problem of differentiating hydrocarbons from fossil sedimentary,
biogenic and industrial sources in sediments is discussed. The
method to differentiate these sources uses IR spectroscopy aided
by 14c dating and gas chromatography.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#31072t. 1975.
40
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C-1435-75
PETROCHEMICAL AND BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE SEDIMENTS OF
LAKE CONSTANCE
Koelle, W. 1974.
Vom Wasser 43:161-177.
A study was conducted which analyzed sediment samples from four
locations for hydrocarbon content and '4C activity. The sedi-
mentary hydrocarbons were composed of highly branched hydrocarbons
and the presence of alkylbenzenes, biphenyl, tetrachlorobenzene,
hexachlorobenzene, DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls, and condensed
aromatic ring compounds indicated pollution from boats on the lake.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#31071s. 1975.
C-1436-75
REVIEW OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE CHARACTERISATION AND IDENTIFICATION
OF OIL SPILLAGES
McGlynn, J. A. 1974.
Examination of Waters: Evaluation of Methods for Selected
Characteristics. Australia Water Resources Council, Technical
Paper No. 8. 109 p.
The effectiveness of a broad spectrum of analytical techniques
to identify the source of oil spill samples is reviewed. Techniques
discussed include: infrared absorbance, ultraviolet fluorescence,
ultraviolet absorbance, paper chromatography, trace metal ratios
and specification properties, i.e., viscosity and specific gravity.
Analysis
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1437-75
LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENT DECAY SPECTRA. NEW FORM OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SIGNATURE
Measures, R. M., W. R. Houston, and D. G. Stephenson. 1974.
Optical Engineering 13(6):494-501.
This study demonstrates that the decay time of laser-induced
fluorescence is a function of emission wavelength for several
crude oils and petroleum products. With this setup, oil spills
can be detected and identified, and also water temperature, quality
and movement measured.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65150q. 1975.
41
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C-1438-75
SIGNIFICANCE OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS IN EASTERN GULF
WATERS
Sackett, W. M. 1974.
In: Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in
the Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Chemical Oceanography. R. E. Smith
(ed.). St. Petersburg,Florida, State University System Florida
Institute of Oceanography, p. 253-267.
An extensive survey of dissolved low molecular weight hydrocarbon
concentrations in surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico indicates
that the most important sources of these hydrocarbons are related
to man's activities. These sources include shipping and petro-
chemical activities from ports and estuaries, offshore drilling
and production platforms, and ships discharging oily wastes at sea,
Low molecular weight hydrocarbons are considered to be sensitive
indicators of incipient petroleum pollution in marine environments,
Chemical effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Marine Geology 19(1):66. 1975.
C-1439-75
CONTENTS OF NICKEL AND VANADIUM IN THE HEAVY OILS WHICH POLLUTE
THE COASTS FROM THE UNITED STATES BORDER TO ENSENADA, BAJA
CALIFORNIA [English Summary]
Salas Flores, D., K. A. Nishikawa Kinomura, H. R. Cabrera Muro, and
S. Alvarez-Borrego. 1974.
Ciencias Marinas 1(1):1-15.
From a maximum of four strong suspected sources, the origin of
oil pollutants can be identified by the concentrations of V, Ni
and the V-Ni ratio.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47813w. 1975.
C-1440-75
METHODS OF IDENTIFYING AND DETERMINING SOURCE AND AGE OF PETROLEUM
FOUND IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Scolnick, M. E., A. C. Scott, and M. Anbar. 1974.
Final Report, June 72 to June 74, USCG-D-61-75, Contract
DOT-CG-22996-A. 121 p.
A system for the identification of oil by nonfragmenting field
ionization multiscanning mass spectrometry is described in detail.
42
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A statistical
derived.
model for the analysis of spectrometer data is
Analysis
Citation Source:
Government Reports Announcements 75(16)
#AD-A010 704/56A. 1975.
C-1441-75
MINIMIZING OIL-SPILL HAZARDS
Zimmerman, M. D. 1975.
Machine Design 47(11):16-18.
The article describes the work being done at the Environmental
Protection Agency's Edison Laboratory to determine the origins
of oil and hazardous materials spilled into U.S. coastal and
use of various analytical instruments. Oil
identified based on evidence supplied by
, gas chromatograph and fluorescence spectro-
inland waters by the
spillers may soon be
absorption, infrared.
scopy analysis.
Analysis
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(30):#208,697. 1975.
43
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
C-1442-75
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY DEVELOPS UNIVERSAL CONNECTOR FOR
ALL BOOMS
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(1):16.
The Civil Engineering Laboratory, Naval Construction Battalion
Center, Port Hueneme, California, has developed a universal boom
connector which allows sections of different size booms to be
connected quickly and effectively to contain an oil spill. The
design of the connector is described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1443-75
EXPANDI OIL BOOM
Anon.
Product Information
The Expand! Oil Boom is a new product developed by Whittaker
Corporation, La Mesa, California, which has been deployed for
testing and spill control in sheltered waters and open sea.
The principal advantages of the boom are light weight, compactness,
high stability, rapid deployment, manageability and easy recovery.
Information Source: W. E. Bacher, Whittaker Corporation,
5159 Baltimore Dr., La Mesa, California 92041
C-1444-75
OIL SPILL FENCE
Anon. 1974.
Marine Technology Society Journal 8(7):26.
A new submersible oil barrier technique, developed by Bridgestone
Tire Company, Japan, provides for the fast and effective contain-
ment of oil spills. The barrier consists of a flexible rubber
skirt, supported by two inflatable hoses, which extends above and
below the water surface. The fence can be stored on the sea
bottom surrounding a fixed oil handling station and when needed
can be inflated and floated to the surface to contain the spill.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
44
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C-1445-75
FAST CURRENT OIL CONTROL STUDY
Graebel, VI. P., and V. A. Phelps. 1974.
Interim Report, USCG-D-84-75, Contract DOT-CG-32430-A. 198 p.
Oil containment barriers and oil herders were studied using
various oils and currents up to four fps. The oil herders were
superior to the containment barriers. A vortex oil recovery
device was tested which had small loss rates and increased its
rate of recovery of a slick with current speed.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
MD-A009 040/7GI. 1975.
C-1446-75
CONTAINMENT OF OIL SPILLS
Herbich, J. B. 1974.
IEEE International Conference on Engineering in the Ocean
Environment, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1974. Vol. 1. p. 282-288.
The effectiveness of the pneumatic barrier concept for oil
containment on the open seas is demonstrated.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(5):#035101.
1975.
C-l447-75
A NATURAL LIMIT TO THE CONTAINMENT AND REMOVAL OF OIL SPILLS AT
SEA
Leibovich, S. 1975.
Ocean Engineering 3(l):29-36.
A statistical model is developed to investigate the effect of
turbulence on oil spill containment and cleanup operations in
marine waters. The model allows a conclusion to be made con-
cerning the probable success of such an operation based on
existing wind speed and oil type conditions.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
45
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C-1448-75
OIL SLICK INSTABILITY AND THE ENTRAPMENT FAILURE OF OIL
CONTAINMENT BOOMS
Leibovich, S. 1975.
ASME Meeting, 1975, Paper No. 75-FE-8. 8 p.
Experimental evidence is shown to be consistent with the view that
the onset of droplet formation from contained oil slicks is due
to the breaking of finite interfacial waves; these waves result
from the equilibration of amplifying Kelvin-Helmholtz waves.
Conditions for droplet shedding from the headwave and from the
entire slick are derived from this model.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039639.
1975.
C-1449-75
EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH AND SEAKEEPING ABILITY OF POLLUTION
CONTROL BARRIERS
Milgram, J. H., and J. F. O'Dea. 1974.
Final Report, USCG-D-75, Contract DOT-CG-12937-A. 204 p.
A barrier is best evaluated at present on its strength and
seakeeping ability. This report provides means for evaluating
arbitrary oil pollution control barriers without testing them on
a full-scale level.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#AD/A-004 674/8GA. 1975.
C-1450-75
COMPRESSED AIR BREAKWATERS CHECK OIL SPILLS
Verner, B.
Energie Fluide et Lubrification 13(75):47-54.
Results are given from both model and harbor experiments in which
barriers of bubbles have been generated by compressed air run
through pipelines with tiny holes.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(4):#027925.
1975.
46
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2. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
C-1451-75
(no title)
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Science News 17(24):2.
Radio frequencies for use in oil spill cleanup operations have
been allocated to the licencees in the Petroleum Radio Service
by the Federal Communications Commission.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1452-75
CLEANING UP A MAJOR OIL SPILL
Anon. 1974.
Financial Times, 4 November.
A brief description is given of some cleanup methods being used
by Gulf Oil to clear the Bantry Bay area of about 2,500 tons of
crude oil which was recently spilled.
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(2):#803.
1975.
C-1453-75
CLEAN SWEEP OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM TO BE INSTALLED AT MIAMI AIRPORT
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(2):23.
The oil recovery system being installed at the Miami International
Airport will help prevent the contamination of the nearby Miami
River and Biscayne Bay from oil that has seeped into underground
limestone at the airport. The design and operation of the device
are described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
47
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C-1454-75
THE CYCLONE!
Anon.
Product Information
ALSTHOM-GROUPE TECHNIQUES DES FLUIDES has developed the 'Cyclonet,
a device for collecting oil straight from the sea surface. Due
to the velocity of the boat, floating oil and water are forced
into the apparatus via tangential slit below the water surface.
The position of the slit causes a rotation inside the Cyclonet
and natural separation of the oil and water occurs. The lighter
oil and purified water are discharged through separate orifices.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: J. N. Butte, Alsthom Techniques des Fluides,
75, rue General-Mangin, Grenoble, France.
C-1455-75
DISPERSING OIL IN SHALLOW WATERS
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(4):53.
The Warren Spring Laboratory of the Department of Industry has
manufactured a smaller version of its successful '5-bar gate'
used for dispersing oil slicks at sea. This new version can be
used in coastal waters, in rivers and near beaches.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1456-75
GOODYEAR SEA SENTRY^ INFLATABLE OIL BOOMS
Anon.
Product Information
Goodyear's Sea Sentry inflatable oil booms quickly surround and
effectively contain polluting oil spills on water, in rough
weather and offshore conditions. These booms, made of high
strength nylon impregnated with a synthetic rubber, are highly
resistant to oil, salt, water, contamination, weathering and
gouging. Sections can be joined together-and inflated to
surround and contain spills from tankers, barges, offshore oil
wells or pumping stations.
Design and engineering
Information Source: J. H. Evans, Engineered Fabrics Division,
Goodyear Aerospace Corp., Akron, Ohio 44315
48
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C-1457-75
HOW TO CLEAN UP THE MESS
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(5):65-66.
Different countries have diverged on the question of removal
versus disposal of oil spills. There is now a European code
for dealing with oil spills which recommends the use of dis-
persants at sea to keep the oil from the beaches.
International legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1458-75
JAPANESE OIL-COLLECTING CATAMARAN
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(7):100.
The catamaran, "Sokai," has been built by Ishikawajima-Harima
Heavy Industries to recover floating oil in Tokyo Bay. Oil is
sucked with seawater into an oil-collecting device attached to
the hulls, and the oil is then separated using an air bubble
producing device.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1459-75
MARCO RECEIVES $3.1 MILLION CONTRACT FOR 24 OIL SPILL RECOVERY
VESSELS
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(5):31.
Marine Construction and Design Company, Seattle, Washington, is
building 24 oil spill recovery vessels for the U.S. Navy to be
used in emergency oil spill cleanup on the high seas. The design
and operation of the 36-foot long skimmer vessel equipped with
the Marco oil recovery "Filterbelt" are described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
49
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C-1460-75
NEW HYDROVAC OIL SWEEPER SHIP HAS MECHANICAL SEPARATION SYSTEM
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(4):20.
Two Hydrovac Sweeper Ships have been used in Rotterdam to recover
oil lost due to tanker leaks, ship collisions, as well as terminal
accidents and offshore drilling. The oil-water mixture is
collected by the oil sweeper boom and pumped through hoses to the
oil-water separator aboard ship; the resulting free oil goes into
a storage tank and the purified water is discharged overboard.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1461-75
OFFSHORE OIL SKIMMER PASSES SURVIVAL TEST
Anon. 1974.
Petroleum Engineer 46:20.
The Lockheed Clean Sweep commercial oil/water separator is able
to sweep up to 1000 gallons a minute of spilled oil from the ocean
surface. The device is composed of a diesel-powered paddlewheel
disc-drum mounted crosswise between four inflatable pontoons that
form a catamaran. Oil in an oil-water mix adheres to the discs
and is carried past wipers which direct the oil to a hollow axle.
The oil is then pumped from the machine to storage containers.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1462-75
1974 OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE. PREPRINTS. VOLS I. AND II
Anon. -1974.
Offshore Technology Conference, 6th, Dallas, 1974. 2076 p.
The papers cover a variety of topics concerned with oil pollution.
Offshore oil storage tanks, oil pollution control systems,
recovery systems and tar balls in the sea are subjects.
Design and engineering
Reporting
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02231. 1975.
50
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C-1463-75
OIL MENACES THE MARITIME ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1974.
Rotterdam Europoort Delta 13(2):10-13.
The following means for removing oil pollution from seawater
are described: mechanical methods using apparatus such as the
oil hog and oil skimmer; methods using the oil binding agent,
Shell Herder; chemical methods which spray detergents on the
pollution to decompose the oil and cause it to sink; and con-
tainment of the oil using oil barriers.
Containment
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(6):#1673. 1975.
C-1464-75
OIL-REMOVAL UNIT
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(35):134.
An oil removal unit operates by collecting oil on an endless
belt, and then elevating above the liquid level for gravity
discharge. Free oil content is reduced to trace residuals.
Information Source: Tenco Hydro/Aerosciences, Inc., 5220 East
Ave., Countryside, Illinois 60525
C-1465-75
OIL SPILLS - RECOVERY AND RE-USE BY VESSEL
Anon. 1975.
Dock Harbor Authority 55(652):415.
Oil pollution is combatted and oil is salvaged for reuse in
Rotterdam, Netherlands, by the collection of 10,000 t of
salable oil by two Hydrovac ships. A "mother" or process ship
physically takes the oil spill aboard by means of an oil sweeper
boom attached to the vessel.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#042249.
1975.
51
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C-1466-75
OIL-WATER SEPARATOR AIDS SPILL CLEANUP
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(34):122.
A compact oil-water separator has been developed to handle
bilge, oil-spill cleanup, ballast and tank washing. The unit
requires only one-fourth the volume of standard API separators
and comes in capacities of 10 to 3,000 gpm.
Information Source: General Electric Re-entry and Environmental
Systems Division, 3198 Chestnut St.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101
C-1467-75
RECOVERING OIL SPILLS FROM WATER
Anon. 1975.
Water and Sewage Works 122(4):73.
Hydrovac Systems of Amsterdam has developed and tested a sweeper
ship that collects the oil-water mixture and pumps it into a
separator. Recovery can be done in waves up to seven feet high.
Ships in Rotterdam recover 500,000 gallons of salable oil per
ship per year on an eight-hour daily work schedule.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l468-75
SKIMMER GIVES 24-HR OIL RECOVERY
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(26):159.
The diesel-powered Spill Spoiler Class III is an oil skimmer
developed by Marine Construction & Design Company, Seattle,
Washington, able to recover oil on a 24-hour basis under all
weather conditions. The system is equipped with a Filterbelt
oil reclaiming system which is formed into a continuous conveyor
which traps oil while water flows through freely.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
52
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C-1469-75
VACUUM UNIT GOBBLES UP OIL SPILLS
Anon. 1974.
Electrical World 182:47.
The oil cleaning unit, developed by Vac-U-Max, Belleville, New
Jersey, operates on air pressure rather than electric power or
fuel and can thus be used in any environment. The units with a
two-inch inlet achieve a vacuum of up to sixteen inches of mercury
to effectively handle No. 4 fuel or lighter; and most entrained
material is able to pass through this size line.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1470-75
VINYL AND POLYURETHANE SEABOOM PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST
OFFSHORE POLLUTION
Anon. 1974.
Rubber Age 106(6):51-52.
The "Seaboom," a vinyl and polyurethane boom, was designed to
promote quick and easy cleanup of accidental oil spills. The
boom consists of a thick vertical vinyl sheet, a vinyl flotation
unit, polyurethane ribs and connectors.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(5):#1375. 1975.
C-1471-75
A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE DISPERSIVE CAPACITY OF
PREPARATIONS USED FOR REMOVING OILS FROM WATER SURFACE [English
Summary]
Antonova, N. M., 0. S. Mochalova, I. A. Nemirovskaya, and M. P.
Nesterova. 1975.
Okeanologiya 15(2):333.
A method is described for evaluating the effectiveness of the
dispersive action of chemical products used for removing oil from
water surfaces. The method is simple and allows for the rapid
comparison of data for different emulsifying agents and different
oils.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
53
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C-1472-75
EFFECTS OF SOME CATIONIC DETERGENTS ON AN OIL-WATER EMULSION
STABILIZED BY SODIUM LAURYL SULPHATE
Bahadur, P., and S. N. Srivastava. 1975.
Colloid and Polymer Science 253(4):315.
The effects of cationic detergents of varying carbon chain
lengths and head groups size on the stability of an oil-water
emulsion stabilized with sodium lauryl sulfate were determined.
The chain length is more important in inducing flocculation and
coalescence; increasing concentration of detergents also
increases instability.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1473-75
GELATION OF OIL BY AMINE CARBAMATES AS A MEANS OF REMOVAL AND
RECOVERY OF OIL SLICKS
Bannister, W. W., J. R. Pennace, and H. H. Reynolds. 1974.
Southeastern Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society,
26th, Norfolk,1974. 5 p.
Research has been initiated to devise improved additives to
facilitate the recovery of oil slicks. The authors' work has
centered on their observation and application of tendencies of
dilute solutions of primary or secondary aliphatic or aralkey
amines in hydrocarbons to produce gels upon treatment with carbon
dioxide.
Citation Source: Principal author
C-l474-75
AT-SEA TESTING OF A HIGH SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM
Blockwick, T. N., R. L. Beach, F. A. March, and L. S. Brown. 1974.
Final Report, AD-A006938, USCG-D-57-75, Contract DOT-CG-32781-A.
124 p.
The design and testing of a 2000 gallon/minute oil recovery system
developed by Ocean Systems, Inc., are described. Results are
given of tests measuring the oil recovery system's strength,
stability, operational function, ease of handling, and compatibility
with the Coast Guard oil containment barrier and buoy tenders.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(14):#N75-22953. 1975.
54
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C-1475-75
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WATER SURFACES USING WOOD DUST--THE INFLUENCE
OF WOOD SIZE
Daye, R., et al. 1973.
Journal of the Institute of Petroleum 59(569):242-243.
An experiment is described to determine the retention of oil and
other organic liquids on cedar wood dust of a specific particle
size. It is concluded that it is deleterious to use wood particles
below 0.5 inches for the removal of oil spills. The use of fine
particles of wood would be particularly disadvantageous, because
of its interstitial packing effect.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1476-75
IGNITION AND COMBUSTION IN SITU OF OIL FROM WRECKED OIL TANKERS:
SMALL SCALE BURNING TESTS CARRIED OUT AT THE RPE
Diederichsen, J., A. R. Hall, and P. T. Hinde. 1974.
Rocket Propulsion Establishment Technical Report, No. 616. 45 p.
Small scale burning tests in model tanks were conducted to deter-
mine the effect of the size and position of venting apertures on
the burning rate of crude oil in tanks. Some empirical extrapola-
tions and scaling rules have been obtained which provide an
estimate of the burning rate in ship-sized tanks under various
wind and venting conditions.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4389. 1975.
C-1477-75
OIL BURNING RATES IN PARTLY VENTED TANKS; APPLICATION TO DISPOSAL
OF WRECKED OIL TANKER CARGOES
Diederichsen, J., et al. 1973.
Journal of the Institute of Petroleum 59(567):98-105.
Small scale burning tests in model tanks were conducted to
determine the effect of the size and position of venting apertures
on the burning rate of crude oil in tanks. Effects of tank size,
wind speed and cargo type are discussed. Results obtained indicate
that 97% of the crude oil and 7Q% of the fuel oil in a stranded
tanker could be burned if the tanker were provided with top and
side vents equal to 10% of the surface area of the oil.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(4):#2923.
1975.
55
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C-1478-75
POLYMERS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION [In French]
Donnet, J. B., and E. Papirer. 1975.
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 52(l-2);51-58.
The advantages of plastics are considered worth enduring the
disadvantages of environmental pollution caused by waste plastics.
Polymers are used as ion exchangers, coagulates and flocculants
for the purification of polluted water. Polyurethane foam with
active surfaces is used to remove oil spills.
Design and engineering
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#60848f. 1975.
C-1479-75
OPERATION OF A NEW EPA FACILITY PERMITS TESTS OF OIL-SPILL
CLEANUP EQUIPMENT
Farlow, J. S., and F. J. Freestone. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(26):134.
The design and uses of the oil and hazardous materials simulated
environmental test tank (OHMSETT), developed by the Environmental
Protection Agency, are described. The test tank is available to
private and government users to conduct tests and develop full-
size devices and techniques for control of oil and hazardous
material spills.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(30):#208,706. 1975.
C-1480-75
INLAND OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Hubbard, E. H. 1974.
World Energy Conference, 9th, Detroit, 1974. Division 2,
Section 2.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(2):#1497.
1975.
56
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C-1481-75
CONTROL OF OIL AND OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Hyland, J. R. 1974.
Final Report, EPA/430/1-74-005. 183 p.
A course training manual has been prepared which includes outlines
of the following topics: hazardous materials; sources of the
spill problem; sampling and characteristics of oil; oil prevention,
control and treatment methods; and legislation and the legal
response.
Sampling
Personnel training and education
Regulations, standards and planning
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#PB-238 096/2GA. 1975.
C-1482-75
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS FOR THE RECOVERY OF OIL SPILLED ON WATER
Institute of Petroleum Coordinating Committee for the Prevention
of Sea Pollution. 1974.
London, Applied Science Publishers, x + 139 p.
This book consists of a state-of-the-art review of mechanical
oil recovery and an evaluation of available methods. Despite
the vast sums of money spent on the development of mechanical
removers, success is still confined to instances of small amounts
of oil in calm waters.
Citation Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(5):66. 1975.
C-1483-75
DISPERSANTS FOR OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP OPERATIONS AT SEA, ON COASTAL
WATERS AND BEACHES
Jeffery, P. G., and J. A. Nichols. 1974.
United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry, LR 193 (OP). 14 p.
A specification for the supply of dispersants for use in combatting
oil pollution (primarily in the United Kingdom) is given. General
background information and recent ideas concerning formation, com-
position and usage of oil dispersants are reviewed.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4386. 1975.
57
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C-1484-75
U.S. COAST GUARD FAST CURRENT OIL REMOVAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
Jensen, D. S. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint,
No. OTC-2197. p. 515-525.
Five concepts of methods to control and remove oil slicks in
water-current velocities up to 10 kt are described and results
of preliminary laboratory testing are presented. A program
initiated by the U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Research and
Development, concerns the development of a fast current oil
removal system.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25):#206,876. 1975.
C-1485-75
USE OF SORBENTS FOR OIL SPILLS
Kondo, G. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(5):73-76.
Collecting oil from thin slicks is difficult. This article is a
review of the advantages of various methods of absorbing spilled
oil.
Citation Source: Citation Journal.
C-1486-75
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FLOCCULANTS ON THE ELIMINATION OF TRACE
ELEMENTS AND POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE WATER PURIFICATION
PROCESS [English Summary]
Kunte, H., J. K. Reichert, and J. Borneff. 1974.
Zentralblatt fuer Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrank-
heiten.und Hygiene. Erste Abteilung Originale, Reihe B: Hygiene,
Praeventive Medizin 158(6):530-540.
The elimination rates for four carcinogenic hydrocarbons in water
from the Rhine River using three types of flocculants are given.
In all cases the concentrations after flocculation corresponded
to values normally found in ground water.
Citation Source: Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental
Pollutants 4(6):#5847. 1975.
58
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C-1487-75
HIGH SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING
Leary, J. F. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint
No. OTC-2196. p. 503-513.
Specifications for fast response high seas oil recovery systems
are outlined and a history of events leading to their development
is discussed. Certain oil recovery techniques and theories of
operation are mentioned and sea tests of these devices are
discussed.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25):#206,836. 1975.
C-1488-75
HYDRODYNAMIC PROBLEMS IN OIL SPILL CONTROL AND REMOVAL
Leibovich, S. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint
No. OTC-2198. p. 527-544.
The theoretical performance of oil-spill control equipment in calm
and rough water is discussed. Increases in wave steepness within
booms have been found to promote the formation of water-in-oil
emulsions or increased oil dispersion. An analysis is given on
the observed thickening of oil in the crests of waves.
Analysis
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25):#206,877. 1975.
C-1489-75
UREA FORMALDEHYDE FOAM
Leiner, W. H. M. 1974.
Australian Plastics and Rubber Journal 25(10):13-15.
One application of urea fomaldehyde foam is to control oil spills
either on land or water. Under right conditions, the foam will
absorb 60 times its own weight of crude or refined oil. A system
has been devised to ensure that oil bound up' in the foam remains
floating, where it cannot cause pollution. The oil containing
foam can be collected from the surface by skimming or straining.
Citation Source: Citation Journal.
59
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C-1490-75
BEACH CLEANING EQUIPMENT: THE BEEMER BEACH CLEANER, ROCKY
MOUNTAIN STEEL PRODUCTS, INC.
Nightingale, J. 1974.
Warren Spring Laboratory, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom, Paper
No. WSL-LR-198 (OP). 13 p.
Tests were carried out to determine the suitability of the Beemer
Beachcleaner for collecting tar and oil lumps washed onto sandy
beaches. An evaluation of the beachcleaner is given.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(6):
#5Q6785. 1975.
C-1491-75
POLLUTION OF WATER BY OIL
Smith, J. W. 1973.
In: Environmental Problems and Their International Implications.
H. Odabasi and S. E. Ulug (eds.). Colorado Associated University
Press, p. 111-125.
The guidelines presented in this paper help select the optimal
methods for oil spill treatment and recovery from the shore and
water surface. Factors influencing selection include rapidity
of mixing and the quantity of polluted water. No method was
superior in all situations.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02227. 1975.
C-1492-75
EVALUATION OF MTF FOR TESTING HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILL CONTROL
EQUIPMENT
Thomas, C. R., G. M. L. Robinson, and E. J. Martin. 1974.
EPA/670/2-74/073. 308 p.
The Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) is evaluated as a potential
location for safely testing and demonstrating equipment designed
to control hazardous materials spills (such as oil spills). The
program includes environmental baseline monitoring, construction
of test facilities and continual analysis of program elements.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(12):
#PB-240 762/5GA. 1975.
60
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C-1493-75
EFFORTS AT ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL BY THE MINERAL OIL MARKETING
ORGANIZATION AFOR
Torok, G., A. Koltai, F. Buday, and Z. Gergely. 1974.
Schmierungstechnik 5(8):239-241.
The Hungarian Mineral Oil Marketing Organization AFOR is joining
its efforts with the High Pressure Research Institute and Phylaxia,
a vaccine and food processing plant, to lower soil and ground water
pollution caused by crude oil production and marketing activities.
The AFOR is studying the development of efficient cleanup installa-
tions and emergency measures to deal with operation mishaps and spills,
Industry standards and guidelines
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(5):#1376. 1975.
C-1494-75
CLEARANCE OF OIL FROM WATER SURFACES: THE OIL MOP RECOVERY DEVICE.
OIL MOP (UK) LTD.
Wayment, E. C. 1974.
Warren Springs Laboratory, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom. Paper
No. WSL-LR-206(OP). 8 p.
The Oil Mop recovery device, based on the continuous absorbent belt
principal, was evaluated in tests using various types of oil and
several oil thicknesses. Results show that the device was very
efficient in recovering oil from surface waters.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(6):
#5Q6736. 1975.
C-1495-75
MORE THAN SKIMMING THE SURFACE
Yoakum, C. 1974.
Ecolibrium 3(3):14-15.
The article describes developments being made by Shell Oil Company
in the field of oil spill cleanup. The Shell Oil Herder© has been
used to confine spilled oil by modifying the surface tension of
water and keeping the oil from spreading. Shell is presently
developing a new skimmer to continue the cleanup process. The
device will be equipped with baffle means to slow flow of oil and
water before entering the vessel.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
61
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3. RESTORATION
C-1496-75
CLEANING OILED SEA BIRDS
Tucker, W. A. H. 1975.
The Veterinary Record 97(1):20.
A large heavily oiled seabird was cleaned using Polyclens, a
solvent marketed by Polycell Products Ltd. as a paint brush
cleaner. The bird was able to fly strongly the next morning.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
62
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4. OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
C-1497-75
ANTI-POLLUTION MEASURES AT FOS/MARSEILLE
Anon. 1974.
Dock and Harbour Authority 54(639):342-344.
The Marseille Port Authority has set up an anti-pollution cell
which will arrange for studies of existing and future problems
and coordinate actions. Measures to halt pollution include
deballasting stations, breakwaters to limit oil slicks and tanks
to facilitate waste recovery ashore.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-03049. 1975.
C-l498-75
HAVOC CAUSED BY KINKY PIPELINES
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(6):82-83.
If underwater pipes buckle or an anchor is dropped on one, the
dent can be propagated along the entire length of the pipeline.
British Petroleum is protecting their pipes with several extra
sleeves of steel pipe.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1499-75
IMPROVED POLLUTION CONTROL AND SAFETY ACHIEVED AT NEW GULF OIL
TRUCK TERMINAL
Anon. 1975.
The Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology 14(2):69.
A new "bottom loading" technique for filling petroleum trucks
is being used at the Gulf Oil marketing terminal in Clarkson,
Ontario, in an effort to reduce air and water pollution during
loading operations.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
63
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C-l500-75
HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF MARINE PROTECTION AGAINST
SHIPS' POLLUTION
Elpiner, L. I., and K. S. Rozval. 1974.
Biuletyn Instytutu Medycyny Morskiej Gdansku 25(2-3-4):493-496.
Some of the major problems involved in controlling unnecessary
discharges from ships and in preventing accidental oil spills
are discussed. Past accidental spills have indicated the harmful
consequences resulting from oil pollution, i.e., effects on
aquatic organisms and ecological chains.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(10}:#2864. 1975.
C-1501-75
PORT COLLECTION AND SEPARATION FACILITIES FOR OILY WASTES.
VOLUME VI. IMPACT OF OFFSHORE TERMINALS ON CONTIGUOUS PORTS
Forster, R. L., J. E. Moyer, and M. Lepeau. 1975.
Report, September 73 - 31 January 75, MA-GEN-970-75067,
Contract MA-2-36202. 89 p.
The impact of the energy crisis and the environmental impact of
transportation of crude oil and oil products to potential offshore
terminals are assessed. The various ports on the three coasts are
analyzed for tanker size accommodations, and tanker movement
requirements are estimated.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#COM-75-10765/6GA. 1975.
C-l502-75
SPHERE FINDS PIPELINE LEAK
Gagey, E. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(30):107.
The article reports the use of a sphere to help find leaks in
a pipeline when no block valve is present. Tests of this procedure
of leak detection are described.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
64
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C-1503-75
AN ANALYSIS OF OIL OUTFLOWS DUE TO TANKER ACCIDENTS, 1971-1972
Henry (J. J.) Co., Inc. 1973.
Report No. CG-D-81-74. 157 p.
The analysis of estimated oil outflows was based on 1,587 world-
wide tanker casualties occurring in 1971 to 1972, of which 376
incidents involved pollution. Comparisons were made between
casualties in this two-year period and the 1969 to 1970 period.
Reporting
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,588. 1975.
C-1504-75
SPILLAGES FROM OIL INDUSTRY CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES IN W. EUROPE -
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF REPORTED INCIDENTS 1972
King, E. M., and Ph. Rogier. 1974.
Report, Oil Pipelines Special Task Force No. 1, CONCAWE No. 1/74.
12 p.
A statistical summary is prepared for 1972 of the oil spill
incidents, causes and consequences from a pipeline system trans-
porting crude oil and oil products in western Europe. The number
of incidents reported between 1968 and 1972 amounted to 21 and the
gross spillage of oil was only 0.0006% of the total quantity
transported. No pollution of drinking water was observed.
Reporting
Citation Source: Reports produced by the Secretariat or Working
Group Members of Stichting CONCAWE. Report
No. 1/75. Abstract #102. 1975.
C-l505-75
SPILLAGES FROM OIL INDUSTRY CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES IN W. EUROPE -
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF REPORTED INCIDENTS 1973
King, E. M., and Ph. Rogier. 1974.
Report Oil Pipelines Special Task Force No. 1, CONCAWE No. 5/74.
13 p.
A statistical summary is given of the oil spill incidents, causes
and consequences from a pipeline system transporting crude oil
and oil products in western Europe. The number of incidents
reported between 1969-1973 amounted to 20, and the gross spillage
65
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of oil was only 0.0002% of the total quantity transported. No
pollution of potable water resources was reported.
Reporting
Citation Source: Reports Produced by the Secretariat or Working
Group Members of Stichting CONCAWE. Report
1/75. Abstract #107. 1975.
C-l506-75
MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL. PART I - THE SHIP DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Lehr, W. E. 1975.
Naval Engineers Journal 87(l):19-26.
The laws affecting ship design and operations by establishing
marine environmental policy are reviewed. The laws also provide
mechanisms for determining acceptable levels of contamination.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02460. 1975.
C-l507-75
CONOCO TECHNOLOGY CURBS PRODUCTION POLLUTION
Million, C. L. 1973.
Petroleum Engineer 45(9):42,44,46.
The pollution risks associated with major subsystems have been
graded. Design practices used to reduce risks in the gathering
and injection lines, and piping systems are discussed. Air and
noise pollution due to the oil production and their control are
discussed.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-03050. 1975.
C-l508-75
THE MARAD POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN RELATION TO THE 1973
IMCO MARINE POLLUTION CONVENTION
Steinman, G. C., and W. B. Chappel. 1975.
Marine Technology 12(l):65-76.
This paper is a condensed version of the paper titled 'The MarAd
Pollution Abatement Program.1 It briefly summarizes the pollution
66
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abatement program and the economic and environmental impact of
segregated ballast and improved load on top, two of the ship
design and construction features adopted by the 1973 IMCO
convention.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(10):#2833. 1975.
C-l509-75
SYNERGISM OF THE EMULSION ACTION OF SURFACTANT MIXTURES AS A
PHYSIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR CLEANING PETROLEUM TANKERS BY THE
EMULSION METHOD
Taubman, A. B., and M. P. Nesterova. 1973.
Chemie, Physikalische Chemie und Anwendungstechnik der Grenz-
flaechenactiven Stoffe 3:587-592.
Berichte vom Internationalen Kongress, 6th, 1972. Munich,
Germany, Carl Hanser Verlag.
A mixture of surfactants at concentrations between 0.1 and 0.2%
helped form stable oil-in-water emulsions which separated
spontaneously after 15-20 minutes. The detergents can be used
10-12 times. The tankers can be cleaned sufficiently to transport
edible goods such as sugar without polluting the ocean.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47768k. 1975.
67
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5. DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
C-1510-75
CHEMICAL ADDITIVES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF OIL SPILL CONTROL
Bauer, W. H., D. N. Borton, J. J. Bulloff, and S. Ross. 1974.
USCG-D-83-75, Contract DOT-CG-33755-A. 195 p.
Sixteen oils were tested in oil flow simulation tanks to determine
initial dropletting and entrainment at various current velocities.
Adding non-toxic oil soluble hydrocarbon polymers, polyethylenes
and ethylene-propylene copolymers raised the initial entrainment
speeds to two knots, short of the objective.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
MD-A009 019/1GA. 1975.
C-1511-75
EFFECTIVENESS OF DOUBLE BOTTOMS IN PREVENTING OIL OUTFLOW FROM
TANKER BOTTOM DAMAGE INCIDENTS
Card, J. C. 1974.
Marine Technology 12(l):60-64.
This paper examines 30 pollution casualties during 1969-1973
resulting from tanker bottom damage to determine how effective
double bottoms would have been in their prevention or in reducing
the amount of oil outflow. It was found that a double bottom
whose height is 1/15 the beam could have prevented outflow in 27
of the 30 casualties examined.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(10):#2865. 1975.
C-1512-75
ICEBREAKING DRILLSHIP FOR OFFSHORE EXPLORATORY DRILLING IN THE
ARCTIC
Jones, K. M., and J. C. Schaff. 1975.
Journal of Petroleum Technology 27(4):433-444.
This paper discusses design considerations for a drillship
intended for extended offshore operation in the Arctic areas.
Among the design considerations are environmental protection
and safety features to prevent oil production accidents.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
68
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C-1513-75
FACTORS AFFECTING BUBBLE-RISE VELOCITY OF GAS KICKS
Rader, D. W., A. T. Bourgoyne, Jr., and R. H. Ward. 1975.
Journal of Petroleum Technology 27:571-584!
Blowouts add considerable cost to the operation of an offshore
rig. The factors influencing the speed of a gas kick are:
inside and outside diameter of the annulus, viscous character-
istics of the drilling fluid, rate of gas expansion and angle
of vertical deviation.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(7):#046957.
1975.
C-1514-75
A NEW APPROACH TO SUPERTANKER DESIGN
Taggart, R. 1974.
Ocean Industry 9(3):21-25.
The conflict between economic and environmental concerns on the
question of tanker design is analyzed. The changes proposed for
the transportation system include the dredging of existing
harbors, and construction of transfer stations offshore or near
deep water.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02242. 1975.
C-1515-75
ANNULAR BLOWOUT PREVENTER FOR SUBSEA OPERATION
Vujasinovic, A. N., and D. L. 0-Donnell. 1974.
ASME Petroleum Division, Petroleum Mechanical Engineering
Conference, Dallas, 1974. Preprint No. 74-PET-24. 11 p.
The design, calculations and testing methods used to develop a
subsea annular blowout preventer are discussed. This preventer
will minimize the wearing of the sealing element when closed on
reciprocating drill pipe and eliminate increased closing pressure
requirements due to water depth.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(19):#204,590. 1975.
69
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6. WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
C-1516-75
BIODEGRADATION OF 14C-PHENOL BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Alexander, H. C., F. A. Blanchard, and I. T. Takahashi. 1974.
American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry Preprints
19(5):104-112.
The ultimate biodegradation of phenol by activated sludge was
investigated with the use of 14C-labeled phenol. The ^COp
released was collected and measured. After one day, 54-62% of
the phenol was converted to 14COo, 30-43% was in the sludge solids
and 3% or less remained in solution. Acclimated sludge reached a
higher peak rate of degradation earlier, and with a shorter lag
time.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1517-75
UNIT SEPARATES OIL AND SLUDGE FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
Anon. 1975.
Water Pollution Control (Don Mills Can) 113(5):21-22.
A corrugated plate separator (CPS) removes oil from industrial
waste water. When the mixture enters the CPS, its velocity slows
drastically, allowing gross solids to settle out and oil to spring
to the surface. The CPS system can be installed in series or with
as many as six plates per basin.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(7):#049387.
I if I 0 •
C-1518-75
INDUSTRIAL WASTES: PETROLEUM PROCESSING WASTES
Baker, D. A. 1975.
Water Pollution Control Journal 47(6):1476-1479.
Phenol is the controlling toxicant in a significant number of oil
refinery waste discharges. The effects of temperature on refinery
waste toxicity to microorganisms were studied using continuous flow
reaction kinetics. Microbial degradation of petroleum waste products
deposited in superficial sediments of the continental shelf is
discussed also.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(35):#210,142. 1975.
70
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C-1519-75
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER FOR REUSE. CLOSING THE CYCLE
Balden, A. R., and E, L, Scholl. 1973.
Engineering Bulletin of Purdue University, Engineering Extension
Series 142 (part 2):874-880.
Soluble iron anodes produce iron floes which adsorb the oil from
oily waste water. If the water is neutral or slightly alkaline,
a green Fe(OH)o floe is produced which turns to red Fe(OH)3 upon
contact with air.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47835e. 1975.
C-l520-75
DEFINING THE OILY WASTE CONTROL PROBLEM
Barcus, W. H. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 23-33.
Methods and equipment for defining the extent of an oily waste
problem in order to establish an effective control program are
described, Means to monitor the program results to assure con-
tinuously effective control are also discussed.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2561. 1975.
C-l521-75
OILY WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Baum, J. S., and B. V, Prather. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 47-96.
