EPA-600/2-76-185
July 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
                                             OIL  SPILL  AND
                                 OIL  POLLUTION  REPORTS
                        November 1975  •  January  1976
                                    Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                                         Office of Research and Development
                                         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                 Cincinnati, Ohio  45268

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                 RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

 Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
 Protection  Agency, have been grouped into five  series. These five broad
 categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
 environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
 planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
 The five series are:

     1.    Environmental Health Effects Research
     2.    Environmental Protection Technology
     3.    Ecological Research
     4.    Environmental Monitoring
     5.    Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report has been assigned  to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources  of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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                                             EPA-600/2-76-185
                                             July 1976
           OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS

              November 1975 - January 1976
                           by

            Penelope  Melvin and  Robin  M.  Ross
               Marine  Science  Institute
               University  of California
            Santa Barbara,  California  93106
                   Grant No. R803992
                    Project Officer

                     J. S. Dorrler
        Oil  & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Industrial  Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
               Edison, New Jersey  08817
         U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  AGENCY
         OFFICE  OF  RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT
     INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH  LABORATORY
               CINCINNATI,  OHIO  45268

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                          DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication.  Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
                              11

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                              FOREWORD
     When energy and material resources are extracted,  processed
and used, changes are produced in the existing environment that
in many instances are undesirable.  These undesirable changes result-
ing from botn substances and effects comprise what we define as
pollution.  Pollution of air, land and water may adversely affect
our aesthetic and physical well  being.  Protection of our environment
requires that we recognize and understand the complex interaction
between our industrial society and our environment.

     The Industrial  Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
(IERL-CI) assists in developing and demonstrating new and improved
methodologies aimed at minimizing, abating and preventing pollution
from industrial  and energy-related activities.

     This report cites current events, literature, research, patents,
and other material  relevant to the oil pollution abatement program
and is published in an abstract format on a quarterly basis.  As
such, it serves  as  a basic reference document for all  those interested
in oil spill  and oil pollution control.  This project is part of the
continuing program of the Oil & Hazardous Materials  Spills Branch,
IERL-CI to assess and mitigate the environmental  impact of oil
pollution.
                                       David G.  Stephan
                                          Director
                         Industrial  Environmental  Research  Laboratory
                                         Cincinnati
                                 in

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                        ABSTRACT

 The November  1975 - January 1976 Oil Spill and Oil Pollution
 Reportsis the sixth quarterly compilation of oil pollution
 report summaries.

 The following topics are included in the report:
     a)  Bibliographic literature citations, article
         summaries, and tabulated information on polluting
         incidents in and around U.S. waters;
     b)  Current status of some of the research projects
         listed in previous reports;
     c)  Summaries of additional current research projects;
     d)  Patent summaries;
         and,
     e)  Current oil-related conferences.

This report is submitted in partial  fulfillment of EPA Grant
No. R803992-01 by the Marine Science Institute, University of
California,  Santa Barbara,  California,  under the sponsorship
of the Environmental  Protection  Agency.
                              iv

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                                 CONTENTS
                                                                     Page
Abstract	   iv
Acknowledgments  .	   ix
Introduction 	    x

Sections
I  Publications and Reports
   A.  Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
       1.  Reporting	    1
       2.  Monitoring	   14
       3.  Remote Sensing	   35
       4.  Sampling	,	   41
       5.  Analysis	   44
       6.  Source Identification  .  »_	   60
   B.  Oil Pollution Prevention and  Control
       1.  Containment	   67
       2.  Cleanup and  Recovery   	   71
       3.  Restoration	   91
       4.  Oil  Transfer and Transport	   92
        5.  Design and Engineering	   98
        6.  Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment 	   99
        7.   Contingency  Planning   	   130

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    C.  Effects of Oil Pollution
        1.  Biological Effects  	  133
        2.  Physical Effects  	  151
        3.  Chemical  Effects  	  152
        4.  Economic Effects  	  153
        5.  General  Effects	155
    D.  Effects of Oil  Prospecting and Production
        1.  Biological  Effects  	  163
        2.  Social Effects	167
        3.  Economic Effects  	  168
        4.  General  Effects	170
    E.  Fate of Oil  in the Environment
        1.  Biological  Degradation  	  189
        2.  Physical  Changes  	  200
        3.  Chemical  Changes  	  203
        4.  General  Fate  of Oil	205
    F.  Oil  Pollution Regulations
        1.  State  Legislation  	  209
        2.  U.S.  Legislation	210
        3.  International  Legislation 	  215
        4.  Foreign  Legislation  	  223
        5.  Industry  Standards and Guidelines 	  226
    G.  Bibliographies	227
II  Current  Status of Some of  the  Research Projects Listed in
    Previous Reports
                                    VI

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                                                                       Page
    A.  Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
        1.  Monitoring	231
        2,  Remote Sensing	232
        3.  Analysis	233
    B.  Oil Pollution Prevention and  Control
        1.  Cleanup and  Recovery	237
        2.  Restoration	240
        3.  Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment	241
        4.  Personnel Training and Education   	  243
    C.  Effects  of Oil Pollution
        1.  Biological Effects	 .  244
        2.  Physical  Effects  	  248
        3.  General  Effects	249
    D.  Fate  of  Oil  in the Marine  Environment
        1.  Biological Degradation  	 	   251
        2.  General  Fate of  Oil	•  •  •  •   252

III  Current Research  Projects
    A,  Oil Pollution Detection  and Evaluation
         1.  Reporting	   258
         2.  Monitoring	259
         3.   Remote Sensing   .	   261
         4.   Source Identification	263
     B.   Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
         1.   Containment	264
         2.   Cleanup and Recovery	266
                                     vii

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                                                                       Page
        3.  Waste Water Treatment 	  271
        4.  Personnel Training and Education  	  272
        5.  Contingency Planning  	  273
    C.  Effects of Oil Pollution
        1.  Biological Effects  	  274
        2.  General Effects	280

    D.  Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
        1.  General Effects	282
    E.  Fate of Oil in the Environment
        1.  Biological Degradation  	  284
        2.  Physical Changes  	  286
        3.  General Fate of Oil	287

IV  Patents
    A.  United States Patents  	  289
    B.  Foreign Patents	304

 V  Current Conferences 	  325

 Subject Cross Reference  	  345

 Appendix
                                   viii

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                        ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

     The authors would like to thank Ms. Yvonne Pommerville for
typing the camera-ready copy of Oil Spill and Oil Pollution
Reports.  Her untiring efforts have been greatly appreciated.
We also wish to thank the personnel of the Science-Engineering
and Government Publications Departments of the UCSB Library for
their professional assistance during the research stages of the
project.
                               ix

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                              INTRODUCTION


The purpose of the "Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports" series is to
present a concise, comprehensive information source which provides a
broad field of coverage of oil pollution events, current research, and
oil pollution related publications.  Included are bibliographic citations
and summaries of articles from the scientific and technical literature
(Section I), the status and results of current research project entries
listed in previous reports (Section II), additional current research
projects (Section III), oil pollution related patents (Section IV), and
current oil-related conferences (Section V).

The sources of the bibliographic citations and summaries of articles
presented in Section I are scientific, technical and abstract journals.
All articles entered deal with subjects relating to aquatic or terrestrial
oil pollution.  A list of the periodicals reviewed is provided in the
appendix.  The summarized entries are grouped according to subject and
then arranged alphabetically by senior author within each subject division.
Included under the subject heading, REPORTING, is a special subsection
containing tabulated information concerning discharges of oil reported
to or discovered by Coast Guard personnel during the calendar year 1974.
This information was obtained from the Pollution Incident Reporting System
(PIRS), a part of the Marine Environmental Protection Program, U.S. Coast
Guard.

Section II lists current research project entries appearing in previous
reports and includes descriptive status information provided upon request
by the principal investigators and/or performing organization.  All reports
and publications are entered in summary form.  Most of the given status
information refers to projects listed in Oil Spill and Oil  Pollution
Reports, August-October 1975.  At the end of each entry, the name and
address of the project information source are given.

Current research project summaries (Section III) are grouped according
to subject and then arranged by serial number (R-l-76 to R-35-76) within
each subject division.  Some of the current research projects listed in
previous Oil Pollution Reports have been recently renewed,   These projects
have been relisted and headed by the same serial number as originally
reported, followed by the word (RENEWAL).  Renewal entries will be listed
at the beginning of each subject category.  Research project information
was obtained from the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE),
API Environmental Research, Annual Report for 1975, Maritime Information
Research Service, and several granting agencies and individual researchers.
                                    x

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Patent summaries are divided into United States and foreign subsections
and arranged alphabetically by inventor in each section.  Each entry is
also listed in the subject cross reference index.  All patent information
is obtained from abstract journals and illustrations of United States
patented devices are obtained from the U.S. Patent Office Official  Gazette.

The section, Current Oil-related Conferences, contains descriptive
information on recent and future conferences relating to environmental
oil pollution.  Conference dates are listed; and, when information  is
available, titles, authors and abstracts of conference papers are
included.  All information for this section was obtained from the
periodicals reviewed (Appendix A) and from responses to personal
inquiries concerning the symposia.

All report entries are serialized.  Each section has its own number
series.  The letters preceding the serial  numbers designate the
following sections:  C, citations from the literature; R, research
projects; P, patents.  Many of the entries can be included under more
than one subject heading.  Following each summary are listed any other
topics under which the entry can be categorized.  The subject cross
reference index is provided at the end of the report.

The following tables contain statistics from the USC6 report "Pollution
Incidents in and Around U.S. Waters."  They provide an overview of  the
pollution situation.  Specific data on sources and causes are on pages
7-13.
                       POLLUTION INCIDENTS BY AREA
                              % of total number      % of total volume

Atlantic Coast                      25.6                   20.0

Gulf Coast                          32.6                   21.7

Pacific Coast                       21.7                    8.3

Great  Lakes                          3.5                    3.4

Inland U.S.                         16.6                   46.6

                       POLLUTION  INCIDENTS  BY  LOCATION

                              %  of  total  number      %  of total  volume

Rivers,  Channels                     24.1                    33.6

Ports  and  Harbors                    38.2                    24.5

Beaches,                              g 5                    „  g
Non-navigable Waters .                3>0                    Jl3'y

Open Coastal  Waters                 12.3                     5.0

Open Internal  Waters                15.9                     3.0

                                    xi

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TYPE OF MATERIAL DISCHARGE
Number of
incidents
Crude oil
Gasoline
Other distillate
fuel oil
Solvent
Diesel oil
Asphalt or residual
fuel oil
Animal or vegetable oil
Waste oil
Other oil
Liquid chemical
Other pollutant
(sewage, dredge, spoil,
chemical wastes, etc,)
Natural substance
Other material
Unknown material
TOTAL
3,639
545
322
44
1,833
1,127
57
1,094
2,774
222
162
105
199
1,843
13,966
% of
total
26.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
13.0
8.0
0.0
8.0
21.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
13.0
100.0
Volume in
gallons
9,028,262
1,045,603
1,824,130
13,114
1,120,862
1,908,752
27,316
111,900
728,497
913,027
31 ,792
1,528
104,709
56,816
16,916,308
% of
total
53.0
6.0
11.0
0.0
7.0
11.0
0.0
1.0
4.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
100.0
          xii

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                    SECTION I.  PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS
A.  OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION

    1.   REPORTING

        C-2-76
        FLA. OFFICIALS SEEK CAUSES OF OIL SPILLS

        Anon.  1975.
        National Fisherman 56(6):25A.

        Three oil spills, one of which stretched 100 miles and was about
        60,000 gallons, occurred in July offshore Florida.  Investigators
        believe the source of all three was tankers illegally cleaning
        their tanks or oily bilges offshore.  Florida state law prescribes
        a maximum $50,000 per day for such polluters; and the "oil-
        fingerprint" method will help trap the culprit.

        Source identification
        State legislation

        Citation Source:  Citation Journal

        C-l-76
        CLOSER GOVERNMENT LIAISON COULD INCREASE SPILL REPORTS

        Anon.  1975.
        Canadian Petroleum 20(8):28-32.

        Oil  spill reporting is on the increase in Canada, from 113 events
        in  1972 to 662 in 1974.  These figures may still represent only
        10% of the total oil spillage accidents.  Of the total number of
        gallons of oil spilled, about 18% comes from marine activities,
        60% from pipelines and the remaining 22% from other sources.

        Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(45):#212,832.  1975.


        C-3-76
        OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.
        USER'S MANUAL  (OHM-SIRS)

        Anon.  1975.
        EPA/DF-75/OOla.  17 p.

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 The objective of this manual  is to guide those who prepare spill
 reports for the Division of Oil and Special  Materials  Control,
 and who expect to use the system in preparing regional  analytical
 studies.   These data are needed not only for Congress,  EPA,  OMB
 and the public for information, but also to  support the Spill
 Prevention Program.

 Contingency planning

 Citation  Source:   Government  Reports Announcements 75(21):
                   #PB-243662/4GA.   1975.

 C-4-76
 TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.   NO.  20

 Anon.   1974.
 U.S.  Joint Publication  Research Service,  JPRS-61579.  42 p.

 Articles  from the world press have been  translated and  combined
 in  this publication.  The subjects covered include ocean pollution,
 pollution of the  Elbe,  ozone  treatment of sewage,  and the hazards
 of  oils,  halogens, mercury and petrochemicals.

 General effects of oil  pollution

 Citation  Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information Bulletin 5(2):
                   #HMS4373.   1975.

 C-5-76
 TRANSLATIONS  ON ENVIRONMENTAL  QUALITY.  NO.  62

 Anon.   1974.
 Translations  of monographs  from various journals,  JPRS-63307.
 49  p.

 Included  in  these  translations  are the following topics  as they
 relate to  the  USSR:  Ukraine  environment  measures, water  and
 air pollution  problems, effect  of man-made lakes on the  environ-
 ment,  city  industrial sewage apparatus, marine oil pollution
 prevention and  reduction  of air pollution in the petrochemical
 industry.

 General effects of oil pollution

 Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05076.  1975.

C-6-76
UPDATING THE NAVY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DATA BASE TO
 INCORPORATE OIL SPILL CLEAN-UP PERFORMANCE

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Antonelli, J.  1975.
Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Report NPS-55T075061.
70 p.

Methods of reporting, collecting and distributing information
to and from the Navy Environmental  Protection Data Base are
proposed.  The reporting aspect consists of a contingency plan,
an initial report and an after action report.

Contingency planning

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
                  #AD-A012 663/IGA.  1975.


C-7-76
CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Bardin, D. J., and P. Mandelbaum.  1974.
Israel Prime Minister's Office, Environmental Protection Service,
mimeographed papers.  14 p.

Israeli pollution of the Mediterranean is surveyed; the pollution
sources include oil, urban and industrial sewage, chemical, thermal
and radioactive pollution.  The problem is discussed from legal,
technical, economic, legislative and enforcement viewpoints.
Possible solutions are reviewed.

Foreign legislation

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04754.  1975.

C-8-76
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.  CATALOG
SECTION  I 'THROUGH 111

Berkowitz, J. B., C. R. Schimke, and V. R. Valeri.  1973.
U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency Technology Series,
EPA-R2-73-179b, c,  d.  1,386 p.

This  three  volume  series presents information in tabular form.
A description of the product  (name, number,  uses, etc.), the toxic
effect, oxygen demand, eutrophication, presence of oil or tars,
and chemical composition are some  of the characteristics listed.
A bibliography of manufacturers  is listed in Volume III.

Biological effects  of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(42):#211,754.  T975.

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C-9-76
MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE AND NONVOLATILE HYDROCARBONS IN SELECTED
AREAS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

Brown, R. A., T. D. Sear!, and E. B. Prestridge.  1975.
Final Report, AID.20BA.75, EE.13TMR.75 MA-RD-920-75063, Contract
C-5-3800.  45 p.

Selected areas of the Atlantic Ocean were sampled for total
dispersed nonvolatile hydrocarbons and extractable organics.
Data from surface and subsurface water agree with previous
measurements.  Previously unsampled South America waters had
hydrocarbon concentrations at the same level as northern
waters.

Sampling

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #COM-75-1111210GA.  1975.
C-10-76
OIL SPILLS AND SPILLS OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

Environmental Protection Agency Oil and Special Materials Control
Division.  Office of Water Program Operations.  1975.

This document is an update of the "Oil Spills and Spills of
Hazardous Substances" publication prepared in 1973.  Some of the
more significant spill incidents and the mechanisms, both
managerial and technological, used to deal with them are described.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-ll-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF VESSEL WASTES IN DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR

Gumtz, G. D., D. M. Jordan, and R. Waller.  1974.
Report EPA-670/2-74-097.  51 p.

Bilge water, non-oily ballast water, sewage, garbage/refuse and
dunnage from U.S., Canadian and foreign commercial vessels were
wastes studied in the Duluth-Superior Harbor during 1973.  Bilge
water was found to be a substantial  pollution problem:  on the
average about 40 liters of oil may be discharged during each day
a vessel spends in the harbor.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(15):
                  #W75-07701.  1975.

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C-12-76
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
(OHM-SIRS), 1 JUL 72-31 DEC 74

Hess, R. E., and J. H. Wright.  1974.
Data file, 1 reel magnetic tape EPA/DF-75/001.

There are 10,600 records in this data file.   Information provided
includes:  name of material spilled, location and date of spill
occurrence; quantity spilled and quantity entering water, source
of spill, cause of spill, damages caused by spill, actions taken
and by whom, and comments.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
                  #PB-243 661/6GA.  1975.
C-13-76                                •<
MASSIVE MITSUBISHI REFINERY OIL SPILL IN  SETO INLAND SEA

Mitsubishi Oil Co.  1975.
Japan Environmental Summary 3(4):2-3.

The 43,000 kilolitre oil spill which occurred in December, 1974,
is described.  Approximately 9000 kilolitres escaped into the
sea.  Estimated damage is at least $50 million.

Economic effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes  Information Bulletin 5(4):
                   #HMS 4720.  1975.
C-14-76
INPUTS

Pearson, E. A.  1975.
Petroleum  in the Marine Environment, a Workshop on Inputs, Fates,
and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Airlie,
Virginia,  1973.  p. 1-18.

Worldwide  inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons into the oceans are
summarized.  Statistical input information is given for natural
seeps, offshore drilling and production operations, offshore
accidents, losses during the course of marine transportation,
coastal refineries, municipal and industrial wastes, urban runoff
and river  runoff.

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
                  #5Q10170.  1975.

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C-15-76
OIL TANKER RAMS OIL RIG OFF LOUISIANA; A VISION OF DISASTERS TO
COME?

Schueler, D. G.  1975.
Audubon 77(6):118-119.

On August 15, 1975, the oil tanker, "Globtik Sun," rammed a
Chevron rig nearly 100 miles off the Louisiana coast and burst
into flames.  Weather conditions were ideal, but the ship was
not following one of the safety fairways recommended by the
Coast Guard.  The spill involved only a small part of the  cargo,
but the incident revealed the present confusing state of inter-
national law and the potential for disaster off Louisiana.

General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-16-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF BALLAST WATER

Shewmaker, J. E., R. R. Goodrich, Jr., and R. J. Skocypec.  1974.
Exxon Research and Manufacturing Co., EE.3TMR.74.  83 p.

The concentration levels of oil, suspended solids, BOD sub 5,
COD, pH, ammonia, phenols and sulphides were measured in ballast
water from 9 tankers.  Oil contents found in dirty ballast of clean
oil product tankers were slightly higher than those found on crude
oil carriers.  BOD, COD and suspended solids levels were often
greater in dirty ballast than those in the seawater taken on as
ballast.

Citation Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#095137.  1975.
C-17-76
THE NORTH SEA

Weichart, G.  1974.
Environment 16(l):29-33.

This article contains a review of the sources of waste materials
entering the North Sea.  These pollutants, including oils,
phosphorus and phosphates,and nitrogen compounds, make the North
Sea one of the most heavily polluted sea areas in the world.

Source identification

Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                  IHMS 3290. 1975.

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                                   SOURCE AND CAUSE
                                                     Number of Incidents
                                                      Volume in gal Ions

                                                            CAUSE

                                                     Transportation
Hull/tank
rupture/ Teak
17
63,964
4
226
154
957,790
332
2,289,120
n
15,118
194
125,530
19
298,992
53
114,262
3
2,025
5 c

611,215
40
103,618
11
79,511
10
1.0,171
40
74,364
2
600
7
20,014
7
26,181
2
55
357
14
35,648
19
32,643
952
4,861,431
pipeline rupture/
leak
2
11
X
2
451
4
300
1
25
1
150
X
X
X
2
315
3
417
X
5
182
5
1,380
241
4,509,806
11
4,295
3
160
1
5
3
1,550
1
25
1
30
286
4,519,102
Other structur.
failure
5
150
. 2
190
18
3,123
16
676
2
51
86
16,400
3
TTrfl
16
14,267
2
6,505
4
142
11
44,958
12
11,104
11
1,078
26
75,217
1
2
9
440
5
If
3
71
6
99
10
12,833
21
8,065
269
196,517
SOURCE

VESSELS
Dry cargo ships


Dry cargo barges


Tankships


Tank barges


Combatant vessels


Other vessels

LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles


Highway vehicles


Other/unknown vehicles

NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery                    "


Onshore bulk storage


Onshore production facility


Offshore production facility


Other facilities


PIPELINES

MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer


Onshore/offshore fueling

Onshore/offshore non-bulk
  cargo transfer

Other transportation-related
  marine facility

LAND FACILITIES


MISC/UNKNOWN


TOTAL
These tables  include data relating to oil discharges  in the United States and
contiguous waters during the calendar year 1974.  The information was obtained from
the U.S. Coast Guard pamphlet,  "Pollution Incidents in and Around U.S. Waters," and
is based on incidents reported  to or discovered by Coast Guard personnel.

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SOURCE AND CAUSE (cont.)
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
On shore/ off shore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOWN
TOTAL
Pipe rupture/
leak
14
2,312
X
40
1,534
14
308
4
190
23
67792
2
100
3
38
2
3,840
19
111,096
30
78,368
141
421,950
756
51 ,068
88
189,857
237
1,343,797
40
29,559
13
6,766
2
90
8
241
18
17,577
32
37,036
1,490
2,302,546
Number of incidents

Volume in gallons
CAUSE
Hose rupture/
leak Valve failure
7
139
1
3
27
6,320
30
3,501
6
400
27
1,262
X
22
3,701
1
1
5
890
5
121,004
8
528
29
286
20
8,037
11
23,111
31
4^f6
9
115
2
5
8
43
12
12,091
6
21,253
268
207,507
6
584
X
75
25,474
45
4,843
28
5,080
28
581
2
23,000
4
1,161
X
6
594
13
25,761
41
159,997
186
45,124
' 17
8,028
11
29,624
21
8,037
8
217
4
38
5
204
5
8,701
5
20,061
510
367,109

-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE (cont.)
                      Number of incidents
Volume in gallons

SOURCE Pump
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bul k
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOUN
TOTAL

failure
3
278
X
11
749
7
46
2
50
7
265
X
2
52
X
3
5,201
6
3,622
9
11,345
107
1,971
8
41052
2
25,200
9
73,182
X
1
3
2
TS
2
SBT
3
542
184
127,435
CAUSE
Other rupture/
leak
3
1,003
X
8
2,670
6
1^04
1
75
X
X
X
X
1
3
2
1,010
2
2
tie
X
X
8
290
2
35
X
X
1
247
X
39
97265

Other equipment
failure
29
892
5
182
51
4,552
83
25,368
24
1,245
62
17682
6
37,105
23
17,606
1
1
25
12,488
28
204,946
97
93,725
697
25,938
121
20,647
11
90,778
64
9,769
10
1,040
4
5,836
11
333
22
36,765
35
13,163
1,409
605,461

-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE  (cont.)
                     Number of incIdents
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankshlps
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOWt
Tank overflow
98
8
253
213
50,983
153
71,478
78
9,644
192
18,800
1
100
40
12,543
2
35
18
8,194
49
248,320
8
32,135
62
8,480
74
45,856
3
9,460
30
1,015,552
4
9
5
39
4
18
28
11,759
21
34,300
1,094
Volume in gallons
CAUSE
Improper valve
operation
13
845"
X
42
13,964
16
9,205
17
2,452
20
23,649
1
1,870
3
1,700
X
3
455
11
82,855
4
556
2
230
14
40,895
4
2,014
15
19,433
1
5
1
1
3
94
3
5,770
3
4,206
176
Improper hose
handling
7
13
X
14
1,394
19
1,221
10
343
28
1,104
X
18
4,768
X
3
13
5
105
X
1
5
8
55
X
20
1,429
6
10
X
1
30
3
T50
T
3
144
          1,590,014
210,199
10,643
           10

-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE  (cont.}
                     Number of Incidents



SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges

Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles

NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities

PIPELINES

MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UN KNOWN

TOTAL



Other improper
Volume in gal
CAUSE
Other
equipment handling personnel
operation error

13
T7875
X

48
1,883
33
2,200
25
1,343
42
974

4
1,562
20
30,857
3
6


504
16
2T9T6
9
14,485
4
28
52
28,713
5
92

24
4,368
6
74
3
74
6
61
11
3,526
10
793
342
94,666

32
7T9
7
Ol C
315
67
2,308
39
51,556
27
806
81
1,966

7
27,251
56
86,970
5
2,855

9
5,795
9
2TT43
11
13,183
10
139
91
31,220
11
26,094

26
73,034
6
66
9
46
11
180
14
25,968
42
1,438
571
354,053
Ions


Bilge pumping

40
3755T
1
0
74
39,859
1
40
10
440
145
3TW

1
300
X



X
1
0
X
X
x

x
A

X
X

X
2
125
X
15
257
290
49,503
        11

-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE  (cont.)
Number of Incidents
Volume In gallons
CAUSE



Natural or
Ballast Other intentional chronic
SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges

Tanks hips
Tank barges
Combatant vessels

Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery

Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility

Other facilities

PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility

LAND FACILITIES

MISC/UNKNOWN

TOTAL
pumping
9
180
X
1C
1 J
1 ,734
X
1
200
5
225
X
X
X
1
25

X
X
X

X

X


X
V
A
X

X

X
31
2,364
discharge

21
1
0
17
794
5
237
6
22
37
29,129
X
19
8,361
5
2,356
8
15,138
18
72T947
8
23,542
2
47
86
53,034
5
19 122
i y 9 its.
6
3,047
2
T7652
2
256
7
27
21
61,377
53
1,690
316
292,193
phenomenon

X
1
1
1
. 0
3
3
2
6
8
227
2
T7494
6
5,9.01
1
2
17
508
24
10,748
4
4^247
39
4,424
57
60,905
5
122,550
22
17,626
2
70
1
50
3
23
11
165
171
T2T465
380
241,410
         12

-------
SOURCE AND CAUSE
(cont.)
         Number of  incidents


SOURCE
VESSELS
Dry cargo ships
Dry cargo barges
Tankships
Tank barges
Combatant vessels
Other vessels
LAND VEHICLES
Rail vehicles
Highway vehicles
Other/unknown vehicles
NON-TRANSPORTATION-RELATED FACILITIES
Onshore refinery
Onshore bulk storage
Onshore production facility
Offshore production facility
Other facilities
PIPELINES
MARINE FACILITIES
Onshore/offshore bulk cargo transfer
Onshore/offshore fueling
Onshore/offshore non-bulk
cargo transfer
Other transportation-related
marine facility
LAND FACILITIES
MISC/UNKNOUN
TOTAL
Volume in gal
CAUSE
Unknown
39
1,525
1
100
91
316,366
25
47814"
22
2,060
277
18,740
3
61,075
8
5,576
3
15
19
58
_JO_
7,805
18
10,705
80
47450
105
57211
TTOT2
21 •
T7i78~
8
T\Q
i
12
132
23
1.626
4.377
415.389
5.156
858.086
Ions

Total
346
89T7T7"
31
1,270
973
1,434,168
833
2,468,724
278
39,552
1.265
253,007
51
453,964
294
313,943
28
17,641
155
772,634
281
1,011,543
383
877,010
2.006
153,771
819
653,148
557
6,205,372
367
1,286,289
93
35794T
41
6,569
98
3,538
200
235,209
4,823
603,626
13,942
6,916,958
            13

-------
2.   MONITORING
    C-18-76
    SAMPLING ERRORS IN THE QUANTITATION OF PETROLEUM IN BOSTON
    HARBOUR WATERS

    Ahmed, A. M., M.  D. Beasley, A.  C. Efromson, and A. C.  Hites.
    1974.
    Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum).   NBS Special  Publication
    No. 409.  p. 109-112.

    Summary not available.

    Citation Source:   Underwater Information  Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1337,
                      1975.
    C-19-76
    DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS WITH SALWICO POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

    Anon.  1975.
    Marine Week 2(5):26.

    The Salwico oil pollution monitoring system monitors all  normal
    black and white oils.  The device concentrates the oil before
    scanning for discoloration and gas evaporation.  The sample water
    is fed through a filter band and moved at a constant velocity.
    The oil density (discoloration) per unit area of the band is a
    direct function of the oil content in the water, and is measured
    by a photo cell.  The design of the system is further described.

    Design and engineering

    Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                      #W75-10272.  1975.
    C-20-76
    INFRARED OIL FILM MONITOR

    Anon.  1975.
    Product Information.

    A new infrared oil film monitor uses infrared reflectance to
    detect oil on water without water contact.  The monitor is
    weatherproof and rugged, giving at least six months of continuous
    unattended service.  FFI contact:  Wright & Wright, Inc.*
    80 Winchester St., Newton, Mass. 02161.

    Citation Source:  The Oil and Gas Journal 73(46):90.  1975.
                                   14

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C-21-76
NOAA FLEET TO MONITOR OIL SLICKS

Anon.  1975.
Ocean Industry 10(11):70.

As part of the United Nations'  program called Integrated Global
Ocean Station System (IGOSS), NOAA's 25-ship fleet will  monitor
oil slicks and sample oil tar balls and dissolved petroleum
hydrocarbons from the water surface in the Atlantic and  Pacific
Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico and the Bering Sea.   The1data will  be
exchanged among nations in order to assess ocean contamination.

Sampling

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-22-76
OIL DETECTION SYSTEM

Anon.
Product Information.

The Spectrogram oil detection buoy operates on the principle that
if oil is irradiated with a high energy emission, the sample will
reradiate lower energy of a longer wavelength.  This wavelength
is a function of the molecular composition of the oil type.  The
present system of a land station, 3 buoys and the interconnecting
cables is in operation in a large transfer slip on Long Island
Sound.

Citation Source:  Herbert R. Gram, President, Spectrogram Corporation,
                  385 State St., North Haven, Conn. 06473.
C-23-76
SEMINAR ON METHODOLOGY FOR MONITORING THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Anon.  1974.
EPA, Office of Monitoring Systems, EPA 600/4-74-004.  436 p.

Among the subjects covered in this seminar are:  surface slick
sampling and analysis; recent studies of crude oils and oil-
dispersant mixtures in the Red Sea; comparison of species diversity
and spatial homogeneity indices as criteria of change in biological
communities; and microbiological methods for monitoring marine
waters for possible health effects.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(8):
                  #PB-239 052/4GA.  1975.
                                  15

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C-24-76
No title given

Anon.  1975.
Product Information.

The Brill Oil Spill Sentry provides warnings of oil spills in time
to minimize both the loss of spilled oil and expense of extensive
cleanup.  The system includes an automatic skimmer that collects
spilled oil in storage tanks.

Cleanup and recovery
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Petroleum Engineer International 47(11):EM14.
                  1975.
C-25-76
A FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE FOR MONITORING OIL POLLUTION

Ball, J. E>  1975.
Physics Education 10(1):42-43.

When using this technique the sample is first irradiated with
UV light, then the fluorescence is measured using a photomulti-
plier tube.  If the oil concentration in the effluent is below
10 ppm, the oil is collected with a ptfe drum.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
                  #HMS 3554.  1975.
C-26-76
EFFECT OF AN OIL SPILL ON BENTHIC ANIMALS IN THE LOWER YORK
RIVER, VIRGINIA

Bender, M. E., J. L. Hyland, and T. K. Dincan.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 257-260.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin  7(4):#7508/1379.
                  1975.
C-27-76
MONITORING OIL IN TROUBLED WATER

Bond, A.  1975.
Process Engineering (February 1975):73.
                                16

-------
Several companies offer oil  pollution monitors for the continuous
monitoring of oil in water at the 0 to 10 ppm level, usually in
condensate returns to boiler feed water systems.   Oil pollution
detectors are also available for use in industrial effluents,
rivers and seawater; the lowest detection level  is 5 ppm.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-28-76
U.S. COAST GUARD - FOCAL POINT IN MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL

Booda, L. A.  1975.
Sea Technology 16(10):16-17.

The Coast Guard  is responsible for law and regulation enforcement
in the marine environment and for marine pollution control.  Three
Strike Teams are one new addition to the program.  Research and
development is also making progress with cleanup and recovery
problems, monitoring,and source identification.  Tighter traffic
control will also be necessary to reduce accidents.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-29-76
SAMPLING MARINE  ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENTS FOR HIGH PRECISION GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC  ANALYSIS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Bruce, H. E., and S. P. Cram.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring  (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Juhghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No.  409.  p. 181-182.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1363.
                  1975.

C-30-76
QUANTITATIVE MONITORING AND AVAILABILITY OF PELAGIC  TAR IN THE
NORTH ATLANTIC

Butler, J. N., and  B. F. Morris.   1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring  (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication No.  409.^ p. 75-78.

Summary not available.

Citation Source: Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1339.
                  1975.

                                 17

-------
C-31-76
MARITIME CONSIDERATION OF OIL TRANSPORTATION

Casey, H. F.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 33-40.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin  7(4) : #7508/1 345.
                  1975.

C-32-76
EVALUATION OF THIN FILM OIL SAMPLERS

Chang, W. J., and J. R. Jadamec.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 85-88.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin  7(4):#7508/1343.
                  1975.
METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING LEVELS OF PETROLEUM CONTAMINATION IN
ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENT AS RELATED TO MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING

Clark, R. C., Jr.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 19741  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 189-194.

A review with 15 references.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(9):#72775t.  1975.

C-34-76
STUDYING THE SEA FROM THE AIR

Connelly, W.  1975.
Ocean Industry 10(11): 72, 74.

Small aircrafts have uses in marine research in the  areas of
direct and remote sensing of data and sample collection.  The
possible tasks include:  water current measurements  and mass
transport, surface water temperature, bottom topography, under-
water acoustics, water samples (i.e., oil slick  samples before
weathering) and STD/sound velocity.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

                               18

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C-35-76
MOVEMENT OF SPILLED OIL IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY AS PREDICTED BY
ESTUARINE NONTIDAL DRIFT

Conomos, T. J.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum),  NBS Special  Publication
No. 409.  p. 97-100.  '

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1335.
                  1975.
C-36-76
POLLUTION CONTROL AT A LARGE CHEMICAL COMPLEX

Cox, A. P.  1974.
Chemical Engineer (London) 107:99-101.

The quality of the effluents flowing into the River Mersey from
the Shell Chemical Plant at Carrington, Manchester, has been
surveyed.  The results are reported.

Reporting

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
                  #HMS 3111.  1975.
C-37-76
FLUORESCENCE MONITORING STUDY AT OCEAN WEATHER STATION 'P'

Cretney, W. J., and C. S. Wong,  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 175-180.

Nine locations in the Pacific Ocean west of Victoria were
monitored for fluorescent compounds.  Using chrysene as the
standard, an average concentration of 0.016 ppb of fluorescent
compounds was found.  These data will form the baseline for
monitoring future petroleum pollution of the ocean.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120543q.  1975.
C-38-76
OIL POLLUTION ALONG THE INDIAN COASTL&NE

Divivedi, S. N., and A. H. Parulckar.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum).  NBS Special Publication
No. 409.  p. 101-108.

                                19

-------
 Summary not  available.

 Citation Source:   Underwater  Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1336,
                   1975.
 C-39-76
 DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

 Douglas, B.   1975.
 Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School.  89 p.

 The prototype of an oil-water pollution monitor was developed
 and tested.   Using this monitoring system, it was possible to
 specify the concentration of any oil, independent of type, in
 a  known water sample.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
                  #AD-A012 460/2GA.  1975.
C-40-76
ANALYSES OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS RESULTS OF IDOE
INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISES

Farrington, J. W., J. M. Teal, J. G. Quinn, P. L. Parker,
J. K. Winters, T. L. Wade, and K. Burns.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 163-166.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1359.
                  1975.
C-41-76
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING:  TRACE ELEMENTS IN PERSISTENT
TAR BALL OIL RESIDUES

Feldman, M. H., and D. E. Cawlfield.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed,).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p.  237-242.

Neutron activation and trace element analyses were used to '
analyze tar balls and oil residues.  In conjunction with a
                               20

-------
computer system, this methodology adds further compositional  data
to the information gained while monitoring tar balls.   This
information is useful in the evaluation of the ecological  impact
of oil films on marine waters.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#12388t.   1975.
C-42-76
ANALYSIS STANDARDS AND INTERCOMPARISON OF DATA

Galler, S. R.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed,).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 29-32.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin  7(4):#7508/1344.
                  1975.
C-43-76
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SEAWATER ALONG THE HALIFAX-BERMUDA
SECTION:  LESSONS REGARDING SAMPLING AND SOME RESULTS

Gordon, D. C., and P. D. Keizer.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum).  NBS Special Publication
No. 409.  p. 113-116.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1338.
                  1975.
C-44-76
METHODS FOR TRACE ORGANIC ANALYSIS IN SEDIMENTS AND MARINE
ORGANISMS

Hertz, H. S., S. N. Chesler, W. E. May, B. H. Gump, D. P. Enagonic,
and S. P. Cram.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 197-200.

Summarycnot available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1367.
                  1975.
                                 21

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C-45-76
THE USE OF CITIZEN-VOLUNTEER GROUPS FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE

Herz, M. J.  1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975,  New York, N. Y., Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975.  p. 697-699.

The organization and operation of a citizen-volunteer group with
the objective of protecting the marine environment is described.
This previously untapped source needs basic training, but it
then can effectively supplement agency activities in the areas
of developing remote sensing techniques, offering logistic
support, conducting water monitoring and assisting in the detec-
tion of illegal discharges.

Personnel training and education

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-46-76
SURVEY ANALYSES FOR PETROLEUM DERIVED HYDROCARBONS IN THE OCEAN

Hori, S.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 27-28.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1350.
                  1975.
C-47-76
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

Houlchan, T. M., and B. D. Tyler.  1975.
Annual Progress Report No, NPS-59HM 75071A.  87 p.

The progress in the development and testing of an automatic oil
pollution monitoring system is documented.  Oil concentrations
are determined using a direct difference method of total organic
carbon determination.  Preliminary investigations on prototype
improvements were begun, and concentrations of oil in bilge
water samples were determined.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #AD-A014 552/4GA.  1975.
                                22

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C-48-76
OIL POLLUTION MONITORS

International Combustion Division - Riley Unit.
Product Information.

"Monitors detect and measure oil  pollution of waters by
fluorescence measurement."  FFI contact:   International
Combustion Division - Riley Unit, Sinfui  Lane, Derby DE29GJ.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
                  #HMS 3536.  1975.
C-49-76
INSTRUMENTATION FOR OIL POLLUTION MEASUREMENT

Jeffery, P. G., J. Nightingale, and D. J. A. Woodley.  1973.
Pollution Monitor No. 13:32-33.

"A sea surface sampler, an oil-thickness gauge and an oil-
thickness monitor, all developed by the Warren Spring Laboratory,
are described."

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
                  #HMS 4148.  1975.
C-50-76
PELAGIC TAR IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AND CARIBBEAN SEA

Jeffrey, L. M., W. E. Pequegnat, E. A. Kennedy, A. Vos, and
B. J. James.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed,).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 233-236.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater  Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1373.
                  1975.
 C-51-76
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS  IN THE  IDENTIFICATION OF ASPHALTS AND OTHER
 PETROLEUM  PRODUCTS

 Kawakara,  F.  K.   1974.
 Marine Pollution  Monitoring  (Petroleum).  NBS Special Publication
 No.  409.   p.  145-148.
                                23

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Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1334.
                  1975.

C-52-76
MONITORING ESTUARINE CIRCULATION AND OCEAN WASTE DISPERSION USING
AN INTEGRATED SATELLITE-AIRCRAFT-DROGUE APPROACH

Klemas, V., G. Davis, and H. Wang.  1975.
E75-10317, NASA-CR-142919, Contract NA55-20983.  2 p.

An integrated satellite-aircraft-drogue approach utilizes
remotely tracked expendable drogues together with satellite
observations of oil slicks, waste plumes and natural  tracers.
Tests indicate that the system provides a cost-effective means
of monitoring current circulation and verifying oil slicks and
ocean waste dispersion models even under severe environmental
conditions.

Remote sensing

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                  13(17):#N75-26461.  1975.

C-53-76
MONITORING THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER

Kroon, D. J., et al.  1974.
Phillips Technical Review 34(5/6):113-122.

A monitoring system should provide information about a number
of physical and chemical parameters relating to oxygen balance
and eutrophication, and to concentrations of toxic components
such as mineral oils, phenols, certain trace elements and
organic micro-pollutants.  A description of a developed monitoring
station is given.

Citation Source:  Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(5):#3464.
                  1975.

C-54-76
VALUE OF OIL POLLUTION MONITORING IN MARINE ORGANISMS

La Roche, G.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 249-250.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1376.
                  1975.
                                24

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C-55-76
ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTIONS:  SOURCES, HEALTH EFFECTS, MONITORING,
AND CONTROL

Leh, F. K. V., and R. K. C. Lak.  1974,
Springfield, Illinois, Bannerstone House, 1974.   288 p.

Aspects of global environmental problems discussed in this book
include:  air and water pollutant sources,  health and economic
effects of air and water pollution, monitoring methods and
pollution control methods.

Biological effects of oil pollution
Economic effects of oil pollution
Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Journal Water Pollution Control Federation
                  49(9):560a.  1975.
C-56-76
DISPERSED AND PARTICULATE PETROLEUM RESIDUES IN THE GULF OF
ST. LAWRENCE

Levy, E. M., and A. Walton.  1974.
Physical processes Responsible for Dispersal of Pollutants in
the Sea, Arhus, Denmark, 1972.  Abstract,   p. 76.

The concentrations of petroleum residues in the waters off the
east coast of Canada were monitored on an  annual basis, beginning
in 1970.  Fresh oil or tarry particles on  surface waters were
encountered at 50% of the stations observed.  No firm evidence
existed to indicate an appreciable change  in the concentration
of these residues between 1970 and 1971.

Citation Source:  Rapports et Procds-Verbaux des Reunions 167:76.
                  1974.
C-57-76
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND AIR-WATER EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF
HYDROCARBONS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Mackay, D., and W.-Y. Shiu.  1975.
Chemistry and Physics of Aqueous Gas Solutions.  W. A. Adams, G,
Greer, and J. E. Desnoyers (eds.).  Princeton, N. J.» Electro-
chemical Society, Inc., 1975.  p. 93-110.

A simple mathematical model on the process of hydrocarbon
introduction and removal in the surface waters of the ocean is
                                25

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 used  to  help  select  hydrocarbons for monitoring ocean oil
 pollution.  The physical and biological factors in the process
 include  solubility,  vapor pressure, and air-water exchange
 rates.

 Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120383n.  1975.
C-58-76
MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE
IN THE FIELD OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

MSte", B.  1975.
Water Research 9(11):1013-1014.

The CMEA Conference of Heads of Water Services has agreed on
certain programmes:  (1) more effective methods for effluent
treatment; (2) new analysis techniques (including those for
petroleum); (3) monitoring; (4) evaluation of agricultural
chemicals; (5) pollution control of surface and ground waters
(oil is stressed)i (6) prediction of the effects on water quality
of effluent discharges; (7) effects of thermal discharges; and
(8) standardization of equipment used in water management.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Citation Journal.
C-59-76
OIL DETECTION OR REMOVAL RESEARCH - TASK FORCE STATUS REPORT

Matovich, M. A.  1975.
Annual API Production Division Meeting, Dallas, 1975.  p. N-l - N-4.

The Oil Detection and Removal (ODOR) Subcommittee of the API was
formed to define and implement research and development programs
in the areas of oil detection, measurement and removal from
produced water and solids.  Summaries of activities in each of
these topic areas are given.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(39):#210,882.  1975.
C-60-76
TAR BALL SAMPLING IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC

McGowan, W. E., W. A. Sauer, and G. L. Hufford.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum).  National  Bureau of
Standards Special Publication No. 409.  p. 83-84.
                                 26

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Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1341.
                  1975.
C-61-76
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS OF WATER SURFACES

McMullen, A. I., et al.  1975.
American Laboratory 7(2):87-92.

A new system for detecting insoluble pollutants on water surfaces
is based on a method for recording indigenous film pressures on
natural waters.  It can detect  oil polluted water in rivers,
harbors, canals, reservoirs and  irrigation catchments, and give
a warning,

Analysis

Citation Source:  Environment Abstracts 5(10):#75-06477.  1975.


C-62-76
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS OF WATER SURFACES

McMullen, A. I., J. F.  Monk, and M. J. Stuart.  1975.
International Laboratory (Jan.  Feb.):54-61.

The principle and operation of  a system which can detect oil
polluted water are described.  The basis of the system is a
specially developed method for  recording indigenous film pressures
on natural bodies of water and  the effects of weather, oil,
surfactants, etc.  The apparatus can be used in a wide variety
of places.  The principle could  also be applied to detergent
or sewage pollution.

Monitoring
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Environmental  Health and Pollution Control 8(7):
                  #1939.  1975.
C-63-76
IDOE-5 INTERCALIBRATION SAMPLE:  RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OFFER
SIXTEEN MONTHS STORAGE

Medeiros, G. C., and J. W. Farrington.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
                                27

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 Standards,  Maryland,  1974.   R.  C.  Junghans  (ed.).  NBS Special
 Publication No.  409.   p.  167-70,

 Summary  not available.

 Citation Source:   Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1360.
                   1975.
 C-64-76
 DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF VIDEO SYSTEM FOR AIRBORNE SURVEILLANCE OF
 OIL  SPILLS

 Millard, J. P., J. C. Arvesen, and P. L. Lewis.  1975.
 NASA-TM-X-62429, A-6047, CG-D-95-75.  25 p.

 The  development, testing and evaluation of five video systems
 potentially useful for airborne surveillance of oil spills are
 described.  Greatly enhanced oil spill detection, relative to
 that possible with the unaided eye, was achieved.  The most prac-
 tical video system is a conventional TV camera with a silicon-
 diode-array image tube, Corning 7-54 filter and a polarizer with
 its  principal axis oriented horizontally.

 Remote sensing
 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                  13(18):#N75-27539.  1975.
C-65-76
BAILEY OIL CONTENT MONITOR

Moreau, J. 0.  1975.
Final report on Task 7, January 73-December 74, EE.16TMR.75MA-RD-
930-75068.  60 p.

Previous tests have shown the Bailey Oil Content Monitor (BOCM)
to function as a trend indicator to monitor changes in oil  con-
centration in tanker ballast water.  This project's purpose was
to improve the quantitative accuracy of the device.  As a result
of this work, techniques were developed to reduce some of the
BOCM errors^ however, several other potential  sources of BOCM
error were identified.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
                  #COM-75-10990/OGA.  1975.
                                28

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C-66-76
MARINE POLLUTION DATA ARCHIVING AND EXCHANGE

Morse, R. M.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau  of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C.  Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 41-44.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin  7(4):#7508/1346.
                  1975.
C-67-76
MARITIME CONSIDERATIONS

Nachtscheim, J. J.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 49-56.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1348.
                  1975.
C-68-76
EFFECTS OF OIL ON BALTIC LITTORAL COMMUNITY, AS STUDIED IN AN
OUTDOOR MODEL TEST SYSTEM

Notini, M., and A. Hagstrom.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 251-254.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater  Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1377.
                  1975.
C-69-76
TAR BALL LOADINGS ON GOLDEN BEACH, FLORIDA

Sauer, W. A.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum).  National Bureau of
Standards Special Publication No. 409.  p. 79-82.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1340
                  1975.
                                29

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C-70-76
DISTRIBUTION OF TAR BALLS AND NEUSTON SAMPLING IN THE GULF
STREAM SYSTEM

Shenman, K., J. B. Col ton, R. L. Dryfoos, K. D. Knapp, and
B. S. Kinnear.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 243-244.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1375.
                  1975.
C-71-76
SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF THE SYSTEMS FOR GLOBAL MONITORING AND
INVESTIGATION OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE WORLD OCEAN

Simonov, A. I.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed,).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 9-14.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1354.
                  1975.
C-72-76
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Stansby, M. E.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed,).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 45-48.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1347.
                  1975.
C-73-76
FIELD SAMPLING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR MARINE ORGANISMS AND
SEDIMENTS

Straughan, D.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
                                 30

-------
Standards, Maryland, 1974.   R.  C.  Junghans  (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409;  p.  183-188.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin  7(41):#750871364.
                  1975.

C-74-76
PILOT PROJECT  ON MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING UNDER THE FRAMEWORK
OF  IGOSS

Tolkachev, A.   1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring  (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.   R. C. Junghans (ed.):   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 21-26.

Summary not available.

Citation  Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1351.
                  1975.


C-75-76
GEWAESSERUEBERWACHUNG AUS DER LUFT [English summary]

Traexler, G.    1974.
Wasserwirtschaft 64(7-8):222-224.

Police problems concerning water pollution and shore  pollution
and police control of the waterways are discussed. Tests to
discover oil  emissions at night and to detect special noxious
materials using photography  are described.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04466.  1975.


C-76-76
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION OF ARTESIAN WATERS BY CARCINOGENIC
HYDROCARBONS [English summary]

Vindyukov, P.  M., G. L. Sardarova, and K. V.  Kutakov.  1973.
Gigiena i Sanitariya 38(11):98-99.

The content of benzo[a]pyrene in artesian waters in three
regions was studied.  One region was uncontaminated and used as a
control, another was contaminated by petroleum products, and the
third region was contaminated by industrial wastes containing
phenols.  The  content of benzo[a]pyrene was directly related to
pollution of the water source and especially its pollution by
petroleum products.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal


                                 31

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C-77-76
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS

Wastler, T. A.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 57-60.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1349.
                  1975.
C-78-76
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM EARTHWATCH AND MARINE POLLUTION

White, R. M.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 3-8.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1353.
                  1975.
C-79-76
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Willard, B. E.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 15-18.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1355.
                  1975.
C-80-76
LITERATURE REVIEW ISSUE

WPCF Research Committee.  1974.
Water Pollution Control Federation.  Journal 46(6):1031-1643.

Literature reviews in water pollution control are presented on
monitoring, analysis, and sampling methods; physical-chemical
                                32

-------
methods; sludge treatment, utilization and disposal; water reuse;
industrial wastes from petroleum processing and other industries;
marine and estuarine pollution; pollution effects on fish;
economics and law.

Analysis
Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5}:#75-04449.  1975.
C-81-76
THE ROLE OF STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING

Yolkin, H. T.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 157-160.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1357,
                  1975.
C-82-76
OIL SPILLAGE MONITORING, SAMPLING AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS

Zahka, J. G.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 89-90.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin 7(4):#7508/1342.
                  1975.
C-83-76
DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC AND TOTAL HYDROCARBON CONTENT IN
SUBMICROGRAM AND MICROGRAM QUANTITIES IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS BY MEANS
OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Zsolnay, A.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 119-120.

Procedures based on the use of high-performance liquid chroma-
tography were developed to detect the hydrocarbon concentration
                                33

-------
in small water samples rapidly and simply.  The method is more
sensitive than IR techniques and is more specific than UV or
fluorescence methods used without column chromatography.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#152037u.   1975.
C-84-76
HYDROCARBON CONTENT AND CHLOROPHYLL CORRELATION IN THE WATERS
BETWEEN NOVA SCOTIA AND THE GULF STREAM

Zsolnay, A.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.   R.  C. Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 255-256.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Underwater Information Bulletin  7(4):#7508/1378.
                  1975.
                                34

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3.   REMOTE SENSING
    C-85-76
    OCEAN POLLUTION AND THE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE  SYSTEM

    Bolle, H.-J.   1973,
    ESRO:  The Implications for European  Space  Programmes  of the
    Possibilities of Manned Missions  4.   22 p.

    The effect of atmospheric  constituents  on the  remote  sensing
    of the ocean  surface is discussed.  Special  topics  such  as  oil
    slick detection and phytopiankton recognition  are mentioned.

    Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-03758.  1975.
    C-86-76
    DEVELOPMENT OF A LASER FLUOROSENSOR FOR AIRBORNE  SURVEYING
    OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

    Bristow,  M.  P. F.,  W.  R.  Houston,  and  R.  M.  Measures.   1975.
    The Use of Lasers for  Hydrographic Studies.   H. H.  Kim  and  P. T.
    Ryan (eds.).   Symposium held at NASA,  Wallops Island, Va.,  1973.
    p. 119-136.

    Tests of a laser fluorosensor,  which uses a  pulsed  nitrogen
    laser and telescope photomultiplier detector system, have shown
    that remotely sensed spectra and amplitude changes  in the
    fluorescence emission  of natural waters have potential  as water
    quality indicators. Tests suggest that environmental aging of
    oil slicks does not significantly  alter their fluorescence
    emission signature.

    Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                      13(21):#N75-30534.  1975.
    C-87-76
    AIRBORNE, REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM THAT USES  REFLECTED  POLARIZED
    SKYLIGHT TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF OIL DISCHARGES  INTO  WATER

    Burns, W. W.  1975.
    Ocean 75, San Diego,  California, 1975.  New York,  N.  Y.,
    Institute of Electrical  and Electronics Engineers, Incr,  1975.
    p.  688-692.

    A TV-camera with a special  filter arrangement uses the  principle
    that water can be observed  in  both polar planes  whereas polarized
                                  35

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 light reflected  from oil  can  only  be observed  in the  horizontal
 plane to  provide a  remote means  for detecting  oil,  Successive
 rapid changes  between  the vertical and  horizontal plane views
 cause oil  to appear as a  flashing  image against a relatively
 static background.

 Design and engineering

 Citation  Source:  Citation Monograph
 C-88-76
 THE  USE OF ELECTRONIC  IMAGERY  (CCTV) TO VIEW WATER SURFACE
 REFLECTION OF POLARIZED LIGHT TO LOCATE SMALL OIL SPILLS

 Burns, W. W.  1975.
 Marine Technology Society Journal 9(7):4-5.

 Details on this research were presented at the Ocean  '75
 conference held in San Diego, 1975.  The remote sensing
 device uses rapidly alternately polarized planes of reflected
 light from water surfaces to cause oil to emerge from the
 background as a flashing image pattern on a CCTV camera monitor.
 The system was able to locate a spread of creosote oil that
 was slowly leaking from some newly installed pilings; this
 spread was not visible from the surface,

 Monitoring

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-89-76
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING OIL SLICKS

Catoe, C. E.  1973.
Journal of Petroleum Technology 25(3):267-278.

The remote sensor properties necessary for oil detection are
summarized in terms of wavelength, detection mechanism
performance summary, sensor resolution and swathe width.

Citation Source:  International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#571.
                  1975.
C-90-76
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE SENSOR
FOR OIL DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION IN SPILLS

Fantasia, J. F,, and H. C. Ingrao.  1975.
Final report, TSC-USCG-74-5 USCG-D-86-75, Contract DOT-PPA-CG-03.
164 p.

                               36

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Twenty-nine crude and refined oils were analyzed in the lab for
API gravity, fluorescence and reflectance spectra, etc.  Similar
measurements were made with an N2 laser oil  spill  remote sensor.
The results indicate that, in certain instances, fluorescence can
be used to detect and classify oil spills in the marine environment.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
                  MD-A013 580/6GA.  1975.
C-91-76
OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND MONITORING FROM SPACE

Goldman, G. C., and R. Horvath.  1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975.  New York, N.  Y., Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975.   p. 787-793.

Three reported spills were investigated using ERTS-1  digital
data to determine the feasibility of using this data  to monitor
and detect oil spills.  In two cases, detection was not possible.
ERTS-1 was not considered usable for oil pollution monitoring
because of its 18 day overpass frequency, the few spectral
channels, the extended band widths, and the long information
retrieval time.

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-92-76
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATION OF PULSED LASERS IN THE
HYDROSPHERE

Hickman, G. D.  1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies.  H. H. Kim, and P. T.
Ryan  (eds.).  Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island,Va., 1973.
p. 81-88.

The transmission/scattering characteristics of a pulsed neon laser
as a  function of water turbidity have been investigated.  The
results are being incorporated into the design of an airborne
laser bathymetry system.  In addition, this technique can be used
to detect and identify algae and oils, and measure subsurface
currents, temperature and salinity.

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                  13(21):#N75-30530.  1975.
                                37

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C-93-76
OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND MONITORING FROM SPACE USING ERTS-1

Horvath, R., and G. C. Goldman.  1975.
Final report, E75-10381, NASA-CR-143243, ERIM-193300-68-F,
Contract NAS5-21783.  57 p.

Three reported spills (off Virginia, Oakland Bay, and off
southern California) were studied using four digital computer
compatible techniques on ERTS-1 data.  There are severe restric-
tions on the usability of the ERTS-1 data for spill identification.
Problems include its 18 day overpass frequency, few spectral
channels, and the extended information retrieval time.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                  13(20):#N75-29523.  1975.

C-94-76
LIFES:  LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING

Houston, W. R., D. G. Stephenson, and R. M. Measures.   1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies.  H. H. Kim, and P. T.
Ryan (eds.).  Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island,  Va., 1973.
p. 153-169.

Laser induced fluorescence has been evaluated as a method to
detect and identify parameters in the marine environment.
Specific targets are crude oils, refined petroleum products,
fish oils and algae.  Different fluorescence parameters were
evaluated in relation to the identification of the targets.

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                  13(21):#N75-30537.  1975.

C-95-76
AN AIRBORNE LASER FLUOROSENSOR FOR THE DETECTION OF OIL ON
WATER

Kim, H. H., and G. D. Hickman.  1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies.  H. H. Kim,  and
P. T. Ryan (eds.).  Symposium held at NASA, Wallops Island, Va.,
1973.  p. 197-202.

Daylight tests of this system were made over areas of controlled
oil spills and over a 50 km stretch of the Delaware River to
establish an ambient oil baseline in the river.  Extremely low
levels of oil that would ordinarily be missed can be monitored
with this system.

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                  13(21):#N75-30539.  1975.

                                 38

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C-96-76
REMOTE DETECTION OF POLLUTION OF WATER RESERVOIRS AND PHYTO-
PLANKTON BY OPTICAL METHODS

Kondratyev, K. A., A. A. Buznikov, and D. V. Pozdnyakov.  1974.
NASA Technical Translation F-14,767.  19 p.

From the data reviewed it is shown that remote detection of oil
films and phytoplankton can be conducted by optical  methods, as
the refractive index of oil is higher than that of water.  Methods
to measure various parameters for detecting oil deposits and
shoals of fish indicated by increased phytoplankton  concentration
are discussed.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                  #W75-10098.  1975.
C-97-76
REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Koutsandreas, J. D., B. H. Manns, and S. H. Melfi.   1975.
NAECON '75.  National Aerospace and Electronics Conference,
Dayton, Ohio, 1975.  New York, Institute of Electrical  and
Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975.  p. 734-743.  No.  A75-37623
18-01.

Remote monitoring of air, water and land quality is discussed.
Instruments to be used in water monitoring are described.
Applications of remote environmental monitoring include:   locating
"hot spots" of pollution, responding quickly to pollution episodes
and measuring pollutant dispersion, developing pollution models
and evaluating degradation over large areas due to  energy-related
activities.

Citation Source:  International Aerospace Abstracts 15(18):
                  #A75-37715.  1975.
C-98-76
A REMOTE SENSING LASER FLUOROMETER

O'Neill, R. A., A. R. Davis, H. G. Gross, and J.  Kruus.   1975.
The Use of Lasers for Hydrographic Studies.   H.  H.  Kim,  and
P. T. Ryan (eds.).  Symposium held at NASA,  Wallops Island, Va.,
1973.  p. 173-196.

This sensor measures the fluorescence spectra of water at ranges
up to 75 m and is able to detect oil spills  in water at  altitudes
                                 39

-------
of 300 m.  All light, background, reflected laser light or the
induced fluorescence is gathered by a small telescope.  With
the use of optical filters and a photomultiplier tube, the
amplitude of the laser induced fluorescence in the selected
wavelength is displayed.

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical  Aerospace Reports
                  13(21):#N75-30538.  1975.
C-99-76
A METHOD FOR REMOTE DETECTION OF OIL SPILLS USING LASER-EXCITED
RAMAN BACK SCATTERING AND BACKSCATTERED FLUORESCENCE

Sato, T., and H. Kashiwagi.  1975.
Ocean 75, San Diego, California, 1975.  New York, N. Y., Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1975.  p. 681-683.

The scattering spectra of oils excited by a CW Ar ion laser were
obtained with a laser Raman spectrometer.  The theoretical
analysis of a laser-Raman radar for the remote detection and
backscattering spectra of oils in seawater obtained in this
manner are described.

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-l00-76
OCEANOGRAPHY, FISHERY

Struebing, K.  1973.
ESRO:  The Implications for European Space  Programmes of the
Possibilities of Manned Missions, 4, 1973.  18 p.

The use of remote sensors for oceanographic and fisheries
research is discussed.  Various parameters can be  measured,
such as coastal zone processes, water pollution (oil  slicks),
organic matter, ocean color, temperature, salinity, icebergs,
etc.  Fisheries research utilizes both direct (IR  imagery) and
indirect (image intensities, and chlorophyll) methods.

Citation Source:   Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03692.   1975.
                               40

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4.  SAMPLING
    C-101-76
    SAMPLING AND MONITORING

    Anon.   1974.
    Water Waste Treatment 17(10):20-38.

    This article is an annual  review of instruments  and apparatus
    developed for the collection  and monitoring of environmental
    samples (including oil-containing samples).

    Monitoring

    Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information  Bulletin  5(4):
                      #HMS  4776.   1975.
    C-102-76
    SAMPLING OF REFINERY LIQUID EFFLUENTS

    Blokker, P. C.   1975.
    Stichting CONCAWE,  Report No.  3/75.   49 p.

    The methods of sampling oil  refinery liquid effluent in open
    and closed channels are reviewed.   The purpose of  the report
    is to provide guidance in choosing  an appropriate  sampling
    method.   Automatic  proportional  sampling and effluent flow
    measuring methods are emphasized.

    Monitoring
    Design and engineering

    Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences  and Fisheries Abstracts  5(8):
                     #5Q8892.   1975.
    C-103-76
    EVALUATION OF BOAT DEPLOYABLE THIN FILM OIL SAMPLERS

    Chang, W.  J., and W.  A.  Saner.  1974.
    Offshore Technology Conference,  6th,  Houston,  Texas, 1974.
    Vol.  1, OTC #1984, p. 467-486.

    Sorbents were tested for use in  an oil  sampling  system whose
    purpose is identification of the oil  sampled.   Operational
    characteristics of the sampler in soybean oil  slicks are
    tabulated.  Other tests covered  the efficiency of the samplers
                                  41

-------
on different types and thicknesses of oils, and the ability of
the  samplers to maintain the chemical integrity of the sample.

Source  identification

Citation Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11(June):#080023. 1975.
C-104-76
WATER RESOURCES INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. 2. ' DATA ACQUISITION AND
ANALYSIS

Krizek, R. J., and E. F. Mozonyi (eds.).  1975.
International Seminar and Exposition on Water Resources
Instrumentation, Chicago, Illinois, 1974.  Champaign, Illinois,
International Water Resources Association, 1975.  xi + 593 p.

The second volume contains the sessions on data acquisition and
analysis.  Oil spill detection and prevention and systems
management in environmental assessments are among the topics
covered in the session on environmental impact assessment.

Analysis
General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Biological Abstracts 60(7):#37300.  1975.
C-105-76
WORKSHOP ON SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR ORGANIC POLLUTANT
ANALYSIS, DENVER, COLORADO, 1973

National Field Investigations Center, Denver.  1973.
NTIS Report PB-232 015.  40 p.

Discussed at the conference were various sampling methods and
analytical techniques for industrial organic chemicals discharged
into surface waters.  The addition of sulfuric acid was suggested
for preserving petroleum-containing samples.

Analysis

Citation Source:   Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(14):
                  #W75-07295.  1975.
C-106-76
MINI NEUSTON SAMPLER SUITABLE FOR COLLECTION OF FLOATING OIL AT
SEA

Wellman, A. M., and W. J. Wellman.  1975.
Laboratory Practice 24(1):31-32.
                               42

-------
The Wellman mini neuston sampler can be used to skim the surface
layers of the sea and collect floating oil  and tar fragments
for studies on oil pollution of the ocean.   The maximum efficiency
of the sampler is in Beaufort sea states 1-4.  This sampler has
been used successfully in the Atlantic.

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and  Pollution Control 8(7):
                  #1931.  1975.
                                43

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5.   ANALYSIS
    C-107-76
    METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION  OF OIL  FROM AN  AQUEOUS  OIL-DETERGENT
    SOLUTION PRIOR TO IR ANALYSIS.   II

    Adams, C.  E.   1974.
    Final  Report  No.  NOLTR-74-116.   13  p.

    Further work  is reported on  the analysis  of  oil in water  solutions
    in the presence of dissolved detergents using  the CC14 extraction-
    IR spectrophotometric method.  Testing and improving  the  analytical
    method and working out  a standard procedure  are dealt with.

    Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts  83(18):#149862d.  1975.
    C-l08-76
    APPLICATIONS TO WATER  POLLUTION  STUDIES

    Anacreon,  R. E.   1975.
    Instrument News 24(2E):11-13.

    The  author reviews  ten  papers which deal with the application of
    fluorescence methods to the detection of oils, phenols and
    lignins in water.   Fluorescence  methods can also be used in
    the  tracing of oil  spills.

    Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
                     #HMS  4157.  1975.
    C-l09-76
    PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS

    Anderson, J. W., R. C. Clark, and J. Stegemen.  1974.
    Marine Bioassays.  Washington, D. C., Marine Technology Society,
    1974.  p. 36-75.

    The authors discuss the characteristic differences between
    biogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons.  Petroleum and biogenic
    hydrocarbon levels in marine organisms are tabulated.  Methods
    of  analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine organisms and
    the mechanisms of uptake, release and metabolism are discussed.

    Biological effects of oil pollution

    Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                     05Q8899.  1975.
                                 44

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C-110-76
GAS AND WATER ANALYSERS

Anon.
Product Information.

The brochure provides information on a range of equipment for
analyses of exhaust gas and flue gases, and for measuring oxygen,
BOD and oil in water.  FFI contact:  Horiba International
Corporation, 1021 Duryea Ave., Irvine Industrial Complex, Santa
Ana, California 92705.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
                  #HMS 4749.  1975.

C-lll-76
MANUAL OF METHODS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH.  PART 1.
METHODS FOR DETECTION, MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF WATER
POLLUTION

Anon.  1975.
Food and Agriculture Organization, UN, FAO Fisheries Technical
Paper No.  137.  238 p.

The manual is divided into theoretical and practical sections.
The theoretical papers cover general aspects and problems of
analyzing water and sediments.  The practical  section includes
methods for measuring physical and chemical parameters and the
various classes of pollutants in both the environment and
organisms.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                  #5Q8515.  1975.

C-112-76
TLC FINDS HEXANE SOLUBLES

Atanus, H.  1974.
Water and Wastes Engineering 11(10):26, 28.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of hexane solubles is used to
detect oil wastes in outfalls from plant discharges.  Identi-
fication of specific hydrocarbon pollutants is made by TLC,  an
inexpensive, portable technique.  Oil is then  removed from
industrial wastes by standard techniques before the wastes can
be discharged.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18V
                  #W75-08885.  1975.


                                45

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C-l13-76
METHODS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION BY REFINERIES

Barbieri, A.  1974.
Rivista della Societa Italiana di Scienza dell'Alimentazione
3(3):67-80.

A review with no references.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84290u.  1975.


C-114-76
SUSPENSIONS OF CRUDE OIL IN SEAWATER:  RAPID METHODS OF
CHARACTERIZING LIGHT HYDROCARBON SOLUTES

Bean, R. U.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 127-130.

A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed to detect
the light hydrocarbon components of oil-seawater mixtures.
Interfering insoluble hydrocarbons were removed by a filtration
technique before analysis.  The gas chromatographic analyses were
compared with infrared absorbance data in order to investigate
the possibility of using infrared absorbance in routine monitoring.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120372h.  1975.
C-115-76
ANALYSIS, STRUCTURE, AND OCCURRENCE OF BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS.
II.  AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Berthold, I.  1975.
Compend 74/75, Vortr. Haupttag Dtsch. Ges. Mineraloelwiss.
Kohlenchem., 24th, 1974.  2:940-951.

"Possibilities for analytical distinctions between biogenic
hydrocarbons, mineral oil hydrocarbons and pyrolytic exhaust gas
components are shown and discussed."

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#149831t.  1975.
                                 46

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 C-116-76
 IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN EXTRACT FROM ESTUARINE
 WATER ACCOMMODATED NO. 2 FUEL OIL

 Bieri,  R. H., A. L. Walker, B. W. Lewis, G. Losser, and R, J.
 Huggett.  1974.
 Marine  Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
 Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
 Publication No. 409.  p. 149-156.

 Computerized gas chromatographic-mass spectra systems have the
 potential to solve the problem  of analyzing complex mixtures
 of hydrocarbons.  Three types of compounds (benzene compounds,
 naphthalene compounds, and indanes, biphenyls, and polyaromatic
 compounds) were isolated from a methylene chloride extract of
 estuarine water accommodated No.  2 fuel oil.

 Monitoring

 Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120403u.  1975.
C-117-76
REVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATIONS OF SPARK SOURCE
MASS SPECTROMETRY

Bingham, R. A., and P. G. T. Vossen,  1975.
Laboratory Practice 24(4):233-238.

Applications of spark source mass spectrometry are discussed
in regard to the analysis of organic materials for inorganic
constituents, surveillance of environments, analysis of meteorites,
oils, air pollution, water pollution and food, and the determin-
ation of Hg and trace metals in fish and mussels.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#90202h.  1975.
C-118-76
DETERMINATION OF EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC MATERIAL AND ANALYSIS OF
HYDROCARBON TYPES IN LAKE AND COASTAL SEDIMENTS

Blaylock, J. W., R. M. Bean, and R. E. Wilding.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974,  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS  Special
Publication No. 409.  p.  217-220.

The environmental impact of petroleum producing operations was
studied using a,method for extraction and gravimetric analysis
                                47

-------
of organic materials in drill  core samples (B.  Koons  and P.  H.
Monaghan, 1969) which was adapted for fractionation of lake  and
coastal sediments.  Analytical  procedures are outlined.

General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151815j.   1975.
C-119-76
MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS
IN OCEAN WATER

Brown, R. A., J. J. Elliott, and T. D.  Sear!.   1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.   R.  C. Junghans (ed.).   NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p.  131-134.

Nonvolatile hydrocarbons  with more than 13 carbons are extracted
with CC14-  The sample volume is reduced by evaporation and by
the addition of n-pentane;  then the sample is  passed  through a
silica gel column.  The fractions are subjected to infrared and
ultraviolet spectrophotometry,  gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry for characterization.

Source identification
Monitoring

Citation Source:  Chemical  Abstracts 83(14):#120542p.  1975.
C-120-76
HYDROCARBONS

Churacek,  J.  1975.
Liquid Column Chromatography--A Survey of Modern Techniques and
Applications.  Z. Deyl, K. Macek, and J. Janak (eds.).  Amsterdam,
The Netherlands, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1975.
p. 417-

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Current Contents, Physical and Chemical Sciences
                  15(32):19.  1975.
C-121-76
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ISOLATING AND QUANTIFYING PETROLEUM
PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS

Clark, R. C., Jr., and J. S. Finley.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
                               48

-------
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.),  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 209-212.

"Gas chromatographic analysis showed a 92.6, 92.6 and 99.9%
extraction recovery of n-paraffins added to wet mussel tissue
at concentrations of 0.357, 1.80 and 8.31 yg/g, respectively."

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(11):#91743x.  1975.


C-l22-76
INFRARED DETERMINATION OF OILY MATTER EXTRACTED FROM WATER BY
FREON 113

Coles, G. P., R. M. Dille, and D. L. Shull.   1975.
National American Chemical Society Meeting,  170th, Chicago,
1975.  Abstracts of Papers.  Paper No. PETR 13.

Summary not available.

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):Appendix B.   1975.
C-123-76
THE DETERMINATION OF PHENOLS IN AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS

Cooper, R. L., and K. C. Wheatstone.  1973,
Water Research 7:1375-1384.

Phenols were extracted from the effluent using methyl isobutyl
ketone; the trimethyl-silyl ethers were prepared, then separated
by gas-liquid chromatography and quantified with a flame
ionization detector.  The lower limits of detection are 0.01  ppm
for each phenol.

Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
                  #HMS 3555.  1975.
C-l24-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH IN THE HUNGARIAN OIL AND GAS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Csikos, R.  1974.
Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry 2(Suppl. 2):293-304.

The publication describes the environmental  protection research
being conducted at the Oil and Gas Research Institute, Veszprem;
                               49

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 and  discusses  the developments made  in the rapid and secure
 determination  of organic and some  inorganic components that
 pollute  the  environment.

 General  effects of oil prospecting and production

 Citation Source:  The  Engineering  Index Monthly 13(8):#051737.
                  1975.

 C-125-76
 COMPOSITION  AND ANALYSIS OF MARINE POLLUTANTS

 Erskine,  R.  L., and E. V. Whitehead.  1975.
 Iran Journal of Science and Technology 3(4):221-243.

 The analytical methods used to establish a crude oil "fingerprint"
 to match with  an authentic sample are reviewed.  The biogenic
 origin of petroleum and its composition are discussed in relation
 to the biodegradation  of fossil fuel pollutants found at sea.

 Source identification
 Biological degradation

 Citation Source:  The  Engineering  Index Monthly 13(8):#056424.
                  1975.

C-126-76
THE APPLICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE
ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM MATERIALS.   PART 1.   QUALITATIVE
HYDROCARBON-TYPE ANALYSIS

Fodor, G. E.s and F.  M. Newman.  1975.
Final report, AFLRL-62, Contract DAAK02-73-C-0221.   15  p.

Liquid chromatography was used to analyze for hydrocarbon type
in petroleum, and related products and substances.   "Elution
volumes of normal,  iso-,  and cyclo-paraffins, mono- and diolefins,
aromatic hydrocarbons and vic-dibromo alkanes were determined by
high performance liquid chromatography in 10 micrometer and
37-75 micrometer silica gel."

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
                  #AD-A014 994/8GA.  1975.


C-127-76
THE APPLICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE
ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM MATERIALS.   PART 2.   QUANTITATIVE HYDRO-
CARBON TYPE ANALYSIS

Fodor, G. E., and F.  M. Newman.  1975.
Final report, AFLRL-63, DAAK02-73-C-0221.   28 p.

                                50

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 Middle distillate petroleum products  were quantitatively analyzed
 for hydrocarbon type using high performance liquid chromatography
 using silica gel  absorbents.   Olefln  free diesel  fuels  were
 emphasized.

 Citation Source:   Government  Reports  Announcements 75(23):
                   #AD-A014 995/5GA.   1975.
 C-l28-76
 ISOLATION  AND CHEMICAL AND  BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MICROBIAL
 EMULSIFYING AGENTS  FOR HYDROCARBONS

 Friede, J. D.   1975.
 NTIS  Report AD/A  No.  004248/IGA.  6 p.

 The emulsifying agents produced by two Candida strains and one
 Pseudomonas strain  were  isolated using several chromatographic
 techniques.   Repetition  of  growth studies yielded variable data,

 Citation Source:  Chemical  Abstracts 83(9):#76957b.  1975.
C-129-76
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBON [English summary]

Fujita, K., I. Shimokobe, and F. Nakazima.  1975.
Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 1975(8):1348-1351.

Supercritical fluid chromatography is utilized to separate
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene,
phenathrene, pyrene and chrysene.  Experimental conditions and
mobile and stationary phase details are given.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-l30-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Giger, W., M. Reinard, and C. Schaffner.  1974.
Vom Wasser 43:343-358.

A review 1s given of the analytical methods for the evaluation
of aromatic hydrocarbons, and a gas chromatographic-mass
spectrometric method is described in detail.  Three examples
(domestic sewage, diesel fuel and oil-contaminated sediment)
are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this method.

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(2):#327.  1975.
                               51

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 C-131-76
 THE USE OF BENTONE 34 COATED SUPPORTS  IN COLUMN  CHROMATOGRAPHY
 AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN THE FIELD  OF  ORGANIC  POLLUTION
 ANALYSIS

 Grant,  D.  W.,  R.  B. Meiris,  and M.  G.  Hollis.  1974.
 Journal of Chromatography 99(1):721-729.

 The monitoring of aqueous wastes  from  coal  carbonization and  tar
 refining operations poses analytical problems.   Columns  with
 Bentone 34 as  a stationary phase  in gas-solid chromatography  and
 high-performance  liquid  chromatography are  potentially useful in
 the separation of polynuclear hydrocarbons  and of monohydric
 and dihydric phenols.

 Monitoring

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal

 C-132-76
 OPTICAL EMISSION  SPECTROSCOPY

 Gray, A.  L.  1974.
 Modern  Physical Techniques in Materials  Technology.  T.  Mulvey
 and R.  K.  Webster (eds.).  London, Oxford University Press,
 1974.   p.  232-246.

 The theory and instrumentation of optical emission spectroscopy
 are reviewed;  its  applications to analysis  of geological  materials,
 used lubricating  oils  and pig iron are discussed.

 Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#90208q.  1975.

 C-133-76
 DETERMINATION  OF HYDROCARBONS  IN  MARINE ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENTS
 BY  THIN LAYER  CHROMATOGRAPHY

 Hunter, L., H.  E. Guard,  and  L. H. DiSalvo.  1974.
 Marine Pollution Monitoring  (Petroleum), National Bureau of
 Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans  (ed.).  NBS Special
 Publication No. 409.  p.  213-216.

A study which determined  the concentration of total  hydrocarbons
 in marine organisms and sediments of San Francisco Bay by a thin-
 layer chromatographic method  is described.  With further stan-
dardization, the method could apparently be used to monitor
 pollution of waters by hydrocarbons in field labs.  The specificity
 range is 1-1000 ppm (dry wt.-) hydrocarbons.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(9):#72828n.   1975.

                                52

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 C-l34-76
 BASELINE HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS

 Kinney, P.  J.   1973.
 Environmental  Studies of Port Valdez.   S. W.  Hood, W.  E, Shiels,
 and  E.  J.  Kelley (eds.).   University of Alaska,  Institute of
 Marine  Science Occasional  Publication  No, 3,  1973. p.  397-410,

 Gas  chromatographic signatures of  Prudhoe Bay crude oil and of
 those from sediment in biological  samples are distinct,
 indicating  the potential  validity  of this method to discriminate
 between hydrocarbon pollution and  natural background content.
 Hydrocarbon concentrations measured in Port Valdez are slightly
 lower than  elsewhere.

 Monitoring

 Citation Source:   Citation Monograph
 C-135-76
 MEASUREMENT OF THE TOTAL OIL CONTENT OF NATURAL WATERS

 Lohasz, M., and G. Eppeldauer.  1974.
 Measurement and Instrumentation.  Congress of the International
 Measurement Confederation, 6th, Dresden, 1973.  G. Striker (ed.)
 Amsterdam, Netherlands, North-Holland, 1974,  Vol. 3:141-149.

 Oil  in natural waters can be automatically detected by lumines-
 cence intensity.  The most effective wavelengths for excitation
 of luminescence of oils were 3600-4000 A,  Before the actual
 analysis, standard curves for the type of oil identified were
 prepared.  The apparatus is stable and suited for detection of
 small amounts of mineral oils (~0.01 mg/1) in waters.

 Monitoring
 Source identification

 Citation Source:  Chemical  Abstracts 83(14):#120370f.  1975.
C-l36-76
THE DETERMINATION OF THE SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN AQUEOUS
SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS

Mackay, D., and W. Y. Shiu.  1975.
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 53(2):239-242.

The method used a vapor-phase extraction technique with
subsequent gas chromatographic analysis.  It has the advantage
                               53

-------
that no calibration peak area vs. amount of hydrocarbon is needed
and the preparation of truly saturated solutions for the solub-
ility determination is not necessary.

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,278.   1975.
C-137-76
ANALYTICAL METHODS

McAuliffe, C. D.  1975.
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, a Workshop on Inputs* Fates,
and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Airlie,
Virginia, 1973.  p. 19-41.

Analytical techniques used to differentiate petroleum hydrocarbons
from biogenic hydrocarbons are given.  The chemical  analyses of
separate-phase oil, hydrocarbons in water and hydrocarbons in
biological materials and sediments are considered separately.
Sample collection and preservation are described for each material
A separate section concerns the assessment of biological effects
of oil.

Sampling
Biological effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
                  #5Q10257.  1975.
C-138-76
DETERMINATION OF C1-C10 HYDROCARBONS IN WATER

McAuliffe, C. D.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 121-126.

Hydrocarbon-free gas is repeatedly equilibrated with an aqueous
sample containing dissolved hydrocarbons.  Successive gas
chromatographic analyses are then performed.  Different classes
of hydrocarbons partition differently between water and gas
phases based on their solubilities and vapor pressures.  This
difference in partition coefficients allows the various hydro-
carbon types to be separated.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120402t.  1975.
                                54

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C-139-76
MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF NONVOLATILE HYDROCARBONS IN THE
OCEAN.  PART I.  MEASUREMENTS IN ATLANTIC, MEDITERRANEAN, GULF OF
MEXICO, AND PERSIAN GULF

Monaghan, P. H., D. E. Brandon, R. A. Brown, T. D. Searl, and
J. J. Elliot.  1974.
Exxon Products Research Co., Paper No. AID.IDJB.74/EPR.4EX.74.
217 p.

Water samples taken from tanker routes in the Atlantic and from
oceanographic vessels elsewhere were extracted with CC14 and
the amount and composition of nonvolatile hydrocarbons were
measured.  The nonvolatile hydrocarbons were 10-40% of the total
and consisted mainly of paraffins and 1-ring cycloparaffins.
Concentrations in the top 10m of the water column were 4 ppb,
dropping to <1 ppb in deeper waters.

Reporting

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                  #5Q8956.  1975.
C-140-76
A RAPID METHOD TO DETERMINE BUNKER C FUEL OIL IN MARINE
ORGANISMS

Morgan, N. L.  1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(3):
309-312.

Bunker C fuel oil has been found at the 0.5 mg/kg tissue level
using this new method.  The tissue is subjected to a pentane-
methanol extraction utilizing a blender, and then run through
adsorption chromatography.  After evaporation, the sample is
quantitatively analyzed for fuel oil by gas chromatography.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-141-76
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE STUDY OF POLLUTION

Muten, I. M.  1974.
Pollution Monitor (21):18-20.

The analysis of pesticides, flue gas and hydrocarbons using
gas chromatography is reviewed.  Future developments are
discussed.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4)
                  #HMS 4746.  1975.

                               55

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C-142-76
FORENSIC CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUEL OILS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
[English summary]

Novikov, Y. A., A. V. Vikhlyantsev, and 0. K. Porksheyan.   1974.
Sudebno-Meditsinskaia Ekspertra 17(4):27-29.

Benzenes and petrols can be grouped using this method.   It can
identify small amounts of the liquid in traces on various  carriers
and biological matter.  The use of the method, including tech-
niques, environmental conditions, and reliability factors  is
discussed.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-143-76
LABORATORY SEMIAUTOMATIC INFRARED DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE
COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SEWAGE [in Russian;
English translation of journal available]

Osipov, U. M., V. Luchinskii, and A. S. Egorov.  1975.
Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel 6:59-60.

The electron-optical measurement system and the main technical
characteristics of a laboratory infrared analyzer are described.
The device determines the total content of petroleum products in
sewage of refineries and other technological installations.

Citation Source:  International Aerospace Abstracts 15(18):
                  #A75-38648.  1975.
C-l44-76
PETROLEUM TRITERPANE FINGERPRINTING OF CRUDE OILS

Pym, J. G., J. E. Ray, G. W. Smith, and E. V. Whitehead.  1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(9):1617-1622.

A liquid-elution chromatographic method has been developed which
permits the isolation and analysis of triterpane concentrates
from petroleum.  The technique should supplement other methods
of relating crude oil to source rocks and may also aid in the
identification of individual crude oil pollutants.

Source identification

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                56

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 C-145-76
 TRACE ELEMENTS BY INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON  ACTIVATION  ANALYSIS  FOR
 POLLUTION MONITORING

 Sheibley, D.  W.   1975.
 Trace Elements in Fuel:   Research  Sponsored  by  the American
 Chemical  Society.  Washington, D.C.  Advances in Chemistry
 Series,  No.  141.   p.  98-117.

 Methods  and  technology were developed to analyze 1000 samples
 per year of  pollution-related  samples including coal, fly ash,
 bottom ash,  crude oil, fuel oil, residual oil,  gasoline, kerosene,
 river sediment and waters, and others.  Precision  of the method
 was ±25%.  Overall  accuracy was estimated at 50%.

 Citation  Source:   International Aerospace Abstracts 15(19):
                   0A75-39335.   1975.

 C-146-76
 POSSIBILITY  FOR THE GROUP IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS BY GAS
 CHROMATOGRAPHY FROM TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF RETENTION
 INDEXES  [English  summary]

 Shlyakhov, A.  F., B.  I. Anvaer, 0. V. Zolotareva,  N. N. Romina,
 N.  V.  Novikova, and R. I. Koreshkova.   1975.
 Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii  30(4):788-792.

 Retention  indexes of  52 high-boiling hydrocarbons  of various
 types  were plotted  versus temperature.  The temperature
 coefficients of the retention  indexes increase with the number
 of  rings  in the hydrocarbon molecule and can be used to identify
 hydrocarbon type.

 Source identification

 Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#125832t.   1975.

 C-147-76
 TARS AS PRODUCTS  OF POLYMERIZATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN
 WATER

 Sinel'nikov, V. Ye. 1973.
 Hydrobiological Journal  9(3):17-23.

 Tars can be of different origins.   Analytical characteristics
 can be used to characterize tars as of natural,  petroleum,  sewage
 or phenolic origin.  Tars of phenolic origin were created by
adding phenol daily for 750 days at a concentration of 10 mg/liter;
 the mechanism of formation is  discussed.

Source identification

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal

                                57

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 C-148-76
 HYDROCARBON GROUP TYPES IN GASOLINE-RANGE MATERIALS BY HIGH
 PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

 Suatoni, J. C., H. R. Garber, and B, E. Davis.  1975,
 Journal of Chromatographic Science 13(8):367-371«

 This liquid chromatographic technique analyzes gasoline-range
 materials (60-215°C) for their group types:  saturates, olefins
 and aromatics.  A low polarity perfluorocarbon mobile phase and
 a small particle silica column are used.  This method is more
 precise and accurate than the previous method.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-149-76
RAPID HYDROCARBON GROUP-TYPE ANALYSIS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Suatoni, J. C., and R. E. Swab.  1975.
Journal of Chromatographic Science 13(8):361-366.

A rapid general technique for hydrocarbon group-type analysis
which utilizes high performance liquid chromatography has been
developed.  Saturates, aromatics, polar compounds, and n-hexane
insolubles in all types of liquid hydrocarbons (crudes, fuels,
gasolines, kerosenes, etc.) can be analyzed.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-150-76
ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT

Teledyne Analytical Instruments.
Product Information.

Teledyne carries a range of in-line process analyzers for
gaseous and liquid streams.  The instruments measure oxygen,
flue gas, combustibles, oil-in-water, and hydrocarbons.   FFI
contact Teledyne Analytical Instruments, 333 West Mission Dr.,
San Gabriel, California 91776.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4536.  1975.
                              58

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 C-151-76
 THE INFRARED STUDIES OF SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL  OIL  SPILL

 Tu-Ching,  T.   1974.
 Ph.D.  Thesis (Available from University Microfilms,  Inc., Ann
 Arbor, Michigan,  Order no.  74-26,406).  136  p.

 A twelve-month analytical  investigation conducted  to evaluate
 the effects  of the Santa  Barbara oil  well spill which occurred
 January 28,  1969,  is described.  The  study evaluated infrared
 analytical techniques for  identification of  oils and establish-
 ment of background levels  of hydrocarbons in marine sediments,
 examined the  movement and  deposition  of oil  in relation to
 source,  sediment  size and  natural current patterns, and
 correlated oil  movement with sediment formation.

 Source identification
 General  fate  of oil  in  the  environment

 Citation Source:   Selected  Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                   #W75-10237.  1975.
C-152-76
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS

Warner, J. S.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974.  J. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 195-196.

The concentration of hydrocarbons in oyster tissue was determined
by fractionating the extracted tissue on silica gel  and using gas
chromatography.  Individual aromatic hydrocarbons were determined
in clam tissue by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Monitoring

Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(9):#72827m.   1975.
                                59

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6.   SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
    C-l53-76
    IDENTIFICATION OF MINERAL OILS BY FIELD IONIZATION MASS
    SPECTROMETRY

    Anbar,  M.s  M.  E.  Scolnick, and A.  C.  Scott.   1974.
    Marine  Pollution  Monitoring (Petroleum),  National  Bureau  of
    Standards,  Maryland,  1974.  R.  C.  Junghans  (ed.).   NBS Special
    Publication No. 409.   p.  229-232.

    A new ionization  source can produce arrays  of hundreds of
    microcones  on  a porous substrate.  A  cathode  with  a radius of
    curvature of ~0.1  y and an anode  at a distance of  75 y require
    more  than 300  V to produce field  ionization and a  nonfragmented
    mass  spectrum.  Different crudes  or fuel  oils are  separated
    using the relative abundance of the sum of  the isomers for each
    mass.   Only a  small sample (100 yg) is  needed for  an analysis
    with  3% precision.

    Analysis

    Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts  83(14):#118136r.  1975.
    C-l54-76
    OIL  POLLUTION  IDENTIFICATION SERVICE

    Carroll, D. M.  1975.
    Technology  Ireland 6(ll):28-29.

    The  Analytical Chemical Section, Institute for Industrial Research
    and  Standards, Dublin, Ireland, offers an oil pollution source
    identification service.   Identification of an oil source is made
    by comparing the analytical profile of an oil pollutant, based on
    its  gas chromatographic patterns, spectroscopic properties and
    organic and inorganic constituent content, with published data
    for  crude and refined oils.  Problems encountered in identification,
    including weathering of oil, are discussed.

    Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-03394.  1975.
   C-155-76
   ACTUAL POLLUTION IN THE STRAITS OF MESSINA

   De Domenico, E., and M. De Domenico.  1974.
   Revue Internationale Oceanographie Me*dicale 15-16:187-193.

   The various pollution sources in the Straits of Messina are
   discussed and some results on microbiological and physico-chemical
                                  60

-------
  conditions of waters  in the Straits during March 1972 to March
  1973 are presented.   The increased tanker traffic through these
  waters and the corresponding increase in the number of oil tanker
  accidents have created a dangerous pollution source for the
  Straits of Messina.

  Citation Source:  Citation Journal


  C-156-76
  SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS BY PATTERN  RECOGNITION
  ANALYSIS OF NATURAL ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION

  Duewer, D.  L.,  B.  R.  Kowalski,  and' T.  F.  Schatzki.   1975.
  Analytical  Chemistry  47(9):1573-1583.  Also available as
  AD-A006471,  ITR-7,  NR Proj.  051-565, Contract N  00014-67-A-0103-0036,
  42  p.

  The use of  pattern  recognition  techniques to determine the source
  of  an oil spill after  the oil has  weathered is described.
  Procedures utilizing  comparisons of the field sample to single
  known source samples  and to multiple artificially weathered source
  samples  are discussed.  The latter technique was best for solution
  of  the  problem.

  Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134551c.  1975.


 C-157-76
 DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION  OF OIL SPILLS

 Green,  D. M.  1975.
 Chemistry and Industry (12):499.

 Crudes  can be differentiated using  the  peak  height  ratios  for
 certain hydrocarbons,  such  as n-heptadecane/pristane, n-octadecane/
 Phytane and  pristane/phytane.  Weathering  causes  these ratios to
 become  unreliable.   Then  V,  Ni,  and S contents are  valuable
 identification  parameters.   Methods for all determinations are
 Given.

 Citation Source:   International  Petroleum Abstracts 3(3):#904.
                   1975.


 C-l58-76
 FOR  BETTER OIL FINGERPRINTING:  THE ME-TBP

 Hodgson,  R. L.  1975.
 tcolibrium 4(3):9-10.

Shell Oil developed a multielement true boiling point gas
chromatograph (ME-TBP)  which simultaneously generates carbon

                                 61

-------
and sulfur boiling point profiles for compounds containing up
to 42 carbon atoms.   It also quantitative measures the non-
volatile organic portion.  ME-TBP can be used for source
identification and for studies of oil weathering.

Analysis
Chemical changes of oil in the environment

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-159-76
IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION AND MONITORING OF PETROLEUM IN
MARINE WATERS BY LUMINESCENCE METHODS

Hornig, A. W.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
Standards, Maryland, 1974,  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
Publication No. 409.  p. 135-144.

The use of total luminescence spectra of oils to monitor and
identify petroleum contaminants in marine waters is described.

Monitoring
Analysis

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151816k.  1975.
C-160-76
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE SPILLED CRUDE OIL IN THE
OCEAN

Ilardi, A. M.  1974.
Rivista dei Combustibili 28{10):367-371.

A description is given of the steps taken to identify two crude
oils spilled in territorial waters.  The procedures include gas
chromatography of selected distillate fractions from the recovered
oil and the quantitative determination of V and Ni in the
distillation residue.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82321f.  1975.
C-161-76
CHARACTERIZATION OF AUSTRALIAN CRUDES AND CONDENSATES BY GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Jackson, B. W., R. W. Judges, and J. L. Powell.  1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(7):656-660.

                                62

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 A gas chromatographic technique has been developed and demon-
 strated to be directly applicable to the identification of the
 origin of oil pollution.  This technique utilizes only the
 portion of crude petroleum between 232°C and 316°C.  From the
 gas chromatographic profile of this fraction, parameters
 involving the ratio of n-paraffin and isoterpenoid components
 may be determined.

 Analysis

 Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056426.
                   1975.
 C-l62-76
 POLLUTED GROUNDWATER:  ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES

 Karubian, J.  F.   1974.
 Report,  EPA-680/4-74-002,  EPA 68-01-9759.   99 p.

 A method is given for estimating  kinds,  amounts  and  trends  of
 man-induced groundwater pollution.   Preliminary  research on
 petroleum refinery pollution  is one  of the  examples  described.

 Analysis

 Citation Source:   Selected Water  Resources Abstracts 8(15):
                   #W75-07698.  1975.
C-163-76
SOURCES AND CLASSIFICATION OF WATER POLLUTANTS

Krenkel, P. A.  1974.
Industrial Pollution.  N. I. Sax (ed.).  Wokingham, United
Kingdom, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.  Ltd., 1974.  p. 197-219.

The concept of water quality management is introduced.  The
natural quality of water, the classification of pollutants and
their effects, special considerations of selected impurities
found in water and some specific water pollution problems (such
as oil pollution) are discussed.

General effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences  & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                  #5Q8898.  1975.
                              63

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C-164-76
OIL POLLUTION SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

Lieberman, M.  1973.
Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA R2-73-102.  173 p.

This method of source identification depends on comparing certain
stable chemical indices present in unweathered suspect pollution
sources and the weathered pollution sample.  In this study
weathered and unweathered samples were analyzed with low voltage
mass spectroscopy, high voltage mass spectroscopy, gas chromatog-
raphy, emission spectroscopy, X-ray total sulfur and Kjeldahl
total nitrogen techniques.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 73(12):
                  #PB-219 822/4GA.  1973.
C-165-76
CHARACTERIZING OIL SPILLS BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Lukens, H. R.  1975.
Progress in Nuclear Energy, Analytical Chemistry 12(1):1-10.

In this process, a prepared sample of oil is irradiated in a
sealed polyethylene vial and counted using an Nal (TI) detector
after one minute and a Ge (Li) detector after one hour and one
day.  The trace element content of the sample is obtained by
comparison and is characteristic for any particular oil.  The
concentration distribution is expressed as a "difference score,"
which identifies the oil in most cases.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134547f.  1975.
C-l66-76
APPLICATION OF CRYOGENIC INFRARED SPECTROMETRY TO THE IDENTIFICATION
OF PETROLEUM

Lynch, P. F., S. Tang, and C. W. Brown.  1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(9):1696-1698.

The feasibility of using infrared fingerprints obtained at 80 and
20 k to identify petroleum sources was investigated.  Results
indicated that low temperature infrared spectrometry could be
used subsequent to room temperature infrared analysis for identi-
fying petroleum pollution sources.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                 64

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  C-167-76
  TRACING OIL AS A POLLUTANT IN WATER

  Malueg, N.  J.§ and D.  F,  Krawczyk.   1973.
  Journal of Petroleum Technology 25(3):243-248.

  The procedures for tracing the source  of oil  in water  is outlined,
  The oil is  separated from water and debris  using a recovery
  solvent;  recovery  averages 60-90%.   Comparisons with possible
  sources may be made by comparison of spot or  strip chromatograms
  under  long- and short-wave ultraviolet light, or by gas chrom-
  atography with a flame-ionization detector with an SE-30 column
  and  an  OV-1  column.

  Citation  Source:   International  Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#596
                    1975.
 C-168-76
 PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

 National Academy of Sciences.  1975.
 Workshop on Inputs, Fates and the Effects of Petroleum in the
 Marine Environment, Airlie, Virginia, 1973.   107 p.

 Topics discussed at the workshop include:  sources of oil  entering
 the sea, petroleum inputs to the marine environment,  analytical
 techniques to determine oil contamination in marine organisms and
 hydr icarbon biodegradation kinetics.

 Biodegradation
 Analysis
 Biological  effects  of oil  pollution

 Citation Source:  The Engineering Index  Monthly  13(8):#056425.
                  1975.
C-l69-76
ANALYSIS AND SURVEY OF MARINE FUELS AND POLLUTION SAMPLES

Rouen, R. A., and R. C. Reeve.  1974.
Journal of Forensic Science 19(3):607-617.

In this analysis, a combination of techniques including gas
chromatographic analysis, refractive index measurements, ash
residues, percentage ash composition and emission spectrographic
analysis of the ashed residues were found to be valuable in
localizing the source of oil spills.   A listing of elemental
                                65

-------
 compositions  of  oil  samples  received  in oil pollution cases over
 a  four year period  is given.  This  information allows the analyst
 to evaluate analytical data  for clues as to possible origin,

 Analysis

 Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(2):
                  #305.  1975.
C-l70-76
CRUDE OIL SPILLS RESEARCH:  AN INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Wilson, C. A., E. P. Ferrero, and H. J. Coleman.  1975.
American Chemical Society, Petroleum Chemistry Division, Preprints
20(3):613-634.

The article describes the program of the Energy Research and
Development Administration to investigate and evaluate analytical
techniques for the simple, rapid and reliable identification of
crude oil spills.  Analytical techniques studied include gas-
liquid chromatography, atomic adsorption spectrophotometry,
infrared spectroscopy, sulfur and nitrogen determinations, mass
spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and
ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

Analysis

Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,296.  1975.
                                66

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B.  OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

    1.   CONTAINMENT
        C-171-76
        No title given.

        Anon.   1975.
        Product Information,

        An oil  spill containment system called Bottom Tension Boom has
        been developed by  IMODCO Inc.  Part of the design is a below-
        surface towline  that  inclines into the current preventing oil
        from flowing under the barrier skirt.  The BTB can survive
        20-ft seas, 60-kt winds and 2-kt currents.

        Design  and engineering

        Citation Source:  Petroleum Engineer International 47(1):EM12.
                         1975.
       C-172-76
       No title given.

       Anon.  1975.
       Product Information.

       The Expandi-Oil boom, marketed by Whittaker Corporation,  is
       lightweight, has a small  storage-volume and short-time  deployment.
       It can be delivered by boat or helicopter  and  laid  out  at  speeds
       up to 50 meters/minute.   Offshore tests demonstrated  that  it only
       took 12 minutes to fly 100 meters of boom  4-1/2 miles offshore
       and deploy it.

       Design and engineering

       Citation  Source:   Petroleum Engineer  International  47(5):EM19.
                         1975.
      C-173-76
      No title given.

      Anon.  1975.
      Product Information.

      Slickbar booms are made of materials compatible with each other
      and the marine environment.  Floats are hard skinned for
                                  67

-------
 durability and ease of cleanup; skirts are polyester with a vinyl
 coating.  Stainless steel is used for cable and fastenings.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:   Petroleum Engineer International  47(11):EM20.
                   1975.
 C-174-76
 ANTI-POLLUTION BOOMS

 Anon.
 Product Information.

 This company supplies  a  variety  of  booms.   The  use  of  these  booms
 in both permanent  and  emergency  situations  to remove floating
 pollutants,  including  oils  and tars,  provides solutions for  a
 wide range of problems.   FFI  contact  William Warne  & Co.  Ltd.,
 Barking,  Essex.

 Citation  Source:   Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin  4(2):
                   #HMS 3087.  1975.
C-175-76
BUBBLE BARRIER RETAINS SPILLS DURING UNLOADING OPERATIONS

Anon.  1975.
Sea Technology 16(10):11.

The Swedish Baltic port of Galve has recently installed a
bubble barrier around its oil unloading pier.  A vertical
stream of air bubbles is deflected at the surface to form a
horizontal surface current which will keep oil from spreading
in the event of a spill.

Oil transfer and transport
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-176-76
CLEANUP EQUIPMENT FOR SPILLS IS ARRANGED FOR IMMEDIATE USE IN
GULF OF MEXICO

Anon.  1973.
Offshore 33(10):61-62.

Clean Gulf Associates, a non-profit organization of 36 companies,
has assembled a flotilla of the latest containment and cleanup
                               68

-------
 equipment to be on 24-hr call.  Technological advancements will
 be evaluated and included; at present four basic types of systems
 for different environmental conditions are available.

 Cleanup and recovery
 Contingency planning

 Citation Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#072683.    1975.

 C-177-76
 DEVELOPMENT OF A STREAMING FIBER OIL SPILL CONTROL CONCEPT

 Beach, R.  L.,  and F.  A.  March.  1975.
 Final  report,  USCG-D-35-75, Contract DOT-CG-40217-A.   95 p.

 Seaward, Inc., has developed a new system using  long  continuous
 fibers to  control  oil spills in currents  up to 10 knots.   The
 fibers slow down and  thicken spilled oil, creating a  thick
 stable pool  of oil.   Losses beneath the  system are negligible.
 Testing of the design was extensive, including a test at 6 knots.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                   #AD-A014 494/9GA.   1975.


 C-l78-76
 COAST  GUARD'S  ROLE IN SPILL CONTROL

 Boersma, F.  A.,  LCDR, and LCDR G.  H. Brown  III.   1975.
 Petroleum  Engineer International  47(4):10-13.

 The  "Torrey  Canyon" oil  spill  disaster in 1967 provided  the
 impetus  for  the  development of the U.S. Coast  Guard's  oil  spill
 program.   The  program has three  major areas:   reducing the amount
 of oil  spilled by  offloading  cargo from a stricken vessel,
 controlling  the  oil on the  water's surface  by  a  physical  barrier,
 and  recovering the contained  oil.

 Cleanup  and  recovery

 Citation Source:  Citation  Journal


 C-l79-76
 WHICH BOOM?  ASK THE  COMPUTER

 Cochran,  R. A., and  J. P.  Fraser.   1975.
 Ecolibrium 4(3):15-19.

 The purchasers of oil   spill control  equipment need to know how
much of what type of  equipment will  result  in reasonable oil

                                69

-------
recovery under most conditions of spill size, location and
weather.  The choice can be approached logically through a
computer simulation program which incorporates data on the
probable size and location of spills and weather data for
the probable locations.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-180-76
SOSOL ABSORPTION AND FLEXIBOLL EMERGENCY BOOMS

Euro-Matic, Ltd.
Product Information.

The Flexiboll boom surrounds an oil spill on water until Sosol
can be used to absorb the oil.  The Sosol is effective in the
form of a boom or as small pieces.  Once it is saturated, the
Sosol is dumped or burned.  FFI contact Euro-Matic, Ltd.,
Maycrete House, Boston Manor Rd., Brentford, Middlesex.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3967.  1975.
C-181-76
OIL SPILLS CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS

Watts, D. H., and F. A. March.  1973.
APEA Journal 13{1):145-152.

A containment barrier system has been developed to withstand
20-ft seas, 3-knot currents and 60-mph winds, and to contain
oil in 4-to 5-ft seas and 40-mph winds.  A system for the
recovery of petroleum from offshore spills has been designed
and tested and is capable of recovering spilled oil at high
efficiencies (<10% water in recovered oil) at the 2000-gpm
rate under calm to low State 5 seas and up to 3 knots.

Cleanup and recovery
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#602,
                  1975.
                               70

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2.   CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
    C-182-76
    No title given.

    Anon.   1975.
    Product Information.

    An oil  skimming  vessel  developed  by  Seaward  International  Inc.,
    features a ballasting capability  that  permits operations  in seas
    up to  5 ft, and  a sweep width  that can extend to 400 feet.  The
    Huskey  offshore  skimmer is  simple, reliable  and is designed for
    modular construction  to permit easy  transportation.

    Design  and engineering

    Citation Source:   Petroleum Engineer International 47(11):EM14.
                      1975.
    C-183-76
    BETZ DEMULSIFIERS  FOR  OIL  WATER  SEPARATION

    Anon.
    Product  Information.

    Betz Ltd.  carries  a range  of demulsifiers that give good oil/water
    separa  ion in  normal and reverse emulsions.  These demulsifiers can
    be  used  in such areas  as oil refining desalting and recovering oil
    from wastes.   FFI  contact  Betz Ltd., Nat Lane, Winsford, Cheshire.

    Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                      #HMS 3211,  1975.



    ^DETERGENTS  AND  WETTING  AGENTS PROVIDE LW-TOXICITY HIGH
    EFFICIENCY, WATER-DILUTABLE, CONCENTRATED OIL DISPERSANTS

    Anon.
    Product  Information.

    BP  1100WD  disperses oil spills at sea efficiently.  The advantages
    of  this  product are that it is only 10% as expensive to use and
    needs onft 1W of  the  storage space as other *sper«nts.  FFI
    contact  B.P. Oil Ltd.,  110 Euston Rd., London, NW1 2DP.

    Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                      #HMS  3305.  1975.
                                   71

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C-185-76
COAST GUARD AWAITS OIL-SPILL SOS TO TEST UNIT

Anon.  1975.
National Petroleum News 67(11):54, 56.

A USCG pollution strike team is awaiting an oil spill to test
their new highseas oil-recovery system machine, based on
Lockheed's Clean Sweep concept.  A disc drum turns in spilled
oil, picking up oil as water runs off.  Wipers against the drum
direct the oil to a hollow axle.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-186-76
CONWED PETROLEUM SORBENT PRODUCTS

Anon.
Product Information.

Reinforced vegetable fibre oil adsorbent is formed into blankets,
pads, strips or booms and can absorb 22 times its own weight of
fuel oil in 30 seconds.  The material can be re-used after
squeezing out the oil.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
                  #HMS 4735.  1975.
C-187-76
COOPERATION COMBATS OIL SPILLS IN NORTH CAROLINA

Anon.  1975.
Fueloil and Oil Heat 34(2):24-25.

The oil pollution control program developed in Randolph County,
North Carolina, is described.  The oil dealers association
decided to plan for protection against major oil spills and
incorporated oil spill control into the Randolph County Rescue
Squad operation.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                  #W75-10039.  1975,
                               72

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 C-188-76
 DISKIMMERS AND  FOAM  BELT  FOR  OIL/WATER SEPARATION

 Anon.
 Product Information.

 The equipment described utilizes plastic foam discs to remove
 oil from water.   It  is able to process 20-450 gal,/hr. and is
 better suited for viscous oils.  The foam belt device is suitable
 for low viscosity oils.   FFI  contact Lowe Engineering Co,,
 2 Station Rd.,  Lincoln Park,  New Jersey 07035.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
                  #HMS 3004.  1975.
C-189-76
FCC ASSIGNS FREQUENCIES FOR OIL SPILL WORK

Anon.  1975.
National Petroleum News 67(10):84.

This note concerns the assignment by the Federal Communications
Commission of a group of radio high frequencies for exclusive
use in oil-spill containment and cleanup work.  The decision
resulted from a petition from the American Petroleum Institute
to assign channels for these purposes.

Containment

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-190-76
FLOATING OIL COLLECTION BOAT COMPLETED IN JAPAN

Anon.  1975.
Sea Technology 16(7):13.

The "Sokai" is a vessel built to collect floating oil.  The
catamaran-type hull allows the vessel to operate in conditions
with waves up to one meter high.  Oil and seawater are forced
into the collection hold where the oil is first floated to the
surface by a bubble-producing machine, and then sucked into
storage tanks.  The water is removed through the drain pumps.
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               73

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 C-191-76
 FREE  130-PAGE  BOOKLET  COVERS SPILLS,  EQUIPMENT

 Anon.   1975.
 Oil and Gas Journal  73(38):128.

 Lawson  Specialty Co.,  Inc.  (8300 Sovereign Row, Dallas, Texas
 75247)  offers  a free booklet on equipment for treating oil
 spills  and salt water  spills on land  and water, treating and
 reclaiming waste oil from sludge pits and secondary recovery,
 plant maintenance, emulsion breakers  and other items.

 Waste oil and  waste water treatment

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-192-76
INFLATABLE STRUCTURES IN THE ANTIPOLLUTION CONTROL OF SEAS
AND RIVERS

Anon.  1974.
Technique Moderne 66(10):45-46.

The capacities and range of use of several forms of inflatable
and flexible dams and reservoirs designed to recover oil dis-
charged at sea are described.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(5):#1431.  1975.
C-l93-76
KIMBRO LOW TOXICITY OIL DISPERSANT FOR OIL SPILLS

Anon.
Product Information.

This dispersant is biodegradable, has a high flash point and is
of low toxicity.  It contains oil soluble emulsifiers to promote
rapid dispersal of oil and is suitable for use on the ocean, in
rivers, harbors and on beaches.  FFI contact K & B Anti-Pollution,
Ltd., Roath Dock, Cardiff CFI FLX.

Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                  #HMS 3335.   1975.
                                74

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 C-194-76
 KOMARA MINISKIMMER

 Anon.
 Product Information.

 A smaller version of the Seaskimmer has  been  designed and built
 for dealing with small  oil  spills  in harbors, etc.   This  skimmer
 weighs 100 pounds, has  a draught of 8 inches, and can recover all
 types of oil with a maximum rate of 10 tons per hour.  FFI
 contact Vickers Ltd. Shipbuilding  Group,  Ings Lane,  Kirbymoorside,
 York Y06 6EX.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin  4(2):
                   #HMS  3090.   1975.
 C-l95-76
 MONOMOLECULAR  FILMS  -  CONTROL  OF OIL SPILLS ON THE SEA

 Anon.
 Product  Information.

 Shell Herder is used to control oil pollution on water and
 beaches.  This material is biodegradable and non-toxic to marine
 life.  FFI contact Shell  International Chemical Co., Ltd., Shell
 Centre,  London SEI 7PG.

 Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
                  #HMS 3092.   1975.
C-196-76
NEW CLEAN UP SYSTEM CHECKS SPILLS AT SEA

Anon.  1975.
Petroleum International, Filed NS2147.

British Petroleum has designed a spill control system, the
Vikome system, which is claimed to be the first practical  unit
for open sea conditions.  Its operation is described.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(7):#4523.
                  1975.
                                75

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 C-197-76
 OIL POLLUTION CONTROL

 Anon.
 Product Information,

 "Nontoxic oil dispersant,  oil  adsorbent foam and granules,  and
 booms for containment of spills  on land or water are offered  by
 the firm."  FFI contact Arrow  Chemicals Ltd,,  P.O.  Box  No.  3,
 Stanhope Rd., Swadlincote,  Nr. Burton-on-Trent,  Staffs.

 Containment

 Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes  Information  Bulletin  5(4):
                   #HMS 4700.   1975.
 C-l98-76
 OIL  SPILL  CONTROL AIDS

 Anon.
 Product Information.

 Rapid biodeterioration  is aided by Corexit oil dispersant
 concentrate which induces fine drop formation.  Another product,
 the  Corexit oil collector, contracts the oil film into small
 areas to facilitate collection.  FFI contact Essochem Oil Field
 Chemicals, Mechelsestunweg 363, B-1950 Kraainen, Belgium.

 Biological degradation

 Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
                  #HMS 3088.  1975.
C-199-76
OIL-SPILL RECOVERY

Anon.  1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):147-148.

The first of 24 aluminum catamaran-hull oil spill skimmers,
being built by the Marine Construction and Design Company of
Seattle, was due for delivery in late summer.  The vessel is
towed to a spill, then two booms channel the oil to the skimmer
recovery system.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                76

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C-200-76
OIL  SPILLS  -  RECOVERY AND  RE-USE  BY VESSEL

Anon.   1975.
Dock and Harbour Authority 55(652):415.

Two  Hydrovac  ships  stationed  in Rotterdam collect about 10,000 TRY
of saleable oil from the harbor area.  An oil sweeper boom takes
the  oil aboard and  an oil-water separator, using gravity and
surface tension, removes the  oil.  Small steel skimmers or light-
weight  reel-mounted Hydrovac  oil  screens are used in non-ideal
conditions.

Waste oil and waste water  treatment
Design  and  engineering

Citation Source:  Oceanic  Abstracts 12(5):#75-04820.  1975.

C-201-76
OVER 10,000 OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS OCCUR YEARLY

Anon.   1975.
Solid Wastes  Management/Refuse Removal Journal 18(1):28, 104, 106,
108.

The  serious problem of oil  and hazardous material spills in water
courses is  reviewed.  Countermeasures currently in use or under
development by the federal  government to prevent or control spills
in waterways  are outlined.

U.S. legislation
Reporting

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-202-76
PREPARE FOR OIL SPILLS WITH MINIATURE SEA AND AIRBORNE CONTAINMENT
PLAN

Anon.  1974.                                   ,,,,,% „ n
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal  17(11):8-9.

Two recently developed techniques for containing and retrieving
oil slicks resulting from petroleum accidents on land and sea are
described.   The first system consists of 120,000-gallon flexible
containers and pumping units which can be air dropped to contain
an oil  spill; the second development includes the construction by
the EPA of a mini-sea test facility for the testing of oil  pollution
prevention equipment.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

                                 77

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C-203-76
QUICK RESPONSE IS POSSIBLE IN OIL SPILL

Anon.  1975.
Offshore 35(10):138-142.

A new oil-spill recovery design requires no more than 200 sq.
ft. of storage space on deck, and can be set up by two men in
a lifeboat within 30 minutes.  Oil retrieval begins at once
with the use of a long loop of rope mop; oil is then wrung
out into collection pans.  Government responsibility for
protection against marine pollution is shared by three bodies;
the various responsibilities are explained.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-204-76
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

Anon.  1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9};131.

The semi-submersible design gives a more stable working platform
which is desirable for work in the hostile North Sea.  The vessel
will be fitted out to control pollution and offshore fires.
Storage space for 7500 gallons of dispersant concentrate is
provided.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-205-76
SKIMMER GIVES HIGH-SPEED RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS

Anon.  1975.
Oil and Gas Journal 73(37):209.

The mini skimmer, developed by British Petroleum Co. Ltd.
(Chertsey Rd., Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, England), is
capable of operating in up to 2-ft waves and removes almost all
oils from the water surface with minimal water uptake.  Maximum
recovery rates of 3,000 gph have been achieved.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                78

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 C-206-76
 SKIMMING SYSTEM CLEARS OIL SLICKS

 Anon.  1974.
 Marine Engineers Review (December):38-39.

 A new anti-pollution oil  recovery system has a recovery rate of
 100 tons/hour.  The oil skimming unit, devised by BP,  consists
 of rotating discs to which the oil  adheres.   As the discs rotate,
 oil is scraped off and then passed  to an oil delivery  hose for
 recovery.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:   International  Petroleum Abstract? 3(2):#567.
                   1975.
 C-207-76
 SLICKGONE L.T.2.  FOR DISPERSING OIL  SPILLS AND  BEACH CLEANING

 Anon.
 Product  Information.

 Dasic  International  Ltd.  markets a blend  of biodegradable nonionic
 emulsifiers  in  a  solvent  of  low aromaticity.  This blend is low
 in  toxicity  and has  a  powerful  dispersant action, i.e. one gallon
 disperses 50 square  yards of oil  slick,   FFI contact Dasic
 International Ltd.,  Winchester  Rd.,  Romsey, Hampshire 505 84D.

 Restoration

 Citation  Source:   Industrial Wastes  Information Bulletin 4(3):
                   #HMS 3304.  1975.
C-208-76
SOLVENT OIL SLICK DISPERSANT

Anon.
Product Information.

This dispersant is biodegraded in 2-6 days and does not hazard
marine life at concentrations <3%.  FFI contact R. K. B.
Maintenance Chemicals Ltd., New Road, Sandy, Bedfordshire.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
                  #HMS 4736.  1975.
                                79

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C-209-76
10TH CANADIAN SYMPOSIUM ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH

Anon.  1975.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto, Institute for
Environmental Studies, 1975,  54 p.

Topics covered in these abstracts of papers on water quality
deterioration and treatment include:  bio-oxidation and activated
carbon adsorption residuals, leachate treatment, N loss, oil
spills, Hg transport, and heavy metal and insecticide residue
effects on animal life and water quality

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04740.  1975.
C-210-76
TRANSLATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.  NO. 58.

Anon.  1974.
Translations of monographs from various journals, JPRS-63176.  31 p.

Oil pollution control equipment in Chuvashiya, USSR, is one of
the topics discussed in these translations.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05072.  1975.
C-211-76
TWIN-HULL FIREFIGHTERS FOR UKOOA?

Anon.  1974.
Offshore Services 7(4):39.

Fifteen ships will be stationed along the east coast of the
United Kingdom for firefighting and other disaster duties in
North Sea oil and gas fields.  The offshore industry has a
good record for pollution incidents (responsible for only 2%
of the oil reaching the sea), and will equip the ships to fight
oil pollution in any form.

Contingency planning

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03985.  1975.
                                 80

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C-212-76
TWO OIL SPILL RECOVERY SYSTEMS BEING TESTED IN ARCTEC LAB

Anon,  1975.
Sea Technology 16(10):11.

The Lockheed Clean Sweep Model (disc-drum unit) and the Marco
Class I Pollution Control Oil Recovery System (belt-type skimmer)
will be tested by ARCTEC in model ice and at cold temperatures.
The purpose of this program is to develop a system to control
Arctic oil pollution.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-213-76
WORLD ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORY

Anon.  1974.
World Environmental Directory 1(1):535 p.

A listing is provided of the name, address and descriptive
information of pollution control product manufacturers in the
areas of air, water and solid waste; professional services;
government and independent environmental agencies; organizations;
educational institutions; corporate environmental officials; and
international environmental organizations.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04121.   1975.
C-214-76
A ZERO-RELATIVE-VELOCITY BELT SKIMMER

Ayres, R. R., K. L. Bickham, J. P. Fraser, and P. E. Titus.   1975.
Final report, USC6-D-116-75, Contract DOT-CG-42229-A.  250 p.

A new approach to high speed oil recovery incorporates the
concept of zero relative velocity between a moving belt and  the
oil layer.  A sorbent belt made of Astroturf and Fuetron felt
floats like a blanket on the water and absorbs oil.   The belt
is then withdrawn and the oil squeezed out,  Full-scale simulations
indicate that further development is warranted.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                 JAD-A014 497/2GA.  1975.
                                 81

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 C-215-76
 GUIDE  TO NRL  CLEANING AND  SALVAGING TECHNIQUES FOR RECLAIMING
 EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATED WITH  SEAWATER, OIL AND SMOKE DEPOSITS

 Baker, H.  R.,  and  R, N,  Bolster,   1973,
 NRL  Report No.  7563.  Up,

 Information on the supplies  necessary to reclaim equipment
 contaminated  by oil, seawater, or  fire  is given.  Additional
 information is included  on the personnel and equipment needed
 for  a  shore cleaning facility, and the  most satisfactory methods
 of salvage.

 Citation Source:   Aquatic  Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                   #5Q8878.   1975.

 C-216-76
 OIL/WATER SEPARATORS

 Butterworths  Systems (U.K.), Ltd,
 Product  Information.
This oil/water separator  has the advantages of being automatic,
without filters, and needing no power.  The design is based on
gravity separation with the coalescence of oil aided by steel
collector plates and turbulent flow.  FFI contact Butterworth's
Systems (U.K.), Ltd., 445 Brighton Rd,, South Croyden, Surrey
CR 2 6EU.
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
                  #HMS 3503.  1975.

C-217-76
TESTS OF COAST GUARD DEVELOPED HIGH SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEMS
AT EPA OHMSETT

Chang, W. J.  1975.
Final report, USCG-D-101-75.  129 p.

The Lockheed High Seas Oil Recovery System and the Ocean Systems
Oil Recovery System 1000 were tested in the Coast Guard's sim-
ulated environmental test tank for oil recovery rate, oil recovery
efficiency and thruput efficiencies over a wide range of conditions
Descriptions of testing apparatus, plans and data analysis are
included.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:   Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #AD-A014 495/6GA.   1975.

                                 82

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  C-218-76
  HARBOUR CLEANUP  IS CONTINUOUS AND VITAL

  Cranfield, J.  1974.
  Petroleum & Petrochemical International 14(9):46-47,

  The Hydrovac cleanup system which recovers oil from Rotterdam
  harbour is described.  The ship contains all the oil/water
  separation equipment and storage tanks for the recovered oil.
  The sweeper boom is towed at an angle.  In small areas a small
  skimmer is used.   The system separates up to 100 tons/hr of oil

  Design and engineering

  Citation Source:   International  Petroleum Abstracts 3(1):#258,
                   1975.
 C-219-76
 TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGING SPILLS ON LAND AND WATER

 Dahm,  D.  B.,  R.  J.  Pilie,  and J.  P.  Lafornara.   1974.
 Environmental  Science & Technology 8(13):1076-1079.

 "Methods  are  described to  control, treat,  and monitor  spills
 of hazardous  materials during .manufacture,  transport,  and
 storage on both  land  and water,"   Detection and  monitoring
 equipment are  discussed.

 Monitoring

 Citation  Source:  Pollution Abstracts  6(4):#75-04065.  1975.
C-220-76
EMKEM SPILLWASH LT DISPERSANT FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP OPERATIONS

Emkem International, Ltd.
Product Information.

The Emkem product has low toxicity and has been approved by
the Warren Spring Laboratory.  It may be, used in conditions
ranging from large scale spills at sea to oil accumulation in
drains, ships or industrial environments.  FFI contact Emkem
International, Ltd., The Point, Leigh Beck, Canvey Island,
Essex SS8 7TJ.

Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3966.  1975.
                              83

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 C-221-76
 OIL SPILLS AT SEA AND ON  SHORE

 European Petroleum Technical  Corporation,   1974.
 Barking, Essex,  England,  Applied  Science  Publishers  Ltd,,  1974.
 105 p.

 Chapters are presented on oil spill  factors  to  be taken  into
 consideration, such as the  location  of  the oil  spill, the  type
 of spilt oil  and the quantity of  spilt  oil;  recommended  methods
 of cleanup for different  environments and special conditions such
 as ice;  and detailed consideration of cleanup methods, i.e.
 burning, sinking,  dispersing or picking up.

 Containment

 Citation Source:   International Petroleum Abstracts  3(1):v.  1975.
C-222-76
REMOVING HARMFUL GREASE AND OILS FROM WATER SYSTEMS

Goforth, J. L.  1974.
Air Force Civil Engineer 15(3):24-26.

Grease and oils are removed from the water surface of a settling
basin by trapping the material in a trough at the tank periphery
which is elevated at one end to allow the scum to drain out of
the system.  Skimmings can also be directed into troughs and
removed by pipe to a sump for further handling.

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056423.
                  1975.
C-223-76
EXTRACTION DE MICROPOLLUANTS PAR LE CHARBON ACTIF [English
summary]

Cornelia, C.  1975.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales et Revue L'eau 70(5):195-203.

The adsorption of'pollutants by activated carbon is discussed.
For the adsorption of detergents, pesticides and hydrocarbons,
activated carbon gives good results although 03 is sometimes
necessary.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04532.  1975.
                                84

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 C-224-76
 CLEAN-UP AFTER TERRITORIAL OIL SPILLS IN THE ARCTIC

 Greene, 6., D. Mackay.and J. Overall,  1975,
 Arctic 28(2):140-142.

 The purpose of this study was to show that problems of oil
 containment and cleanup in arctic and subarctic regions are
 different from those in the temperate south.  Devices and '
 techniques that can be employed to remove oil  from contaminated
 arctic regions are described.

 Containment

 Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,297.   1975.
 C-225-76
 PARTICULATE OIL SPILL RECOVERY - 1.   OIL  SORPTION  PROPERTIES
 OF PLASTIC FOAMS

 Gumtz,  G.  D.   1975.
 International  Journal  of Mineral  Processing  2(2):151-161.

 A  system of oil  spill  recovery   that uses reusable, reticulated,
 polyurethane foams  to absorb  oil  is modelled mathematically.  The
 system  appears  to be  practical.   The  factors involved in foam
 selection  are  oil viscosity,  wave height, recovery ship speed,
 and  system geometry.

 Citation Source:  The  Engineering Index Monthly 13(10):#070706.
                  1975.
C-226-76
1974 REPORT OF THE INTERSTATE SANITATION COMMISSION

Interstate Sanitation Commission.  19.75.
Annual report, Interstate Sanitation Commission.  98 p.

Special areas receiving attention in this report.are pretreatment
of industrial wastes, removal of oils from the district waters,
compliance monitoring, thermal pollution, enforcement and combined
sewers.  A record of pollution activities is provided by the
Commission to assist in coordinating approaches to regional
problems in its activities for water pollution abatement.

Waste oil and waste water treatment
Monitoring

Citation Source:   Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04136.  1975.
                                85

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C-227-76
PLUGGING THE FAST CURRENT GAP

Jensen, D. S., LCDR, and R. W. Ard, LT,  1975,
Ecolibrium 4(3):6-8.

The Coast Guard has a comprehensive program to develop fast
current oil removal systems.  At present most cleanup devices
fail to perform effectively when the current velocity is above
one knot.  Five models designed for high velocity currents are
being tested; then the data will be analyzed and evaluated.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-228-76
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM - STAGE 1, SVROS DEVELOPMENT

Lindenmuth, W. T., A. M, Sinnerwalla, and T. R. Sundaram.  1975,
Final report, TR-7501-1 USCG-D-36-75, Contract DOT-CG-40218-A.
96 p.

SVROS (Surface Velocity Retarder Oil Skimmer) is an energy
absorbing device designed to recover thin oil slicks in high
relative currents by gradually dissipating the kinetic energy
of the oil/water inflow so the oil can be collected without
entrainment losses.  The effects of velocity, oil type, slick
thickness and model geometry were tested.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #AD-A014 500/3GA.  1975.
C-229-76
WATER WITCH WATER POLLUTION CONTROL CRAFT

Liverpool Waterwltch and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd,
Product Information,

This company offers water-borne vehicles equipped with an oil
skimming unit, detergent spraying facilities or weed dredging
facilities.  The vehicles can be used to remove oil, weeds and
floating debris from rivers and harbors.  FFI contact Liverpool
Waterwitch and Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., 74 Winifred Lane,
Aughton, Ormskirk, Lancashire.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
                  #HMS 4176.  1975.
                               86

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 C-230-76
 FILTERBELT OIL SKIMMERS

 Marco Pollution Control.
 Product Information.

 The oil-water mixture is drawn through a continuous filter
 belt.  The oil is retained on the belt and later mechanically
 removed by rolling with pressure.  Screens prevent debris from
 clogging the process.  FFI contact Marco Pollution Control,
 2300 West Commodore Way, Seattle, Washington 98199.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                   #HMS 3951,   1975.
 C-231-76
 HYDROVAC OIL-WATER SEPARATOR AND SWEEPER  SHIP

 Marine Ventures,  Ltd.
 Product Information.

 The separator has the  capacity to process up to  1000 metric  tons
 per hour and to reduce the  oil  concentration to  less than  10 ppm.
 The sweeper can be installed in existing  ships and has a capacity
 of  100 metric tons per hour,   FFI contact Marine Ventures, Ltd.,
 London Metropole, Edgware Rd.,  London W2  1JU,

 Design and  engineering

 Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information Bulletin 4(4):
                   #HMS 3539.   1975.
C-232-76
DECONTAMINATE WATER BEFORE  IT GETS INTO THE GROUND

Miller, D. W.  1974.
Water and Sewage Works 121(6):51-53.

Sources of groundwater pollution include industrial waste
lagoons, oil leaks, pesticides and fertilizers, septic tanks
and recharge wells.  Problems encountered in monitoring ground-
water quality and treating groundwater pollution are considered.
Increased research in developing methods to correct groundwater
contamination and new strategies for controlling potential
future problems are suggested.

Monitoring

Citation Source:   Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04731.   1975.

                                87

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C-233-76
OIL/WATER SEPARATOR EVALUATION

Mittleman, J.  1975.
Informal report, January-November 74, NCSL-252-75,  55 p.

A series of tests were conducted to evaluate a coalescing,
plate-type, oil-water separator.  The apparatus was successful
in separating contaminated Navy Distillate from seawater, and
produced a water effluent containing 200 ppm oil and an oil
effluent containing <5% water.  Experiments involving the
separation of Navy Special Fuel Oil from seawater were not
successful and required termination.  The reliability of the
separator's automatic mode was unsatisfactory.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
                  #AD-A013 210/OGA.  1975.
C-234-76
THE HYDRODYNAMICS OF POROUS BARRIER OIL RECOVERY SYSTEMS

Norton, D. J., and J. L. Rand.  1975.
Final report, USCG-D-146-75, Contract DOT-CG-42444A.  76 p.

The oil recovery system has a solid barrier with several upstream
porous barriers which act to dissipate the energy of the flow
through them.  This allows a solid barrier to be used in currents
well above the critical speed for a single solid barrier.  Factors
influencing success are the number, type, and placement of
porous barriers.

Design and engineering
Containment

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #AD-A014 501/IGA.  1975.
C-235-76
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WATER SURFACES USING WOOD DUST - THE INFLUENCE
OF DUST SIZE

Ponter, A. B. et al.   1974.
Institute of Petroleum Paper 1 P74-016.  6 p.

