EPA-600/2-76-185
July 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
OIL SPILL AND
OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
November 1975 • January 1976
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-76-185
July 1976
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
November 1975 - January 1976
by
Penelope Melvin and Robin M. Ross
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
Grant No. R803992
Project Officer
J. S. Dorrler
Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08817
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed
and used, changes are produced in the existing environment that
in many instances are undesirable. These undesirable changes result-
ing from botn substances and effects comprise what we define as
pollution. Pollution of air, land and water may adversely affect
our aesthetic and physical well being. Protection of our environment
requires that we recognize and understand the complex interaction
between our industrial society and our environment.
The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
(IERL-CI) assists in developing and demonstrating new and improved
methodologies aimed at minimizing, abating and preventing pollution
from industrial and energy-related activities.
This report cites current events, literature, research, patents,
and other material relevant to the oil pollution abatement program
and is published in an abstract format on a quarterly basis. As
such, it serves as a basic reference document for all those interested
in oil spill and oil pollution control. This project is part of the
continuing program of the Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch,
IERL-CI to assess and mitigate the environmental impact of oil
pollution.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
in
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ABSTRACT
The November 1975 - January 1976 Oil Spill and Oil Pollution
Reportsis the sixth quarterly compilation of oil pollution
report summaries.
The following topics are included in the report:
a) Bibliographic literature citations, article
summaries, and tabulated information on polluting
incidents in and around U.S. waters;
b) Current status of some of the research projects
listed in previous reports;
c) Summaries of additional current research projects;
d) Patent summaries;
and,
e) Current oil-related conferences.
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of EPA Grant
No. R803992-01 by the Marine Science Institute, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California, under the sponsorship
of the Environmental Protection Agency.
iv
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract iv
Acknowledgments . ix
Introduction x
Sections
I Publications and Reports
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Reporting 1
2. Monitoring 14
3. Remote Sensing 35
4. Sampling , 41
5. Analysis 44
6. Source Identification . »_ 60
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Containment 67
2. Cleanup and Recovery 71
3. Restoration 91
4. Oil Transfer and Transport 92
5. Design and Engineering 98
6. Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment 99
7. Contingency Planning 130
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C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 133
2. Physical Effects 151
3. Chemical Effects 152
4. Economic Effects 153
5. General Effects 155
D. Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
1. Biological Effects 163
2. Social Effects 167
3. Economic Effects 168
4. General Effects 170
E. Fate of Oil in the Environment
1. Biological Degradation 189
2. Physical Changes 200
3. Chemical Changes 203
4. General Fate of Oil 205
F. Oil Pollution Regulations
1. State Legislation 209
2. U.S. Legislation 210
3. International Legislation 215
4. Foreign Legislation 223
5. Industry Standards and Guidelines 226
G. Bibliographies 227
II Current Status of Some of the Research Projects Listed in
Previous Reports
VI
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Page
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Monitoring 231
2, Remote Sensing 232
3. Analysis 233
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Cleanup and Recovery 237
2. Restoration 240
3. Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment 241
4. Personnel Training and Education 243
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects . 244
2. Physical Effects 248
3. General Effects 249
D. Fate of Oil in the Marine Environment
1. Biological Degradation 251
2. General Fate of Oil • • • • 252
III Current Research Projects
A, Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Reporting 258
2. Monitoring 259
3. Remote Sensing . 261
4. Source Identification 263
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Containment 264
2. Cleanup and Recovery 266
vii
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Page
3. Waste Water Treatment 271
4. Personnel Training and Education 272
5. Contingency Planning 273
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 274
2. General Effects 280
D. Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
1. General Effects 282
E. Fate of Oil in the Environment
1. Biological Degradation 284
2. Physical Changes 286
3. General Fate of Oil 287
IV Patents
A. United States Patents 289
B. Foreign Patents 304
V Current Conferences 325
Subject Cross Reference 345
Appendix
viii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Ms. Yvonne Pommerville for
typing the camera-ready copy of Oil Spill and Oil Pollution
Reports. Her untiring efforts have been greatly appreciated.
We also wish to thank the personnel of the Science-Engineering
and Government Publications Departments of the UCSB Library for
their professional assistance during the research stages of the
project.
ix
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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the "Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports" series is to
present a concise, comprehensive information source which provides a
broad field of coverage of oil pollution events, current research, and
oil pollution related publications. Included are bibliographic citations
and summaries of articles from the scientific and technical literature
(Section I), the status and results of current research project entries
listed in previous reports (Section II), additional current research
projects (Section III), oil pollution related patents (Section IV), and
current oil-related conferences (Section V).
The sources of the bibliographic citations and summaries of articles
presented in Section I are scientific, technical and abstract journals.
All articles entered deal with subjects relating to aquatic or terrestrial
oil pollution. A list of the periodicals reviewed is provided in the
appendix. The summarized entries are grouped according to subject and
then arranged alphabetically by senior author within each subject division.
Included under the subject heading, REPORTING, is a special subsection
containing tabulated information concerning discharges of oil reported
to or discovered by Coast Guard personnel during the calendar year 1974.
This information was obtained from the Pollution Incident Reporting System
(PIRS), a part of the Marine Environmental Protection Program, U.S. Coast
Guard.
Section II lists current research project entries appearing in previous
reports and includes descriptive status information provided upon request
by the principal investigators and/or performing organization. All reports
and publications are entered in summary form. Most of the given status
information refers to projects listed in Oil Spill and Oil Pollution
Reports, August-October 1975. At the end of each entry, the name and
address of the project information source are given.
Current research project summaries (Section III) are grouped according
to subject and then arranged by serial number (R-l-76 to R-35-76) within
each subject division. Some of the current research projects listed in
previous Oil Pollution Reports have been recently renewed, These projects
have been relisted and headed by the same serial number as originally
reported, followed by the word (RENEWAL). Renewal entries will be listed
at the beginning of each subject category. Research project information
was obtained from the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE),
API Environmental Research, Annual Report for 1975, Maritime Information
Research Service, and several granting agencies and individual researchers.
x
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Patent summaries are divided into United States and foreign subsections
and arranged alphabetically by inventor in each section. Each entry is
also listed in the subject cross reference index. All patent information
is obtained from abstract journals and illustrations of United States
patented devices are obtained from the U.S. Patent Office Official Gazette.
The section, Current Oil-related Conferences, contains descriptive
information on recent and future conferences relating to environmental
oil pollution. Conference dates are listed; and, when information is
available, titles, authors and abstracts of conference papers are
included. All information for this section was obtained from the
periodicals reviewed (Appendix A) and from responses to personal
inquiries concerning the symposia.
All report entries are serialized. Each section has its own number
series. The letters preceding the serial numbers designate the
following sections: C, citations from the literature; R, research
projects; P, patents. Many of the entries can be included under more
than one subject heading. Following each summary are listed any other
topics under which the entry can be categorized. The subject cross
reference index is provided at the end of the report.
The following tables contain statistics from the USC6 report "Pollution
Incidents in and Around U.S. Waters." They provide an overview of the
pollution situation. Specific data on sources and causes are on pages
7-13.
POLLUTION INCIDENTS BY AREA
% of total number % of total volume
Atlantic Coast 25.6 20.0
Gulf Coast 32.6 21.7
Pacific Coast 21.7 8.3
Great Lakes 3.5 3.4
Inland U.S. 16.6 46.6
POLLUTION INCIDENTS BY LOCATION
% of total number % of total volume
Rivers, Channels 24.1 33.6
Ports and Harbors 38.2 24.5
Beaches, g 5 „ g
Non-navigable Waters . 3>0 Jl3'y
Open Coastal Waters 12.3 5.0
Open Internal Waters 15.9 3.0
xi
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TYPE OF MATERIAL DISCHARGE
Number of
incidents
Crude oil
Gasoline
Other distillate
fuel oil
Solvent
Diesel oil
Asphalt or residual
fuel oil
Animal or vegetable oil
Waste oil
Other oil
Liquid chemical
Other pollutant
(sewage, dredge, spoil,
chemical wastes, etc,)
Natural substance
Other material
Unknown material
TOTAL
3,639
545
322
44
1,833
1,127
57
1,094
2,774
222
162
105
199
1,843
13,966
% of
total
26.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
13.0
8.0
0.0
8.0
21.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
13.0
100.0
Volume in
gallons
9,028,262
1,045,603
1,824,130
13,114
1,120,862
1,908,752
27,316
111,900
728,497
913,027
31 ,792
1,528
104,709
56,816
16,916,308
% of
total
53.0
6.0
11.0
0.0
7.0
11.0
0.0
1.0
4.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
100.0
xii
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SECTION I. PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. REPORTING
C-2-76
FLA. OFFICIALS SEEK CAUSES OF OIL SPILLS
Anon. 1975.
National Fisherman 56(6):25A.
Three oil spills, one of which stretched 100 miles and was about
60,000 gallons, occurred in July offshore Florida. Investigators
believe the source of all three was tankers illegally cleaning
their tanks or oily bilges offshore. Florida state law prescribes
a maximum $50,000 per day for such polluters; and the "oil-
fingerprint" method will help trap the culprit.
Source identification
State legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l-76
CLOSER GOVERNMENT LIAISON COULD INCREASE SPILL REPORTS
Anon. 1975.
Canadian Petroleum 20(8):28-32.
Oil spill reporting is on the increase in Canada, from 113 events
in 1972 to 662 in 1974. These figures may still represent only
10% of the total oil spillage accidents. Of the total number of
gallons of oil spilled, about 18% comes from marine activities,
60% from pipelines and the remaining 22% from other sources.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(45):#212,832. 1975.
C-3-76
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.
USER'S MANUAL (OHM-SIRS)
Anon. 1975.
EPA/DF-75/OOla. 17 p.
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The objective of this manual is to guide those who prepare spill
reports for the Division of Oil and Special Materials Control,
and who expect to use the system in preparing regional analytical
studies. These data are needed not only for Congress, EPA, OMB
and the public for information, but also to support the Spill
Prevention Program.
Contingency planning
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
#PB-243662/4GA. 1975.
C-4-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. NO. 20
Anon. 1974.
U.S. Joint Publication Research Service, JPRS-61579. 42 p.
Articles from the world press have been translated and combined
in this publication. The subjects covered include ocean pollution,
pollution of the Elbe, ozone treatment of sewage, and the hazards
of oils, halogens, mercury and petrochemicals.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(2):
#HMS4373. 1975.
C-5-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. NO. 62
Anon. 1974.
Translations of monographs from various journals, JPRS-63307.
49 p.
Included in these translations are the following topics as they
relate to the USSR: Ukraine environment measures, water and
air pollution problems, effect of man-made lakes on the environ-
ment, city industrial sewage apparatus, marine oil pollution
prevention and reduction of air pollution in the petrochemical
industry.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05076. 1975.
C-6-76
UPDATING THE NAVY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DATA BASE TO
INCORPORATE OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP PERFORMANCE
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Antonelli, J. 1975.
Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Report NPS-55T075061.
70 p.
Methods of reporting, collecting and distributing information
to and from the Navy Environmental Protection Data Base are
proposed. The reporting aspect consists of a contingency plan,
an initial report and an after action report.
Contingency planning
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#AD-A012 663/IGA. 1975.
C-7-76
CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Bardin, D. J., and P. Mandelbaum. 1974.
Israel Prime Minister's Office, Environmental Protection Service,
mimeographed papers. 14 p.
Israeli pollution of the Mediterranean is surveyed; the pollution
sources include oil, urban and industrial sewage, chemical, thermal
and radioactive pollution. The problem is discussed from legal,
technical, economic, legislative and enforcement viewpoints.
Possible solutions are reviewed.
Foreign legislation
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04754. 1975.
C-8-76
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. CATALOG
SECTION I 'THROUGH 111
Berkowitz, J. B., C. R. Schimke, and V. R. Valeri. 1973.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Series,
EPA-R2-73-179b, c, d. 1,386 p.
This three volume series presents information in tabular form.
A description of the product (name, number, uses, etc.), the toxic
effect, oxygen demand, eutrophication, presence of oil or tars,
and chemical composition are some of the characteristics listed.
A bibliography of manufacturers is listed in Volume III.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(42):#211,754. T975.
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C-9-76
MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE AND NONVOLATILE HYDROCARBONS IN SELECTED
AREAS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
Brown, R. A., T. D. Sear!, and E. B. Prestridge. 1975.
Final Report, AID.20BA.75, EE.13TMR.75 MA-RD-920-75063, Contract
C-5-3800. 45 p.
Selected areas of the Atlantic Ocean were sampled for total
dispersed nonvolatile hydrocarbons and extractable organics.
Data from surface and subsurface water agree with previous
measurements. Previously unsampled South America waters had
hydrocarbon concentrations at the same level as northern
waters.
Sampling
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#COM-75-1111210GA. 1975.
C-10-76
OIL SPILLS AND SPILLS OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Environmental Protection Agency Oil and Special Materials Control
Division. Office of Water Program Operations. 1975.
This document is an update of the "Oil Spills and Spills of
Hazardous Substances" publication prepared in 1973. Some of the
more significant spill incidents and the mechanisms, both
managerial and technological, used to deal with them are described.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-ll-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF VESSEL WASTES IN DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR
Gumtz, G. D., D. M. Jordan, and R. Waller. 1974.
Report EPA-670/2-74-097. 51 p.
Bilge water, non-oily ballast water, sewage, garbage/refuse and
dunnage from U.S., Canadian and foreign commercial vessels were
wastes studied in the Duluth-Superior Harbor during 1973. Bilge
water was found to be a substantial pollution problem: on the
average about 40 liters of oil may be discharged during each day
a vessel spends in the harbor.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(15):
#W75-07701. 1975.
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C-12-76
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
(OHM-SIRS), 1 JUL 72-31 DEC 74
Hess, R. E., and J. H. Wright. 1974.
Data file, 1 reel magnetic tape EPA/DF-75/001.
There are 10,600 records in this data file. Information provided
includes: name of material spilled, location and date of spill
occurrence; quantity spilled and quantity entering water, source
of spill, cause of spill, damages caused by spill, actions taken
and by whom, and comments.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
#PB-243 661/6GA. 1975.
C-13-76 •<
MASSIVE MITSUBISHI REFINERY OIL SPILL IN SETO INLAND SEA
Mitsubishi Oil Co. 1975.
Japan Environmental Summary 3(4):2-3.
The 43,000 kilolitre oil spill which occurred in December, 1974,
is described. Approximately 9000 kilolitres escaped into the
sea. Estimated damage is at least $50 million.
Economic effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4720. 1975.
C-14-76
INPUTS
Pearson, E. A. 1975.
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, a Workshop on Inputs, Fates,
and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Airlie,
Virginia, 1973. p. 1-18.
Worldwide inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons into the oceans are
summarized. Statistical input information is given for natural
seeps, offshore drilling and production operations, offshore
accidents, losses during the course of marine transportation,
coastal refineries, municipal and industrial wastes, urban runoff
and river runoff.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
#5Q10170. 1975.
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C-15-76
OIL TANKER RAMS OIL RIG OFF LOUISIANA; A VISION OF DISASTERS TO
COME?
Schueler, D. G. 1975.
Audubon 77(6):118-119.
On August 15, 1975, the oil tanker, "Globtik Sun," rammed a
Chevron rig nearly 100 miles off the Louisiana coast and burst
into flames. Weather conditions were ideal, but the ship was
not following one of the safety fairways recommended by the
Coast Guard. The spill involved only a small part of the cargo,
but the incident revealed the present confusing state of inter-
national law and the potential for disaster off Louisiana.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-16-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF BALLAST WATER
Shewmaker, J. E., R. R. Goodrich, Jr., and R. J. Skocypec. 1974.
Exxon Research and Manufacturing Co., EE.3TMR.74. 83 p.
The concentration levels of oil, suspended solids, BOD sub 5,
COD, pH, ammonia, phenols and sulphides were measured in ballast
water from 9 tankers. Oil contents found in dirty ballast of clean
oil product tankers were slightly higher than those found on crude
oil carriers. BOD, COD and suspended solids levels were often
greater in dirty ballast than those in the seawater taken on as
ballast.
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#095137. 1975.
C-17-76
THE NORTH SEA
Weichart, G. 1974.
Environment 16(l):29-33.
This article contains a review of the sources of waste materials
entering the North Sea. These pollutants, including oils,
phosphorus and phosphates,and nitrogen compounds, make the North
Sea one of the most heavily polluted sea areas in the world.
Source identification
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
IHMS 3290. 1975.
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SOURCE AND CAUSE
Number of Incidents
Volume in gal Ions
CAUSE
Transportation
Hull/tank
rupture/ Teak
17
63,964
4
226
154
957,790
332
2,289,120
n
15,118
194
125,530
19
298,992
53
114,262
3
2,025
5 c
611,215
40
103,618
11
79,511
10
1.0,171
40
74,364
2
600
7
20,014
7
26,181
2
55
357
14
35,648
19
32,643
952
4,861,431
pipeline rupture/
leak
2
11
X
2
451
4
300
1
25
1
150
X
X
X
2
315
3
417
X
5
182
5
1,380
241
4,509,806
11
4,295
3
160
1
5
3
1,550
1
25
1
30
286
4,519,102
Other structur.
failure
5
150
. 2
190
18
3,123
16
676
2
51
86
16,400
3
TTrfl
16
14,267
2
6,505
4
142
11
44,958
12
11,104
11
1,078
26
75,217
1
2
9
440
5
If
3
71
6
99
10
12,833
21
8,065
269
196,517
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery "
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOWN
TOTAL
These tables include data relating to oil discharges in the United States and
contiguous waters during the calendar year 1974. The information was obtained from
the U.S. Coast Guard pamphlet, "Pollution Incidents in and Around U.S. Waters," and
is based on incidents reported to or discovered by Coast Guard personnel.
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SOURCE AND CAUSE (cont.)
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
On shore/ off shore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOWN
TOTAL
Pipe rupture/
leak
14
2,312
X
40
1,534
14
308
4
190
23
67792
2
100
3
38
2
3,840
19
111,096
30
78,368
141
421,950
756
51 ,068
88
189,857
237
1,343,797
40
29,559
13
6,766
2
90
8
241
18
17,577
32
37,036
1,490
2,302,546
Number of incidents
Volume in gallons
CAUSE
Hose rupture/
leak Valve failure
7
139
1
3
27
6,320
30
3,501
6
400
27
1,262
X
22
3,701
1
1
5
890
5
121,004
8
528
29
286
20
8,037
11
23,111
31
4^f6
9
115
2
5
8
43
12
12,091
6
21,253
268
207,507
6
584
X
75
25,474
45
4,843
28
5,080
28
581
2
23,000
4
1,161
X
6
594
13
25,761
41
159,997
186
45,124
' 17
8,028
11
29,624
21
8,037
8
217
4
38
5
204
5
8,701
5
20,061
510
367,109
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SOURCE AND CAUSE (cont.)
Number of incidents
Volume in gallons
SOURCE Pump
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bul k
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOUN
TOTAL
failure
3
278
X
11
749
7
46
2
50
7
265
X
2
52
X
3
5,201
6
3,622
9
11,345
107
1,971
8
41052
2
25,200
9
73,182
X
1
3
2
TS
2
SBT
3
542
184
127,435
CAUSE
Other rupture/
leak
3
1,003
X
8
2,670
6
1^04
1
75
X
X
X
X
1
3
2
1,010
2
2
tie
X
X
8
290
2
35
X
X
1
247
X
39
97265
Other equipment
failure
29
892
5
182
51
4,552
83
25,368
24
1,245
62
17682
6
37,105
23
17,606
1
1
25
12,488
28
204,946
97
93,725
697
25,938
121
20,647
11
90,778
64
9,769
10
1,040
4
5,836
11
333
22
36,765
35
13,163
1,409
605,461
-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE (cont.)
Number of incIdents
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankshlps
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOWt
Tank overflow
98
8
253
213
50,983
153
71,478
78
9,644
192
18,800
1
100
40
12,543
2
35
18
8,194
49
248,320
8
32,135
62
8,480
74
45,856
3
9,460
30
1,015,552
4
9
5
39
4
18
28
11,759
21
34,300
1,094
Volume in gallons
CAUSE
Improper valve
operation
13
845"
X
42
13,964
16
9,205
17
2,452
20
23,649
1
1,870
3
1,700
X
3
455
11
82,855
4
556
2
230
14
40,895
4
2,014
15
19,433
1
5
1
1
3
94
3
5,770
3
4,206
176
Improper hose
handling
7
13
X
14
1,394
19
1,221
10
343
28
1,104
X
18
4,768
X
3
13
5
105
X
1
5
8
55
X
20
1,429
6
10
X
1
30
3
T50
T
3
144
1,590,014
210,199
10,643
10
-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE (cont.}
Number of Incidents
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UN KNOWN
TOTAL
Other improper
Volume in gal
CAUSE
Other
equipment handling personnel
operation error
13
T7875
X
48
1,883
33
2,200
25
1,343
42
974
4
1,562
20
30,857
3
6
504
16
2T9T6
9
14,485
4
28
52
28,713
5
92
24
4,368
6
74
3
74
6
61
11
3,526
10
793
342
94,666
32
7T9
7
Ol C
315
67
2,308
39
51,556
27
806
81
1,966
7
27,251
56
86,970
5
2,855
9
5,795
9
2TT43
11
13,183
10
139
91
31,220
11
26,094
26
73,034
6
66
9
46
11
180
14
25,968
42
1,438
571
354,053
Ions
Bilge pumping
40
3755T
1
0
74
39,859
1
40
10
440
145
3TW
1
300
X
X
1
0
X
X
x
x
A
X
X
X
2
125
X
15
257
290
49,503
11
-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE (cont.)
Number of Incidents
Volume In gallons
CAUSE
Natural or
Ballast Other intentional chronic
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tanks hips
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOWN
TOTAL
pumping
9
180
X
1C
1 J
1 ,734
X
1
200
5
225
X
X
X
1
25
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
A
X
X
X
31
2,364
discharge
21
1
0
17
794
5
237
6
22
37
29,129
X
19
8,361
5
2,356
8
15,138
18
72T947
8
23,542
2
47
86
53,034
5
19 122
i y 9 its.
6
3,047
2
T7652
2
256
7
27
21
61,377
53
1,690
316
292,193
phenomenon
X
1
1
1
. 0
3
3
2
6
8
227
2
T7494
6
5,9.01
1
2
17
508
24
10,748
4
4^247
39
4,424
57
60,905
5
122,550
22
17,626
2
70
1
50
3
23
11
165
171
T2T465
380
241,410
12
-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE
(cont.)
Number of incidents
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOUN
TOTAL
Volume in gal
CAUSE
Unknown
39
1,525
1
100
91
316,366
25
47814"
22
2,060
277
18,740
3
61,075
8
5,576
3
15
19
58
_JO_
7,805
18
10,705
80
47450
105
57211
TTOT2
21 •
T7i78~
8
T\Q
i
12
132
23
1.626
4.377
415.389
5.156
858.086
Ions
Total
346
89T7T7"
31
1,270
973
1,434,168
833
2,468,724
278
39,552
1.265
253,007
51
453,964
294
313,943
28
17,641
155
772,634
281
1,011,543
383
877,010
2.006
153,771
819
653,148
557
6,205,372
367
1,286,289
93
35794T
41
6,569
98
3,538
200
235,209
4,823
603,626
13,942
6,916,958
13
-------
2. MONITORING
C-18-76
SAMPLING ERRORS IN THE QUANTITATION OF PETROLEUM IN BOSTON
HARBOUR WATERS
Ahmed, A. M., M. D. Beasley, A. C. Efromson, and A. C. Hites.
1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum). NBS Special Publication
No. 409. p. 109-112.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1337,
1975.
C-19-76
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS WITH SALWICO POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
Anon. 1975.
Marine Week 2(5):26.
The Salwico oil pollution monitoring system monitors all normal
black and white oils. The device concentrates the oil before
scanning for discoloration and gas evaporation. The sample water
is fed through a filter band and moved at a constant velocity.
The oil density (discoloration) per unit area of the band is a
direct function of the oil content in the water, and is measured
by a photo cell. The design of the system is further described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10272. 1975.
C-20-76
INFRARED OIL FILM MONITOR
Anon. 1975.
Product Information.
A new infrared oil film monitor uses infrared reflectance to
detect oil on water without water contact. The monitor is
weatherproof and rugged, giving at least six months of continuous
unattended service. FFI contact: Wright & Wright, Inc.*
80 Winchester St., Newton, Mass. 02161.
Citation Source: The Oil and Gas Journal 73(46):90. 1975.
14
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C-21-76
NOAA FLEET TO MONITOR OIL SLICKS
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Industry 10(11):70.
As part of the United Nations' program called Integrated Global
Ocean Station System (IGOSS), NOAA's 25-ship fleet will monitor
oil slicks and sample oil tar balls and dissolved petroleum
hydrocarbons from the water surface in the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico and the Bering Sea. The1data will be
exchanged among nations in order to assess ocean contamination.
Sampling
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-22-76
OIL DETECTION SYSTEM
Anon.
Product Information.
The Spectrogram oil detection buoy operates on the principle that
if oil is irradiated with a high energy emission, the sample will
reradiate lower energy of a longer wavelength. This wavelength
is a function of the molecular composition of the oil type. The
present system of a land station, 3 buoys and the interconnecting
cables is in operation in a large transfer slip on Long Island
Sound.
Citation Source: Herbert R. Gram, President, Spectrogram Corporation,
385 State St., North Haven, Conn. 06473.
C-23-76
SEMINAR ON METHODOLOGY FOR MONITORING THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1974.
EPA, Office of Monitoring Systems, EPA 600/4-74-004. 436 p.
Among the subjects covered in this seminar are: surface slick
sampling and analysis; recent studies of crude oils and oil-
dispersant mixtures in the Red Sea; comparison of species diversity
and spatial homogeneity indices as criteria of change in biological
communities; and microbiological methods for monitoring marine
waters for possible health effects.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
#PB-239 052/4GA. 1975.
15
-------
C-24-76
No title given
Anon. 1975.
Product Information.
The Brill Oil Spill Sentry provides warnings of oil spills in time
to minimize both the loss of spilled oil and expense of extensive
cleanup. The system includes an automatic skimmer that collects
spilled oil in storage tanks.
Cleanup and recovery
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Engineer International 47(11):EM14.
1975.
C-25-76
A FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE FOR MONITORING OIL POLLUTION
Ball, J. E> 1975.
Physics Education 10(1):42-43.
When using this technique the sample is first irradiated with
UV light, then the fluorescence is measured using a photomulti-
plier tube. If the oil concentration in the effluent is below
10 ppm, the oil is collected with a ptfe drum.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3554. 1975.
C-26-76
EFFECT OF AN OIL SPILL ON BENTHIC ANIMALS IN THE LOWER YORK
RIVER, VIRGINIA
Bender, M. E., J. L. Hyland, and T. K. Dincan. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 257-260.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1379.
1975.
C-27-76
MONITORING OIL IN TROUBLED WATER
Bond, A. 1975.
Process Engineering (February 1975):73.
16
-------
Several companies offer oil pollution monitors for the continuous
monitoring of oil in water at the 0 to 10 ppm level, usually in
condensate returns to boiler feed water systems. Oil pollution
detectors are also available for use in industrial effluents,
rivers and seawater; the lowest detection level is 5 ppm.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-28-76
U.S. COAST GUARD - FOCAL POINT IN MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Booda, L. A. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(10):16-17.
The Coast Guard is responsible for law and regulation enforcement
in the marine environment and for marine pollution control. Three
Strike Teams are one new addition to the program. Research and
development is also making progress with cleanup and recovery
problems, monitoring,and source identification. Tighter traffic
control will also be necessary to reduce accidents.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-29-76
SAMPLING MARINE ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENTS FOR HIGH PRECISION GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Bruce, H. E., and S. P. Cram. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Juhghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 181-182.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1363.
1975.
C-30-76
QUANTITATIVE MONITORING AND AVAILABILITY OF PELAGIC TAR IN THE
NORTH ATLANTIC
Butler, J. N., and B. F. Morris. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication No. 409.^ p. 75-78.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1339.
1975.
17
-------
C-31-76
MARITIME CONSIDERATION OF OIL TRANSPORTATION
Casey, H. F. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 33-40.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4) : #7508/1 345.
1975.
C-32-76
EVALUATION OF THIN FILM OIL SAMPLERS
Chang, W. J., and J. R. Jadamec. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 85-88.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1343.
1975.
METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING LEVELS OF PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION IN
ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENT AS RELATED TO MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING
Clark, R. C., Jr. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 19741 R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 189-194.
A review with 15 references.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(9):#72775t. 1975.
C-34-76
STUDYING THE SEA FROM THE AIR
Connelly, W. 1975.
Ocean Industry 10(11): 72, 74.
Small aircrafts have uses in marine research in the areas of
direct and remote sensing of data and sample collection. The
possible tasks include: water current measurements and mass
transport, surface water temperature, bottom topography, under-
water acoustics, water samples (i.e., oil slick samples before
weathering) and STD/sound velocity.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
18
-------
C-35-76
MOVEMENT OF SPILLED OIL IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY AS PREDICTED BY
ESTUARINE NONTIDAL DRIFT
Conomos, T. J. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), NBS Special Publication
No. 409. p. 97-100. '
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1335.
1975.
C-36-76
POLLUTION CONTROL AT A LARGE CHEMICAL COMPLEX
Cox, A. P. 1974.
Chemical Engineer (London) 107:99-101.
The quality of the effluents flowing into the River Mersey from
the Shell Chemical Plant at Carrington, Manchester, has been
surveyed. The results are reported.
Reporting
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
#HMS 3111. 1975.
C-37-76
FLUORESCENCE MONITORING STUDY AT OCEAN WEATHER STATION 'P'
Cretney, W. J., and C. S. Wong, 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 175-180.
Nine locations in the Pacific Ocean west of Victoria were
monitored for fluorescent compounds. Using chrysene as the
standard, an average concentration of 0.016 ppb of fluorescent
compounds was found. These data will form the baseline for
monitoring future petroleum pollution of the ocean.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120543q. 1975.
C-38-76
OIL POLLUTION ALONG THE INDIAN COASTL&NE
Divivedi, S. N., and A. H. Parulckar. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum). NBS Special Publication
No. 409. p. 101-108.
19
-------
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1336,
1975.
C-39-76
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
Douglas, B. 1975.
Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School. 89 p.
The prototype of an oil-water pollution monitor was developed
and tested. Using this monitoring system, it was possible to
specify the concentration of any oil, independent of type, in
a known water sample.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#AD-A012 460/2GA. 1975.
C-40-76
ANALYSES OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS RESULTS OF IDOE
INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISES
Farrington, J. W., J. M. Teal, J. G. Quinn, P. L. Parker,
J. K. Winters, T. L. Wade, and K. Burns. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 163-166.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1359.
1975.
C-41-76
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING: TRACE ELEMENTS IN PERSISTENT
TAR BALL OIL RESIDUES
Feldman, M. H., and D. E. Cawlfield. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed,). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 237-242.
Neutron activation and trace element analyses were used to '
analyze tar balls and oil residues. In conjunction with a
20
-------
computer system, this methodology adds further compositional data
to the information gained while monitoring tar balls. This
information is useful in the evaluation of the ecological impact
of oil films on marine waters.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#12388t. 1975.
C-42-76
ANALYSIS STANDARDS AND INTERCOMPARISON OF DATA
Galler, S. R. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed,). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 29-32.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1344.
1975.
C-43-76
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SEAWATER ALONG THE HALIFAX-BERMUDA
SECTION: LESSONS REGARDING SAMPLING AND SOME RESULTS
Gordon, D. C., and P. D. Keizer. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum). NBS Special Publication
No. 409. p. 113-116.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1338.
1975.
C-44-76
METHODS FOR TRACE ORGANIC ANALYSIS IN SEDIMENTS AND MARINE
ORGANISMS
Hertz, H. S., S. N. Chesler, W. E. May, B. H. Gump, D. P. Enagonic,
and S. P. Cram. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 197-200.
Summarycnot available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1367.
1975.
21
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C-45-76
THE USE OF CITIZEN-VOLUNTEER GROUPS FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE
Herz, M. J. 1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975, New York, N. Y., Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975. p. 697-699.
The organization and operation of a citizen-volunteer group with
the objective of protecting the marine environment is described.
This previously untapped source needs basic training, but it
then can effectively supplement agency activities in the areas
of developing remote sensing techniques, offering logistic
support, conducting water monitoring and assisting in the detec-
tion of illegal discharges.
Personnel training and education
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-46-76
SURVEY ANALYSES FOR PETROLEUM DERIVED HYDROCARBONS IN THE OCEAN
Hori, S. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 27-28.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1350.
1975.
C-47-76
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
Houlchan, T. M., and B. D. Tyler. 1975.
Annual Progress Report No, NPS-59HM 75071A. 87 p.
The progress in the development and testing of an automatic oil
pollution monitoring system is documented. Oil concentrations
are determined using a direct difference method of total organic
carbon determination. Preliminary investigations on prototype
improvements were begun, and concentrations of oil in bilge
water samples were determined.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#AD-A014 552/4GA. 1975.
22
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C-48-76
OIL POLLUTION MONITORS
International Combustion Division - Riley Unit.
Product Information.
"Monitors detect and measure oil pollution of waters by
fluorescence measurement." FFI contact: International
Combustion Division - Riley Unit, Sinfui Lane, Derby DE29GJ.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3536. 1975.
C-49-76
INSTRUMENTATION FOR OIL POLLUTION MEASUREMENT
Jeffery, P. G., J. Nightingale, and D. J. A. Woodley. 1973.
Pollution Monitor No. 13:32-33.
"A sea surface sampler, an oil-thickness gauge and an oil-
thickness monitor, all developed by the Warren Spring Laboratory,
are described."
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
#HMS 4148. 1975.
C-50-76
PELAGIC TAR IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AND CARIBBEAN SEA
Jeffrey, L. M., W. E. Pequegnat, E. A. Kennedy, A. Vos, and
B. J. James. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed,). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 233-236.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1373.
1975.
C-51-76
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF ASPHALTS AND OTHER
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Kawakara, F. K. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum). NBS Special Publication
No. 409. p. 145-148.
23
-------
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1334.
1975.
C-52-76
MONITORING ESTUARINE CIRCULATION AND OCEAN WASTE DISPERSION USING
AN INTEGRATED SATELLITE-AIRCRAFT-DROGUE APPROACH
Klemas, V., G. Davis, and H. Wang. 1975.
E75-10317, NASA-CR-142919, Contract NA55-20983. 2 p.
An integrated satellite-aircraft-drogue approach utilizes
remotely tracked expendable drogues together with satellite
observations of oil slicks, waste plumes and natural tracers.
Tests indicate that the system provides a cost-effective means
of monitoring current circulation and verifying oil slicks and
ocean waste dispersion models even under severe environmental
conditions.
Remote sensing
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(17):#N75-26461. 1975.
C-53-76
MONITORING THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER
Kroon, D. J., et al. 1974.
Phillips Technical Review 34(5/6):113-122.
A monitoring system should provide information about a number
of physical and chemical parameters relating to oxygen balance
and eutrophication, and to concentrations of toxic components
such as mineral oils, phenols, certain trace elements and
organic micro-pollutants. A description of a developed monitoring
station is given.
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(5):#3464.
1975.
C-54-76
VALUE OF OIL POLLUTION MONITORING IN MARINE ORGANISMS
La Roche, G. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 249-250.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1376.
1975.
24
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C-55-76
ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTIONS: SOURCES, HEALTH EFFECTS, MONITORING,
AND CONTROL
Leh, F. K. V., and R. K. C. Lak. 1974,
Springfield, Illinois, Bannerstone House, 1974. 288 p.
Aspects of global environmental problems discussed in this book
include: air and water pollutant sources, health and economic
effects of air and water pollution, monitoring methods and
pollution control methods.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Economic effects of oil pollution
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Journal Water Pollution Control Federation
49(9):560a. 1975.
C-56-76
DISPERSED AND PARTICULATE PETROLEUM RESIDUES IN THE GULF OF
ST. LAWRENCE
Levy, E. M., and A. Walton. 1974.
Physical processes Responsible for Dispersal of Pollutants in
the Sea, Arhus, Denmark, 1972. Abstract, p. 76.
The concentrations of petroleum residues in the waters off the
east coast of Canada were monitored on an annual basis, beginning
in 1970. Fresh oil or tarry particles on surface waters were
encountered at 50% of the stations observed. No firm evidence
existed to indicate an appreciable change in the concentration
of these residues between 1970 and 1971.
Citation Source: Rapports et Procds-Verbaux des Reunions 167:76.
1974.
C-57-76
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND AIR-WATER EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF
HYDROCARBONS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Mackay, D., and W.-Y. Shiu. 1975.
Chemistry and Physics of Aqueous Gas Solutions. W. A. Adams, G,
Greer, and J. E. Desnoyers (eds.). Princeton, N. J.» Electro-
chemical Society, Inc., 1975. p. 93-110.
A simple mathematical model on the process of hydrocarbon
introduction and removal in the surface waters of the ocean is
25
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used to help select hydrocarbons for monitoring ocean oil
pollution. The physical and biological factors in the process
include solubility, vapor pressure, and air-water exchange
rates.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120383n. 1975.
C-58-76
MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
IN THE FIELD OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MSte", B. 1975.
Water Research 9(11):1013-1014.
The CMEA Conference of Heads of Water Services has agreed on
certain programmes: (1) more effective methods for effluent
treatment; (2) new analysis techniques (including those for
petroleum); (3) monitoring; (4) evaluation of agricultural
chemicals; (5) pollution control of surface and ground waters
(oil is stressed)i (6) prediction of the effects on water quality
of effluent discharges; (7) effects of thermal discharges; and
(8) standardization of equipment used in water management.
Analysis
Citation Source: Citation Journal.
C-59-76
OIL DETECTION OR REMOVAL RESEARCH - TASK FORCE STATUS REPORT
Matovich, M. A. 1975.
Annual API Production Division Meeting, Dallas, 1975. p. N-l - N-4.
The Oil Detection and Removal (ODOR) Subcommittee of the API was
formed to define and implement research and development programs
in the areas of oil detection, measurement and removal from
produced water and solids. Summaries of activities in each of
these topic areas are given.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(39):#210,882. 1975.
C-60-76
TAR BALL SAMPLING IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC
McGowan, W. E., W. A. Sauer, and G. L. Hufford. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum). National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication No. 409. p. 83-84.
26
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Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1341.
1975.
C-61-76
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS OF WATER SURFACES
McMullen, A. I., et al. 1975.
American Laboratory 7(2):87-92.
A new system for detecting insoluble pollutants on water surfaces
is based on a method for recording indigenous film pressures on
natural waters. It can detect oil polluted water in rivers,
harbors, canals, reservoirs and irrigation catchments, and give
a warning,
Analysis
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(10):#75-06477. 1975.
C-62-76
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS OF WATER SURFACES
McMullen, A. I., J. F. Monk, and M. J. Stuart. 1975.
International Laboratory (Jan. Feb.):54-61.
The principle and operation of a system which can detect oil
polluted water are described. The basis of the system is a
specially developed method for recording indigenous film pressures
on natural bodies of water and the effects of weather, oil,
surfactants, etc. The apparatus can be used in a wide variety
of places. The principle could also be applied to detergent
or sewage pollution.
Monitoring
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(7):
#1939. 1975.
C-63-76
IDOE-5 INTERCALIBRATION SAMPLE: RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OFFER
SIXTEEN MONTHS STORAGE
Medeiros, G. C., and J. W. Farrington. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
27
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Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 167-70,
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1360.
1975.
C-64-76
DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF VIDEO SYSTEM FOR AIRBORNE SURVEILLANCE OF
OIL SPILLS
Millard, J. P., J. C. Arvesen, and P. L. Lewis. 1975.
NASA-TM-X-62429, A-6047, CG-D-95-75. 25 p.
The development, testing and evaluation of five video systems
potentially useful for airborne surveillance of oil spills are
described. Greatly enhanced oil spill detection, relative to
that possible with the unaided eye, was achieved. The most prac-
tical video system is a conventional TV camera with a silicon-
diode-array image tube, Corning 7-54 filter and a polarizer with
its principal axis oriented horizontally.
Remote sensing
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(18):#N75-27539. 1975.
C-65-76
BAILEY OIL CONTENT MONITOR
Moreau, J. 0. 1975.
Final report on Task 7, January 73-December 74, EE.16TMR.75MA-RD-
930-75068. 60 p.
Previous tests have shown the Bailey Oil Content Monitor (BOCM)
to function as a trend indicator to monitor changes in oil con-
centration in tanker ballast water. This project's purpose was
to improve the quantitative accuracy of the device. As a result
of this work, techniques were developed to reduce some of the
BOCM errors^ however, several other potential sources of BOCM
error were identified.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#COM-75-10990/OGA. 1975.
28
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C-66-76
MARINE POLLUTION DATA ARCHIVING AND EXCHANGE
Morse, R. M. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 41-44.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1346.
1975.
C-67-76
MARITIME CONSIDERATIONS
Nachtscheim, J. J. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 49-56.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1348.
1975.
C-68-76
EFFECTS OF OIL ON BALTIC LITTORAL COMMUNITY, AS STUDIED IN AN
OUTDOOR MODEL TEST SYSTEM
Notini, M., and A. Hagstrom. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 251-254.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1377.
1975.
C-69-76
TAR BALL LOADINGS ON GOLDEN BEACH, FLORIDA
Sauer, W. A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum). National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication No. 409. p. 79-82.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1340
1975.
29
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C-70-76
DISTRIBUTION OF TAR BALLS AND NEUSTON SAMPLING IN THE GULF
STREAM SYSTEM
Shenman, K., J. B. Col ton, R. L. Dryfoos, K. D. Knapp, and
B. S. Kinnear. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 243-244.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1375.
1975.
C-71-76
SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF THE SYSTEMS FOR GLOBAL MONITORING AND
INVESTIGATION OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE WORLD OCEAN
Simonov, A. I. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed,). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 9-14.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1354.
1975.
C-72-76
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Stansby, M. E. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed,). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 45-48.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1347.
1975.
C-73-76
FIELD SAMPLING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR MARINE ORGANISMS AND
SEDIMENTS
Straughan, D. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
30
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Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409; p. 183-188.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(41):#750871364.
1975.
C-74-76
PILOT PROJECT ON MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING UNDER THE FRAMEWORK
OF IGOSS
Tolkachev, A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.): NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 21-26.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1351.
1975.
C-75-76
GEWAESSERUEBERWACHUNG AUS DER LUFT [English summary]
Traexler, G. 1974.
Wasserwirtschaft 64(7-8):222-224.
Police problems concerning water pollution and shore pollution
and police control of the waterways are discussed. Tests to
discover oil emissions at night and to detect special noxious
materials using photography are described.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04466. 1975.
C-76-76
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF ARTESIAN WATERS BY CARCINOGENIC
HYDROCARBONS [English summary]
Vindyukov, P. M., G. L. Sardarova, and K. V. Kutakov. 1973.
Gigiena i Sanitariya 38(11):98-99.
The content of benzo[a]pyrene in artesian waters in three
regions was studied. One region was uncontaminated and used as a
control, another was contaminated by petroleum products, and the
third region was contaminated by industrial wastes containing
phenols. The content of benzo[a]pyrene was directly related to
pollution of the water source and especially its pollution by
petroleum products.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
31
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C-77-76
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
Wastler, T. A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 57-60.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1349.
1975.
C-78-76
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM EARTHWATCH AND MARINE POLLUTION
White, R. M. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 3-8.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1353.
1975.
C-79-76
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Willard, B. E. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 15-18.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1355.
1975.
C-80-76
LITERATURE REVIEW ISSUE
WPCF Research Committee. 1974.
Water Pollution Control Federation. Journal 46(6):1031-1643.
Literature reviews in water pollution control are presented on
monitoring, analysis, and sampling methods; physical-chemical
32
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methods; sludge treatment, utilization and disposal; water reuse;
industrial wastes from petroleum processing and other industries;
marine and estuarine pollution; pollution effects on fish;
economics and law.
Analysis
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5}:#75-04449. 1975.
C-81-76
THE ROLE OF STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
Yolkin, H. T. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 157-160.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1357,
1975.
C-82-76
OIL SPILLAGE MONITORING, SAMPLING AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS
Zahka, J. G. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 89-90.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1342.
1975.
C-83-76
DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC AND TOTAL HYDROCARBON CONTENT IN
SUBMICROGRAM AND MICROGRAM QUANTITIES IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS BY MEANS
OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Zsolnay, A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 119-120.
Procedures based on the use of high-performance liquid chroma-
tography were developed to detect the hydrocarbon concentration
33
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in small water samples rapidly and simply. The method is more
sensitive than IR techniques and is more specific than UV or
fluorescence methods used without column chromatography.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#152037u. 1975.
C-84-76
HYDROCARBON CONTENT AND CHLOROPHYLL CORRELATION IN THE WATERS
BETWEEN NOVA SCOTIA AND THE GULF STREAM
Zsolnay, A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 255-256.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1378.
1975.
34
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3. REMOTE SENSING
C-85-76
OCEAN POLLUTION AND THE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM
Bolle, H.-J. 1973,
ESRO: The Implications for European Space Programmes of the
Possibilities of Manned Missions 4. 22 p.
The effect of atmospheric constituents on the remote sensing
of the ocean surface is discussed. Special topics such as oil
slick detection and phytopiankton recognition are mentioned.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-03758. 1975.
C-86-76
DEVELOPMENT OF A LASER FLUOROSENSOR FOR AIRBORNE SURVEYING
OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
Bristow, M. P. F., W. R. Houston, and R. M. Measures. 1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies. H. H. Kim and P. T.
Ryan (eds.). Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island, Va., 1973.
p. 119-136.
Tests of a laser fluorosensor, which uses a pulsed nitrogen
laser and telescope photomultiplier detector system, have shown
that remotely sensed spectra and amplitude changes in the
fluorescence emission of natural waters have potential as water
quality indicators. Tests suggest that environmental aging of
oil slicks does not significantly alter their fluorescence
emission signature.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(21):#N75-30534. 1975.
C-87-76
AIRBORNE, REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM THAT USES REFLECTED POLARIZED
SKYLIGHT TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF OIL DISCHARGES INTO WATER
Burns, W. W. 1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975. New York, N. Y.,
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incr, 1975.
p. 688-692.
A TV-camera with a special filter arrangement uses the principle
that water can be observed in both polar planes whereas polarized
35
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light reflected from oil can only be observed in the horizontal
plane to provide a remote means for detecting oil, Successive
rapid changes between the vertical and horizontal plane views
cause oil to appear as a flashing image against a relatively
static background.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-88-76
THE USE OF ELECTRONIC IMAGERY (CCTV) TO VIEW WATER SURFACE
REFLECTION OF POLARIZED LIGHT TO LOCATE SMALL OIL SPILLS
Burns, W. W. 1975.
Marine Technology Society Journal 9(7):4-5.
Details on this research were presented at the Ocean '75
conference held in San Diego, 1975. The remote sensing
device uses rapidly alternately polarized planes of reflected
light from water surfaces to cause oil to emerge from the
background as a flashing image pattern on a CCTV camera monitor.
The system was able to locate a spread of creosote oil that
was slowly leaking from some newly installed pilings; this
spread was not visible from the surface,
Monitoring
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-89-76
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING OIL SLICKS
Catoe, C. E. 1973.
Journal of Petroleum Technology 25(3):267-278.
The remote sensor properties necessary for oil detection are
summarized in terms of wavelength, detection mechanism
performance summary, sensor resolution and swathe width.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#571.
1975.
C-90-76
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE SENSOR
FOR OIL DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION IN SPILLS
Fantasia, J. F,, and H. C. Ingrao. 1975.
Final report, TSC-USCG-74-5 USCG-D-86-75, Contract DOT-PPA-CG-03.
164 p.
36
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Twenty-nine crude and refined oils were analyzed in the lab for
API gravity, fluorescence and reflectance spectra, etc. Similar
measurements were made with an N2 laser oil spill remote sensor.
The results indicate that, in certain instances, fluorescence can
be used to detect and classify oil spills in the marine environment.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
MD-A013 580/6GA. 1975.
C-91-76
OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND MONITORING FROM SPACE
Goldman, G. C., and R. Horvath. 1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975. New York, N. Y., Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975. p. 787-793.
Three reported spills were investigated using ERTS-1 digital
data to determine the feasibility of using this data to monitor
and detect oil spills. In two cases, detection was not possible.
ERTS-1 was not considered usable for oil pollution monitoring
because of its 18 day overpass frequency, the few spectral
channels, the extended band widths, and the long information
retrieval time.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-92-76
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATION OF PULSED LASERS IN THE
HYDROSPHERE
Hickman, G. D. 1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies. H. H. Kim, and P. T.
Ryan (eds.). Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island,Va., 1973.
p. 81-88.
The transmission/scattering characteristics of a pulsed neon laser
as a function of water turbidity have been investigated. The
results are being incorporated into the design of an airborne
laser bathymetry system. In addition, this technique can be used
to detect and identify algae and oils, and measure subsurface
currents, temperature and salinity.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(21):#N75-30530. 1975.
37
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C-93-76
OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND MONITORING FROM SPACE USING ERTS-1
Horvath, R., and G. C. Goldman. 1975.
Final report, E75-10381, NASA-CR-143243, ERIM-193300-68-F,
Contract NAS5-21783. 57 p.
Three reported spills (off Virginia, Oakland Bay, and off
southern California) were studied using four digital computer
compatible techniques on ERTS-1 data. There are severe restric-
tions on the usability of the ERTS-1 data for spill identification.
Problems include its 18 day overpass frequency, few spectral
channels, and the extended information retrieval time.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(20):#N75-29523. 1975.
C-94-76
LIFES: LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING
Houston, W. R., D. G. Stephenson, and R. M. Measures. 1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies. H. H. Kim, and P. T.
Ryan (eds.). Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island, Va., 1973.
p. 153-169.
Laser induced fluorescence has been evaluated as a method to
detect and identify parameters in the marine environment.
Specific targets are crude oils, refined petroleum products,
fish oils and algae. Different fluorescence parameters were
evaluated in relation to the identification of the targets.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(21):#N75-30537. 1975.
C-95-76
AN AIRBORNE LASER FLUOROSENSOR FOR THE DETECTION OF OIL ON
WATER
Kim, H. H., and G. D. Hickman. 1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies. H. H. Kim, and
P. T. Ryan (eds.). Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island, Va.,
1973. p. 197-202.
Daylight tests of this system were made over areas of controlled
oil spills and over a 50 km stretch of the Delaware River to
establish an ambient oil baseline in the river. Extremely low
levels of oil that would ordinarily be missed can be monitored
with this system.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(21):#N75-30539. 1975.
38
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C-96-76
REMOTE DETECTION OF POLLUTION OF WATER RESERVOIRS AND PHYTO-
PLANKTON BY OPTICAL METHODS
Kondratyev, K. A., A. A. Buznikov, and D. V. Pozdnyakov. 1974.
NASA Technical Translation F-14,767. 19 p.
From the data reviewed it is shown that remote detection of oil
films and phytoplankton can be conducted by optical methods, as
the refractive index of oil is higher than that of water. Methods
to measure various parameters for detecting oil deposits and
shoals of fish indicated by increased phytoplankton concentration
are discussed.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10098. 1975.
C-97-76
REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Koutsandreas, J. D., B. H. Manns, and S. H. Melfi. 1975.
NAECON '75. National Aerospace and Electronics Conference,
Dayton, Ohio, 1975. New York, Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975. p. 734-743. No. A75-37623
18-01.
Remote monitoring of air, water and land quality is discussed.
Instruments to be used in water monitoring are described.
Applications of remote environmental monitoring include: locating
"hot spots" of pollution, responding quickly to pollution episodes
and measuring pollutant dispersion, developing pollution models
and evaluating degradation over large areas due to energy-related
activities.
Citation Source: International Aerospace Abstracts 15(18):
#A75-37715. 1975.
C-98-76
A REMOTE SENSING LASER FLUOROMETER
O'Neill, R. A., A. R. Davis, H. G. Gross, and J. Kruus. 1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies. H. H. Kim, and
P. T. Ryan (eds.). Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island, Va.,
1973. p. 173-196.
This sensor measures the fluorescence spectra of water at ranges
up to 75 m and is able to detect oil spills in water at altitudes
39
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of 300 m. All light, background, reflected laser light or the
induced fluorescence is gathered by a small telescope. With
the use of optical filters and a photomultiplier tube, the
amplitude of the laser induced fluorescence in the selected
wavelength is displayed.
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(21):#N75-30538. 1975.
C-99-76
A METHOD FOR REMOTE DETECTION OF OIL SPILLS USING LASER-EXCITED
RAMAN BACK SCATTERING AND BACKSCATTERED FLUORESCENCE
Sato, T., and H. Kashiwagi. 1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975. New York, N. Y., Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975. p. 681-683.
The scattering spectra of oils excited by a CW Ar ion laser were
obtained with a laser Raman spectrometer. The theoretical
analysis of a laser-Raman radar for the remote detection and
backscattering spectra of oils in seawater obtained in this
manner are described.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-l00-76
OCEANOGRAPHY, FISHERY
Struebing, K. 1973.
ESRO: The Implications for European Space Programmes of the
Possibilities of Manned Missions, 4, 1973. 18 p.
The use of remote sensors for oceanographic and fisheries
research is discussed. Various parameters can be measured,
such as coastal zone processes, water pollution (oil slicks),
organic matter, ocean color, temperature, salinity, icebergs,
etc. Fisheries research utilizes both direct (IR imagery) and
indirect (image intensities, and chlorophyll) methods.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03692. 1975.
40
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4. SAMPLING
C-101-76
SAMPLING AND MONITORING
Anon. 1974.
Water Waste Treatment 17(10):20-38.
This article is an annual review of instruments and apparatus
developed for the collection and monitoring of environmental
samples (including oil-containing samples).
Monitoring
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4776. 1975.
C-102-76
SAMPLING OF REFINERY LIQUID EFFLUENTS
Blokker, P. C. 1975.
Stichting CONCAWE, Report No. 3/75. 49 p.
The methods of sampling oil refinery liquid effluent in open
and closed channels are reviewed. The purpose of the report
is to provide guidance in choosing an appropriate sampling
method. Automatic proportional sampling and effluent flow
measuring methods are emphasized.
Monitoring
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8892. 1975.
C-103-76
EVALUATION OF BOAT DEPLOYABLE THIN FILM OIL SAMPLERS
Chang, W. J., and W. A. Saner. 1974.
Offshore Technology Conference, 6th, Houston, Texas, 1974.
Vol. 1, OTC #1984, p. 467-486.
Sorbents were tested for use in an oil sampling system whose
purpose is identification of the oil sampled. Operational
characteristics of the sampler in soybean oil slicks are
tabulated. Other tests covered the efficiency of the samplers
41
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on different types and thicknesses of oils, and the ability of
the samplers to maintain the chemical integrity of the sample.
Source identification
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11(June):#080023. 1975.
C-104-76
WATER RESOURCES INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. 2. ' DATA ACQUISITION AND
ANALYSIS
Krizek, R. J., and E. F. Mozonyi (eds.). 1975.
International Seminar and Exposition on Water Resources
Instrumentation, Chicago, Illinois, 1974. Champaign, Illinois,
International Water Resources Association, 1975. xi + 593 p.
The second volume contains the sessions on data acquisition and
analysis. Oil spill detection and prevention and systems
management in environmental assessments are among the topics
covered in the session on environmental impact assessment.
Analysis
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(7):#37300. 1975.
C-105-76
WORKSHOP ON SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR ORGANIC POLLUTANT
ANALYSIS, DENVER, COLORADO, 1973
National Field Investigations Center, Denver. 1973.
NTIS Report PB-232 015. 40 p.
Discussed at the conference were various sampling methods and
analytical techniques for industrial organic chemicals discharged
into surface waters. The addition of sulfuric acid was suggested
for preserving petroleum-containing samples.
Analysis
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(14):
#W75-07295. 1975.
C-106-76
MINI NEUSTON SAMPLER SUITABLE FOR COLLECTION OF FLOATING OIL AT
SEA
Wellman, A. M., and W. J. Wellman. 1975.
