EPA-600/2-76-215
August 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
OIL SPILL AND
POLLUTION REPORTS
February 1976 • April 1976
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This.document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-76-215
August 1976
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
February 1976 - April 1976
by
Penelope Melvin, Robin M. Ross, and Helmut Ehrenspeck
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
Grant No. R803992
Project Officer
J. S. Dorrler
Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08817
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commerial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed,
converted, and used, the related pollutional impacts on our
environment and even on our health often require that new and
increasingly more efficient pollution control methods be used.
The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati
(lERL-Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and improved
methodologies that will meet these needs both efficiently and
economically.
This report is a product of the above efforts. It cites current
events, literature, research, patents, and other material relevant
to the oil pollution abatement program and is published in an abstract
format on a quarterly basis. As such, it serves as a basic reference
document for all those interested in oil spill and oil pollution control,
This project is part of the continuing program of the Oil and Hazardous
Materials Spills Branch, lERL-Ci to assess and mitigate the environ-
mental impact of oil pollution.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
lii
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ABSTRACT
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS is a quarterly bulletin
designed to review current scientific and technical publications
and research projects in the field of oil pollution. Subject
scope includes all aspects of aquatic and terrestrial oil pollution.
This issue contains summaries of research projects and documents
selected from the .scientific and technical literature during the
period February, 1976 through April, 1976.
The following sections are included in the report:
I. Reports, Publications, and Patents
II. Current Research Projects
III. Current Oil-Related Conferences
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of EPA Grant
No. R803992-01 by the Marine Science Institute, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California, under the sponsorship of
the Environmental Protection Agency.
IV
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract iv
Acknowledgments viii
Introduction ix
Sections
I Publications and Reports
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Reporting 1
2. Monitoring 8
3. Remote Sensing 20
4. Sampling 27
5. Analysis 32
6. Source Identification 40
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Containment 45
2. Cleanup and Recovery 49
3. Restoration 68
4. Oil Transfer and Transport 69
5. Design and Engineering 77
6. Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods 78
7. Reclamation and Reuse 109
8. Contingency Planning 117
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Page
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 119
2. Physical Effects 142
3. Chemical Effects 143
4. Economic Effects 144
5. General Effects 146
D. Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
1. Biological Effects 154
2. Physical Effects 155
3. Social Effects 156
4. Economic Effects 157
5. General Effects 159
E. Fate of Oil in the Environment
1. Biological Degradation 183
2. Physical Changes 188
3. General Fate of Oil 191
F. Oil Pollution Regulations
1. State Legislation 194
2. U.S. Legislation 195
3. International Legislation 202
4. Foreign Legislation 206
5. Industry Standards and Guidelines 208
G. Bibliographies 209
VI
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Page
II Current Status of Some of the Research Projects Listed in
Previous Reports
A. Oil Pollution Detection and Evaluation
1. Monitoring 212
2. Analysis 216
3. Source Identification 217
B. Oil Pollution Prevention and Control
1. Cleanup and Recovery 219
2. Oil Transfer and Transport 223
3. Waste Oil and Waste Water Treatment 225
4. Personnel Training and Education 226
C. Effects of Oil Pollution
1. Biological Effects 228
2, General Effects 234
D. Effects of Oil Prospecting and Production
1. Biological Effects 235
2. Physical Effects 236
3. General Effects 237
E. Fate of Oil in the Marine Environment
1. Biological Degradation 239
2. Physical Changes of Oil 245
3. General Fate of Oil 246
III Current Conferences 255
Subject Index 274
Appendix 305
vii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Ms. Yvonne Pommerville
for typing the camera-ready copy of Oil Spill and Oil Pollution
Reports. Her untiring efforts have been greatly appreciated.
We also wish to thank the personnel of the Science-Engineering
Department of the UCSB Library and Mr. Bruce Harger for their
professional assistance during the research stages of the
project.
vm
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INTRODUCTION
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS is a quarterly bulletin which
reviews pertinent scientific and technical publications and research
projects to provide its readers with current developments in the field
of oil pollution. This issue contains summaries of articles, reports,
documents, and other materials relating to oil pollution published
during the period 1974 to 1976 (Section I); summaries and status of
current research projects (Section II); and current oil-related conferences
(Section III).
The subject scope includes all aspects of aquatic and terrestrial oil
pollution. Items in Section I are categorized by seven major subdivisions
divided into thirty-four specific subject categories. These are presented
in the Table of Contents. Patents and patent applications are announced
in this section under appropriate subject categories. Sources of the
citations appear in the list of Periodicals Reviewed in the Appendix. A
subject index for entries in Section I is provided at the end of the report.
Section II presents titles of active or recently completed oil pollution
research projects, summaries of project objectives, and current status
information and/or resulting publications provided upon request by the
principal investigators or performing organization. Notices of research
projects were obtained from the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange
(SSIE), Maritime Information Research Service, Aquatic Microbiology News-
letter, and individual researchers. Entries are arranged according to the
same subject categories as in Section I and are ordered by serial number
within each subject division. Some of the current projects listed in
previous Oil Pollution Reports have been recently renewed. These projects
have been relisted and headed by the same serial number as originally
reported, followed by the word (renewal). Renewal entries are listed at
the beginning of each subject category.
Section III, Current Oil-Related Conferences, contains descriptive
information on recent and future conferences relating to environmental
oil pollution. Conference dates are listed; and, when information is
available, titles, authors, and abstracts of conference papers are
included.' All information for this section was obtained from the
periodicals reviewed- (Appendix) and from responses to personal inquiries
concerning the symposia.
Sections I and II have their own serial numbers. The letters preceding
the serial numbers designate the following: C, reports, publications,
and patents; and R, research projects. The subject content of many of
the items pertains to more than one subject category, in which case
additional categories are included with the summary.
IX
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SECTION I. REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS, AND PATENTS
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. REPORTING
C-630-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Audubon 78(2):143.
Despite an international agreement on right-hand driving in the
English Channel, vessels do not always comply with the rules.
On a foggy day, a frigate and a tanker collided due to their
maneuvers to avoid 2 ships travelling on the wrong side. Some
13,000 tons of oil were spilled as a result.
Oil transfer and transport, International legislation
C-631-76
API CONTINUES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Offshore 36(3):128.
API's total 1976 research budget is $2.89 million. Research on
the effects of oil on the marine environment, oil pollution
prevention and control, solid waste management and water quality
control will be funded.
General effects of oil pollution
C-632-76
CHEMICAL TESTS NAIL OIL SPILL SUSPECT
Anon. 1975.
Chemical & Engineering News 53(46):7.
The vessel that discharged more than 40,000 gallons of crude oil
near Key West, Florida on July 18, 1975, was identified by matching
the oil from the spill with an oil sample taken from the ship.
Samples from 250 suspect ships were analyzed by Coast Guard and EPA
chemists using thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectrofluoro-
metry, capillary column gas chromatography, etc. The captain faces
a fine of $10,000 and up to one year in federal prison.
Source identification
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C-633-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Petroleum Engineer International 47(12):EM6.
According to National Water Council figures, it will cost $220
billion by 1983 to meet 1972 water pollution standards. A study
on refinery pollution control estimated that the U.S. oil
industry will have to spend $3 to 4 billion by 1983 to comply
with federal pollution control regulations. The American Petroleum
Institute stated that this amount covered only 55% of the refinery
pollution control costs.
Economic effects of oil pollution
C-634-76
GRADING THE REFINERS ON POLLUTION (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Chemical Week 117(26):11.
The report "Cracking Down," issued by the Council on Economic
Priorities, profiles 61 refineries, ranking them on their discharges
of air or water pollutants and noting their compliance with state
or federal pollution laws. Standard Oil of California and Atlantic
Richfield have the best air pollution control records and Shell has
the best water pollution ranking. Texaco is the worst air polluter
and Gulf has the poorest water pollution ranking.
Industry standards and guidelines
C-635-76
OIL IN THE SEA
Anon. 1975.
The Dock Harbour Authority 55(651):323.
The U.S. National Research Council reports that of six million
tons of petroleum hydrocarbons entering the world's oceans per
year, about 35% come from transportation activities, 31% from
river runoff, 13% from coastal refineries and municipal and
industrial wastes, 10% from natural seepage, and 1.3% from offshore
oil operations, tar masses have appeared in formerly unpolluted
areas worldwide. They are caused by tanker washings and bilge
discharges.
General fate of oil in the environment
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C-636-76
OIL SPILLS AND MONITORING: OIL TRANSPORT PROCEDURES MAY BE
CHANGED
Anon. 1975.
Marine Technology Society Journal 9(10):43-44.
In January, 1975, a team of U.S. scientists conducted a study on
the effects of the "Metula" oil spill, in which 50,000 tons of
oil were spilled into the Magellan Strait. An international group
of environmentalists met in Boulder, Colorado, to discuss the
findings of the study and to consider long-term effects. The
team concluded that "essentially all" of the oil that had floated
onto the shore was still there and the biological impact of the
spill was severe.
Biological effects of oil pollution, Monitoring, Oil transfer and
transport
C-637-76
OIL TERMINAL SPILL AT BANTRY BAY
Anon. 1975.
Pollution Monitor (23):13-16, 43.
In October of 1974, an overlooked open valve on the tanker
"Universe Leader" was the cause of a 2500-ton oil spill. This
spill was one of many, including another at Bantry Bay, where a
tanker was punctured by a tug. In this report, the measures taken
to minimize the risk of recurrence and the cleanup procedures used
are discussed.
Cleanup and recovery
C-638-76
SHELL TELLS ALL ON THE GROUNDING OF METULA
Anon. 1975.
Marine Engineering/Log 80{4):54-55.
Shell International Marine recently told a marine industry audience
the details of the grounding and salvage of the VLCC "Metula" in
the Magellan Straits. The logistics problems and the plan for
preventing more pollution and refloating the "Metula" are detailed.
Due to the weather patterns and the isolation of the area, pollution
effects were minimal.
General effects of oil pollution
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C-639-76
NAPHTHA LEAKAGE AT PUR FLEET AND SPILLAGE OF LEADED FUEL AT SOUTH
STIFFORD, ESSEX
Aspinwall, R. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference of
the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972. p. 338-343.
The sequence of events following the first notification that naphtha
leakage was occurring, the effectiveness of the measures taken to
combat pollution, and the cooperation between local authority, the
petroleum company and the River Authority are reviewed. An example
entailing spilled leaded petroleum in rail sidings is also reviewed.