A range of petroleum products is used to test the absorbent
capacity of cedar wood dust of a specific particle size.  Oil
                                88

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 uptake was minimal with particles of 0,1 in.  Particles greater
 than 0.5 in. absorbed 2.7 (kerosine) to 4,2 (other oils) times
 their weight.  A two-phase mechanism is suggested.

 Citation Source:  International Petroleum Abstracts 3(3):#911.
                   1975.
 C-236-76
 USE OF A PADDLE WHEEL IN THE RECOVERY OF FLOATING OIL

 Reed, C., and J. C.  Wambold.  1975,
 ASME Paper 75-ENAs-48.   5 p.

 Two pivoting booms are  joined in a vee configuration  by  a
 driven paddle wheel.  The paddle wheel  action  draws the  surface
 water toward it, thus cleaning an area wider than itself.   It
 may be operated at slow speeds or in  a stationary position  in
 confined areas of harbors and docks.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly  13(9):#060784,
                   1975.
 C-237-76
 POLLUTION  OF WATER  BY OIL

 Smith, J,  W.   1973.
 Environmental  Problems and Their  International Implications.
 Boulder, Colorado,  Colorado Associated University Press, 1973.
 p.  111-125.

 In  order to select  the optimal method for oil spill treatment
 and removal, many factors must be considered, such as quantity
 of  polluted water,  rapidity of oil-water mixing* and oil and
 dispersed  chemical  concentrations.  Methods and their limitations
 are described  for water surfaces and shores.  The guidelines given
 aid in selecting the most satisfactory method with the least
 environmental  damage.

 Restoration

 Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(46):#213,080.  1975.
C-238-76
DEVELOPMENT OF FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM

Trentacoste, N. P.  1975.
Final report, SAI-74-638-WA USCG-D-34-75, Contract DOT-CG-40216-A.
187 p.

                                89

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 The  feasibility of a new system for oil recovery in fast currents
 was  investigated.  The system  includes a vented hydrofoil to
 separate most of the water from the oil-water layer, and a
 rotating belt of polyurethane  foam to adsorb the oil from the
 remaining mixture.  Overall throughput efficiency  (oil recovered/
 oil  received) was 80%,

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #AD-A014 496/4GA.  1975.
C-239-76
SURFACE EFFECTS SKIMMER DEVELOPMENTS

Trentacoste, N. P.  1975.
Final report, EPA/670/2-75/066, Contract EPA-68-03-0327.  79 p.

The new skimmer uses a directed air jet to separate and lift
spilled oil from water surfaces in the form of a spray consisting
of oil and water droplets.  The spray is directed toward a
rotating polyurethane foam belt from which it is squeezed and
pumped to a storage tank.  The experimental program investigating
the skimmer is described.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(18):
                  #PB-242 391/1GA.  1975,
C-240-76
EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF AN OIL DISPERSANT IN LARGE OUTDOOR
SALT WATER TANKS

Wells, P. G,5 and P. D. Keizer.  1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):153-157.

A mixture of Venezuelan Guam*pa crude oil and a dispersant,
Oilsperse 43, was more homogeneous, less viscous and without the
"crust" present in the tank containing only oil.  A weathered
crude plus dispersant mixture with 250 yg/1 oil was lethal to
over 50% of the test green urchins in four days.  Crude oil
alone caused no mortalities.

Biological effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               90

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3.   RESTORATION
    C-241-76
    CLEANING OILED SEABIRDS

    Baker,  J.  R.   1975,
    The Veterinary Record  97(4):79.

    The correspondence refers  to the publication,  "Recommended
    Treatment  of  Oiled Seabirds,"  by the Advisory  Committee on Oil
    Pollution  of  the  Sea,  Research Unit on the Rehabilitation of
    Oiled Seabirds, University of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the inquiry
    concerns how  waterproof bird plumage was after a treatment
    described  in  a previous letter.

    Citation Source:  Citation Journal
   C-242-76
   TREATING OILED BIRDS

   Croxall, J. P.  1975.
   Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):147.

   The first section of the report, "Review of current knowledge
   on reducing bird mortality associated with oil spills" compiled
   by LGL Ltd., Environmental Research Association, Toronto,
   reviews the information available on techniques and substances
   useful for cleaning oiled birds.  The second deals with dispersing
   birds from the vicinity of an oil slick, and makes recommendations
   for further research.

   Biological effects of oil pollution

   Citation Source:   Citation Journal
                                 91

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4.   OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT


    C-243-76
    DEEPWATER PORTS

    Anon.   1975.
    Chilton's Oil  & Gas  Energy 1(1):38-39.

    Used in combination  with  promising accident  prevention features,
    deepwater terminals  are the soundest method  for  importing oil.
    The advantages  of deepwater terminals are discussed, with atten-
    tion directed  toward present causes of tanker oil pollution.

    General  effects of oil prospecting and production

    Citation Source:   Citation Journal
   C-244-76
   GELLING TECHNIQUE MAY PREVENT OIL SPILLS FROM TANKERS

   Anon.  1974.
   Petroleum & Petrochemical International 14(3):49,

   Esso Research is studying the possibility of gelling the crude
   oil cargo as a pollution control measure in the event of an
   emergency.  The gelling method involves a chemical interaction
   between two organic liquid gelling agents dissolved in the oil
   to form a gelant compound which entraps the oil.

   Design and engineering

   Citation Source:  Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6178.
                     1975.
   C-245-76
   JOINT MARITIME ADMINISTRATION/U.S. COAST GUARD TANK BARGE STUDY

   Anon.  1974.
   U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard.  107 p,

   The U.S.  Coast Guard proposed rules to make double walls and
   double ends mandatory for tank barges of 100 gross tons or more.
   This joint study by the Coast Guard and the Maritime Administration
   assesses  the relative construction and life cycle costs of various
   barge designs and the performance of existing barges.

   Design and engineering

   Citation  Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#084463.  1975.
                                  92

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 C-246-76
 OILBERGS

 Anon.  1975.
 Audubon 77(6):126.

 A semisubmersible ice-breaking supertanker capable  of breaking
 through 13-foot-thick ice to transport oil  from Alaska's  North
 Slope and Canada's  Arctic islands has  been developed.   Statistics
 are given on the oil  spilled into the  ocean from normal tanker
 operations (1  million tons), spills  (200,000 tons),  and drydock
 leaks (250,000 tons).  NOAA ships are  monitoring sea slicks,

 Design and engineering
 Monitoring

 Citation Source:  Citation  Journal

 C-247-76
 OIL TRANSPORTATION  BY TANKERS:  AN ANALYSIS  OF MARINE POLLUTION
 AND SAFETY  MEASURES

 Anon.   1975.
 Office  of Technology  Assessment,  Washington, D.C.  305 p.

 Background  material and a discussion of issues related to tanker
 safety  and  pollution  potential are presented.  Technical alterna-
 tives  in  the design,  construction and operation of tankers as
 related  to  pollution  control are  emphasized.  The special  problems
 of  supertankers are discussed.

 Design  and  engineering

 Citation  Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
                  #PB-244 457/8GA.  1975.

 C-248-76
 OTA  ISSUES  REPORT ON  TANKERS AND  MARINE POLLUTION

 Anon.   1975.
 Sea Technology 16(10):11.

The report  of the Office of Technology Assessment is called Oil
Transportation by Tankers:  An Analysis of Marine Pollution and
Safety Measures.  Oil  spillage from accidents accounts for about
20% of oil dumped in the oceans through routine tanker operations.
The report also examines the effects of these 1.5 million tons of
oil discharged into  the oceans each year.

Reporting

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

                                93

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C-249-76
SUPER SHIPS - SUPER PROBLEMS

Anon.  1975.
Chllton's Oil & Gas Energy 1(3):56-59,

The ability to build big ships is increasing faster than the
ability to regulate them, as Noel Mostert points out in his
well-researched book, Supership.  The case against the 'supers'
is outlined, and the four immediate steps necessary to achieve
safety are given.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-250-76
TANKER TRAFFIC II.  INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY WITH REGARD TO THE
PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION OF THE SEA

Anon.  1974.
Ingenieur (The Hague) 86(51-52):1007-1009.

The measures taken by the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization (IMCO) to limit operational discharges of oily water
into the sea, to control the release of oil after tanker accidents,
and to prevent tanker accidents are summarized.  Design require-
ments for both tankers and shore installations and new rules
concerning navigation are included.

International legislation
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(7):
                  #1983.  1975,
C-251-76
FIRST SPAR STORAGE-LOADING BUOY PROJECT POSED COMPLEX DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION PROBLEM

Bax, J. D.  1974.
Oil and Gas Journal 72(23):53-57.

The SPAR offshore floating storage-loading facility consists of
three cylindrical sections placed one on top of the other, with
storage, pumping, and power generation and crew facilities housed
separately.  Design criteria and special anti-pollution features
are described.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#072993.  1975.
                                94

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 C-252-76
 A SAFETY TANKER OF THE  FUTURE

 Booth,  D.   1974.
 Commercial  Motor 139(3546):38-47,

 A glass reinforced plastic  tanker  for  transporting  petroleum
 products has  been  approved  by  the  Home Office.  The comparison
 test  data with  steel  tankers and the safety features of the
 plastic tanker  are discussed.  The tanker complies  with both
 EEC and ADR transport regulations.

 Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                   #HMS  3296.   1975,
C-253-76
ICEBERGS AND OIL TANKERS:  USC6 GLACIOLOGISTS ARE CONCERNED

Carter, L. J.   1975.
Science 190(4215):641-643.

A recent U.S. Geological Survey report warns that icebergs from
the Columbia Glacier near Valdez may menace supertankers that
will soon call  there daily to take on oil.  The glacier may be
on the verge of a "drastic retreat," which causes more icebergs.
During the past two months icebergs have been seen in and around
shipping lanes.  Although safeguards will be used, the systems
are not infallible.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-254-76
THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.  3

Chandler, G.  1974.
Petroleum Review 28(327):151-158.

Among the problems considered are:  pollution risks to ground and
surface water arising from storage tanks, pipelines and transport,
pollution from car exhaust emissions and waste oil disposal.

Waste oil  and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Fuel  Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6175.
                  1975.
                               95

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C-255-76
PREVENTION OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER POLLUTION BY OIL FROM
STORAGE TANKS AND DURING THE TRANSPORT OF OIL

European Petroleum Technical Cooperation,  1974,
Barking, Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers Ltd,, 1974.
32 p.

This book contains information on general requirements for
pollution prevention, corrosion protection, storage tanks, pipes
and fittings, installations, operations, transportation and
deliveries.

Citation Source:  International Petroleum Abstracts 3(1):v,  1975,
C-256-76
LEAK DETECTION WITH SPHERES

Gagey, E.  1975.
Pipeline and Gas Journal 202(8):47-48.

The method of pipeline leak detection with spheres is illustrated.
With a sphere installed in the line and flow stopped, one can
observe the pressure declining in the leaking section while the
pressure remains steady in the other section.  When the pressure
differential between the leaking and non-leaking sections of pipe
reaches a certain level, the equilibrium point of the sphere
changes and the sphere moves ahead.

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,525.  1975.
C-257-76
SUPERSHIPS

Mostert, N.  1974.
New York, N. Y., Knopf, 1974.  332 p.

The author maintains that YLCCs and VLCCs  are "badly built, hard
to handle, crucially overloaded, sloppily sailed, and sketchily
regulated for safety."  Big tankers have been suffering accidents
at an alarming rate in the waters around Capetown.  A large
proportion of the up to 10 million tons of oil spilled per year
ends up in the Southern Ocean.

Citation Source:  Energy Review 08:9.  1975.
                                96

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 C-258-76
 PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE FOR SUBMERGED WELLS

 Texaco Development Corp,  1975,
 U.S.  Patent 3,866,676.

 The hydrocarbon fluid producing  well  is buried  in  the ocean  floor
 and surrounded by a metal  casing to protect  it  against moving  ice
 masses and other floating  objects.  If the casing  is damaged,  a
 trigger mechanism shuts  off  the  flow  to eliminate  the dangers  of
 pipeline damage and oil  pollution.

 Citation Source:   Underwater Information Bulletin  7(4):#75/08/29.
                   1975.
C-259-76
DESIGN FOR DISASTER:  OIL SPILLS

Zimmerman, M. D.  1975.
Machine Design 47 (May 1):16-21.

Over one-third of the oil spilled in the ocean each year comes
from transportation and transfer of oil.  The economies in design
claimed necessary for supertankers are discussed.  Available
safeguards against oil spills and for cleaning up oil spills,
and techniques for source identification are presented,  The
latter is important in the enforcement of anti-pollution laws.

Cleanup and recovery
Source identification
U.S. legislation

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                97

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5.   DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
    C-260-76
    API SAFETY VALVE TEST FACILITY PUT INTO OPERATION BY SRI

    Anon.   1975.
    Sea Technology 16(9):36.

    The Subsurface Safety Valve Test Facility gives the oil  industry
    a means to test gas and oil well subsurface safety valves.   Each
    valve  model  undergoes performance tests and results are  recorded.
    Offshore safety and pollution control  will  be aided by this
    testing facility.

    Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                  98

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6.  WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
    C-261-76
    BESPOKE OIL AT A MASS PRODUCTION  PRICE

    Anon.   1974.
    Reclamation Industries International  #6:14-15.

    Oil  is  being  rerefined in  Switzerland.  The used oil  is obtained
    on contract and the  rerefined  product  is supplied on  contract.
    The  process utilizes  settling,  sulfuric acid treatment, filtration
    and  additives.   The  rerefined  oil costs 5-50% less than new oil.

    Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4)*
                      #HMS 3411.   1975.
   C-262-76
   THE ENVIRONMENT - ONE YEAR OF COMMUNITY ACTION

   Anon.   1974.
   Industry & Society No. 28:1-11.

   The EEC actions on environmental improvement are reported.
   Among  the topics discussed are water standards,  marine pollution,
   spent-oils and toxic wastes disposal and the environmental  impact
   of the energy crisis.  Proposals and discussions from June,  1970,
   to February, 1974, are included.

   General effects of oil  prospecting and  production

   Citation  Source:   Industrial  Wastes Information  Bulletin 4(1):
                     #HMS  2845.   1975.
   C-263-76
   ENVIRONMENTAL SESSION  COVERS WASTE, NOISE

   Anon.   1975.
   Oil and Gas Journal 73(43):135-138.

   This article covers the question-and-answer session on environ-
  mental control held at the 1975 NPRA Refinery and Petrochemical
   Plant Maintenance Conference in Anaheim, California.  The questions
   covered "at-sea" incineration of waste materials, reusing oil
   lost through the shaft-seal, and portable oil skimmers.

  Cleanup and recovery

  Citation Source:   Citation Journal
                                 99

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 C-264-76
 GRAVITATOR, TM OIL-WATER-SOLIDS SEPARATOR

 Anon.
 Product Information.

 This separator system has a toroidal flow pattern which gives a
 high solids separation and a floating oil removal rate better
 than 99%.   Wastes can be treated at a rate of 150 gpm giving an
 effluent containing 10 ppm oil.

 Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
                   #HMS 4653.  1975.

 C-265-76
 INCINERATION DISPOSES OF REFINERY WASTES

 Anon.   1975.
 The Oil  and Gas  Journal  73(46):60-63.

 Stricter controls and land scarcity are making  refiners consider
 incineration as  a means  of disposing of oily refinery sludges
 and wastes.   Types of oily wastes and  incinerators  are discussed.
 Incineration is  expensive and needs considerable  attention.
 Minimizing the amount of oily waste to be disposed  of is con-
 sidered  worthwhile.

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal

 C-266-76
 INCINERATION OF REFINERY WASTES

 Anon.  1975.
 Stichting  CONCAWE  2/75.  93  p.

 Guidelines prepared  by a CONCAWE  special  task force for  the
 incineration of refinery oily sludges  are  listed.  The  suitability
 of  the types of incinerators available on  the market  is  discussed.
 The need to attempt  the recovery  of  the oil  from  refinery sludges
 by  other means is  emphasized.

 Citation Source:    Environmental  Health  and Pollution  Control  8(6):
                   #1709.   1975.


 C-267-76
 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION ANSWERS OFFERED

Anon.  1975.
 Product Information.

A free folder of specification sheets  discusses and defines

                                100

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  various industrial  wastewater pollutants,  including oil,  and  the
  AFL System approach to dealing with these  pollutants.   Data
  sheets  are offered  on various separators and skimmers.  FFI
  contact AFL Industries,  Inc., 1149 Howard  Drive,  West Chicago.
  Illinois 60185.

  Citation Source:  The Oil  and Gas  Journal  73(41):114.   1975.

  C-268-76
  INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WASTE  OIL RECOVERY AND REUSE, 2ND

  Anon.   1975.
  Washington, D.C., Association of Petroleum Refiners.  1975.

  The benefits resulting from waste  oil recovery, re-refinement
  and reuse are explained in the proceedings of the conference,
  and industry case histories and problems involved are presented.
 The West German experience with oil reuse over a six year period
  is discussed.

 Citation Source:  Environmental Science and Technology  9(7):68b.
                   1975.

  C-269-76
  KEEPING  OILY WASTES OUT OF CITY SEWERS

 Anon.  1974.
  Instrumentation 27(1):10-11.

 Oil is removed from the effluent of a U.S.  treatment plant by
 lowering the pH to 2-3, and skimming off the oil.   The  treatment
 plant handles 350,000 gallons per day; the  effluent has  less
 than 25 ppm oil.

 Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                   #HMS 3156.  1975.


 C-270-76
 MAGNETIC  SEPARATION  CLEANS  WATER TO UNDER 10  PPM OIL CONTENT

 Anon.  1974.
 Petroleum &  Petrochemical International  14(1):31.

 Oil  is removed from water using the Magnetic Oil Separation
 Technique (MOST).  A Ferro  Fluid, consisting of a magnetic iron
 oxide powder in a kerosene  base, is introduced into the waste
water stream.  The fluid captures the oil and is removed
magnetically to a separator where it is reclaimed for recirculation.

Citation  Source:  Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6176.
                  1975.

                               101

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C-271-76
OIL REFINING - SOME METHODS AND APPLICATION

Anon.  1974.
Reclamation Industries International #8:16-17.

The present and potential methods for motor oil recovery and
standard tests for the products have been reviewed and assessed
by the U.S. Bureau of Mines.  The U.S. rubber industry utilizes
lightly reprocessed oils.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
                  #HMS 2756.  1975.
C-272-76
OILS AND GREASE IN BATHS REMOVED BY ULTRAFILTRATION

Anon.  1974.
Metal Progress 105(6):99-101.

The Union Carbide Ucarsep system can handle process streams in
a wide range of conditions.  An inorganic ultrafiltration
membrane is supported by porous carbon tubes.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                  #HMS 3255.  1975.
C-273-76
POLLUTION LAB PAYS OFF - TWO WAYS

Anon.  1975.
World Ports 37(4):20-21.

The article describes the water pollution control system which
has been established to monitor the operation of an oil ballast
disposal plant at the Swan Island Ship Repair Yard, Portland,
Oregon.  Waste water is checked for emu!sification and salt
water content and is treated in a separator before being dis-
charged to the municipal sewer system.
Monitoring

Citation Source:
Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
#W75-10243.  1975.
                                 102

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  C-274-76
  PROCESS TURNS  LIQUID  WASTE  INTO A  SOLID

  Anon.   1974.
  Petroleum  & Petrochemical International  14(3):33.

  A process  for  the treatment of toxic wastes and their conversion
  to a solid useable as  landfill is  described.  The process can
  be applied to  the treatment of waste from the chemical and
  petroleum  industries.

  Citation Source:  Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(9):#6179
                   1975.
 C-275-76
 PROGRESS OF THE WAR ON WASTE.  WASTE MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COUNCIL

 Anon.  1975.
 Solid Wastes 65(7):290-296.

 A review is given of the Waste Management Advisory Council's
 progress and research into wastes reclamation including  metals,
 packaging, paper, oil, tyres, farm and sewage wastes,  fish,
 forestry and mining wastes.

 Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes Information  Bulletin  5(4):
                   #HMS 4626.   1975.
 C-276-76
 SWEDEN EXAMINES  RANGE  OF  TREATMENT  FACILITIES  IN BASIC  INDUSTRIAL
 SECTORS

 Anon.   1974.
 Solid  Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal 17(4):58, 61, 130.

 The  1971 statistics on wastes from  66 companies are reported.  The
 industries  include chemical, oil refinery, iron and steel.  Pro-
 portions of wastes incinerated, recycled and disposed on land are
 given.

 Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                  #HMS 3280.  1975.
C-277-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.  NO. 66

Anon.  1975.
Translations of monographs from various journals, OPRS-63526.  46 p.
                                103

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The translated papers deal with environmental quality,   Subject
areas include:  pollution in the Turizow area in Poland;
pollution problems in Chile; biochemical purification of oil
refining waste waters, and liquid phase oxidation for water
purification in the USSR; and environmental  protection in Hesse,
West Germany.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04014.  1975,
C-278-76
USED OIL; WHAT TO DO WITH IT?

Anon.  1975.
Pit and Quarry 67(8):79, 82.

Several disposal processes exist for use in an oil  conservation
program.  The used oil  can be rerefined or sent to  a waste oil
service, used for road oiling to control dust, or mixed with
furnace oil or diesel fuel.   Handling procedures and a list of
equipment and information sources are included in the article.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-279-76
WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

Anon.  1975.
United Kingdom, Department of the Environment, Headquarters
Library.  68 p.

This publication contains a comprehensive compilation of research
projects in the United Kingdom from a survey in late 1974.   There
are 261 entries complete with the name and address of the
organization and responsible individuals, the title and summary
of the work, and  the completion date.  The petrochemical and oil
industries were among those surveyed.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(2):
                  #HMS 4383.  1975.
C-280-76
WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND REUSE

Anon.  1974.
Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse.  International Conference, Washington,
D.C., 1974.  418 p.

Various methods for the recovery and re-use of waste oil are
discussed.  The characteristics of marine oily wastes, quality
                                104

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 products from used oils,  and the use of waste oil  as  fuel  are
 among other topics discussed.

 Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information  Bulletin  4(4):
                   #HMS 3563.   1975.
 C-281-76
 WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY:   COSTS AND  CAPABILITIES
 PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY

 Anon.   1975.
 NCWQ-75/02.   2 vol.,  650  p.

 Technologies  available  to the  petroleum refining  industry to
 meet  water pollution  abatement as  required by  the Federal Water
 Pollution Control  Act Amendments of  1972 are examined.  Six
 levels  of pollution abatement  are  reviewed,  Performance is
 stated  in terms of resulting effluents.

 U.S.  legislation
 Design  and engineering

 Citation  Source:   Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
                   #PB-243 830/7GA.   1975.
C-282-76
WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH  IN CANADA 1974, VOLUME 9

Anon.   1974.
Canadian Symposium on Water Pollution Research, 9th, 1974.
London, Canada, University of West Ontario, 1974.  339 p.

Oil pollution related papers given at the symposium include:
Flocculation of Waste Waters from Petroleum Refineries, A. Hade
and A.  Elcabetz; Testing, Treating and Disposal of Oil and Gas
Well Waste Water Sumps, D. R. Shaw; Some Water Quality Studies
in Petroleum Refineries, G. G. Tertipis and C. M. Pyburn; and
Oil Removal from Refinery Wastes by Air Flotation, B.  Volesky
and S. Agathos.

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056403,
                  #056404.  1975.
C-283-76
ELIMINATION OF OILY WASTES BY DISPERSED AIR FLOTATION

Balemans, M. C. M-, and M. E. Brownjohn.  1975.
Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4(l):60-66.

The technique of dispersed air flotation used to eliminate

                              105

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 oily  wastes  is described.   Its application and limits, its
 operational  results to date, and investment and operational
 costs are also outlined,

 Citation Source:   Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                   8(7):#2080.  1975.
 C-284-76
 MANAGEMENT OF TANK WASHINGS  IN MARINE AND COASTAL COMMERCE

 Ball, J., D. G. Adams, and C. A. Stryker.  1975.
 TAMU-SG-74-221 NOAA-75072201, Grant NOAA-04-3-158-18.  85 p.

 At this time ten commercial companies engage heavily in barge
 cleaning activities along the Texas Gulf Coast.  A study was
 initiated to determine how to manage the 75 to 100 million
 gallons of waste water per year.  Wastewater characteristics
 and present treatment methods are discussed, and a system is
 proposed to treat the waste water.

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #COM-75-n087/4GA.  1975.
C-285-76
EFFECT OF PHENOL PITCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE
IN REFINERY-PETROCHEMICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Boszczyk, H., and R. Lesniewski.  1975.
Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna 49(3):88-90.

When activated sludge was treated with waste water containing
phenol pitch (50-5000 yg/1) under laboratory conditions, it was
found that concentrations >750 yg/1  inhibited purification and
destroyed the activated sludge structure.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84388g.   1975.
C-286-76
USING SLUDGE, OIL AND WATER SEPARATION FOR RECYCLING WATER

Burde, C., and P. Cheremisinoff.   1974.
Water and Sewage Works 121(11):41.

Vibratol, an automatically controlled waste water separator
system developed by Endress & Hauser, can be buried in the ground,
Influent is collected and solids, oil and retreatable water are
separated, reclaimed, totalized and treated continuously.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal


                                106

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C-287-76
SEPARATION OF PHENOL FROM WASTE WATER BY THE LIQUID MEMBRANE
TECHNIQUE

Cahn, R. P., and N. N. Li.  1974.
Separation Science 9(6):505-519.

The use of the liquid membrane emulsion technique in removing
phenol and other weakly ionized acids and bases from waste
water is described.  Mathematical derivations for the theoretical
distribution and rate of permeation of phenol into the emulsion
are given.

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(4):#1123.  1975.
C-288-76
COMPLETE WATER REUSE.  INDUSTRY'S OPPORTUNITY

Cecil, L. K.  1973.
National Conference on Complete Water Reuse, 1973.  AIChE-EPA,
1973.  734 p.

The proceedings of the National Conference on Complete Water
Reuse contains 94 papers covering the legal, technological  and
economic aspects of water reuse in the chemicals, food, electronic
power, paper and petroleum industries.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4547.  1975.
C-289-76
TREATMENT AND RECOVERY OF PHENOL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER
[English table of contents]

Chang, F.-H.  1974.
Hua Hsueh Tung Pao (2):77-85.

A review with 93 references.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84268t.   1975,
C-290-76
WASTE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL REUSE AS A FUEL

Chansky, S., J. Carroll, B. Kincannon, J. Sahagian, and
N. Surprenant.  1974.
EPA 600/5-74-032, Contract EPA-68-01-1859.  218 p.
                                107

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 The technical,  economic and environmental  feasibility  of using
 automotive waste oil  as a fuel  is  evaluated.   The  physical  and
 chemical  properties  of waste oil  serve  as  the  basis  for choosing
 among the proposed uses for waste  oil;   blended  fuel oil, supple-
 ment to coal  combustion,  etc.   Treatment costs are assessed,

 Citation  Source:   Government Reports  Announcements 75(14):
                   #PB-241  357/3GA.  1975.
 C-291-76
 DISPOSAL OF  SALINE  WASTES  FROM  PETROLEUM  REFINERIES

 Cherednichenko, G.  I,,  G.  I. Vilkov, V. I.  Kostyuk, N. G.
 Yampol'skii, V, N.  Koposov, V.  M. Golubtsov, V.  I. Tkach, S.
 N.  Filippov, and N. A.  Olefir.   1974,
 Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils  10(9-10):708-710.

 This  paper contains a report on a research  program developed to
 select  saline waste disposal methods for  Soviet  petroleum
 refineries.  A thermal  method was developed and  tested.  Scale
 deposition on the heating  surface of the  evaporators can be
 avoided  by soda-lime softening  of the waste streams and by
 introducing chalk inoculum into the evaporation  loop.

 Citation  Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly  13(9):#060992.
                  1975,
C-292-76
MODERN METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF CONTAMINANTS IN REFINERY
WASTE WATERS

Chernatskaya, A. N.  1974,
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):692-693.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-500-74)

Several instrumental techniques used for automated or semi-
automated determination of various contaminants present in
refinery effluent before, during and after treatment are
reviewed.  Contaminants include petroleum products, demulsifiers,
and various organic substances accompanied by assorted cations
and metals.

Analysis

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060987.
                  1975.
                               108

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  C-293-76
  WASTE WATER  TREATMENT  OF  UNION  CARBIDE'S TROMBAY PLANT

  Choudhury, D., and A.  K,  Awasthi.   1973,
  Symposium on  Environmental  Pollution,  R. K, Saraf (ed,).  Naqour
  India,  1973.  p. 78-87.                                      ^

  "Microorganisms resistant to chemical poisoning and capable of
  effective biodegradation of petrochemical waste water were
  developed from raw sewage and reduced influent BOD by 97% at
  variable organic loadings from  0.1 to 0,32 kg BOD/day kg. mixed
  liquor suspended solids,"

  Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84320d.   1975.


 C-294-76
 STATE-OF-THE ART:   URANIUM,  MINING, MILLING, AND REFINING
 INDUSTRY

 Clark,  D.  A.   1974.
 Environmental Protection Technology Series,  W74-11791,  EPA-660/
 2-74-038.   123 p.

 An overview  is presented of  these U.S.  industries.  Topics
 discussed  include waste characteristics  (potential  pollutants),
 current  treatment and disposal methods,  effects  of  wastes on
 the environment, testing and monitoring  programs, future  problems,
 and recommended areas for  further study.

 Citation Source:  Government Reports  Announcements  74(23):
                  #PB-235  557/6GA.   1974.
 C-295-76
 AN  ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF BIODEGRADATION PHENOLIC
 WASTES

 Cobb, H. D., R. Atherton, and W, Olive,  1974.
 AD-A004517, AFOSR-75-0070TR, Grant AF-AFOSR-2356062, AF Proj.
 9777.  84 p.

 Nineteen new strains of bacteria capable of degrading all  three
 isomers of cresol at concentrations of 900 ppm have been isolated
 and characterized.  At least one strain can thrive on cresol
concentrations of 1450 ppm.

Biodegradation

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical  Aerospace Reports
                  13(18):#N75-27597.   1975.
                                109

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C-296-76
OIL/WATER EMULSIONS - A CRACKDOWN ON PROCESS WASTES

Cooke, B.  1974.
Process Engineering &pril): 64-67.

The methods of emulsion disposal required by local  authorities'
effluent restrictions are reviewed.  Methods include chemical
cracking with acids and flocculating agents, and the use of
cationic salts which allows the oil to be recovered for reuse.

Citation Source:  International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#572.
                  1975.
C-297-76
THE RECYCLING OF LUBRICATING OILS

Crocker, F. H.  1974.
Polymers, Paint and Colour Journal 164(3876):657.

The rerefining process is designed to remove all contaminants
from used lubricating oils and recover pure hydrocarbon oil
which can be used again.  Less than 5% of the 1,250,000 tons
of lubricating oils consumed in the UK is rerefined.  Industry
can help solve the oil waste problem and save money by rerefining
used oil.

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control 8(5);
                  #1396.  1975.
C-298-76
EXTRACTION OF MINERALS:  TODAY'S DILEMMAS

Deju, R. A.  1974.
Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1974.  294 p.

The present energy, mineral and water resource base, the development
of waste disposal and resource extraction methods, and an evaluation
of water and air pollution problems attributable to the extractive
industries are discussed.  A study is presented of the waste disposal
and land reclamation problems caused by mining and petroleum
industries, with an analysis of the economics of a pollution con-
trol program in this field.

General effects of oil prospecting and production
Economic effects of oil pollution
Restoration

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05144.  1975.
                                 110

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 C-299-76
 TYPE V  - INDUSTRIAL OIL  RECOVERY  UNIT

 Durham  Associates,  Inc,
 Product Information.

 The automatic  oil  recovery  unit  is  used  in plant catchment areas.
 Petroleum products  on  the surface of the water are collected and
 then pumped away when  a  volume of 500 ml is reached.  The maximum
 capacity is 25 gallons per  hour.  FFI contact Durham Associates,
 Inc., 100 Elm  St.,  Mil ford,  New Hampshire 03055.

 Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4452.  1975.
C-300-76
PRIMARY TRENDS  IN  IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, AND
WASTE-WATER TREATING SYSTEMS IN REFINERIES

Eigenson, A. S., and E. G.  loakimis.  1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):672-675.

The petroleum refining industry is one of the largest users of
water.  The majority of the USSR refineries are equipped with
efficient treatment systems, but some waste waters contain up
to 6000 mg phenol/liter.  The treatment processes are discussed
in detail, with the conclusion that refineries should be
independent of water bodies and use biochemically treated
sanitary sewage instead of using water and discharging wastes.

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9}-.#060995.
                  1975.
C-301-76
PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN WATER USAGE AND WATER DISCHARGE
IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS

Eigenson, A. S., E. G. loakimis, R. Kh. Salimgareev, and N. T,
Lukinskaya.  1974.                           ,
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9)-.665-667.

Factors concerning water resource utilization relevant to the
Soviet petroleum industry are reviewed.  Statistical data on
industrial water consumption and industrial effluents from
refineries are presented.  Water pollution prevention is
discussed in detail.

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060993.
                  1975.
                                Ill

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C-302-76
EFFLUENT GUIDELINES - INDUSTRY'S POINT OF VIEW

Elkin, H. F., and W. K. Lorenz.  1974.
Industrial Wastes 20(6):18-21.

The design and construction of an effluent limitation system
are outlined; and the conditions needed to develop a realistic
and flexible system to permit some discharge are discussed.
The advantages of the idealized effluent limitation system
are demonstrated by the case history of a petroleum refining
discharge.

Citation Source:  Environment Abstracts 5(5/6):#75-04107.  1975.
C-303-76
CLEAN BREAK - GAMLEN'S UNIQUE CLEANING COMPOUND WHICH SEPARATES
AND YIELDS NON-TOXIC WATER

Gamlen Chemical Sybron Corp.
Product Information.

This biodegradable, non-toxic compound is used for tank cleaning.
Rapid separation of oil from effluent water is achieved by
adding this compound which promotes coalescence of dispersed oil.
FFI contact Gamlen Chemical Sybron Corp., Wallingford Rd.,
Uxbridge, Middlesex.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1):
                  #HMS 4034.  1975.
C-304-76
PONTOON SYSTEM AUTOMATED FOR SLOP RECOVERY

Gantz, R. G., L. W. Cresswell, and J. F. Gauen.  1975.
Hydrocarbon Processing 54(3):93-96.

An improved pontoon floating cover system, operated in conjunction
with API oil-water separators, reduces vapor emissions while
automatically recovering oil from the separator.  A study of a
unit in operation has demonstrated that savings are made in
operator costs and slop oil quality is improved.  Recommendations
for improvements are also made.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               112

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 C-305-76
 STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR  IMPROVEMENT  IN BIOCHEMICAL TREATING
 FACILITIES FOR REFINERY WASTE WATERS

 Gerber, V. Ya.   1974.
 Chemistry and Technology  of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):676-680.
 (Translation of  Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
 EPA-670/2-75-059, C-674-74)

 All waste waters in a refinery must be biochemically treated
 before being recirculated.  A comprehensive review of methods
 and equipment used for biochemical treatment, aerotanks in
 particular, is presented.  The use of sectionalized aerotanks
 and technical oxygen will increase the rate of biochemical
 oxidation, thus  reducing  costs.

 Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060986.
                  1975.
C-306-76
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF A COMPREHENSIVE WASTE OIL PROCESSING
FACILITY

Gumtz, G. D., and E. J. Martin.  1975.
Final report, EPA/670/2-75-056, Grant EPA-S-800650.  142 p.

The preliminary design for a comprehensive waste oil recovery
and disposal facility for the State of Maryland is presented.
Twenty-two million gallons of waste oil is generated from
waste sources within the state,

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(17):
                  #PB-242 461/2GA.  1975.
C-307-76
METHODS OF SPLITTING OIL EMULSIONS AND OIL CONTAINING EFFLUENTS
[English summary]

Gutling, W.  1974.
Galvanotechnik 65(5):417-424.

"Review of physical and chemical treatment methods particularly
'Aquator1  ultrafiltration method."

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3818.  1975.
                               113

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 C-308-76
 DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRIFUGAL SYSTEM FOR SEPARATION OF OIL AND
 SOLIDS FROM SHIPBOARD DISCHARGE WATER

 Guzdar, A. R., A. C. Harvey, J. Potter, and W. M. Mack.  1975.
 Final report, USCG-D-118-75, Contract DOT-CG-24287-A.  109 p.

 The  initial design and testing of an oil-solids-water separating
 system that is intended to process ships' bilge water at a rate
 of 50 gpm and provide water effluent containing less than 15 ppm
 of oil are described.  Testing of some of the components, i.e.
 the  separator, pump, and coalescer, is described in detail.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
                  #AD-A014 045/9GA.  1975.
C-309-76
PELLETIZED WASTE OIL-COAL DUST MIXTURES AS A FUEL SOURCE

Haynes, C. D., D. C. Hagood, and G. S. Walker.  1974.
Mineral Waste Utilization, 4th, Chicago, 1974.  p. 47-49.

Waste crankcase oil and coal mining dust can be combined to
form a stable fuel of high energy value and low sulfur content.
The cost is estimated to be $2/ton.  The pelletizer has been
designed to be mounted on a vehicle at the coal mine site.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(2):
                  #HMS 2977.  1975.
C-310-76
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF NEW BIOLOGICAL METHODS
FOR TOXIC WASTES DEGRADATION AND DISPOSAL

Howe, R. H. L.  Date unknown.
Symposium on Hazardous Chemicals Handling and Disposal, 1st,
1970.  Noyes Data Corp.  p. 74-86.

This report presents the details of several new biological methods
of toxic wastes degradation and disposal.  The examples used are
phenols, cyanides, hormones, herbicides and antibiotics.

Biological degradation

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
                  #HMS 2735.  1975.
                               114

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 C-311-76
 DISPOSAL OF PETROLEUM WASTES  FORMED  IN  TREATING  REFINERY
 EFFLUENTS

 loakimis, E.  G.,  G. A.  Vorms,  V.  B.  Volkov, G. I,  Kuznetsov,
 A.  D.  Davietov, M.  I.  Akhmetshin, A. V. Popov, and F. M.
 Dautov.   1974.
 Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):694-696.

 The disposal  of oily  sludge from  refinery wastes is a problem;
 recovery of all oil from the  sludge  is  impossible, making dumping
 not feasible.  The  sludges can be eliminated by burning, either
 in  rotary drum furnaces or in  fireboxes of various kinds.  Tests
 show that the fluidized bed technique is most suitable.

 Citation Source:  The  Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060988.
                  1975.
C-312-76
A STUDY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MATERIALS, HAZARDOUS EFFECTS AND
DISPOSAL METHODS.  VOLUME III

Johnson, H.  1973.
Final report, EPA-670/2-73-16.  460 p.

Volume III of this three volume inventory of hazardous wastes
covers characteristics, disposal practices, hazardous effects
and the impact on water quality of wastes from several industries
including the petroleum industry.  Economic statistics, growth
patterns, production processes and other topics are also discussed.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 73(17):
                  #PB-221 467/4.  1973.
C-313-76
DEVELOPING A RECYCLING INDUSTRY

Jones, C.  1974.
Reclamation Industries International #7:25-26.

This short introductory article on developing new recycling
industries discusses the problems involved.  The recycled product
needs to be exhaustively tested, market research needs to be done
on the product and the problem of wastes from the recycling
process needs to be solved.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
                  #HMS 2780.  1975.
                                115

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 C-314-76
 POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

 Jones, H. R,   1973.
 Park Ridge,  N,  J.,  Noyes Data  Corp.,  1973.   322  p,

 This review  attempts to  clarify  the ways  and means open  to  the
 alert petroleum refiner  who  must keep his polluting wastes  down
 to a minimum.   The  book  contains data condensed  from government
 sources  of information,  including  U.S. patents.  Transport
 wastes,  refinery water pollution,  overall wastewater treatment
 practices and  effectiveness  of aqueous waste removal are covered.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal

 C-315-76
 WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL  1975

 Kimball,  V. S.   1975.
 Park Ridge, N.  J., Noyes  Data  Corp.,  1975.   267  p.

 The  book  deals  with  waste oil  recovery and disposal from the
 standpoint of conservation of  energy  resources and the protection
 of the environment.   Data from government reports and U.S.  patent
 literature are  used  extensively.

 Citation  Source:  Citation Journal

 C-316-76
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT.   IV,  WASTE WATER CONTAINING OIL
 [English  table  of contents]

 Kinoh, M.  1975.
 Kagaku Sochi  17(3):57-63.

The  review of the treatments covers 33 patents.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84279x.   1975.

C-317-76
 INCINERATION  OF REFINERY WASTES

Klein, J. P., and H. J.  Kuntze.  1975.
Stichting CONCAWE, Report No. 2/75.  93 p.

The report examines the  suitability of various  types  of inciner-
ators for refinery sludge disposal.  Multiple hearth  equipment
is not recommended, but  vortex, fluid bed and box incinerators
all have applications.

Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
                  #HMS 4657.   1975.

                                 116

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C-318-76
WASTE-WATER TREATMENT AT THE 24TH PARTY CONGRESS NOVO-GOR'KII
PETROLEUM REFINERY

Klochkov, 0, N., and M.  A,  Denisov.   1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils  10(9-10):704-707.
(Translation of Khimiya  Tekhnologiya Topliv i  Masel,  Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-680-74)

Two separate drain systems  were installed in the refinery  in
order to segregate industrial  waste  waters  according  to  the
type of contaminant.  The waste waters contaminated  with
petroleum products are mechanically  treated and then  used  in
the return water supply  system.  The wastes with salts and
sulfur compounds are treated and discharged to the Volga River,
Details of both systems  are given.

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060991.
                  1975.
C-319-76
WASTE TREATMENT METHODOLOGY


lndus?rial>oilui?on:  H. I. Sax (ed.).   gingham  United
Kingdom, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.  Ltd.,  1974.   p. 220-243.

The objectives of waste treatment,  conventional  waste treatment
processes  i.e., separation of grease and oil),  biological  waste
treatment Processes, and advanced waste  treatment processes
<1 I , usePoTpurf 02. water re-use, and  water  reclamation)  are
discussed.

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries  Abstracts 5(8):
                  #5Q8972.  1975.



TREATMENT OF OILY AND METAL-CONTAINING WASTEWATER

Lin, Y. H., and J..R. Lawson.  1973.
Pollution Engineering 5(11).45-48.

The comoosition and methods of recovery  of typical waste water
are detailed!  Waste oil recovery has declined; the reasons for
the decline are discussed.

Citation Source:  IndlustrUl Wastes Infomation Bulletin 4(3):
                               117

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C-321-76
BREAKING EMULSIONS OF WATER IN NAVY FUEL OILS

Little, R. C.  1974.
Fuel 53:246-252.

The effects of several factors such as fuel  content and
demulsifying agent structure and concentration on the demulsifying
process were studied.  A common wetting agent, sodium di-2-ethyl-
hexl sulphosuccinate, is a potent demulsifier  of high molecular
weight; also small amounts of alkaline salt  aid separation in
stubborn emulsions.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:   MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#095138.  1975.
C-322-76
REFINERY EFFLUENT WATER TREATMENT PLANT USING ACTIVATED CARBON

Loop, G. C.  1975.
Report for 1971-1974, EPA/660/2-75-020.  102 p.

Activated carbon is used to reduce the Chemical  Oxygen Demand
of a petroleum refinery's effluent water in Carson, California.
In two years the plant processed 172 million gallons of water,
operating at a cost of 40 cents per 1000 gallons of water treated.
At average feed and effluent COD concentrations, the carbon was
loaded at 0.26 pounds of COD per pound of carbon,

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
                  #PB-244 389/3GA.  1975,
C-323-76
RECYCLING OF WASTE OILS

Maizus, S.  1975.
Final report, EPA-670/2-75-068.  283 p.

Crankcase and other waste oils were studied in the laboratory to
develop techniques to recycle waste oils into useful products
without producing undesirable wastes.  The vacuum distillation/
hydrogen treatment process for re-refining waste oils holds great
promise.  Additional laboratory and evaluation work is required.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
                  #PB-243 222/7GA. 1975.
                                118

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C-324-76
BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER IN GROZNYI GROUPS OF
REFINERIES

Mantrov, V. P.  1974.
Chemistry and Technology Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):701-703.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-681-74)

Advantages of the biochemical system over mechanical treatment
of refinery effluents are outlined.  The biological treating
facilities for the Groznvi refineries have improved the sanitary
condition of the Sunzha River, i.e., reduced phenols by a factor
of 150.

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060990.
                  1975.
C-325-76
REMOVAL OF EMULSIFIED OILS IN GRAPHITE ORE MEDIUM

Martinez-Pereda, P., and E. F. Gloyna.  1974.
Texas University at Austin, Center for Research in Water Resources,
Technical report, CRWR-118. 217 p.

The performance of crushed-graphite-ore filter beds in removing
three concentrations of emulsified oil was tested under laboratory
conditions.  The filter beds varied in depth from 6 to 36 inches.
Graphite ore provided about the same oil removal efficiencies as
typical filter sands.  The removal efficiency of the medium
increased with bed depth.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-03750.  1975.
C-326-76
TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS WITH FLOATING MASS TRANSFER
MEDIA

Mercer, B. W., A. J. Shuckrow, and G. W. Dawson.  1973.
Report, W74-04043, EPA-670/2-73-078.  96 p.

A method for the treatment of spills of soluble hazardous polluting
substances was developed and demonstrated on a static body of
water.  Floating sorbents and ion exchange resins were shown to
be highly effective removal agents when applied as small particles
beneath contaminated water surfaces.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 74(9):
                  #PB-228 050/1GA.  1974.

                                119

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C-327-76
OIL POLLUTION TOTALIZER

Moreau, J. 0., and R, A, Haeko.   1975.
U.S. Published Patent Application B 369,563.

An oil pollution totalizer accumulates  all  of the oil  from a
sample stream from a tanker or refinery.  The oil is gathered
at a rate proportional to the discharge rate.  The totalizer
also stores the oil for analysis by either a  continuous oil
monitoring device or standard laboratory techniques.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(17):
                  #5G-W75-08624.  1975.
C-328-76
DEVICES FOR ON-BOARD TREATMENT OF WASTE FROM VESSELS

O'Grady, T. J., and T. D. Lakomski.  1974.
Final report, EPA 670/2-74-091.  128 p.

A pleasure craft zero discharge system was demonstrated to be
effective.  A unique filter-incinerator device is used in the
physical/chemical waste treatment system.  Test data and data
on manufacturing and installment costs are also presented.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
                  #PB-240 993/6GA.  1975.
C-329-76
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY,
OR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE.  VOLUME I.  SUMMARY REPORT

Ottinger, R. S., J. L. Blumenthal, D. F. Dal Porto, G. I.
Gruber, and M. J. Santy.  1973.
Final report, TRW-21485-6013-RU-OO-Vol-1, EPA-670/2-73-053-a.
210 p.

This is the first of a 16 volume report concerning the hazardous
waste project.  Volume I is a summary of the work performed.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 73(24):
                  #PB-224 580/1GA.  1973.
C-330-76
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY, OR
DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE,  VOLUME II,  TOXICOLOGICAL SUMMARY

Ottinger, R. S., J. L. Blumenthal, D. F, Dal Porto, G. I.
Gruber, and M. J. Santy.  1973.

                              120

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  Final  report, TRW-21485-6013-RU-OO-Vol-2, EPA-670/2-73-053-b
  244  p.

  This volume provides a summary of the toxicologic information
  and  the recommended levels of exposure via the air, water and
  soil for over 500 hazardous waste stream constituents.

  Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 73(24)-
                   #PB-224 581/9GA.  1973.
 C-331-76
 RECOMMENDED METHODS OF REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY, OR
 DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE,  III.  DISPOSAL PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS
 ULTIMATE DISPOSAL, INCINERATION, AND PYROLYSIS PROCESSES

 Ottinger, R. S., J. L. Blumenthal, D.  F.  Dal Porto, 6.  I.  Gruber,
 and M. J. Santy.  1973.
 Final report, TRW-21485-6013-RU-00-Vol-3, EPA 670/2-73-053-c.
 251 p.

 This volume describes these disposal  processes for hazardous
 wastes and discusses  their applicability  to the various  classes
 of waste materials.

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 73(24):
                   #PB-224 582/7GA.   1973.
 C-332-76
 RECOMMENDED METHODS  OF  REDUCTION,  NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY, OR
 DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE.   VOLUMES  X AND XI.   INDUSTRIAL
 AND  MUNICIPAL  DISPOSAL  CANDIDATE WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT PROFILE
 REPORTS.   ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS

 Ottinger,  R. S., J.  L.  Blumenthal, D.  F. Dal Porto, G. I. Gruber,
 and  M. J.  Santy.   1973.
 Final report,  TRW-21485-6013-RU-00-Vol-10, EPA 670/2-73-053-j;
 TRW-21485-6013-RU-OO-Vol-11, EPA 670/2-73-053-k.  Vol. 10, 316 p.
 Vol. 11,  247 p.

 The  profile reports  contain summary information and evaluations
 of waste management  methods for organic compounds.

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 73(24):
                  #PB-224 589/2GA and PB-224 590/OGA.   1973.
C-333-76
THE COANDA EFFECT OIL/WATER SEPARATOR:  A DEVELOPMENT STUDY

Pal, D.  1975.
Technical Note, CEL-TN-1389.  45 p.

                               121

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The new method for separating free oil  from oil/water mixtures
uses the fluid-dynamic phenomenon called the "wall  attachment
or Coanda effect."  The development program of the  separator
from the original single stage separator through the 20 gpm
multi-stage separator is described.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements  75(18):
                  #AD-A011 806/7GA.  1975.

C-334-76
THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS IN OIL REFINERIES.
IV.  DEGRADATION OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND MERCAPTANS

Pop, V. I., and S. I. lonescu-Homoriceanu.   1975.
Revue de Chimie (Bucharest) 26(l):56-58.

Although physical stripping and coagulation processes are used
to remove most phenols, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans from
waste waters, remaining levels of pollutants are too high to be
released into receiving waters.  Activated sludge and a two-
gradient purification method is used to reduce pollutant concentra-
tions to permissible values.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):f!51780u.  1975.

C-335-76
RESIDUAL WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
[English summary]

Popescu, F.  1974.
Ingineria Prelucrarii Hidrocarburilor 2:911-926.

Waste waters from refineries and petrochemical plants are
itemized:  cooling water, processing water, and atmospheric
water.  The various treatment procedures are reviewed.  Included
are gravimetric separation, stripping, flotation, filtration,
pH adjusting, incineration and metabolization by microorganisms.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#10Q366f.  1975.

C-336-76
OIL MAKES SEPARATION SLICKER

Rosenblatt, T. M., and J. E. Smith, Jr.  1975.
Water Wastes Engineering 12(5):68, 70, 72, 76, 78.

Oil assisted flotation, settling and centrifugation is used to
remove oil in the Esso Carver-Greenfield technique for sewage
sludge separation.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
                  #HMS 4689.  1975.

                                 122

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 C-337-76
 DEMETALLIZATION OF HEAVY RESIDUAL OILS

 Rovesti, W. C., and R. H. Wolk.  1973.
 Final report, EPA 650/2-73-041.  143 p.
 An improved demetallization catalyst was developed to desulfurize
 high-sulfur and high-metals content residual oil economically.
 A 20 x 50 mesh granulated activated bauxite was impregnated with
 promoters to provide the necessary catalytic activity.  Tia Juana,
 Bachaquero, and Gach Saran residua were demetallized to form fuel
 oil.

 Citation Source:   Government Reports Announcements 74(7):
                   #7A-PB-227 568/3GA.  1974.
 C-338-76
 PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF REFINERY CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS

 Saifutdinov,  K.  Z.,  E.  G. loakimis,  and A.  K.  Efimova.   1974.
 Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils  10(9-10):668-671.
 (Translation  of  Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv  i  Masel,  Report
 EPA-670/2-75-059,  C-689-74)

 Various  systems  used to reclaim water from  industrial waste
 water for recycling  applications in  petroleum  refining  and
 petrochemical  processes are discussed.   Some improvements are
 recommended and  then evaluated  from  technical  and  economic points
 of  view.   Biochemical treatment of refinery effluents is discussed,

 Citation  Source:   The Engineering  Index  Monthly 13(9):#060994.
                   1975.
C-339-76
FEASIBILITY OF 5 GPM DYNACTOR/MAGNETIC SEPARATOR SYSTEM TO
TREAT SPILLED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Sanders, R. G., S. R. Rich, and T. G. Pantazelos.  1975.
Final report, EPA/670/2-75-004.  41 p.

The dynactor is used as a continuous flow short-time contact
reactor to effectively decontaminate water containing spilled
hazardous materials (heavy metals, acids, bases, chlorine,
pesticides, phenol, etc.).  Decontamination is achieved by one
or more processes involving oxidation, neutralization, precipi-
tation or adsorption on powdered carbon.   Design and operating
details are given.

Citation Source:   Government Reports Announcements 75(13):
                  #PB-241  080/1GA.  1975.
                                123

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 C-340-76
 PURIFICATION OF  OILY  INDUSTRIAL WATER EFFLUENTS

 Schmitz, W.  1975.
 Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum  Karlsruhe 4(l):34-44.

 A  discussion of  the methods for treating industrial waste
 waters containing oils, greases and solvents is given.  Listed
 are  the respective toxic concentrations and degree of purification
 required for various  components of industrial waste waters.

 Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(6):#1699.  1975.
C-341-76
EXPERIENCE IN BURNING WASTE ABOUNDS THROUGHOUT INDUSTRY

Schwieger, R. G.  1975.
Power  (New York) 119(2):2-7.

Methods used by the petroleum, paper, and sugar industry to
treat waste with significant fuel value are presented.

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(5):#1409.  1975.
C-342-76
METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC POLLUTANTS IN THE DISCHARGE WATER OF
VARIETIES OF INDUSTRIES

Singh, N. P., and W. F. Pickup.  1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(2):
225-232.

Before means of reducing pollution from industries can be fully
utilized, the nature and amounts of pollutants in the discharge
water of industries must be known.  Discharge waters were
analyzed for most of the metallic and non-metallic pollutants
(including oil) from a variety of industries.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-343-76
LIQUID CHEMICAL WASTE DESTRUCTION

Skinner, E.  1975.
Waste Management, Control, Recovery and Reuse.  N. Y. Kirov (ed.).
Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1975.  p. 113-116,
                                 124

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 Two  incinerator  designs,  a  unit  for  large  quantities  of waste
 and  a  vertical unit  for factory  or ship  effluents,are described,
 The  recovery  of  valuable  waste constituents  (i.e., oil) and the
 chemical  pretreatment  of  inorganic waste are considered,

 Citation  Source:   Pollution Abstracts  6(5):#75-04722.  1975.
 C-344-76
 PRELIMINARY  REVIEW OF  USED  LUBRICATING OILS  IN CANADA

 Skinner,  D.  J.   1974.
 Report  EPS 3-WP-74-4.   112  p.

 An overview  of  the problem  of waste lubricating oil in the
 Canadian  environment is presented.  Topics include overall
 volumes,  chemical compositions, current and  end-uses and
 disposal  methods, and  a brief look at existing legislation.

 Citation  Source:  Selected  Water Resources Abstracts 8(14):
                  #W75-07151.  1975.
C-345-76
SANITARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SARATOV RESERVOIR IN THE REGION
OF AN OIL REFINERY [English summary]

Starodubtsev, E. D.  1974.
Gigiena i Sanitariya 7:113-114.

The hydraulic flow regime and water quality of the Saratov
reservoir, which is the waste water discharge area for an oil
refinery, were investigated before and after construction of
biological treatment plants (1971-1972).  The overall pollution
of the reservoir has decreased significantly.

Citation Source:  Biological Abstracts 60(7):#40106.   1975.
C-346-76
TWO METHODS OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT DESIGN

Stensel, H. D., and G. L. Shell.  1974.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 46(2):271-283.

Two methods of biological treatment design were compared using
oil refinery effluent as the test pollutant.  Both the food/
microorganism design technique for activated sludge process  and
the solids retention time technique gave similar results.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5):
                  #HMS 3641.  1975.
                                125

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C-347-76
CASE HISTORIES OF TREATMENT OF OIL REFINERY AND FOOD PROCESSING
WASTES

Strom, A. G.  1974.
Australian Water and Wastewater Association Federal  Convention,
6th, 1974.  p. 177-184.

Waste characteristics and treatment methods of an oil  refinery,
milk and vegetable waste treatment plants, and slaughterhouse
waste installations are discussed.  Treatment methods examined
are the API oil separator, biological  treatment and  activated
sludge, trickling filters and lagoon facilities.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts  6(4):#75-03571.   1975.
C-348-76
TURBIDITY AND TURBIDIMETERS [English summary]

Sudars, H., and 0. Ueberbach.   1974.
GIT Fachzeitschrift fuer das Laboratorium 18(12):1257-1259.

The article contains a brief review of turbidity and its measure-
ment by light absorption and scattering.  Waste-water treatment
control, and oil detection are among the practical aspects of
turbidity measurement.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#99714j.  1975.
C-349-76
HOW COSTS AND OPERATING FACTORS VARY FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Thomson, S. J., et al.  1973.
Petroleum and Petrochemical  International 13(5):28.

A procedure for the removal  of oil from waste water, involving
gravity oil-water separation  followed by gas flotation, activated
sludge, and carbon adsorption, is described.  The cost of
treating 1000 gpm of  oily waste is $650,000 and the investment
cost is $2,715,000.

Citation Source:  Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles 16(5):
                  #3671.  1975.
                                126

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 C-350-76
 WET AIR OXIDATION AND  ITS APPLICATION IN PETROCHEMICAL WASTE
 WATER TREATMENT  [English table of contents]

 Tsai, M.-C.  1975.
 Hua Hsueh Tung Pao (2):82-89.

 A review with 23 references.

 Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84292w.  1975.

 C-351-76
 OIL SEPARATOR

 Umeki, K.   1975.
 Nenryo Oyobi Nensho 42(2):144-150.

 A separator containing conical  plates,  a coagulator and  an
 adsorption element is reviewed.   The apparatus is  used for the
 removal  of oil  from seawater before  discharge from tankers and
 for petroleum removal from waste  water.

 Design and engineering

 Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts 83{16):#133874y.   1975.

 C-352-76
 ACTIVATED  CARBON  ADSORPTION  IN THE PURIFICATION TREATMENT  OF
 POLLUTED WATERS.   2.   APPLICATIONS

 Urbini, G.   1974.
 Ingegneria Ambientale 3(2):157-188.

 The  review  includes applications  for this process  in the treat-
 ment of potable waters,  food  industry wastes,  sewage wastes,
 pesticide  removal  from  waters, petroleum refinery  effluents,
 and  industrial discharges containing  phenols and other waste
 waters.

 Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84265q.  1975.

 C-353-76
 SEPARATION OF EMULSIFIED OIL FROM WATER

 Wang, L. K., J. Y. Yang, and D.  B. Dahm.  1975.
 Chemistry and Industry  (13):562-564.

The state-of-the-art development of alternative commercial  tech-
niques for separating emulsified oil  from water is reviewed.
Treatments described include chemical, physiochemical,  mechanical,
electrical, magnetic,  biological  and  thermal techniques.

Citation Source:   Citation Journal

                               127

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C-354-76
WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RESEARCH.   AN INVESTIGATION OF SEVERAL
RE-REFINING METHODS

Whisman, M. L., J. W. Goetzinger, and F.  0.  Cotton.   1974.
U.S. Department of Interior* Bureau of Mines, RI 7884.   30  p.

Several commercial patented processes were duplicated on a
bench-scale.  They involved chemical pretreatment (including the
acid-clay technique), followed by batch and continuous  wiped-wall
vacuum distillation and solvent extraction.   Included are the
detailed data on the analytical  checks.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3846.  1975.

C-355-76
ARE YOU CONTRIBUTING TO A MAJOR OIL SPILL?

White, J.  1975.
Outdoor California 36(5):15.

Waste automobile crankcase oil is often improperly disposed of;
about 450 million gallons a year pollute the environment.  Old
oil can be taken to service stations (some sell used crankcase
oil to re-refining companies) or to a re-refinery.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal


C-356-76
OREGON SURVEYS ITS HAZARDOUS WASTES

Wicks, P. H., and M. Synak.  1974.
Environmental Science & Technology 8(13):#1080-1084.

Hazardous waste, waste automotive oils and pesticide container
surveys were conducted as a part of a waste management program.
Oil terminals and the re-refining industry were among the
industries surveyed.  Current disposal methods of waste oils
include re-refining,  commercial road oiling, and combustion
for heat.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04066.  1975.


C-357-76
EVALUATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE  OIL
PRODUCTION FACILITIES

Wyer, R. H.f H. D. VanCleave, and K. E. Biglane.  1975.
Offshore Technology Conference,  7th, Houston, Texas, 1975.
Vol. 1, paper OTC 2232. p. 829-842.

                                128

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 Oil  production waste treatment  systems  were  studied  to  discover
 current technology,  exemplary systems,  and effluent  limitations.
 The  Gulf of Mexico  and  Cook  Inlet, Alaska, use  physical/chemical
 brine treatment systems.   Physical/chemical  treatment is
 followed by reinjection of produced waters on the  California
 coast.

 Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(10):#068124.
                  1975.
 C-358-76
 CONSERVATION OF  PETROLEUM WASTES AT RED RIVER ARMY DEPOT

 Yoast,  K. L.   1974.
 Final report,  USAMC-ITC-02-08-73-023.  64 p.

 The objective  of this study was to determine the sources of
 waste oils and to determine ways of minimizing the wastes and
 optimally disposing of the waste oils.  Two recommendations were
 made:   one, that reuse of oil in the  engine test shop could save
 40,000  gallons of oil a year  ($37,670); and two, that the remainder
 of the  waste oil be burned in the depot's boilers, saving
 $30,000 a year.

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(23):
                  MD-A015 030/OGA.  1975.
C-359-76
WASTE OIL RECLAMATION PROVIDES NEW FUEL SOURCE

Young, R. A., and P. N. Cheremisinoff.   1975.
Pollution Engineering 7(2):44-45.

The Broconing-Ferris Industries (US) processes spent oils by
heating them with a flocculating agent, settling and separating.
The plant processes seven million gallons per year, and produces
a product suitable for blending with fuel oil.

Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3842.   1975.
                               129

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7.   CONTINGENCY PLANNING
    C-360-76
    AERIAL SURVEILLANCE USED FOR OIL  SPILL  CLEANUP

    Anon.   1975.
    Sea Technology 16(8):33.

    EPA uses the  "Las Vegas  Air Force,"  a group  of  planes  under
    contract, to  survey a  spill once  it  has occurred.   The photo-
    graphs are used to assess the impact of the  spills  and to
    help plan and direct clean-ups.   The photographs  supply
    information on size and  location  of  the spill,  and  thickness
    of the oil.

    Remote sensing

    Citation Source:   Citation Journal
    C-361-76
    NATIONAL ENERGY DATA WORKSHOP,  PROCEEDINGS,  PURDUE  UNIVERSITY,
    1974.

    Anon.   1975.
    FEA/C-75/211R.   261  p.

    Presentations  given  at  the conference  include:   petroleum
    information  systems, information  for contingency planning,  long
    range  data programs, FEA  data programs  in  relation  to  the states,
    and discussion  of whether the states should  be  in the  energy
    information  business.

    Citation Source:   Government Reports Announcements  75(10):
                      #PB-241 665/9GA.  1975.
    C-362-76
    PROGRAMME OF ACTION  OF THE EUROPEAN  COMMUNITIES  ON  THE  ENVIRONMENT

    Anon.   1973.
    Official  Journal  of  the European  Communities  No.  C112.   51  p.

    The objectives  and principles  of a European  community  environmental
    policy are outlined.   Priorities,  a  time  table,  and details  of
    actions to be taken  from November, 1973,  to November, 1975,  are
    discussed.

    Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes  Information  Bulletin 4(5):
                      #HMS 3745.   1975.
                                  130

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C-363-76
NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLAN

CEQ.  1975.
Federal Register 40(28):6281-6302.

The contingency plan contains guidelines for controlling and
minimizing oil pollution, outlines federal, state and local
agencies' responsibilities and duties, and classifies and explains
equipment, strike forces, procedures and techniques used to
control and remove oil pollution.  State funding and reimbursement
procedures for discharge removal operations are discussed.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05028.  1975.

C-364-76
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS

Environmental Protection Agency.  1974.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974.  Conference held in
Houston, 1972.  204 p.

The papers presented at this conference cover such topics as
prevention of industrial spills, response planning, spill
containment, detection and identification, treatment systems,
environmental effects, and ecology restoration.

Cleanup and recovery
General effects of oil pollution
Restoration

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3962.  1975.


C-365-76
CONTINGENCY PLANNING OF OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS

Keith, G. N.  1973.
APEA Journal 13(1):140-144.

Two recommendations are given to operators on preparation for
an oil spill emergency:  one, prepare a comprehensive inhouse
contingency plan before commencing operations at sea; and two,
prepare to participate in the Oil Industry's National Oil Spills
Action Plan.  This plan is designed to ensure the availability
and coordination of industry resources in combatting an oil
spill on the coast of Australia.

Citation Source:  International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#592.
                  1975.