Laboratory Practice 24(1):31-32.
42
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The Wellman mini neuston sampler can be used to skim the surface
layers of the sea and collect floating oil and tar fragments
for studies on oil pollution of the ocean. The maximum efficiency
of the sampler is in Beaufort sea states 1-4. This sampler has
been used successfully in the Atlantic.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(7):
#1931. 1975.
43
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5. ANALYSIS
C-107-76
METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF OIL FROM AN AQUEOUS OIL-DETERGENT
SOLUTION PRIOR TO IR ANALYSIS. II
Adams, C. E. 1974.
Final Report No. NOLTR-74-116. 13 p.
Further work is reported on the analysis of oil in water solutions
in the presence of dissolved detergents using the CC14 extraction-
IR spectrophotometric method. Testing and improving the analytical
method and working out a standard procedure are dealt with.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#149862d. 1975.
C-l08-76
APPLICATIONS TO WATER POLLUTION STUDIES
Anacreon, R. E. 1975.
Instrument News 24(2E):11-13.
The author reviews ten papers which deal with the application of
fluorescence methods to the detection of oils, phenols and
lignins in water. Fluorescence methods can also be used in
the tracing of oil spills.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
#HMS 4157. 1975.
C-l09-76
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
Anderson, J. W., R. C. Clark, and J. Stegemen. 1974.
Marine Bioassays. Washington, D. C., Marine Technology Society,
1974. p. 36-75.
The authors discuss the characteristic differences between
biogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons. Petroleum and biogenic
hydrocarbon levels in marine organisms are tabulated. Methods
of analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine organisms and
the mechanisms of uptake, release and metabolism are discussed.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
05Q8899. 1975.
44
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C-110-76
GAS AND WATER ANALYSERS
Anon.
Product Information.
The brochure provides information on a range of equipment for
analyses of exhaust gas and flue gases, and for measuring oxygen,
BOD and oil in water. FFI contact: Horiba International
Corporation, 1021 Duryea Ave., Irvine Industrial Complex, Santa
Ana, California 92705.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4749. 1975.
C-lll-76
MANUAL OF METHODS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH. PART 1.
METHODS FOR DETECTION, MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF WATER
POLLUTION
Anon. 1975.
Food and Agriculture Organization, UN, FAO Fisheries Technical
Paper No. 137. 238 p.
The manual is divided into theoretical and practical sections.
The theoretical papers cover general aspects and problems of
analyzing water and sediments. The practical section includes
methods for measuring physical and chemical parameters and the
various classes of pollutants in both the environment and
organisms.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8515. 1975.
C-112-76
TLC FINDS HEXANE SOLUBLES
Atanus, H. 1974.
Water and Wastes Engineering 11(10):26, 28.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of hexane solubles is used to
detect oil wastes in outfalls from plant discharges. Identi-
fication of specific hydrocarbon pollutants is made by TLC, an
inexpensive, portable technique. Oil is then removed from
industrial wastes by standard techniques before the wastes can
be discharged.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18V
#W75-08885. 1975.
45
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C-l13-76
METHODS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION BY REFINERIES
Barbieri, A. 1974.
Rivista della Societa Italiana di Scienza dell'Alimentazione
3(3):67-80.
A review with no references.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84290u. 1975.
C-114-76
SUSPENSIONS OF CRUDE OIL IN SEAWATER: RAPID METHODS OF
CHARACTERIZING LIGHT HYDROCARBON SOLUTES
Bean, R. U. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 127-130.
A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed to detect
the light hydrocarbon components of oil-seawater mixtures.
Interfering insoluble hydrocarbons were removed by a filtration
technique before analysis. The gas chromatographic analyses were
compared with infrared absorbance data in order to investigate
the possibility of using infrared absorbance in routine monitoring.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120372h. 1975.
C-115-76
ANALYSIS, STRUCTURE, AND OCCURRENCE OF BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS.
II. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Berthold, I. 1975.
Compend 74/75, Vortr. Haupttag Dtsch. Ges. Mineraloelwiss.
Kohlenchem., 24th, 1974. 2:940-951.
"Possibilities for analytical distinctions between biogenic
hydrocarbons, mineral oil hydrocarbons and pyrolytic exhaust gas
components are shown and discussed."
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#149831t. 1975.
46
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C-116-76
IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN EXTRACT FROM ESTUARINE
WATER ACCOMMODATED NO. 2 FUEL OIL
Bieri, R. H., A. L. Walker, B. W. Lewis, G. Losser, and R, J.
Huggett. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 149-156.
Computerized gas chromatographic-mass spectra systems have the
potential to solve the problem of analyzing complex mixtures
of hydrocarbons. Three types of compounds (benzene compounds,
naphthalene compounds, and indanes, biphenyls, and polyaromatic
compounds) were isolated from a methylene chloride extract of
estuarine water accommodated No. 2 fuel oil.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120403u. 1975.
C-117-76
REVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATIONS OF SPARK SOURCE
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Bingham, R. A., and P. G. T. Vossen, 1975.
Laboratory Practice 24(4):233-238.
Applications of spark source mass spectrometry are discussed
in regard to the analysis of organic materials for inorganic
constituents, surveillance of environments, analysis of meteorites,
oils, air pollution, water pollution and food, and the determin-
ation of Hg and trace metals in fish and mussels.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#90202h. 1975.
C-118-76
DETERMINATION OF EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC MATERIAL AND ANALYSIS OF
HYDROCARBON TYPES IN LAKE AND COASTAL SEDIMENTS
Blaylock, J. W., R. M. Bean, and R. E. Wilding. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974, R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 217-220.
The environmental impact of petroleum producing operations was
studied using a,method for extraction and gravimetric analysis
47
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of organic materials in drill core samples (B. Koons and P. H.
Monaghan, 1969) which was adapted for fractionation of lake and
coastal sediments. Analytical procedures are outlined.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151815j. 1975.
C-119-76
MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS
IN OCEAN WATER
Brown, R. A., J. J. Elliott, and T. D. Sear!. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 131-134.
Nonvolatile hydrocarbons with more than 13 carbons are extracted
with CC14- The sample volume is reduced by evaporation and by
the addition of n-pentane; then the sample is passed through a
silica gel column. The fractions are subjected to infrared and
ultraviolet spectrophotometry, gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry for characterization.
Source identification
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120542p. 1975.
C-120-76
HYDROCARBONS
Churacek, J. 1975.
Liquid Column Chromatography--A Survey of Modern Techniques and
Applications. Z. Deyl, K. Macek, and J. Janak (eds.). Amsterdam,
The Netherlands, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1975.
p. 417-
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Current Contents, Physical and Chemical Sciences
15(32):19. 1975.
C-121-76
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ISOLATING AND QUANTIFYING PETROLEUM
PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS
Clark, R. C., Jr., and J. S. Finley. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
48
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Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.), NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 209-212.
"Gas chromatographic analysis showed a 92.6, 92.6 and 99.9%
extraction recovery of n-paraffins added to wet mussel tissue
at concentrations of 0.357, 1.80 and 8.31 yg/g, respectively."
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(11):#91743x. 1975.
C-l22-76
INFRARED DETERMINATION OF OILY MATTER EXTRACTED FROM WATER BY
FREON 113
Coles, G. P., R. M. Dille, and D. L. Shull. 1975.
National American Chemical Society Meeting, 170th, Chicago,
1975. Abstracts of Papers. Paper No. PETR 13.
Summary not available.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):Appendix B. 1975.
C-123-76
THE DETERMINATION OF PHENOLS IN AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS
Cooper, R. L., and K. C. Wheatstone. 1973,
Water Research 7:1375-1384.
Phenols were extracted from the effluent using methyl isobutyl
ketone; the trimethyl-silyl ethers were prepared, then separated
by gas-liquid chromatography and quantified with a flame
ionization detector. The lower limits of detection are 0.01 ppm
for each phenol.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3555. 1975.
C-l24-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH IN THE HUNGARIAN OIL AND GAS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Csikos, R. 1974.
Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2(Suppl. 2):293-304.
The publication describes the environmental protection research
being conducted at the Oil and Gas Research Institute, Veszprem;
49
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and discusses the developments made in the rapid and secure
determination of organic and some inorganic components that
pollute the environment.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#051737.
1975.
C-125-76
COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS OF MARINE POLLUTANTS
Erskine, R. L., and E. V. Whitehead. 1975.
Iran Journal of Science and Technology 3(4):221-243.
The analytical methods used to establish a crude oil "fingerprint"
to match with an authentic sample are reviewed. The biogenic
origin of petroleum and its composition are discussed in relation
to the biodegradation of fossil fuel pollutants found at sea.
Source identification
Biological degradation
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056424.
1975.
C-126-76
THE APPLICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE
ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM MATERIALS. PART 1. QUALITATIVE
HYDROCARBON-TYPE ANALYSIS
Fodor, G. E.s and F. M. Newman. 1975.
Final report, AFLRL-62, Contract DAAK02-73-C-0221. 15 p.
Liquid chromatography was used to analyze for hydrocarbon type
in petroleum, and related products and substances. "Elution
volumes of normal, iso-, and cyclo-paraffins, mono- and diolefins,
aromatic hydrocarbons and vic-dibromo alkanes were determined by
high performance liquid chromatography in 10 micrometer and
37-75 micrometer silica gel."
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
#AD-A014 994/8GA. 1975.
C-127-76
THE APPLICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE
ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM MATERIALS. PART 2. QUANTITATIVE HYDRO-
CARBON TYPE ANALYSIS
Fodor, G. E., and F. M. Newman. 1975.
Final report, AFLRL-63, DAAK02-73-C-0221. 28 p.
50
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Middle distillate petroleum products were quantitatively analyzed
for hydrocarbon type using high performance liquid chromatography
using silica gel absorbents. Olefln free diesel fuels were
emphasized.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
#AD-A014 995/5GA. 1975.
C-l28-76
ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MICROBIAL
EMULSIFYING AGENTS FOR HYDROCARBONS
Friede, J. D. 1975.
NTIS Report AD/A No. 004248/IGA. 6 p.
The emulsifying agents produced by two Candida strains and one
Pseudomonas strain were isolated using several chromatographic
techniques. Repetition of growth studies yielded variable data,
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(9):#76957b. 1975.
C-129-76
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBON [English summary]
Fujita, K., I. Shimokobe, and F. Nakazima. 1975.
Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 1975(8):1348-1351.
Supercritical fluid chromatography is utilized to separate
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene,
phenathrene, pyrene and chrysene. Experimental conditions and
mobile and stationary phase details are given.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l30-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Giger, W., M. Reinard, and C. Schaffner. 1974.
Vom Wasser 43:343-358.
A review 1s given of the analytical methods for the evaluation
of aromatic hydrocarbons, and a gas chromatographic-mass
spectrometric method is described in detail. Three examples
(domestic sewage, diesel fuel and oil-contaminated sediment)
are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this method.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(2):#327. 1975.
51
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C-131-76
THE USE OF BENTONE 34 COATED SUPPORTS IN COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF ORGANIC POLLUTION
ANALYSIS
Grant, D. W., R. B. Meiris, and M. G. Hollis. 1974.
Journal of Chromatography 99(1):721-729.
The monitoring of aqueous wastes from coal carbonization and tar
refining operations poses analytical problems. Columns with
Bentone 34 as a stationary phase in gas-solid chromatography and
high-performance liquid chromatography are potentially useful in
the separation of polynuclear hydrocarbons and of monohydric
and dihydric phenols.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-132-76
OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
Gray, A. L. 1974.
Modern Physical Techniques in Materials Technology. T. Mulvey
and R. K. Webster (eds.). London, Oxford University Press,
1974. p. 232-246.
The theory and instrumentation of optical emission spectroscopy
are reviewed; its applications to analysis of geological materials,
used lubricating oils and pig iron are discussed.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#90208q. 1975.
C-133-76
DETERMINATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENTS
BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Hunter, L., H. E. Guard, and L. H. DiSalvo. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 213-216.
A study which determined the concentration of total hydrocarbons
in marine organisms and sediments of San Francisco Bay by a thin-
layer chromatographic method is described. With further stan-
dardization, the method could apparently be used to monitor
pollution of waters by hydrocarbons in field labs. The specificity
range is 1-1000 ppm (dry wt.-) hydrocarbons.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(9):#72828n. 1975.
52
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C-l34-76
BASELINE HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS
Kinney, P. J. 1973.
Environmental Studies of Port Valdez. S. W. Hood, W. E, Shiels,
and E. J. Kelley (eds.). University of Alaska, Institute of
Marine Science Occasional Publication No, 3, 1973. p. 397-410,
Gas chromatographic signatures of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and of
those from sediment in biological samples are distinct,
indicating the potential validity of this method to discriminate
between hydrocarbon pollution and natural background content.
Hydrocarbon concentrations measured in Port Valdez are slightly
lower than elsewhere.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-135-76
MEASUREMENT OF THE TOTAL OIL CONTENT OF NATURAL WATERS
Lohasz, M., and G. Eppeldauer. 1974.
Measurement and Instrumentation. Congress of the International
Measurement Confederation, 6th, Dresden, 1973. G. Striker (ed.)
Amsterdam, Netherlands, North-Holland, 1974, Vol. 3:141-149.
Oil in natural waters can be automatically detected by lumines-
cence intensity. The most effective wavelengths for excitation
of luminescence of oils were 3600-4000 A, Before the actual
analysis, standard curves for the type of oil identified were
prepared. The apparatus is stable and suited for detection of
small amounts of mineral oils (~0.01 mg/1) in waters.
Monitoring
Source identification
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120370f. 1975.
C-l36-76
THE DETERMINATION OF THE SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN AQUEOUS
SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS
Mackay, D., and W. Y. Shiu. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 53(2):239-242.
The method used a vapor-phase extraction technique with
subsequent gas chromatographic analysis. It has the advantage
53
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that no calibration peak area vs. amount of hydrocarbon is needed
and the preparation of truly saturated solutions for the solub-
ility determination is not necessary.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,278. 1975.
C-137-76
ANALYTICAL METHODS
McAuliffe, C. D. 1975.
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, a Workshop on Inputs* Fates,
and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Airlie,
Virginia, 1973. p. 19-41.
Analytical techniques used to differentiate petroleum hydrocarbons
from biogenic hydrocarbons are given. The chemical analyses of
separate-phase oil, hydrocarbons in water and hydrocarbons in
biological materials and sediments are considered separately.
Sample collection and preservation are described for each material
A separate section concerns the assessment of biological effects
of oil.
Sampling
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
#5Q10257. 1975.
C-138-76
DETERMINATION OF C1-C10 HYDROCARBONS IN WATER
McAuliffe, C. D. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 121-126.
Hydrocarbon-free gas is repeatedly equilibrated with an aqueous
sample containing dissolved hydrocarbons. Successive gas
chromatographic analyses are then performed. Different classes
of hydrocarbons partition differently between water and gas
phases based on their solubilities and vapor pressures. This
difference in partition coefficients allows the various hydro-
carbon types to be separated.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120402t. 1975.
54
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C-139-76
MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF NONVOLATILE HYDROCARBONS IN THE
OCEAN. PART I. MEASUREMENTS IN ATLANTIC, MEDITERRANEAN, GULF OF
MEXICO, AND PERSIAN GULF
Monaghan, P. H., D. E. Brandon, R. A. Brown, T. D. Searl, and
J. J. Elliot. 1974.
Exxon Products Research Co., Paper No. AID.IDJB.74/EPR.4EX.74.
217 p.
Water samples taken from tanker routes in the Atlantic and from
oceanographic vessels elsewhere were extracted with CC14 and
the amount and composition of nonvolatile hydrocarbons were
measured. The nonvolatile hydrocarbons were 10-40% of the total
and consisted mainly of paraffins and 1-ring cycloparaffins.
Concentrations in the top 10m of the water column were 4 ppb,
dropping to <1 ppb in deeper waters.
Reporting
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8956. 1975.
C-140-76
A RAPID METHOD TO DETERMINE BUNKER C FUEL OIL IN MARINE
ORGANISMS
Morgan, N. L. 1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(3):
309-312.
Bunker C fuel oil has been found at the 0.5 mg/kg tissue level
using this new method. The tissue is subjected to a pentane-
methanol extraction utilizing a blender, and then run through
adsorption chromatography. After evaporation, the sample is
quantitatively analyzed for fuel oil by gas chromatography.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-141-76
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE STUDY OF POLLUTION
Muten, I. M. 1974.
Pollution Monitor (21):18-20.
The analysis of pesticides, flue gas and hydrocarbons using
gas chromatography is reviewed. Future developments are
discussed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4)
#HMS 4746. 1975.
55
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C-142-76
FORENSIC CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUEL OILS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
[English summary]
Novikov, Y. A., A. V. Vikhlyantsev, and 0. K. Porksheyan. 1974.
Sudebno-Meditsinskaia Ekspertra 17(4):27-29.
Benzenes and petrols can be grouped using this method. It can
identify small amounts of the liquid in traces on various carriers
and biological matter. The use of the method, including tech-
niques, environmental conditions, and reliability factors is
discussed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-143-76
LABORATORY SEMIAUTOMATIC INFRARED DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE
COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SEWAGE [in Russian;
English translation of journal available]
Osipov, U. M., V. Luchinskii, and A. S. Egorov. 1975.
Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 6:59-60.
The electron-optical measurement system and the main technical
characteristics of a laboratory infrared analyzer are described.
The device determines the total content of petroleum products in
sewage of refineries and other technological installations.
Citation Source: International Aerospace Abstracts 15(18):
#A75-38648. 1975.
C-l44-76
PETROLEUM TRITERPANE FINGERPRINTING OF CRUDE OILS
Pym, J. G., J. E. Ray, G. W. Smith, and E. V. Whitehead. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(9):1617-1622.
A liquid-elution chromatographic method has been developed which
permits the isolation and analysis of triterpane concentrates
from petroleum. The technique should supplement other methods
of relating crude oil to source rocks and may also aid in the
identification of individual crude oil pollutants.
Source identification
Citation Source: Citation Journal
56
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C-145-76
TRACE ELEMENTS BY INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS FOR
POLLUTION MONITORING
Sheibley, D. W. 1975.
Trace Elements in Fuel: Research Sponsored by the American
Chemical Society. Washington, D.C. Advances in Chemistry
Series, No. 141. p. 98-117.
Methods and technology were developed to analyze 1000 samples
per year of pollution-related samples including coal, fly ash,
bottom ash, crude oil, fuel oil, residual oil, gasoline, kerosene,
river sediment and waters, and others. Precision of the method
was ±25%. Overall accuracy was estimated at 50%.
Citation Source: International Aerospace Abstracts 15(19):
0A75-39335. 1975.
C-146-76
POSSIBILITY FOR THE GROUP IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS BY GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY FROM TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF RETENTION
INDEXES [English summary]
Shlyakhov, A. F., B. I. Anvaer, 0. V. Zolotareva, N. N. Romina,
N. V. Novikova, and R. I. Koreshkova. 1975.
Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii 30(4):788-792.
Retention indexes of 52 high-boiling hydrocarbons of various
types were plotted versus temperature. The temperature
coefficients of the retention indexes increase with the number
of rings in the hydrocarbon molecule and can be used to identify
hydrocarbon type.
Source identification
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#125832t. 1975.
C-147-76
TARS AS PRODUCTS OF POLYMERIZATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN
WATER
Sinel'nikov, V. Ye. 1973.
Hydrobiological Journal 9(3):17-23.
Tars can be of different origins. Analytical characteristics
can be used to characterize tars as of natural, petroleum, sewage
or phenolic origin. Tars of phenolic origin were created by
adding phenol daily for 750 days at a concentration of 10 mg/liter;
the mechanism of formation is discussed.
Source identification
Citation Source: Citation Journal
57
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C-148-76
HYDROCARBON GROUP TYPES IN GASOLINE-RANGE MATERIALS BY HIGH
PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Suatoni, J. C., H. R. Garber, and B, E. Davis. 1975,
Journal of Chromatographic Science 13(8):367-371«
This liquid chromatographic technique analyzes gasoline-range
materials (60-215°C) for their group types: saturates, olefins
and aromatics. A low polarity perfluorocarbon mobile phase and
a small particle silica column are used. This method is more
precise and accurate than the previous method.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-149-76
RAPID HYDROCARBON GROUP-TYPE ANALYSIS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Suatoni, J. C., and R. E. Swab. 1975.
Journal of Chromatographic Science 13(8):361-366.
A rapid general technique for hydrocarbon group-type analysis
which utilizes high performance liquid chromatography has been
developed. Saturates, aromatics, polar compounds, and n-hexane
insolubles in all types of liquid hydrocarbons (crudes, fuels,
gasolines, kerosenes, etc.) can be analyzed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-150-76
ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT
Teledyne Analytical Instruments.
Product Information.
Teledyne carries a range of in-line process analyzers for
gaseous and liquid streams. The instruments measure oxygen,
flue gas, combustibles, oil-in-water, and hydrocarbons. FFI
contact Teledyne Analytical Instruments, 333 West Mission Dr.,
San Gabriel, California 91776.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4536. 1975.
58
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C-151-76
THE INFRARED STUDIES OF SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL OIL SPILL
Tu-Ching, T. 1974.
Ph.D. Thesis (Available from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann
Arbor, Michigan, Order no. 74-26,406). 136 p.
A twelve-month analytical investigation conducted to evaluate
the effects of the Santa Barbara oil well spill which occurred
January 28, 1969, is described. The study evaluated infrared
analytical techniques for identification of oils and establish-
ment of background levels of hydrocarbons in marine sediments,
examined the movement and deposition of oil in relation to
source, sediment size and natural current patterns, and
correlated oil movement with sediment formation.
Source identification
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10237. 1975.
C-152-76
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS
Warner, J. S. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. J. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 195-196.
The concentration of hydrocarbons in oyster tissue was determined
by fractionating the extracted tissue on silica gel and using gas
chromatography. Individual aromatic hydrocarbons were determined
in clam tissue by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(9):#72827m. 1975.
59
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6. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
C-l53-76
IDENTIFICATION OF MINERAL OILS BY FIELD IONIZATION MASS
SPECTROMETRY
Anbar, M.s M. E. Scolnick, and A. C. Scott. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 229-232.
A new ionization source can produce arrays of hundreds of
microcones on a porous substrate. A cathode with a radius of
curvature of ~0.1 y and an anode at a distance of 75 y require
more than 300 V to produce field ionization and a nonfragmented
mass spectrum. Different crudes or fuel oils are separated
using the relative abundance of the sum of the isomers for each
mass. Only a small sample (100 yg) is needed for an analysis
with 3% precision.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#118136r. 1975.
C-l54-76
OIL POLLUTION IDENTIFICATION SERVICE
Carroll, D. M. 1975.
Technology Ireland 6(ll):28-29.
The Analytical Chemical Section, Institute for Industrial Research
and Standards, Dublin, Ireland, offers an oil pollution source
identification service. Identification of an oil source is made
by comparing the analytical profile of an oil pollutant, based on
its gas chromatographic patterns, spectroscopic properties and
organic and inorganic constituent content, with published data
for crude and refined oils. Problems encountered in identification,
including weathering of oil, are discussed.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-03394. 1975.
C-155-76
ACTUAL POLLUTION IN THE STRAITS OF MESSINA
De Domenico, E., and M. De Domenico. 1974.
Revue Internationale Oceanographie Me*dicale 15-16:187-193.
The various pollution sources in the Straits of Messina are
discussed and some results on microbiological and physico-chemical
60
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conditions of waters in the Straits during March 1972 to March
1973 are presented. The increased tanker traffic through these
waters and the corresponding increase in the number of oil tanker
accidents have created a dangerous pollution source for the
Straits of Messina.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-156-76
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS BY PATTERN RECOGNITION
ANALYSIS OF NATURAL ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
Duewer, D. L., B. R. Kowalski, and' T. F. Schatzki. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(9):1573-1583. Also available as
AD-A006471, ITR-7, NR Proj. 051-565, Contract N 00014-67-A-0103-0036,
42 p.
The use of pattern recognition techniques to determine the source
of an oil spill after the oil has weathered is described.
Procedures utilizing comparisons of the field sample to single
known source samples and to multiple artificially weathered source
samples are discussed. The latter technique was best for solution
of the problem.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134551c. 1975.
C-157-76
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS
Green, D. M. 1975.
Chemistry and Industry (12):499.
Crudes can be differentiated using the peak height ratios for
certain hydrocarbons, such as n-heptadecane/pristane, n-octadecane/
Phytane and pristane/phytane. Weathering causes these ratios to
become unreliable. Then V, Ni, and S contents are valuable
identification parameters. Methods for all determinations are
Given.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(3):#904.
1975.
C-l58-76
FOR BETTER OIL FINGERPRINTING: THE ME-TBP
Hodgson, R. L. 1975.
tcolibrium 4(3):9-10.
Shell Oil developed a multielement true boiling point gas
chromatograph (ME-TBP) which simultaneously generates carbon
61
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and sulfur boiling point profiles for compounds containing up
to 42 carbon atoms. It also quantitative measures the non-
volatile organic portion. ME-TBP can be used for source
identification and for studies of oil weathering.
Analysis
Chemical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-159-76
IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION AND MONITORING OF PETROLEUM IN
MARINE WATERS BY LUMINESCENCE METHODS
Hornig, A. W. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974, R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 135-144.
The use of total luminescence spectra of oils to monitor and
identify petroleum contaminants in marine waters is described.
Monitoring
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151816k. 1975.
C-160-76
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE SPILLED CRUDE OIL IN THE
OCEAN
Ilardi, A. M. 1974.
Rivista dei Combustibili 28{10):367-371.
A description is given of the steps taken to identify two crude
oils spilled in territorial waters. The procedures include gas
chromatography of selected distillate fractions from the recovered
oil and the quantitative determination of V and Ni in the
distillation residue.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82321f. 1975.
C-161-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF AUSTRALIAN CRUDES AND CONDENSATES BY GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Jackson, B. W., R. W. Judges, and J. L. Powell. 1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(7):656-660.
62
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A gas chromatographic technique has been developed and demon-
strated to be directly applicable to the identification of the
origin of oil pollution. This technique utilizes only the
portion of crude petroleum between 232°C and 316°C. From the
gas chromatographic profile of this fraction, parameters
involving the ratio of n-paraffin and isoterpenoid components
may be determined.
Analysis
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056426.
1975.
C-l62-76
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER: ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES
Karubian, J. F. 1974.
Report, EPA-680/4-74-002, EPA 68-01-9759. 99 p.
A method is given for estimating kinds, amounts and trends of
man-induced groundwater pollution. Preliminary research on
petroleum refinery pollution is one of the examples described.
Analysis
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(15):
#W75-07698. 1975.
C-163-76
SOURCES AND CLASSIFICATION OF WATER POLLUTANTS
Krenkel, P. A. 1974.
Industrial Pollution. N. I. Sax (ed.). Wokingham, United
Kingdom, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., 1974. p. 197-219.
The concept of water quality management is introduced. The
natural quality of water, the classification of pollutants and
their effects, special considerations of selected impurities
found in water and some specific water pollution problems (such
as oil pollution) are discussed.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8898. 1975.
63
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C-164-76
OIL POLLUTION SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
Lieberman, M. 1973.
Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA R2-73-102. 173 p.
This method of source identification depends on comparing certain
stable chemical indices present in unweathered suspect pollution
sources and the weathered pollution sample. In this study
weathered and unweathered samples were analyzed with low voltage
mass spectroscopy, high voltage mass spectroscopy, gas chromatog-
raphy, emission spectroscopy, X-ray total sulfur and Kjeldahl
total nitrogen techniques.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 73(12):
#PB-219 822/4GA. 1973.
C-165-76
CHARACTERIZING OIL SPILLS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Lukens, H. R. 1975.
Progress in Nuclear Energy, Analytical Chemistry 12(1):1-10.
In this process, a prepared sample of oil is irradiated in a
sealed polyethylene vial and counted using an Nal (TI) detector
after one minute and a Ge (Li) detector after one hour and one
day. The trace element content of the sample is obtained by
comparison and is characteristic for any particular oil. The
concentration distribution is expressed as a "difference score,"
which identifies the oil in most cases.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134547f. 1975.
C-l66-76
APPLICATION OF CRYOGENIC INFRARED SPECTROMETRY TO THE IDENTIFICATION
OF PETROLEUM
Lynch, P. F., S. Tang, and C. W. Brown. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(9):1696-1698.
The feasibility of using infrared fingerprints obtained at 80 and
20 k to identify petroleum sources was investigated. Results
indicated that low temperature infrared spectrometry could be
used subsequent to room temperature infrared analysis for identi-
fying petroleum pollution sources.
Analysis
Citation Source: Citation Journal
64
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C-167-76
TRACING OIL AS A POLLUTANT IN WATER
Malueg, N. J.§ and D. F, Krawczyk. 1973.
Journal of Petroleum Technology 25(3):243-248.
The procedures for tracing the source of oil in water is outlined,
The oil is separated from water and debris using a recovery
solvent; recovery averages 60-90%. Comparisons with possible
sources may be made by comparison of spot or strip chromatograms
under long- and short-wave ultraviolet light, or by gas chrom-
atography with a flame-ionization detector with an SE-30 column
and an OV-1 column.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#596
1975.
C-168-76
PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
National Academy of Sciences. 1975.
Workshop on Inputs, Fates and the Effects of Petroleum in the
Marine Environment, Airlie, Virginia, 1973. 107 p.
Topics discussed at the workshop include: sources of oil entering
the sea, petroleum inputs to the marine environment, analytical
techniques to determine oil contamination in marine organisms and
hydr icarbon biodegradation kinetics.
Biodegradation
Analysis
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056425.
1975.
C-l69-76
ANALYSIS AND SURVEY OF MARINE FUELS AND POLLUTION SAMPLES
Rouen, R. A., and R. C. Reeve. 1974.
Journal of Forensic Science 19(3):607-617.
In this analysis, a combination of techniques including gas
chromatographic analysis, refractive index measurements, ash
residues, percentage ash composition and emission spectrographic
analysis of the ashed residues were found to be valuable in
localizing the source of oil spills. A listing of elemental
65
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compositions of oil samples received in oil pollution cases over
a four year period is given. This information allows the analyst
to evaluate analytical data for clues as to possible origin,
Analysis
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(2):
#305. 1975.
C-l70-76
CRUDE OIL SPILLS RESEARCH: AN INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Wilson, C. A., E. P. Ferrero, and H. J. Coleman. 1975.
American Chemical Society, Petroleum Chemistry Division, Preprints
20(3):613-634.
The article describes the program of the Energy Research and
Development Administration to investigate and evaluate analytical
techniques for the simple, rapid and reliable identification of
crude oil spills. Analytical techniques studied include gas-
liquid chromatography, atomic adsorption spectrophotometry,
infrared spectroscopy, sulfur and nitrogen determinations, mass
spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and
ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
Analysis
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,296. 1975.
66
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
C-171-76
No title given.
Anon. 1975.
Product Information,
An oil spill containment system called Bottom Tension Boom has
been developed by IMODCO Inc. Part of the design is a below-
surface towline that inclines into the current preventing oil
from flowing under the barrier skirt. The BTB can survive
20-ft seas, 60-kt winds and 2-kt currents.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Engineer International 47(1):EM12.
1975.
C-172-76
No title given.
Anon. 1975.
Product Information.
The Expandi-Oil boom, marketed by Whittaker Corporation, is
lightweight, has a small storage-volume and short-time deployment.
It can be delivered by boat or helicopter and laid out at speeds
up to 50 meters/minute. Offshore tests demonstrated that it only
took 12 minutes to fly 100 meters of boom 4-1/2 miles offshore
and deploy it.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Engineer International 47(5):EM19.
1975.
C-173-76
No title given.
Anon. 1975.
Product Information.
Slickbar booms are made of materials compatible with each other
and the marine environment. Floats are hard skinned for
67
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durability and ease of cleanup; skirts are polyester with a vinyl
coating. Stainless steel is used for cable and fastenings.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Engineer International 47(11):EM20.
1975.
C-174-76
ANTI-POLLUTION BOOMS
Anon.
Product Information.
This company supplies a variety of booms. The use of these booms
in both permanent and emergency situations to remove floating
pollutants, including oils and tars, provides solutions for a
wide range of problems. FFI contact William Warne & Co. Ltd.,
Barking, Essex.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
#HMS 3087. 1975.
C-175-76
BUBBLE BARRIER RETAINS SPILLS DURING UNLOADING OPERATIONS
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(10):11.
The Swedish Baltic port of Galve has recently installed a
bubble barrier around its oil unloading pier. A vertical
stream of air bubbles is deflected at the surface to form a
horizontal surface current which will keep oil from spreading
in the event of a spill.
Oil transfer and transport
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-176-76
CLEANUP EQUIPMENT FOR SPILLS IS ARRANGED FOR IMMEDIATE USE IN
GULF OF MEXICO
Anon. 1973.
Offshore 33(10):61-62.
Clean Gulf Associates, a non-profit organization of 36 companies,
has assembled a flotilla of the latest containment and cleanup
68
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equipment to be on 24-hr call. Technological advancements will
be evaluated and included; at present four basic types of systems
for different environmental conditions are available.
Cleanup and recovery
Contingency planning
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#072683. 1975.
C-177-76
DEVELOPMENT OF A STREAMING FIBER OIL SPILL CONTROL CONCEPT
Beach, R. L., and F. A. March. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-35-75, Contract DOT-CG-40217-A. 95 p.
Seaward, Inc., has developed a new system using long continuous
fibers to control oil spills in currents up to 10 knots. The
fibers slow down and thicken spilled oil, creating a thick
stable pool of oil. Losses beneath the system are negligible.
Testing of the design was extensive, including a test at 6 knots.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#AD-A014 494/9GA. 1975.
C-l78-76
COAST GUARD'S ROLE IN SPILL CONTROL
Boersma, F. A., LCDR, and LCDR G. H. Brown III. 1975.
Petroleum Engineer International 47(4):10-13.
The "Torrey Canyon" oil spill disaster in 1967 provided the
impetus for the development of the U.S. Coast Guard's oil spill
program. The program has three major areas: reducing the amount
of oil spilled by offloading cargo from a stricken vessel,
controlling the oil on the water's surface by a physical barrier,
and recovering the contained oil.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-l79-76
WHICH BOOM? ASK THE COMPUTER
Cochran, R. A., and J. P. Fraser. 1975.
Ecolibrium 4(3):15-19.
The purchasers of oil spill control equipment need to know how
much of what type of equipment will result in reasonable oil
69
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recovery under most conditions of spill size, location and
weather. The choice can be approached logically through a
computer simulation program which incorporates data on the
probable size and location of spills and weather data for
the probable locations.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-180-76
SOSOL ABSORPTION AND FLEXIBOLL EMERGENCY BOOMS
Euro-Matic, Ltd.
Product Information.
The Flexiboll boom surrounds an oil spill on water until Sosol
can be used to absorb the oil. The Sosol is effective in the
form of a boom or as small pieces. Once it is saturated, the
Sosol is dumped or burned. FFI contact Euro-Matic, Ltd.,
Maycrete House, Boston Manor Rd., Brentford, Middlesex.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3967. 1975.
C-181-76
OIL SPILLS CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS
Watts, D. H., and F. A. March. 1973.
APEA Journal 13{1):145-152.
A containment barrier system has been developed to withstand
20-ft seas, 3-knot currents and 60-mph winds, and to contain
oil in 4-to 5-ft seas and 40-mph winds. A system for the
recovery of petroleum from offshore spills has been designed
and tested and is capable of recovering spilled oil at high
efficiencies (<10% water in recovered oil) at the 2000-gpm
rate under calm to low State 5 seas and up to 3 knots.
Cleanup and recovery
Design and engineering
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#602,
1975.
70
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2. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
C-182-76
No title given.
Anon. 1975.
Product Information.
An oil skimming vessel developed by Seaward International Inc.,
features a ballasting capability that permits operations in seas
up to 5 ft, and a sweep width that can extend to 400 feet. The
Huskey offshore skimmer is simple, reliable and is designed for
modular construction to permit easy transportation.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Engineer International 47(11):EM14.
1975.
C-183-76
BETZ DEMULSIFIERS FOR OIL WATER SEPARATION
Anon.
Product Information.
Betz Ltd. carries a range of demulsifiers that give good oil/water
separa ion in normal and reverse emulsions. These demulsifiers can
be used in such areas as oil refining desalting and recovering oil
from wastes. FFI contact Betz Ltd., Nat Lane, Winsford, Cheshire.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3211, 1975.
^DETERGENTS AND WETTING AGENTS PROVIDE LW-TOXICITY HIGH
EFFICIENCY, WATER-DILUTABLE, CONCENTRATED OIL DISPERSANTS
Anon.
Product Information.
BP 1100WD disperses oil spills at sea efficiently. The advantages
of this product are that it is only 10% as expensive to use and
needs onft 1W of the storage space as other *sper«nts. FFI
contact B.P. Oil Ltd., 110 Euston Rd., London, NW1 2DP.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3305. 1975.
71
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C-185-76
COAST GUARD AWAITS OIL-SPILL SOS TO TEST UNIT
Anon. 1975.
National Petroleum News 67(11):54, 56.
A USCG pollution strike team is awaiting an oil spill to test
their new highseas oil-recovery system machine, based on
Lockheed's Clean Sweep concept. A disc drum turns in spilled
oil, picking up oil as water runs off. Wipers against the drum
direct the oil to a hollow axle.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-186-76
CONWED PETROLEUM SORBENT PRODUCTS
Anon.
Product Information.
Reinforced vegetable fibre oil adsorbent is formed into blankets,
pads, strips or booms and can absorb 22 times its own weight of
fuel oil in 30 seconds. The material can be re-used after
squeezing out the oil.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4735. 1975.
C-187-76
COOPERATION COMBATS OIL SPILLS IN NORTH CAROLINA
Anon. 1975.
Fueloil and Oil Heat 34(2):24-25.
The oil pollution control program developed in Randolph County,
North Carolina, is described. The oil dealers association
decided to plan for protection against major oil spills and
incorporated oil spill control into the Randolph County Rescue
Squad operation.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10039. 1975,
72
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C-188-76
DISKIMMERS AND FOAM BELT FOR OIL/WATER SEPARATION
Anon.
Product Information.
The equipment described utilizes plastic foam discs to remove
oil from water. It is able to process 20-450 gal,/hr. and is
better suited for viscous oils. The foam belt device is suitable
for low viscosity oils. FFI contact Lowe Engineering Co,,
2 Station Rd., Lincoln Park, New Jersey 07035.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
#HMS 3004. 1975.
C-189-76
FCC ASSIGNS FREQUENCIES FOR OIL SPILL WORK
Anon. 1975.
National Petroleum News 67(10):84.
This note concerns the assignment by the Federal Communications
Commission of a group of radio high frequencies for exclusive
use in oil-spill containment and cleanup work. The decision
resulted from a petition from the American Petroleum Institute
to assign channels for these purposes.
Containment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-190-76
FLOATING OIL COLLECTION BOAT COMPLETED IN JAPAN
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(7):13.
The "Sokai" is a vessel built to collect floating oil. The
catamaran-type hull allows the vessel to operate in conditions
with waves up to one meter high. Oil and seawater are forced
into the collection hold where the oil is first floated to the
surface by a bubble-producing machine, and then sucked into
storage tanks. The water is removed through the drain pumps.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
73
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C-191-76
FREE 130-PAGE BOOKLET COVERS SPILLS, EQUIPMENT
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(38):128.
Lawson Specialty Co., Inc. (8300 Sovereign Row, Dallas, Texas
75247) offers a free booklet on equipment for treating oil
spills and salt water spills on land and water, treating and
reclaiming waste oil from sludge pits and secondary recovery,
plant maintenance, emulsion breakers and other items.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-192-76
INFLATABLE STRUCTURES IN THE ANTIPOLLUTION CONTROL OF SEAS
AND RIVERS
Anon. 1974.
Technique Moderne 66(10):45-46.
The capacities and range of use of several forms of inflatable
and flexible dams and reservoirs designed to recover oil dis-
charged at sea are described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(5):#1431. 1975.
C-l93-76
KIMBRO LOW TOXICITY OIL DISPERSANT FOR OIL SPILLS
Anon.
Product Information.
This dispersant is biodegradable, has a high flash point and is
of low toxicity. It contains oil soluble emulsifiers to promote
rapid dispersal of oil and is suitable for use on the ocean, in
rivers, harbors and on beaches. FFI contact K & B Anti-Pollution,
Ltd., Roath Dock, Cardiff CFI FLX.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3335. 1975.
74
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C-194-76
KOMARA MINISKIMMER
Anon.
Product Information.
A smaller version of the Seaskimmer has been designed and built
for dealing with small oil spills in harbors, etc. This skimmer
weighs 100 pounds, has a draught of 8 inches, and can recover all
types of oil with a maximum rate of 10 tons per hour. FFI
contact Vickers Ltd. Shipbuilding Group, Ings Lane, Kirbymoorside,
York Y06 6EX.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
#HMS 3090. 1975.
C-l95-76
MONOMOLECULAR FILMS - CONTROL OF OIL SPILLS ON THE SEA
Anon.
Product Information.
Shell Herder is used to control oil pollution on water and
beaches. This material is biodegradable and non-toxic to marine
life. FFI contact Shell International Chemical Co., Ltd., Shell
Centre, London SEI 7PG.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
#HMS 3092. 1975.
C-196-76
NEW CLEAN UP SYSTEM CHECKS SPILLS AT SEA
Anon. 1975.
Petroleum International, Filed NS2147.
British Petroleum has designed a spill control system, the
Vikome system, which is claimed to be the first practical unit
for open sea conditions. Its operation is described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(7):#4523.
1975.
75
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C-197-76
OIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Anon.
Product Information,
"Nontoxic oil dispersant, oil adsorbent foam and granules, and
booms for containment of spills on land or water are offered by
the firm." FFI contact Arrow Chemicals Ltd,, P.O. Box No. 3,
Stanhope Rd., Swadlincote, Nr. Burton-on-Trent, Staffs.
Containment
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4700. 1975.
C-l98-76
OIL SPILL CONTROL AIDS
Anon.
Product Information.
Rapid biodeterioration is aided by Corexit oil dispersant
concentrate which induces fine drop formation. Another product,
the Corexit oil collector, contracts the oil film into small
areas to facilitate collection. FFI contact Essochem Oil Field
Chemicals, Mechelsestunweg 363, B-1950 Kraainen, Belgium.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
#HMS 3088. 1975.
C-199-76
OIL-SPILL RECOVERY
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):147-148.
The first of 24 aluminum catamaran-hull oil spill skimmers,
being built by the Marine Construction and Design Company of
Seattle, was due for delivery in late summer. The vessel is
towed to a spill, then two booms channel the oil to the skimmer
recovery system.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
76
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C-200-76
OIL SPILLS - RECOVERY AND RE-USE BY VESSEL
Anon. 1975.
Dock and Harbour Authority 55(652):415.
Two Hydrovac ships stationed in Rotterdam collect about 10,000 TRY
of saleable oil from the harbor area. An oil sweeper boom takes
the oil aboard and an oil-water separator, using gravity and
surface tension, removes the oil. Small steel skimmers or light-
weight reel-mounted Hydrovac oil screens are used in non-ideal
conditions.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04820. 1975.
C-201-76
OVER 10,000 OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS OCCUR YEARLY
Anon. 1975.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal 18(1):28, 104, 106,
108.
The serious problem of oil and hazardous material spills in water
courses is reviewed. Countermeasures currently in use or under
development by the federal government to prevent or control spills
in waterways are outlined.
U.S. legislation
Reporting
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-202-76
PREPARE FOR OIL SPILLS WITH MINIATURE SEA AND AIRBORNE CONTAINMENT
PLAN
Anon. 1974. ,,,,,% „ n
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal 17(11):8-9.
Two recently developed techniques for containing and retrieving
oil slicks resulting from petroleum accidents on land and sea are
described. The first system consists of 120,000-gallon flexible
containers and pumping units which can be air dropped to contain
an oil spill; the second development includes the construction by
the EPA of a mini-sea test facility for the testing of oil pollution
prevention equipment.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
77
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C-203-76
QUICK RESPONSE IS POSSIBLE IN OIL SPILL
Anon. 1975.
Offshore 35(10):138-142.
A new oil-spill recovery design requires no more than 200 sq.
ft. of storage space on deck, and can be set up by two men in
a lifeboat within 30 minutes. Oil retrieval begins at once
with the use of a long loop of rope mop; oil is then wrung
out into collection pans. Government responsibility for
protection against marine pollution is shared by three bodies;
the various responsibilities are explained.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-204-76
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9};131.
The semi-submersible design gives a more stable working platform
which is desirable for work in the hostile North Sea. The vessel
will be fitted out to control pollution and offshore fires.
Storage space for 7500 gallons of dispersant concentrate is
provided.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-205-76
SKIMMER GIVES HIGH-SPEED RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(37):209.
The mini skimmer, developed by British Petroleum Co. Ltd.
(Chertsey Rd., Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, England), is
capable of operating in up to 2-ft waves and removes almost all
oils from the water surface with minimal water uptake. Maximum
recovery rates of 3,000 gph have been achieved.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
78
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C-206-76
SKIMMING SYSTEM CLEARS OIL SLICKS
Anon. 1974.
Marine Engineers Review (December):38-39.
A new anti-pollution oil recovery system has a recovery rate of
100 tons/hour. The oil skimming unit, devised by BP, consists
of rotating discs to which the oil adheres. As the discs rotate,
oil is scraped off and then passed to an oil delivery hose for
recovery.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstract? 3(2):#567.
1975.
C-207-76
SLICKGONE L.T.2. FOR DISPERSING OIL SPILLS AND BEACH CLEANING
Anon.
Product Information.
Dasic International Ltd. markets a blend of biodegradable nonionic
emulsifiers in a solvent of low aromaticity. This blend is low
in toxicity and has a powerful dispersant action, i.e. one gallon
disperses 50 square yards of oil slick, FFI contact Dasic
International Ltd., Winchester Rd., Romsey, Hampshire 505 84D.
Restoration
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3304. 1975.
C-208-76
SOLVENT OIL SLICK DISPERSANT
Anon.
Product Information.
This dispersant is biodegraded in 2-6 days and does not hazard
marine life at concentrations <3%. FFI contact R. K. B.
Maintenance Chemicals Ltd., New Road, Sandy, Bedfordshire.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4736. 1975.
79
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C-209-76
10TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH
Anon. 1975.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto, Institute for
Environmental Studies, 1975, 54 p.
Topics covered in these abstracts of papers on water quality
deterioration and treatment include: bio-oxidation and activated
carbon adsorption residuals, leachate treatment, N loss, oil
spills, Hg transport, and heavy metal and insecticide residue
effects on animal life and water quality
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04740. 1975.
C-210-76
TRANSLATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. NO. 58.
Anon. 1974.
Translations of monographs from various journals, JPRS-63176. 31 p.
Oil pollution control equipment in Chuvashiya, USSR, is one of
the topics discussed in these translations.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05072. 1975.
C-211-76
TWIN-HULL FIREFIGHTERS FOR UKOOA?
Anon. 1974.
Offshore Services 7(4):39.
Fifteen ships will be stationed along the east coast of the
United Kingdom for firefighting and other disaster duties in
North Sea oil and gas fields. The offshore industry has a
good record for pollution incidents (responsible for only 2%
of the oil reaching the sea), and will equip the ships to fight
oil pollution in any form.
Contingency planning
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03985. 1975.
80
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C-212-76
TWO OIL SPILL RECOVERY SYSTEMS BEING TESTED IN ARCTEC LAB
Anon, 1975.
Sea Technology 16(10):11.
The Lockheed Clean Sweep Model (disc-drum unit) and the Marco
Class I Pollution Control Oil Recovery System (belt-type skimmer)
will be tested by ARCTEC in model ice and at cold temperatures.
The purpose of this program is to develop a system to control
Arctic oil pollution.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-213-76
WORLD ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORY
Anon. 1974.
World Environmental Directory 1(1):535 p.
A listing is provided of the name, address and descriptive
information of pollution control product manufacturers in the
areas of air, water and solid waste; professional services;
government and independent environmental agencies; organizations;
educational institutions; corporate environmental officials; and
international environmental organizations.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04121. 1975.
C-214-76
A ZERO-RELATIVE-VELOCITY BELT SKIMMER
Ayres, R. R., K. L. Bickham, J. P. Fraser, and P. E. Titus. 1975.
Final report, USC6-D-116-75, Contract DOT-CG-42229-A. 250 p.
A new approach to high speed oil recovery incorporates the
concept of zero relative velocity between a moving belt and the
oil layer. A sorbent belt made of Astroturf and Fuetron felt
floats like a blanket on the water and absorbs oil. The belt
is then withdrawn and the oil squeezed out, Full-scale simulations
indicate that further development is warranted.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
JAD-A014 497/2GA. 1975.
81
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C-215-76
GUIDE TO NRL CLEANING AND SALVAGING TECHNIQUES FOR RECLAIMING
EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATED WITH SEAWATER, OIL AND SMOKE DEPOSITS
Baker, H. R., and R, N, Bolster, 1973,
NRL Report No. 7563. Up,
Information on the supplies necessary to reclaim equipment
contaminated by oil, seawater, or fire is given. Additional
information is included on the personnel and equipment needed
for a shore cleaning facility, and the most satisfactory methods
of salvage.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8878. 1975.
C-216-76
OIL/WATER SEPARATORS
Butterworths Systems (U.K.), Ltd,
Product Information.
This oil/water separator has the advantages of being automatic,
without filters, and needing no power. The design is based on
gravity separation with the coalescence of oil aided by steel
collector plates and turbulent flow. FFI contact Butterworth's
Systems (U.K.), Ltd., 445 Brighton Rd,, South Croyden, Surrey
CR 2 6EU.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3503. 1975.
C-217-76
TESTS OF COAST GUARD DEVELOPED HIGH SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEMS
AT EPA OHMSETT
Chang, W. J. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-101-75. 129 p.
The Lockheed High Seas Oil Recovery System and the Ocean Systems
Oil Recovery System 1000 were tested in the Coast Guard's sim-
ulated environmental test tank for oil recovery rate, oil recovery
efficiency and thruput efficiencies over a wide range of conditions
Descriptions of testing apparatus, plans and data analysis are
included.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#AD-A014 495/6GA. 1975.
82
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C-218-76
HARBOUR CLEANUP IS CONTINUOUS AND VITAL
Cranfield, J. 1974.
Petroleum & Petrochemical International 14(9):46-47,
The Hydrovac cleanup system which recovers oil from Rotterdam
harbour is described. The ship contains all the oil/water
separation equipment and storage tanks for the recovered oil.
The sweeper boom is towed at an angle. In small areas a small
skimmer is used. The system separates up to 100 tons/hr of oil
Design and engineering
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(1):#258,
1975.
C-219-76
TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGING SPILLS ON LAND AND WATER
Dahm, D. B., R. J. Pilie, and J. P. Lafornara. 1974.
Environmental Science & Technology 8(13):1076-1079.
"Methods are described to control, treat, and monitor spills
of hazardous materials during .manufacture, transport, and
storage on both land and water," Detection and monitoring
equipment are discussed.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04065. 1975.
C-220-76
EMKEM SPILLWASH LT DISPERSANT FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP OPERATIONS
Emkem International, Ltd.
Product Information.
The Emkem product has low toxicity and has been approved by
the Warren Spring Laboratory. It may be, used in conditions
ranging from large scale spills at sea to oil accumulation in
drains, ships or industrial environments. FFI contact Emkem
International, Ltd., The Point, Leigh Beck, Canvey Island,
Essex SS8 7TJ.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3966. 1975.
83
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C-221-76
OIL SPILLS AT SEA AND ON SHORE
European Petroleum Technical Corporation, 1974.
Barking, Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers Ltd,, 1974.
105 p.
Chapters are presented on oil spill factors to be taken into
consideration, such as the location of the oil spill, the type
of spilt oil and the quantity of spilt oil; recommended methods
of cleanup for different environments and special conditions such
as ice; and detailed consideration of cleanup methods, i.e.
burning, sinking, dispersing or picking up.
Containment
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(1):v. 1975.
C-222-76
REMOVING HARMFUL GREASE AND OILS FROM WATER SYSTEMS
Goforth, J. L. 1974.
Air Force Civil Engineer 15(3):24-26.
Grease and oils are removed from the water surface of a settling
basin by trapping the material in a trough at the tank periphery
which is elevated at one end to allow the scum to drain out of
the system. Skimmings can also be directed into troughs and
removed by pipe to a sump for further handling.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056423.
1975.
C-223-76
EXTRACTION DE MICROPOLLUANTS PAR LE CHARBON ACTIF [English
summary]
Cornelia, C. 1975.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales et Revue L'eau 70(5):195-203.
The adsorption of'pollutants by activated carbon is discussed.
For the adsorption of detergents, pesticides and hydrocarbons,
activated carbon gives good results although 03 is sometimes
necessary.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04532. 1975.
84
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C-224-76
CLEAN-UP AFTER TERRITORIAL OIL SPILLS IN THE ARCTIC
Greene, 6., D. Mackay.and J. Overall, 1975,
Arctic 28(2):140-142.
The purpose of this study was to show that problems of oil
containment and cleanup in arctic and subarctic regions are
different from those in the temperate south. Devices and '
techniques that can be employed to remove oil from contaminated
arctic regions are described.
Containment
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,297. 1975.
C-225-76
PARTICULATE OIL SPILL RECOVERY - 1. OIL SORPTION PROPERTIES
OF PLASTIC FOAMS
Gumtz, G. D. 1975.
International Journal of Mineral Processing 2(2):151-161.
A system of oil spill recovery that uses reusable, reticulated,
polyurethane foams to absorb oil is modelled mathematically. The
system appears to be practical. The factors involved in foam
selection are oil viscosity, wave height, recovery ship speed,
and system geometry.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(10):#070706.
1975.
C-226-76
1974 REPORT OF THE INTERSTATE SANITATION COMMISSION
Interstate Sanitation Commission. 19.75.
Annual report, Interstate Sanitation Commission. 98 p.
Special areas receiving attention in this report.are pretreatment
of industrial wastes, removal of oils from the district waters,
compliance monitoring, thermal pollution, enforcement and combined
sewers. A record of pollution activities is provided by the
Commission to assist in coordinating approaches to regional
problems in its activities for water pollution abatement.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Monitoring
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04136. 1975.
85
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C-227-76
PLUGGING THE FAST CURRENT GAP
Jensen, D. S., LCDR, and R. W. Ard, LT, 1975,
Ecolibrium 4(3):6-8.
The Coast Guard has a comprehensive program to develop fast
current oil removal systems. At present most cleanup devices
fail to perform effectively when the current velocity is above
one knot. Five models designed for high velocity currents are
being tested; then the data will be analyzed and evaluated.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-228-76
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM - STAGE 1, SVROS DEVELOPMENT
Lindenmuth, W. T., A. M, Sinnerwalla, and T. R. Sundaram. 1975,
Final report, TR-7501-1 USCG-D-36-75, Contract DOT-CG-40218-A.
96 p.
SVROS (Surface Velocity Retarder Oil Skimmer) is an energy
absorbing device designed to recover thin oil slicks in high
relative currents by gradually dissipating the kinetic energy
of the oil/water inflow so the oil can be collected without
entrainment losses. The effects of velocity, oil type, slick
thickness and model geometry were tested.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#AD-A014 500/3GA. 1975.
C-229-76
WATER WITCH WATER POLLUTION CONTROL CRAFT
Liverpool Waterwltch and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd,
Product Information,
This company offers water-borne vehicles equipped with an oil
skimming unit, detergent spraying facilities or weed dredging
facilities. The vehicles can be used to remove oil, weeds and
floating debris from rivers and harbors. FFI contact Liverpool
Waterwitch and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., 74 Winifred Lane,
Aughton, Ormskirk, Lancashire.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
#HMS 4176. 1975.
86
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C-230-76
FILTERBELT OIL SKIMMERS
Marco Pollution Control.
Product Information.