Oil transfer and transport
C-640-76
PETROLEUM AGGREGATES IN THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN
Benzhitskij, A. G., and G. G. Polikarpov. 1975.
Radiochemoecological Studies in the Mediterranean Sea (70th cruise
of the R/V 'Akademik Kovalevskij1 in May-July 1972). G. G. Pokikarpov
(ed.). Kiev, USSR, Naukova Dumka, 1975.
The central and western areas of the Mediterranean Sea were sampled
with a neuston net in order to determine the quantitative distrib-
ution of petroleum aggregates. Maximum pollution was found in the
coastal areas of the Ionian, Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas (6.23,
5.78 and 4.33 mg/m^). Minimum pollution was observed in the Black
and Aegean Seas. Some sizes of aggregates were covered with
periphyton.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-641-76
A RECENT CASE HISTORY OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION BY ORGANIC SOLVENTS
•
Day, J. B. W. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference of
the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972. p. 346-347.
Severe pollution of groundwater near public supply sources was
discovered in 1969.. The source of pollution was probably leaking
underground effluent drains. "Suction scavenge pumping" was used
to clear the body of polluted groundwater. Solvent concentrations
decreased over the year to acceptable levels.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
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C-642-76
OIL POLLUTION ALONG THE INDIAN COASTLINE
Dwivedi, S. N., and A. H. Parulekar. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.),
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 101-105.
The areas, seasons and intensity of deposition of tar balls along
Indian beaches and their possible origin were studied. Oil
pollution is not uniform but is widespread on both coasts. The
tar balls appear to come from the oil wastes and ship spillage
appear .. _
discharged by oceangoing
Source identification, Monitoring
C-643-76
PETROLEUM POLLUTION AT GREAT HOSPITAL, NORWICH
Funnell, B. M., and G. S. Boulton. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.).
of the Water Research Association, Reading, England,
p. 344-345,
Conference
1972.
A series of pollution incidents near the Great Hospital boiler
works involving light petroleum distillate is reviewed. No
remedial action has yet been taken. The immediate danger is not
to the water supply, but that of fire risk.
General effects of oil pollution
C-644-76
OIL POLLUTION FROM THE TANKER "METULA"
Hann, R. W., Jr. 1974.
Texas A & M University Report. 61 p.
The VLCC "Metula" ran aground in the Straits of Magellan in August,
1974, and lost 51,500 tons of oil. The effects of this spill on
the shore and the organisms, and the feasibility of cleanup/
containment operations are discussed. This spill taught those
involved that spills can happen, even with superships, that present
cleanup methods are for small spills, and that keeping superports
offshore helps provide reaction time.
Biological effects of oil pollution, Cleanup and recovery
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C-645-76
THE POLLUTION OF PORTS
Houghton, D. R. 1975.
Conference on Pollution Criteria for Estuaries, University of
Southampton, U.K., 1973. P. R. Helliwell, and J. Bossanyi (eds.),
London, Pentech Press Ltd., 1975. p. 8.1-8.10.
Oil pollution, accidental spillage of toxins and the polluting
effects of various anti-fouling paints are considered. Copper
from these paints and heavy metals from the sewage are potential
pollution hazards, especially in enclosed docks.
General effects of oil pollution
C-646-76
CRACKING DOWN, OIL REFINING AND POLLUTION CONTROL
Kerlin, G., and D. Rabovsky. 1975.
New York, Council on Economic Priorities, 1975. 478 p.
This book reviews who has the best and worst air and water pollution
control records, the technology developed, and how pollution control
can result in cost, material and energy savings. The role of govern-
mental enforcement in pollution control is also discussed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production, Industry standards
and guidelines
C-647-76
OIL GLOBULES AND THEIR ATTACHED ORGANISMS IN THE EAST CHINA SEA
AND THE KORUSHIO AREA
Marumo, R., and K. Kamada. 1973.
Nippon Kaiyo Gakkai-Shi 29:155-158. (Translated from Japanese,
Fisheries and Marine Service, Translation Series No. 3389, 1975)
In May 1971, oil globules were found in the surface waters along
125°E. They occurred predominantly in the upper 4 m; the highest
concentration was at 125°E 28°N. Blue-green algae (2 species of
Trichodesmium). pennate diatoms, stony corals, bryozoans, barnacles
and copepods were associated with the oil.
Biological effects of oil pollution
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C-648-76
HYDROCARBONS IN THE SOUTHERN AEGEAN SEA
Sonnenfeld, P. 1974.
Annales Geologiques des Pays Helleniques 25:215-224.
No major accumulation of hydrocarbons has yet been found in the
southern Aegean Sea. This review has 57 references.
Monitoring
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2. MONITORING
C-649-76
DETECTING OIL LEAKS
Anon. 1975.
Electronic Instrumentation 5(ll):6-9, 12.
The detection of oil or hydrocarbons specifically can only be done
with infrared devices. A recently developed instrument responds
only to compounds which have CH? and CH3 groups. These include a
number of gases, and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. This automated
analyzer can be used on industrial streams and on natural bodies
of water.
Design and engineering
C-650-76
DIRECTORY OF INSTITUTIONS ENGAGED IN POLLUTION INVESTIGATIONS:
CONTAMINANTS IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Anon. 1974.
FAO Fisheries Circular 325. 49 p.
The addresses of 233 institutions in 48 countries are presented.
The activities of the institutions are classified as marine,
freshwater, monitoring, and by geographical area and habitat of
the organism studied. The contaminants being analyzed are also
cited; they include petroleum hydrocarbons, metals, radioactive
substances, halogenated hydrocarbons, etc.
Analysis, Biological effects of oil pollution
C-651-76
NOAA FLEET TO MONITOR OIL POLLUTANTS
Anon. 1975.
Marine Technology Society Journal 9(10):44-45.
A 25-ship NOAA fleet has been organized as a part of the UN program
Integrated Global Ocean Station System (IGOSS) to monitor slicks
and other oil pollutants in inshore and offshore waters of the
Atlantic Ocean', Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea.
Vessels will also collect samples of oil tar balls for analysis so
that periodic assessments can be made of the state and degree of
ocean contamination.
General fate of oil in the environment, Analysis
8
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C-652-76
OCEAN OIL-HOUND FOLLOWS SCENT OF FUEL BELOW SEA
Anon. 1976.
National Fisherman 56(9):5-B.
The "Suffolk Shore," called the "Gas Sniffer" by her crew, tows
instruments over the stern that collect and record hydrocarbon
content in the water. These data inform researchers of oil or
gas seeping from the ocean floor or leaking from a sunken vessel,
or of discharges of oily bilges.
Design and engineering
C-30-76
QUANTITATIVE MONITORING AND AVAILABILITY OF PELAGIC TAR IN THE
NORTH ATLANTIC
Butler, J. N., and B. F. Morris. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 75-78.
Sampling with a neuston net for pelagic tar gives results that vary
by a factor of 10. Thus, elaborate flow measurements, etc., are
not useful. The IOC-WMO recommendation that dry weight be deter-
mined involves unnecessary labor. Wet weight measurements are
adequate.
Sampling, General fate of oil in the environment, Analysis
C-31-76
MARITIME CONSIDERATION OF OIL TRANSPORTATION
Casey, H. F. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 33-40.
The pollution abatement programs of Mar Ad (Maritime Administration)
are discussed in relation to four major U.S. laws. One of the most
significant programs is subsidized tanker construction which includes
anti-pollution design features. Mar Ad is also involved in gathering
baseline information to be used in formulating oil discharge
regulations for ships.
U.S. legislation, Oil transfer and transport
REGION TIT LIBRARY
E/JVEROlltfENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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C-653-76
MOLECULAR TEST FOR OIL POLLUTION IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS
Dastillung, M., and P. Albrecht. 1976.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 7(1):13-15.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons of biological origin can be used as
pollution indicators in crude oil pollution studies. Their use
is based on differences in distribution patterns of pentacyclic
triterpanes between immature and mature sources. A study of a
weakly polluted surface sediment from the West Coast of France
is described.
C-654-76
BIOGENOUS HYDROCARBONS IN THE SOIL [English summary]
DeBorger, R., and Y. Van Elsen. 1974.
Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift (Brussel) 27(6):1483-1489.
The study concerned the quantitative and qualitative determination
of soil pollution by mineral oil products and hydrocarbons naturally
present in sand, loam and clay soils. Combinations of hydrocarbons
with an odd number of carbon atoms were found; C29 and C33 occurred
in highest concentrations.
Source identification
C-655-76
USE OF MUSSELS IN ESTIMATING BENZO[A]PYRENE CONTAMINATION OF THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Dunn, B. P., and H, F. Stich. 1975.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
150(1):49-51.
Mussels collected from various areas on the west coast of Vancouver
Island were analyzed for benzo[a]pyrene. Those mussels near high
levels of industrial, urban and recreational (power boat) activity
had the highest concentrations. The level of benzo[a]pyrene in
mussels may be a simple indication of the degree of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon contamination.
Analysis
C-656-76
OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF A FLUORESCENCE OIL SPILL DETECTOR.
VOLUME 2. PROTOTYPE DESIGN
Eldering, H. G., and W. A. Webb. 19.75.
Final Report, No. 5/75-62633-Vol-2 USCG-D-109-75, Contract DOT-CG-
43845-A. 30 p. [AD-A016 464/OGA]
10
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The operational and technical requirements of a low cost harbor
surveillance unit are discussed. Consideration of coverage
during the design of a Scanning Oil Spill Detector resulted in
a design containing both azimuth and elevation scanning. This
design costs less than the addition units, to provide the increased
coverage.
Design and engineering, Remote sensing
C-657-76
PETROLEUM OIL DETECTION BUOY SYSTEM
Gram, H. R. 1975.
Final report, No. 0250 USCG-D-39-75, Contract DOT-CG-43345. 37 p.
[AD-A016 461/6GA]
The floating buoy uses fluorescent techniques to detect petroleum
oils ranging in composition from crude to kerosene. The buoy is
powered by a land based power supply. Ultraviolet radiation is
used to excite the oils. The resulting radiation in the near
ultraviolet and blue end of the spectrum is detected and sets off
an alarm. The mechanical packaging has been improved.
Design and engineering, Remote sensing
C-658-76
OIL SPILL PREVENTION BY EARLY DETECTION OF OIL ON WATER
Grillo, P. H. 1975,
International Seminar and Exposition on Water Resources
Instrumentation, Chicago, Illinois, 1974. R. J. Krizek, and E. F.