                                131

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C-366-76
LOGISTIC REQUIREMENTS AND CAPABILITIES FOR RESPONSE TO OIL
POLLUTION IN ALASKA

Peterson, P. L., M. M. Orgill, W. H, Swift, and W. V. Loscutoff.
1975.
Final report, USCG-D-97-75, Contract DOT-CG-23223-A.  375 p.

Present and projected logistic support requirements for response
to oil spills in the arctic and subarctic regions of Alaska are
identified.  The response requirements under various environ-
mental conditions such as moving pack ice, open water or tundra
were assessed.   Guidelines include the number of personnel and
amount of equipment to be transported.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
                  #AD-A014 044/2GA.  1975.
C-367-76
PREVENTING AND DEALING WITH IN-PLANT HAZARDOUS SPILLS

Wirth, G. F.  1975.
Chemical Engineering 82(17):82-85,

Chemical-spill-handling plans should be developed to provide
information on alternate actions in responding to chemical
spill situations.  This report examines devices that can be used
as defense against spill problems and examines how the spill-
handling plan can be improved.

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,566.  1975.
                              132

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C.  EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

    1.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
        C-368-76
        HEALTH GUIDE TO BP PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

        Anon.   1974.
        British Petroleum Trading,  Ltd.   16  p.

        The toxicities of various  petroleum  products,  such  as gases,
        solvents,  lubricating oils  and aromatics,  are  outlined.  The
        listing includes  TLV, LD50,  symptoms, treatments  of product
        poisoning  and locations  of  United  Kingdom  poison  units.

        Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information Bulletin 5(1):
                          #HMS 4129.  1975.

        C-369-76
        EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM AND RELATED POLLUTANTS ON ARCTIC MICROORGANISMS

       Atlas, R. M., A. Sexstone, and M. Busdosh.   1975.
       Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
       New York, 1975.  Abstracts,  p.  208,  #Q22.

       Arctic microorganisms were exposed to various concentrations  of
       crude oil,  natural gas and S02.  and the  pollutant  effects on
       nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and respiration  were examined.
       Sulfur dioxide and crude oil reduced  photosynthetic  activity   up
       to 90%; respiration of mixed and  isolated organisms  capable of
       hydrocarbon metabolism increased  with the addition of crude oil.
       Greater than 90% inhibition of nitrogen  fixation of  algae and
       lichens was measured when exposed to  petroleum hydrocarbons.

       Biological  degradation

       Citation Source:  Citation  Journal

       C-370-71
       EVALUATION  OF ECOLOGICAL  CONSEQUENCES OF MARINE POLLUTION

       Aubert, M., and B.  Donnier.   1973.
       Progress Water Technology 3:337-349.

       The effect  of low  level chemical  pollutants on  the biological
       balance in  marine  systems has been  subjected to an in-depth
       study.   Recommendations are  made  on an approach to detailed
       toxicological studies.

       Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes Pollution Bulletin 4(3):
                         #HMS 3301.   1975.

                                   133

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C-371-76
TOXICITY TESTS FOR PREDICTING THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL
AND EMULSIFIER POLLUTION ON LITTORAL COMMUNITIES

Baker, J. M., and G. B. Crapp.  1974.
Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants.
L. R. Beynon, and E. B. Cowell (eds.).  New York, Halsted Press,
1974.  p. 23-40.

The purpose of toxicity testing is to predict the effects of a
toxic substance on natural communities.  The authors describe
two cases in which acquisition of laboratory data and the
prediction of ecological effects are integrated.  Case 1 is the
assessment of the ecological effects of oil pollution on salt-
marshes; Case 2, emulsifier pollution on rocky shores.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-372-76
WARREN SPRINGS LABORATORY CAUSE FIRST NORTH SEA OIL POLLUTION
INCIDENT

Bourne, W. R. P.  1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):132-133.

The British Department of Industry's Warren Springs Laboratory
arranged for some trials in the North Sea to determine whether
or not oil slicks could be controlled.  Consultation with
ornithologists and the Faeroise did not take place until forced
by the public outcry, due to the fact that two species of auks
fledge at that time.  The experiments were curtailed.  Improved
communication is suggested.

General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-373-76
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND THE INDUCTION OF MICROSOMAL
MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES IN AN ESTUARINE FISH, FUNDULUS
HETEROCLITUS

Burns, K. A., and D. Sabo.  1975.
Federation Proceedings 34(3):810.  Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology, 59th, Atlantic City, N.J.,
1975.  Abstracts.
                               134

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  The hepatic microsomal  mixed function oxidase (MFO)  system of
  Fundulus heteroclitus is described.   Rates  of aldrin epoxidation
  in fish living in salt  marshes  contaminated with  petroleum-
  derived and chlorinated hydrocarbons  were twice those of  fish
  living in a clean environment.   These results provide support for
  the hypothesis that environmental  contamination induces high
  levels of MFO  in  fish.

  Citation Source:   Citation Journal
  C-374-76
  A COMPARISON OF BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY

  Carney, J. F., V. D. L. Yang, C. E. Carty, and R. R. Colwell
  1975.
  Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th
  New York, 1975.  Abstracts.  P. 185, #N6.

  The aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and standard indicator
  organisms from four sites in a tributary embayment of the
  Chesapeake Bay were enumerated.  More than 1509 strains were
  isolated and identified with Pseudomonas sp.  and Vibrio sp.
 predominating.   Comparison with other Chesapeake Bay sites
  indicated that the greatest amount of labelled substrate was
 taken up by bacteria collected in water  samples from sites  near
 populated areas or areas polluted by oil.

 Monitoring

 Citation Source:   Citation  Journal
 C-375-76
 STRESS  INDUCED  ATTACK  OF  CORALS  BY MARINE BACTERIA

 Chet, I.,  and R.  Mitchell.   1975.
 Annual  Meeting  of the  American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
 New York,  1975.   Abstracts,  p.  138, #1130,

 A model  describing the effect of petroleum hydrocarbon- and heavy
 metal-induced stress on the  interaction between a Red Sea coral,
 Platigyra, and  the marine microflora is presented.  The pollutants
 stimulated extracellular polymer production by the coral; large
 numbers of motile gram-negative pseudomonads utilized the polymer
as a substrate and then became predatory on the coral tissue.  The
final phase of destruction of coral  tissue was associated with the
growth of Beggiotoa.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               135

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C-376-76
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, PARIS, 1974

Clarke, R. H.  1974.
CEC/EPA/WHO Symposium, Paris, 1974.   C.E.G.B.  Berkeley Nuclear
Laboratories, RD/B/M3190.   30 p.

This symposium included sessions  on  population; human effects;
toxicological, experimental  and health effects; indicators of
exposure; monitoring needs;  and tissue measurement studies.
The pollutants discussed included gases, petrochemicals, heavy
metals, etc.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes  Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4513.  1975.

C-377-76
MARINE BIOASSAYS.   PROCEEDINGS OF A  WORKSHOP ON MARINE BIOASSAYS

Cox, G. (ed.).  1974.
Washington, D.C.,  Marine Technology  Society, 1974.  326 p.

The purpose of the workshop on marine bioassays was to assess
pollutant effects  on the ability of  marine organisms to seek
food, mate, or resist disease.  Individual papers are placed in
one of four sections:  behavioral bioassays, contaminant bioassays,
pathological bioassays and synergistic bioassays.

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                  #508974.  1975.

C-378-76
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF KIRISHI REFINERY
WASTE WATER AFTER BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

Donchenko, N. A., and N. M. Arshanits.  1974.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 10(9-10):697-700.
(Translation of Khimiya Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, Report
EPA-670/2-75-059, C-672-74)

The toxicity of the following components of the influent to the
biochemical treatment"area was investigated:  sanitary sewage,
chlorides, petroleum hydrocarbons, sour caustic streams, and OZhK
demulsifier.  Experiments show that sour caustic material was
the most toxic.  The aromatic hydrocarbon and demulsifier mixture
was less toxic.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(9):#060989.
                  1975.

                                136

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 C-379-76
 STIMULATION AND INHIBITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH BY LOW
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS

 Dunstan, W. M., L. P. Atkinson, and J. Natoli.   1975
 Marine Biology 31(4):305-310.

 The results are presented of growth response experiments on
 four different phytoplankton species exposed in culture to
 various concentrations of benzene,  toluene and  xylene,   .When
 the phytoplankton were exposed to mixtures of No.  2 fuel oil,
 the volatile fraction was the most  biologically reactive, and
 was the source of growth enhancement at low levels and  a major
 growth inhibitor at high concentrations.

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal
 C-380-76
 IMPACT OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION  ON ATLANTIC  SALMON  IN NORTH
 AMERICA

 Elson, P.  F.,  A.  L.  Meister,  J. W. Saunders, R.  L. Saunders,
 J.  B.  Sprague,  and V.  Zitko.   1973.
 International  Atlantic Salmon Foundation, Special Publication
 Series 4(1,  International Atlantic Salmon Symposium, 1972):83-110.
                                   •

 The effects  of pesticides,  industrial and agricultural chemical
 wastes,  oils,  heavy  metals  and industrial and municipal effluents
 on  Atlantic  salmon are discussed in this review.

 Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts 83(17}:#142565a.  1975.
C-381-76
IMPACT OF POLLUTANTS ON PLANKTON COMMUNITIES

Fisher, N. $., and C. F. Wurster.  1974.
Environmental Conservation 1(3):189-190.

The applicability of laboratory toxicity tests to natural
environments, where organisms are neither isolated nor in
ideal conditions, is questioned,  The responses of whole
communities and ecosystems to pollutants such as crude oil
must be evaluated.  The cause-effect relationship between
gradual ecosystem deterioration and the alteration of phyto-
plankton community structure is not obvious.

Citation Source:   Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(7):#1878.   1975.
                               137

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 C-382-76
 THE SANTA BARBARA OIL SPILL:  A REVIEW OF DAMAGE DONE TO
 MARINE ORGANISMS

 Foster, M. S.   1974.
 California, Department of Justice, Final Report, Contract
 No. 455.  38 p.

 The purpose of  the report is to assess the biological damage
 which occurred  on all state lands as a result of an oil blowout
 on an offshore  platform in the Santa Barbara Channel, January 28,
 1969.  The evaluation is based on a review of all available
 reports and papers.  A discussion of the monetary value of the
 damage is included.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-383-76
CHANGES IN THE SURFACE STRUCTURE OF YEAST CELLS IN ASSOCIATION
WITH THE UTILIZATION OF HYDROCARBON

Fukuzumi, F., M. Osumi, M. Saito, T. Nagatani, and S. Fukui.
1974.
Journal of Electron Microscopy 23(3):228.  Abstract.

Warty projections have been observed on the cell surface of some
n-alkane-utilizing yeasts.  These are not observed on the cells
of non-hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts or of hydrocarbon-utilizing
yeasts grown on glucose.  Electron micrographs show channels
connecting the outside outgrowth with the cell membrane across
the cell wall.

Biological degradation

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-384-76
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE PLANKTON OF AN INDUSTRIALIZED ESTUARY

Gabriel, P. L., N. S. Dias, and S. Nelson-Smith.  1975.
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 3(2):145-152.

The distribution and seasonal succession of plankton in Milford
Haven (Pembrokeshire, England) was studied to detect changes
which may have resulted from the establishment of a major oil
port in the estuary.  Several species have disappeared, although
replacement species have appeared, and the abundance of plankton
has not diminished.

Citation Source:  Biological Abstracts 60(7):#36498.  1975.


                               138

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 C-385-76
 EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON  SUBSTRATE ON COMPETITIVE CAPACITY OF
 CANDIDA GUILLIERMONDII  YEAST

 Gradova, N,  B.,  S.  V.  Chepigo, G. S, Rodionova, V. V. Mikhaleva,
 R.  N.  Bravicheva, and  R.  N. Sustina,  1973.
 Metabolism and Regulation of Cellular Processes, Part 1.
 International Specialized Symposium on Yeasts, 3rd, Otaniencii,
 Helsinki,  Finland,  1973.  Abstracts,  p. 154.

 Summary not  available.

 Biological degradation

 Citation Source:  Bioresearch Index 11(5):#35444.  1975.
C-386-76
THE EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON ORGANISMS OF THE
CONTINENTAL SHELF

Green, K. A.  1974.
Biologist 56(4):165-179.

Chemical analysis of crude oils and investigations of the physical
behavior of oil at sea are necessary considerations in the
biological impact of petroleum pollution.  Available knowledge
of the long- and short-term impact of oil spills on various
environments and on different life stages and life styles of
organisms are reviewed.  Oil pollution may result in a reduction
of exploitable food resources.

General fate of oil in the environment

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-387-76
CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION EXPERIMENT

Grice, G. D.  1974.
Oceanus 18(0:29-31.

Transparent plastic cylinders, termed Controlled Experimental
Ecosystems (CEEs), contain natural  populations and are excellent
for large scale pollution experiments.   The first series of
experiments dealt with long term effects of copper;  the second,
on petroleum effects, is in progress.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                139

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 C-388-76
 IDENTIFICATION  AND  POTENTIAL  BIOLOGICAL  EFFECTS OF THE MAJOR
 COMPONENTS  IN THE SEAWATER  EXTRACT OF A  BUNKER FUEL

 Guard,  H. E., L. Hunter,  and  L. H. DiSalvo.   1975.
 Bulletin of Environmental Contamination  and Toxicology 14(4):
 395-400.

 The  authors report  the composition of the seawater extract of a
 bunker  fuel, comment on previous methodology  for obtaining the
 seawater-soluble fraction of  bunker fuels, and examine the
 possible effects of the dissolved oil on a local crab species.
 The  shore crab, Pachygrapsus  crassipes, was decimated over a large
 portion  of  the  reef near  San  Francisco where  a spill of Bunker C
 fuel  occurred in 1971; water-soluble components are the potential
 lethal  compounds.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal

 C-389-76
 TOXICITY TESTING AT THE BIOLOGISCHE ANSTALT HELGOLAND WEST
 GERMANY

 Gunkel,  W.   1974.
 Ecological  Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants.
 L. R. Beynon, and E. B. Cowell (eds.).  New York, Halsted Press,
 1974,  p. 75-85,

 Among the various experimental series described are two on the
 influences  of three different emulsifiers on a pure culture of
 the marine  bacterium Serratia marinorubra, and one on the
 influence of a mixture of Iraq crude oil with an emulsifier
 upon  herring larvae 20-26 mm long.

 Cleanup  and recovery

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal

 C-390-76
 OIL ON THE  CARPET

 Hudson, R.   1975.
 British Birds 68(8):343.

The Warren Spring Laboratory planned a series of oil  slick
release experiments  on the North Sea east of Shetland at the
time when auks leave their cliffs and begin their northward
migration to the Norwegian coast.   Due to the resulting outcry,
the amount of oil  released was reduced,  and no bird casualties
have been reported,

Citation Source:  Citation Journal


                              140

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 C-391-76
 THE EFFECTS OF WATER-SOLUBLE PETROLEUM COMPONENTS ON THE GROWTH
 OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS Beijerinck

 Kauss, P.  B., and T.  C.  Hutchinson.   1975,
 Environmental Pollution  9(3):157-174.  -

 The toxicities of aqueous extracts  of seven  different crude  oils
 and one refined product  to Chlorella vulgaris  were different;  but
 all were short lived  and normal  growth resumed in 48 hours.  Lower
 concentrations of benzene and toluene  also  caused a similar growth
 inhibition pattern, higher concentrations caused  total  inhibition.
 Three of the oil  extracts stimulated growth  after their  toxic
 compounds  had evaporated,

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal
 C-392-76
 TOXIC  RESPONSES  IN  AQUATIC ORGANISMS

 LaRoche,  G.   1974.
 Industrial  Pollution.  N. I. Sax  (ed.).  Wokingham, United
 Kingdom,  Van  Nostrand Reinhold Co. Ltd., 1974.  p. 529-561.

 Various aspects  of  acute and chronic bioassays are discussed.
 Topics covering  acute bioassays include procedures, assay
 species,  test toxicants, oil-dispersant mixtures, reference
 toxicants and acute toxicities.  Types of water systems
 (recirculating and  flow-through) are discussed in relation to
 chronic bioassays.

 Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                  #5Q8871.  1975.
C-393-76
TOXIC RESPONSES IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS

LaRoche, G.  1974.
Industrial Pollution (1974):101-117.

The various methods of measuring toxic responses of aquatic
organisms to pollutants (including oil) are reviewed and
discussed.  References are given.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109294p.   1975.
                                141

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C-394-76
ACUTE EFFECTS OF OIL AND OIL/DISPERSANT MIXTURE ON LARVAE OF
BALTIC HERRING

Linden, 0.  1975.
Ambio 4(3):130-133.

A study measured the acute effects of a crude oil  and a mixture
of the oil and two commonly used oil spill dispersants on newly
hatched larvae of Baltic herring, Clupea harengus.  It was shown
that the larvae are 50-100 times more sensitive to an oil
dispersion that contains a dispersant with the oil than to a
natural oil dispersion..

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#056427.
                  1975.
C-395-76
SYNERGISM AND MODIFYING EFFECTS:  INTERACTING FACTORS IN
BIOASSAY AND FIELD RESEARCH

Livingston, R. J.  1974.
Marine Bioassays.  Washington, D.C., Marine Technology Society,
1974.  p. 226-304.

The present state of knowledge about the interaction of toxic
agents and other factors and suitability of present techniques
for studying these interactions are reviewed.  Factors surveyed
include pesticides and PCB's, sewage, petrochemicals, dredge
and fill operations, etc.; various interaction possibilities
are considered.

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(8):
                  #5Q8981.  1975.
C-396-76
THE EFFECTS OF CRUDE OILS AND THE DISPERSANT COREXIT 8666 ON
SEA URCHIN GAMETES AND EMBRYOS

Lonning, S., and B. E. Hagstrtim.  1975.
Norwegian Journal of Zoology 23(2):121-129.

Kuwait or Ekofisk crude oil and/or oil dispersant Corexit 8666
were added to gametes and embryos of sea urchins.  The substances
were usually present throughout development.  Harmful influences
were more apparent in the late development than in fertilization
                               142

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 and early development of the embryo.  Only Corexit 8666 caused
 morphological changes in the cytoplasm.

 Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
                   #5Q10244.   1975.
 C-397-76
 FORMULATING A BOATING CAPACITY PLANNING SYSTEM FOR CHESAPEAKE
 AND CHINCOTEAGUE BAYS

 Mann, R., and H. Ris, Jr.   1975.
 Ocean 75, San Diego, California,  1975.   New York1,  N.Y.,  Institute
 of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.,  1975.   p.  188-193.

 The biological  impacts of  boating activity  are  not yet well
 known.   Much of the testing has  been  done under laboratory
 conditions or in confined  basins.   But,  exhaust emissions do
 produce unpleasant tastes  and odors in  receiving waters and
 fish,  and  extremely high levels  do  produce  toxic effects on
 benthic and algal  life.  Other effects  of boating  activity can
 immediately be  integrated  into a  boating capacity  planning
 system.

 Citation Source:   Citation Monograph
 C-398-76
 FOOD  INSPECTION AND  ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION [English Summary]

 Matthey,  E.   1975.
 Sozial- und  Praeventivmedizin 20(2):79-81.

 This  article contains a review of acceptable daily intakes (ADI)
 and allowable concentrations of certain pollutants in food or
 water.  The  ADI have been or are in the process of being
 established  for pesticides, petroleum, Pb, Hg, and Sr90.

 Citation  Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(15):#130038t.  1975.
C-399-76
STANDARD DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY TESTS

McCarthy, L. T., Jr., I. Wilder, and J. S. Dorrler.  1973.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-R2-73-201.   57 p.

The Standard EPA Dispersant Effectiveness and Toxicity tests
are presented and discussed.  Three species are exposed to
                               143

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dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures.   Curves relating
organism survival to material concentrations are developed
to determine median tolerance limits.   Statistical  analyses of
reproducibility are also presented.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#072735,   1975.
C-400-76
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH

Mertens, E. W.  1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico.  R. E.  Smith (ed.).   St. Petersburg,
Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
Oceanography, 1974.  p. 53-60.

API supported research is described.  The program under the
sponsorship of the Fate of Oil  Task Force includes studies of
oil and phytoplankton, development of new bioassays and improved
chemical analysis for oil, effects of oil on oysters, fate of
oil in the water, and spill surveys.
Reporting
Analysis
General fate of oil
in the environment
Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02960.   1975.
C-401-76
THE EFFECT OF A FUEL OIL SPILL ON BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES AND
WATER QUALITY ON THE ALASKAN ARCTIC SLOPE, HAPPY VALLEY CREEK
NEAR SAGWON, ALASKA

Nauman, J. W., and D. R. Kernodle.  1975.
Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Society 3(3):495-500,

Arctic diesel fuel oil has been spilled and leaked into Happy
Valley Creek near Sagwon, Alaska, since December 1970.   All
groups of benthic invertebrates were reduced in numbers down-
stream of the spill site; whereas invertebrates at an upstream
site were unaffected.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                              144

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 C-402-76
 ACCUMULATION AND  RELEASE OF PETROLEUM-DERIVED AROMATIC HYDRO-
 CARBONS BY  MARINE ANIMALS

 Neff,  J.  M.  1975.
 American  Chemical Society, Petroleum Chemistry Division,
 Preprints 20(4):839-850.

 Marine animals exposed to oil-contaminated seawater accumulate
 and retain  the aromatic hydrocarbons to a greater extent than
 the alkanes.  Accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons appears to
 be a passive process dependent on a partitioning of the hydro-
 carbons between the exposure water and the tissue lipids.

 Citation  Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(39):#210,880.  1975.
C-403-76
NEWT TEST FOR STUDYING CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CARCINOGENIC
SUBSTANCES

Neukomm, S.  1974.
European Society for the Study of Drug Toxicity, Proceedings,
15:228-235.  Experimental Model Systems in Toxicology and Their
Significance in Man, Proceedings of the Meeting, 1973.

Carcinogens can be screened by injecting them subcutaneously
into the tails of newts.  Ten polycyclic hydrocarbons and 84
urethane derivatives were tested in this manner; the results
showed the newt test to be comparable with mammal tests.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109317y.  1975.
C-404-76
EFFECTS

Patrick  R.  1975.
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, A Workshop on Inputs,
Fates, and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment,
Airlie, Virginia, 1973.  p. 73-103.

The effects of oil on the metabolic characteristics of aquatic
organisms and on aquatic populations and communities are dis-
cussed.  Several major oil spills and their effects are
summarized.  Sublethal effects of various petroleum products
and factors influencing the biological impact of oil spills,
including cleanup and recovery procedures, are discussed.

Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
                  #5Q10220.  1975.
                              145

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C-405-76
EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE ZOOANTHID
PALYTHOA VARIABILIS

Reimer, A, A.  1975.
Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry 5(4):258-266.

Marine Diesel and Bunker C oils can elicit feeding behavior
and eventually ingestion in this zoanthid.  The ability of the
polyps to discriminate between inert and chemically active
particles is decreased for 3 to 5 days after exposure to oil.
For several days following exposure, oil is retained in the
coelenteron and periodically released as tiny droplets.

Chemical effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-406-76
SPIN-LABELING OF LIVING TISSUE.  METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING
POLLUTANT-HOST INTERACTION

Roubal, W. T.  1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms.  F. J. Vernberg,
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.).  New York, N.Y., Academic Press,
1974.  p. 367-379.

Radioactive and spin-labeling methods were used to study the
uptake, transport, retention and interaction of hydrocarbons
with lipoproteins, albumins, and membranes of fish.  Carriers
in the blood transported hydrocarbons to regions of low viscosity
where they were able to penetrate.  Aromatics altered membrane
surfaces.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(15):#127047q.  1975.
C-407-76
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION AND HEPATIC LIPOGENESIS IN
THE MARINE FISH FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS

Sabo, D. J., J. J. Stegeman, and L. S. Gottlieb.  1975.
Federation Proceedings 34(3):810.  Federation of American
Societies for Experimental Biology, 59th, Atlantic City, N.J.,
1975.  Abstracts.

Livers from fish living in oil contaminated waters synthesized
about six times more lipid from glucose-1-C1^ than control
animals; they also showed decreased glycogen and lipid stores
and an increase in free ribosomes.  The results suggest that
                               146

-------
 environmental petroleum hydrocarbon stimulate lipolysis through
 aerobic glycolysis, depress anaerobic glycolysis and increase
 utilization of energy stores.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
 C-408-76
 CRUDE OIL PHYTOTOXICITY STUDIES

 Shiels, W.  E.,  J.  J.  Goering,  and D.  W.  Hood.   1973.
 Environmental  Studies of Port  Valdez.   D.  W.  Hood,  W.  E.  Shiels,
 and E.  J. Kelley (eds.).   University  of Alaska,  Institute of
 Marine  Science  Occasional  Publication  No.  3,  1973.   p.  413-446.

 Oil  toxicity to photosynthesis by indigenous  phytoplankton and
 important seaweed  species  was  investigated.   The  effects  of oil
 concentration,  season,  temperature, and  light  intensity were
 examined.  Relative species  composition  can be affected.
 Responses to crude-oil  contamination are complex  interactions
 that can be either advantageous  or disadvantageous.

 Citation Source:   Citation Monograph
 C-409-76
 THE  EFFECTS OF  CRUDE OIL ON THE COLONIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL
 SUBSTRATES BY ZOOBENTHOS ORGANISMS

 Snow, N. B., and D. M. Rosenberg.  1975.
 Canada.  Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
 Directorate, Technical Report No. 551.  35 p,

 Rock-filled wire baskets were placed in flowing water habitats
 in the Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory to act as
 artificial substrate samplers.  Half of the samplers were dipped
 in oil prior to placement.  Dominance and diversity patterns were
 the  same on control and oil-treated samplers; abundance was
 greater on the control.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-410-76
THE EFFECTS OF NORMAN WELLS CRUDE OIL ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF A
NORTHERN YUKON STREAM, ONE YEAR AFTER AN EXPERIMENTAL SPILL

Snow, N. B., D. M. Rosenberg, and J. Moenig.,  1975.
Canada.  Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical Report No. 550.;  8 p.

The oil spill initially reduced the zoobenthos by 33%.   The
flowing water system (a tributary of Caribou Bar Creek) is

                               147

-------
 fairly "self-cleansing,"  with  the  result  that  no  significant
 changes  were noted  in  the physical  and  chemical characteristics
 of the creek,  and zoobenthos abundance  and  diversity  recovered
 within a year.

 Chemical  effects of oil pollution
 Physical  effects of oil pollution

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
 C-411-76
 INVESTIGATION OF OVICELL HYPERPLASIA IN BRYOZOANS CHRONICALLY
 EXPOSED TO NATURAL OIL SEEPAGE

 Straughan, D., and D. M. Lawrence.  1975.
 Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 5(l):39-46.

 Field studies of bryozoans from surface, subsurface and benthic
 kelp fronds in an area chronically exposed to natural oil! seepage
 revealed no instances of ovicell hyperplasia.  These findings
 contrast with previous reports of ovicell hyperplasia in other
 species exposed to creosote and petroleum hydrocarbons; reasons
 are presented.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-412-76
EFFECTS OF BENZENE (A WATER-SOLUBLE COMPONENT OF CRUDE OIL) ON
EGGS AND LARVAE OF PACIFIC HERRING AND NORTHERN ANCHOVY

Struhsaker, J. W., M. B. Eldridge, and T. Echeverria.  1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms.  F. J. Vernberg,
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.), New York, N.Y., Academic Press, 1974.
p. 253-284.

Eggs and larvae of herring and anchovy were exposed to benzene
for longer than 24 hours and up to seven days.  Egg survival
decreased, the number of abnormal larvae increased, and larval
respiration increased.  In the herring, larval development
decreased; but anchovy development accelerated.  The LCso value
of benzene for the anchovy eggs was 20-25 ppm.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109385u.  1975.
                              148

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 C-413-76
 COASTAL MARINE POLLUTION AND FISH

 Waldichuk,  M.   1974.
 Ocean Management 2(1):1-60.

 This  article  contains  an extensive  review of  all  kinds of
 coastal  pollution and  its effects.   Pollution sources include
 pulp  mill effluents, mining,  food,  chemical,  petroleum, and
 radioactive wastes.  Alterations in  ecosystems due  to pollution,
 and potential  uses of  polluted  systems for aquaculture are
 also  discussed.

 Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information Bulletin 5(1):
                   #HMS  4139.  1975.
C-414-76
EFFECT OF  SOUTH  LOUISIANA  CRUDE OIL AND NO. 2 FUEL OIL ON GROWTH
OF HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS,  INCLUDING PROTEOLYTIC, LIPOLYTIC,
CHITINOLYTIC AND CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA

Walker, J. W., P. A. Seesman, and R. R. Colwell.  1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(l):13-33.

The susceptibility of autochthonous microorganisms from Muddy
Creek (Chesapeake Bay) to  South Louisiana crude oil and No. 2
fuel oil was tested.  The  sediment from the creek was free of
oil.  The yeast  and fungi  populations did not react to either
the crude or fuel oil.  But both crude and fuel oil were toxic
to bacteria of all types.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-415-76
A STUDY OF THE INTERTIDAL MACROFAUNA AROUND THE BP REFINERY
(KENT) LIMITED

Wharfe, J. R.  1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(1):1-12.

An ecological study of the intertidal invertebrate fauna of the
Medway estuary was extended to include the foreshore of the BP
Refinery.  Data on species composition and seasonal quantitative
estimates of the mud flat fauna show the complete absence of
bivalves and a reduction in the number of annelids around the
foreshore.  The effects of the refinery effluent are limited to
1-1/2 km in either direction.   Possible causes of the effects
are discussed.

Citation Source:   Citation Journal


                               149

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C-416-76
THE TOXICITY TESTING OF OILS AND DISPERSANTS:   A EUROPEAN VIEW

Wilson, K. W., E. B. Cowell, and L. R. Beynon.   1974.
Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils  and Dispersants.
L. R. Beynon, and S. B. Cowell (eds.).  New York, Halsted Press,
1974.  p. 129-141.

The principles and basic tenets of toxicity experiments are
outlined.  Work at the community level and correlation of field
studies to laboratory studies are lacking.  Experimental design
should conform to statistical practices and international codes.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               150

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2.  PHYSICAL EFFECTS
    C-417-76
    ADSORPTION OF CRUDE OIL ON  ARCTIC  TERRAIN

    Moore,  J.  P., and C.  R.  Phillips.   1975.
    Chemosphere 4(4):215-220.

    Norman  Wells crude oil  was  used  to  contaminate each of  three
    layers  of  Arctic  terrain  (moss,  detritus and clay).  With
    increasing organic content,  the  layer had an increasing
    adsorption capacity.  High  molecular weight n-alkanes were
    adsorbed better than  n-alkanes of  low molecular weight.  All
    three layers adsorbed p-xylene better than benzene (both
    aromatics).   From these experiments it is predicted that in
    the  event  of an oil spill,  higher molecular weight components
    will be  preferentially adsorbed, and adsorption will be
    greatest near the surface of the terrain.

    Citation Source:   Citation Journal
                               151

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3.  CHEMICAL EFFECTS
    C-418-76
    STUDY OF RIVER POLLUTION CAUSED BY MICROPOLLUTANTS

    L Hera thy, P.   1975.
    Water Research 9(11):1001-1004.

    The water quality in  different sections  of  the  Danube  upstream
    of Budapest was investigated,   Among  the micropollutants  present
    are petroleum  and phenol derivatives.  Petroleum derivatives
    form precipitants and sink to  the bottom, causing the
    "disappearance" phenomena observed in  water analyses programs.
    These investigations  are important for determining  possible
    drinking water sources.

    Physical changes of oil  in the environment

    Citation Source:  Citation Journal
    C-419-76
    NEW PRIORITIES FOR GROUND-WATER QUALITY PROTECTION

    Miller, D.  W., and M.  R.  Scalf.  1974.
    Ground Water 12(6):335-347.

    Four regions of the U.S.  were surveyed  for sources of ground-
    water contamination.   Among  the sources discussed are septic
    tanks, brine-pollution, landfills, irrigation return flows,
    surface impoundments,  and spills.

    Biological  effects of  oil pollution

    Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                      #HMS 3897.   1975.
                                 152

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4.   ECONOMIC EFFECTS
    C-420-76
    THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE - III

    Anon.   1975.
    Report of the Secretary of Commerce to the President and
    Congress in Compliance with Section 6 of the  Federal  Water
    Pollution Control  Act Amendments  of 1972.   523  p.

    This is the third  report of the Secretary of  Commerce to the
    President and Congress regarding  pollution abatement.   "Portions
    of this document are not fully legible,"

    Citation Source:  Government Reports  Announcements  75(22):
                      #COM-75-11159/lGA.   1975.
    C-421-76
    M.  &  G. POLLUTION  AND INSURANCE

    Anon.   1974.
    Mercantile  and  General  Reinsurance Co. Ltd.  32 p.

    This  article  reviews  the  impact of pollution on various categories
    of  insurance.   The UK position and other foreign insurance posi-
    tions are outlined.   Suitable definitions, exclusion clauses and
    policies are  proposed.

    Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                      #HMS  3965.  1975.
   C-422-76
   POLLUTION

   Anon.  1974.
   Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 10:2.

   The Mel1 bye Committee on Pollution has made several recommendations,
   A levy on oil should be assessed to finance cleanup and recovery
   in severe cases of pollution.  Dangerous goods should be trans-
   ported only over fixed established routes.  Harbor facilities for
   fighting pollution need to be improved.  And new regulations on
   liability for pollution arising from seabed exploitation activities
   need to be passed.

   Oil transfer and transport

   Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04108.   1975.
                                  153

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C-423-76
THE ECONOMICS OF ACCIDENTAL OIL POLLUTION BY TANKERS IN COASTAL
WATERS

Burrows, P., C. Rowley, and D. Owen.  1974.
Journal of Public Economics 3:251-268.

The 1967 Torrey Canyon grounding was subjected to a detailed
economic study.  Based upon this information, a theoretical
analysis of alternative solutions and a critical evaluation
of ongoing policy developments were made.

Oil transfer and transport

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5):
                  #HMS 3781.  1975.
C-424-76
COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE RESULTING FROM EXPLORATION
AND EXPLOITATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE SEABED

Dubais, B. A.  1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(4):549-573,

The author discusses the basis of responsibility of the offshore
operator in case of an accident, and recent initiatives of the
petroleum industry to assure financial compensation for damages.
From the perspectives of an international legal regime, direct
damage, preventive measures and available financial guarantees
are discussed.

General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05063.  1975.
C-425-76
ECONOMICS OF MARINE POLLUTION

Smith, L. J.  1974.
Oceanus 18(1):55-60.

One problem encountered in evaluating the economic impact of
pollution is the attachment of dollar values to the social
costs - swimming, shellfishing and tourism losses, for example.
Estimates of U.S. pollution damage to commercial fishing ($63
million), recreation ($30 million), and navigation ($17.4 million)
are discussed.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                154

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5.   GENERAL EFFECTS
    C-426-76
    CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS

    Anon.   1974.
    National Conference on Control  of Hazardous  Material  Spills,
    San Francisco, 1974.  377 p.

    The following topics are included in the 60  papers  and  22
    abstracts contained in the proceedings:   legislative  implications,
    contingency and response, prevention,  economics,  airborne
    problems, containment, detection, disposal practices, and
    environmental  damage.

    Cleanup and recovery
    U.S.  legislation
    Containment
    Contingency planning

    Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes  Information Bulletin 5(4):
                      #HMS 4756.   1975.
    C-427-76
    ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUDGET FOR FISCAL  1974

    Anon.   1974.
    Japan  Environment Summary 2(4):1-3.

    Details of work areas (mercury, oils,  treatment  methods,
    halogenated hydrocarbons, etc.) and investment in  pollution
    control research in Japan for 1974 are given.  The funding for
    the Environment Agency in 1974 is  a 41.5% increase over  that  of
    1973.

    Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information  Bulletin  4(1):
                      #HMS 2850.   1975.
    C-428-76
    HAZARDOUS SPILLS

    Anon.   1974.
    Chemical Engineering Progress 70(10):12-16.

    The 1974 Conference on the Control  of Hazardous  Material  Spills,
    San Francisco, is reviewed.

    Cleanup and recovery

    Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information  Bulletin  5(4):
                      #HMS 4764.   1975.

                                  155

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C-429-76
PRESERVATION OF THE PURITY OF THE SEA

Anon.   1974.
GWF Wasser Abwasser 115(10):435-436.

The following types of marine pollution are listed and briefly
explained:  pollution by mineral oils, pesticides, heavy metals,
domestic sewage, inorganic wastes, bulky solid wastes, radio-
active wastes and thermal pollution.  The aims of measures for
protecting the sea are defined and some international agreements
concerning the fight against marine pollution are mentioned.

International legislation

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(3):#553.   1975.
C-430-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.  NO. 19

Anon.  1974.
U.S. Joint Publications Research Service, JPRS 61561.  59 p.

This publication contains translations of seventeen articles
concerned with environmental quality.  "Oils" and "water
pollution" are among the keywords cited.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3992.  1975.
C-431-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.  NO. 67

Anon.  1975.
Translations of monographs from various journals, JPRS 63544.
26 p.

Environmental protection planning in the German Democratic
Republic, a Baku conference on chemical waste treatment and a
conference on oil-related pollution are some of the topics
covered by these papers.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04015.  1975.
                             156

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 C-432-76
 POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENT

 Boughey, A. S. (ed.).  1973.
 Readings in Man, the Environment, and Human Ecology.  New York
 MacMillan Publishing Co., 1973.  p. 309-488.

 Urban ecosystems and technological  effects on pollution are
 discussed.   Among the subjects presented in the articles are
 auto exhaust, industrial  pollution, water pollution,, monitoring
 methods and oil  effects.

 Monitoring

 Citation Source:   Pollution  Abstracts 6(4):#75-04134.   1975.

 C-433-76
 NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE LAW OF THE SEA, COLLECTED PAPERS - VOLUME III

 Churchill,  R., K. R.  Simmonds, and  J.  Welch (eds.).   1973.
 Dobbs Ferry,  New York,  Oceana Publications, Inc.,  1973.   358  p.

 This volume contains  a  selection from the working  papers which
 were prepared by leading  participants in an international con-
 ference, New Directions  in  the Law of the Sea,  London,
 February 2-4, 1973, organized by the British Institute of
 International and Comparative Law.   Conference  sessions  were
 devoted  to  three  main themes:   fisheries, pollution  (including
 oil  pollution),  and jurisdictional  problems.

 International  legislation

 Citation Source:   Citation Monograph

 C-434-76
 ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT  ON CONTINENTAL,  MARINE, AND OCEANIC
 BIOHYDROCOENOSES

 Deksbakh, N.  K.,  1973.  [in  Russian,  translation of journal
 available]
 Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal  9(4):111-117.

 The author reviews the literature on man's effect on freshwater
 biohydrocoenoses  (reservoirs,  lakes, streams) and saltwater
 biohydrocoenoses  through oil  pollution and industrial effluents.
 The anthropogenic effect disturbs the dynamic equilibriums present
 on the planet and can lead to the destruction of some biohydro-
 coenoses.

 Biological effects of oil  pollution

Citation Source:   Biological  Abstracts 60(10):#53684.  1975.

                                157

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C-435-76
A STUDY OF THE POLLUTANTS OF THE RHINE BASIN

E.E.C.  1974.
Commission of the European Communities, EUR 5133f.   139 p.

Pollution in the Rhine basin has been studied; the  pollutants
surveyed include fertilizers, pesticides, organics, hydro-
carbons, navigation materials, odiferous and non-organic
materials.  Their origin, quantities and environmental  conse-
quences were observed.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4508.  1975.
C-436-76
POLLUTION RESEARCH ON YUGOSLAV COASTAL WATERS

Keckes, S.  1974.
Revue Internationale OcSanographie Mldicale 15-16:115-120.

The research efforts of a 5-year UN-assisted project on the
"Protection of the Human Environment in the Yugoslav Adriatic
Region" include studies on air, freshwater, seawater and soil
pollution.  One of the baseline studies concerns the occurrence
and concentration of persistent biocides and other organic
substances (fluorides, phenols, mineral oil, chlorinated hydro-
carbons, anionic detergents, and surfactants).

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-437-76
T.C.U. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, MARINE POLLUTION

Lakey, J. R. A.  Date unknown.
Royal Naval College, Department of Nuclear Science and Technology.
14 p.

Sewage, oil spills and discharges, thermal waste, pesticides and
insecticides, and heavy metals are sources of marine pollution.
The effects of these pollutants are discussed.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4520.  1975.
                                158

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  C-438-76
  OCEAN SCIENCE

  Lighthill,  J.   1974.
  Journal  of  Navigation  27(1):91-110.

  The  author  explores the  interactions between different branches
  of ocean science and the  humanitarian aspects of ocean science.
  Topics of discussion include marine pollution (oil), fish
  farming,  the  ocean as  a protein source, global geophysics and
  ocean-borne trade.

  Citation  Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03534.  1975.
 C-439-76
 NO LASTING DAMAGE FROM JAPANESE OIL SPILL

 McAbee, M. K.  1975.
 Chemical and Engineering News 53(42):13-14.

 The first environmental impact report on the oil  spill  into
 Japan's Inland Sea, December, 1974, indicated that the  water
 quality generally returned to acceptable levels within  three
 months and no adverse effects on marine life were found.   Plankton
 suffered from the 54,000 bbl  fuel  oil  spill; but  by March,  no
 significant differences in their distribution were observed.   Fish,
 benthic organisms and algae were not adversely affected,  though
 there were some ill  effects on rock barnacles and other tidal-flat
 dwellers.

 Biological  effects of oil  pollution

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal
 C-440-76
 THE  ENVIRONMENTAL  IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS

 Mcllvaine,  P. M.   1974.
 Pollution Control  in the Maritime Industries, 4.  International
 Conference, 4th, 1974.  p. 235-245.

 A combination of field ecology techniques and gas chromatographic
 analysis is used to determine the environmental impact of an oil
 spill.  Areas beyond the visible slick are affected; the oil
 eventually accumulates in marine sediments and tissues.  Behavioral
 effects and long-term impacts are discussed.

 Biological  effects of oil pollution
Physical effects of oil  pollution

Citation Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11  (June):#072645.   1975.

                                159

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C-441-76
RESEARCH NEEDED TO DETERMINE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF OIL ON THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Monaghan, P. H., and C. B. Koons.   1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):157-159.

The workshop participants agree that more research is needed to
define chronic effects of oil.   Recommendations include:
feasibility studies to determine suitable geographical study
areas; a combination of lab, field and experimental ecosystem
studies; and teams of biological,  chemical, physical  and
geological  oceanographers to collect data and interpret results,

Biological  effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-442-76
SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND ITS EFFECTS ON
LIVING RESOURCES AND FISHING

Naeve, E.  1974.
Revue Internationale d'0ce"anographie Me"dicale 15-16:5-20.

One of the severe sources of pollution in the Mediterranean is
oil, particularly in connection with tank washings and release
of ballast water into the sea.  Oil pollution of the beaches,
inshore waters and even the open sea is due to the heavy oil
transport in the Mediterranean and to the facts that there are
still some areas in which the discharge of oil is allowed, and
that only 5 out of 14 oil harbors have facilities for receiving
tanker residues.

Oil transfer and transport

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-443-76
REPORT TO CONGRESS ON .OCEAN POLLUTION, OVERFISHING, AND OFFSHORE
DEVELOPMENT; JULY 1973 THROUGH JUNE 1974

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.  1975.
NOAA 75040305, PL 92-532.  77 p.

The U.S. marine research efforts directed at effects of pollution,
overfishing and other man-induced changes of ocean ecosystems are
                               160

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 described.   Research  concerning marine pollution by petroleum
 hydrocarbons,  offshore development of oil and gas resources and
 deepwater ports  is  reviewed.

 General effects  of  oil prospecting and production

 Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(15)-
                   #W75-07405.  1975.
 C-444-76
 CONTROLLED ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION EXPERIMENT (CEPEX)

 Parsons, T. R.  1974.
 Environmental Conservation 1(3);224.

 CEPEX is an international program (involving scientists from the
 U.S., U.K., and Canada) whose purpose is to obtain an understanding
 of the chronic low level effects  of pollutants on the marine
 environment.   Experiments have been conducted on isolated bodies
 of water to observe pollutant effects on the whole food chain in
 the sea.  Further experiments measuring the effects of 10 ppb
 copper and <1 ppm petroleum hydrocarbons on marine ecosystems
 are planned.

 Biological  effects of oil  pollution

 Citation Source:   Environmental Health and  Pollution  Control
                   8(5):#1270,   1975.
 C-445-76
 EXPERIMENTAL  OIL  SPILLS  ON  MACKENZIE  DELTA LAKES.   I.  EFFECT
 OF  NORMAN  WELLS CRUDE  OIL ON  LAKE 4.

 Snow, N. B.,  and  D. M. Rosenberg.  1975.
 Canada.  Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
 Directorate,  Technical Report No. 548.  44 p.

 The effects of an experimental crude oil spill on selected
 physical,  chemical and biotic parameters in a small floodplain
 lake were  monitored for  15 months following the spill.  The
 effects on phytoplankton were inconclusive; the effects on the
water were non-existent; and sediment oil was removed by the
 spring flood.  The sub-littoral  zoobenthic community was
 unaffected, but several groups were eliminated from the littoral
 invertebrate community.

Biological  effects of oil pollution
Chemical effects of oil pollution
Physical effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:   Citation Journal

                                161

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C-446-76
EXPERIMENTAL OIL SPILLS ON MACKENZIE DELTA LAKES.  II.  EFFECT
OF TWO TYPES OF CRUDE OIL ON LAKES 4C and 8

Snow, N. B., and D. M. Rosenberg.  1975.
Canada.  Fisheries and Marine Services, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical Report No. 549.  19 p.

Two types of oil were spilled in partitioned lakes; and selected
physical and chemical water parameters, periphyton, littoral
zoobenthos and surface invertebrates were sampled in the control
and spill contaminated areas of the lakes.  Pembina crude was more
toxic than Norman Wells crude.  Blue-green algae increased, with
attendant increases in total nitrogen.  The three phases of oil
pollution are acute  toxicity, a physically deleterious phase, and
chronic eutrophication.

Biological effects of oil pollution
Physical effects of oil pollution
Chemical effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-447-76
MARINE POLLUTION

Ui, U.  1973.  "
Ecologia 3(11):29-31.

The quantities and effects of pollution on the Japanese coast
are reviewed.  Results of research conducted by students at the
University of Tokyo are presented and are divided into areas of
industrial, urban and oil pollutants; general organic wastes;
and wastes from the mining industry.

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(3):#552.   1975.
                               162

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D.   EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION

    1.   BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
        C-448-76
        FISHERMEN/OILMEN  PROBLEMS  - ALASKA

        Anon.   1975.
        Marine  Pollution  Bulletin  6(9):132.

        A controversy exists between fishermen and oilmen over the sale
        of oil  and gas leases in Kachemak Bay.  The Bay is highly
        productive due to an unusual circular current system which
        concentrates food.  The fishermen are trying to invalidate the
        lease,  claiming they were misled about inclusion of the Bay.

        Economic effects of oil prospecting and production

       Citation Source:  Citation Journal

        C-449-76
        THE PETROLEUM IMPERATIVE (CONTINUED)

       Anon.   1975.
       Audubon 77(6):104-105.

       Five letters in reply to a May article on the  "Perils of the
       petroleum imperative" are presented.  Views range from outright
       anger and subscription  cancellation    to contradiction of
       previous statements.   Both the oil  industry and conservationists
       are represented.

       Biological  effects of oil  pollution

       Citation Source:   Citation  Journal


       C-450-76
       UNDERWATER  NOISE AT AN OFFSHORE  DRILLING  OPERATION IN THE  BAY
       OF FUNDY

       Buerkle, U.  1975.
       Canada.   Fisheries and Marine Service, Research Development
       Directorate, Technical Report No. 563.  18 p.

       Recordings of underwater noise were made at an oil drilling site
       in the Bay of Fundy.  The recordings were analyzed in 24 third-
      octave frequency bands with centre frequencies from 3.15 to 630 Hz
      Four different types of noise were detected, and the  range at which
      fish can detect them calculated.

      Citation Source:   Citation Journal

                                  163

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C-451-76
THE NEED FOR STUDIES OF MARINE MAMMALS IN THE EASTERN GULF OF
MEXICO

Caldwell, D. K., and M. C. Caldwell.  1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico,  R. E. Smith (ed,)-  St, Petersburg,
Florida, State University  System of Florida, Institute of
Oceanography, 1974.  p. 339-343.

In general the marine mammals of the Gulf of Mexico are not
endangered by man's activities (proposed or current); but more
distribution data is needed.  In addition, the food habits and
reproductive biology need further investigation in order to be
able to predict long-term effects of offshore drilling.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02367.  1975.
C-452-76
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS ON THE
ROCKY SHORES OF BANTRY BAY

Crapp, G. B.  1973.
Irish Fisheries Investigations, Series B (Marine), 9.  35 p.

An oil tanker terminal began operations in 1968 in Bantry Bay,
Ireland.  There have been one moderately large oil spill and
three small oil spills since then.  A biological survey, initially
of the fauna and flora of the rocky shores in the bay, has been
undertaken to aid in detecting pollution effects.

Reporting

Citation Source:  Ecological Abstracts 1975(3):#75L/1896.  1975.


C-453-76
OIL SPILL EFFECTS

Karinen, J. F.  1975.
Science 190(4211):216-219.

The author comments on the validity of several statements in
a recent article, "Offshore drilling:  Fishermen and oilmen clash
in Alaska."  Speculative statements include those on finding LDsg
values at depth and determining actual LD5Q values.  Comments on
shrimp production are further explained, and statements on the
physical oceanography of Kachemak Bay are corroborated by data.

Economic effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

                               164

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 C-454-76
 MARICULTURE POTENTIALS IN ESTUARINE OIL PIPELINE CANALS

 Kilgen, R. H., and A. H.  Harris.  1974.
 Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 26th,  New Orleans,
 La., 1973.  J. B. Higman  (ed.).  Miami, Florida, University of
 Miami, 1974.  p. 75-80.

 Canals excavated for oil  exploration,  drilling and transportation
 alter thousands of acres  of wetland,  causing a decrease in  the
 fisheries.  However, these brackish canals  support their own
 fauna of finfish (133-369 kg/hectare), blue crabs, and  white,
 pink and brown shrimp.  Mariculture experiments in Louisiana
 canals are discussed.  Polyculture of  fish, oysters,  shrimp,
 and cage-culture of catfish and pompano are feasible.   Problems
 of disease, predation,  flooding, adequate   food ration,  etc.,
 are discussed.

 Economic effects of oil prospecting and production

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
 C-455-76
 A  BRIEF  IN  SUPPORT  OF  QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE SUBSTRATE AND
 BENTHIC  ORGANISM COMMUNITIES AS A BASELINE FOR EVALUATING EFFECTS
 OF OIL PRODUCTION ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

 Kritzler, H.   1974.
 Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
 Eastern  Gulf  of  Mexico.  R. E. Smith (ed.).  St. Petersburg,
 Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
 Oceanography,  1974.  p. 363-367.

 Long-term consequences of petroleum production can be evaluated
 by  coordinating  a cooperative sampling program for the sea
 bottom and  its flora and fauna.  The importance of dominant
 taxonomic groups, and the argument for emphasizing polychaetes
 are major topics.

 Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02369.  1975.
C-456-76
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF WHITEFISH AND RAINBOW TROUT TO DRILLING
FLUIDS

Lawrence, M., and E. Scherer.  1974.
Canada.  Fisheries and Marine Service,Technical Report No.  502.
47 p.

White fish and rainbow trout were offered the choice between
pure water and water contaminated by drilling fluids.   Changes

                               165

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in swimming speed, turning rate, and frequency of movement
across the centerline were measured.  The response of both
species shifted from no response to preference to avoidance
with increasing concentration.

Citation Source:  Cit,»t1o.n Journal

C-457-76
ALASKAN WATERS:  FOR SALE TO THE HIGHEST BIDDER

Panitch, M.  1975.
Environmental Action 7(10):3-6.

The controversy between Alaskan fishermen and the oil companies
over 5,000 acres of Kachemak Bay, an area in Alaska which was
leased in 1973 for oil and gas exploration, is explained.
Kachemak Bay is acknowledged to be one of the most biologically
productive bodies of water in the nation.  Fishermen have
gone  to court seeking to overturn the 1973 decision.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-458-76
HOW DO YOU PRICE A SWAMP?

Schueler, D. G.  1975.
Audubon 77(2):16-27.

The Atchafaloya Swamp is still rich in oil; the oil company
channels have turned  large tracts into stagnant reservoirs.
But some areas of the swamp are still worth preserving,
containing the only bit of wilderness in the southeastern U.S.
The major threat comes from the channelization plans of the
Army Corps of Engineers, not the oil companies.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-459-76
MENSTRUAL  FUNCTIONS  IN FEMALE WORKERS AT PETROLEUM REFINERIES
AND IN PATIENTS WITH  CHRONIC  INTOXICATION BY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
[English summary]

Sukhanova, V. A., and V. V. Mel'nikova.  1974.
Gigiena Truda  i Professional'nye  Zabolevaniya 4:39-41.

The effect of  sulfurous petroleum products was investigated
through the  study of  408 female workers at petroleum refineries,
and of 36  patients with chronic petroleum intoxication.  The sulfur
products produce menstrual dysfunction due to ovarian hypofunction.

Citation Source:  Abstracts on Health Effects of  Environmental
                  Pollutants  4(10):#10321.  1975.

                                166

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2.   SOCIAL EFFECTS
    C-460-76
    THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF NORTH SEA OIL DEVELOPMENTS IN SCOTLAND

    Anon.   1975.
    London, Social  Science Research Council,  1975.

    "This  is an in-depth study of how oil  has affected the social
    structure of Scotland."

    Citation Source:   Oil  and Gas Journal  73(43):176.   1975.
    C-461-76
    COMMENTS ON  PROPOSED  ENVIRONMENTAL  STUDIES  OF THE  IMPACT OF DCS
    OIL  DRILLING ON  THE GULF OF  MEXICO

    Bell,  F.   1974.
    Marine Environmental  Implications of Offshore Drilling  in the
    Eastern Gulf of  Mexico.   R.  E.  Smith (ed.).  St. Petersburg,
    Florida,  State University System of Florida, Institute  of
    Oceanography, 1974.   p.  335-337.

    Social  science components must  be included  in the  program of
    environmental studies  to  indicate the interconnections  between
    the  biological and physical  data and to provide a  link  to the
    policy questions  about the net  social benefits of  oil production.
    Several  analogous studies are discussed.

    Citation  Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-02965.  1975.
   C-462-76
   NORTH SEA OIL AND GAS:  IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE UNITED STATES
   DEVELOPMENT

   White,  I. L., D. E. Kash, M. A. Chartock, M. D. Devine, and
   R. L. Leonard.  1973.
   Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1973.  xiii + 176 p.

   "Thirty-six pages on social impacts including impact on marine
   environment."

   General effects of oil prospecting and production

   Citation Source:  American Fisheries Society, Transactions
                     104(2):437.   1975.
                                167

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3.   ECONOMIC EFFECTS
    C-463-76
    N. ENGLAND FISHERMAN EVALUATES NORTH SEA OFFSHORE OIL PROBLEMS

    Allen, R.  B.   1975.
    National Fisherman 56(6):1B, 13B,  16B.

    The problems  created for  fishermen by offshore oil  production
    are evaluated.   Shortage  of labor, debris on the ocean floor
    which damages nets,  and compensation funds for damage and lost
    time are mentioned.   Oilmen do not feel  much debris is deliberately
    discharged.   Ocean surface maneuvering  also generates conflicts,
    as does the question of submarine  pipelines.  Loss  of fishing
    grounds due to rigs, platforms, wellheads and associated equipment
    is a major problem.

    General effects of oil  prospecting and  production

    Citation Source:  Citation Journal
    C-464-76
    <^0.25M SHETLAND OIL COMPENSATION

    Anon.   1975.
    Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):133.

    The Shetland Fishermen's Association wants at least «£ 250,000
    in compensation for disturbance to the fishing grounds; so far
    £70,000 has been paid.   In addition, it is proposed that the
    government buy up excess boats in order to help the fishermen
    start other business ventures.

    Social effects of oil prospecting and production

    Citation Source:  Citation Journal
    C-465-76
    ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION

    Anon.  1975.
    Petroleum Engineer International 47(11):EMS.  1975.

    This update on environmental action in the petroleum industry
    details the costs of environmental protection for air and water.
    In addition, the development of a new "super-microbe" by
                                  168

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Dr. A. M. Chakrabarty of General Electric was cited.  This
microbe is about to be field tested, and could be the first
result of genetic engineering of bacteria.

General effects of oil prospecting and production
Biological degradation

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-466-76
FISHERIES/OIL REPORT

Anon.  1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(10):149.

The first annual report of the Fisheries and Offshore Oil
Consultative Group (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for
Scotland, Room H635, Argyle House, 3 Lady Lawson Street,
Edinburgh EH3 9DR) has been issued.  The problems discussed
include the notification of hazards such as the siting of drilling
rigs and the laying of buoys, the amount of debris on the seabed,
and the risk of damage to submarine pipelines by bottom trawl gear.

General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-467-76
FISHERMEN/OILMEN PROBLEMS - UK

Anon.  1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):131-132.

Fishermen in the North Sea complain of fishing gear damage and
the problems caused by supply vessels which foul their fishing
nets through ignorance of fishing methods.  Hazards include
abandoned well-heads, now marked pipelines, and unburied pipe-
lines.  Compensation claims have not yet been accepted as
valid by either the government or the oil industry.

Social effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               169

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4.   GENERAL EFFECTS
    C-468-76
    CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND OTHER MINING OPERATIONS
    IN NAVIGABLE WATERS ALONG THE LOUISIANA COAST (FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL
    IMPACT STATEMENT)

    Anon.  1973.
    Army Engineer District,  New Orleans, Louisiana, E1S-LA-73-1897-F.
    403 p.

    Permits to explore for oil  or gas or to develop oil  production
    and storage facilities in navigable waterways result in  obstructions
    to navigation and fishing,  altered salinity and circulation  of
    marsh areas, possible damage to ecosystems, and disposal  of  wastes.
    The permit system provides  regulations  and  surveillance  systems
    which, combined with increased industry awareness,  help  minimize
    these impacts.   The alternative is to delay resource development
    until all  environmental  problems are solved.

    Citation Source:   Selected  Water Resources  Abstracts 8(19):
                      #W75-09823.   1975.
    C-469-76
    DEEPWATER PORT REGULATIONS

    Anon.   1975.
    Sea Technology 16(8):23.

    Federal  regulations  are being  issued  to  assure that  the  construc-
    tion and separation  of deepwater  ports are  in  the  national
    interest and  provide protection of the marine  and  coastal  environ-
    ment.   The highlights of these regulations  are given.   In-depth
    detail  is demanded of an applicant company  about  itself  and  the
    proposed offshore port.

    U.S. legislation

    Citation Source:  Citation  Journal
    C-470-76
    FINAL  ENVIRONMENTAL  STATEMENT FOR THE PROTOTYPE  OIL  SHALE
    LEASING PROGRAM.   VOL.  VI

    Anon.   1973.
    U.S. Government Printing Office.   456 p.

    Volumes I  and  II  considered  the regional  and  cumulative  aspects
    of a mature oil shale industry; Volume III  considered  the
                                 170

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 specific action of issuing two  prototype  leases  in  Colorado,
 Utah,  and  Wyoming;  Volume IV  describes  the  consultation  involved
 with preparing  the  final  statement; Volume  V contains  letters
 received;  and Volume  VI  contains the oral testimony.   If the oil
 shale  leasing program is  expanded, a review of  the prototype
 leases and their  impact will  be done.

 Citation Source:  Environmental Health  and  Pollution Control
                  8(7):#1871.  1975.
C-471-76
FISHERMEN AND OIL

Anon.   1975.
Alaska  Seas and Coasts 3(1):4.

The dilemma between fishermen and the State of Alaska over the
leasing of lands under Kachemak Bay for oil exploration is
briefly reviewed.  The hearings scheduled on February 4, 1975,
by the  U.S. Department of  Interior to receive public and
private comments evaluating the potential effects of DCS leasing
on the  environment are also mentioned.

Biological effects of oil  prospecting and production
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal


C-472-76
GALVESTON'S SUPERPORT PLAN

Anon.  1974.
World Dredging and Marine Construction 10(3):22-25.

The Port of Galveston, Texas, proposes to dredge a multipurpose
port with the ability to handle both oil  and dry bulk goods.
The cost is estimated at $440 million and the completion time at
5 years.  This project offers less pollution hazard than an
offshore site because of its protected location and the ability
to use effective spill booms.   Electronic devices will  reduce
collision risks.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts  12(4):#75-03891.   1975.
                              171

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 C-473-76
 GULF OF ALASKA  STUDIES SHOW DRILLING SAFE FOR ENVIRONMENT

 Anon.  1975.
 Offshore 35(11):136-137.

 J. H. Silicox,  vice-president of Standard Oil, spoke at a
 hearing on the  draft environmental impact statement on OCS
 operations in the Gulf of Alaska.  He criticized the report
 as being "neither complete nor objective," citing ignorance
 of 25 years of  successful offshore oil operations and successful
 North Sea operations as examples.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-474-76
HAZARDS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY

Anon.  1975.
British Medical Journal 3(5983):556,

Summary not available.

Biological effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Current Contents, Life Sciences 18(39):C-3.
                  1975.
C-475-76
HIGH OIL PRICES WILL SPUR ATLANTIC OCS ACTIVITY

Anon.  1975.
Ocean Industry 10(ll):63-64.

A team of Sea Grant economists at Cornell University predicts
the economic incentives necessary to develop the Atlantic OCS.
A study by University of Delaware scientists explored the
economics of exploiting the oil and gas of the Atlantic OCS
and also analyzed any landward impact on ecology and economics
in Delaware.  Available from Sea Grant programs at the
universities:   Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Energy
Resources:  An Economic Analysis; Decisions for Delaware:  Sea
Grant looks at OCS Development.

Economic effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               172

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 C-476-76
 IMPACT OF OFFSHORE QIL OPERATIONS

 Anon.   1974.
 Petroleum Review 28(331):448-450.

 Summaries of papers presented at the IP conference in  Aviemore,
 Scotland, June,  1974, are  given.  The papers  covered subjects
 such as technology, planning and development,  education  and
 training, implications for the economy and  for the Scottish
 manufacturing industry,  environmental  problems,  and the  role of
 central  and local  authorities.

 Citation Source:   International  Petroleum Abstracts 3(1):#276.
                   1975.
 C-477-76
 LOUISIANA  SUPERPORT

 Anon.   1974.
 World Dredging and Marine  Construction  10(3):30-31.

 The proposed offshore  superport off Louisiana will be in 100 to
 120  ft. of water and  17 miles off Lafourche Parish.  Five single-
 point mooring buoys will be connected to a single platform and
 three underwater pipelines will deliver the crude oil to shore.
 This is the only way foreign crude can  reach the mid-West
 refineries.

 Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-03893.  1975.
C-478-76
NEW PUBLICATION LOOKS AT PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Anon.  1975.
Journal of Petroleum Technology September:1113.

The Environmental Quality Committee has published a book
titled Petroleum Production and the Environment.  The publication
deals with environmental quality as it pertains to petroleum
engineering technology.  Orders may be sent to the Society of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME.

General effects of oil  pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                              173

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C-479-76
OCS OIL, GAS HEARINGS INDICATE NEED FOR STATE PARTICIPATION

Anon.  1975.
Sea Technology 16(8):39-40.

After the series of hearings held by the Ad Hoc Select
Committee on the Outer Continental Shelf, it was decided to
broaden baseline study programs, increase state participation
in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements, impose
more regulations on bidders and perhaps start an OCS revenue
sharing plan.

U.S. legislation

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-480-76
PROPOSED 1973 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL
LEASE-SALE, OFFSHORE MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND FLORIDA.
VOL. 2, POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ETC.  (ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT STATEMENT)

Anon.  1973.
Bureau of Land Management, EIS-MS-73-1651-F-2.  242 p.

This volume considers the environmental impacts of OCS  activity;
for example, impacts on the living components, air and  water
quality, commercial fishing, and conflicts with the recreational,
historical and aesthetic features of the area.  Unavoidable
adverse effects as well as potential mitigating measures, such
as oil spill regulations, contingency action and construction of
protective structures and pipelines, are discussed.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
                  #W75-09820.  1975.
C-481-76
REFINERY FOR NIGG?

Anon.  1974.
Offshore Services 7(1):22.

The circumstances surrounding the planning of a £ 100 million
oil refinery in Nigg on the Cromarty Firth of Scotland are
discussed.  Area residents are against the refinery because of
the danger of air and sea pollution, traffic congestion and
noise.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(2):#75-01907.  1975.


                               174

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 C-482-76
 REVISED 5-YEAR OCS LEASE SCHEDULE PROPOSED BY INTERIOR

 Anon.  1973.
 World Oil  177(6):81.

 Although 15 Outer Continental  Shelf oil  and gas  lease sales
 are tentatively scheduled for  the next  five years  by  the  USDI,
 no sale will be held  until  environmental,  technical and
 economic studies have been  made  and public hearings held.
 Pending legislation concerning the proposed sale of Cook
 Inlet of Alaska is discussed.

 Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(2):#75-01913.   1975.

 C-483-76
 UK OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS  YEARBOOK

 Anon.   1974.
 London,  Kogan  Page Limited,  1974.   291 p.