The oil-water mixture is drawn through a continuous filter
belt. The oil is retained on the belt and later mechanically
removed by rolling with pressure. Screens prevent debris from
clogging the process. FFI contact Marco Pollution Control,
2300 West Commodore Way, Seattle, Washington 98199.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3951, 1975.
C-231-76
HYDROVAC OIL-WATER SEPARATOR AND SWEEPER SHIP
Marine Ventures, Ltd.
Product Information.
The separator has the capacity to process up to 1000 metric tons
per hour and to reduce the oil concentration to less than 10 ppm.
The sweeper can be installed in existing ships and has a capacity
of 100 metric tons per hour, FFI contact Marine Ventures, Ltd.,
London Metropole, Edgware Rd., London W2 1JU,
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3539. 1975.
C-232-76
DECONTAMINATE WATER BEFORE IT GETS INTO THE GROUND
Miller, D. W. 1974.
Water and Sewage Works 121(6):51-53.
Sources of groundwater pollution include industrial waste
lagoons, oil leaks, pesticides and fertilizers, septic tanks
and recharge wells. Problems encountered in monitoring ground-
water quality and treating groundwater pollution are considered.
Increased research in developing methods to correct groundwater
contamination and new strategies for controlling potential
future problems are suggested.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04731. 1975.
87
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C-233-76
OIL/WATER SEPARATOR EVALUATION
Mittleman, J. 1975.
Informal report, January-November 74, NCSL-252-75, 55 p.
A series of tests were conducted to evaluate a coalescing,
plate-type, oil-water separator. The apparatus was successful
in separating contaminated Navy Distillate from seawater, and
produced a water effluent containing 200 ppm oil and an oil
effluent containing <5% water. Experiments involving the
separation of Navy Special Fuel Oil from seawater were not
successful and required termination. The reliability of the
separator's automatic mode was unsatisfactory.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
#AD-A013 210/OGA. 1975.
C-234-76
THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF POROUS BARRIER OIL RECOVERY SYSTEMS
Norton, D. J., and J. L. Rand. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-146-75, Contract DOT-CG-42444A. 76 p.
The oil recovery system has a solid barrier with several upstream
porous barriers which act to dissipate the energy of the flow
through them. This allows a solid barrier to be used in currents
well above the critical speed for a single solid barrier. Factors
influencing success are the number, type, and placement of
porous barriers.
Design and engineering
Containment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#AD-A014 501/IGA. 1975.
C-235-76
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WATER SURFACES USING WOOD DUST - THE INFLUENCE
OF DUST SIZE
Ponter, A. B. et al. 1974.
Institute of Petroleum Paper 1 P74-016. 6 p.
A range of petroleum products is used to test the absorbent
capacity of cedar wood dust of a specific particle size. Oil
88
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uptake was minimal with particles of 0,1 in. Particles greater
than 0.5 in. absorbed 2.7 (kerosine) to 4,2 (other oils) times
their weight. A two-phase mechanism is suggested.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(3):#911.
1975.
C-236-76
USE OF A PADDLE WHEEL IN THE RECOVERY OF FLOATING OIL
Reed, C., and J. C. Wambold. 1975,
ASME Paper 75-ENAs-48. 5 p.
Two pivoting booms are joined in a vee configuration by a
driven paddle wheel. The paddle wheel action draws the surface
water toward it, thus cleaning an area wider than itself. It
may be operated at slow speeds or in a stationary position in
confined areas of harbors and docks.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060784,
1975.
C-237-76
POLLUTION OF WATER BY OIL
Smith, J, W. 1973.
Environmental Problems and Their International Implications.
Boulder, Colorado, Colorado Associated University Press, 1973.
p. 111-125.
In order to select the optimal method for oil spill treatment
and removal, many factors must be considered, such as quantity
of polluted water, rapidity of oil-water mixing* and oil and
dispersed chemical concentrations. Methods and their limitations
are described for water surfaces and shores. The guidelines given
aid in selecting the most satisfactory method with the least
environmental damage.
Restoration
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(46):#213,080. 1975.
C-238-76
DEVELOPMENT OF FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM
Trentacoste, N. P. 1975.
Final report, SAI-74-638-WA USCG-D-34-75, Contract DOT-CG-40216-A.
187 p.
89
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The feasibility of a new system for oil recovery in fast currents
was investigated. The system includes a vented hydrofoil to
separate most of the water from the oil-water layer, and a
rotating belt of polyurethane foam to adsorb the oil from the
remaining mixture. Overall throughput efficiency (oil recovered/
oil received) was 80%,
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#AD-A014 496/4GA. 1975.
C-239-76
SURFACE EFFECTS SKIMMER DEVELOPMENTS
Trentacoste, N. P. 1975.
Final report, EPA/670/2-75/066, Contract EPA-68-03-0327. 79 p.
The new skimmer uses a directed air jet to separate and lift
spilled oil from water surfaces in the form of a spray consisting
of oil and water droplets. The spray is directed toward a
rotating polyurethane foam belt from which it is squeezed and
pumped to a storage tank. The experimental program investigating
the skimmer is described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(18):
#PB-242 391/1GA. 1975,
C-240-76
EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF AN OIL DISPERSANT IN LARGE OUTDOOR
SALT WATER TANKS
Wells, P. G,5 and P. D. Keizer. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):153-157.
A mixture of Venezuelan Guam*pa crude oil and a dispersant,
Oilsperse 43, was more homogeneous, less viscous and without the
"crust" present in the tank containing only oil. A weathered
crude plus dispersant mixture with 250 yg/1 oil was lethal to
over 50% of the test green urchins in four days. Crude oil
alone caused no mortalities.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
90
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3. RESTORATION
C-241-76
CLEANING OILED SEABIRDS
Baker, J. R. 1975,
The Veterinary Record 97(4):79.
The correspondence refers to the publication, "Recommended
Treatment of Oiled Seabirds," by the Advisory Committee on Oil
Pollution of the Sea, Research Unit on the Rehabilitation of
Oiled Seabirds, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the inquiry
concerns how waterproof bird plumage was after a treatment
described in a previous letter.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-242-76
TREATING OILED BIRDS
Croxall, J. P. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):147.
The first section of the report, "Review of current knowledge
on reducing bird mortality associated with oil spills" compiled
by LGL Ltd., Environmental Research Association, Toronto,
reviews the information available on techniques and substances
useful for cleaning oiled birds. The second deals with dispersing
birds from the vicinity of an oil slick, and makes recommendations
for further research.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
91
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4. OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
C-243-76
DEEPWATER PORTS
Anon. 1975.
Chilton's Oil & Gas Energy 1(1):38-39.
Used in combination with promising accident prevention features,
deepwater terminals are the soundest method for importing oil.
The advantages of deepwater terminals are discussed, with atten-
tion directed toward present causes of tanker oil pollution.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-244-76
GELLING TECHNIQUE MAY PREVENT OIL SPILLS FROM TANKERS
Anon. 1974.
Petroleum & Petrochemical International 14(3):49,
Esso Research is studying the possibility of gelling the crude
oil cargo as a pollution control measure in the event of an
emergency. The gelling method involves a chemical interaction
between two organic liquid gelling agents dissolved in the oil
to form a gelant compound which entraps the oil.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6178.
1975.
C-245-76
JOINT MARITIME ADMINISTRATION/U.S. COAST GUARD TANK BARGE STUDY
Anon. 1974.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard. 107 p,
The U.S. Coast Guard proposed rules to make double walls and
double ends mandatory for tank barges of 100 gross tons or more.
This joint study by the Coast Guard and the Maritime Administration
assesses the relative construction and life cycle costs of various
barge designs and the performance of existing barges.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#084463. 1975.
92
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C-246-76
OILBERGS
Anon. 1975.
Audubon 77(6):126.
A semisubmersible ice-breaking supertanker capable of breaking
through 13-foot-thick ice to transport oil from Alaska's North
Slope and Canada's Arctic islands has been developed. Statistics
are given on the oil spilled into the ocean from normal tanker
operations (1 million tons), spills (200,000 tons), and drydock
leaks (250,000 tons). NOAA ships are monitoring sea slicks,
Design and engineering
Monitoring
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-247-76
OIL TRANSPORTATION BY TANKERS: AN ANALYSIS OF MARINE POLLUTION
AND SAFETY MEASURES
Anon. 1975.
Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. 305 p.
Background material and a discussion of issues related to tanker
safety and pollution potential are presented. Technical alterna-
tives in the design, construction and operation of tankers as
related to pollution control are emphasized. The special problems
of supertankers are discussed.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
#PB-244 457/8GA. 1975.
C-248-76
OTA ISSUES REPORT ON TANKERS AND MARINE POLLUTION
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(10):11.
The report of the Office of Technology Assessment is called Oil
Transportation by Tankers: An Analysis of Marine Pollution and
Safety Measures. Oil spillage from accidents accounts for about
20% of oil dumped in the oceans through routine tanker operations.
The report also examines the effects of these 1.5 million tons of
oil discharged into the oceans each year.
Reporting
Citation Source: Citation Journal
93
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C-249-76
SUPER SHIPS - SUPER PROBLEMS
Anon. 1975.
Chllton's Oil & Gas Energy 1(3):56-59,
The ability to build big ships is increasing faster than the
ability to regulate them, as Noel Mostert points out in his
well-researched book, Supership. The case against the 'supers'
is outlined, and the four immediate steps necessary to achieve
safety are given.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-250-76
TANKER TRAFFIC II. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY WITH REGARD TO THE
PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION OF THE SEA
Anon. 1974.
Ingenieur (The Hague) 86(51-52):1007-1009.
The measures taken by the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization (IMCO) to limit operational discharges of oily water
into the sea, to control the release of oil after tanker accidents,
and to prevent tanker accidents are summarized. Design require-
ments for both tankers and shore installations and new rules
concerning navigation are included.
International legislation
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(7):
#1983. 1975,
C-251-76
FIRST SPAR STORAGE-LOADING BUOY PROJECT POSED COMPLEX DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION PROBLEM
Bax, J. D. 1974.
Oil and Gas Journal 72(23):53-57.
The SPAR offshore floating storage-loading facility consists of
three cylindrical sections placed one on top of the other, with
storage, pumping, and power generation and crew facilities housed
separately. Design criteria and special anti-pollution features
are described.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#072993. 1975.
94
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C-252-76
A SAFETY TANKER OF THE FUTURE
Booth, D. 1974.
Commercial Motor 139(3546):38-47,
A glass reinforced plastic tanker for transporting petroleum
products has been approved by the Home Office. The comparison
test data with steel tankers and the safety features of the
plastic tanker are discussed. The tanker complies with both
EEC and ADR transport regulations.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3296. 1975,
C-253-76
ICEBERGS AND OIL TANKERS: USC6 GLACIOLOGISTS ARE CONCERNED
Carter, L. J. 1975.
Science 190(4215):641-643.
A recent U.S. Geological Survey report warns that icebergs from
the Columbia Glacier near Valdez may menace supertankers that
will soon call there daily to take on oil. The glacier may be
on the verge of a "drastic retreat," which causes more icebergs.
During the past two months icebergs have been seen in and around
shipping lanes. Although safeguards will be used, the systems
are not infallible.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-254-76
THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 3
Chandler, G. 1974.
Petroleum Review 28(327):151-158.
Among the problems considered are: pollution risks to ground and
surface water arising from storage tanks, pipelines and transport,
pollution from car exhaust emissions and waste oil disposal.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6175.
1975.
95
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C-255-76
PREVENTION OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER POLLUTION BY OIL FROM
STORAGE TANKS AND DURING THE TRANSPORT OF OIL
European Petroleum Technical Cooperation, 1974,
Barking, Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers Ltd,, 1974.
32 p.
This book contains information on general requirements for
pollution prevention, corrosion protection, storage tanks, pipes
and fittings, installations, operations, transportation and
deliveries.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(1):v, 1975,
C-256-76
LEAK DETECTION WITH SPHERES
Gagey, E. 1975.
Pipeline and Gas Journal 202(8):47-48.
The method of pipeline leak detection with spheres is illustrated.
With a sphere installed in the line and flow stopped, one can
observe the pressure declining in the leaking section while the
pressure remains steady in the other section. When the pressure
differential between the leaking and non-leaking sections of pipe
reaches a certain level, the equilibrium point of the sphere
changes and the sphere moves ahead.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,525. 1975.
C-257-76
SUPERSHIPS
Mostert, N. 1974.
New York, N. Y., Knopf, 1974. 332 p.
The author maintains that YLCCs and VLCCs are "badly built, hard
to handle, crucially overloaded, sloppily sailed, and sketchily
regulated for safety." Big tankers have been suffering accidents
at an alarming rate in the waters around Capetown. A large
proportion of the up to 10 million tons of oil spilled per year
ends up in the Southern Ocean.
Citation Source: Energy Review 08:9. 1975.
96
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C-258-76
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE FOR SUBMERGED WELLS
Texaco Development Corp, 1975,
U.S. Patent 3,866,676.
The hydrocarbon fluid producing well is buried in the ocean floor
and surrounded by a metal casing to protect it against moving ice
masses and other floating objects. If the casing is damaged, a
trigger mechanism shuts off the flow to eliminate the dangers of
pipeline damage and oil pollution.
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#75/08/29.
1975.
C-259-76
DESIGN FOR DISASTER: OIL SPILLS
Zimmerman, M. D. 1975.
Machine Design 47 (May 1):16-21.
Over one-third of the oil spilled in the ocean each year comes
from transportation and transfer of oil. The economies in design
claimed necessary for supertankers are discussed. Available
safeguards against oil spills and for cleaning up oil spills,
and techniques for source identification are presented, The
latter is important in the enforcement of anti-pollution laws.
Cleanup and recovery
Source identification
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
97
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5. DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
C-260-76
API SAFETY VALVE TEST FACILITY PUT INTO OPERATION BY SRI
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(9):36.
The Subsurface Safety Valve Test Facility gives the oil industry
a means to test gas and oil well subsurface safety valves. Each
valve model undergoes performance tests and results are recorded.
Offshore safety and pollution control will be aided by this
testing facility.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
98
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6. WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
C-261-76
BESPOKE OIL AT A MASS PRODUCTION PRICE
Anon. 1974.
Reclamation Industries International #6:14-15.
Oil is being rerefined in Switzerland. The used oil is obtained
on contract and the rerefined product is supplied on contract.
The process utilizes settling, sulfuric acid treatment, filtration
and additives. The rerefined oil costs 5-50% less than new oil.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4)*
#HMS 3411. 1975.
C-262-76
THE ENVIRONMENT - ONE YEAR OF COMMUNITY ACTION
Anon. 1974.
Industry & Society No. 28:1-11.
The EEC actions on environmental improvement are reported.
Among the topics discussed are water standards, marine pollution,
spent-oils and toxic wastes disposal and the environmental impact
of the energy crisis. Proposals and discussions from June, 1970,
to February, 1974, are included.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
#HMS 2845. 1975.
C-263-76
ENVIRONMENTAL SESSION COVERS WASTE, NOISE
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(43):135-138.
This article covers the question-and-answer session on environ-
mental control held at the 1975 NPRA Refinery and Petrochemical
Plant Maintenance Conference in Anaheim, California. The questions
covered "at-sea" incineration of waste materials, reusing oil
lost through the shaft-seal, and portable oil skimmers.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
99
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C-264-76
GRAVITATOR, TM OIL-WATER-SOLIDS SEPARATOR
Anon.
Product Information.
This separator system has a toroidal flow pattern which gives a
high solids separation and a floating oil removal rate better
than 99%. Wastes can be treated at a rate of 150 gpm giving an
effluent containing 10 ppm oil.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4653. 1975.
C-265-76
INCINERATION DISPOSES OF REFINERY WASTES
Anon. 1975.
The Oil and Gas Journal 73(46):60-63.
Stricter controls and land scarcity are making refiners consider
incineration as a means of disposing of oily refinery sludges
and wastes. Types of oily wastes and incinerators are discussed.
Incineration is expensive and needs considerable attention.
Minimizing the amount of oily waste to be disposed of is con-
sidered worthwhile.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-266-76
INCINERATION OF REFINERY WASTES
Anon. 1975.
Stichting CONCAWE 2/75. 93 p.
Guidelines prepared by a CONCAWE special task force for the
incineration of refinery oily sludges are listed. The suitability
of the types of incinerators available on the market is discussed.
The need to attempt the recovery of the oil from refinery sludges
by other means is emphasized.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(6):
#1709. 1975.
C-267-76
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION ANSWERS OFFERED
Anon. 1975.
Product Information.
A free folder of specification sheets discusses and defines
100
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various industrial wastewater pollutants, including oil, and the
AFL System approach to dealing with these pollutants. Data
sheets are offered on various separators and skimmers. FFI
contact AFL Industries, Inc., 1149 Howard Drive, West Chicago.
Illinois 60185.
Citation Source: The Oil and Gas Journal 73(41):114. 1975.
C-268-76
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND REUSE, 2ND
Anon. 1975.
Washington, D.C., Association of Petroleum Refiners. 1975.
The benefits resulting from waste oil recovery, re-refinement
and reuse are explained in the proceedings of the conference,
and industry case histories and problems involved are presented.
The West German experience with oil reuse over a six year period
is discussed.
Citation Source: Environmental Science and Technology 9(7):68b.
1975.
C-269-76
KEEPING OILY WASTES OUT OF CITY SEWERS
Anon. 1974.
Instrumentation 27(1):10-11.
Oil is removed from the effluent of a U.S. treatment plant by
lowering the pH to 2-3, and skimming off the oil. The treatment
plant handles 350,000 gallons per day; the effluent has less
than 25 ppm oil.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3156. 1975.
C-270-76
MAGNETIC SEPARATION CLEANS WATER TO UNDER 10 PPM OIL CONTENT
Anon. 1974.
Petroleum & Petrochemical International 14(1):31.
Oil is removed from water using the Magnetic Oil Separation
Technique (MOST). A Ferro Fluid, consisting of a magnetic iron
oxide powder in a kerosene base, is introduced into the waste
water stream. The fluid captures the oil and is removed
magnetically to a separator where it is reclaimed for recirculation.
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6176.
1975.
101
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C-271-76
OIL REFINING - SOME METHODS AND APPLICATION
Anon. 1974.
Reclamation Industries International #8:16-17.
The present and potential methods for motor oil recovery and
standard tests for the products have been reviewed and assessed
by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The U.S. rubber industry utilizes
lightly reprocessed oils.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
#HMS 2756. 1975.
C-272-76
OILS AND GREASE IN BATHS REMOVED BY ULTRAFILTRATION
Anon. 1974.
Metal Progress 105(6):99-101.
The Union Carbide Ucarsep system can handle process streams in
a wide range of conditions. An inorganic ultrafiltration
membrane is supported by porous carbon tubes.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3255. 1975.
C-273-76
POLLUTION LAB PAYS OFF - TWO WAYS
Anon. 1975.
World Ports 37(4):20-21.
The article describes the water pollution control system which
has been established to monitor the operation of an oil ballast
disposal plant at the Swan Island Ship Repair Yard, Portland,
Oregon. Waste water is checked for emu!sification and salt
water content and is treated in a separator before being dis-
charged to the municipal sewer system.
Monitoring
Citation Source:
Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10243. 1975.
102
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C-274-76
PROCESS TURNS LIQUID WASTE INTO A SOLID
Anon. 1974.
Petroleum & Petrochemical International 14(3):33.
A process for the treatment of toxic wastes and their conversion
to a solid useable as landfill is described. The process can
be applied to the treatment of waste from the chemical and
petroleum industries.
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6179
1975.
C-275-76
PROGRESS OF THE WAR ON WASTE. WASTE MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COUNCIL
Anon. 1975.
Solid Wastes 65(7):290-296.
A review is given of the Waste Management Advisory Council's
progress and research into wastes reclamation including metals,
packaging, paper, oil, tyres, farm and sewage wastes, fish,
forestry and mining wastes.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4626. 1975.
C-276-76
SWEDEN EXAMINES RANGE OF TREATMENT FACILITIES IN BASIC INDUSTRIAL
SECTORS
Anon. 1974.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal 17(4):58, 61, 130.
The 1971 statistics on wastes from 66 companies are reported. The
industries include chemical, oil refinery, iron and steel. Pro-
portions of wastes incinerated, recycled and disposed on land are
given.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3280. 1975.
C-277-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. NO. 66
Anon. 1975.
Translations of monographs from various journals, OPRS-63526. 46 p.
103
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The translated papers deal with environmental quality, Subject
areas include: pollution in the Turizow area in Poland;
pollution problems in Chile; biochemical purification of oil
refining waste waters, and liquid phase oxidation for water
purification in the USSR; and environmental protection in Hesse,
West Germany.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04014. 1975,
C-278-76
USED OIL; WHAT TO DO WITH IT?
Anon. 1975.
Pit and Quarry 67(8):79, 82.
Several disposal processes exist for use in an oil conservation
program. The used oil can be rerefined or sent to a waste oil
service, used for road oiling to control dust, or mixed with
furnace oil or diesel fuel. Handling procedures and a list of
equipment and information sources are included in the article.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-279-76
WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
Anon. 1975.
United Kingdom, Department of the Environment, Headquarters
Library. 68 p.
This publication contains a comprehensive compilation of research
projects in the United Kingdom from a survey in late 1974. There
are 261 entries complete with the name and address of the
organization and responsible individuals, the title and summary
of the work, and the completion date. The petrochemical and oil
industries were among those surveyed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(2):
#HMS 4383. 1975.
C-280-76
WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND REUSE
Anon. 1974.
Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse. International Conference, Washington,
D.C., 1974. 418 p.
Various methods for the recovery and re-use of waste oil are
discussed. The characteristics of marine oily wastes, quality
104
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products from used oils, and the use of waste oil as fuel are
among other topics discussed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3563. 1975.
C-281-76
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY: COSTS AND CAPABILITIES
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
Anon. 1975.
NCWQ-75/02. 2 vol., 650 p.
Technologies available to the petroleum refining industry to
meet water pollution abatement as required by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 are examined. Six
levels of pollution abatement are reviewed, Performance is
stated in terms of resulting effluents.
U.S. legislation
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
#PB-243 830/7GA. 1975.
C-282-76
WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH IN CANADA 1974, VOLUME 9
Anon. 1974.
Canadian Symposium on Water Pollution Research, 9th, 1974.
London, Canada, University of West Ontario, 1974. 339 p.
Oil pollution related papers given at the symposium include:
Flocculation of Waste Waters from Petroleum Refineries, A. Hade
and A. Elcabetz; Testing, Treating and Disposal of Oil and Gas
Well Waste Water Sumps, D. R. Shaw; Some Water Quality Studies
in Petroleum Refineries, G. G. Tertipis and C. M. Pyburn; and
Oil Removal from Refinery Wastes by Air Flotation, B. Volesky
and S. Agathos.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056403,
#056404. 1975.
C-283-76
ELIMINATION OF OILY WASTES BY DISPERSED AIR FLOTATION
Balemans, M. C. M-, and M. E. Brownjohn. 1975.
Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4(l):60-66.
The technique of dispersed air flotation used to eliminate
105
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oily wastes is described. Its application and limits, its
operational results to date, and investment and operational
costs are also outlined,
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(7):#2080. 1975.
C-284-76
MANAGEMENT OF TANK WASHINGS IN MARINE AND COASTAL COMMERCE
Ball, J., D. G. Adams, and C. A. Stryker. 1975.
TAMU-SG-74-221 NOAA-75072201, Grant NOAA-04-3-158-18. 85 p.
At this time ten commercial companies engage heavily in barge
cleaning activities along the Texas Gulf Coast. A study was
initiated to determine how to manage the 75 to 100 million
gallons of waste water per year. Wastewater characteristics
and present treatment methods are discussed, and a system is
proposed to treat the waste water.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#COM-75-n087/4GA. 1975.
C-285-76
EFFECT OF PHENOL PITCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE
IN REFINERY-PETROCHEMICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Boszczyk, H., and R. Lesniewski. 1975.
Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna 49(3):88-90.
When activated sludge was treated with waste water containing
phenol pitch (50-5000 yg/1) under laboratory conditions, it was
found that concentrations >750 yg/1 inhibited purification and
destroyed the activated sludge structure.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84388g. 1975.
C-286-76
USING SLUDGE, OIL AND WATER SEPARATION FOR RECYCLING WATER
Burde, C., and P. Cheremisinoff. 1974.
Water and Sewage Works 121(11):41.
Vibratol, an automatically controlled waste water separator
system developed by Endress & Hauser, can be buried in the ground,
Influent is collected and solids, oil and retreatable water are
separated, reclaimed, totalized and treated continuously.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
106
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C-287-76
SEPARATION OF PHENOL FROM WASTE WATER BY THE LIQUID MEMBRANE
TECHNIQUE
Cahn, R. P., and N. N. Li. 1974.
Separation Science 9(6):505-519.
The use of the liquid membrane emulsion technique in removing
phenol and other weakly ionized acids and bases from waste
water is described. Mathematical derivations for the theoretical
distribution and rate of permeation of phenol into the emulsion
are given.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(4):#1123. 1975.
C-288-76
COMPLETE WATER REUSE. INDUSTRY'S OPPORTUNITY
Cecil, L. K. 1973.
National Conference on Complete Water Reuse, 1973. AIChE-EPA,
1973. 734 p.
The proceedings of the National Conference on Complete Water
Reuse contains 94 papers covering the legal, technological and
economic aspects of water reuse in the chemicals, food, electronic
power, paper and petroleum industries.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4547. 1975.
C-289-76
TREATMENT AND RECOVERY OF PHENOL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER
[English table of contents]
Chang, F.-H. 1974.
Hua Hsueh Tung Pao (2):77-85.
A review with 93 references.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84268t. 1975,
C-290-76
WASTE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL REUSE AS A FUEL
Chansky, S., J. Carroll, B. Kincannon, J. Sahagian, and
N. Surprenant. 1974.
EPA 600/5-74-032, Contract EPA-68-01-1859. 218 p.
107
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The technical, economic and environmental feasibility of using
automotive waste oil as a fuel is evaluated. The physical and
chemical properties of waste oil serve as the basis for choosing
among the proposed uses for waste oil; blended fuel oil, supple-
ment to coal combustion, etc. Treatment costs are assessed,
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(14):
#PB-241 357/3GA. 1975.
C-291-76
DISPOSAL OF SALINE WASTES FROM PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Cherednichenko, G. I,, G. I. Vilkov, V. I. Kostyuk, N. G.
Yampol'skii, V, N. Koposov, V. M. Golubtsov, V. I. Tkach, S.
N. Filippov, and N. A. Olefir. 1974,
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):708-710.
This paper contains a report on a research program developed to
select saline waste disposal methods for Soviet petroleum
refineries. A thermal method was developed and tested. Scale
deposition on the heating surface of the evaporators can be
avoided by soda-lime softening of the waste streams and by
introducing chalk inoculum into the evaporation loop.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060992.
1975,
C-292-76
MODERN METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF CONTAMINANTS IN REFINERY
WASTE WATERS
Chernatskaya, A. N. 1974,
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):692-693.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-500-74)
Several instrumental techniques used for automated or semi-
automated determination of various contaminants present in
refinery effluent before, during and after treatment are
reviewed. Contaminants include petroleum products, demulsifiers,
and various organic substances accompanied by assorted cations
and metals.
Analysis
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060987.
1975.
108
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C-293-76
WASTE WATER TREATMENT OF UNION CARBIDE'S TROMBAY PLANT
Choudhury, D., and A. K, Awasthi. 1973,
Symposium on Environmental Pollution, R. K, Saraf (ed,). Naqour
India, 1973. p. 78-87. ^
"Microorganisms resistant to chemical poisoning and capable of
effective biodegradation of petrochemical waste water were
developed from raw sewage and reduced influent BOD by 97% at
variable organic loadings from 0.1 to 0,32 kg BOD/day kg. mixed
liquor suspended solids,"
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84320d. 1975.
C-294-76
STATE-OF-THE ART: URANIUM, MINING, MILLING, AND REFINING
INDUSTRY
Clark, D. A. 1974.
Environmental Protection Technology Series, W74-11791, EPA-660/
2-74-038. 123 p.
An overview is presented of these U.S. industries. Topics
discussed include waste characteristics (potential pollutants),
current treatment and disposal methods, effects of wastes on
the environment, testing and monitoring programs, future problems,
and recommended areas for further study.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 74(23):
#PB-235 557/6GA. 1974.
C-295-76
AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF BIODEGRADATION PHENOLIC
WASTES
Cobb, H. D., R. Atherton, and W, Olive, 1974.
AD-A004517, AFOSR-75-0070TR, Grant AF-AFOSR-2356062, AF Proj.
9777. 84 p.
Nineteen new strains of bacteria capable of degrading all three
isomers of cresol at concentrations of 900 ppm have been isolated
and characterized. At least one strain can thrive on cresol
concentrations of 1450 ppm.
Biodegradation
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(18):#N75-27597. 1975.
109
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C-296-76
OIL/WATER EMULSIONS - A CRACKDOWN ON PROCESS WASTES
Cooke, B. 1974.
Process Engineering &pril): 64-67.
The methods of emulsion disposal required by local authorities'
effluent restrictions are reviewed. Methods include chemical
cracking with acids and flocculating agents, and the use of
cationic salts which allows the oil to be recovered for reuse.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#572.
1975.
C-297-76
THE RECYCLING OF LUBRICATING OILS
Crocker, F. H. 1974.
Polymers, Paint and Colour Journal 164(3876):657.
The rerefining process is designed to remove all contaminants
from used lubricating oils and recover pure hydrocarbon oil
which can be used again. Less than 5% of the 1,250,000 tons
of lubricating oils consumed in the UK is rerefined. Industry
can help solve the oil waste problem and save money by rerefining
used oil.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(5);
#1396. 1975.
C-298-76
EXTRACTION OF MINERALS: TODAY'S DILEMMAS
Deju, R. A. 1974.
Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1974. 294 p.
The present energy, mineral and water resource base, the development
of waste disposal and resource extraction methods, and an evaluation
of water and air pollution problems attributable to the extractive
industries are discussed. A study is presented of the waste disposal
and land reclamation problems caused by mining and petroleum
industries, with an analysis of the economics of a pollution con-
trol program in this field.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Economic effects of oil pollution
Restoration
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05144. 1975.
110
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C-299-76
TYPE V - INDUSTRIAL OIL RECOVERY UNIT
Durham Associates, Inc,
Product Information.
The automatic oil recovery unit is used in plant catchment areas.
Petroleum products on the surface of the water are collected and
then pumped away when a volume of 500 ml is reached. The maximum
capacity is 25 gallons per hour. FFI contact Durham Associates,
Inc., 100 Elm St., Mil ford, New Hampshire 03055.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4452. 1975.
C-300-76
PRIMARY TRENDS IN IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, AND
WASTE-WATER TREATING SYSTEMS IN REFINERIES
Eigenson, A. S., and E. G. loakimis. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):672-675.
The petroleum refining industry is one of the largest users of
water. The majority of the USSR refineries are equipped with
efficient treatment systems, but some waste waters contain up
to 6000 mg phenol/liter. The treatment processes are discussed
in detail, with the conclusion that refineries should be
independent of water bodies and use biochemically treated
sanitary sewage instead of using water and discharging wastes.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9}-.#060995.
1975.
C-301-76
PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN WATER USAGE AND WATER DISCHARGE
IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS
Eigenson, A. S., E. G. loakimis, R. Kh. Salimgareev, and N. T,
Lukinskaya. 1974. ,
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9)-.665-667.
Factors concerning water resource utilization relevant to the
Soviet petroleum industry are reviewed. Statistical data on
industrial water consumption and industrial effluents from
refineries are presented. Water pollution prevention is
discussed in detail.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060993.
1975.
Ill
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C-302-76
EFFLUENT GUIDELINES - INDUSTRY'S POINT OF VIEW
Elkin, H. F., and W. K. Lorenz. 1974.
Industrial Wastes 20(6):18-21.
The design and construction of an effluent limitation system
are outlined; and the conditions needed to develop a realistic
and flexible system to permit some discharge are discussed.
The advantages of the idealized effluent limitation system
are demonstrated by the case history of a petroleum refining
discharge.
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(5/6):#75-04107. 1975.
C-303-76
CLEAN BREAK - GAMLEN'S UNIQUE CLEANING COMPOUND WHICH SEPARATES
AND YIELDS NON-TOXIC WATER
Gamlen Chemical Sybron Corp.
Product Information.
This biodegradable, non-toxic compound is used for tank cleaning.
Rapid separation of oil from effluent water is achieved by
adding this compound which promotes coalescence of dispersed oil.
FFI contact Gamlen Chemical Sybron Corp., Wallingford Rd.,
Uxbridge, Middlesex.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
#HMS 4034. 1975.
C-304-76
PONTOON SYSTEM AUTOMATED FOR SLOP RECOVERY
Gantz, R. G., L. W. Cresswell, and J. F. Gauen. 1975.
Hydrocarbon Processing 54(3):93-96.
An improved pontoon floating cover system, operated in conjunction
with API oil-water separators, reduces vapor emissions while
automatically recovering oil from the separator. A study of a
unit in operation has demonstrated that savings are made in
operator costs and slop oil quality is improved. Recommendations
for improvements are also made.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
112
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C-305-76
STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN BIOCHEMICAL TREATING
FACILITIES FOR REFINERY WASTE WATERS
Gerber, V. Ya. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):676-680.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-674-74)
All waste waters in a refinery must be biochemically treated
before being recirculated. A comprehensive review of methods
and equipment used for biochemical treatment, aerotanks in
particular, is presented. The use of sectionalized aerotanks
and technical oxygen will increase the rate of biochemical
oxidation, thus reducing costs.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060986.
1975.
C-306-76
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF A COMPREHENSIVE WASTE OIL PROCESSING
FACILITY
Gumtz, G. D., and E. J. Martin. 1975.
Final report, EPA/670/2-75-056, Grant EPA-S-800650. 142 p.
The preliminary design for a comprehensive waste oil recovery
and disposal facility for the State of Maryland is presented.
Twenty-two million gallons of waste oil is generated from
waste sources within the state,
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
#PB-242 461/2GA. 1975.
C-307-76
METHODS OF SPLITTING OIL EMULSIONS AND OIL CONTAINING EFFLUENTS
[English summary]
Gutling, W. 1974.
Galvanotechnik 65(5):417-424.
"Review of physical and chemical treatment methods particularly
'Aquator1 ultrafiltration method."
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3818. 1975.
113
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C-308-76
DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRIFUGAL SYSTEM FOR SEPARATION OF OIL AND
SOLIDS FROM SHIPBOARD DISCHARGE WATER
Guzdar, A. R., A. C. Harvey, J. Potter, and W. M. Mack. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-118-75, Contract DOT-CG-24287-A. 109 p.
The initial design and testing of an oil-solids-water separating
system that is intended to process ships' bilge water at a rate
of 50 gpm and provide water effluent containing less than 15 ppm
of oil are described. Testing of some of the components, i.e.
the separator, pump, and coalescer, is described in detail.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
#AD-A014 045/9GA. 1975.
C-309-76
PELLETIZED WASTE OIL-COAL DUST MIXTURES AS A FUEL SOURCE
Haynes, C. D., D. C. Hagood, and G. S. Walker. 1974.
Mineral Waste Utilization, 4th, Chicago, 1974. p. 47-49.
Waste crankcase oil and coal mining dust can be combined to
form a stable fuel of high energy value and low sulfur content.
The cost is estimated to be $2/ton. The pelletizer has been
designed to be mounted on a vehicle at the coal mine site.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
#HMS 2977. 1975.
C-310-76
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF NEW BIOLOGICAL METHODS
FOR TOXIC WASTES DEGRADATION AND DISPOSAL
Howe, R. H. L. Date unknown.
Symposium on Hazardous Chemicals Handling and Disposal, 1st,
1970. Noyes Data Corp. p. 74-86.
This report presents the details of several new biological methods
of toxic wastes degradation and disposal. The examples used are
phenols, cyanides, hormones, herbicides and antibiotics.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
#HMS 2735. 1975.
114
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C-311-76
DISPOSAL OF PETROLEUM WASTES FORMED IN TREATING REFINERY
EFFLUENTS
loakimis, E. G., G. A. Vorms, V. B. Volkov, G. I, Kuznetsov,
A. D. Davietov, M. I. Akhmetshin, A. V. Popov, and F. M.
Dautov. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):694-696.
The disposal of oily sludge from refinery wastes is a problem;
recovery of all oil from the sludge is impossible, making dumping
not feasible. The sludges can be eliminated by burning, either
in rotary drum furnaces or in fireboxes of various kinds. Tests
show that the fluidized bed technique is most suitable.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060988.
1975.
C-312-76
A STUDY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MATERIALS, HAZARDOUS EFFECTS AND
DISPOSAL METHODS. VOLUME III
Johnson, H. 1973.
Final report, EPA-670/2-73-16. 460 p.
Volume III of this three volume inventory of hazardous wastes
covers characteristics, disposal practices, hazardous effects
and the impact on water quality of wastes from several industries
including the petroleum industry. Economic statistics, growth
patterns, production processes and other topics are also discussed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 73(17):
#PB-221 467/4. 1973.
C-313-76
DEVELOPING A RECYCLING INDUSTRY
Jones, C. 1974.
Reclamation Industries International #7:25-26.
This short introductory article on developing new recycling
industries discusses the problems involved. The recycled product
needs to be exhaustively tested, market research needs to be done
on the product and the problem of wastes from the recycling
process needs to be solved.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
#HMS 2780. 1975.
115
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C-314-76
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Jones, H. R, 1973.
Park Ridge, N, J., Noyes Data Corp., 1973. 322 p,
This review attempts to clarify the ways and means open to the
alert petroleum refiner who must keep his polluting wastes down
to a minimum. The book contains data condensed from government
sources of information, including U.S. patents. Transport
wastes, refinery water pollution, overall wastewater treatment
practices and effectiveness of aqueous waste removal are covered.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-315-76
WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL 1975
Kimball, V. S. 1975.
Park Ridge, N. J., Noyes Data Corp., 1975. 267 p.
The book deals with waste oil recovery and disposal from the
standpoint of conservation of energy resources and the protection
of the environment. Data from government reports and U.S. patent
literature are used extensively.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-316-76
WASTE WATER TREATMENT. IV, WASTE WATER CONTAINING OIL
[English table of contents]
Kinoh, M. 1975.
Kagaku Sochi 17(3):57-63.
The review of the treatments covers 33 patents.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84279x. 1975.
C-317-76
INCINERATION OF REFINERY WASTES
Klein, J. P., and H. J. Kuntze. 1975.
Stichting CONCAWE, Report No. 2/75. 93 p.
The report examines the suitability of various types of inciner-
ators for refinery sludge disposal. Multiple hearth equipment
is not recommended, but vortex, fluid bed and box incinerators
all have applications.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4657. 1975.
116
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C-318-76
WASTE-WATER TREATMENT AT THE 24TH PARTY CONGRESS NOVO-GOR'KII
PETROLEUM REFINERY
Klochkov, 0, N., and M. A, Denisov. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):704-707.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-680-74)
Two separate drain systems were installed in the refinery in
order to segregate industrial waste waters according to the
type of contaminant. The waste waters contaminated with
petroleum products are mechanically treated and then used in
the return water supply system. The wastes with salts and
sulfur compounds are treated and discharged to the Volga River,
Details of both systems are given.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060991.
1975.
C-319-76
WASTE TREATMENT METHODOLOGY
lndus?rial>oilui?on: H. I. Sax (ed.). gingham United
Kingdom, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., 1974. p. 220-243.
The objectives of waste treatment, conventional waste treatment
processes i.e., separation of grease and oil), biological waste
treatment Processes, and advanced waste treatment processes
<1 I , usePoTpurf 02. water re-use, and water reclamation) are
discussed.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8972. 1975.
TREATMENT OF OILY AND METAL-CONTAINING WASTEWATER
Lin, Y. H., and J..R. Lawson. 1973.
Pollution Engineering 5(11).45-48.
The comoosition and methods of recovery of typical waste water
are detailed! Waste oil recovery has declined; the reasons for
the decline are discussed.
Citation Source: IndlustrUl Wastes Infomation Bulletin 4(3):
117
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C-321-76
BREAKING EMULSIONS OF WATER IN NAVY FUEL OILS
Little, R. C. 1974.
Fuel 53:246-252.
The effects of several factors such as fuel content and
demulsifying agent structure and concentration on the demulsifying
process were studied. A common wetting agent, sodium di-2-ethyl-
hexl sulphosuccinate, is a potent demulsifier of high molecular
weight; also small amounts of alkaline salt aid separation in
stubborn emulsions.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#095138. 1975.
C-322-76
REFINERY EFFLUENT WATER TREATMENT PLANT USING ACTIVATED CARBON
Loop, G. C. 1975.
Report for 1971-1974, EPA/660/2-75-020. 102 p.
Activated carbon is used to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand
of a petroleum refinery's effluent water in Carson, California.
In two years the plant processed 172 million gallons of water,
operating at a cost of 40 cents per 1000 gallons of water treated.
At average feed and effluent COD concentrations, the carbon was
loaded at 0.26 pounds of COD per pound of carbon,
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
#PB-244 389/3GA. 1975,
C-323-76
RECYCLING OF WASTE OILS
Maizus, S. 1975.
Final report, EPA-670/2-75-068. 283 p.
Crankcase and other waste oils were studied in the laboratory to
develop techniques to recycle waste oils into useful products
without producing undesirable wastes. The vacuum distillation/
hydrogen treatment process for re-refining waste oils holds great
promise. Additional laboratory and evaluation work is required.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#PB-243 222/7GA. 1975.
118
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C-324-76
BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER IN GROZNYI GROUPS OF
REFINERIES
Mantrov, V. P. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):701-703.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-681-74)
Advantages of the biochemical system over mechanical treatment
of refinery effluents are outlined. The biological treating
facilities for the Groznvi refineries have improved the sanitary
condition of the Sunzha River, i.e., reduced phenols by a factor
of 150.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060990.
1975.
C-325-76
REMOVAL OF EMULSIFIED OILS IN GRAPHITE ORE MEDIUM
Martinez-Pereda, P., and E. F. Gloyna. 1974.
Texas University at Austin, Center for Research in Water Resources,
Technical report, CRWR-118. 217 p.
The performance of crushed-graphite-ore filter beds in removing
three concentrations of emulsified oil was tested under laboratory
conditions. The filter beds varied in depth from 6 to 36 inches.
Graphite ore provided about the same oil removal efficiencies as
typical filter sands. The removal efficiency of the medium
increased with bed depth.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-03750. 1975.
C-326-76
TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS WITH FLOATING MASS TRANSFER
MEDIA
Mercer, B. W., A. J. Shuckrow, and G. W. Dawson. 1973.
Report, W74-04043, EPA-670/2-73-078. 96 p.
A method for the treatment of spills of soluble hazardous polluting
substances was developed and demonstrated on a static body of
water. Floating sorbents and ion exchange resins were shown to
be highly effective removal agents when applied as small particles
beneath contaminated water surfaces.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 74(9):
#PB-228 050/1GA. 1974.
119
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C-327-76
OIL POLLUTION TOTALIZER
Moreau, J. 0., and R, A, Haeko. 1975.
U.S. Published Patent Application B 369,563.
An oil pollution totalizer accumulates all of the oil from a
sample stream from a tanker or refinery. The oil is gathered
at a rate proportional to the discharge rate. The totalizer
also stores the oil for analysis by either a continuous oil
monitoring device or standard laboratory techniques.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(17):
#5G-W75-08624. 1975.
C-328-76
DEVICES FOR ON-BOARD TREATMENT OF WASTE FROM VESSELS
O'Grady, T. J., and T. D. Lakomski. 1974.
Final report, EPA 670/2-74-091. 128 p.
A pleasure craft zero discharge system was demonstrated to be
effective. A unique filter-incinerator device is used in the
physical/chemical waste treatment system. Test data and data
on manufacturing and installment costs are also presented.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
#PB-240 993/6GA. 1975.
C-329-76
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY,
OR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE. VOLUME I. SUMMARY REPORT
Ottinger, R. S., J. L. Blumenthal, D. F. Dal Porto, G. I.
Gruber, and M. J. Santy. 1973.
Final report, TRW-21485-6013-RU-OO-Vol-1, EPA-670/2-73-053-a.
210 p.
This is the first of a 16 volume report concerning the hazardous
waste project. Volume I is a summary of the work performed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 73(24):
#PB-224 580/1GA. 1973.
C-330-76
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY, OR
DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE, VOLUME II, TOXICOLOGICAL SUMMARY
Ottinger, R. S., J. L. Blumenthal, D. F, Dal Porto, G. I.
Gruber, and M. J. Santy. 1973.
120
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Final report, TRW-21485-6013-RU-OO-Vol-2, EPA-670/2-73-053-b
244 p.
This volume provides a summary of the toxicologic information
and the recommended levels of exposure via the air, water and
soil for over 500 hazardous waste stream constituents.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 73(24)-
#PB-224 581/9GA. 1973.
C-331-76
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY, OR
DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE, III. DISPOSAL PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL, INCINERATION, AND PYROLYSIS PROCESSES
Ottinger, R. S., J. L. Blumenthal, D. F. Dal Porto, 6. I. Gruber,
and M. J. Santy. 1973.
Final report, TRW-21485-6013-RU-00-Vol-3, EPA 670/2-73-053-c.
251 p.
This volume describes these disposal processes for hazardous
wastes and discusses their applicability to the various classes
of waste materials.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 73(24):
#PB-224 582/7GA. 1973.
C-332-76
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY, OR
DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE. VOLUMES X AND XI. INDUSTRIAL
AND MUNICIPAL DISPOSAL CANDIDATE WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT PROFILE
REPORTS. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Ottinger, R. S., J. L. Blumenthal, D. F. Dal Porto, G. I. Gruber,
and M. J. Santy. 1973.
Final report, TRW-21485-6013-RU-00-Vol-10, EPA 670/2-73-053-j;
TRW-21485-6013-RU-OO-Vol-11, EPA 670/2-73-053-k. Vol. 10, 316 p.
Vol. 11, 247 p.
The profile reports contain summary information and evaluations
of waste management methods for organic compounds.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 73(24):
#PB-224 589/2GA and PB-224 590/OGA. 1973.
C-333-76
THE COANDA EFFECT OIL/WATER SEPARATOR: A DEVELOPMENT STUDY
Pal, D. 1975.
Technical Note, CEL-TN-1389. 45 p.
121
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The new method for separating free oil from oil/water mixtures
uses the fluid-dynamic phenomenon called the "wall attachment
or Coanda effect." The development program of the separator
from the original single stage separator through the 20 gpm
multi-stage separator is described.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(18):
#AD-A011 806/7GA. 1975.
C-334-76
THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS IN OIL REFINERIES.
IV. DEGRADATION OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND MERCAPTANS
Pop, V. I., and S. I. lonescu-Homoriceanu. 1975.
Revue de Chimie (Bucharest) 26(l):56-58.
Although physical stripping and coagulation processes are used
to remove most phenols, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans from
waste waters, remaining levels of pollutants are too high to be
released into receiving waters. Activated sludge and a two-
gradient purification method is used to reduce pollutant concentra-
tions to permissible values.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):f!51780u. 1975.
C-335-76
RESIDUAL WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
[English summary]
Popescu, F. 1974.
Ingineria Prelucrarii Hidrocarburilor 2:911-926.
Waste waters from refineries and petrochemical plants are
itemized: cooling water, processing water, and atmospheric
water. The various treatment procedures are reviewed. Included
are gravimetric separation, stripping, flotation, filtration,
pH adjusting, incineration and metabolization by microorganisms.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#10Q366f. 1975.
C-336-76
OIL MAKES SEPARATION SLICKER
Rosenblatt, T. M., and J. E. Smith, Jr. 1975.
Water Wastes Engineering 12(5):68, 70, 72, 76, 78.
Oil assisted flotation, settling and centrifugation is used to
remove oil in the Esso Carver-Greenfield technique for sewage
sludge separation.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4689. 1975.
122
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C-337-76
DEMETALLIZATION OF HEAVY RESIDUAL OILS
Rovesti, W. C., and R. H. Wolk. 1973.
Final report, EPA 650/2-73-041. 143 p.
An improved demetallization catalyst was developed to desulfurize
high-sulfur and high-metals content residual oil economically.
A 20 x 50 mesh granulated activated bauxite was impregnated with
promoters to provide the necessary catalytic activity. Tia Juana,
Bachaquero, and Gach Saran residua were demetallized to form fuel
oil.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 74(7):
#7A-PB-227 568/3GA. 1974.
C-338-76
PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF REFINERY CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS
Saifutdinov, K. Z., E. G. loakimis, and A. K. Efimova. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):668-671.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-689-74)
Various systems used to reclaim water from industrial waste
water for recycling applications in petroleum refining and
petrochemical processes are discussed. Some improvements are
recommended and then evaluated from technical and economic points
of view. Biochemical treatment of refinery effluents is discussed,
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060994.
1975.
C-339-76
FEASIBILITY OF 5 GPM DYNACTOR/MAGNETIC SEPARATOR SYSTEM TO
TREAT SPILLED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Sanders, R. G., S. R. Rich, and T. G. Pantazelos. 1975.
Final report, EPA/670/2-75-004. 41 p.
The dynactor is used as a continuous flow short-time contact
reactor to effectively decontaminate water containing spilled
hazardous materials (heavy metals, acids, bases, chlorine,
pesticides, phenol, etc.). Decontamination is achieved by one
or more processes involving oxidation, neutralization, precipi-
tation or adsorption on powdered carbon. Design and operating
details are given.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
#PB-241 080/1GA. 1975.
123
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C-340-76
PURIFICATION OF OILY INDUSTRIAL WATER EFFLUENTS
Schmitz, W. 1975.
Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4(l):34-44.
A discussion of the methods for treating industrial waste
waters containing oils, greases and solvents is given. Listed
are the respective toxic concentrations and degree of purification
required for various components of industrial waste waters.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(6):#1699. 1975.
C-341-76
EXPERIENCE IN BURNING WASTE ABOUNDS THROUGHOUT INDUSTRY
Schwieger, R. G. 1975.
Power (New York) 119(2):2-7.
Methods used by the petroleum, paper, and sugar industry to
treat waste with significant fuel value are presented.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(5):#1409. 1975.
C-342-76
METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC POLLUTANTS IN THE DISCHARGE WATER OF
VARIETIES OF INDUSTRIES
Singh, N. P., and W. F. Pickup. 1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(2):
225-232.
Before means of reducing pollution from industries can be fully
utilized, the nature and amounts of pollutants in the discharge
water of industries must be known. Discharge waters were
analyzed for most of the metallic and non-metallic pollutants
(including oil) from a variety of industries.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-343-76
LIQUID CHEMICAL WASTE DESTRUCTION
Skinner, E. 1975.
Waste Management, Control, Recovery and Reuse. N. Y. Kirov (ed.).
Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1975. p. 113-116,
124
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Two incinerator designs, a unit for large quantities of waste
and a vertical unit for factory or ship effluents,are described,
The recovery of valuable waste constituents (i.e., oil) and the
chemical pretreatment of inorganic waste are considered,
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04722. 1975.
C-344-76
PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF USED LUBRICATING OILS IN CANADA
Skinner, D. J. 1974.
Report EPS 3-WP-74-4. 112 p.
An overview of the problem of waste lubricating oil in the
Canadian environment is presented. Topics include overall
volumes, chemical compositions, current and end-uses and
disposal methods, and a brief look at existing legislation.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(14):
#W75-07151. 1975.
C-345-76
SANITARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SARATOV RESERVOIR IN THE REGION
OF AN OIL REFINERY [English summary]
Starodubtsev, E. D. 1974.
Gigiena i Sanitariya 7:113-114.
The hydraulic flow regime and water quality of the Saratov
reservoir, which is the waste water discharge area for an oil
refinery, were investigated before and after construction of
biological treatment plants (1971-1972). The overall pollution
of the reservoir has decreased significantly.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(7):#40106. 1975.
C-346-76
TWO METHODS OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT DESIGN
Stensel, H. D., and G. L. Shell. 1974.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 46(2):271-283.
Two methods of biological treatment design were compared using
oil refinery effluent as the test pollutant. Both the food/
microorganism design technique for activated sludge process and
the solids retention time technique gave similar results.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5):
#HMS 3641. 1975.
125
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C-347-76
CASE HISTORIES OF TREATMENT OF OIL REFINERY AND FOOD PROCESSING
WASTES
Strom, A. G. 1974.
Australian Water and Wastewater Association Federal Convention,
6th, 1974. p. 177-184.
Waste characteristics and treatment methods of an oil refinery,
milk and vegetable waste treatment plants, and slaughterhouse
waste installations are discussed. Treatment methods examined
are the API oil separator, biological treatment and activated
sludge, trickling filters and lagoon facilities.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-03571. 1975.
C-348-76
TURBIDITY AND TURBIDIMETERS [English summary]
Sudars, H., and 0. Ueberbach. 1974.
GIT Fachzeitschrift fuer das Laboratorium 18(12):1257-1259.
The article contains a brief review of turbidity and its measure-
ment by light absorption and scattering. Waste-water treatment
control, and oil detection are among the practical aspects of
turbidity measurement.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#99714j. 1975.
C-349-76
HOW COSTS AND OPERATING FACTORS VARY FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Thomson, S. J., et al. 1973.
Petroleum and Petrochemical International 13(5):28.
A procedure for the removal of oil from waste water, involving
gravity oil-water separation followed by gas flotation, activated
sludge, and carbon adsorption, is described. The cost of
treating 1000 gpm of oily waste is $650,000 and the investment
cost is $2,715,000.
Citation Source: Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(5):
#3671. 1975.
126
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C-350-76
WET AIR OXIDATION AND ITS APPLICATION IN PETROCHEMICAL WASTE
WATER TREATMENT [English table of contents]
Tsai, M.-C. 1975.
Hua Hsueh Tung Pao (2):82-89.
A review with 23 references.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84292w. 1975.
C-351-76
OIL SEPARATOR
Umeki, K. 1975.
Nenryo Oyobi Nensho 42(2):144-150.
A separator containing conical plates, a coagulator and an
adsorption element is reviewed. The apparatus is used for the
removal of oil from seawater before discharge from tankers and
for petroleum removal from waste water.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83{16):#133874y. 1975.
C-352-76
ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION IN THE PURIFICATION TREATMENT OF
POLLUTED WATERS. 2. APPLICATIONS
Urbini, G. 1974.
Ingegneria Ambientale 3(2):157-188.
The review includes applications for this process in the treat-
ment of potable waters, food industry wastes, sewage wastes,
pesticide removal from waters, petroleum refinery effluents,
and industrial discharges containing phenols and other waste
waters.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84265q. 1975.
C-353-76
SEPARATION OF EMULSIFIED OIL FROM WATER
Wang, L. K., J. Y. Yang, and D. B. Dahm. 1975.
Chemistry and Industry (13):562-564.
The state-of-the-art development of alternative commercial tech-
niques for separating emulsified oil from water is reviewed.
Treatments described include chemical, physiochemical, mechanical,
electrical, magnetic, biological and thermal techniques.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
127
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C-354-76
WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RESEARCH. AN INVESTIGATION OF SEVERAL
RE-REFINING METHODS
Whisman, M. L., J. W. Goetzinger, and F. 0. Cotton. 1974.
U.S. Department of Interior* Bureau of Mines, RI 7884. 30 p.
Several commercial patented processes were duplicated on a
bench-scale. They involved chemical pretreatment (including the
acid-clay technique), followed by batch and continuous wiped-wall
vacuum distillation and solvent extraction. Included are the
detailed data on the analytical checks.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3846. 1975.
C-355-76
ARE YOU CONTRIBUTING TO A MAJOR OIL SPILL?
White, J. 1975.
Outdoor California 36(5):15.
Waste automobile crankcase oil is often improperly disposed of;
about 450 million gallons a year pollute the environment. Old
oil can be taken to service stations (some sell used crankcase
oil to re-refining companies) or to a re-refinery.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-356-76
OREGON SURVEYS ITS HAZARDOUS WASTES
Wicks, P. H., and M. Synak. 1974.
Environmental Science & Technology 8(13):#1080-1084.
Hazardous waste, waste automotive oils and pesticide container
surveys were conducted as a part of a waste management program.