The various types of final treatment of oily waste water are
described. The routine treatment of these wastes follows a
definite pattern: removal of all suspended matter (including
emulsions) from water, physical and chemical examination of the
clarified water to determine if reuse is possible, further
treatment or discharge into a receiving stream.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2563. 1975.
71
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C-l522-75
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION OF REFINERY WASTE WATER SLUDGE
Becker, K. P., and C. J. Wall. 1975.
Industrie-Anzeiger 97(7):133.
The plans for this method of disposal of refinery sludges are
described and a technique for the incineration of salt-containing
sludge is given.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15205h. 1975.
C-l523-75
EXPERIENCE IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT AT NOVOKUIBYSHEVSK PETROLEUM
REFINING COMBINE
Blagodarnaya, L. F., M. G. Dyuzhakin, I. A. Makarov, and E. M.
Kaliniichuk. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(1-2):124-125.
At the Kuibyshev Petroleum Refining Combine, USSR, experience has
confirmed that biological treatment of oil containing waste waters
that are highly contaminated with various chemical compounds is
fully effective, especially when combined with preliminary treat-
ment of the water by coagulation.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2557. 1975.
C-l524-75
TYPICAL OILY WASTE CONTROL OPERATIONS
Bramer, H. C., and C. F. Gurnham. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 123-136.
Oily waste control programs from several industrial operations
are described. These programs are practical and justifiable;
a wide range of methods and equipment is available to deal with
the oily waste problem.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(5):#1357. 1975.
C-l525-75
TREATMENT OF EMULSION SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS
ACCORDING TO THE DIRECTIVES CONCERNING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Burmeister, H. E. 1974.
Schmiertechnik und Tribologie 21(6):148-151.
72
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"The aspects of a new law in West Germany are given with particular
reference to the treatment of emulsions in waste water."
Foreign legislation
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(24):#159971. 1975.
C-1526-75
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER
Citroen, B. 1974.
Quimia (Barcelona) 240:5-9.
The main types of water pollution and water purification in
refineries are reviewed.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15151n. 1975.
C-1527-75
NEW TYPE SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES IN THE DEMJEN OIL FIELD
[English Summary]
Dienes, N. 1975.
Banyaszati es Kohaszati Lapok, Koolaj es Foldgaz 8(3):81-82.
Wastes that have been deemulsified first pass through a series
of oil separators. Then after the addition of FeS04, the wastes
are aerated and settled in a conical settling basin.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#65128f. 1975.
C-l528-75
WASTE WATER TREATMENT AT THE NEW COMPONENTS PLANT OF CUMMINS
ENGINE COMPANY, INC.
Escher, E. D., T. C. Synnott, and J. C. Williams. 1973.
Engineering Bulletin of Purdue University, Engineering Extension
Series 142(Part 1):1063-1070.
The treatment process designed for the above plant complies with
the most stringent effluent standards and has potential for zero
discharge. Wastes are treated in batches; oil emulsions are
broken and ions precipitated. The batch system allows adjustment
of treatment with changes in the nature and volume of contaminants,
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47844g. 1975.
73
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C-l529-75
MIXED-MEDIA FILTRATION OF OILY WASTE WATERS
Evers, R. H. 1975.
Journal Petroleum Technology 27:157-163.
The design and development of mixed-media filtration as applied
to oily wastes and other waters containing oil are presented.
It has been shown that simple filtration through mixed media
filters can remove all visible oil.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(4):#025400.
1975.
C-l530-75
REDUCTION IN THE VOLUME OF EFFLUENT FROM A REFINERY
Farber, A. L. 1974.
Ges. Verfahrenstechnik und Chemieingenieurwes./AIChE Joint
Meeting, Proceedings, with Jahrestreffen 1974 der Verfahrens -
Ing. Summary of Papers, Munich, 1974.
This paper presents a modified approach to the problem of reducing
waste water flow rates.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039900.
1975.
C-1531-75
INVESTIGATION OF TANKER SLOP TANK DESIGN
Fiocco, R. J., V. X. Lanotte, and G. Raffaelli. 1974.
Final Report on Task 5, EE.23TMR.74, MA-RD-900-75042, Contract
C-l-35049. 64 p.
Slop tank designs to be used aboard ship as gravity separators
for oily water have been investigated. Design guidelines on
inlet configurations, outlets, tank structure, system design
and waste water handling for oil-water separation, and reduction
of oil discharges into the sea were developed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(9):
#COM-75-10141/OGA. 1975.
74
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C-l532-75
CONTROL OF OILY WASTE AT THE SOURCE
Freedman, A. J., and R. S. Robertson. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 35-45.
The kinds of oily waste sources and the types of oily materials
in industrial waste water are described. Methods for control
are suggested.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2562. 1975.
C-l533-75
DEVELOPMENT OF A BATCHWISE IN-SITU REGENERATION TYPE SEPARATOR
TO REMOVE OIL FROM OIL-WATER SUSPENSIONS
Fruman, D. H. 1974.
Final Report, TR-7080-3 MA-RD-930-75060, Contract MA-0-35467.
117 p.
The design, development and testing of a 600-gpm oil-water
separator for ballast water treatment are outlined. Used in
the separator is a very thick, open reticulated, oleophilic
foam which separates the dispersed oil phase from the aqueous
continuous phase independently of oil density and is amenable
to regeneration by simple expression.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
0COM-75010693/OGA. 1975.
C-l534-75
COMPOSITION OF OIL PROCESSING EFFLUENTS [English Summary]
Grunwald, A., and P. Fuchs. 1975.
Vodni Hospodarstvi, B 25(1):13-17.
A review with 12 references.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65075m. 1975.
C-l535-75
CRANKCASE DRAINAGE FROM IN-SERVICE OUTBOARD MOTORS
Hare, C. T., and K. 0. Springer. 1974.
EPA/670/2-74-092, Contract EPA-70-108. 129 p.
75
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Crankcase drainage from 35 outboard motors of various sizes and
brand names was measured during normal operations. Four of these
engines were also tested with a drainage intercepting and
recirculating device. Documentation of test engines, drainage
systems and test/measurement techniques was obtained.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(12):
#PB-240 691/6GA. 1975.
C-1536-75
WASTEWATER REUSE SAVES ON COOLING-TOWER MAKEUP
Harpel, W. L., and E. W. James. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(35):118-119.
Various examples of reusing wastewater streams from plants for
cooling-tower makeup are provided. Considerations to be made
on the suitability of a waste stream for reuse are listed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1537-75
LUBRICATING OIL BURN-OFF IN COAST GUARD POWER PLANTS
Hobbs, J. R., and R. A. Walter. 1975.
Report No. TSC-USCG-74-6, USCG-D-80-75. 97 p.
A study which investigated the feasibility of burning waste oils
considered simplicity, cost, engine manufacturers' recommendations,
mixing ratios and effects on engine performance. As a result,
procedures for burning off waste oil at a mix ratio of 1% or less
waste oil to diesel fuel oil in USCG power plants are recommended.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(11):
#AD-A007 313/OGA. 1975.
C-l538-75
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
Holt (Ben) Co. 1974.
Final Report, CEL-CR-74008, Contract N62399-74-C-0004. 63 p.
The prototype wastewater treatment system is composed of three
stages: a parallel corrugated plate gravity separator, a
coalescer with prestrainer and filter, and two carbon columns for
removing oil from mechanical emulsions in water and organic
moieties for different levels of disposal options.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#AD/A-004 990/8GA. 1975.
76
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C-1539-75
FOAM CONTROL IMPROVES WASTE WATER TREATING
Hyde, J. A. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(33):114-115.
An automatic foam control system has been developed for use in
plant aeration basins which can increase effluent water treating
efficiency and eliminate costly operator time.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1540-75
USE OF OZONE TO PURIFY THE DISCHARGES OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES
[English Translation]
loakimis, E. G., A. E. Kulikov, V. I. Nazarov, N. M. Podgoretskaya,
and S. 0. Eigenson. 1975.
Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel (3):22-25.
The article describes the multistage treatment using ozone to
reduce the COD and BOD in waste waters. The process has limited
application for refineries due to the formation of stable inter-
mediate oxidation products.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(26):#174918p. 1975.
C-1541-75
NEW METHODS FOR TREATING DIRTY BALLAST
Kondo, G. K. 1973.
International Symposium on Marine Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1973.
Technical Papers Volume, Session 3-1. p. 31-37.
The problems associated with the treatment of dirty tanker ballast
are presented and use of the method of air bubbling for oil sepa-
ration is discussed. Results from experiments which treated dirty
ballast by air bubbling in a continuous system and in a batch
system are given.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(5):#033972.
1975.
C-l542-75
PRACTICAL FEASIBILITY EVALUATION OF COMBUSTING WASTE PETROLEUM
OILS AND LUBRICANTS IN EXISTING HEATING PLANT BOILERS
Kroop, H., and H. Elkin. 1975.
Report No. AFWL-TR-74-171. 47 p.
77
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Waste petroleum, oils, and lubricants were combusted in the
heating plants of three Air Force bases for several months.
Economic analyses indicate a significant monetary savings.
The evaluation also included air pollution sampling and
identification of any operational problems.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(12):
MD-A007 889/9GA. 1975.
C-l543-75
TANKER BALLASTING - HOW LIGHT CAN YOU GO?
Lansburg, A. C., and J. M. Cruikshank. 1975.
MA-GEN-700-75061. Chesapeake Section of the Society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers, Washington, D.C., 20 May 1975.
71 p.
Tanker ballasting practices and the possibilities for lower
ballast operation are discussed. The IMCO segregated ballast
level construction requirement is one of the incentives
investigated.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#COM-75-10542/9GA. 1975.
C-1544-75
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS FROM THE EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING
OF COAL AND OIL
Lebowitz, H. E., S. S. Tarn, G. R. Smithson, Jr., H. Nack, and
J. H. Oxley. 1975.
EPA/650/2-75-038, Contract EPA-68-02-1323. 162 p.
Potentially hazardous materials associated with air, water and
solid waste from a refinery, coke plant, Lurgi high-Btu process
and solvent refined coal process are listed. "Fugitive loss was
identified as the major emissions source in the refinery."
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#PB-241 803/6GA. 1975.
C-l545-75
FIELD EXPERIENCES OF-NOPOL. A METHOD OF TOTAL POLLUTION CONTROL
FOR TANKERS
Lockwood, W. H., Jr., and R. 0. Norris. 1973.
International Symposium on Marine Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 1973.
Technical Papers Volume, Session 3-1. p. 23-30.
78
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The NOPOL system includes: a gravity type oil water separator,
a slop oil recovery tank, specialized piping needed to get low
'flash point slop/crude oil1 to the boiler front, and various
safety systems.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(5):#035100.
1975.
C-1546-75
CHARACTERISTICS OF BOATS AS SOURCES OF SEA POLLUTION [English
Summary]
Loranskii, D. N., B. M. Raskin, and N. N. Alfimov. 1974.
Gigiena i Sanitariya 1:74-76.
Major sources of sea pollution include: discharge of oily ballast
waters in ports by tankers, washing of tankers, boat accidents,
and waste disposal from moored boats in harbors. Waste water
treatment methods and devices to prevent pollution of seawater are
presented.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 59(12):#69456. 1975.
C-l547-75
SEPARATION AND MONITORING OF OILY BILGE WATER
Lucas, R. S. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint
No. OTC-2200. p. 557-562.
A discussion is given of the U.S. Coast Guard's development and
application of filter coalescers for oil removal from waste
water, and the development of small on-line oil-in-water monitors.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25):#206,870. 1975.
C-l548-75
INDUSTRIAL WATER PURIFICATION
Martin, L. F. 1974.
Pollution Technology Review No. 14. Park Ridge, New Jersey, Noyes
Data Corporation, x + 299 p.
This book gives abstracts from 164 U.S. Patents from the period
1972-1974, and is divided into seven main sections: solid-liquid
79
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separation processes; oil-water separation processes; metals;
metal finishing; pulp and paper; coal, ore and sand processing;
refinery operations and other chemical processes.
Citation Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(7):111-112. 1975.
C-1549-75
ELECTROFLOTATION PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER OF BY-PRODUCT
COKE MANUFACTURE [English Translation]
Mikheeva, E. P., V. M. Kagasov, and A. A. Mamakov. 1974.
Electron Obrab Mater (6):40-42.
Alloyed steel Kh 18N10T was used as electrode material for
electroflotation removal of oil emulsified in waste water.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15223n. 1975.
C-1550-75
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES WATER BY USING NITRATE
AS AN OXYGEN SOURCE
Miyaji, Y., and K. Kato. 1975.
Water Research 9(1):95-101.
A pilot plant study was conducted at a petrochemical plant to
examine the treatment ability and practical application of a
biological treatment method for waste waters utilizing nitrate
as an oxygen source. Results indicated that the COD removed had
a linear relation to nitrate nitrogen removed and that there was
a certain relation between COD loading and oxygen consumed per
unit COD removed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1551-75
WASTE OIL - A NEGLECTED RESOURCE
Morrison, E. 1975.
Environmental Action 7(1):8-10.
A controversy existed within EPA concerning the magnitude of the
waste oil problem and the dangers of burning waste oil instead
of recycling it. The problem can be solved, however, by initiating
local waste oil recovery programs and passing the National Oil
Recycling Act.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
80
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C-l552-75
OPERATION OF BIOCHEMICAL TREATING INSTALLATIONS OF THE NOVO-
YAROSLAVL1 PETROLEUM REFINERY
Pobegailo, P. I. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(5-6):376-378.
Commercial-scale experimental treating facilities were built to
select the optimal procedures. Results of a series of trials
and the ensuing recommendations are discussed. Biological ponds
have an extremely important role; they reduce the petroleum
content, the BOD and COD and also reduce or eliminate the
toxicity to fish and food organisms.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(7):#047163.
1975.
C-l553-75
OIL/WATER POLLUTION PROGRAM (PHASE II)
Pontello, A. P., C. J. Collick, J. J. Palmer, and A. J. Rollo.
1974.
Report No. NAPTC-PE-46. 115 p.
The research discussed in this report includes work in areas
such as the surface tension of coalescer effluent water, the
evaluation of detergents as bilge cleaners, and the detection
of oil in water.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
#AD-A009 093/6GA. 1975.
C-l554-75
EXPERIENCE WITH THE FRENCH PETROLEUM INSTITUTE PROPANE CLARIFICA-
TION PROCESS IN RE-REFINING SPENT CRANKCASE OILS
Quang, D. V., G. Carriero, R. Schieppati, A. Comte, and J. W.
Andrews. 1975.
The Journal of Environmental Sciences XVIII (3):18-20.
The clarification process for spent crankcase oils lowers the
amounts of acid and clay needed, reduces sludge formation and
improves product quality. The process reduces pollution by
reducing overall S02 emissions and makes use of waste oils which
might otherwise be flumped on land.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
81
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C-1555-75
DISPOSAL OF OILY WASTES
Sargent, J. K., and R. D. Ross. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 97-121.
Acceptable disposal methods for oily materials are reviewed and
recommended in the paper. The author stresses that reducing the
volume of oily waste is the best way to simplify oily waste
disposal.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2564. 1975.
C-1556-75
OIL/WATER SEPARATION WITH NONCELLULOSIC ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEMS
Schatzberg, P., L. R. Harris, C. M. Adema, D. F. Jackson, and
C. M. Kelly. 1975.
Report No. NSRDC-4530. 34 p.
Recently available noncellulosic membrane systems have shown
potential for overcoming the limitations of the cellulose-
acetate membranes used to date in ultrafiltration of oily waste
water. Experiments were designed to investigate the capability
of noncellulosic membranes in different configurations to
separate emulsified and suspended matter from water. The flux
varied with different systems.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#AD-A008 315/4GA. 1975.
C-1557-75
CELLECO ID DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR RECOVERY OF WASTE OIL
Skinner, E. 1974.
Australian Process Engineering 2(4):38-39.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Australian Science Index 18(7):#2804. 1974.
C-l558-75
DISPOSAL OF USED LUBRICATING OIL IN WESTERN EUROPE
Special Task Force on "Disposal of Used Oil." 1973.
CONCAWE Report No. 9/73. 60 p.
The report contains information on the amount, origin and final
disposal of used lubricating oil in western Europe. Included
82
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among the areas dealt with are: available disposal technology;
collection system options; suggestions for future controls;
volume of used oil; technical possibilities for final disposal;
utilization; elimination; and conclusions and recommendations.
Citation Source: Reports Produced by the Secretariat or Working
Group Members of Stichting CONCAWE. Report
1/75. Abstract #101. 1975.
C-1559-75
INDUSTRY'S OIL WASTE PROBLEM
Swain, J. W., Jr. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 1-11.
The dimensions of the oily waste problems are defined and practical
solutions are suggested.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2559. 1975.
C-1560-75
OILY WASTE CONTROL MANAGEMENT
Swain, J. W., Jr., and D. L. Hill. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 137-144.
The importance of management in effective oily waste control is
emphasized. Problems arising from the management obligation
and approaches to a solution are summarized.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(5):#1358. 1975.
C-1561-75
CONCEPT FOR MANAGING WASTE
Teller, J. P. 1975.
Chemical Technology 5(4):222-224.
The author states that treatment of several waste streams from
petroleum and petrochemical plants at a single plant offers
several advantages.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47800q. 1975.
83
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C-l562-75
TEST METHOD FOR VOLATILE COMPONENT STRIPPING OF WASTE WATER
Thibodeaux, L. J. 1974.
Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA 660/2-74/044.
131 p.
The desirability of using air stripping in cooling towers as
a means of removing some organics from industrial waste water
was assessed. Desorption experiments were performed on
simulated waste water and on actual industrial samples from the
paper, food, fibers, petroleum refinery and petrochemical
industries.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(7):#049391.
1975.
C-l563-75
LUBE OILS; REREFINING SCHEMES COMPARED
Weinstein, N. J. 1974.
Hydrocarbon Processing 53:74-76.
The economics of several rerefining processes are compared to
consider ways to upgrade the waste oils from auto crankcases.
Rerefining is also compared with other ways of using crankcase
waste oil, for instance, as a clean fuel prepared from
distillation.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1564-75
REMOVING OIL FROM WATERS
Wolf,^F.s and B. Maier. 1973.
Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 1(1):93-100.
Chlorinated polymers (chlorinated polyisoprene, polybutadiene,
and PVC) and iron exchange resins absorb oil from water.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15199j. 1975.
84
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C-1565-75
TREATMENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING WASTE WATER FROM REFINERIES
Yao, M.-S. 1974.
Hua Hsueh Tung Pao 2:85-89.
Various amounts of S", phenols, and NH3 must be removed from
the condensers of petroleum refineries before entering the
waste treatment plant. The S~ can be oxidized or stream
extracted. The removal efficiency for NH3 and I^S is about
99%, and for phenols, about 45%.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47801r. 1975.
85
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7. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
C-1566-75
INFORMING THE NEW BOSSES
Anon. 1974.
Ecolibrium 3(1):5.
The article describes Shell Oil Company's information program
on oil spill prevention and contingency planning.
Contingency planning
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1567-75
MANUAL ON THE AVOIDANCE OF POLLUTION OF THE SEA BY OIL
Anon. 1974.
London, HMSO. 28 p.
The manual provides guidelines for use by those dealing with
the following areas: prevention of spillages, leakages and
accidental discharges; disposal of oil contaminated water and
oil residues; records and inspection of records; and legal
provisions and requirements. Guidelines for oil transferring
and other oil handling activities are outlined.
Oil transfer and transport
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(6)
#5Q6782. 1975.
86
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-l568-75
BRISBANE RIVER FISH MAY TAINT COASTAL MULLET
Anon, (undated)
Australian Fisheries 33(8):24-25.
It has been found that tainted mullet caught off southern
Queensland contain hydrocarbon materials which originate from
a petroleum hydrocarbon rather than an animal source. It is
suggested that volatile hydrocarbons derived from sewage
effluent present in the area are taken up with food or over
the gills by the mullet before they run north to spawn.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4343. 1975.
C-l569-75
NATURAL OIL SEEPS AT CAPE SIMPSON, ALASKA: AQUATIC EFFECTS
Barsdate, R. J. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 91-95.
Results from studies of ponds near natural oil seeps of Cape
Simpson indicate that phytotoxicity may limit primary productivity
in waters in contact with relatively fresh oil; but at lower levels
of hydrocarbon stress,productivity is high, possibly because of
reduced grazing pressure.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039844.
1975.
C-l570-75
BENZO(A)PYRENE EFFECTS ON MOUSE EPITHELIAL CELLS IN CULTURE
Bartholomew, J. C., A. G. Salmon, H. B. Gamper, and M. Calvin. 1975.
Cancer Research 35(3):851-856.
Mouse epithelial cells are very sensitive to the cytotoxic action
of benzo(a)pyrene. The aryl hydrocarbon' hydroxylase system, which
metabolizes benzo(a)pyrene, is highly inducible by the carcinogen
and is probably important in determining the sensitivity of the
epithelial cells.
Citation Source: Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental
Pollutants 4(8):#7875. 1975.
87
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C-1571-75
EFFECT OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, ALCOHOLS, KETONES, AND ALIPHATIC
ALCOHOLS ON CELL SWELLING AND POTASSIUM EFFLUX IN PSEUDOMONAS
AERUGINOSA
Bernheim, F. 1974.
Cytobios 11(42):91-95.
Certain aromatic hydrocarbons and phenol increase swelling in the
organism but have little effect on potassium efflux. Unsaturation
increases activity. Phenol is the most active agent in this group,
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(5):#38194t. 1975.
C-1572-75
MOVEMENT AND MORTALITY RATES OF BRITISH GUILLEMOTS
Birkhead, R. R. 1974.
Bird Study 21(4):241-254.
An analysis of the ringing recoveries of British guillemots up to
1972 indicated that killing, particularly in Norwegian waters,
and oiling around British coasts account for about 50% of all
recoveries. The relative intensities and dispersal rates of
guillemots since 1920 in different areas are calculated and
analyzed.
Restoration
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(3):#12764. 1975.
C-1573-75
BIRDS AND OIL
Bourne, W. R. P. 1975.
British Birds 68(5):216.
The letter is a response to previous communications written in
the journal about the ability of oiled birds to clean themselves.
The author points out that lightly oiled birds, although they must
be capable of cleaning themselves, may damage their plumage in
the process. Oiled bird vulnerability appears to vary with
character of the oil and length of time taken for the oil to be
reduced to inert residues, which appears to depend on the
temperature.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
88
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C-l574-75
GUILLEMOTS WITH DAMAGED PRIMARY FEATHERS
Bourne, W. R. P. 1974.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 5(6):88-90.
The most likely cause for localized damage to the plumage of
auks found on the northeast coast of Britain is oil pollution.
It has been reported that a number of water birds that were
lightly polluted with oil in this area succeeded in cleaning
themselves within a couple of weeks. The study examined two
auk specimens and results indicated the presence of oil lodged
on their wings after such cleaning activities. Associated
intestinal problems in the birds have also been observed.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2398. 1975.
C-l575-75
TEMPERATURE AND THE SEASONAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL OCCURRENCE OF
OILED BIRDS ON WEST EUROPEAN BEACHES
Bourne, W. R. P., and C. J. Bibby. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(5):77-80.
In cold waters oiled birds are a more frequent aspect of oil
pollution than in warm waters. At higher temperatures the
liquid oil is more quickly reduced to a relatively harmless,
inert, solid residue.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l576-75
RESPONSE OF ALASKAN TUNDRA MICROFLORA TO CRUDE OIL SPILL
Campbell, W. B. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 53-62.
Various concentrations of Prudhoe Bay crude oil were applied on
meadow tundra in Barrow, Alaska, in 1970; soil respiration rates
and characteristics of the soil microflora were measured for a
two-year period. Results showed that the growth of hydrocarbon
decomposing flora, i.e. yeasts and Pseudomonas sp., was stimulated;
whereas other microorganisms, such as diatoms and higher fungi,
were inhibited.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039879. 1975,
89
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C-1577-75
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON TOXICITY STUDIES. I. METHODOLOGY
Carpenter, C. P., E. R. Kinkead, D. L. Geary, Jr., L. J. Sullivan,
and J. M. King. 1975.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 32(2):246-262.
This article is the first in a series on the inhalation toxicity
of a series of petroleum hydrocarbons. The objectives, protocols
and procedures are presented.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l578-75
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON TOXICITY STUDIES. II. ANIMAL AND HUMAN
RESPONSE TO VAPORS OF VARNISH MAKERS' AND PAINTERS' NAPHTHA
Carpenter, C. P., E. R. Kinkead, D. L. Geary, Jr., L. J. Sullivan,
and J. M. King. 1975.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 32(2}:263-281.
Humans can detect varnish makers' and painters' naphtha at
concentrations of 0.004 mg/liter. A 15-minute inhalation
period at 4.1 mg/liter caused upper respiratory irritation in
over half the subjects. Rats and cats died when left in an
atmosphere of the substantially saturated vapor.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1579-75
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON TOXICITY STUDIES. III. ANIMAL AND HUMAN
RESPONSE TO VAPORS OF STODDARD SOLVENT
Carpenter, C. P., E. R. Kinkead, D. L. Geary, Jr., L. J. Sullivan,
and J. M. King. 1975.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 32(2):282-297.
Based on the results of inhalation studies with rats, dogs and
men, the suggested hygienic standard for inhalation of Stoddard's
solvent is 1.2 mg/liter. Overdosage caused central nervous system
damage in dogs and cats.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
90
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C-l580-75
ACUTE EFFECTS OF OUTBOARD MOTOR EFFLUENT ON TWO MARINE SHELLFISH,
REPLY TO COMMENTS
Clark, R. C., Jr. 1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(4):365.
In this discussion the author agrees that problems exist in
relating lab data to real conditions. However, he reiterates
that small amounts of petroleum from outboard motor wastes may
adversely affect shellfish.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(25):#165537m. 1975.
C-l581-75
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN PRODUCTIVITY, SPECIES DIVERSITY,
AND PIGMENT DIVERSITY OF PERIPHYTON IN A STREAM RECEIVING DOMESTIC
AND OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS
Cooper, J. M., and J. Wilhm. 1975.
Southwestern Naturalist 19(4):413-427.
Productivity decreased downstream of the pollution outfalls. The
productivity/biomass ratio did not indicate spatial or temporal
succession stages in the periphyton community. Species diversity
increased downstream from the pollution outfalls.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02576. 1975.
C-1582-75
SOME EFFECTS OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON THE BROWN SHRIMP PENAEUS-AZTECUS
Cox, B. A. 1973.
American Zoologist 12(4):262.
The uptake and depuration of water-soluble fractions of no. 2 fuel
oil by three size groups of brown shrimp were examined. Total
hydrocarbons present were determined by infrared spectrophotometry.
When shrimp of two size classes were exposed to concentrations of
1.3 ppm, maximum uptake for both classes occurred within the first
exposure hour and depuration began during the 20 exposure hours.
Larger shrimp were found to absorb four times as much of the oil
fractions as did smaller shrimp, but depuration occurred more
rapidly in the larger size group.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#PB-238 519/3GA. 1975.
91
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C-1583-75
THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL CRUDE OILS AND SOME PETROLEUM DISTILLATION
FRACTIONS ON INTESTINAL ABSORPTION IN DUCKLINGS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)
Crocker, A. D., J. Cronshaw, and W. N. Holmes. 1975.
Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry 5(2):92-106.
A small dose of crude oil inhibits the adaptive response of the
mucosa in ducklings fed hypertonic saline. Oils from eight loca-
tions varied in their inhibitory effects. Water-soluble extracts
also had inhibitory effects on mucosal transfer rates; this effect
was roughly proportional to the inhibitory power of the low boiling
point fraction of each oil.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l584-75
ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION FROM MARINE ENGINES AND EFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT. SOUTHERN LAKES
Davis, H. L., and K. D. Wilson. 1975.
Final Report, EPA/670/2-75-063, Grant EPA-R-801799. 244 p.
The effects of two-cycle outboard engine emissions on Florida
lakes using leaded fuel and drained and drainless engines were
studied. Field investigations were conducted on lakes treated
with drainless engines, lakes treated with engines which drained
unburned fuel into the water and control lakes; results indicated
no significant effects of motor emissions on benthic macro-
invertebrates, phytoplankton, periphyton and fish taste.
General effects of oil pollution
Analysis
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#PB-242 176/6GA. 1975.
C-l585-75
ANALYSIS OF WASTE WATERS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
Docherty, A. C. 1973.
Proceedings of the Society for Analytical Chemistry 10(8):201-202,
The effects of several pollutants, including phenol, on fish are
reviewed. A new apparatus, which oxidizes the C over CuO to C0?,
and then with H? over a Ni catalyst to CH4, is substituted for
the time-consuming BOD test.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47708r. 1975.
92
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C-l586-75
REDUCED GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF CLAMS TRANSPLANTED TO AN OIL SPILL
SITE
Dow, R. L. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(8}:124-125.
The production of soft clams in an intertidal area polluted by
oil fell 20%, although nearby unpolluted areas increased production
by 250% due to improved environmental conditions. Clams trans-
planted to the contaminated area had 12.8% survival, as compared
to 78.1% survival in the control transplants, and a 65% reduction
in growth rate.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l587-75
IMPACT OF THE OIL INDUSTRY ON SCOTLAND'S COASTS AND BIRDS
Dunnet, G. M. 1974.
Scottish Birds 8(1):3-16.
The impact on the Scottish environment of various sea installations
which are needed to develop offshore oil resources is discussed.
A case history of a negotiation between oil-based industries and
conservationists at Loch Strathbeg, Scotland, is given.
Citation Source: Ecological Abstracts 1975/2:#75L/1188. 1975.
C-l588-75
THE EFFECT OF COLD SEAWATER EXTRACTS OF OIL FRACTIONS UPON THE
BLUE MUSSEL, MYTILUS EDULIS
Dunning, A., and C. W. Major. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg and
W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, Academic Press, p. 349-366.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Current Contents, Life Sciences 18(11):21. 1975.
C-l589-75
HYDROCARBONS IN BLUE MUSSELS FROM THE KIEL BIGHT
Ehrhardt, M., and J. Heinemann. 1974.
U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 409:221-225.
The fossil hydrocarbon content of blue mussels is above the natural
background level of recent biogenic hydrocarbons. The concentrations
93
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of cycloalkanes, mono-, di-, and triaromatics tend to rise. The
implications are discussed.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(7):#54185w. 1975.
C-1590-75
RECENT STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CRUDE OILS AND OIL-
DISPERSANT MIXTURES TO RED SEA MACROFAUNA
Eisler, E., G. W. Kissill, and Y. Cohen. 1974.
In: Proceedings of Seminar on Methodology for Monitoring the
Marine Environment, Seattle, Washington, 1973. Environmental
Monitoring Series, EPA-600/4-74/004. p. 156-179.
Studies conducted by the Hebrew University in 1972 included:
reporting of acute toxicity to species of marine macrofauna of
two grades of crude oils, a chemical oil dispersant, and mixtures
of oil and dispersant; depth-toxicity interactions; investigating
sublethal and latent effects of crudes and dispersant mixtures
on physiology, metabolism and behavior; and examining short-term
degradation and bioaccumulation of oil.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(12):
#W75-06028. 1975.
C-1591-75
THE MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MARINE POLLUTION BY ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Elias, P. S. 1974.
A Discussion on Organic Pollutants in the Sea: Their Origin,
Distribution, Degradation and Ultimate Fate,[London], 1974.
Toxicological information required for an assessment of the health
hazard to man of organic pollutants in the marine environment is
described. Interpretation of these biological data is explained.
Examples of pollutants which pose a health hazard to man include:
organomercury compounds, domestic sewage, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls and oils and petroleum.
Citation Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B,
189(1096):443-458. 1975.
94
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C-1592-75
A STUDY OF THE ELIMINATION OF PHENOL FROM THE ORGANISM OF FISH
[English Table of Contents]
Flerov, B. A., and Yu. V. Ershov. 1974.
Biologiya Vnutrennykh Vod (22):47-50.
Carp were injected with phenol p.o. in the first series of
experiments and i.p. in the second. Water samples were drawn
from the aquarium at intervals following phenol addition and
were analyzed for phenol presence. Results indicate rapid
elimination of unchanged toxicant, with 75% of the phenol
injected p.o. and 65% injected i.p. eliminated in an hour.
These results suggest the absence of a phenol-destructive
enzyme system in fish.
Analysis
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4345. 1975.
C-1593-75
THE EFFECTS OF THREE OILS ON MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Gordon, D. C., Jr., and N. J. Prouse. 1973.
Marine Biology 22(4):329-333.
Photosynthetic rates of natural phytoplankton communities taken
from the northwest Atlantic and exposed to oil were determined.
The degree of inhibition depended on oil type and concentration.
Present levels of oil in Bedford Basin may inhibit photosynthesis
by a few percent.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02319. 1975.
C-l594-75
THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF EMPIRE MIX CRUDE OIL ON ENZYMES IN OYSTERS,
SHRIMP AND MULLET
Heitz, J. R., L. Lewis, J. Chambers, and J. D. Yarbrough. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, Academic Press, p. 311-328.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Current Contents, Life Sciences 18(11):21. 1975.
95
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C-1595-75
OIL POLLUTION OF SHELLFISH BEDS IN OOSTERSCHELDE, DECEMBER, 1973
[English Summary]
Kerkhoff, M. 1974.
Visserij 27(6):425-432.
Following an 80-ton gas oil spill in the Oosterschelde estuary
in December, 1973, mussels from the estuary were analyzed for gas-
oil content using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. When
mussels were transferred to clean water, 90% of the gas-oil was
lost in one day, but an oily taste persisted for up to two months,
Analysis
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(6):
#1472. 1975.
C-l596-75
THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON THE PALATABILITY OF MARINE CRUSTACEANS
Knieper, L. H., and D. D. Culley, Jr. 1975.
Progressive Fish Culturist 37(1):9-14.
A panel of tasters responded differently for each marine species
exposed to a single oil, indicating that species-specific and
oil-specific effects exist. The exposure concentrations were
sublethal, yet detectable in the shrimp after 48-hour exposures.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1597-75
STRUCTURE-TOXICITY CORRELATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS TO DAPHNIA
MAGNA
Kopperman, H. L., R. M. Carlson, and R. Caple. 1974.
ChemicoTBiological Interactions 9(4):245-251.
"A correlation showing the dependency of the observed biological
activity (LC50) of a series of phenols to the free energy related
terms, IT, F and R (field and resonance), which are specific for
each compound, has been observed for the freshwater invertebrate,
D_. magna."
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4352. 1975.
96
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C-1598-75
ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL ECOSYSTEMS ESTABLISHED
IN THE RANCE ESTUARY. EFFECT OF CRUDE PETROLEUM
Lacaze, J.-C. 1974.
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadal res des Stances de TAcad^mie des Sciences,
D, 278(20):2531-2534.
A net slowing of primary production (50%) was noted one day after
crude oil was dumped into the experimental ecosystem; the slowing
continued the next day (25%) and disappeared on the third day. A
toxicity appeared on the fourth day and primary production was
almost totally inhibited from one week to 10 days after the
pollution. For the rest of the study period, production was about
half of that of the control ecosystems.
Citation Source: Ecological Abstracts 1975/1:#75 L/0517. 1975.
C-1599-75
EFFECTS OF PERTURBATION, NUTRIENT ADDITION AND OIL SPILLAGE ON
SOIL NITROGEN CYCLING AT THE COLLEGE HOT PIPE TEST SITE
Lindholm, G. R. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 72-79.
Applications of Prudhoe Bay crude oil to disturbed soil plots
caused an elevation of denitrification and an apparent decrease
in nitrification rates; however, similar application of oil to
undisturbed plots had no significant effect on these processes.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039881.
1975.
C-l600-75
A METHOD FOR APPRAISAL OF POTENTIAL TOXICITY OF OIL DISPERSING
SURFACTANTS IN SALINE WATERS
Liu, J. L. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B, 35(12):5874-B -
5875-B.
The sublethal toxicity potential of some typical chemical ingre-
dients used to disperse oil spills in saline waters was measured.
Toxicity effects were noted by comparing the Sigmoid curve
population growth rate functions for the alga, Platymonas subcordi-
f ormis, in both control and chemically treated synthetic seawater.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,977. 1975.
97
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C-1601-75
TOXICITY OF SEVERAL CRUDE OILS IN RELATION TO MUSSEL LARVAE
[English Summary]
Lucas, A., and S. LeRoux. 1975.
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Stances de 1'Acaddmie des Sciences,
D, 280(20):2381-2384.
Five oils mixed in seawater by agitation were toxic to mussel
larvae after a one-hour exposure. The toxicity depends on the
nature and concentration of the oils. Tests were carried out
from the age of 20 hours to 5 days and gave supporting results.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1602-75
NATURAL OIL SEEPS AT CAPE SIMPSON, ALASKA: LOCALIZED INFLUENCES
ON TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
McCown, B. H. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 86-90.
Inactive and active oil seeps were observed and the resultant
effects on the plant biota were recorded. Plant communities
showed alterations in community structure, resulting from the
thermal effects of the seeps on the soil. Adverse effects were
limited and revegetation of both active and inactive flows was
apparent.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039883.
1975.
C-1603-75
PLANT GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH AS AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE
OF. CRUDE PETROLEUM
McCown, D. D. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 44-51.
The effects of crude oil contaminated soils on seed germination
and seedling growth were investigated. All levels of contamina-
tion tested depressed germination rates, probably due to toxicity
and interference of the normal seed-water relationship. Seedling
growth was also adversely affected by crude contamination; species
grown on contaminated soils showed a reduction in N, Ca, and Mn
present in tissues as compared with controls.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039877.
1975.
98
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C-1604-75
RESPONSE OF ALASKAN TERRESTRIAL PLANT COMMUNITIES TO THE PRESENCE
OF PETROLEUM
McCown, B. H. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
MAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 34-43.
A research program has been developed to delineate the potential
hazards of crude oil spillage on terrestrial systems in Alaska.
The main objectives have been to define the most sensitive eco-
system, quantify the injury response, and determine the time
interval in which injury and natural restoration can be expected.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039876.
1975.
C-1605-75
DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN SOIL. PART 2. PETROLEUM
AND HUMAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
McGill, W. B. 1974.
University of Alberta Agricultural Bulletin 23:11-14.
Petroleum contamination changes many soil properties. Plant
growth is usually hindered due to soil microflora competing for
nutrients to decompose the oil. Soils can be reclaimed economically
and fairly quickly using biological means such as nutrient additions,
pH manipulations and aeration. After decomposition, soil water
holding capacity actually improves.
Restoration
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l606-75
THE LAST SURVIVORS
Milne, L., and M. Milne. 1975.
International Wildlife 5(3):12-15.
Jackass penguins live in the cold Antarctic currents around Dassen
Island. In recent years, tens of thousands have died from oil
damage. Giant supertankers rounding the southern tip of Africa
and attendant spills now threaten the existence of this species.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
99
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C-1607-75
EFFECT OF OIL ON SOME COASTAL CRUSTACEANS OF THE BLACK SEA
[English Table of Contents]
Milovidova, N. Yu. 1974.
Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 10(4):96-100.
From a study of the survival of Idotea baltica basteri and
Gamma rus (Marinogamtnarus olivii) in oil-polluted water, it v/as
found that oil pollution of the order of 0.1 - 0.01 ml/1 has an
adverse effect. G_. olivii was more quickly affected by the
pollution than i_. baltica basteri.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(3):#17212. 1975.
C-1608-75
HOW EFFECTIVE IS OIL POLLUTION LEGISLATION IN ARCTIC WATERS?
AN EXAMPLE FROM REPULSE BAY/NAUJAA, N. W. T.
Muller-Wille, L. 1974.
Musk-Ox 14:56-57.
The killing of ringed seals in Inuit which were coated with a
thick layer of oil is reported. Even though the region is scarcely
a major shipping route, about 10% of the seals are being affected
in this way.
Citation Source: Ecological Abstracts 1975/2:#75L/1187. 1975.
C-1609-75
THE EFFECT OF ARABIAN LIGHT CRUDE OIL AND COREXIT ON THE RESPIRATION
OF THE BIVALVED MOLLUSCS BRACHIDONTES VARIABLIS AND DONAX TRUNCULUS
Nuwayhid, M. A. 1973.
Master of Science Thesis, American University, Beirut. 159 p.
Crude oil alone or a mixture of crude oil and the oil dispersant,
Corexit, usually caused a decrease in respiration of the two species;
Corexit had no significant effects on respiration. Crude oil,
Corexit and a mixture of both caused the malformation and weakening
of byssal thread structure in B_. variablis. Higher mortality in
the experimental animals was noticed,
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4356. 1975.