Mosonyi (eds.). Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
1975. Vol. 2. Data Acquisition and Analysis, p, 536-552,
An oil-on-water detector floats on the surface and is able to "see"
traces of surface oil in all kinds of weather and lighting conditions,
The remote control unit can be installed one mile from the floating
detector, which transmits light and then detects reflected light.
When the reflected light intensity exceeds a certain threshold, an
alarm is triggered. Regulations related to oil-on-water detection
are discussed.
Design and engineering, U.S. legislation
C-46-76
SURVEY ANALYSES FOR PETROLEUM DERIVED HYDROCARBONS IN THE OCEAN
Hori, S. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
11
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National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 27-28.
The activities of scientists in Japanese government organizations
related to quantitative measurement of oil in the ocean are described.
Oil residues in larval samples, tar ball distribution, and chemical
analyses of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater and sediment samples
have been studied.
Sampling, Analysis, General fate of oil in the environment
C-659-76
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING A FLUID CONTAMINANT
Hubby, L. M. 1975.
British Patent 1,418,130
The apparatus used to detect a contaminant having a different
density than that of the stream consists of a U-tube with an inlet
leg of which a fluid column is derived from the stream, and an
outlet leg having a fixed height. The method is able to determine
a change in inlet leg height which is an indication of the presence
of the contaminant in the liquid stream.
Design and engineering
C-660-76
CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH, 7TH, PARIS, SEPTEMBER, 1974
Lakey, J. R. A. 1974.
Royal Naval College, Department of Nuclear Science and Technology,
RNC-NS-TM-154. 12 p.
Topics of conference papers that are reviewed include sea disposal
of sewage, pollution monitoring (oil), modelling, estuarine problems,
technology transfer, legal aspects and water reclamation.
General effects of oil pollution
C-54-76
VALUE OF OIL POLLUTION MONITORING IN MARINE ORGANISMS
LaRoche, G. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 249-250.
Before monitoring can be successful, harmful fractions must be
identified, and a range of biologically or esthetically tolerable
12
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concentrations of tainting products must be established. The
author suggests that intensive coordinated efforts be made by
the world scientific community to find the answers to these
questions.
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-661-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF OIL ON WATER
Lins, J., and H. Kronenberger, 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,354,125
Oil on water is monitored by a floating television camera in which
the normal state video signal is stored. The monitoring signal
is compared with the normal state video signal and any deviation
on the water surface initiates an alarm.
Design and engineering
C-662-76
TECHNIQUES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN ESTUARIAL WATERS
Mackay, D. W, 1975.
Conference on Pollution Criteria for Estuaries, University of
Southampton, U.K., 1973. P. R. Helliwell, and J. Bossanyi (eds.).
London, Pentech Press Ltd., 1975. p. 11.1-11.20.
The problems involved in monitoring and accurately detecting well
dispersed pollutants are discussed. The types of pollution
reviewed include sewage, organochlorine, oil, beach and metal.
New measurement and sampling techniques, such as the necessity of
sampling the air-water interface in cases of small oil input, are
stressed.
Sampling
C-663-76
MONITORING DISSOLVED HYDROCARBONS AS A FUNCTION OF THE TIDAL CYCLE
(NEW YORK HARBOR)
McGowan, W. E. 1975.
Coast Guard Research and Development Center, CGR/DC-4/75 USCG-D-106-75.
39 p. [AD-A015 882/4GAJ
Dissolved hydrocarbons (C1-C4) were measured as a function of the
tidal cycle. Samples were taken from two to three feet below the
surface and analyzed with a gas chromatograph. The monitoring system
13
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operated with a field error of less than 20%. The data show the
hydrocarbon concentration to vary (6 times) over the tidal cycle,
A knowledge of the tidal pattern is essential in determining a
"sampling window" and interpreting monitoring data.
Analysis, Sampling
C-664-76
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS OF WATER SURFACES
McMullen, A. I., J. F. Monk, and M. J. Stuart. 1975.
American Laboratory 7(2):87-92.
A floating microbalance continually monitors the surface tension
of water and the level of pollutants such as oil, raw sewage and
detergents. Examples of its uses are given.
C-665-76
OIL SPILL DETECTION SYSTEM
Miller, G. H., and E. 0. Renick. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,916,674
This detection apparatus uses a rotating disk that is partially
submerged in the body of water to be monitored. Liquids adhering
to the surface of the disk are removed by a doctor blade and are
accumulated in a settling vessel. Overflow is directed to an
apparatus for detecting the presence of oil.
3,916,674
OIL-SPILL DETECTION SYSTEM
Gordon H. Miller, Richmond, and Edward O. Renick, Jr.,
Sandslon, both of Va., assignors lo Texaco Inc., New York,
N.Y.
Filed Feb. 22, 1974, Ser. No. 444.9J4
Int. CI.'GOIN 27/22
U.S. Cl. 7.1-61.1 R 8 Claims
14
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C-666-76
OIL SPILL DETECTION AND SIGNALING SYSTEM
Orth, 0., Jr. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,918,034
An oil-sensing assembly consists of a hydrophobia, oleophilic
oil-sensing material secured to one end of a rod and a magnet
secured to the opposite end of the rod. The rod extends into
the central bore of a water-tight ballasted shell in which a
battery-powered transmitter is located. The procedure for
detecting and signaling the presence of an oil slick on a water
surface is described.
Design and engineering
3,918,034
OIL DETECTION AND SIGNALING SYSTEM
George Otto Orth, Jr., Seattle, Wash., assignor to Pelrotek,
Inc., Bellevue, Wash.
Filed Feb. 11, 1974, Ser. No. 441.251
Int. Cl.» C08B 2/700, 1/08
U.S. Cl. 340-236 12 Claims
C-667-76
FIELD EVALUATION OF BENZOPYRENE HYDROXYLASE INDUCTION AS A
MONITOR FOR MARINE PETROLEUM PRODUCTION
Payne, J. F. 1976.
Science 191 (4230):945-946.
Benzopyrene hydroxylase activity was measured in the fish, the
cunner, from 4 different sites. Liver hydroxylase activity was
significantly higher in fish from petroleum contaminated sites.
Induction represents a sublethal response to petroleum pollution
that can be easily monitored,
Biological effects of oil pollution
15
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C-668-76
INSTALLATION TO DETECT AND SIGNAL OIL
Petrotek Inc. 1975.
Netherlands Application 7,501,537
The invention relates to a floating installation which detects
oil on a water surface. The installation consists of a ballasted,
watertight housing surrounding a vertically oriented central bore.
Within the bore is a buoyant rod with an oil-sensitive device at
the tip. When the device detects floating oil, it activates a
signal.
Design and engineering
C-669-76
MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Preston, A. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe,
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 115-120.
The role of monitoring the maintenance of environmental quality
and control of marine pollution is discussed. Present monitoring
requirements due to potential oil pollution in northwest European
shelf waters are reviewed.
C-66-76
MARINE POLLUTION DATA ARCHIVING AND EXCHANGE
Morse, R. M. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 41-44.
In T971 the International Oceanographic Data Exchange established
an a_d hp£ Group on Marine Pollution Data. This group was charged
with identifying the types of data that should be included routinely
in the data base for international exchange and recommending a means
for evaluating already stored data. Two additional ad hoc groups
(Format Development and on IGOSS Data Archiving and lx~cfiange) are
also interested in the problem.
16
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C-670-76
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF OIL IN WATER
Salen och Wicander AB. 1975.
British Patent 1,402,825
An apparatus for use on ships was employed to measure the
concentrations of oil in water above -1/100,000. A predetermined
amount of liquid is passed over a predetermined area of filter
material and the amount of oil absorbed in the filter is measured
photometrically. The use of a dye impregnated in the filter is
optional.
Design and engineering
C-71-76
SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS OF THE SYSTEMS FOR GLOBAL MONITORING AND
INVESTIGATION OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE WORLD OCEAN
Simonov, A. I. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 9-14.
The background and global aspects of the problem, the role of hydro-
dynamic factors in the movement of pollutants, the dispersion and
degradation of oil in the environment, and the main components of
a global monitoring system for oil pollution are topics discussed.
The parameters that must be measured and critical regions to be
monitored are reviewed.
Physical changes of oil in the environment, General fate of oil in
the environment
C-74-76
PILOT PROJECT ON MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING UNDER THE FRAMEWORK
OF IGOSS
Tolkachev, A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 21-26.
The tasks of the pilot project are to determine the state of oil
pollution in certain oceanic areas and to specify the areas and
frequency of observations for a future oil monitoring system.
Sampling and analytical procedures will be standardized. The hydro-
graphic measurements necessary and the participants in the pilot
project are discussed.
Sampling, Analysis
17
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C-671-76
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL-WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
Tyler, B. H. 1975,
U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Masters Thesis. 89 p.
In the prototype developed, a direct difference method of total
organic carbon determination was used to determine oil concentrations.
It was possible to specify the concentration of any oil in a known
sample using this monitoring system.
Design and engineering
C-77-76
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
Wastler, T, A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 57-60.
The kinds and availability of monitoring data needed for regulatory
purposes and the types of developments desired are discussed. No
oceanic monitoring program is yet effective enough to support a
regulatory function. Techniques for automatically measuring tar
balls and films and for source identification are desired.
International legislation, Source identification
C-78-76
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM EARTHWATCH AND MARINE POLLUTION
White, R. M, 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 3-8.
The attention given to marine pollution by various groups, including
the UN Environment Program, is reviewed. All studies have agreed
that petroleum is a pollutant that must be monitored. Funds from
the UN program are available for international monitoring of ocean
pollution.
C-672-76
MONITORING OF GROUND WATER QUALITY IN WEST VIRGINIA
Wilmoth, B. M. 1974.
West Virginia Academy of Sciences, Proceedings 46(l):94-99.
18
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One of the first tasks of a monitoring program is to sample enough
wells in each aquifer to characterize the existing water quality.
Periodic resampling will then show any changes. Monitoring should
be done in areas close to pollution sources (refined petroleum
products, brines, chemicals, wastes) and where heavy pumping can
create unnatural gradients that allow hydrocarbons to migrate into
the aquifers.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
C-673-76
A NEW INFRARED INSTRUMENT FOR MONITORING OIL FILMS ON WATER
Wright, D. E., and J. A. Wright. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 93-94.
This automatic remote detection device is based on the infrared
reflectance properties of water surfaces. The instrument is able
to detect oil 24 hours a day, in heavy rain, fog or high humidity,
and is specific to petroleum oils.
Remote sensing, Design and engineering
C-82-76
OIL SPILLAGE MONITORING, SAMPLING AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS
Zahka, J. G. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 89-90.