Oil terminals and the re-refining industry were among the
industries surveyed. Current disposal methods of waste oils
include re-refining, commercial road oiling, and combustion
for heat.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04066. 1975.
C-357-76
EVALUATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE OIL
PRODUCTION FACILITIES
Wyer, R. H.f H. D. VanCleave, and K. E. Biglane. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, Texas, 1975.
Vol. 1, paper OTC 2232. p. 829-842.
128
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Oil production waste treatment systems were studied to discover
current technology, exemplary systems, and effluent limitations.
The Gulf of Mexico and Cook Inlet, Alaska, use physical/chemical
brine treatment systems. Physical/chemical treatment is
followed by reinjection of produced waters on the California
coast.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(10):#068124.
1975.
C-358-76
CONSERVATION OF PETROLEUM WASTES AT RED RIVER ARMY DEPOT
Yoast, K. L. 1974.
Final report, USAMC-ITC-02-08-73-023. 64 p.
The objective of this study was to determine the sources of
waste oils and to determine ways of minimizing the wastes and
optimally disposing of the waste oils. Two recommendations were
made: one, that reuse of oil in the engine test shop could save
40,000 gallons of oil a year ($37,670); and two, that the remainder
of the waste oil be burned in the depot's boilers, saving
$30,000 a year.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
MD-A015 030/OGA. 1975.
C-359-76
WASTE OIL RECLAMATION PROVIDES NEW FUEL SOURCE
Young, R. A., and P. N. Cheremisinoff. 1975.
Pollution Engineering 7(2):44-45.
The Broconing-Ferris Industries (US) processes spent oils by
heating them with a flocculating agent, settling and separating.
The plant processes seven million gallons per year, and produces
a product suitable for blending with fuel oil.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3842. 1975.
129
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7. CONTINGENCY PLANNING
C-360-76
AERIAL SURVEILLANCE USED FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(8):33.
EPA uses the "Las Vegas Air Force," a group of planes under
contract, to survey a spill once it has occurred. The photo-
graphs are used to assess the impact of the spills and to
help plan and direct clean-ups. The photographs supply
information on size and location of the spill, and thickness
of the oil.
Remote sensing
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-361-76
NATIONAL ENERGY DATA WORKSHOP, PROCEEDINGS, PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
1974.
Anon. 1975.
FEA/C-75/211R. 261 p.
Presentations given at the conference include: petroleum
information systems, information for contingency planning, long
range data programs, FEA data programs in relation to the states,
and discussion of whether the states should be in the energy
information business.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(10):
#PB-241 665/9GA. 1975.
C-362-76
PROGRAMME OF ACTION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1973.
Official Journal of the European Communities No. C112. 51 p.
The objectives and principles of a European community environmental
policy are outlined. Priorities, a time table, and details of
actions to be taken from November, 1973, to November, 1975, are
discussed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5):
#HMS 3745. 1975.
130
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C-363-76
NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLAN
CEQ. 1975.
Federal Register 40(28):6281-6302.
The contingency plan contains guidelines for controlling and
minimizing oil pollution, outlines federal, state and local
agencies' responsibilities and duties, and classifies and explains
equipment, strike forces, procedures and techniques used to
control and remove oil pollution. State funding and reimbursement
procedures for discharge removal operations are discussed.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05028. 1975.
C-364-76
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
Environmental Protection Agency. 1974.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. Conference held in
Houston, 1972. 204 p.
The papers presented at this conference cover such topics as
prevention of industrial spills, response planning, spill
containment, detection and identification, treatment systems,
environmental effects, and ecology restoration.
Cleanup and recovery
General effects of oil pollution
Restoration
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3962. 1975.
C-365-76
CONTINGENCY PLANNING OF OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS
Keith, G. N. 1973.
APEA Journal 13(1):140-144.
Two recommendations are given to operators on preparation for
an oil spill emergency: one, prepare a comprehensive inhouse
contingency plan before commencing operations at sea; and two,
prepare to participate in the Oil Industry's National Oil Spills
Action Plan. This plan is designed to ensure the availability
and coordination of industry resources in combatting an oil
spill on the coast of Australia.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#592.
1975.
131
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C-366-76
LOGISTIC REQUIREMENTS AND CAPABILITIES FOR RESPONSE TO OIL
POLLUTION IN ALASKA
Peterson, P. L., M. M. Orgill, W. H, Swift, and W. V. Loscutoff.
1975.
Final report, USCG-D-97-75, Contract DOT-CG-23223-A. 375 p.
Present and projected logistic support requirements for response
to oil spills in the arctic and subarctic regions of Alaska are
identified. The response requirements under various environ-
mental conditions such as moving pack ice, open water or tundra
were assessed. Guidelines include the number of personnel and
amount of equipment to be transported.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
#AD-A014 044/2GA. 1975.
C-367-76
PREVENTING AND DEALING WITH IN-PLANT HAZARDOUS SPILLS
Wirth, G. F. 1975.
Chemical Engineering 82(17):82-85,
Chemical-spill-handling plans should be developed to provide
information on alternate actions in responding to chemical
spill situations. This report examines devices that can be used
as defense against spill problems and examines how the spill-
handling plan can be improved.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,566. 1975.
132
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-368-76
HEALTH GUIDE TO BP PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Anon. 1974.
British Petroleum Trading, Ltd. 16 p.
The toxicities of various petroleum products, such as gases,
solvents, lubricating oils and aromatics, are outlined. The
listing includes TLV, LD50, symptoms, treatments of product
poisoning and locations of United Kingdom poison units.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
#HMS 4129. 1975.
C-369-76
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM AND RELATED POLLUTANTS ON ARCTIC MICROORGANISMS
Atlas, R. M., A. Sexstone, and M. Busdosh. 1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975. Abstracts, p. 208, #Q22.
Arctic microorganisms were exposed to various concentrations of
crude oil, natural gas and S02. and the pollutant effects on
nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and respiration were examined.
Sulfur dioxide and crude oil reduced photosynthetic activity up
to 90%; respiration of mixed and isolated organisms capable of
hydrocarbon metabolism increased with the addition of crude oil.
Greater than 90% inhibition of nitrogen fixation of algae and
lichens was measured when exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-370-71
EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MARINE POLLUTION
Aubert, M., and B. Donnier. 1973.
Progress Water Technology 3:337-349.
The effect of low level chemical pollutants on the biological
balance in marine systems has been subjected to an in-depth
study. Recommendations are made on an approach to detailed
toxicological studies.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Pollution Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3301. 1975.
133
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C-371-76
TOXICITY TESTS FOR PREDICTING THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL
AND EMULSIFIER POLLUTION ON LITTORAL COMMUNITIES
Baker, J. M., and G. B. Crapp. 1974.
Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants.
L. R. Beynon, and E. B. Cowell (eds.). New York, Halsted Press,
1974. p. 23-40.
The purpose of toxicity testing is to predict the effects of a
toxic substance on natural communities. The authors describe
two cases in which acquisition of laboratory data and the
prediction of ecological effects are integrated. Case 1 is the
assessment of the ecological effects of oil pollution on salt-
marshes; Case 2, emulsifier pollution on rocky shores.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-372-76
WARREN SPRINGS LABORATORY CAUSE FIRST NORTH SEA OIL POLLUTION
INCIDENT
Bourne, W. R. P. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):132-133.
The British Department of Industry's Warren Springs Laboratory
arranged for some trials in the North Sea to determine whether
or not oil slicks could be controlled. Consultation with
ornithologists and the Faeroise did not take place until forced
by the public outcry, due to the fact that two species of auks
fledge at that time. The experiments were curtailed. Improved
communication is suggested.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-373-76
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND THE INDUCTION OF MICROSOMAL
MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES IN AN ESTUARINE FISH, FUNDULUS
HETEROCLITUS
Burns, K. A., and D. Sabo. 1975.
Federation Proceedings 34(3):810. Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology, 59th, Atlantic City, N.J.,
1975. Abstracts.
134
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The hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system of
Fundulus heteroclitus is described. Rates of aldrin epoxidation
in fish living in salt marshes contaminated with petroleum-
derived and chlorinated hydrocarbons were twice those of fish
living in a clean environment. These results provide support for
the hypothesis that environmental contamination induces high
levels of MFO in fish.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-374-76
A COMPARISON OF BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
Carney, J. F., V. D. L. Yang, C. E. Carty, and R. R. Colwell
1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th
New York, 1975. Abstracts. P. 185, #N6.
The aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and standard indicator
organisms from four sites in a tributary embayment of the
Chesapeake Bay were enumerated. More than 1509 strains were
isolated and identified with Pseudomonas sp. and Vibrio sp.
predominating. Comparison with other Chesapeake Bay sites
indicated that the greatest amount of labelled substrate was
taken up by bacteria collected in water samples from sites near
populated areas or areas polluted by oil.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-375-76
STRESS INDUCED ATTACK OF CORALS BY MARINE BACTERIA
Chet, I., and R. Mitchell. 1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975. Abstracts, p. 138, #1130,
A model describing the effect of petroleum hydrocarbon- and heavy
metal-induced stress on the interaction between a Red Sea coral,
Platigyra, and the marine microflora is presented. The pollutants
stimulated extracellular polymer production by the coral; large
numbers of motile gram-negative pseudomonads utilized the polymer
as a substrate and then became predatory on the coral tissue. The
final phase of destruction of coral tissue was associated with the
growth of Beggiotoa.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
135
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C-376-76
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, PARIS, 1974
Clarke, R. H. 1974.
CEC/EPA/WHO Symposium, Paris, 1974. C.E.G.B. Berkeley Nuclear
Laboratories, RD/B/M3190. 30 p.
This symposium included sessions on population; human effects;
toxicological, experimental and health effects; indicators of
exposure; monitoring needs; and tissue measurement studies.
The pollutants discussed included gases, petrochemicals, heavy
metals, etc.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4513. 1975.
C-377-76
MARINE BIOASSAYS. PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP ON MARINE BIOASSAYS
Cox, G. (ed.). 1974.
Washington, D.C., Marine Technology Society, 1974. 326 p.
The purpose of the workshop on marine bioassays was to assess
pollutant effects on the ability of marine organisms to seek
food, mate, or resist disease. Individual papers are placed in
one of four sections: behavioral bioassays, contaminant bioassays,
pathological bioassays and synergistic bioassays.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#508974. 1975.
C-378-76
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF KIRISHI REFINERY
WASTE WATER AFTER BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Donchenko, N. A., and N. M. Arshanits. 1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):697-700.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-672-74)
The toxicity of the following components of the influent to the
biochemical treatment"area was investigated: sanitary sewage,
chlorides, petroleum hydrocarbons, sour caustic streams, and OZhK
demulsifier. Experiments show that sour caustic material was
the most toxic. The aromatic hydrocarbon and demulsifier mixture
was less toxic.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060989.
1975.
136
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C-379-76
STIMULATION AND INHIBITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH BY LOW
MOLECULAR WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS
Dunstan, W. M., L. P. Atkinson, and J. Natoli. 1975
Marine Biology 31(4):305-310.
The results are presented of growth response experiments on
four different phytoplankton species exposed in culture to
various concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene, .When
the phytoplankton were exposed to mixtures of No. 2 fuel oil,
the volatile fraction was the most biologically reactive, and
was the source of growth enhancement at low levels and a major
growth inhibitor at high concentrations.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-380-76
IMPACT OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION ON ATLANTIC SALMON IN NORTH
AMERICA
Elson, P. F., A. L. Meister, J. W. Saunders, R. L. Saunders,
J. B. Sprague, and V. Zitko. 1973.
International Atlantic Salmon Foundation, Special Publication
Series 4(1, International Atlantic Salmon Symposium, 1972):83-110.
•
The effects of pesticides, industrial and agricultural chemical
wastes, oils, heavy metals and industrial and municipal effluents
on Atlantic salmon are discussed in this review.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(17}:#142565a. 1975.
C-381-76
IMPACT OF POLLUTANTS ON PLANKTON COMMUNITIES
Fisher, N. $., and C. F. Wurster. 1974.
Environmental Conservation 1(3):189-190.
The applicability of laboratory toxicity tests to natural
environments, where organisms are neither isolated nor in
ideal conditions, is questioned, The responses of whole
communities and ecosystems to pollutants such as crude oil
must be evaluated. The cause-effect relationship between
gradual ecosystem deterioration and the alteration of phyto-
plankton community structure is not obvious.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(7):#1878. 1975.
137
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C-382-76
THE SANTA BARBARA OIL SPILL: A REVIEW OF DAMAGE DONE TO
MARINE ORGANISMS
Foster, M. S. 1974.
California, Department of Justice, Final Report, Contract
No. 455. 38 p.
The purpose of the report is to assess the biological damage
which occurred on all state lands as a result of an oil blowout
on an offshore platform in the Santa Barbara Channel, January 28,
1969. The evaluation is based on a review of all available
reports and papers. A discussion of the monetary value of the
damage is included.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-383-76
CHANGES IN THE SURFACE STRUCTURE OF YEAST CELLS IN ASSOCIATION
WITH THE UTILIZATION OF HYDROCARBON
Fukuzumi, F., M. Osumi, M. Saito, T. Nagatani, and S. Fukui.
1974.
Journal of Electron Microscopy 23(3):228. Abstract.
Warty projections have been observed on the cell surface of some
n-alkane-utilizing yeasts. These are not observed on the cells
of non-hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts or of hydrocarbon-utilizing
yeasts grown on glucose. Electron micrographs show channels
connecting the outside outgrowth with the cell membrane across
the cell wall.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-384-76
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE PLANKTON OF AN INDUSTRIALIZED ESTUARY
Gabriel, P. L., N. S. Dias, and S. Nelson-Smith. 1975.
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 3(2):145-152.
The distribution and seasonal succession of plankton in Milford
Haven (Pembrokeshire, England) was studied to detect changes
which may have resulted from the establishment of a major oil
port in the estuary. Several species have disappeared, although
replacement species have appeared, and the abundance of plankton
has not diminished.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(7):#36498. 1975.
138
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C-385-76
EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON SUBSTRATE ON COMPETITIVE CAPACITY OF
CANDIDA GUILLIERMONDII YEAST
Gradova, N, B., S. V. Chepigo, G. S, Rodionova, V. V. Mikhaleva,
R. N. Bravicheva, and R. N. Sustina, 1973.
Metabolism and Regulation of Cellular Processes, Part 1.
International Specialized Symposium on Yeasts, 3rd, Otaniencii,
Helsinki, Finland, 1973. Abstracts, p. 154.
Summary not available.
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Bioresearch Index 11(5):#35444. 1975.
C-386-76
THE EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON ORGANISMS OF THE
CONTINENTAL SHELF
Green, K. A. 1974.
Biologist 56(4):165-179.
Chemical analysis of crude oils and investigations of the physical
behavior of oil at sea are necessary considerations in the
biological impact of petroleum pollution. Available knowledge
of the long- and short-term impact of oil spills on various
environments and on different life stages and life styles of
organisms are reviewed. Oil pollution may result in a reduction
of exploitable food resources.
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-387-76
CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION EXPERIMENT
Grice, G. D. 1974.
Oceanus 18(0:29-31.
Transparent plastic cylinders, termed Controlled Experimental
Ecosystems (CEEs), contain natural populations and are excellent
for large scale pollution experiments. The first series of
experiments dealt with long term effects of copper; the second,
on petroleum effects, is in progress.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
139
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C-388-76
IDENTIFICATION AND POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE MAJOR
COMPONENTS IN THE SEAWATER EXTRACT OF A BUNKER FUEL
Guard, H. E., L. Hunter, and L. H. DiSalvo. 1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(4):
395-400.
The authors report the composition of the seawater extract of a
bunker fuel, comment on previous methodology for obtaining the
seawater-soluble fraction of bunker fuels, and examine the
possible effects of the dissolved oil on a local crab species.
The shore crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes, was decimated over a large
portion of the reef near San Francisco where a spill of Bunker C
fuel occurred in 1971; water-soluble components are the potential
lethal compounds.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-389-76
TOXICITY TESTING AT THE BIOLOGISCHE ANSTALT HELGOLAND WEST
GERMANY
Gunkel, W. 1974.
Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants.
L. R. Beynon, and E. B. Cowell (eds.). New York, Halsted Press,
1974, p. 75-85,
Among the various experimental series described are two on the
influences of three different emulsifiers on a pure culture of
the marine bacterium Serratia marinorubra, and one on the
influence of a mixture of Iraq crude oil with an emulsifier
upon herring larvae 20-26 mm long.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-390-76
OIL ON THE CARPET
Hudson, R. 1975.
British Birds 68(8):343.
The Warren Spring Laboratory planned a series of oil slick
release experiments on the North Sea east of Shetland at the
time when auks leave their cliffs and begin their northward
migration to the Norwegian coast. Due to the resulting outcry,
the amount of oil released was reduced, and no bird casualties
have been reported,
Citation Source: Citation Journal
140
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C-391-76
THE EFFECTS OF WATER-SOLUBLE PETROLEUM COMPONENTS ON THE GROWTH
OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS Beijerinck
Kauss, P. B., and T. C. Hutchinson. 1975,
Environmental Pollution 9(3):157-174. -
The toxicities of aqueous extracts of seven different crude oils
and one refined product to Chlorella vulgaris were different; but
all were short lived and normal growth resumed in 48 hours. Lower
concentrations of benzene and toluene also caused a similar growth
inhibition pattern, higher concentrations caused total inhibition.
Three of the oil extracts stimulated growth after their toxic
compounds had evaporated,
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-392-76
TOXIC RESPONSES IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS
LaRoche, G. 1974.
Industrial Pollution. N. I. Sax (ed.). Wokingham, United
Kingdom, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., 1974. p. 529-561.
Various aspects of acute and chronic bioassays are discussed.
Topics covering acute bioassays include procedures, assay
species, test toxicants, oil-dispersant mixtures, reference
toxicants and acute toxicities. Types of water systems
(recirculating and flow-through) are discussed in relation to
chronic bioassays.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8871. 1975.
C-393-76
TOXIC RESPONSES IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS
LaRoche, G. 1974.
Industrial Pollution (1974):101-117.
The various methods of measuring toxic responses of aquatic
organisms to pollutants (including oil) are reviewed and
discussed. References are given.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109294p. 1975.
141
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C-394-76
ACUTE EFFECTS OF OIL AND OIL/DISPERSANT MIXTURE ON LARVAE OF
BALTIC HERRING
Linden, 0. 1975.
Ambio 4(3):130-133.
A study measured the acute effects of a crude oil and a mixture
of the oil and two commonly used oil spill dispersants on newly
hatched larvae of Baltic herring, Clupea harengus. It was shown
that the larvae are 50-100 times more sensitive to an oil
dispersion that contains a dispersant with the oil than to a
natural oil dispersion..
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056427.
1975.
C-395-76
SYNERGISM AND MODIFYING EFFECTS: INTERACTING FACTORS IN
BIOASSAY AND FIELD RESEARCH
Livingston, R. J. 1974.
Marine Bioassays. Washington, D.C., Marine Technology Society,
1974. p. 226-304.
The present state of knowledge about the interaction of toxic
agents and other factors and suitability of present techniques
for studying these interactions are reviewed. Factors surveyed
include pesticides and PCB's, sewage, petrochemicals, dredge
and fill operations, etc.; various interaction possibilities
are considered.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
#5Q8981. 1975.
C-396-76
THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OILS AND THE DISPERSANT COREXIT 8666 ON
SEA URCHIN GAMETES AND EMBRYOS
Lonning, S., and B. E. Hagstrtim. 1975.
Norwegian Journal of Zoology 23(2):121-129.
Kuwait or Ekofisk crude oil and/or oil dispersant Corexit 8666
were added to gametes and embryos of sea urchins. The substances
were usually present throughout development. Harmful influences
were more apparent in the late development than in fertilization
142
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and early development of the embryo. Only Corexit 8666 caused
morphological changes in the cytoplasm.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
#5Q10244. 1975.
C-397-76
FORMULATING A BOATING CAPACITY PLANNING SYSTEM FOR CHESAPEAKE
AND CHINCOTEAGUE BAYS
Mann, R., and H. Ris, Jr. 1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975. New York1, N.Y., Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975. p. 188-193.
The biological impacts of boating activity are not yet well
known. Much of the testing has been done under laboratory
conditions or in confined basins. But, exhaust emissions do
produce unpleasant tastes and odors in receiving waters and
fish, and extremely high levels do produce toxic effects on
benthic and algal life. Other effects of boating activity can
immediately be integrated into a boating capacity planning
system.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-398-76
FOOD INSPECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION [English Summary]
Matthey, E. 1975.
Sozial- und Praeventivmedizin 20(2):79-81.
This article contains a review of acceptable daily intakes (ADI)
and allowable concentrations of certain pollutants in food or
water. The ADI have been or are in the process of being
established for pesticides, petroleum, Pb, Hg, and Sr90.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(15):#130038t. 1975.
C-399-76
STANDARD DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY TESTS
McCarthy, L. T., Jr., I. Wilder, and J. S. Dorrler. 1973.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-R2-73-201. 57 p.
The Standard EPA Dispersant Effectiveness and Toxicity tests
are presented and discussed. Three species are exposed to
143
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dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures. Curves relating
organism survival to material concentrations are developed
to determine median tolerance limits. Statistical analyses of
reproducibility are also presented.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#072735, 1975.
C-400-76
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH
Mertens, E. W. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico. R. E. Smith (ed.). St. Petersburg,
Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
Oceanography, 1974. p. 53-60.
API supported research is described. The program under the
sponsorship of the Fate of Oil Task Force includes studies of
oil and phytoplankton, development of new bioassays and improved
chemical analysis for oil, effects of oil on oysters, fate of
oil in the water, and spill surveys.
Reporting
Analysis
General fate of oil
in the environment
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02960. 1975.
C-401-76
THE EFFECT OF A FUEL OIL SPILL ON BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES AND
WATER QUALITY ON THE ALASKAN ARCTIC SLOPE, HAPPY VALLEY CREEK
NEAR SAGWON, ALASKA
Nauman, J. W., and D. R. Kernodle. 1975.
Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Society 3(3):495-500,
Arctic diesel fuel oil has been spilled and leaked into Happy
Valley Creek near Sagwon, Alaska, since December 1970. All
groups of benthic invertebrates were reduced in numbers down-
stream of the spill site; whereas invertebrates at an upstream
site were unaffected.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
144
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C-402-76
ACCUMULATION AND RELEASE OF PETROLEUM-DERIVED AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS BY MARINE ANIMALS
Neff, J. M. 1975.
American Chemical Society, Petroleum Chemistry Division,
Preprints 20(4):839-850.
Marine animals exposed to oil-contaminated seawater accumulate
and retain the aromatic hydrocarbons to a greater extent than
the alkanes. Accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons appears to
be a passive process dependent on a partitioning of the hydro-
carbons between the exposure water and the tissue lipids.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(39):#210,880. 1975.
C-403-76
NEWT TEST FOR STUDYING CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CARCINOGENIC
SUBSTANCES
Neukomm, S. 1974.
European Society for the Study of Drug Toxicity, Proceedings,
15:228-235. Experimental Model Systems in Toxicology and Their
Significance in Man, Proceedings of the Meeting, 1973.
Carcinogens can be screened by injecting them subcutaneously
into the tails of newts. Ten polycyclic hydrocarbons and 84
urethane derivatives were tested in this manner; the results
showed the newt test to be comparable with mammal tests.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109317y. 1975.
C-404-76
EFFECTS
Patrick R. 1975.
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, A Workshop on Inputs,
Fates, and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment,
Airlie, Virginia, 1973. p. 73-103.
The effects of oil on the metabolic characteristics of aquatic
organisms and on aquatic populations and communities are dis-
cussed. Several major oil spills and their effects are
summarized. Sublethal effects of various petroleum products
and factors influencing the biological impact of oil spills,
including cleanup and recovery procedures, are discussed.
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
#5Q10220. 1975.
145
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C-405-76
EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE ZOOANTHID
PALYTHOA VARIABILIS
Reimer, A, A. 1975.
Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry 5(4):258-266.
Marine Diesel and Bunker C oils can elicit feeding behavior
and eventually ingestion in this zoanthid. The ability of the
polyps to discriminate between inert and chemically active
particles is decreased for 3 to 5 days after exposure to oil.
For several days following exposure, oil is retained in the
coelenteron and periodically released as tiny droplets.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-406-76
SPIN-LABELING OF LIVING TISSUE. METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING
POLLUTANT-HOST INTERACTION
Roubal, W. T. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg,
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, N.Y., Academic Press,
1974. p. 367-379.
Radioactive and spin-labeling methods were used to study the
uptake, transport, retention and interaction of hydrocarbons
with lipoproteins, albumins, and membranes of fish. Carriers
in the blood transported hydrocarbons to regions of low viscosity
where they were able to penetrate. Aromatics altered membrane
surfaces.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(15):#127047q. 1975.
C-407-76
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION AND HEPATIC LIPOGENESIS IN
THE MARINE FISH FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS
Sabo, D. J., J. J. Stegeman, and L. S. Gottlieb. 1975.
Federation Proceedings 34(3):810. Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology, 59th, Atlantic City, N.J.,
1975. Abstracts.
Livers from fish living in oil contaminated waters synthesized
about six times more lipid from glucose-1-C1^ than control
animals; they also showed decreased glycogen and lipid stores
and an increase in free ribosomes. The results suggest that
146
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environmental petroleum hydrocarbon stimulate lipolysis through
aerobic glycolysis, depress anaerobic glycolysis and increase
utilization of energy stores.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-408-76
CRUDE OIL PHYTOTOXICITY STUDIES
Shiels, W. E., J. J. Goering, and D. W. Hood. 1973.
Environmental Studies of Port Valdez. D. W. Hood, W. E. Shiels,
and E. J. Kelley (eds.). University of Alaska, Institute of
Marine Science Occasional Publication No. 3, 1973. p. 413-446.
Oil toxicity to photosynthesis by indigenous phytoplankton and
important seaweed species was investigated. The effects of oil
concentration, season, temperature, and light intensity were
examined. Relative species composition can be affected.
Responses to crude-oil contamination are complex interactions
that can be either advantageous or disadvantageous.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-409-76
THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON THE COLONIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL
SUBSTRATES BY ZOOBENTHOS ORGANISMS
Snow, N. B., and D. M. Rosenberg. 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical Report No. 551. 35 p,
Rock-filled wire baskets were placed in flowing water habitats
in the Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory to act as
artificial substrate samplers. Half of the samplers were dipped
in oil prior to placement. Dominance and diversity patterns were
the same on control and oil-treated samplers; abundance was
greater on the control.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-410-76
THE EFFECTS OF NORMAN WELLS CRUDE OIL ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF A
NORTHERN YUKON STREAM, ONE YEAR AFTER AN EXPERIMENTAL SPILL
Snow, N. B., D. M. Rosenberg, and J. Moenig., 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical Report No. 550.; 8 p.
The oil spill initially reduced the zoobenthos by 33%. The
flowing water system (a tributary of Caribou Bar Creek) is
147
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fairly "self-cleansing," with the result that no significant
changes were noted in the physical and chemical characteristics
of the creek, and zoobenthos abundance and diversity recovered
within a year.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Physical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-411-76
INVESTIGATION OF OVICELL HYPERPLASIA IN BRYOZOANS CHRONICALLY
EXPOSED TO NATURAL OIL SEEPAGE
Straughan, D., and D. M. Lawrence. 1975.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 5(l):39-46.
Field studies of bryozoans from surface, subsurface and benthic
kelp fronds in an area chronically exposed to natural oil! seepage
revealed no instances of ovicell hyperplasia. These findings
contrast with previous reports of ovicell hyperplasia in other
species exposed to creosote and petroleum hydrocarbons; reasons
are presented.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-412-76
EFFECTS OF BENZENE (A WATER-SOLUBLE COMPONENT OF CRUDE OIL) ON
EGGS AND LARVAE OF PACIFIC HERRING AND NORTHERN ANCHOVY
Struhsaker, J. W., M. B. Eldridge, and T. Echeverria. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg,
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.), New York, N.Y., Academic Press, 1974.
p. 253-284.
Eggs and larvae of herring and anchovy were exposed to benzene
for longer than 24 hours and up to seven days. Egg survival
decreased, the number of abnormal larvae increased, and larval
respiration increased. In the herring, larval development
decreased; but anchovy development accelerated. The LCso value
of benzene for the anchovy eggs was 20-25 ppm.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109385u. 1975.
148
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C-413-76
COASTAL MARINE POLLUTION AND FISH
Waldichuk, M. 1974.
Ocean Management 2(1):1-60.
This article contains an extensive review of all kinds of
coastal pollution and its effects. Pollution sources include
pulp mill effluents, mining, food, chemical, petroleum, and
radioactive wastes. Alterations in ecosystems due to pollution,
and potential uses of polluted systems for aquaculture are
also discussed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
#HMS 4139. 1975.
C-414-76
EFFECT OF SOUTH LOUISIANA CRUDE OIL AND NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON GROWTH
OF HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS, INCLUDING PROTEOLYTIC, LIPOLYTIC,
CHITINOLYTIC AND CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA
Walker, J. W., P. A. Seesman, and R. R. Colwell. 1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(l):13-33.
The susceptibility of autochthonous microorganisms from Muddy
Creek (Chesapeake Bay) to South Louisiana crude oil and No. 2
fuel oil was tested. The sediment from the creek was free of
oil. The yeast and fungi populations did not react to either
the crude or fuel oil. But both crude and fuel oil were toxic
to bacteria of all types.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-415-76
A STUDY OF THE INTERTIDAL MACROFAUNA AROUND THE BP REFINERY
(KENT) LIMITED
Wharfe, J. R. 1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(1):1-12.
An ecological study of the intertidal invertebrate fauna of the
Medway estuary was extended to include the foreshore of the BP
Refinery. Data on species composition and seasonal quantitative
estimates of the mud flat fauna show the complete absence of
bivalves and a reduction in the number of annelids around the
foreshore. The effects of the refinery effluent are limited to
1-1/2 km in either direction. Possible causes of the effects
are discussed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
149
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C-416-76
THE TOXICITY TESTING OF OILS AND DISPERSANTS: A EUROPEAN VIEW
Wilson, K. W., E. B. Cowell, and L. R. Beynon. 1974.
Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants.
L. R. Beynon, and S. B. Cowell (eds.). New York, Halsted Press,
1974. p. 129-141.
The principles and basic tenets of toxicity experiments are
outlined. Work at the community level and correlation of field
studies to laboratory studies are lacking. Experimental design
should conform to statistical practices and international codes.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
150
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2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
C-417-76
ADSORPTION OF CRUDE OIL ON ARCTIC TERRAIN
Moore, J. P., and C. R. Phillips. 1975.
Chemosphere 4(4):215-220.
Norman Wells crude oil was used to contaminate each of three
layers of Arctic terrain (moss, detritus and clay). With
increasing organic content, the layer had an increasing
adsorption capacity. High molecular weight n-alkanes were
adsorbed better than n-alkanes of low molecular weight. All
three layers adsorbed p-xylene better than benzene (both
aromatics). From these experiments it is predicted that in
the event of an oil spill, higher molecular weight components
will be preferentially adsorbed, and adsorption will be
greatest near the surface of the terrain.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
151
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3. CHEMICAL EFFECTS
C-418-76
STUDY OF RIVER POLLUTION CAUSED BY MICROPOLLUTANTS
L Hera thy, P. 1975.
Water Research 9(11):1001-1004.
The water quality in different sections of the Danube upstream
of Budapest was investigated, Among the micropollutants present
are petroleum and phenol derivatives. Petroleum derivatives
form precipitants and sink to the bottom, causing the
"disappearance" phenomena observed in water analyses programs.
These investigations are important for determining possible
drinking water sources.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-419-76
NEW PRIORITIES FOR GROUND-WATER QUALITY PROTECTION
Miller, D. W., and M. R. Scalf. 1974.
Ground Water 12(6):335-347.
Four regions of the U.S. were surveyed for sources of ground-
water contamination. Among the sources discussed are septic
tanks, brine-pollution, landfills, irrigation return flows,
surface impoundments, and spills.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3897. 1975.
152
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4. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-420-76
THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE - III
Anon. 1975.
Report of the Secretary of Commerce to the President and
Congress in Compliance with Section 6 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. 523 p.
This is the third report of the Secretary of Commerce to the
President and Congress regarding pollution abatement. "Portions
of this document are not fully legible,"
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#COM-75-11159/lGA. 1975.
C-421-76
M. & G. POLLUTION AND INSURANCE
Anon. 1974.
Mercantile and General Reinsurance Co. Ltd. 32 p.
This article reviews the impact of pollution on various categories
of insurance. The UK position and other foreign insurance posi-
tions are outlined. Suitable definitions, exclusion clauses and
policies are proposed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3965. 1975.
C-422-76
POLLUTION
Anon. 1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 10:2.
The Mel1 bye Committee on Pollution has made several recommendations,
A levy on oil should be assessed to finance cleanup and recovery
in severe cases of pollution. Dangerous goods should be trans-
ported only over fixed established routes. Harbor facilities for
fighting pollution need to be improved. And new regulations on
liability for pollution arising from seabed exploitation activities
need to be passed.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04108. 1975.
153
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C-423-76
THE ECONOMICS OF ACCIDENTAL OIL POLLUTION BY TANKERS IN COASTAL
WATERS
Burrows, P., C. Rowley, and D. Owen. 1974.
Journal of Public Economics 3:251-268.
The 1967 Torrey Canyon grounding was subjected to a detailed
economic study. Based upon this information, a theoretical
analysis of alternative solutions and a critical evaluation
of ongoing policy developments were made.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5):
#HMS 3781. 1975.
C-424-76
COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE RESULTING FROM EXPLORATION
AND EXPLOITATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE SEABED
Dubais, B. A. 1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(4):549-573,
The author discusses the basis of responsibility of the offshore
operator in case of an accident, and recent initiatives of the
petroleum industry to assure financial compensation for damages.
From the perspectives of an international legal regime, direct
damage, preventive measures and available financial guarantees
are discussed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05063. 1975.
C-425-76
ECONOMICS OF MARINE POLLUTION
Smith, L. J. 1974.
Oceanus 18(1):55-60.
One problem encountered in evaluating the economic impact of
pollution is the attachment of dollar values to the social
costs - swimming, shellfishing and tourism losses, for example.
Estimates of U.S. pollution damage to commercial fishing ($63
million), recreation ($30 million), and navigation ($17.4 million)
are discussed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
154
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5. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-426-76
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
Anon. 1974.
National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills,
San Francisco, 1974. 377 p.
The following topics are included in the 60 papers and 22
abstracts contained in the proceedings: legislative implications,
contingency and response, prevention, economics, airborne
problems, containment, detection, disposal practices, and
environmental damage.
Cleanup and recovery
U.S. legislation
Containment
Contingency planning
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4756. 1975.
C-427-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUDGET FOR FISCAL 1974
Anon. 1974.
Japan Environment Summary 2(4):1-3.
Details of work areas (mercury, oils, treatment methods,
halogenated hydrocarbons, etc.) and investment in pollution
control research in Japan for 1974 are given. The funding for
the Environment Agency in 1974 is a 41.5% increase over that of
1973.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
#HMS 2850. 1975.
C-428-76
HAZARDOUS SPILLS
Anon. 1974.
Chemical Engineering Progress 70(10):12-16.
The 1974 Conference on the Control of Hazardous Material Spills,
San Francisco, is reviewed.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4764. 1975.
155
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C-429-76
PRESERVATION OF THE PURITY OF THE SEA
Anon. 1974.
GWF Wasser Abwasser 115(10):435-436.
The following types of marine pollution are listed and briefly
explained: pollution by mineral oils, pesticides, heavy metals,
domestic sewage, inorganic wastes, bulky solid wastes, radio-
active wastes and thermal pollution. The aims of measures for
protecting the sea are defined and some international agreements
concerning the fight against marine pollution are mentioned.
International legislation
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(3):#553. 1975.
C-430-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. NO. 19
Anon. 1974.
U.S. Joint Publications Research Service, JPRS 61561. 59 p.
This publication contains translations of seventeen articles
concerned with environmental quality. "Oils" and "water
pollution" are among the keywords cited.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3992. 1975.
C-431-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. NO. 67
Anon. 1975.
Translations of monographs from various journals, JPRS 63544.
26 p.
Environmental protection planning in the German Democratic
Republic, a Baku conference on chemical waste treatment and a
conference on oil-related pollution are some of the topics
covered by these papers.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04015. 1975.
156
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C-432-76
POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENT
Boughey, A. S. (ed.). 1973.
Readings in Man, the Environment, and Human Ecology. New York
MacMillan Publishing Co., 1973. p. 309-488.
Urban ecosystems and technological effects on pollution are
discussed. Among the subjects presented in the articles are
auto exhaust, industrial pollution, water pollution,, monitoring
methods and oil effects.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04134. 1975.
C-433-76
NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE LAW OF THE SEA, COLLECTED PAPERS - VOLUME III
Churchill, R., K. R. Simmonds, and J. Welch (eds.). 1973.
Dobbs Ferry, New York, Oceana Publications, Inc., 1973. 358 p.
This volume contains a selection from the working papers which
were prepared by leading participants in an international con-
ference, New Directions in the Law of the Sea, London,
February 2-4, 1973, organized by the British Institute of
International and Comparative Law. Conference sessions were
devoted to three main themes: fisheries, pollution (including
oil pollution), and jurisdictional problems.
International legislation
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-434-76
ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT ON CONTINENTAL, MARINE, AND OCEANIC
BIOHYDROCOENOSES
Deksbakh, N. K., 1973. [in Russian, translation of journal
available]
Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 9(4):111-117.
The author reviews the literature on man's effect on freshwater
biohydrocoenoses (reservoirs, lakes, streams) and saltwater
biohydrocoenoses through oil pollution and industrial effluents.
The anthropogenic effect disturbs the dynamic equilibriums present
on the planet and can lead to the destruction of some biohydro-
coenoses.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(10):#53684. 1975.
157
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C-435-76
A STUDY OF THE POLLUTANTS OF THE RHINE BASIN
E.E.C. 1974.
Commission of the European Communities, EUR 5133f. 139 p.
Pollution in the Rhine basin has been studied; the pollutants
surveyed include fertilizers, pesticides, organics, hydro-
carbons, navigation materials, odiferous and non-organic
materials. Their origin, quantities and environmental conse-
quences were observed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4508. 1975.
C-436-76
POLLUTION RESEARCH ON YUGOSLAV COASTAL WATERS
Keckes, S. 1974.
Revue Internationale OcSanographie Mldicale 15-16:115-120.
The research efforts of a 5-year UN-assisted project on the
"Protection of the Human Environment in the Yugoslav Adriatic
Region" include studies on air, freshwater, seawater and soil
pollution. One of the baseline studies concerns the occurrence
and concentration of persistent biocides and other organic
substances (fluorides, phenols, mineral oil, chlorinated hydro-
carbons, anionic detergents, and surfactants).
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-437-76
T.C.U. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, MARINE POLLUTION
Lakey, J. R. A. Date unknown.
Royal Naval College, Department of Nuclear Science and Technology.
14 p.
Sewage, oil spills and discharges, thermal waste, pesticides and
insecticides, and heavy metals are sources of marine pollution.
The effects of these pollutants are discussed.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4520. 1975.
158
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C-438-76
OCEAN SCIENCE
Lighthill, J. 1974.
Journal of Navigation 27(1):91-110.
The author explores the interactions between different branches
of ocean science and the humanitarian aspects of ocean science.
Topics of discussion include marine pollution (oil), fish
farming, the ocean as a protein source, global geophysics and
ocean-borne trade.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03534. 1975.
C-439-76
NO LASTING DAMAGE FROM JAPANESE OIL SPILL
McAbee, M. K. 1975.
Chemical and Engineering News 53(42):13-14.
The first environmental impact report on the oil spill into
Japan's Inland Sea, December, 1974, indicated that the water
quality generally returned to acceptable levels within three
months and no adverse effects on marine life were found. Plankton
suffered from the 54,000 bbl fuel oil spill; but by March, no
significant differences in their distribution were observed. Fish,
benthic organisms and algae were not adversely affected, though
there were some ill effects on rock barnacles and other tidal-flat
dwellers.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-440-76
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS
Mcllvaine, P. M. 1974.
Pollution Control in the Maritime Industries, 4. International
Conference, 4th, 1974. p. 235-245.
A combination of field ecology techniques and gas chromatographic
analysis is used to determine the environmental impact of an oil
spill. Areas beyond the visible slick are affected; the oil
eventually accumulates in marine sediments and tissues. Behavioral
effects and long-term impacts are discussed.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Physical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#072645. 1975.
159
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C-441-76
RESEARCH NEEDED TO DETERMINE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF OIL ON THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Monaghan, P. H., and C. B. Koons. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):157-159.
The workshop participants agree that more research is needed to
define chronic effects of oil. Recommendations include:
feasibility studies to determine suitable geographical study
areas; a combination of lab, field and experimental ecosystem
studies; and teams of biological, chemical, physical and
geological oceanographers to collect data and interpret results,
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-442-76
SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND ITS EFFECTS ON
LIVING RESOURCES AND FISHING
Naeve, E. 1974.
Revue Internationale d'0ce"anographie Me"dicale 15-16:5-20.
One of the severe sources of pollution in the Mediterranean is
oil, particularly in connection with tank washings and release
of ballast water into the sea. Oil pollution of the beaches,
inshore waters and even the open sea is due to the heavy oil
transport in the Mediterranean and to the facts that there are
still some areas in which the discharge of oil is allowed, and
that only 5 out of 14 oil harbors have facilities for receiving
tanker residues.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-443-76
REPORT TO CONGRESS ON .OCEAN POLLUTION, OVERFISHING, AND OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT; JULY 1973 THROUGH JUNE 1974
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1975.
NOAA 75040305, PL 92-532. 77 p.
The U.S. marine research efforts directed at effects of pollution,
overfishing and other man-induced changes of ocean ecosystems are
160
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described. Research concerning marine pollution by petroleum
hydrocarbons, offshore development of oil and gas resources and
deepwater ports is reviewed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(15)-
#W75-07405. 1975.
C-444-76
CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION EXPERIMENT (CEPEX)
Parsons, T. R. 1974.
Environmental Conservation 1(3);224.
CEPEX is an international program (involving scientists from the
U.S., U.K., and Canada) whose purpose is to obtain an understanding
of the chronic low level effects of pollutants on the marine
environment. Experiments have been conducted on isolated bodies
of water to observe pollutant effects on the whole food chain in
the sea. Further experiments measuring the effects of 10 ppb
copper and <1 ppm petroleum hydrocarbons on marine ecosystems
are planned.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(5):#1270, 1975.
C-445-76
EXPERIMENTAL OIL SPILLS ON MACKENZIE DELTA LAKES. I. EFFECT
OF NORMAN WELLS CRUDE OIL ON LAKE 4.
Snow, N. B., and D. M. Rosenberg. 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical Report No. 548. 44 p.
The effects of an experimental crude oil spill on selected
physical, chemical and biotic parameters in a small floodplain
lake were monitored for 15 months following the spill. The
effects on phytoplankton were inconclusive; the effects on the
water were non-existent; and sediment oil was removed by the
spring flood. The sub-littoral zoobenthic community was
unaffected, but several groups were eliminated from the littoral
invertebrate community.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Physical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
161
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C-446-76
EXPERIMENTAL OIL SPILLS ON MACKENZIE DELTA LAKES. II. EFFECT
OF TWO TYPES OF CRUDE OIL ON LAKES 4C and 8
Snow, N. B., and D. M. Rosenberg. 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Services, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical Report No. 549. 19 p.
Two types of oil were spilled in partitioned lakes; and selected
physical and chemical water parameters, periphyton, littoral
zoobenthos and surface invertebrates were sampled in the control
and spill contaminated areas of the lakes. Pembina crude was more
toxic than Norman Wells crude. Blue-green algae increased, with
attendant increases in total nitrogen. The three phases of oil
pollution are acute toxicity, a physically deleterious phase, and
chronic eutrophication.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Physical effects of oil pollution
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-447-76
MARINE POLLUTION
Ui, U. 1973. "
Ecologia 3(11):29-31.
The quantities and effects of pollution on the Japanese coast
are reviewed. Results of research conducted by students at the
University of Tokyo are presented and are divided into areas of
industrial, urban and oil pollutants; general organic wastes;
and wastes from the mining industry.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(3):#552. 1975.
162
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-448-76
FISHERMEN/OILMEN PROBLEMS - ALASKA
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):132.
A controversy exists between fishermen and oilmen over the sale
of oil and gas leases in Kachemak Bay. The Bay is highly
productive due to an unusual circular current system which
concentrates food. The fishermen are trying to invalidate the
lease, claiming they were misled about inclusion of the Bay.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-449-76
THE PETROLEUM IMPERATIVE (CONTINUED)
Anon. 1975.
Audubon 77(6):104-105.
Five letters in reply to a May article on the "Perils of the
petroleum imperative" are presented. Views range from outright
anger and subscription cancellation to contradiction of
previous statements. Both the oil industry and conservationists
are represented.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-450-76
UNDERWATER NOISE AT AN OFFSHORE DRILLING OPERATION IN THE BAY
OF FUNDY
Buerkle, U. 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service, Research Development
Directorate, Technical Report No. 563. 18 p.
Recordings of underwater noise were made at an oil drilling site
in the Bay of Fundy. The recordings were analyzed in 24 third-
octave frequency bands with centre frequencies from 3.15 to 630 Hz
Four different types of noise were detected, and the range at which
fish can detect them calculated.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
163
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C-451-76
THE NEED FOR STUDIES OF MARINE MAMMALS IN THE EASTERN GULF OF
MEXICO
Caldwell, D. K., and M. C. Caldwell. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico, R. E. Smith (ed,)- St, Petersburg,
Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
Oceanography, 1974. p. 339-343.
In general the marine mammals of the Gulf of Mexico are not
endangered by man's activities (proposed or current); but more
distribution data is needed. In addition, the food habits and
reproductive biology need further investigation in order to be
able to predict long-term effects of offshore drilling.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02367. 1975.
C-452-76
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS ON THE
ROCKY SHORES OF BANTRY BAY
Crapp, G. B. 1973.
Irish Fisheries Investigations, Series B (Marine), 9. 35 p.
An oil tanker terminal began operations in 1968 in Bantry Bay,
Ireland. There have been one moderately large oil spill and
three small oil spills since then. A biological survey, initially
of the fauna and flora of the rocky shores in the bay, has been
undertaken to aid in detecting pollution effects.
Reporting
Citation Source: Ecological Abstracts 1975(3):#75L/1896. 1975.
C-453-76
OIL SPILL EFFECTS
Karinen, J. F. 1975.
Science 190(4211):216-219.
The author comments on the validity of several statements in
a recent article, "Offshore drilling: Fishermen and oilmen clash
in Alaska." Speculative statements include those on finding LDsg
values at depth and determining actual LD5Q values. Comments on
shrimp production are further explained, and statements on the
physical oceanography of Kachemak Bay are corroborated by data.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
164
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C-454-76
MARICULTURE POTENTIALS IN ESTUARINE OIL PIPELINE CANALS
Kilgen, R. H., and A. H. Harris. 1974.
Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 26th, New Orleans,
La., 1973. J. B. Higman (ed.). Miami, Florida, University of
Miami, 1974. p. 75-80.
Canals excavated for oil exploration, drilling and transportation
alter thousands of acres of wetland, causing a decrease in the
fisheries. However, these brackish canals support their own
fauna of finfish (133-369 kg/hectare), blue crabs, and white,
pink and brown shrimp. Mariculture experiments in Louisiana
canals are discussed. Polyculture of fish, oysters, shrimp,
and cage-culture of catfish and pompano are feasible. Problems
of disease, predation, flooding, adequate food ration, etc.,
are discussed.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-455-76
A BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE SUBSTRATE AND
BENTHIC ORGANISM COMMUNITIES AS A BASELINE FOR EVALUATING EFFECTS
OF OIL PRODUCTION ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Kritzler, H. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico. R. E. Smith (ed.). St. Petersburg,
Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
Oceanography, 1974. p. 363-367.
Long-term consequences of petroleum production can be evaluated
by coordinating a cooperative sampling program for the sea
bottom and its flora and fauna. The importance of dominant
taxonomic groups, and the argument for emphasizing polychaetes
are major topics.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02369. 1975.
C-456-76
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF WHITEFISH AND RAINBOW TROUT TO DRILLING
FLUIDS
Lawrence, M., and E. Scherer. 1974.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service,Technical Report No. 502.
47 p.
White fish and rainbow trout were offered the choice between
pure water and water contaminated by drilling fluids. Changes
165
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in swimming speed, turning rate, and frequency of movement
across the centerline were measured. The response of both
species shifted from no response to preference to avoidance
with increasing concentration.
Citation Source: Cit,»t1o.n Journal
C-457-76
ALASKAN WATERS: FOR SALE TO THE HIGHEST BIDDER
Panitch, M. 1975.
Environmental Action 7(10):3-6.
The controversy between Alaskan fishermen and the oil companies
over 5,000 acres of Kachemak Bay, an area in Alaska which was
leased in 1973 for oil and gas exploration, is explained.
Kachemak Bay is acknowledged to be one of the most biologically
productive bodies of water in the nation. Fishermen have
gone to court seeking to overturn the 1973 decision.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-458-76
HOW DO YOU PRICE A SWAMP?
Schueler, D. G. 1975.
Audubon 77(2):16-27.
The Atchafaloya Swamp is still rich in oil; the oil company
channels have turned large tracts into stagnant reservoirs.
But some areas of the swamp are still worth preserving,
containing the only bit of wilderness in the southeastern U.S.
The major threat comes from the channelization plans of the
Army Corps of Engineers, not the oil companies.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-459-76
MENSTRUAL FUNCTIONS IN FEMALE WORKERS AT PETROLEUM REFINERIES
AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC INTOXICATION BY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
[English summary]
Sukhanova, V. A., and V. V. Mel'nikova. 1974.
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 4:39-41.
The effect of sulfurous petroleum products was investigated
through the study of 408 female workers at petroleum refineries,
and of 36 patients with chronic petroleum intoxication. The sulfur
products produce menstrual dysfunction due to ovarian hypofunction.
Citation Source: Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental
Pollutants 4(10):#10321. 1975.
166
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2. SOCIAL EFFECTS
C-460-76
THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF NORTH SEA OIL DEVELOPMENTS IN SCOTLAND
Anon. 1975.
London, Social Science Research Council, 1975.
"This is an in-depth study of how oil has affected the social
structure of Scotland."
Citation Source: Oil and Gas Journal 73(43):176. 1975.
C-461-76
COMMENTS ON PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF DCS
OIL DRILLING ON THE GULF OF MEXICO
Bell, F. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico. R. E. Smith (ed.). St. Petersburg,
Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
Oceanography, 1974. p. 335-337.
Social science components must be included in the program of
environmental studies to indicate the interconnections between
the biological and physical data and to provide a link to the
policy questions about the net social benefits of oil production.
Several analogous studies are discussed.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02965. 1975.
C-462-76
NORTH SEA OIL AND GAS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE UNITED STATES
DEVELOPMENT
White, I. L., D. E. Kash, M. A. Chartock, M. D. Devine, and
R. L. Leonard. 1973.
Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1973. xiii + 176 p.
"Thirty-six pages on social impacts including impact on marine
environment."
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: American Fisheries Society, Transactions
104(2):437. 1975.
167
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3. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-463-76
N. ENGLAND FISHERMAN EVALUATES NORTH SEA OFFSHORE OIL PROBLEMS
Allen, R. B. 1975.
National Fisherman 56(6):1B, 13B, 16B.
The problems created for fishermen by offshore oil production
are evaluated. Shortage of labor, debris on the ocean floor
which damages nets, and compensation funds for damage and lost
time are mentioned. Oilmen do not feel much debris is deliberately
discharged. Ocean surface maneuvering also generates conflicts,
as does the question of submarine pipelines. Loss of fishing
grounds due to rigs, platforms, wellheads and associated equipment
is a major problem.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-464-76
<^0.25M SHETLAND OIL COMPENSATION
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):133.
The Shetland Fishermen's Association wants at least «£ 250,000
in compensation for disturbance to the fishing grounds; so far
£70,000 has been paid. In addition, it is proposed that the
government buy up excess boats in order to help the fishermen
start other business ventures.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-465-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION
Anon. 1975.
Petroleum Engineer International 47(11):EMS. 1975.
This update on environmental action in the petroleum industry
details the costs of environmental protection for air and water.
In addition, the development of a new "super-microbe" by
168
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Dr. A. M. Chakrabarty of General Electric was cited. This
microbe is about to be field tested, and could be the first
result of genetic engineering of bacteria.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-466-76
FISHERIES/OIL REPORT
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):149.
The first annual report of the Fisheries and Offshore Oil
Consultative Group (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for
Scotland, Room H635, Argyle House, 3 Lady Lawson Street,
Edinburgh EH3 9DR) has been issued. The problems discussed
include the notification of hazards such as the siting of drilling
rigs and the laying of buoys, the amount of debris on the seabed,
and the risk of damage to submarine pipelines by bottom trawl gear.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-467-76
FISHERMEN/OILMEN PROBLEMS - UK
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):131-132.
Fishermen in the North Sea complain of fishing gear damage and
the problems caused by supply vessels which foul their fishing
nets through ignorance of fishing methods. Hazards include
abandoned well-heads, now marked pipelines, and unburied pipe-
lines. Compensation claims have not yet been accepted as
valid by either the government or the oil industry.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
169
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4. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-468-76
CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND OTHER MINING OPERATIONS
IN NAVIGABLE WATERS ALONG THE LOUISIANA COAST (FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT STATEMENT)
Anon. 1973.
Army Engineer District, New Orleans, Louisiana, E1S-LA-73-1897-F.
403 p.
Permits to explore for oil or gas or to develop oil production
and storage facilities in navigable waterways result in obstructions
to navigation and fishing, altered salinity and circulation of
marsh areas, possible damage to ecosystems, and disposal of wastes.
The permit system provides regulations and surveillance systems
which, combined with increased industry awareness, help minimize
these impacts. The alternative is to delay resource development
until all environmental problems are solved.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(19):
#W75-09823. 1975.
C-469-76
DEEPWATER PORT REGULATIONS
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(8):23.
Federal regulations are being issued to assure that the construc-
tion and separation of deepwater ports are in the national
interest and provide protection of the marine and coastal environ-
ment. The highlights of these regulations are given. In-depth
detail is demanded of an applicant company about itself and the
proposed offshore port.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-470-76
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT FOR THE PROTOTYPE OIL SHALE
LEASING PROGRAM. VOL. VI
Anon. 1973.
U.S. Government Printing Office. 456 p.
Volumes I and II considered the regional and cumulative aspects
of a mature oil shale industry; Volume III considered the
170
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specific action of issuing two prototype leases in Colorado,
Utah, and Wyoming; Volume IV describes the consultation involved
with preparing the final statement; Volume V contains letters
received; and Volume VI contains the oral testimony. If the oil
shale leasing program is expanded, a review of the prototype
leases and their impact will be done.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(7):#1871. 1975.
C-471-76
FISHERMEN AND OIL
Anon. 1975.
Alaska Seas and Coasts 3(1):4.
The dilemma between fishermen and the State of Alaska over the
leasing of lands under Kachemak Bay for oil exploration is
briefly reviewed. The hearings scheduled on February 4, 1975,
by the U.S. Department of Interior to receive public and
private comments evaluating the potential effects of DCS leasing
on the environment are also mentioned.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-472-76
GALVESTON'S SUPERPORT PLAN
Anon. 1974.
World Dredging and Marine Construction 10(3):22-25.
The Port of Galveston, Texas, proposes to dredge a multipurpose
port with the ability to handle both oil and dry bulk goods.
The cost is estimated at $440 million and the completion time at
5 years. This project offers less pollution hazard than an
offshore site because of its protected location and the ability
to use effective spill booms. Electronic devices will reduce
collision risks.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03891. 1975.
171
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C-473-76
GULF OF ALASKA STUDIES SHOW DRILLING SAFE FOR ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1975.
Offshore 35(11):136-137.