100
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C-1610-75
ELSEVIER OCEANOGRAPHY SERIES, VOL. 9. THE STUDY OF BENTHIC
COMMUNITIES. A MODEL AND A REVIEW
Parker, R. H. 1975.
American Elsevier Publishing Company.
x + 279 p.
This study, which includes the design and results of an ecosystem
survey of the benthic community of Hadley Harbor Complex,
Massachusetts, is intended as a model for future community studies.
The applications of this model to environmental problems, such as
biological assessment of oil spill damage and disposal of pollutants
in estuaries, are discussed.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(1):#1362. 1975.
C-1611-75
TOXIC EFFECTS ON THE YOUNG RAT OF A SINGLE INTUBATION OF DIFFERENT
FRACTIONS PREPARED FROM HEATED OILS
Potteau, B., and A. Grandgirard. 1974.
Annales de Biologie Animale Biochimie Biophysique 14(4B):855-859.
The fractions of oil used to test the toxic effect of oil on rats
were those which do not form complexes with urea. A single dose
( 1 ml per 100 gm body weight) either causes death or hepatic
steatose in the survivors.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1612-75
EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON CORALS
Reimer, A. A. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(3):39-43.
Four species of Panamanian corals were exposed to marine diesel
and bunker oil. The oils may cause delayed death, and definitely
alter feeding and metabolic behavior at sublethal concentrations.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1613-75
TOXICITY OF THREE OILS TO BIVALVE GAMETES AND LARVAE
Renzoni, A. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(8):125-128.
The eggs and sperm of two marine bivalves were exposed to water
soluble extracts of crude oils from Kuwait, Nigeria and Prudhoe
101
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Bay. Fertilization is depressed after exposure, and develop-
mental abnormalities appear. The spermatozoa are the most
sensitive. Nigerian crude is the most toxic of the three oils
tested.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1614-75
CONTINUOUS FLOW KINETIC MODEL TO PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE
ON THE TOXICITY OF OIL REFINERY WASTE TO ALGAE
Reynolds, J. H., E. J. Middlebrooks, and D. B. Borcella. 1973.
Engineering Bulletin of Purdue University, Engineering Extension
Series 142(Part 1):259-280.
Chemostat and enzyme inhibition kinetics were utilized to develop
equations to describe the effects of temperature on toxicity to
microorganisms. Phenol has a competitive inhibition effect on
algal growth, the toxicity increases with an increase in temperature.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(7):#54139j. 1975.
C-1615-75
LEECHES (ANNELIDA: HIRUDINEA) OIL POLLUTION
Sawyer, R. T. 1974.
Pollution Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. C. W. Hart, Jr.,
and S. L. H. Fuller (eds.). New York, Academic Press, p. 128-129.
The effect of bunker oil pollution on the leech population in the
Muddy River, Massachusetts, is described from a study of oil
pollution affecting the planktonic and bottom fauna of the Muddy
River from autumn, 1961 to summer, 1963, by McCauly (1966). No
leeches were present until summer, 1962, after which the population
stabilized. The absence of leeches, in spite of the presence of
potential food, probably reflected the toxic effects of substances
dissolved in the oil.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1616-75
ACUTE EFFECTS OF OUTBOARD MOTOR EFFLUENT ON TWO MARINE SHELLFISH.
COMMENTS
Smith, D. W. 1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(4}:365.
The author disagrees with the conclusions of Finley and Gibson
concerning the effects of outboard motor effluents on oysters
102
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and mussels. Excessive concentrations are necessary to produce
these effects.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(7):#54126c. 1975.
C-1617-75
EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENE AND AQUEOUS CRUDE OIL EXTRACTS ON THE GREEN
FLAGELLATE CHLAMYDOMONAS ANGULOSA. I. GROWTH
Soto, C., J. A. Hellebust, T. C. Hutchinson, and T. Sawa. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Botany 53(2):109-117.
Sixty-one percent of C_. angulosa cells were killed when saturated
naphthalene was initially present in medium in an open system
(allowing evaporation and volatilization of hydrocarbons); the
generation time was the same as controls. A much higher percentage
of the cells was killed in a closed system (hydrocarbon loss was
minimized), but a shorter generation time was observed when growth
resumed. The effects of extracts of different crude oils on the
organisms were almost always inhibitory but less severe than those
obtained with naphthalene.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(3):#23115u. 1975.
C-1618-75
EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENE AND AQUEOUS CRUDE OIL EXTRACTS ON THE GREEN
FLAGELLATE CHLAMYDOMONAS ANGULOSA. II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THE
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF NAPHTHALENE
Soto, C., J. A. Hellebust, and T. C. Hutchinson. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Botany 53(2):118-126.
The addition of naphthalene to C_. angulosa cultures caused an
immediate loss of photosynthetic capacity. Photosynthesis was
decreased in cells incubated in closed systems with media containing
aqueous crude oil extracts; however, in open systems the crude oil
extracts had no significant effect on the photosynthetic capacity.
Experiments indicate that cells accumulate naphthalene from the
medium in closed systems for up to seven days. When the cells are
transferred to uncontaminated media, an immediate loss of the
aromatic hydrocarbons from the cells is observed.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(3):#23116v. 1975.
103
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C-1619-75
HYDROCARBONS IN SHELLFISH CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS
OF FUEL OIL
Stegeman, J. J. 1974.
In: Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, Academic Press, p. 329-348.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Current Contents, Life Sciences 18(11):21. 1975.
C-1620-75
SOME EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BIVALVE TELLINA
TENUIS
Stirling, E. A. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(8):122-124.
The effects of a persistent heavy metal pollutant (copper) and a
nonpersistent biodegradable pollutant (phenol) on the burrowing
response of a clam have been investigated. There was a measurable
response at all concentrations used. The time required for 50%
reburial after a standard exposure time of 96 hours would be
comparable to results from 96-hour LC5Q experiments.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1621-75
EFFECTS OF BENZENE (A WATER-SOLUBLE COMPONENT OF CRUDE OIL) ON
EGGS AND LARVAE OF PACIFIC HERRING AND NORTHERN ANCHOVY
Struhsaker, J. W., M. B. Eldridge, and T. Echeverria. 1974.
In: Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, Academic Press, p. 253-284.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Current Contents, Life Sciences 18(11):21. 1975.
C-1622-75
MARINE POLLUTION BY CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS
Sullivan, J. B. 1974.
U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication 409:261-263.
"A review with 18 references."
Social effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(7):#54010k. 1975.
104
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C-l623-75
POWDERING OVER OIL
Sullivan, J. 1975.
Environment 17(5):38,40.
The author discusses the report submitted by a participating
panel from the 1973 Workshop on Oil Pollution of the Sea
(sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences) concerning the
potential contamination of seafood by cancer-causing agents
found in oil. It was concluded that the values of benz-a-pyrene,
a cancer-inducing agent present in oil, in seafood seemed to
call for more systematic efforts to test foods for such agents
on a continuing basis. The attempts by the Academy to allay
public concern over that contamination are discussed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1624-75
THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OIL PRODUCTS ON MARINE AND FRESH-WATER
MONOCELLED ALGAE [English Summary]
Tkachenko, V. N., and L. E. Ajvazova. 1974.
In: Ecological Aspects of Chemical and Radioactive Pollution of
Aquatic Medium. A. S. Bogdanov, et al. (eds.). Moscow,
Pishchevaya Promyshlennost1. 139 p.
The photosynthetic activity of Black Sea diatoms, which were found
to be sensitive organisms, was inhibited even at the allowable
concentrations of dissolved oil products. The inhibitory effect
was recorded in freshwater and Caspian Sea algae when the dissolved
oil concentration was 10 times as high as the allowable limit level.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(5):
#5Q5453. 1975.
C-1625-75
HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MINERAL OIL IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL
White, R. G., and W. J. Herbert. 1975.
Immunology 28(5)-.925-938.
Domestic fowl were found to be hypersensitive to a second
injection of mineral oil. This hypersensitivity may have an
immunological basis. The birds may be able to respond to
antigenic determinants formed by long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons,
Citation Source: Citation Journal
105
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C-1626-75
THE ABILITY OF HERRING AND PLAICE LARVAE TO AVOID CONCENTRATIONS
OF OIL DISPERSANTS
Wilson, K. W. 1974.
In: The Early Life History of Fish. Proceedings of an International
Symposium held at the Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory of the
Scottish Marine Biological Association, Oban, Scotland, May 17-23,
1974. J. H. S. Blaxter (ed.). New York, Springer-Verlag. p. 589-602.
The response of larvae of herring and plaice to horizontal gradients
of oil dispersants in seawater was studied using a five-channel
fluvarium. Study results indicated that larvae would not avoid
areas of dispersant, but because of the effects of the dispersants
would sink or swim away from lethal concentrations.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1627-75
THE LABORATORY ESTIMATE OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS
Wilson, K. W. 1974.
A Discussion on Organic Pollutants in the Sea: Their Origin,
Distribution, Degradation and Ultimate Fate, [London]» 1974.
Acute toxicity tests are useful in providing an index of relative
toxicity between compounds, but are of limited value in making
ecological predictions. Factors influencing the assessment of
acute toxicity and the basic requirements of sub-lethal techniques
are discussed. Attention is given to the toxicity of organic
pollutant compounds rather than the hazards they pose.
Citation Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B,
189(1096):459-477. 1975.
C-l628-75
OIL AFFECTED BIRDS
Yeatman, L. 1974.
Courrier de la Nature, Homme et TOiseau 33:240-241.
The numbers of dead birds found along the coasts of Britain, Denmark,
Benelux and France in 1973 and in France in 1974, are given. The
numbers per km and the percentages showing signs of oil damage are
also listed. High mortality was recorded in 1973 in razorbills,
guillemots and gulls, and in ducks in Denmark.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4353. 1975.
106
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2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
C-1629-75
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OIL POLLUTION, SALINITY AND OTHER FACTORS
ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER IN THE INFRARED PART OF THE
SPECTRUM
Bogorodskiy, V. V., M. A. Kropotkin, and T. Yu. Shevekva. 1975.
Meteorology and Hydrology 12:1-9 (1974).
"The effects of oil pollution, salinity, foam and other factors
on the infrared spectral reflection by water and the reflection
of the emission of a C02 laser from water are studied."
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(11):#N75-19754. 1975.
C-1630-75
EVAPORATION OF MERCURY IN AN OIL CONTAMINATED CLOSED SYSTEM UNDER
ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS
Singhal, N. S. 1974.
Indian Journal of Biophysics 48(11):983.
The evaporation rate of mercury in the presence and absence of oil
was determined under isothermal conditions. The evaporation rate
was reduced under oil contaminated conditions due to a layer of
oil on the surface of the evaporating mercury.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1631-75
THE COASTAL SEDIMENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Tanner, W. F. 1974.
In: Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Chemical Oceanography. R. E. Smith (ed.)-
St. Petersburg, Florida, State University System Florida Institute
of Oceanography, p. 309-313.
The intricacy and vulnerability of the coastal sediment transport
zone are discussed. The effects of an oil spill on sediment trans-
port in the coastal zone are considered.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
107
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3. CHEMICAL EFFECTS
C-1632-75
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ALGAE ISOLATED FROM THE EFFLUENTS OF AN
OIL REFINERY, A FERTILIZER FACTORY AND A BREWERY
Kumar, H. D., G. P. Bisaria, L. M. Bhandari, B. C. Rana, and
V. Sharma. 1974.
Indian Journal of Environmental Health 16(3):247-255.
The algae and physicochemical characteristics of the effluents
can be used to evaluate water quality. Water with a high con-
centration of organics and low in 02 favors blue-greens,
flagellates and euglenoids, whereas nitrogen rich waters
encourage green algae.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02245. 1975.
108
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4. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-1633-75
(No title given)
Anon. 1975.
Environment 17(6}:23.
The Council on Economic Priorities reported in July, 1975, that
oil companies will have to spend between three and four billion
dollars for pollution control equipment over the next decade to
comply with present federal air and water pollution controls.
Capital spending will result in an increase of only 0.3% over
current refinery product prices.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l634-75
LOW-COST CLEANUP
Anon. 1975.
Chemical Week 116(25):13.
If refineries are brought into compliance with federal pollution
laws, oil industry costs will increase as much as $7.5 billion
through 1983, according to the Council on Economic Priorities.
Such a cost increase, if totally passed on to the customer, would
result in an addition of only 0.3
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C-1636-75
ADMINISTRATION: ECONOMICS
James, L. D. 1975.
Water Pollution Control Journal 47(6):1789-1796.
The annual review of pollution abatement costs by the Council
on Environmental Quality predicted a $195 billion expenditure
over the next decade with over 60% for operation and maintenance.
The economic implications of oil tanker accidents cause
researchers to argue for strict tanker liability.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(35):#210,150. 1975.
C-1637-75
IDENTIFICATION OF COSTS TO STATES TO PERFORM CERTAIN MARINE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
Smith, R. E. 1974.
Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School. 174 p.
"The study concerns the U.S. Coast Guard's role in marine environ-
mental protection and the costs to states of assuming two of the
Coast Guard's functions, oil spill investigation and cleanup."
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#AD/A-004 242/46A. 1975.
110
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5. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-1638-75
ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION FROM MARINE ENGINES AND EFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT. SUMMARY REPORT
Anon.' 1975.
Final Report, EPA/670/2-75-064, Grant EPA-R-801799. 70 p.
The project's objective was to determine the environmental
impacts of outboard engine usage on small lake systems. Based
on results from field and laboratory investigations, it is
concluded that because of high stress levels employed in the
study, outboard motor emissions do not significantly affect
aquatic ecosystems.
Analysis
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#PB-242 177/4GA. 1975.
C-1639-75
NAS HAS RELEASED REPORT ON PETROLEUM IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(22):22-23.
The major findings reported in "Petroleum in the Marine Environment,"
issued by the Ocean Affairs Board of the National Research Council,
National Academy of Sciences, are given. The report examined the
sources, fates and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in the oceans
and concluded that much more research in this area is needed.
General fate of oil in the environment
Source identification
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1640-75
REPORT TO THE CONGRESS ON OCEAN POLLUTION, OVERFISHING, AND
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT; JULY 1973 THROUGH JUNE 1974
Anon. 1975.
NOAA-75040305. 84 p.
The U.S. marine research efforts which are directed at the long
range effects of pollution, overfishing, etc. are described.
Ill
-------
Marine pollution research on petroleum hydrocarbons, offshore
development and regional studies on marine pollution are reviewed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
#COM-75-10509/8GA. 1975.
C-1641-75
EFFECTS OF OUTBOARD ENGINE EXHAUST ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
Atkins, P. 1973.
Icomia (Zurich). 26 p.
Results are given of a project financed by the Marine Exhaust
Research Council and the Environmental Protection Agency to
study the pollution effects of two-cycle outboard engines on
water resources. The project was divided into a laboratory
phase, which evaluated the two-cycle engine exhaust emissions;
and a field phase, which examined the effects of drained and
drainless engines operating on leaded fuel, and drainless engines
operating on both leaded and non-leaded fuel.
Citation Source:
Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(5):#1371. 1975.
C-1642-75
ECOLOGIC CHANGES IN AN ARCTIC TUNDRA POND FOLLOWING EXPOSURE
TO CRUDE OIL
Barsdate, R. J. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 52.
The physical, chemical and biological changes after the application
of crude oil were studied in a small tundra pond at Barrow, Alaska,
in 1970. Physical effects were minor. The pond water temperature
increased 4°C following the spill but normal temperatures were
reestablished within three days. Massive zooplankton mortality
occurred during the 1970 season and during the second year (1971).
The production of phytoplankton, benthic algae and vascular plants
was low, as were numbers of benthic animals and biomass of chironomid
larvae.
Physical effects of oil pollution
Biological effects of oil pollution
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source:
The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6)=1039878,
1975.
112
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C-1643-75
SUMMING UP AND CONSIDERATION OF FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS
Cole, H. A. 1974.
A Discussion on Organic Pollutants in the Sea: Their Origin,
Distribution, Degradation and Ultimate Fate,[London], 1974.
A summary of the studies included in the proceedings is given.
The author discusses the role to be played by the various groups
of scientists concerned with the effects and fate of organic
pollutants in the sea and the need for closer coordination of
their efforts.
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,
B, 189(1096):479-483. 1975.
C-1644-75
STUDY OF POLLUTION AT SEA
Fontanel, A. 1973.
Symposium on Significant Results, Greenbelt, Maryland, 1973.
Final Report, E75-10200; NASA-CR-142386.
No summary provided.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(13):#N75-21725. 1975.
C-1645-75
GESAMP. REPORT OF THE SIXTH SESSION HELD AT TWO HEADQUARTERS,
GENEVA, 22-28 MARCH 1974
GESAKP. 1974.
GESAMP 6/10. Geneva, WHO. 43 p.
Topics discussed at this meeting include: harmful substances in
the marine environment; the impact of oil on the marine environ-
ment; physical, chemical and biological parameters to be monitored
in an evolving pollution monitoring system; interchange of pollutants
between atmosphere and oceans; and information needed for site
selection for the disposal of wastes into the sea.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(5):
#5Q424. 1975.
113
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C-1646-75
THE BALTIC SEA AS AN EXAMPLE OF POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS
Kremling, K. 1973.
Environmental Problems and Their International Implications.
H. Odabas and S. E. Ulug (eds.). Colorado Associated University
Press, p. 135-152.
Oil pollution is one form of pollution discussed for the Baltic
Sea. The general effects, distribution, and control programs for
all pollutants are reviewed. Oil pollution is increasing in the
coastal areas.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02228. 1975.
C-1647-75
EFFECT OF MINERAL OILS IN THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
WATER AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS [English Surnnary]
Luczak, J., J. Stanislawska Swiatkowska, D. Zycinski, and B.
Ranke Rybicka. 1974.
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny (Warsaw) 25(5):517-528.
In laboratory conditions the surface of water was covered with a
layer of mineral oil from 0.1 mm to 2.3 mm thick. Significant in-
hibition of the rate of oxygen penetration into the water occurred
when the oil layer thickness was 2.0 mm. Aquatic organisms from
the group of Diatomea, Chlorophycae, Protozoa, Rotatoria, Copepoda
and Ostracoda died when the layer was 1.0 mm thick. Studies on the
mirror effect of the oil layer using Daphm'a magna are given.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(1):#27. 1975.
C-1648-75
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF OIL SPILLS ON LAND IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS
Mohtadi, M. F., and J. M. Raisbeck. 1974.
Ges. Verfahrenstechnik und Chemieingenieurswes./AIChE Joint Meeting,
Proceedings, with Jahrestreffen 1974 der Verfahrens-Ing. Summ. of
Pap., Munich, Germany, September 17-20, 1974. Vol. 1, Section Bl,
Paper 2. 10 p.
Important aspects of the impact of oil spills on Arctic regions
have been studied. Theoretical models have been developed for the
movement of oil on permeable and impermeable surfaces.
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#042250. 1975.
114
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-1649-75
POTENTIAL EFFECT OF OIL DRILLING/PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES ON THE
PHYTOPLANKTON/ZOOPLANKTON IN THE EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO
El-Sayed, S. A., T. L. Hopkins, and K. A. Steidinger. 1974.
In: Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in
the Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Biological Oceanography. R. E. Smith
(ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida, State University System of
Florida Institute of Oceanography.
A summary is given of the research carried out in the past few
years to determine the potential effect of oil drilling and
production activities on the environmental quality in the Eastern
Gulf of Mexico, and the changes in the marine ecosystem brought
about by these activities. A program for studying ecosystem
dynamics of the eastern and northeastern Gulf of Mexico, with
special emphasis on the phytoplankton and zooplankton populations
in this area.is outlined.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l650-75
BENTHIC ECOLOGY OF TIMBALIER BAY, LOUISIANA, AND ADJACENT OFFSHORE
AREAS IN RELATION TO OIL PRODUCTION
Farrell, D. H. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B, 35(12):5755-B -
5756-B.
The thesis provides an examination of species diversity, fauna!
similarities and biomass relations of benthic communities in
Timbalier Bay and offshore Louisiana to determine possible long-
term deleterious effects of oil platforms on benthic life.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,978. 1975.
C-1651-75
EFFECT OF COMBINED ORGANO-MINERAL MICROFERTILIZER (MF) FOLLOWING
MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ALFALFA HAY [In Russian]
Guseinov, D. M., and F. G. Isaeva. 1974.
Izvestya Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskikh
Nauk 1:85-92.
The organo-microfertilizers are mixtures of wastes from sulfuric
acid plants and oil refineries; they contain Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al,
115
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other trace metals, and petroleum organics. If MF is used after
application of Pgg^B and P-|20K§0» tne maximum increase in growth
and yield of alfalfa hay is achieved.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental
Pollutants 4(8):#7811. 1975.
C-l652-75
ACUTE LETHAL TOXICITY TO TROUT OF DRILLING FLUIDS AND THEIR
CONSTITUTED CHEMICALS AS USED IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Logan, W. J., J, B. Sprague, and B. D. Hicks. 1973.
Technical Report Series Environment Canada, CEN-T-73-1. p. 45-108.
The report describes the results from a study conducted in 1972
to determine the nature and acute toxicity of petrochemical
drilling fluids, chemical components, and wastes. Drilling fluids
were found to be acutely toxic to lake chub and rainbow trout;
sump fluids were determined to be comparatively less toxic. Out
of 27 chemicals in drilling fluids, 5 were toxic and 6 were
moderately toxic. Recommendations on waste containment treatment
and future studies are presented.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(3):
#5Q3111. 1975.
C-1653-75
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF ZOOPLANKTON IN RELATION TO
OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING AND ESTUARINE-MARINE FAUNAL EXCHANGE
Marum, J. P. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B, 35(12):6005-B.
Distribution patterns of copepod species, community indices and
biomass of zooplankton were analyzed in Louisiana coastal waters
to determine the impact of long-term oil drilling and production
on the coastal ecosystem and on characteristics of marine faunal
exchange. A quantitative method was developed for determining
inshore-offshore patterns of species distribution.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,979. 1975.
116
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C-1654-75
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF (OCS) OIL AND GAS. AN ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT. VOLUME 5. POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPO-
THETICAL OIL DISCHARGES IN THE ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF ALASKA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1974.
PB-239.267/8GA. 606 p.
An analysis is given of the primary biological effects of
potential oil discharges resulting from hypothetical oil production
activity on the Atlantic and Alaskan OCS. Large-volume infrequent
accidental oil spills as well as small-volume continuous discharges
of oil are considered in this analysis.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(33):#209,487. 1975.
C-1655-75
INFLUENCE OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON PLANT GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN
ALASKA
McCown, B. H. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 12-33.
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline may be expected to produce definite
changes in soil temperature. The effects of soil temperature
on plant growth and survival in Alaska have been studied. Analyses
indicated that low soil temperatures were a limiting factor for
growth. Biomass production in the warmed soils over the pipe was
found to be 500% greater the first season and 300% greater the
second season than in the adjacent unheated soils.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039875.
1975.
C-1656-75
ADAPTATIONS OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GRASSES FOR POTENTIAL
USE IN ALASKA
Mitchell, W. W. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 2-6.
An overview is presented of the feasibility of revegetating diverse
areas of Alaska. It was concluded that native taxa offer good
potential for revegetation material and would be more durable and
require less maintenance than introduced taxa.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039873.
1975.
117
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C-1657-75
OFFSHORE DRILLING: FISHERMEN AND OILMEN CLASH IN ALASKA
Panitch, M. 1975.
Science 189(4198):204-206.
The controversy concerns the Alaskan fishermen's fight to void
a 1973 sale of oil and gas leases on 98,000 acres in the Cook
Inlet Basin. Five thousand acres of the area in question
comprise Kachemak Bay, which is acknowledged to be one of the
most biologically productive bodies in the nation. Fishermen
contend that the state ignored scientific evidence about the
bay's biological and economical importance.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1658-75
COMMENTS ON THE NATURE OF THE FLORIDA MIDDLE GROUND REEF ICHTHYOFAUNA
Smith, G. B., and L. H. Ogrev. 1974.
In: Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Chemical Oceanography. R. E. Smith (ed.).
St. Petersburg, Florida, State University System Florida Institute
of Oceanography, p. 229-232.
A description of the tropical reef ichthyofauna harbored in the
Florida Middle Ground is presented, including comments on the
complexity and productivity of the reef community. The reef
ichthyofauna of the Florida Middle Ground is expected to be
sensitive to environmental perturbations affiliated with oil
exploration and production.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1659-75
REVEGETATION OF DISTURBED TUNDRA AND TAIGA SURFACES BY INTRODUCED
AND NATIVE PLANT SPECIES
Van Cleve, D. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 7-11.
The report summarizes studies which involved field testing of
hardy introduced plants and other techniques which might be used
to stabilize disturbed ground surfaces in arctic and subarctic
Alaska.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039874.
1975.
118
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2. CHEMICAL EFFECTS
C-l660-75
BENTHIC PLANTS IN THE EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO
Earle, S. A. 1974.
In: Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in
the Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Chemical Oceanography. R. E. Smith
(ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida, State University System Florida
Institute of Oceanography, p. 153-156.
A review is given of the biological and geological significance
of benthic algae and seagrasses in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
The chemical and physical effects of petroleum drilling on the
vegetation is discussed. Recommendations for work necessary to
evaluate the impact of offshore drilling are given.
Physical effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l661-75
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM: HYDROCARBON
ANALYSIS IN AN OIL PRODUCING AREA
Parker, P. L. 1974.
In: Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in
the Eastern Gulf of Mexico; Chemical Oceanography. R. E. Smith
(ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida, State University System Florida
Institute of Oceanography.
The chronic level of individual hydrocarbon types in the water
column in the area of Louisiana offshore oil production was found
to be in the 1-10 ppb level. In areas of oil spills, the levels
may approach concentrations at which photosynthetic microorganisms
and animal eggs are adversely affected. The adequacy of present-
day analytical techniques to detect effects of hydrocarbons is
discussed.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
119
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3. SOCIAL EFFECTS
C-1662-75
THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF TAR SANDS DEVELOPMENT: CAN WE HAVE
DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE TOO?
Barr, J. J. 1975.
Petroleum Society of CIM Technical Meeting, 26th, Banff, 1975.
Preprint No. CIM 75-52. 6 p.
The potential social and ecological dangers of tar-sand develop-
ment are reviewed. Actions taken to minimize damage and maximize
social benefits are assessed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,983. 1975.
120
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4. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-1663-75
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENT GUIDELINES. PETROLEUM REFINING
INDUSTRY
Anon. 1974.
Final Report, EPA/230/2-74/020. 86 p.
The report provides a basis for evaluating the potential economic
effects of effluent limitations guidelines and standards of
performance established by the EPA according to sections of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Areas potentially influenced
are product price increases, continued viability of affected plants,
employment, industry growth and foreign trade.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(9):
#PB-239 336/1GA. 1975.
121
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5. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-1664-75
No title given
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Oil Weekly Report 9(48):3.
The Department of the Interior released its final environmental
impact statement on the proposed sale of 297 tracts offshore
Southern California. The statement suggests that certain tracts
be withdrawn from the sale and buffer zones be established in
certain areas to reduce the risk of environmental damage.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l665-75
No title given
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Oil Weekly Report 9(41):1.
Offshore drilling activity off the U.S. East Coast will reach its
peak by about 1980, and will continue at a peak rate until 1985,
according to a recent study conducted by the University of Delaware.
The threat of oil spills to the coast is predicted to be minimal
because of stricter regulations on drilling procedures and the
great distance the rigs will be from shore.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1666-75
ALASKA OIL STUDY
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(7):99-100.
A $2.5 million project has been developed by the U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to assess the risk to
Alaska of any oil developments beneath the continental shelf in
the Gulf of Alaska. It is hoped that the study will identify
the physical and chemical characteristics and the seabed geology
of this area, complete a census and description of micro- and
macro-organisms and assess the abundance of marine birds and
mammals.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
122
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C-1667-75
CPRC DEEPWATER TERMINAL STUDY RESULTS RELEASED
Anon. 1975.
The Marine Newsletter 6(l):2-3.
Discussed are the major conclusions and recommendations of the
Deepwater Terminal Study supported by the Coastal Plains Regional
Commission, which studied the feasibility of locating a deepwater
terminal offshore and developing refinery complexes inland. The
environmental impacts of such a development are considered to be
smalli operating procedures that safeguard against oil spill
accidents, and recovery techniques that prevent a spill from
spreading are recommended.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1668-75
A CRITIQUE OF 'DCS OIL AND GAS - AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT;1
A REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT PREPARED BY THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
Anon. 1974.
National Research Council Environmental Studies Board, Review
Committee on the Environmental Impact of Oil and Gas Production
on the Outer Continental Shelf. 55 p.
The critique assesses the environmental problems arising from
U.S. outer continental shelf oil and gas development and the
effectiveness with which they were treated in the 1974 Council
on Environmental Quality report. The report was considered to
be useful as a step toward policy development but limited,and
avoided alternatives to the current energy dilemma.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(5):
#5Q423. 1975.
C-l669-75
ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS FOR OFFSHORE OPERATIONS
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(4):25-30.
The requirements for obtaining marine environmental data for
impact statements is an exhaustive one. This report includes
these data requirements and a presentation of present OCS lease
statuses, recent OCS lease sales and the new OCS lease schedule.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
123
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C-1670-75
FRENCH SCIENTIST WARNS AGAINST MARINE POLLUTION
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(2):22.
The article relates an interview with the French scientist,
Dr. M. Aubert, on the topic of marine and industrial pollution.
In regard to oil pollution from tankers, Dr. Aubert stated that
tankers should confine their tank cleaning to ports especially
designed for such activities. His feelings on the topic of oil
spill risks associated with North Sea drilling are also discussed,
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1671-75
AN ISLAND IS A FRAGILE THING
Anon. 1975.
Petroleum Today 16(1):4-13.
People from Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard comment on the
potential offshore development of George's Bank for oil. The
concern about possible conflicts between the fishing industry
and the oil industry has stimulated a study by WHOI and API.
Most people believe that oil production would benefit the islands
by reducing their dependence on tourism.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1672-75
LOUISIANA SUPERPORT STUDIES. REPORT NO. 4. TECHNICAL APPENDICES
TO RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN
Anon. 1974.
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
231 p.
LSU-SG-74-04, NOAA-75020305.
This volume includes studies on the economic impact of a Louisiana
offshore oil port, the expected oil spillage from vessels and pipe-
lines in the region of the superport and the techniques for
assessing the environmental effects associated with superport
development.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
ICOM-75-10314/3GA. 1975.
124
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C-1673-75
OFFSHORE DRILLING CONTROVERSY COUNTERPRODUCTIVE, OILMAN SAYS
Anon. 1975.
Pacific Oil World 68(7,8):10.
The article includes comments made by an American Petroleum
Institute vice-president concerning the waste in time and money
due to the controversy over drilling for offshore oil and natural
gas. Dr. J. S. Cross believes that the U.S. can strenghen its
energy position and protect the environment at the same time.
Reference is made to the Santa Barbara oil spill and the condi-
tions of the beaches and marine life after the 1969 event.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1674-75
PROCEEDINGS, 10TH ANNIVERSARY STICHTING CONCAWE
Anon. 1973.
CONCAWE Document No. 6058. 53 p.
Speeches and discussions presented at the tenth anniversary
meeting of Stichting CONCAWE in the Hague are included in the
proceedings. Discussions concentrated on the following two
questions: (1) What are the future problems involving the
environment which the oil industry will have to deal with? (2) Is
the trend among certain governments to propose modifications of
essential environmental standards and restrictions, in order to
facilitate the provisions of energy needs, likely to be seen in
Europe?
Citation Source: Reports Produced by the Secretariat or Working
Group Members of Stichting CONCAWE. Report
No. 1/75. Abstract #89. 1975.
C-1675-75
SULLOM VOE ENVIRONMENTAL ADVISORY GROUP
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(5):69.
The Sullom Voe environmental advisory group will advise on all
environmental aspects of all stages of the development of a major
oil port east of Shetland in the North Sea. One aim is to prepare
an environmental impact statement.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
125
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C-1676-75
TRANSLATIONS ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (GUO V)
Anon. 1975.
Arlington, Virginia, Joint Publications Research Service. 11 p.
This volume includes translations of articles from various
journals. Among the articles are two about the Cambodia contin-
ental shelf drilling and the Morocco-Shell oil offshore drilling
agreement.
Foreign legislation
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#JPRS-L/5203. 1975.
C-1677-75
TRANSLATIONS ON THE LAW OF THE SEA. XVII
Anon. 1975.
Arlington, Virginia, Joint Publications Research Service. 116 p.
This report includes articles on contracts for oil prospecting,
measures taken in the aftermath of a supertanker incident, discovery
of oil in the Gulf of Thailand, and the exploration for oil by
Greece and Spain.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
#JPRS-64426. 1975.
C-1678-75
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS AT PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Assarsson, B. 1973.
Environmental Engineering: A Chemical Engineering Discipline.
G. Lindner and K. Nyberg (eds.). Dordrecht-Holland, Netherlands,
Reidel. p. 129-133.
Air pollutants resulting from increased petroleum refinery
activities in Sweden are reviewed, and plans for reducing water
pollutants are discussed.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32422u. 1975.
126
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C-1679-75
PROCESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING SNG AND
LIQUID FUELS
Beychok, M. R. 1975.
Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA/660/2-75-011,
Contract EPA-68-03-2136. 152 p.
The process technology and environmental concerns of the emerging
industries for providing new supplemental energy supplies from
non-conventional sources are discussed. The production of sub-
stitute natural gas from coal, crude oil and naphtha, and the
production of liquid fuels from oil shale are subjects included.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#PB-242 774/8GA. 1975.
C-1680-75
GOVERNMENTS, THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Blaikley, D. R. 1975.
Petroleum Review 29(340):233-243.
The author emphasizes the need for business, government and labor
to work together in such energy related areas as offshore oil
production and development. In the event of a well blowout,
seepage during drilling or an oil spill during production, the
interests of the oil companies in preventing these accidents are
the same as those of government.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,587. 1975.
C-1681-75
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT
Conkle, N., V. Ellzey, and K. Murthy. 1974.
Final Report, January to May 1974, EPA/650/2-74-099, Contract
EPA-68-02-1323. 133 p.
The report reviews the status of development of the^oil shale
industry and its potential economic, resource and environmental
impact upon the oil shale resource regions and the nation as a
whole.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#PB-241 942/2GA. 1975.
127
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C-1682-75
ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENT FOR A MASSACHUSETTS BAY DEEPWATER
OIL TERMINAL
Cox, G. V. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint
No. OTC-2382, Vol. 3. p. 471-488.
Seven offshore locations in Massachusetts Bay were selected for
environmental evaluation as possible deepwater petroleum terminal
sites. The sites have been ranked on the basis of available
information and recommendations for supplementary actions have
been made.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,475. 1975.
C-1683-75
OIL SHALE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Decora, A. W., H. R. Johnson, and P. T. Stone. 1975.
American Chemical Society Petroleum Chemistry Division,
Preprints 20(l):245-254.
A discussion of the environmental considerations which must
accompany the development of the oil shale lands is given.
Since most oil shale is found on federal lands and since its
development affects the environment, leasing oil shale lands
to private interests must be in compliance with the National
Environmental Policy Act, 1969.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(23):#206,036. 1975.
C-l684-75
ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILL STATISTICS
Devanney, J. W., Ill, and R. Stewart. 1974.
In: Primary Impacts of Offshore Petroleum Developments, MITSG
74-20. p. 84-212.
Estimates are given, based on past oil spill incidents, of the
likelihood of spillage by number and size of individual spill for
a number of hypothetical offshore oil developments in the Atlantic
and Gulf of Alaska.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4305. 1975.
128
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C-l685-75
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILL STATISTICS
Devanney, J. W., III, and R. J. Stewart. 1974.
Marine Technology 11(4):365-382.
In this paper, Bayesian reasoning plus actual spill data from
various sources were used in estimating the likelihood of oil
spill frequency and magnitude associated with a given amount
of oil transport and production activity.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2480. 1975.
C-1686-75
POLITICAL CONFLICT MAY DELAY FUTURE OFFSHORE PLAY
Doerner, K., III. 1975.
Offshore 35(10):91-95.
The political controversy between the state of Alaska and the
federal government over the development of Alaska's offshore
oil reserves is reviewed. Alaska's new governor, Jay S. Hammond,
wants to delay the lease sale of 1.8 million acres of the OCS in
the northern Gulf of Alaska until further studies on potential
economic and environmental impacts on these areas can be made.
A draft environmental impact statement on the impact of the
proposed lease sale states that 43,873 bbl of oil are likely to
be spilled every year during peak production; the effect of such
spillage on the Gulf was not predicted.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l687-75
OPPOSITION TO OCS LEASING IS SINCERE, BUT MISGUIDED
Edwards, E. 1975.
World Oil 180(5):67-70.
Governor Edwards of Louisiana feels that offshore drilling and
production operations have not adversely affected the fishing
industry, and that the news media misled the American public about
the Santa Barbara oil spill of 1969.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
129
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C-1688-75
ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE-EFFECT PHENOMENA RELATING TO TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Eedy, W. 1974.
Ottawa, Canada, National Research Council of Canada. 125 p.
Results from the report compiling cause/effect observations on
technological development in the Canadian Arctic have indicated
that undersea areas which would be affected by future offshore
drilling, pipeline or subsurface transportation activities have
not been studied. Studies of biological toxicity in the Arctic
are lacking. Waste disposal has been predicted as a major
problem arising from technological development.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 59(12):#65553. 1975.
C-1689-75
INVESTIGATION AND REHABILITATION OF A BRINE-CONTAMINATED AQUIFER
Fryberger, J. S. 1975.
Ground Water 13(2):155-160.
One square mile of an alluvial aquifer in Arkansas was contaminated
because of faulty disposal of oil field brine through an "evaporation"
pit and a faulty disposal well. The physical parameters of the
contamination are defined and alternate methods of aquifer rehabili-
tation are explained.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#042246.
1975.
C-1690-75
CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFUR RECOVERY FROM REFINERY FUEL GASES
Genco, J. M., and S. S. Tarn. 1974.
EPA/450/3-74-055, Contract EPA-68-02-0611. 138 p.
The processes for removing and recovering sulfur from refinery
fuel gas are reviewed. Statistics on recovery systems for 1973
and 1975 are presented. The environmental impact of tail gas
processes is discussed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#PB-239 777/6GA. 1975.
130
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C-1691-75
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN WASTE DISPOSAL FROM DRILLING IN
SHALLOW BEAUFORT SEA
Heffler, H. R. 1975.
Petroleum Society of CIM Technical Meeting, 26th, Banff, 1975.
Preprint No. CIM 75-18. 13 p.
The environmental consequences of marine disposal of drilling
wastes in the Canadian Arctic have been examined. Drilling wastes
have been discharged to both the open and ice-covered waters of
the Beaufort Sea. A study concluded that except for pH adjust-
ment and removal of extraneous contaminants, no other treatment
is necessary for the disposal systems examined.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,975. 1975.
C-l692-75
SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES: SUPERPORTS
Hirsch, A. 1974.
Law of the Sea: The Emerging Regime of the Oceans. J. K. Gamble,
Jr., and G. Pontecorvo (eds.). p. 217-222.
The impact of superports is considered. A study indicated that
superports should be located as far from shore as possible to
reduce the potential for estuarine and coastal damage caused by
oil spills and dredging, and to aid in navigation. Proposed U.S.
legislation on superports is discussed.
U.S. legislation
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(5):
#5Q5741. 1975.
C-l693-75
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, EFFICIENCY, AND COST OF ENERGY SUPPLY
AND END USE. VOLUME 1.
Hittman Associates, Inc. 1974.
Report No. HIT-593, PB-238 784/3GA. 383 p.
Thirty tables containing data quantifying the broad range of
energy-related environmental impacts on land; water, air, solid
waste and health are contained in this report. Twelve of these
are devoted to oil supply.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(33):#209,483. 1975.
131
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C-l694-75
AN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR DRILLING IN THE CANADIAN
BEAUFORT SEA
Hnatiuk, J. 1975.
Petroleum Society of CIM Technical Meeting, 26th, Banff, 1975.
Preprint No. CIM 75-16. 14 p.
An environmental research program has been developed to provide
ecological baselines for the Beaufort Sea, a better understanding
of the Beaufort Sea's physical environment, and knowledge related
to the effects of possible oil spills and means of oil cleanup in
ice-infested waters. The results of these studies will be used
to develop operating restrictions to protect the Canadian Beaufort
Sea from the adverse effects of offshore drilling. Drilling is
scheduled to be undertaken during 1976.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,982. 1975.
C-1695-75
THE OCEAN AS A POWER RESOURCE
Isaacs, J. D., and R. J. Seymour. 1973.