 The following  topics  on  British  oil  and gas  operations are
 included:   effects of offshore operations  on  coastal  regions;
 legal  aspects  of offshore operations; and  manpower, training
 and education.   Organizations  and  companies  related to the
 oil  industry are listed.

 Citation Source:   Oceanic Abstracts  12(2):#75-01866.  1975.

 C-484-76
 WORLD'S TALLEST OIL PLATFORM SET FOR U.S.

 Anon.   1974.
 Engineering  News Record  (Oct.  24):14.

 Exxon  plans  to  build  a 945-ft  oil  production  platform in the
 federal waters  of  the Santa Barbara Channel.  The platform is
 designed to  withstand earthquakes  of 8.5 on  the Richter scale,
 44-ft  waves  and 100-mph winds.   Oil and gas will be separated
 at  the platform and then  piped to  an onshore  facility for
 treatment and  storage.

 Citation Source:   Energy  Review 07:8.  1975.

 C-485-76
 No  title given

Anon.  1975.
Ocean Oil Weekly Report 10(7):1.

The proposed sale of oil  and gas  lease tracts off Southern
California will probably occur  December 10, 1975.   The

                             175

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Department of Interior has withdrawn certain tracts and added
an additional 3/4 mile buffer zone in an effort to accommodate
environmentalists.  The Environmental Impact Statement,
although well researched, will probably be questioned.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-486-76
OFFSHORE OIL TERMINAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR UNITED STATES
WATERS

Black, R. W.  1974.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Marine Administration Report
(special).  23 p.

The design concepts for offshore terminals are reviewed; and
all major costs and risks are evaluated.   The need for deepwater
oil (and other bulk commodity) terminals  is contrasted with the
environmental consequences of a potential  spill.  The high
cost of building a terminal rules out the  plan for some of the
bulk commodities considered.

Citation Source:  Environment Abstracts 5(10):#75-06341.  1975.
C-487-76
FRAGILE STRUCTURES:  A STORY OF OIL REFINERIES, THE NATIONAL
SECURITY, AND THE COAST OF MAINE

Bradford, P. A.  1975.
New York, Harper's Magazine Press, 1975.

The roots of the impasse concerning the possibility of a foreign
trade zone and oil refinery in Maine include Maine coastal
history, national oil policy, environmental ism, economic growth,
and supertankers.  The proposal  was first presented in 1968,
and stopped by U.S. oil companies who feared foreign oil
competition.

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-488-76
THE CHALLENGE OF DEEPWATER TERMINALS

Bragaw, L. K., Mardis, Raffaele, and Townley.  1975.
Lexington, Mass., D. C. Heath & Co., 1975.  162 p.

The objective of this study is to present the needs, demands,
salient issues and alternative solutions for transportation
                               176

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  of crude oil and petroleum products.   The major portion of the
  book is a discussion of the location  of deepwater terminals,
  their economics, environmental  factors and onshore impacts.

  Citation Source:  Ocean Industry 10(11):5.   1975.
  C-489-76
  ALBERTA'S  ATHABASCA  OIL  SANDS:  A CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE

  Bresee,  P.,  and  S. Tyler.   1975.
  Alternatives/Perspectives on Society and Environment 4(2):21-33.

  Canadian public  ownership of the Athabasca oil sands is the
  only method  of considering  Canadian and Alberta economic,
  social and environmental needs.  The potential extent of
  environmental damage, particularly from the mining process
  already  in use,  is tremendous.  Costs of environmental  damage
  as opposed to costs  of protective and preventive measures must
  be determined,

  Social effects of oil prospecting and production

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal
 C-490-76
 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION - AUSTRALIAN CASE HISTORIES
 AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

 Brown, G. A.   1973.
 APEA Journal  13(1):132-139.

 Proposed hydrocarbon exploration  offshore Queensland  by the
 Great Barrier Reef Royal  Commission  is  one  of  the five case
 histories reviewed.   Social  and legal  implications are discussed
 along with the possibility of  enacting  future  laws to conserve
 Australian resources and  environment.

 Citation Source:   International Petroleum Abstracts 3(2):#605.
                   1975.
C-491-76
PROPOSED 1973 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL LEASE
SALE, OFFSHORE MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA AND FLORIDA (FINAL ENVIRON-
MENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT)

Bureau of Land Management.  1973.
NTIS USDC, EIS-MS-73-1651-F-1.  Volume 1.  327 p.

Volume 1  gives a description of the proposed oil  and gas lease
sale on the outer continental  shelf of the Gulf of Mexico,

                               177

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The 147 tracts of OCS lands all pose some degree of pollution
risk to the environment and adjacent shoreline.  Each tract
is analyzed at this stage in order to evaluate significant
environmental impacts should leasing and subsequent development
ensue.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(16):
                  #W75-08018.  1975.
C-492-76
PROPOSED 1973 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS GENERAL
LEASE-SALE, OFFSHORE MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND FLORIDA,
VOLUME 3.  ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION (FINAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT)

Bureau of Land Management.  1973.
USDC, EIS-MS-73-1651-F-3.  354 p.

The three main alternatives to the proposed action, as
listed in the environmental impact statement, are to hold the
sale in modified form, withdraw the sale or delay the sale.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                  #W75-10291.  1975.
C-493-76
FLOTTA OIL HANDLING TERMINAL:  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURES

Cairns, W. J.  1975.
Petroleum Review 29(342):384-389.

This is the first of three articles which review environmental
impact assessment and protection procedures used by the
Occidental Group for the planning and construction of their
Flotta Oil Handling Terminal, Orkney.  The advantages of an
integrated environmental and engineering approach to oil
terminal construction and management are demonstrated.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,269.  1975.
C-494-76
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF:  CONGRESS WEIGHS OIL NEEDS AND
ENVIRONMENT

Carter, L. J.  1975.
Science 189(4206):865.
                             178

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  The  scheduled  offshore  oil  leasing program for the United States
  is considered.  The actions  taken by Congress regarding current
  OCS  leasing  procedures  and  coastal zone management are discussed.

  Citation Source:  Citation Journal
 C-495-76
 THE ENVIRONMENT OF OFFSHORE AND ESTUARINE ALABAMA

 Chermock, R. L., P. A. Boone, and R. L. Lipp.  1974.
 University, Geological Survey of Alabama, Environmental Division,
 Information Series No. 51.  135 p.

 Coastal Alabama resources include an important port, food and
 recreation for its people, and an important seafood industry.
 New developments such as exploration for oil  and  gas and the
 construction of Ameraport will influence the  coast.  Available
 environmental  information about Alabama's salt and brackish
 waters was summarized to provide a baseline for future environ-
 mental studies.                                          i

 Citation Source:   Selected Water Resources  Abstracts 8(18):
                   #W75-08961.   1975.
 C-496-76
 THE COAST GUARD  BEEFS  UP  OFFSHORE

 Colburn,  D.   1975.
 Chi 1 ton's Oil  Gas Energy  1(6):22-26.

 Safety and pollution are  the two major concerns of the Coast
 Guard in  offshore oil  and gas development.  The Coast Guard
 now spends an  increasing  portion of its resources cleaning up
 oil  spills, planning deep-water ports and monitoring tanker
 routes and offshore drilling operations.

 Economic  effects of oil prospecting and production
 Cleanup and recovery
 Monitoring

 Citation  Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(39):#210,883.   1975.
C-497-76
PETROLEUM AND THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF NORTH WEST EUROPE.
VOLUME II:  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Cole, H.  A. (ed.).  1975.
Barking,  Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,  1975,
133 p.
                               179

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The contents of this volume include chapters on offshore
production practices to protect the environment; industry oil
spill plans and programmes; the behavior of oil spills; the
effects of oil on fisheries, shore life, and birds;  the
effects of long-term, low-level exposure to oil, and monitoring
requirements.

Contingency planning
General fate of oil in the environment
Biological effects of oil pollution
Monitoring

Citation Source:  International Petroleum Abstracts 3(3):xvii.
                  1975.
C-498-76
THE OIL EXPLORATION INDUSTRY'S ROLE IN THE ROYAL COMMISSIONS
INTO OIL DRILLING ON THE GREAT BARRIER REEF

Horler, K. M.  1974.
International Symposium on Coral Reefs, 2, 1973.  A. M. Cameron,
et al. (eds.j.  Vol. 2:703-714.

Background information on oil exploration and on conservation
of the reefs is discussed from the oil explorers' point of view,
with reference to the announcement of the Royal Commissions.  The
Royal Commissions investigated the environmental and economic
impact of drilling on the reefs.  Industry presented the case that
modern oil exploration and production will not harm the Great
Barrier Reef.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-499-76
WEBSEC-71-72, AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE BEAUFORT SEA

Hufford, G. L., S. H. Fortier, D, E. Wolfe, J. F. Doster, and
D. L. Noble.  1974.
Oceanographic Report, No. 64, USCG-373-64.  282 p.

A collection of scientific papers from two ecological baseline
cruises to the Western Beaufort Sea (August-September, 1971 and
1972) is included.  The physical, chemical, biological and
geological data presented should provide a base for assessing
the effects of pollution from future development, especially
from petroleum.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(18):
                  #AD-A012 351/3GA.  1975.
                                180

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 C-500-76
 IMPACTS  OF OFFSHORE OIL ON NORTH EAST SCOTLAND

 Hutton,  J.   1975.
 MITSG-75-15 NOAA-75070804.  33 p.

 The purpose of this lecture by a member of the North  East
 Scotland Development Authority was to acquaint New England
 with northeast Scotland's experiences and problems in coping
 with the onshore impacts of offshore oil  development.

 Economic effects of oil  prospecting and production
 Social effects of oil  prospecting  and production

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
                   0COM-75-11026/2GA.   1975.
 C-501-76
 EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE  CRUDE  OIL  UNLOADING TERMINAL ON THE
 MARINE ENVIRONMENT

 James, W.  P.,  et  al.   1975.
 Marine Technology Society  Journal 9(1):27-31.

 The effects of an offshore terminal, designed to handle large
 crude oil  carriers,  on the marine environment is being monitored.
 The offshore complex will  reduce the potential for oil spills
 in nearby  estuaries.   Its  location is well chosen from an
 environmental  standpoint.

 Citation Source:  Environment Abstracts 5(9):#75-05489.  1975.
C-502-76
U.S. MUDDLES COASTAL WATERS

LaMotte, C.  1975.
Ocean Industry 10(1):29-30.

A recently published report by the staff of the National Ocean
Policy Study Group on the development of OCS oil and gas
resources emphasized the "uncertainties," such as the lack of
information about the environmental, social, and economic
impacts of development.  Specific recommendations are given for
pre-1 easing actions.

Social  effects of oil prospecting and production
Economic effects of oil  prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               181

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C-503-76
POLLUTION FROM OFFSHORE OIL WELLS

Lay, S. H.  1973.
New Directions in the Law of the Sea, Collected Papers - Volume III
R. Churchill, K. R. Simmonds, and J. Welch (eds.).  Dobbs Ferry,
New York, Oceana Publications, Inc., 1973.  p. 103-105.

This paper contains comments and recommendations on the present
legal status of offshore oil drilling activities.  Legislation
relating to marine oil pollution is included.

International legislation

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph


C-504-76
CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN MARINE AFFAIRS

Mangone, G. J., and J. L. Pedrick, Jr.  1974.
Sea Grant Project, Report Del-SG-10-74.  54 p.

The data baseline for this survey of research in marine affairs
was gathered from a questionnaire, several research institutions,
directors of institutional Sea Grant programs, and marine
researchers with Sea Grant project support.  Offshore drilling,
marine pollution and port operations are some of the research
areas.

General effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03110.  1975.
C-505-76
REFINING OF RAW MATERIAL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS IN ITALY

Manzone, G.  1974.
Acqua Aria Ecol. 7(34):42-48.

A criticism of petroleum1 refinery activities in Italy includes
such problems as the uncontrolled and destructive proliferation
of refineries, exploitation of workers, use of land and water
necessary for agriculture, and the pollution of the vegetation
and fishing regions of Italy.

Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                  8(3):#791.  1975.
                                182

-------
 C-506-76
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGENCY'S  ROLE,  INTEREST AND  RESPON-
 SIBILITIES  WITH  RESPECT TO  THE  OUTER  CONTINENTAL SHELF
 DEVELOPMENT

 McErlean, A.   1974.
 Marine  Environmental  Implications  of  Offshore Drilling in
 the  Eastern Gulf of Mexico.   R,  E. Smith  (ed.).  St.  Petersburg,
 Florida, State University System of Florida, Institute of
 Oceanography,  1974.   p. 33-35,

 EPA  is  interested in  drilling platforms and any attendant
 pollution,  their advisory role  with respect to spills, and
 establishment  of marine and estuarine water quality standards.
 Areas of concern are  protection of benthic organisms  from
 drilling mud,  ability to  predict spill movement and oil
 pollution control methods.

 U.S. legislation

 Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03103.  1975.
C-507-76
THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN JAPAN (GENERAL)

Miyamori, K.  1975,
World Petroleum Congress, 9th, Tokyo, 1975.  Review Paper
No. RP 1(A).  6 p.

The following problems as related to Japan are studied:  expansion
of the petroleum refining industry in the 1960's, environmental
pollution from the refining industry, soaring crude prices, oil
exploration and development, present situation of the petro-
chemical industry, forecast of long-term energy requirements and
securing a stable oil supply.

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,333.  1975.
C-508-76
OCS DEVELOPMENT - WHAT IT MEANS

Munro, N.  1975.
Alaska Seas and Coasts 3(2):l-5.

A discussion is given of the potential impacts of oil  development
off Alaska's coastline and the political  controversy surrounding
the current push to explore and develop petroleum resources.
Such topics as short- and long-term biological impacts of oil
                                183

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pollution (oil spills), effects of increased activity, and
social and economic changes are elaborated.

Biological effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-509-76
THE COASTAL PLAINS DEEPWATER TERMINAL STUDY.  VOLUME I.  EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY STUDY REPORT,  VOLUME II.  TECHNICAL APPENDIXES

Nathan Associates, Inc.   1975.
344 p. (Vol. I).  320 p. (Vol. II).

The feasibility of locating refineries, petrochemical  factories,
and auxiliary deepwater terminals in the Coastal  Plains Region
of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia is  examined.  The
main objective of this two volume report is to analyze economic
and environmental factors.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(18):
                  #COM-75-10772/2GA.  #COM-75-10773/OGA.  1975.

C-510-76
FISHERY RESOURCES OF WATERS ALONG THE ROUTE OF THE TRANS-ALASKA
PIPELINE BETWEEN YUKON RIVER AND ATIGUN PASS IN NORTH CENTRAL
ALASKA

Netsch, N. F.  1975.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 124.  49 p.

A description is given of the fishery resources along a 185-mile
segment of the trans-Alaska pipeline route.  Of 209 waters
surveyed in 1971, 110 supported fish.  Common species and tagging
studies conducted in selected areas are described.  The govern-
ment must impose restrictions on construction activities to
minimize potential adverse impacts on aquatic resources.

Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
Oil transfer and transport

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04751.  1975.

C-511-76
ENVIRONMENTAL DECAY AND  INTERNATIONAL POLITICS:  THE USE OF
SOVEREIGNTY

Ott, M. C., and  L. P. Shields.  1974.
Environmental Affairs 3(4):743-767.

The article is divided  into sections entitled:  the problem, the
sources and symptoms of  environmental decline, the consequences

                                184

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 of environmental  impairment  to  international  politics,
 functionalist  and related  remedies, an  alternate approach,
 and conclusions.   Petroleum, as  a diminishing  resource,  is
 part of the  problem.

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal
 C-512-76
 LONDON  REPORT

 Patterson, W. C.   1975.
 Environment  17(2):34-36.

 Construction of concrete oil production platforms in the
 Scottish Highlands coastal area has been subjected to
 considerable debate.  Various government laws have been
 passed  to give the government the power to requisition even
 "inalienable" land.  Much bitterness exists among the
 people  affected.

 Social  effects of oil prospecting and production

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-513-76
FUEL AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Payne, C. (ed.)  1973.
London, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 1973.  172 p.

Modern fuels (oil, gas, coal, electricity, nuclear energy) and
fuel technologies are examined in relation to environmental  needs,
Attention is given to environmental monitoring, pollutants and
their medical and ecological effects.

Monitoring
General effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4):#75-04117.   1975.
C-514-76
CHLORIDE CONTAMINATION IN ALUM CREEK, CENTRAL OHIO

Pettyjohn, W. A.  1975.
Ground Water 13(4):332-339.

Excess chloride is not removed during the water treatment process
and may produce a salty taste in the water.   Most of the chloride
                              185

-------
contamination in Alum Creek is due to the discharge of oil-field
brines into the mainstream or its tributaries in the upper reaches
of the basin.  The contaminated ground water may have been
polluted ten years ago.

Citation Source:  Biological Abstracts 60(11):#63497.  1975.
C-515-76
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT - USE AND ABUSE, ORDER OR CONFLICT

Ranken, M. B. F.  1974.
Society of Environmental Engineers.   Journal  13(1):3-11.

Offshore oil  and gas recovery is one of the several  ocean
activities examined which are sources of abuse to the marine
environment.   The contributions of domestic sewage and waste,
water supplies, industrial and agricultural waste, coastal
development and offshore mineral exploitation to marine pol-
lution are examined.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(2):#75-01674.  1975.
C-516-76
THE COAST AND SHELF OF THE BEAUFORT SEA

Reed, J. C., J. E. Sater, and W. W. Gunn (eds.).  1974.
Proceedings of symposium, San Francisco, January, 1974.
Arlington, Virginia.  750 p.

The results of a symposium dealing with the present environmental
conditions on the coast and continental shelf of the Beaufort
Sea are presented in this volume.  The meeting was convened to
provide basic information to determine the ecological impacts of
petroleum development, and to provide a critical awareness so
that these impacts will be minimized.

Citation Source:  Science 189(4208):1081.   1975.
C-517-76
THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE AND THE ENVIRONMENT.  A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schoepf, R. W.  1974.
Bibliographic series (final), INT-BIB-76-01, Bib-30.  31  p.

The bibliography contains 152 citations to English language
research reports on the environmental  problems to be encountered
                               186

-------
  in the construction of the trans-Alaska  pipeline.   The  marine
  and terrestrial  environments are emphasized;  environmental
  engineering problems are secondary.   The period  of  the  search
  is from 1970 to  mid 1973.
  Citation  Source:
 Government  Reports Announcements  75(22):
 #PB-244  299/4GA.  1975.
  C-518-76
  POLLUTION  CONTROL  IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

  Sittig, M.   1974,
  Pollution  Technology Review No. 9.  Noyes Data Corporation,
  315 p.

  Some petrochemical and coal tar products create pollution
  problems.  These problems are reviewed, and data from various
  sources (including patents) are condensed and presented.
  Effluent treatment technology is covered in detail.

 Waste oil and waste water treatment
 Citation Source:
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(1)
#HMS 4166.  1975.
 C-519-76
 RESEARCH IN THE OCEANOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT AT TEXAS A  &  M UNIVERSITY

 Treadwell,  T.  K.   1975.
 Marine Technology Society,  Journal  9(1):12-14.

 The major research programs of Texas A  & M are described.  The
 researchers are involved  in a  Gulf-wide cooperative environ-
 mental  program investigating the  effects of petroleum  activities
 on  the marine  environment and  are also  looking at natural hydro-
 carbon  seepage in the  Gulf  of  Mexico shelf area.

 Citation  Source:   Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04570.   1975.
C-520-76
PROPOSAL TO INTERACT IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT OF OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING IN THE NORTHEASTERN GULF OF
MEXICO:  1 FEB. 1974

U.S. Naval Coastal Systems Lab. 1974.
Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling in the
Eastern Gulf of Mexico.  R. E. Smith (ed.).   St  Petersburg,
Florida, State University Systems of Florida, ij^itute of
Oceanography, 1974.  p. 371-384.
                              187

-------
The Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory's (NCSL) research is
described, and facilities of interest to the Gulf of Mexico
environmental impact study are reviewed.  The NCSL proposes
to measure the offshore dynamic forces (wave energy, currents,
internal flowfields, and meteorological  forces) and develop
models to predict the interaction of the marine environment
and offshore drilling.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03063.  1975.
C-521-76
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PRICE OF ENERGY

Van Tassel, A. J.  1975.
Lexington, Massachusetts, 0.  C. Heath and Company, Lexington
Books, 1975.  324 p.

Energy savings through the use of by-products from stack gases
and solid wastes and waste heat are discussed.   The environmental
costs of obtaining energy from nuclear fission, geothermal
energy, and offshore oil and  gas resources are evaluated.

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05065.   1975.
C-522-76
ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS:  INFORMATION NEEDS AND IMPACT CRITERIA

Watling, L.  1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(9):139-142.

The effects of manmade structures in the sea, ranging from oil
platforms to large anchored floating structures and reclaimed
land in shallower water, cannot be realistically evaluated
until new information is gathered.  Information needs include:
effects of low levels of chemicals, effects of turbidity and
resuspension  of fine particles, time relationships of mixing
of effluents, and perturbation threshholds.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                              188

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E.  FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT

    1.   BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
        C-523-76
        BACTERIA USED AGAINST OIL SPILLAGE

        Anon.   1975.
        Ocean  Industry 10(10) :86.

        PETROBAC is a free-flowing dry powdery  material  that  can
        completely degrade unwanted petroleum and  its  by-products.
        To treat an oil  spillage area, PETROBAC, a complex  of man-made
        bacteria, is mixed in water to form  a homogeneous suspension
        and then sprayed where needed.  One  pound  per  acre  can  be
        effective.

        Cleanup and recovery

        Citation Source:  Citation Journal
        C-524-76
        MANMADE BACTERIA EATS SPILLED OIL

        Anon.   1975.
        Western Fisheries 90(6):12.

        PETROBAC,  a  complex of specially mutated  nonpathogenic bacteria,
        can  help clean up oil  spills  in drilling  and  pumping operations,
        harbors and  lagoons,  beaches  and open waterways.   PETROBAC can
        degrade all  kinds of crude  oils and  their intermediate products.
        The  dry powdery material  is mixed  with water  and  then sprayed
        where  needed.   FFI contact  Dr. Howard  E.  Worne,  Worne Biochemicals,
        Inc.,  Lyon Industrial  Park, Berlin,  NJ 08009.

        Cleanup and  recovery

        Citation Source:  Citation  Journal
        C-525-76
        NEW MICROBE  DESIGNED  FOR OIL  SPILL  CLEANUP

        Anon.   1975.
        Chemical  and Engineering News 53(38):#8.

        A new  hybrid bacterium  has  been developed by  General  Electric
        research and development laboratories,  Schenectady, New  York,
                                    189

-------
which is believed to more efficiently digest oil  spilled on
waterways.  The Pseudomonas strain, incorporating the genetic
makeup of four different strains of bacteria, can digest two
thirds of crude oil at a rate several times that of other
oil-consuming bacteria.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-526-76
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION ON PETROLEUM
DEGRADATION

Atlas, R. M.  1975.
Applied Microbiology 30(3):396-403.

Light crude oils have toxic volatile components which evaporate
slowly at 10°C; therefore, these components can inhibit microbial
degradation.  At 20°C,lighter oils had higher rates of mineral-
ization and microbial degradation than the heavier oils.
Particularly at low temperatures the paraffin fraction was
preferentially degraded.  After 42 days of incubation the most
degraded oil still had a 20% residue.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-527-76
FATE AND EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTANTS IN EXTREMELY COLD MARINE
ENVIRONMENTS

Atlas, R. N.  1974.
Annual report, AD-A003554, Contract N00014-74-A-0180-0001.  39 p.

The biodegradation of different crude oils was dependent on their
composition and temperature.  Degradation of Prudhoe crude oil
could be stimulated by fertilization and microbial seeding.
Success of stimulated biodegradation depended on providing
sufficient nutrients for extensive metabolism.  Petroleum was
found to inhibit microbial photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation,
but not respiration.

Biological effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
                  13(17):#N75-26530.  1975.
                               190

-------
C-528-76
ROLE OF MYTILUS EDULIS LINNE IN THE PURIFICATION OF SEA WATER
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (IN EXPERIMENT)  [English summary]

Boiko, E. V.  1975.
Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 11(2):28-33.

The rate of water purification  in aquaria with M. edulis is
twice that of aquaria without these organisms.  After three
weeks the remaining oil (1% of  the original  amount) was
distributed in this way:  1.4%  settled by hydrobionts into
the vessel bottom, 5.6% remained in the surface film, and
2% dissolved in the water.

General fate of oil in the environment

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04728.   1975.
C-529-76
HYDROCARBON UTILIZING POTENTIAL OF ESTUARINE MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES

Buckley, E. N., Ill, and F. K. Pfaender.  1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975.  Abstracts,  p. 127, #166.

Water samples were collected from 12 sites within the Neuse
River Estuary, North Carolina, in order to relate the presence
of a hydrocarbon degrading microbial community to the
concentration of hydrocarbons in the water.  A large proportion
of isolates had the ability to grow on hydrocarbons, indicating
exposure to chronic hydrocarbon pollution.  The correlation
between the presence of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms and
hydrocarbons was indicated by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Biological effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-530-76
ARCTIC OIL BIODEGRADATION

Button, D. K.  1974.
Final report, USCG-D-114-75, Contract DOT-CG-24722-A.  43 p.

The abundance and oxidation rates of microbial hydrocarbon
oxidizers were measured from three widely distributed marine
                               191

-------
systems in the far north.   Data presented support the assumption
that direct dissolved phase organic material  metabolism is a
normal ubiquitous marine process that probably produces steady
state hydrocarbon concentrations of submicrograms per liter.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22): ,
                  #AD-A014 096/2GA.  1975.
C-531-76
RADIOISOTOPE ASSAY FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON
BIODEGRADATION POTENTIAL IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

Caparello, D. M., and P. A. Larock.  1975.
Microbial Ecology 2(1):28-42.

The activity of hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria can be quantified
using an enrichment culture method.  The factors that influence
the hydrocarbon oxidizing potential of an environment are:  the
hydrocarbon burden of the area; and the ability of the microflora
to use the hydrocarbons.  Lakes with large aquatic plant
communities have communities of hydrocarbon bacteria similar to
those found in oil polluted environments.

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#111056f.  1975.
C-532-76
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF PETROLEUM DEGRADATION IN
CHESAPEAKE BAY

Colwell, R. R-, J. D. Walker, and J. D. Nelson, Jr.  1975.
Office of Naval Research, Technical Report AD/A-005 246/4SL.
13 p.

Studies on the seasonal fluctuation of petroleum-degrading
microorganisms in Chesapeake Bay are being done.  Water and
sediments from an oil polluted and control area were collected
and analyzed.  The numbers and yields of petroleum degrading
organisms were greater in the oil polluted areas.  Dominant
species are discussed.

Citation Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11(June):#084446.  1975.
C-533-76
HINDGUT MICROFLORA FROM OIL-POLLUTED SOFT-SHELL CLAMS

Cundell, A. M., and R. R. Young.  1975.
Marine Pollution 6(9):134-135.

Preferential degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by micro-
organisms  in the digestive tracts of shellfish has been

                               192

-------
 postulated.   However, a preliminary investigation  failed  to  show
 that hindgut microflora of soft-shell  clams  collected  from oil-
 polluted sediment have any role in  petroleum hydrocarbon
 degradation.  Hydrocarbon type and  distribution  in the tissues
 remain to be explained.

 Biological  effects of oil pollution

 Citation Source:   Citation Journal
 C-534-76
 GROWTH  IN  CULTURES  WITH  TWO  LIQUID  PHASES.  HYDROCARBON UPTAKE
 AND TRANSPORT

 Erickson,  L. E.,  and  T.  Nakahara,   1975,
 Process  Biochemistry  10(5):9-13.

 This  is  a  review  with 60 references on hydrocarbon dispersion,
 transport  and  assimilation by microbial cells.  Important
 factors  involved  in these processes are identified.

 Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(17):#144132f.  1975.
 C-535-76
 THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AROMATIC PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

 Gibson, D. T.  1975.
 Annual report, No. 2, 16-1938-2.  55 p.

 The purpose of this contract is to investigate mechanisms used
 by soil bacteria to oxidize ortho-, meta- and para-xylene and
 related aromatic compounds.  The microbial degradation of the
 sulfur-containing constituents of crude petroleum is discussed.

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
                  #AD-A012 486/7GA.  1975.
C-536-76
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF PETROCHEMICAL POLLUTANTS
INHIBITORY TO ANAEROBIC PROCESSES

Hovious, J. C., G. T. Waggy, and R. A. Conway.  1973.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA R2 73 194.   112 p.

The rate of byconversion of acetate to methane was followed.
The concentrations of twelve pollutants at which the  rate of
                              193

-------
byconversion was halved were determined.  Among the twelve
were aldehydes, amines, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5)
                  #HMS 3655,  1975.
C-537-76
HYDROCARBON-UTILIZING MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCETE YEAST:   II.
MARKING AND HYBRIDIZATION OF ORIGINAL STRAINS  [English
summary]

Inge-Vechtomov, S. G., B. V. Simarov, and E.  G. Rabinovich,
1974.
Genetika 10(9):106-115.

Auxotrophic mutants, isolated from two homothallic strains of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (41 and 768), were able to produce
mutants capable of hydrocarbon utilization.  Hybrids and
mutants and their monogenic differences were observed.

Citation Source:  Biological Abstracts 60(9):#49129.  1975.
C-538-76
LIPID COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROCARBON ASSIMILATING YEAST
CANDIDA LIPOLYTICA (STRAIN 10)

Jwanny, E. W.  1975.
Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 15(6):423.

The lipid content and phospholipid and fatty acid profiles of
Candida lipolytica at various growth times were measured to
study the utilization of n-hexadecane.  Fatty acids  of the
same length as that of the substrate were the most abundant
component, demonstrating an intact incorporation mechanism.
C£ addition and B-oxidation of the fatty acids also  occurred,
producing fatty acids with longer chain lengths.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-539-76
IMPROVING MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN SOIL

Lehtomaki, M., and S. Niemela1.  1975.
Ambio IV(3):126-129.

In an effort to develop methods to accelerate oil decomposition,
some common agricultural practices —irrigation, fertilization,
                              194

-------
and aeration—were tried.  The possibility of adding microbes
(bacteria, yeast) to soils to influence the rate of oil
degradation was also studied.  Results indicated that none of
the methods tested proved to be as effective in accelerating
oil decomposition as the addition of brewery waste yeast.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-540-76
TAXONOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA UTILIZING HYDROCARBONS
IN THE SEA [English summary]

Le Petit, J., J. C. Bertrand, M. H. N'Guyen, and S. Tagger.
1975.
Annales de Microbiologie (Paris) 126A(3):367-380.

Five strains of bacteria isolated from the Marseille coastal
area were grown and respired on hexadecane and acetate.  The
respiration rate of strains cultured on acetate was studied
while in hexadecane.  Chloramphenicol either maintained or
suppressed respiration activity, depending on the species.

Biological effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Chemical  Abstracts 83(15):#128530d.  1975.

C-541-76
IMPLICATIONS OF YEASTS AND YEAST-LIKE FUNGI IN MARINE PROCESSES

Meyers, S. P., and D. G. Ahearn.  1974.
Marine Mycology.  A. Gaertner (ed.).  International Symposium,
2nd, Bremerhaven, Germany, 1972.  Bremen, West Germany,
Kommissionsverlag Franz Leuwer, 1974.  p. 321-338.

Yeasts and yeast-like fungi are active in such processes as
nutrient recycling, biodegradation of oil and parasitism.  Data
on biomass and colonization of marine yeasts support the
contention that this portion of the marine mycota is important
in oceanic production and energy transformation.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-542-76
DEGRADATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BY MICROORGANISMS.
DISCOVERY OF NEW DEGRADATION SEQUENCES

Ohmori, T., and Y. Jigarni.   1974.
Kagaku to Seibutsu 12(11):745-747.

A review with five references.

Citation Source:  Chemical  Abstracts 83(11):#93415r.  1975.

                              195

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C-543-76
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION SPECIFICITY
OF SOME AROMATIC HYDROCARBON UTILIZING BACTERIA

Omori, T., Y. Jigarni, and Y. Minoda.  1975.
Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 39(9):1775-1779.

The paper presents the results of a study which screened for
microorganisms which assimilated isoalkyl or isoalkenyl
substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, and identified isopropyl-
benzene assimilating bacteria,  Substrate assimilation specificity
was examined and formed the basis for classifying aromatic
hydrocarbon assimilating bacteria into two groups.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-544-76
THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE

Pritchard, P. H., and T. J. Starr.   1975.
Annual report, No. 2, 1 September 73-31 August 74.  81 p.

An experimental continuous culture system was developed to
study the microbial degradation of oil in aquatic ecosystems.
It was shown that bacterial attack follows a consistent
pattern of slow emulsification, dispersion and chemical
alteration of the oil.  Degradation resulted in the trans-
formation of hydrocarbons into various end products which may
be more recalcitrant and toxic than the original oil.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
                  #AD-A013 322/3GA.  1975.
C-545-76
THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE

Pritchard, P. H,, and T. J. Starr.  1975.
Final report, Contract  N00014-73-C-0074.  15 p.

Oil blodegradation studies carried out in continuous culture
systems by the authors are briefly summarized.  Chemical
analysis of the oil during degradation has shown a complete
removal of the n-alkane fraction, an alteration in the branched
alkane and aromatic fractions and a synthesis of recalcitrant
metabolic end products.

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(20):
                  MD-A013 310/8GA.  1975.
                               196

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C-546-76
METABOLISM OF ALKYL NAPHTHALENES BY BACTERIA FROM A POLLUTED
ESTUARY

Raymond, D. D., and R, Bartha.  1974.
Annual Meeting of the Society for Microbiology, 74th,
Chicago, 1974,  Abstracts,  p. 161, #P100.

Observed patterns in the biodegradation of aromatic hydro-
carbon pollutants were studied using gas-liquid and thin
layer curomatography, mass- and infrared spectrometry,   All
six bacterial strains isolated from oil polluted estuarine
water  grew well on naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, or
2-ethylnaphthalene as their sole sources of carbon and
energy.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-547-76
HYDROCARBON BIODEGRADATION

Robertson, B. R., S. D. Arhelger, R. A. T, Law, and D.  K.
Button.  1973.
Environmental Studies of Port Valdez.  D. W. Hood, W,  E,  Shiels,
and E. J. Kelley (eds.).  University of Alaska, Institute of
Marine Science Occasional Publication No, 3, 1973.  p.  449-479.

The Valdez area contains enough microflora per cm  of water in
the spring to initiate hydrocarbon biodegradation.  Populations
were lower in the fall.  ATP assays on populations developed
from a sterile seawater-oil mixture which was inoculated  with
Valdez area seawater suggest many organisms grew at the expense
of oil.  Their effects on slicks were substantial.

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-548-76
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL

Sedita, S. J.  1973.
Houston Research Inc., Technical Report No. 7150.  49 p.

Those microorganisms capable of oxidatively degrading at  least
one fraction of Bunker C residual fuel oil were isolated.
Mixtures of organisms were not as effective at removing the
oil as single species.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin  4(3):
                  #HMS 3300.  1975.

                               197

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C-549-76
HYDROCARBON OXIDATION BY CLADOSPORIUM RESINAE IN THE  PRESENCE
OF ALTERNATE SUBSTRATES

Siporin, C., and J. 0. Cooney.   1975.
Annual Meeting of the American  Society for Microbiology,  75th,
New York, 1975.  Abstracts.   P. 173, #K157.

A series of experiments on the  utilization of n-hexadecane and
glucose by Cladosporium resinae cells is described.   Results
indicate that intracellular hydrocarbon may inhibit  the activity
of enzymes involved in glucose  metabolism.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-550-76
DEGRADATION OF OIL IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE

Ventullo, R. M., J. M. Sulflita, and P. H. Pritchard.  1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975.  Abstracts,  p. 127, #164.

Continuous flow systems were developed in the laboratory to
simulate oil slick conditions in a freshwater environment, using
topped diesel oil placed on 150 yl of fresh Lake Ontario water.
The oil layer eventually became impregnated with bacteria and
was slowly removed.  Complete removal occurred generally within
120 days.  Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil indicated
degradation of the n-alkanes.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-551-76
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE SOIL

Voets, J. P., R. Vanloocke, and W. Verstraete.  1975.
Externer Bericht,  Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4(1):10-19.

The oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release and extraction
and quantitative dosage of hydrocarbons in soil are examined.
Biodegradation by  soil microorganisms can be carried out by
direct metabolism,cometabolism or by the phenomenon of polyauxie.
The presence of oxygen is necessary for the initial attack on
hydrocarbons; humidity content of the soil and temperature are
also important factors.

Citation Source:   Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                   8(4):#900.  1975.
                                198

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 C-552-76
 BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF MOTOR OIL

 Walker, J.  D.,  R.  R.  Colwell,  and L.  Petrakis.   1975,
 Journal of the  Water  Pollution Control  Federation 47(8):2058-2066.

 Natural populations of bacteria were  used  to attempt  to  degrade
 petroleum under both  optimum and real-world  conditions.   Oil
 discharged from wastewater treatment  plants  can  be biodegraded.
 Microorganisms  in  the water column have more potential for
 biodegrddation  of  oils than those in  the sediment.

 Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(44):#212,573.   1975.
 C-553-76
 ENVIRONMENTAL  LIMITATIONS  ON  THE  MICROBIAL  DEGRADATION OF
 HYDROCARBONS IN  TEMPERATE  LAKES

 Ward,  D.  M., and T.  D,  Brock.  1975.
 WIS-WRC-75-04  W75-10407, OWRT-A-054-WIS(2), Contracts DI-14-31-
 0001-4050,  DI-14-31-0001-5050.  112 p.

 Naturally-occurring  oil-degrading microorganisms respond to
 environmental  conditions such as  temperature and nutrient
 concentrations.   For example, in  Lake Mendota, degradation was
 optimal  for only one month of the year due  to temperature
 limitation  in  spring and fall and nutrient  limitation in mid-
 summer.   Limitations to hexadecane, acetate and glucose oxidation
 were explored.

 Citation  Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #PB-244  094/9GA.  1975.
C-554-76
OIL BIODEGRADATION  IN LAKE MENDOTA, WISCONSIN—LIMITATION BY
OXYGEN AND ORGANIC  MATTER

Ward, D. M., and T. D. Brock,  1975.
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 75th,
New York, 1975.  Abstracts,  p. 127, #165.

Hexadecane metabolism by microorganisms indigenous to Lake
Mendota was rapid under aerobic conditions, but was severely
limited in a N2 atmosphere.  Enrichment of surface water with
acetate or glucose  limited the rate of hexadecane breakdown.
Non-hydrocarbon degrading bacteria probably limit hexadecane
metabolism by competitive removal of an essential nutrient
(i.e. 02, N2 or P).

Citation Source:  Citation Journal


                               199

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2.   PHYSICAL CHANGES
    C-555-76
    FATES

    Butler, J. N.   1975.
    Petroleum in the Marine Environment, a Workshop on Inputs,
    Fates, and the Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment,
    Airlie, Virginia, 1973.  p.  42-72.

    Evidence is reviewed for the quantitative evaluation of the
    effect of various physical,  chemical, and biological processes
    that change petroleum.  Spreading, evaporation, solution,
    emulsification, direct sea-air exchange, photochemical  oxidation,
    tar lump formation, sedimentation,  microbial  degradation, uptake
    by organisms,  metabolism, storage,  discharge and food web
    magnification are all considered.

    Chemical changes of oil in the environment
    Biological degradation
    General fate of oil in the environment

    Citation Source:  Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts 5(9):
                      #5Q10186.   1975.

    C-556-76
    PHOTOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SURFACE FILMS
    ON SEAWATER

    Hansen, H. P.   1975.
    Marine Chemistry 3(3):183-195.

    Surface films of a crude-oil fraction were exposed to irradiation
    from different light sources.  The physical behavior and degrada-
    tion products were observed and identified.  The amount of
    CO-infrared absorption indicated the amount of oxidation products
    in the surface film.  The natural decomposition rate was
    estimated by comparing the original crude-oil fraction and the
    degradation products.

    Citation Source:  Citation Journal

    C-557-76
    ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF FLOATING OIL FILMS
    [English summary]

    Hellmann, H.  1975.
    Zeitschrift fuer Analytische Chemie 275(3):193-200.

    The photochemical oxidation of oil films from about 1-100 urn
    thickness is indicated by an increase in carbonyl band extinction

                                 200

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 and a decrease in the concentration  of the  aromatic  fraction.
 The formation of polar reaction  products  is also  observed.
 The photochemical changes  taking place in the  oil  film  develop
 exponentially as a function  of its age.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
 C-558-76
 EVAPORATION  OF  OIL  FROM  SLICKS

 Nagy,  E.   1973.
 Oil  and  the  Canadian  Environment.  D. Mackay, and W. Harrison
 (eds.).   Toronto, Canada,  University of Toronto, 1973.  p. 112-117,

 "Weight  loss  of oil films  is  given by the equation L = ATmWnDb
 where  L  = weight loss  (g/cm2hr), a and b are constants character-
 istic  of the  oil, T =  temperature  (°F), W = wind velocity (mph),
 D  =  oil  thickness (microns),  m = 1, and n = 1/3."

 Citation  Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134549h.  1975.
C-559-76
SEPARATION OF MULTICOMPONENT HYDROCARBON MIXTURES SPREADING ON
A WATER SURFACE

Phillips, C. R., and V. M. Groseva.  1975.
Separation Science 10(2):111-118.

Separation is related to the difference in spreading coefficients
of the hydrocarbons, taking into account relative volatilities
and solubilities.  A table and curves demonstrate the process.

Citation Source:  The Engineering Index Monthly 13(8):#052539.
                  1975.
C-560-76
THE RATE OF SPREAD OF FUEL OIL NO. 1

Sellberg, B.  1975.
Nordic Hydrology 6(1):63-72.

The spreading of fuel oil No. 1 was observed in some common
unconsolidated sediments in Sweden, such as esker material,
bottom varves of glacial clay and sand on clay.  In reasonably
homogeneous medium sand with good ground water flow, the fuel
moved at 1.0-1.6 m/day, but in most other cases the velocity
was as low as 0.1-0.2 m/day.

Citation Source:  Biological Abstracts 60(10):#57622.   1975.


                                201

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 C-561-76
 SOLUBILITY OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF
 HYDROCARBONS IN THE EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO

 Sutton, C.  1975.
 Dissertation Abstracts International, B 35(9):4566-4567.

 In part one of this study the solubilities of pure hydrocarbons
 and mixtures of hydrocarbons were determined in distilled water
 and artificial seawater.  Parameters most important in the
 dissolution process were indicated.  Part two was an investigation
 of the geochemistry of hydrocarbons in the eastern Gulf of
 Mexico.  Differences in fingerprint parameters between northeastern
 and southeastern Gulf hydrocarbons indicated zooplankton and
 petroleum origins.

 Analysis
 Source identification

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-562-76
PETROLEUM  HYDROCARBONS IN BALTIMORE HARBOUR OF CHESAPEAKE BAY:
DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENT CORES

Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, M. C. Hamming, and H. T. Ford.
1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(3):231-238.

Gas-liquid chromatography was used to detect hydrocarbons at
different depths in the sediment.  Paraffins, cycloparaffins,
aromatics and polynuclear aromatics were measured at various
depths using mass spectrometry.  The concentrations of both
total and saturated hydrocarbons decreased with depth; however,
some aromatics increased with depth.

Analysis
Sampling

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                               202

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3.  CHEMICAL CHANGES
    C-563-76
    BENTHAL DECOMPOSITION OF ADSORBED OCTADECANE

    Allen, H.  L.   1974.
    Ph.D.  Thesis  (available from University Microfilms,  Inc.,  Ann
    Arbor, Michigan, Order no.  74-27-578).   351  p.

    Research on the behavior of octadecane  containing  deposits and
    the factors controlling decomposition rates  was  conducted.
    Among  the results are:   decomposition of suspended octadecane
    proceeds at a rate about 1.10 that of sewage;  benthal  oxygen
    uptake rate is a function of initial seed volatile concentration
    at the deposit surface; and the  effect  of flow rate  on benthic
    deposit behavior is  partly due to the base activity  of the
    deposits and  partly  to the adsorbed octadecane on  the  deposit-
    water  interface.

    Chemical effects of  oil pollution

    Citation Source:   Selected  Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                      #W75-10260.  1975.
    C-564-76
    LONGTERM WEATHERING  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  IRANIAN CRUDE OIL:  THE
    WRECK OF THE  'NORTHERN1  GULF

    Mayo, D.  W.,  D.  J. Donovan, J.  Jiang, R.  L.  Dow, and J. W. Hurst.
    1974.
    Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum),  National Bureau of
    Standards,  Maryland,  1974.  R.  C. Junghans  (ed.).  NBS Special
    Publication No.  409.   p.  201-208.

    An  oil  spill  area  in  Maine, although subjected to 10 years of
    weathering, still  contained isoprenoid  hydrocarbons.  Pristane
    was the predominant  hydrocarbon there;  Cie  hydrocarbons were
    predominant in non-weathered oil spill  areas.  Fucus and soft
    clams had hydrocarbon distributions  similar  to the sediments.
    This  high hydrocarbon level stinted  growth and increased
    mortality by  a factor of  8 or 9.

    General  fate  of  oil  in the environment
    Biological  effects of oil pollution

    Citation  Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(13):#109363k.  1975.
                                 203

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C-565-76
ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF OIL IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

Shelton, T. B., and J. V. Hunter,  1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(9):2256-2270.

The decomposition process in natural  sediments containing oil
pollutants was followed for 30 weeks  under anaerobic conditions,
Oils were lost more rapidly with time than other organic matter
present.  There was a steady release  of organic carbon with
time.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                              204

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4.  GENERAL FATE OF OIL
    C-566-76
    MODEL TESTS ON THE INFILTRATION OF PETROL FROM A SURFACE WATER
    INTO A POROUS AQUIFER

    Bertsch, W., W. Schloz, and F.  Schwille.   1975.
    Deutsche Gewaesserkundliche Mitteilungen  19(1}:11-16.

    Results are described from tests examining the infiltration
    (under the influence of a gradient toward the land side) of EL
    fuel from surface water into the groundwater in  the bank vicinity,
    Oil  as a phase only infiltrates in the zone of the capillary
    fringe of the groundwater surface; however, water soluble
    components infiltrate the entire permeable range of the  bed.

    Citation Source:  Environmental Health and Pollution Control
                      8(6):#1567.   1975.
    C-567-76
    PELAGIC TAR

    Butler, J.  N.   1975.
    Scientific  American 232(6):90-97.

    Tarry residues of petroleum* probably formed  mainly  by  the
    discharge of waste from oil  tankers,  are picked  up by fine
    nets everywhere in the ocean.   The weathering of these  lumps
    and the organisms associated with  them are being studied.
    The effect  of petroleum wastes on  marine organisms is still
    not well  known.

    Biological  effects of oil  pollution

    Citation  Source:   Citation Journal
    C-568-76
    DISAPPEARANCE OF AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC  COMPONENTS  FROM  SMALL
    SEA-SURFACE SLICKS

    Harrison,  \t., M. A.  Winnik,  P.  T.  Y.  Kwong,  and  D.  Mackay.
    1975.
    Environmental Science and Technology  9(3):231-234.

    Information on the weathering of five small  ocean spills of
    South  Louisiana crude oil  is provided.   The  rates of  loss of
                                 205

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cumene and n-nonane are compared to quantify the relative rates
of evaporation and dissolution.

Physical changes of oil in the environment

Citation Source:  Environment Abstracts 5(9):#75-05494.  1975.


C-569-76
THE PETROLEUM PROBLEM

Hunt, J. M.  1974.
Oceanus 18(l):4-5.

The author comments on a few of the results from a workshop on
the inputs, fates, and effects of petroleum in the marine
environment.  Although oil contains carcinogens, the quantities
ingested with oil-contaminated fish differ little from those in
many foods.  To prevent continued oil pollution, offshore
production should be encouraged over importation of oil, and
tighter control of coastal pollution inputs should be instituted.

General effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Journal


C-570-76
THE AREA AFFECTED BY OIL SPILLS ON LAND

Mackay, D.  1975.
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 53(2):140-143.

Data have been compiled and analyzed on the volume and area of
53 inland oil spills in Alberta and of experimental spills in the
Mackenzie Valley, North West Territories.   An equation is
derived from these data and consideration of flow characteristics
of oil on Mackenzie Valley terrain, to predict the likely area
affected by an oil spill from the proposed Mackenzie Valley Oil
Pipeline.

Physical  changes of oil in the environment

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(40):#211,298.  1975.
C-571-76
WIND AND CURRENT EFFECTS ON LARGE-SCALE OIL SLICKS

Murray, S. P.  1975.
Technical report, TR-193.  14 p.  Annual Offshore Technology
Conference, 7th, Houston, 1975.  Preprints, Paper no. OTC-2389.
p. 523-533.

                               206

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  The effects of  local winds and near-surface currents on the
  movement of oil slicks  in coastal and shelf waters were
  determined from 39 helicopter surveys during the Main Pass 41C
  spill off Mississippi (1970).  Orientation 'of oil slicks is
  closely controlled by local wind direction; slicks usually form
  10-40° to the right of  the wind.  Density fronts also are
  important in determining slick movement and size.

  Physical changes of oil  in the environment

  Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19)-
                   #AD-A012 582/3GA.   1975.
 C-572-76
 THE MOVEMENT OF OIL SLICKS

 Murty, T. S.  1974.
 Physical Processes Responsible for Dispersal  of Pollutants  in
 the Sea, AYhus, Denmark, 1972.  p.  66-74.

 A numerical  approach to the problem of oil  slick movement  is
 discussed.   Analysis of data from two major oil  spills  showed
 surprisingly large values of vorticity and  divergence.   The
 vertical velocity in the water below a slick  was calculated
 and a  region of significant vertical  motion below the leading
 edge of the  slick was indicated.

 Citation Source:   Rapports et Proce*s-Verbaux  des Reunions
                   167:66-74.   1974.
 C-573-76
 STANDARD AND  INTERCOMPARISON CRITERIA; TAR BALLS AND PARTICULATE
 MATTER

 Traxler, R. W., and R. H. Pierce, Jr.  1974.
 Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum), National Bureau of
 Standards, Maryland, 1974.  R. C. Junghans (ed.).  NBS Special
 Publication No. 409.  p. 161-162.

 In order to determine the fate of petroleum in the marine
 environment, certain standard analytical procedures must be
 followed.  The sample must be compared with a standard petroleum
 fraction mixed with a recently biosynthesized oil; the particulate
matter must be analyzed; each sample must have an internal
standard; and blanks must be run with each sample set.

Analysis

Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts 18(14):#120587g.   1975.
                               207

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C-574-76
PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Walker, J. D.  1975.
BioScience 25(10):674.

The author reviews the book, Workshop on Inputs,  Fates,  and the
Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment, edited by E.  B.
Bright.  Topics covered at the Workshop held May  21-25,  1973, in
Airlie, Virginia, include:  estimates of petroleum hydrocarbons
released into the ocean and the sources, useful techniques to
analyze petroleum hydrocarbons, biological  effects and fate of
petroleum, and the effects of weathering of oil in the marine
environment.

General effects of oil pollution
Analysis
Source identification

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
                                208

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F.  OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS

    1.   STATE LEGISLATION
        C-575-76
        FEDERAL MARITIME JURISDICTION AND STATE MARINE POLLUTION
        LEGISLATION:   THE FLORIDA ACT NOT PREEMPTED  PER SE

        Adelman, G. L.  1973.
        University of Miami  Law Review 28:209-218.

        A lower court found the Florida Oil  Spill  Prevention and
        Pollution Control Act null and void  due to  intrusion into
        an exclusive federal domain.   The Supreme  Court found no
        direct conflict between state and federal  laws since the
        latter did not cover the liability of the  polluter  or
        recovery by the state of oil  cleanup costs.   Thus the
        state may legislate with respect to  damage  caused by a
        vessel on navigable waters but consummated  on land.

        U.S. legislation

        Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources  Abstracts 8(19)
                          #W75-09845.  1975.
        C-576-76
        ADMIRALTY'S POWER IN RE OIL POLLUTION:   THE ABILITY OF THE
        STATE TO SET MORE STRINGENT PENALTIES THAN THOSE OF THE
        FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

        Scherr, J. H.  1974.
        Natural Resources Lawyer 7(4):635(19).

        By a Supreme Court decision Florida  has been allowed to enact
        a more stringent oil pollution  prevention law than the federal
        government.  The court did leave several questions unresolved,
        however, as to the legality of states enacting stricter laws
        than the federal government in  other cases.

        Citation Source:  Environment Abstracts 5(5/6):#75-03850.
                          1975.
                                  209

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2.   U.S.  LEGISLATION
    C-577-76
    INDUSTRY VIEWPOINT (WATER QUALITY CONTROL)

    Aitkins, A.  R.   1974.
    Natural  Resources Lawyer 7(2):241-247.

    The problems arising  from two sections  of the Federal  Water
    Pollution Control Act  are mentioned.  Section 311  defines  a
    harmful  discharge to  include  that which causes a  film  or sheen
    upon the water  surface.   But  under Section  402,  industrial
    users can get a National  Pollutant Discharge  Elimination
    System permit allowing oil  discharges if the  permittee is
    using the best  control technology and is working  within the
    permit limits.   The constitutionality of Section  311 is
    questioned.

    Citation Source:   Selected  Water Resources  Abstracts 8(20):
                      #W75-09885.   1975.
    C-578-76
    CLEAN WATER:   REPORT  TO  CONGRESS  -  1974

    Anon.   1974.
    Clean Water;  Report to Congress.  88  p.

    The roles  of  industry, the  public and state  and  federal  govern-
    ment in water pollution  control are reviewed.  Water  quality
    standards, effluent guidelines, monitoring,  planning  and
    regulation of water pollution  (including  pollution  by oil)  are
    covered.

    State legislation
    Industry standards  and guidelines

    Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04460.   1975.
    C-579-76
    EPA WASTE-WATER RULE  COST  SET AT  $6  BILLION

    Anon.   1975.
    Oil and Gas Journal 73(38):63.

    The EPA has decided to  issue regulations which will  prohibit
    offshore oil  and  gas  wells  from discharging waste water  into
    navigable waters.  The  cost to producers could exceed $6 billion,
                                 210

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Subsurface disposal technologies will be needed to handle
the wastes.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Citation Journal

C-580-76
OCEAN POLLUTION

Anon.  1973.
Hearings—Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere—Committee on
Commerce, U.S. Senate, 93rd Congress, 1st Session.  393 p.

The following Senate bills were introduced at the hearings:
S.1067 which provided for the amending of the Oil Pollution
Act, 1961, to implement the 1969 and 1971 amendments to the
International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution
of the Sea by Oil; S.1071 which provided for the implementation
of the International Convention Relating to Intervention on
the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969; and
S.1351 which provided for the amendment to the Marine Protection,
Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972.  Various topics were
discussed.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                  #W75-10318.  1975.

C-581-76
POLLUTION

Anon.  1975.
Alaska Seas and Coasts 3(3):4.

The discharge of harmful amounts of oil in U.S. navigable
waters is subject to a fine of .up to $5,000.  Under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, dumping oil over the side
of a commercial fishing ;vessel or from a crankcase or fuel
strainer is prohibited and fines will be assessed against the
owner of the vessel or facility which caused the pollution.

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-582-76
PROPOSAL IS DANGEROUS, SAYS OIL SPOKESMAN

Anon.  1975.
Offshore 35(10):186.

A proposal to divorce exploration from the production cycle
in petroleum development is included in pending federal

                              211

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legislation.  An oil spokesman claims this idea is technically
impossible, financially unworkable, and would perhaps imply
that production should be limited to the largest offshore pools.

General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-583-76
THE PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY ACT OF 1972:  AN EXPANSION OF
THE FEDERAL APPROACH TO OIL POLLUTION

Davis, M. S.  1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(2):249-257.

The Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 deals with the
problem of oil spills in areas around ports, waterfronts and
the navigable waters of the U.S. in a new way.  Instead of
emphasizing the deterrence of willful oil pollution, it focuses
on factors such as lax construction standards and poor vessel
traffic control that cause accidental oil pollution.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04128.  1975.
C-584-76
DEEPWATER PORT DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH CAROLINA:  THE LEGAL CONTEXT

Dawson, A. C.  1975.
Report, UNC-SG-75-08 NOAA-04-3-158-40.  43 p.

The existing laws which apply to the planning and establishment
of deepwater or offshore ports are studied.  The problem of
balancing the forces of energy development against the forces
of ecological conservation is discussed.  The interaction between
state and federal laws concerning offshore development is pointed
out by this study.

State legislation
General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
                  #COM-75-10952/OGA.  1975-
C-585-76
PETROLEUM REFINING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY:  PROPOSED APPLICATION
OF EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES FOR EXISTING SOURCES TO
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR INCOMPATIBLE POLLUTANTS

Environmental Protection Agency.   1974.
Federal Register 39(91):16574-16575.

                               212

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 "The proposal  will  amend 40 CFR (Code of Federal  Regulations)
 Part 419-Petroleum  Refining Point Source Category,  establishing
 for each subcategory therein the extent of application  of
 effluent limitations guidelines to existing sources which
 discharge to publicly owned treatment works rather  than to
 navigable waters."

 Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-04477.   1975.
 C-586-76
 POLLUTION-RIGHT  OF SHIPOWNER  TO  CONTRIBUTION FROM UNITED STATES
 WHERE  NEGLIGENCE OF COAST  GUARD  WAS A CAUSE OF CASUALTY AND
 ENSUING  SPILL.   BURGESS V. THE TAMANO. 373 F. Supp. 839
 (D.  Me.  1974)

 Kimball, J.  D.   1975.
 Journal  of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(4):665-667.

 Despite  the  fact that  the  USCG mispositioned a buoy and was
 negligent in cleanup operations  following the spill, the "Tamano"
 was  not  allowed  contribution  and indemnity from the U.S., because
 it could not prove  it was induced to rely on the government.
 Private  citizens,  however, could sue the U.S. to recover for
 damages  produced by its negligence.

 Economic effects  of oil pollution

 Citation Source:   Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05071.  1975.
C-587-76
POLLUTION-SHIPOWNER'S LIABILITY NOT LIMITED BY LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY ACT.  THE OCEAN EAGLE. 1974.  A.M.C. 1629 (D.P.R. 1974)

Kimball, J. D.  1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(4):661-664.

The question left open concerns the relationship of the Limitation
of Liability Act and liability for pollution damages under federal
or state statutes.  In a recent case, the court stated that a
vessel which had violated three U.S. acts, including the Oil
Pollution Act, would not be subject to the limitation of liability
statute.

Economic effects of oil  pollution

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5)-.#75-05070.  1975.
                                213

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C-588-76
FEDERAL DECISIONMAKING AND THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE

Myers, H. R.  1975.
Ecology Law Quarterly 4(4):915-961.

A comprehensive legal analysis of the trans-Alaska pipeline
controversy is given.  Included are:  the events leading to
the issuance of permits in 1974 for construction of the proposed
pipeline; the major issues involved in the Environmental
Impact Statement; the merits of the trans-Alaska vis-a-vis
the trans-Alaska-Canada route; and conclusions.

General effects of oil prospecting and production

Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-589-76
MARINE TRAFFIC REQUIREMENTS:  ADVANCE NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE
MAKING

USCG.  1974.
Federal Register 39(126):24157-24159.

The Coast Guard is considering the addition of certain regulations
concerning the operation of all major U.S. and foreign vessels in
U.S. navigable waters.  The objective of these regulations is to
prevent maritime casualties and the resulting oil pollution.   The
proposed operating requirements are discussed.

Oil transfer and transport

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05026.  1975.


C-590-76
TANK VESSELS IN DOMESTIC TRADE:  PROTECTION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT:
NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING

USCG.  1974.
Federal Register 39(126):24149-24157.

The USCG is considering adding certain regulations governing
the design and operation of tank ships and barges certified to
carry oil.  Design requirements will cover segregated ballast
tanks, pumping, piping and discharge arrangements, etc.  Vessel
operation regulations will deal with discharges, ballast
arrangements and bilges.

Oil transfer and transport

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05025.  1975.

                                214

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3.   INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION
    C-591-76
    LAW OF THE SEA AT THE END OF  THE  DECADE  -  A  PREDICTION

    Alexander, L.  M.   1974.
    Marine Technology Society,  Journal 8(6):60-65.

    Among  the issues  that are of  concern to  the  3rd UN Law of the
    Sea Conference are the territorial sea,  restrictions to naviga-
    tion,  and pollution control and abatement  (including oil).  The
    most likely  result of the conference will  be agreement on some
    issues and continued  study  of others.  The possible consequences
    are discussed.

    Citation  Source:   Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-05057.  1975.

    C-592-76
    1973 IMCO  CONFERENCE  ON MARINE POLLUTION FROM SHIPS

    Anon.   1973.
    U.S. Senate Committee  on  Commerce.  Hearings.  93rd Congress,
    Session 1, Series  93-52,  November 14, 1973.  180 p.

    Hearings were begun on the 1973 IMCO Conference which  was  aimed
    at  completely eliminating willful  and intentional  marine
    pollution by oil and other noxious substances,  and minimizing
    accidental spills.  Witnesses  included representatives  from EPA,
    USCG and the USSR.  Other marine pollution  related statements
   are  included.

   U.S. legislation

   Citation Source:  Environment  Abstracts  5(10):#75-06348.   1975.

   C-593-76
   INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  ON MARINE POLLUTION  1973

   Anon.  1974.
   London, Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization,
   1974.  172 p.

   This document is the final act of  the conference and includes
   regulations for the prevention and control  of pollution by oil
   and  other noxious  substances carried by sea,  freight containers,
   railroad wagons, etc.; and regulations for  the prevention of
   pollution  of  the seas  by  ships.

   Oil  transfer  and transport

   Citation  Source:   MRIS Abstracts 11(June):#084465.  1975.

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C-594-76
OIL POLLUTION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1973

Anon.  1974.
Law and Policy in International Business 6(4):1251-1261,

The rigorous standards of the 1973 amendments refer to discharge
of oil at sea and new tanker construction requirements which are
designed to minimize outflow in case of an accident.   The effects
of these amendments on legislation, standards, construction, and
ultimately, costs to the consumer are analyzed.

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts  8(18):
                  #W75-09264.  1975.
C-595-76
POLLUTION

Anon.  1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 1:4.

The 1971 Amendments to the International  Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil concerned tank size
requirements.  These amendments have been incorporated into the
Oil Pollution Prevention Regulations and  became effective
January 1, 1974.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04114.  1975.
C-596-76
POLLUTION

Anon.  1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 1:9.

"The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships and the Protocol Relating to Intervention on the
High Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances other than
Oil were opened for signature Jan. 15, 1974."

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04115.  1975.
C-597-76
POLLUTION

Anon.  1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 7:9.

A comprehensive Baltic pollution convention was signed by all
7 Baltic States on March 22, 1974.  Sources of pollution that

                               216

-------
 are covered by the convention  include  shipping,  rivers and
 outfalls,  air pollution  and  pollution  from  seabed activities.
 A permanent commission will  oversee  implementation of the
 convention.

 Citation Source:   Oceanic Abstracts  12(4):#75-04106.  1975.
 C-598-76
 UNITED  NATIONS  ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME:  THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

 Birnie,  P.  W.   1974.
 Marine  Pollution  Bulletin  5(6):100-103.

 The  bulk of the UNEP  is an overview of on-going activity in
 marine  pollution, conservation and management of aquatic
 resources in existing national and international institutions.
 UNEP is  particularly  supportive of the 1972 and 1973 oil
 pollution conventions.  Non-governmental organizations, like
 the  Sierra Club,  are  encouraged to participate in formulating
 measures and programmes for the protection of the marine
 environment.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal
C-599-76
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDE

Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.  1974.
Washington, D.C., Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1974.

This book is a guide to legislation on environmental pollution,
including oils, gases, effluents, etc.  National and inter-
national laws, conventions and treaties are cited, including
those sponsored by the United Nations or other international
organizations.  Eastern Bloc countries are not included.

Foreign legislation

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4546.  1975.
C-600-76
NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE LAW OF THE SEA, DOCUMENTS - VOLUME IV

Churchill, R., and M. Nordquist.  1975.
Dobbs Ferry, New York, Oceana Publications, 1975.  544 p.

The fourth volume in this series presents a representative
selection of documents on the international law of the sea.
                             217

-------
These documents illustrate current trends of development in this
area and focus on issues before the Third United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea.   International legislation
dealing with oil pollution prevention between 1954 and 1974 and
protection of the marine environment is included.

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-601-76
POLLUTION FROM SEABORNE SOURCES

Fleischer, C.  1973.
New Directions in the Law of the Sea, Collected Papers - Volume III
R. Churchill, K. R. Simmonds, and J. Welch (eds.).  Dobbs Ferry,
New York, Oceana Publications, Inc., 1973.  p. 78-102.

Discussed is pollution which has its source in actions at sea
which are often outside the limits of national jurisdiction.
General viewpoints and existing international legislation on
this form of marine pollution are reviewed.  The sections on
shipping and liability and compensation discuss oil pollution
and related legislation.

Economic effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-602-76
DEFINITION AND FORMS OF MARINE POLLUTION

Hardy, M.  1973.
New Directions in the Law of the Sea, Collected Papers - Volume III.
R. Churchill, K. R. Simmonds, and J. Welch (eds.).  Dobbs Ferry,
New York, Oceana Publications Inc., 1973.  p. 73-77.