J. H. Silicox, vice-president of Standard Oil, spoke at a
hearing on the draft environmental impact statement on OCS
operations in the Gulf of Alaska. He criticized the report
as being "neither complete nor objective," citing ignorance
of 25 years of successful offshore oil operations and successful
North Sea operations as examples.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-474-76
HAZARDS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY
Anon. 1975.
British Medical Journal 3(5983):556,
Summary not available.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Current Contents, Life Sciences 18(39):C-3.
1975.
C-475-76
HIGH OIL PRICES WILL SPUR ATLANTIC OCS ACTIVITY
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Industry 10(ll):63-64.
A team of Sea Grant economists at Cornell University predicts
the economic incentives necessary to develop the Atlantic OCS.
A study by University of Delaware scientists explored the
economics of exploiting the oil and gas of the Atlantic OCS
and also analyzed any landward impact on ecology and economics
in Delaware. Available from Sea Grant programs at the
universities: Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Energy
Resources: An Economic Analysis; Decisions for Delaware: Sea
Grant looks at OCS Development.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
172
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C-476-76
IMPACT OF OFFSHORE QIL OPERATIONS
Anon. 1974.
Petroleum Review 28(331):448-450.
Summaries of papers presented at the IP conference in Aviemore,
Scotland, June, 1974, are given. The papers covered subjects
such as technology, planning and development, education and
training, implications for the economy and for the Scottish
manufacturing industry, environmental problems, and the role of
central and local authorities.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(1):#276.
1975.
C-477-76
LOUISIANA SUPERPORT
Anon. 1974.
World Dredging and Marine Construction 10(3):30-31.
The proposed offshore superport off Louisiana will be in 100 to
120 ft. of water and 17 miles off Lafourche Parish. Five single-
point mooring buoys will be connected to a single platform and
three underwater pipelines will deliver the crude oil to shore.
This is the only way foreign crude can reach the mid-West
refineries.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03893. 1975.
C-478-76
NEW PUBLICATION LOOKS AT PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1975.
Journal of Petroleum Technology September:1113.
The Environmental Quality Committee has published a book
titled Petroleum Production and the Environment. The publication
deals with environmental quality as it pertains to petroleum
engineering technology. Orders may be sent to the Society of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
173
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C-479-76
OCS OIL, GAS HEARINGS INDICATE NEED FOR STATE PARTICIPATION
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(8):39-40.
After the series of hearings held by the Ad Hoc Select
Committee on the Outer Continental Shelf, it was decided to
broaden baseline study programs, increase state participation
in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements, impose
more regulations on bidders and perhaps start an OCS revenue
sharing plan.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-480-76
PROPOSED 1973 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL
LEASE-SALE, OFFSHORE MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND FLORIDA.
VOL. 2, POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ETC. (ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT STATEMENT)
Anon. 1973.
Bureau of Land Management, EIS-MS-73-1651-F-2. 242 p.
This volume considers the environmental impacts of OCS activity;
for example, impacts on the living components, air and water
quality, commercial fishing, and conflicts with the recreational,
historical and aesthetic features of the area. Unavoidable
adverse effects as well as potential mitigating measures, such
as oil spill regulations, contingency action and construction of
protective structures and pipelines, are discussed.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
#W75-09820. 1975.
C-481-76
REFINERY FOR NIGG?
Anon. 1974.
Offshore Services 7(1):22.
The circumstances surrounding the planning of a £ 100 million
oil refinery in Nigg on the Cromarty Firth of Scotland are
discussed. Area residents are against the refinery because of
the danger of air and sea pollution, traffic congestion and
noise.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(2):#75-01907. 1975.
174
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C-482-76
REVISED 5-YEAR OCS LEASE SCHEDULE PROPOSED BY INTERIOR
Anon. 1973.
World Oil 177(6):81.
Although 15 Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sales
are tentatively scheduled for the next five years by the USDI,
no sale will be held until environmental, technical and
economic studies have been made and public hearings held.
Pending legislation concerning the proposed sale of Cook
Inlet of Alaska is discussed.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(2):#75-01913. 1975.
C-483-76
UK OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS YEARBOOK
Anon. 1974.
London, Kogan Page Limited, 1974. 291 p.
The following topics on British oil and gas operations are
included: effects of offshore operations on coastal regions;
legal aspects of offshore operations; and manpower, training
and education. Organizations and companies related to the
oil industry are listed.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(2):#75-01866. 1975.
C-484-76
WORLD'S TALLEST OIL PLATFORM SET FOR U.S.
Anon. 1974.
Engineering News Record (Oct. 24):14.
Exxon plans to build a 945-ft oil production platform in the
federal waters of the Santa Barbara Channel. The platform is
designed to withstand earthquakes of 8.5 on the Richter scale,
44-ft waves and 100-mph winds. Oil and gas will be separated
at the platform and then piped to an onshore facility for
treatment and storage.
Citation Source: Energy Review 07:8. 1975.
C-485-76
No title given
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Oil Weekly Report 10(7):1.
The proposed sale of oil and gas lease tracts off Southern
California will probably occur December 10, 1975. The
175
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Department of Interior has withdrawn certain tracts and added
an additional 3/4 mile buffer zone in an effort to accommodate
environmentalists. The Environmental Impact Statement,
although well researched, will probably be questioned.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-486-76
OFFSHORE OIL TERMINAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR UNITED STATES
WATERS
Black, R. W. 1974.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Marine Administration Report
(special). 23 p.
The design concepts for offshore terminals are reviewed; and
all major costs and risks are evaluated. The need for deepwater
oil (and other bulk commodity) terminals is contrasted with the
environmental consequences of a potential spill. The high
cost of building a terminal rules out the plan for some of the
bulk commodities considered.
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(10):#75-06341. 1975.
C-487-76
FRAGILE STRUCTURES: A STORY OF OIL REFINERIES, THE NATIONAL
SECURITY, AND THE COAST OF MAINE
Bradford, P. A. 1975.
New York, Harper's Magazine Press, 1975.
The roots of the impasse concerning the possibility of a foreign
trade zone and oil refinery in Maine include Maine coastal
history, national oil policy, environmental ism, economic growth,
and supertankers. The proposal was first presented in 1968,
and stopped by U.S. oil companies who feared foreign oil
competition.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-488-76
THE CHALLENGE OF DEEPWATER TERMINALS
Bragaw, L. K., Mardis, Raffaele, and Townley. 1975.
Lexington, Mass., D. C. Heath & Co., 1975. 162 p.
The objective of this study is to present the needs, demands,
salient issues and alternative solutions for transportation
176
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of crude oil and petroleum products. The major portion of the
book is a discussion of the location of deepwater terminals,
their economics, environmental factors and onshore impacts.
Citation Source: Ocean Industry 10(11):5. 1975.
C-489-76
ALBERTA'S ATHABASCA OIL SANDS: A CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE
Bresee, P., and S. Tyler. 1975.
Alternatives/Perspectives on Society and Environment 4(2):21-33.
Canadian public ownership of the Athabasca oil sands is the
only method of considering Canadian and Alberta economic,
social and environmental needs. The potential extent of
environmental damage, particularly from the mining process
already in use, is tremendous. Costs of environmental damage
as opposed to costs of protective and preventive measures must
be determined,
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-490-76
ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION - AUSTRALIAN CASE HISTORIES
AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE
Brown, G. A. 1973.
APEA Journal 13(1):132-139.
Proposed hydrocarbon exploration offshore Queensland by the
Great Barrier Reef Royal Commission is one of the five case
histories reviewed. Social and legal implications are discussed
along with the possibility of enacting future laws to conserve
Australian resources and environment.
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#605.
1975.
C-491-76
PROPOSED 1973 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL LEASE
SALE, OFFSHORE MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA AND FLORIDA (FINAL ENVIRON-
MENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT)
Bureau of Land Management. 1973.
NTIS USDC, EIS-MS-73-1651-F-1. Volume 1. 327 p.
Volume 1 gives a description of the proposed oil and gas lease
sale on the outer continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico,
177
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The 147 tracts of OCS lands all pose some degree of pollution
risk to the environment and adjacent shoreline. Each tract
is analyzed at this stage in order to evaluate significant
environmental impacts should leasing and subsequent development
ensue.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(16):
#W75-08018. 1975.
C-492-76
PROPOSED 1973 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL
LEASE-SALE, OFFSHORE MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND FLORIDA,
VOLUME 3. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION (FINAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT)
Bureau of Land Management. 1973.
USDC, EIS-MS-73-1651-F-3. 354 p.
The three main alternatives to the proposed action, as
listed in the environmental impact statement, are to hold the
sale in modified form, withdraw the sale or delay the sale.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10291. 1975.
C-493-76
FLOTTA OIL HANDLING TERMINAL: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURES
Cairns, W. J. 1975.
Petroleum Review 29(342):384-389.
This is the first of three articles which review environmental
impact assessment and protection procedures used by the
Occidental Group for the planning and construction of their
Flotta Oil Handling Terminal, Orkney. The advantages of an
integrated environmental and engineering approach to oil
terminal construction and management are demonstrated.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,269. 1975.
C-494-76
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF: CONGRESS WEIGHS OIL NEEDS AND
ENVIRONMENT
Carter, L. J. 1975.
Science 189(4206):865.
178
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The scheduled offshore oil leasing program for the United States
is considered. The actions taken by Congress regarding current
OCS leasing procedures and coastal zone management are discussed.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-495-76
THE ENVIRONMENT OF OFFSHORE AND ESTUARINE ALABAMA
Chermock, R. L., P. A. Boone, and R. L. Lipp. 1974.
University, Geological Survey of Alabama, Environmental Division,
Information Series No. 51. 135 p.
Coastal Alabama resources include an important port, food and
recreation for its people, and an important seafood industry.
New developments such as exploration for oil and gas and the
construction of Ameraport will influence the coast. Available
environmental information about Alabama's salt and brackish
waters was summarized to provide a baseline for future environ-
mental studies. i
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
#W75-08961. 1975.
C-496-76
THE COAST GUARD BEEFS UP OFFSHORE
Colburn, D. 1975.
Chi 1 ton's Oil Gas Energy 1(6):22-26.
Safety and pollution are the two major concerns of the Coast
Guard in offshore oil and gas development. The Coast Guard
now spends an increasing portion of its resources cleaning up
oil spills, planning deep-water ports and monitoring tanker
routes and offshore drilling operations.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Cleanup and recovery
Monitoring
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(39):#210,883. 1975.
C-497-76
PETROLEUM AND THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF NORTH WEST EUROPE.
VOLUME II: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Cole, H. A. (ed.). 1975.
Barking, Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., 1975,
133 p.
179
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The contents of this volume include chapters on offshore
production practices to protect the environment; industry oil
spill plans and programmes; the behavior of oil spills; the
effects of oil on fisheries, shore life, and birds; the
effects of long-term, low-level exposure to oil, and monitoring
requirements.
Contingency planning
General fate of oil in the environment
Biological effects of oil pollution
Monitoring
Citation Source: International Petroleum Abstracts 3(3):xvii.
1975.
C-498-76
THE OIL EXPLORATION INDUSTRY'S ROLE IN THE ROYAL COMMISSIONS
INTO OIL DRILLING ON THE GREAT BARRIER REEF
Horler, K. M. 1974.
International Symposium on Coral Reefs, 2, 1973. A. M. Cameron,
et al. (eds.j. Vol. 2:703-714.
Background information on oil exploration and on conservation
of the reefs is discussed from the oil explorers' point of view,
with reference to the announcement of the Royal Commissions. The
Royal Commissions investigated the environmental and economic
impact of drilling on the reefs. Industry presented the case that
modern oil exploration and production will not harm the Great
Barrier Reef.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-499-76
WEBSEC-71-72, AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE BEAUFORT SEA
Hufford, G. L., S. H. Fortier, D, E. Wolfe, J. F. Doster, and
D. L. Noble. 1974.
Oceanographic Report, No. 64, USCG-373-64. 282 p.
A collection of scientific papers from two ecological baseline
cruises to the Western Beaufort Sea (August-September, 1971 and
1972) is included. The physical, chemical, biological and
geological data presented should provide a base for assessing
the effects of pollution from future development, especially
from petroleum.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(18):
#AD-A012 351/3GA. 1975.
180
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C-500-76
IMPACTS OF OFFSHORE OIL ON NORTH EAST SCOTLAND
Hutton, J. 1975.
MITSG-75-15 NOAA-75070804. 33 p.
The purpose of this lecture by a member of the North East
Scotland Development Authority was to acquaint New England
with northeast Scotland's experiences and problems in coping
with the onshore impacts of offshore oil development.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
0COM-75-11026/2GA. 1975.
C-501-76
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE CRUDE OIL UNLOADING TERMINAL ON THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
James, W. P., et al. 1975.
Marine Technology Society Journal 9(1):27-31.
The effects of an offshore terminal, designed to handle large
crude oil carriers, on the marine environment is being monitored.
The offshore complex will reduce the potential for oil spills
in nearby estuaries. Its location is well chosen from an
environmental standpoint.
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(9):#75-05489. 1975.
C-502-76
U.S. MUDDLES COASTAL WATERS
LaMotte, C. 1975.
Ocean Industry 10(1):29-30.
A recently published report by the staff of the National Ocean
Policy Study Group on the development of OCS oil and gas
resources emphasized the "uncertainties," such as the lack of
information about the environmental, social, and economic
impacts of development. Specific recommendations are given for
pre-1 easing actions.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
181
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C-503-76
POLLUTION FROM OFFSHORE OIL WELLS
Lay, S. H. 1973.
New Directions in the Law of the Sea, Collected Papers - Volume III
R. Churchill, K. R. Simmonds, and J. Welch (eds.). Dobbs Ferry,
New York, Oceana Publications, Inc., 1973. p. 103-105.
This paper contains comments and recommendations on the present
legal status of offshore oil drilling activities. Legislation
relating to marine oil pollution is included.
International legislation
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-504-76
CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN MARINE AFFAIRS
Mangone, G. J., and J. L. Pedrick, Jr. 1974.
Sea Grant Project, Report Del-SG-10-74. 54 p.
The data baseline for this survey of research in marine affairs
was gathered from a questionnaire, several research institutions,
directors of institutional Sea Grant programs, and marine
researchers with Sea Grant project support. Offshore drilling,
marine pollution and port operations are some of the research
areas.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03110. 1975.
C-505-76
REFINING OF RAW MATERIAL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS IN ITALY
Manzone, G. 1974.
Acqua Aria Ecol. 7(34):42-48.
A criticism of petroleum1 refinery activities in Italy includes
such problems as the uncontrolled and destructive proliferation
of refineries, exploitation of workers, use of land and water
necessary for agriculture, and the pollution of the vegetation
and fishing regions of Italy.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(3):#791. 1975.
182
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C-506-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY'S ROLE, INTEREST AND RESPON-
SIBILITIES WITH RESPECT TO THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
DEVELOPMENT
McErlean, A. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in
the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. R, E. Smith (ed.). St. Petersburg,
Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
Oceanography, 1974. p. 33-35,
EPA is interested in drilling platforms and any attendant
pollution, their advisory role with respect to spills, and
establishment of marine and estuarine water quality standards.
Areas of concern are protection of benthic organisms from
drilling mud, ability to predict spill movement and oil
pollution control methods.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03103. 1975.
C-507-76
THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN JAPAN (GENERAL)
Miyamori, K. 1975,
World Petroleum Congress, 9th, Tokyo, 1975. Review Paper
No. RP 1(A). 6 p.
The following problems as related to Japan are studied: expansion
of the petroleum refining industry in the 1960's, environmental
pollution from the refining industry, soaring crude prices, oil
exploration and development, present situation of the petro-
chemical industry, forecast of long-term energy requirements and
securing a stable oil supply.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,333. 1975.
C-508-76
OCS DEVELOPMENT - WHAT IT MEANS
Munro, N. 1975.
Alaska Seas and Coasts 3(2):l-5.
A discussion is given of the potential impacts of oil development
off Alaska's coastline and the political controversy surrounding
the current push to explore and develop petroleum resources.
Such topics as short- and long-term biological impacts of oil
183
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pollution (oil spills), effects of increased activity, and
social and economic changes are elaborated.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-509-76
THE COASTAL PLAINS DEEPWATER TERMINAL STUDY. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY STUDY REPORT, VOLUME II. TECHNICAL APPENDIXES
Nathan Associates, Inc. 1975.
344 p. (Vol. I). 320 p. (Vol. II).
The feasibility of locating refineries, petrochemical factories,
and auxiliary deepwater terminals in the Coastal Plains Region
of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia is examined. The
main objective of this two volume report is to analyze economic
and environmental factors.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(18):
#COM-75-10772/2GA. #COM-75-10773/OGA. 1975.
C-510-76
FISHERY RESOURCES OF WATERS ALONG THE ROUTE OF THE TRANS-ALASKA
PIPELINE BETWEEN YUKON RIVER AND ATIGUN PASS IN NORTH CENTRAL
ALASKA
Netsch, N. F. 1975.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 124. 49 p.
A description is given of the fishery resources along a 185-mile
segment of the trans-Alaska pipeline route. Of 209 waters
surveyed in 1971, 110 supported fish. Common species and tagging
studies conducted in selected areas are described. The govern-
ment must impose restrictions on construction activities to
minimize potential adverse impacts on aquatic resources.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04751. 1975.
C-511-76
ENVIRONMENTAL DECAY AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: THE USE OF
SOVEREIGNTY
Ott, M. C., and L. P. Shields. 1974.
Environmental Affairs 3(4):743-767.
The article is divided into sections entitled: the problem, the
sources and symptoms of environmental decline, the consequences
184
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of environmental impairment to international politics,
functionalist and related remedies, an alternate approach,
and conclusions. Petroleum, as a diminishing resource, is
part of the problem.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-512-76
LONDON REPORT
Patterson, W. C. 1975.
Environment 17(2):34-36.
Construction of concrete oil production platforms in the
Scottish Highlands coastal area has been subjected to
considerable debate. Various government laws have been
passed to give the government the power to requisition even
"inalienable" land. Much bitterness exists among the
people affected.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-513-76
FUEL AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Payne, C. (ed.) 1973.
London, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1973. 172 p.
Modern fuels (oil, gas, coal, electricity, nuclear energy) and
fuel technologies are examined in relation to environmental needs,
Attention is given to environmental monitoring, pollutants and
their medical and ecological effects.
Monitoring
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04117. 1975.
C-514-76
CHLORIDE CONTAMINATION IN ALUM CREEK, CENTRAL OHIO
Pettyjohn, W. A. 1975.
Ground Water 13(4):332-339.
Excess chloride is not removed during the water treatment process
and may produce a salty taste in the water. Most of the chloride
185
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contamination in Alum Creek is due to the discharge of oil-field
brines into the mainstream or its tributaries in the upper reaches
of the basin. The contaminated ground water may have been
polluted ten years ago.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(11):#63497. 1975.
C-515-76
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT - USE AND ABUSE, ORDER OR CONFLICT
Ranken, M. B. F. 1974.
Society of Environmental Engineers. Journal 13(1):3-11.
Offshore oil and gas recovery is one of the several ocean
activities examined which are sources of abuse to the marine
environment. The contributions of domestic sewage and waste,
water supplies, industrial and agricultural waste, coastal
development and offshore mineral exploitation to marine pol-
lution are examined.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(2):#75-01674. 1975.
C-516-76
THE COAST AND SHELF OF THE BEAUFORT SEA
Reed, J. C., J. E. Sater, and W. W. Gunn (eds.). 1974.
Proceedings of symposium, San Francisco, January, 1974.
Arlington, Virginia. 750 p.
The results of a symposium dealing with the present environmental
conditions on the coast and continental shelf of the Beaufort
Sea are presented in this volume. The meeting was convened to
provide basic information to determine the ecological impacts of
petroleum development, and to provide a critical awareness so
that these impacts will be minimized.
Citation Source: Science 189(4208):1081. 1975.
C-517-76
THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE AND THE ENVIRONMENT. A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Schoepf, R. W. 1974.
Bibliographic series (final), INT-BIB-76-01, Bib-30. 31 p.
The bibliography contains 152 citations to English language
research reports on the environmental problems to be encountered
186
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in the construction of the trans-Alaska pipeline. The marine
and terrestrial environments are emphasized; environmental
engineering problems are secondary. The period of the search
is from 1970 to mid 1973.
Citation Source:
Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#PB-244 299/4GA. 1975.
C-518-76
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Sittig, M. 1974,
Pollution Technology Review No. 9. Noyes Data Corporation,
315 p.
Some petrochemical and coal tar products create pollution
problems. These problems are reviewed, and data from various
sources (including patents) are condensed and presented.
Effluent treatment technology is covered in detail.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source:
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1)
#HMS 4166. 1975.
C-519-76
RESEARCH IN THE OCEANOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT AT TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY
Treadwell, T. K. 1975.
Marine Technology Society, Journal 9(1):12-14.
The major research programs of Texas A & M are described. The
researchers are involved in a Gulf-wide cooperative environ-
mental program investigating the effects of petroleum activities
on the marine environment and are also looking at natural hydro-
carbon seepage in the Gulf of Mexico shelf area.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04570. 1975.
C-520-76
PROPOSAL TO INTERACT IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT OF OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING IN THE NORTHEASTERN GULF OF
MEXICO: 1 FEB. 1974
U.S. Naval Coastal Systems Lab. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico. R. E. Smith (ed.). St Petersburg,
Florida, State University Systems of Florida, ij^itute of
Oceanography, 1974. p. 371-384.
187
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The Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory's (NCSL) research is
described, and facilities of interest to the Gulf of Mexico
environmental impact study are reviewed. The NCSL proposes
to measure the offshore dynamic forces (wave energy, currents,
internal flowfields, and meteorological forces) and develop
models to predict the interaction of the marine environment
and offshore drilling.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03063. 1975.
C-521-76
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PRICE OF ENERGY
Van Tassel, A. J. 1975.
Lexington, Massachusetts, 0. C. Heath and Company, Lexington
Books, 1975. 324 p.
Energy savings through the use of by-products from stack gases
and solid wastes and waste heat are discussed. The environmental
costs of obtaining energy from nuclear fission, geothermal
energy, and offshore oil and gas resources are evaluated.
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05065. 1975.
C-522-76
ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS: INFORMATION NEEDS AND IMPACT CRITERIA
Watling, L. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):139-142.
The effects of manmade structures in the sea, ranging from oil
platforms to large anchored floating structures and reclaimed
land in shallower water, cannot be realistically evaluated
until new information is gathered. Information needs include:
effects of low levels of chemicals, effects of turbidity and
resuspension of fine particles, time relationships of mixing
of effluents, and perturbation threshholds.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
188
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
C-523-76
BACTERIA USED AGAINST OIL SPILLAGE
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Industry 10(10) :86.
PETROBAC is a free-flowing dry powdery material that can
completely degrade unwanted petroleum and its by-products.
To treat an oil spillage area, PETROBAC, a complex of man-made
bacteria, is mixed in water to form a homogeneous suspension
and then sprayed where needed. One pound per acre can be
effective.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-524-76
MANMADE BACTERIA EATS SPILLED OIL
Anon. 1975.
Western Fisheries 90(6):12.
PETROBAC, a complex of specially mutated nonpathogenic bacteria,
can help clean up oil spills in drilling and pumping operations,
harbors and lagoons, beaches and open waterways. PETROBAC can
degrade all kinds of crude oils and their intermediate products.
The dry powdery material is mixed with water and then sprayed
where needed. FFI contact Dr. Howard E. Worne, Worne Biochemicals,
Inc., Lyon Industrial Park, Berlin, NJ 08009.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-525-76
NEW MICROBE DESIGNED FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Anon. 1975.
Chemical and Engineering News 53(38):#8.
A new hybrid bacterium has been developed by General Electric
research and development laboratories, Schenectady, New York,
189
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which is believed to more efficiently digest oil spilled on
waterways. The Pseudomonas strain, incorporating the genetic
makeup of four different strains of bacteria, can digest two
thirds of crude oil at a rate several times that of other
oil-consuming bacteria.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-526-76
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION ON PETROLEUM
DEGRADATION
Atlas, R. M. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 30(3):396-403.
Light crude oils have toxic volatile components which evaporate
slowly at 10°C; therefore, these components can inhibit microbial
degradation. At 20°C,lighter oils had higher rates of mineral-
ization and microbial degradation than the heavier oils.
Particularly at low temperatures the paraffin fraction was
preferentially degraded. After 42 days of incubation the most
degraded oil still had a 20% residue.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-527-76
FATE AND EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTANTS IN EXTREMELY COLD MARINE
ENVIRONMENTS
Atlas, R. N. 1974.
Annual report, AD-A003554, Contract N00014-74-A-0180-0001. 39 p.
The biodegradation of different crude oils was dependent on their
composition and temperature. Degradation of Prudhoe crude oil
could be stimulated by fertilization and microbial seeding.
Success of stimulated biodegradation depended on providing
sufficient nutrients for extensive metabolism. Petroleum was
found to inhibit microbial photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation,
but not respiration.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
13(17):#N75-26530. 1975.
190
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C-528-76
ROLE OF MYTILUS EDULIS LINNE IN THE PURIFICATION OF SEA WATER
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (IN EXPERIMENT) [English summary]
Boiko, E. V. 1975.
Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 11(2):28-33.
The rate of water purification in aquaria with M. edulis is
twice that of aquaria without these organisms. After three
weeks the remaining oil (1% of the original amount) was
distributed in this way: 1.4% settled by hydrobionts into
the vessel bottom, 5.6% remained in the surface film, and
2% dissolved in the water.
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04728. 1975.
C-529-76
HYDROCARBON UTILIZING POTENTIAL OF ESTUARINE MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES
Buckley, E. N., Ill, and F. K. Pfaender. 1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975. Abstracts, p. 127, #166.
Water samples were collected from 12 sites within the Neuse
River Estuary, North Carolina, in order to relate the presence
of a hydrocarbon degrading microbial community to the
concentration of hydrocarbons in the water. A large proportion
of isolates had the ability to grow on hydrocarbons, indicating
exposure to chronic hydrocarbon pollution. The correlation
between the presence of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms and
hydrocarbons was indicated by fluorescence spectroscopy.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-530-76
ARCTIC OIL BIODEGRADATION
Button, D. K. 1974.
Final report, USCG-D-114-75, Contract DOT-CG-24722-A. 43 p.
The abundance and oxidation rates of microbial hydrocarbon
oxidizers were measured from three widely distributed marine
191
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systems in the far north. Data presented support the assumption
that direct dissolved phase organic material metabolism is a
normal ubiquitous marine process that probably produces steady
state hydrocarbon concentrations of submicrograms per liter.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22): ,
#AD-A014 096/2GA. 1975.
C-531-76
RADIOISOTOPE ASSAY FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON
BIODEGRADATION POTENTIAL IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
Caparello, D. M., and P. A. Larock. 1975.
Microbial Ecology 2(1):28-42.
The activity of hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria can be quantified
using an enrichment culture method. The factors that influence
the hydrocarbon oxidizing potential of an environment are: the
hydrocarbon burden of the area; and the ability of the microflora
to use the hydrocarbons. Lakes with large aquatic plant
communities have communities of hydrocarbon bacteria similar to
those found in oil polluted environments.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#111056f. 1975.
C-532-76
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF PETROLEUM DEGRADATION IN
CHESAPEAKE BAY
Colwell, R. R-, J. D. Walker, and J. D. Nelson, Jr. 1975.
Office of Naval Research, Technical Report AD/A-005 246/4SL.
13 p.
Studies on the seasonal fluctuation of petroleum-degrading
microorganisms in Chesapeake Bay are being done. Water and
sediments from an oil polluted and control area were collected
and analyzed. The numbers and yields of petroleum degrading
organisms were greater in the oil polluted areas. Dominant
species are discussed.
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11(June):#084446. 1975.
C-533-76
HINDGUT MICROFLORA FROM OIL-POLLUTED SOFT-SHELL CLAMS
Cundell, A. M., and R. R. Young. 1975.
Marine Pollution 6(9):134-135.
Preferential degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by micro-
organisms in the digestive tracts of shellfish has been
192
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postulated. However, a preliminary investigation failed to show
that hindgut microflora of soft-shell clams collected from oil-
polluted sediment have any role in petroleum hydrocarbon
degradation. Hydrocarbon type and distribution in the tissues
remain to be explained.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-534-76
GROWTH IN CULTURES WITH TWO LIQUID PHASES. HYDROCARBON UPTAKE
AND TRANSPORT
Erickson, L. E., and T. Nakahara, 1975,
Process Biochemistry 10(5):9-13.
This is a review with 60 references on hydrocarbon dispersion,
transport and assimilation by microbial cells. Important
factors involved in these processes are identified.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(17):#144132f. 1975.
C-535-76
THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AROMATIC PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Gibson, D. T. 1975.
Annual report, No. 2, 16-1938-2. 55 p.
The purpose of this contract is to investigate mechanisms used
by soil bacteria to oxidize ortho-, meta- and para-xylene and
related aromatic compounds. The microbial degradation of the
sulfur-containing constituents of crude petroleum is discussed.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#AD-A012 486/7GA. 1975.
C-536-76
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF PETROCHEMICAL POLLUTANTS
INHIBITORY TO ANAEROBIC PROCESSES
Hovious, J. C., G. T. Waggy, and R. A. Conway. 1973.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA R2 73 194. 112 p.
The rate of byconversion of acetate to methane was followed.
The concentrations of twelve pollutants at which the rate of
193
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byconversion was halved were determined. Among the twelve
were aldehydes, amines, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5)
#HMS 3655, 1975.
C-537-76
HYDROCARBON-UTILIZING MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCETE YEAST: II.
MARKING AND HYBRIDIZATION OF ORIGINAL STRAINS [English
summary]
Inge-Vechtomov, S. G., B. V. Simarov, and E. G. Rabinovich,
1974.
Genetika 10(9):106-115.
Auxotrophic mutants, isolated from two homothallic strains of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (41 and 768), were able to produce
mutants capable of hydrocarbon utilization. Hybrids and
mutants and their monogenic differences were observed.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(9):#49129. 1975.
C-538-76
LIPID COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROCARBON ASSIMILATING YEAST
CANDIDA LIPOLYTICA (STRAIN 10)
Jwanny, E. W. 1975.
Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 15(6):423.
The lipid content and phospholipid and fatty acid profiles of
Candida lipolytica at various growth times were measured to
study the utilization of n-hexadecane. Fatty acids of the
same length as that of the substrate were the most abundant
component, demonstrating an intact incorporation mechanism.
C£ addition and B-oxidation of the fatty acids also occurred,
producing fatty acids with longer chain lengths.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-539-76
IMPROVING MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN SOIL
Lehtomaki, M., and S. Niemela1. 1975.
Ambio IV(3):126-129.
In an effort to develop methods to accelerate oil decomposition,
some common agricultural practices —irrigation, fertilization,
194
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and aeration—were tried. The possibility of adding microbes
(bacteria, yeast) to soils to influence the rate of oil
degradation was also studied. Results indicated that none of
the methods tested proved to be as effective in accelerating
oil decomposition as the addition of brewery waste yeast.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-540-76
TAXONOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA UTILIZING HYDROCARBONS
IN THE SEA [English summary]
Le Petit, J., J. C. Bertrand, M. H. N'Guyen, and S. Tagger.
1975.
Annales de Microbiologie (Paris) 126A(3):367-380.
Five strains of bacteria isolated from the Marseille coastal
area were grown and respired on hexadecane and acetate. The
respiration rate of strains cultured on acetate was studied
while in hexadecane. Chloramphenicol either maintained or
suppressed respiration activity, depending on the species.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(15):#128530d. 1975.
C-541-76
IMPLICATIONS OF YEASTS AND YEAST-LIKE FUNGI IN MARINE PROCESSES
Meyers, S. P., and D. G. Ahearn. 1974.
Marine Mycology. A. Gaertner (ed.). International Symposium,
2nd, Bremerhaven, Germany, 1972. Bremen, West Germany,
Kommissionsverlag Franz Leuwer, 1974. p. 321-338.
Yeasts and yeast-like fungi are active in such processes as
nutrient recycling, biodegradation of oil and parasitism. Data
on biomass and colonization of marine yeasts support the
contention that this portion of the marine mycota is important
in oceanic production and energy transformation.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-542-76
DEGRADATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BY MICROORGANISMS.
DISCOVERY OF NEW DEGRADATION SEQUENCES
Ohmori, T., and Y. Jigarni. 1974.
Kagaku to Seibutsu 12(11):745-747.
A review with five references.
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(11):#93415r. 1975.
195
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C-543-76
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION SPECIFICITY
OF SOME AROMATIC HYDROCARBON UTILIZING BACTERIA
Omori, T., Y. Jigarni, and Y. Minoda. 1975.
Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 39(9):1775-1779.
The paper presents the results of a study which screened for
microorganisms which assimilated isoalkyl or isoalkenyl
substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, and identified isopropyl-
benzene assimilating bacteria, Substrate assimilation specificity
was examined and formed the basis for classifying aromatic
hydrocarbon assimilating bacteria into two groups.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-544-76
THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE
Pritchard, P. H., and T. J. Starr. 1975.
Annual report, No. 2, 1 September 73-31 August 74. 81 p.
An experimental continuous culture system was developed to
study the microbial degradation of oil in aquatic ecosystems.
It was shown that bacterial attack follows a consistent
pattern of slow emulsification, dispersion and chemical
alteration of the oil. Degradation resulted in the trans-
formation of hydrocarbons into various end products which may
be more recalcitrant and toxic than the original oil.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
#AD-A013 322/3GA. 1975.
C-545-76
THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE
Pritchard, P. H,, and T. J. Starr. 1975.
Final report, Contract N00014-73-C-0074. 15 p.
Oil blodegradation studies carried out in continuous culture
systems by the authors are briefly summarized. Chemical
analysis of the oil during degradation has shown a complete
removal of the n-alkane fraction, an alteration in the branched
alkane and aromatic fractions and a synthesis of recalcitrant
metabolic end products.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
MD-A013 310/8GA. 1975.
196
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C-546-76
METABOLISM OF ALKYL NAPHTHALENES BY BACTERIA FROM A POLLUTED
ESTUARY
Raymond, D. D., and R, Bartha. 1974.
Annual Meeting of the Society for Microbiology, 74th,
Chicago, 1974, Abstracts, p. 161, #P100.
Observed patterns in the biodegradation of aromatic hydro-
carbon pollutants were studied using gas-liquid and thin
layer curomatography, mass- and infrared spectrometry, All
six bacterial strains isolated from oil polluted estuarine
water grew well on naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, or
2-ethylnaphthalene as their sole sources of carbon and
energy.
Analysis
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-547-76
HYDROCARBON BIODEGRADATION
Robertson, B. R., S. D. Arhelger, R. A. T, Law, and D. K.
Button. 1973.
Environmental Studies of Port Valdez. D. W. Hood, W, E, Shiels,
and E. J. Kelley (eds.). University of Alaska, Institute of
Marine Science Occasional Publication No, 3, 1973. p. 449-479.
The Valdez area contains enough microflora per cm of water in
the spring to initiate hydrocarbon biodegradation. Populations
were lower in the fall. ATP assays on populations developed
from a sterile seawater-oil mixture which was inoculated with
Valdez area seawater suggest many organisms grew at the expense
of oil. Their effects on slicks were substantial.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-548-76
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL
Sedita, S. J. 1973.
Houston Research Inc., Technical Report No. 7150. 49 p.
Those microorganisms capable of oxidatively degrading at least
one fraction of Bunker C residual fuel oil were isolated.
Mixtures of organisms were not as effective at removing the
oil as single species.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3300. 1975.
197
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C-549-76
HYDROCARBON OXIDATION BY CLADOSPORIUM RESINAE IN THE PRESENCE
OF ALTERNATE SUBSTRATES
Siporin, C., and J. 0. Cooney. 1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975. Abstracts. P. 173, #K157.
A series of experiments on the utilization of n-hexadecane and
glucose by Cladosporium resinae cells is described. Results
indicate that intracellular hydrocarbon may inhibit the activity
of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-550-76
DEGRADATION OF OIL IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE
Ventullo, R. M., J. M. Sulflita, and P. H. Pritchard. 1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975. Abstracts, p. 127, #164.
Continuous flow systems were developed in the laboratory to
simulate oil slick conditions in a freshwater environment, using
topped diesel oil placed on 150 yl of fresh Lake Ontario water.
The oil layer eventually became impregnated with bacteria and
was slowly removed. Complete removal occurred generally within
120 days. Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil indicated
degradation of the n-alkanes.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-551-76
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE SOIL
Voets, J. P., R. Vanloocke, and W. Verstraete. 1975.
Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4(1):10-19.
The oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release and extraction
and quantitative dosage of hydrocarbons in soil are examined.
Biodegradation by soil microorganisms can be carried out by
direct metabolism,cometabolism or by the phenomenon of polyauxie.
The presence of oxygen is necessary for the initial attack on
hydrocarbons; humidity content of the soil and temperature are
also important factors.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(4):#900. 1975.
198
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C-552-76
BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF MOTOR OIL
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975,
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 47(8):2058-2066.
Natural populations of bacteria were used to attempt to degrade
petroleum under both optimum and real-world conditions. Oil
discharged from wastewater treatment plants can be biodegraded.
Microorganisms in the water column have more potential for
biodegrddation of oils than those in the sediment.
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(44):#212,573. 1975.
C-553-76
ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS ON THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF
HYDROCARBONS IN TEMPERATE LAKES
Ward, D. M., and T. D, Brock. 1975.
WIS-WRC-75-04 W75-10407, OWRT-A-054-WIS(2), Contracts DI-14-31-
0001-4050, DI-14-31-0001-5050. 112 p.
Naturally-occurring oil-degrading microorganisms respond to
environmental conditions such as temperature and nutrient
concentrations. For example, in Lake Mendota, degradation was
optimal for only one month of the year due to temperature
limitation in spring and fall and nutrient limitation in mid-
summer. Limitations to hexadecane, acetate and glucose oxidation
were explored.
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#PB-244 094/9GA. 1975.
C-554-76
OIL BIODEGRADATION IN LAKE MENDOTA, WISCONSIN—LIMITATION BY
OXYGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER
Ward, D. M., and T. D. Brock, 1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975. Abstracts, p. 127, #165.
Hexadecane metabolism by microorganisms indigenous to Lake
Mendota was rapid under aerobic conditions, but was severely
limited in a N2 atmosphere. Enrichment of surface water with
acetate or glucose limited the rate of hexadecane breakdown.
Non-hydrocarbon degrading bacteria probably limit hexadecane
metabolism by competitive removal of an essential nutrient
(i.e. 02, N2 or P).
Citation Source: Citation Journal
199
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2. PHYSICAL CHANGES
C-555-76
FATES
Butler, J. N. 1975.
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, a Workshop on Inputs,
Fates, and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment,
Airlie, Virginia, 1973. p. 42-72.
Evidence is reviewed for the quantitative evaluation of the
effect of various physical, chemical, and biological processes
that change petroleum. Spreading, evaporation, solution,
emulsification, direct sea-air exchange, photochemical oxidation,
tar lump formation, sedimentation, microbial degradation, uptake
by organisms, metabolism, storage, discharge and food web
magnification are all considered.
Chemical changes of oil in the environment
Biological degradation
General fate of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
#5Q10186. 1975.
C-556-76
PHOTOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SURFACE FILMS
ON SEAWATER
Hansen, H. P. 1975.
Marine Chemistry 3(3):183-195.
Surface films of a crude-oil fraction were exposed to irradiation
from different light sources. The physical behavior and degrada-
tion products were observed and identified. The amount of
CO-infrared absorption indicated the amount of oxidation products
in the surface film. The natural decomposition rate was
estimated by comparing the original crude-oil fraction and the
degradation products.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-557-76
ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF FLOATING OIL FILMS
[English summary]
Hellmann, H. 1975.
Zeitschrift fuer Analytische Chemie 275(3):193-200.
The photochemical oxidation of oil films from about 1-100 urn
thickness is indicated by an increase in carbonyl band extinction
200
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and a decrease in the concentration of the aromatic fraction.
The formation of polar reaction products is also observed.
The photochemical changes taking place in the oil film develop
exponentially as a function of its age.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-558-76
EVAPORATION OF OIL FROM SLICKS
Nagy, E. 1973.
Oil and the Canadian Environment. D. Mackay, and W. Harrison
(eds.). Toronto, Canada, University of Toronto, 1973. p. 112-117,
"Weight loss of oil films is given by the equation L = ATmWnDb
where L = weight loss (g/cm2hr), a and b are constants character-
istic of the oil, T = temperature (°F), W = wind velocity (mph),
D = oil thickness (microns), m = 1, and n = 1/3."
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134549h. 1975.
C-559-76
SEPARATION OF MULTICOMPONENT HYDROCARBON MIXTURES SPREADING ON
A WATER SURFACE
Phillips, C. R., and V. M. Groseva. 1975.
Separation Science 10(2):111-118.
Separation is related to the difference in spreading coefficients
of the hydrocarbons, taking into account relative volatilities
and solubilities. A table and curves demonstrate the process.
Citation Source: The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#052539.
1975.
C-560-76
THE RATE OF SPREAD OF FUEL OIL NO. 1
Sellberg, B. 1975.
Nordic Hydrology 6(1):63-72.
The spreading of fuel oil No. 1 was observed in some common
unconsolidated sediments in Sweden, such as esker material,
bottom varves of glacial clay and sand on clay. In reasonably
homogeneous medium sand with good ground water flow, the fuel
moved at 1.0-1.6 m/day, but in most other cases the velocity
was as low as 0.1-0.2 m/day.
Citation Source: Biological Abstracts 60(10):#57622. 1975.
201
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C-561-76
SOLUBILITY OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF
HYDROCARBONS IN THE EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO
Sutton, C. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, B 35(9):4566-4567.
In part one of this study the solubilities of pure hydrocarbons
and mixtures of hydrocarbons were determined in distilled water
and artificial seawater. Parameters most important in the
dissolution process were indicated. Part two was an investigation
of the geochemistry of hydrocarbons in the eastern Gulf of
Mexico. Differences in fingerprint parameters between northeastern
and southeastern Gulf hydrocarbons indicated zooplankton and
petroleum origins.
Analysis
Source identification
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-562-76
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN BALTIMORE HARBOUR OF CHESAPEAKE BAY:
DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENT CORES
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, M. C. Hamming, and H. T. Ford.
1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(3):231-238.
Gas-liquid chromatography was used to detect hydrocarbons at
different depths in the sediment. Paraffins, cycloparaffins,
aromatics and polynuclear aromatics were measured at various
depths using mass spectrometry. The concentrations of both
total and saturated hydrocarbons decreased with depth; however,
some aromatics increased with depth.
Analysis
Sampling
Citation Source: Citation Journal
202
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3. CHEMICAL CHANGES
C-563-76
BENTHAL DECOMPOSITION OF ADSORBED OCTADECANE
Allen, H. L. 1974.
Ph.D. Thesis (available from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann
Arbor, Michigan, Order no. 74-27-578). 351 p.
Research on the behavior of octadecane containing deposits and
the factors controlling decomposition rates was conducted.
Among the results are: decomposition of suspended octadecane
proceeds at a rate about 1.10 that of sewage; benthal oxygen
uptake rate is a function of initial seed volatile concentration
at the deposit surface; and the effect of flow rate on benthic
deposit behavior is partly due to the base activity of the
deposits and partly to the adsorbed octadecane on the deposit-
water interface.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10260. 1975.
C-564-76
LONGTERM WEATHERING CHARACTERISTICS OF IRANIAN CRUDE OIL: THE
WRECK OF THE 'NORTHERN1 GULF
Mayo, D. W., D. J. Donovan, J. Jiang, R. L. Dow, and J. W. Hurst.
1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 201-208.
An oil spill area in Maine, although subjected to 10 years of
weathering, still contained isoprenoid hydrocarbons. Pristane
was the predominant hydrocarbon there; Cie hydrocarbons were
predominant in non-weathered oil spill areas. Fucus and soft
clams had hydrocarbon distributions similar to the sediments.
This high hydrocarbon level stinted growth and increased
mortality by a factor of 8 or 9.
General fate of oil in the environment
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109363k. 1975.
203
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C-565-76
ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF OIL IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
Shelton, T. B., and J. V. Hunter, 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(9):2256-2270.
The decomposition process in natural sediments containing oil
pollutants was followed for 30 weeks under anaerobic conditions,
Oils were lost more rapidly with time than other organic matter
present. There was a steady release of organic carbon with
time.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
204
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4. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
C-566-76
MODEL TESTS ON THE INFILTRATION OF PETROL FROM A SURFACE WATER
INTO A POROUS AQUIFER
Bertsch, W., W. Schloz, and F. Schwille. 1975.
Deutsche Gewaesserkundliche Mitteilungen 19(1}:11-16.
Results are described from tests examining the infiltration
(under the influence of a gradient toward the land side) of EL
fuel from surface water into the groundwater in the bank vicinity,
Oil as a phase only infiltrates in the zone of the capillary
fringe of the groundwater surface; however, water soluble
components infiltrate the entire permeable range of the bed.
Citation Source: Environmental Health and Pollution Control
8(6):#1567. 1975.
C-567-76
PELAGIC TAR
Butler, J. N. 1975.
Scientific American 232(6):90-97.
Tarry residues of petroleum* probably formed mainly by the
discharge of waste from oil tankers, are picked up by fine
nets everywhere in the ocean. The weathering of these lumps
and the organisms associated with them are being studied.
The effect of petroleum wastes on marine organisms is still
not well known.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-568-76
DISAPPEARANCE OF AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC COMPONENTS FROM SMALL
SEA-SURFACE SLICKS
Harrison, \t., M. A. Winnik, P. T. Y. Kwong, and D. Mackay.
1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(3):231-234.
Information on the weathering of five small ocean spills of
South Louisiana crude oil is provided. The rates of loss of
205
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cumene and n-nonane are compared to quantify the relative rates
of evaporation and dissolution.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(9):#75-05494. 1975.
C-569-76
THE PETROLEUM PROBLEM
Hunt, J. M. 1974.
Oceanus 18(l):4-5.
The author comments on a few of the results from a workshop on
the inputs, fates, and effects of petroleum in the marine
environment. Although oil contains carcinogens, the quantities
ingested with oil-contaminated fish differ little from those in
many foods. To prevent continued oil pollution, offshore
production should be encouraged over importation of oil, and
tighter control of coastal pollution inputs should be instituted.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-570-76
THE AREA AFFECTED BY OIL SPILLS ON LAND
Mackay, D. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 53(2):140-143.
Data have been compiled and analyzed on the volume and area of
53 inland oil spills in Alberta and of experimental spills in the
Mackenzie Valley, North West Territories. An equation is
derived from these data and consideration of flow characteristics
of oil on Mackenzie Valley terrain, to predict the likely area
affected by an oil spill from the proposed Mackenzie Valley Oil
Pipeline.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,298. 1975.
C-571-76
WIND AND CURRENT EFFECTS ON LARGE-SCALE OIL SLICKS
Murray, S. P. 1975.
Technical report, TR-193. 14 p. Annual Offshore Technology
Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975. Preprints, Paper no. OTC-2389.
p. 523-533.
206
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The effects of local winds and near-surface currents on the
movement of oil slicks in coastal and shelf waters were
determined from 39 helicopter surveys during the Main Pass 41C
spill off Mississippi (1970). Orientation 'of oil slicks is
closely controlled by local wind direction; slicks usually form
10-40° to the right of the wind. Density fronts also are
important in determining slick movement and size.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19)-
#AD-A012 582/3GA. 1975.
C-572-76
THE MOVEMENT OF OIL SLICKS
Murty, T. S. 1974.
Physical Processes Responsible for Dispersal of Pollutants in
the Sea, AYhus, Denmark, 1972. p. 66-74.
A numerical approach to the problem of oil slick movement is
discussed. Analysis of data from two major oil spills showed
surprisingly large values of vorticity and divergence. The
vertical velocity in the water below a slick was calculated
and a region of significant vertical motion below the leading
edge of the slick was indicated.
Citation Source: Rapports et Proce*s-Verbaux des Reunions
167:66-74. 1974.
C-573-76
STANDARD AND INTERCOMPARISON CRITERIA; TAR BALLS AND PARTICULATE
MATTER
Traxler, R. W., and R. H. Pierce, Jr. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 161-162.
In order to determine the fate of petroleum in the marine
environment, certain standard analytical procedures must be
followed. The sample must be compared with a standard petroleum
fraction mixed with a recently biosynthesized oil; the particulate
matter must be analyzed; each sample must have an internal
standard; and blanks must be run with each sample set.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 18(14):#120587g. 1975.
207
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C-574-76
PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Walker, J. D. 1975.
BioScience 25(10):674.
The author reviews the book, Workshop on Inputs, Fates, and the
Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment, edited by E. B.
Bright. Topics covered at the Workshop held May 21-25, 1973, in
Airlie, Virginia, include: estimates of petroleum hydrocarbons
released into the ocean and the sources, useful techniques to
analyze petroleum hydrocarbons, biological effects and fate of
petroleum, and the effects of weathering of oil in the marine
environment.
General effects of oil pollution
Analysis
Source identification
Citation Source: Citation Journal
208
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F. OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS
1. STATE LEGISLATION
C-575-76
FEDERAL MARITIME JURISDICTION AND STATE MARINE POLLUTION
LEGISLATION: THE FLORIDA ACT NOT PREEMPTED PER SE
Adelman, G. L. 1973.
University of Miami Law Review 28:209-218.
A lower court found the Florida Oil Spill Prevention and
Pollution Control Act null and void due to intrusion into
an exclusive federal domain. The Supreme Court found no
direct conflict between state and federal laws since the
latter did not cover the liability of the polluter or
recovery by the state of oil cleanup costs. Thus the
state may legislate with respect to damage caused by a
vessel on navigable waters but consummated on land.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(19)
#W75-09845. 1975.
C-576-76
ADMIRALTY'S POWER IN RE OIL POLLUTION: THE ABILITY OF THE
STATE TO SET MORE STRINGENT PENALTIES THAN THOSE OF THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Scherr, J. H. 1974.
Natural Resources Lawyer 7(4):635(19).
By a Supreme Court decision Florida has been allowed to enact
a more stringent oil pollution prevention law than the federal
government. The court did leave several questions unresolved,
however, as to the legality of states enacting stricter laws
than the federal government in other cases.
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(5/6):#75-03850.
1975.
209
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2. U.S. LEGISLATION
C-577-76
INDUSTRY VIEWPOINT (WATER QUALITY CONTROL)
Aitkins, A. R. 1974.
Natural Resources Lawyer 7(2):241-247.
The problems arising from two sections of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act are mentioned. Section 311 defines a
harmful discharge to include that which causes a film or sheen
upon the water surface. But under Section 402, industrial
users can get a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System permit allowing oil discharges if the permittee is
using the best control technology and is working within the
permit limits. The constitutionality of Section 311 is
questioned.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-09885. 1975.
C-578-76
CLEAN WATER: REPORT TO CONGRESS - 1974
Anon. 1974.
Clean Water; Report to Congress. 88 p.
The roles of industry, the public and state and federal govern-
ment in water pollution control are reviewed. Water quality
standards, effluent guidelines, monitoring, planning and
regulation of water pollution (including pollution by oil) are
covered.
State legislation
Industry standards and guidelines
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04460. 1975.
C-579-76
EPA WASTE-WATER RULE COST SET AT $6 BILLION
Anon. 1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(38):63.
The EPA has decided to issue regulations which will prohibit
offshore oil and gas wells from discharging waste water into
navigable waters. The cost to producers could exceed $6 billion,
210
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Subsurface disposal technologies will be needed to handle
the wastes.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-580-76
OCEAN POLLUTION
Anon. 1973.
Hearings—Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere—Committee on
Commerce, U.S. Senate, 93rd Congress, 1st Session. 393 p.
The following Senate bills were introduced at the hearings:
S.1067 which provided for the amending of the Oil Pollution
Act, 1961, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the
International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution
of the Sea by Oil; S.1071 which provided for the implementation
of the International Convention Relating to Intervention on
the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969; and
S.1351 which provided for the amendment to the Marine Protection,
Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Various topics were
discussed.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10318. 1975.
C-581-76
POLLUTION
Anon. 1975.
Alaska Seas and Coasts 3(3):4.
The discharge of harmful amounts of oil in U.S. navigable
waters is subject to a fine of .up to $5,000. Under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, dumping oil over the side
of a commercial fishing ;vessel or from a crankcase or fuel
strainer is prohibited and fines will be assessed against the
owner of the vessel or facility which caused the pollution.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-582-76
PROPOSAL IS DANGEROUS, SAYS OIL SPOKESMAN
Anon. 1975.
Offshore 35(10):186.
A proposal to divorce exploration from the production cycle
in petroleum development is included in pending federal
211
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legislation. An oil spokesman claims this idea is technically
impossible, financially unworkable, and would perhaps imply
that production should be limited to the largest offshore pools.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-583-76
THE PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY ACT OF 1972: AN EXPANSION OF
THE FEDERAL APPROACH TO OIL POLLUTION
Davis, M. S. 1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(2):249-257.
The Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 deals with the
problem of oil spills in areas around ports, waterfronts and
the navigable waters of the U.S. in a new way. Instead of
emphasizing the deterrence of willful oil pollution, it focuses
on factors such as lax construction standards and poor vessel
traffic control that cause accidental oil pollution.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04128. 1975.
C-584-76
DEEPWATER PORT DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH CAROLINA: THE LEGAL CONTEXT
Dawson, A. C. 1975.
Report, UNC-SG-75-08 NOAA-04-3-158-40. 43 p.
The existing laws which apply to the planning and establishment
of deepwater or offshore ports are studied. The problem of
balancing the forces of energy development against the forces
of ecological conservation is discussed. The interaction between
state and federal laws concerning offshore development is pointed
out by this study.
State legislation
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#COM-75-10952/OGA. 1975-
C-585-76
PETROLEUM REFINING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY: PROPOSED APPLICATION
OF EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES FOR EXISTING SOURCES TO
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR INCOMPATIBLE POLLUTANTS
Environmental Protection Agency. 1974.
Federal Register 39(91):16574-16575.
212
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"The proposal will amend 40 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations)
Part 419-Petroleum Refining Point Source Category, establishing
for each subcategory therein the extent of application of
effluent limitations guidelines to existing sources which
discharge to publicly owned treatment works rather than to
navigable waters."
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04477. 1975.
C-586-76
POLLUTION-RIGHT OF SHIPOWNER TO CONTRIBUTION FROM UNITED STATES
WHERE NEGLIGENCE OF COAST GUARD WAS A CAUSE OF CASUALTY AND
ENSUING SPILL. BURGESS V. THE TAMANO. 373 F. Supp. 839
(D. Me. 1974)
Kimball, J. D. 1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(4):665-667.
Despite the fact that the USCG mispositioned a buoy and was
negligent in cleanup operations following the spill, the "Tamano"
was not allowed contribution and indemnity from the U.S., because
it could not prove it was induced to rely on the government.
Private citizens, however, could sue the U.S. to recover for
damages produced by its negligence.
Economic effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05071. 1975.
C-587-76
POLLUTION-SHIPOWNER'S LIABILITY NOT LIMITED BY LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY ACT. THE OCEAN EAGLE. 1974. A.M.C. 1629 (D.P.R. 1974)
Kimball, J. D. 1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(4):661-664.
The question left open concerns the relationship of the Limitation
of Liability Act and liability for pollution damages under federal
or state statutes. In a recent case, the court stated that a
vessel which had violated three U.S. acts, including the Oil
Pollution Act, would not be subject to the limitation of liability
statute.
Economic effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5)-.#75-05070. 1975.
213
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C-588-76
FEDERAL DECISIONMAKING AND THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE
Myers, H. R. 1975.
Ecology Law Quarterly 4(4):915-961.
A comprehensive legal analysis of the trans-Alaska pipeline
controversy is given. Included are: the events leading to
the issuance of permits in 1974 for construction of the proposed
pipeline; the major issues involved in the Environmental
Impact Statement; the merits of the trans-Alaska vis-a-vis
the trans-Alaska-Canada route; and conclusions.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-589-76
MARINE TRAFFIC REQUIREMENTS: ADVANCE NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE
MAKING
USCG. 1974.