International Journal of Environmental Studies 4{3):201-206.
The possibility of developing a number of potential energy sources
in the oceans to meet world needs is assessed. Means for avoiding
environmental degradation are discussed.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(5):#24583. 1975.
C-1696-75
THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT: THE RISKS - THE WEAPONS
Jagger, H. 1974.
Impact of Offshore Oil Operations. A. F. Peters (ed.). Essex,
Applied Science Publishers, Ltd. 215 p.
hazards of offshore exploratory drilling are considered; the
rail risks are low. Problems associated with oil handling,
The
overall
- - — .— ... . . v w i LIU ,s M*«w^
-------
C-1697-75
ATLANTIC OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENERGY RESOURCES: AN ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS
Kalter, R. J.f W. E. Tyner, and T. H. Stevens. 1974.
Cornell University, Department of Agricultural Economics, A. E.
Res. 74-17, NOAA-75021104. 95 p.
This report focuses on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (AOCS)
acreage available for leasing. Current leasing policy and
alternative leasing and management policy issues are examined.
The impacts predicted from adoption of these alternatives are
analyzed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(11):
#COM-75-10330/9GA. 1975.
C-1698-75
ENERGY UNDER THE OCEANS, A TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS
Kash, D. E., I. L. White, K. H. Bergey, M. A. Chartock, M. D.
Devine, R. L. Leonard, S. N. Salomon, and H. W. Young. 1974.
Folkestone, Great Britain, Bailey Brothers and Swingen Ltd. 378 p.
This book assesses the social impact of OCS operations, contributes
to the data base for OCS policy making, and helps make recommenda-
tions for changes in government as well as industry in order to
optimize OCS resource development.
Citation Source: Deep Sea Research 22(7):517. 1975.
C-1699-75
SOME OIL SPILLAGE ASSURED AT PROPOSED GULF SUPERPORT
Kirkpatrick, K., and D. Kirkpatrick. 1975.
National Fisherman 56(3):9-B.
The article describes a three-year multi-phase study which
determined the feasibility of building a superport off Louisiana's
coast in the Gulf of Mexico. In regard to the environmental phase,
the study proved the superport concept to be workable with the
probability of spills from collision being low. Estimates are
seven tons annual spillage offshore and in the hundreds of gallons
on the pipeline per year.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
133
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C-1700-75
THE DELAWARE ESTUARY SYSTEM, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND SOCIO-
ECONOMIC EFFECTS. IMPACTS OF A DEEPWATER TERMINAL. VOLUME I.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH A DEEPWATER PORT IN THE
DELAWARE BAY AREA
Maurer, D. 1974.
NSF/RA/E-74-017, Grant NSF-GI-33369. 208 p.
This report ?s a review of the environmental problems associated
with a deepwater port in the Delaware Bay area. Included subjects
are the impact on phytoplankton, zooplankton, finfish and benthos;
the effect of oil spills, in particular the fate of spilled oil;
and environmental effects of dry bulk commodities.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
General effects of oil pollution
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(9):
#PB-239 669/5GA. 1975.
C-1701-75
IS IMPORTING OIL THE PROBLEM
McCloskey, M. 1975.
Sierra Club Bulletin 60(7) :21.
The environmental and economic arguments of the administration over
importing foreign oil and developing domestic oil resources are
examined in this editorial.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l 702-75
Nuzzi, R. 1975.
Marine Technology Society, Journal 9(6):25-28.
Significant biological damage (from an oil spill, for instance) has
been defined as damage which "impairs the survival of species
?3S€?H* W e ecosystem-" Essential species have not yet been
identified, however, so the task of determining the ecological
impact of technological operations is difficult.
Monitoring
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
134
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C-l703-75
IMPACT OF OFFSHORE OIL OPERATIONS
Peters, A. F. (ed.). 1974.
Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers, Ltd. 205 p.
The book contains eight main papers given at a conference, organized
by the Institute of Petroleum, on 'The Impact of Offshore Oil
Operations' (Aviemore, Scotland, May, 1974). The papers deal with
three main topics: offshore oil operations and prospects, impact
of oil development on the Scottish economy, and environmental issues.
Citation Source: Journal of Petroleum Technology XXVII:737. 1975.
C-1704-75
PROGRAM PLAN FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ENERGY
Pikul, R. P., and R. Rabin. 1974.
Final Report, MTR-6726, NSF 74-SP-0827. NTIS Report PB-235 115.
314 p.
The objectives of the National Science Foundation's Five Year
Program plan are to gain scientific knowledge to sustain a sound
environmental policy and to find means to minimize adverse environ-
mental effects resulting from fuel extraction and conversion
processes and energy generation and utilization. Research in the
areas of pollutant analysis, transport, fate and pollutant effects
and systems evaluation is emphasized.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(12):
0W75-05871. 1975.
C-1705-75
THE ARCTIC OFFSHORE GAMBLE
Pimlott, D. 1974.
Living Wilderness 38(127):16.
The author assesses the arctic offshore oil-development picture
from an environmental standpoint. He points out the vulnerability
of this area to pollution and the potential risk of blowouts to
arctic populations of birds and mammals.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
135
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C-1706-75
TANKERS AND THE U.S. ENERGY SITUATION: AN ECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Porricelli, J. D., and V. F. Keith. 1974.
Marine Technology 11(4):340-364.
The paper is divided into four main areas: the U.S. energy
situation and projected oil requirements, the economics of tankers
to import oil to the U.S., the environmental impact of tanker
transportation, and the cost and effectiveness of these systems.
Oil transfer and transport
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(9):
#2593. 1975.
C-1707-75
PIPELINE ACROSS ALASKA
Sage, B. 1974.
New Scientist, 4 April 1974:10-12.
The article discusses the trans-Alaska pipeline construction and
the environmental safeguards incorporated in its design. New
threats to the tundra ecosystem (i.e., a second and third pipeline,
offshore oil rigs, and mineral exploitation) are mentioned.
Citation Source: Ecological Abstracts 1975/1:#75L/0518. 1975.
C-l708-75
THE OFFSHORE ECOLOGY INVESTIGATION
Sharp, J. M., and J. W. Tyson. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint No.
OTC-2384, Vol. 3. p. 499-504.
The Offshore Ecology Investigation conducted studies during the
past two years to assess the environmental/ecological impact of
oil drilling and production off the Louisiana coast. Seventy-nine
percent of the investigations indicated no harmful impact or a
beneficial impact, and 2135, as determined by the Council, required
further study but did not indicate a harmful effect.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,515. 1975.
136
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C-1709-75
EVALUATION OF LIKELIHOOD OF CARGO SPILLS AT ALTERNATE PORT SITES
Smith, W. S., K. Nair, and H. C. Shah. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprint No.
OTC-2195. p. 493-502.
In evaluating the influence of alternate supertanker port
facilities on the likelihood of cargo spills, three alternative
examples presented indicated that the probability of cargo spills
would increase if current facilities were maintained, and decrease
for supertanker facilities constructed in a port or bay or offshore.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15{25):#206,835. 1975.
C-1710-75
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF OFFSHORE DRILLING IN THE
EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO
Smith, R. E. (ed.). 1974.
St. Petersburg, Florida, State University System of Florida
Institute of Oceanography
The conference/workshops were planned and held to properly define
the critical research and/or information needs in the area of DCS
oil exploration and production activities in the eastern Gulf of
Mexico, and to discuss the development of a scientifically sound
and relevant interdisciplinary program. The scientific papers
presented are categorized under four main topics: physical,
biological, chemical and geological oceanography.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1711-75
OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT AND COLORADO LAND USE LEGISLATION
Ulman, W. J. 1975.
AAAS Meeting, New York City, January 26-31, 1975. 17 p.
The various risks involved in oil shale development are discussed.
After reviewing the advantages and flaws of developing oil shale
deposits in Colorado, a growing number of concerned agencies has
expressed the thought that the use of oil shale may be too expen-
sive a proposition economically, environmentally and socially.
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(7,8):#75-04690. 1975.
137
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
C-1712-75
OXIDATION OF CERTAIN PRUDHOE BAY HYDROCARBONS BY MICROORGANISMS
INDIGENOUS TO A NATURAL OIL SEEP AT UMITA, ALASKA
Agosti, J. M., and T. E. Agosti. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 80-85.
Bacterial samples were collected from the vicinity of a natural
oil seep above the Arctic circle. Visual observation of six of
fourteen samples cultured on enriched medium showed complete
emulsification in seven days at 20°C. Practical application of
the oxidation of hydrocarbons at low temperatures is discussed.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039882.
1975.
C-1713-75
INTERACTIONS OF MICROORGANISMS AND PETROLEUM POLLUTANTS IN THE
ARCTIC
Atlas, R. M., E. A. Schofield, F. A. Morelli, and R. E. Cameron.
1974.
Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology, 74th, Chicago, 1974. Entry #G267, p. 64.
The effect of petroleum pollutants on natural microbial communities
in the Arctic was determined. When Prudhoe crude oil was incubated
with water from coastal ponds along Prudhoe Bay, bacterial popula-
tions increased by several orders of magnitude. The addition of
1.0 oil/100 ml water resulted in the disappearance of coccoid green
algae and a change from'amoeboid to flagellated protozoans.
Miniature oil slicks floated on Prudhoe Bay underwent extensive
biodegradation. Microbial populations underlying the slicks greatly
increased.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1714-75
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL ON WATER SURFACES
Bartha, R. 1975.
Patent Application. 13 p.
The microbial degradation of oil slicks on water surfaces is
increased by applying the essential microbial nutrients, nitrogen
138
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and phosphorus, in a form that adheres to the oil and thus
stimulates the activity of oil-degrading microorganisms.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#PAT-APPL-558 040/GA. 1975.
C-1715-75
IMPACT OF THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
Bourquin, A. W., S. P. Meyers, and D. G. Ahearn. 1974.
GBERL-235, EPA/660/3-75-001. 259 p.
This symposium, sponsored by the EPA Gulf Breeze Environmental
Research Laboratory, contains discussions on the possible impact
of introducing microbial insect control agents or oil-degrading
agents into the environment. The use of hydrocarbonoclastic
microorganisms in special environments like the Arctic and the
Louisiana salt marshes is considered.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(11):
#PB-240 159/4GA. 1975.
C-1716-75
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF PETROLEUM DEGRADATION IN
CHESAPEAKE BAY
Colwell, R. R., J. D. Walker, and 0. D. Nelson, Jr. 1974.
NSF-GD-31707, Contract N00014-69-A-0220-0006. 14 p.
The seasonal incidence and species distribution of petroleum
degrading microorganisms in Chesapeake Bay are being investigated.
The numbers of microorganisms are related to the concentration of
oil in the sample.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#AD/A-006 590/4GA. 1975.
C-1717-75
METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS FROM ESTUARINE SLICKS
Crow, S. A., A. W. Bourquin, G. N. Smith, and W. L. Cook. 1975.
American Society for Microbiology, 75th, New York, 1975. Abstract.
p. 191.
Microbiological sampling studies of surface slicks indicated the
presence of larger populations of microorganisms associated with
the surface microlayer. Types of bacteria and fungi and comparative
physiological studies of the organisms sampled are described. Only
a few isolates possessed lipolytic or hydrocarbonoclastic activity.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(7):
#5Q7187. 1975.
139
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C-1718-75
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PETROLEUM DEGRADATION IN THE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT
Crow, S. A., S. P. Meyers, and D. G. Ahearn. 1974.
NOAA-04-3-158-19, Contract NOAA-75020307. 20 p.
The literature dealing with the effects of crude oil on the microbial
ecosystem and the biodegradation of hydrocarbons is summarized.
Other topics reviewed are the ecology of hydrocarbon utilizers and
the pathways in hydrocarbon degradation.
Bibliographies
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#COM-75-10298/8GA. 1975.
C-1719-75
BIODEGRADATION OF SOME POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC PETROLEUM COMPONENTS
BY MARINE BACTERIA
Dean-Raymond, D., and R. Bartha. 1975.
Technical Report, No. TR-N-5, Contract N00014-67-A-0115-0005. 21 p.
The metabolism of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by six bacterial
strains isolated from oil-polluted waters was studied using various
chromatographic and spectrometric techniques. All six strains grew
on naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene and 2-ethylnaphthalene as sole
sources of carbon and energy. The metabolism of other polynuclear
aromatic petroleum components by the organisms is described.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(9):
#AD/A-006 346/1GA. 1975.
C-1720-75
COMPARATIVE OXIDATION OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS
Fairchild, T., E. J. McKenna, and R. E. Kallio. 1974.
Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology, 74th, Chicago, 1974. p. 161.
Results are given of a study in which late log phase resting cell
suspensions of a strain of Pseudomonas putida isolated from naph-
thalene enrichment culture and a Gram (-) soil bacterium isolated
from phenanthrene enrichment culture were tested for their ability
to oxidize polynuclear hydrocarbons (PH). Increased size of
hydrocarbon ring substituents, increased number of these substituents
on the ring and increased amount of ring saturation resulted in
decreased oxidation of the PH.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
140
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C-1721-75
HYDROCARBON OXIDATION AND TAXONOMY OF MYCOFORMS
Golovlev, E. L., G. K. Skyrabin, and L. A. Golovleva. 1973.
Mycobacteria Proceedings Symposium, 1971. J. G. Weiszfeiler
(ed.). Budapest, Hungary, Acad. Kiado. p. 91-4.
Studies of 220 strains of mycoforms have indicated that aromatic
hydrocarbons are not utilized without previous adaptation; olefin
and isoalkane assimilation is characteristic of some strains and
has no taxonomic value; and there is a distinct taxonomic
delimitation between species which do and do not utilize n-alkanes,
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(5):#39976m. 1975.
C-1722-75
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Groenewegen, D., and H. Stolp. 1975.
Erdoel und Kohle, Erdgas, Petrochemie vereinigt mit Brennstoff-
Chemie 28(4):206.
An experiment was conducted in which soil microorganisms in soil
and water were mixed with various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
to measure microbial degradation. The microorganisms were found
to significantly degrade phenanthrene, pyrene, 1,2-benzanthracene
and 3,4-benzopyrene; fluorene and fluoranthene were somewhat
degraded, but not chrysene.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(3):#24990n. 1975.
C-1723-75
SEQUENTIAL GROWTH OF BACTERIA ON CRUDE OIL
Horowitz, A., D. Gutnick, and E. Rosenberg. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 30(1):10-19.
The isolation of three oil-degrading bacteria by a sequential
enrichment culture technique is described. One strain, PU-2, was
found to be highly specialized for growth on crude oil in seawater
due to its preference for oil products as substrates for growth
and its high oil conversion and oil dispersion capabilities. When
these three strains and a previously isolated oil-degrading bacterium
were grown together in a mixed culture or sequentially, there was
over 75% oil conversion.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
141
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C-1724-75
THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN THE SEA
Hughes, D. E., and P. McKenzie. 1974.
A Discussion on Organic Pollutants in the Sea: Their Origin,
Distribution, Degradation and Ultimate Fate,[London], 1974.
From the moment oil is released into the sea, microbial degradation
takes place. In laboratory experiments and field studies, about
40-90% of the oil may be degraded. Alkanes and saturated compounds
will be degraded first, followed by aromatic and heterocyclic
components. Sinking agents and dispersants may affect the rate and
pattern of degradation.
Citation Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B,
189(1096):375-390. 1975.
C-1725-75
TERRESTRIAL OIL SPILLS IN ALASKA: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND
RECOVERY
Hunt, P. G., W. E. Rickard, F. J. Deneke, et al. 1973.
Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Washington,
D.C., 1973. p. 733-740.
Investigations have been conducted on the damage and natural
recovery of terrestrial ecosystems contaminated by refined oil
spills along the Haines to Fairbanks pipeline in Alaska. The
experiment was carried out to determine if microbial degradation
of the fuel and revegetation could be enhanced by the addition of
fertilizer. A positive response in microbial activity and plant
growth was observed.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(6):
^ #1483. 1975.
C-1726-75
THE ORIGIN OF FATTY ACIDS IN THE HYDROCARBON-UTILIZING MICROORGANISM
MYCOBACTERIUM VACCAE
King, D. H., and J. J. Perry. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21(l):85-89.
The fatty acid pattern in a strain of M_. vaccae grown on n-alkanes,
1-alkenes, 2- or 3-methyl octadecane and 8-heptadecene is described
in this study.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 59(11):#62735. 1975.
142
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C-1727-75
NAPHTHALENE-ASSIMILATING BACTERIA OF THE PSEUDOMONAS GENUS FROM
SOILS IN OIL-PRODUCING AREAS, AND THE PROPERTIES OF THESE BACTERIA
Kvasnidov, E. I., and N. Z. Tin'yanova. 1974.
Microbiology 43(4):607-610.
Some strains of Pseudomonas bacteria that use naphthalene as their
sole source of carbon have been isolated from the soils in petro-
liferous forests in the Western Ukraine. They were unable to use
benzene or any aliphatic hydrocarbons to grow. These strains have
a high rate of oxygen consumption and form salicyclic acid during
growth.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1728-75
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A HYDROCARBON OXIDIZING PSEUDOMONAD GROWN ON
N-ALKANES
Patrick, M. A., P. R. Dugan, and G. D. Cagle. 1974.
Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology, 74th, Chicago, 1974. Entry G-222, p. 57.
Studies on a pseudomonad capable of utilizing various alkanes as
a sole carbon source have resulted in altered cell fatty acid
compositions which were qualitatively related to substrate chain
length. Observation of the ultrastructure of cells grown on
revealed numerous inclusion bodies of unidentified composition
appearing to be storage granules.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1729-75
METABOLISM OF METHYLNAPHTHALENES AND OTHER RELATED AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS BY MARINE BACTERIA
Raymond, D. D. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B, 35(10):5014-B.
The effect of structural variation in naphthalene derivatives on
their degradation by bacteria was studied. Six organisms were
isolated from oil-polluted waters and grown on naphthalene, 1-methyl
or 2-methylnaphthalene as their sole source of carbon and energy.
The results of the organisms' growth or degree of metabolism of
naphthalene and its derivatives are described.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25):#206,847. 1975.
143
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C-1730-75
DEGRADATION OF BENZOTHIOPHENE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS BY A SOIL
PSEUDOMONAS IN AN OIL-AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT
Sagardfa, F., J. J. Rigau, A. Martfnez-Lahoz, F. Fuentes, C. L6"pez,
and W. Flores. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 29(6):722-725.
Using benzothiophene (BT) as a model petrosulfur compound, a soil
Pseudomonas has been isolated that can degrade BT and related
compounds in a simple oil-aqueous environment. This system may
be a practical solution to the environmental problem of the
presence of high concentrations of sulfur compounds in crude and
residual oils.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1731-75
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL DISTURBANCE AND OIL ON
SOIL MICROBIAL POPULATIONS
Scarborough, A. M. 1973.
Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities,
AAAS Alaska Science Conference, 23rd, Fairbanks, 1972. p. 63-71.
Microfungal decomposers isolated from natural, disturbed and oiled
soils in Alaska were studied in 1970. In all disturbed sites
there was a change from a microbial population dominated by fungi
to a decomposer population dominated by bacteria.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(6):#039880.
1975.
C-1732-75
DEEP-SEA BACTERIA. GROWTH AND UTILIZATION OF N-HEXADECANE AT
IN SITU TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Schwarz, J. R., J. D. Walker, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21(5):682-687.
A mixed culture of bacteria, obtained from the sediment-water
interface off the Florida coast at a depth of 4940 m, utilized
n-hexadecane as a sole carbon source for growth at the in situ
temperature (4°C) and pressure (500 atm). Rate of utilization
under deep-sea conditions was much slower than the rate observed
at ambient pressure (1 atm) and low temperature (4°C).
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(5):#40008d. 1975.
144
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C-l733-75
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL
Sedita, S. J. 1973.
Contract No. N00014-72-C-047. 55 p.
More than 40 microorganisms were isolated which were capable of
degrading fractions of Bunker C residual fuel oil. Several
"recipes" of organisms were examined under laboratory and large-
scale conditions to determine their effectiveness in residual
fuel oil decomposition.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(3):
#5Q3097. 1975.
C-1734-75
OXIDATION AND ASSIMILATION OF AROMATIC PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BY
MICROORGANISMS DEPENDING ON THEIR COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
[English Summary]
Serebryakova, T. A., A. I. Zaikina» V. A. Garbalinskii, and E. L.
Ruban. 1974.
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 3:367-380.
Yeasts and bacteria were studied on media with petroleum aromatic
hydrocarbons with different numbers of aromatic rings in the
molecule, different grades of condensation of the rings and dif-
ferent numbers and lengths of alkyl substitutes. The hydrocarbons
which were assimilated by the microorganisms and the ones which
were oxidized but not utilized for growth were differentiated.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(2):#9589. 1975.
C-1735-75
FORMATION OF A MODEL FLOC ABLE TO DECOMPOSE PHENOL BY THE MIXED
CULTURE OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Tago, Y., H. Kuraishi, and K. Aida. 1975.
Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 21(l):41-49.
A model floe was formed by the mixed culture of the strains
No. 12 and No. 3 isolated from a phenol-adapted sludge. This
mixed floe can successfully decompose as much as 700 ppm of phenol
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(1):#4844q. 1975.
145
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C-1736-75
PETROLEUM DEGRADATION IN LOW TEMPERATURE MARINE AND ESTUARINE
ENVIRONMENTS
Traxler, R. W., and A. M. Cundell. 1975.
Annual Report No. 2, Report No. 98-01-4062-2, Contract
N00014-68-A-0215-0013. 30 p.
Hydrocarbon metabolizing bacteria were still present in the winter
in sediments from an oil spill site. The rate of biodegradation
was 1 to 1.8 micrograms of hydrocarbon per gram of sediment per day,
Fungi which metabolize petroleum hydrocarbons were also isolated.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(11):
#AD-A007 588/7GA. 1975.
C-1737-75
DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM BY AN ALGA, PROTOTHECA ZOPFII
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 30(1):79-81.
Prototheca zopfii. an achlorophyllous algae which degrades oil,
has been found to degrade 10 and 40% of motor oil and crude oil
under appropriate conditions. This study found P_. zopfii to
degrade a greater percentage of the aromatic hydrocarbons in motor
oil than of saturated hydrocarbons, and a greater percentage of
saturated hydrocarbons in crude oil than of aromatics.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1738-75
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MODEL PETROLEUM AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Microbial Ecology l(2):63-95.
A correlation was found between the numbers of petroleum-degrading
microorganisms isolated from two areas of Chesapeake Bay and the
concentration of benzene-extractabla material present in the waters,
Petroleum degradation was measured when microorganisms isolated
from samples were placed in a salts medium for optimal growth at
0°, 5° and 10° and in Chesapeake Bay water, which simulated natural
conditions. Results indicated that utilization of model petroleum
at low temperatures is a function of the types and numbers of
microorganisms present in an original inoculum taken from seawater.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(10):
#2692. 1975.
146
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C-l739-75
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF PETROLEUM UTILIZATION IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Technical Report, 1972-1974, Grant NSF-GD-31707. Contract
N00014-67-A-0239-0027. 7 p.
Studies were conducted on petroleum degrading microorganisms
collected from two stations in Chesapeake Bay; one station had
4-5 times the concentration of petroleum in water as the second
station. The numbers of microorganisms were directly related to
the concentration of oil in each water sample analyzed. The
hydrocarbon-utilizing fungus Cladosporium resinae and actinom.ycetes
comprised a large number of the hydrocarbon-utilizing isolates.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#AD/A-005 246/4GI. 1975.
C-l740-75
SOME EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON ESTUARINE AND MARINE MICROORGANISMS
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21(3):305-313.
A system composed of water from an environment free of oil, hydro-
carbon substrate, and a sediment inoculum from an oil-contaminated
site exhibited significantly more hydrocarbon degradation than a
similar system with an inoculum from a non-oil contaminated site.
Growth and cell yield of bacteria from non-contaminated sites were
decreased when hydrocarbon substrate was added.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l741-75
UTILIZATION OF MIXED HYDROCARBON SUBSTRATE BY PETROLEUM-DEGRADING
MICROORGANISMS
Walker, J. D., H. F. Austin, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 21(l):27-39.
The ability of petroleum-degrading yeasts, fungi and bacteria to
degrade a mixed hydrocarbon substrate is reported. Cumene, naph-
thalene, phenanthrene, pristane, 1,2-benzanthracene, perylene and
pyrene were degraded by microorganisms. The patterns for hydro-
carbon utilization were similar for bacteria, yeasts and fungi;
however, utilization by individual isolates varied significantly.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(1):#4843p. 1975.
147
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C-1742-75
DYNAMICS OF THE DEGRADATION OF PHENOL IN THE SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER
Zoulalian, V., F. Bessou, A. Tessier, P. G. Campbell, S. A. Visser,
and J. P. Villeneuve. 1974.
International Conference on Transportation of Persistent Chemicals
in the Aquatic Ecosystem, II, Ottawa, Canada, 1974. p. 53-58.
Under favorable conditions, the concentration of phenolic substances
decreases rapidly downstream of the Montreal oil refineries.
Experiments demonstrated the biodegradation of PhOH and studied
its kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten equation can be applied to these
results.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65111v. 1975.
148
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2. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF OIL
C-l743-75
ADSORPTION OF POLAR ORGANIC MOLECULES AT OIL/WATER AND AIR/WATER
INTERFACES
Aveyard, R., and J. Chapman. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Chemistry 53(6):916-925.
Several types of models were needed to describe the adsorption
of several esters at alkane/water and air/water interfaces. Models
using equations based both on two-dimensional gas and two-dimensional
solution models have been tested for agreement with actual data.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1744-75
EVAPORATIVE WEATHERING OF PETROLEUM RESIDUES: THE AGE OF PELAGIC
TAR
Butler, J. N. 1975.
Marine Chemistry 3(1):9-21.
This paper discusses a simple semiquantitative model of evaporative
weathering and its use in an attempt to determine the age of
individual tar lumps. Application of the model to gas chromatograms
of pelagic tar lumps collected near Bermuda indicate that most of
these lumps were formed by fragmentation of much larger and older
masses, some within one' day of the collection time.
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1745-75
THE INFLUENCE OF FREEZING-THAWING ON THE STABILITY OF CRUDE
OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS
Chen, E. C. 1975.
The Journal o,f Canadian Petroleum Technology 14(2):38-41.
Four different crude oils at three freezing temperatures were
examined. Results indicate that freezing-thawing causes an
increase in the droplet size and lowers the oil-drop concentration
in the emulsion.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
149
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C-1746-75
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS ON EXISTENCE OF COHESIVE FORCE AT
OIL-WATER INTERFACE
Dastidar, S. G., B. C. Chatterjee, and K. Ghosh. 1975.
Colloid and Polymer Science 253(5):422-423.
Previously a cohesive force of the van der Waals type between
the CH^ groups of the neighboring hydrocarbon chain ions at oil/
water interfaces was believed non-existent. However, a comparison
of theoretical calculations with and without this force with
laboratory measurements on two fatty acids indicates it does exist.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1747-75
UNUSUAL FIRE HAZARD OF LNG TANKER SPILLS
Fay, J. A. 1975.
Applied Mechanics Reviews 28(5):705.
The spreading and evaporation rates of liquified natural gas spilled
on water are estimated by dimensional analysis. A vapor cloud can
be generated from the spill and downward drift of this cloud to land
areas could result in its ignition and complete combustion.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(32):#209,305. 1975.
C-1748-75
THE EFFECTS OF CURRENTS AND WAVES ON AN OIL SLICK RETAINED BY A
BARRIER
Hale, L. A., D. J. Norton, and C. A. Rodenberger. 1974.
U.S. Coast Guard Report, CG-D—53-75. 319 p.
Studies were made of the behavior of a thick slick, retained by a
barrier, subjected to currents and waves and to the influence of
various slick shield devices. Several new concepts of slick
behavior resulted from the study, including a mathematical model
describing the entrainment loss phenomena.
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(5):
#5Q5486. 1975.
150
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C-1749-75
THE INFLUENCE OF EMULSIFIER CONCENTRATION ON THE DISPERSION STATE
OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS STABILIZED WITH LECITHIN [English
Abstract]
Kanatani, A., and M. Kakuta. 1975.
Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan 49(2):75-79.
The diameter of the dispersed globules of kerosine-in-water emulsions
decreased with increasing concentrations of lecithin. Salt had a
minor effect on the emulsification.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1750-75
THE ROLE OF MASS TRANSPORT IN OIL SLICK WEATHERING
Lassiter, J. B., Ill, R. J. Powers, and J. W. Devanney, III. 1974.
In: Primary, Physical Impacts of Offshore Petroleum Developments.
MITSG 74-20. 45 p.
The vertical dispersion of soluble hydrocarbons beneath an oil
slick was modeled mathematically. The stages of mass transfer of
light aromatics from an oil slick were outlined. For a 0.1 cm thick
slick, 90% of the benzene leaves in three hours; naphthalene remains
in the slick for a much longer period. Diffusion studies indicate
all compounds with less than Cg will depart from the slick in an
hour, mostly by evaporation. Compounds above Cg eventually leave
the slick through sedimentation and possible breaking waves.
Analysis
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4307. 1975.
C-1751-75
EVAPORATION RATES OF OIL COMPONENTS
Regnier, Z. R., and B. F. Scott. 1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(5):469-472.
Gas chromatography was used to determine the rate constants for
the evaporation of n-alkane components of Arctic Diesel 40, a
No. 2 fuel oil. The evaporation was studied at several temperatures,
at a constant wind speed. Such constants should aid in determining
the oil remaining from spills on ice and water.
Analysis
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(29):#208,153. 1975.
151
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C-1752-75
DETERMINATION OF THE LEEWAY OF OIL SLICKS
Smith, C. L. 1974.
Final Report, VIMS-Contrib-644, USCG-D-60-75, CGR/DC-30/75,
Contract DOT-CG-33183-A,
Aerial photography of the separation of oil slicks from a dyed
patch of surface water at sea was used to calculate leeway. Wind
speed and sea state were large factors in determining leeway; oil
type and spill volume were not.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#AD/A-006 822/1GA. 1975.
C-1753-75
ELECTROLYTE COAGULATION AND STABILITY OF CALCIUM CAPRYLATE
STABILIZED 0/W EMULSIONS
Varma, R. P., P. Bahadur, and P. Bahadur. 1975.
Colloid and Polymer Science 253(2):132-138.
Studies of the coagulation of calcium caprylate coated negative
xylene molecules dispersed in water in the presence of a few
metal cations are described.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,565. 1975.
C-1754-75
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF DROPLET ENTRAPMENT FROM A CONTAINED OIL SLICK
Zalosh, R. G. 1974.
Final Report, USCG-D-65-75, Contract DOT-DG-41822-A. 83 p.
"A theoretical analysis of oil droplet entrainment from a contained
oil slick moving relative to water has been performed as a function
of relative oil-water velocity." The completed and measured critical
velocities for entrainment agree.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#AD/A-006 600/1GA. 1975.
152
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3. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
C-1755-75
THE SOURCES, FATES AND EFFECTS OF OIL IN THE SEAS
Ahearn, D. G. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg and
W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, New York, Academic Press, p. 247-252
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Current Contents, Life Sciences 18(11):21. 1975.
C-1756-75
THE FATE OF FOSSIL FUEL HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ANIMALS
Corner, E. D. S. 1974.
A Discussion on Organic Pollutants in the Sea: Their Origin,
Distribution, Degradation and Ultimate Fate,[London], 1974.
The importance of pollution as a source of certain hydrocarbons
present in crude oil and detected in marine animals, algae and
sediments is considered. The question of whether these compounds,
especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are transferred through
the marine food web is discussed; evidence exists that they are
taken up and then released by various animals.
Citation Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B,
189(1096):391-411. 1975.
C-1757-75
OIL IN THE ARCTIC
Hoult, D. P., S. Wolfe, S. O'Dea, and J. P. Patureau. 1975.
Final Report, USCG-D-96-75, Contract DOT-CG-12438-A. 218 p.
The results of several studies on the behavior of oil spilled in
the Arctic and sound theories which have developed from these
studies are described. The report includes research on evaporation,
spreading and maximum extent of oil spilled on ice,and the behavior
of oil spilled under ice.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(15):
IAD-A010 269/9GA.
153
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C-1758-75
SURVIVAL IN TOXIC ENVIRONMENTS
Khan, M. A. Q., and J. P. Bederka. 1974.
New York, Academic Press. 553 p.
The general fate, disposition and bio-environmental effects of
chemical pollutants including polypolychlorinated biphenyls,
acaricides, insecticides, nitrilotriacetic acid, crude and refined
oils and CO, were examined at the symposium.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(5}:#25204. 1975.
C-1759-75
TRANSFER OF ORGANICS FROM AN OIL FILM INTO WATER
Lysyj, I., and E. C. Russell. 1975.
National American Chemical Society Meeting, 169th, Philadelphia,
1975. 760 p. Paper No. ENVT 13, Abstract.
Summary not available.
Chemical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(28) : Appendix A. 1975.
C-1760-75
INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE FILMS - CHESAPEAKE BAY ENTRANCE
Maclntyre, W. G., C. L. Smith, J. C. Munday, V. M. Gibson, and
J. L. Lake. 1974.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Techno!ogy Series, EPA
670/2-73-099, PB-232-968/8GA. 179 p.
OiT was released experimentally in Chesapeake Bay. Results include
reasonable motion prediction, an explanation of the nonbiological
initial aging of oil films and fair corroboration of a theoretical
oil spreading model. Films natural to the area contained hydro-
carbons at 300-500 ug/1 and fatty acids and esters at 700-800 ug/1-
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Remote sensing
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02290. 1975.
154
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C-1761-75
THE BEHAVIOR OF CRUDE OIL SPILLED ON SNOW
MacKay, D., P. J. Leinonen, J. C. K. Overall, and B. R. Wood. 1975.
Arctic 28(1):9-20.
Studies on the behavior of isothermal and hot oil spills on snow
have revealed the following results: Alberta crude oil is readily
absorbed by snow (0°) and contaminates about 0.01 m2/!, a hot spill
melts a channel in the snow and flows along the ground contaminating
about 0.024 m2/i, and considerable spreading of oil may occur during
thaw. Flow regimes of oil into snow and cleanup implications are
given.
Physical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,584. 1975.
C-1762-75
OIL SPILLS IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN: EXTENT OF SPREADING AND POSSIBILITY
OF LARGE SCALE THERMAL EFFECTS
Martin, S., and W. J. Campbell. 1974.
Technical Report, TR-28, Contract N00014-67-A-0103-0007. 6 p.
Oil transport by the large-scale motion of the ice pack, mixing of
oil into the underlying water column, and difficulties in the
cleanup of oil trapped in pressure ridges and undeformed ice are
discussed in this report.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#AD/A-004 730/8GA. 1975.
C-1763-75
DISPERSION OF LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS SPILLS
May, W. G., et al. 1973.
Hydrocarbon Processing 52(5):105-109.
Data from this study show that the dispersion of spilled LNG
vapors and plumes can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(4):#2937.
1975.
155
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C-1764-75
MEASUREMENT OF OIL SPILL DRIFT CAUSED BY THE COUPLES (sic) PARALLEL
EFFECTS OF WIND AND WAVES
Reisbig, R. L., D. J. Alofs, R. C. Shah, and S. K. Banerjee. 1973.
Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege 6(6):67-77.
An experiment was designed to evaluate the significance of coupled
wind and wave effects on oil spill drift. It was found that at low
wind speed, the wave drift provides an augmentation to the wind
drift. At higher wind speeds, the waves cause a net decrease in
the coupled drift velocity. The wave-induced diminishment increases
as the wind speed increases.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(30):#208,685. 1975.
C-1765-75
THE FATE OF SPILLED OIL IN THE SOIL
Somers, J. A. 1974.
Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 19(4) : 501-521.
"The behavior of spilled oil in the soil and subsoil was described
in terms of known models for its movement and biochemical trans-
formation."
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Chemical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(12):
#W75-06266. 1975.
C-1766-75
OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY STUDIES FOR ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF ALASKA
Stewart, R. J., 0. W. Devanney, III, and W. Briggs. 1974.
In: Primary, Physical Impacts of Offshore Petroleum Developments,
MITSG 74-20. p. 213-403.
The likely behavior of oil spill trajectories emanating from
potential production regions of the Atlantic outer continental
shelf and Gulf of Alaska and three potential nearshore terminals
(Buzzards Bay, Delaware Bay, Charleston Harbor) was investigated.
Emphasis was placed on the probability of a spill coming ashore,
the time to shore and the wind conditions at the time the spill
first reaches shore.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4306. 1975.
156
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F. OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS
1. STATE LEGISLATION
C-1767-75
LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL AND OTHER NON-ANIMAL RESOURCES
Anon. 1973.
Mississippi University, Law Center. MASGP-74-037, NOAA-75021809.
107 p.
The Mississippi State Oil and Gas Board and its duties, responsi-
bilities and powers are discussed. The laws affecting oil pollution,
oil storage, pipelines and gas and oil exploration are cited.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#COM-75-10324/2GA. 1975.
C-1768-75
THE NORTH CAROLINA OIL POLLUTION CONTROL LAW; A MODEL FOR STATE
EFFORTS TO CURB POLLUTION OF THE SEA
Maxwell, J. V. 1974.
In: Emerging Ocean Oil and Mining Law. S. W. Wurfel (ed.)-
North Carolina Sea Grant Publication, UNC-SG-74-02. p. 51-59.
The North Carolina Oil Pollution Control Act of 1973 supports
federal legislation on water pollution. Specific provisions of
the act are described. Despite the usefulness of state and federal
legislation, a true solution to the problem lies in international
law.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02249. 1975.
157
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2. U.S. LEGISLATION
C-1769-75
DRILLING INDEMNITY
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Action 7(5):8.
President Ford recently submitted to Congress legislation that
would create a national liability system for oil spills. The
bill would establish a $200 million domestic fund, taken from a
1 to 3<£ tax on each barrel of oil produced in navigable waters,
to cover damage claims.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1770-75
INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION FUND FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE
Anon. 1973.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., Abstract
No. 75-01691. 208 p.
Full texts are provided of the hearings to consider the Convention
on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for
Oil Pollution Damage; the 1971 Amendments to the 1954 Oil Pollution
Convention; and Senate bill S.841, the implementing legislation for
the fund convention and the 1969 Civil Liability Convention.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,976. 1975.
C-1771-75
LEGISLATION ENACTED FOR LICENSING OF DEEPWATER PORTS
Anon. 1975.
The Marine Newsletter 6(2):5-6.
U.S. legislation has been passed which authorizes the planning,
construction and operation of deepwater oil terminals capable of
offloading crude oil from supertankers off U.S. coasts. The
legislation also provides for environmental protection, liability
in case of oil spills and other matters.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
158
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C-1772-75
NON-TRANSPORTATION OIL SPILL REGULATIONS
Anon. 1973.
Pollution Control Guide 3:19795-19797.
The regulations to prevent oil discharges into navigable waters,
and to contain such discharges if they occur, will establish
procedures and equipment requirements for owners or operators of
facilities which drill, produce, refine, store, distribute or
consume oil.
Industry standards and guidelines
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,589. 1975.
C-1773-75
POLLUTION CRACKDOWN NEARS
Anon. 1974.
Work Boat 31(5):39,47.
EPA and USCG regulations make it illegal to discharge bilge,
ballast or waste water into navigable U.S. waters if it causes
a sheen. Keene Corporation has designed a system which permits
the overboard discharge of bilge as it accumulates and which
provides printed evidence of the non-polluting status of the
vessel.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02503. 1975.
C-1774-75
TANKER TROUBLE
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Action 7(3):7.
This article contains a discussion of the failure of the Ford
administration "to set regulations to govern design, construction
and repair of tankers in order to protect the marine environment
from oil. Regulations which are planned to become effective in
the summer, 1975, would require separation of ballast water from
oil cargo and would aid in reducing the one-million tons of oil
spilled annually into the oceans due to operating procedures and
mishaps.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Citation Journal
159
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C-1775-75
VIRGINIA OIL STORAGE FACILITIES MUST HAVE SPILL PREVENTION PLANS
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(4):20.
Discussed in the article are the regulations published by the
Environmental Protection Agency, January, 1974, requiring any
facility with underground oil storage capacity of >1,320 gallons
to have oil spill prevention plans.
Contingency planning
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1776-75
WATER REGULATIONS-LIABILITY LIMITS FOR SMALL ONSHORE STORAGE
FACILITIES
Anon. 1973.