The principal causes of marine pollution are listed and discussed.
Land based sources of all kinds (including petroleum sources)
provide the largest amounts of pollutants to the marine environment,
Under the heading of ship-borne pollutants, emphasis is placed on
the loss of oil.  Past oil pollution legislation and the 1973 IMCO
conference, International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973, are mentioned.

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
                                218

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C-603-76
CANADA, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE THIRD LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE

Logan, R. M.  1974.
Washington, D.C., Canadian-American Committee, 1974.  122 p.

This study provides a background survey of the major issues at
the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea, the Canadian and
U.S. positions on these issues, and bilateral Canada-U.S.
offshore concerns.  A chapter on marine pollution includes a
review of the international treaties and conferences for the
prevention of oil pollution, oil tanker route issues, and oil-
spill contingency agreements.

Contingency planning

Citation Source:  Citation Monograph
C-604-76
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND PRACTICES IN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY

Mandl, V.  1974.
Public Health Engineer (9):78-81.

The goals of the Communities Environmental  Program include
reduction of environmental pollution, improvement of the
environment and quality of life, and provision for joint
action of member states to deal with environmental problems.
Pollutants having highest priority are Pb,  organic halogen
compounds, S compounds, dusts, nitrogen oxides, CO, Hg,
phenols and hydrocarbons.

General effects of oil pollution

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(4}:#75-04024.  1975.
C-605-76
ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL LAW:  US AGENCIES AND THE REGULATION
OF OIL POLLUTION IN AMERICAN WATERS

Milsten, D. E.  1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(2):273-283.

Nations that agree to enforce the international  laws concerning
oil pollution must develop and implement national rules to give
effect to the international agreements.   Since larger maritime
powers are not willing to enforce these  regulations, the world
                               219

-------
 must  depend  on  each  sea-using nation to do so within its own
 jurisdiction.   The history of U.S. law on oil pollution and
 its enforcement is reviewed.

 U.S.  legislation

 Citation  Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04130.  1975.


 C-606-76
 THE LAW OF THE  SEA OF THE ARCTIC WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
 CANADA

 Pharand,  D.  1973.
 Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 1973.  367 p.

 The book  concerns the problems of the Arctic, the contemporary
 laws  of the Arctic, and the international law of the sea.  One
 section deals with oil pollution control  in the Arctic and is
 subdivided into the following areas:   the problems of oil
 pollution control in the Arctic; oil  pollution control  in
 international conventions up to 1970; oil pollution control
 legislation for the Canadian Arctic (1970); and the future of
 oil pollution control in this region.

 General effects of oil pollution

 Citation Source:  Citation Monograph

 C-607-76
 ATTACK SET ON POLLUTION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

 Seltzer, R. J.  1975.
 Chemical and Engineering News 53(38):#20.

 The article deals with the international  action plan developed
 by several of the Mediterranean countries to protect their
 environment.   Baseline studies and monitoring of oil and
 petroleum hydrocarbons in the sea are to  be incorporated in
 the central part of the action plan.

 Citation Source:  Citation Journal


 C-608-76
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BY COASTAL STATES:  THE PARADIGM FROM
 MARINE TRANSPORT OF PETROLEUM

 Sweeney, J. C.  1974.
 Georgia Journal  of International and  Comparative Law 4(2}:278-306.

The principle of absolute freedom of  the  high seas as applied to
 oil pollution is archaic.   A multilateral  solution to the

                               220

-------
 environmental problems caused by oil pollution is preferred by
 the world order, although unilateral solutions by endangered
 coastal states are not condemned as interim actions.  Ocean
 transport of petroleum is one controllable source of environ-
 mental damage.

 Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(19):
                   #W75-09848.  1975.
 C-609-76
 FINAL ACT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MARINE POLLUTION
 1973

 United Kingdom Parliament.  1974.
 Great Britain Parliament, Command Paper No.  5748.   138 p.

 The final act passed at the Inter-Governmental  Maritime
 Consultative Organization (IMCO) Conference  is  included.   The
 rules and regulations have the objectives of eliminating
 marine pollution and minimizing the accidental  discharges
 of pollutants such  as oil.

 Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
                  #HMS 3517.   1975.
 C-610-76
 CONVENTION FOR THE  PREVENTION  OF  MARINE  POLLUTION  FROM LAND-BASED
 SOURCES

 United Kingdom Parliament.   1975.
 H.M.S.O.  Command  No.  5803.   18 p.

 A  Paris  convention  of European Countries attempts  to eliminate
 pollution in a specified geographical area from oils, radio-
 active wastes, heavy  metals  and other toxic compounds.  Factors
 considered include  persistence, toxicity and bio-accumulation of
 these toxins.

 Citation  Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS4501.   1975.
C-611-76
INTERNATIONAL APPROACH TO THE MARINE POLLUTION PROBLEM

Waldichuk, M.  1973.
Ocean Management 1(3):211-261.

Various international attempts to control marine pollution are
described, beginning with the 1926 failure.  GESAMP (Joint Group
                               221

-------
of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution) is
coordinating a global approach to studying the problems,  A
pilot monitoring project has developed.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Ecological Abstracts 1975(3):#75L/1891.  1975,
                              222

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4.  FOREIGN LEGISLATION
    C-612-76
    No title given

    Anon.   1975.
    Ocean Oil  Weekly Report 10(1):1.

    New regulations in Norway covering offshore  oil  and  gas  operations
    in the North  Sea went into effect October 1, 1975,   The  rules
    pertain to control of blow-outs,  and  require an  operation  to
    prepare a  contingency plan for blow-outs  or  other accidents.
    Requirements  concerning drilling  equipment and abandoned holes
    in seabeds are also included.

    Citation Source:  Citation Journal
    C-613-76
    ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS  AND REGULATIONS  IN JAPAN

    Anon.   1974.
    321  p.

    This article  contains  a  compilation of the major current environ-
    mental  laws and  cabinet  orders  in Japan.  The text of the Marine
    Pollution  Prevention Law is  included.  This law covers oil and
    waste discharges  from  ships  and offshore facilities, the waste
    oil  business,  and oil  removal methods.

    Waste oil  and  waste water treatment

    Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12{3):#75-03109.  1975.


    C-614-76
    EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS OF CONCERN TO THE OIL INDUSTRY
    IN WESTERN EUROPE

    Anon.   1975.
    Stichting CONCAWE, Report No. 6/75.

    The  following  environmental regulations are included in this third
    up-dated report:  standard specifications and legal limits on
    sulfur content of fuel  oils, gasoline composition/quality and
    environmental  noise control; engine vehicle emission regulations;
    reference list for design, construction and operation of oil pipe-
    lines in Western Europe; and regulations on refinery effluents
    in France.

   Citation Source:  Water Research 9(10):928.   1975.


                                 223

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C-615-76
SHIPPING

Anon.  1974.
Bulletin of Legal Developments No. 11:6.

The Merchant Shipping Bill of the United Kingdom includes
regulations concerning oil pollution, and gives the power to
protect shipping and trading interests against foreign action,
It also amends the 1970 Act with respect to crimes committed
by seamen.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04121.   1975.
C-616-76
ENVIRONMENT LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN JAPAN

Japan Environment Agency.  1974.
Japan Environment Agency, 1974.   317 p.

This book contains a compilation of major environmental  laws
and Cabinet orders currently in  existence in Japan.   The state-
ment of the legal texts is introduced by a comment on the
fundamental policies and financial  measures of the Japanese
Environment Agency.

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3978.  1975.
C-617-76
A COMPILATION OF ISRAELI LAWS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
OF THE SEA

Laster, R., and Y. Koojman.  1974.
Israel, Prime Minister's Office, Environmental Protection Service,
mimeographed papers.  42 p.

"Laws are given concerning public beach safety, permits for
construction affecting territorial waters, the licensing of
businesses that might contribute to water pollution, and
control of oil pollution."

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(5):#75-04752.  1975.
C-618-76
TIME TO BREATHE AS NEW POLLUTION LAW IS SHELVED

McLain, L.  1975.
Engineer 240(6205):52-62.
                               224

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The current United Kingdom legislation on pollution control
is discussed.  The technology available and implemented by
industry includes incineration, solvent recovery, waste oil
refining, sedimentation, and flotation.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5)
                  #HMS 3648.  1975.
C-619-76
LEGAL NOTES

Poole, F. T.  1974.
Dock and Harbour Authority 55(644):63-64.

The British House of Lords' decision in the case of the Federal
Steam Navigation Company vs.  the Department of Trade and Industry
was that both the shipowner and the master may be legally liable
for causing oil  pollution.

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(4):#75-04140.  1975.
                               225

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5.  INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
    C-620-76
    EUROPEAN MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF
    GROUND AND SURFACE WATER POLLUTION OF OIL FROM STORAGE TANKS
    AND DURING THE TRANSPORT OF OIL

    Anon.   1974.
    Barking, England,   Applied Science Publishers, Ltd.,  1974.

    This code of  practice is a guide for drawing up new provisions
    in European countries where oil  pollution prevention  regulations
    do not exist  or where these regulations  are under  review.   The
    book deals with the general! requirements for pollution preven-
    tion,  corrosion protection of tanks, storage tanks, pipes  and
    fittings, installations, operations, transportation and delivery,

    Citation Source:   Water Pollution Control  74(4):#491.   1975.
                                  226

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G.  BIBLIOGRAPHIES
    C-621-76
    OCEAN LAW (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)

    Brown, R.  J.   1975.
    Report for 1964-Sept.  75.   168 p.

    "The bibliography cites  national and  international  laws  on
    fishing, undersea mining,  shipping, dredging,  territorial
    waters,  navigation regulations, seafloor minerals,  offshore
    drilling,  and water  pollution  [oil spills]."

    International  legislation
    U.S.  legislation

    Citation Source:   Government Reports Announcements  75(22):
                      #NTIS/PS-75/712/OGA.  1975.
   C-622-76
   ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING RESEARCH

   Anon.  1974.
   United Kingdom, Department of the Environment, Headquarters
   Library, Information Series No. 15.  278 p.

   Approximately 30 of the listed projects concern pollution,
   i.e., oil, air, land, and heavy metals.  The aims, the staff,
   the funding and published papers are given for each project.

   Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4)
                     #HMS 3579.  1975.
   C-623-76
   NORTH AMERICA.  INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
   ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

   Environmental Protection Agency.   1974.
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  PB227 146.   42 p.

   This report consists of a bibliography of North American
   national environmental  laws,  pollution control  regulations
   and reports on experiences of the authorities charged with
   implementing the legislation.

   U.S. legislation
   Foreign legislation

   Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information Bulletin 4(4)
                     #HMS  3516.   1975.

                               227

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 C-624-76
 OFFSHORE STRUCTURES  (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)

 Habercom, G. E., Jr.  1975.
 Report for 1964-August 1975.  115 p.

 This bibliography contains government-sponsored research
 reports (110) on offshore structures, their feasibility, design,
 construction, marine environments, and environmental impact.

 General effects of oil prospecting and production

 Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(21):
                  #NTIS/PS-75/684/1GA.  1975.
C-625-76
OCEANS OF THE WORLD:  THE LAST FRONTIER:  AN ANNOTATED
INTRODUCTORY BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE LAW OF THE SEA

Hurd, B., and B. Passero.  1974.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sea Grant Project
Office, Report MITSG 74-17.  12 p.

An annotated bibliography on the law of the sea is presented.
Topics include pollution problems of the sea, regional interests
and law of the sea, and research and ocean law.

International legislation

Citation Source:  Oceanic Abstracts 12(3):#75-03111.   1975.


C-626-76
WASTE PROCESSING AND POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES - A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS

Lehmann, E. J.  1975.
Report for 1964-October 1974, NTIS/PS-74/118.  188 p.

One hundred seventy-two abstracts of research reports are
provided which cover control processes, pollution effects,
economic factors, emissions and abatement strategies  for the
chemical and petrochemical  industries.  Air, water and solid
waste controls are included.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Pollution Abstracts 6(5):#75-05079.  1975.
                               228

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C-627-76
OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND SENSING  (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)

Smith, M. F.  1975.
Report for 1964-July 1975.  181 p.

One hundred seventy-six abstracts of research on oil and hydro-
carbon detection, sampling, monitoring and instrumentation are
presented.  Various analytical techniques related to character-
ization and remote sensing of oil spills and oil wastes are
included.

Monitoring
Sampling
Analysis
Remote sensing

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(19):
                  #NTIS/PS-75/595/9GA.  1975.

C-628-76
OIL WATER SEPARATORS (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)

Smith, M. F.  1975.
Report for 1964-August 1975.  94 p.

This NTIS search covers federally sponsored research on oil
water separators used primarily for pollution control.   Included
are centrifuge separators, coalescers, filters, oil spill
recovery, and ballast and bilge water treatment.

Cleanup and recovery
Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Government Reports Announcements 75(22):
                  #NTIS/PS-75/710/4GA.  1975.

C-629-76
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES USED IN
THE STUDY OF POLLUTION

Turner, P.  1973.
Royal  Aircraft Establishment, CUSP Bibliography No. 71.  87 p.

This bibliography consists of 321  references and abstracts on
25 different techniques that may be used to identify and quantify
pollution.  Infrared and aerial  techniques are among those covered.

Analysis
Remote sensing

Citation Source:  Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4533.   1975.

                                229

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    SECTION II.  CURRENT STATUS OF SOME OF THE RESEARCH PROJECTS
                     LISTED IN PREVIOUS REPORTS
The research project entries in this section are grouped according
to subject and then arranged by serial number within each subject
division.  The serial number indicates the original report in which
the project is listed:

        R-001-74 to R-165-74    EPA-670/-2-75-003
                                July 74 to October 74

        R-166-74 to R-244-74    EPA-670/2-75-004
                                November 74 to February 75

        R-269-74 to R-342-74    May 75 to July 75
                                (in press)

        R-269-75 to R-304-75    August 75 to October 75
                                (in press)
                                230

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A.  OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION

    1.  MONITORING
        R-270-75
        OIL DETECTOR BUOY

        Principal Investigator:
        Performing Organization:
        Supporting Agency:
     Unknown
      Spectrogram Corporation, 385 State St.,
      North Haven, Connecticut 06473
U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard
        Period:   7/74 to 6/75
              Funds:   Unknown
        The work done on this buoy under contract with  the U.S.  Coast
        Guard has been completed and a copy of the final  report  can  be
        obtained from NTIS,  Document No.  AD 787 717/LK.

        Work is continuing on an additional  contract, with the objective
        of developing a buoy system capable of operation  in remote
        unattended areas and able to derive its power from a solar charged
        battery.   Alarm and  status conditions  will  be sent via telemetry.
        Information  Source:
 H.  R.  Gram,  Spectrogram Corporation,
 385 State St.,  North  Haven,  Connecticut  06473
                                  231

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2.  REMOTE SENSING
    R-275-74
    HIGH RESOLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS

    Principal Investigator:   Kim, H.  H.
    Performing Organization:   U.S.  National  Aeronautics  and  Space
                              Administration,  Wallops  Station,
                              Chincoteague,  Virginia  23337
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin-
                        istration,  Space Science Office, Wallops
                        Station,  No.  506-18-15,  7570288
    Period:   7/74 to 6/75             Funds:   Unknown

       Reports

       DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIRBORNE LASER BATHYMETER

       Kim,  H. H., P. 0. Cervenka,  and C.  B.  Lankford.   1975.
       Nasa  Technical Note,  No.  NASA  TN D-8079.  39 p.

       An airborne laser depth sounding system has been  built  and
       taken through a series of field tests.   The system promises
       great savings in time and expense over  the  usual  sounding
       methods.  The results of the 15-month development and
       testing period for the bathymeter are compiled,

    Information Source:  H.  H. Kim, National  Aeronautics and Space
                         Administration, Washington,  D.C.
    R-271-75
    REMOTE SENSING SERVICES FOR EMERGENCY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SPILLS

    Principal Investigators:  Ziegler, R. C., D.  B.  Dahm, R. J.  Pilie,
                              and A.  B. Adler
    Performing Organization:  Calspan Corporation, 4455 Genesee  St.,
                              Buffalo, New York 14221
    Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency, Office
                        of Research and Development, Contract
                        68-01-1856
    Period:  7/73 to 6/74             Funds:  Unknown

    The contract covered a basic ordering agreement arrangement
    under which services were to be provided only in response to
    specific requests from the Environmental Protection Agency.
    This contract became effective on 1 June 1973, and expired on
    1 June 1975.  No papers or reports were prepared.

    Information Source:  R. C. Ziegler, Environmental  & Energy
                         Systems Department, Calspan Corporation,
                         P.O. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221

                                  232

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3.  ANALYSIS


    R-026-74
    THE FEASIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING  MYSTERY  OIL  SPILLS

    Principal  Investigator:   Hunt,  G.  S.
    Performing Organization:   State Department  of  Environmental
                              Protection, Augusta, Maine
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,
                        Office of Research  and  Development, No. 801006
    Period:  7/74  to  6/75              Funds:  Unknown

       Publications

       ENFORCEMENT OF MAINE'S  OIL CONVEYANCE LAW BY PASSIVE TAGGING
       TECHNIQUES

       Hunt, G., D. Morton, J. Levine, D. Mayo, D.  Donovan,
       W. Shelley, L. Jiang, R. Crane, and R. Johnson.   1974.
       No citation given.

       Several   "off-the-shelf" passive tagging techniques  were used
       to determine the origin of mystery oil spills  in order  to
       evaluate the viability of Maine's Oil Conveyance Law.   Several
      crude oils collected from crude shipments were subjected to
      weathering under outdoor ambient conditions.  Sub-samples
      were taken periodically and attempts  were made to correctly
      match the weathered "unknown" to one  of the  collection  of
      ships' samples by passive tagging.  Techniques employed,  and
      successes and limitations  are described.

   Information Source:   G.  S.  Hunt, State Department of Environmental
                        Protection, Augusta,  Maine
   R-167-74
   PASSIVE  TAGGING  OF  OILS  BY  FLUORESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

   Principal  Investigator:  Gruenfeld, M.
   Performing Organization:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                            National Environmental Research Center,
                            Cincinnati, Ohio
   Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
                      of Research and Development
   Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  Unknown

   For Reports, and Publications, see R-185-74, p. 227.
                                233

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R-l68-74
PASSIVE TAGGING OF WATER DISPERSED OILS

Principal Investigator:  Gruenfeld, M.
Performing Organization:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                          National Environmental Research Center,
                          Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
                    of Research and Development, No. 21 AOE 07,
                    Contract 72P17899
Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  Unknown

For Reports and Publications, see R-185-75.
R-184-74
EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM SEDIMENT FOR QUANTITATION SPECTROSCOPIC
ANALYSIS

Principal Investigator:  Gruenfeld, M.
Performing Organization:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                          National Environmental Research Center,
                          Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
                    of Research and Development
Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  Unknown

For Reports and Publications, see R-185-75.
R-185-74
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF OIL BY INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Principal Investigator:  Gruenfeld, M.
Performing Organization:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                          Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory,
                          Cincinnati, Ohio
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection. Agency, Office
                    of Research and Development, No. 21 AOE 02,
                    Contract 72P17896
Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  Unknown

   Reports and Publications

   EXTRACTION OF DISPERSED OILS FROM WATER FOR QUANTITATIVE
   ANALYSIS BY INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

   Gruenfeld, M.  1973.
   Environmental Science and Technology 7(7):636-639.

   Some factors that optimize the extraction of dispersed oils
   from water for analysis by infrared spectrophotometry are
   examined.  An improved extraction procedure is recommended.

                                234

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    IDENTIFICATION  OF OIL  POLLUTANTS:  A REVIEW OF  SOME  RECENT
    METHODS

    Gruenfeld,  M.   1973.
    Joint  Conference on  Prevention and Control of Oil Spills,
    Washington,  D.C., 1973.   p.  179.

    Passive  tagging of oils can  be done using indices such as
    Va, Ni,  S and N2 content, gas chromatographic profile
    appearance  and  C and S isotope ratios.  The indices  are
    determined  using a wide spectrum of instruments and
    techniques.
   QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM OIL POLLUTANTS BY INFRARED
   SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

   Gruenfeld, M.  1975.
   Water Quality Parameters, American Society for Testing and
   Materials, STP 573.  p. 290-308.

   "The accuracy and sensitivity of infrared spectrophotometry
   are evaluated for the quantitative analysis of water dispersed
   oils, by single point analysis."

Information Source:  M. Gruenfeld, U.S. Environmental Protection
                     Agency, Edison Water Quality Research
                     Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio
R-273-75
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Supporting Agency:  American Petroleum Institute, No. 207-75
Period:  Unknown                  Funds:  Unknown

The project is in progress.  Reports have been published in
the open literature (ACS Petroleum Division).

Information Source:  J. R.  Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
                     2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C.  20037
R-274-75
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN HOUSE

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:   Member Company Laboratories
                               235

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Supporting Agency:  American Petroleum Institute, No.  204-75
Period:  Unknown                  Funds:   Unknown

This study is in progress.   No reports are available.

Information Source:  J.  R.  Gould,  American Petroleum Institute,
                     2101  L St., N.W., Washington, D.C.  20037
                              236

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B.  OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

    1.   CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
        R-275-75
        POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
        Principal  Investigator:   Unknown
        Performing Organization:   U.S.  Navy,  Coastal  Systems Laboratory,
                                  Panama  City,  Florida 32401
        Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Department of  Transportation,  Coast
                            Guard,  No.  Z-70099-4-42734
        Period:   7/74 to 6/75             Funds:   Unknown

           Reports

           OIL/WATER SEPARATOR  EVALUATION

           Mittleman,  J.   1975.
           Informal  report,  NCSL  252-75.

           A  coalescing,  plate-type, oil-water  separator was evaluated.
           Tests  involving the separation of  Navy  Special Fuel  Oil  (NSFO)
           from seawater resulted  in the  formation of  a permanent emulsion
           of seawater in NSFO in  the closed-loop  experimental  setup, and
           the termination of these tests.  The apparatus was successful
           in separating  contaminated  Navy Distillate from  seawater, and
           produced  a  water  effluent containing 200 ppm oil  and an oil
           effluent  containing 
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R-278-75
MANAGEMENT, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THE US EPA OHMSETT
FACILITY

Principal Investigators:  Ackerman, R. A,, W. E. McCracken,
                          and G, Smith
Performing Organization:  Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co.,
                          P.O. Box 156, Leonardo, New Jersey 07737
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
                    of Research and Development, Contract 68-03-0490
Period:  7/73 to 6/74             Funds:  $287,913

Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. has a three year contract
to manage, maintain and operate the U.S. Environmental  Protection
Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental
Test Tank {OHMSETT), located in Leonardo, New Jersey.  The
facility consists of a tank in which evaluation and development
work can be conducted on oil and hazardous materials containment
and cleanup devices.  The EPA and other government agencies are
the prime users of OHMSETT.  Mason & Hanger prepares all  reports
for EPA equipment tested.

Mason & Hanger is into the second year of operation.  No reports
have been published to date,  Three major reports are expected
to be prepared during winter 1975-1976.

Information Source:  R. A. Ackerman, Manager, Mason & Hanger-Silas
                     Mason Co., Inc., P.O. Box 156, Leonardo,
                     New Jersey 07737
R-285-75
SHORELINE PROTECTION AND RESTORATION

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Supporting Agency:  American Petroleum Institute, No. 305-75
Period:  Unknown                  Funds:  Unknown

The project has been completed.  Two API publications, Nos.
4254 and 4258, are available.

Information Source:  J. R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
                     2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037
R-286-75
SHORELINE PROTECTION AND RESTORATION

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Shell Pipeline Research and Development
                          Laboratory
                                238

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Supporting Agency:  American Petroleum Institute, No.  305-75
Period:  Unknown                  Funds:   Unknown

The project has been completed.   API publication, No.  4248,  is
available.

Information Source:  J.  R. Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
                     2101  L St.,  N.W., Washington,  D.C.  20037
                              239

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2.  RESTORATION
    R-279-75
    OILED WATERFOWL REHABILITATION

    Principal Investigator:   Stanton, P.  B.
    Performing Organization:  Wildlife Rehabilitation Center,
                              Framingham, Massachusetts
    Supporting Agency:   American Petroleum Institute, No.  302-75
    Period:  Unknown                  Funds:   Unknown

    The project is a continuing one.   No  reports have been published
    at this time.

    Information Source:   J.  R.  Gould, American Petroleum Institute,
                         2101  L St.,  N.W., Washington, D.C.  20037
                                 240

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3.   WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
    R-281-75
    TREATMENT OF EMULSIFIED OIL  BY  COALESCENCE

    Principal Investigators:   Gloyna,  E.  F.,  J.  Chieu,  and  N.  Patel
    Performing Organization:   University  of Texas,  School of
                              Engineering, 200 W. 21st  St., Austin,
                              Texas  78712
    Supporting Agency:   University of  Texas
    Period:   7/74 to  6/75              Funds:   Unknown

    The  program is ongoing.

      Reports  and Publications

      DEVICE FOR EVALUATING COALESCENCE  OF OIL  EMULSIONS

      Chieu,  J.  N.,  and E. F. Gloyna.  1975.
      ASCE Meeting,  Texas  Section,  El Paso, September 25-27, 1975.

      Pilot  studies  can provide useful information on the design
      and operation  of coalescers to break stable oil-water
      emulsions.  Treatability results from the experiments
      reported in this paper  show that this can be accomplished
      by using media preferentially wetted by the dispersed phase,
      a minimum oil  saturation of 10-15%, and a bed depth of 0.4
      centimeters.   Increased filter velocity and decreased inter-
      facial tension decrease coalescence.


      COALESCENCE OF EMULSIFIED OILY WASTE WATER BY FIBROUS BEDS

      Chieu, J. N., E.  F.  Gloyna,  and R.  S.  Schechter.   1975.
      Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, 30th,  1975.

      The feasibility of separating emulsified oil  from industrial
      waste streams using  fibrous  bed coalescers was  investigated
      while varying influent oil concentration,  flow  rate and  bed
      depth.   Three coalescing media and  four types of  oil  were
      used.   The results of these  experiments permit  the conclusion
      that fibers preferentially wetted by the dispersed phase are
      best,  a minimum oil  saturation of 10-15% of the bed is
      necessary for complete  coalescence, and a  minimum coalescer
      depth  is required.

   Information Source:   E.  F.  Gloyna,  Dean of College of Engineering,
                        University of  Texas,  200 W. 21st St.,
                        Austin, Texas  78712
                                 241

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R-282-75
IDENTIFICATION OF MARGINAL NON-TRANSPORTATION PETROLEUM
FACILITIES

Principal Investigators:  Trentacoste, N., J. Cunningham,
                          G,  Bierman, and R,  Isom
Performing Organization:  Science Applications Inc., 1651 Old
                          Meadow Rd., Suite 620, McLean,
                          Virginia 22101
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                    Office of Research and Development,
                    Contract 68-02-2032
Period:  7/73 to 6/74             Funds:  $182,000

This project is currently in progress and will not be completed
for several months.  No reports have been published.

Information Source:  N. P. Trentacoste, Science Applications,
                     Inc., 1600 Anderson Rd., McLean,
                     Virginia 22101
                              242

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4.  PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
    R-284-75
    PREVENTION OF OIL SPILLS

    Principal  Investigator:   Unknown
    Performing Organization:  Educational  Systems and Designs,  Inc,,
                              National  Photographic Laboratories
    Supporting Agency:  American Petroleum Institute, No.  306-75
    Period:  Unknown                  Funds:   Unknown

    The study is in progress.   No other information is available.

    Information Source:   J.  R.  Gould,  American Petroleum Institute,
                         2101  L St., N.W., Washington, D.C.  20037
                                243

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C.  EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

    1.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
        R-085-74
        THE SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENT OF PORT VALDEZ AND GALENA BAY,
        ALASKA AND THE EFFECT OF OIL ON THIS ECOSYSTEM

        Principal Investigator:   Feder, H.  M.
        Performing Organization:  University of Alaska,  School  of
                                  Biological Sciences, College,  Alaska 99701
        Supporting Agency:   U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency, Office
                            of Research and Development, No.  800944
        Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  Unknown

        The final report for this project is presently being  prepared.

           Reports

           THE SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENT OF PORT VALDEZ AND GALENA BAY,
           ALASKA AND THE EFFECT OF OIL ON  THIS ECOSYSTEM

           Feder, H. M.  1974.
           Interim progress report, 1973-1974,  No. R800944.

           The program for the second year  of investigation includes the
           continuation of meiofaunal sampling  in oil-free and oil-
           contaminated beach sediments, bacteriological sampling at
           study sites, initiation of sediment  chemistry studies, and
           oil-additive experiments in a sandy-mud area.  Studies of the
           bacteria of the sediment on Port Valdez beaches have
           suggested that small  additions of oil, as a one-time event
           or even as an intermittent addition, do not effect the
           bacterial population  size.  Continuous addition of organics
           in an organic-poor environment may result in increased
           bacterial numbers.

        Information Source:  C.  McClintock, Administrative Assistant,
                             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                             Arctic Environmental Research Laboratory,
                             College, Alaska 99701
        R-287-75
        HORMONE AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY FOR OILED WATERFOWL

        Principal Investigator:  Unknown
        Performing Organization:  Unknown
                                    244

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 Supporting Agency:   American  Petroleum Institute,  No. 303-75
 Period:   1/74  to  12/74             Funds:   Unknown

 The  planned  date  of  completion  for this project was December,
 1975.

 Information  Source:  J. R. Gould,  American Petroleum Institute,
                     2101 L St., N.W., Washington,.D.C. 20037
R-288-75
A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL FATE AND THE BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
OF NO. 2 FUEL OIL SPILLS IN SEMI-NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

Principal Investigators:  Bieri, R. H., and R. J. Huggett
Performing Organization:  Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
                          Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
                    of Research and Development, Contract No.
                    68-03-0423
Period:  7/73 to ?                Funds:  $4,980

Chemical analyses including solvent extractions, chromatographic
separations and group and compound identifications by gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry are presently being performed.
A report will be written upon completion of the analyses in the
first quarter of 1976.

   Publications

   IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN EXTRACT FROM ESTUARINE
   WATER ACCOMMODATED NO.  2 FUEL OIL

   Bieri,  R,  H.,  A.  L. Walker, B.  W.  Lewis, G.  Losser,  and
   R. J.  Huggett.   1974.
   Marine  Pollution  Monitoring (Petroleum), National  Bureau of
   Standards, Maryland, 1974.   R.  C.  Junghans  (ed.).   NBS Special
   Publication No.  409.  p.  149-156.

   Computerized  gas  chromatographic - mass  spectra systems have the
   potential  to  solve the  problem of analyzing  complex  mixtures
   of hydrocarbons.   Three  types of compounds  (benzene  compounds,
   naphthalene compounds,  and  indanes,  biphenyls,  and polyaromatic
   compounds) were  isolated  from a methylene chloride extract of
   estuarine  water accommodated No.  2 fuel  oil.
   HYDROCARBONS IDENTIFIED  IN  EXTRACTS  FROM ESTUARINE  WATER
   ACCOMMODATED NO.  2 FUEL  OIL BY  GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS
   SPECTROMETRY

   Lewis,  B.  W.,  A.  L.  Walker, and R. H.  Bieri.   1974.
   NASA-TM-X-72009.   12 p.

                                245

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   The analytical  method and results of a gas  chromatography  -
   mass spectrometer analysis of methylene chloride and  n-heptane
   extracts of a No. 2 fuel  oil  accommodated estuarine water  sample
   are described.

Information Source:   P. F.  Holloway, Director  for Space, National
                     Aeronautics and Space Administration,
                     Langley Research Center,  Hampton, Virginia  23665
R-291-75
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PELAGIC OIL

Principal Investigators:  Gebelein, D.  C., and N.  E.  Maynard
Performing Organization:  Bermuda Biological  Station
Supporting Agency:  American Petroleum Institute,  No.  209-75
Period:  Unknown                  Funds:   Unknown

The study is continuing.  No reports have been published at
this time.

Information Source:  J. R. Gould, American Petroleum  Institute,
                     2101 L St., N.W., Washington, D.C.  20037
R-292-75
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOASSAY STUDIES, ALASKA

Principal Investigators:  Karinen, J. R., S. D. Rice,
                          M. B. Bonnett, J. W. Short, and
                          D. A. Moles
Performing Organization:  U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke
                          Bay Fisheries Laboratory, P.O.Box 155,
                          Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic
                    and Atmospheric Administration, National
                    Marine Fisheries Service, No. ABL-07-75,
                    Contract FB 1700/8818-U2
Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  $160,100

This contract (FB 1700/8818-U2) was for February, 1975, and has
been renewed as contract FB 1700/88CU26 for February, 1976.

   Publications

   EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS:  A REVIEW FOR
   ADMINISTRATORS AND POLICY MAKERS

   Evans, D. R., and S, D. Rice.  1974.
   NOAA Fishery Bulletin 72(3):625-638.

   A review of recent literature concerning the effects of
   oil on marine ecosystems is given to provide an information

                                 246

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     source for administrators and policy makers.  Characteristics
     of crude oil and the danger of chronic low-level pollution
     are included.

     EFFECTS OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON MOLTING TANNER CRABS,
     CHIONOCETES BAIRDI

     Karinen, J. F., and S. D. Rice.   1974.
     Marine Fisheries Review 36(7):31-37.

     From laboratory studies in which premolt  and postmolt
    juvenile male Tanner crabs from  Alaskan waters were exposed
     to Prudhoe Bay crude oil, crabs  were similarly affected by
    oil,  and the molting success was found  to decrease  with
     increasing oil  exposure.   Results suggest that oil  spilled
     in Alaskan waters would harm the Tanner crab resources.

    TOXICITY  AND AVOIDANCE TESTS WITH PRUDHOE BAY OIL AND PINK
    SALMON FRY

    Rice,  S.  D.   1973.
    Joint  Conference on Prevention and  Control  of Oil Spills,
    Washington,  D.C.,  1973.   p.  667-670.

    Acute  toxicity  concentration levels were  determined  for
    Prudhoe Bay  crude oil  on  pink salmon fry  in fresh and salt
    water.  The  observed  96 hr TLM values were  lower in  fresh-
    water  fry than  in saltwater  animals (88 mg  oil/liter  vs
    213 nig/liter  in  June).  Older fry were  more susceptible to
    oil toxicity  and more  sensitive  in  detecting  and avoiding
    oil than were the younger  fry.

   THE EFFECT OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH
   OF EGGS, ALEVINS, AND FRY OF PINK SALMON,  ONCORHYNCHUS
   GQRBUSCHA

   Rice, S. D., D.  A. Moles, and J.  W. Short.  1975.
   Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution, San
   Francisco, 1975.  p. 503-507.

   The 96-hour median tolerance limit of fry  was 0.4 ml/liter of
   freshwater and 0.04 ml/liter of  seawater.   Growth  in alevins
   was affected by 10-day sublethal  exposures of the water-
   soluble fraction, and was affected most  severely if  exposure
   was later in development.   Susceptibility  of the early life
   stages  of pink salmon is greatest at the time of emergence and
   of fry  migration.

Information Source:   J. F.  Karinen,  U.S. Department of  Commerce,
                     National  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
                     Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory, P.O.  Box  155,
                     Auke Bay, Alaska 99821

                                247

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2.   PHYSICAL EFFECTS
    R-l44-74
    FLAME SPREAD OVER LIQUID FUEL

    Principal Investigator:   Torrance, K,  E.
    Performing Organization:  Cornell  University, School  of
                              Engineering, Ithaca, New York 14850
    Supporting Agency:  U.S. National  Science Foundation, Division
                        of Advanced Technol.  Appl.,No. 61-31894X1
    Period:  11/72 to ?               Funds:   Unknown

    The F.ire Research Program of the RANN  Division of the National
    Science Foundation is supporting work  by  K.  E. Torrance and
    R. L. Mahajan on fire spread over liquid  fuels and the influencing
    factors.

       Publications
       FIRE SPREAD OVER LIQUID FUELS:  LIQUID PHASE PARAMETERS

       Torrance, K. E., and R. L. Mahajan.  1974.
       Symposium (International) on Combustion, 15th, Tokyo, Japan,
       1974.  p. 281-287.

       The spread of fire over liquid fuels is controlled by flows
       in the liquid.  These flows are driven by surface tension
       and buoyancy forces.  The effect of these parameters has
       been obtained from numerical solutions of the liquid phase
       equations, and the results reported and summarized.  They
       compare favorably with experimental flame spread rates for
       hydrocarbon and alcohol fuels.
       SURFACE TENSION FLOWS INDUCED BY A MOVING THERMAL SOURCE

       Torrance, K. E., and R. L. Mahajan.  1975.
       Combustion Science and Technology 10:125-136.

       A thermal source can induce surface tension flows which in
       turn help spread fire over flammable liquids.  The flow
       structure and parameter dependence were investigated.  The
       induced flow is in the form of a captured eddy just below the
       surface.  Rate of circulation depends on the surface tension
       and the layer depth.

    Information Source:  K. E. Torrance, Sibley School of Mechanical
                         and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University,
                         Ithaca, New York 14850
                                  248

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3.   GENERAL EFFECTS
    R-294-75
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY  IN  THE  DELAWARE
    ESTUARY

    Principal  Investigator:   Whipple,  W.
    Performing Organization:   Rutgers  The  State  University,  Water
                              Resources  Research  Institute,  Old  Queens
                              Bldg., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  National  Science  Foundation, Division of
                        Advanced  Environmental Research and  Technology,
                        No.  AEN74-14810  AOZ
    Period:   6/75 to  5/76             Funds:   $450,000

    The project on environmental  impacts of the petroleum industry in
    the Delaware estuary is  just  getting underway.  The analysis of
    petroleum  in urban  runoff indicates  that it is a large source of
    petroleum  in this estuary.  Estuary  waters and refinery  effluents
    are in  the beginning stages of analysis.  The bioassay work on
    manufactured petroleum products has  gone well, verifying that
    different  stages  in  the  life  cycles  of the organisms have different
    vulnerabilities.  A  research  approach to the economic, political
    and social  aspects  has been outlined,

      Publications

      MEASUREMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF PETROLEUM

      Hunter,  J.  V., S.  L. Yu, and W. Whipple, Jr.  1975.
      Paper  given,  summer  1975.

      Stormwater runoff  samples and secondary treated refinery
      effluent  samples in  the Philadelphia area .were analyzed and
      compared.   For both  sets of samples, the hydrocarbons were
      associated with the  particulars and were aliphatic.   It is
      estimated  that the Philadelphia metropolitan area may
      contribute about four times as much oil and grease as the
      refinery  effluents do.

    Information  Source:  W, Whipple, Jr., Water Resources Research
                        Institute, P.O. Box 231, Rutgers University,
                        New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
   R-295-75
   WEST FALMOUTH FOLLOW-UP STUDIES

   Principal Investigator:  Michael, A. D.
   Performing Organization:  Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods
                             Hole, Massachusetts
                                 249

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Supporting Agency:  American Petroleum Institute, No.  OS-20L
Period:  Unknown                  Funds:   Unknown

Completion of this project was planned for December, 1975.   A
final report is expected to be completed  in March or April, 1976,

  Publications
  LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL AT WEST FALMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS

  Michael, A. D.9 C. R. Van Raalte, and L. S. Brown.  1975.
  Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution,
  San Francisco, 1975.  p. 573-582.

  The status of the benthic fauna in the fourth and fifth year
  after a small spill of fuel oil is documented in this paper.
  Hydrocarbons typical of weathered fuel oil were found in the
  sediments of the marsh, boat basin and two offshore stations.
  Recovery for the total benthos has plateaued but individual
  areas and species are still in the process of recovering.

Information Source:  L. S. Brown, Marine Biological Laboratory,
                     Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
                                 250

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D.  FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT

    1.   BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION

        R-299-75
        GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION
        OF PROTEIN

        Principal  Investigator:   Chakrabarty,  A.  M.
        Performing Organization:   General  Electric Company,  1  River  Rd.,
                                  Schenectady, New York  12305
        Supporting Agency:   U.S.  National  Science Foundation,  Division
                            of Biological  and  Medical Sciences,
                            No. BMS75-10978
        Period:  6/75  to  5/76              Funds:   $30,000

        The  NSF-sponsored project  will terminate  around July,  1977.  One
        paper has  resulted from the study  and  is  now in press.

          Publications

          USE OF GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED MULTI-PLASMID MICROORGANISMS
          FOR RAPID DEGRADATION OF FUEL HYDROCARBONS

          Friello, D. A., J. R. Mylroie, and A. M. Chakrabarty.  (in press)
          International Biodegradation Symposium, 3rd,  Kingston,
          Rhode Island, 1975.  J.  M. Sharply (ed.).

         Transmissible plasmids in different strains of Pseudomonas
         putida carry the genes specifying enzymes involved in the
         biodegradation of a number of hydrocarbons.  Transfer of
         these plasmids into one  strain can create a multi-plasmid
         strain capable of growing faster with crude oil  than any
         of the naturally-occurring mono-plasmid parents.

       Information Source:   A. M. Chakrabarty, Physical  Chemistry Lab,
                            General  Electric Co., Research and Development
                            Center,  P.O.  Box 8,  Schenectady, New York  12301

       R-300-75
       BIODEGRADATION  OF  OIL IN SOIL

       Principal  Investigator: Unknown
       Performing  Organization:   Sun  Ventures,  Inc.
       Supporting  Agency:  American Petroleum Institute, No. OS-21.3
       Period:   Unknown                   Funds:   Unknown

       This  project was completed.  There are  no  publications;  final
       reports  are available from the American Petroleum Institute Library.

       Information Source:   J.  R.  Gould,  American Petroleum  Institute,
                            2101  L St., N.W.,  Washington,  D.C.  20037

                                  251

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2.   GENERAL FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
    R-303-75
    FATES AND EFFECTS OF OIL AND OIL COMPOUNDS ON MARINE  COASTAL
    ECOSYSTEMS

    Principal Investigators:  Templeton,  W.  L.,  C.  I.  Gibson,
                              J.  R.  Vanderhorst,  and  R. M.  Bean
    Performing Organization:  Battelle  Memorial  Institute,  P.O. Box  999,
                              Richland, Washington  99352
    Supporting Agency:   U.S. Energy  Research and  Development
                        Administration, Biomedical  and Environmental
                        Research  Division, Contract AT(45-1)-1830
    Period:   7/74 to 6/75            Funds:   Unknown

    This program is  continuing.   Annual reports  for February,  1973 and
    1974 have been completed.  Recent oil pollution programs are
    listed below.

    1.   Long-term Effects of Hydrocarbons on Selected  Ecosystems and
        Associated Organisms (U.S. ERDA Contract  AT(45-1)1830).

    2.   Study to Define  the  Effects  of  Refinery Wastes and  Oil Transfer
        Facilities on Pacific  Northwest Marine Coastal  Ecosystems
        (U.S.  ERDA Contract  AT(45-1)1830).   Initiated  in  May,  1975.

    3.   Regional  Survey  of Marine Biota for  Bioassay Standardization
        of Oil  and Oil Dispersant Chemicals.   API Publication  4167
        (April,  1973),

    4.   Determination of Acute and Chronic Effects  of  Treated  Ballast
        Water on Selected Aquatic Biota from Port Valdez, Alaska.
        Alyeska  Pipeline Service  Company  (April,  1973).

    5.   Effects  of Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil on Selected
        Marine  Biota—A  Laboratory Study.  API  Publication  4191
        (November, 1973).

    6.   Interdisciplinary Study of the Toxicity of  Petroleum to
        Marine  Organisms.  Battelle  Memorial  Institute (March, 1974).

    7.   Summary  Report on Effects of Oil Discharges, Domestic  and
        Industrial Wastewaters on the Fisheries of  Lake Maracaibo,
        Venezuela.   Creole Petroleum Corporation, Caracas,  Venezuela
        (June,  1974).

    8,   Study of  Effects of  Oil Discharges and Domestic and
        Industrial Wastewaters on the Fisheries of  Lake Maracaibo,
        Venezuela.   I.   Ecological Characterization and Domestic and
        Industrial Wastes,   Creole Petroleum Corporation, Caracas,
        Venezuela  (October,  1974).
                                  252

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 9.  Study of Effects of Oil Discharges and Domestic and
     Industrial Wastewaters on the Fisheries of Lake Maracaibo,
     Venezuela.  II.  Fate and Effects of Oil.  Creole
     Petroleum Corporation, Caracas, Venezuela (October, 1974).

10.  Studies on the Effects of Two Oil Collecting Agents on
     Aquatic Organisms of Lake Maracaibo.   Venezuelan Oil
     Intercompany Committee (July, 1974).

11.  The Ecology of Lake Maracaibo:  A Battelle Program of
     Study.  Venezuelan Oil Intercompany Committee (November,
     1974).

12.  Field and Laboratory Studies to Obtain a Comparative
     Baseline for Assessing the Impact of Refinery Discharge and
     Potential Oil  Spillage on the Cherry Point Environs.  Part I.
     Physical and Chemical  Oceanographic Characterization of the
     Cherry Point Site and Vicinity.   Atlantic Richfield Company,
     Cherry Point Refinery, Ferndale, Washington  (April, 1974).

13.  Field and Laboratory Studies to Obtain a Comparative
     Baseline for Assessing the Impact of Refinery Discharge
     and Potential  Oil Spillage on the Cherry Point Environs,
     Part II.  Refinery Impact Studies.   Atlantic Richfield
     Company, Cherry Point Refinery,  Ferndale, Washington (June,
     1974).

14.  Field and Laboratory Studies to Obtain a Comparative
     Baseline for Assessing the Impact of Refinery Discharge and
     Potential Oil  Spillage on the Cherry  Point Environs.
     Part III.  Biological  Baseline (200 square miles).   Atlantic
     Richfield Company, Cherry Point Refinery, Ferndale, Washington
     (January, 1974).

15.  Field and Laboratory Studies to  Obtain a Comparative Baseline
     for Assessing  the Impact of Refinery  Discharge and  Potential
     Studies.  Atlantic Richfield Company,  Cherry Point  Refinery,
     Ferndale, Washington (January, 1974).

     Publications

     CHARACTERIZATION  OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE MARINE
     ENVIRONMENT

     Bean, R. M.   1974.
     Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual  Report  for 1974 to the
     USAEC Division of Biomedical  and Environmental  Research.
     Part 2.   p.  113-116.

     New techniques are being developed  to handle the complexities
     involved in determining the toxicity  of petroleum to marine
                                253

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organisms.  Differences in source, manufacturing processes,
etc., affect oil toxicity.  Filtration removes insoluble oil
droplets, and extraction with He gas instead of a solvent
increases gas chromatographic sensitivity to saturated
hydrocarbons.  Both processes increase analytical ability.
SUSPENSION OF CRUDE OILS IN SEA WATER:  RAPID METHODS OF
CHARACTERIZING LIGHT HYDROCARBON SOLUTES

Bean, R. M.  1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring Petroleum Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1974.
p. 43-46.


DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SUSPENSIONS
OF PETROLEUM IN SEAWATER

Bean, R. M., and J. W. Blaylock.  1974.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual  Report for 1973 to the
USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research.
Part 2.  Ecological Sciences,  p. 35-37.

The light  aromatic hydrocarbon composition of filtered and
unfiltered water from  bioassay systems was examined using gas
chromatography.  The aromatic composition was then compared
with infrared measurements  to determine the potential of the
IR technique for routine analysis.
 CHARACTERIZATION  SEDIMENTS  VICINITY  OFFSHORE  PETROLEUM
 PRODUCTION

 Bean,  R.  M.,  J. W.  Blaylock,  E. A. Sutton,  and  R.  E. Wildung.
 1974.
 Symposium on  Chemistry of Marine  Sediments  at Atlantic  City,
 September,  1974,


 ANALYSIS EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC  MATERIAL AND IDENTIFICATION
 SATURATE AND  AROMATIC COMPOUND TYPES IN LAKE  MARACAIBO
 SEDIMENTS

 Bean,  R.  M.,  J. W.  Blaylock,  E. A.  Sutton,  and  R.  E. Wildung.
 1975.
 Paper  given at Conference on  Prevention and Control  of  Oil
 Pollution,  San Francisco, 1975.
                               254

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 A RESEARCH REPORT ON  ECOLOGY  OF  LAKE MARACAIBO, A BATTELLE
 PROGRAM OF STUDY

 Bean,  R.  M.,  and E. A.  Sutton.   1974.
 23120/02303.
 ASSESSMENT OF  OIL  SPILL TREATING AGENT TEST METHODS

 Blaklaw,  J.  R.,  J. A. Strand, and P. C. Walkup.  1971.
 Prevention and Control of Oil Spills,  Environmental
 Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1971,  p. 253-261.


 DETERMINATION  OF EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC MATERIAL AND ANALYSIS
 OF  HYDROCARBON TYPES IN LAKE AND COASTAL SEDIMENTS

 Blaylock,  J. W., R. M. Bean, and R. E. Wildung.  1974.
 Marine  Pollution Monitoring Petroleum Symposium and
 Workshop,  National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg,
 Maryland,  1974.  p. 123-125.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY AND APPARATUS FOR THE BIOASSAY
OF OIL

Lichatowich, J. A., P. W. O'Keefe, J. A. Strand, and W. L.
Tempieton.  1973.
Joint Conference with American Petroleum Institute, EPA, and
U.S. Coast Guard, Environmental Petroleum Institute, Washington,
D.C,, 1973,
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURES FOR MARINE ZOOPLANKTON

Lichatowich, J. A., 0. A. Strand, and W. L. Templeton,  1972.
Symposium Pollution of the Sea by Oil:  Problems and Technology.
Annual Meeting American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 6th,
New York, New York, 1972.
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURES FOR MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON

Strand, J. A., W. L. Templeton, J. A. Lichatowich, and C.  W.
Apts.  1971.
Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Environmental  Petroleum
Institute, Washington, D.C., 1971.  p. 279-286.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

Templeton, W. L.  1971.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control  Federation 43(6):1081-1088.

                               255

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ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

Tempieton, W. L.  1972.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control  Federation 44(6):1128-1134,
OIL POLLUTION STUDIES ON LAKE MARACAIBO

Templeton, W. L., E. A. Sutton, R.  M.  Bean, R.  C.  Arnett,
J. W. Blaylock, and R. E. Wildung.   1975.
Conference on Prevention and Control  of Oil Pollution, San
Francisco, 1975.

Low concentrations of oil in the lake water, no detectable
accumulation of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons  in  muscle
tissue, and the occurrence of bituminous materials in the
sediment indicate that volatilization, biodegradation,  and
sedimentation are the major oil removal mechanisms.   The
rapid loss of light hydrocarbons decreases the  oil's toxicity
significantly.
TECHNICAL SERVICES TO ASSESS THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF OIL
SPILL AT CHERRY POINT ON 4 JUNE 1972, AND IDENTIFY SPECIFIC
PROBLEM AREAS IN THE EVENT OF FUTURE OIL SPILLAGE

Vanderhorst, J. R.  1973.
Final Report, Contract 212B01291 to Atlantic Richfield
Company, Cherry Point Refinery, Ferndale, Washington.
INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF TOXICITY OF PETROLEUM TO MARINE
ORGANISMS

Vanderhorst, J. R.  1975.
Paper given at Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil
Pollution, San Francisco, 1975.
NONNUCLEAR EFFLUENTS:  EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON MARINE
INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES

Vanderhorst, J. R., R. M. Bean, and R. Y. Ting.  1974.
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual Report for 1973 to the
USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research.
Part 2.  Ecological Sciences,  p. 105-107.

Because of petroleum's complexity, this study is a combined
chemical/biological approach to environmental assessment.
The biological effort concentrates on the development of
satisfactory community level endpoints using 100 concrete
                                256

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  block communities.  Chemical characterization work is
  concentrating on definitions and developing new techniques
  for work on low-level chronic oil pollution.
  EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON MARINE INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES

  Vanderhorst, J. R., C. I. Gibson, L. J. Moore, and
  P. Wilkinson.  1974.
  Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Annual Report for 1974 to the
  USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research.
  Part 2.  Ecological Sciences,  p. 110-113.

  The development of intertidal communities on oil-treated
  and control substrate units has been monitored to determine
  if the effects of petroleum contamination can be measured
  in terms of community development.   A coonstripe shrimp was
  also exposed to oil  in acute bioassays.  Mortality and
  oil-in-water concentrations were determined as a function of
  mixing.
  PRELIMINARY STUDY INTO ACCEPTABILITY OF DIVERSITY INDICES
  AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY RESPONSES BY
  RESEARCHERS, REGULATORS, AND INDUSTRIAL PERSONNEL

  Vanderhorst, J.  R.,  and P.  Wilkinson.   1975.
  Final  Report to  Environmental  Protection Agency,  NERC,
  Corvallis.   Contract 300A00747.

Information Source:  W. L. Tempieton, Ecosystems Department,
                     Battelle Northwest Laboratories,
                     Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington
                     99352
                              257

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                   SECTION III.   CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS


In subsequent Oil Spill and Oil  Pollution Reports, sections II (Status
of Some Research Projects Listed in Previous Reports) and III (Current
Research Projects) will be combined into a single section containing
research project information.  Each contract will be described and sum-
marized according to the standard arrangement, followed by available
up-to-date status information, reports and publications.   Because of
this transition in format, some  research projects listed in the following
section include both project description and status material.  Entries
are grouped according to subject and then arranged by serial  number
within each subject division.  Renewed project entries are listed at the
beginning of each subject category.

A.  OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND  EVALUATION

    1.  REPORTING
        R-l-76
        POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

        Principal Investigator:  Schleckser, C. E.
        Performing Organization:  Exxon International, Tanker Dept.,
                                  1251 Avenue of the Americas, N.Y., N.Y.
        Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime
                            Administration
        Period:  1/74 to 12/74            Funds:  Unknown

        The project will quantify and characterize pollutant discharges
        from tankers, and then "evaluate equipment and operating
        procedures designed to reduce such discharges."

        Analysis
        Waste oil and wastewater treatment

        Information Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#080146.  1975.
                                   258

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2.  MONITORING
    R-008-74 (Renewal)
    SHIPBOARD WASTEWATER OIL DETECTOR

    Principal Investigator:   Unknown
    Department:   Reentry and Environment  Systems  Division
    Performing Organization:   General  Electric  Company,  3198  Chestnut
                              St.,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 19101
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Department of  Transportation,  Coast
                        Guard,  Contract 038987
    Period:   7/75 to  6/76             Funds:  Unknown

    Several  phases are  included in  this project:   laboratory  develop-
    ment  program,  optical discrimination  development testing,
    centrifugal  separation development resting, laboratory  testing
    program,  and conceptual design.

    Waste oil  and  wastewater  treatment
    Design and engineering

    SSIE  No.:  GZ-38987-3
   R-272-74  (Renewal)
   SHIPBOARD WASTE-WATER OIL DETECTOR

   Principal Investigator:  Unknown
   Performing Organization:  Enviro Control Incorporated, 960 Thompson
                             Ave., Rockville, Maryland 20852
   Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                       Guard, Contract 045014
   Period:  7/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

   The contract for a shipboard waste-water oil detector covers
   system and electrical design, modifications, testing and refine-
   ments, final assembly, an operating manual, and reports.

   Design and engineering

   SSIE No.:  GZF-69-2
   R-2-76
   HYDROCARBON STUDIES IN PUGET SOUND AND OFF THE WASHINGTON COAST

   Principal  Investigators:   Carpenter,  R.,  and A.  W.  Fairhill
   Performing Organization:   Department  of Oceanography,  WB-10,
                             University  of Washington, Seattle,
                             Washington  98195
                                 259

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Supporting Agency:  Energy Research and Development Administration
Period:  6/76 to 5/76             Funds:  Unknown

The objectives of the research are to increase the understanding
of:  the present distribution of aliphatic, aromatic and sulfur-
containing molecules in organisms, sediments and water, while the
distribution is still primarily due to natural processes; the
composition and importance of the transfer of land-derived hydro-
carbons to this area by river input, sewage discharges, and
atmospheric rainout, compared to biosynthesis by marine organisms;
and the transfer of certain of these hydrocarbons between some
parts of the food web.

Biological effects of oil pollution
Source identification

Status:  No reports or papers have been published at the present
time.

Information Source:  R.  Carpenter, Department of Oceanography,
                     WB-10, University of Washington, Seattle,
                     Washington 98195
R-3-76
TRANSFER AND DISPERSION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM AN OIL
REFINERY THROUGH COASTAL WATERS

Principal Investigator:  Koo, F. S.
Performing Organization:  Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, College
                          Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
Supporting Agency:  Energy Research and Development Administration
Period:  7/75 to 7/76             Funds:  Unknown

The project is concerned with the identification of organic
pollutants from offshore oil extraction facilities and shore-
based oil refineries in near-shore marine waters, their distribution
in a bay receiving refinery and industry effluent, and the incor-
poration of pollutants into selected marine organisms.

Biological effects of oil pollution

Status:  Hydrocarbon levels have been determined and identified
in all components of the study system and have been compared with
those in unpolluted areas.  The environmental burden caused by
the petrochemical complex has been evaluated.  No papers or
reports have been prepared at the present time.

Information Source:  K. W. _Watters, Marine Ecology Division,
                     Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, College Station,
                     Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
                               260

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3.  REMOTE SENSING
    R-012-74 (Renewal)
    AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM/AOSS

    Principal  Investigator:   Unknown
    Performing Organization:   Aerojet General  Corporation,
                              9200 E.  Flair  Dr.,  El Monte,
                              California  91734
    Supporting Agency:  U.S.  Department of Transportation, Coast
                        Guard,  Contract 036083
    Period:   7/75 to  6/76              Funds:   Unknown

    "The  detailed design,  fabrication, installation, and flight
    test  evaluation of a prototype airborne  oil surveillance
    system/AOSS."

    Design and engineering

    SSIENo.:   GZF-20-3
   R-279-74  (Renewal)
   AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

   Principal Investigator:  Unknown
   Performing Organization:  U.S. Navy, Research Laboratory,
                             Washington, D.C. 20390
   Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                       Guard, Contract 048954
   Period:  7/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

   The contract provides for the development of a real-time microwave
   radiometric sensor to make onboard computation of oil  slick
   thickness or slick volume feasible.  The investigators will also
   assist the Coast Guard in evaluating microwave data from flight
   tests of the airborne oil surveillance system and other microwave
   systems.

   Design and engineering

   SSIE No.:  GZ-48954-2
   R-280-74 (Renewal)
   DEVELOPMENT OF A LIDAR POLARIMETER SENSOR FOR REMOTE  DETECTION
   AND MONITORING OF OIL AND OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

   Principal  Investigator:   Unknown
   Performing Organization:   Texas A & M University  System,  Graduate
                             School, College Station,  Texas  77843
                                261

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Supporting Agency:  U.S.  Department of Transportation,  Coast
                    Guard, Contract 045017
Period:  7/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

The contract covers the design, construction and testing of the
optical subsystem, the electronic system concept development,
design of the signal conditioner and data processor, and the
testing and evaluation of all components and the total  design.

Design and engineering

SSIE No.:  GZF-70-2
R-4-76
ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
SPILLS

Principal Investigators:  Lambou, V. W., and A. E. Pressman
Department:  Water Monitoring Branch
Performing Organization:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
                          National Environmental Research
                          Center, P.O. Box 15027, Las Vegas,
                          Nevada 89114
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
                    of Research and Development, No. 1HA325
Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  $214,000

The objectives of this study are to develop standard operating
procedures and manuals to assess spills, and to develop airborne
remote sensing devices for detection and assessment.  At present,
data are being collected on hazardous substances'characteristics
and effects;     a spectral scanning remote sensor is in the
initial stages.

General effects of oil pollution
Design and engineering

SSIE No.:  GMA-2209
                                262

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4.  SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
    R-5-76
    QUALITY OF CRUDE OILS AND PRODUCTS - OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION

    Principal  Investigator:  Unknown
    Performing Organization:   Bartlesville Energy Research Center,
                              Bartlesville, Oklahoma
    Supporting Agency:  U.S.  Energy Research and Development
                        Administration
    Period:  2/72 to 6/80 (approx.)   Funds:  Unknown

    The objective of this research is to determine, measure and
    computerize distinctive properties and related data  on crude
    oils and crude oil residues,  and establish reliable  definitive
    spill "fingerprinting" and identification with a  high  degree
    of confidence and applicability.

    Analysis

    Information Source:   W.  E.  Mott,  Division of Environmental
                         Control  Technology, U.S.  Energy Research
                         and  Development Administration, Washington,
                         D.C.  20545
                                  263

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B.  OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

    1.   CONTAINMENT
        R-043-74 (Renewal)
        FAST CURRENT OIL CONTROL SYSTEM PROJECT

        Principal Investigator:  Unknown
        Performing Organization:  University of Michigan, Graduate School,
                                  Rackham Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
        Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard,
                            Contract 038885
        Period:  7/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

        The objective of this project is to design, produce and test
        barrier models to reach certain specifications.  The trajectories
        of entrained oil droplets will  be determined in order to design
        devices to direct droplet flow.  The role of water turbulence in
        oil-water stability and the flow characteristics when the barrier
        is used to herd oil will also be established.

        Design and engineering

        SSIE No.:  GZ-38885-3
        R-6-76
        EXPERIMENT IN OIL BARRIERS

        Principal Investigator:  Howard, A. H.
        Performing Organization:  Rhode Island University, 80 Lower College
                                  Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
        Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                            Guard
        Period:  7/73 to 3/74 (est.)      Funds:  Unknown

        The experiments included in this contract will determine the load
        and barrier shape of oil barriers as a function of current, wave
        action and gap-opening.

        MIRS Abstracts 11 (June):#038991.  1975.
        R-7-76
        DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO RAPIDLY TRENCH SEA-ICE
        FOR THE CONTAINMENT OF OIL

        Principal Investigator:  Unknown
        Performing Organization:  Mining Resources Engineering Ltd.,
                                  Kingston, Ontario, Canada
                                    264

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Supporting Agency:  Canada, Department of the Environment,
                    No. SS01 KE204-4-EP14
Period:  1/75 to 12/75            Funds:  $25,214

No summary provided to SSIE,

SSIE No.:  BJ-184

Status:  The research project was conducted for the Environmental
Protection Service, Environment Canada, as part of the Beaufort
Sea Study.  It was completed in May, 1975 and consisted of three
parts:

   Phase I - Selection and Development of Trenching Techniques
   Phase II - Oil Spill Containment Feasibility Study
   Phase III - Testing and Evaluation Technical and Cost Proposal

Abstracts for these 3 parts are given below.

  Reports

  Phase I - Selection and Development of Trenching Techniques
  This report presents a detailed review of the existing methods
  and techniques for rapid trenching of the sea ice to the water
  surface.  A new technique is developed to rapidly trench
  Beaufort Sea ice.  This is a cratering technique using drilled
  TNT and standard explosive accessories in conjunction with a
  gasoline-powered, track-mounted, 12-inch diameter ice auger
  to produce explosively excavated trenches.

  Phase II - Oil Spill Containment Feasibility Study
  This report presents a feasibility study on the containment
  of a crude oil spill from a well on an offshore oil lease in
  the Beaufort Sea.  Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness,
  logistics, and cost of the trenching technique developed in
  Phase I as a means for containing this spill in various
  types of sea ice and locations in the Beaufort Sea.

  Phase III - Testing and Evaluation Technical and Cost Proposal
  A technical and cost proposal for the testing and evaluation
  of the trenching method developed in Phase I is presented.
  This proposal also contains test work considered essential
  for full-scale evaluation of trenching as an oil containment
  method in shore fast ice.

Information Source:  W. A. Crosby, Mining Resource Engineering
                     Ltd., 24A Chatham St., Kingston, Ontario
                     K7K 4G5
                               265

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2.  CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
    R-032-74 (Renewal)
    HIGH SEAS, EPA POOL,  AND SPILL OF OPPORTUNITY TESTING

    Principal  Investigator:   Unknown
    Performing Organization:   Lockheed Missiles  and Space Co.,
                              1111  Lockheed Way, Sunnyvale,
                              California  94088
    Supporting Agency: U.S.  Department of Transportation, Coast
                       Guard,  Contract 045388
    Period:   7/75 to 6/76             Funds:   Unknown

    "High seas testing, preparation of special test equipment,
    test operations,  and  final  report."

    SSIE No.:   GZ-45388-2
    R-l54-74  (Renewal)
    PROTOTYPE OIL  RECOVERY  SYSTEM  FOR  USE  ON THE  HIGH  SEAS,
    PHASE  I I/LOCKHEED

    Principal  Investigator:   Unknown
    Performing Organization:  Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
                             1111  Lockheed Way,  Sunnyvale,
                             California 94088
    Supporting Agency:  U.S.  Department of Transportation, Coast
                       Guard, Contract 025418
    Period:   7/74  to 6/75              Funds:  $91,487

    A comprehensive loads analysis  and a loads analysis for the
    internal  pressure of the  inflation system will be  combined
    to  form the basis of the  structural criteria  to be used in
    designing  the  pontoons.   More  loads analyses  of localized
    areas may  be required as  the design progresses.

    Design and engineering

    SSIE No.:  GZF-18-2
   R-293-74  (Renewal)
   HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF POROUS BARRIERS AND THE DISC DRUM OIL
   RECOVERY MECHANISM

   Principal Investigator:  Unknown
   Performing Organization:  Texas A & M University System, Graduate
                             School, College Station, Texas 77843
                                 266

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  Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                     Guard, Contract 055593
  Period:  7/75  to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

  A computer analysis of single and multiple barrier designs will
  be made.  Factors such as oil thickness, water and oil viscosity,
  and oil type will be evaluated; k, the pressure drop coefficient,
  will be determined.  A closed loop pressure drop rig will be
  designed and fabricated.