The author describes the basic technology of the oil spill monitoring,
sampling and recovery systems developed by Durham Associates, Inc.
These systems depend on the hydrophobic, lipophilic properties of
certain materials.
Sampling, Cleanup and recovery
19
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3. REMOTE SENSING
C-674-76
REMOTE SURVEILLANCE OF OIL- AND GAS-FIELD ACTIVITIES IN ALABAMA
Sapp, C. D., and K. E. Richter. 1975.
Alabama Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Report, No. 4. 26 p.
The task of regulating and monitoring oil and gas development
activities is increasing as Alabama's coastal waters are being
prospected for these resources. The introduction of remote-sensing
techniques into the monitoring program of the Oil and Gas Board
will greatly aid the Board's function in this area.
General effects of oil prospecting and production, Monitoring
C-675-76
FINGERPRINTING OIL SPILLS
Anon. 1975.
Marine Technology Society Journal 9(10):45.
A prototype Airborne Oil Surveillance System (AOSS), developed by
Aerojet Electro Systems Company, is able to detect, map and
document oil spills on the high seas in all types of weather, day
or night. The Coast Guard will use this surveillance device and
multisensor systems to increase its search and rescue and law
enforcement capabilities.
Design and engineering
C-676-76
OIL POLLUTION MEASUREMENT BY LASER
Anon. 1975.
Bulletin of Institution of Engineers (India) 24:42.
The University of Bergen is developing a laser beam to measure oil
pollution. Using the reflections produced, the type of oil and
thickness of the layer will be detected. A mounted detector could
be used near drilling platforms for monitoring purposes.
Monitoring
20
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C-677-76
THE EARTH IN THE LOOKING GLASS
Darden, L. 1974.
Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1974.
ix + 324 p
The various capabilities of the Earth Resources Technology
Satellites (ERTS) are described. ERTS imagery and other remote
sensing data provide information in many areas, including
identification and location of polluted areas and oil slicks.
Monitoring
C-678-76
AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS
Fantasia, J. F., and H. C. Ingrao. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,899,213
A laser beam is used to direct laser energy onto the spill to
cause the oil to fluoresce. The frequency spectrum of the
generated fluorescence is incremently scanned. Injection of
background radiation and real time presentation of the fluorescence
spectrum of the spilled oil are also included in the method.
3,899,213
AIRBORNE LASER REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM FOR
THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS
John F. Fantasia, Newton, and Hector C. Ingrao, Wellcsley,
both of Mass., assignors to The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Department of Transpor-
tation, Washington, D.C.
Filed Mar. 8, 1974, Ser. No. 449,327
Int. CI." GOIT I/16V; COIN 2J/3H
L.S. Cl. 250—301 8 Claims
21
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C-679-76
STUDY OF THE THERMAL RADIOWAVELENGTH EMISSION OF THE WATER SURFACE
COVERED WITH OIL FILM
Glotov, A. A., D. T. Matveyev, V. G. Mirovskiy, M. D. Rayev,
V. Yu. Rayser, I. A. Troitskiy, Ye. A. Sharkov, and V. S. Etkin.
1975.
Meteorology and Hydrology (6):115-119. [JPRS-65607]
A sensitive 2-cm band radiometer was used to measure the radio
brightness temperature of a smooth wavy surface covered by a solar
oil and kerosene film. The film thickness and the dielectric
parameters of solar oil and kerosene can be determined by comparing
the experimental and calculated values of the thermal radiowave
length emission.
C-680-76
THE FEASIBILITY OF OIL-POLLUTION DETECTION AND MONITORING FROM
SPACE: EXAMPLES USING ERTS-1 AND SKYLAB DATA
Goldman, G. C., and R. Horvath. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-117-75, Contract DOT-CG-24063-A. 59 p.
[AD-A017 098/5GA]
The capabilities of ERTS-1 and SKYLAB for oil pollution detection,
monitoring and enforcement were demonstrated. Various digital-
computer and photointerpretation methods were used in an attempt
to evaluate the best way to analyze the data for pollution detection
purposes.
Monitoring
C-681-76
LASER INDUCED LUMINESCENCE SIGNATURES OF REFINED AND VIRGIN CRUDE
PETROLEUM, THEIR COMPOSITION AND REMOTE SENSING IMPLICATIONS
Gross, H., and M, Muramoto. 1974.
Conference on Earth Resources Obs. and Inf. Anal. Systems: Remote
Sensing of Earth Resources, Tullahoma, Tennessee, 1974. Tullahoma,
University of Tennessee Space Institute, 1974. Vol. 3:783-803.
The structural luminescence spectra of 10 virgin crude oils and
one refined fuel oil were produced. The as-measured spectra have
one principal peak; spectrally corrected spectra have two or more
peaks. The implications of signatures in the visible are discussed.
Analysis
22
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C-682-76
LOS ANGELES HARBOR FIELD INVESTIGATION OF OIL AND BACKGROUND
LUMINESCENCE SIGNATURES
Gross, H. G. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-154-75, Contract DOT-CG-51998-A. 121 p.
[AD A016 466/5GA]
UV laser induced luminescence signatures were determined for
5 sites in Los Angeles Harbor and one inland water source. An
analysis of the similar signatures suggests that oil and grease
are the principal pollutants. Reflectance signatures and their
relationship to composition need more study. One component of
the signature of oil films is due to sky scattered daylight and
direct sun UV radiation.
Analysis
C-683-76
APPLICATION OF LUMINESCENCE METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF AROMATICS
IN WATER
Hornig, A. W., and J. T. Brownrigg. 1975.
International Seminar and Exposition on Water Resources
Instrumentation, Chicago, Illinois, 1974. R. J. Krizek, and E. F.
Mosonyi (eds.). Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
1975. Vol. 1. Measuring and Sensing Methods, p. 141-168.
Less than a nanogram of aromatics can be detected without precon-
centration. The specificity of the excitation and fluorescence
spectra, particularly at low temperatures, allows analysis without
prior physical separation. Examples of instrumentation, such as
airborne remote sensors and elaborate laboratory setups, and data
on algae, oil, pesticides, etc., are presented.
Analysis
C-684-76
REMOTE SENSING OF WATER POLLUTANTS
Klemas, V. [publication data unknown]
Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, 2nd,
Washington, D.C., 1973. p. 337-371.
Methods of detecting and measuring pollutants in water resources
are discussed in five papers. Results of ERTS-1 studies, which
predict oil slick movement and estimate sediment transport, are
being used to verify hydrodynamic models. Airborne television
systems being developed to evaluate techniques for oil spill
surveillance include the conventional TV camera, two cameras
operating in a subtractive mode, and a field-sequential camera.
General fate of oil in the environment, Monitoring
23
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C-685-76
REMOTE SENSING OF OCEANS USING MICROWAVE SENSORS
Krishen, K. [1974?]
Remote Sensing Applied to Energy-Related Problems. T. N. Veziroglu
(ed.). Coral Gables, Fla., University of Miami, [1974?]. p. S2-25,
S2-27.
Active and passive microwave sensors can be used to detect ocean
surface waves, temperature, salinity, storm cells and oil slicks.
The strong correlation between ocean surface winds and waves, storm
regions, and oil slicks is demonstrated with radar backscattering
cross section data. Microwave sensors are suitable for gathering
data under a wide variety of conditions.
C-686-76
A REMOTE SENSING LASER FLUOROMETER
O'Neil, R. A., A. R. Davis, H. G. Gross, and J. Kruus. 1974.
Laser and Unconventional Optics Journal (52}:3-44.
An airborne fluorosensor has been developed by the Department of
the Environment (Canada) to detect oil spills, chlorophyll, dye '
and other industrial chemical wastes. The system has wide
applications in monitoring naturally occurring waters for pollutants,
Monitoring
C-687-76
A PRACTICAL OIL SENSOR
Rambie, G. S. 1974.
International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 9th,
Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1974. Vol. 3:1685-1694.
This.report describes and discusses the advantages of a two-wave-
length, active monostatic infrared sensor capable of detecting
anomalous dispersion which occurs in petroleum products near
3.4 micrometers. This method yields a signature which is proportional
to reflectivity only and is independent of common mode effects.
C-688-76
MAPPING AND IDENTIFICATION OF OIL ON WATER BY THE USE OF AN AIRBORNE
LASER SYSTEM
Schwemmer, G. K., and H. H. Kim. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 95-96.
24
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NASA Wallops Flight Center is investigating the use of a 500
parallel optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) for a laser oil
fluorosensing technique. OMA has been tested and can be used
to detect oil spills as small as 2.7 m diameter from an aircraft
traveling at 300 km/hr. Further improvements are visualized.
Monitoring
C-689-76
REMOTE SENSING OF OIL SPILLS
Thomson, K. P. B., S. Ross, and H. E. Howard-Lock. 1975.
Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoirs, No. 4, p. 829-840.
The state-of-the-art in the remote detection of oil spills,
specifically in terms of Canadian experience and needs is discussed.
The advantages and disadvantages of the following basic types of
sensor packages are presented: passive imagery techniques operating
in the visible range of the spectrum, microwave systems, and active
or specialized techniques.
C-690-76
OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF A FLUORESCENCE OIL SPILL DETECTOR.
VOLUME I. LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS AND FIELD EVALUATION
Webb, W. A., and H. G. Eldering. 1975.
Final report, No. 5/75-6233-Vol-l USCG-D-108-75, Contract DOT-CG-
43845-A. 108 p. [AD-A016 460/8GA]
The objective of this research was to maximize the detection range
of an automatic fluorescence oil spill detector and to evaluate its
capabilities. The fluorescence spectral distributions and inten-
sities of 22 oils were compared. On the basis of measurements in
2 spectral regions, oil fluorescence can be consistently dis-
criminated from marine fluorescence.
Design and engineering
C-691-76
THE USE OF TELEVISION FOR REMOTE SENSING
Worsford, R. D., J. A. Allen, and B. E. Fretts.
Remote Sensing of the Environment 4(l):5-35.
1975.
The use of television for the remote sensing program of the Canada
Center for Remote Sensing is described. Test programs at this
center have indicated that television is a very useful sensor system
for navigation, flight path recovery for postflight comparison and
training, and oil spill monitoring.
Monitoring
25
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C-692-76
DESIGNING WATER POLLUTION DETECTION SYSTEMS
Wright, G. P., and D. G. Alson. 1974.
Cambridge, Mass., Bellinger Publishing Company, 1974. 217 p.