Pollution Control Guide 2:9221-9223, paragraph 8730-8735,
Regulations are given on size classifications and associated
liability limits for small onshore oil storage facilities with
a fixed capacity of 1,000 barrels or less. Unless there is willful
misconduct within the knowledge of the owner, liability is assessed
according to the barrel capacity and the above ground or below
ground location of the facility.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(13):
#W75-06614. 1975.
C-1777-75
WATER REGULATIONS—OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION
Anon. 1974!
Pollution Control Guide 2:9215-9219; paragraph 8720-8727.
These regulations provide procedures, methods and other requirements
for equipment to prevent oil discharges from non-transportation-
related onshore and offshore facilities. Actual or potential
polluters must draw up sound spill prevention control and counter-
measure plans which must include containment equipment for possible
oil discharges. Civil penalties are set forth for noncompliance
of regulations.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(13):
#W75-06600. 1975.
160
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C-l778-75
USCG SETS BROADER USE OF POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS
Price, R. I. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(1):30-31.
The author discusses the new regulations established in July,
1974, for the prevention of discharges into the marine environment,
Developments in pollution control systems, i.e., airborne oil
surveillance systems and oil barrier systems, to aid in the
enforcement of these regulations are described.
Monitoring
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l779-75
OIL AND WATER STILL DON'T MIX
Winchester, E. 1975.
Sierra Club Bulletin 60{7):19-21.
The actions taken by U.S. government and international agencies
to reduce the number of oil tanker disasters and oil pollution of
the sea from these crude carriers are discussed. The lines of
action which the Sierra Club are following to promote stricter
tanker regulations are listed.
International legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
161
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3. INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION
C-l780-75
EUROPEAN MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE FOR DEALING WITH OIL SPILLS
AT SEA AND ON SHORE
Anon. 1974.
London, Applied Science Publishers, 1974. viii + 97 p.
This code was prepared by a working group made up of representa-
tives from the European technical institutes concerned with
petroleum. Treatment needs to consider oil type, and location
and size of the spill. The two basic rules are: minimize the
amount of oil reaching the sea, and deal with the oil while it is
still afloat.
Citation Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(5):66. 1975.
C-1781-75
NORTH SEA ICEBURG
Anon. 1974.
The Oilman, 26 October.
"The Norwegian Fisheries Minister, Jens Evenson, called for a North
Sea safety code to be agreed upon by all countries with interest in
the North Sea to ensure that oil pollution, should it occur, would
be effectively controlled."
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(2):#1488.
1975.
C-1782-75
NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE LAW OF THE SEA
British Institute of International and Comparative Law. 1973.
Oceana Publications, Inc. 4 volumes.
These 4 volumes include the relevant international treaties, parts
of national legislation or policy statements on pollution and
environmental problems and territorial disputes. One volume
contains the proceedings of a BIICL 1973 conference, "New Directions
in the Law of the Sea." For details, write to BIICL, 32 Furnival
St., London EC4A1JN.
Citation Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(8):115. 1975.
162
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C-l783-75
THE BALTIC. TO BE OR NOT TO BE?
de Castro, G. 1974.
Sea Frontiers 20(5):269-273.
As.a result of the increasing pollution of the Baltic Sea, the
Baltic countries have agreed to regulate the discharge of oil and
refuse from ships and the disposal of waste water and industrial
pollutants in the sea, Measures have also been taken to eliminate
the ejection of pesticides into the Baltic.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(4):
#5Q4295. 1975.
C-l784-75
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW OF THE SEA V: A SYNOPSIS
Greenwald, D. L., R. A. Iglow, and J. I. Mann. 1974.
San Diego Law Review 11(3):691-732.
Among the pollution control measures reviewed for 1973 are oil
pollution liability.marine survey of oil contamination in the
open sea and various proposed and passed laws for domestic and
international regulation and prevention of oil spills.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02324. 1975.
C-1785-75
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR THE CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION
Smith, G. E. 1974.
In: Emerging Ocean Oil and Mining Law. S. W. Wurfel (ed.).
South Carolina Sea Grant Publication, UNC-SG-74-02. p. 12-20.
A review of present efforts by the international community to
control oil pollution of the ocean is included. Among the
expert recommendations for improvement are early adoption of
international shipping safeguards.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02248. 1975.
163
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C-1786-75
LEGAL MEASURES CONCERNING MARINE POLLUTION
Wurfel, S. W. 1975.
UNC-SG-75-04, Grant NOAA-04-3-158-40. 85 p.
This paper documents new concepts and developments in marine
pollution control and marine resources law. The quest for
oil--a decisive force in the Law of the Arctic Sea pertaining
to pollution—is one of the topics discussed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#COM-75-10702/9GA. 1975.
164
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4. FOREIGN LEGISLATION
C-1787-75
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
Anon. 1975.
The Hague, Netherlands, Stichting CONCAWE, No. 6/75.
This report is a survey of oil regulations in Western Europe.
Regulations on gasoline quality, refinery effluent standards,
construction and operation of oil pipelines, etc., are included.
Available free from: Stichting CONCAWE, 60 Van Hogenhoucklaan,
The Hague, 2018, Netherlands.
Citation Source: Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(8):116. 1975.
C-1788-75
EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS OF CONCERN TO THE OIL INDUSTRY
IN WESTERN EUROPE
Anon. 1974.
CONCAWE Report No. 2/74. 14 p.
Legislation and regulations concerning the following are compiled:
standard specifications and legal limits on sulphur contents of
fuel oils and gasoline composition/quality, and regulations on
refinery effluents in France.
Citation Source: Reports Produced by the Secretariat or Working
Group Members of Stichting CONCAWE. Report
1/75. Abstract #103. 1975.
C-l789-75
EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS OF CONCERN TO THE OIL INDUSTRY
IN WESTERN EUROPE
Anon. 1974.
CONCAWE Report No. 7/74. 30 p.
Legislation and regulations concerning the following are compiled:
standard specifications and legal limits on sulphur contents of
fuel oils, gasoline consumption/quality, and environmental noise
control; light duty gasoline engine vehicle emission regulations;
reference list for design, construction and operation of oil pipe-
lines in western Europe, and regulations on refinery effluents
in France.
Citation Source: Reports Produced by the Secretariat or Working
Group Members Stichting CONCAWE. Report 1/75.
Abstract #109. 1975.
165
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C-1790-75
INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLIED TO CHEMICA1. SEA POLLUTION [English
Summary]
Bertrand, A. R. V. 1973.
Institute Francais du Petrole, Revue, et Annales des Combustibles
Liquides, Paris, 28(6):813-842.
This article attempts to relate the stages in the evolution of
jurisprudence concerning chemical pollution of the seas by hydro-
carbons and other sources, and to foresee future developments.
Citation Source: Marine Geology 19(1):61.
C-1791-75
OIL SPILL PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA
Ladner, L., and A. Hagstrom. 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(4):796-809.
Following an agreement between Baltic Sea countries and strict
legislation enacted by Sweden concerning the discharge of oil
into its waters, a program to combat oil spills was undertaken
and is now partially complete. An oil spill research group has
been formed by various Swedish governmental agencies.
International legislation
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,586. 1975.
166
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5. INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
C-1792-75
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT. THE EXAMPLE
OF THE PORT OF LE HAVRE: A PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION OF CARE TAKEN
TO RECONCILE THESE TWO OBJECTIVES
Anon. 1974.
Navigat. Ports Industr. 16:525-530.
The completed or continuing projects and programs for the control
and prevention of pollution that have been implemented by municipal
and industrial organizations in Le Havre, France, are reviewed.
Included are the efforts made by the petroleum industry to reduce
and control gaseous, liquid and solid waste pollution.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 7(7):
#1899. 1975.
C-1793-75
WHERE DO WE STAND
Anon. 1974.
Ecolibrium 3(4):12.
An outline is provided listing Shell Oil Company's policies
regarding environmental conservation.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l794-75
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT - AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE ECONOMIC,
POLITICAL, AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT
Becker, H. W. 1975.
Petroleum Society of CIM Technical Meeting, 26th, Banff, 1975.
Preprint No. CIM 75-15. 4 p.
The author discusses the programs and policies developed by the
petroleum industry to insure the inclusion of environmental planning
in all phases of industrial activity. It is emphasized that environ-
mental management should be a part of the economic, political and
technical aspects of industrial projects from the start to the
final operation.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,980. 1975.
167
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C-1795-75
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING IN OFFSHORE OPERATIONS
Chace, R. N. 1975.
SPE of AIME California Regional Meeting, 45th, Ventura, 1975.
Preprint No. SPE-5351. 4 p.
The paper is an account of chronologic events and interactions
of organizations to establish standards and training criteria
to prevent any hazard that can result from offshore oil develop-
ment. Studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, the
American Petroleum Institute and the Western Oil and Gas
Association Offshore Operations Committee are presented.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(22):#205,595. 1975.
C-1796-75
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Evers, R. H. 1975.
Journal of the American Water Works Association 67(2):60-64.
The following topics are included in the review: relations between
raw water used and total water requirements, current reuse practices,
water qualities encountered and water-quality requirements, current
treatment practices and the effect of effluent standards.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(22):#144683r. 1975.
C-1797-75
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW
SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PETROLEUM REFINING POINT
SOURCE CATEGORY
Hal per, M. 1974.
Final Report, EPA/440/1-74-014a. 207 p.
Findings are presented of an extensive study of the Petroleum
Refining Industry to develop effluent limitation guidelines,
standards of performance and pretreatment standards to implement
sections of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#PB-238 612/6GA. 1975.
168
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C-1798-75
STANDARDS FOR EFFECTIVE OILY WASTE CONTROL
McDoniel, S. T., Sr. 1973.
Industrial Oily Waste Control. American Petroleum Institute
Publication, p. 13-22.
The following aspects of water standards are included in the paper:
variation of standards governing oily waste, determining applicable
standards and enforcement and responsibility.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
7(9):#2560. 1975.
169
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F. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
C-1799-75
STICHTING CONCAWE REPORTS
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(4):54.
Stichtinq Concawe is a permanent international study group which was
established in 1963 by the oil companies to keep watch on conservation
measures for clean air and water. An index of all their reports
covering all aspects of the oil industry has been published as Report
No. 1/75.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1800-75
ENVIRONMENTAL LITERATURE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bennett, G. F., and J. C. Bennett. 1973.
Noyes Data Corporation. 139 p.
All aspects of pollution and pollution control are covered. Abstracts,
card services, "trailing microfiche" publications, etc., are listed
in addition to books, pamphlets and journals. The subject categories
include water, air, solid waste, environmental, film lists, and
periodicals.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-03091. 1975.
C-1801-75
OFFSHORE DRILLING (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Habercom, G. E., Jr. 1975.
Report for 1964-June 1975. 121 p.
This research report contains 116 abstracts covering drilling procedures,
equipment, environmental aspects and legal implications involved in
oceanic mineral resources recovery.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#NTIS/PS-75/540/5GA. 1975.
170
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C-1802-75
SUPERTANKER AND SUPERPORTS (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Habercom, 6. E., Jr. 1975.
Report for 1964 to June 1975. 86 p.
The research report provides a review of the construction and
operation of supertankers, the requirements for port facilities
and the environmental aspects.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(16):
#NTIS/PS-75/510/8GA.
C-1803-75
BIODETERIORATION OF OIL SPILLS (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Lehmann, E. J. 1975.
Report for 1964-October 1974. 86 p.
Eighty-one abstracts are included which deal with studies on micro-
biology, beach cleanup, oil spill removal and the degradation products
of oil.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#NTIS/PS-75/152/9GA. 1975.
C-1804-75
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Lehmann, E. J. 1975.
Report for 1964-October 1974. 112 p.
One-hundred-seven abstracts are presented on the biological and
ecological effects of oil spills in salt and fresh waters. Studies
include the effects of oil on microorganisms, plants and animals and
also the residues and products of various oil components.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(7):
#NTIS/PS-75/118/OGA. 1975.
171
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C-1805-75
WATER POLLUTION IN ESTUARIES AND COASTAL ZONES - A BIBLIOGRAPHY
WITH ABSTRACTS
Lehmann, E. J. 1974.
NTIS/PS-74/099.
An NTIS on-line search retrieved 153 selected abstracts on research
reports. Water pollution origin, prevention and control are among
the topics. Pollution related to urbanization, coastal planning,
etc. is included.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(3):#75-02441. 1975.
C-1806-75
A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MARINE AND ESTUARINE OIL POLLUTION. SUPPLEMENT
Marine Pollution Information Center. 1975.
Marine Biological Association, United Kingdom.
This volume is a supplement to the 1971 volume which covered the
literature from 1866 to 1971. The supplement contains 1200+ references
arranged in 30-40 subject sections with an author index. The subjects
of legal and economic aspects of oil pollution, and seabirds are
excluded.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-1807-75
WATER POLLUTION:
MARINE AND ESTUARINE POLLUTION
Rush, D. J., T. J. Kauwling, and A. J. Mearns. 1975.
Water Pollution Control Journal 47(6):1617-1635.
This annotated bibliography covers nine subject headings among which
are oil pollution, bioassays, microorganisms, chemical and physical
oceanography. Estimates of total oil spilled or seeped are given.
Methods of control of oil pollution are also covered.
Reporting
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(35):#210,149. 1975.
172
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C-l808-75
ADMINISTRATION: LAW
Smith, J. 0., and R. A. Payne. 1975.
Water Pollution Control Journal 47(6):1796-T806.
This annotated bibliography covers the subject fields of federal and
state water pollution control, judicial interpretation of the law,
international, marine and agricultural water pollution, water resources
management and sources of water pollution.
U.S. legislation
State legislation
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(35):#210,141. 1975.
C-1809-75
OIL SPILL REMOVAL (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Smith, M. G. 1975.
Report for 1964-June 1975. 207 p.
This bibliography contains 202 abstracts. The removal processes
outlined are: oil water separators, skimmers, dispersants, adsorbents,
flotation and combustion. References discussing oil spreading, droplet
entrainment, prototype removal systems, equipment and costs are also
included.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#NTIS/PS-75/542/lGA. 1975.
C-1810-75
WASTE PROCESSING AND POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Werner, K. W., and E. J. Lehmann. 1975.
Report for 1964-June 1975. 217 p.
The following topics are included: control processes, pollution
effects on air and water, economic factors, emissions and abatement
strategies for the chemical and petrochemical industries.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#NTIS/PS-75/541/3GA. 1975.
173
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SECTION II. CURRENT STATUS OF RESEARCH PROJECTS APPEARING IN PREVIOUS REPORTS
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. MONITORING
R-269-74
SURVEY OF INSTRUMENTATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Principal Investigator: Mack, D. A.
Performing Organization: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration, Biomedical and Environmental Research
Division, W-7405-ENG-48
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The Survey of Instrumentation for Environmental Monitoring is issued
in four volumes; Volume 2 covers water monitoring and contains a
section on oil and grease. It covers fresh, waste and saline waters
(including estuaries) but excludes ocean waters. The survey centers
primarily on oil and grease monitoring instruments, and includes
relevant background information.
Information Source: S. L. Phillips, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
University of California, Berkeley, California
94720
174
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2. REMOTE SENSING
R-273-74
WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION SENSING
Principal Investigator: Graves, G. B.
Performing Organization: U.S. National Aeronautic and Space Adminis-
tration, Langley Research Center, Hampton,
Virginia 23365
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Aeronautic and Space Administration,
Aeronautics and Space Technical Office, Langley
Research Center
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
This research effort is currently in the early stages of performance.
The study represents a joint effort between NASA, the Virginia
Institute of Marine Sciences and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Prepared samples extracted from sea water and marine biota are to
be furnished by VIMS and EPA for characterization by gas chromato-
graph-mass spectrometric methods. The instrumental systems and
analysis methods necessary to perform the analyses have been devel-
oped and tested using prepared calibration standards and extracts
from equilibrated oil-water mixtures. Completion of the character-
ization phase of the study is scheduled for September, 1975.
Information Source: J. E. Stitt, Director for Electronics, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley
Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23665
R-279-74
AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy Research Laboratory, Washington,
D.C. 20390
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Various investigations and a series of airborne measurements were
made of controlled ocean oil spills to develop a multifrequency
passive microwave technique for the remote quantification of marine
oil spills. 'This program is still continuing and plans for airborne
measurements with a new passive microwave imaging system are
scheduled for fall, 1975.
Reports and Publications
THE DETERMINATION OF OIL SLICK THICKNESS BY MEANS OF MULTI-
FREQUENCY PASSIVE MICROWAVE TECHNIQUES
Hollinger, J. P. 1974.
Naval Research Laboratory, NRL Memorandum Report 2953.
175
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An investigation was made of the techniques of multifrequency
microwave radiometry used for the remote determination of
thickness and volume of sea-surface oil spills. Aircraft-
borne studies of 15 controlled marine oil spills (eight con-
ducted under calm sea conditions and seven under rougher sea
and higher wind conditions) revealed oil slick regions with
thicknesses of 1 mm or more, surrounded by larger and thinner
slicks containing very little oil.
THE DETERMINATION OF OIL SLICK THICKNESS BY MEANS OF MULTI-
FREQUENCY PASSIVE MICROWAVE TECHNIQUES
Hollinger, J. P. 1973.
U.S. Coast Guard, Interim Report 7110-1.
The study's objective was to investigate the feasibility of
remote determination of the thickness and areal extent of
sea-surface oil slicks using a multifrequency passive micro-
wave technique. The investigation was divided into three main
areas: theoretical studies, the laboratory measurements
program and the airborne measurements program. From these
experiments, the technique was shown to be a useful tool in
the confinement, control and cleanup of marine oil spills.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND VOLUME OF SEA-SURFACE
OIL SPILLS USING MULTIFREQUENCY MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY
Hollinger, J. P., and R. A. Mennella. 1973.
Naval Research Laboratory Report, NRL 7512.
Multifrequency passive microwave measurements from aircraft of
eight controlled marine oil spills have revealed that over 90%
of the oil was confined in a compact region with thickness
greater than 1 mm and comprising less than 10% of the area of
the visible slick. The application of microwave radiometry
in measuring oil distribution thickness in sea-surface slicks
is demonstrated.
OIL SPILLS: MEASUREMENTS OF THEIR DISTRIBUTIONS AND VOLUMES
BY MULTIFREQUENCY MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY
Hollinger, J. P., and R. A. Mennella. 1973.
Science 181 (4094):54-56.
Using aircraft-borne multifrequency passive microwave techniques,
sea-surface oil slicks can be measured for oil distribution,
regions of thickness, and oil volume at any time under all
weather conditions.
Information Source: J. P. Hollinger Naval Research Laboratory,
Washington, D.C. 20390
176
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R-331-74
GENERAL WORKING AGREEMENT
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Transportation Systems Center, Department
of Transportation, 55 Broadway, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142
Supporting Agency: U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation
Period: 7/73 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The subject of the project currently active is "Development of a
Remote Sensor for Oil Detection and Classification."
Reports and Publications
AN INVESTIGATION OF OIL FLUORESCENCE AS A TECHNIQUE FOR THE
REMOTE SENSING OF OIL SPILLS
Fantasia, J. F., T. M. Hard, H. C. Ingrao. 1971.
U.S. Coast Guard, Final Report TSC-USCG-71-7.
Predictions of signal and background levels generated by a
physical model of remote sensing of oil spills are compared
to field experiments. Airborne detection, identification and
quantification of oil spills at sea by laser-excited fluores-
cence are feasible with present equipment at all times of day.
THE REMOTE SENSING OF OIL SPILLS BY LASER EXCITED FLUORESCENCE
Fantasia, J. F., T. M. Hard, and H. C. Ingrao. 1972.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, New York, New York, 1972.
15 p.
Experiments performed on 29 crude and refined oils which are
common in the marine environment demonstrate that laser excited
fluorescence can detect oil films 0.2 micrometers thick, that
the spectral signature of an oil is distinct, and that areal
extent and thickness of a spill are also measurable with this
technique.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRBORNE LASER OIL SPILL
REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM
Fantasia, J. F., and H. C. Ingrao. 1973.
Joint Conference on Prevention and and Control of Oil Spills,
Washington, D.C., 1973. p. 101-115.
Laser stimulated oil fluorescence is used as a technique for
remote detection and coarse oil classification of oil spills.
Quantification is possible under certain conditions.
177
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE SENSING
SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS
Fantasia, J. F., and H. C. Ingrao. 1974.
International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment,
9th, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1974. Vol. 3:1711-1745
Laser-excited oil fluorescence can be used to detect and
classify oil spills. The study compared laboratory and N?
laser remote sensor measurements of fluorescence properties
of oils and oil slicks on the sea surface. The system is
limited by the conditions.
AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE SENSOR FOR OIL DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION,
ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT
TO A PERFORMANCE
Ingrao, H. C., M, F. Cartwright, and M. Yaffee. (In press).
Final Report. Transportation Systems Center.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE
SENSOR FOR OIL DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION IN SPILLS
Ingrao, H. C., and J. F. Fantasia. (In press).
Final report. Transportation Systems Center.
Information Source: H. C. Ingrao, Transportation Systems Center,
U.S. Department of Transportation, Kendall Square, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142
178
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3. ANALYSIS
R-179-74
OIL POLLUTION ANALYTICAL METHODS
Principal Investigator: Cram, S. P.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.
20234
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime Administra-
tion, No. 3109499
Period: 7/72 to 6/73 Funds: $90,000
Reports and Publications
DROP SAMPLER FOR OBTAINING FRESH AND SEA WATER SAMPLES FOR
ORGANIC COMPOUND ANALYSIS
Gump, B. H., H. S. Hertz, W. E. May, S. N. Chesler, S. M. Dyszel,
and D. P. Enagonio. 1974.
Analytical Chemistry 47(7):1223.
The design and operation of a water sampling device which allows
the analyst to obtain shallow and deeper water samples that are
free from contamination by surface compounds are described.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE SEDIMENTS
AND SEAWATER
May, W. E., S. N. Chesler, S. P. Cram, B. H. Gump, H. S. Hertz,
D. P. Enagonio, and S. M. Dyszel. (In Press)
Preprint: Journal of Chromatographic Science.
A method of hydrocarbon analysis has been developed which
involves dynamic headspace sampling for volatile hydrocarbon
components of the sample followed by coupled-column liquid
chromatography for the non-volatile components.
Information Source: H. S. Hertz, Analytical Chemistry Division,
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau
of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234
R-021-74
MOVEMENT OF SPILLED OR LEAKING OIL IN SOIL
Principal Investigator: Dracos, T.
Performing Organization: Eidgenossische Tech, Hoch, Zurich,
Switzerland
Supporting Agency: None reported
Period: 7/72-6/73 Funds: $5,263
179
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Reports and Publications
DAS VERHALTEN UNO DIE BEWEGUNG VON NICHTMISCHBAREN FlOsSIGKEITEN
IM UNTERGRUND [In German]
Dracos, Th. 1968.
Monatsbulletin 10:293-305.
No summary available.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE MIGRATION OF OIL PRODUCTS IN
UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
Dracos, Th. 1969.
Gezondheidstechniek 5:G45-G50.
The capillary forces which are active at the interface of two
immiscible fluids can be utilized in planning protective measures
for aquifers. Experiments have also indicated that phreatic lime
strongly influences oil migration and greatly complicates the
theoretical treatment of the problem. Methods of measurement
which will lead to workable solutions have been started.
PROTECTION OF AQUIFERS AGAINST PETROLEUM POLLUTION IN SWITZERLAND
Dracos, Th.
No citation given.
The protective measures against contamination of aquifers are
described by means of two examples: a compacted delaying layer
under ballast which allows the dredging of contaminated soil
materials before the oil can reach groundwater, and a system of
wells which forms a depression of the groundwater table toward
the interior of the refinery area and prevents contaminated ground-
water from flowing out of this area.
Information Source: Th. Dracos, Eidgendssische Technische Hochschule
Zurich, Institute fur Hydromechanik und
Wasserwirtschaft.
R-283-74
PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION - QUANTIFICATION AND PASSIVE TAGGING IN
ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENTS
Principal Investigator: J. W. Farrington
Performing Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Main St., Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
180
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, No. 802724, Contract
72P21544
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The Environmental Protection Agency grant was planned to terminate
on September 30, 1975.
Reports and Publications
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PETROLEUM
CONTAMINATION IN MARINE ORGANISMS
Farrington, J. W. 1973.
Technical Report (WHOI-73-57), Contract N00014-66-C0241;
NR 083-004. 23 p.
The composition of hydrocarbons in petroleum and isolated from
marine organisms was studied in an effort to select optimum
analytical techniques for the detection of petroleum contamination
in marine organisms.
SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COLLECTION OF MARINE SAMPLES
AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS
Farrington, J. W. 1974.
Technical Report (WHOI-74-23), Contract N00014-66-C0241; NR 083-004.
NTIS Report AD-777 695/8WP. 24 p.
The author discusses the problems associated with collecting and
analyzing hydrocarbon samples under contaminant-free conditions,
and the use of accurate techniques "intercalibrated" with other
laboratories.
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS AND FATTY ACIDS IN WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS
Farrington, J. W., and J. G. Quinn. 1973.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 45(5):704-712.
The concentration and types of hydrocarbons and fatty acids in
the effluents of three wastewater treatment plants were analyzed.
These analyses confirm that considerable quantities of petroleum
hydrocarbons (28,000-140,000 metric tons) are being discharged
to coastal waters by wastewater effluents. The effects of these
chronic oil inputs are unknown.
181
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PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY: I. SURVEY OF
HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTS AND CLAMS (MERCENARIA MERCENARIA)
Farrington, J. W., and J. G. Quinn. 1973.
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science l(l):71-79.
Results from analyses of hydrocarbons in surface sediments from
eight stations and in clams, .M. mercenaria. from three stations
in Narragansett Bay have shown that both contain a complex mixture
of hydrocarbons which is not present in clams from a relatively
unpolluted pond. The most probable source of the hydrocarbons
is petroleum pollution from sewage effluent and small oil spills.
ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS: RESULTS OF IDOE
INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISES
Farrington, J. W., J. M. Teal, J. G. Quinn, P. C. Parker,
J. K. Winters, T. L. Wade, and K. Burns. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1974. NBS Special Publication
409.
Four participating laboratories analyzed the hydrocarbons in a
tuna meal sample provided as a working intercalibration sample
by the National Bureau of Standards. The methods of analysis
were not specified; each laboratory used the analytical techniques
employed in the respective laboratory. Comparisons are made of
resulting concentrations of resolved or partially resolved peaks,
unresolved complex mixture and total hydrocarbons obtained in
the four laboratories.
INTERCALIBRATION OF ANALYSES OF RECENTLY BIOSYNTHESIZED HYDRO-
CARBONS AND PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE LIPIDS
Farrington, J. W., J. M. Teal, J. G. Quinn, T. Wade, and K. Burns.
1973.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 10(3):129-136.
An intercalibration study was made to determine the accuracy and
precision of hydrocarbon analyses being made in different labora-
tories. Analyses from three laboratories showed agreement in
their measurements of hydrocarbons in marine lipids.
Information Source: J. W. Farrington, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
182
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R-002-74 (RENEWAL)
CHARACTERIZATION OF INFRARED SPECTRA OF HEAVY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS VIA
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Principal Investigator: Kawahara, F. K.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, No. 15AJA04, Contract
72P18089
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Reports and Publications
CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SPILLED RESIDUAL FUEL OILS
BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Kawahara, F. K. 1972.
Journal of Chromatographic Science 10:629-636.
This paper described methods developed in the last two years for
the characterization and identification of heavy residual fuel oil
pollutants found in surface waters. Four gas chromatographic
techniques, an infrared analytical procedure and a new electron
capture detector gas chromatographic procedure are discussed.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF MERCAPTANS, PHENOLS, AND ORGANIC
ACIDS IN SURFACE WATERS WITH USE OF PENTAFLUOROBENZYL DERIVATIVES
Kawahara, F. K. 1974.
Environmental Science and Technology 5(3):235-239.
By use of a sensitive method which converts unidentified mercaptans,
phenols and organic acids to pentafluorobenzyl thioethers, ethers
and esters, respectively, traces of these compounds can be identi-
fied and quantitatively measured by electron capture gas chromatog-
raphy. The applicability of this new derivative method for actual
field sample analyses is demonstrated.
IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF HEAVY RESIDUAL OIL AND
ASPHALT POLLUTANTS IN SURFACE WATERS BY COMPARATIVE RATIOS OF
INFRARED ABSORBANCES
Kawahara, F. K. 1969.
Environmental Science and Technology 3(2):150-153.
The objective of this paper was to develop a suitable analytical
procedure which would permit rapid characterization and identifica-
tion of heavy residual oil, and to distinguish the residual oil from
183
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the asphalt in a mixture. By comparative ratios of infrared
absorbances, the identification of unknown samples was established.
Samples from seven petroleum companies were tested using this
new method for rapid characterization.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF ASPHALTS AND OTHER
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Kawahara, F. K. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1974. NBS Special Publication
409. p. 145-148.
Electron capture detector gas chromatography has been successfully
applied to the analysis of minor components, such as phenols and
mercaptans, present in asphalts. These analyses can provide prima
facie legal evidence of the source of pollution.
CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SLICKS ON SURFACE WATERS
Kawahara, F. K., and D. G. Ballinger. 1970.
I&EC Product Research and Development 9(4):553-558.
Several unidentified oil samples collected from the surface
waters of the U.S. were analyzed by the method of ratios of
infrared absorbance, using six wave numbers. The characterization
findings were confirmed with data provided by classical methods.
OIL IDENTIFICATION: STATE OF THE ART
Kawahara, F. K., and E. C. Julian. 1973.
News of Environmental Research in Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
The measurement of major and minor components, trace elements,
spectral properties and physical properties of spilled oil is the
major approach to source identification. The present state of the
art is promising but more sophistication will be required with the
advent of multiple oil spills and overlap of old and new spills.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY RESIDUAL FUEL OILS AND ASPHALTS BY
INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY USING STATISTICAL DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
Kawahara, F. K., J. F. Santner, and E. C. Julian. 1974.
Analytical Chemistry 46(2):266-273.
A statistical technique has been developed to distinguish between
such heavy petroleum products as asphaltic materials and residual
184
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fuel oils. It uses IR spectrophotometry, data treatment and trans-
formation and discriminant function analysis.
Information Source: F. K. Kawahara, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati,
Ohio
R-027-74 (RENEWAL)
ANALYSES OF ASPHALTS BY ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Principal Investigator: Kawahara, F. K.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, No. 16AJA 03, Contract
72P18088
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
See R-002-74 for Reports and Publications.
R-028-74 (RENEWAL)
EXAMINATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALL TYPES AND SOURCES
OF OILS AND PRODUCTS BY VARIOUS TYPES OF INSTRUMENTATION
Principal Investigator: Kawahara, F. K.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
See R-002-74 for Reports and Publications.
R-286-74
OIL TAGGING SYSTEM STUDY
Principal Investigator: Meloy, T. P.
Performing Organization: Meloy Laboratories Incorporated, 6715 Electronic
Dr., Springfield, Virginia 22151
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, No. 58-01-0500, Contract
72P19308
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The oil pollution project has been completed.
185
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Reports and Publications
PARTICULATE OIL SPILL RECOVERY. 1, OIL SORPTION PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC
FOAMS
Gumtz, G. D., and T. P. Meloy. 1975.
International Journal of Mineral Processing 2(1975):151-161.
Combining dimensional and mathematical analysis with experimental data
on the absorbancy, recovery and removal of oil in water by reusable,
reticulated polyurethane foams, a mathematical model of foam sorption
efficiency and rate is developed. The model shows the foam sorption
system to be practical. Oil viscosity, wave height, recovery ship
speed and system geometry influence foam selection.
Information source:
T. P. Meloy, Diyison Director for Engineering, National
Science Foundation, Washington, D. C. 20550
R-287-74
DEVELOPMENT AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR PESTICIDES, METALS, ETC., AND THE
IDENTIFICATION OF OIL POLLUTANTS
Principal Investigator: Mitchell, N. T.
Performing Organization: Ministry of Agriculture, Lowestoft, England,
United Kingdom
Supporting Agency: United Kingdom Government
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: Unknown
No direct work is being conducted on oil pollution. A study was made on
the feasibility of using carbon-14-tracer labelled material to measure the
uptake and loss of benz-a-pyrene by fish in laboratory aquaria. No reports
have been published.
Information Source:
N. T. Mitchell, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food, Fisheries Radiobiological Laboratory,
Hamilton Dock, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR32 IDA, England
R-187-74 (RENEWAL)
DEVELOP METHOD FOR OIL FINGERPRINTING BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Principal Investigator: R. V. Moore
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Southeast
Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens,
Georgia 30601
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Period: 7/74 to 6/75
Research and Development, No. 24AAP-05
Funds: $17,500
186
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The project is no longer being conducted by the Environmental Protection
Agency Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory.
Information Source: R. V. Moore, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens,
Georgia 30601
R-289-74
ANALYSIS OF WATER FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH)
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory,
Medmenham, London, United Kingdom
Supporting Agency: United Kingdom Government
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Work on aspects of oil pollution has now ceased at the Medmenham Labora-
tory of the Water Research Centre. Two reports have been produced from
the work. The study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is not
directly concerned with oil pollution. Data are being gathered on levels
of PAH in drinking water using the World Health Organization recommended
method based on TLC and evaluating improved techniques.
Reports and Publications
ANALYSIS OF OIL POLLUTANTS IN SURFACE WATERS
Water Research Association. 1973.
WRA Technical Paper, TP. 94.
The main part of the report reviews the techniques for identifying,
measuring and monitoring oil pollutants. Areas of investigation include;
evaluation of gas chromatography in conjunction with capillary columns
for identifying oil, effects of weathering on analysis, and the identi-
fication of lubricating oils by thin-layer chromatography of their
additives.
THE APPLICATION OF CAPILLARY COLUMNS TO THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS OF INLAND-WATER OIL POLLUTANTS
Report not available.
Information Source: M. Fielding, Resources (A) Division, Water Research
Centre, Medmenham Laboratory, P. 0. Box 16, Ferry Lane,
Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, SL7 2HD, England
187
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4. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
R-270-74
SOURCE, TRANSPORT, AND FATE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE EFFLUENT
Principal Investigator: Quinn, J. G.
Performing Organization: University of Rhode Island, School of
Oceanography, Administration Building,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant Office,
No. 04-5-158-6
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $19,739
The research project will be completed in June, 1976. There are no
publications to date.
Information Source: J. G. Quinn, University of Rhode Island, Graduate
School of Oceanography, Kingston, Rhode Island
02881
188
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
R-291-74
FLOATING BREAKWATERS
Principal Investigator: Kowalski,T.
Performing Organization: University of Rhode Island, School of
Engineering, Administration Building,
Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant
Office, No. 04-5158-6
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $33,410
The development of a scrap tire floating breakwater has been completed.
The breakwater can be used in coastal waters where the significant
wave height does not exceed three to five feet. A number of these
breakwaters have been and are being constructed in Narragansett Bay,
Boston and Newfoundland. A paper describing this breakwater will
be given at the Antipollution Conference, ANERAC, Sixth Annual North
Eastern Regional Antipollution Conference, 1975. Research has
begun to develop a scrap tire floating breakwater effective in
waves of significant heights of 10 to 30 feet. The publication
"1974 Floating Breakwaters Conference Papers," T. Kowalski (editor),
can be obtained from the University of Rhode Island Marine Advisory
Service, Narragansett Bay Campus, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882
($5.00 per copy).
Information Source:
T. Kowalski, Department of Ocean Engineering,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881
R-295-74
MECHANICAL CONTROL OF OIL SPILLS UTILIZING A STREAMLINED BOOM
Principal Investigator: Wooten, D.
Performing Organization: Ultrasysterns Incorporated, Newport Beach,
California 92660
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Contract No. 68-03-0403
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $47,460
This contract was granted from the EPA, No. 68-03-0403, and deals
with Phases 2 and 3 of the development of the streamlined oil
retention boom. Work was started in March, 1974 and will progress
for 27 months. No reports have yet been published.
Information Source:
B. A. Folsom, Ultrasysterns, Incorporated,
500 Newport Center Dr., Newport Beach,
California 92660
189
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2. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
R-297-74
REMOVAL OF OIL WASTES FROM VARIOUS WATER SURFACES
Principal Investigator: Mason, J. L.
Performing Organization: Garrett Corporation, 9851 S. Sepulveda
Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90009
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 58-01-0524,
Contract 72P19321
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
AiResearch currently has a contract with the Department of the Navy,
Naval Sea Systems Command, Contract No. N00024-74-C-5314. Phase I
of this contract is scheduled to be completed by November, 1975,
and is to conduct research, develop, fabricate and test a 10-gpm
experimental bilge oil removal system.
Information Source: G. T. Byer, AiResearch Manufacturing Company,
Torrance, California 90509
R-299-74
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Seaward Incorporated, 6269 Leesburg Pike,
Falls Church, Virginia 22044
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The final report of the project has been completed and will be
available from NTIS.
Reports and Publications
DEVELOPMENT OF A STREAMING FIBER OIL SPILL CONTROL CONCEPT
Beach, R. L., and F. A. March. 1975.
Final Report, Contract DOT-CG-40, 217-A.
This oil spill control concept, developed by Seaward, Incorporated,
utilizes long, continuous fibers that stream out into the current
to slow down and thicken spilled oil. Conventional techniques
can then be used to recover the contained oil. The method is
simple and effective in currents up to 10 knots.
Information Source: R. L. Beach, Seaward International, Suite 204,
6269 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, Virginia 22044
190
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R-321-74
NON-STRUCTURAL BULKHEADS TO CONTROL TANKER OIL SPILLS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Webb Institute of Naval Architects,
Crescent Beach Rd., Glenn Cove,
New York 11542
Supporting'Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard
Period: 9/73 to 6/74 Funds: Unknown
The oil pollution project was completed and a final report prepared
in 1974. No published copies of the report are available at this
time.
Information Source: N. A. Hamlin, Webb Institute of Naval
Architecture, Crescent Beach Rd., Glenn
Cove, New York 11542
R-301-74
OIL ENTRAPMENT LOSSES
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,
New York 12181
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard
Period: 8/73 to 9/74 Funds: Unknown
The study is in the process of being completed. The final report is
due 1 December 1975.
Reports and Publications
THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD'S POLLUTION INCIDENT REPORTING
SYSTEM: ITS USE IN PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Leotta, J., and W. A. Wallace. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution,
San Francisco, 1975.
The Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) contains informa-
tion as to where and when a discharge occurred, the type of
operation in progress, the cause of the spill, cleanup response
and penalty actions. PIRS helps to evaluate the effectiveness
of the Marine Environmental Protection program.
A RISK-ANALYTIC APPROACH TO CONTROL OF LARGE-VOLUME OIL SPILLS
Paulson, A. S., A. D. Schumaker, and W. A. Wallace. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution,
San Francisco, 1975.
191
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Large-volume oil spills happen more often than is predicted using
traditional methods. Long, thick-tailed probability distri-
butions more accurately fit the USCG data file on oil spills.
Accurate predictions of oil spill volumes will enable MEP program
management to more effectively allocate resources and devise
operational guidelines for field units.
Information Source: W. A. Wallace, Public Management, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12181
192
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3. WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
R-l62-74 (RENEWAL)
STATE-OF-THE-ART EVALUATION ON PETROLEUM AND COAL WASTES
Principal Investigator: Streebin, L.
Performing Organization: University of Oklahoma, Research Institute,
Norman, Oklahoma 73069
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 12050 DKF,
Contract 72P20807
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The project "Evaluation of Waste Waters from Petroleum and Coal
Processing" is complete; however, no other papers have currently
resulted from the study.
Information Source: L. Streebin, University of Oklahoma, School of
Civil Engineering and Environmental Science,
202 W. Boyd St., Rm. 334, Norman, Oklahoma
73069
R-327-74
NAVY ENVIRONMENT: SHIPBOARD SEWAGE AND WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Updegraff, D. M.
Performing Organization: Denver University, Denver Research
Institute, Denver, Colorado 80210
Supporting Agency: Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research
Period: 7/72 to 6/73 Funds: Unknown
The project has been completed and a final report is available.
No papers have been published.
Information Source: B. D. Church, Chemical Division, University
of Denver, Denver Research Institute,
University Park, Denver, Colorado 80210
193
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4. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
R-332-74
A PROGRAM IN MARINE AFFAIRS
Principal Investigator: Wenk, E.
Performing Organization: University of Washington, School of
Public Affairs, C301 Health Sciences
Bldg., Seattle, Washington 98105
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant
Office, No. 04-3-158-42
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $37,000
Reports and Publications
PETROLEUM ENTERPRISES IN WESTERN WASHINGTON—WHO IS LOOKING AHEAD?