Federal Register 39(126):24157-24159.
The Coast Guard is considering the addition of certain regulations
concerning the operation of all major U.S. and foreign vessels in
U.S. navigable waters. The objective of these regulations is to
prevent maritime casualties and the resulting oil pollution. The
proposed operating requirements are discussed.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05026. 1975.
C-590-76
TANK VESSELS IN DOMESTIC TRADE: PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT:
NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING
USCG. 1974.
Federal Register 39(126):24149-24157.
The USCG is considering adding certain regulations governing
the design and operation of tank ships and barges certified to
carry oil. Design requirements will cover segregated ballast
tanks, pumping, piping and discharge arrangements, etc. Vessel
operation regulations will deal with discharges, ballast
arrangements and bilges.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05025. 1975.
214
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3. INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION
C-591-76
LAW OF THE SEA AT THE END OF THE DECADE - A PREDICTION
Alexander, L. M. 1974.
Marine Technology Society, Journal 8(6):60-65.
Among the issues that are of concern to the 3rd UN Law of the
Sea Conference are the territorial sea, restrictions to naviga-
tion, and pollution control and abatement (including oil). The
most likely result of the conference will be agreement on some
issues and continued study of others. The possible consequences
are discussed.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05057. 1975.
C-592-76
1973 IMCO CONFERENCE ON MARINE POLLUTION FROM SHIPS
Anon. 1973.
U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce. Hearings. 93rd Congress,
Session 1, Series 93-52, November 14, 1973. 180 p.
Hearings were begun on the 1973 IMCO Conference which was aimed
at completely eliminating willful and intentional marine
pollution by oil and other noxious substances, and minimizing
accidental spills. Witnesses included representatives from EPA,
USCG and the USSR. Other marine pollution related statements
are included.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Environment Abstracts 5(10):#75-06348. 1975.
C-593-76
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MARINE POLLUTION 1973
Anon. 1974.
London, Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization,
1974. 172 p.
This document is the final act of the conference and includes
regulations for the prevention and control of pollution by oil
and other noxious substances carried by sea, freight containers,
railroad wagons, etc.; and regulations for the prevention of
pollution of the seas by ships.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: MRIS Abstracts 11(June):#084465. 1975.
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C-594-76
OIL POLLUTION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1973
Anon. 1974.
Law and Policy in International Business 6(4):1251-1261,
The rigorous standards of the 1973 amendments refer to discharge
of oil at sea and new tanker construction requirements which are
designed to minimize outflow in case of an accident. The effects
of these amendments on legislation, standards, construction, and
ultimately, costs to the consumer are analyzed.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
#W75-09264. 1975.
C-595-76
POLLUTION
Anon. 1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 1:4.
The 1971 Amendments to the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil concerned tank size
requirements. These amendments have been incorporated into the
Oil Pollution Prevention Regulations and became effective
January 1, 1974.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04114. 1975.
C-596-76
POLLUTION
Anon. 1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 1:9.
"The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships and the Protocol Relating to Intervention on the
High Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances other than
Oil were opened for signature Jan. 15, 1974."
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04115. 1975.
C-597-76
POLLUTION
Anon. 1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 7:9.
A comprehensive Baltic pollution convention was signed by all
7 Baltic States on March 22, 1974. Sources of pollution that
216
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are covered by the convention include shipping, rivers and
outfalls, air pollution and pollution from seabed activities.
A permanent commission will oversee implementation of the
convention.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04106. 1975.
C-598-76
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME: THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Birnie, P. W. 1974.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 5(6):100-103.
The bulk of the UNEP is an overview of on-going activity in
marine pollution, conservation and management of aquatic
resources in existing national and international institutions.
UNEP is particularly supportive of the 1972 and 1973 oil
pollution conventions. Non-governmental organizations, like
the Sierra Club, are encouraged to participate in formulating
measures and programmes for the protection of the marine
environment.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-599-76
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDE
Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. 1974.
Washington, D.C., Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1974.
This book is a guide to legislation on environmental pollution,
including oils, gases, effluents, etc. National and inter-
national laws, conventions and treaties are cited, including
those sponsored by the United Nations or other international
organizations. Eastern Bloc countries are not included.
Foreign legislation
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4546. 1975.
C-600-76
NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE LAW OF THE SEA, DOCUMENTS - VOLUME IV
Churchill, R., and M. Nordquist. 1975.
Dobbs Ferry, New York, Oceana Publications, 1975. 544 p.
The fourth volume in this series presents a representative
selection of documents on the international law of the sea.
217
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These documents illustrate current trends of development in this
area and focus on issues before the Third United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea. International legislation
dealing with oil pollution prevention between 1954 and 1974 and
protection of the marine environment is included.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-601-76
POLLUTION FROM SEABORNE SOURCES
Fleischer, C. 1973.
New Directions in the Law of the Sea, Collected Papers - Volume III
R. Churchill, K. R. Simmonds, and J. Welch (eds.). Dobbs Ferry,
New York, Oceana Publications, Inc., 1973. p. 78-102.
Discussed is pollution which has its source in actions at sea
which are often outside the limits of national jurisdiction.
General viewpoints and existing international legislation on
this form of marine pollution are reviewed. The sections on
shipping and liability and compensation discuss oil pollution
and related legislation.
Economic effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-602-76
DEFINITION AND FORMS OF MARINE POLLUTION
Hardy, M. 1973.
New Directions in the Law of the Sea, Collected Papers - Volume III.
R. Churchill, K. R. Simmonds, and J. Welch (eds.). Dobbs Ferry,
New York, Oceana Publications Inc., 1973. p. 73-77.
The principal causes of marine pollution are listed and discussed.
Land based sources of all kinds (including petroleum sources)
provide the largest amounts of pollutants to the marine environment,
Under the heading of ship-borne pollutants, emphasis is placed on
the loss of oil. Past oil pollution legislation and the 1973 IMCO
conference, International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973, are mentioned.
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
218
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C-603-76
CANADA, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE THIRD LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE
Logan, R. M. 1974.
Washington, D.C., Canadian-American Committee, 1974. 122 p.
This study provides a background survey of the major issues at
the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea, the Canadian and
U.S. positions on these issues, and bilateral Canada-U.S.
offshore concerns. A chapter on marine pollution includes a
review of the international treaties and conferences for the
prevention of oil pollution, oil tanker route issues, and oil-
spill contingency agreements.
Contingency planning
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-604-76
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND PRACTICES IN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY
Mandl, V. 1974.
Public Health Engineer (9):78-81.
The goals of the Communities Environmental Program include
reduction of environmental pollution, improvement of the
environment and quality of life, and provision for joint
action of member states to deal with environmental problems.
Pollutants having highest priority are Pb, organic halogen
compounds, S compounds, dusts, nitrogen oxides, CO, Hg,
phenols and hydrocarbons.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(4}:#75-04024. 1975.
C-605-76
ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL LAW: US AGENCIES AND THE REGULATION
OF OIL POLLUTION IN AMERICAN WATERS
Milsten, D. E. 1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(2):273-283.
Nations that agree to enforce the international laws concerning
oil pollution must develop and implement national rules to give
effect to the international agreements. Since larger maritime
powers are not willing to enforce these regulations, the world
219
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must depend on each sea-using nation to do so within its own
jurisdiction. The history of U.S. law on oil pollution and
its enforcement is reviewed.
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04130. 1975.
C-606-76
THE LAW OF THE SEA OF THE ARCTIC WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
CANADA
Pharand, D. 1973.
Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 1973. 367 p.
The book concerns the problems of the Arctic, the contemporary
laws of the Arctic, and the international law of the sea. One
section deals with oil pollution control in the Arctic and is
subdivided into the following areas: the problems of oil
pollution control in the Arctic; oil pollution control in
international conventions up to 1970; oil pollution control
legislation for the Canadian Arctic (1970); and the future of
oil pollution control in this region.
General effects of oil pollution
Citation Source: Citation Monograph
C-607-76
ATTACK SET ON POLLUTION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN
Seltzer, R. J. 1975.
Chemical and Engineering News 53(38):#20.
The article deals with the international action plan developed
by several of the Mediterranean countries to protect their
environment. Baseline studies and monitoring of oil and
petroleum hydrocarbons in the sea are to be incorporated in
the central part of the action plan.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-608-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BY COASTAL STATES: THE PARADIGM FROM
MARINE TRANSPORT OF PETROLEUM
Sweeney, J. C. 1974.
Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 4(2}:278-306.
The principle of absolute freedom of the high seas as applied to
oil pollution is archaic. A multilateral solution to the
220
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environmental problems caused by oil pollution is preferred by
the world order, although unilateral solutions by endangered
coastal states are not condemned as interim actions. Ocean
transport of petroleum is one controllable source of environ-
mental damage.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(19):
#W75-09848. 1975.
C-609-76
FINAL ACT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MARINE POLLUTION
1973
United Kingdom Parliament. 1974.
Great Britain Parliament, Command Paper No. 5748. 138 p.
The final act passed at the Inter-Governmental Maritime
Consultative Organization (IMCO) Conference is included. The
rules and regulations have the objectives of eliminating
marine pollution and minimizing the accidental discharges
of pollutants such as oil.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3517. 1975.
C-610-76
CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM LAND-BASED
SOURCES
United Kingdom Parliament. 1975.
H.M.S.O. Command No. 5803. 18 p.
A Paris convention of European Countries attempts to eliminate
pollution in a specified geographical area from oils, radio-
active wastes, heavy metals and other toxic compounds. Factors
considered include persistence, toxicity and bio-accumulation of
these toxins.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS4501. 1975.
C-611-76
INTERNATIONAL APPROACH TO THE MARINE POLLUTION PROBLEM
Waldichuk, M. 1973.
Ocean Management 1(3):211-261.
Various international attempts to control marine pollution are
described, beginning with the 1926 failure. GESAMP (Joint Group
221
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of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution) is
coordinating a global approach to studying the problems, A
pilot monitoring project has developed.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Ecological Abstracts 1975(3):#75L/1891. 1975,
222
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4. FOREIGN LEGISLATION
C-612-76
No title given
Anon. 1975.
Ocean Oil Weekly Report 10(1):1.
New regulations in Norway covering offshore oil and gas operations
in the North Sea went into effect October 1, 1975, The rules
pertain to control of blow-outs, and require an operation to
prepare a contingency plan for blow-outs or other accidents.
Requirements concerning drilling equipment and abandoned holes
in seabeds are also included.
Citation Source: Citation Journal
C-613-76
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN JAPAN
Anon. 1974.
321 p.
This article contains a compilation of the major current environ-
mental laws and cabinet orders in Japan. The text of the Marine
Pollution Prevention Law is included. This law covers oil and
waste discharges from ships and offshore facilities, the waste
oil business, and oil removal methods.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12{3):#75-03109. 1975.
C-614-76
EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS OF CONCERN TO THE OIL INDUSTRY
IN WESTERN EUROPE
Anon. 1975.
Stichting CONCAWE, Report No. 6/75.
The following environmental regulations are included in this third
up-dated report: standard specifications and legal limits on
sulfur content of fuel oils, gasoline composition/quality and
environmental noise control; engine vehicle emission regulations;
reference list for design, construction and operation of oil pipe-
lines in Western Europe; and regulations on refinery effluents
in France.
Citation Source: Water Research 9(10):928. 1975.
223
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C-615-76
SHIPPING
Anon. 1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 11:6.
The Merchant Shipping Bill of the United Kingdom includes
regulations concerning oil pollution, and gives the power to
protect shipping and trading interests against foreign action,
It also amends the 1970 Act with respect to crimes committed
by seamen.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04121. 1975.
C-616-76
ENVIRONMENT LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN JAPAN
Japan Environment Agency. 1974.
Japan Environment Agency, 1974. 317 p.
This book contains a compilation of major environmental laws
and Cabinet orders currently in existence in Japan. The state-
ment of the legal texts is introduced by a comment on the
fundamental policies and financial measures of the Japanese
Environment Agency.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3978. 1975.
C-617-76
A COMPILATION OF ISRAELI LAWS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
OF THE SEA
Laster, R., and Y. Koojman. 1974.
Israel, Prime Minister's Office, Environmental Protection Service,
mimeographed papers. 42 p.
"Laws are given concerning public beach safety, permits for
construction affecting territorial waters, the licensing of
businesses that might contribute to water pollution, and
control of oil pollution."
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04752. 1975.
C-618-76
TIME TO BREATHE AS NEW POLLUTION LAW IS SHELVED
McLain, L. 1975.
Engineer 240(6205):52-62.
224
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The current United Kingdom legislation on pollution control
is discussed. The technology available and implemented by
industry includes incineration, solvent recovery, waste oil
refining, sedimentation, and flotation.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5)
#HMS 3648. 1975.
C-619-76
LEGAL NOTES
Poole, F. T. 1974.
Dock and Harbour Authority 55(644):63-64.
The British House of Lords' decision in the case of the Federal
Steam Navigation Company vs. the Department of Trade and Industry
was that both the shipowner and the master may be legally liable
for causing oil pollution.
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04140. 1975.
225
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5. INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
C-620-76
EUROPEAN MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF
GROUND AND SURFACE WATER POLLUTION OF OIL FROM STORAGE TANKS
AND DURING THE TRANSPORT OF OIL
Anon. 1974.
Barking, England, Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., 1974.
This code of practice is a guide for drawing up new provisions
in European countries where oil pollution prevention regulations
do not exist or where these regulations are under review. The
book deals with the general! requirements for pollution preven-
tion, corrosion protection of tanks, storage tanks, pipes and
fittings, installations, operations, transportation and delivery,
Citation Source: Water Pollution Control 74(4):#491. 1975.
226
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G. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
C-621-76
OCEAN LAW (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Brown, R. J. 1975.
Report for 1964-Sept. 75. 168 p.
"The bibliography cites national and international laws on
fishing, undersea mining, shipping, dredging, territorial
waters, navigation regulations, seafloor minerals, offshore
drilling, and water pollution [oil spills]."
International legislation
U.S. legislation
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#NTIS/PS-75/712/OGA. 1975.
C-622-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING RESEARCH
Anon. 1974.
United Kingdom, Department of the Environment, Headquarters
Library, Information Series No. 15. 278 p.
Approximately 30 of the listed projects concern pollution,
i.e., oil, air, land, and heavy metals. The aims, the staff,
the funding and published papers are given for each project.
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4)
#HMS 3579. 1975.
C-623-76
NORTH AMERICA. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
Environmental Protection Agency. 1974.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, PB227 146. 42 p.
This report consists of a bibliography of North American
national environmental laws, pollution control regulations
and reports on experiences of the authorities charged with
implementing the legislation.
U.S. legislation
Foreign legislation
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4)
#HMS 3516. 1975.
227
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C-624-76
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Habercom, G. E., Jr. 1975.
Report for 1964-August 1975. 115 p.
This bibliography contains government-sponsored research
reports (110) on offshore structures, their feasibility, design,
construction, marine environments, and environmental impact.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
#NTIS/PS-75/684/1GA. 1975.
C-625-76
OCEANS OF THE WORLD: THE LAST FRONTIER: AN ANNOTATED
INTRODUCTORY BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
Hurd, B., and B. Passero. 1974.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sea Grant Project
Office, Report MITSG 74-17. 12 p.
An annotated bibliography on the law of the sea is presented.
Topics include pollution problems of the sea, regional interests
and law of the sea, and research and ocean law.
International legislation
Citation Source: Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03111. 1975.
C-626-76
WASTE PROCESSING AND POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES - A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Lehmann, E. J. 1975.
Report for 1964-October 1974, NTIS/PS-74/118. 188 p.
One hundred seventy-two abstracts of research reports are
provided which cover control processes, pollution effects,
economic factors, emissions and abatement strategies for the
chemical and petrochemical industries. Air, water and solid
waste controls are included.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05079. 1975.
228
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C-627-76
OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND SENSING (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Smith, M. F. 1975.
Report for 1964-July 1975. 181 p.
One hundred seventy-six abstracts of research on oil and hydro-
carbon detection, sampling, monitoring and instrumentation are
presented. Various analytical techniques related to character-
ization and remote sensing of oil spills and oil wastes are
included.
Monitoring
Sampling
Analysis
Remote sensing
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
#NTIS/PS-75/595/9GA. 1975.
C-628-76
OIL WATER SEPARATORS (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Smith, M. F. 1975.
Report for 1964-August 1975. 94 p.
This NTIS search covers federally sponsored research on oil
water separators used primarily for pollution control. Included
are centrifuge separators, coalescers, filters, oil spill
recovery, and ballast and bilge water treatment.
Cleanup and recovery
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
#NTIS/PS-75/710/4GA. 1975.
C-629-76
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES USED IN
THE STUDY OF POLLUTION
Turner, P. 1973.
Royal Aircraft Establishment, CUSP Bibliography No. 71. 87 p.
This bibliography consists of 321 references and abstracts on
25 different techniques that may be used to identify and quantify
pollution. Infrared and aerial techniques are among those covered.
Analysis
Remote sensing
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4533. 1975.
229
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SECTION II. CURRENT STATUS OF SOME OF THE RESEARCH PROJECTS
LISTED IN PREVIOUS REPORTS
The research project entries in this section are grouped according
to subject and then arranged by serial number within each subject
division. The serial number indicates the original report in which
the project is listed:
R-001-74 to R-165-74 EPA-670/-2-75-003
July 74 to October 74
R-166-74 to R-244-74 EPA-670/2-75-004
November 74 to February 75
R-269-74 to R-342-74 May 75 to July 75
(in press)
R-269-75 to R-304-75 August 75 to October 75
(in press)
230
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A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. MONITORING
R-270-75
OIL DETECTOR BUOY
Principal Investigator:
Performing Organization:
Supporting Agency:
Unknown
Spectrogram Corporation, 385 State St.,
North Haven, Connecticut 06473
U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard
Period: 7/74 to 6/75
Funds: Unknown
The work done on this buoy under contract with the U.S. Coast
Guard has been completed and a copy of the final report can be
obtained from NTIS, Document No. AD 787 717/LK.
Work is continuing on an additional contract, with the objective
of developing a buoy system capable of operation in remote
unattended areas and able to derive its power from a solar charged
battery. Alarm and status conditions will be sent via telemetry.
Information Source:
H. R. Gram, Spectrogram Corporation,
385 State St., North Haven, Connecticut 06473
231
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2. REMOTE SENSING
R-275-74
HIGH RESOLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS
Principal Investigator: Kim, H. H.
Performing Organization: U.S. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Wallops Station,
Chincoteague, Virginia 23337
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration, Space Science Office, Wallops
Station, No. 506-18-15, 7570288
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Reports
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIRBORNE LASER BATHYMETER
Kim, H. H., P. 0. Cervenka, and C. B. Lankford. 1975.
Nasa Technical Note, No. NASA TN D-8079. 39 p.
An airborne laser depth sounding system has been built and
taken through a series of field tests. The system promises
great savings in time and expense over the usual sounding
methods. The results of the 15-month development and
testing period for the bathymeter are compiled,
Information Source: H. H. Kim, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Washington, D.C.
R-271-75
REMOTE SENSING SERVICES FOR EMERGENCY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SPILLS
Principal Investigators: Ziegler, R. C., D. B. Dahm, R. J. Pilie,
and A. B. Adler
Performing Organization: Calspan Corporation, 4455 Genesee St.,
Buffalo, New York 14221
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Contract
68-01-1856
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: Unknown
The contract covered a basic ordering agreement arrangement
under which services were to be provided only in response to
specific requests from the Environmental Protection Agency.
This contract became effective on 1 June 1973, and expired on
1 June 1975. No papers or reports were prepared.
Information Source: R. C. Ziegler, Environmental & Energy
Systems Department, Calspan Corporation,
P.O. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221
232
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3. ANALYSIS
R-026-74
THE FEASIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING MYSTERY OIL SPILLS
Principal Investigator: Hunt, G. S.
Performing Organization: State Department of Environmental
Protection, Augusta, Maine
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development, No. 801006
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Publications
ENFORCEMENT OF MAINE'S OIL CONVEYANCE LAW BY PASSIVE TAGGING
TECHNIQUES
Hunt, G., D. Morton, J. Levine, D. Mayo, D. Donovan,
W. Shelley, L. Jiang, R. Crane, and R. Johnson. 1974.
No citation given.
Several "off-the-shelf" passive tagging techniques were used
to determine the origin of mystery oil spills in order to
evaluate the viability of Maine's Oil Conveyance Law. Several
crude oils collected from crude shipments were subjected to
weathering under outdoor ambient conditions. Sub-samples
were taken periodically and attempts were made to correctly
match the weathered "unknown" to one of the collection of
ships' samples by passive tagging. Techniques employed, and
successes and limitations are described.
Information Source: G. S. Hunt, State Department of Environmental
Protection, Augusta, Maine
R-167-74
PASSIVE TAGGING OF OILS BY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Principal Investigator: Gruenfeld, M.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
For Reports, and Publications, see R-185-74, p. 227.
233
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R-l68-74
PASSIVE TAGGING OF WATER DISPERSED OILS
Principal Investigator: Gruenfeld, M.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 21 AOE 07,
Contract 72P17899
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
For Reports and Publications, see R-185-75.
R-184-74
EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM SEDIMENT FOR QUANTITATION SPECTROSCOPIC
ANALYSIS
Principal Investigator: Gruenfeld, M.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
For Reports and Publications, see R-185-75.
R-185-74
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF OIL BY INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Principal Investigator: Gruenfeld, M.
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection. Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 21 AOE 02,
Contract 72P17896
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Reports and Publications
EXTRACTION OF DISPERSED OILS FROM WATER FOR QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS BY INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Gruenfeld, M. 1973.
Environmental Science and Technology 7(7):636-639.
Some factors that optimize the extraction of dispersed oils
from water for analysis by infrared spectrophotometry are
examined. An improved extraction procedure is recommended.
234
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IDENTIFICATION OF OIL POLLUTANTS: A REVIEW OF SOME RECENT
METHODS
Gruenfeld, M. 1973.
Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills,
Washington, D.C., 1973. p. 179.
Passive tagging of oils can be done using indices such as
Va, Ni, S and N2 content, gas chromatographic profile
appearance and C and S isotope ratios. The indices are
determined using a wide spectrum of instruments and
techniques.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM OIL POLLUTANTS BY INFRARED
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Gruenfeld, M. 1975.
Water Quality Parameters, American Society for Testing and
Materials, STP 573. p. 290-308.
"The accuracy and sensitivity of infrared spectrophotometry
are evaluated for the quantitative analysis of water dispersed
oils, by single point analysis."
Information Source: M. Gruenfeld, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio
R-273-75
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 207-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The project is in progress. Reports have been published in
the open literature (ACS Petroleum Division).
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
R-274-75
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN HOUSE
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Member Company Laboratories
235
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Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 204-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
This study is in progress. No reports are available.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
236
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
R-275-75
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Coastal Systems Laboratory,
Panama City, Florida 32401
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, No. Z-70099-4-42734
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
Reports
OIL/WATER SEPARATOR EVALUATION
Mittleman, J. 1975.
Informal report, NCSL 252-75.
A coalescing, plate-type, oil-water separator was evaluated.
Tests involving the separation of Navy Special Fuel Oil (NSFO)
from seawater resulted in the formation of a permanent emulsion
of seawater in NSFO in the closed-loop experimental setup, and
the termination of these tests. The apparatus was successful
in separating contaminated Navy Distillate from seawater, and
produced a water effluent containing 200 ppm oil and an oil
effluent containing
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R-278-75
MANAGEMENT, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THE US EPA OHMSETT
FACILITY
Principal Investigators: Ackerman, R. A,, W. E. McCracken,
and G, Smith
Performing Organization: Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co.,
P.O. Box 156, Leonardo, New Jersey 07737
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Contract 68-03-0490
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: $287,913
Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. has a three year contract
to manage, maintain and operate the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental
Test Tank {OHMSETT), located in Leonardo, New Jersey. The
facility consists of a tank in which evaluation and development
work can be conducted on oil and hazardous materials containment
and cleanup devices. The EPA and other government agencies are
the prime users of OHMSETT. Mason & Hanger prepares all reports
for EPA equipment tested.
Mason & Hanger is into the second year of operation. No reports
have been published to date, Three major reports are expected
to be prepared during winter 1975-1976.
Information Source: R. A. Ackerman, Manager, Mason & Hanger-Silas
Mason Co., Inc., P.O. Box 156, Leonardo,
New Jersey 07737
R-285-75
SHORELINE PROTECTION AND RESTORATION
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 305-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The project has been completed. Two API publications, Nos.
4254 and 4258, are available.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
R-286-75
SHORELINE PROTECTION AND RESTORATION
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Shell Pipeline Research and Development
Laboratory
238
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Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 305-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The project has been completed. API publication, No. 4248, is
available.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
239
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2. RESTORATION
R-279-75
OILED WATERFOWL REHABILITATION
Principal Investigator: Stanton, P. B.
Performing Organization: Wildlife Rehabilitation Center,
Framingham, Massachusetts
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 302-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The project is a continuing one. No reports have been published
at this time.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
240
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3. WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
R-281-75
TREATMENT OF EMULSIFIED OIL BY COALESCENCE
Principal Investigators: Gloyna, E. F., J. Chieu, and N. Patel
Performing Organization: University of Texas, School of
Engineering, 200 W. 21st St., Austin,
Texas 78712
Supporting Agency: University of Texas
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The program is ongoing.
Reports and Publications
DEVICE FOR EVALUATING COALESCENCE OF OIL EMULSIONS
Chieu, J. N., and E. F. Gloyna. 1975.
ASCE Meeting, Texas Section, El Paso, September 25-27, 1975.
Pilot studies can provide useful information on the design
and operation of coalescers to break stable oil-water
emulsions. Treatability results from the experiments
reported in this paper show that this can be accomplished
by using media preferentially wetted by the dispersed phase,
a minimum oil saturation of 10-15%, and a bed depth of 0.4
centimeters. Increased filter velocity and decreased inter-
facial tension decrease coalescence.
COALESCENCE OF EMULSIFIED OILY WASTE WATER BY FIBROUS BEDS
Chieu, J. N., E. F. Gloyna, and R. S. Schechter. 1975.
Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, 30th, 1975.
The feasibility of separating emulsified oil from industrial
waste streams using fibrous bed coalescers was investigated
while varying influent oil concentration, flow rate and bed
depth. Three coalescing media and four types of oil were
used. The results of these experiments permit the conclusion
that fibers preferentially wetted by the dispersed phase are
best, a minimum oil saturation of 10-15% of the bed is
necessary for complete coalescence, and a minimum coalescer
depth is required.
Information Source: E. F. Gloyna, Dean of College of Engineering,
University of Texas, 200 W. 21st St.,
Austin, Texas 78712
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R-282-75
IDENTIFICATION OF MARGINAL NON-TRANSPORTATION PETROLEUM
FACILITIES
Principal Investigators: Trentacoste, N., J. Cunningham,
G, Bierman, and R, Isom
Performing Organization: Science Applications Inc., 1651 Old
Meadow Rd., Suite 620, McLean,
Virginia 22101
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Research and Development,
Contract 68-02-2032
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: $182,000
This project is currently in progress and will not be completed
for several months. No reports have been published.
Information Source: N. P. Trentacoste, Science Applications,
Inc., 1600 Anderson Rd., McLean,
Virginia 22101
242
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4. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
R-284-75
PREVENTION OF OIL SPILLS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Educational Systems and Designs, Inc,,
National Photographic Laboratories
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 306-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The study is in progress. No other information is available.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
243
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-085-74
THE SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENT OF PORT VALDEZ AND GALENA BAY,
ALASKA AND THE EFFECT OF OIL ON THIS ECOSYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Feder, H. M.
Performing Organization: University of Alaska, School of
Biological Sciences, College, Alaska 99701
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 800944
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
The final report for this project is presently being prepared.
Reports
THE SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENT OF PORT VALDEZ AND GALENA BAY,
ALASKA AND THE EFFECT OF OIL ON THIS ECOSYSTEM
Feder, H. M. 1974.
Interim progress report, 1973-1974, No. R800944.
The program for the second year of investigation includes the
continuation of meiofaunal sampling in oil-free and oil-
contaminated beach sediments, bacteriological sampling at
study sites, initiation of sediment chemistry studies, and
oil-additive experiments in a sandy-mud area. Studies of the
bacteria of the sediment on Port Valdez beaches have
suggested that small additions of oil, as a one-time event
or even as an intermittent addition, do not effect the
bacterial population size. Continuous addition of organics
in an organic-poor environment may result in increased
bacterial numbers.
Information Source: C. McClintock, Administrative Assistant,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Arctic Environmental Research Laboratory,
College, Alaska 99701
R-287-75
HORMONE AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY FOR OILED WATERFOWL
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Unknown
244
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Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 303-75
Period: 1/74 to 12/74 Funds: Unknown
The planned date of completion for this project was December,
1975.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington,.D.C. 20037
R-288-75
A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL FATE AND THE BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL SPILLS IN SEMI-NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigators: Bieri, R. H., and R. J. Huggett
Performing Organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Contract No.
68-03-0423
Period: 7/73 to ? Funds: $4,980
Chemical analyses including solvent extractions, chromatographic
separations and group and compound identifications by gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry are presently being performed.
A report will be written upon completion of the analyses in the
first quarter of 1976.
Publications
IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN EXTRACT FROM ESTUARINE
WATER ACCOMMODATED NO. 2 FUEL OIL
Bieri, R, H., A. L. Walker, B. W. Lewis, G. Losser, and
R. J. Huggett. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.). NBS Special
Publication No. 409. p. 149-156.
Computerized gas chromatographic - mass spectra systems have the
potential to solve the problem of analyzing complex mixtures
of hydrocarbons. Three types of compounds (benzene compounds,
naphthalene compounds, and indanes, biphenyls, and polyaromatic
compounds) were isolated from a methylene chloride extract of
estuarine water accommodated No. 2 fuel oil.
HYDROCARBONS IDENTIFIED IN EXTRACTS FROM ESTUARINE WATER
ACCOMMODATED NO. 2 FUEL OIL BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS
SPECTROMETRY
Lewis, B. W., A. L. Walker, and R. H. Bieri. 1974.
NASA-TM-X-72009. 12 p.
245
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The analytical method and results of a gas chromatography -
mass spectrometer analysis of methylene chloride and n-heptane
extracts of a No. 2 fuel oil accommodated estuarine water sample
are described.
Information Source: P. F. Holloway, Director for Space, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23665
R-291-75
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PELAGIC OIL
Principal Investigators: Gebelein, D. C., and N. E. Maynard
Performing Organization: Bermuda Biological Station
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 209-75
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
The study is continuing. No reports have been published at
this time.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
R-292-75
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOASSAY STUDIES, ALASKA
Principal Investigators: Karinen, J. R., S. D. Rice,
M. B. Bonnett, J. W. Short, and
D. A. Moles
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke
Bay Fisheries Laboratory, P.O.Box 155,
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National
Marine Fisheries Service, No. ABL-07-75,
Contract FB 1700/8818-U2
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $160,100
This contract (FB 1700/8818-U2) was for February, 1975, and has
been renewed as contract FB 1700/88CU26 for February, 1976.
Publications
EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: A REVIEW FOR
ADMINISTRATORS AND POLICY MAKERS
Evans, D. R., and S, D. Rice. 1974.
NOAA Fishery Bulletin 72(3):625-638.
A review of recent literature concerning the effects of
oil on marine ecosystems is given to provide an information
246
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source for administrators and policy makers. Characteristics
of crude oil and the danger of chronic low-level pollution
are included.
EFFECTS OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON MOLTING TANNER CRABS,
CHIONOCETES BAIRDI
Karinen, J. F., and S. D. Rice. 1974.
Marine Fisheries Review 36(7):31-37.
From laboratory studies in which premolt and postmolt
juvenile male Tanner crabs from Alaskan waters were exposed
to Prudhoe Bay crude oil, crabs were similarly affected by
oil, and the molting success was found to decrease with
increasing oil exposure. Results suggest that oil spilled
in Alaskan waters would harm the Tanner crab resources.
TOXICITY AND AVOIDANCE TESTS WITH PRUDHOE BAY OIL AND PINK
SALMON FRY
Rice, S. D. 1973.
Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills,
Washington, D.C., 1973. p. 667-670.
Acute toxicity concentration levels were determined for
Prudhoe Bay crude oil on pink salmon fry in fresh and salt
water. The observed 96 hr TLM values were lower in fresh-
water fry than in saltwater animals (88 mg oil/liter vs
213 nig/liter in June). Older fry were more susceptible to
oil toxicity and more sensitive in detecting and avoiding
oil than were the younger fry.
THE EFFECT OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH
OF EGGS, ALEVINS, AND FRY OF PINK SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS
GQRBUSCHA
Rice, S. D., D. A. Moles, and J. W. Short. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution, San
Francisco, 1975. p. 503-507.
The 96-hour median tolerance limit of fry was 0.4 ml/liter of
freshwater and 0.04 ml/liter of seawater. Growth in alevins
was affected by 10-day sublethal exposures of the water-
soluble fraction, and was affected most severely if exposure
was later in development. Susceptibility of the early life
stages of pink salmon is greatest at the time of emergence and
of fry migration.
Information Source: J. F. Karinen, U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155,
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
247
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2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
R-l44-74
FLAME SPREAD OVER LIQUID FUEL
Principal Investigator: Torrance, K, E.
Performing Organization: Cornell University, School of
Engineering, Ithaca, New York 14850
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division
of Advanced Technol. Appl.,No. 61-31894X1
Period: 11/72 to ? Funds: Unknown
The F.ire Research Program of the RANN Division of the National
Science Foundation is supporting work by K. E. Torrance and
R. L. Mahajan on fire spread over liquid fuels and the influencing
factors.
Publications
FIRE SPREAD OVER LIQUID FUELS: LIQUID PHASE PARAMETERS
Torrance, K. E., and R. L. Mahajan. 1974.
Symposium (International) on Combustion, 15th, Tokyo, Japan,
1974. p. 281-287.
The spread of fire over liquid fuels is controlled by flows
in the liquid. These flows are driven by surface tension
and buoyancy forces. The effect of these parameters has
been obtained from numerical solutions of the liquid phase
equations, and the results reported and summarized. They
compare favorably with experimental flame spread rates for
hydrocarbon and alcohol fuels.
SURFACE TENSION FLOWS INDUCED BY A MOVING THERMAL SOURCE
Torrance, K. E., and R. L. Mahajan. 1975.
Combustion Science and Technology 10:125-136.
A thermal source can induce surface tension flows which in
turn help spread fire over flammable liquids. The flow
structure and parameter dependence were investigated. The
induced flow is in the form of a captured eddy just below the
surface. Rate of circulation depends on the surface tension
and the layer depth.
Information Source: K. E. Torrance, Sibley School of Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York 14850
248
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3. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-294-75
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN THE DELAWARE
ESTUARY
Principal Investigator: Whipple, W.
Performing Organization: Rutgers The State University, Water
Resources Research Institute, Old Queens
Bldg., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
Advanced Environmental Research and Technology,
No. AEN74-14810 AOZ
Period: 6/75 to 5/76 Funds: $450,000
The project on environmental impacts of the petroleum industry in
the Delaware estuary is just getting underway. The analysis of
petroleum in urban runoff indicates that it is a large source of
petroleum in this estuary. Estuary waters and refinery effluents
are in the beginning stages of analysis. The bioassay work on
manufactured petroleum products has gone well, verifying that
different stages in the life cycles of the organisms have different
vulnerabilities. A research approach to the economic, political
and social aspects has been outlined,
Publications
MEASUREMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF PETROLEUM
Hunter, J. V., S. L. Yu, and W. Whipple, Jr. 1975.
Paper given, summer 1975.
Stormwater runoff samples and secondary treated refinery
effluent samples in the Philadelphia area .were analyzed and
compared. For both sets of samples, the hydrocarbons were
associated with the particulars and were aliphatic. It is
estimated that the Philadelphia metropolitan area may
contribute about four times as much oil and grease as the
refinery effluents do.
Information Source: W, Whipple, Jr., Water Resources Research
Institute, P.O. Box 231, Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
R-295-75
WEST FALMOUTH FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
Principal Investigator: Michael, A. D.
Performing Organization: Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts
249
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Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. OS-20L
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
Completion of this project was planned for December, 1975. A
final report is expected to be completed in March or April, 1976,
Publications
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL AT WEST FALMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS
Michael, A. D.9 C. R. Van Raalte, and L. S. Brown. 1975.
Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution,
San Francisco, 1975. p. 573-582.
The status of the benthic fauna in the fourth and fifth year
after a small spill of fuel oil is documented in this paper.
Hydrocarbons typical of weathered fuel oil were found in the
sediments of the marsh, boat basin and two offshore stations.
Recovery for the total benthos has plateaued but individual
areas and species are still in the process of recovering.
Information Source: L. S. Brown, Marine Biological Laboratory,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
250
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D. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
R-299-75
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION
OF PROTEIN
Principal Investigator: Chakrabarty, A. M.
Performing Organization: General Electric Company, 1 River Rd.,
Schenectady, New York 12305
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division
of Biological and Medical Sciences,
No. BMS75-10978
Period: 6/75 to 5/76 Funds: $30,000
The NSF-sponsored project will terminate around July, 1977. One
paper has resulted from the study and is now in press.
Publications
USE OF GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED MULTI-PLASMID MICROORGANISMS
FOR RAPID DEGRADATION OF FUEL HYDROCARBONS
Friello, D. A., J. R. Mylroie, and A. M. Chakrabarty. (in press)
International Biodegradation Symposium, 3rd, Kingston,
Rhode Island, 1975. J. M. Sharply (ed.).
Transmissible plasmids in different strains of Pseudomonas
putida carry the genes specifying enzymes involved in the
biodegradation of a number of hydrocarbons. Transfer of
these plasmids into one strain can create a multi-plasmid
strain capable of growing faster with crude oil than any
of the naturally-occurring mono-plasmid parents.
Information Source: A. M. Chakrabarty, Physical Chemistry Lab,
General Electric Co., Research and Development
Center, P.O. Box 8, Schenectady, New York 12301
R-300-75
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL IN SOIL
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Sun Ventures, Inc.
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. OS-21.3
Period: Unknown Funds: Unknown
This project was completed. There are no publications; final
reports are available from the American Petroleum Institute Library.
Information Source: J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
251
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2. GENERAL FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
R-303-75
FATES AND EFFECTS OF OIL AND OIL COMPOUNDS ON MARINE COASTAL
ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigators: Templeton, W. L., C. I. Gibson,
J. R. Vanderhorst, and R. M. Bean
Performing Organization: Battelle Memorial Institute, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration, Biomedical and Environmental
Research Division, Contract AT(45-1)-1830
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Unknown
This program is continuing. Annual reports for February, 1973 and
1974 have been completed. Recent oil pollution programs are
listed below.
1. Long-term Effects of Hydrocarbons on Selected Ecosystems and
Associated Organisms (U.S. ERDA Contract AT(45-1)1830).
2. Study to Define the Effects of Refinery Wastes and Oil Transfer
Facilities on Pacific Northwest Marine Coastal Ecosystems
(U.S. ERDA Contract AT(45-1)1830). Initiated in May, 1975.
3. Regional Survey of Marine Biota for Bioassay Standardization
of Oil and Oil Dispersant Chemicals. API Publication 4167
(April, 1973),
4. Determination of Acute and Chronic Effects of Treated Ballast
Water on Selected Aquatic Biota from Port Valdez, Alaska.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (April, 1973).
5. Effects of Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil on Selected
Marine Biota—A Laboratory Study. API Publication 4191
(November, 1973).
6. Interdisciplinary Study of the Toxicity of Petroleum to
Marine Organisms. Battelle Memorial Institute (March, 1974).
7. Summary Report on Effects of Oil Discharges, Domestic and
Industrial Wastewaters on the Fisheries of Lake Maracaibo,
Venezuela. Creole Petroleum Corporation, Caracas, Venezuela
(June, 1974).
8, Study of Effects of Oil Discharges and Domestic and
Industrial Wastewaters on the Fisheries of Lake Maracaibo,
Venezuela. I. Ecological Characterization and Domestic and
Industrial Wastes, Creole Petroleum Corporation, Caracas,
Venezuela (October, 1974).
252
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9. Study of Effects of Oil Discharges and Domestic and
Industrial Wastewaters on the Fisheries of Lake Maracaibo,
Venezuela. II. Fate and Effects of Oil. Creole
Petroleum Corporation, Caracas, Venezuela (October, 1974).
10. Studies on the Effects of Two Oil Collecting Agents on
Aquatic Organisms of Lake Maracaibo. Venezuelan Oil
Intercompany Committee (July, 1974).
11. The Ecology of Lake Maracaibo: A Battelle Program of
Study. Venezuelan Oil Intercompany Committee (November,
1974).
12. Field and Laboratory Studies to Obtain a Comparative
Baseline for Assessing the Impact of Refinery Discharge and
Potential Oil Spillage on the Cherry Point Environs. Part I.
Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Characterization of the
Cherry Point Site and Vicinity. Atlantic Richfield Company,
Cherry Point Refinery, Ferndale, Washington (April, 1974).
13. Field and Laboratory Studies to Obtain a Comparative
Baseline for Assessing the Impact of Refinery Discharge
and Potential Oil Spillage on the Cherry Point Environs,
Part II. Refinery Impact Studies. Atlantic Richfield
Company, Cherry Point Refinery, Ferndale, Washington (June,
1974).
14. Field and Laboratory Studies to Obtain a Comparative
Baseline for Assessing the Impact of Refinery Discharge and
Potential Oil Spillage on the Cherry Point Environs.
Part III. Biological Baseline (200 square miles). Atlantic
Richfield Company, Cherry Point Refinery, Ferndale, Washington
(January, 1974).
15. Field and Laboratory Studies to Obtain a Comparative Baseline
for Assessing the Impact of Refinery Discharge and Potential
Studies. Atlantic Richfield Company, Cherry Point Refinery,
Ferndale, Washington (January, 1974).
Publications
CHARACTERIZATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
Bean, R. M. 1974.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual Report for 1974 to the
USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research.
Part 2. p. 113-116.
New techniques are being developed to handle the complexities
involved in determining the toxicity of petroleum to marine
253
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organisms. Differences in source, manufacturing processes,
etc., affect oil toxicity. Filtration removes insoluble oil
droplets, and extraction with He gas instead of a solvent
increases gas chromatographic sensitivity to saturated
hydrocarbons. Both processes increase analytical ability.
SUSPENSION OF CRUDE OILS IN SEA WATER: RAPID METHODS OF
CHARACTERIZING LIGHT HYDROCARBON SOLUTES
Bean, R. M. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring Petroleum Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1974.
p. 43-46.
DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SUSPENSIONS
OF PETROLEUM IN SEAWATER
Bean, R. M., and J. W. Blaylock. 1974.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual Report for 1973 to the
USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research.
Part 2. Ecological Sciences, p. 35-37.
The light aromatic hydrocarbon composition of filtered and
unfiltered water from bioassay systems was examined using gas
chromatography. The aromatic composition was then compared
with infrared measurements to determine the potential of the
IR technique for routine analysis.
CHARACTERIZATION SEDIMENTS VICINITY OFFSHORE PETROLEUM
PRODUCTION
Bean, R. M., J. W. Blaylock, E. A. Sutton, and R. E. Wildung.
1974.
Symposium on Chemistry of Marine Sediments at Atlantic City,
September, 1974,
ANALYSIS EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC MATERIAL AND IDENTIFICATION
SATURATE AND AROMATIC COMPOUND TYPES IN LAKE MARACAIBO
SEDIMENTS
Bean, R. M., J. W. Blaylock, E. A. Sutton, and R. E. Wildung.
1975.
Paper given at Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil
Pollution, San Francisco, 1975.
254
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A RESEARCH REPORT ON ECOLOGY OF LAKE MARACAIBO, A BATTELLE
PROGRAM OF STUDY
Bean, R. M., and E. A. Sutton. 1974.
23120/02303.
ASSESSMENT OF OIL SPILL TREATING AGENT TEST METHODS
Blaklaw, J. R., J. A. Strand, and P. C. Walkup. 1971.
Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Environmental
Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1971, p. 253-261.
DETERMINATION OF EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC MATERIAL AND ANALYSIS
OF HYDROCARBON TYPES IN LAKE AND COASTAL SEDIMENTS
Blaylock, J. W., R. M. Bean, and R. E. Wildung. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring Petroleum Symposium and
Workshop, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg,
Maryland, 1974. p. 123-125.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY AND APPARATUS FOR THE BIOASSAY
OF OIL
Lichatowich, J. A., P. W. O'Keefe, J. A. Strand, and W. L.
Tempieton. 1973.
Joint Conference with American Petroleum Institute, EPA, and
U.S. Coast Guard, Environmental Petroleum Institute, Washington,
D.C,, 1973,
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURES FOR MARINE ZOOPLANKTON
Lichatowich, J. A., 0. A. Strand, and W. L. Templeton, 1972.
Symposium Pollution of the Sea by Oil: Problems and Technology.
Annual Meeting American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 6th,
New York, New York, 1972.
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURES FOR MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON
Strand, J. A., W. L. Templeton, J. A. Lichatowich, and C. W.
Apts. 1971.
Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Environmental Petroleum
Institute, Washington, D.C., 1971. p. 279-286.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
Templeton, W. L. 1971.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 43(6):1081-1088.
255
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ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
Tempieton, W. L. 1972.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 44(6):1128-1134,
OIL POLLUTION STUDIES ON LAKE MARACAIBO
Templeton, W. L., E. A. Sutton, R. M. Bean, R. C. Arnett,
J. W. Blaylock, and R. E. Wildung. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution, San
Francisco, 1975.
Low concentrations of oil in the lake water, no detectable
accumulation of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in muscle
tissue, and the occurrence of bituminous materials in the
sediment indicate that volatilization, biodegradation, and
sedimentation are the major oil removal mechanisms. The
rapid loss of light hydrocarbons decreases the oil's toxicity
significantly.
TECHNICAL SERVICES TO ASSESS THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF OIL
SPILL AT CHERRY POINT ON 4 JUNE 1972, AND IDENTIFY SPECIFIC
PROBLEM AREAS IN THE EVENT OF FUTURE OIL SPILLAGE
Vanderhorst, J. R. 1973.
Final Report, Contract 212B01291 to Atlantic Richfield
Company, Cherry Point Refinery, Ferndale, Washington.
INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF TOXICITY OF PETROLEUM TO MARINE
ORGANISMS
Vanderhorst, J. R. 1975.
Paper given at Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil
Pollution, San Francisco, 1975.
NONNUCLEAR EFFLUENTS: EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON MARINE
INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES
Vanderhorst, J. R., R. M. Bean, and R. Y. Ting. 1974.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual Report for 1973 to the
USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research.
Part 2. Ecological Sciences, p. 105-107.
Because of petroleum's complexity, this study is a combined
chemical/biological approach to environmental assessment.
The biological effort concentrates on the development of
satisfactory community level endpoints using 100 concrete
256
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block communities. Chemical characterization work is
concentrating on definitions and developing new techniques
for work on low-level chronic oil pollution.
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON MARINE INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES
Vanderhorst, J. R., C. I. Gibson, L. J. Moore, and
P. Wilkinson. 1974.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual Report for 1974 to the
USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research.
Part 2. Ecological Sciences, p. 110-113.
The development of intertidal communities on oil-treated
and control substrate units has been monitored to determine
if the effects of petroleum contamination can be measured
in terms of community development. A coonstripe shrimp was
also exposed to oil in acute bioassays. Mortality and
oil-in-water concentrations were determined as a function of
mixing.
PRELIMINARY STUDY INTO ACCEPTABILITY OF DIVERSITY INDICES
AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY RESPONSES BY
RESEARCHERS, REGULATORS, AND INDUSTRIAL PERSONNEL
Vanderhorst, J. R., and P. Wilkinson. 1975.
Final Report to Environmental Protection Agency, NERC,
Corvallis. Contract 300A00747.
Information Source: W. L. Tempieton, Ecosystems Department,
Battelle Northwest Laboratories,
Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington
99352
257
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SECTION III. CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS
In subsequent Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports, sections II (Status
of Some Research Projects Listed in Previous Reports) and III (Current
Research Projects) will be combined into a single section containing
research project information. Each contract will be described and sum-
marized according to the standard arrangement, followed by available
up-to-date status information, reports and publications. Because of
this transition in format, some research projects listed in the following
section include both project description and status material. Entries
are grouped according to subject and then arranged by serial number
within each subject division. Renewed project entries are listed at the
beginning of each subject category.
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. REPORTING
R-l-76
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
Principal Investigator: Schleckser, C. E.
Performing Organization: Exxon International, Tanker Dept.,
1251 Avenue of the Americas, N.Y., N.Y.
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime
Administration
Period: 1/74 to 12/74 Funds: Unknown
The project will quantify and characterize pollutant discharges
from tankers, and then "evaluate equipment and operating
procedures designed to reduce such discharges."
Analysis
Waste oil and wastewater treatment
Information Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#080146. 1975.
258
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2. MONITORING
R-008-74 (Renewal)
SHIPBOARD WASTEWATER OIL DETECTOR
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Department: Reentry and Environment Systems Division
Performing Organization: General Electric Company, 3198 Chestnut
St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 038987
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
Several phases are included in this project: laboratory develop-
ment program, optical discrimination development testing,
centrifugal separation development resting, laboratory testing
program, and conceptual design.
Waste oil and wastewater treatment
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZ-38987-3
R-272-74 (Renewal)
SHIPBOARD WASTE-WATER OIL DETECTOR
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Enviro Control Incorporated, 960 Thompson
Ave., Rockville, Maryland 20852
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 045014
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
The contract for a shipboard waste-water oil detector covers
system and electrical design, modifications, testing and refine-
ments, final assembly, an operating manual, and reports.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZF-69-2
R-2-76
HYDROCARBON STUDIES IN PUGET SOUND AND OFF THE WASHINGTON COAST
Principal Investigators: Carpenter, R., and A. W. Fairhill
Performing Organization: Department of Oceanography, WB-10,
University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195
259
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Supporting Agency: Energy Research and Development Administration
Period: 6/76 to 5/76 Funds: Unknown
The objectives of the research are to increase the understanding
of: the present distribution of aliphatic, aromatic and sulfur-
containing molecules in organisms, sediments and water, while the
distribution is still primarily due to natural processes; the
composition and importance of the transfer of land-derived hydro-
carbons to this area by river input, sewage discharges, and
atmospheric rainout, compared to biosynthesis by marine organisms;
and the transfer of certain of these hydrocarbons between some
parts of the food web.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Source identification
Status: No reports or papers have been published at the present
time.
Information Source: R. Carpenter, Department of Oceanography,
WB-10, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195
R-3-76
TRANSFER AND DISPERSION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM AN OIL
REFINERY THROUGH COASTAL WATERS
Principal Investigator: Koo, F. S.
Performing Organization: Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, College
Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
Supporting Agency: Energy Research and Development Administration
Period: 7/75 to 7/76 Funds: Unknown
The project is concerned with the identification of organic
pollutants from offshore oil extraction facilities and shore-
based oil refineries in near-shore marine waters, their distribution
in a bay receiving refinery and industry effluent, and the incor-
poration of pollutants into selected marine organisms.
Biological effects of oil pollution
Status: Hydrocarbon levels have been determined and identified
in all components of the study system and have been compared with
those in unpolluted areas. The environmental burden caused by
the petrochemical complex has been evaluated. No papers or
reports have been prepared at the present time.
Information Source: K. W. _Watters, Marine Ecology Division,
Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, College Station,
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
260
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3. REMOTE SENSING
R-012-74 (Renewal)
AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM/AOSS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Aerojet General Corporation,
9200 E. Flair Dr., El Monte,
California 91734
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 036083
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
"The detailed design, fabrication, installation, and flight
test evaluation of a prototype airborne oil surveillance
system/AOSS."
Design and engineering
SSIENo.: GZF-20-3
R-279-74 (Renewal)
AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Research Laboratory,
Washington, D.C. 20390
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 048954
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
The contract provides for the development of a real-time microwave
radiometric sensor to make onboard computation of oil slick
thickness or slick volume feasible. The investigators will also
assist the Coast Guard in evaluating microwave data from flight
tests of the airborne oil surveillance system and other microwave
systems.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZ-48954-2
R-280-74 (Renewal)
DEVELOPMENT OF A LIDAR POLARIMETER SENSOR FOR REMOTE DETECTION
AND MONITORING OF OIL AND OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Texas A & M University System, Graduate
School, College Station, Texas 77843
261
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 045017
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
The contract covers the design, construction and testing of the
optical subsystem, the electronic system concept development,
design of the signal conditioner and data processor, and the
testing and evaluation of all components and the total design.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZF-70-2
R-4-76
ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
SPILLS
Principal Investigators: Lambou, V. W., and A. E. Pressman
Department: Water Monitoring Branch
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research
Center, P.O. Box 15027, Las Vegas,
Nevada 89114
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, No. 1HA325
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $214,000
The objectives of this study are to develop standard operating
procedures and manuals to assess spills, and to develop airborne
remote sensing devices for detection and assessment. At present,
data are being collected on hazardous substances'characteristics
and effects; a spectral scanning remote sensor is in the
initial stages.
General effects of oil pollution
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GMA-2209
262
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4. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
R-5-76
QUALITY OF CRUDE OILS AND PRODUCTS - OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Bartlesville Energy Research Center,
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration
Period: 2/72 to 6/80 (approx.) Funds: Unknown
The objective of this research is to determine, measure and
computerize distinctive properties and related data on crude
oils and crude oil residues, and establish reliable definitive
spill "fingerprinting" and identification with a high degree
of confidence and applicability.
Analysis
Information Source: W. E. Mott, Division of Environmental
Control Technology, U.S. Energy Research
and Development Administration, Washington,
D.C. 20545
263
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
R-043-74 (Renewal)
FAST CURRENT OIL CONTROL SYSTEM PROJECT
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: University of Michigan, Graduate School,
Rackham Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard,
Contract 038885
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
The objective of this project is to design, produce and test
barrier models to reach certain specifications. The trajectories
of entrained oil droplets will be determined in order to design
devices to direct droplet flow. The role of water turbulence in
oil-water stability and the flow characteristics when the barrier
is used to herd oil will also be established.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZ-38885-3
R-6-76
EXPERIMENT IN OIL BARRIERS
Principal Investigator: Howard, A. H.
Performing Organization: Rhode Island University, 80 Lower College
Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard
Period: 7/73 to 3/74 (est.) Funds: Unknown
The experiments included in this contract will determine the load
and barrier shape of oil barriers as a function of current, wave
action and gap-opening.
MIRS Abstracts 11 (June):#038991. 1975.
R-7-76
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO RAPIDLY TRENCH SEA-ICE
FOR THE CONTAINMENT OF OIL
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Mining Resources Engineering Ltd.,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
264
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Supporting Agency: Canada, Department of the Environment,
No. SS01 KE204-4-EP14
Period: 1/75 to 12/75 Funds: $25,214
No summary provided to SSIE,
SSIE No.: BJ-184
Status: The research project was conducted for the Environmental
Protection Service, Environment Canada, as part of the Beaufort
Sea Study. It was completed in May, 1975 and consisted of three
parts:
Phase I - Selection and Development of Trenching Techniques
Phase II - Oil Spill Containment Feasibility Study
Phase III - Testing and Evaluation Technical and Cost Proposal
Abstracts for these 3 parts are given below.
Reports
Phase I - Selection and Development of Trenching Techniques
This report presents a detailed review of the existing methods
and techniques for rapid trenching of the sea ice to the water
surface. A new technique is developed to rapidly trench
Beaufort Sea ice. This is a cratering technique using drilled
TNT and standard explosive accessories in conjunction with a
gasoline-powered, track-mounted, 12-inch diameter ice auger
to produce explosively excavated trenches.
Phase II - Oil Spill Containment Feasibility Study
This report presents a feasibility study on the containment
of a crude oil spill from a well on an offshore oil lease in
the Beaufort Sea. Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness,
logistics, and cost of the trenching technique developed in
Phase I as a means for containing this spill in various
types of sea ice and locations in the Beaufort Sea.