The major topic discussed is an air surveillance system used by
the Coast Guard in detecting and tracking oil spills. Also included
are a statistical analysis of 1968-1972 pollution incidents in the
U.S., a description of the National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan, and the role of the Coast Guard in
pollution detection.
Reporting, Contingency planning
26
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4. SAMPLING
C-18-76
SAMPLING ERRORS IN THE QUANTIFICATION OF PETROLEUM IN BOSTON
HARBOUR WATER
Ahmed, A. M., M. D. Beasley, A. C. Efromson, and A. C. Hites. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Pollution) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 109-112.
The precision and accuracy of the infrared spectrophotometric method
of analyzing for oil-in-water was studied using 2 techniques of oil
preconcentration (carbon tetrachloride extraction and polyurethane
foam adsorption). The liquid-liquid extraction is much more efficient
than the foam. Replication improves the precision better than
increasing the sample size.
Monitoring, Analysis
C-29-76
SAMPLING MARINE ORGANISMS AND SEDIMENTS FOR HIGH PRECISION GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Bruce, H. E., and S. P. Cram. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 181-182.
Sampling techniques used to collect sediment and intertidal
organisms from Prince William Sound for hydrocarbon analysis are
described. Precautions taken to minimize contamination and sample
handling errors and the design necessary to obtain statistically
representative and reproducible samples are described.
Analysis
C-32-76
EVALUATION OF THIN FILM OIL SAMPLERS
Chang, W. J., and J. R. Jadamec. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 85-88.
Four prototype, boat-deployable, thin-film oil samplers were
evaluated by the Coast Guard. All used oleophilic sorbents and
two used a surfactant as well. The samplers are described and
efficiency and ability to maintain the chemical integrity of the
oil discussed. The sorbents contained extractables that interfered
with analysis. Recommendations for improvement are made.
Design and engineering
27
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C-43-76
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SEAWATER ALONG THE HALIFAX-BERMUDA
SECTION: LESSONS REGARDING SAMPLING AND SOME RESULTS
Gordon, D. C., Jr., and P. D. Keizer. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R, C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 113-115.
Surface samples are collected with "slurp bottles," deeper samples
are collected with glass bottles or Knudsen bottles. All samplers
must be rinsed with solvent after each use to recover any adsorbed
material. The entire contents of the sampler must be extracted
which restricts size to 1-5 1. Analytical techniques and results
from sampling the Halifax-Bermuda section in April, 1974, are reported.
Reporting, Analysis
C-50-76
PELAGIC TAR IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AND CARIBBEAN SEA
Jeffrey, L. M., W. E. Pequegnat, E. A. Kennedy, A. Vos, and
B. M. James. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C, Junghans (ed.),
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 233-236.
Floating tar was sampled with both plankton and neuston nets, trans-
ferred to glass jars and frozen. On shore the samples were weighed,
The Gulf of Mexico has more tar than the Caribbean and about the
same amount as the Gulf Stream. The source of most of the pelagic
tar is shipping and tanker cleaning operations.
Reporting, Source identification
C-693-76
HYDROCARBONS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM COAL OIL POINT
AREA, OFFSHORE CALIFORNIA
Koons, C. B., and D. E. Brandon. 1975.
Offshore Technology Conference, 7th, Houston, Texas, 1975. Vol. 3,
Paper OTC 2387:513-521.
Water samples were collected from within a one-square nautical mile
area of the Coal Oil Point submarine seeps and from 10-15 miles to
the ESE in the offshore Point Dume area. Coal Oil Point samples
had higher concentrations of dissolved hydrocarbons, particularly
for the heavy •(Ci5_3o) fraction. The concentrations ranged from
0.2 to 16 ppb, agreeing with Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico findings.
28
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C-694-76
A COMPARISON OF TWO SAMPLING DEVICES FOR THE RECOVERY OF ORGANICS
FROM AQUEOUS SURFACE FILMS
Ledet, E. J., and J. L. Laseter. 1974.
Analytical Letters 7(8/9):553-562.
The consistency and efficiency of teflon disc and wire screen type
surface film samplers in retrieving hydrocarbons, aromatics and
fatty acids were determined. Results suggest that each device
exhibits selectivity in its ability to recover organic compounds
at the air-water interface,
Cleanup and recovery
C-60-76
TAR BALL SAMPLING IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC
McGowan, W. E., W. A. Sauer, and G. L. Hufford. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 83-84.
A neuston net was used to sample floating tar balls concentration
at four ocean stations for three years. The concentration is highly
variable, but concentrations tend to increase from north to south.
The southernmost station is at the center of a subtropic anti-
cyclonic gyre that moves surface water and tar toward the center.
Reporting, General fate of oil in the environment
C-69-76
TAR BALL LOADINGS ON GOLDEN BEACH, FLORIDA
Sauer, W. A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 79-82.
Beach tar was sampled from various sections of a sandy beach for
one year in order to evaluate the effects of size of sampling zone,
time and wind on tar deposition. A strong correlation exists between
heavy oil deposition and northeast winds.
Reporting, General fate of oil in the environment
29
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C-695-76
ESTIMATION OF THE MODERN OIL POLLUTION OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC WATERS
Simonov, A. I,, S. G. Oradovski, and A. A, Justchak. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974, J. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p, 245.
The spatial and vertical distribution of oil products in the North
Atlantic was determined by the USSR Hydrometeorological Service.
Minimum and maximum concentrations are controlled by the dynamics
of the ocean. The vertical distribution is highly variable due to
the different specific gravities of different fractions.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
C-696-76
REPORT ON THE SAMPLING OF REFINERY LIQUID EFFLUENTS
Stichting CONCAWE. 1975.
The Hague, Netherlands, Stichting CONCAWE, 1975. Report 3/75.
The report concentrates on the industry's need to accurately
determine the major sources of contaminants, to select the proper
type and size of effluent treatment facilities, and to control
pollution. The methods discussed include homogenization for
increased accuracy in analysis, automatic proportional sampling
and effluent flow measurement methods.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-73-76
FIELD SAMPLING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR MARINE ORGANISMS AND
SEDIMENTS
Straughan, D. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 183-188.
The problems of gathering representative data to describe levels of
petroleum content of sediments and organisms in an area are dis-
cussed. Location of samples, sample size, the number of samples,
timing and/or frequency of sampling, and containers and preservation
methods are all considered.
Monitoring
30
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C-81-76
THE ROLE OF STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Yolken, H. T. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
HBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 157-160.
NBS-SRMs (Standard Reference Materials) are designed to help ensure
meaningful measurement. They are certified and of known accuracy.
Currently available and planned NBS-SRMs are described; the possi-
bility of NBS producing trace crude oil constituent SRMs is discussed.
Analysis
C-84-76
HYDROCARBON CONTENT AND CHLOROPHYLL CORRELATION IN THE WATERS
BETWEEN NOVA SCOTIA AND THE GULF STREAM
Zsolnay, A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.),
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 255-256.
Samples were taken on a cruise that went due south from Nova Scotia
to the Gulf Stream, Hydrocarbon and chlorophyll concentrations
were determined. The equation relating the hydrocarbon and chloro-
phyll concentrations indicates that anthropogenic hydrocarbon
material (probably of pollutant origin) is present in the ocean to
the south of Canada but absent off Northwest Africa, as determined
in an earlier cruise.
Reporting , Source identification
31
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5. ANALYSIS
C-697-76
DOMINANT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEA-SURFACE FILMS, NATURAL SLICKS,
AND FOAMS
Baier, R. E.5 D. W. Goupil, S. Perlmutter, and R. King. 1974.
Journal de Recherches Atmospheriques 8(3-4):571-600.
Techniques with the capability of sensing monomolecular layers
were used to determine petroleum, lipids, proteins, and poly-
saccharides in films on ocean waters. Natural sea slicks are
dominated by glycoproteins and proteoglycans; pollutant slicks
are dominated by aliphatic hydrocarbons and highly esterified oils.
Reporting
C-698-76
A CONTINUOUS FLOW BIOASSAY METHOD TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF
OUTBOARD MOTOR EXHAUSTS AND SELECTED AROMATIC TOXICANTS ON FISH
Brenniman, G., P. Hartung, and W. J. Weber, Jr. 1976.
Water Research 10(2):165-169.
Continuous flow bioassays were run for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 720 hours
to determine lethal concentrations for 50% of the goldfish (Carassius
auratus) of leaded outboard motor exhaust (OME), non-leaded OME,
toluene, xylene, and 1,3,5 trimethylbenzene. The LC-50 determinations
revealed that goldfish can withstand relatively high levels of these
compounds. The continuous flow method is a more reliable indicator
of the effects of OME pollution on aquatic organisms than is the
static bioassay method.
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-699-76
FOSSIL"FUEL ANALYSIS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Dark, W. A. 1975.
American Laboratory 7(8):50-52, 54-55.
The analysis or identification of crude oil, refined oils and
asphalt by gel permeation and liquid chromatography is reviewed.
Source identification
32
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C-700-76
HYDROCARBONS IN BLUE MUSSELS FROM THE KIEL BIGHT
Ehrhardt, M., and J. Heinemann. 1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(4):263-282.
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) have been analyzed for recent
biogen,ic and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. Column chromatography
and IR- and UV-spectroscopy were used to separate and monitor the
composition of hydrocarbon fractions. The composition of hydro-
carbons extracted from the mussels depended upon the time of
sampling.
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-40-76
ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS: RESULTS OF IDOE
INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISES
Farrington, J. W., J. M. Teal, J. G. Quinn, P. L. Parker,
J. K. Winters, T. L. Wade, and K. Burns. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 163-166.
Four laboratories analyzed a tuna meal sample from NBS using the
techniques and methods employed at that time in the respective
laboratories. The methods are outlined, and the results compared.
Agreement was fair, but discrepancies are not always from the same
laboratory. Inter-calibration is needed, even when the same methods
of analysis are used.
C-42-76
ANALYSIS STANDARDS AND INTERCOMPARISON OF DATA
Galler, S, R. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.),
NBS Special Publication No, 409, p. 29-30.
The National Bureau of Standards has expertise on basic standards
of measurement, which is of use to the National Oceanographic
Instrumentation Center in dealing with real world measurement
problems. NBS is also able to critically review an existing body
of data and give reliability evaluations.
Monitoring
33
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C-701-76
HYDROCARBONS IN SPRING WATERS - OIL POLLUTION OR NATURAL SUBSTANCES?
Hellmann, H., and M. Holoczek. 1974.