An interdisciplinary study was conducted by the Marine Technology
Affairs Seminar, Program in Social Management of Technology,
University of Washington, Seattle, June, 1974 (revised September,
1974).
WASHINGTON HARBORS AND REGIONAL FACILITIES: CHOICES FOR THE
FUTURE
An interdisciplinary study was conducted by the Marine Technology
Affairs Seminar, Program in Social Management of Technology,
University of Washington, Seattle, WSG-MP 74-1, May, 1974.
Information Source: E. Wenk, Jr., University of Washington, Program
in Social Management of Technology, Seattle,
Washington 98195
194
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-066-74 (RENEWAL)
DEMONSTRATION OF OILY WASTE DISPOSAL BY SOIL CULTIVATION PROCESS
Principal Investigator: Baldwin, B.
Performing Organization: Shell Oil Company, Deer Park, Texas
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, No. 12050 EZG,
Contract 72P21245
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The demonstration project ended in 1973 when the experimental site
was returned to routine soil cultivation of refinery wastes. The
report "Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation Process," by
C. B. Kincannon, resulted from the study. This publication is
one of the Environmental Protection Technology Series and is
available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.
Information Source: R. V. Mattern, Environmental Conservation,
Shell Oil Company, P. 0. Box 100, Deer Park,
Texas 77536
R-308-74
RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL TRANSFER AND UPSTREAM REFINERIES
ON DELAWARE BAY
Principal Investigator: Biggs, R. B.
Performing Organization: University of Delaware, School of Marine
Science, Newark, Delaware 18711
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
Environmental Systems and Resources
Period: 3/74 to 5/75 Funds: $300,800
Reports and Publications
RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL TRANSFER AND UPSTREAM
REFINERIES ON DELAWARE BAY
College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware. 1975.
Progress Report, NSF/FANN, Grant GI 41896.
Research under this grant was divided into three projects: a
planning grant, development of a biological baseline, and
development of a predictive model for oil spill movement.
This progress statement reports on the research projects
195
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which were initiated in the planning project division of the
grant. Ten reports concerning marine affairs and marine
biology and geology are included.
Information Source: R. B. Biggs, College of Marine Studies,
University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711
R-215-74 (RENEWAL)
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS TO HYDROCARBONS
Principal Investigator: Farragut, R. N.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Miami
Fisheries Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33149
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine
Fisheries Service, No. SEC-008-77-EI-A-1
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $47,100
To date, the analysis has been completed and draft publication is in
progress.
Information Source: R. Farragut, U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Southeast Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Beach
Dr., Miami, Florida 33149
R-310-74
A STUDY TO COVER THE EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON NORTHERN TERRAIN,
AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION AND ON SOIL FAUNA
Principal Investigator: Hellebust, J., and T. Hutchinson
Specialty: Botany
Performing Organization: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Supporting Agency: Canadian Government, Department of Indian and
Northern Affairs, No. 13SYC7111-4-0030
Period: 6/74 to 5/75 Funds: $59,334
This project is ongoing. The 1974 report is on 1973 data, but
similar data go through 1975.
Reports and Publications
EXPERIMENTAL CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON A SMALL SUBARCTIC LAKE IN THE
MACKENZIE VALLEY, N.W.T.: EFFECTS ON PHYTOPLANKTON, PERIPHYTON,
AND ATTACHED AQUATIC VEGETATION
Hellebust, J. A., B. Hanna, R. G. Sheath, M. Gergis, and T. C.
Hutchinson. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution,
San Francisco, 1975. p. 509-515.
196
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Neither phytoplankton composition nor abundance was affected by
the presence of crude oil, although laboratory experiments
indicated growth inhibition. Most members of the periphyton
were inhibited. Macrophytes showed an immediate reduction in
chlorophyll and a later reduction in biomass after exposure to
crude oil.
EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON TAIGA AND TUNDRA
VEGETATION OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Hutchinson, T. C., and W. Freedman. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution,
San Francisco, 1975. p. 517-525.
Short and long term effects of summer and winter oil spillage
have been observed over three growing seasons. Although species
varied, little recovery was apparent even the third summer after
direct contact. Damage increased the second year after a spill
due to winter killing factors. The taiga was more susceptible
than the tundra.
OIL SPILL EFFECTS ON VEGETATION AND SOIL MICROFAUNA AT NORMAN
WELLS AND TUKTOYAKTUK, N.W.T.
Hutchinson, T. C., J. Hellebust, and M. Telford.
Environmental-Social Committee, Northern Pipelines, Task Force
on Northern Oil Development. Report No. 74-14. Ill p.
The effects of experimental crude oil spills on the vegetation
and soil microfauna were studied at burned and unburned sites,
summer and winter, and with and without fertilizer. The species
which contact the oil and have no habitat escape are killed.
The effects increased in the second year. Disturbance of the
soil by construction work causes damage equal to that of an oil
spill. The aquatic studies confirm that the most toxic fractions
of the crude oil will disappear due to volatilization and will
not go into solution to inhibit zoo- and phytoplankton growth.
EFFECT OF NAPTHALENE AND AQUEOUS CRUDE OIL EXTRACTS ON THE
GREEN FLAGELLATE CHLAMYDOMONAS ANGULOSA. I. GROWTH
Soto, C., J. A. Hellebust, T. C. Hutchinson, and T. Sawa. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Botany 53(2):109-117.
Sixty-one percent of £. angulosa cells were killed when saturated
naphthalene was initially present in medium in an open system
(allowing evaporation and volatilization of hydrocarbons); the
generation time was the same as the controls. A much higher
197
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percentage of the cells was killed in a closed system, but a
shorter generation time was observed when growth resumed. The
effects of extracts of different crude oils on the organisms
were almost always inhibitory, but less severe than those
obtained with naphthalene.
EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENE AND AQUEOUS CRUDE OIL EXTRACTS ON THE
GREEN FLAGELLATE CHLAMYDOMONAS ANGULOSA. II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND THE UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF NAPHTHALENE
Soto, C., J. A. Hellebust, and T. C. Hutchinson. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Botany 53(2):118-126.
The addition of naphthalene to C_. angulosa cultures caused an
immediate loss of photosynthetic capacity. Photosynthesis was
decreased in cells incubated in closed systems with media
containing aqueous crude oil extracts; however, in open systems
the crude oil extracts had no significant effect on their
photosynthetic capacity. Experiments indicate that cells
accumulate naphthalene from the medium in closed systems for
up to seven days. When the cells are transferred to uncon-
taminated media, an immediate loss of the aromatic hydrocarbons
from the cells is observed.
Information Source: T. C. Hutchinson, Institute for Environmental
Studies, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
R-311-74
EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON NORTHERN TERRAIN ON AQUATIC AND
TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION AND SOIL FAUNA
Principal Investigator: Hutchinson, T. C.
Specialty: Botany
Performing Organization: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Supporting Agency: Canadian Government, Department of Indian and
Northern Affairs, No. IAND 0020
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $85,306
See R-310-74 for Reports and Publications.
R-312-74
DIVERSITY OF STREAM COMMUNITIES UNDER CONDITIONS OF POLLUTIONAL
STRESS
Principal Investigator: Kaesler, R. L.
Specialty: Geology
Performing Organization: University of Kansas, School of Liberal
Arts, 249 Snow Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66044
198
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
Water Research and Technology, No. C-6007
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The research project is active. No papers have been presented but
one related paper was presented at the plenary session of the North
American Benthological Association: "Diversity and Sample Size in
Stream Surveys." A paper summarizing results of the first half
year's work is being written.
Information Source: R. L. Kaesler, Department of Geology, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
R-313-74
EFFECTS OF ALTERATIONS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, LOWER COLUMBIA
RIVER AND ESTUARY
Principal Investigator: Mai ins, D. C.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental
Conservation Division, 2725 Montlake Blvd.
E., Seattle, Washington 98112
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine
Fisheries Service, No. FB 1600/8 818 A4
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Multiple support, $176,000
Reports and Publications
SPIN-LABELING TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING MODE OF ACTION OF PETROLEUM
HYDROCARBONS ON MARINE ORGANISMS
Roubal, W. T., and T. K. Collier. 1975.
Fishery Bulletin 73(2):299-305.
The aim of spin-labeling studies of membrane-contaminant inter-
action is to gain a better understanding of hydrocarbon contam-
inants at the molecular level. Basic spin labeling theory
together with experimental results from the study are presented
and discussed.
Information Source: D. C. Malins, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Environmental Conservation Division, 2725
Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112
R-314-74
SUBLETHAL BIOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF CONTAMINANTS
Principal Investigator: Malins, D. C.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental
Conservation Division, 2725 Montlake Blvd.
E., Seattle, Washington 98112
199
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National
Marine Fisheries Service, No. FB 1600/8 818 A2
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $286,700
See R-313-74 for Reports and Publications
R-318-74
CONTAMINANT EFFECTS ON LIFE PROCESSES
Principal Investigator: Malins, D. C.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental
Conservation Division, 2725 Montlake Blvd.
E., Seattle, Washington 98112
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine
Fisheries Service, No. FB 1500/8 818 A3
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $155,900
See R-313 for Reports and Publications
R-315-74
CHRONIC AND ACUTE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON SELECTED MARINE ORGANISMS
IN THE ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigator: Mueller, E. W.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, No. 21 ARZ 04,
Contract 72P21837
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The research project under this title will not begin until 1979.
It is designed as the final study of a series that should help in
understanding the effects of oil on arctic and subarctic estuarine
environments. A current study in the series entitled, "The
Sediment Environment of Port Valdez and Prince William Sound and
the Effect of Oil Spilled on These Ecosystems," will be completed
summer, 1975. A new three year project will be initiated summer,
1975, which is titled, "Alaskan Oil Seeps: Their Chemical and
Biological Effects on the Intertidal Environment."
Information Source: R. W. Latimer, Arctic Environmental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, College, Alaska 99701
200
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R-101-74 (RENEWAL)
MARINE PETROLEUM POLLUTION - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND CHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
Principal Investigators: Nicol, J. A., and C. Baalen
Performing Organization: University of Texas, Marine Science
Institute, Port Aransas, Texas 78373
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division
of National and International Progress,
No. GX-37345
Period: 1/75 to 12/75 Funds: $111,850
Reports and Publications
THE EFFECTS OF A NO. 2 FUEL OIL AND TWO CRUDE OILS ON THE
GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF MICROALGAE
Pulich, W. M., Jr., K. Winters, and C. Van Baalen. 1974.
Marine Biology 28:87-94.
The paper reports the effects of two crude oils and of water
solubles from these oils and from a No. 2 fuel oil on the
growth and photosynthesis of pure cultures of microalgae.
MARINE PETROLEUM POLLUTION: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND CHEMICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
University of Texas Marine Science Institute. (Date not provided)
Progress Report, NSF-IDOE 37345.
The progress report is divided into five section reports: (A)
The effects of a No. 2 fuel oil and two crude oils on the growth
and photosynthesis of microalgae; (B) Preliminary observations
on the effects of crude oils on the growth of several microalgae
on the light-temperature gradient plate; (C) Chemical characteri-
zation; (D) Effects of petroleum on marine animals and larvae;
and (E) A study of the effect of petroleum on sand dollar eggs.
Information Source: C. Van Baalen, University of Texas Marine
Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas
R-103-74
EFFECT OF DIESEL OIL ON STREAM LIFE
Principal Investigator: Patterson, B.
Performing Organization: State Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe,
New Mexico 87501
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport
Fish and Wildlife, Federal Aid Division,
No. F-22-R-15-B-2
Period: 4/73 to 3/74 Funds: $1,275
201
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Reports and Publications
EFFECT OF DIESEL OIL ON STREAM LIFE
Elliot, R.
Federal Aid Project, F-22-R-15, Job No. B-2.
During the project year, the brown trout population has increased
in the area affected by the oil spill. Much of the increase is
in the small size classes and indicates good reproduction. The
area could approach prespill numbers of brown trout with good
reproduction in the fall of 1974. Data from analysis of trout
populations from 1971 through fall, 1974, are presented.
Information Source: R. R. Patterson, Fisheries Research, State of
New Mexico, Department of Game and Fish,
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87503
R-317-74
NORTHEAST GULF OF ALASKA INTERTIDAL BIOLOGICAL BASELINES
Principal Investigator: Zimmerman, S. T.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
Fisheries Laboratory, P. 0. Box 155,
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management, No. 871214
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $125,000
The project is in its beginning stages. Survey work will be conducted
to be used in the preparation of environmental impact statements and
marine assessments. The project is planned to continue for three
to five years. Work in later years will focus on marine monitoring
and oil pollution related studies. One manuscript concerned with
range extensions for six algal species has been accepted for publica-
tion.
Information Source: S. T. Zimmerman, Supervisory Oceanographer,
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Auke Bay
Fisheries Laboratory, P. 0. Box 155, Auke Bay,
Alaska 99821
202
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2. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-319-74
EFFECT OF OIL AND TREATMENT OF OILY WASTES (CBI SCHEME)
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Water Pollution Research Laboratory,
Stevenage, England, United Kingdom
Supporting Agency: United Kingdom Government
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: Unknown
The research project was terminated. Results have not yet been
published. However, a brief report is planned to be published
in the future.
Information Source: A. B. Wheatland, Water Research Centre,
Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SGI 1TH, England
203
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-337-74
EFFECTS OF ALASKA PIPELINE AT PORT VALDEZ, ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigator: Myren, R. T.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
Fisheries Laboratory, P. 0. Box 155,
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine
Fisheries Service, No. R81856
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $71,800
Ongoing research is being continued in three major areas: (1)
determining effects of logging on marine ecosystems; (2) establish-
ing baselines of intertidal organisms in Price William Sound and
the Gulf of Alaska to evaluate effects of oil development; and (3)
determining effects of crude oil on Alaskan organisms by means of
laboratory bioassays.
Reports and Publications
EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: A REVIEW FOR ADMINISTRATORS
AND POLICY MAKERS
Evans, D. R., and S. D. Rice. 1974.
NOAA Fishery Bulletin 72(3):625-638.
A review of recent literature concerning the effects of oil on
marine ecosystems is given to provide an information source for
administrators and policy makers. Characteristics of crude oil
and the dangers of chronic low-level pollution are among the
topics included.
EFFECTS OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON MOLTING TANNER CRABS,
CHIONOECETES BAIRDI
Karinen, J. F., and S. D. Rice. 1974.
MFR Paper 1074 from Marine Fisheries Review 36(7):31-37.
In laboratory tests, Prudhoe Bay crude oil was found to have
detrimental effects on premolt and postmolt juvenile male
Tanner crabs (Chionoecetes bairdi). Estimated 48 hour TLM
(median tolerance limits) were 0.56 ml oil/liter for both stages,
With increasing oil exposure, molting success decreased and
during oil exposure newly molted crabs autotomized limbs.
204
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TOXICITY AND AVOIDANCE TESTS WITH PRUDHOE BAY OIL AND PINK
SALMON FRY
Rice, S. D. 1973.
Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills,
Washington, D. C., 1973. p. 667-670.
Acute toxicity concentration levels were determined for Prudhoe
Bay crude oil on pink salmon fry in fresh and salt water. The
observed 96-hour TLM values were lower for fry in freshwater
than salt water (88 mg oil/liter vs 213 mg oil/liter in June
and 110 mg oil/liter in August). Older fry were more susceptible
to oil toxicity and were more sensitive in their detection and
avoidance of oil than younger fry.
Information Source: T. R. Merrell, Jr., U.S. Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory,
P. 0. Box 155, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
205
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
R-339-74
BIOLOGY OF MARINE AND ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS
Principal Investigators: Colwell, R. R., and J. D. Walker
Performing Organization: Maryland University, Department of
Microbiology, College Park, Maryland 20742
Supporting Agency: Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
Two oil pollution projects are presently being conducted; one is
funded by the Office of Naval Research (summary included). A
project to study the effects and the microbial degradation of the
"Metula" oil spill has just been granted by the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Reports and Publications
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Colwell, R. R. (Date not given).
Summary Report Abstract, Contract N00014-67-A0239-0027.
The fate of petroleum in the marine and estuarine environment
is being determined and ecological studies of hydrocarbon-
utilizing marine and estuarine microorganisms are in progress.
The annual cycle of petroleum-degrading bacteria at three
stations in Chesapeake Bay has been described and the main
species involved in degradation of the petroleum have been
characterized. A petroleum-degrading alga was discovered and
has been characterized.
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PETROLEUM DEGRADATION
Colwell, R. R., and J. D. Walker. 1975.
To be published in Critical Reviews in Microbiology. CRC Press.
IMPACT OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON MICROORGANISMS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
Colwell, R. R., and J. D. Walker. 1975.
United Nations position paper for the United States (GESAMP).
206
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MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF PETROLEUM DEGRADATION
IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
Colwell, R. R., J. D. Walker, and J. D. Nelson, Jr. 1973.
In: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants. D. G. Ahearn
and S. P. Meyers (eds.). Center for Wetland Resources, L.S.U.
Special Publication LSU-SG-73-01. p. 185-197.
To obtain information on seasonal occurrence and species
distribution of oil-degrading organisms, water and sediment
samples were analyzed from Chesapeake Bay. From these studies
a hydrocarbon-utilizing fungus, Cladosporiurn resinae, and
actinomycetes were the major degrading isolates.
DEEP-SEA BACTERIA: GROWTH AND UTILIZATION OF HYDROCARBONS AT
AMBIENT AND JJY SITU PRESSURE
Schwarz, J. R., J. D. Walker,and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Applied Microbiology 28(6):982-986.
The study was undertaken to investigate microbial degradation
of hydrocarbons under simulated deep sea pressures. Micro-
organisms collected from Atlantic Ocean sediment samples at
a depth of 4,940 meters utilized hydrocarbons at both ambient
and in situ pressures; however, at ambient temperature, the
rate of hydrocarbon utilization under in situ pressure (500 atm)
was significantly less than utilization at ambient pressure
(1 atm).
DEEP-SEA BACTERIA: GROWTH AND UTILIZATION ON N-HEXADECANE AT
IN SITU TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Schwarz, J. R., J. D. Walker, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21(5):682-687.
A mixed culture of bacteria, obtained from a sediment-water
interface sample taken off the Florida Coast at a depth of
4,940 m, was found to utilize n-hexadecane as a sole carbon
source for growth at the In. situ temperature (4°C) and
pressure (500 atm). Rate of utilization under deep-ocean
conditions was found to be much slower than the rate observed
at ambient pressure (1 atm) and low temperature (4°C).
GROWTH OF DEEP-SEA BACTERIA ON HYDROCARBONS AT AMBIENT AND
Jji SITU PRESSURE
Schwarz, J. R., J. D. Walker, and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Developments in Industrial Microbiology 15:239-249.
207
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Bacteria collected from sediment samples at a depth of 4,940 m
off the Florida coast utilized n-tetradecane at both ambient
and in situ pressures; however, at ambient temperatures, the
rate of hydrocarbon utilization under in situ pressure (500 atm)
was significantly less than utilization at ambient pressure
(1 atm). Individual isolates from the mixed culture did not
utilize n-tetradecane, indicating potential synergistic
relationships.
UTILIZATION OF MIXED HYDROCARBON SUBSTRATE BY PETROLEUM-
DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS
Walker, J. D., H. F. Austin, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 21:27-39.
The ability of petroleum-degrading yeasts, fungi and bacteria
to degrade a mixed hydrocarbon substrate is reported. Cumene,
naphthalene, phenanthrene, pristane, 1,2-benzanthacene,
perylene and pyrene were degraded by microorganisms. The
patterns for hydrocarbon utilization were similar for bacteria,
yeasts and fungi; however, utilization by individual isolates
varied significantly.
DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM
THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
Walker, J. D., J. J. Calomiris, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Marine Biology. In Press.
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: DEGRADATION AND GROWTH POTENTIAL FOR
ATLANTIC OCEAN SEDIMENT BACTERIA
Walker, J. D., J. J. Calomiris, T. L. Herbert, and R. R. Colwell
1975.
Marine Biology. In Press.
BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN BALTIMORE HARBOR
OF CHESAPEAKE BAY
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Environmental Pollution. In Press.
DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS AND MIXED HYDROCARBON SUBSTRATE BY
MICROORGANISMS FROM CHESAPEAKE BAY
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Advanced Water Pollution Research. In Press.
208
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DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS AND MODEL PETROLEUM BY MICROORGANISMS
FROM CHESAPEAKE BAY
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Seventh International Conference, International Association of
Water Pollution Research. Pergamon Press, Ltd. In Press.
LONG-CHAIN N-ALKANES OCCURRING DURING MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF
PETROLEUM
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Nature. Submitted.
MEASURING THE ACTIVITY OF HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING BACTERIA
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Applied Microbiology. In Press.
MERCURY-RESISTANT BACTERIA AND PETROLEUM DEGRADATION
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Applied Microbiology 27(l):285-287.
Oil extracted from water and sediment samples from Colgate Creek,
Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, contained high levels of mercury.
Mercury-resistant bacteria in the samples may have degraded
the oil to a significant degree.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MODEL PETROLEUM AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Microbial Ecology l(2):63-95.
A correlation was found between the numbers of petroleum-degrading
microorganisms isolated from two areas of Chesapeake Bay and
the concentration of benzene-extractable material present in
the waters. Petroleum degradation was measured when micro-
organisms isolated from samples were placed in a salts medium
for optimal growth at 0°, 5° and 10° and in Chesapeake Bay
water, which simulated natural conditions. Results indicated
that utilization of model petroleum at low temperatures is a
function of the types and numbers of microorganisms present in
an original inoculum taken from seawater.
209
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MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF PETROLEUM UTILIZATION IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1973.
Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills,
Washington, D.C., 1973. p. 685-690.
Studies were conducted on petroleum-degrading microorganisms
collected at two stations in Chesapeake Bay; one demonstrating
four to five times the concentration in water of petroleum
compared with the second station. The numbers of oil-degrading
microorganisms were directly related to the concentration of
oil in each water sample analyzed, and the hydrocarbon-utilizing
fungus, Cladosporiurn resinae, and actinomycetes comprised a
large number of the hydrocarbon-utilizing isolates.
MICROBIAL PETROLEUM DEGRADATION: ENUMERATION OF PETROLEUM-
DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology. In Press.
MORPHOLOGY OF PETROLEUM-DEGRADING BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM
CHESAPEAKE BAY
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1973.
Electron Microscope Central Facility Newsletter 1:9.
PETROLEUM DEGRADATION BY ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
International Biodegradation Symposium, 3d, Kingston, R. I., 1975.
In Press.
ROLE OF AUTOCHTHONOUS BACTERIA IN THE REMOVAL OF SPILLED OIL
FROM SEDIMENT
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Applied Microbiology. In Press.
SOME EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON ESTUARINE AND MARINE MICROORGANISMS
Walker, J. D., and R. R. Colwell. 1974.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology. In Press.
210
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EXTRACTION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS FROM OIL-CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, M. C. Hemming, and H. T. Ford. 1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology 13(2):245-248.
Benzene is the most effective solvent of the three used in this
study to extract petroleum hydrocarbons. Reciprocal shaking with
benzene is the most efficient way to extract hydrocarbons from
estuarine or marine sediments.
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN BALTIMORE HARBOR OF CHESAPEAKE BAY:
DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENT CORES
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, M. C. Hemming and H. T. Ford. 1975,
Environmental Pollution. In Press.
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF MOTOR OIL
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. In Press.
BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM BY CHESAPEAKE BAY SEDIMENT BACTERIA
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology. In Press.
DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM BY AN ALGA, PROTOTHECA ZOPFII
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 30(1):79-81.
Prototheca zopfii, an achlorophyllous alga which degrades oil,
has been found to degrade 10 to 40% of motor oil and crude oil
under appropriate conditions. This study found £. zopfii to
degrade a greater percentage of the aromatic hydrocarbons in
motor oil than of saturated hydrocarbons, and a greater percentage
of saturated hydrocarbons in crude oil than of aromatics.
PETROLEUM DEGRADATION BY ESTUARINE SEDIMENT BACTERIA: FATE OF
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN PETROLEUM INOCULATED WITH FRESH, FROZEN-
STORED, AND ENRICHED CULTURES
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Journal of General Microbiology. In Press.
211
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PETROLEUM DEGRADATION BY ESTUARINE SEDIMENT BACTERIA: FATE OF
FRACTIONS IN PETROLEUM INOCULATED WITH FRESH, FROZEN-STORED
AND ENRICHED CULTURES
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Journal of General Microbiology. In Press.
PETROLEUM DEGRADATION BY ESTUARINE SEDIMENT BACTERIA: FATE OF
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS IN PETROLEUM INOCULATED WITH FRESH, FROZEN-
STORED AND ENRICHED CULTURES
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Journal of General Microbiology. In Press.
A STUDY OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF A SOUTH LOUISIANA CRUDE OIL
EMPLOYING COMPUTERIZED MASS SPECTROMETRY
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution, San Francisco,
1975. p. 601-605.
Two inocula were grown on South Louisiana crude oil. The micro-
organisms in the inoculum from an oil contaminated area were
able to degrade all classes of hydrocarbons and contained a
wider variety of bacterial genera than the inoculum from an oil-
free area. The latter was able to grow on the crude oil, but was
not able to degrade all classes of hydrocarbons.
A PETROLEUM DEGRADING ACHLOROPHYLLOUS ALGA, PROTOTHECA ZQPFII
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, Z. Vaituzis, and S. A. Meyer. 1975.
Nature 254(5499):423-424.
This organism was isolated from Colgate Creek in Chesapeake Bay
at a time of year when significant petroleum degradation occurred.
This alga, Prototheca zopfii, can utilize both crude oil and a
17-component mixed hydrocarbon substrate.
EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM-DEGRADING POTENTIAL OF BACTERIA FROM WATER
AND SEDIMENTS
Walker, J. D., L. Petrakis, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Applied Microbiology. In Press.
EFFECT OF SOUTH LOUISIANA CRUDE OIL AND NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON GROWTH
OF HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS INCLUDING PROTEOLYTIC, LIPOLYTIC,
CHITINOLYTIC AND CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA
Walker, J. D., P. A. Seesman, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Environmental Pollution. In Press.
212
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EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON ESTUARINE BACTERIA
Walker, J. D., P. A. Seesman, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 5(12)=186-188.
The experiments reported in this paper indicate that physiological
groups of bacteria in the samples of water and mud exposed to
oil did not reach the population numbers of the controls. The
crude and refined oil limited the total viable numbers and probably
the activity of ecologically important bacterial groups.
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: DEGRADATION AND GROWTH POTENTIAL OF
DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT BACTERIA
Walker, J. D., P. A. Seesman, T. L. Herbert, and R. R. Colwell.
1975.
Environmental Pollution. In Press.
213
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2. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF OIL
R-320-74
LINE VORTEX MODEL OF DROPLET FORMATION AND ENTRAPMENT AT AN
OIL/WATER INTERFACE
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Mount Auburn Research Associates, Inc.,
385 Elliot St., Newton, Massachusetts
02164
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The project sponsored by the U.S. Coast Guard has been completed.
Reports and Publications
A DISCRETE VORTEX SIMULATION OF FINITE AMPLITUDE KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ
INSTABILITY
Zalosh, R. G. 1975.
AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamic Conference, 2nd, Hartford, 1975.
Calculations using Kelvin's classical theory show the evolution
of an interface separating a lighter inviscid fluid (oil) from
a heavier fluid. The circulation of individual vortices is
calculated for stable, marginal and unstable conditions. For
unstable conditions drops are generated from small irregularities
along the interface.
NUMERICAL MODEL OF DROPLET ENTRAPMENT FROM A CONTAINED OIL SLICK
Zalosh, R. G. 1974.
Final Report, Contract DOT-CG-41882-A. 83 p.
"A theoretical analysis of oil entrainment from a contained oil
slick moving relative to water has been performed as a function
of relative oil-water velocity." The completed and measured
velocities for entrainment agree.
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF DROPLET ENTRAINMENT FROM A CONTAINED OIL SLICK
Zalosh, R. G., and D. S. Jensen. 1975.
Symposium on Fluid Mechanics in the Petroleum Industry, Houston,
1975.
Shear instability across the oil/water interface causes oil
droplets to form at the headwave of a contained oil slick and
214
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to be entrained into the water current. A numerical model
simulates this phenomenon. Computed critical velocities for
droplet entrainment agree with laboratory measurements.
Information Source: H. F. Carman, Mount Auburn Research Associates,
Inc., 381 Elliot Street, Newton, Massachusetts
02164
215
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3. GENERAL FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
R-341-74
THE FATE OF OIL SPILLS ON ALASKAN TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER
ENVIRONMENTS
Principal Investigator: Jackson, R.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 21ASA03,
Contract 72P21838
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
A small terrestrial spill of crude oil was conducted within a
taiga environment in the summer of 1973. At present, findings
from the oil spill are being summarized. The project will involve
continued monitoring of the spill and looking at long term degrada-
tion. Future efforts are directed toward a large terrestrial
spill to be conducted in August, 1975, by the U.S. Army Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Information Source: R. L. Jackson, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Arctic Environmental Research Labora-
tory, College, Alaska 99701
216
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SECTION III. CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. MONITORING
R-269-75
PICKING AND IDENTIFICATION OF ZOOPLANKTON AND BENTHIC ORGANISMS
Principal Investigator: Dorfman, D.
Specialty: Biology
Performing Organization: Monmouth College, Graduate School, West
Long Branch, New Jersey 07764
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, No. 68-03-0422
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: $9,900
Baseline data will be collected for populations of phytoplankton
and benthos in Raritan Bay and Sandy Nook Bay (New Jersey) for
reference in establishing an oil spill testing facility.
SSIE No.: GMA-1924
R-270-75
OIL DETECTOR BUOY
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Spectrogram Corporation, 385 State St.,
North Haven, Connecticut 06473
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The aim of this project is to design and produce an oil detector
buoy and land-based power source with a 500-foot interconnecting
cable. The buoy shall be able to detect even a monomolecular layer
of petroleum floating on a water surface, and shall detect oils
ranging from heavy grades of crude through the lighter grades to
gasoline.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: • GZ-55632
217
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2. REMOTE SENSING
R-271-75
REMOTE SENSING SERVICES FOR EMERGENCY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SPILLS
Principal Investigators: Ziegler, R. C., D. B. Dahm, R. J. Pilie,
and A. B, Adler
Performing Organization: Calspan Corporation, 4455 Genesee St.,
Buffalo, New York 14221
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Contract 68-01-1856
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: Unknown
This program's objective is to provide remote sensing services to
aid the Environmental Protection Agency in assessing any threat
imposed, treatment required, and liability for damage as a result
of spills of oil and hazardous substances on United States lands.
SSIE No.: GMA-2105
218
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3. ANALYSIS
R-272-75
METHODS FOR COMPLETE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF TISSUES, EFFLUENTS
AND SEDIMENTS BY SSMS
Principal Investigator: Taylor, C. E.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 16 ADN 22,
Contract 72P18264
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Spark source mass spectrometric analyses will be made to develop
spark source mass spectrometric methods for the complete elemental
analysis of tissues, effluents, sediments and oil spills. These
techniques will be used to implement and extend existing gas
chromatographic identification methods used at petroleum spill
sites. The research report, "Multielement Analysis of Environmental
Samples by Spark Source Mass Spectrometry" (EPA-660/2-74-040), was
scheduled to be issued February, 1974. It discusses software
improvements that provide valid analyses of some environmental
samples.
SSIE No.: ZMA-708-2
R-273-75
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 207-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The object of this research is to examine the gas chromatographic-
ultraviolet technique used in the Exxon Research and Engineering
Laboratories for the determination of polynuclear aromatics at low
levels in oils and in marine animal tissues.
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975,
219
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R-274-75
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN HOUSE
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Member Company Laboratories
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 204-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
"A complete characterization by mass spectrometric analysis of
the four reference oils being used in the laboratory biological
studies sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute was the
principal effort under this project in the past year. This work
was done by Exxon Research and Engineering Company."
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
220
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
R-275-75
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Coastal Systems Laboratory,
Panama City, Florida 32401
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard,
No. Z-70099-4-42734
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The objective of this program is to design, fabricate, test and
evaluate a developmental model of a Fast Surface Delivery System
for pollution control equipment.
SSIE No.: GZ-55596
R-276-75
STORAGE AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF OIL RECOVERED FROM SPILLS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave.,
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The research proposes to investigate methods for temporary storage
and ultimate disposal of oil recovered from spills in Alaska.
SSIE NO.: GZ-55585
R-277-75
HIGH CAPACITY OIL-WATER SEPARATOR SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Markel, A. L.
Performing Organization: Reynolds Submarine Service Corporation,
Richmond, Virginia 23213
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 58-01-0834,
Contract 72P19394
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The program's objective is to design, construct, and test at pilot
scale a high capacity oil-water separator device for oil-water
221
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mixtures collected by mechanical oil slick harvesting devices.
The device is based on a pump-separator unit which imparts a
swirling action. This action causes oil from the entering oil-
water mixture to concentrate at the centerline of the pipe, where
it is skimmed off by one or more pilot tubes.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: AO-19394
R-278-75
MANAGEMENT, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THE U.S. EPA OHMSETT
FACILITY
Principal Investigators: Ackerman, R. A., W. E. McCracken, and
6. Smith
Performing Organization: Mason & Hanger Silas Mason Company,
P.O. Box 156, Leonardo, New Jersey 07737
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Contract 68-03-049C
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: $287,913
Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Company, Inc., maintains and operates
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Oil and Hazardous Materials
Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT), located at the Naval
Ammunition Depot, Earle, Leonardo, New Jersey. The OHMSETT
facility provides a safe place to test and develop devices and
methods for the control of oil and hazardous materials spilled in
inland and coastal waters.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GMA-1891
222
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2. RESTORATION
R-279-75
OILED WATERFOWL REHABILITATION
Principal Investigator: Stanton, P. B.
Performing Organization: Wildlife Rehabilitation Center,
Framingham, Massachusetts
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, 302-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The program will perform research, consulting and informational
functions relating to the cleaning and rehabilitation of oiled
birds. A manual is being prepared on the cleaning program out-
lined at an Oiled Bird Workshop held May, 1974.
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
223
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3. WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
R-280-75
INDUSTRIAL OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT AT NAVY SHORE INSTALLATIONS
Principal Investigators: Bialecki, A., and J. S. Williams
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Civil Engineering Laboratory,
Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, California
93041
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The contract provides for the quantification of techniques and
equipment for the treatment of industrial oily waste waters at
naval installations to meet applicable regulatory discharge
requirements.
SSIE No.: ZQN-244026-2
R-281-75
TREATMENT OF EMULSIFIED OIL BY COALESCENCE
Principal Investigators: Gloyna, E. F., J. Chieu, and N. Patel
Specialty: Civil Engineering
Performing Organization: University of Texas, School of
Engineering, 200 W. 21st St., Austin,
Texas 78712
Supporting Agency: University of Texas
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The feasibility of using coalescence and filtration in a combined
process to separate emulsified oil from waste waters will be
determined. A study will be conducted which will investigate
different types of industrial wastes using several types of
filtration and coalescence media.
SSIE No.: NTX-492
R-282-75
IDENTIFICATION OF MARGINAL NON-TRANSPORTATION PETROLEUM FACILITIES
Principal Investigators: Trentacoste, N., J. Cunningham,
n ,: • rt G- B1er">an, and R. Isom
Performing Organization: Science Applications, Incorporated,
1651 Old Meadow Rd., Suite 620, McLean,
. . Virginia 22101
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
OT Research and Development, Contract 68-02-2032
224
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Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: $182,000
The program will identify non-transportation related oil production,
handling, processing or consuming facilities that may not be able
to install systems to prevent discharged oil from reaching navigable
waters. One objective of the program is to determine the financial
impact of oil spill prevention regulations on these facilities.
SSIE No.: GMA-2093
225
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4. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
R-283-75
OIL SPILL CLEANUP TRAINING SCHOOL
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Texas A & M University, College Station,
Texas 77843
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. OS-24
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The contract provides for a comprehensive training course for
cleaning up oil spills under various conditions. The school should
be in operation by April, 1975, and is being held in Galveston,
Texas.
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
R-284-75
PREVENTION OF OIL SPILLS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Educational Systems and Designs, Inc.;
National Photographic Laboratories
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 306-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
This project involves the development of a motivational program
for oil spill prevention and a training aid for oil spill
prevention in barge loading/unloading operations.
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
226
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5. CONTINGENCY PLANNING
R-285-75
SHORELINE PROTECTION AND RESTORATION
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 305-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
A supplementary six-month study to determine the feasibility of
using microbial products and natural plant polysaccharides to
protect and/or restore salt marsh grass from oil spills and oil
contamination has been completed and a report is in preparation.
Laboratory and field studies have provided information concerning
required dosage levels of these agents, methods of application,
the effects of temperature and the duration of the protection,
and the overall efficiency of the microbiological and natural
product system.
Restoration
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
R-286-75
SHORELINE PROTECTION AND RESTORATION
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Shell Pipeline Research and Development
Laboratory
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 305-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The contract provides for research on surfactant substances for
the protection of shorelines which may become fouled by oil
floating on water, and for the cleaning and restoration of shore-
lines that have been fouled by oil. Selection of candidate
chemicals for restoration is nearing completion with two classes
of compounds selected (silicates and borates). Material
acquisition and design of test facilities are also being completed.
Restoration
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
227
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-287-75
HORMONE AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY FOR OILED WATERFOWL
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Unknown
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 303-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The effects of ingested crude oil and petroleum products on
marine birds are being investigated. An examination is underway
of the effects of the various distillation fractions derived from
crude oil on ducklings. In regard to long-term effects of
ingested oil, mature saltwater adapted birds are more resistant
than young birds to Kuwait and Santa Barbara crudes and to No. 2
fuel oil.
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
R-288-75
A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL FATE AND THE BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
NO. 2 FUEL OIL SPILLS IN SEMI-NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigators: Bieri, R. H., and R. J. Huggett
Specialty: Pollution and Ecology
Performing Organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Contract 68-03-0423
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: $4,980
Research is underway to determine the chemical dynamics, fate and
biological effects of oil spilled in an estuarine environment.
Spills of No. 2 oil at different dosage levels will be applied to
a confined estuarine area containing oysters (Crassostrea virginica)
and clams. Sampling and analysis of these organisms will be
conducted before and after the spills and at 24-hour intervals
throughout the experiment.
General fate of oil in the environment
SSIE No.: GMA-1901
228
-------
R-289-75
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON ION TRANSPORT IN SINGLE CELLS
Principal Investigators: Bittar, E. E., and S. Chen
Specialty: Physiology
Performing Organization: University of Wisconsin, School of
Medicine, 333 N. Randall Ave., Madison,
Wisconsin 53706
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant
Office, No. 04-30158-5
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $12,342
The objectives of this project are to study on a cellular level
the pollutants in the Lake Michigan aquatic system, to test the
effect of the pollutants (methyl mercury, Cd, Se, pesticides,
deodorants, chlorinated biphenyls and oils) on the efflux of
radiosodium in single frog eggs and single barnacle muscle fibers,
to define the point of action of pollutants in the cell and to
assay Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl contents of cells before and after
treatment with pollutants.
SSIE No.: GBP-1697
R-290-75
EFFECTS OF RESIDUAL TOXINS IN OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS ON AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
Principal Investigator: Dorris, T. C.
Performing Organization: Oklahoma State University, Reservoir
Research Center, Life Sciences W.,
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
Water Resources Research, No. B-025-OKLA
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: Unknown
The project is aimed at investigating the long-term toxicity of
the nonvolatile residual fraction of oil refinery effluent, and
continuing research on methods of removing the more toxic volatile
components. Laboratory-raised fat head minnows will be used for
long-term bioassays, and solvent extraction, followed by thin-layer
or column chromatography with final characterization by infrared
or ultraviolet spectrophotometry, will be used to isolate and
identify the toxic organic compounds in the residual effluent.
Analysis
SSIE No.: GUW-3694-1
229
-------
R-291-75
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PELAGIC OIL
Principal Investigators: Gebelein, C. D., and N. E. Manard
Performing Organization: Bermuda Biological Station
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 209-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The effects of pelagic oil (tar balls) on the health and populations
of intertidal marine organisms are being determined in this study.
Parameters being examined in intertidal organisms at selected field
sites include species composition, abundance and diversity, zonation,
hydrocarbon analyses of animal tissues and algal biomass, and
preliminary analyses of tar globules and weathering effects thereon.