Phase III - Testing and Evaluation Technical and Cost Proposal
A technical and cost proposal for the testing and evaluation
of the trenching method developed in Phase I is presented.
This proposal also contains test work considered essential
for full-scale evaluation of trenching as an oil containment
method in shore fast ice.
Information Source: W. A. Crosby, Mining Resource Engineering
Ltd., 24A Chatham St., Kingston, Ontario
K7K 4G5
265
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2. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
R-032-74 (Renewal)
HIGH SEAS, EPA POOL, AND SPILL OF OPPORTUNITY TESTING
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
1111 Lockheed Way, Sunnyvale,
California 94088
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 045388
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
"High seas testing, preparation of special test equipment,
test operations, and final report."
SSIE No.: GZ-45388-2
R-l54-74 (Renewal)
PROTOTYPE OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR USE ON THE HIGH SEAS,
PHASE I I/LOCKHEED
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
1111 Lockheed Way, Sunnyvale,
California 94088
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 025418
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $91,487
A comprehensive loads analysis and a loads analysis for the
internal pressure of the inflation system will be combined
to form the basis of the structural criteria to be used in
designing the pontoons. More loads analyses of localized
areas may be required as the design progresses.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZF-18-2
R-293-74 (Renewal)
HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF POROUS BARRIERS AND THE DISC DRUM OIL
RECOVERY MECHANISM
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Texas A & M University System, Graduate
School, College Station, Texas 77843
266
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 055593
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
A computer analysis of single and multiple barrier designs will
be made. Factors such as oil thickness, water and oil viscosity,
and oil type will be evaluated; k, the pressure drop coefficient,
will be determined. A closed loop pressure drop rig will be
designed and fabricated.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZ-55593-1
R-299-74 (Renewal)
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Seaward Incorporated, 6269 Leesburg Pike,
Falls Church, Virginia 22044
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 055588
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
A system capable of performing effectively in a variety of
oil spill conditions and in current velocities of 4-10 knots
will be developed in order to minimize the technical risks
associated with the control of oil slicks in fast currents.
Design and engineering
SSIE No.: GZ-55588-1
R-8-76
FLAME SPREADING ACROSS LIQUID FUELS
Principal Investigators: Glassman, I., W, A. Sirignano, and
F. L. Dryer
Department: Aerospace and Mechanical Science
Performing Organization: Princeton University, School of
Engineering and Applied Science, Box 430,
Princeton, N.J. 08540
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
Advances in Energy Research and Technology
Period: 3/75 to 2/76 Funds: 1975 - $73,000
The study of the spread of flames across liquid fuels can add to
the understanding of many problems, including combustion techniques
267
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for the removal of oil spills. A complete analytical solution,
which combines both the gas and liquid phenomena, is being
developed to answer some of the questions.
Bibliographic references: FLAME SPREADING ACROSS LIQUID FUELS.
Dryer, F. L., H. J. Herring, A. He1mstetter, W. A. Sirignano
and I. Glassman. 1973. Princeton University Aerospace and
Mechanical Sciences, Technical Report No. 1140.
SSIE No.: GSQ-150-3
R-9-76
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Hydronautics, Inc., 7210 Pindel School
Road, Laurel, Maryland 20810
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard
Period: 7/74 to 4/75 (est ) Funds: Unknown
This fast current oil response system will be designed to be
effective in currents of 4 to 10 knots and a variety of oil
spill conditions. The system will be designed in order to
minimize the technical risks associated with fast current
control and recovery of oil slicks.
Design and engineering
MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#055589. 1975.
Status: The final report has been prepared and is available
through NTIS, USCG-D-36-75, Contract DOT-CG-40218-A. Hydronautics
involvement in this Coast Guard project has been discontinued.
Reports and Publications
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM - STAGE I, SVROS DEVELOPMENT
Lindenmuth, W. T., T. R. Sundaram, and A. M. Sinnerwalla. 1975.
Final report, TR 7501-1 USCG-D-36-75, Contract DOT-CG-40218-A.
The Surface Velocity Retarder Oil Skimmer (SVROS) is an energy
absorbing device designed to recover thin oil slicks in high
relative currents. An array of closely spaced flat plates
gradually dissipates the kinetic energy of the oil/water inflow
so that the oil can be collected without entrainment losses.
In model tests, the effects of velocity, oil type, slick
268
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thickness and model geometry were tested. Optimal model
configurations for different environmental conditions were
discovered.
Information Source: W. T, Lindenmuth, Hydronautics, Inc.,
7210 Pindell School Road, Howard County,
Laurel, Maryland 20810
R-10-76
LITERATURE ON PENETRATING SEA-ICE, AND RECOVERY, TRANSFERRAL,
SEPARATION AND DISPOSAL.OF OIL SPILLED UNDER ARCTIC ICE (ABBREV)
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Montreal Engineering Company Ltd.,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Supporting Agency: Canada, Department of the Environment,
No. SS01 KE204-4-EP10/12/13
Period: 11/74 to 10/75 Funds: $116,112
No summary provided to SSIE.
SSIE No.: BJ-183
R-ll-76
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory,
Panama City, Florida 32401
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Z-70099-4-42734
Period: 6/74 to 2/76 Funds: Unknown
The objective of this project is "to design, fabricate, test
and evaluate a developmental model of a Fast Surface Delivery
System (FSD) for Pollution Control Equipment."
Design and engineering
Information Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#055596. 1975.
R-12-76
STORAGE AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF OIL RECOVERED FROM SPILLS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
269
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard
Period: 7/74 to 2/75 (est.) Funds: Unknown
Battelle's investigation concerns methods for temporary storage
and ultimate disposal of oil recovered from spills in Alaska.
Information Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#055585. 1975.
270
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3. WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
R-211-74 (Renewal)
BILGE AND BALLAST WATER OIL POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR
NAVAL SHIPS
Principal Investigators: Yu, T. S., and J. I. Schwartz
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Ship Research and Development
Center, Annapolis, Maryland 21402
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy,
No. DN710112
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
No sunmary provided to SSIE.
SSIE No.: ZQN-710112-5
R-325-74 (Renewal)
CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT OF SHIPBOARD OILY WASTE STREAMS
Principal Investigators: Schmitt, R. F., and J. W. Harden
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Ship Research and Development
Center, Annapolis, Maryland 21402
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy,
No. DN578168
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
No summary provided to SSIE. Title of previous grant was
"Particulate removal in oil/water separation processes."
Analysis
SSIE No.: ZQN-578168-1
271
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4. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
R-13-76
NATIONAL OIL SPILL TRAINING PROGRAM
Principal Investigator: Franklin, H. L.
Performing Organization: Texas A & I University, Corpus Christi,
P.O. Box 6010, Corpus Christi, Texas 78411
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Period: 10/75 to ? Funds: Unknown
The course to be developed would focus on cleanup of oil spills
from terminals, barge and tanker accidents, pipeline ruptures,
and spills associated with exploration and production facilities
that could affect the aquatic environment. As a part of the
curriculum, the University will produce motion pictures and slides
for use in course instruction. The curriculum will be broad
enough to include personnel from private cleanup services,
corporations, governmental agencies and other individuals.
Cleanup and recovery
Information Source: W. E. Mott, Division of Environmental Control
Technology, U.S. Energy, Research and
Development Administration, Washington,
D.C. 20545
272
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5. CONTINGENCY PLANNING
R-14-76
OIL SPILLS - THE POLICY OF PREVENTION AND THE STRATEGY OF RECOVERY
Principal Investigator: Conrad, J. M.
Specialty: Agricultural and Food Economics
Performing Organization: University of Massachusetts, School of
Food and Natural Research, Amherst,
Massachusetts 01002
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
Water Research and Technology, No. A-087-MASS
Period: 7/75 to 7/76 Funds: $5,000,multiple support
The objectives of this study are: (1) survey state and national
legislation designed to prevent spills and assess its effectiveness;
and (2) survey the oil spills recovery technology and construct a
model for the allocation of recovery resources so as to be in
"the best state of preparedness" in the event of a spill.
State legislation
Foreign legislation
SSIE No.: GUY-365
Status: This project deals only with oil recovery strategy for
coastal Massachusetts. Research to construct indices of
sensitivity of coastal zone resources is underway and will be
completed by 2/29/79. Review and incorporation of existing oil
spill statistics into the proposed location model is underway
with completion expected by 2/29/79. Nearshore oil recovery
technology will be assessed to determine probable recovery rates
for resources (vessels, booms, barges, skimmers, and material
adsorbents) located at several harbors along this coastline. This
origin-destination recovery efficiency will be completed by 4/30/76.
All information obtained from these studies will be introduced into
a spatial model seeking to minimize the cost of unrecovered oil.
A report to the Water Resources Center, University of Massachusetts,
is expected by 6/30/76.
Information Source: J. M. Conrad, Food and Resource Economics,
304 Draper Hall, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
273
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-088-74 (Renewal)
FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS TO ENABLE DETERMINING EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
Principal Investigators: Glynn, P. W., C. Birkeland, A. A. Reimer,
and J, R, Young
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
401 M St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460
Supporting Agency: Smithsonian Institution Tropical Research
Institute, No. 14-12-874
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: Multiple support, unknown
In late 1968, a tanker broke up 2 to 3 miles from the STRI marine
laboratory at Galeta Island. Since little quantitative data were
available on the organisms of the reefs and mangroves nearby,
the "biological costs" of the oil pollution could not be assessed.
STRI proposes to establish the necessary baselines, and to explore
several natural agents of oil pollution abatement.
SSIE No.: GTA-64-3
R-232-74 (Renewal)
PROCESSING OF BUNKER C OIL PARTICLES BY ZOOPLANKTON
Principal Investigator: Strickler, J. R.
Specialty: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Performing Organization: John Hopkins University, School of Arts
and Sciences, Charles and 34th Sts.,
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
Supporting Agency: American Chemical Society, No. 2740GI
Period: 9/74 to 8/75 Funds: $2,000
I
No summary provided to SSIE.
i . '
Biological degradation
SSIE No.: PCS-1856-2
P-15-76
STUDIES ON HYDROCARBON AND HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
Principal Investigator: Di Salvo, L. H.
Performing Organization: Naval Biomedical Research Laboratory,
School of Public Health, University of
California, Oakland, Ca. 94625
274
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Supporting Agency: Department of the Navy, Office of Naval
Research
Period: 11/71 to continuing Funds: Unknown.
The purpose of this research is to determine pollutant induced
levels of selected hydrocarbons and heavy metals in environmental
samples; and to determine their potential effects on the natural
functions of organisms and microsystems in which they occur. A
number of studies have been conducted which have defined
pollutant hydrocarbon and copper levels within selected organisms
from San Francisco Bay and unpolluted background environments.
Status: Final studies on the presence and identification of
petroleum residues in organisms of San Francisco Bay are contin-
uing. A study is in progress to compare hydrocarbon burdens
between Dungeness crabs from the San Francisco and Eureka
fishing grounds in an attempt to demonstrate any differences
which may explain population declines near this area. Research
is beginning on a project for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station, This work concerns the potential
for the release of oil and grease residues from dredging which
may enter and affect organisms in or near the dredging areas.
It is a literature and preliminary laboratory program.
Publications
HYDROCARBONS ASSOCIATED WITH SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY WATERS
Di Salvo, L. H., and H. E. Guard. 1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution, San
Francisco, 1975.
A double settling tube called the "biosampler" was used to
collect suspended sediments; bay mussels in one of the tubes
were used to actively entrap the particles. Thin-layer
chromatography was used to analyze for total alkane and
total aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments. Using the
minimum values, it was calculated that 13.5 metric tons
of presumably pollutant hydrocarbons were associated with
the suspended particulates in the bay.
i
TISSUE HYDROCARBON BURDEN OF MUSSELS AS POTENTIAL OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROCARBON INSULT
Di Salvo, L. H., H. E. Guard, and L. Hunter. 1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(3):247-251.
I
Data are presented on the hydrocarboni'content.of mussels
collected from stations in San Francisco Bay and clean
275
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water, on hydrocarbon loss when polluted mussels are
transferred and the result of placing these transplants
back in their home waters.
Information Source:
L, H. Di Salvo, Naval Biomedical Research
Laboratory, Naval Supply Center, Oakland,
California 94625
R-16-76
LIABILITY OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR NON-LETHAL EFFECTS
ON MARINE ORGANISMS
Principal Investigators;
Specialty: Chemistry
Performing Organization:
Reichardt, P. B., and D. K. Button
University of Alaska, School of
Mathematics, Physical Sciences and
Engineering, Fairbanks, Alaska 99735
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
National and International Programs,
No. ID075-03677A01
Period: 8/75 to 11/75 Funds: $21,400
The metabolism of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons by marine
microorganisms will be studied. The compounds tested will come
from laboratory synthesis, purchased from outside sources and
collected from oil polluted water. Chemostat techniques will
be used to test the effect of low concentrations of these
compounds on organisms.
Biological degradation
SSIE No.: GSN-2038-1
R-17-76
Unknown
Principal Investigator: Rice, S. D.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155,
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aleyeska
Period: 1975 to ?
Pipeline Service Co.
Funds: $65,000
Research being conducted involves oil bioassays and avoidance
behavior of salmon fry to oil in freshwater.
276
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Status: The above research is for the current year.
Information Source: J. F. Karinen, U,S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory,
P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
R-18-76
ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY, UPTAKE AND DEPURATION AND SUBLETHAL
METABOLIC RESPONSES OF ALASKAN MARINE ORGANISMS TO PETROLEUM
HYDROCARBONS
Principal Investigators: Rice, S. D., and J. F. Karinen
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155,
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Environ-
mental Research Laboratories, Outer Continental
Shelf Energy Assessment Program
Period: 7/75 to 10/76 Funds: $227,800
General research objectives are: to determine the acute and
chronic effects of crude oil, its component fractions, and other
petroleum-associated chemicals on physiological and behavioral
mechanisms of selected arctic organisms; and to conduct
laboratory and field studies to determine recovery rates of
organisms and ecosystems from disturbances associated with
petroleum development.
Status: This contract "is initially for 15 months, but it is
expected to be renewed annually for several years.
Information Source: J. F. Karinen, U.S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box
155, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
R-19-76
EFFECTS OF COOK INLET CRUDE OIL ON MARINE ORGANISMS/KACHEMAK BAY
MARINE STUDIES PROJECT
Principal Investigators: Rice, S. D., and J. F. Karinen
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155,
Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency: Shell Oil Company, Union Oil Company of
California, Standard Oil Company of California,
Marathon Oil Company, Phillips Petroleum Company,
Texaco, Inc.
Period: 6/74 to 11/75 Funds: $175,000
277
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The purpose of the study was to conduct acute bioassays with Cook
Inlet crude oil on Alaskan organisms.
Status: The contract is in its final stages of completion - all
research is completed and a final report is in preparation. The
final report is expected to be submitted to the funding
organization about January, 1976, and should be available shortly
after this date.
Information Source: J. F. Karinen, U.S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory,
P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
R-20-76
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE SPECIES
OF SOUTHERN ALASKA
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke
Bay, Alaska
Supporting Agency: Standard Oil Company of California, Union Oil
Company of California, Shell Oil Company and
Texaco
Period: 1974 to 1976 Funds: $200,000
The acute and chronic effects of petroleum on various life stages
of commercially important species indigenous to Southern Alaska
are being studied. Crude oils from Cook Inlet and Prudhoe Bay
are being used.
Economic effects of oil pollution
Status: The experimental work is completed and a report is
being prepared. Results will be published in technical journals
by individual co-investigators.
Information Source: T. Smith, Standard Oil Company, P.O. Box 3495,
San Francisco, California 94119
R-21-76
MUTAGENIC POTENTIAL OF PETROLEUM BY PRODUCTS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
WATERS
Principal Investigator: Voll, M. J.
Specialty: Microbiology
Performing Organization: University of Maryland, Graduate School,
College Park, Maryland 20740
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
Water Research and Technology, No. A-034-MD
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
278
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The ability of oil polluted water and sediments and oil
degradation products to induce mutation will be tested in a
bacterial assay system designed to detect compounds which
induce point mutations in DNA. Rat liver homogenate will be
used to detect compounds which can be converted to mutagenic
derivatives by mammalian enzyme systems.
SSIE No.: GUY-445
Status: The project is currently in progress. No resultant
papers or reports have been prepared.
Information Source: M. J. Voll, Department of Microbiology,
University of Maryland, College Park,
Maryland 20742
279
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2. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-22-76
MARINE ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAM (MESA)
Principal Investigator: Gunnerson, C. G.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental
Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado
80302
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental
Research Laboratories, No. 84121405
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: $500
Projects under MESA now include New York Bight and Puget Sound
Projects and the Deep Ocean Mining Environmental Study. The
director of MESA coordinates and directs the numerous interrelated
elements in each project. Further on-site investigations of the
"Metula" oil spill will be added.
SSIE No.: ZBP-978-1
Status: The project is continuing.
Reports
THE METULA OIL SPILL
Gunnerson, C. G. 1975.
Summary of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Workshop, Boulder, Colorado, June 24-26, 1975.
The fate and effects of the Metula Oil Spill, the research needed
to provide transferrable information for use in other areas,
and the roles of U.S., Chilean and international agencies in
future research in this area were reviewed at the workshop.
Initial obvious economic impacts of this extremely large spill
on the environment were not large. Long-term effects are yet
to be measured and a unique opportunity exists to develop
valuable and transferrable environmental information for use in
planning and predicting impacts and remedial measures elsewhere.
Information Source: C. G. Gunnerson, Marine Ecosystems Analysis
Program Office, U.S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, Environmental Research Laboratories,
Boulder, Colorado 80302
280
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R-23-76
A BASELINE STUDY OF THE MOSS LANDING ELKHORN SLOUGH ENVIRONMENT
Principal Investigator: Nybakken, J.
Performing Organization: California State University and Colleges,
Graduate School, Washington Square, San
Jose, California 95114
Supporting Agency: Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: 1974, $10,000;
1975, $90,000
A resolution by the Central Coast Region California Coastal Zone
Conservation Commission has provided the impetus for an objective,
systematic baseline study of the Moss Landing - Elkhorn Slough
environment. The investigators propose to study benthic macro-
invertebrates and fishes inhabiting Elkhorn Slough to determine
natural variability and dependence on the slough.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
SSIE No.: BG-960
R-24-76
MARINE BIOLOGY PROGRAM
Principal Investigator: Matters, K.
Performing Organization: Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, College
Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
Supporting Agency: Energy Research and Development Administration
Period: 7/75 to ? Funds: Unknown
The purposes of this study are: to determine the types of
energy related pollutants; their levels and effects in the air,
water, soil sediments, natural ecosystems, cultivated crops and
human beings. The total impact of energy related pollutants in
Guayanilla-Tallaboa area, where the largest petrochemical and
fossil fuel power plant complex is located, will be assessed.
Status: About 80% of the research effort in February, 1976,
will focus on the effects of petrochemical refineries and related
industries on the nearshore tropical marine communities in
Guayanilla-Tallaboa bays. No reports or papers have been prepared
at the present time.
Information Source:
K. W. Watters, Marine Ecology Division, Puerto
Rico Nuclear Center, College Station,
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
281
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-25-76
ATLANTIC/ALASKAN DCS PETROLEUM STUDY
Principal Investigators: Moore, S. F., J. W. Devanney, and
J. B. Lassiter
Specialty: Civil Engineering
Performing Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
School of Engineering, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare, Social and Rehabilitation Service,
Community Services Administration
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
This study concerns potential effects of oil prospecting and
production on the OCS of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Alaska.
Oil spill tracking, weathering and effects will be investigated.
From the analysis of hypothetical oil discharges, high risk
areas will be identified.
Bibliographic references:
POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPOTHETICAL OIL DISCHARGES IN
THE ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF ALASKA. Moore, S. F., G. R.
Chirlin, B. P. Schrader, and C. J. Puccia. M.I.T. Sea Grant
Project Office, MIRSG-74-19, 1974.
ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OFFSHORE EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION
ACTIVITIES. Moore, S, F., G. R. Chirlin, B. P. Schrader, and
C. J. Puccia. ONS Technology Conference, Stavenger, Norway, 1974,
General fate of oil in the environment
SSIE No.: GTB-1464
R-26-76
LOUISIANA SUPERPORT FEASIBILITY STUDIES
Principal Investigators: Stone, J. H., Whitehurst, Moeller,
G. Johnson, and Gagliano
Performing Organization: Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Supporting Agency: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Sea Grant Office, R/PHT-1
Period: 2/73 to 7/74 (est.) Funds: Unknown
282
-------
The feasibility studies will include economic justification,
legal problems, engineering data needs, and environmental
constraints. To date, the first-phase report has been completed;
it includes preliminary recommendations to the State Deep
Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority on topics such as law and
environment.
Information Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June}:#050007, 1975.
283
-------
E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
R-27-76
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION ON
PETROLEUM BIODEGRADATION
Principal Investigator: Atlas, R. M,
Performing Organization: University of Louisville, Louisville,
Kentucky
Supporting Agency: Department of the Navy, Office of Naval
Research
Period: 9/73 to 12/76 Funds: Unknown
This research is to further increase knowledge in the field of
Arctic and Antarctic marine microbiology. The work is designed
to study the intersection of microbial communities of coastal
waters with Alaskan crude oil.
Status: Summer field work concerned with monitoring changes
in microbial populations of Alaskan coastal waters exposed to
petroleum hydrocarbons was carried out in collaboration with
the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory. The effects of the oil
on essential microbial processes are being determined to learn
if oil is degradable when the sea is frozen.
Information Source: P. E. Toops, Naval Biology, Department of
the Navy, Office of Naval Research,
Arlington, Virginia 22217
R-28-76
MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF HYDROCARBONS UNDER LOW TEMPERATURE
MARINE CONDITIONS
Principal Investigator: Cundell, A. M.
Performing Organization: Rhode Island University, Department of
Plant Pathology-Entomology, Kingston,
Rhode Island 02881
Supporting Agency: Office of Naval Research
Period: 3/73 to ? Funds: Unknown
The information on marine microbiology in cold regions will be
extended. Microbial metabolism of hydrocarbons under low
temperature marine conditions will be investigated.
Information Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#044215. 1975.
284
-------
R-29-76
ARCTIC OIL BIODEGRADATION
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Alaska University, College, Institute of
Marine Sciences, College, Alaska 99701
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard
Period: 6/72 to 6/74 (est.) Funds: Unknown
The question of the importance of biodegradation in the eventual
elimination or reduction of hydrocarbons in arctic waters is
addressed.
Information Source: MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#036326. 1975.
R-30-76
BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Bureau de Recherches Geol. et Min.,
74 Rue de la Federation, Paris 15E,
France
Supporting Agency: France, Bureau of Recherches Geol. et Min.,
No. RS200
Period: 1/74 to 12/74 Funds: Unknown
The biodegradation of different types of hydrocarbons by micro-
organisms "in vitro," and the ability of different media to
increase the rate of biodegradation have been tested. A mixed
culture of microorganisms isolated from a hydrocarbon polluted
soil is more effective at biodegradation than a mono-specific
culture. Nutrients are essential.
SSIE No.: BJ-655
285
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2. PHYSICAL CHANGES
R-31-76
EVAPORATION OF OIL SPILLS ON WATER
Principal Investigators: Palmer, L. L., and H. S. Fogler
Performing Organization: Chevron Oil Field Research Co.,
La Habra, Ca., University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Supporting Agency: Standard Oil Company of California
Period: 1974 to 1976 Funds: Unknown
A theoretical and laboratory experimental study is being
conducted to develop a single mathematical model for the
evaporation of oil spills on water. The model is based on
information available in the literature.
Information Source: T. Smith, Standard Oil Company of California,
P.O. Box 3495, San Francisco, California 94119
R-32-76
AN EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE DISPERSION OF
OIL SPILLS—SPREADING, RETENTION AND CLEAN-UP
Principal Investigator: Wilson, M. P., Jr.
Performing Organization: University of Rhode Island, Kingston,
Rhode Island 02881
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration
Period: 6/75 to 6/76 Funds: Unknown
The study will analyze the current state-of-the-art in the
categories of oil spreading, retention and cleanup. No report
is available,
Cleanup and recovery
Information Source: W. E, Mott, Division of Environmental
Control Technology, U.S. Energy, Research
and Development Administration, Washington,
D.C. 20545
286
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3. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
R-33-76
CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN SAN FRANCISCO
BAY AND ADJACENT OCEAN
Principal Investigator: Conomos, T. J.
Department: Water Resources Division
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd.,
Menlo Park, California 94025
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological
Survey, Water Resources Division, No. WROO-060
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $134,200
The investigators plan to acquire detailed knowledge of the
pertinent natural factors operating in any river-ocean mixing
system in order to better understand present conditions and
to predict the results of any changes. Monthly hydrographic
surveys and measurements of surface and near-bottom water
movements using drifters are the research approaches that will
be used.
Status: This research project is a broad one, with only
incidental information generated on oil pollution research.
During the course of the ongoing studies on circulation patterns,
the researchers became involved in the San Francisco Bay oil
spill. They do not expect to do any future work on oil spills.
Reports
MOVEMENT OF SPILLED OIL AS PREDICTED BY ESTUARINE NONTIDAL DRIFT
Conomos, T. J. 1975.
Limnology and Oceanography 20(2):159-173.
Release of surface and seabed drifters was used to understand
major processes controlling oil dispersal after an oil spill
in San Francisco Bay, January, 1971. Most oil moved seaward,
but some oil globules sank to near-bottom -waters and were
carried landward. Seasonal phenomena must be considered in
predicting the drift of future spills.
Information Source: T. J. Conomos, Water Resources Division,
345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park,
California 94025
287
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R-34-76
FATE OF OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS IN LAKE MICHIGAN
Principal Investigator: Harrison, W,
Performing Organization: Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South
Cass Ave,, Argonne, Illinois 60439
Supporting Agency: Energy Research and Development Administration
Period: 1/76 to ? Funds: Unknown
The project concerns the fate of oil refinery wastes in this
freshwater system. A report should be available on this effort
in June, 1976.
General effects of oil pollution
Information Source: W. Harrison, Director, Water Resources
Research Program, Argonne National Laboratory,
9700 So. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439
R-35-76
QUANTITIES AND FORMS OF POLLUTANTS CARRIED BY THE MISSISSIPPI
RIVER AND THEIR FATE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
Principal Investigator: Presley, B. J.
Specialty: Oceanography
Performing Organization: Texas A & M University System, School
of Science, College Station, Texas 77843
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
National and International Programs,
No. GX-42576
Period: 4/75 to 3/76 Funds: $49,900
The form, quantity and fate of heavy metals.chlorinated hydro-
carbons and petroleum hydrocarbons carried by the Mississippi
River into the Gulf of Mexico will be studied. The mechanism
of transfer of pollutants from land to ocean via rivers will
be elucidated.
General fate of oil in the environment
SSIE No.: GSN-1512-1
Status: The NSF (IDOE) sponsored project is concerned mainly
with heavy metals, but some hydrocarbon studies have been done.
The results of the first two years of work were recently presented
at the Skidway Institution of Oceanography, and will be included
in a symposium volume to be edited by H. Windom of this institution.
Information Source: B. J. Presley, Texas A & M University,
Department of Oceanography, College Station,
Texas 77843
288
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SECTION IV. PATENTS
A. UNITED STATES PATENTS
P-l-76
FLOATING BOOM WITH DEMOUNTABLE FLOATS
Appelblom, H. R., and F. E. de Bourguilgnon.
U.S. Patent 3,882,682
1975.
An elongated sheet-like partition member and a number of floats
comprise a boom apparatus for containment of floating pollutants.
The demountable float elements are secured to the partition member
in spaced apart positions and are designed for rapid and easy
attachment to frame members of the floats.
Containment
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,730. 1975.
3,882,682
FLOATING BOOM WITH DEMOUNTABLE FLOATS
Harold R. Appelblom, 2310 Carlmont Dr., Bclmonl, Calif.
94002, and Francois Em lie de Bourguignon, 1269 Ridgeky
Dr., Campbell, Calif. 95008
Filed Apr. 16, 1973, Ser. No. 351,519
Int. Cl. E02b 15104
VS. CL61-1F 7 Claims
289
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P-2-76
OIL FENCE HAVING A LIMITED FLEXIBILITY
Aramaki, K., Y. Kawaguchi, and H. Kawakami. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,867,817
A number of rigid floats are arranged side by side to form a fence.
Each float has coffin-shaped, fixed plates attached to the ends.
When the floats are lined up, a V-shaped gap is left between each
plate; this gap is filled with a flexible membrane to allow the
floats to flex with wave movement.
Containment
Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#75/08/32.
1975.
3,867,817
OIL FENCE HAVING A LIMITED FLEXIBILITY
Kuninori Aramaki; Yasuharu Kawaguchi, both of Yokohama,
and Hiroshi Kawakami, Kamakura, ail of Japan, assignors
lo Bridgeslone Tire Company Limited, Tokyo. Japan
Filed June 25, 1973, Ser. No. 373,222
Claims priority, application Japan, June 29, 1972, 47-64431
Int. Cl. E02b IS 104
U.S. Cl. 61-1 F 5 Claims
290
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P-3-76
OIL CONTAINMENT APPARATUS
Ayers, R. R., and E. V. Seymour.
U.S. Patent 3,886,750
1975.
A barrier and an elongated float upstream of the barrier define a
capture area where the flow velocity is locally reduced. Oil enters
the capture area and accumulates because of the inability of the low
current velocity to remove it. Oil may then be skimmed or removed.
Containment
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,729. 1975.
3,886,750
OIL CONTAINMENT APPARATUS
Ray R. Ayers, and Errol V. Seymour, both of Houston, Tex.,
assignors to Shell Oil Company, Houston, Tex.
Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 81,305, Oct. 16, 1970,
abandoned. This application Apr. 24,1972, Ser. No. 247,079
Int. Cl. E02b IS/04
VS. Cl. 61-1 F is cuims
291
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P-4-76
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM
Azarowicz, E. N. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,856,667
Petroleum or oil waste materials are degraded by treating with a
strain of Candida lipolytica. This microorganism has a broad
spectrum of degradation capabilities and is non-toxic. The process
can be used to remove oil spillage or oily wastes discharged from
industrial plants.
Biological degradation
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-09862. 1975.
P-5-76
PETROLEUM IDENTIFICATION
Brown, C. W., M. Ahmadjian, and P. F. Lynch. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,896,312
Oil samples collected from surface water can be identified by
comparing the infrared spectrum of the unidentified oil sample to
the infrared spectra of a number of identified oil samples. Methods
for allowing for sodium chloride cell interference and methods using
aluminum foil strips to separate oil from the water environment
are also described.
Source identification
Sampl ing
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(45):#212,825. 1975.
3,896,312
PETROLEUM IDENTIFICATION
Christopher W. Brown, R. R. 1, Box S-I2, Saundmtown, R.I.
02874; Mark Ahmadjian, 10 Blackamore Ave., Cranston, .
R.I. 02910. and Patricia F. Lynch, 320 Boston Neck Rd.,
Narragansett, R.I. 02882
Filed June 7, 1974, Ser. No. 477,414
Int. Cl. GO In 21126
U.S. Cl. 250-343 II Claims
H NORMALIZED MDO
292
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P-6-76
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DISPOSAL OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Callahan, J. 1., H. F. Hardman, and R. K. Grasselli. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,804,756
A disposal method for toxic hydrocarbons, amines, acrylonitrile
wastes, etc. consists of entrainment in 90% steam and passage
over a catalyst (i.e., copper oxide) at 250-700°C to convert
wastes to N, ^0, and C02-
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4696. 1975.
3,804,756
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DISPOSAL OF
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
James L. Cullahan, Bedford Heights, Hurley F. Hardman,
Lyndhurst, and Robert K. Grasselli, Chagrin Falls,
Ohio, assignors to The Standard Oil Company, Cleve-
land, Ohio
Filed June 22, 1972, Scr. No. 265,162
Int. CI. C02b 1/18
U.S. CI. 210—59 8 Claims
.sr.
293
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P-7-76
EFFLUENTS FROM
Charpentier, P. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,875,998
The system for underwater separation of effluents consists of a
base anchored to the seabed and containing at least one gas/liquid
separator. The separator is attached to the underwater well and
leads to either a burner or a pipe to draw off the liquid phase
A column is attached to the base and ends at the water surface
in a working platform.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Design and engineering
Citation Source:
Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(17)
#5G-W75-08629. 1975.
3,875,998
INSTALLATION FOR SEPARATION ON THE SEABED OF
THE EFFLUENTS FROM UNDERWATER OIL WELLS
PkiTe Charpentier, Louveciennes, France, assignor to Entre-
prtse de Rechcrches et D'ActiviUes Petrolkres (EU), Paris,
France
Filed Oct 27, 1972, Ser. No. 301,279
Int. Cl. E21b 7112
U.S.CI.166-.5
7cla|m,
294
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P-8-76
OIL AND DEBRIS REMOVAL UNIT
Condit, P., Jr. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,891,558
An endless belt, which is oil attracting, is mounted on a pair
of rotating drums. The drums maintain tension on the belt and
are used to mount wipers to clean oil from the belt. Scoops
with fluid release slots are mounted on the outside of the belt
and remove solid debris.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(43):#212,076. 1975.
3.H9I.55H
OIL AND DEIIKIS REMOVAL UNIT
Paul Condll, Jr., 11327 Sage Park, Houston, Tex. 77034
Filed Dtc. 6, 1972. Ser. No. 312,605
Int. Cl. B01d4J/00
U.S. Cl. 210-526 8 Claims
295
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P-9-76
OIL INTERCEPTORS FOR SEPARATING OIL FROM WATER BY GRAVITY
Cornelissen, J. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,884,815
Separate oil outlet and water outlet weirs are connected to an oil
outlet and water outlet of the separator device, which is used on
board ship. The weirs are mounted close to one another on board
ship (the edge of the oil weir being at a higher level than that of
the water weir) and are located where the pitching of the ship
causes minimum disturbance to the oil skimming process.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(36):#210,321. 1975.
3,884,815
OIL INTERCEPTORS FOR SEPARATING OIL FROM
WATER BY GRAVITY
Jan Cornelisscn, The Hague, Netherlands, assignor to Shell Oil
Company, Houston, Tex.
Filed Oct. 26, 1973, Ser. No. 410,279
Claims priority, application United Kingdom, Oct. 27, 1972,
49593/72; July, 1973, 34471/73
Int. Cl. BO Id 21100
U.S. Cl. 210—521 7 Claims
P-10-76
OIL SORPTION MATERIAL
De Young, W. J. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,888,766
Material for absorbing oil from water surfaces consists of cellular
materials impregnated with a hydrophobic and oleophilic sealant in
an amount sufficient to coat the surfaces of the cells or capillary
-J-—'--• The substance is relatively inactive in water but becomes
by oil, so that rapid absorption of large amounts of oil
domains.
activated
occurs.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,731. 1975.
296
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APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED SHIPPING OF CRUDE OIL RELATIVE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Elson, J. M. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,864,935
In order to avoid oil spills, oil is frozen into molds in shapes
useful for transportation. The units of oil are transported
through a tube. Means for pouring the oil into the containers
and for closing the containers are described.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
#W75-09319. 1975.
3,864,935
APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED SHIPPING OF CRUDE OIL
RELATIVE TO ENVIRONMENT DAMAGE AND
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Jesse M. Elson, 138 E. Washington Ave., Pearl River, N.Y.
10965
Filed Mar. 22, 1973, Ser. No. 343,925
Int. Cl. F25c 1104
U.S. Cl. 62-356 2 Claims
rr
297
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P-12-76
OIL SEPARATION AND RECOVERY DEVICE
Galicia, F. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,890,234
The device may be towed, propelled or left stationary on an oil-
polluted water surface. The liquid surface comes into contact
with inverted V-shaped troughs which cause the oil-polluted water
to flow into an inner chamber due to the vacuum. Depolluted
discharging water is used to induce a surface current of the oil-
polluted water to flow toward the troughs.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,727. 1975.
3,890,234
OIL SEPARATION AND RECOVERY DEVICE
Frank Galkia, 5043 Catherine St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19143
Filed Apr. 18, 1973, Ser. No. 352,209
Int. CL E02b 15104
U.S. Cl. 210-242 1 Claim
298
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P-13-76
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF AN OIL SLICK
ON A WATER SURFACE
Kriebel, A. R. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,885,418
An oil slick detector consists of a spinner located in a shroud
with a radial gap between the spinner and shroud. The device is
located in the water such that water and any oil will enter the
radial gap. The motor, which drives the spinner, will have a
higher torque if oil is present in the incoming waters and the
difference in torque will result in a measurable change in the
motor drive current.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,728. 1975.
3,885,418
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING THE
PRESENCE OF AN OIL SLICK ON A WATER SURFACE
Anthony R. Kriebd, 340 La Mesa Dr., Menlo Park, Calif.
94025
Filed Oct. 17, 1973, Ser. No. 407,170
Int. Cl. GOln 11/14
VS. Cl. 73-61.1 R 18 Claims
299
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P-14-76
COLLECTION AND RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR OIL SPILLS
March, F. A., and L. S. Brown. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,883,433
The oil recovery system consists of a primary weir, with many
secondary weirs attached, which can be towed through the water.
The weirs conform to wave motion so oil escape is minimal and
oil is reclaimed in an essentially useable state. The lip of
each secondary weir is positioned to admit oil from the upper
layer without air entrainment.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(19):
#5G-W7S-09660. 1975.
3,883,433
COLLECTION AND RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR OIL
SPILLS
Frank Adams March, and Louis Stanislaus Brown, both of
Reston, Vs., assignors to Ocean Systems, Inc., Reston, Va.
Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 269,725, July 7, 1972,
abandoned. This application Sept. 20,1973, Ser. No. 399339
Claims priority, application Netherlands, July 4, 1973,
7309366
Int. CL E02b 75/04
VS. CL 210-242 11'
P-15-76
ASHLESS LUBRICATING OIL DISPERSANT
Miller, E. F., and W. W. Hellmuth. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,869,514
Ashless lubricating oil dispersants of the general formula
RNHCH2CH2F'NCH2CH20H (where R and R1 are H or polyisobutenyl
radicals of molecular weights from 600-5000),are formed by
the reaction between chlorinated polyisobutylene and N-(2-
aminoethyl)ethanolamine in the presence of Na2C03 or NaOH at
350-400°.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#118450p. 1975.
300
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P-16-76
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING FINE OIL DROPLETS AND SLUDGE SUSPENDED
IN LIQUID
Nakanishi, T., J. Matsui, S. Yonehara, M. Aoki, K. Ishiguro,
T. Satake, and S. Azuma. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,797,666
A chamber packed with fibre web pieces is used both to filter
out sludge and also to coalesce oil particles. The oil is
separated by settling. Periodic backwash ing cleans the filter
chamber.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4481. 1975.
3,797,666
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING FINE OIL DROPLETS
AND SLUDGE SUSPENDED IN LIQUID
Toru Nakanishi; Junichi Matsui: Setsuji Yonehara; Masahiro
Aoki; Kiyonori Ishiguro, all of Otsu; Tatsuo Satake,
Nlshinomiya, and Shingi Azuma, Osaka, all of Japan, as-
signors to Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo and Toray Engineer-
ing Co., Ltd., Osaka, both of, Japan
Filed Aug. 10. 1971, Ser. No. 170,470
Claims priority, application Japan, Aug. 15, 1970, 45-71 147
U.S.CI. 210-265
4 Claims
301
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P-17-76
GRAVITY OIL-WATER SEPARATOR WITH TWO INTERCONNECTED SINGULAR CELLS
HAVING AUTOMATIC FREE OIL DISCHARGE
Summers, R. L. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,862,039
Water enters the first tank, falls to the bottom, and moves upward
through the inlet pipe, transfer pipe and into the second tank
through the vertical outlet-portion of the transfer pipe. Virtually
no oil will be left in the liquid which is discharged from the
second tank via a lift pipe.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(17):
#5D-W75-08735. 1975.
3,»62,039
GRAVITY OIL-WATER SEPARATOR WITH TWO
INTERCONNECTED SINGULAR CELLS HAVING
AUTOMATIC FREE OIL DISCHARGE
Robert L. Summers, 5541 Twilight Rd., N.W., Roanoke, Vi.
24019
Continuation-in-p»rt of Ser. No. 345,696, March 28, 1973,.
This application Sept. 17, 1973, Ser. No. 397,579
Int. Cl. BO Id 17102
U.S. Cl. 210-252 2 Claim
P-18-76
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE FOR SUBMERGED WELLS
Texaco Development Corp.
U.S. Patent 3,866,676
1975.
The hydrocarbon fluid producing well is buried in the ocean floor
and surrounded by a metal casing to protect it against moving ice
masses and other floating objects. If the casing is damaged, a
trigger mechanism shuts off the flow to eliminate the dangers of
pipeline damage and oil pollution.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source:
Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#75/08/29.
1975.
302
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P-19-76
TREATING MUDDY-LIKE WASTE OILY MATERIAL
Watanabe, S. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,864,242
Industrial waste oil can be recycled as a low-S fuel oil. Solid
material is removed by settling, then the pH is adjusted to break
the emulsion, and a paraffin-base saturation hydrocarbon is added.
The asphaltic sludge separates out at 5-25°; the solution remaining
is distilled to separate the paraffinic solvent from the low-S fuel
oil.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#100692j. 1975.
3,864,242
TREATING MUDDY-LIKE WASTE OILY MATERIAL
Shichie Watanabe, Fukuoka, Japan, assignor to Kabushiki
Kaisha Imamura Scisakusho, Wakamatsu-Ku, Kitakyushu,
Japan
Filed Dec. 13, 1973, Ser. No. 426,725
Int. Cl. ClOg 27/100
VS. Cl. 208— 180 S Claims
303
-------
B. FOREIGN PATENTS
P-20-76
COALESCENCE OF SMALL SUSPENDED DROPS E.G. OIL FROM WATER
Anon. 1974.
Netherlands Patent 73745V/42
Contaminated liquid is passed through a bed containing floating
plastic balls which are 1-10 mm in diameter. The balls will be
wetted by the oil, then the oil drops will collide with each
other and the balls and coalesce. The time of operation without
blocking is longer for this bed than conventional equipment.
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
#W75-09325. 1975.
P-21-76
ACTIVATED SLUDGE AS ADSORBENT IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Araki, H., 0. Mitsui, H. Kojima, and M. Saito. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 47,455
Pollutants in petroleum waste waters, which interfere with
microbial activity in the activated sludge process, are adsorbed
onto activated sludge and the treated waste waters are then
subjected to the activated sludge process.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151888k. 1975.
P-22-76
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF FLOATING MATTER
Aramaki, K., H. Kawakami, and M. Suzuki. 1975.
French Patent 2,237,,011
The apparatus consists of a belt moving over two rollers and
sagging in its lower part so that it recovers floating matter
304
-------
(spilled hydrocarbons) on a body of water. The recovered matter is
sent to a separator which is equipped with a propeller to impart
a cyclone-type movement to its contents.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,572. 1975.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF
FLOATING MATTER-- Fr. 2,237..011, c. 2/7/75,
I. 7/9/74 (pr. Japan 7/10/73, Appl. 81,597); K.Aramaki,
H.Kawakami and M.Suzuki, airs.; (Bridge stone Tire Co
Ltd); Abstr. , BULL. OFFIC. PROPRIETE IND. (FR.)
v. 16, No. 11, Pt. 2 (No. 6), p 3378, 3/14/75 (In French)
en a^Kiati''*
P-23-76
PROCEDURE AND INSTALLATION TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF OIL FLOATING
ON WATER
Brill, E. L. 1974.
Netherlands Application 7,414,744
This apparatus takes a continuous liquid sample through a hydro-
phobic assembly which has a higher attraction for oil than water.
Each sample is tested for parameters such as weight and volume.
If a sample in a certain time cycle contains oil, an alarm system
goes into operation.
Monitoring
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(44):#212,577. 1975.
305
-------
P-24-76
OIL SKIMMER WITH OSCILLATABLE CIRCULAR LOOP
Brill, E. L., and B. M. Brill. 1975.
Canadian Patent 963,398
The oil skimmer consists of an endless substantially rigid loop
which is rotated by a pair of rolls that grip the loop's upper
edge. As the loop passes in and out of the hydrophilic liquid
(water), it attracts hydrophobic material (oil) which is then
lifted and squeezed out as it goes through the rolls.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(19):
#5G-W75-09568. 1975.
P-25-76
SEALING LEAKING PIPELINE CONNECTIONS
BTR Industries, Ltd. 1975.
French Patent 2,236,137
Leaks are sealed at the joints of piping using this invention.
A chamber-like form is placed around the leaky connection and a
sealing compound is injected into it. A pressure higher than
that prevailing in the pipeline is applied to the compound until
it solidifies.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,534. 1975.
P-26-76
PROCESS FOR DETECTING LEAKS IN LONG DISTANCE PIPELINES FOR THE
TRANSPORTATION OF LIQUIDS * AND APPARATUS FOR ITS APPLICATION
Chisso Corp. 1975.,
French Patent 2,238,114
This invention can detect leaks in an oil pipeline which is
divided into sections by at least one valve. The device consists
306
-------
of an auxiliary line through which liquid can be pumped into the
isolated segment at a predetermined pressure. The pumping is
maintained so as to maintain a constant pressure in the segment.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,555. 1975.
PROCESS FOR DETECTING LEAKS IN LONG DISTANCE
PIPELINES FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIQUIDS,
AND APPARATUS FOR ITS APPLI CATION--
Fr. 2.238.114. c. 2/14/75, f. 7/19/74 (pr. J»p»n 7/19/73,
Appl. 82,283); (Chi»»o Corp); Abstr. , BULL. OFFIC.
PROPRIETEIND. (FR.)v. 16, No. 12, Pt. 2 (No. 7),
p 3781. 3/21/75 (In French)
P-27-76
OIL DISPERSING COMPOSITION AND ITS USE
Dulaney, C. I., and D. J. Hagney. 1975.
Canadian Patent 969,445
The preparation of a composition used to disperse oil in aqueous
mediums is described. The composition basically consists of a
mixture of an alcohol and a product prepared by reacting a
compound with at least 1,2 ethylenediamine moiety and an aliphatic
carboxylic acid having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
Cleanup and recovery
i
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,570. 1975.
307
-------
P-28-76
SEPARATING OILY FLUIDS FROM WATER
Ernst, A. 1975.
British Patent 1,396,397
A rectangular container has a waterproof base and sidewalls which
are made of sponge or fibrous material that has been pretreated
with oil to make it oil-wettable and water repellent. The container
floats on water, and the fibers selectively absorb oil from the
surface. As the oil fills the vessel, it sinks and new surfaces
are exposed to the oil/water interface.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120618t. 1975.
P-29-76
OIL ABSORBING MATERIALS
Fujiwara, K. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 86,287
Oil absorbents are prepared from mixtures of polypropylene and/or
polyethylene, poly(vinyl) alcohol, and thermoplastic resin, then
formed in the molten state and followed by fiber formation.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84467g. 1975.
P-30-76
TRANSPORTING HYDROCARBON OILS
Grantley Company. 1974.
Netherlands Application 73 06,815
Hydrocarbon oils in oil slicks on water surfaces are removed by
a polystyrene foam divided into small bell-like particles. The
foam is able to absorb 19 times its weight in oil.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82488r. 1975.
308
-------
P-31-76
LINE BREAK CONTROL
Gulick, R. A. 1975.
Canadian Patent 970,650
Reduced pressure in a flow line is communicated to one side of a
diaphragm. A similar reduction is imposed much more slowly ,to
the other side by a series of connected oil reservoirs. The
pressure difference on opposite sides of the diaphragm causes
valve closure.
Oil transfer and transport
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,554, 1975.
P-32-76
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING A LAYER OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID
FROM THE SURFACE OF A BODY OF WATER
Heagler, R. B. 1975.
Canadian Patent 972,692
A U-shaped vessel floats partially submerged in a water body and
has a longitudinal channel portion with a front opening. An open
bottom portion is situated beneath the channel. As the vessel
advances, a band of water with a combustible liquid layer floating
on it enters the channel and is subsequently removed by burning
in a combustion chamber.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,571. 1975.
P-33-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING PHENOL AND FORMALDEHYDE
Honda, K., Y. Aimi, Y. Akatsu, T. Iwanami, and T. Sugitani. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 06,158
The waste water is treated by adding a basic substance, i.e., NaOH,
in an amount of 0.01-1.0 mole/mole HCHO to remove the HCHO. The
resulting waste water is evaporated after further addition of a
basic substance.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151856y. 1975.
309
-------
P-34-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AN IMPURITY IN A
LIQUID STREAM
Hubby, L. M. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,340,807
The apparatus is used to detect oil in water draining from an
offshore drilling rig. Water is led through the deck into a
vertical container that forms part of a theoretical U-tube.
The outlet leg contains liquid at a constant height and the
inlet leg is the liquid in the container. When liquid of
different density enters, its level will be higher than that
in the outlet leg and an alarm will sound.
Monitoring
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82490k. 1975.
P-35-76
TREATMENT OF OIL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER
Inoue, T., 0. Yanagida, and Y. Sokuma. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 42,671
Rubber latex is added to waste water which contains oil; acidic
conditions will solidify the latex and remove the oil. Treated
in this manner, 1000-ppm oil waste water was reduced to 8-ppm oil.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#102932m. 1975.
P-36-76
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR RECOVERING OIL POLLUTANTS ON THE SURFACE
OF WATER
Institut Francais du Petrole des Carburants et Lubrifiants. 1974.
British Patent 1,356,089
The oil film is covered by a flexible impervious sheet. The edges
of the sheet are depressed with weights. Thus the oil is trapped
in a small hemisphere from which the oil can be pumped out, either
immediately or when the seas are calmer.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5):
#HMS 3767. 1975.
310
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P-37-76
ABSORBER FOR SOLVENT AND OIL
Itano, Y., A. Omori, and Y. Ota. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,134,583
A polymer containing a foaming agent is extruded, cooled, pulled
to form lengthwise cracks, piled, pulled perpendicularly and
crimped to form an oil-absorbing agent.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84471d. 1975.
P-38-76
RECLAIMING OF FUEL OIL FROM WASTE OILS BY CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION
AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Iwamoto, T. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 88,905
Fuel oils are formed by first heating, then neutralizing waste oils.
Waste oil is fed into a covered steam heated (100-130°) reactor,
then NaOH (0.1-2% of the waste oil) is mixed into the oil. The NaOH
deoxygenates, desulferizes, and desalts all foreign materials and
helps separate the sludge with all the decomposition products from
the oil. This oil is further purified by centrifugation.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#118495g. 1975.
P-39-76
POWDERED SYNTHETIC RESIN AS AN OIL ADSORBENT
Iwatsubo, H., T. Norita, and K. Tamagawa. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,117,385
A surfactant (0.01-1 wt. %) is added to powdered polyethylene,
polypropylene, and/or polystyrene (10-80 mesh) to obtain1 an
oil adsorbent.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84490j. 1975.
311
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P-40-76
OIL-WATER SEPARATION APPARATUS
Jacob, G. 1974.
French Demande 2,204,439
In a de-oiling vessel an expansion chamber, or de-oiling chamber
and a fine separation compartment are placed in series. The oil-
collecting vessel is at the top and fed by tubes from the separation
walls just before the fine separation chamber.
Cleanup and recovery
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120417b. 1975.
P-41-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF DISPERSIONS
Jeffreys, G. V., C. J. Mumford, F. E. G. Ravault, and C. Washbourne.
1975.
German Patent 2,452,386
Fine droplets of oil-in-water or oil-in-steam dispersions are
coagulated by pressing the dispersions through a porous disk
which contains gradually increasing interconnected pores. The
resulting enlarged oil drops are separated from the water phase
by gravity.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#133975g. 1975.
P-42-76
OIL SEPARATOR WITH COALESCING MEDIA
Jones, L. W. 1975.
Canadian Patent 970,287
An apparatus removes dispersed oil from water by contacting the
oily water with sulfur which causes the oil to coalesce or
agglomerate.
Cleanup and recovery
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source; Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,544. 1975.
312
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P-43-76
REMOVING FLOATING OIL FROM WATER WITH A SULFUR COALESCING BED
Jones, L. W. 1975.
Canadian Patent 970,286
When water containing dispersed oil is forced to flow through a
container provided with a bed of sulfur, the oil is coalesced
and removed by the sulfur, leaving clean water flowing from the
container.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,543. 1975.
P-44-76
EMULSION FUEL FROM WASTE OIL
Kawai, N., H. Noda, T. Nishida, and K. Fukada. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 66,705
A procedure for producing oil-in-water-type emulsion fuels from
waste hydrocarbon oils containing <80 wt. % water is described.
The method includes adjusting the oil/water ratio of the waste
oil to (20-75):(25-80), adding surfactants at 0.01-5.0 wt. X,
based on water content, and emulsifying.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134941e. 1975.
P-45-76
REMOVAL OF WASTE OIL
Kayford Manufacturing Company, Ltd. 1974.
Netherlands Application 73 08,939
A method of removing waste oil consists of burning with the aid of
a fire-starting material, i.e. a liquid hydrocarbon, and using a
solid-particle polymer resin matrix made of easily burnable
thermoplastic materials to make contact between the oil and fire-
starter.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84496r. 1975.
313
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P-46-76
TRAP TO CLEANSE OIL-POLLUTED WATER
Kharchenko, M, S. 1974.
Soviet Patent 410,998
Each oil trap consists of a flotation chamber, a foam-forming
chamber, a foam pumping out chamber and an ejection chamber.
Oil-polluted water flows through a protective grid and is
saturated with air in the flotation chamber; the foam is formed
and sucked into a pollutant collecting chamber while the cleansed
fluid is ejected.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
#W75-09373. 1975,
P-47-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING PHENOLS AND CYANIDES
Kurosawa, K,, and Y. Hirotani. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 08,369
Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phenols and cyanides are removed
from petroleum processing plant wastewaters by stream stripping
or aeration (to remove H2S and NHs), and extraction with hydro-
carbon solvents containing aromatics (to remove phenols). The
phenols and cyanides remaining after extraction are decomposed
with HCHO and H202 at pH 9-12.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151845u. 1975.
P-48-76
WATER-REPELLENT OIL-ABSORBER FROM CALCINED AND SWOLLEN MATERIAL
OF ROCK AND VOLCANIC ASH
Manago, T., and Y. Hirano. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 07,790
Volcanic ash is covered with >0.125 solid paraffin by stirring
the paraffin above its melting point or by stirring with the
emulsion and drying.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84484k. 1975.
314
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P-49-76
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WASTEWATER
Matsuda, H., K. Shinoda, M. Yasuhara, and T. Sumiyoshi, 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 06,580
Oil-containing waste water is mixed with attapulgite or an
attapulgite-containing clay mineral and a coagulant; the
resulting solid materials are removed by filtration. Water
containing 100,700 ppm machine oil as an emulsion was subjected
to this treatment; the oil content was decreased to 80 ppm.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120428f. 1975.
P-50-76
REGENERATION OF USED OILS
Ministerul Transporturilor Telecomunicatiilor, Bukarest. 1974.
German Patent 2,338,463
A mechanized plant has been designed to regenerate or recondition
used oils. The techniques used are filtration, adsorption, and
flash evaporation. The plant produces oils with the same
physico-chemical characteristics as unused oil.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
#HMS 4440. 1975.
P-51-76
REMOVAL OF OILS FROM WASTE WATER
Miyata, K. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,126,164
Lignosulfonate and an inorganic coagulant are added to oil-containing
waste water, Then 100 ml of air-containing pressurized water is
injected into the waste water; floes are formed, float to the
surface and are removed. Water containing 830 ppm oil and treated
in this way was reduced to 11 ppm oil.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#102901a. 1975.
315
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P-52-76
OIL ADSORBANTS
Mohri, Y,5 ancl H, Ito. 1974,
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 72,187
Wet granules of silica or zeolite are heated at low temperatures
to form porous parts at the surface; then the granules are treated
with a water-repelling reagent, dried and heated to form oil
adsorbents. An alternate procedure covers wet granules with porous
dry silica or zeolite and then treats with water-repel!ing reagent;
more water-repelling reagent is required for the alternate procedure,
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#121267q. 1975.