Tenside Detergents 11(4):197-201. (Translated from German,
Fisheries and Marine Service, Translation Series No. 3477, 1975)
Infrared-spectroscopic and gas-chromatographic techniques were
used to determine typical hydrocarbon levels in springs, and the
spectral composition of biogenic hydrocarbons as compared to
mineral-oil components. The spectral distribution of the normal-
paraffins and aromatics shows mineral-oil pollution to be minor.
Source identification
C-44-76
METHODS FOR TRACE ORGANIC ANALYSIS IN SEDIMENTS AND MARINE
ORGANISMS
Hertz, H. S., S. N. Chesler, W. E. May, B. H. Gump, D. P. Enagonio,
and S. P. Crain. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 197-200.
Since tanker traffic and increased oil activity are likely to
increase hydrocarbon levels in Port Valdez, a baseline study of
aromatic hydrocarbons (ppb) is being conducted. Techniques for
isolating and measuring trace organics have been developed for
both sediment and marine organisms. These techniques are described
in detail.
C-702-76
ANALYSIS OF TRACE QUANTITIES OF OIL IN WATER BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Langdon, W. M., T. Mark, and D. T. Wasan. 1975.
International Seminar and Exposition on Water Resources Instru-
mentation,, Chicago, Illinois, 1974. R. J. Krizek, and E. F.
Mosonyi (eds.)- Vol. 1. Measuring and Sensing Methods, p. 202-214.
A method which involves extraction with benzene followed by gas
chromatographic analysis can be used to detect kerosene in water
at the ppm level. The average deviation was 0.6 ppm for the
1-15 ppm range. The column is temperature programmed to start at
40°C for benzene, and then to increase at 34°C/min to 235°C for
kerosene.
34
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C-703-76
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITIES OF WEATHERED NORTHERN CRUDE OILS
Mackay, D., and W. Y. Shiu. 1976.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15(1):101-109.
The application of a gas stripping method to the determination of
the aqueous solubility of weathered crude oils is described and
some environmental implications are discussed. It is suggested
that this is the best method for determining the aqueous solubility
of the lighter components of crude oils.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-704-76
MERCURY IN CRUDE OIL RESIDUES
May, L. A. 1975.
Chemosphere 4(6):329-332.
The concentrations of total mercury in 29 crude oil residues were
determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Not only
is the mercury-hydrocarbon association evidence that mercury may
be concentrated and transported by hydrocarbons, but also it is an
indication of a possible cause of crude oil toxicity.
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-63-76
IDOE-5 INTERCALIBRATION SAMPLE: RESULTS OF ANALYSIS AFTER SIXTEEN
MONTHS STORAGE
Medeiros, G. C., and J. W. Farrington. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 167-170.
The stability of a petroleum-spiked cod liver lipid extract was
tested by analyzing 2 subsamples after 16 months. The analyses
from the 2 time periods are in agreement. The wet chemical and
instrumental analyses can be done quite adequately by trained
laboratory assistants under supervision.
C-705-76
QUALITATIVE DEMONSTRATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
PETROLEUM AND PETROL (GASOLINE) OF NORMAL, SPECIAL AND SUPER
GRADES IN WATER BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY [English
summary]
Minarik, Z. 1974.
Ceskoslovenska Hygiena 19/8:382-385.
35
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Fluorescent spectrophotometry can be used to analyze petroleum and
gasoline in water. A xenon discharge lamp was used as the exciting
light (290 nm). Cations and anions in the water alter the fluores-
cence; the modification is related to the concentration of both
the petroleum and the ions.
C-706-76
ORGANICS
Minear, R. A., and P. S. Pagoria. 1974.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 46(6):1058-1100.
The nature and analysis of organics, including oils and grease,
are reviewed. The literature reviewed includes papers on levels
of oil pollution, oil uptake, biodegradation, analytical techniques
for oil, remote sensing, weathering and interference of oil films
with gas transfer.
Bibliographies, Reporting, General fate of oil in the environment,
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-707-76
THE DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC OIL IN THE CONCAST PLANT COOLING
WATER USING I.R. SPECTROSCOPY
Nicholson, M., and J. Taylor. 1975.
Great Britain, GS/EX/35/741C. 10 p.
[PB-245 060/9GA]
Hydraulic oil in the cooling water samples from South Teeside
Works can be detected using an infrared technique. Soluble and
total oil contents are determined. Results are compared with
those found using a solvent extraction-gravimetric technique.
Monitoring
C-708-76
DETERMINATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN WATER [English summary]
Ranchet, J., and P. Clement. 1975.
Lab Cent Ponts Chaussees Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees (79):68-72.
Three methods of determining hydrocarbons in water by infrared
spectrography were studied and compared. The boundary threshold
of hydrocarbon detection in water in the absence of interfering
elements was found to be 0.1 mg/1.
36
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C-709-76
BIOGENIC AND NON-BIOGENIC ORGANIC POLLUTANTS [English summary]
Schmitz, W., and W. KBlle. 1975.
Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie 37(l):85-98.
Refractory organic compounds in the Rhine have been analyzed and
reported;'among them are 18 hydrocarbons and 9 phenols. The
methods are tedious. A technique for determining the ratio of
persistent to biodegradable organic compounds would be useful.
Microbial assays and surveys of waste discharges are discussed.
Reporting
C-70-76
DISTRIBUTION OF TAR BALLS AND NEUSTON SAMPLING IN THE GULF STREAM
SYSTEM
Sherman, K., J. B. Colton, R. L. Dryfoos, K. D. Knapp, and
B. S. Kinnear. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 243-244.
Neuston net samples made for fish eggs and larvae were also analyzed
for tar balls. The amount retained was minimal but indicates that
tar balls are a widespread phenomenon. Heavy concentrations were
found in the Sargasso Sea. The composition of these tar balls
indicates tanker wastes as the source of pollution.
Source identification
C-710-76
DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN FOOD.
IV. 3,4-BENZOPYRENE IN FISH AND SHELLFISH
Shiraishi, Y., T. Shirotori, and E. Takabatake. 1975.
Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 16(3):178-181.
A new cleanup step which involves chromatography on a silica gel
column with petroleum ether:ether (9:1) was added to the usual
fluorospectrometric determination of 3,4-benzopyrene in fish and
shellfish. Compound recovery Was 91.0%. Using this method 11 of
19 samples of commercial fish and shellfish showed no 3,4-benzo-
pyrene, and the rest showed only 0.08-9.85 ppb contaminant.
Biological effects of oil pollution
37
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C-711-76
NATURE AND ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL SPECIES: ORGANICS
Suffet, I. H., S. Friant, C. Marcinkiewicz, M. J. McGuire, and
D. T.-L. Wong. 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(6):1169-1241.
This literature review of the nature and analysis of organic
pollutants covers the analysis, effects, and toxicities of
detergents and surfactants, oil and grease, and pesticides
and related chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds. Organic analysis
of various compounds such as plasticizers, humic acids, etc., is
also reviewed.
Biological effects of oil pollution, Bibliographies
C-712-76
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TOTAL ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
Szakasits, J. J., and A. E. Krc. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,880,587
An apparatus that analyzes crude oil by programmed-temperature
gas chromatography is described. The column is heated at 4°/min
to 300°, the effluent is oxidized and analyzed for C and S content,
the column is back-flushed and the injection port heated to 700°
in the presence of 0, and the recovered residue is analyzed for C
and S. From these analyses the extent of weathering can be
determined.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-713-76
ELECTROLYTIC STRIPPING CELL
Wasik, S. P. 1974.
U.S. Patent Application 525,430
This cell analyzes for dissolved hydrocarbons in seawater.
Hydrogen gas bubbles are electrically generated. They strip
the hydrocarbons from the seawater and rise to the head space.
Gas chromatography is used to measure the hydrocarbon concentration
in the head space.
38
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C-714-76
DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SEA WATER USING AN
ELECTROLYTIC STRIPPING CELL
Wasik, S. P., and R. N. Boyd. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 117-118.
Hydrocarbons are stripped from seawater by small bubbles of
electrolytically generated hydrogen gas. The hydrocarbon
concentration is determined from the volume of the seawater and
the hydrocarbon concentration in the headspace after a measured
volume of hydrogen has bubbled through the stripping cell.
C-715-76
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AQUATIC FAUNA
Zitko, V. 1975.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14(5):621-631
A rapid analytical method for determining the presence of poly-
nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PHC) in aquatic fauna is described.
The detection limits of crude, Bunker C, and creosote oil for this
method are 100, 50, and 100 yg/g lipid. PHC were not detected in
fish or seals from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, but were
detected at concentrations ranging from 202 to 3254 yg/g lipid in
shellfish.
Biological effects of oil pollution
39
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6. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
C-716-76
ABSTRACTS OF THE 1974 PITTSBURGH CONFERENCE ON ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY AND APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY
Anon. 1974.
Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied
Spectroscopy, Pittsburgh, Pa. [1974?]
The subjects of the papers include forensic and toxicological
analysis, laboratory automation, new laboratory instrumentation,
fingerprinting of oil spills, remote sensing of pollutants and
the monitoring of water pollutants.
Remote sensing, Monitoring
C-717-76
ECONOTES - OIL FOIL (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Action 7(14):11.
An oil discharge in July off Key West involved 50,000 gallons of
oil and cost $347,430 to clean up. A Coast Guard investigation
matched samples of the spilled oil with "fingerprints" from 50
ships, and found the captain of the Liberian tanker "Garbis"
guilty of the discharge. Under U.S. law, the owners must pay
the cleanup costs.
Economic effects of oil pollution
C-718-76
OIL FINGERPRINTING
Anon. ' 1976.
Science Digest 79(2):13-15.
The article briefly outlines the use of fluorescence spectroscopy,
infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography in the identification
of oil spill sources. These methods are currently used by the U.S.
Coast Guard Research and Development Center in Groton, Connecticut.
Analysis
40
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C-719-76
SAMPLING OF OIL SPILLS AND FINGERPRINTING BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Brown, C. W., M. Ahmadjian, and P. Lynch. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 91-92.
Infrared spectra of crude oils in the 650 to 1200 cm region
provide unique fingerprints which can be used to identify the
source of oil slicks. This method has been tested on several
oil slicks in the past, and is being used on all types of petroleum
weathered in floating containers on Narragansett Bay, on the roof
of the laboratory and on seawater in the laboratory.
Analysis
C-720-76
INFRARED ANALYSIS OF WEATHERED PETROLEUM USING VACUUM TECHNIQUES
Brown, C. W., and P. F. Lynch. 1976.