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
R-292-75
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOASSAY STUDIES, ALASKA
Principal Investigators: Karinen, J. F., S. D. Rice, M. B. Bonnett,
J. W. Short, and D. A. Moles
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155, Auke
Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine
Fisheries Service, No. ABL-07-75, Contract
FB 1700/8818-U2
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $160,100
Objectives of this research task include: identification of
deleterious effects and evaluation of the potential changes of
chronic exposure of marine organisms to Alaska crude oil; identi-
fication of biochemical and physiological responses indicative of
oil exposure and use of them as monitoring techniques for detecting
areas of oil pollution, evaluation of the effects of oil under
various temperature and salinity regimes, and determination of
organisms' ability to successfully adapt to oil pollution.
SSIE No.: ZBP-969
R-293-75
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION RESEARCH IN BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Principal Investigator: Mitchell, R.
Performing Organization: Harvard University, School of Engineering,
Cambridge Station, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02138
230
-------
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division
of Environmental Sciences, No. DES75-07675
Period: 3/75 to 2/76 Funds: $2,560
This research involves the examination of some biological
processes operating in the coral reef community, and the
determination of the sublethal effects of pollutants such as
hydrocarbons, excess nutrients and metals, upon them. Field
studies will be undertaken in Israel on a Red Sea Reef which
is heavily polluted with phosphates and oil at its northern
end and relatively pollution-free at its southern end.
SSIE No.: GSV-5997
R-294-75
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN THE DELAWARE
ESTUARY
Principal Investigator: Whipple, W.
Performing Organization: Rutgers The State University, Water
Resources Research Institute, Old Queens
Bldg., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of-
Advanced Environmental Research and Technology,
No. AEN74-14810 AOZ
Period: 6/75 to 5/76 Funds: $450,000
Eleven individual projects will be conducted to achieve three
main research goals: (1) to measure amounts and types of
petroleum pollutants entering the Delaware estuary, (2) to evaluate
the effects of these pollutants on estuary fauna, and (3) to
evaluate the economic impact of the pollution damage in terms of
cost-benefit analysis.
Economic effects of oil pollution
Monitoring
SSIE No.: GSQ-892-1
231
-------
2. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-295-75
WEST FALMOUTH FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
Principal Investigator: Michael, A.
Performing Organization: Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. OS-20L
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
A study is being conducted to determine the state of recovery
of the entire West Falmouth area affected by the 1969 spill.
Results have indicated that the benthic fauna of the area have
substantially recovered, although the number of species in the
Wild Harbor Marsh is lower than at a control marsh. The offshore
area is closer to total recovery than either the marsh or boat
basin.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
R-296-75
ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY: INTERFACE CHEMISTRY IN THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON NAVAL OPERATIONS
Principal Investigators: Garrett, W. D., and W. R. Barger
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Research Laboratory,
Washington, D. C. 20390
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy, No. DNO-20190
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
Objectives include: to enhance naval operations by chemical
modification of the air-sea interface, to evaluate the role of
natural, artificial and pollutant surface films on air-sea
interactions, and to determine the influence of organic films
on atmospheric processes. Based on laboratory, test tank and
field experiments, surface active chemicals are used as sea
markers to control oil pollution at naval ship installations.
SSIE No.: ZQN-20190-1
232
-------
D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-297-75
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY OF THE MAFLA LEASE AREA
(MISSISSIPPI-ALABAMA-FLORIDA CONTINENTAL SHELVES)
Principal Investigators: Blake, J., P. Betzer, S. Betzer, H. Humm,
and E. Pyle
Performing Organization: University of South Florida, Graduate
School, St. Petersburg, Florida
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management, No. INT-08550-CT4-11
Period: 5/74 to 3/75 Funds: Unknown
The objectives of the project are to provide baseline information
on biological, chemical, physical and geological parameters of the
lease tracts on the MAFLA shelves before oil drilling and to
investigate key problems and areas so as to make recommendations
for protection of shelf habitats and resources.
SSIE No.: GUF-121
R-298-75
COOK INLET
Principal Investigator: Magoon, J. B.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd.,
Menlo Park, California 94025
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological
Survey, Geological Division, No. 9410-00132
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
A geologic framework of the lower Cook Inlet (Kalgin Island) will
be provided for the offshore sale scheduled in September, 1975.
Integrated studies will be conducted to obtain data which demon-
strate the petroleum potential and environmental hazards of the
area. Results will be included in the environmental impact state-
ment for the offshore sale.
SSIE No.: ZUA-1611-5
233
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
R-299-75
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION
OF PROTEIN
Principal Investigator: Chakrabarty, A. M.
Performing Organization: General Electric Company, 1 River Rd.,
Schenectady, New York 12305
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division
of Biological and Medical Sciences,
No. BMS75-10978
Period: 6/75 to 5/76 Funds: $30,000
A large number of aromatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
metabolizing pathways will be screened and analyzed genetically
in several Pseudomonas species to characterize the transmissible
plasmid nature of the genes specifying these pathways. Multi-
plasmid single strains will be constructed to be used for enhanced
production of protein from petroleum or for rapid cleanup of oil
spills on rivers and lakes.
Cleanup and recovery
SSIE No.: GSB-16385
R-300-75
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL IN SOIL
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Sun Ventures, Inc.
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. OS-21.3
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The object of the research is to develop methods to speed up the
biodegradation of crude oils and crankcase oils, and to determine
possible detrimental effects of oil disposal by the land spreading
process. Preparation of soil plots and application of oil
(100 bbls/acre) and fertilizers were completed in January, 1974,
and decomposition rates of various oils after an eight-month
period were determined.
Information Source: Environmental Research. Annual Report.
API Publication No. 4243. January, 1975.
234
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2. PHYSICAL CHANGES
R-301-75
SPREADING OF OIL SLICKS
Principal Investigators:
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency: U.S.
IN A WIND-WAVE CHANNEL
Lin, J. D.» and G. S. Campbell
University of Connecticut, School of
Engineering, Box U-37, Storrs,
Connecticut 06268
Department of the Interior, Office of
Water Research and Technology, No. A-059-CONN
Period: 1/75 to 6/76
Funds: Unknown
A laboratory wind-wave channel will be used in experiments to
determine the effect of wind-waves on the convection and dispersion
in various regimes of oil spreading. The objective of this research
is to improve the capability of predicting the size and movement
of oil slicks in a sea state and in rivers.
General fate of oil in the environment
SSIE No.: GUY-131
235
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3. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
R-302-75
ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELVES
Principal Investigator: Miller, R. E.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley
Dr., Herndon, Virginia 22092
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological
Survey, Geologic Division
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The principal objectives of this project are to determine quan-
titatively the low-level baseline substances in surface shelf and
slope sediments; to distinguish and classify in core sediments
those natural organic substances and organo-metallo complexes that
are related to specific geological and geochenrical processes;
and, utilizing baseline information, to develop statistical models
for predicting the fate and effects of synthetic chemical and
petroleum products on the quality of the marine environment.
General effects of oil pollution
SSIE No.: ZUA-3570
R-303-75
FATES AND EFFECTS OF OIL AND OIL COMPOUNDS ON MARINE COASTAL
ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigators: Templeton, W. L., C. I. Gibson, J. R.
Vanderhorst, and R. M. Bean
Specialty: Ecosystems
Performing Organization: Battelle Memorial Institute, P.O. Box
999, Richland, Washington 99352
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration, Biomedical and Environmental
Research Division, Contract AT(45-1)-1830
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Biological and chemical studies are being integrated into a
program to determine the fate of oil components in marine environ-
ments and examine the complex effects of those components on
community structure. A three-month chronic exposure of an
experimental intertidal community to oil is in progress.
General effects of oil pollution
SSIE No.: ZPE-11024
236
-------
R-304-75
INPUTS, FATES, AND EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
Principal Investigator: Vetter, R. C.
Performing Organization: National Academy of Sciences,
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington,
D. C. 20037
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, 802476, Contract
72P21484
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The objectives of the Workshop on Inputs, Fates, and Effects of
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, organized by the Ocean Affairs
Board of the National Academy of Sciences, include the following:
(1) quantify the inputs of petroleum in the marine environment;
(2) compare analytical techniques and establish reliability criteria
for these techniques; (3) investigate the fates of petroleum in the
ocean caused by weathering, dispersion, biodegradation and biological
uptake; (4) evaluate effects of petroleum spills on coastline and
biota, marine resources and human health.
SSIE No.: AO-21484
237
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SECTION IV. PATENTS
A. UNITED STATES PATENTS
P-304-75
APPARATUS FOR REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER
Anderson, H. T. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,865,711
A system for the de-emulsification of oil-water emulsions and clari-
fication of dissolved or suspended solids in waste water is described.
The system treats a three-dimensional anolyte stream resulting from
the careful placement of anodes and impressing direct current of
galvanic current through the water.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32717u. 1975.
3,865,711
APPARATUS FOR REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED OR
SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER
Harry T. Anderson, Clarendon Hills, III., assignor to Swift &
Company, Chicago, III.
Division of Ser. No. 191,008, Oct. 20, 1971, Pat. No.
3,816,274. This application Nov. 23, 1973, Ser. No. 418,429
int. Cl. B03c 5102: BOlk 3/00
U.S. Cl. 204-275 S Claims
238
-------
P-305-75
FLOATING ANTI-POLLUTION DEVICE
Ballu, L. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,852,964
The barrier consists of a skirt, ballast and floats. The barrier height
is adjusted using the ballast. Straps pass underneath the ballast and
raise or lower the ballast corresponding to a decrease or increase in
the height of the skirt.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(11):#W75-05825.
1975.
3,852.964
FLOATING ANTI-POLl.tTION DEVICE
Louis Ballu, Epernay, France, assignor lo Kleber-Colombes,
Paris, France
Filed July 14, 1972, Ser. No. 271,825
Claims priority, application France, July 15, 1971,
71.26043
Int. Cl. E02b 15104,3106
U.S. Cl. 61-1 F 18 Claims
239
-------
P-306-75
POLYURETHANE OIL BOOM
Benson, R. A. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,818,708
Foam filled tubing running along the full length of sheets of hard
polyurethane provides flotation. The sheets are stiffened with vertical
metal pins and are hinged together.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(1):#75/02/45. 1975.
3,818,708
FLOATING BARRIER
Robert A. Benson, Cohasset, Mass., assignor to Submarine En-
gineering Associates, Inc., Cohasset, Mass.
Filed Feb. 2,1972, Ser. No. 222,867
Int. CI.E02b/5/04
U.S. Cl. 61 -IK 12 Claims
240
-------
p_307-75
SUBMERSIBLE OIL BOOM
Benson, R. A. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,859,796
The barrier is composed of solid rubber-like material which is deformable,
The barrier can be floated or sunk as required by pumping either gas or
water under pressure into two flotation chambers, one at each end of
the barrier.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4) :#75/06/49. 1975.
3,859,796
SUBMKRSIBLF. OIL BOOM
Robert A. Benson, Cohassel, Mass., assignor to Submarine
Engineering Associates, Inc., Cohasset, Mass.
Continuation-in-parl of Ser. No. 222,867, Feb. 2, 1972, Pat.
No. 3,818,708. This application Mar. 27, 1974, Ser. No.
455,198
Int. Cl. E02b 15/04
U.S. Cl. 61-IF 16 Claims
241
-------
P-308-75
OIL DETECTOR
Brill, E. L. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,887,907
A hydrophobia collector takes
surface. The collection time
of a certain weight or volume if uncontaminated.
volume is reached before the collection time is
to indicate the presence of oil in the sample.
a continuous liquid sample from the water
is predetermined. The sample should be
If this weight or
over, a signal is given
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(35):#210,144. 1975.
3,887,907
OIL DETECTOR
Eugene L. Brill, 1803 W Royalton Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44147
Filed Nov. U, 1973, Ser. No. 414,996
Int. Cl. G08b^//00
U.S. Cl. 340—236 9 Claims
242
-------
P-309-75
SCOOP FOR COLLECTING A LAYER OF POLLUTING MATERIAL ON WATER SURFACES
Chastan-Bagnis, L. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,847,815.
A device which collects hydrocarbons, granular materials and various
polluting agents floating as a layer on a water surface is composed of
a scoop, having the shape of a circular sector, and a header with diffu-
sing tubes circulating water toward the rear of the scoop where it
then escapes through an opening. The thickened pollutant layer which
floats on top of water is removed through a separate duct.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(12):#W75-05903.
1975.
3,847,815
SCOOP FOR COLLECTING A LAYER OF POLLUTING
MATERIAL ON WATER SURFACES
Lucien Chastan-Bagnis, 21 Avenue isola Bella, 06400 Cannes,
France
Filed Jan. 31, 1973, Ser. No. 328,310
Claims priority, application France, Feb. 4, 1972,72.05078
Int. Cl. E02b 15104
U.S. Cl. 210-242 3 Claims
t
I *
243
-------
P-310-75
SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE
Cockrell, 0. W. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,830,297
This apparatus is used for underwater wells and includes a ball shutoff
mechanism operated by fluid pressure from above. A bypass sleeve
equalizes the pressure across it before the valve is opened to relieve
the seating pressure.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(2):#75/04/22. 1975.
3.830,297
SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVE WITH IMPROVED
BALANCING VALVE MEANS
Darryl W. Cockrell, Houston, Tex., assignor to Baker Oil Tool,
Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
Filed Jan. 8, !973,S*r. No. 322,075
Int. Cl. E21b43//2
U.S.CI. 166-224 S 20 Claims
244
-------
P-311-75
SYSTEM FOR SEPARATING HYDROCARBONS FROM WATER
Conley, J. D. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,878,094
This apparatus consists of a mechanical emulsion breaker for removing
emulsified hydrocarbon from the water stream, and upstream of the
emulsion breaker, a separator for removing free and entrained hydro-
carbon pollutants from the stream. The system can remove a wide
variety of hydrocarbon contaminants and continuously monitors the
effluent quality.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(31):#208,989. 1975.
3,878,094
SVSTK.M FOR SK.I'ARATIN<; HYDROCARBONS FROM
\VATKR
James I). Conlev. Tulsa, Okla.; Donald K. Bclden, Sand
Sprint's, Okla.. and Ralph I). Trrhiine. Tulsa, Okla., as-
signors In Kram Corporation. Kasl PrnvidcniT. R.I.
Hied Nov 27, 1972. Scr. No. 309,660
Int. Cl. BOId 21124
II.S. Cl. 210-96 1 Claim
245
-------
P-312-75
SKIMMING DEVICE
Falxa, H. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,876,540
A device to skim a body of still liquid, and separate the oil and water
phases is described.
Citation Source: Environmental Technology & Economics 16:6. 1975.
3,876,540
SKIMMING DEVICE
Henri Falxa, Lacq, France, assignor to Sotiete Anon) me dile:
Societe Natkmale des Petroles d AquiUine, Paris, France
Filed May 18, 1973, Set. No. 361,412
Claims priority, application France, May 19, 1972,
72.18171
Int. Cl. BO Id 35114
VS. C\. 210-97 4 Claims
246
-------
P-313-75
OIL AND WATER SEPARATION
Garcia, J. A. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,830,381
An oil-water mixture is separated by passing it through particulate
matter packed in a column. The particulate matter filters the mixture
and causes oil globules to coalesce. The globules are then separated
from the water by gravity.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(2):#75/04/20. 1975,
3,830,371
LIQUID-LIQUID SEPARATION
Ju»n A. Garcia, Klngsvllle. Tex., assignor to Eno Production
ReMirch Company, Houston, Tex.
Filed Dec, 27,1972, Ser. No. 319,105
InLCI. MIA 23110
VS. Cl. 210—265 1 Claim
247
-------
P-314-74
OIL SKIMMER
Glaeser, J. L. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,830,370
The oil skimming device is composed of a sump, a pump and a motor
located within a buoyancy unit. As the unit is towed through the
water, weirs around the sump allow oil to be skimmed off and oil
passing into the sump is pumped to the towing vessel.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(2):#75/04/21.
1975.
3,830,370
MOTION DECOUPLED SKIMMER FOR REMOVING OIL
FROM THE SURFACE OF CALM OR DISTURBED WATER
John L. GUner; Wilson G. Webcrt, Jr., and Gerald R. Cun-
ningham, ill of Santa Monka, Calif., assignors to Ess*
Production Research Company, Houston, TCI.
F»«d Sept. S, 1972, Ser. No. 286,526
IntCI.E02b/5/04
U.S. Cl. 210-242 4 Claims
POW£B 5IJOPLT
248
-------
P-315-75
REMOVING OIL FROM WASTE WATER WITH SULFUR
Jones, L. W. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,853,753
When water containing dispersed oil is forced to flow through a bed of
sulfur, the oil coalesces with the sulfur. A cyclone separator then
separates the oil-sulfur coagulate from the water.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(11):#75-05820.
1975.
3,853,753
REMOVING OIL FROM WASTE WATER WITH SULFUR
Loyd W. Jones, Tulsa, Okla., assignor to Amoco Production
Company, Tulsa, Okla.
Filed Oct. 13, 1970, S«r. No. 80,424
Ini. Cl. BOld 17/04: C02b 9/02
U.S. Cl. 210-23 13 Claims
249
-------
P-316-75
OIL-WATER SEPARATION
Keller, H. F., Jr. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,867,285
Ground up slag, shale or glass, sand or A1203 can be used as filter
media through which mixtures of oil, water and particulate matter are
passed and then separated into individual components. The particulates
along with some oil are retained on the filter while the effluent
separates into distinct oil and water layers.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32731u. 1975.
P-317-75
SEPARATOR FOR REMOVING A DISPERSED LIQUID PHASE FROM A CONTINUOUS
LIQUID PHASE
Krueger, D. L. 1974,
U.S. Patent 3,847,821
The concentration of dispersed crude oil in tap water was decreased
from 394 to <1.2 ppm by a stack of six webs of melt-blown polypropy-
lene microfibers and five webs of glass fibers at 9.5 gal Ions/minute-
ft*. Crude, fuel, motor, soybean oils, toluene and a mixture of bunker
C oil and No. 2 fuel oil dispersions were also removed by separating
elements with glass fiber and reticulate polyurethane foam coalescing
media and polypropylene and porous polystyrene fiber sorbing media.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(26):#173011a. 1975.
3,847,821
SEPARATOR FOR REMOVING A DISPERSED LIQUID
PHASE FROM A CONTINUOUS LIQUID PHASE
)cnnis L. Krueger, Hudson, Wis., assignor (o Minnesota Min-
ing i-rid Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn. .
Filed Oct. 19, 1973, Ser. No. 407,965
IM. Cl. BOId 25/16
U.S. Cl. 210-488 20 Claims
250
-------
P-318-75
OIL CONTAINMENT BOOM
Markel, A. L., and J. R. R. Harter. 1973,
U.S. Patent 3,731,491
A vertical corrugated metal barrier supported by plastic flotation means
comprises the oil containment boom.
Citation Source: Environmental Technology & Economics 10:8. 1975.
3,731,491
OIL CONTAINMENT BOOM
Arthur L. Market, and J. Robert R. Harter, both of Miami,
Ha., assignors to Reynolds Submarine Services Corporation,
Miami, Ha.
Filed Oct. 12, 1971, Ser. No. 188324
Int. CI.E02b 15/04
U.S.CI.61 —IF 1 Claim
251
-------
P-319-75
UNDERWATER DRILLING POLLUTION CONTROL CURTAIN
Mason, C. M. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,879,951
A system has been developed for containing underwater hydrocarbon
seepage and transporting it within a small floating collar to the
surface where it can be easily collected. Seeping fluid is commu-
nicated from the sea floor upward to the predefined surface area
through an enclosed curtain attached at its lower end to the ocean
floor and at its upper end to the truss below the surface. A
flexible barrier surrounds the truss and is attached to the collar
and top of the curtain.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(32):#209,278. 1975.
3,879,951
UNDERWATER DRILLING POLLUTION CONTROL
CURTAIN
Charley Mack Mason, Den«on, Trx., assignor to Sun Oil Com-
pany, Dallas, Tex.
Filtd June 25, 1973, Ser. No. 373,580
Int. Cl. E02b 17100, 15/04
U.S. Cl. 61-1 R 4 Claims
252
-------
P-320-75
PROCESS FOR CONTROLLING OIL SLICKS
Miranda, S. W. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,886,067
A process for controlling oil spills on water surfaces is described in
which oleophilic foam resin is applied to the spill to bind the oil.
The oil-impregnated foam is removed from the surface by skimming pumps
and the remaining sponge-like clods sink to the bottom or reach beaches
in an easily removable form.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(34):#209,785. 1975.
3,886,067
PROCE.SS FOR CONTROLLING OIL SLICKS
Salvalore W. Miranda, P. O. Box 5746, Carmel, Calif. 93921
Filed Feb. 3, 1970, Ser. No. 8,198
Int. CI. C02b 9/02; E02b 15/04
VS. CI. 210—40 is Claim*
253
-------
P-321-75
USE OF MICROORGANISMS TO DISPERSE AND DEGRADE OIL SPILLS
Mohan, R. R., G. H. Byrd, Jr., J. Nixon, and E. R. Bucker. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,871,957
A method of preparing and applying certain microorganisms for the
dispersal of marine oil spills is described. The spill area is treated
with a water slurry of a mixture of microorganisms selected from
Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, and Achromobacter.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,532, 1975,
P-322-75
METHOD OF REMOVING OIL FROM WATER
Otrhalek, J. V. 1973.
U.S. Patent 3,729,411
"Spreading of a silicone-treated expanded volcanic ash to absorb oil."
Citation Source: Environmental Technology & Economics 8:8. 1975.
P-323-75
DEVICE FOR CLEANING WATER POLLUTED BY OIL
Rafael, J. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,875,062
"A floating body with a collecting chamber for separation of oil and
water, with discharge means for the separated layers."
Citation Source: Environmental Technology & Economics 15:7. 1975.
3,875,062
DEVICE FOR CLEANING WATER POLLUTED BY OIL
Juhann Rafael, Maxstrasse 36, Salzburg, Austria
Filed Sept. 25, 1973, S«r. No. 400,633
Claims priority, application Germany, Sept. 25, 1972,
2246958
Int. Cl. E02b 15104
U.S. Cl. 210-242 6 Claims
254
-------
P-324-75
DENSE SOLVENT DEMULSIFICATION METHOD FOR BITUMINOUS PETROLEUM-WATER
EMULSIONS
Redford, D. A. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,878,090
A dense solvent (CS2 [75-15-0], CC14 [56-23-5], CHC13, CHoCU, and MeCCl3)
was added to bituminous petroleum-water emulsions to demuTsify the
emulsion.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#45665a. 1975.
P-325-75
APPARATUS FOR AVOIDING WATER POLLUTION AT AN OFFSHORE DRILLING SITE
Teague, L. P. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,860,019
This apparatus removes pollutants from well drilling cuttings after the
cuttings have been removed from a subterranean well. Intially the
majority of the mud is removed with the help of a detergent, then the
detergent is eliminated.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#75/06/41. 1975.
3,860,019
APPARATUS FOR AVOIDING WATER POLLUTION AT
AN OFFSHORE DRILLING SITE
Loj P. Teague, Morgan City, La., assignor to Texaco Inc., New
York, N.Y.
Filed July 27,1972, Ser. No. 27S,677The portion of the term
of this patent subsequent to Sept. 26, 1989, has been
, disclaimed.
Int. Cl. B08b 3110, 15/00
V.S. Cl. 134-109 8 Claims
255
-------
P-326-75
EMULSION BREAKER
Terhune, R. D., and J. C. Duke. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,865,732
The mechanical emulsion breaker is composed of two stages: one stage
comprises a resin impregnated fibrous medium including synthetic fibers
which traps particles 25yin diameter, but permits passage of particles
1 y in diameter; and a downstream stage which comprises a batt including
water-resistant synthetic fibers for removing water bubbles surrounding
hydrocarbon droplets passing out of the first stage.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32716t. 1975.
3,865.7.12
EMULSION BREAKER
Ralph D. Terhune, and James C. Duke, bo(h of Tulsa, Okla.,
assignors to Fram Corporation, East Providence, R.I.
Filed Nov. 27, 1972, Ser. No. 309,794
Int. Cl. BOld 2.5/06
U.S.CI. 210-315 1 Claim
256
-------
P-327-75
MODULAR OIL CONTAINMENT BOOM
Thurman, R. K. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,868,824
The floating oil containment apparatus is composed of a number of
modules which may easily be connected and disconnected while afloat.
The means by which adjacent barriers are fastened are described.
Citation Source:
Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(13):#W75-06687,
1975.
3,868,824
MODULAR OIL CONTAINMENT BOOM
Robert K. Thurman, Carmel, N.Y., assignor to Merrill Divi-
sion of Murphy Pacific Marine Salvage, New York, N.Y.
Continuallon-in-parl of Ser. No. 78,801, Oct. 7, 1970, Pat. No.
3,751,925. This application July 2, 1973, Ser. No. 375,767
Int. Cl. E02b li/0-4
U.S. Cl. 6I-1F 4 Claims
257
-------
P-328-75
MATERIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM
Townsley, P. M. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,883,397
Particles of nutrients, coated with a lipophilic, partially hydrophobic,
biodegradable material, are used to sustain microbial activity in
petroleum-containing waters. The size of the particles allows them to
remain at an oil water interface or be suspended in the oil.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(34):#209,784. 1975.
P-329-75
PROCESS FOR SEPARATING LOW API GRAVITY OIL FROM WATER
Traylor, V. L. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,884,803
A small amount of low density oil is added to water contaminated with
high-density crude oil. Fine bubbles help to float the oil and
particulate matter to the surface where they can be mechanically
separated. A low oil-content water remains which can be discharged.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(35):#210,152. 1975.
3,884,803
PROCESS FOR SEPARATING LOW API GRAVITY OIL
FROM WATER
Vcrlon L. Traylor, Casper, Wyo., assignor to Union Oil Com-
pany of California, Brea, Calif.
Filed June 23, 1972, Ser. No. 265,649
Int. Cl. BO Id 17/02
U.S.CI. 210-44 II Claims
258
-------
P-330-75
PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF PHENOL FROM WASTE WATERS IN THE FORM OF
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE-PHENOL CONDENSATES
Vargiu, S., S. S. Giovanni, G. Mazzoleni, and S. Pezzoli. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,869,387
The reactions and reaction products occurring in the extraction process
to remove phenol from waste waters in the form of urea-formaldehyde-
phenol condensates are described. These synthetic resin products can
be used as adhesives and binding agents.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(13):#W75-06682.
1975.
P-331-75
BOAT FOR COLLECTING OIL SLICKS AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS FROM THE SURFACE
OF WATER
Weatherford, D. J. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,862,904
This oil collection vessel is a self-propelled barge equipped with a
loop-type boom that draws the oil toward the skimmer aperture. A
wire basket collects rubbish which is then compressed into bales. The
oil is pumped into a floating storage bag.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(11):W75-05816.
1975.
3,862,904
BOAT FOR COU.ECTIM; OIL SLICKS AND OTHER
CONTAMINANTS KROM THE SURFACE OF WATER
Dinny J. Weatherford, 7250 North 41st. Ave., Phoenix, Aril
85021
Filed Jan. 21, 1974, Ser. No. 435,103
Int. Cl. E02b 15104
U.S.CI. 210-242 13 Claims
259
-------
P-332-75
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Wheeler, D. W. 1973.
U.S. Patent 3,725,264
A method is described for removing residual oil and dissolved sulfides
from oil production waste waters prior to disposal of the waste water
in the ocean. Controlled amounts of oxygen, air and a catalyst to
oxidize the sulfides to free sulfur in the waste water are injected.
Citation Source: Environmental Technology & Economics 1:8. 1975.
3,725,264
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Douglas W. Wheeler, Huntington Beacb, Calif., assignor
to Signal Oil and Gas Company
Filed Mar. 13, 1972, Ser. No. 234,276
Int. Cl. C02b If34
U.S. Cl. 210—44 10 Claims
260
-------
B. FOREIGN PATENTS
P-333-75
APPARATUS TO RECOVER MATTER OR MATERIAL FLOATING ON THE SURFACE OF WATER
Anon. 1974.
French Patent 2,229,260
The apparatus is composed of a flexible inclined apron installed as an
endless belt which goes over two end drums, a hopper over which the lower
surface of the belt moves and flexible drip flaps. Rigid projections
behind the drip flaps aid in the movement of the lower belt surface
from the bottom to the top.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25):#206,885. 1975.
P-334-75
APPARATUS FOR REMOVING MATERIAL FLOATING ON THE SURFACE OF WATER
Anon. 1974.
French Patent 2,217,483
An apparatus for removing floating material such as oil consists of a
principal floating section with at least one passage for the material
and a suction and discharge pump driven by an engine on the float.
Several other floats are attached around the principal body to insure
the stability of the apparatus. The suction height within the passage
is adjusted so that a maximum of foreign matter and a minimum of water
is aspired into a collecting chamber.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(26):#207,244. 1975.
P-335-75
FLOATING TANK, ESPECIALLY FOR THE RECOVERY OF PETROLEUM ESCAPING FROM
THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA
Anon. 1974.
French Patent 2,229,816
This floating tank consists of a vertical pipe open at its lower end and
equipped With means for permitting entry into it from a large area. The
column also has a large crpss section structure attached so that it can
move along the bottom.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(24):#206,441
261
-------
P-336-75
ABSORPTION OF VISCOUS MATERIALS
Bentfors, W., and H. H. Gustafson. 1974.
Netherlands Application 73 08,973
Oils and other viscous hydrophobic liquids can be absorbed by a fluffy
product made from finely chopped waste paper.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47980y. 1975.
P-337-75
EMULSIFYING COMPOSITION
Blanchard, P. M. 1975.
British Patent 1,379,222
Emulsifying agents are sprayed onto oil slicks on coastline waters so
as to enable an emulsion with water to be formed, resulting in the
breakup of the oil slick. The composition of the emulsifying agent
is given.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(26):#207,246. 1975.
P-338-75
DISPOSAL OF OIL WASTES
Boelsing, F. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application) 2,328,778
Oil-containing waste waters from refineries, garages and processing
plants are mixed with an alkaline earth metal oxide pretreated and made
hydrophobic with a suitable surfactant. The mixture is converted with
an amount of water and the resulting carbonized and carbonated
material is dumped for use as road-building material.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32711n. 1975.
P-339-75
PROCEDURE AND INSTALLATION TO CLOSE OFF LEAKING PIPELINES
BTR Industries Ltd. 1974.
Netherlands Application 7,407,037
A casting form is placed around the pipeline leak in order to form a
casting chamber. The chamber is made smaller, thereby putting the
closing material under presure and at a pressure higher than the work
pressure in the line.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(30):#208,631. 1975.
262
-------
P-340-75
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WATER SURFACES
Buettner, E., and H. Helfert. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application) 2,338,112
Sea sand impregnated with 1000 ppm heptadecenylimidazoline surfactant
in 0.5% ethanol adsorbed oil from water surfaces. The oil film quickly
sinks to the sediment using this treatment.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18}:#65295h. 1975.
P-341-75
WATER TREATING
Cole, E. L., and H. V. Hess. 1974.
Canadian Patent 955,182
A water/oil emulsion containing algae is heated to 600°F in a 1980 ml
autoclave for two hours. It is then cooled, the gases vented, and the
residues filtered. The residues are coke, oil and an aqueous solution
with a COD that can be reduced easily.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47948u. 1975.
P-342-75
COMPLEX FOR FIXING HYDROCARBONS AND OTHER ORGANIC PRODUCTS, CONTAINED
IN A LIQUID
Creusot-Loire. 1974.
Frenche Demande 2,223,063
Waste water is passed through a solid mixture containing ahalogenating
agent on a solid support material with an aliphatic, primary or protein
amine. Organic solvents are then used to remove the hydrocarbons from
the solid.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47927m. 1975.
P-343-75
REMOVAL OF HYDROCARBONS FROM WASTE WATER
Creusot-Lo\re. 1974.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application) 2,414,606
Removal of hydrocarbons from waste water is achieved by repeated passage
through absorption columns filled with granules containing n-tetra-
decylamine and crushed porcelain or bentonite. The process was demon-
strated to reduce the amount of hydrocarbons in waste water from 60-70 ppm
to 3.2-3.4 ppm hydrocarbons in the effluent.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(24):#160012b. 1975.
263
-------
P-344-75
PROTECTING BEACHES AND SHORES FROM CONTAMINATION BY OIL
Esso Research and Engineering Company. 1974.
Netherlands Application 74 06,257
EM-30 is a mixture of Arthrobacter nov. sp., Achromobacter nov. sp., and
Micrococcus denitrificans and has the ability to degrade oil. When EM-30
is mixed with a porous carrier such as diatomaceous earth, it can be
applied to surfaces of beaches, piers, etc. to break down the polluting
oil. The EM-30 suspension will break down 25 times its weight in oil.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47945r. 1975.
P-345-75
A FLOATING BOOM ASSEMBLY
Fish, J. A., and R. Wren. 1975.
British Patent 1,379,256
Floating boom elements which form a boom assembly to contain oil
floating on water consist of a tubular inflatable portion, a weighted
skirt, end portions with stiffening members and coupling means located
at end portions.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25}:#206,850. 1975.
P-346-75
REMOVAL OF EMULSIFIED OIL FROM WASTE WATER
Fujii, M. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 00,650
Floated oils and nonionic surfactants are removed from waste water by a
process in which an anionic or cationic surfactant is added to the
waste water, Na ferrocyanide, Co thiocyanate, Nfy phosphomolybdate,
and/or NH4 phosphotungstate is added, and the mixture is electrolyzed
with Al, Fe, In or their alloy anodes by applying an electrical current
2.5-25 mA/1000 mg oil content.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32726w. 1975.
P-347-75
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING A MIXTURE OF TWO IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS HAVING
DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
Gillard, P. R. 1975.
British Patent 1,385,323
264
-------
An apparatus consisting of a separating chamber with a device for
reducing turbulence and a feed means for delivering an oil -water
mixture at a superatmospheric pressure is used to separate such
mixtures on board a ship or tanker.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):fF5333y. 1975.
P-348-75
A BOOM SECTION AND A BOOM STRUCTURE
Gillard, P. R. 1975.
British Patent 1,383,309
A boom section consists of a float portion and a keel portion arranged
in a vertical position in water. The boom section is pivotally connected
to an adjacent boom section. Passage of liquid between the two components
is prevented by the use of flexible bellows to seal each section.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(26) :#207, 247. 1975.
P- 349-75
OIL SEPARATOR
Gollan, A., and D. H. Fruman. 1974.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application) 2,354,939
The separation chamber is filled with a porous oil-absorbing and
-coalescing material which has to be regenerated only infrequently.
The supply chamber feeds into the separation chamber and the flotation
chamber follows, with an upper outlet for the oil and a lower for the
water.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6): #4791 8j. 1975.
P- 350- 75
SEPARATION OF OIL FROM WATER USING AN OLEOPHILIC POROUS MATERIAL
, A., and D. H. Fruman. 1974.
French Demande 2,224,412
An apparatus for separating oil from water is composed of polyurethane
foam with 12-40 pores/cm and a gravity flotation chamber. The flow
rate is controlled and the degree of oil-water separation is measured
before leaving the flotation chambers and before the final exit from
the apparatus.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32738b. 1975.
265
-------
P-351-75
EXTRACTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FROM WASTE WATERS BY HYDROCARBONS
Goncharenko, G. K., V. Ya. Shuteev, Ya. V. Leonenok, A. Z. Zlomnov,
V. P. Mikhailichenko, and D. N. Gulyaev. 1974.
U.S.S.R. Patent 451,641
"Aliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g., gasoline from gas-condensate manufacturing,
are used as extractants."
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15316v. 1975.
P-352-75
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING OILS AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Goshi, A., Y. Natsume, and H. Tachikawa. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,119,449
Industrial waste water is purified of oils and H2S by coagulating the
oils. The oil-containing waste water is contacted with solid materials
having large surface areas, then the resulting coagulated oils are
separated by floating, and the waste water distilled to remove H2S.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15271b. 1975.
P-353-75
FLOATING, FLEXIBLE MARINE ANTIPOLLUTION BARRIER WITH ADJUSTABLE DRAFT
Grihangne, A. 1975.
French Patent 2,234,781
This floating barrier, used for controlling oil spills on surface waters,
is composed of a hose structure with flexible walls. Inflated with
compressed air through one end and with ballast elements at its bottom,
the hose forms a floating barrier with the inflated portion above water
and the skirt-shaped lower part serving as an effective barrier under
water.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(26):#207,245. 1975.
P-354-75
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER
Gubela, H. E., M. R. Blair, Jr., R. N. Boyes, M. I. Lebeaux, and
H. G. Vassallo. 1975. German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent
application) 2,341,415.
266
-------
The treatment for adsorbing oil, removing nitrate, controlling pH, and
improving flocculation in a variety of waste waters is described.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32742y. 1975.
P-355-75
POLYMER OIL ABSORBENT
Gulf Research and Development. 1974.
British Patent 1,368,669
Foam produced from ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymer is sprayed on an oil
slick, and then the sodden polymer is scooped from the sea surface. The
foam may be reused.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(2):#75/04/57. 1975.
P-356-75
REMOVAL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS FROM WASTE WATER BY COAGULATIVE FLOTATION
Hamada, K., and H. Uchiyama. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,135,269
Suspended solids in the waste water are coagulated by adding an organic
coagulant and inorganic fine hollow particles. After agitation for 10
seconds, floated floes are removed to obtain transparent water.
.Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47923g. 1975.
P-357-75
PURIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON-CONTAINING WASH WATER
Hartnack, W. R. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application) 2,349,231
A demulsifier mixture containing an Fe (III) salt and 50-70% starch
removes emulsified oil residues from oil containing industrial wash
waters. The oil is removed mechanically, leaving a clear water with
<10 mg/1; further treatment yielded 2.4 mg/1.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65202a. 1975.
P-358-75
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR BURNING COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS WITHIN A CONFINED
BURNING AREA
Heagler, R. B. 1975.
Canadian patent 969,085
267
-------
A furnace, fabricated to float partially submerged in water, is used to
confine and burn oil residues and emulsions floating on a body of water.
The furnace has combustion air inlet means adjacent to the upper surface
of the residue and a stack with inlets for a combustible gas.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(30):#208,687. 1975.
P-359-75
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING PHENOLS
Honda, K., Y. Aimi, T. Akatsu, and H. Sugitani. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 04,855
Waste water containing phenols is mixed with 72.0 moles of a basic
material per mole PhOH and its derivatives and distilled. The residue
is dewatered, dried and incinerated.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47932j. 1975.
P-360-75
COMBATTING THE CONTAMINATION OF WATER BY OIL FLOATING ON IT
International Goodrich-Europe B.V. 1975.
Netherlands Application 73 10,267
Oil spills are adsorbed on polyurethane foam particles or plates pre-
moistened with water which may contain ~1% surfactant. The surfactant
may also be applied directly to the foam.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32721r. 1975.
P-361-75
SEPARATION OF OIL AND WATER
Kawachi, K., Y. Negi, and S. Nosetani. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 14,576
"An oil emulsion is filtered through branched and rough-surfaced fibers
of a hydrocarbon polymer to adsorb oil, the oil is then removed."
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32759j. 1975.
P-362-75
OIL ADSORBENT
Kitagaki, T., K. Taguchi, and S. Nakamura. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,120,885
268
-------
Oils are removed from water and seawater by the use of poly (vinyl
acetal) resin sponge treated with silicone-system water repellants.
When immersed in water containing fuel oil A, the adsorbent was shown
to adsorb fuel oil A in an amount 10.4 times its weight.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(24):#160026j. 1975.
P-363-75
AGENT FOR TREATING OIL ON WATER SURFACE
Kondo, G., S. Honda, and Y. Murakami. 1974.
Japanese Patent 74 45,061
An agent comprising an ester-type nonionic surfactant and £l of methylene
chloride, dichloroethylene and dichloropropane has a low toxicity to
fish and shellfish and a high dispersability and emulsifying capacity
for treating oil spills on water.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32750z. 1975.
P-364-75
REMOVAL OF OILS FROM WASTE WATER
Konishi, M., and E. Chonan. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,111,874
An emulsion of waste water containing mineral oils is separated by the
addition of a neutral .inorganic salt (10 g/1) and agitation of the
mi xture.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(26):#174974d. 1975.
P-365-75
FIBROUS OIL COLLECTOR
Miyamoto, H., M. Inoue, K. Sugimura, and S. Goto. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 03,089
Fiber mixtures consisting of 50-90% polyolefin-system fibers and 10-50%
cellulose-system fibers and having circularity 5-30% are used to remove
oils from water.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15327z. 1975.