P-53-76
OIL ADSORBENT
Naruse, K. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 37,688
Oils are removed from waste water or seawater by treating with
granular or powdery polypropylene (average diameter <3 mm).
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151884f. 1975,
P-54-76
OIL BINDING AGENT FROM FIBROUS MATERIAL OF SCRAP TYRES
Nittan Co. Ltd. 1974,
German Patent 2,351,372
Sheets or mats constructed of powdered tyres are an inexpensive
method of cleaning up oil spills on rivers and waterways.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
#HMS 3443. 1975.
316
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P-55-76
REMOVAL OF OILS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
Noguchi, K. 1974.
Japanese Patent 74 29,868
Oil-containing waste water is successively passed through a series
of filtering tanks packed with sand, porous polyolefin resin and
activated carbon, in that order.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84519a. 1975.
P-56-76
REMOVAL OF OIL FLOATED ON WATER
Ono, H., and T. Saida. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,128,891
Oleophilic porous materials are used for the removal of floated
oils. The true density is greater than 1,1 g/cm3, the apparent
density is less than 1 g/cm3, but the density actually becomes
greater than that of water when the materials absorb oil. Over-
night settling of a mixture of these materials and oily seawater
removes all visible oil.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120449p. 1975.
P-57-76
OIL TANKER BALLAST WATER TREATMENT
Ramot, University Authority for Applied Research and Industrial
Development, Ltd. 1974.
Netherlands Application 74 04,548
Hydrocarbons are removed from the ballast water by aerobic bio-
degradation after the addition of N and P as nutrients. Arthrobacter
are suitable microorganisms.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84487p. 1975.
317
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P-58-76
METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR THE EMULSIFICATION AND THE DEGRADATION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND FERTILIZERS THUS OBTAINED
Salomone, G. H. 1974.
British Patent 1,353,945
In order to convert oil sludges into a biodegradable product,
the sludges are first emulsified, then enriched with molasses or
some other nutrient and treated with a surface tension reducer.
After 3-6 weeks, biodegradation produces a usable fertilizer.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Biological degradation
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
#HMS 3823. 1975.
P-59-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING AIR BUBBLES IN A BODY OF LIQUID
Schramm, H. J., and J. R. McCullough. 1975.
Canadian Patent 974,671
The uniformity of air pressure in a perforated bubbling hose can
be improved by using an auxiliary distributing conductor carrying
air under high pressure and then dropping to a relatively low level
in the bubbling hose. The air barrier produced by this system is
more efficient in confining surface-water pollutants.
Containment
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(46):#213,078. 1975.
P-60-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO DISPERSAL OF FLOATING OIL
Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. 1974.
British Patent 1,358,042
Slatted wooden rafts or other variations are towed on a boom to
cause turbulence. These mixing devices disperse floating oil after
it has been treated with an emulsifying agent.
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
#HMS 2906. 1975.
318
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P-61-76
FIBROUS ADSORBENT
Segawa, H., Y. Hirano, and Y. Ueda. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 29,483
A fibrous adsorbent useful for removing oils from waste water
is prepared by mixing synthetic fibrils from hydrophobic polymers
with activated carbon and then heating or treating with adhesive.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84511s. 1975.
P-62-76
OIL COLLECTOR
Segawa, H., Y. Hirano, and Y. Ueda. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 29,478
Oils are removed from waste water with nonwoven fabrics of density
0.02 to 0.15 g/cm3. The fabrics are made from fibers consisting
of polyolefin resin (5-50 wt. %) and polystyrene resin (50-95 wt. I
containing 5-50 wt. % oil-soluble hydrophilic materials.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84512t. 1975.
P-63-76
FIBROUS OIL ABSORBER FOR SEPARATION OIL FROM WATER
Segawa, H., Y. Ueda, Y:. Hirano, S. Ikemoto, J. Okita, K. Kajitani
and T. Mochizuki. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 01,986
Synthetic fibrils from hydrophobic polymers are uniformly mixed with
cellulose materials to make an oil adsorbent. The oil adsorbent
has a density of .05-0.2 g/cm3 and a strength of 5-1000 gm/cm2.
A column packed with adsorbent will cut oil concentrations from 100 ppm
to 0.3 ppm in one hour.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#102968c. 1975.
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P-64-76
A METHOD OF TREATING A USED OIL-WATER EMULSION
SKF Industrial Trading and Development Co. B.V. 1975.
British Patent 1,383,345
This is a simple, inexpensive and easily maintained method of oil
recovery. The emulsion descends the walls of a wiped-film evaporator;
water is evaporated, condensed and then discharged.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
#HMS 4633. 1975.
P-65-76
PACKING MATERIALS FOR APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING OIL FROM WATER
CONTAINING EMULSIFIED OIL
Takenada, Y., T. Morishita, H. Hirate, and T. Sano. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 27,164
Oil adsorbents are prepared by heating two or more thermoplastic
resins with different melting points to a temperature greater
than the lowest melting point but less than the highest melting
point. These composite fibers are then packed into the column at
a density of 0.09 g/cnr. The oil content of water passed through
th-is column is decreased from 200-1000 ppm to "i-2 ppm.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120430a. 1975.
P-66-76
OIL EMULSION WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Tamayama, M., K. Tanaka, Y. Takahata, N. Gomyo, and K. Usui. 1975,
Japanse Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 69,848
The treatment of oil emulsion waste waters containing anionic
surfactants consists of adding polyvalent metallic salts and/or
polymers and agitating the mixture with a porous stirring plate
moved vertically.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151921r. 1975.
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P-67-76
PURIFICATION OF REFINERY DEPOSITS
Texaco Development Corporation. 1974.
Netherlands Application 72 15,658
The recovery of oil and wax from oil-tank and tanker bottoms is
described. The method involves pretreatment with a light, aliphatic-
type hydrocarbon fraction, followed by solubilizing the waxy material
with an aromatic compound such as benzene or toluene.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82537f. 1975.
P-68-76
IMPROVED APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR SEPARATING FINE OIL DROPLETS
AND SLUDGE FROM A LIQUID IN WHICH THEY ARE SUSPENDED
Toray Industries Inc. & Toray Engineering Co. Ltd. 1974.
British Patent 1,359,199
Oil containing effluent flows through a complex of pipes and
settling tanks which contain cubic polyolefin fibre pieces to
adsorb sludge and oil. In the settling tank, the coalesced
droplets separate out; backwashing is possible to clean the
fibre pieces.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
#HMS 3174. 1975.
P-69-76
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES
Tourres, D. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,459,945
A gas chromatographic method suitable for determining hydrocarbon
pollutants in fresh- and seawater is described. Two flow paths
are given; the first path traps the material to be analyzed and
the remaining material is removed over the second path. A
programmed temperature rise is used to achieve accuracy.
Analysis
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151934x. 1975.
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P-70-76
CLEANING OF PETROLEUM-INDUSTRY EFFLUENT
Tronov, V. P., R. G. Narutdinov, and A. D. Li. 1975.
Soviet Patent SU432106
A treatment technique is given for a petroleum processing waste
water stream. The petroleum is diluted by a stratum flooding
system in an amount corresponding to a ratio of 0.4 between the
total water flow and the emulsion flow.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20);
#W75-10200. 1975.
P-71-76
SURFACE TENSION METHOD OF APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING IMMISCIBLE
LIQUIDS
T.R.W. Inc. 1974.
British Patent 1,357,138
This device is used primarily for removing and recovering floating
oil. At a suitable pressure differential, oil passes through a
porous screen but water is retained. The type of oil and the
temperature determine the screen and pressure parameters.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
#HMS 2875. 1975.
P-72-76
APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING OIL POLLUTION
Tuggle, R., R. H. Graves, and R. J. DeRouen. 1975.
Canadian Patent 964,475
An oil pollution control device isolates most of a large column
of water. For example, a vertical caisson extends into the bottom
of the body of water and above the surface, but has openings just
above the bottom to permit water circulation. Oil can then be
released inside this container.
Containment
Citation Source: Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
#W75-09314. 1975.
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P-73-76
COMPOSITE FOR TREATMENT OF OIL IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER
Uchiyama, H., J. Sugi, and H, Takahashi. 1975.
Japanese Kokal (unexamined patent application) 75 46,583
The preparation of a composite for treating oil in water is
described. A condensation product of a mixture of benzaldehyde
and its hydroxy derivative is mixed with polyhydric alcohol,
water-soluble polar organic solvent of the condensation product,
and water-insoluble organic liquid solvent in the polar solvent.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84534b. 1975.
P-74-76
OIL ADSORBENT
Umemura, K., and T. Tate. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 25,489
An organic compound-modified clay mineral is used to remove oils
from waste water. It is formed by treating NH2 compounds and/or
NH4 salts with clay minerals having base-exchanging capability and
(optionally) non-cationic organic compounds. Water with an oil
content of 12,000 ppm was treated in this manner, with a resulting
oil content of 4 ppm.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120432c. 1975.
P-75-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN FLOATING BARRIERS TO CONFINE SPILLS OF POLLUTING
LIQUIDS
Vidilles, J. 1975.
French Patent 2,241,203
The barrier for containing oil spills consists of a flexible
suspended skirt with a continuous flotation element in the upper
section and a ballasting element in the lower section. The screen
is a horizontal bag with each end connected to a towing means.
Containment
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,545. 1975.
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P-76-76
AGENT FOR SEPARATING EMULSIFIED OIL FROM WASTE WATER
Wakabayashi, Y., and H, Takado. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 54,581
CaCl2-impregnated pozzolan is mixed with Al2(S04)^-impregnated
pozzolan; a high-molecular weight coagulant is added to the mixture
to form an agent capable of separating emulsified oil from waste
water.
Waste oil and waste water treatment
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84529d. 1975.
P-77-76
OIL-SOLUBLE TUBE COMPOSITION FOR USE IN LEAK-DETECTION OF
PIPELINE
Watanabe, K., and K. Shibata. 1975.
Japanese Patent 75 04,031
Oil-soluble tubes, which contain thermoplastic butadiene-styrene
block polymer as the major component, are used to detect oil
leaks from underground pipeline. The tubes are filled under
pressure, placed close to pipeline joints and are monitored for
pressure losses due to oil leaks.
Oil transfer and transport
Design and engineering
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#116386y. 1975.
P-78-76
OIL ADSORBENT
Yamakoshi, T. 1974.
Japanese Patent 74 45,467
An agent for absorbing oil from an oil spill is prepared by heating
solid polypropylene above its melting point and mixing with light-
weight aggregate (perlite). The resulting coated perlite granules
have oleophilic-hydrophobic properties.
Cleanup and recovery
Citation Source: Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84549k. 1975.
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SECTION V. CURRENT CONFERENCES
Sept. 1-3 International Environmental Law Conference, 1975.
Group Meetings
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS GOVERNING OIL POLLUTION IN
COASTAL WATERS AND HARBOURS
Busha, T.
DIVERGENT STANDARDS OF NATIONAL OIL POLLUTION
LEGISLATION
RUster, B.
THE IMPACT OF NORTH SEA OIL
Brackley, P. G.
FFI contact British Institute of International and
Comparative Law, 32 Furnival St., London EC4 A1JN
Nov. 2-5 Annual Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, 25th,
Montreal, 1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session: POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATEMENT DESIGN
THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON THE WEATHERING
OF OIL
Collins, D. J., and E. A. Townshend
Experiments on the mechanism of skin formation in
shorebound oil at low temperatures and in the presence
of ultraviolet light were performed. Samples were
analyzed by visual observations, liquid chromatography
and infrared chromatography. Ultraviolet radiation
appears to catalyze a free radical oxidation process
that forms the skin.
Session: WASTE RECYCLING BENEFITS IN TODAY'S ECONOMY
Chairman of session: A. Boily
The first part of the session concerns the recycling
of paper, plastics, glass, waste oil, etc., to recover
values from various types of municipal and industrial
wastes. The second part is devoted to a panel with
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representatives of industry, government, and the public
discussing waste recycling under current legislative
and economic conditions. North American waste recycling
activities were summarized.
FFI contact W. D. Croft, Program Chairman, Office of
Industrial Research, McGill University, P.O. Box 6070,
Station A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3G1, Canada
Nov. 16-20 AIChE 68th Annual Meeting, Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles,
California, 1975.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
OZONATION OF HIGH LEVELS OF PHENOL IN WATER
Anderson, G. L.
Fiche No. 12, Paper No. 113e.
Coal gasification and shale ore recovery can produce
high levels of phenolic material. Ozone can effectively
oxidize phenol over a wide range of temperatures. The
reaction rate is greater at a pH of 10 or higher. An
equation describing the rate of reduction of ozone is
given.
ULTRAFILTRATION OF OILY WASTES FROM PROCESS INDUSTRIES
Bansal, I. K.
Fiche No. 19, Paper No. 17b
Ultrafiltration modules with inorganic membranes are
used for concentrating different types of oily wastes.
The operating data of laboratory and small pilot-scale
installations is presented, including a comparison of
the costs of the ultrafiltration system and disposal
costs. Significant savings result.
FLUID BED INCINERATION OF PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTE
Becker, K. P., and C. J. Wall
Fiche No. 63, Paper No. 33d
The fluid bed incinerator was first applied in Germany
in the 1930s. The development and selection of fluid
bed incinerators is described. They are now common
devices.
LAND DISPOSAL OF BIOLOGICAL AND OILY SLUDGE-SOME SITE
CONSIDERATIONS
Chatham, R. L., and J. A. Seder
Fiche No. 62, Paper No. 33a
Land farming of biological and oily sludge from chemical
plants and refinery waste treating units can be advan-
tageous. The sludge can be plowed into land surrounding
the plant site, either in buffer zones, flare ground
areas or land set aside for future development. The
special aspects of oil sludge are discussed.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDIES FOR OIL SHALE
DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN COLORADO
Martin, S. G., and R. J. McGuire
Symposium: Predicting Environmental Impacts of Oil
Shale Developments, Paper No. 75d
The scope of the environmental studies in northwestern
Colorado is described as they fulfill federal requirements.
Ecological investigations underway are used to
illustrate the detail of information necessary to
satisfy lease requirements. This information is
used to develop EIS and effective land restoration
programs.
AN EVALUATION OF THE POLLUTION ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGIES
AVAILABLE FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FROM OIL SHALE
PROCESSING
Neal, L. G., J. Cotter, and R. D. Sung
Fiche No. 78, Paper No. 75e
A study being conducted by TRW Environmental Services
to evaluate all environmentally acceptable waste water
control technologies for mining and processing of oil
shale is summarized. Pertinent literature on pollution
control and performance data is reviewed.
CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF A PETROLEUM REFINERY
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT
Powell, R. W., and R. R. Lessard
Symposium: Industrial Wastewater Treatment with
Activated Sludge, Paper No. 52e
Benchscaleactivated sludge plants are compared with
large prototypes. Operating data are reproducible
and compare well. Actual wastewater from one of
Exxon's refineries was used for these laboratory and
field studies.
FFI contact Meeting Program Chairman, E. R. H. McDowell,
P.O. Box 446, La Habra, California
Nov. 17-23 Seminar on the Protection of Coastal Waters Against
Pollution, Lisbon, Portugal, 1975.
FFI contact Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations,
Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneve 10, Switzerland
Nov. 30- Winter Annual Meeting of ASME, 96th, Houston, Texas, 1975.
Dec. 5
FFI contact P. Drummond, Director of Meetings and
Conferences, ASME, 345 E. 47th St., New York, New York 10017
Nov. 30- Analytical Chemistry--A Means to Environmental Quality
Dec. 5 Management, Mexico City, 1975.
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Oil Pollution Related Papers
No. 39
MONITORING OF TOTAL OIL IN NATURAL WATERS
Lysyf, I., P. R. Newton, and E. C. Russell
Previous methods for analysis of oil in water depended
on extraction of the oil with nonpolar solvents. These
methods are not uniform, however, because of selectivity
of extraction, A method recently developed is dependable
and simple. The continuous oil monitor subjects the
water stream to an elevated temperature, which volatizes
and partially pyrolyzes petroleum derived organics. The
stream is then directed into a flame ionization detector,
and a signal proportional to the petroleum content of the
water is produced. The selected temperature regime does
not affect biologically derived matter.
No. 40
STATE OF THE ART CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO
yG/KG (PPB) LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Hertz, H. S., B. H. Gump, W. E. May, and S. N. Chesler
The capability for low level pollutant analysis has been
achieved by elimination of classical solvent extraction
and column chromatographic techniques. A headspace
sampling technique extracts Cj through 620 aliphatic and
1- through 3-membered ring aromatic hydrocarbons. The
complementary liquid chromatographic technique analyzes
for 3- through 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbons. Special
handling of tissue samples is discussed.
No. 42
ANALYSE DETAILLEE DES ACIDES GRAS ET DES HYDROCARBURES
DU FILM DE SURFACE DES OCEANS PAR RAPPORT A L'EAU
SOUS-JACENTE
Marty, J. C.
The results of analyses of coastal waters and Atlantic
and Mediterranean waters has demonstrated the accumulation
of dissolved and particulate fatty acids and n-alcanes in
the surface film. Also certain differences in composition
between the surface and the water immediately below were
observed.
No. 43
MASS SPECTROMETRIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF THE
BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Petrakis, L., J. D. Walker, and R. R. Colwell
An analytical scheme is presented for the detailed
characterization of oil prior to and following biodegrada-
tion for various lengths of time. Column chromatographic
separations, and characterization by mass spectrometry
and gas chromatography are involved. The importance of
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"weathering" relative to biodegradation can be assessed
using this scheme. Results of biodegradation experiments
in Chesapeake Bay are discussed.
No. 44
THE DETERMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POLYAROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN OYSTERS FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO
Onuska, F. I., A. W. Wolkoff, M. E. Comba, R. H. Larose,
M. Novotny, and M. L. Lee
The determination and structural confirmation of PAH in
oysters as a suitable indicator of estuarine pollution
in the Gulf of Mexico is discussed. Problems in
methodology are reviewed.
No. 45
THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FUEL OILS AND GASOLINE IN
DRINKING WATER BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Nicholson, A. A., R. L. Gutteridge, and J. Singh
The methodology involved in quantifying fuel oils with
a boiling range of 170 to 350°C and gasolines was
investigated. A method involving low column temperature,
reversing the column flow after the solvents are vented,
and measuring the components of the fuel oil at a single
peak was developed. Traces of petroleum distillates in
water can be accurately quantified using this method.
No. 49
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY FOR REGULATING ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION IN FOODS
Roy, B. R.
Analytical chemistry methods have been developed to
analyze for such pollutants in food as ergot, urea, fusel
oil, lead, copper, arsenic, mineral oil, chemicals
migrating to food from containers, and pesticide residues.
No. 61
POSSIBLE IMPACT OF DEEP-WELL INJECTION OF FLUID INDUSTRIAL
WASTES ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN CANADA
Simpson, F.
The types of fluid industrial wastes that are injected
into deep, subsurface aquifers include brines produced
during oil production and a variety of inorganic and
organic wastes from chemical plants and oil refineries.
Possible environmental impacts of this procedure on two
areas are reviewed. Monitoring, even after abandonment
of disposal wells, is needed.
FFI contact S. Barabas, Canada Centre for Inland Waters,
Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
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Dec. 11-12 Annual Conference on Marine Resources of the Coastal Plains
States, DeSoto Hilton Hotel, Savannah, Georgia, 1975.
A 90-minute session with several speakers on "Offshore
Impacts of OCS Development" was given. At a later date
the Center will publish a report of the conference.
FFI contact Coastal Plains Marine Center, 1518 Harbour
Drive, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401
Jan. 12-13 Mid Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, 8th, John M.
Clayton Hall, University of Delaware, 1976.
Sponsored by universities and pollution control agencies
in the Mid-Atlantic region.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
OILY WASTE WATER TREATMENT - OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY
CONSERVATION
Fowler, W. J., Jr., and L. C. Hale
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADSORPTION OF PHENOLS FROM
AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON
Zogorski, J. S., and S. D. Faust
FFI contact Dr. R. I. Dick, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711
Jan. 12-14 Conference on Health and Environmental Effects of Energy
Use, Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D.C., 1976.
The conference described the coordinated federal program
conducted by 17 agencies. On the agenda were descriptions
of the health,ecological, transportation, fate, and control
technology programs in these areas: increased fossil fuel
combustion, fuels from coal and oil shale, western energy
resource development, energy conservation through recycling
waste products, and increased coal and offshore oil
production.
FFI contact Harold Bernard, Conference Manager, Information
Transfer, Inc., 1160 Rockville Pike, Suite 202, Rockville,
Maryland 20852
Jan. 14-16 NPRA Refinery and Petrochemical Plant Maintenance Conference,
Marriott Hotel, New Orleans, 1976.
The conference is divided into three sections: maintenance
management, maintenance engineering, and a general question
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and answer session. Under the sub-section "environmental
control," the panel will answer the question: "How are
expended lubricating oils being utilized or disposed of
when1 they cannot be put into the oily sewer any longer?"
FFI contact National Petroleum Refiners Association,
1725 De Sales St., N.W.,Suite 802, Washington, D.C. 20036
Jan. 26-29 Symposium on Management of Petroleum Refinery Waste Water,
Camelot Inn, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1976.
The sponsors are EPA, API, and Tulsa University.
Feb. 4-5 Symposium on Water Pollution Research in Canada, Centre
for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, 1976.
The topics to be discussed at the symposium include:
advanced waste treatment, biological/chemical treatment
methods, nitrification and denitrification of organic
wastes, phosphorus control, and land application of
sludge.
FFI contact Dr, C. P. Fisher, Wastewater Technology
Centre, Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Feb. 5-7 Environmental Law-VI, San Francisco, California, 1976.
Cosponsored by the Environmental Law Institute and the
Smithsonian Institute.
Second Plenary Session, Feb. 6, 1976, 9:30 am
Federal Water Pollution Controls: Developments under
the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972
NEPA: Current Developments under National Environmental
Policy Act and under Comparable State and Municipal
Programs
FFI contact P. A. Wolkin, Director, ALI-ABA Committee on
Continuing Professional Education, 4025 Chestnut St.,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Feb. 17-20 Offshore Southeast Asia Conference and Exhibition,
Singapore, 1976,
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Mar. 1-5 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied
Spectroscopy, 27th, Cleveland Convention Center, Ohio,
1976.
There will be three sessions on environmental analysis
and two on oil identification.
FFI contact H, Sweeney, Koppers Co., 440 College Park
Drive, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
Mar. 7-9 Annual Meeting of the National Ocean Industries
Association, 4th, Washington, D.C., 1976.
FFI contact T. Reynolds, National Ocean Industries
Association, Suite 410, 1100 17th St., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036
Mar. 22-31 Technical Symposium on Prevention of Marine Pollution
from Ships, Acapulco, Mexico, 1976.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
SYMP I/I
INTERNATIONAL MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS
Sasamura, Y.
Developments in the field of marine pollution from ships
since oil was first carried as a cargo in the late 1800s
are reviewed. The growth in the transport of oil by sea
and the awareness of oil pollution as a problem are
described with reference to international legislation.
Background information used in writing and enforcing
pollution control measures, in particular the International
Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution, 1973,
is given.
SYMP 1/2
A REVIEW OF THE 1973 MARINE POLLUTION CONVENTION
Price, R. I., and F. P. Schubert
The shortcomings of the 1954 Oil Pollution Convention
are described. This overview of the 1973 Convention
includes descriptions of general obligations, measures
to minimize accidental pollution by oil, the control
of intentional oil pollution, and measures to control
other types of pollution. The 1954 and 1973 Conventions
are compared.
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SYMP 1/3
IMPACT OF THE 1973 CONVENTION, PARTICULARLY FROM THE
POINT OF VIEW OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES [in Spanish]
An author to be designated (Mexico)
The main problem facing developing countries is the
expenditures necessary to implement the Convention.
These include the construction of installations and
reception facilities at ports, equipment on board
ships, the training of technical staff for inspection
purposes, the modernization of many shipyards in the
developing countries in order to properly equip ships,
and provision of offices and posts for specialists
in the various aspects of pollution control. A
secondary, but important problem, is making the
contents of the Convention generally known'and
drawing attention to the obligations it imposes on
contracting governments. Patrolling the seas to ensure
compliance with the Convention is an example.
SYMP 1/4
VIEWS OF SHIPPING AND OIL INDUSTRIES ON THE 1973
CONVENTION
Walder, C. A., and J. C. S. Horrocks
The shipping and oil industries strongly support the
1973 Convention and are in favor of immediate passage
of the necessary legislation to bring the Convention into
force. The practical problems that arise in complying
with the Convention annexes are described. Relevant
technological developments are reviewed.
SYMP II/I
POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF A COASTAL AND MARITIME STATE
Archer, J. N.
The United Kingdom believes that minimizing pollution
from ships is important to the country. Existing
services and facilities have been used to tackle the
problem as cost effectively as possible. This paper
can be read with advantage with a revised version of
"The battle against oil pollution at sea."
SYMP I1/2
MARINE POLLUTION OFF BARBADOS' COASTS
Archer, A. B.
Barbados is vulnerable to marine pollution from ships,
as pollutants are carried in the South Equatorial current
from the Atlantic. The crude oil is harming the reef
corals which surround the island. Barbados needs oil
spill cleanup facilities to protect its thriving tourist
industry. Its geographical location also makes it an
ideal place for monitoring oil pollution from the Atlantic.
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SYMP I1/3
PREPARATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION
IN THE BALTIC SEA AS A SPECIAL AREA, ON THE EXAMPLE OF
POLAND
Grzywaczewski, Z,
The Helsinki Convention 1974 is an act of good will of
seven Baltic states. The implementation of the Helsinki
Convention and the IMCO Convention 1973 to a special
area, the Baltic, is described. The practical details
of shipping and transfer have created some unanswered
questions. The requirements for effectiveness of the
Convention were stated.
SYMP IV/1
SEGREGATED BALLAST TANKER ARRANGEMENTS FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT DUE TO ACCIDENTS
Gray, W, 0., R. K. Kiss, and R. A. Sutherland
A study group of operating and technical professionals
was formed to determine if there were preferable positions
for placement of segregated ballast tanks which would
prevent accidental pollution. This paper presents the
primary findings of an evaluation of twelve possible
locations as compared to a typical nonsegregated-ballast
conventional tanker. The group feels, however, that
personnel training and navigational improvements are the
most effective ways of preventing accidents.
SYMP IV/2
SEGREGATED BALLAST AND RELATED ASPECTS OF TANKER DESIGN
Gray, W. 0.
The segregated ballast tanker concept is reviewed with
particular reference to the operating and design data
forming the foundation for Regulation 13(2), which
establishes acceptable ballast draughts; and to various
segregated ballast design variations and their inter-
relationships with other tanker design requirements.
A review of the economic and operational considerations
that led to the Conference regulations on segregated
ballast is included.
SYMP IV/3 ,
GUIDELINES FOR OPERATING AT IMCO SEGREGATED BALLAST
LEVELS
Cruikshank, J. M., and A. C. Landsburg
The results of ship motion prediction computer runs
at IMCO minimim ballast levels in extreme sea spectra
are reported and correlated with model test runs. Motion
predictions are then used to evaluate the master's
possible alternatives in heavy seas. The effects of each
alternative are evaluated and presented in a form useful
to ship' masters so they can operate safely at IMCO
minimum ballast levels.
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SYMP V/l
OIL-WATER SEPARATION AND OIL-IN-WATER MONITORING
Cormack, D.
An up-to-date review of the fields of oil-water separation
and monitoring are given. Reference is made to the
theoretical background of each method, the types of
equipment available, performance data and the direction
of future development. Both ship-board and land-based
reception facility applications are discussed.
SYMP V/2
OIL-IN-WATER MONITORING ABOARD TANKERS
Berto, F. J.
The Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) has
had a task group working to accelerate development of
simple, reliable shipboard oil-in-water monitors since
early 1973- Companies in OCIMF have sponsored monitor
development in addition to the surveys and information
dissemination of the total group. The problems of a
shipboard oil-in-water analyzer are the difficult
environment, limited maintenance capability and
variability in oil types.
SYMP V/3
SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL OF DISCHARGED OIL -
OIL CONTENT METERS [in French]
Guigues, F.
The Ultra-Rapid Response Detector meets the ten
specifications for equipment measuring the oil content
of waste water discharge at sea. The paper gives an
outline description of these conditions, and of certain
apparatuses in wide use. Laboratory tests on the URRD
are now being confirmed by tankers in service.
SYMP VI/1
IMCO AND THE "LOAD ON TOP" SYSTEM
Victory, G.
The development of the Load on Top system, whereby the
majority of the oil residues are retained on board in
slop tanks and then discharged to the refinery with
the next oil cargo, is discussed. The optimal arrangements,
monitoring devices, improved methods of oil-water separation
in the tanks, and arrangements to comply with the 1973
Convention are described.
SYMP VI/2
LOAD-ON-TOP SYSTEM WITH DUAL SLOP TANKS OF IMPROVED DESIGN
Hasegawa, S., S. Fukuda, Y. Seike, and M. Nakashima
A dual-slop-tank arrangement is a refinement of the Load
on Top system. The primary slop tank separates oil and
335
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sludge; the secondary separates oil and water, Using
this system the oil content of the water can be reduced
to 50 ppm or less in a 20-hour period. This procedure
completely satisfies the 1973 Convention.
SYMP VI/3
CRUDE OIL WASHING
Maybourn, R.
For crude oil tankers, crude oil itself is a theoretically
better washing agent. The background to the research
program on crude oil washing conducted by BP Tanker
Company, and that company's experience with the system
are reviewed. The environmental and commercial benefits
of crude oil washing and technical information on safety
and other operational considerations are reviewed.
SYMP VI/4
IMPROVEMENTS OF "CLEAN SEAS GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS,"
PARTICULARLY FOR PRODUCT TANKERS
Lecocq, I. E., and J. C. S. Horrocks
In 1973, OCIMF (Oil Companies International Marine Forum)
and ICS (International Chamber of Shipping) produced the
"Clean Seas Guide for Oil Tankers." This has been reviewed
to see whether it can be adapted to cover the handling
of oils as defined in the 1973 Convention. A revised
version of the Guide now includes procedures for the
retention on board of non-persistent oil residues,
SYMP VI/5
TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING OIL DISCHARGE FROM PRODUCT
OIL TANKERS
Van Cleave, H. D., H. P. Santiago, and W. B. Chappel
The impact of the 1973 Marine Pollution Convention on
product oil tankers is outlined. The EPA study, which
was submitted to IMCO in October, 1973, and other studies
have revealed some operational techniques which may be
suitable procedures for complying with the new Convention.
SYMP VI/6
FUEL FROM SLOP OIL
Lockwood, W. H., Jr.
Slop oil derived from tank washing can be separated from
ballast water through gravitation, demulsifying chemicals
and fresh water washes. The slop pil is then an acceptable
fuel for the ships' main propulsion boilers. Special
piping and safety features are necessary; but this method
of onboard disposal benefits the vessel owner as well as
the environment.
336
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SYMP VI/7
HYDRAULIC TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO-TANK SLUDGE
Hasegawa, S., S. Fukuda, Y. Seike, and Y. Matsuo
A hydraulic sludge hauling device is five times faster
than conventional methods, and also eliminates the
need to wash a ship deck fouled with sludge. The sludge
in the tank bottom is fluidized with water or cargo oil
and pumped to a sludge separator in a cargo tank.
SYMP VII/1
THE NEW DEBALLASTING AND WASHING STATION AT
FOS/MARSEILLES [in French]
Graujeman, 0., and P. Theobald
The 1973 Convention introduced regulations for special
areas, such as the Mediterranean, which prohibit any
discharge of oil, effective 1 January 1977. Ports will
have to be equipped with reception and treatment
facilities for the oily residues. The Port of
Marseille will have to install such facilities, which
will represent a considerable innovation. Berth capacity
for supertankers will be available.
SYMP VI1/2
METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING ADEQUACY OF RECEPTION
FACILITIES IN PORT FOR TREATMENT OF SHIP-GENERATED OILY
WASTES
Steinman, G. C., K. J. Randall, and C. F. Propp
Two regulations of the 1973 Convention require each
government to undertake means to insure the provisions
of adequate reception facilities in ports. The deter-
mination of adequacy depends upon the quantity of oily
wastes anticipated by a particular port, taking into
account the effects of segregated ballast, offshore
loading facilities, and on-board oil-water separators.
The state-of-the-art of the present shipboard waste
technology is included.
SYMP VII/5
THE DESIGN OF A SYSTEM FOR THE RECEPTION OF BALLAST
WATER FROM OIL TANKERS [in Spanish]
Gonzalez, R. S. N., and M. A. G. Lara
The design and operation of a reception facility for
simultaneously handling ballast water from three ships
engaged in the transport of oil are discussed. A large
pit is used to allow the oily water sufficient time
for settling. The oil floating on the surface is skimmed
off; an oil separator separates oil from the flow of water
coming from the skimmer collectors.
337
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SYMP VII/6
RECEPTION FACILITIES AND TREATMENT OF BALLAST WATER -
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF THE SIZE [in French]
Franco, M.
The data used in computer simulation of the size, design
and engineering of onshore reception facilities for oily
residues are real. They include information on unloading
ballast to onshore facilities and onshore treating plants,
and statistics on the amount of crude handled, average
ballast percentage, average pumping time, inoperative
days because of bad weather, and data on the routes of
tankers which load at the terminal.
SYMP IX/1
SWEDISH EXPERIENCES ON ORGANIZATION, MEANS AND MEASURES
FOR COMBATING SPILLS AT SEA OF OIL AND OTHER HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES
Engdahl, R.
The Swedish Coast Guard is responsible for dealing with
spills of harmful substances at sea, One special
interest has been the development of methods and tech-
niques for removing spilt oil from the surface by
mechanical means. The Swedish organization has a wide
assortment of equipment for all conditions, and a fleet
of 30 specialized oil ships and workboats.
SYMP IX/2
DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINGENCY PLANNING TO DEAL WITH OIL
POLLUTION
Smith, J. W., and M, J. Garnett
The plan recommends coordination, by one government
authority, of all oil pollution activities and the
necessary delegation of control at the scene of the
spill to a suitable cleanup organization. The paper
is a guide to what should be covered by an Oil Pollution
Contingency Plan and contains'considerable organizational
detail.
SYMP IX/3
A MAJOR GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL CLEANUP ASSOCIATION -
AN OVERVIEW
Berry, W. L., and J. W. Wolfe
Clean Gulf Associates was established in 1972 by the
petroleum operators in the Gulf of Mexico to provide the
capability for fast, effective cleanup of oil spills
in both coastal and offshore waters. Equipment stockpiles
are tailored specifically for spills resulting from
exploration and production activities, but are still
generally applicable.
338
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SYMP IX/4
PREVENTION AND COMBATING OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE
NEIGHBORHOOD OF OIL PORTS OF LE HAVRE-ANTIFER AND OF
LE VERDON [in French]
Ailleret, J. C., and D. Velut
Large-scale spills caused by collision or grounding can
be averted by allowing generous dimensions of the
various features of the fairway giving access to the
terminal, installing effective aids to navigation, and
systematic inspection of the ship's gear, radar and VHF
equipment. In the event of grounding, immediate dispatch
of tugs and lighters, and commencement of counter-measures
against pollution are necessary. The techniques used in
two French ports are analyzed. The conclusions are that
prevention is important, and techniques and equipment must
be adapted to the local area and improved upon.
SYMP IX/5
EMERGENCY PLAN IN CASE OF ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION [in French]
An author to be designated (Italy)
The purpose, scope and organization of a plan to be used
in case of accidental pollution are outlined. The
operational program is discussed in terms of spill control,
oil transfer by lighters and salvage of the ship, booms,
mechanical means of recovery, dispersants, shore protection
measures, equipment for ports, and naval and air force
assistance.
SYMP X/l
LOADING PORT INSPECTION OF CARGO RESIDUE RETENTION BY
TANKERS IN BALLAST
Holdsworth, M. P,
In 1970/71, inspection of tankers revealed that Load-on-Top
was not being used as widely or efficiently as it could be.
A 1973 booklet, "Clean Seas Guide for Oil Tankers,"
Informed those concerned of the proper procedures.
Monitoring of Load-on-Top performance increased the number
of tankers using the method and led to the ICS/OCIMF Guide
"Monitoring of Load-on-Top." Intergovernmentally supported
loading port inspection will provide a'large degree of
control and enforcement.
SYMP X/2
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF OIL POLLUTION
Andresen, I.
Several methods are applied £0 .compare physical and
chemical properties of samples taken from oil spills and
from suspected ships. Demonstrated differences in
physical and chemical properties constitute "negative
339
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production of evidence," Methods include gas
chromatography, infrared spectrophotometry, ultra-
violet spectrophotometry, the concentrations of Ni and
V, and liquid chromatography, The Danish National
Institute for Testing of Materials is presently compiling
an index of the various types of crude oil,which will be
used in demonstrating the origin of a given pollution
incident, This would eliminate the need to take a
reference sample from "suspected ships."
SYMP X/3
IN-SITU DETECTION OF OIL ON WATER
Flanagan, D. B,, and G. P. White, Jr.
The state-of-the-art of sensing methods and available
equipment for the in-situ detection of oil spills in the
marine environment is reviewed. Equipment such as vapor
detectors, mechanical devices and radiation sensors are
discussed. References to available test data are given.
SYMP X/4
AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING OF OIL SPILLS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
Flanagan, D. B,
The status of airborne remote oil slick sensing in the
U.S.A. is reviewed. Examples of applications, cost,
weight and volume are given. Test data is referenced.
SYMP X/5
TELEDETECTION OF OIL DISCHARGES [in French]
Mourlon, J. C.
Techniques used to detect various pollutants must be
effective at all times and under all visibility
conditions. Scanning for oil has been applied over a
wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Remote
sensing can also be used to monitor a developing slick
in order to select the most suitable counter-measures.
Experiments carried out in France are reported,
SYMP X/6
OIL SPILLS FROM TANKERS
Garnett, M. J., and J. W. Smith
The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation
includes almost 100$ of all the owners of seagoing
tankers in the world. It is in a favorable position
to collect statistics on spills. The data is fed into
a computer and analyzed. Some interesting findings have
emerged; for instance, 30% of the spills take place while
discharging, and only 3.5% are due to stranding or
collision. These statistics will help evaluate factors
contributing to spillage, and to advise methods for
containment and possible elimination.
340
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SYMP X/7
SWEDISH METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOURCE OF
DISCHARGED OIL BY TAGGING OIL RESIDUES IN TANKERS
Agnedal, P. 0.
Experiments in Sweden have shown that the most suitable
substance for tagging individual ships is metal particles.
Combinations of alloys of different metals form many
tagging materials. The composition is analyzed by the
use of an electron probe microanalysis. Advantages,
disadvantages and costs of the tagging are given.
SYMP X/8
THE IMPLEMENTATION AND INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF A
NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM ON MARINE POLLUTION
Baisuck, A., J. Harrald, J. Leotta, and W. A. Wallace
The U.S. Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) was
designed to collect and process data on incidents involving
harmful substances and comprehensive penalty data. The
design, development, and implementation of the system are
described. Sample reports indicate causes and economic
costs associated with discharges of oil from vessels in
U.S. waters. The 1973 Convention recommended reports of
this type.
SYMP XI/1
RESOURCES USED IN FRANCE TO COMBAT MARINE POLLUTION BY
OIL [in French]
Pichon, J.
French policy in the field of pollution control has led
to the design and production of the BALEAR floating booms,
the dynamic CYCLONET and static VORTEX recovering equipment,
and the flexible CAIMAN towable tanks. All can be used
in combination and adapted to various situations. The
equipment is neither infallible nor perfect, but it is
realistically designed.
SYMP XI/2
OIL CLEARING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
Cormack, D.
Cleanup and recovery techniques and equipment for use at
sea and on beaches are discussed. The properties of oil
that are relevant to the question of cleanup are examined.
The various approaches to cleanup are assessed; and the
use of dispersants, especially new concentrate dispersants,
are discussed in detail. Warren Springs Laboratory equipment,
which was designed for.applying dispersants, is reviewed.
Solutions to the problems concerning storage and transport
of recovered oil are suggested.
341
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SYMP XI/3
RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS
Boersma, F. A.
The oil spill response and control equipment currently
in use in the United States is described. The locations
and situations where a type of equipment is used and its
limitations are discussed. The organization of the
actual response and the cooperation among the Coast
Guard, industry and foreign governments are demonstrated
by examples.
SYMP XI/4
COMPLEX APPLICATION OF PORT TECHNICAL MEANS FOR PREVENTING
MARINE POLLUTION AND COMBATING OIL SPILLAGES
Nunuparov, S. M.
The USSR oil pollution prevention plan calls for each
port to be equipped with a complex of engineering
facilities. High capacity shore reception facilities
and floating port cleaning stations are being constructed;
and a new universal ship has been designed for collection
of pollutants from ships in ports. Contingency plans are
being developed for each port. This combination of
equipment and planning is capable of controlling an oil
spill of 200-250 tons. For major operations and problems
at sea, a marine emergency/salvage complex is being
designed. Other prevention measures include improved
navigation procedures, personnel training, and industry
regulations.
SYMP XI/5
DISPERSION VERSUS REMOVAL
Dorrler, J. S.
Criteria of ecological effects, aesthetic effects,
property damage, commercial damage and health effects
were used to decide whether dispersion or physical
removal techniques should have been used in five actual
U.S. spills. In four out of five cases physical removal
was preferred. Adverse ecological and health impacts are
the undesirable side effects of dispersants. Each spill,
however, must be evaluated separately.
SYMP XI/6
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF SPILLS OF HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES AND RESTORATION STEPS
Thompson, C. H., and A. L. Jennings
Guidelines are provided to aid in determining the type
and extent of damage to the environment caused by oil
spills. Environmental priorities will be determined so
that cleanup efforts will be directed to the most
vulnerable parts of the environment first. Alternative
techniques of restoration are included.
342
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SYMP XI/7
PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MOORING CRAFT EQUIPPED FOR
DISPERSAL OF OIL SPILLAGES [in Spanish]
Gaxiola, M.
A mooring craft for offshore terminal service has been
designed; it is equipped for chemical dispersal of oil
spillages at sea.
FFI Contact IMCO Secretariat, B. Okamura, Marine Environment
Division, 101-104 Piccadilly, London W1V OAE
Mar. 28-30 National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting,
San Antonio, Texas, 1976.
Refinery Process Session #2
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES
Environmental Protection Agency
DISPOSAL OF LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES
Shell Oil Company, Houston, Texas
FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN HEALTH STANDARDS
Brooks, W. T.
FFI contact NPRA, Suite 802, 1725 DeSales St., N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20036
Mar. 30- Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturer Association,
April 1 Shamrock Hilton Hotel, Houston, Texas, 1976.
"Industrial Pollution Conference and Exposition"
Apr. 7-13 Scientific Workshop on Marine Pollution in East Asian
Waters, Penang, Malaysia, 1976.
This workshop was originally scheduled for September 1,
1975. The workshop will consist of ajd hoc working
groups set up to deal with the specific subjects of
physical pollution, organic and biological pollution,
pesticides and inorganic pollution, and oil pollution.
A short plenary section will be held on arrangements for
data exchange, in the context of developing global
systems such as ASFIS, ISODE, and IRS. Plenary sessions
will also be held on regional or,subregional (Sea of
Japan, South China Seas, Malacca Straits) cooperation in
research.
The main documents for the Workshop will consist of
national reports on the present marine pollution situation
343
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in each country. The reports will be prepared by individuals
and not necessarily endorsed by their respective governmental
authorities. FAO consultants will evaluate the question-
naires from the individuals. These will form the basis of
a draft review of marine pollution in East Asian waters. Two
specially prepared bibliographies will be available: one on
regional marine pollution and one on regional oceanography.
FFI contact R. C. Griffiths, Assistant Secretary,
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO, Place
de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France.
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SUBJECT CROSS REFERENCE
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. REPORTING
C-36-76, C-139-76, C-155-76, C-201-76, C-248-76, C-400-76
C-435-76, C-452-76
2. MONITORING
C-62-76, C-71-76, C-88-76, C-93-76, C-101-76, C-102-76,
C-lll-76, C-112-76, C-114-76, C-116-76, C-119-76, C-121-76,
C-131-76, C-133-76, C-134-76, C-135-76, C-138-76, C-150-76,
C-152-76, C-159-76, C-219-76, C-226-76, C-232-76, C-246-76,
C-273-76, C-374-76, C-432-76, C-496-76, C-497-76, C-513-76,
C-607-76, C-611-76, C-627-76, P-13-76, P-23-76, P-34-76
3. REMOTE SENSING
C-52-76, C-64-76, C-360-76, C-627-76, C-629-76
4. SAMPLING
C-9-76, C-21-76, C-23-76, C-137-76, C-562-76, C-627-76, P-5-76
5. ANALYSIS
C-23-76, C-41-76, C-58-76, C-61-76, C-80-76, C-83-76, C-104-76,
C-105-76, C-153-76, C-158-76, C-159-76, C-160-76, C-161-76,
C-162-76, C-166-76, C-168-76, C-169-76, C-170-76, C-292-76,
C-348-76, C-400-76, C-546-76, C-561-76, C-562-76, C-573-76,
C-574-76, C-627-76, C-629-76. Reporting: R-l-76.
Source identification: R-5-76.
Waste oil and waste water treatment: R-325-74, P-69-76
6. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
C-2-76, C-17-76, C-103-76, C-119-76, C-125-76, C-135-76,
C-144-76, C-146-76, C-147-76, C-151-76, C-259-76, C-561-76
C-574-76. Monitoring: R-2-76, P-5-76
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
C-189-76, C-197-76, C-202-76, C-221-76, C-224-76, C-234-76,
C-426-76, P-l-76, P-2-76, P-3-76, P-59-76, P-72-76, P-75-76
2. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
C-24-76, C-28-76, C-55-76, C-59-76, C-176-76, C-178-76,
C-179-76, C-180-76, C-181-76, C-259-76, C-263-76, C-303-76,
C-307-76, C-321-76, C-326-76, C-363-76, C-364-76, C-371-76,
C-389-76, C-394-76, C-399-76, C-416-76, C-426-76, C-428-76,
C-496-76, C-523-76, C-524-76, C-628-76. Personnel training
and education: R-13-76. Physical changes of oil: R-32-76,
P-4-76, P-8-76, P-9-76, P-10-76, P-12-76, P-14-76, P-15-76,
P-17-76, P-20-76, P-22-76, P-24-76, P-27-76, P-28-76, P-29-76,
P-30-76, P-32-76, P-36-76, P-40-76, P-42-76, P-43-76, P-46-76,
P-52-76, P-54-76, P-56-76, P-67-76, P-68-76, P-71-76, P-78-76
3. RESTORATION
C-207-76, C-237-76, C-298-76, C-364-76
4. OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
C-175-76, C-303-76, C-422-76, C-423-76, C-442-76, C-510-76,
C-589-76, C-590-76, C-593-76, P-ll-76, P-18-76, P-25-76,
P-26-76, P-31-76, P-77-76
5. DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
C-19-76, C-24-76, C-27-76, C-39-76, C-47-76, C-49-76, C-62-76,
C-64-76, C-65-76, C-87-76, C-90-76, C-102-76, C-173-76,
C-175-76, C-177-76, C-181-76, C-182-76, C-185-76, C-188-76,
C-190-76, C-192-76, C-194-76, C-196-76, C-199-76, C-200-76,
C-202-76, C-203-76, C-204-76, C-205-76, C-206-76, C-212-76,
C-214-76, C-216-76, C-217-76, C-218-76, C-227-76, C-228-76,
C-230-76, C-231-76, C-234-76, C-236-76, C-238-76, C-239-76,
C-244-76, C-245-76, C-246-76, C-247-76, C-249-76, C-250-76,
C-251-76, C-252-76, C-272-76, C-281-76, C-309-76, C-351-76,
C-427-76, C-493-76. Monitoring: R-008-74, R-272-74.
Remote sensing: R-12-74, R-279-74, R-280-74, R-4-76.
Containment: R-43-74. Cleanup and recovery: R-l54-74,
R-293-74, R-299-74, R-9-76, R-l1-76, P-7-76, P-33-76, P-34-76,
P-35-76, P-40-76, P-60-76, P-75-76, P-77-76
346
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-8-76, C-55-76, C-109-76, C-137-76, C-168-76, C-240-76,
C-242-76, C-419-76, C-434-76, C-439-76, C-440-76, C-441-76,
C-444-76, C-445-76, C-446-76, C-449-76, C-497-76, C-508-76,
C-527-76, C-529-76, C-533-76, C-540-76, C-564-76, C-567-76.
Monitoring: R-2-76, R-3-76
2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
C-410-76, C-440-76, C-445-76, C-446-76
3. CHEMICAL EFFECTS
C-410-76, C-445-76, C-446-76, C-563-76
4. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-13-76, C-55-76, C-298-76, C-427-76, C-586-76, C-587-76,
C-601-76. Biological effects of oil pollution: R-20-76
5. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-4-76, C-5-76, C-163-76, C-364-76, C-478-76, C-504-76,
C-513-76, C-569-76, C-574-76, C-604-76, C-606-76.
Remote sensing: R-4-76. General fate of oil: R-34-76
6. WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
C-80-76, C-191-76, C-200-76, C-209-76, C-226-76, C-233-76,
C-254-76, C-378-76, C-518-76, C-536-76, C-579-76, C-613-76,
C-618-76, C-626-76, C-628-76. Reporting: R-l-76.
Monitoring: R-008-74, P-4-76, P-6-76, P-7-76, P-16-76, P-19-76,
P-21-76, P-37-76, P-38-76, P-39-76, P-41-76, P-42-76, P-44-76,
P-45-76, P-47-76, P-48-76, P-49-76, P-50-76, P-51-76, P-53-76,
P-55-76, P-57-76, P-58-76, P-61-76, P-62-76, P-63-76, P-64-76,
P-65-76, P-66-76, P-67-76, P-68-76, P-70-76, P-73-76, P-74-76,
P-76-76.
7. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
C-45-76
8. CONTINGENCY PLANNING
C-3-76, C-6-76, C-176-76, C-211-76, C-426-76, C-497-76, C-603-76
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-471-76, C-474-76. General effects of oil pollution: R-23-76
2. SOCIAL EFFECTS
C-464-76, C-467-76, C-489-76, C-500-76, C-502-76, C-512-76
3. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-448-76, C-453-76, C-454-76, C-471-76, C-475-76, C-496-76,
C-500-76, C-502-76, C-510-76
4. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-15-76, C-104-76, C-118-76, C-124-76, C-243-76, C-262-76,
C-298-76, C-362-76, C-372-76, C-424-76, C-443-76, C-462-76,
C-463-76, C-465-76, C-466-76, C-582-76, C-584-76, C-588-76,
C-624-76
E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1, BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
C-125-76, C-168-76, C-198-76, C-295-76, C-310-76, C-369-76,
C-383-76, C-385-76, C-465-76, C-555-76, C-565-76. Biological
effects of oil pollution: R-232-74, R-16-76, P-4-76, P-58-76
2. PHYSICAL CHANGES
C-418-76, C-568-76, C-570-76, C-571-76
3. CHEMICAL CHANGES-
C-158-76, C-555-76
4, GENERAL FATE OF OIL
C-151-76, C-386-76, C-400-76, C-497-76, C-528-76, C-555-76,
C-564-76. General effects of oil prospecting and oil
production: R-25-76. Reporting: R-35-76.
348
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F. OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS
1. STATE LEGISLATION
C-2-76, C-578-76, C-584-76. Contingency planning: R-14-76
2. U.S. LEGISLATION
C-201-76, C-259-76, C-281-76, C-426-76, C-469-76, C-479-76
C-494-76, C-506-76, C-575-76, C-592-76, C-605-76, 0-621-76*
C-623-76
3. INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION
C-250-76, C-429-76, C-433-76, C-503-76, C-621-76, C-625-76
4. FOREIGN LEGISLATION
C-7-76, C-599-76, C-623-76. Contingency planning: R-14-76
5. INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
C-578-76
G. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
C-393-76, C-517-76
349
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APPENDIX
Journals Scanned
Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants
Alaska Seas and Coasts
Ambio
American Fisheries Society Newsletter
American Fisheries Society Transactions
American Naturalist
Applied Microbiology
Applied Science & Technology Index
Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts
Atlantic Naturalist
Audubon
Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Australian Science Index
Biological Abstracts
Bioscience
Bird Study
British Birds
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Bulletin of Marine Science
California Fish and Game
California Water Pollution Control Association Bulletin
Chemical Abstracts
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Progress
Chemical Week
Chemistry in Canada
Chemosphere
Critical Reviews in Environmental Control
Crustaceana
Current Contents: Life Sciences
Current Contents: Physical and Chemical Sciences
Deep-Sea Research
Ecolibrium
Ecological Abstracts
Ecological Monographs
Ecological Society of America Bulletin
Ecology Law Quarterly
350
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Energy Review
Environment
Environment Abstracts
Environmental Action
Environmental Health and Pollution Control
Environmental Letters
Environmental Periodicals Bibliography
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Science & Technology
Environmental Technology and Economics
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science
Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles
Geotimes
Government Reports Announcements
Hydrobiologia
India Journal of Environmental Health
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin
International Aerospace Abstracts
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
International Petroleum Abstracts
Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
Journal of Chromatography
Journal of Ecology
Journal of Environmental Sciences
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Journal of Fish Biology
Journal of Natural History
Journal of Petroleum Technology
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Limnology and Oceanography
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Journal
Marine Biology
Marine Chemistry
Marine Fisheries Review
Marine Geology
Marine Newsletter
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Science Contents Tables
Marine Technology Society, Journal
Maritime Research Information Service Abstracts
Microbial Ecology
National Fisherman
National Petroleum News
National Research Council, News Report
National Wildlife
Natural History
Nature
Nautilus
Nippon Suisan Gakkai Shi. Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Industry
351
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Ocean Management
Ocean Oil Weekly Report
Oceanic Abstracts
Oceanology
Oceans
Oceanus
Offshore
Oil and Gas Journal
Our Sun
Outdoor California
Pacific Oil World
Petroleum Abstracts
Petroleum Engineer International
Petroleum Today
Pollution Abstracts
Proceedings in Print
Remote Sensing of the Environment
Resources
Royal Society of London, Proceedings, Series B, Biological Sciences
Science
Science News
Science of the Total Environment
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
Sea Frontiers
Sea Secrets
Sea Technology
Selected References on Environmental Quality
Selected Water Resources Abstracts
Sierra Club, San Francisco, Bulletin
The Ecologist
The Engineering Index
Underwater Information Bulletin
Underwater Naturalist
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Water Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control Federation, Journal
Water Research
Water Resources Research: A Journal of the Sciences of Water
Western Fisheries
352
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/2-76-185
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
November 1975 - January 1976
7. AUTHOR(S)
Penelope Melvin and Robin M. Ross
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati. Ohio 45268
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
6. REPORT DATE
July 1976 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB041; ROAP 21BEA; TASK 008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803992
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Quarterly, Nov. '75 - Jan. '76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
r» i ^r\n *"*r\in ^r sirtn nn O>in "7 1 ft • ^DA CTf\ /O ~JC r\AA nn o » o i- «« r-f*n *.«*« .« -
PB-243 724; EPA-600/2-76-113; EPA-600/2-76-129;
16. ABSTRACT
; EPA-670/2-75-059,
and EPA-600/2-76-215
The November 1975 - January 1976 Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports is the sixth
quarterly compilation of oil spill events and oil pollution report summaries.
Presented in the report are: (a) summaries of oil spill events; (b) summaries
and bibliographic literature citations; (c) summaries of current research projects;
and (d) patent summaries. This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of EPA
Grant No. R-803992 by the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa
Barbara, under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Bibliographies
*Summaries
*Patents
*Documents
*Research
Oil pollution
Oil spill events
Oil spill research
Oil pollution control
Oil pollution patents
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UNCLASSIFIED
(This Report)
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage!
UNCLASSIFIED
. NO. OF PAGES
365
22. PRICE
EPA form 2220-1 (9-73)
353
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