Analytical Chemistry 48(1):191-195.
Natural weathering of oils exposed to the marine environment for
2-7 days was simulated by treating unweathered oils with warm salt
water and then evacuating the dried sample. This method provides
information on initial changes due to weathering, and provides a
fast, accurate way of matching spill and source fingerprints.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-721-76
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS BY PATTERN RECOGNITION
ANALYSIS OF NATURAL ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
Deuwer, D. L., et al. 1975.
NTIS, AD/A-006 471. 42 p.
The advantages of pattern recognition techniques and the values
of various elements in this procedure are assessed. Procedures
that compare field samples to single known source samples and to
multiple artificially weathered source samples are evaluated.
Analysis
41
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C-722-76
IDENTIFICATION OF WEATHERED OIL FILMS FOUND IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Frankenfeld, J. W., and W. Schulz. 1974.
Report, GRUS.2PA.74 USCG-D-107-75, CGR/DC-36/74, Contract
DOT-CG-23035-A. 206 p. [AD-A015 883/2GA]
Fifty-seven petroleum products were weathered, sampled, and
examined by a variety of techniques. Four types of analyses were
particularly useful in classifying petroleum types and identifying
the source of the oil. They were thin-layer chromatography,
infrared fingerprinting, gas chromatographic fingerprinting and
liquid-liquid chromatography. Applications of these techniques are
detailed.
Analysis
C-51-76
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF ASPHALTS AND OTHER
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Kawahara, F. K. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 145-148.
Gas chromatography-electron capture (EC) detection has been success-
fully applied to the analysis of minor components present in asphalts,
The weak acids are first converted to their respective pentafluoro-
benzyl derivatives. This method has been used to provide legal
evidence of the source of asphalt pollution.
Analysis
C-723-76
IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILL IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Kortsch, W. E. 1975.
Chemistry in Canada 27(11):21.
The following analytical methods were tested for their suitability
in identifying the source of oil spills in the natural environment:
fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared
spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, atomic
absorption, and computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
The last method was the most suitable of all methods tested.
Analysis
42
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C-724-76
AIRCRAFT AGAINST SEA POLLUTION [English summary]
Lerendu, Y. 1975.
L1 Aeronautique et 1'Astronautique (52).:37-47.
Aircraft identification of oil spill sources on the basis of
analyses of the physical and chemical characteristics of the
supernatant hydrocarbon layers is described. Methods of analyzing
the infrared, visible, and Hertzian radiation of polluted and non-
polluted seas are discussed.
Analysis, Remote sensing
C-725-76
DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN BEACH ASPHALTS BY NEUTRON
ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
May, L. A., and B. J. Presley. 1975.
Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 27(2):439-445.
The concentrations of Br, Co, Cr, Sc, Zn and V were determined for
30 crude oil residues collected from beach asphalt using neutron
activation analysis. The feasibility of using trace multielement
data obtained from this analytical technique to identify the source
of crude oil residues is demonstrated.
Analysis
C-726-76
THE ECOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF AN
OIL SPILL SITE. PART II. CHEMICAL STUDIES
Mayo, D. W., C. G. Cogger, and D. J. Donovan. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(11):166-170.
The spill in Long Cove, Searsport, Maine, was identified as No. 2
fuel oil mixed with JP5 jet fuel. Gas chromatographic techniques
were used to analyze sediment samples. The studies indicated a
lingering impact, partly due to the leaching of oil from saturated
sediments at higher elevations.
Analysis, Physical changes of oil in the environment
43
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C-727-76
SURVEY OF ORIGIN OF TAR BALLS ON THE ISRAELI COAST
Shekel, Y., and R. Ravid. 1975.
Scientific Conference of the Israel Ecological Society, 6th, Tel
Aviv, 1975. p. 379-380.
The question of whether tar balls off the Israeli coast originate
from North African or Middle Eastern sources was investigated.
Gas chromatographic "fingerprints" and sulfur, vanadium and nickel
contents were used to match tar ball samples, original crudes and
oil residue samples from vessels. Middle Eastern crudes and fuel
oil used in ships were the primary sources.
Analysis
44
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
C-728-76
MARINE FLOATING SCREEN
Anon. 1975.
Waste and Water Treatment 18(2):24.
The floating screen called 'Seaboom' is used to contain oil spilt
through transport and transhipment, oilwell drilling and waste
disposal of refineries and industries. The screen consists of
thick vinyl plate elements and floats on a tube, standing upright
in the water and extending .3 meters above the surface.
Design and engineering
C-729-76
MECHANIZED BOOM RECOVERY SYSTEM DESIGNED BY MARCO ENGINEERS
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(11):36.
The Marine Construction and Design Co. (Marco) has designed an
inflatable, floating Vikoma "Seaboom" to contain oil spills.
The "Seaboom" can be recovered quickly (~490 meters in 8 minutes)
and is operable by 3 men—one to operate the hydraulics and two
to stack the boom as it is hauled aboard.
Design and engineering
C-730-76
OIL BOOM FENDER
Anon. 1975.
Product Information
The Harbor Hoop oil boom fender is a high-strength, lightweight,
floating ring which helps contain oil. When combined with the
Hoop SkirtTM, it functions as a floating oil and water separator.
This equipment is manufactured by Nielsen Marine Products, Inc.
Design and engineering
45
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C-731-76
OIL BOOM FENDING TOOL GUARDS VESSELS (product information)
Anon. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(5):94.
Harbor Hoop oil boom fenders are lightweight, high-strength
floating rings used instead of anchors to keep oil booms away
from hulls and propellers. The fenders are easier to use, more
reliable and more durable than anchors.
C-732-76
SLICKBAR (product information)
Anon.
Slickbar, Inc., 250 Pequot Avenue, P.O. Box 139, Southport,
CT. 06490
Slickbar, Inc., manufactures a variety of booms to be used even
under the most adverse wind and wave conditions. The skirt material
is designed to be flexible in the horizontal plane and "rigidized"
in the vertical plane. The company also makes Slickskin Oil Recovery
Units, shaped like manta rays, and a vacuum/transfer unit for oil
spill recovery.
Design and engineering
C-733-76
DEVICE FOR COLLECTING LIQUID POLLUTANTS FLOATING ON A WATER SURFACE
Ayers, R. R., and E. V. Seymour.
British Patent 1,403,611
1975.
The device consists of two elongated floatable members and an
interconnecting barrier. The barrier lies beneath the body of
water. The members are spaced apart in the direction of relative
water movement. This defines an open water-containing zone
between the members and barrier means within which the pollutant
can be captured.
Design and engineering
C-734-76
BARRIER
British Petroleum Co. Ltd. 1974.
Netherlands Application 7,415,179
A barrier which prevents spilled oil from spreading on water
contains an air tube and an interconnected water tube. The
46
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structure has a "figure 8" cross section and floats in the water
with the connection between the air and water tubes just above
the water surface. Flexible reinforcing elements, connected to
each tube, makes recovery of the barrier easy.
Design and engineering
C-735-76
AN IN SITU INVESTIGATION OF OIL BARRIER SHAPE AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS
Larrabee, R. M., and G. A. Brown. 1974.
Final report, USCG-D-161-75, Contract DOT-CG-33962-A. 219 p.
[AD-A017 099/3GA]
The objectives of this research were to determine the influence
of current and wave action on oil barrier shape, and to compare
previous tension and drag coefficient data with the present study.
Shape, load, current, and wave data are all factors in the calculation
of the drag coefficient for the boom. Actual barrier shape is closely
approximated by a catenary curve.
Design and engineering
C-736-76
APPARATUS FOR THE COLLECTION OF OIL FROM THE SURFACE OF WATER
Mikander-Malmberg, D. 1975.
British Patent 1,419,106
This invention consists of a sheet of deformable material, a float
around the entire periphery of the sheet, and a device to elevate
part of the sheet so as to define a closed chamber bounded by the
sheet, the float and the water surface.
Design and engineering
C-737-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO MARINE BOOMS FOR CONTROLLING FLOATING
POLLUTION
Sandford, W. H. 1975.
British Patent 1,406,445
The boom for controlling floating pollution such as oil consists
of an inflatable tubular buoyancy member, a flexible skirt extending
downward from it, and a footrope attached to the bottom edge of the
skirt to hold the boom between terminal points. When the boom is
47
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in place and opposed to flow, the skirt curves downward from
the buoyancy member and forward toward the footrope and presents
an upward inclined face to the forces of the flow which serves
to hold the skirt down.
Design and engineering
C-738-76
A METHOD OF TREATING AN OIL-POLLUTED WATER SURFACE TO PREVENT
THE SPREAD OF THE OIL POLLUTANT
Scott, P. R., and P. E. Titus. 1975.
British Patent 1,413,148
The method consists of applying a composition, containing at least
one primary long-chain aliphatic alcohol having 10 to 20 carbon
atoms per molecule, with a liquid and/or solid diluent material.
C-739-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN FLOATABLE OIL FENCES
Suzuei Co. Ltd. 1975.
British Patent 1,416,978
This floatable oil fence prevents the spreading of oil on a
water surface and consists of an inflatable hose having a dorsal
fin and a ventral fin. The hose has at least one partition
positioned between the fins to divide the interior of the hose
into at least two parallel longitudinal chambers.
Design and engineering
48
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2. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
C-740-76
AFL AUTOMATIC SKIMMER (product information)
Anon. 1975.
The AFL automatic skimmers utilize the principle of specific
gravity differential between water and oil; as a result, the
unit floats higher in water than oil. The unique float design
allows the skimmer to rise and fall with fluctuating water levels
and to continuously skim oil at a pre-set rate. FFI contact
R. Graffia, AFL Industries, Inc., 1149 Howard Dr., West Chicago,
Illinois 60185.
C-741-76
ANTI-POLLUTION CHEMICALS (product information)
Anon. 1976.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 6(3):#HMS 5807.
The brochure lists a range of chemical products for oil dispersion,
oil-water separation, odor masking, paint removal, industrial
cleaning and hygiene. FFI contact H. G. Anti-Pollution Chemicals
Ltd., 671 Bilsland Dr., Glasgow, 620 9NE.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-742-76
ASTM GETS INVOLVED IN SPILL-CONTROL SYSTEMS (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
National Petroleum News 68(1):67.
The American Society for Testing and Materials has established a
committee to investigate oil spill-control systems. Such matters
as test methods, specifications and performance, durability and
strength of spill control systems will be studied.
Design and engineering
C-743-76
BP'S TON UP OIL SKIMMER IS NOW IN SERVICE
Anon. 1975.