  Design and engineering

 SSIE No.:  GZ-55593-1
 R-299-74 (Renewal)
 FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM

 Principal Investigator:   Unknown
 Performing Organization:   Seaward Incorporated,  6269 Leesburg Pike,
                           Falls Church,  Virginia 22044
 Supporting Agency:  U.S.  Department of Transportation, Coast
                     Guard,  Contract 055588
 Period:   7/75 to 6/76             Funds:   Unknown

 A system capable of performing  effectively in  a  variety of
 oil  spill conditions and  in current velocities of  4-10 knots
 will  be  developed in order  to minimize the technical  risks
 associated  with  the control  of  oil  slicks  in fast  currents.

 Design and  engineering

 SSIE  No.:   GZ-55588-1
R-8-76
FLAME SPREADING ACROSS LIQUID FUELS

Principal Investigators:  Glassman, I., W, A. Sirignano, and
                          F. L. Dryer
Department:  Aerospace and Mechanical Science
Performing Organization:  Princeton University, School of
                          Engineering and Applied Science, Box 430,
                          Princeton, N.J. 08540
Supporting Agency:  U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
                    Advances in Energy Research and Technology
Period:   3/75 to 2/76             Funds:  1975 - $73,000

The study of the spread of flames across liquid fuels can add to
the understanding of many problems, including combustion techniques
                               267

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for  the removal of oil spills.  A complete analytical solution,
which combines both the gas and liquid phenomena, is being
developed to answer some of the questions.

Bibliographic references:  FLAME SPREADING ACROSS LIQUID FUELS.
Dryer, F. L., H. J. Herring, A. He1mstetter, W. A. Sirignano
and  I. Glassman.  1973.  Princeton University Aerospace and
Mechanical Sciences, Technical Report No. 1140.

SSIE No.:  GSQ-150-3
R-9-76
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Hydronautics, Inc., 7210 Pindel School
                          Road, Laurel, Maryland 20810
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                    Guard
Period:  7/74 to 4/75 (est )      Funds:  Unknown

This fast current oil response system will be designed to be
effective in currents of 4 to 10 knots and a variety of oil
spill conditions.  The system will be designed in order to
minimize the technical risks associated with fast current
control and recovery of oil slicks.

Design and engineering

MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#055589.  1975.

Status:  The final report has been prepared and is available
through NTIS, USCG-D-36-75, Contract DOT-CG-40218-A.  Hydronautics
involvement in this Coast Guard project has been discontinued.

  Reports and Publications

  FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM - STAGE I, SVROS DEVELOPMENT

  Lindenmuth, W. T., T. R. Sundaram, and A. M. Sinnerwalla.  1975.
  Final report, TR 7501-1 USCG-D-36-75, Contract DOT-CG-40218-A.

  The Surface Velocity Retarder Oil Skimmer (SVROS) is an energy
  absorbing device designed to recover thin oil slicks in high
  relative currents.  An array of closely spaced flat plates
  gradually dissipates the kinetic energy of the oil/water inflow
  so that the oil can be collected without entrainment losses.
  In model tests, the effects of velocity, oil type, slick
                               268

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   thickness  and model  geometry  were tested.   Optimal model
   configurations for  different  environmental  conditions were
   discovered.

 Information  Source:   W. T,  Lindenmuth, Hydronautics, Inc.,
                      7210 Pindell School Road, Howard County,
                      Laurel, Maryland 20810
 R-10-76
 LITERATURE  ON  PENETRATING SEA-ICE, AND RECOVERY, TRANSFERRAL,
 SEPARATION  AND DISPOSAL.OF OIL SPILLED UNDER ARCTIC  ICE  (ABBREV)

 Principal Investigator:  Unknown
 Performing  Organization:  Montreal Engineering Company Ltd.,
                          Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 Supporting  Agency:  Canada, Department of the Environment,
                    No. SS01 KE204-4-EP10/12/13
 Period:  11/74 to 10/75           Funds:  $116,112

 No summary  provided to SSIE.

 SSIE No.:   BJ-183
R-ll-76
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory,
                          Panama City, Florida 32401
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                    Guard, Z-70099-4-42734
Period:  6/74 to 2/76             Funds:  Unknown

The objective of this project is "to design, fabricate, test
and evaluate a developmental model of a Fast Surface Delivery
System (FSD) for Pollution Control Equipment."

Design and engineering

Information Source:   MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#055596.  1975.
R-12-76
STORAGE AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF OIL RECOVERED FROM SPILLS

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
                          505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
                              269

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Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                    Guard
Period:  7/74 to 2/75 (est.)      Funds:  Unknown

Battelle's investigation concerns methods for temporary storage
and ultimate disposal of oil recovered from spills in Alaska.

Information Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#055585.  1975.
                               270

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3.   WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
    R-211-74 (Renewal)
    BILGE AND BALLAST WATER OIL  POLLUTION  CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY  FOR
    NAVAL SHIPS

    Principal  Investigators:  Yu, T.  S.,  and J.  I.  Schwartz
    Performing Organization:   U.S. Navy, Ship Research and  Development
                              Center, Annapolis, Maryland 21402
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Department  of Defense, Navy,
                        No.  DN710112
    Period:   7/75  to  6/76             Funds:  Unknown

    No  sunmary provided  to  SSIE.

    SSIE  No.:   ZQN-710112-5
   R-325-74  (Renewal)
   CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT OF SHIPBOARD OILY WASTE STREAMS

   Principal Investigators:  Schmitt, R. F., and J. W. Harden
   Performing Organization:  U.S. Navy, Ship Research and Development
                             Center, Annapolis, Maryland 21402
   Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Defense, Navy,
                       No. DN578168
   Period:  7/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

   No summary provided to SSIE.  Title of previous grant was
   "Particulate removal in oil/water separation processes."

   Analysis

   SSIE No.:   ZQN-578168-1
                                271

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4.  PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
    R-13-76
    NATIONAL OIL SPILL TRAINING PROGRAM

    Principal Investigator:   Franklin,  H.  L.
    Performing Organization:   Texas  A  & I University,  Corpus  Christi,
                              P.O.  Box  6010,  Corpus Christi, Texas  78411
    Supporting Agency:  U.S.  Energy Research  and Development Administration
    Period:  10/75 to ?              Funds:   Unknown

    The course to be developed would focus on cleanup  of oil spills
    from terminals, barge and tanker accidents,  pipeline ruptures,
    and spills associated with exploration and production facilities
    that could affect the aquatic environment.  As a part of the
    curriculum, the University will  produce motion pictures and  slides
    for use in course instruction.   The curriculum will  be broad
    enough to include personnel from private  cleanup services,
    corporations, governmental agencies and other individuals.

    Cleanup and recovery

    Information Source:  W.  E. Mott, Division of Environmental Control
                         Technology, U.S.  Energy, Research and
                         Development Administration, Washington,
                         D.C. 20545
                                    272

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5.  CONTINGENCY PLANNING
    R-14-76
    OIL SPILLS - THE POLICY OF PREVENTION AND THE STRATEGY OF RECOVERY

    Principal Investigator:  Conrad, J.  M.
    Specialty:  Agricultural  and Food Economics
    Performing Organization:   University of Massachusetts, School  of
                              Food and Natural Research,  Amherst,
                              Massachusetts 01002
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Department  of the Interior,  Office  of
                        Water Research and Technology,  No.  A-087-MASS
    Period:   7/75 to 7/76             Funds:   $5,000,multiple support

    The objectives of this  study are:   (1) survey state and national
    legislation designed to prevent spills and assess its  effectiveness;
    and (2)  survey the  oil  spills recovery technology and  construct  a
    model  for the allocation  of  recovery resources  so as  to be in
    "the best state of  preparedness"  in  the event of a  spill.

    State  legislation
    Foreign  legislation

    SSIE No.:   GUY-365

    Status:   This  project deals  only with  oil recovery  strategy  for
    coastal  Massachusetts.  Research to  construct indices of
    sensitivity of coastal  zone  resources  is  underway and will be
    completed  by 2/29/79.   Review and  incorporation of  existing  oil
    spill  statistics  into the  proposed location model is underway
    with completion  expected by  2/29/79.   Nearshore oil recovery
    technology will  be  assessed  to  determine  probable recovery rates
    for resources  (vessels, booms,  barges,  skimmers, and material
    adsorbents)  located  at  several  harbors  along  this coastline.  This
    origin-destination  recovery  efficiency  will be completed  by  4/30/76.
    All  information obtained from  these  studies will be introduced into
    a spatial  model seeking to minimize  the cost  of unrecovered oil.
    A report to the Water Resources Center, University  of Massachusetts,
    is  expected  by 6/30/76.

    Information  Source:   J. M. Conrad, Food and Resource Economics,
                         304 Draper Hall, University of Massachusetts,
                        Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
                                  273

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C.  EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

    1.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
        R-088-74 (Renewal)
        FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS TO ENABLE DETERMINING EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

        Principal Investigators:  Glynn, P.  W.,  C. Birkeland, A.  A.  Reimer,
                                  and J, R,  Young
        Performing Organization:  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,
                                  401 M St., S.W., Washington, D.C.  20460
        Supporting Agency:  Smithsonian Institution Tropical  Research
                            Institute, No.  14-12-874
        Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  Multiple support,  unknown

        In late 1968, a tanker broke up 2 to 3 miles from the STRI  marine
        laboratory at Galeta Island.  Since  little quantitative data were
        available on the organisms of the reefs  and mangroves nearby,
        the "biological costs" of the oil pollution could not be  assessed.
        STRI proposes to establish the necessary baselines, and to explore
        several natural agents of oil pollution  abatement.

        SSIE No.:  GTA-64-3
        R-232-74 (Renewal)
        PROCESSING OF BUNKER C OIL PARTICLES BY ZOOPLANKTON

        Principal Investigator:  Strickler, J. R.
        Specialty:  Earth and Planetary Sciences
        Performing Organization:  John Hopkins University, School of Arts
                                  and Sciences, Charles and 34th Sts.,
                                  Baltimore, Maryland 21218
        Supporting Agency:  American Chemical Society, No. 2740GI
        Period:  9/74 to 8/75             Funds:  $2,000
                             I

        No summary provided to SSIE.
                   i   .    '
        Biological degradation

        SSIE No.:  PCS-1856-2
        P-15-76
        STUDIES ON HYDROCARBON AND HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS IN THE MARINE
        ENVIRONMENT

        Principal Investigator:  Di Salvo, L. H.
        Performing Organization:  Naval Biomedical Research Laboratory,
                                  School of Public Health, University of
                                  California, Oakland, Ca. 94625
                                    274

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 Supporting Agency:   Department of the Navy,  Office of Naval
                     Research
 Period:   11/71  to continuing       Funds:   Unknown.

 The purpose of  this  research  is  to determine pollutant induced
 levels of selected hydrocarbons  and heavy  metals  in  environmental
 samples;  and to determine  their  potential  effects  on the  natural
 functions of organisms  and microsystems in which  they occur.  A
 number of studies have  been conducted which  have  defined
 pollutant hydrocarbon and  copper  levels within selected organisms
 from San  Francisco Bay  and unpolluted background  environments.

 Status:   Final  studies  on the  presence and identification of
 petroleum residues in organisms of  San Francisco Bay  are contin-
 uing.  A  study  is in progress  to compare hydrocarbon  burdens
 between Dungeness crabs from the San Francisco and Eureka
 fishing grounds  in an attempt  to demonstrate any differences
 which may explain population declines near this area.  Research
 is beginning on a project for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 Waterways Experiment Station,   This work concerns the potential
 for the release of oil and grease residues from dredging which
may enter and affect organisms in or near the dredging areas.
 It is a literature and preliminary laboratory program.

  Publications

  HYDROCARBONS ASSOCIATED WITH SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
  IN SAN  FRANCISCO BAY WATERS

  Di Salvo, L. H., and H.  E. Guard.  1975.
  Conference on  Prevention  and Control  of  Oil Pollution,  San
  Francisco, 1975.

  A double settling tube called the "biosampler"  was  used  to
  collect  suspended sediments;  bay mussels  in one  of  the  tubes
  were  used to actively  entrap the particles.   Thin-layer
  chromatography was  used to analyze for total  alkane and
  total aromatic hydrocarbons  in  the sediments.  Using the
  minimum  values, it  was calculated that 13.5 metric  tons
  of presumably  pollutant hydrocarbons were associated with
  the suspended  particulates in the  bay.
                                                i

  TISSUE HYDROCARBON  BURDEN OF  MUSSELS AS POTENTIAL OF
  ENVIRONMENTAL  HYDROCARBON INSULT

  Di Salvo,  L. H., H. E. Guard, and  L. Hunter.  1975.
  Environmental  Science  and Technology 9(3):247-251.
                                    I
  Data are presented on  the hydrocarboni'content.of mussels
  collected  from  stations in San Francisco Bay and clean
                               275

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  water, on hydrocarbon loss when polluted mussels are
  transferred and the result of placing these transplants
  back in their home waters.
Information Source:
                     L, H. Di Salvo, Naval Biomedical Research
                     Laboratory, Naval Supply Center, Oakland,
                     California 94625
R-16-76
LIABILITY OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR NON-LETHAL EFFECTS
ON MARINE ORGANISMS
Principal Investigators;
Specialty:  Chemistry
Performing Organization:
                          Reichardt, P. B., and D. K. Button
                          University of Alaska, School of
                          Mathematics, Physical Sciences and
                          Engineering, Fairbanks, Alaska 99735
Supporting Agency:  U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
                    National and International Programs,
                    No. ID075-03677A01
Period:  8/75 to 11/75            Funds:  $21,400

The metabolism of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons by marine
microorganisms will be studied.  The compounds tested will come
from laboratory synthesis, purchased from outside sources and
collected from oil polluted water.   Chemostat techniques will
be used to test the effect of low concentrations of these
compounds on organisms.

Biological degradation

SSIE No.:  GSN-2038-1
R-17-76
Unknown

Principal Investigator:  Rice, S.  D.
Performing Organization:  U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
                          Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155,
                          Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Fish and  Wildlife Service, Aleyeska
Period:  1975 to ?
                    Pipeline Service Co.
                                  Funds:  $65,000
Research being conducted involves oil  bioassays and avoidance
behavior of salmon fry to oil in freshwater.
                              276

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 Status:  The above research is for the current year.

 Information Source:   J.  F.  Karinen, U,S.  Department  of Commerce,
                      NOAA,  Auke Bay Fisheries  Laboratory,
                      P.O.  Box  155,  Auke Bay, Alaska  99821
 R-18-76
 ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY,  UPTAKE  AND  DEPURATION AND  SUBLETHAL
 METABOLIC RESPONSES OF ALASKAN  MARINE ORGANISMS TO  PETROLEUM
 HYDROCARBONS

 Principal Investigators:   Rice,  S.  D.,  and J. F. Karinen
 Performing Organization:   U.S.  Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
                           Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155,
                           Auke  Bay, Alaska 99821
 Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Department of  Commerce, NOAA, Environ-
                     mental Research Laboratories, Outer Continental
                     Shelf Energy Assessment Program
 Period:   7/75  to  10/76           Funds:  $227,800

 General  research  objectives  are:  to determine the acute and
 chronic  effects of  crude  oil, its component fractions, and other
 petroleum-associated chemicals on physiological and behavioral
 mechanisms of  selected arctic organisms; and to conduct
 laboratory and field studies to  determine recovery rates of
 organisms and  ecosystems  from disturbances associated with
 petroleum development.

 Status:   This  contract "is  initially for 15 months, but it is
 expected  to  be renewed  annually  for several  years.

 Information  Source:  J. F. Karinen, U.S. Department of Commerce,
                     NOAA, Auke  Bay Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box
                     155, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
R-19-76
EFFECTS OF COOK INLET CRUDE OIL ON MARINE ORGANISMS/KACHEMAK BAY
MARINE STUDIES PROJECT

Principal Investigators:  Rice, S. D., and J. F. Karinen
Performing Organization:  U.S. Department of Commerce, Auke Bay
                          Fisheries Laboratory, P.O. Box 155,
                          Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
Supporting Agency:  Shell Oil  Company, Union Oil Company of
                    California, Standard Oil Company of California,
                    Marathon Oil Company, Phillips Petroleum Company,
                    Texaco, Inc.
Period:  6/74 to 11/75            Funds:  $175,000
                                277

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The purpose of the study was to conduct acute bioassays with Cook
Inlet crude oil on Alaskan organisms.

Status:  The contract is in its final stages of completion - all
research is completed and a final report is in preparation.   The
final report is expected to be submitted to the funding
organization about January, 1976, and should be available shortly
after this date.

Information Source:  J.  F. Karinen, U.S. Department of Commerce,
                     NOAA, Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory,
                     P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821
R-20-76
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE SPECIES
OF SOUTHERN ALASKA

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke
                          Bay, Alaska
Supporting Agency:  Standard Oil Company of California, Union Oil
                    Company of California, Shell Oil Company and
                    Texaco
Period:  1974 to 1976             Funds:  $200,000

The acute and chronic effects of petroleum on various life stages
of commercially important species indigenous to Southern Alaska
are being studied.  Crude oils from Cook Inlet and Prudhoe Bay
are being used.

Economic effects of oil pollution

Status:  The experimental work is completed and a report is
being prepared.  Results will be published in technical journals
by individual co-investigators.

Information Source:  T. Smith, Standard Oil Company, P.O. Box 3495,
                     San Francisco, California 94119
R-21-76
MUTAGENIC POTENTIAL OF PETROLEUM BY PRODUCTS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
WATERS

Principal Investigator:  Voll, M. J.
Specialty:  Microbiology
Performing Organization:  University of Maryland, Graduate School,
                          College Park, Maryland 20740
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
                    Water Research and Technology, No. A-034-MD
Period:  7/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown
                                278

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The ability of oil polluted water and sediments and oil
degradation products to induce mutation will be tested in a
bacterial assay system designed to detect compounds which
induce point mutations in DNA.  Rat liver homogenate will be
used to detect compounds which can be converted to mutagenic
derivatives by mammalian enzyme systems.

SSIE No.:  GUY-445

Status:  The project is currently in progress.   No resultant
papers or reports have been prepared.

Information Source:  M. J.  Voll,  Department of Microbiology,
                     University of Maryland, College Park,
                     Maryland 20742
                             279

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2.   GENERAL EFFECTS
    R-22-76
    MARINE ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAM (MESA)

    Principal  Investigator:   Gunnerson,  C.  G.
    Performing Organization:   U.S.  Department  of Commerce,  Environmental
                              Research Laboratories,  Boulder,  Colorado
                              80302
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Department  of  Commerce,  NOAA,  Environmental
                        Research Laboratories, No.  84121405
    Period:   7/75 to 6/76             Funds:   $500

    Projects under MESA now  include New  York Bight  and  Puget Sound
    Projects and the Deep Ocean  Mining Environmental  Study.  The
    director of MESA coordinates and directs the numerous  interrelated
    elements in each project.  Further on-site investigations  of  the
    "Metula" oil  spill  will  be added.

    SSIE No.:   ZBP-978-1

    Status:   The project is  continuing.

      Reports

      THE METULA OIL SPILL

      Gunnerson,  C.  G.   1975.
      Summary  of the National  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
      Workshop, Boulder,  Colorado,  June  24-26, 1975.

      The fate and effects of the Metula Oil Spill, the  research  needed
      to provide transferrable information  for use  in other areas,
      and the  roles of  U.S.,  Chilean and international  agencies in
      future research in  this  area  were  reviewed at the  workshop.
      Initial  obvious economic impacts of this extremely large spill
      on the environment were not large.  Long-term effects are yet
      to be measured and  a unique opportunity  exists  to  develop
      valuable and transferrable environmental  information  for use in
      planning and predicting  impacts and remedial measures elsewhere.

    Information Source:   C.  G. Gunnerson, Marine Ecosystems Analysis
                         Program Office, U.S.  Department of Commerce,
                         NOAA, Environmental Research Laboratories,
                         Boulder, Colorado  80302
                                  280

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 R-23-76
 A BASELINE STUDY OF THE MOSS LANDING ELKHORN SLOUGH ENVIRONMENT

 Principal Investigator:  Nybakken, J.
 Performing Organization:  California State University and Colleges,
                           Graduate School, Washington Square, San
                           Jose, California 95114
 Supporting Agency:  Pacific Gas and Electric Company
 Period:  7/74 to 6/75             Funds:  1974, $10,000;
                                           1975, $90,000

 A resolution by the Central  Coast Region California Coastal  Zone
 Conservation Commission has  provided the impetus for an objective,
 systematic baseline study of the Moss Landing - Elkhorn Slough
 environment.   The investigators propose to study benthic macro-
 invertebrates and fishes inhabiting Elkhorn Slough  to determine
 natural variability and dependence on the slough.

 Biological  effects of oil  prospecting and production

 SSIE No.:   BG-960
 R-24-76
 MARINE BIOLOGY  PROGRAM

 Principal  Investigator:  Matters,  K.
 Performing  Organization:  Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, College
                          Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
 Supporting  Agency:   Energy Research and Development Administration
 Period:  7/75 to  ?                 Funds:  Unknown

 The purposes of this study are:  to determine the types of
 energy related  pollutants; their levels and effects in the air,
 water, soil sediments, natural ecosystems, cultivated crops and
 human beings.   The total impact of energy related pollutants in
 Guayanilla-Tallaboa area, where the largest petrochemical and
 fossil fuel power plant complex is located, will be assessed.

 Status:  About  80% of the research effort in February, 1976,
will focus on the effects of petrochemical refineries and related
 industries on the nearshore tropical  marine communities in
Guayanilla-Tallaboa bays.  No reports or papers have been prepared
at the present  time.
Information Source:
K. W. Watters, Marine Ecology Division, Puerto
Rico Nuclear Center, College Station,
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708
                                281

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D.  EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION

    1.   GENERAL EFFECTS
        R-25-76
        ATLANTIC/ALASKAN DCS PETROLEUM STUDY

        Principal Investigators:   Moore,  S. F.,  J.  W.  Devanney,  and
                                  J.  B.  Lassiter
        Specialty:   Civil  Engineering
        Performing  Organization:   Massachusetts  Institute of Technology,
                                  School  of Engineering,  Cambridge,
                                  Massachusetts  02139
        Supporting  Agency:   U.S.  Department of Health, Education and
                            Welfare,  Social and  Rehabilitation Service,
                            Community Services Administration
        Period:  7/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

        This study  concerns potential effects  of oil prospecting and
        production  on the  OCS of  the  Atlantic  and the  Gulf of Alaska.
        Oil  spill tracking, weathering and effects  will  be investigated.
        From the analysis  of hypothetical  oil  discharges, high risk
        areas will  be identified.

        Bibliographic references:

        POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  OF HYPOTHETICAL OIL  DISCHARGES  IN
        THE  ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF ALASKA.  Moore, S. F., G. R.
        Chirlin, B. P.  Schrader,  and  C.  J. Puccia.  M.I.T.  Sea Grant
        Project Office, MIRSG-74-19,  1974.
        ECOLOGICAL  ASPECTS OF OFFSHORE EXPLORATION  AND EXPLOITATION
        ACTIVITIES.  Moore, S,  F., G. R.  Chirlin, B. P.  Schrader, and
        C. J. Puccia.  ONS Technology Conference, Stavenger, Norway, 1974,

        General fate of oil in the environment

        SSIE No.:  GTB-1464
        R-26-76
        LOUISIANA SUPERPORT FEASIBILITY  STUDIES

        Principal  Investigators:   Stone,  J.  H.,  Whitehurst,  Moeller,
                                  G.  Johnson,  and Gagliano
        Performing Organization:   Louisiana  State University,  Baton
                                  Rouge,  Louisiana 70803
        Supporting Agency:   National  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
                            Sea Grant Office,  R/PHT-1
        Period:  2/73 to 7/74 (est.)       Funds:  Unknown
                                    282

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The feasibility studies will  include economic justification,
legal problems, engineering data needs, and environmental
constraints.  To date, the first-phase report has been completed;
it includes preliminary recommendations to the State Deep
Draft Harbor and Terminal  Authority on topics such as law  and
environment.

Information Source:  MRIS  Abstracts 11 (June}:#050007,  1975.
                                283

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E.   FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT

    1.  BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
        R-27-76
        EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION ON
        PETROLEUM BIODEGRADATION

        Principal  Investigator:   Atlas,  R.  M,
        Performing Organization:   University of Louisville,  Louisville,
                                  Kentucky
        Supporting Agency:   Department of the Navy,  Office of Naval
                            Research
        Period:   9/73  to  12/76           Funds:   Unknown

        This  research  is  to  further increase knowledge  in the field  of
        Arctic  and Antarctic marine microbiology.  The  work  is  designed
        to  study the intersection of microbial  communities of coastal
        waters  with Alaskan  crude oil.

        Status:   Summer field work concerned with  monitoring  changes
        in  microbial populations  of Alaskan  coastal  waters exposed to
        petroleum hydrocarbons was carried  out in  collaboration with
        the Naval  Arctic  Research Laboratory.   The effects of the oil
        on  essential microbial  processes are being determined to learn
        if  oil  is  degradable when the sea is frozen.

        Information Source:   P. E.  Toops, Naval  Biology,  Department  of
                             the  Navy, Office  of Naval  Research,
                             Arlington,  Virginia 22217
        R-28-76
        MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF HYDROCARBONS UNDER  LOW TEMPERATURE
        MARINE CONDITIONS

        Principal Investigator:  Cundell, A. M.
        Performing Organization:  Rhode  Island University, Department of
                                 Plant  Pathology-Entomology,  Kingston,
                                 Rhode  Island 02881
        Supporting Agency:  Office of Naval Research
        Period:  3/73 to ?                Funds:  Unknown

        The  information on marine microbiology in cold regions will be
        extended.  Microbial metabolism  of hydrocarbons  under  low
        temperature marine conditions will be investigated.

        Information Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#044215.   1975.
                                  284

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R-29-76
ARCTIC OIL BIODEGRADATION

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Alaska University, College, Institute of
                          Marine Sciences, College, Alaska 99701
Supporting Agency:  U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
                    Guard
Period:  6/72 to 6/74  (est.)      Funds:  Unknown

The question of the importance of biodegradation in the eventual
elimination or reduction of hydrocarbons in arctic waters is
addressed.

Information Source:  MRIS Abstracts 11 (June):#036326.  1975.
R-30-76
BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS

Principal Investigator:  Unknown
Performing Organization:  Bureau de Recherches Geol.  et Min.,
                          74 Rue de la Federation, Paris 15E,
                          France
Supporting Agency:  France, Bureau of Recherches Geol.  et Min.,
                    No. RS200
Period:  1/74 to 12/74            Funds:  Unknown

The biodegradation of different types of hydrocarbons by micro-
organisms "in vitro," and the ability of different media to
increase the rate of biodegradation have been tested.  A mixed
culture of microorganisms isolated from a hydrocarbon polluted
soil is     more effective at biodegradation than a mono-specific
culture.  Nutrients are essential.

SSIE No.:  BJ-655
                               285

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2.  PHYSICAL CHANGES
    R-31-76
    EVAPORATION OF OIL SPILLS ON WATER

    Principal Investigators:   Palmer, L.  L.,  and H.  S.  Fogler
    Performing Organization:   Chevron Oil  Field Research  Co.,
                              La Habra, Ca.,  University of Michigan,
                              Ann Arbor,  Michigan
    Supporting Agency:  Standard Oil  Company  of California
    Period:  1974 to 1976             Funds:   Unknown

    A theoretical and laboratory experimental  study  is  being
    conducted to develop a single mathematical  model  for  the
    evaporation of oil spills on water.  The  model  is  based on
    information available in  the literature.

    Information Source:   T. Smith, Standard Oil Company of California,
                         P.O. Box 3495, San Francisco,  California  94119
    R-32-76
    AN EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE DISPERSION  OF
    OIL SPILLS—SPREADING, RETENTION AND CLEAN-UP

    Principal  Investigator:  Wilson, M.  P., Jr.
    Performing Organization:   University of Rhode Island,  Kingston,
                              Rhode Island 02881
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Energy Research and  Development
                        Administration
    Period:  6/75 to 6/76             Funds:  Unknown

    The study will analyze the current state-of-the-art in the
    categories of oil spreading,  retention and cleanup. No report
    is available,

    Cleanup and recovery

    Information Source:   W. E, Mott, Division of  Environmental
                         Control  Technology, U.S. Energy,  Research
                         and Development Administration, Washington,
                         D.C. 20545
                                   286

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3.   GENERAL FATE OF OIL
    R-33-76
    CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN SAN  FRANCISCO
    BAY AND ADJACENT OCEAN

    Principal  Investigator:   Conomos, T.  J.
    Department:  Water Resources  Division
    Performing Organization:   U.S.  Department  of the  Interior,
                              Geological  Survey,  345  Middlefield Rd.,
                              Menlo Park, California  94025
    Supporting Agency:   U.S.  Department of the Interior,  Geological
                        Survey, Water Resources  Division, No. WROO-060
    Period:   7/74 to 6/75             Funds:   $134,200

    The investigators  plan to  acquire detailed knowledge  of the
    pertinent  natural  factors  operating in any river-ocean mixing
    system  in  order  to  better  understand  present  conditions and
    to  predict the results of  any changes.  Monthly hydrographic
    surveys  and measurements of surface and near-bottom water
    movements  using  drifters are the  research  approaches  that will
    be  used.

    Status:  This  research project  is  a broad  one, with only
    incidental  information generated  on oil pollution research.
    During the course of the ongoing  studies on circulation patterns,
    the  researchers  became involved in the San Francisco Bay oil
    spill.  They  do  not  expect to do  any  future work on oil spills.

     Reports

     MOVEMENT OF  SPILLED  OIL AS PREDICTED BY  ESTUARINE NONTIDAL DRIFT

     Conomos,  T.  J.  1975.
     Limnology and  Oceanography 20(2):159-173.

     Release  of  surface and seabed drifters was used to understand
     major processes controlling oil dispersal  after an oil  spill
     in San Francisco Bay, January, 1971.  Most oil moved seaward,
     but some oil globules sank to near-bottom -waters and were
     carried  landward.  Seasonal  phenomena must be considered in
     predicting the drift of future spills.

    Information Source:  T. J. Conomos, Water Resources  Division,
                        345 Middlefield Road,  Menlo Park,
                        California 94025
                                287

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R-34-76
FATE OF OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS IN LAKE MICHIGAN

Principal Investigator:  Harrison, W,
Performing Organization:  Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South
                          Cass Ave,, Argonne, Illinois 60439
Supporting Agency:  Energy Research and Development Administration
Period:  1/76 to ?                Funds:  Unknown

The project concerns the fate of oil refinery wastes in this
freshwater  system.  A report should be available on this effort
in June, 1976.

General effects of oil pollution

Information Source:  W. Harrison, Director, Water Resources
                     Research Program, Argonne National Laboratory,
                     9700 So. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439
R-35-76
QUANTITIES AND FORMS OF POLLUTANTS CARRIED BY THE MISSISSIPPI
RIVER AND THEIR FATE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

Principal Investigator:  Presley, B. J.
Specialty:  Oceanography
Performing Organization:  Texas A & M University System, School
                          of Science, College Station, Texas 77843
Supporting Agency:  U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of
                    National and International Programs,
                    No. GX-42576
Period:  4/75 to 3/76             Funds:  $49,900

The form, quantity and fate of heavy metals.chlorinated hydro-
carbons and petroleum hydrocarbons carried by the Mississippi
River into the Gulf of Mexico will be studied.  The mechanism
of transfer of pollutants from land to ocean via rivers will
be elucidated.

General fate of oil in the environment

SSIE No.:  GSN-1512-1

Status:  The NSF (IDOE) sponsored project is concerned mainly
with heavy metals, but some hydrocarbon studies have been done.
The results of the first two years of work were recently presented
at the Skidway Institution of Oceanography, and will be included
in a symposium volume to be edited by H. Windom of this institution.

Information Source:  B. J. Presley, Texas A & M University,
                     Department of Oceanography, College Station,
                     Texas 77843
                                288

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                              SECTION  IV.  PATENTS
A.  UNITED STATES PATENTS
    P-l-76
    FLOATING BOOM WITH DEMOUNTABLE  FLOATS

    Appelblom, H. R.,  and F. E.  de  Bourguilgnon.
    U.S.  Patent 3,882,682
1975.
    An  elongated sheet-like partition member  and a number of  floats
    comprise a boom  apparatus for  containment of floating pollutants.
    The demountable  float elements are secured to the partition member
    in  spaced apart  positions and  are designed for rapid and  easy
    attachment to  frame members of the floats.

    Containment

    Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,730.   1975.
                                  3,882,682
                    FLOATING BOOM WITH DEMOUNTABLE FLOATS
                  Harold R. Appelblom, 2310 Carlmont Dr., Bclmonl, Calif.
                    94002, and Francois Em lie de Bourguignon, 1269 Ridgeky
                    Dr., Campbell, Calif. 95008
                         Filed Apr. 16, 1973, Ser. No. 351,519
                               Int. Cl. E02b 15104
                  VS. CL61-1F                      7 Claims
                                      289

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P-2-76
OIL  FENCE HAVING A LIMITED FLEXIBILITY

Aramaki, K.,  Y.  Kawaguchi, and  H.  Kawakami.   1975.
U.S.  Patent  3,867,817

A number of  rigid floats are arranged side by side  to form a fence.
Each  float has  coffin-shaped, fixed plates attached to the ends.
When  the floats  are lined up, a  V-shaped  gap is  left between each
plate;  this  gap  is filled with  a flexible membrane  to allow the
floats  to flex  with wave movement.

Containment

Citation Source:   Underwater Information  Bulletin 7(4):#75/08/32.
                    1975.
                              3,867,817
                 OIL FENCE HAVING A LIMITED FLEXIBILITY
              Kuninori Aramaki; Yasuharu Kawaguchi, both of Yokohama,
               and Hiroshi Kawakami, Kamakura, ail of Japan, assignors
               lo Bridgeslone Tire Company Limited, Tokyo. Japan
                     Filed June 25, 1973, Ser. No. 373,222
               Claims priority, application Japan, June 29, 1972, 47-64431
                           Int. Cl. E02b IS 104
              U.S. Cl. 61-1 F                      5 Claims
                                    290

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P-3-76
OIL  CONTAINMENT APPARATUS

Ayers, R. R.,  and E. V.  Seymour.
U.S.  Patent  3,886,750
1975.
A barrier and  an elongated float  upstream  of the  barrier define a
capture area where the  flow velocity is  locally reduced.  Oil  enters
the  capture area and accumulates  because of the inability of  the low
current velocity to remove it.  Oil  may  then be skimmed or removed.

Containment

Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,729.   1975.
                                3,886,750
                       OIL CONTAINMENT APPARATUS
                Ray R. Ayers, and Errol V. Seymour, both of Houston, Tex.,
                 assignors to Shell Oil Company, Houston, Tex.
                  Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 81,305, Oct. 16, 1970,
                abandoned. This application Apr. 24,1972, Ser. No. 247,079
                             Int. Cl. E02b IS/04
                VS. Cl. 61-1 F                      is cuims
                                    291

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P-4-76
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF  PETROLEUM

Azarowicz, E. N.  1974.
U.S.  Patent 3,856,667

Petroleum or oil waste materials are degraded  by treating with  a
strain of Candida lipolytica.   This microorganism has a broad
spectrum of degradation capabilities and is  non-toxic.  The process
can be used to remove oil  spillage or oily wastes discharged from
industrial  plants.

Biological  degradation
Waste  oil  and waste water  treatment
Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20):
                   #W75-09862.   1975.
P-5-76
PETROLEUM  IDENTIFICATION

Brown, C.  W.,  M.  Ahmadjian,  and  P.  F. Lynch.   1975.
U.S. Patent 3,896,312

Oil samples collected from surface  water can  be  identified by
comparing  the  infrared spectrum  of  the unidentified  oil sample  to
the infrared spectra of a number of identified oil  samples.  Methods
for allowing for sodium chloride cell interference  and methods  using
aluminum foil  strips to separate oil  from the  water  environment
are also described.

Source identification
Sampl ing

Citation Source:   Petroleum  Abstracts 15(45):#212,825.  1975.

                                  3,896,312
                          PETROLEUM IDENTIFICATION
                  Christopher W. Brown, R. R. 1, Box S-I2, Saundmtown, R.I.
                    02874; Mark Ahmadjian, 10 Blackamore Ave., Cranston, .
                    R.I. 02910. and Patricia F. Lynch, 320 Boston Neck Rd.,
                    Narragansett, R.I. 02882
                         Filed June 7, 1974, Ser. No. 477,414
                               Int. Cl. GO In 21126
                  U.S. Cl. 250-343                    II Claims
                                 H NORMALIZED MDO
                                   292

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P-6-76
ENVIRONMENTALLY  SAFE DISPOSAL OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

Callahan, J. 1.,  H.  F. Hardman, and  R.  K. Grasselli.  1974.
U.S.  Patent 3,804,756

A disposal method for toxic hydrocarbons, amines,  acrylonitrile
wastes,  etc. consists of  entrainment in 90% steam  and passage
over  a catalyst  (i.e., copper oxide) at 250-700°C  to convert
wastes to N, ^0, and C02-

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Industrial  Wastes  Information  Bulletin  5(4):
                    #HMS 4696.   1975.
                             3,804,756
                 ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DISPOSAL OF
                       ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
              James L. Cullahan, Bedford Heights, Hurley F. Hardman,
               Lyndhurst, and Robert K. Grasselli, Chagrin  Falls,
               Ohio, assignors to The Standard Oil Company, Cleve-
               land, Ohio
                    Filed June 22, 1972, Scr. No. 265,162
                          Int. CI. C02b 1/18
              U.S. CI. 210—59                    8 Claims
                           .sr.
                                  293

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P-7-76
                                                     EFFLUENTS FROM
Charpentier, P.   1975.
U.S.  Patent 3,875,998

The  system for underwater separation of  effluents consists of a
base anchored to  the seabed and containing  at least one  gas/liquid
separator.  The separator is  attached to the underwater  well and
leads to either a  burner or a  pipe to draw  off the liquid phase
A column is attached to the base and ends at the water surface
in a  working platform.

Waste oil  and waste  water treatment
Design  and engineering
Citation  Source:
Selected  Water Resources Abstracts 8(17)
#5G-W75-08629.  1975.
                              3,875,998
               INSTALLATION FOR SEPARATION ON THE SEABED OF
                THE EFFLUENTS FROM UNDERWATER OIL WELLS
               PkiTe Charpentier, Louveciennes, France, assignor to Entre-
                prtse de Rechcrches et D'ActiviUes Petrolkres (EU), Paris,
                France
                      Filed Oct 27, 1972, Ser. No. 301,279
                            Int. Cl. E21b 7112
               U.S.CI.166-.5
                                              7cla|m,
                                  294

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P-8-76
OIL AND  DEBRIS REMOVAL  UNIT

Condit,  P.,  Jr.  1975.
U.S.  Patent  3,891,558

An endless belt, which  is oil attracting, is mounted  on a pair
of rotating  drums.  The drums maintain  tension on  the belt and
are used to  mount wipers to clean oil from the belt.   Scoops
with  fluid release  slots are mounted  on the outside of the belt
and remove solid debris.

Cleanup  and  recovery

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(43):#212,076.  1975.
                              3.H9I.55H
                      OIL AND DEIIKIS REMOVAL UNIT
               Paul Condll, Jr., 11327 Sage Park, Houston, Tex. 77034
                      Filed Dtc. 6, 1972. Ser. No. 312,605
                            Int. Cl. B01d4J/00
               U.S. Cl. 210-526                     8 Claims
                                  295

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P-9-76
OIL  INTERCEPTORS FOR SEPARATING OIL FROM WATER  BY  GRAVITY


Cornelissen,  J.   1975.
U.S. Patent  3,884,815


Separate oil  outlet and water  outlet weirs are  connected to an oil
outlet and water outlet of the separator device, which is used on
board ship.   The weirs are mounted close to one another on board
ship (the edge of the oil weir being at a higher level than that of
the water weir)  and are located where the pitching of the ship
causes minimum disturbance to  the oil skimming  process.


Cleanup and  recovery


Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(36):#210,321.  1975.

                                            3,884,815
                              OIL INTERCEPTORS FOR SEPARATING OIL FROM
                                        WATER BY GRAVITY
                            Jan Cornelisscn, The Hague, Netherlands, assignor to Shell Oil
                              Company, Houston, Tex.
                                    Filed Oct. 26, 1973, Ser. No. 410,279
                              Claims priority, application United Kingdom, Oct. 27, 1972,
                            49593/72; July, 1973, 34471/73
                                         Int. Cl. BO Id  21100
                            U.S. Cl. 210—521                     7 Claims
P-10-76
OIL SORPTION MATERIAL

De Young,  W.  J.   1975.
U.S. Patent  3,888,766

Material for absorbing oil  from water surfaces  consists of cellular
materials  impregnated with  a  hydrophobic and  oleophilic sealant  in
an amount  sufficient to coat  the surfaces of  the  cells or capillary
-J-—'--•    The substance is  relatively inactive  in water but  becomes
           by oil, so that rapid absorption of large amounts  of oil
domains.
activated
occurs.
Cleanup and  recovery

Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(38):#210,731.   1975.
                                  296

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APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED  SHIPPING OF  CRUDE OIL RELATIVE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE  AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Elson,  J. M.  1975.
U.S.  Patent 3,864,935

In order to avoid  oil spills, oil  is frozen into  molds in shapes
useful  for transportation.  The units of oil are  transported
through a tube.  Means  for pouring  the oil into  the containers
and  for closing  the containers are  described.

Oil  transfer and transport

Citation Source:  Selected Water  Resources Abstracts 8(18):
                    #W75-09319.   1975.
                             3,864,935
              APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED SHIPPING OF CRUDE OIL
                 RELATIVE TO ENVIRONMENT DAMAGE AND
                        ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
              Jesse M. Elson, 138 E. Washington Ave., Pearl River, N.Y.
               10965
                     Filed Mar. 22, 1973, Ser. No. 343,925
                           Int. Cl. F25c 1104
              U.S. Cl. 62-356                     2 Claims
                             rr
                                    297

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P-12-76
OIL SEPARATION AND RECOVERY  DEVICE

Galicia,  F.   1975.
U.S. Patent  3,890,234

The device may be towed,  propelled or left  stationary on an  oil-
polluted  water surface.   The liquid surface comes into contact
with inverted V-shaped troughs  which cause  the  oil-polluted  water
to flow into an inner chamber due to the vacuum.   Depolluted
discharging  water is used to induce a surface current of the oil-
polluted  water to flow toward the troughs.

Cleanup and  recovery

Citation  Source:  Petroleum  Abstracts 15(38):#210,727.  1975.
                             3,890,234
                 OIL SEPARATION AND RECOVERY DEVICE
              Frank Galkia, 5043 Catherine St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19143
                    Filed Apr. 18, 1973, Ser. No. 352,209
                          Int. CL E02b 15104
              U.S. Cl. 210-242                     1 Claim
                                   298

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P-13-76
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR  DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF AN OIL SLICK
ON A WATER SURFACE

Kriebel,  A.  R.   1975.
U.S. Patent 3,885,418

An oil slick detector consists of a spinner  located in a shroud
with a radial  gap between  the  spinner and  shroud.   The device  is
located  in the water such  that water and any oil  will enter the
radial gap.   The motor, which  drives the spinner,  will have a
higher torque if oil is present in the incoming waters and the
difference in torque will  result in a measurable change in the
motor drive current.

Monitoring

Citation  Source:  Petroleum  Abstracts 15(38):#210,728.  1975.
                              3,885,418
                METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING THE
               PRESENCE OF AN OIL SLICK ON A WATER SURFACE
               Anthony R. Kriebd, 340 La Mesa Dr., Menlo Park, Calif.
                94025
                      Filed Oct. 17, 1973, Ser. No. 407,170
                           Int. Cl. GOln 11/14
               VS. Cl. 73-61.1 R                   18 Claims
                                299

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P-14-76
COLLECTION AND RECOVERY  SYSTEM FOR OIL  SPILLS

March,  F.  A., and L.  S.  Brown.  1975.
U.S.  Patent 3,883,433

The oil  recovery system  consists of  a primary weir, with many
secondary weirs attached,  which can  be  towed through  the water.
The weirs  conform to  wave  motion so  oil  escape is minimal  and
oil is  reclaimed in an essentially useable state.  The  lip of
each  secondary weir is positioned to admit oil from the upper
layer without air entrainment.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts  8(19):
                   #5G-W7S-09660.  1975.
                              3,883,433
                COLLECTION AND RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR OIL
                              SPILLS
               Frank Adams March, and  Louis Stanislaus Brown, both of
                Reston, Vs., assignors to Ocean Systems, Inc., Reston, Va.
                Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 269,725, July 7, 1972,
               abandoned. This application Sept. 20,1973, Ser. No. 399339
                Claims priority, application Netherlands, July 4, 1973,
               7309366
                           Int. CL E02b 75/04
               VS. CL 210-242                   11'
P-15-76
ASHLESS  LUBRICATING OIL  DISPERSANT

Miller,  E.  F., and W. W.  Hellmuth.   1975.
U.S. Patent 3,869,514

Ashless  lubricating oil  dispersants  of  the general formula
RNHCH2CH2F'NCH2CH20H (where R and R1 are H or polyisobutenyl
radicals of molecular weights from 600-5000),are formed by
the reaction between chlorinated polyisobutylene and  N-(2-
aminoethyl)ethanolamine  in the presence of Na2C03 or  NaOH at
350-400°.

Cleanup  and recovery

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#118450p.   1975.
                                 300

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P-16-76
APPARATUS  FOR SEPARATING  FINE OIL DROPLETS AND SLUDGE SUSPENDED
IN  LIQUID

Nakanishi,  T., J.  Matsui, S. Yonehara,  M. Aoki, K.  Ishiguro,
T.  Satake,  and S.  Azuma.   1974.
U.S.  Patent 3,797,666

A chamber  packed with fibre web  pieces  is used both  to filter
out sludge  and also to  coalesce  oil particles.  The  oil is
separated  by settling.   Periodic backwash ing  cleans  the filter
chamber.

Waste oil  and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin  5(3):
                     #HMS  4481.  1975.
                               3,797,666
                 APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING FINE OIL DROPLETS
                      AND SLUDGE SUSPENDED IN LIQUID
                Toru Nakanishi; Junichi Matsui: Setsuji Yonehara; Masahiro
                 Aoki; Kiyonori Ishiguro, all of Otsu; Tatsuo  Satake,
                 Nlshinomiya, and Shingi Azuma, Osaka, all of Japan, as-
                 signors to Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo and Toray Engineer-
                 ing Co., Ltd., Osaka, both of, Japan
                       Filed Aug. 10. 1971, Ser. No. 170,470
                 Claims priority, application Japan, Aug. 15, 1970, 45-71 147
                U.S.CI. 210-265
                                                 4 Claims
                                    301

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P-17-76
GRAVITY  OIL-WATER SEPARATOR WITH TWO INTERCONNECTED  SINGULAR CELLS
HAVING AUTOMATIC FREE OIL DISCHARGE

Summers,  R.  L.   1975.
U.S. Patent  3,862,039

Water enters the first tank,  falls to the bottom,  and moves upward
through  the  inlet pipe, transfer pipe and into  the second tank
through  the  vertical outlet-portion of the transfer  pipe.  Virtually
no oil will  be  left in the liquid which is discharged from the
second tank  via a lift pipe.

Cleanup  and  recovery

Citation  Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(17):
                   #5D-W75-08735.   1975.
                                             3,»62,039
                                 GRAVITY OIL-WATER SEPARATOR WITH TWO
                                 INTERCONNECTED SINGULAR CELLS HAVING
                                     AUTOMATIC FREE OIL DISCHARGE
                               Robert L. Summers, 5541 Twilight Rd., N.W., Roanoke, Vi.
                                24019
                               Continuation-in-p»rt of Ser. No. 345,696, March 28, 1973,.
                                  This application Sept. 17, 1973, Ser. No. 397,579
                                           Int. Cl. BO Id 17102
                               U.S. Cl. 210-252                    2 Claim
P-18-76
PROTECTIVE  STRUCTURE FOR SUBMERGED WELLS
Texaco Development Corp.
U.S. Patent  3,866,676
        1975.
The hydrocarbon fluid producing  well  is buried  in  the ocean floor
and surrounded by a metal casing to protect it  against moving ice
masses and  other floating objects.   If the casing  is  damaged, a
trigger mechanism shuts off  the  flow to eliminate  the dangers of
pipeline  damage and oil pollution.

Oil transfer and transport
Citation  Source:
Underwater  Information Bulletin  7(4):#75/08/29.
1975.
                                   302

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P-19-76
TREATING MUDDY-LIKE WASTE OILY MATERIAL

Watanabe, S.  1975.
U.S.  Patent 3,864,242

Industrial waste  oil  can be recycled as a  low-S fuel  oil.   Solid
material  is removed  by settling,  then the  pH is adjusted to break
the emulsion, and a  paraffin-base saturation hydrocarbon is added.
The asphaltic sludge separates out at 5-25°; the solution  remaining
is distilled to separate the  paraffinic solvent from  the low-S fuel
oil.

Waste  oil  and waste  water treatment

Citation  Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#100692j.   1975.
                                3,864,242
                  TREATING MUDDY-LIKE WASTE OILY MATERIAL
                Shichie Watanabe, Fukuoka, Japan, assignor to Kabushiki
                  Kaisha Imamura Scisakusho, Wakamatsu-Ku, Kitakyushu,
                  Japan
                       Filed Dec. 13, 1973, Ser. No. 426,725
                             Int. Cl. ClOg 27/100
                VS. Cl. 208— 180                    S Claims
                                  303

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B.   FOREIGN PATENTS
    P-20-76
    COALESCENCE OF SMALL SUSPENDED DROPS E.G.  OIL FROM WATER

    Anon.  1974.
    Netherlands Patent 73745V/42

    Contaminated liquid is passed through a bed containing floating
    plastic balls which are 1-10 mm in diameter.   The balls will  be
    wetted by the oil, then the oil drops will  collide with each
    other and the balls and coalesce.   The time of operation without
    blocking is longer for this bed than conventional equipment.

    Citation Source:   Selected Water Resources  Abstracts 8(18):
                      #W75-09325.  1975.
    P-21-76
    ACTIVATED SLUDGE AS ADSORBENT IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT

    Araki, H., 0.  Mitsui,  H.  Kojima, and M.  Saito.   1975.
    Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application)  75 47,455

    Pollutants in  petroleum waste waters, which interfere  with
    microbial  activity in  the activated sludge process,  are adsorbed
    onto activated sludge  and the treated waste waters are then
    subjected to the activated sludge process.

    Waste oil  and  waste water treatment

    Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151888k.   1975.
    P-22-76
    IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF FLOATING MATTER

    Aramaki, K.,  H.  Kawakami,  and M.  Suzuki.   1975.
    French Patent 2,237,,011

    The apparatus consists of  a belt  moving over two rollers and
    sagging in its lower part  so that it recovers floating matter
                                  304

-------
 (spilled  hydrocarbons) on a body  of water.   The recovered matter  is
 sent  to a separator which is equipped with  a propeller to impart
 a cyclone-type movement to its  contents.

 Cleanup and recovery

 Citation  Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,572.   1975.
            IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF
            FLOATING MATTER-- Fr. 2,237..011, c. 2/7/75,
            I. 7/9/74 (pr. Japan 7/10/73, Appl.  81,597); K.Aramaki,
            H.Kawakami and M.Suzuki, airs.; (Bridge stone Tire Co
            Ltd); Abstr. ,  BULL. OFFIC. PROPRIETE IND. (FR.)
            v. 16, No. 11, Pt. 2 (No. 6), p 3378, 3/14/75 (In French)
                            en a^Kiati''*
P-23-76
PROCEDURE AND INSTALLATION TO DETECT  THE  PRESENCE OF OIL FLOATING
ON WATER

Brill, E. L.   1974.
Netherlands Application 7,414,744

This apparatus takes a continuous  liquid  sample through a hydro-
phobic assembly which has a higher attraction for oil than water.
Each sample is tested for parameters  such as weight and volume.
If a sample in a certain time cycle contains oil, an alarm system
goes into operation.

Monitoring

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts  15(44):#212,577.  1975.
                                 305

-------
 P-24-76
 OIL SKIMMER WITH OSCILLATABLE CIRCULAR LOOP

 Brill, E.  L., and B. M. Brill.  1975.
 Canadian Patent 963,398

 The oil skimmer consists of an endless substantially rigid loop
 which is rotated by a pair of rolls that grip the loop's upper
 edge.  As  the loop passes in and out of the hydrophilic liquid
 (water), it attracts hydrophobic material (oil) which is then
 lifted and squeezed out as it goes through the rolls.

 Cleanup and recovery

 Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(19):
                  #5G-W75-09568.  1975.
P-25-76
SEALING LEAKING PIPELINE CONNECTIONS

BTR Industries, Ltd.  1975.
French Patent 2,236,137

Leaks are sealed at the joints of piping using this invention.
A chamber-like form is placed around the leaky connection and a
sealing compound is injected into it.  A pressure higher than
that prevailing in the pipeline is applied to the compound until
it solidifies.

Oil transfer and transport

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,534.  1975.
P-26-76
PROCESS FOR DETECTING LEAKS IN LONG DISTANCE PIPELINES FOR THE
TRANSPORTATION OF LIQUIDS * AND APPARATUS FOR ITS APPLICATION

Chisso Corp.  1975.,
French Patent 2,238,114

This invention can detect leaks in an oil  pipeline which is
divided into sections by at least one valve.  The device consists
                               306

-------
 of an  auxiliary line through  which  liquid can be pumped  into  the
 isolated segment at a predetermined pressure.  The pumping  is
 maintained so as to maintain  a  constant pressure in the  segment.

 Oil  transfer and transport

 Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts  15(41):#211,555.   1975.
            PROCESS FOR DETECTING LEAKS IN LONG DISTANCE
            PIPELINES FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIQUIDS,
            AND APPARATUS FOR ITS APPLI CATION--
            Fr. 2.238.114. c. 2/14/75,  f. 7/19/74 (pr. J»p»n 7/19/73,
            Appl. 82,283); (Chi»»o Corp); Abstr. , BULL. OFFIC.
            PROPRIETEIND. (FR.)v. 16, No. 12, Pt. 2 (No. 7),
            p 3781. 3/21/75 (In French)
P-27-76
OIL DISPERSING  COMPOSITION AND ITS USE

Dulaney, C.  I.,  and D.  J. Hagney.  1975.
Canadian Patent  969,445

The preparation  of a composition used to  disperse oil in aqueous
mediums is described.  The composition basically consists of a
mixture of an alcohol and a product prepared  by reacting a
compound with at least 1,2 ethylenediamine moiety and an aliphatic
carboxylic acid  having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms.

Cleanup and  recovery
                                i
Citation Source:   Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,570.   1975.
                                 307

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P-28-76
SEPARATING OILY FLUIDS FROM WATER

Ernst, A.  1975.
British Patent 1,396,397

A rectangular container has a waterproof base and sidewalls which
are made of sponge or fibrous material that has been pretreated
with oil to make it oil-wettable and water repellent.  The container
floats on water, and the fibers selectively absorb oil from the
surface.  As the oil fills the vessel, it sinks and new surfaces
are exposed to the oil/water interface.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120618t.  1975.


P-29-76
OIL ABSORBING MATERIALS

Fujiwara, K.   1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 86,287

Oil absorbents are prepared from mixtures of polypropylene and/or
polyethylene, poly(vinyl) alcohol, and thermoplastic resin, then
formed in the molten state and followed by fiber formation.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84467g.  1975.
P-30-76
TRANSPORTING HYDROCARBON OILS

Grantley Company.  1974.
Netherlands Application 73 06,815

Hydrocarbon oils in oil slicks on water surfaces are removed by
a polystyrene foam divided into small bell-like particles.  The
foam is able to absorb 19 times its weight in oil.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82488r.  1975.
                                308

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  P-31-76
  LINE  BREAK  CONTROL

  Gulick, R.  A.   1975.
  Canadian Patent 970,650

  Reduced pressure in a flow line is communicated to one side of a
  diaphragm.  A similar reduction is imposed much more slowly ,to
  the other side  by a series of connected oil reservoirs.  The
  pressure difference on opposite sides of the diaphragm causes
  valve closure.

  Oil transfer and transport

  Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,554,   1975.


 P-32-76
 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING A LAYER OF COMBUSTIBLE  LIQUID
 FROM THE SURFACE OF A BODY OF WATER

 Heagler,  R.  B.   1975.
 Canadian  Patent 972,692

 A U-shaped vessel  floats partially submerged in  a water body and
 has a  longitudinal  channel  portion with  a  front  opening.  An open
 bottom portion  is  situated  beneath the channel.  As  the vessel
 advances,  a  band of water with a  combustible liquid  layer floating
 on it  enters the channel  and  is subsequently removed by burning
 in a combustion  chamber.

 Cleanup and  recovery

 Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(41):#211,571.  1975.


 P-33-76
 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER  CONTAINING PHENOL AND FORMALDEHYDE

 Honda,  K., Y. Aimi, Y. Akatsu, T. Iwanami, and T. Sugitani.   1975.
 Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 06,158

 The waste water  is treated by adding a basic substance, i.e., NaOH,
 in an amount of  0.01-1.0 mole/mole HCHO to remove the HCHO.   The
 resulting waste water is evaporated after further addition of a
 basic substance.

Waste oil  and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151856y.  1975.
                                 309

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P-34-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AN IMPURITY IN A
LIQUID STREAM

Hubby, L. M.  1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,340,807

The apparatus is used to detect oil in water draining from an
offshore drilling rig.  Water is led through the deck into a
vertical container that forms part of a theoretical  U-tube.
The outlet leg contains liquid at a constant height and the
inlet leg is the liquid in the container.  When liquid of
different density enters, its level will be higher than that
in the outlet leg and an alarm will sound.

Monitoring
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82490k.  1975.
P-35-76
TREATMENT OF OIL-CONTAINING WASTE WATER

Inoue, T., 0. Yanagida, and Y. Sokuma.  1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 42,671

Rubber latex is added to waste water which contains oil; acidic
conditions will solidify the latex and remove the oil.  Treated
in this manner, 1000-ppm oil waste water was reduced to 8-ppm oil.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#102932m.  1975.
P-36-76
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR RECOVERING OIL POLLUTANTS ON THE SURFACE
OF WATER

Institut Francais du Petrole des Carburants et Lubrifiants.  1974.
British Patent 1,356,089

The oil film  is covered by a flexible impervious sheet.  The edges
of the sheet  are depressed with weights.  Thus the oil is trapped
in a small hemisphere from which the oil can be pumped out, either
immediately or when the seas are calmer.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(5):
                  #HMS 3767.  1975.

                                310

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 P-37-76
 ABSORBER FOR SOLVENT AND OIL

 Itano, Y., A. Omori, and Y. Ota.  1974.
 Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,134,583

 A polymer containing a foaming agent is extruded, cooled, pulled
 to form lengthwise cracks, piled, pulled perpendicularly and
 crimped to form an oil-absorbing agent.

 Waste oil  and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84471d.   1975.


 P-38-76
 RECLAIMING OF FUEL OIL FROM WASTE OILS  BY  CHEMICAL  NEUTRALIZATION
 AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

 Iwamoto, T.   1974.
 Japanese Kokai  (unexamined patent application)  74 88,905

 Fuel  oils  are formed  by  first  heating,  then neutralizing  waste oils.
 Waste oil  is  fed  into a  covered  steam heated  (100-130°) reactor,
 then  NaOH  (0.1-2% of  the waste oil)  is  mixed  into the oil.  The NaOH
 deoxygenates, desulferizes,  and  desalts all foreign materials and
 helps separate  the sludge with all  the  decomposition products from
 the oil.   This  oil  is  further  purified  by  centrifugation.

 Waste oil  and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#118495g.  1975.


 P-39-76
 POWDERED SYNTHETIC RESIN AS AN OIL ADSORBENT

 Iwatsubo, H., T. Norita, and K. Tamagawa.  1974.
Japanese Kokai  (unexamined patent application) 74,117,385

A surfactant  (0.01-1 wt. %) is added to powdered polyethylene,
polypropylene, and/or polystyrene (10-80 mesh) to obtain1 an
oil adsorbent.

Waste oil  and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84490j.  1975.
                                311

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P-40-76
OIL-WATER SEPARATION APPARATUS

Jacob, G.  1974.
French Demande 2,204,439

In  a   de-oiling vessel an expansion chamber,  or de-oiling chamber
and a fine separation compartment are placed in series.   The oil-
collecting vessel is at the top and fed by tubes from the separation
walls just before the fine separation chamber.

Cleanup and recovery
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120417b.  1975.
P-41-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF DISPERSIONS

Jeffreys, G. V., C. J. Mumford, F. E. G. Ravault, and C. Washbourne.
1975.
German Patent 2,452,386

Fine droplets of oil-in-water or oil-in-steam dispersions are
coagulated by pressing the dispersions through a porous disk
which contains gradually increasing interconnected pores.  The
resulting enlarged oil drops are separated from the water phase
by gravity.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#133975g.  1975.
P-42-76
OIL SEPARATOR WITH COALESCING MEDIA

Jones, L. W.  1975.
Canadian Patent 970,287

An apparatus removes dispersed oil from water by contacting the
oily water with sulfur which causes the oil to coalesce or
agglomerate.

Cleanup and recovery
Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source;  Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,544.  1975.
                                 312

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 P-43-76
 REMOVING  FLOATING  OIL  FROM WATER WITH A SULFUR COALESCING BED

 Jones, L. W.   1975.
 Canadian  Patent  970,286

 When water  containing  dispersed oil is forced to flow through a
 container provided with a bed of sulfur, the oil is coalesced
 and removed by the sulfur, leaving clean water flowing from the
 container.

 Cleanup and recovery

 Citation  Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,543.  1975.


 P-44-76
 EMULSION  FUEL FROM WASTE OIL

 Kawai, N., H. Noda, T. Nishida, and K. Fukada.  1974.
 Japanese  Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 66,705

 A procedure for producing oil-in-water-type emulsion fuels from
 waste hydrocarbon oils containing <80 wt. % water is described.
 The method includes adjusting the oil/water ratio of the waste
 oil to (20-75):(25-80), adding surfactants at 0.01-5.0 wt. X,
 based on water content, and emulsifying.

 Waste oil and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(16):#134941e.  1975.


 P-45-76
 REMOVAL OF WASTE OIL

 Kayford Manufacturing Company, Ltd.   1974.
Netherlands Application 73 08,939

A method of removing waste oil consists of burning with the aid of
a fire-starting material, i.e. a liquid hydrocarbon, and using a
 solid-particle polymer resin matrix made of easily burnable
thermoplastic materials to make contact between the oil and fire-
starter.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84496r.  1975.
                                313

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P-46-76
TRAP TO CLEANSE OIL-POLLUTED WATER

Kharchenko, M, S.  1974.
Soviet Patent 410,998

Each oil trap consists of a flotation chamber, a foam-forming
chamber, a foam pumping out chamber and an ejection chamber.
Oil-polluted water flows through a protective grid and is
saturated with air in the flotation chamber; the foam is formed
and sucked into a pollutant collecting chamber while the cleansed
fluid is ejected.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
                  #W75-09373.  1975,
P-47-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING PHENOLS AND CYANIDES

Kurosawa, K,, and Y. Hirotani.  1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 08,369

Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phenols and cyanides are removed
from petroleum processing plant wastewaters by stream stripping
or aeration (to remove H2S and NHs), and extraction with hydro-
carbon solvents containing aromatics (to remove phenols).  The
phenols and cyanides remaining after extraction are decomposed
with HCHO and H202 at pH 9-12.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151845u.  1975.


P-48-76
WATER-REPELLENT OIL-ABSORBER FROM CALCINED AND SWOLLEN MATERIAL
OF ROCK AND VOLCANIC ASH

Manago, T., and Y. Hirano.  1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 07,790

Volcanic ash is covered with >0.125 solid paraffin by stirring
the paraffin above its melting point or by stirring with the
emulsion and drying.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84484k.  1975.
                                314

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 P-49-76
 REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WASTEWATER

 Matsuda, H., K. Shinoda, M.  Yasuhara, and T.  Sumiyoshi,   1975.
 Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application)  75 06,580

 Oil-containing waste water is mixed with attapulgite or  an
 attapulgite-containing clay mineral and a coagulant; the
 resulting solid materials are removed by filtration.  Water
 containing 100,700 ppm machine oil  as an emulsion was subjected
 to this treatment; the oil  content  was decreased  to  80 ppm.

 Waste oil  and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120428f.  1975.
 P-50-76
 REGENERATION  OF USED OILS

 Ministerul  Transporturilor Telecomunicatiilor, Bukarest.   1974.
 German  Patent 2,338,463

 A mechanized  plant  has been designed to regenerate or recondition
 used oils.  The techniques used are filtration, adsorption, and
 flash evaporation.  The plant produces oils with the same
 physico-chemical characteristics as unused oil.

 Waste oil and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(3):
                  #HMS 4440.  1975.
P-51-76
REMOVAL OF OILS FROM WASTE WATER

Miyata, K.  1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74,126,164

Lignosulfonate and an inorganic coagulant are added to oil-containing
waste water,  Then 100 ml of air-containing pressurized water is
injected into the waste water; floes are formed, float to the
surface and are removed.  Water containing 830 ppm oil and treated
in this way was reduced to 11 ppm oil.