269
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P-366-75
BREAKING OF OIL-WATER EMULSIONS BY ELECTROLYSIS
Mizusaki, H. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 89,679
The invention treats oil-containing waste water electrolytically in a
cell which employs a scrap AI powder anode, enables rapid breaking of
an oil-water emulsion, and requires only electric power consumption.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15252w. 1975.
P-367-75
SILICA AS OIL ABSORBER
Nishimura, K., and S. Otsu. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 27,791
to
the
oil content to 3.6-10.8 ppm.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65215g. 1975.
P-368-75
HYDROPHOBIC AND OIL-ABSORBING SILICA GEL POWDER
Noguchi, Y., and H. Wakamatsu. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 08,785
An oil absorbing silica powder, prepared by adding MeSiCU to a large
amount of water, collecting the floating product and drying it, is
mixed with alcohol silica gel, formed and heated till dry.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(24):#158280u. 1975.
P-369-75
FILTER MEDIUM FOR REMOVAL OF OILS FROM WATER
Ohta, M. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,132,663
Cotton fiber yarns are degreased, bleached, mercerized with an NaOH
solution, washed with water, dried and woven into filter cloth
having an oil permeability of <100 ppm. A waste emulsion containing
4500 ppm oil was filtered and reduced to 12 ppm.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65194z. 1975.
270
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P-370-75
OIL MOP
Oil Mop International, Inc. 1974.
Canadian Patent 953,674
An oil mop consists of narrow strips of polypropylene and rods of
polystyrene buoyancy units threaded among strands of polypropylene
rope. Oil is picked up as the mop is dragged through the slick by
a barge and is squeezed out by wringer rolls on the barge.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(2):#75/04/71.
1975.
P-371-75
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING OIL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER
Oswald, E. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,350,544
Oil containing effluents are filtered to remove particulates, then
passed through ultrafiltration pipes. The concentrate is recycled
until a concentration of -50% is reached. This can then be used
for fuel or treated by conventional methods to remove oil.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):#47990b. 1975.
P-372-75
LIQUID SKIMMING DEVICE
Paterson, I. W. F. 1975.
British Patent 1,380,992
This device consists of a float-supported tube with an inlet for
skimming off a layer of liquid adjacent to the surface. The flow
of liquid in the tube is controlled by a means responsive to
variations in the dielectric constant of the skimmed liquid.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(27):#207,568. 1975.
271
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P-373-75
ABSORBING MATERIAL OF FOAM PLASTIC FOR REMOVING FROM WATER ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES SUCH AS OIL
Rinne, P. 1975.
Finnish Patent 49,287
"A crushed or finely powdered phenolic foam, which can be treated with
fire retardants, undergoes coking on combustion of absorbed oil and can
be reused as an absorbing material."
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32741x. 1975.
P-374-75
TREATING AGENT FOR OIL ON WATER
Samejima, T., and T. Imamura, 1974.
Japanese Patent 74 42,788
The oil dispersant is produced by mixing a nonionic C-ji-jg fatty ester
with a nonionic surfactant of the group poly(oxyethylene) alkyliphenyl
ether, poly (oxyethylene) alkyl ester, poly (oxyethylene) alkylamine, and
hydroxy alkyl amide, and mixing the product with a solvent.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15265c. 1975.
P-375-75
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING ORGANIC WATER-INSOLUBLE MATERIAL
IN EMULSION FORM
Schmitz, W., and H. Fratzscher. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application) 2,334,766
A treatment for waste water containing contaminants such as oils, fats
and water-insoluble solvents in the form of emulsion is described. The
various emulsion breaking agents which can be used in this treatment,
i.e., certain water-soluble salts, metal halides and sulfates, organic
flocculants, and two component systems are listed.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32751z. 1975.
P-376-75
OIL DISPERSING COMPOSITIONS
Shell International Research Mij. NV. 1975.
Australian Patent 462,487
272
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A composition used to disperse oil spilled on shores consists of an
ester which comprises a mono-ester produced by reacting an aliphatic
carboxylic acid with either a polyoxyalkylene glycol or an alkylene
oxide, and a liquid hydrocarbon containing less than 10% by weight
of aromatic compounds.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(32):#209,279. 1975.
P-377-75
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Shiga, K., H. Kamata, and H. Okajima. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 97,451
Waste water is purified by treating in a series of treating processes:
oil removal, oxidation, filtration, and adsorption by activated carbon.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(26):#174963z. 1975.
P-378-75
OIL ADSORBENT
Shimomai, A., I. Hamana, Y. Gomi, and K. Katayama. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 03,981
An oil adsorbent is obtained by twisting and molding polyolefin or
polyvinyl resin sheath-thermoplastic resin core fibers and heating at
a temperature higher than the softening point of the sheath component
resin but lower than the-melting point of the core component resin.
When the adsorbent was immersed in heavy oil-containing water for one
minute, it adsorbed 1700% heavy oil, based on its weight.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(4):#32723t. 1975.
P-379-75
TREATMENT OF WASTE OILS
Shimosaka, H. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 01,969
The treatment of waste oils consists of mixing the oil with water and
fossil shell powder, and then burning the oil mixture. The cohesion
and decomposition of the oil is accelerated by the alkali metals,
C compounds, P, and SiOa in the fossil shells.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65214f . 1975.
273
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P-380-75
OIL ADSORBENT
Simomal, A., I. Hamana, and Y. Gomi. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,103,894
Twisted sheath-core bicomponent fibers were wound on a porous
cylinder; water containing 1000 ppm oil was passed through the
cylinder to decrease the oil content to 12 ppm.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15301m. 1975.
P-381-75
FILTRATION APPARATUS AND REGENERATION OF FILTER ELEMENTS
Sumitomo Chemical Company. 1974.
Netherlands Application 74 00,310
A filter for the removal of oil from waste water consists of a
cylindrical filtering element in which polypropylene fibers are
wound on a perforated hollow shaft, protected by a perforated mantle
and placed in a closed housing. Filtered oil is centrifuged out into
the housing by rotating the shaft at 3000 rpm; the filter is then
ready for reuse.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#12814v. 1975.
P-382-75
TREATMENT OF OIL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER
Takeda, T., and S. Sasaki. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 00,649
Oil is removed from waste water by heating the water at >120° under
pressure after adjusting the pH to <4.0.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15284h. 1975.
P-383-75
REMOVAL OF OILS CONTAINING ANION1C SURFACTANTS FROM WASTE WATER
Tanaka, K., M. Tamayama, N. Gomyo, and Y. Takahata. 1974.
Japanese Kokai 74,124,858
Waste water containing oils and anionic surfactants is treated with
a multivalent metal salt and polyacrylic acid or its salt. After
agitating, the floes are removed by filtering; the oil content is
reduced to several ppm.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(8):#65191w. 1975.
274
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P-384-75
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING ONE LIQUID FROM ANOTHER LIQUID
Tatsuno, R. 1975.
British Patent 1,385,650
The apparatus consists of a vertical cylinder containing downwardly
spaced divergent porous cone-shaped elements which repel water and
adsorb oil. When an oil-water mixture is passed into the upper end
of the apparatus, water is discharged at the lower end, oil masses
form in the separation elements and are discharged through the tops
of the elements into a separation tank containing oil and water
outlets.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15324w. 1975.
C-385-75
NITROHUMIC ACID-SYSTEM ADSORBENT
Terashima, K., S. Tomita, Y. Matsuda, and K. Abe. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 98,788
The composition of an adsorbent having high adsorptive capacity
and useful for removal of oils and heavy metals from waste waters
is explained.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(2):#15269g. 1975.
C-386-75
VORTEX SEPARATOR
United Aircraft Corporation. 1974.
British Patent 1,364,943
The oil-water mixture is skimmed from the sea and introduced with
a swirling motion into a chamber. The oil stays in the center of
the vortex and the water migrates to the outside. A part of the
center is continually removed and the water returned to the sea.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(1):#75/02/04.
1975.
P-387-75
FLOATING MEANS TO CONTAIN POLLUTING LAYERS
Vidilles, J. 1974.
Netherlands Application 7,411,014
A barrier for containing pollutant layers such as crude oil consists
of a flexible suspended screen with an upper section having a number
275
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of floats and a lower section equipped with a ballast means. The
screen is bag shaped horizontally with each end connected to a towing
means.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15{29):#208,163. 1975.
P-388-75
APPARATUS FOR THE COLLECTION OF BUOYANT FOREIGN MATTER
Waren, F. A. 0. 1975.
British Patent 1,380,584
The apparatus consists of an open-bottomed tank supported so as to
float in water with its upper edge above water level. The side walls,
rear wall and front wall form a nonreturn valve in the form of a plate
extending between the side walls and pivotally mounted at its lower
end. The side walls extend forward of the valve and define an inlet
tract. An impeller in the inlet tract draws water and buoyant foreign
matter across the nonreturn valve and into the tank.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(25):#206,886. 1975.
P-389-75
SELF-PROPELLED INFLATABLE BOOM
Watson, A. D. 1974.
British Patent 1,365,870
The boom itself is made of several different fabric types and rigid
pipes. A pair of hoses inflates the boom.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(1):75/02/05. 1975.
P-390-75
TREATMENT OF WASTE OIL
Yamada, S., and K. Hayashi. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,103,905
"Waste oil is distilled in vacuum or atmosphere to separate light
components and the residual oil is oxidation-cracked at 250-500°
by blowing an oxygen-containing gas into the residual oil to obtain
cracked distillates and solid residue."
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 82(26):#174992h. 1975.
276
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P-391-75
REMOVAL OF OILS FROM WASTE WATER
Yoshida, K., K. Kikuchi, and T. Horiuchi. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,132,855
An inorganic salt is added to an oil in water emulsion at <30°, then
agitated, and settled at 30-80°. The floating oil layer is easily
removed. Waste water containing 8% oil can be treated to yield a
solution of <30 ppm oil.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(6):M7935u. 1975.
277
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SECTION V. CURRENT CONFERENCES
May 11-16 World Petroleum Congress, 9th, Tokyo, 1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
24. Environmental Protection in the Petroleum and Petro-
chemical Industry
Paper 1
ELEMENTS OF AN ADEQUATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
FOR THE PETROLEUM, PETROCHEMICAL, AND BULK ENERGY
INDUSTRIES
Jimeson, R. M.
An environmental statement is required by the National
Environmental Policy Act before any major Federal
action can be undertaken. The elements required and
the extent of technical analyses needed for adequate
treatment of environmental issues are presented as they
relate to the petroleum, petrochemical, and bulk energy
industries.
Paper 4
STATE AND DEVELOPMENT IN REFINERY EFFLUENT PURIFICATION
Huber, L.
The state of the art and the development of pollution
abatement in the petroleum industry are discussed in
comparison with the international situation. Information
was obtained from waste water treatment installations at
six new petroleum refineries in Western Germany.
Paper 5
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO POLLUTION-FREE PETROLEUM REFINERY
Yamaguchi, T.
Control techniques for air pollutants and water pollutants,
and procedures of refinery waste disposal must be devel-
oped with respect to design and operation of a big refinery
so that the emission of pollutants from the refinery will
be minimized.
25. Oil Spills on Land and Water
Paper 1
FATE AND EFFECTS OF OIL ON LAND AND IN FRESH WATERS
Hubbard, E. H.
Recent increases in the knowledge of the behavior of oil
spilled on soil or inland waters are described. The
278
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difference between the fates of oil on still and on
flowing surface waters is discussed. The gaps remaining
in our knowledge are emphasized.
Paper 2
CLEAN-UP OF INLAND OIL SPILLS
Agius, P. J., D. R. Fussell, H. Jagger, and G. L. Johnes
Experience has shown that cleanup of inland oil spills
is more effective if there is centralized coordination
of actions and communications during an oil spill
emergency. Examples of oil spill cleanup situations in
the United Kingdom illustrate an approach which integrates
selection of effective equipment with personnel training,
actions and communications.
Paper 3
RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF OIL
SPILLS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Mertens, E. W.
Results of a four-year API program on the fate and
biological effects of oil spilled in marine environments
are summarized. This program involved a wide variety of
marine species at all life stages and relied heavily on
chemical analyses of the water column, sediments and
organism tissues for petroleum fractions.
Paper 4
OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP AT SEA AND ON COASTS
Beynon, L. R.
Recent efforts and developments that have made possible
the task of containing, collecting and retrieving oil
spills under a wide variety of circumstances and condi-
tions are described.
Paper 5
CONTROLLING OIL SPILLS—THE BENEFITS OF COLLABORATION
BETWEEN INDUSTRY, SCIENTISTS AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Bauer, M.
The analyses of research results and the guidelines
established by the Federal Export Committee (a group
representing industry, science, and public authorities
in the Federal Republic of Germany) regarding the threat
of oil pollution to water conservation are described.
279
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May Expert Consultation on Pollution in the Mediterranean,
Rome, 1975.
FFI contact M. D. Charbonnier, Food and Agricultural
Organization, Department of Fisheries, Viale delle Terme
di Caracal la, 00100 Rome, Italy
June 10-13 Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM,
26th, Alberta, 1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT - AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE
ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT
Becker, H. W.
AN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR DRILLING IN
THE CANADIAN BEAUFORT SEA
Hnatiuk, J.
PLUME DISPERSION: ANOTHER PROBLEM IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE ATHABASCA OIL SANDS
Wallis, J., J. K. Donnelly, and K. Aziz
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
DRILLING IN THE SHALLOW BEAUFORT SEA
Heffler, H. R., and H. J. Swanston
DEVELOPMENT OF A PIPELINE LEAK DETECTOR
Flournoy, N. E., and W. W. Schroeder
FFI Contact J. G. Wynne (Chairman); Imperial Oil
Limited, Petroleum Society of CIM, Banf, Alberta,
Canada.
July 9-11 Conference on Energy Conservation and Pollution Control,
Kingston, Rhode Island, 1975. (no oil-related papers)
FFI contact D. Sussman, Bliss Hall, University of Rhode
Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Aug. 17-23 International Biodegradation Symposium, 3rd, University of
Rhode Island, 1975. Under the auspices of the Biodeterioration
Society.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
280
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Session I. Symposium. Metabolism of Hydrocarbons,
1-1
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM
Kallio, R. E.
The complexity and variability of crude oil makes
biodegradation studies difficult to standardize.
Degradation of crude oil in reservoirs and components
of petroleum resistant to microbial degradation are
two topics discussed.
1-3
THE MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF CYCLOHEXANE AND RELATED
COMPOUNDS
Booth, N. A., M. Griffin, D. B. Norris, and P. W.
Trudgill
Three genera of bacteria have been isolated which
are capable of growth with cyclohexanol and cyclo-
pentanol. The steps in the breakdown of these alicyclic
hydrocarbons are presented.
1-4
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Gibson, D. T.
Mammalian microsomes oxidize polycyclic aromatic hydro-
carbons to arene oxides, the suggested toxic or
carcinogenic agents. Results of bacterial degradation
studies indicate that bacteria oxidize polycyclic
hydrocarbons by a different mechanism.
Session XIII. Symposium. Biodegradation of Oil in Aquatic
Environments.
XIII-1
DEGRADATION OF OIL IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE
Ventullo, R. M., and P. H. Pritchard
Oil layers approximately 1-2 mm thick were placed on
samples of fresh water. Microbial growth appeared in
5-10 days; the oil layer was completely removed in
120 days. The degradation process was sensitive to
environmental variables.
281
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XIII-2
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM IN THE ARCTIC
Atlas, R. M., and M. Busdosh
The effects of nutrient concentration, temperature,
crude oil chemical composition and concentration of
oil-degrading microorganisms on the biodegradation of
oil in Alaskan coastal waters were investigated.
Addition of N and P or seeding with petroleum-degrading
bacteria increased the rate of degradation in some
situations.
XIII-3
OIL BIODEGRADATION IN THE OCEAN
Floodgate, G. D.
The nutrient requirements for biodegradation are
clarified. The range of microorganisms involved in
biodeterioration has been extended. However, many other
factors influencing the rate of biodegradation still
remain to be investigated.
XIII-4
MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN COASTAL SURFACE SLICKS
Crow, S. A., A. W. Bourquin, W. L. Cook, and D. G.
Ahearn
Bacteria concentrations on the surface were 10 to 100
times those 10 cm below. The surface film bacteria had
weak hydrocarbonoclastic and lipolytic activities. A
greater proportion of them are capable of growth on
freshwater media.
XIII-5
MODELLING OF HYDROCARBON BREAKDOWN IN UNSATURATED AND
SATURATED SOIL LAYERS
Verstraete, W., R. Vanloocke, and J. P. Voets
Three different zones occur in hydrocarbon polluted
soils. In each layer,monitoring of the biodegradation
process is by different techniques. In the layer on a
level with the aquifer, biodegradation is mainly anoxic.
Models of the various processes are discussed.
282
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XIII-6
SURFACE TENSION AND BIODEGRADATION IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
Gunkel, W.
Seasonal changes in the surface tension of marine waters
at a monitoring station near Helgoland in the North Sea
are reported. Surface tension measurements were also
made during degradation of aliphatic substances and
hydrocarbons and on the pore water of a heavily oiled
beach. The lowering of surface tension greatly affects
the uptake mechanisms of microorganisms and higher
organisms.
Session XVII. Symposium. Biodegradation of Fuels.
XVII-1
HYDROCARBON USING MICROORGANISMS IN FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEMS
Cooney, J. J., and R. J. Summers
Both bacteria, and yeast and fungi are important in
hydrocarbon polluted ecosystems. Only 0.1% of the total
population grew with hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source.
Representative colonies included 54% bacteria, 33% yeasts
and 13% filamentous fungi; approximately 30% of each
group was able to emulsify kerosene.
XVII-3
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF BUNKER 6C FUEL OIL
Liu, D., and P. T. S. Wong
A bacterium isolated from the soil of a local refinery
was able to degrade Bunker 6C fuel oil, with the
n-alkane fractions being the primary target for
degradation. The bacteria could oxidize the Bunker 6C
fuel oil over a wide range of oil concentrations.
XVII-5
BIODEGRADATION OF HIGH OCTANE GASOLINE
Jamison, V. W., R. L. Raymond, and J. 0. Hudson
Groundwater contaminated with gasoline was treated with
fertilizer to enhance biodegradation. Cultures
isolated from the groundwater were evaluated for their
ability to degrade gasoline. Several components did not
appear to be utilized for growth, which raises the
question of whether complete degradation of the gasoline
is possible.
283
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XVII-6
PETROLEUM: DEGRADATION BY ESTUARINE ORGANISMS
Walker, J. D.t and R. R. Colwell
This paper reports on the seasonal variation in the
numbers and activity of petroleum-degrading micro-
organisms from oil-contaminated and oil-free environments,
Information on the susceptibility of petroleum to
microbial degradation by indigenous microorganisms of
Chesapeake Bay is presented.
XVII-7
USE OF GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED MULTI-PLASMID MICROORGANISMS
FOR RAPID DEGRADATION OF FUEL HYDROCARBONS
Friello, D. A., J. R. Myerore, and A. M. Chakrabarty
Transmissible plasmids in different strains of Pseudomonas
putida carry the genes specifying enzymes involved in the
biodegradation of a number of hydrocarbons. Transfer of
these plasmids into one strain can create a multi-plasmid
strain capable of growing faster with crude oil than any
of the naturally-occurring mono-plasmid parents.
Session XXV. Contributed. Microbiology of Hydrocarbon
Degradation
XXV-1
DEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS BY BACTERIA
Poglazova, M. N., G. E. Fedoseeva, and M. N. Meissel
Sensitive spectral and luminescent methods have been
developed to measure biodegradation. Fluorescent-
cytochemical methods are used to measure the penetration
and localization of hydrocarbons in bacterial cells.
Experiments demonstrate a decrease in carcinogenic
activity with an increase in biodegradation.
XXV-3
BIODEGRADATION—MASS BALANCE RELATIONSHIPS OF AN OIL
RELEASE
Kolpack, R. L.» and N. B. Plutchak
The processes affecting the ultimate fate of oil in the
environment and the environmental conditions that
determine the effectiveness of these processes are
discussed.
284
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XXV-4
BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BY MARINE
MICROBES
Lee, R. F.
Radioactive hydrocarbons were added to water samples
from three areas. In the first 24 hours, between 1 and
5% of the hydrocarbon was degraded and released as 14c02-
The rates of degradation of alkalated aromatics, pure
aromatics and paraffinics differed. No evidence existed
for hydrocarbon degradation by isolated phytoplankton.
XXV-5
DISPOSAL OF WASTE OIL BY LAND SPREADING
Maunder, B. R., and J. S. Waid
A field trial in New Zealand was run to establish the
effect of tillage on microbial degradation of waste
lubricating oil applied to soil. Data on degradation
rates, cost analyses, and hydrocarbon losses due to
water runoff are presented. The state of the soil
after degradation and possible toxic effects of lead
residues are evaluated.
XXV-6
THE ROLE OF SOIL MICROFUNGI IN THE DECOMPOSITION OF
OIL PRODUCTS
Mekhtieva, N. A., and L. I. Kondinskaja
Soil fungi isolated from oil-bearing regions of the
USSR act selectively on different kinds of fuels, oils
and lubricants. The microfungi change the physical
and chemical content of oil products, i.e., the index
of refraction increases, the specific weight and
viscosity of fuel decrease.
XXV-7
METHODS AND INTERPRETATION IN MEASUREMENT OF OIL
BIODEGRADATION RATE
Gibbs, C. F.
Various methods of measuring the extent and rate of oil
biodegradation are discussed. Relationships between
oxidation rate and the supply of nutrient N were
obtained. Oxygen uptake implied a lesser amount of
destruction than did recovery of oil. Changes in the
physical properties of the oil are noted.
285
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Plenary Session-1
MARINE POLLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
Ketchum, B. K.
Toxic marine pollutants are of chief concern. Inter-
national conventions prevent pollution by oil and other
hazardous materials. Some oil fractions decompose
rapidly, others persist as tar balls.
FFI contact R. W. Traxler, Department of Plant Pathology-
Entomology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode
Island 02881
Aug. 18-22 Conference on Environmental Aspects of the Petrochemical and
Light Refinery Industry, Trondheim, Norway, 1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
WATER BORNE POLLUTION
Prengle (sic), H. W.
ASPECTS OF AIR AND WATER MONITORING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Norsk A/S Philips, Norway
DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN WATER
Audunson, T.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN WATER
Pregle, H. W.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF POLLUTANTS. NUISANCE AND
TOXIC EFFECTS
Pier, S. M.
LEGAL ASPECTS, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
Stairmand, C. J., R. Ferm and a representative of the
Ministry of Environment, Oslo, Norway
CONSEQUENCES FOR THE INDUSTRY DEMONSTRATED THROUGH
CASE STUDIES
Mencher, S.
IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT FROM THE ESSO SLAGEN REFINERY
Pedersen, T.
THE RAFINOR REFINERY AT MONGSTAD
Plahte, S.
286
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THE PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX AT RAFNES, NORWAY,
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS TO BE MET
Aas, P., and W. Bjerke
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Boler, J. B.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES INSIDE THE PLANT
Stinessen, K. 0., and T. Thorsen
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES OUTSIDE THE PLANT
Sivertsen, B., and a representative from Norwegian
Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
FFI contact SINTEF, 7034 Trondheim-NTH, Norway
Sept. 1 Scientific Workshop on Marine Pollution in East Asian
Waters, Penang, Malaysia, 1975.
FFI contact Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission,
Place de Fontenoy, 74700 Paris, France
Sept. 1-3 International Environmental Law Conference, 1975.
FFI contact British Institute of International and
Comparative Law, 32 Furnival St., London EC4A1JN
Sept. 7 Symposium on the Changes in the North Sea Fish Stocks and
Their Causes, Aarhus, Denmark, 1975.
FFI contact G. Hempel, Convenor, Institut fur Meeres-Kunde
der Universitat, 23 Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, GFR
Sept. 14-19 International Conference on Environmental Sensing and
Assessment, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1975. Also the Joint
Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants: A
Focus on Applications of Science and Technology to the
Effective Assessment of Pressing Environmental Problems,
Las Vegas, Nevada, originally scheduled for November 10-13,
1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session 17. The Evaluation and Assessment of Problems
Associated with Energy Extraction and Utilization Processes
17-5
AERIAL REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS IN SUPPORT OF OIL
SPILL CLEANUP, CONTROL AND PREVENTION
Jones, D., R. Landers, and A. Pressman
287
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Session 21. Marine Pollution - Measurement and Problem
Assessment
21-1
PROBLEMS IN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN OPEN-
OCEAN SAMPLES
Giam, C. S., H. S. Chan, and G. S. Neff
21-5
PETROLEUM IN THE SEA: RECOGNITION AND BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
Parker, P. L.
Session 30. Organics - 2
30-1
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN THE WATER ENVIRONMENT
Suffett, I. H. M.
30-2
FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS OF CARCINOGENIC AND POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN WATER
Schwarz, F. P., and S. P. Wasik
30-3
MONITORING FOR ORGANIC WATER POLLUTANTS IN GREAT BRITAIN
Verdin, A.
30-4
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLE AND BALANCE OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
Suess, M. J.
FFI on the International Conference, contact J. L. Moyers,
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona 85721
FFI on the Joint Conference, contact D. E. Barth, NERC/EPA,
P.O. Box 15027, Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
Sept. 15 Soviet-Swedish Symposium on Control of Baltic Sea Pollution,
3rd, Stockholm, 1975.
FFI contact S. Norstrom, Research Secretariat, Fack S-271 40,
Solna 1, Sweden
288
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Sept. 16-19 Offshore Europe 75 Conference, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1975.
FFI contact Conference Secretary, Offshore Europe, 2 Fife
Rd., Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey KT1 1TA, England
Sept. 22-25 Ocean 75 Conference and Exposition, San Diego, 1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session 1. Mineral Resources
IB
A BIOASSAY METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS OF MINERALS RECOVERY ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
Stone, R. L., and R. Palmer
Session 16. Ocean Surveillance and Enforcement
16A
A METHOD FOR REMOTE DETECTION OF OIL SPILLS USING
LASER-EXCITED RAMAN BACKSCATTERING AND BACKSCATTERED
FLUORESCENCE
Sato, T., and K. Kashiwagi
16B
THE USE OF ELECTRONIC IMAGERY (CCTV) TO VIEW WATER
SURFACE REFLECTION OF POLARIZED LIGHT TO LOCATE
SMALL OIL SPILLS
Burns, W. W.
16C
THE USE OF CITIZEN-VOLUNTEER GROUPS IN TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND
SURVEILLANCE
Herz, M. J.
FFI contact Ocean 75 Conference Program Chairman, Marine
Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
San Diego, Ca. 92132
Sept. 22-26 Energy Conservation and Pollution, Dallas, 1975.
FFI contact American Preparedness Association Headquarters,
Advisory Service, 819 Union Trust Building, 740 15th St.,
NW, Washington, D.C. 20051
289
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Sept. 28 - SPE-AIME Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Oct. 1 Dallas, 1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Offshore Operations - The Environment
SPE 5613
AN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR DRILLING IN
THE CANADIAN BEAUFORT SEA
Hnatiuk, J.
A comprehensive $5.3 million environmental study of the
southern Beaufort Sea is reviewed. Some 29 wildlife,
biological, oceanographic, meteorological, sea ice and
oil cleanup studies were made.
SPE 5615
A NEW TECHNOLOGY IN POTABLE WATER DISINFECTION FOR
OFFSHORE RIGS
Nathan, P. R., and J. R. Brejcha
A method of treating potable water is presented that
relies on the use of a bromine-resin disposable cartridge
to disinfect potable water.
FFI contact R. C. Vilnen, Society of Petroleum Engineers of
AIME, 6200 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, Texas 75206
Oct. 1-3 Seminar on Marine Instrumentation and Applications in the
Coastal Zone, National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center
of NOAA and Charles County Community College, La Plata,
Maryland, 1975.
FFI contact Thomas Poe, Charles County Community College,
La Plata, Maryland
Oct. 5-10 Water Pollution Control Federation Meeting, Miami, Florida,
1975.
FFI contact R. A. Canham, Water Pollution Control Federation,
3900 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016
Oct. 6-9 International Biennial Meeting, Estuarine Research Foundation,
3rd, Galveston, Texas, 1975.
FFI contact J. Williams, Environmental Science Department,
U.S. Naval Academy, Stop 8C, Annapolis, Maryland 21402
For oil pollution-related papers, see p. 292.
290
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Oct. 6-10 International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment,
10th, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1975.
FFI contact J. Cook, Environmental Institute of Michigan,
University of Michigan, Box 618, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107
Nov. 8-10 International Congress of Scientists on the Human Environment,
Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, 1975.
FFI contact A. I. Johnson, 4289 N. 38th St., Arlington,
Va. 22207
Nov. 9-14 The Role of Microorganisms in the Recovery of Oil, Easton,
Maryland, 1975. Engineering Foundation Conference.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
MICROS IAL METABOLISM OF ALKANES
Finnerty, W. R.
MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF CYCLICS AND POLYCYCLICS
Perry, J.
MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF AROMATICS
Gibson, D.
MICROBIAL COORDINATION OF HYDROCARBONS
Raymond, R.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS FOR MICROBIAL
ACTION
Kallio, R. E.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL CONSTRAINTS OF MICROBIAL
HYDROCARBON UTILIZATION IN SOIL
Huddleston, R. L.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL CONSTRAINTS OF MICROBIAL
HYDROCARBON UTILIZATION IN WATER
Bartha, R.
STATUS OF MICROBIAL OIL RECOVERY
Coty, V. F.
FFI contact Engineering Foundation Conferences, 345 East
47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017
291
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Nov. 10-12 The Effects of Energy-Related Activities on the Atlantic
Continental Shelf, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
N.Y., 1975.
FFI contact J. R. Schubel, Director, Marine Sciences Research
Center, South Campus, J Bldg., SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony
Brook, N.Y. 11794
Nov. 30 - Energy/Environment Conference and Exhibits, Dallas, 1975.
Dec. 5
FFI contact Energy/Environmental Conference, American
Defense Preparedness Association, 819 Union Trust Building,
740 15th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.
Oct. 6-9 Oil Pollution-related Papers (continued from p. 290)
Session D-2
EFFECTS OF HEAT AND OIL ON BEHAVIOR OF MARINE INVERTE-
BRATES, THE LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS. AND THE MUD
SNAIL, NASSARIUS OBSOLETUS
Atema, J.
Session E-3
MICROBIOLOGICAL CYCLING OF OIL IN ESTUARINE MARSHLANDS
Ahearn, D. G., S. A. Crow, N. H. Berner, and S. P.
Meyers
The indigenous microflora of Louisiana Spartina marsh
sediments,accidentally or experimentally inundated with
crude oil, were found to contain an increased proportion
of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. Highest concentrations
of these bacteria were obtained from sites chronically
polluted with oil. Results of experiments measuring
temperature effects on oil degradation and effects of
seeding of oiled marshlands are described.
292
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SUBJECT CROSS REFERENCE
Reporting
C-1377-75, C-1402-75, C-1462-75, C-1503-75, C-1504-75, C-1505-75,
C-1807-75
Monitoring
C-1339-75, C-1407-75, C-1422-75, C-1427-75, C-1433-75, C-1492-75,
C-1520-75, C-1547-75, C-1589-75, C-1645-75, C-1702-75, C-1778-75,
R-294-75, P-309-75
Remote Sensing
C-1356-75, C-1760-75
Sampling
C-1342-75, C-1344-75, C-1381-75, C-1387-75, C-1405-75, C-1481-75
Analysis
C-1344-75, C-1350-75, C-1352-75, C-1375-75, C-1430-75, C-1431-75,
C-1432-75, C-1434-75, C-1436-75, C-1439-75, C-1440-75, C-1441-75,
C-1488-75, C-1534-75, C-1553-75, C-1584-75, C-1585-75, C-1592-75,
C-1595-75, C-1638-75, C-1750-75, C-1751-75, R-290-75
Source Identification
C-1329-75, C-1335-75, C-1346-75, C-1350-75, C-1358-75, C-1387-75,
C-1390-75, C-1405-75, C-1410-75, C-1639-75
Containment
C-1463-75, P-305-75, P-306-75, P-307-75, P-308-75, P-319-75,
P-328-75, P-346-75, P-349-75, P-354-75, P-387-75, P-389-75
Cleanup and Recovery
C-1338-75, C-1445-75, C-1447-75, C-1564-75, C-1567-75, C-1677-75,
C-1696-75, C-1753-75, C-1762-75, C-1778-75, C-1807-75, C-1809-75,
R-299-75, P-310-75, P-313-75, P-315-75, P-316-75, P-318-75,
P-320-75, P-321-75, P-322-75, P-323-75, P-324-75, P-329-75,
P-330-75, P-332-75, P-334-75, P-335-75, P-336-75, P-337-75,
P-338-75, P-341-75, P-350-75, P-356-75, P-359-75, P-361-75,
P-363-75, P-364-75, P-365-75, P-370-75, P-372-75, P-374-75,
P-376-75, P-386-75, P-388-75
Restoration
C-1572-75, C-1605-75, R-285-75, R-286-75, P-345-75
Oil Transfer and Transport
C-1511-75, C-1514-75, C-1567-75, C-1670-75, C-1692-75, C-1696-75,
C-1706-75, C-1774-75, P-340-75
Design and Engineering
C-1345-75, C-1346-75, C-1353-75, C-1354-75, C-1363-75, C-1372-75,
C-1374-75, C-1442-75, C-1453-75, C-1454-75, C-1456-75, C-1458-75,
293
-------
Design and Engineering, cont.
C-1459-75, C-1460-75, C-1461-75,
C-1470-75,
C-1494-75,
C-1469-75,
C-1487-75,
C-1467-75, C-1468-75,
C-1478-75, C-1479-75,
C-1462-75,
C-1474-75, C-1477-75,
C-1495-75, C-1498-75, C-1499-75, C-1506-75,
C-1507-75, C-1517-75, C-1528-75, C-1529-75, C-1531-75, C-1562-75,
C-1773-75, R-270-75, R-277-75, R-278-75, P-305-75, P-308-75,
P-311-75, P-326-75, P-359-75
Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment
C-1382-75, C-1651-75, C-1810-75, P-304-75, P-312-75, P-314-75,
P-317-75, P-325-75, P-327-75, P-331-75, P-333-75, P-339-75, P-342-75,
P-343-75, P-344-75, P-347-75, P-348-75, P-350-75, P-351-75, P-352-75,
P-353-75, P-355-75, P-357-75, P-358-75, P-360-75, P-362-75, P-366-75,
P-367-75, P-368-75, P-369-75, P-371-75, P-373-75, P-375-75, P-377-75,
P-378-75, P-379-75, P-380-75, P-381-75, P-382-75, P-383-75, P-384-75,
P-385-75, P-390-75, P-391-75
Personnel Training and Education
C-1349-75, C-1481-75
Contingency Planning
C-1566-75, C-1775-75
Biological Effects of Oil Pollution
C-1327-75, C-1338-75, C-1340-75, C-1344-75, C-1377-75, C-1401-75,
C-1415-75, C-1500-75, C-1632-75, C-1642-75, C-1661-75, C-1702-75,
C01725-75, C-1731-75, C-1740-75, C-1758-75, C-1804-75, R-295-75
Physical Effects of Oil Pollution
C-1642-75
Chemical Effects of Oil Pollution
C-1642-75, C-1647-75
Social Effects of Oil Pollution
C-1622-75
Economic Effects of Oil Pollution
R-294-75
General Effects of Oil Pollution
C-1338-75, C-1340-75, C-1350-75, C-1379-75, C-1584-75, C-1700-75,
R-302-75, R-303-75
Biological Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
C-1700-75, C-1705-75
Physical Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
C-1660-75
Chemical Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
C-1438-75
294
-------
Social Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
C-1633-75
Economic Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
C-1657-75, C-1672-75, C-1706-75
General Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
C-1478-75, C-1501-75, C-1640-75, C-1662-75, C-1794-75, C-1801-75,
C-1802-75, C-1810-75
Biological Degradation
C-1516-75, C-1576-75, C-1590-75, C-1803-75, P-322-75, P-329-75
Chemical Changes of Oil in the Environment
C-14-6-75, C-1759-75, C-1765-75
Physical Changes of Oil in the Environment
C-1413-75, C-1448-75, C-1472-75, C-1509-75, C-1575-75, C-1757-75,
C-1762-75, C-1763-75, C-1765-75
General Fate of Oil in the Environment
C-1396-75, C-1639-75, C-1643-75, C-1648-75, C-1700-75, C-1744-75,
C-l748-75, R-288-75, R-301-75
State Legislation
C-1808-75
U.S. Legislation
C-1551-75, C-1634-75, C-1692-75, C-1796-75, C-1797-75, C-1808-75
International Legislation
C-1355-75, C-1457-75, C-1779-75, C-1791-75
Foreign Legislation
C-1330-75, C-1373-75, C-1525-75, C-1676-75
Industry Standards and Guidelines
C-1492-75, C-l772-75
Bibliographies
C-1337-75, C-1386-75, C-1400-75, C-1409-75, C-1421-75, C-1430-75,
C-1718-75
295
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APPENDIX
Journals Scanned
Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants
Ambio
American Fisheries Society Newsletter
American Fisheries Society Transactions
American Naturalist
Applied Microbiology
Applied Science & Technology Index
Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts
Atlantic Naturalist
Audubon
Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Australian Science Index
Biological Abstracts
Bioscience
Bird Study
British Birds
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Bulletin of Marine Science
California Fish and Game
California Water Pollution Control Association Bulletin
Chemical Abstracts
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Progress
Chemical Week
Chemistry in Canada
Critical Reviews in Environmental Control
Crustaceana
Current Contents: Life Sciences
Current Contents: Physical and Chemical Sciences
Deep-Sea Research
Ecolibrium
Ecological Abstracts
Ecological Monographs
Ecological Society of America Bulletin
Ecology Law Quarterly
Environment
Environment Abstracts
Environmental Action
Environmental Health and Pollution Control
Environmental Letters
Environmental Periodicals Bibliography
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Science & Technology
Environmental Technology and Economics
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science
Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles
296
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Geotimes
Government Reports Announcements
Hydrobiologia
India Journal of Environmental Health
International Aerospace Abstracts
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
Journal of Chromatography
Journal of Ecology
Journal of Environmental Sciences
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Journal of Fish Biology
Journal of Natural History
Journal of Petroleum Technology
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Limnology and Oceanography
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Journal
Marine Biology
Marine Chemistry
Marine Fisheries Review
Marine Geology
Marine Newsletter
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Science Contents Tables
Marine Technology Society, Journal
Maritime Research Information Service Abstracts
National Fisherman
National Petroleum News
National Research Council, News Report
National Wildlife
Natural History
Nature
Nautilus
Nippon Suisan Gakkai Shi. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Industry
Ocean Management
Ocean Oil Weekly Report
Oceanic Abstracts
Oceanology
Oceans
Oceanus
Offshore
Oil and Gas Journal
Our Sun
Outdoor California
Pacific Oil World
Petroleum Abstracts
Petroleum Today
Pollution Abstracts
Proceedings in Print
297
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Remote Sensing of the Environment
Resources
Royal Society of London, Proceedings, Series B, Biological Sciences
Science
Science News
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
Sea Frontiers
Sea Secrets
Sea Technology
Selected References on Environmental Quality
Selected Water Resources Abstracts
Sierra Club, San Francisco, Bulletin
The Ecologist
The Engineering Index
Underwater Information Bulletin
Underwater Naturalist
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Control
Control Federation, Journal
Water
Water
Water
Water
Pollution
Pollution
Research
Resources
Research: A Journal of the Sciences of Water
Western Fisheries
298
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-113
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
August 1975 - October 1975
July 1976 (Issuing Date)
>. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CObE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Penelope Melvin and Robin M. Ross
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. "
1BB041; ROAP 21BEA; TASK 008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803063
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Quarterly, Aug. - Oct. 1975
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
See also EPA-670/2-75-003, PB-240 719; EPA-670/2-75-044, PB-242 542; EPA-670/2-75-059,
PB-243 724; EPA-600/2-76-129; EPA-600/2-76-185; and EPA-600/2-76-215
16. ABSTRACT
The August 1975 - October 1975 Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports is the fifth
quarterly compilation of oil spill events and oil pollution report summaries.
Presented in the report are: (a) summaries of oil spill events; (b) summaries
and bibliographic literature citations; (c) summaries of current research proj-
ects; and (d) patent summaries. This report is submitted in partial fulfillment
of EPA Grant No. R-803063 by the Marine Science Institute, University of California,
Santa Barbara, under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Bibliographies
*Summaries
*Patents
*Documents
*Research
Oil pollution
Oil spill events
Oil spill research
Oil pollution control
Oil pollution patents
13B
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
311
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
6PA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
299
«U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976-657-695/5472
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