Waste oil  and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(12):#102901a.   1975.
                                315

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 P-52-76
 OIL ADSORBANTS

 Mohri,  Y,5 ancl H,  Ito.   1974,
 Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application)  74 72,187

 Wet granules of silica  or zeolite are  heated at low  temperatures
 to form porous parts  at the surface; then  the granules  are  treated
 with a  water-repelling  reagent,  dried  and  heated  to  form oil
 adsorbents.   An alternate procedure covers  wet  granules with  porous
 dry silica or zeolite and then treats  with  water-repel!ing  reagent;
 more water-repelling  reagent is  required for the  alternate  procedure,

 Cleanup and  recovery

 Citation  Source:  Chemical  Abstracts 83(14):#121267q.   1975.


 P-53-76
 OIL  ADSORBENT

 Naruse,  K.   1975.
 Japanese  Kokai  (unexamined  patent application)  75 37,688

 Oils are  removed from waste  water or seawater by treating with
 granular  or  powdery polypropylene  (average  diameter <3 mm).

 Waste oil  and  waste water treatment

 Citation  Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151884f.   1975,
P-54-76
OIL BINDING AGENT FROM FIBROUS MATERIAL OF SCRAP TYRES

Nittan Co. Ltd.  1974,
German Patent 2,351,372

Sheets or mats constructed of powdered tyres are an inexpensive
method of cleaning up oil spills on rivers and waterways.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(4):
                  #HMS 3443.  1975.
                                316

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 P-55-76
 REMOVAL OF OILS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

 Noguchi, K.  1974.
 Japanese Patent 74 29,868

 Oil-containing waste water is successively passed through a series
 of filtering tanks packed with sand, porous polyolefin resin and
 activated carbon, in that order.

 Waste oil and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts 83(10):#84519a.   1975.


 P-56-76
 REMOVAL OF OIL FLOATED  ON WATER

 Ono,  H.,  and  T. Saida.   1974.
 Japanese  Kokai  (unexamined  patent  application)  74,128,891

 Oleophilic  porous  materials are used for  the removal of floated
 oils.   The  true density is  greater than 1,1 g/cm3,  the apparent
 density is  less than  1  g/cm3,  but  the density actually becomes
 greater than  that  of  water  when the materials absorb oil.  Over-
 night  settling of  a mixture of these materials  and  oily seawater
 removes all visible oil.

 Cleanup and recovery

 Citation  Source:   Chemical  Abstracts  83(14):#120449p.  1975.


 P-57-76
 OIL TANKER BALLAST WATER TREATMENT

 Ramot,  University Authority for Applied Research and Industrial
 Development, Ltd.   1974.
 Netherlands Application 74  04,548

 Hydrocarbons are removed from the ballast water by aerobic bio-
degradation after  the addition of N and P as nutrients.  Arthrobacter
are suitable microorganisms.

Waste oil  and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84487p.  1975.
                                317

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P-58-76
METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR THE EMULSIFICATION AND THE DEGRADATION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND FERTILIZERS THUS OBTAINED

Salomone, G. H.  1974.
British Patent 1,353,945

In order to convert oil sludges into a biodegradable product,
the sludges are first emulsified, then enriched with molasses or
some other nutrient and treated with a surface tension reducer.
After 3-6 weeks, biodegradation produces a usable fertilizer.

Waste oil and waste water treatment
Biological degradation

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(6):
                  #HMS 3823.  1975.
P-59-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING AIR BUBBLES IN A BODY OF LIQUID

Schramm, H. J., and J. R. McCullough.  1975.
Canadian Patent 974,671

The uniformity of air pressure in a perforated bubbling hose can
be improved by using an auxiliary distributing conductor carrying
air under high pressure and then dropping to a relatively low level
in the bubbling hose.  The air barrier produced by this system is
more efficient in confining surface-water pollutants.

Containment

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(46):#213,078.  1975.
P-60-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO DISPERSAL OF FLOATING OIL

Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.  1974.
British Patent 1,358,042

Slatted wooden rafts or other variations are towed on a boom to
cause turbulence.  These mixing devices disperse floating oil after
it has been treated with an emulsifying agent.

Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
                  #HMS 2906.  1975.
                                318

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  P-61-76
  FIBROUS ADSORBENT

  Segawa, H., Y. Hirano, and Y. Ueda.  1975.
  Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 29,483

 A fibrous adsorbent useful for removing oils from waste water
  is prepared by mixing synthetic fibrils from hydrophobic polymers
 with activated carbon and then heating or treating with adhesive.

 Waste oil and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84511s.   1975.
 P-62-76
 OIL COLLECTOR

 Segawa, H., Y.  Hirano, and Y.  Ueda.   1975.
 Japanese Kokai  (unexamined patent application)  74  29,478

 Oils are removed from waste water with  nonwoven  fabrics of  density
 0.02 to 0.15 g/cm3.   The  fabrics  are  made from  fibers  consisting
 of polyolefin resin  (5-50 wt.  %)  and  polystyrene resin (50-95 wt. I
 containing 5-50 wt.  % oil-soluble hydrophilic materials.

 Waste oil  and waste  water treatment

 Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts  83(10):#84512t.   1975.
P-63-76
FIBROUS OIL ABSORBER FOR SEPARATION OIL FROM WATER

Segawa, H., Y. Ueda, Y:. Hirano, S. Ikemoto, J. Okita, K. Kajitani
and T. Mochizuki.  1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 01,986

Synthetic fibrils from hydrophobic polymers are uniformly mixed with
cellulose materials to make an oil adsorbent.  The oil adsorbent
has a density of .05-0.2 g/cm3 and a strength of 5-1000 gm/cm2.
A column packed with adsorbent will cut oil concentrations from 100 ppm
to 0.3 ppm in one hour.

Waste oil  and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts 83(12):#102968c.  1975.
                                 319

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P-64-76
A METHOD OF TREATING A USED OIL-WATER EMULSION

SKF Industrial Trading and Development Co.  B.V.  1975.
British Patent 1,383,345

This is a simple, inexpensive and easily maintained method of oil
recovery.  The emulsion descends the walls  of a wiped-film evaporator;
water is evaporated, condensed and then discharged.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:   Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(4):
                  #HMS 4633.  1975.
P-65-76
PACKING MATERIALS FOR APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING OIL FROM WATER
CONTAINING EMULSIFIED OIL

Takenada, Y., T. Morishita, H. Hirate, and T. Sano.   1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 27,164

Oil adsorbents are prepared by heating two or more thermoplastic
resins with different melting points to a temperature greater
than the lowest melting point but less than the highest melting
point.  These composite fibers are then packed into  the column at
a density of 0.09 g/cnr.  The oil content of water passed through
th-is column is decreased from 200-1000 ppm to "i-2 ppm.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120430a.  1975.


P-66-76
OIL EMULSION WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Tamayama, M., K. Tanaka, Y. Takahata, N. Gomyo, and  K. Usui.   1975,
Japanse Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 69,848

The treatment of oil emulsion waste waters containing anionic
surfactants consists of adding polyvalent metallic salts and/or
polymers and agitating the mixture with a porous stirring plate
moved vertically.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151921r.  1975.
                                 320

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P-67-76
PURIFICATION OF REFINERY DEPOSITS

Texaco Development Corporation.  1974.
Netherlands Application 72 15,658

The recovery of oil and wax from oil-tank and tanker bottoms is
described.  The method involves pretreatment with a light, aliphatic-
type hydrocarbon fraction, followed by solubilizing the waxy material
with an aromatic compound such as benzene or toluene.

Waste oil and waste water treatment
Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#82537f.  1975.
P-68-76
IMPROVED APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR SEPARATING FINE OIL DROPLETS
AND SLUDGE FROM A LIQUID IN WHICH THEY ARE SUSPENDED

Toray Industries Inc.  & Toray Engineering Co. Ltd.  1974.
British Patent 1,359,199

Oil containing effluent flows through a complex of pipes and
settling tanks which contain cubic polyolefin fibre pieces to
adsorb sludge and oil.  In the settling tank, the coalesced
droplets separate out; backwashing is possible to clean the
fibre pieces.

Waste oil and waste water treatment
Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(3):
                  #HMS 3174.  1975.
P-69-76
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES

Tourres, D.  1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,459,945

A gas chromatographic method suitable for determining hydrocarbon
pollutants in fresh- and seawater is described.  Two flow paths
are given; the first path traps the material to be analyzed and
the remaining material is removed over the second path.  A
programmed temperature rise is used to achieve accuracy.

Analysis

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(18):#151934x.  1975.

                                 321

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P-70-76
CLEANING OF PETROLEUM-INDUSTRY EFFLUENT

Tronov, V. P., R. G. Narutdinov, and A. D. Li.  1975.
Soviet Patent SU432106

A treatment technique is given for a petroleum processing waste
water stream.  The petroleum is diluted by a stratum flooding
system in an amount corresponding to a ratio of 0.4 between the
total water flow and the emulsion flow.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(20);
                  #W75-10200.  1975.
P-71-76
SURFACE TENSION METHOD OF APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING IMMISCIBLE
LIQUIDS

T.R.W. Inc.  1974.
British Patent 1,357,138

This device is used primarily for removing and recovering floating
oil.  At a suitable pressure differential, oil passes through a
porous screen but water is retained.  The type of oil and the
temperature determine the screen and pressure parameters.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 4(1):
                  #HMS 2875.  1975.
P-72-76
APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING OIL POLLUTION

Tuggle, R., R. H. Graves, and R. J. DeRouen.  1975.
Canadian Patent 964,475

An oil pollution control device isolates most of a large column
of water.  For example, a vertical caisson extends into the bottom
of the body of water and above the surface, but has openings just
above the bottom to permit water circulation.  Oil can then be
released inside this container.

Containment

Citation Source:  Selected Water Resources Abstracts 8(18):
                  #W75-09314.  1975.
                                322

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 P-73-76
 COMPOSITE FOR TREATMENT OF OIL IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER

 Uchiyama, H., J. Sugi, and H, Takahashi.  1975.
 Japanese Kokal (unexamined patent application) 75 46,583

 The preparation of a composite for treating oil in water is
 described.   A condensation product of a mixture of benzaldehyde
 and its hydroxy derivative is mixed with polyhydric alcohol,
 water-soluble polar organic solvent of the condensation product,
 and water-insoluble organic liquid solvent in the polar solvent.

 Waste oil and waste water treatment

 Citation Source:   Chemical  Abstracts 83(10):#84534b.   1975.


 P-74-76
 OIL ADSORBENT

 Umemura,  K.,  and  T.  Tate.   1975.
 Japanese  Kokai  (unexamined  patent  application)  75  25,489

 An  organic  compound-modified clay mineral  is  used  to remove oils
 from waste  water.   It  is  formed by treating  NH2 compounds and/or
 NH4 salts with clay minerals having base-exchanging capability and
 (optionally)  non-cationic organic  compounds.  Water with an  oil
 content of  12,000  ppm  was treated  in  this manner, with a resulting
 oil  content of 4  ppm.

 Waste oil and waste  water treatment

 Citation  Source:   Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#120432c.  1975.
P-75-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN FLOATING BARRIERS TO CONFINE SPILLS OF POLLUTING
LIQUIDS

Vidilles, J.  1975.
French Patent 2,241,203

The barrier for containing oil spills consists of a flexible
suspended skirt with a continuous flotation element in the upper
section and a ballasting element in the lower section.  The screen
is a horizontal bag with each end connected to a towing means.

Containment
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Petroleum Abstracts 15(37):#210,545.  1975.
                               323

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P-76-76
AGENT FOR SEPARATING EMULSIFIED OIL FROM WASTE WATER

Wakabayashi, Y., and H, Takado.  1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 54,581

CaCl2-impregnated pozzolan is mixed with Al2(S04)^-impregnated
pozzolan; a high-molecular weight coagulant is added to the mixture
to form an agent capable of separating emulsified oil from waste
water.

Waste oil and waste water treatment

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84529d.  1975.
P-77-76
OIL-SOLUBLE TUBE COMPOSITION FOR USE IN LEAK-DETECTION OF
PIPELINE

Watanabe, K., and K. Shibata.  1975.
Japanese Patent  75 04,031

Oil-soluble tubes, which contain thermoplastic butadiene-styrene
block polymer as the major component, are used to detect oil
leaks from underground pipeline.  The tubes are filled under
pressure, placed close to pipeline joints and are monitored for
pressure losses due to oil leaks.

Oil transfer and transport
Design and engineering

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(14):#116386y.  1975.
P-78-76
OIL ADSORBENT

Yamakoshi, T.  1974.
Japanese Patent 74 45,467

An agent for absorbing oil from an oil spill is prepared by heating
solid polypropylene above its melting point and mixing with light-
weight aggregate (perlite).  The resulting coated perlite granules
have oleophilic-hydrophobic properties.

Cleanup and recovery

Citation Source:  Chemical Abstracts 83(10):#84549k.  1975.
                                324

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                   SECTION  V.   CURRENT  CONFERENCES

Sept. 1-3    International  Environmental  Law Conference, 1975.

             Group Meetings

               INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS GOVERNING OIL POLLUTION  IN
               COASTAL WATERS AND HARBOURS
               Busha, T.

               DIVERGENT STANDARDS OF NATIONAL OIL  POLLUTION
               LEGISLATION
               RUster, B.

               THE IMPACT OF NORTH SEA OIL
               Brackley, P. G.

             FFI contact British Institute of International  and
             Comparative Law, 32 Furnival St., London EC4 A1JN

Nov. 2-5     Annual Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, 25th,
             Montreal, 1975.

             Oil Pollution Related Papers

               Session:  POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATEMENT DESIGN

               THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON THE WEATHERING
               OF OIL
               Collins, D.  J., and E. A.  Townshend
               Experiments on the mechanism of skin formation in
               shorebound oil at low temperatures and in the presence
               of ultraviolet light were performed.  Samples were
               analyzed by visual observations, liquid chromatography
               and infrared chromatography.  Ultraviolet radiation
               appears to catalyze a free radical oxidation process
               that forms the skin.

               Session:  WASTE RECYCLING BENEFITS IN TODAY'S ECONOMY
               Chairman of session:  A. Boily
               The first part of the session concerns the recycling
               of paper, plastics, glass, waste oil, etc., to recover
               values from various types of municipal and industrial
               wastes.  The second part is devoted to a panel with


                                325

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               representatives of industry, government, and the public
               discussing waste recycling under current legislative
               and economic conditions.  North American waste recycling
               activities were summarized.

             FFI contact W. D. Croft, Program Chairman, Office of
             Industrial Research, McGill University, P.O. Box 6070,
             Station A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3G1, Canada

Nov. 16-20   AIChE 68th Annual Meeting, Hilton Hotel,  Los Angeles,
             California, 1975.

             Oil  Pollution Related Papers

             OZONATION OF HIGH LEVELS OF PHENOL IN WATER
             Anderson, G.  L.
             Fiche No. 12, Paper No.  113e.

             Coal  gasification and shale ore recovery  can produce
             high levels of phenolic  material.   Ozone  can effectively
             oxidize phenol over a wide range of temperatures.   The
             reaction rate is  greater at a pH of 10 or higher.   An
             equation describing the  rate of reduction of ozone  is
             given.

             ULTRAFILTRATION OF OILY  WASTES FROM PROCESS INDUSTRIES
             Bansal, I. K.
             Fiche No. 19, Paper No.  17b

             Ultrafiltration modules  with inorganic membranes are
             used for concentrating different types of oily wastes.
             The operating data of laboratory and small pilot-scale
             installations is  presented, including a comparison of
             the costs of the ultrafiltration system and disposal
             costs.  Significant savings result.

             FLUID BED INCINERATION OF PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTE
             Becker, K. P., and C. J. Wall
             Fiche No. 63, Paper No.  33d
             The fluid bed incinerator was first applied in Germany
             in the 1930s.  The development and selection of fluid
             bed incinerators is described.  They are now common
             devices.

             LAND DISPOSAL OF BIOLOGICAL AND OILY SLUDGE-SOME SITE
             CONSIDERATIONS
             Chatham, R. L., and J. A. Seder
             Fiche No. 62, Paper No.  33a
             Land farming of biological and oily sludge from chemical
             plants and refinery waste treating units can be advan-
             tageous.  The sludge can be plowed into land surrounding
             the plant site, either in buffer zones, flare ground
             areas or land set aside for future development.  The
             special aspects of oil sludge are discussed.
                                  326

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                 ENVIRONMENTAL  ASSESSMENT  STUDIES  FOR  OIL  SHALE
                 DEVELOPMENT  IN WESTERN  COLORADO
                 Martin,  S. G., and  R. J.  McGuire
                 Symposium:   Predicting  Environmental  Impacts of Oil
                 Shale  Developments, Paper No.  75d

                 The  scope of the environmental studies  in northwestern
                 Colorado is  described as  they  fulfill federal requirements.

                 Ecological investigations underway are  used to
                 illustrate the detail of  information  necessary to
                 satisfy  lease  requirements.  This information is
                 used to develop EIS and effective land  restoration
                 programs.

                AN EVALUATION  OF THE POLLUTION ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGIES
                AVAILABLE FOR  TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FROM OIL SHALE
                PROCESSING
                Neal, L. G.,  J. Cotter,  and R.  D.  Sung
                Fiche No. 78,  Paper No.  75e

                A study being conducted  by TRW Environmental  Services
                to evaluate all environmentally acceptable waste water
                control technologies for mining and  processing  of oil
                shale is summarized.  Pertinent literature on pollution
                control and  performance  data is reviewed.

                CHARACTERISTICS AND  PERFORMANCE OF A  PETROLEUM  REFINERY
                ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT
                Powell, R. W.,  and R. R.  Lessard
                Symposium:  Industrial Wastewater  Treatment with
                Activated Sludge, Paper  No.  52e

                Benchscaleactivated  sludge plants  are  compared with
                large prototypes.  Operating data  are  reproducible
                and compare well.  Actual  wastewater from  one of
                Exxon's refineries was used  for these  laboratory and
                field studies.

              FFI  contact Meeting Program  Chairman, E. R.  H. McDowell,
              P.O. Box  446, La  Habra, California

Nov. 17-23    Seminar on  the  Protection of Coastal Waters Against
              Pollution, Lisbon, Portugal, 1975.

              FFI  contact Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations,
              Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneve 10, Switzerland

Nov. 30-      Winter Annual  Meeting of ASME, 96th, Houston, Texas, 1975.
Dec. 5
              FFI contact P.  Drummond, Director of Meetings and
              Conferences, ASME, 345 E.  47th St.,  New York, New York 10017

Nov. 30-     Analytical Chemistry--A Means to Environmental  Quality
Dec. 5       Management, Mexico City, 1975.

                                   327

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Oil Pollution Related Papers

  No. 39
  MONITORING OF TOTAL OIL IN NATURAL WATERS
  Lysyf, I., P. R.  Newton, and E.  C. Russell

  Previous methods  for analysis of oil  in water depended
  on extraction of  the oil with nonpolar solvents.   These
  methods are not uniform, however, because of selectivity
  of extraction,  A method recently developed is dependable
  and simple.  The  continuous oil  monitor subjects  the
  water stream to an elevated temperature, which volatizes
  and partially pyrolyzes petroleum derived organics.   The
  stream is then  directed into a flame  ionization detector,
  and a signal proportional  to the petroleum content of the
  water is produced.  The selected temperature regime does
  not affect biologically derived  matter.

  No. 40
  STATE OF THE ART  CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO
  yG/KG (PPB) LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL  ASSESSMENT
  Hertz, H. S., B.  H.  Gump,  W.  E.  May,  and S. N. Chesler
  The capability  for low level  pollutant analysis has been
  achieved by elimination of classical  solvent extraction
  and column chromatographic techniques.  A headspace
  sampling technique extracts Cj through 620 aliphatic and
  1- through 3-membered ring aromatic hydrocarbons.   The
  complementary liquid chromatographic  technique analyzes
  for 3- through  6-membered  aromatic hydrocarbons.   Special
  handling of tissue samples is discussed.

  No. 42
  ANALYSE DETAILLEE DES ACIDES GRAS ET  DES HYDROCARBURES
  DU FILM DE SURFACE DES OCEANS PAR RAPPORT A L'EAU
  SOUS-JACENTE
  Marty, J. C.

  The results of  analyses of coastal  waters and Atlantic
  and Mediterranean waters has demonstrated the accumulation
  of dissolved and  particulate fatty acids and n-alcanes in
  the surface film.  Also certain  differences in composition
  between the surface  and the water immediately below were
  observed.

  No. 43
  MASS SPECTROMETRIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT  OF THE
  BIODEGRADATION  OF PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
  Petrakis, L., J.  D.  Walker, and  R.  R.  Colwell
  An analytical scheme is presented for  the detailed
  characterization  of  oil prior to and  following biodegrada-
  tion for various  lengths of time.   Column chromatographic
  separations, and  characterization by mass spectrometry
  and gas chromatography are involved.   The importance of

                       328

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   "weathering" relative to biodegradation can be assessed
   using this scheme.   Results of biodegradation experiments
   in Chesapeake Bay are discussed.

   No.  44
   THE DETERMINATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POLYAROMATIC
   HYDROCARBONS IN OYSTERS FROM THE  GULF OF MEXICO
   Onuska,  F. I., A. W.  Wolkoff,  M.  E.  Comba,  R.  H.  Larose,
   M. Novotny,  and M.  L.  Lee

   The determination and structural  confirmation  of  PAH  in
   oysters  as a suitable indicator of estuarine  pollution
   in the Gulf  of Mexico is  discussed.   Problems  in
   methodology  are reviewed.

   No.  45
   THE  QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS  OF FUEL OILS  AND  GASOLINE IN
   DRINKING WATER BY GAS  CHROMATOGRAPHY
   Nicholson, A.  A., R.  L. Gutteridge,  and J.  Singh

   The  methodology involved  in  quantifying fuel oils with
   a  boiling range of  170 to  350°C and gasolines was
   investigated.   A method involving low column temperature,
   reversing the  column  flow  after the solvents are vented,
   and  measuring  the components of the fuel oil at a single
   peak was  developed.  Traces  of  petroleum distillates in
   water can be accurately quantified using this method.

   No.  49
   ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY FOR REGULATING ENVIRONMENTAL
   POLLUTION IN FOODS
   Roy,  B.  R.
   Analytical chemistry methods have been  developed to
   analyze  for such  pollutants  in food as  ergot, urea, fusel
   oil,  lead, copper, arsenic, mineral oil, chemicals
   migrating  to food from containers, and  pesticide residues.

   No.  61
   POSSIBLE  IMPACT OF DEEP-WELL INJECTION OF FLUID INDUSTRIAL
   WASTES ON  ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN CANADA
   Simpson,  F.
   The types of fluid industrial wastes  that are injected
   into deep, subsurface aquifers include brines produced
   during oil production and a variety of inorganic and
   organic wastes from chemical plants and oil  refineries.
   Possible environmental impacts of this procedure on two
  areas are reviewed.   Monitoring, even after  abandonment
  of disposal wells, is needed.

FFI contact S.  Barabas, Canada Centre for Inland Waters,
Box 5050, Burlington,  Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
                           329

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 Dec.  11-12    Annual  Conference on Marine Resources of  the Coastal Plains
              States,  DeSoto  Hilton  Hotel, Savannah, Georgia, 1975.

              A  90-minute  session with  several  speakers on "Offshore
              Impacts  of OCS  Development" was given.  At a later date
              the  Center will  publish a report  of the conference.

              FFI  contact  Coastal Plains Marine Center, 1518 Harbour
              Drive, Wilmington, North  Carolina 28401


 Jan.  12-13    Mid  Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, 8th, John M.
              Clayton  Hall, University of Delaware, 1976.
              Sponsored by universities and pollution control agencies
              in the Mid-Atlantic region.

              Oil  Pollution Related  Papers

               OILY WASTE WATER TREATMENT - OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY
               CONSERVATION
               Fowler, W. J., Jr., and L. C. Hale

               FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADSORPTION OF PHENOLS FROM
               AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON
               Zogorski, J. S., and S.  D. Faust

              FFI  contact Dr. R. I. Dick, Department of Civil Engineering,
              University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711


Jan.  12-14    Conference on Health and Environmental Effects  of Energy
              Use, Sheraton Park Hotel,  Washington,  D.C., 1976.

             The  conference described the coordinated federal  program
             conducted by 17 agencies.   On the agenda were descriptions
             of the health,ecological,  transportation, fate, and control
             technology programs in these areas:   increased  fossil  fuel
             combustion, fuels from coal  and oil  shale, western energy
             resource development, energy conservation through  recycling
             waste products, and increased coal and offshore oil
             production.

             FFI contact Harold Bernard,  Conference Manager, Information
             Transfer, Inc., 1160 Rockville  Pike,  Suite 202, Rockville,
             Maryland 20852


Jan. 14-16   NPRA Refinery and Petrochemical  Plant  Maintenance  Conference,
             Marriott Hotel, New Orleans,  1976.

             The conference is divided  into  three  sections:   maintenance
             management,  maintenance engineering,  and a general  question


                                   330

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              and answer session.   Under  the  sub-section  "environmental
              control,"  the panel  will  answer the  question:   "How are
              expended lubricating oils being utilized  or disposed of
              when1  they cannot  be put  into the  oily  sewer any  longer?"

              FFI contact National  Petroleum  Refiners Association,
              1725 De  Sales St., N.W.,Suite 802, Washington,  D.C. 20036


 Jan.  26-29   Symposium  on Management of  Petroleum Refinery Waste Water,
              Camelot  Inn, Tulsa,  Oklahoma, 1976.

              The sponsors are EPA, API,  and  Tulsa University.


 Feb.  4-5      Symposium  on Water Pollution Research in  Canada,  Centre
              for Inland Waters, Burlington,  Ontario, 1976.

              The topics  to be discussed at the symposium  include:
              advanced waste treatment, biological/chemical treatment
              methods, nitrification and denitrification of organic
              wastes, phosphorus control, and land application of
              sludge.

              FFI  contact  Dr, C. P. Fisher, Wastewater Technology
              Centre, Box  5050, Burlington, Ontario, Canada


 Feb.  5-7      Environmental Law-VI, San Francisco, California, 1976.
              Cosponsored  by the Environmental Law Institute and the
              Smithsonian  Institute.

              Second Plenary Session, Feb. 6,  1976, 9:30 am

               Federal Water Pollution Controls:  Developments under
               the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

               NEPA:  Current Developments under National Environmental
               Policy Act and under Comparable State and Municipal
               Programs

             FFI contact P. A.  Wolkin,  Director, ALI-ABA Committee  on
             Continuing Professional  Education,  4025 Chestnut St.,
             Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104


Feb. 17-20   Offshore Southeast Asia  Conference  and  Exhibition,
             Singapore,  1976,
                                 331

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Mar. 1-5     Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical  Chemistry and Applied
             Spectroscopy, 27th, Cleveland Convention Center,  Ohio,
             1976.

             There will be three sessions on environmental  analysis
             and two on oil identification.

             FFI contact H, Sweeney, Koppers Co., 440 College  Park
             Drive, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146


Mar. 7-9     Annual Meeting of the National Ocean Industries
             Association, 4th, Washington, D.C.,  1976.

             FFI contact T. Reynolds, National  Ocean Industries
             Association, Suite 410, 1100 17th  St., N.W.,  Washington,
             D.C. 20036


Mar. 22-31   Technical  Symposium on Prevention  of Marine Pollution
             from Ships, Acapulco, Mexico, 1976.

             Oil Pollution Related Papers

               SYMP I/I
               INTERNATIONAL MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
               OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS
               Sasamura, Y.

               Developments in the field of marine pollution from ships
               since oil was first carried as a cargo in the late 1800s
               are reviewed.  The growth in the transport of oil  by sea
               and the  awareness of oil  pollution as a  problem are
               described with reference  to international legislation.
               Background information used in writing and enforcing
               pollution control measures, in particular the International
               Convention for the Prevention of Marine  Pollution, 1973,
               is given.

               SYMP 1/2
               A REVIEW OF THE 1973 MARINE POLLUTION CONVENTION
               Price, R. I., and F. P. Schubert

               The shortcomings of the 1954 Oil Pollution Convention
               are described.  This overview of the 1973 Convention
               includes descriptions of  general obligations, measures
               to minimize accidental pollution by oil, the control
               of intentional oil pollution, and  measures  to control
               other types of pollution.  The 1954 and  1973 Conventions
               are compared.
                                   332

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 SYMP 1/3
 IMPACT OF THE 1973 CONVENTION, PARTICULARLY FROM THE
 POINT OF VIEW OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES [in Spanish]
 An author to be designated (Mexico)

 The main problem facing developing countries is  the
 expenditures necessary to implement  the Convention.
 These include the construction of installations  and
 reception facilities at ports, equipment on board
 ships, the training of technical  staff for inspection
 purposes, the modernization of many  shipyards  in the
 developing countries in order to  properly equip  ships,
 and provision of offices and posts for specialists
 in the various aspects of pollution  control.   A
 secondary, but important problem,  is making the
 contents of the Convention generally known'and
 drawing attention to the obligations it imposes  on
 contracting governments.   Patrolling the seas  to ensure
 compliance with the Convention is  an example.

 SYMP 1/4
 VIEWS  OF SHIPPING AND OIL  INDUSTRIES ON THE 1973
 CONVENTION
 Walder,  C.  A.,  and J.  C. S.  Horrocks

 The  shipping  and oil  industries strongly support the
 1973 Convention  and are  in  favor of  immediate  passage
 of the  necessary legislation  to bring  the  Convention  into
 force.   The practical  problems that  arise  in complying
 with the Convention annexes are described.  Relevant
 technological developments are reviewed.

 SYMP II/I
 POLLUTION  PROBLEMS  OF A COASTAL AND  MARITIME STATE
 Archer,  J.  N.
 The  United  Kingdom  believes that minimizing pollution
 from ships  is important to the country.  Existing
 services and  facilities have been  used  to  tackle the
 problem  as  cost  effectively as possible.  This paper
 can  be read with advantage with a revised version of
 "The battle against oil pollution at sea."

 SYMP I1/2
 MARINE POLLUTION OFF BARBADOS' COASTS
Archer, A. B.
 Barbados is vulnerable to marine pollution from ships,
as pollutants are carried in the South Equatorial current
from the Atlantic.  The crude oil  is  harming the reef
corals which surround the island.   Barbados needs oil
spill cleanup facilities to protect its thriving tourist
industry.  Its geographical location  also makes it an
ideal place for monitoring oil pollution from the Atlantic.
                      333

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SYMP I1/3
PREPARATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION
IN THE BALTIC SEA AS A SPECIAL AREA, ON THE EXAMPLE OF
POLAND
Grzywaczewski, Z,

The Helsinki Convention 1974 is an act of good will of
seven Baltic states.  The implementation of the Helsinki
Convention and the IMCO Convention 1973 to a special
area, the Baltic, is described.  The practical details
of shipping and transfer have created some unanswered
questions.  The requirements for effectiveness of the
Convention were stated.

SYMP IV/1
SEGREGATED BALLAST TANKER ARRANGEMENTS FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT DUE TO ACCIDENTS
Gray, W, 0., R. K. Kiss, and R. A. Sutherland

A study group of operating and technical professionals
was formed to determine if there were preferable positions
for placement of segregated ballast tanks which would
prevent accidental pollution.  This paper presents the
primary findings of an evaluation of twelve possible
locations as compared to a typical nonsegregated-ballast
conventional tanker.  The group feels, however, that
personnel training and navigational improvements are the
most effective ways of preventing accidents.

SYMP IV/2
SEGREGATED BALLAST AND RELATED ASPECTS OF TANKER DESIGN
Gray, W. 0.
The segregated ballast tanker concept is reviewed with
particular reference to the operating and design data
forming the foundation for Regulation 13(2), which
establishes acceptable ballast draughts; and to various
segregated ballast design variations and their inter-
relationships with other tanker design requirements.
A review of the economic and operational considerations
that led to the Conference regulations on segregated
ballast is included.

SYMP IV/3  ,
GUIDELINES FOR OPERATING AT IMCO SEGREGATED BALLAST
LEVELS
Cruikshank, J. M., and A. C. Landsburg

The results of ship motion prediction computer runs
at IMCO minimim ballast levels in extreme sea spectra
are reported and correlated with model test runs.  Motion
predictions are then used to evaluate the master's
possible alternatives in heavy seas.  The effects of each
alternative are evaluated and presented in a form useful
to ship' masters so they can operate safely at IMCO
minimum ballast levels.

                     334

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SYMP V/l
OIL-WATER SEPARATION AND OIL-IN-WATER MONITORING
Cormack, D.
An up-to-date review of the fields of oil-water separation
and monitoring are given.  Reference is made to the
theoretical background of each method, the types of
equipment available, performance data and the direction
of future development.  Both ship-board and land-based
reception facility applications are discussed.

SYMP V/2
OIL-IN-WATER MONITORING ABOARD TANKERS
Berto, F. J.
The Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) has
had a task group working to accelerate development of
simple, reliable shipboard oil-in-water monitors since
early 1973-  Companies in OCIMF have sponsored monitor
development in addition to the surveys and information
dissemination of the total group.  The problems of a
shipboard oil-in-water analyzer are the difficult
environment, limited maintenance capability and
variability in oil types.

SYMP V/3
SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL OF DISCHARGED OIL -
OIL CONTENT METERS [in French]
Guigues, F.
The Ultra-Rapid Response Detector meets the ten
specifications for equipment measuring the oil content
of waste water discharge at sea.  The paper gives an
outline description of these conditions, and of certain
apparatuses in wide use.  Laboratory tests on the URRD
are now being confirmed by tankers in service.

SYMP VI/1
IMCO AND THE "LOAD ON TOP" SYSTEM
Victory, G.
The development of the Load on Top system, whereby the
majority of the oil residues are retained on board in
slop tanks and then discharged to the refinery with
the next oil cargo, is discussed.  The optimal arrangements,
monitoring devices, improved methods of oil-water separation
in the tanks, and arrangements to comply with the 1973
Convention are described.

SYMP VI/2
LOAD-ON-TOP SYSTEM WITH DUAL SLOP TANKS OF IMPROVED DESIGN
Hasegawa, S., S. Fukuda, Y. Seike, and M. Nakashima
A dual-slop-tank arrangement is a refinement of the Load
on Top system.  The primary slop tank separates oil and

                       335

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sludge; the secondary separates oil and water,  Using
this system the oil content of the water can be reduced
to 50 ppm or less in a 20-hour period.  This procedure
completely satisfies the 1973 Convention.

SYMP VI/3
CRUDE OIL WASHING
Maybourn, R.

For crude oil tankers, crude oil itself is a theoretically
better washing agent.  The background to the research
program on crude oil washing conducted by BP Tanker
Company, and that company's experience with the system
are reviewed.  The environmental and commercial benefits
of crude oil washing and technical information on safety
and other operational considerations are reviewed.

SYMP VI/4
IMPROVEMENTS OF "CLEAN SEAS GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS,"
PARTICULARLY FOR PRODUCT TANKERS
Lecocq, I. E., and J. C. S. Horrocks
In 1973, OCIMF (Oil Companies International Marine Forum)
and ICS (International Chamber of Shipping) produced the
"Clean Seas Guide for Oil Tankers."  This has been reviewed
to see whether it can be adapted to cover the handling
of oils as defined in the 1973 Convention.  A revised
version of the Guide now includes procedures for the
retention on board of non-persistent oil residues,

SYMP VI/5
TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING OIL DISCHARGE FROM PRODUCT
OIL TANKERS
Van Cleave, H. D., H. P. Santiago, and W. B. Chappel

The impact of the 1973 Marine Pollution Convention on
product oil tankers is outlined.  The EPA study, which
was submitted to IMCO in October, 1973, and other studies
have revealed some operational techniques which may be
suitable procedures for  complying with the new Convention.

SYMP VI/6
FUEL FROM SLOP OIL
Lockwood, W. H., Jr.

Slop oil derived from tank washing can be separated from
ballast water through gravitation, demulsifying chemicals
and fresh water washes.   The slop pil is then an acceptable
fuel for the ships' main propulsion boilers.  Special
piping and safety features are necessary; but this method
of onboard disposal benefits the vessel owner as well as
the environment.
                      336

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 SYMP VI/7
 HYDRAULIC TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO-TANK SLUDGE
 Hasegawa, S., S. Fukuda, Y. Seike, and Y. Matsuo
 A hydraulic sludge hauling device is five times faster
 than conventional methods, and also eliminates the
 need to wash a ship deck fouled with sludge.  The sludge
 in the tank bottom is fluidized with water or cargo oil
 and pumped to a sludge separator in a cargo tank.

 SYMP VII/1
 THE NEW DEBALLASTING AND WASHING STATION AT
 FOS/MARSEILLES [in French]
 Graujeman, 0., and P. Theobald

 The 1973 Convention introduced regulations for special
 areas,  such as the Mediterranean, which  prohibit any
 discharge of oil, effective 1  January 1977.   Ports will
 have to be equipped with reception and treatment
 facilities for the oily residues.  The Port  of
 Marseille will  have to install  such facilities,  which
 will  represent a  considerable  innovation.   Berth capacity
 for supertankers  will be available.

 SYMP  VI1/2
 METHODOLOGY  FOR DETERMINING ADEQUACY OF  RECEPTION
 FACILITIES IN  PORT  FOR TREATMENT  OF SHIP-GENERATED OILY
 WASTES
 Steinman,  G. C.,  K. J.  Randall, and  C. F.  Propp

 Two regulations of  the 1973 Convention require each
 government to  undertake means  to  insure  the  provisions
 of adequate  reception facilities  in  ports.   The  deter-
 mination  of  adequacy  depends upon  the quantity of  oily
 wastes  anticipated  by a  particular port, taking  into
 account the  effects of segregated ballast, offshore
 loading facilities, and  on-board  oil-water separators.
 The state-of-the-art  of  the present  shipboard waste
 technology is included.

 SYMP VII/5
 THE DESIGN OF A SYSTEM FOR THE RECEPTION OF  BALLAST
 WATER FROM OIL TANKERS  [in Spanish]
 Gonzalez, R. S. N., and M. A. G. Lara

The design and operation of a reception facility for
 simultaneously handling ballast water from three ships
engaged in the transport of oil are discussed.  A large
pit is  used to allow  the oily water sufficient time
for settling.  The oil floating on the surface is skimmed
off; an oil separator separates oil from the flow of water
coming from the skimmer collectors.
                     337

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SYMP VII/6
RECEPTION FACILITIES AND TREATMENT OF BALLAST WATER -
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF THE SIZE [in French]
Franco, M.
The data used in computer simulation of the size, design
and engineering of onshore reception facilities for oily
residues are real.  They include information on unloading
ballast to onshore facilities and onshore treating plants,
and statistics on the amount of crude handled, average
ballast percentage, average pumping time, inoperative
days because of bad weather, and data on the routes of
tankers which load at the terminal.

SYMP IX/1
SWEDISH EXPERIENCES ON ORGANIZATION, MEANS AND MEASURES
FOR COMBATING SPILLS AT SEA OF OIL AND OTHER HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES
Engdahl, R.

The Swedish Coast Guard is responsible for dealing with
spills of harmful substances at sea,  One special
interest has been the development of methods and tech-
niques for removing spilt oil from the surface by
mechanical means.  The Swedish organization has a wide
assortment of equipment for all conditions, and a fleet
of 30 specialized oil ships and workboats.

SYMP IX/2
DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINGENCY PLANNING TO DEAL WITH OIL
POLLUTION
Smith, J. W., and M, J. Garnett

The plan recommends coordination, by one government
authority, of all oil pollution activities and the
necessary delegation of control at the scene of the
spill to a suitable cleanup organization.  The paper
is a guide to what should be covered by an Oil Pollution
Contingency Plan and contains'considerable organizational
detail.

SYMP IX/3
A MAJOR GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL CLEANUP ASSOCIATION -
AN OVERVIEW
Berry, W. L., and J. W. Wolfe

Clean Gulf Associates was established in 1972 by the
petroleum operators in the Gulf of Mexico to provide the
capability for fast, effective cleanup of oil spills
in both coastal and offshore waters.  Equipment stockpiles
are tailored specifically for spills resulting from
exploration and production activities, but are still
generally applicable.
                     338

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  SYMP  IX/4
  PREVENTION AND COMBATING OF OIL POLLUTION  IN THE
  NEIGHBORHOOD OF OIL PORTS OF LE HAVRE-ANTIFER AND OF
  LE VERDON [in French]
  Ailleret, J. C., and D. Velut

  Large-scale spills caused by collision or grounding can
  be averted by allowing generous dimensions of the
  various features of the fairway giving access to the
  terminal, installing effective aids to navigation, and
  systematic inspection of the ship's gear, radar and VHF
  equipment.  In the event of grounding, immediate dispatch
  of tugs and lighters,  and commencement of counter-measures
  against pollution are necessary.   The techniques used in
  two French ports are analyzed.   The conclusions are that
  prevention is important, and techniques and equipment must
  be adapted to the local  area and  improved upon.

 SYMP IX/5
 EMERGENCY PLAN IN CASE OF ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION  [in French]
 An author to be  designated  (Italy)

 The purpose,  scope  and organization of a  plan to be  used
 in case of accidental  pollution are outlined.   The
 operational  program is  discussed  in terms of spill control,
 oil  transfer  by  lighters  and  salvage of the ship,  booms,
 mechanical means  of recovery, dispersants,  shore protection
 measures,  equipment for  ports,  and  naval  and air force
 assistance.

 SYMP X/l
 LOADING PORT  INSPECTION OF CARGO RESIDUE  RETENTION BY
 TANKERS IN BALLAST
 Holdsworth, M. P,

 In 1970/71, inspection of tankers revealed  that  Load-on-Top
 was not being used  as widely or efficiently as  it could  be.
 A 1973  booklet, "Clean Seas Guide for Oil Tankers,"
 Informed those concerned of the proper procedures.
 Monitoring of Load-on-Top performance increased  the number
 of tankers using the method and led to the  ICS/OCIMF Guide
 "Monitoring of Load-on-Top."  Intergovernmentally supported
 loading port inspection will provide a'large degree of
 control and enforcement.

 SYMP X/2
 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF OIL POLLUTION
Andresen, I.

Several methods are applied  £0 .compare physical  and
chemical properties of samples taken from oil spills  and
from suspected ships.  Demonstrated differences  in
physical and  chemical properties constitute "negative
                     339

-------
 production of evidence,"   Methods  include  gas
 chromatography,  infrared  spectrophotometry,  ultra-
 violet spectrophotometry,  the  concentrations of  Ni and
 V, and liquid chromatography,  The Danish  National
 Institute for Testing  of  Materials is  presently  compiling
 an index  of the  various types  of crude oil,which will be
 used in demonstrating  the  origin of a  given  pollution
 incident,   This  would  eliminate the need to  take a
 reference sample from  "suspected ships."

 SYMP X/3
 IN-SITU DETECTION OF OIL ON WATER
 Flanagan,  D.  B,,  and G. P. White,  Jr.

 The state-of-the-art of sensing methods and  available
 equipment  for the in-situ  detection of oil spills in the
 marine environment  is  reviewed.  Equipment such  as vapor
 detectors,  mechanical  devices  and  radiation  sensors are
 discussed.   References to  available test data are given.

 SYMP X/4
 AIRBORNE REMOTE  SENSING OF OIL SPILLS  IN THE MARINE
 ENVIRONMENT
 Flanagan,  D.  B,

 The status  of airborne remote  oil  slick sensing  in the
 U.S.A.  is  reviewed.  Examples  of applications, cost,
 weight and  volume are given.   Test data is referenced.

 SYMP X/5
 TELEDETECTION  OF  OIL DISCHARGES [in French]
 Mourlon, J. C.

 Techniques  used to detect various pollutants must be
 effective at all  times and under all visibility
 conditions.   Scanning for oil  has been applied over a
 wide  range  of  the electromagnetic spectrum.  Remote
 sensing can also  be used to monitor a developing slick
 in  order to select the most suitable counter-measures.
 Experiments carried out in France are reported,


 SYMP  X/6
 OIL SPILLS  FROM TANKERS
 Garnett, M. J., and J.  W.  Smith

 The  International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation
 includes almost 100$ of all the owners of seagoing
 tankers in the world.  It is in a favorable position
 to collect statistics on spills.   The data is fed into
a computer and analyzed.   Some interesting findings have
emerged; for instance,  30% of the spills take place while
 discharging, and only 3.5% are due to stranding  or
collision.  These statistics will  help evaluate  factors
contributing to spillage,  and to  advise methods  for
containment and possible elimination.

                     340

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 SYMP X/7
 SWEDISH METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOURCE OF
 DISCHARGED OIL BY TAGGING OIL RESIDUES IN TANKERS
 Agnedal, P. 0.
 Experiments in Sweden have shown that the most suitable
 substance for tagging individual ships is metal particles.
 Combinations of alloys of different metals form many
 tagging materials.  The composition is analyzed by the
 use of an electron probe microanalysis.  Advantages,
 disadvantages and costs of the tagging are given.

 SYMP X/8
 THE IMPLEMENTATION AND INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS OF A
 NATIONAL INFORMATION  SYSTEM ON MARINE POLLUTION
 Baisuck,  A., J.  Harrald, J.  Leotta, and W.  A.  Wallace

 The U.S.  Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS)  was
 designed  to collect and process data on incidents involving
 harmful  substances and comprehensive penalty data.   The
 design,  development,  and implementation of  the system are
 described.   Sample reports  indicate causes  and economic
 costs  associated  with discharges of oil  from vessels  in
 U.S. waters.   The 1973 Convention recommended  reports of
 this type.

 SYMP XI/1
 RESOURCES USED IN  FRANCE TO  COMBAT  MARINE POLLUTION  BY
 OIL [in French]
 Pichon, J.
 French policy  in  the  field of  pollution control has  led
 to the design  and  production of  the  BALEAR  floating  booms,
 the dynamic CYCLONET  and  static VORTEX  recovering equipment,
 and the flexible CAIMAN  towable  tanks.  All can be used
 in combination and adapted to  various situations.  The
 equipment is neither  infallible nor  perfect, but  it  is
 realistically designed.

 SYMP XI/2
 OIL CLEARING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
 Cormack, D.
 Cleanup and recovery  techniques and  equipment for use at
 sea and on beaches are discussed.  The properties of oil
 that are relevant to  the question of cleanup are examined.
 The various approaches to cleanup are assessed; and the
 use of dispersants, especially new concentrate dispersants,
 are discussed in detail.  Warren Springs Laboratory equipment,
which was designed for.applying dispersants, is reviewed.
Solutions to the problems concerning storage and transport
of recovered oil  are suggested.
                      341

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SYMP XI/3
RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS
Boersma, F. A.

The oil spill response and control equipment currently
in use in the United States is described.   The locations
and situations where a type of equipment is used and its
limitations are discussed.  The organization of the
actual response and the cooperation among  the Coast
Guard, industry and foreign governments are demonstrated
by examples.

SYMP XI/4
COMPLEX APPLICATION OF PORT TECHNICAL MEANS FOR PREVENTING
MARINE POLLUTION AND COMBATING OIL SPILLAGES
Nunuparov, S. M.

The USSR oil pollution prevention plan calls for each
port to be equipped with a complex of engineering
facilities.  High capacity shore reception facilities
and floating port cleaning stations are being constructed;
and a new universal ship has been designed for collection
of pollutants from ships in ports.  Contingency plans are
being developed for each port.  This combination of
equipment and planning is capable of controlling an oil
spill of 200-250 tons.  For major operations and problems
at sea, a marine emergency/salvage complex is being
designed.  Other prevention measures include improved
navigation procedures, personnel training, and industry
regulations.

SYMP XI/5
DISPERSION VERSUS REMOVAL
Dorrler, J. S.

Criteria of ecological effects, aesthetic effects,
property damage, commercial damage and health effects
were used to decide whether dispersion or physical
removal techniques should have been used in five actual
U.S. spills.  In four out of five cases physical removal
was preferred.  Adverse ecological and health impacts are
the undesirable side effects of dispersants.  Each spill,
however, must be evaluated separately.

SYMP XI/6
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF SPILLS OF HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES AND RESTORATION STEPS
Thompson, C. H., and A. L. Jennings
Guidelines are provided to aid in determining the type
and extent of damage to the environment caused by oil
spills.  Environmental priorities will be determined so
that cleanup efforts will be directed to the most
vulnerable parts of the environment first.  Alternative
techniques of restoration are  included.

                     342

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                SYMP XI/7
                PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MOORING CRAFT EQUIPPED FOR
                DISPERSAL OF OIL SPILLAGES [in Spanish]
                Gaxiola, M.
                A mooring craft for offshore terminal  service has been
                designed; it is equipped for chemical  dispersal  of oil
                spillages at sea.

              FFI Contact IMCO Secretariat,  B.  Okamura,  Marine Environment
              Division,  101-104 Piccadilly,  London W1V OAE


 Mar.  28-30   National Petroleum Refiners  Association  Annual  Meeting,
              San Antonio, Texas,  1976.

              Refinery Process Session #2

                GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES
                Environmental  Protection Agency

                DISPOSAL  OF  LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES
                Shell Oil Company, Houston, Texas

                FUNDAMENTAL  ISSUES IN HEALTH STANDARDS
                Brooks, W. T.

              FFI  contact NPRA,  Suite 802, 1725 DeSales St., N.W.,
              Washington, D.C. 20036


Mar. 30-      Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturer Association,
April 1       Shamrock Hilton  Hotel, Houston, Texas, 1976.

              "Industrial Pollution Conference and Exposition"


Apr. 7-13    Scientific Workshop on Marine Pollution in  East Asian
             Waters, Penang, Malaysia, 1976.

             This workshop was originally scheduled for  September 1,
             1975.  The workshop will consist of ajd hoc  working
             groups set up to deal with  the specific subjects of
             physical pollution, organic and biological  pollution,
             pesticides  and inorganic pollution,  and oil pollution.
             A short plenary section will  be held on arrangements for
             data exchange,  in the context of developing global
             systems such as ASFIS,  ISODE, and IRS.  Plenary sessions
             will also  be held on regional or,subregional (Sea of
             Japan, South China Seas, Malacca Straits) cooperation in
             research.

             The main documents for the  Workshop  will  consist of
             national reports on the present marine pollution situation

                                     343

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in each country.  The reports will be prepared by individuals
and not necessarily endorsed by their respective governmental
authorities.  FAO consultants will evaluate the question-
naires from the individuals.  These will  form the basis of
a draft review of marine pollution in East Asian waters.  Two
specially prepared bibliographies will be available:  one on
regional  marine pollution and one on regional oceanography.

FFI contact R. C. Griffiths, Assistant Secretary,
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO, Place
de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France.
                        344

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                          SUBJECT CROSS REFERENCE

A.  OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION

    1.   REPORTING

        C-36-76, C-139-76,  C-155-76,  C-201-76, C-248-76, C-400-76
        C-435-76, C-452-76


    2.   MONITORING

        C-62-76, C-71-76, C-88-76, C-93-76, C-101-76, C-102-76,
        C-lll-76, C-112-76,  C-114-76, C-116-76, C-119-76, C-121-76,
        C-131-76, C-133-76,  C-134-76, C-135-76, C-138-76, C-150-76,
        C-152-76, C-159-76,  C-219-76, C-226-76, C-232-76, C-246-76,
        C-273-76, C-374-76,  C-432-76, C-496-76, C-497-76, C-513-76,
        C-607-76,  C-611-76,  C-627-76, P-13-76, P-23-76, P-34-76


    3.   REMOTE SENSING

        C-52-76,  C-64-76, C-360-76, C-627-76, C-629-76


   4.   SAMPLING

        C-9-76, C-21-76, C-23-76, C-137-76, C-562-76, C-627-76,  P-5-76


   5.  ANALYSIS

       C-23-76, C-41-76, C-58-76, C-61-76, C-80-76,  C-83-76,  C-104-76,
       C-105-76, C-153-76,  C-158-76,  C-159-76, C-160-76, C-161-76,
       C-162-76, C-166-76,  C-168-76,  C-169-76, C-170-76, C-292-76,
       C-348-76, C-400-76,  C-546-76,  C-561-76, C-562-76, C-573-76,
       C-574-76, C-627-76,  C-629-76.  Reporting:   R-l-76.
       Source identification:   R-5-76.
       Waste oil and  waste  water treatment:   R-325-74, P-69-76


   6.   SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

       C-2-76,  C-17-76,  C-103-76, C-119-76, C-125-76, C-135-76,
       C-144-76, C-146-76,  C-147-76,  C-151-76, C-259-76, C-561-76
       C-574-76.   Monitoring:   R-2-76, P-5-76

                                 345

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B.   OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND  CONTROL

    1.   CONTAINMENT

        C-189-76, C-197-76,  C-202-76,  C-221-76,  C-224-76,  C-234-76,
        C-426-76, P-l-76,  P-2-76,  P-3-76,  P-59-76,  P-72-76, P-75-76


    2.   CLEANUP AND RECOVERY

        C-24-76, C-28-76,  C-55-76,  C-59-76,  C-176-76,  C-178-76,
        C-179-76, C-180-76,  C-181-76,  C-259-76,  C-263-76,  C-303-76,
        C-307-76, C-321-76,  C-326-76,  C-363-76,  C-364-76,  C-371-76,
        C-389-76, C-394-76,  C-399-76,  C-416-76,  C-426-76,  C-428-76,
        C-496-76, C-523-76,  C-524-76,  C-628-76.   Personnel training
        and education:   R-13-76.   Physical changes  of  oil:  R-32-76,
        P-4-76, P-8-76,  P-9-76, P-10-76,  P-12-76, P-14-76, P-15-76,
        P-17-76, P-20-76,  P-22-76,  P-24-76,  P-27-76, P-28-76, P-29-76,
        P-30-76, P-32-76,  P-36-76,  P-40-76,  P-42-76, P-43-76, P-46-76,
        P-52-76, P-54-76,  P-56-76,  P-67-76,  P-68-76, P-71-76, P-78-76


    3.   RESTORATION

        C-207-76, C-237-76,  C-298-76,  C-364-76


    4.   OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT

        C-175-76, C-303-76,  C-422-76,  C-423-76,  C-442-76,  C-510-76,
        C-589-76, C-590-76,  C-593-76,  P-ll-76, P-18-76,  P-25-76,
        P-26-76, P-31-76,  P-77-76


    5.   DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

        C-19-76, C-24-76,  C-27-76,  C-39-76,  C-47-76, C-49-76, C-62-76,
        C-64-76, C-65-76,  C-87-76,  C-90-76,  C-102-76,  C-173-76,
        C-175-76, C-177-76,  C-181-76,  C-182-76,  C-185-76,  C-188-76,
        C-190-76, C-192-76,  C-194-76,  C-196-76,  C-199-76,  C-200-76,
        C-202-76, C-203-76,  C-204-76,  C-205-76,  C-206-76,  C-212-76,
        C-214-76, C-216-76,  C-217-76,  C-218-76,  C-227-76,  C-228-76,
        C-230-76, C-231-76,  C-234-76,  C-236-76,  C-238-76,  C-239-76,
        C-244-76, C-245-76,  C-246-76,  C-247-76,  C-249-76,  C-250-76,
        C-251-76, C-252-76,  C-272-76,  C-281-76,  C-309-76,  C-351-76,
        C-427-76, C-493-76.   Monitoring:   R-008-74, R-272-74.
        Remote sensing:   R-12-74, R-279-74,  R-280-74,  R-4-76.
        Containment:  R-43-74. Cleanup and  recovery:  R-l54-74,
        R-293-74, R-299-74,  R-9-76, R-l1-76, P-7-76, P-33-76, P-34-76,
        P-35-76, P-40-76,  P-60-76,  P-75-76,  P-77-76
                                  346

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C.  EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION

    1.   BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

        C-8-76, C-55-76,  C-109-76,  C-137-76,  C-168-76, C-240-76,
        C-242-76,  C-419-76,  C-434-76,  C-439-76, C-440-76,  C-441-76,
        C-444-76,  C-445-76,  C-446-76,  C-449-76, C-497-76,  C-508-76,
        C-527-76,  C-529-76,  C-533-76,  C-540-76, C-564-76,  C-567-76.
        Monitoring:   R-2-76,  R-3-76


    2.   PHYSICAL EFFECTS

        C-410-76,  C-440-76, C-445-76, C-446-76


    3.   CHEMICAL EFFECTS

        C-410-76,  C-445-76, C-446-76, C-563-76


    4.   ECONOMIC EFFECTS

        C-13-76, C-55-76, C-298-76, C-427-76, C-586-76, C-587-76,
        C-601-76.  Biological effects of oil pollution:  R-20-76


    5.   GENERAL EFFECTS

       C-4-76, C-5-76, C-163-76, C-364-76,  C-478-76,  C-504-76,
       C-513-76, C-569-76, C-574-76, C-604-76,  C-606-76.
       Remote sensing:  R-4-76.   General  fate of  oil:  R-34-76


   6.  WASTE OIL AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT

       C-80-76, C-191-76,  C-200-76, C-209-76, C-226-76, C-233-76,
       C-254-76, C-378-76, C-518-76, C-536-76,  C-579-76, C-613-76,
       C-618-76, C-626-76, C-628-76.   Reporting:  R-l-76.
       Monitoring:  R-008-74,  P-4-76,  P-6-76, P-7-76,  P-16-76,  P-19-76,
       P-21-76, P-37-76,  P-38-76, P-39-76,  P-41-76, P-42-76, P-44-76,
       P-45-76, P-47-76,  P-48-76, P-49-76,  P-50-76, P-51-76, P-53-76,
       P-55-76, P-57-76,  P-58-76, P-61-76,  P-62-76, P-63-76, P-64-76,
       P-65-76, P-66-76,  P-67-76, P-68-76,  P-70-76, P-73-76, P-74-76,
       P-76-76.

   7.   PERSONNEL TRAINING  AND  EDUCATION

       C-45-76

   8.   CONTINGENCY PLANNING

       C-3-76,  C-6-76, C-176-76, C-211-76, C-426-76, C-497-76, C-603-76

                                 347

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D.  EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION

    1.  BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

        C-471-76, C-474-76.  General  effects of oil  pollution:   R-23-76


    2.  SOCIAL EFFECTS

        C-464-76, C-467-76, C-489-76, C-500-76, C-502-76,  C-512-76


    3.  ECONOMIC EFFECTS

        C-448-76, C-453-76, C-454-76, C-471-76, C-475-76,  C-496-76,
        C-500-76, C-502-76, C-510-76


    4.  GENERAL EFFECTS

        C-15-76, C-104-76,  C-118-76,  C-124-76,  C-243-76, C-262-76,
        C-298-76, C-362-76, C-372-76, C-424-76, C-443-76,  C-462-76,
        C-463-76, C-465-76, C-466-76, C-582-76, C-584-76,  C-588-76,
        C-624-76


E.  FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT

    1,  BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION

        C-125-76, C-168-76, C-198-76, C-295-76, C-310-76,  C-369-76,
        C-383-76, C-385-76, C-465-76, C-555-76, C-565-76.   Biological
        effects of oil pollution:   R-232-74,  R-16-76,  P-4-76, P-58-76


    2.  PHYSICAL CHANGES

        C-418-76, C-568-76, C-570-76, C-571-76


    3.  CHEMICAL CHANGES-

        C-158-76, C-555-76


    4,  GENERAL FATE  OF OIL

        C-151-76, C-386-76, C-400-76, C-497-76, C-528-76,  C-555-76,
        C-564-76.  General  effects of oil  prospecting  and  oil
        production:   R-25-76.   Reporting:   R-35-76.
                                 348

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 F.  OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS
     1.  STATE LEGISLATION
         C-2-76, C-578-76, C-584-76.   Contingency planning:  R-14-76
     2.  U.S. LEGISLATION
         C-201-76, C-259-76,  C-281-76,  C-426-76,  C-469-76,  C-479-76
         C-494-76, C-506-76,  C-575-76,  C-592-76,  C-605-76,  0-621-76*
         C-623-76
     3.  INTERNATIONAL  LEGISLATION
         C-250-76,  C-429-76,  C-433-76,  C-503-76,  C-621-76,  C-625-76
     4.   FOREIGN  LEGISLATION
         C-7-76,  C-599-76, C-623-76.  Contingency planning:  R-14-76
     5.   INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
        C-578-76

G.   BIBLIOGRAPHIES
    C-393-76, C-517-76
                                349

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                        APPENDIX

                    Journals Scanned
Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants
Alaska Seas and Coasts
Ambio
American Fisheries Society Newsletter
American Fisheries Society Transactions
American Naturalist
Applied Microbiology
Applied Science & Technology Index
Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts
Atlantic Naturalist
Audubon
Auk:  A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Australian Science Index
Biological Abstracts
Bioscience
Bird Study
British Birds
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Bulletin of Marine Science
California Fish and Game
California Water Pollution Control Association Bulletin
Chemical Abstracts
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering  Progress
Chemical Week
Chemistry  in Canada
Chemosphere
Critical Reviews  in Environmental Control
Crustaceana
Current Contents:  Life  Sciences
Current Contents:  Physical and Chemical Sciences
Deep-Sea Research
Ecolibrium
Ecological Abstracts
Ecological Monographs
Ecological Society of America  Bulletin
Ecology Law Quarterly
                           350

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  Energy Review
  Environment
  Environment Abstracts
  Environmental  Action
  Environmental  Health and Pollution Control
  Environmental  Letters
  Environmental  Periodicals Bibliography
  Environmental  Pollution
  Environmental  Science & Technology
  Environmental  Technology and  Economics
  Estuarine  and  Coastal  Marine  Science
  Fuel Abstracts  and  Current Titles
  Geotimes
  Government Reports  Announcements
  Hydrobiologia
  India Journal of Environmental Health
  Industrial  Wastes Information Bulletin
  International Aerospace Abstracts
  International Journal of  Environmental Analytical Chemistry
  International Petroleum Abstracts
 Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
 Journal of Chromatography
 Journal of Ecology
 Journal of Environmental Sciences
 Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
 Journal of Fish Biology
 Journal of Natural  History
 Journal of Petroleum Technology
 Journal of the  Fisheries Research Board  of Canada
 Limnology and Oceanography
 Marine  Biological Association  of  the United  Kingdom,  Journal
 Marine  Biology
 Marine  Chemistry
 Marine  Fisheries Review
 Marine  Geology
 Marine  Newsletter
 Marine  Pollution Bulletin
 Marine  Science  Contents  Tables
 Marine  Technology Society, Journal
 Maritime Research Information  Service Abstracts
 Microbial Ecology
 National Fisherman
 National Petroleum News
 National Research Council, News Report
 National Wildlife
 Natural History
 Nature
 Nautilus
 Nippon Suisan Gakkai Shi.  Bulletin of the Japanese Society
   of Scientific Fisheries
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Industry
                             351

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 Ocean Management
 Ocean Oil Weekly  Report
 Oceanic Abstracts
 Oceanology
 Oceans
 Oceanus
 Offshore
 Oil and Gas Journal
 Our Sun
 Outdoor California
 Pacific Oil World
 Petroleum Abstracts
 Petroleum Engineer International
 Petroleum Today
 Pollution Abstracts
 Proceedings in Print
 Remote Sensing of the Environment
 Resources
 Royal Society of London, Proceedings, Series B, Biological Sciences
 Science
 Science News
 Science of the Total Environment
 Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
 Sea Frontiers
 Sea Secrets
 Sea Technology
 Selected References on Environmental Quality
 Selected Water Resources Abstracts
 Sierra Club, San Francisco, Bulletin
 The Ecologist
 The Engineering Index
 Underwater Information Bulletin
 Underwater Naturalist
 Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Water Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control  Federation, Journal
Water Research
Water Resources Research:  A Journal of the Sciences of Water
Western Fisheries
                               352

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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/2-76-185
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
November 1975 - January 1976
7. AUTHOR(S)
Penelope Melvin and Robin M. Ross
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati. Ohio 45268
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
6. REPORT DATE
July 1976 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB041; ROAP 21BEA; TASK 008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803992
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Quarterly, Nov. '75 - Jan. '76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
r» i ^r\n *"*r\in ^r sirtn nn O>in "7 1 ft • ^DA CTf\ /O ~JC r\AA nn o » o i- «« r-f*n *.«*« .« -
  PB-243 724;  EPA-600/2-76-113; EPA-600/2-76-129;
 16. ABSTRACT
                            ;  EPA-670/2-75-059,
        and EPA-600/2-76-215
   The November 1975 - January  1976 Oil  Spill and Oil Pollution  Reports is the sixth
   quarterly compilation of oil  spill  events and oil pollution report summaries.
   Presented in the report are:   (a) summaries of oil spill events;  (b) summaries
   and bibliographic literature  citations; (c) summaries of current  research projects;
   and (d) patent summaries.  This  report is submitted in partial  fulfillment of EPA
   Grant No. R-803992 by the Marine Science Institute, University  of California, Santa
   Barbara, under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection  Agency.
 17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
  b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/Group
  *Bibliographies
  *Summaries
  *Patents
  *Documents
  *Research
   Oil pollution
   Oil spill events
   Oil spill research
   Oil pollution  control
   Oil pollution  patents
     13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
                                              UNCLASSIFIED
                 (This Report)
  RELEASE TO  PUBLIC

  20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage!
   UNCLASSIFIED
. NO. OF PAGES
    365
                                                                        22. PRICE
EPA form 2220-1 (9-73)
353

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