Pollution Monitor (23}:34-36.
An oil skimming system developed by British Petroleum is based
on a controlled drift concept. Seapack, the boat, deploys a boom
49
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with drogues that drifts at 2% of wind speed. Oil moves at 3%
of wind speed, moving into and concentrating in the boom. The
boom can also be used to "sweep" an oil slick or contain it
until the Seaskimmer can be used to pick up the oil.
Containment, Design and engineering
C-744-76
CHEMICAL CLEANING PRODUCTS (product information)
Anon. 1975.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 6(1):#HMS 5409.
A wide range of cleaning products is described, including
degreasers, bacteriocides, tar, concrete and polymer removers,
sealants, oil dispersants, and absorbent booms for oil pollution
control. FFI contact Arrow Chemicals Ltd., P.O. Box No. 3,
Stanhope Rd., Swadlincote, Nr. Burton on Trent, Staffs.
Containment
C-745-76
COMPLETE OIL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT LAUNCHED IN SCANDINAVIA
Anon. 1975.
Scandinavian Oil and Gas Magazine 3(7-8):#35-36.
The oil protection equipment produced by the American Company,
Pacific Pollution Control, is described. The equipment consists
of a fence, the Aqua Fence; a fenced middle section of perforated
metal screen, the Aqua Screen; and oil-absorbing materials,
collection equipment and oil magnets.
Design and engineering
C-746-76
CONFERENCE OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA WATER AND WASTE ASSOCIATION,
VANCOUVER, B.C., 1974.
Anon. 1974.
British Columbia Water and Waste Association. 272 p.
The topics of the papers presented at this conference include
water resources, role and responsibilities of the Environmental
Protection Service (Canada), and oil spill technology. Treatment
methods are evaluated. Canadian drinking water standards and the
program objectives of the provinces were discussed by a panel.
50
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C-747-76
OIL AND ESTUARY POLLUTION CONTROL
Anon. 1975.
Waste & Waste Treatment 18(7):24-28.
This brief look at developments in pollution control includes:
oil/water separation, the application of the plate separator,
a report on the 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil
Pollution, automatic separation of oil from waste, control of oil
slicks, absorbent for land and water, 'wringing1 machines and
booms, an oil sorbent up to 30x its weight, and the Port of Dunkirk
pollution control boat.
Waste treatment and disposal methods, Reporting
C-748-76
OIL MOP SPILL CLEAN-UP SYSTEM (product information)
Anon. 1976.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 6(1):#HMS 5289.
This system consists of feather-like plastic whiskers on a contin-
uous belt which absorb oil and reject water. Oil is recovered by
using squeeze rollers. The device is used for spill cleanup and
oil recovery from low yield wells.
Design and engineering
C-749-76
OIL SKIMMER (product information)
Anon. 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(12):858a.
The Model TS-100 oil skimmer operates on the endless belt principle
without the use of pumps or vacuum. Oil accumulated in a sump or
tank can be collected and discharged, reducing oil content to trace
residuals. FFI contact Tenco Hydro/Aerosciences, Inc., 5220 East
Ave., Countryside, 111. 60525.
Design and engineering
C-750-76
PLENTY OF ACTION FOR THESE COAST GUARDSMEN
Anon. 1974.
World Ports 36(5):21-23.
The U.S. Coast Guard station in New York was able to contain the
oil spill from a collision of 2 ships in 1973. The pollution
51
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abatement section is responsible for cleanup, and contains 5
officers and 22 men. More than 600 navigational aids are also
used. The station carries out drug raids, safety patrols,
harbor search and rescue missions, firefighting, and icebreaking,
Containment, Oil transfer and transport
C-751-76
POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO: 1974 ANNUAL CONFERENCE
Anon. [1974?]
Abstracts. 22 p.
The abstracted papers deal with environmental degradation, and
the impact of environmental assessment and legislation. Specific
subjects covered include the handling of oil spills, concepts in
urban drainage design, industrial waste treatment, and automated
chemical analysis for water quality measurements.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-752-76
POLLUTION CONTROL DIRECTORY 1975-76
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Science and Technology 9(ll):88p.
This pollution control directory consists of nine sections:
laboratory supply houses, instruments and equipment, chemicals
(manufacturers listed), professional consulting services, services
(companies which offer services, distributers, etc.), environ-
mental books, trade names, company directory, and advertiser index.
C-753-76
PROVING OUT POLLUTION CLEAN UP
Anon. 1975.
Surveyor 9(1):-16-19.
The EPA testing tank (OHMSETT) has oil tanks and spreading
equipment. The tank walls are protected by a bubble system
to save cleanup expense. Waves up to 2-1/2 ft. tall and 100 ft,
long and 6-kt currents can be produced. Oil cleanup equipment
has been tested; the extent and accuracy of the test data are
excellent.
Containment, Design and engineering
52
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C-754-76
SLICKBAR AND SLICKSKIN (product information)
Anon. 1976.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 6(2):#HMS 5569.
Floating pollution and debris are contained using slickbar booms.
Skimmer 'heads and pumps used in Slickskim oil recovery systems
and Conwed oil spill sorbents are described. FFI contact Furmanite
International Ltd., Dockray Hall Road, Kendal , LA9 4RX, Cumbria.
Design and engineering, Containment
C-755-76
SLICK IDEA FOR OIL-SPILL CLEANUP (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Chemical Week 117(26):!!.
A new oil-spill cleanup system, called the "mechanized sorbent
oil spill recovery system," can collect 50,000 gal /hour by making
use of 3.6 million absorbent urethane foam chips. The chips are
cast from a barge in a 6 m swath across the spill. The barge scoops
up the saturated chips and passes them to a generator where they
squeezed dry for reuse.
Design and engineering
C-756-76
SPILL UNITS
Anon. 1974.
Offshore 34(11 ):120.
Vac-U-Max has developed an oil skimming unit functioning on
nigh pressure air and designed to promptly handle oil spillage
and cleanup under normal or emergency conditions.
Design and engineering
C-757-76
WHEN IS A WHALEBOAT LIKE A CRUISER?
Anon. 1975.
ASTM Standardization News 3(7) :26.
Article briefly describes the development of a newly evolved ASTM
committee on oil spill control systems, composed of containment,
recovery and treatment subcommittees and an administrative task force.
Containment, Contingency planning
53
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C-758-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION AT PORT AUTHORITY AIRPORTS
Attar, A. M. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 99-116.
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, with the aid of
Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, is conducting a comprehensive program
to protect and improve the environment around airports under its
jurisdiction. Short-term control measures and long-term preventive
solutions are given. Installation of skimmers and booms to aid in
oil spill detection and cleanup are among the long-term recom-
mendations.
C-759-76
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM, PHASE II,
APPENDIX I. DESIGN STUDIES AND SPECIFICATIONS
Beach, R. L., F. A. March, L. S. Brown, T. S. McMahon, and
J. Papp. 1974.
U.S. Coast Guard Report No. CG-D-84-74. 180 p. [AD/A-003 934]
A prototype oil spill recovery system has been designed and
constructed. This report describes studies which evaluated
materials for their potential use in rigid elements of the weir/
basin, the pressure drop for different oil transfer hose con-
figurations, and alternate ways to deploy and recover the oil
recovery apparatus. Specifications for construction and specific
components of the apparatus are listed in the latter part of the
report.
Design and engineering
C-760-76
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH SEAS OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM, PHASE II,
APPENDIX II. MATERIALS AND COMPONENT TESTS
Beach, R. L., F. A. March, L. S. Brown, T. S. McMahon, and
J. Papp. 1974.
U.S. Coast Guard Report No. CG-D-84-74. 232 p. [AD/A-003 946}
Studies which evaluated the subsystems and components of the oil
recovery system are described. A full-scale model of the secondary
weir was tested using four different weight oils. The oil
resistance of the materials, maximum expected load on the inter-
mediate flotation section, the control system, and the oil-water
interface sensor are areas examined.
Design and engineering
54
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C-761-76
METHOD OF REMOVING OIL FROM WATER USING RICE HULLS
Bertram, L. E. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,902,998
Rice hulls are floated on oil-contaminated bodies of water to
absorb the oil. After the rice hulls have become loaded with
contaminant, they can be skimmed from the water surface or
removed by centrifugal or rotary pumps which provide suction
lift.
C-762-76
STUDIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION NEAR BRATISLAVA,
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Blair, A. H. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe, Reading, England, 1972.
J. A. Cole (ed.). p. 332-337. Conference of the Water Research
Association.
The prevention of groundwater pollution by oil leaks and spills
from the refinery at the divergence of the Danube and Little
Danube is discussed. Another source of pollution is induced
recharge of the groundwater by the oil polluted waters of the
River Danube.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-763-76
DISPERSANT COMPOSITION FOR SPILLED OIL
Blanchard, P. M., and D. G. Meeks. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,454,932
The composition of the oil dispersant is as follows: an ester
of a polyethyleneglycol and a CiQ-C24 fatty acid [RC02(C2H40}XH,
where R is a Cg-23 alkyl or alkenyl residue and X is 3, 4 or 5],
a surfactant alkyl or Na, NH4+, amino or amino alcohol salt,
and an alcohol or glycol with a molecular weight of 90-250.
C-764-76
EMULSIFYING OIL SPILLS
Blanchard, P. M., and A. A. J. Mundye. 1975.
British Patent 1,399,860
"Water-insoluble poly (oxyethylene glycol) monoleate dissolved in
kerosene is a useful dispersant for oil slicks."
55
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C-765-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE REMOVAL OF SURFACE LAYERS FROM LIQUIDS
Bremner, W. A. 1975.
British Patent 1,402,635
The apparatus consists of a suction head adapted to be carried
at an open inlet end of a conduit connected with a source of
suction. The arrangement is designed so that a surface layer
can enter the conduit only after passing radially inward through
the inlet slot.
C-766-76
SYSTEM FOR THE RECOVERY OF OIL
Brown, C. E., and A. Gollan. 1975.
French Patent 2,247,379
This apparatus is mounted on a ship and is intended to clean
waters in harbors. It consists of a recovery chamber on board
ship and plates ahead of the chamber which reduce the velocity
of water, preventing the water from carrying the oil under the
ship.
Design and engineering
C-767-76
RHEINWERFT OIL SKIMMER PLANT (product information)
C. A. Bekhor Ltd. 1975.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(5):#HMS 4866.
Skimmer sizes range from small portable units to custom built
crafts handling up to 40 cu. meters per hour. The method
predominantly recovers oil rather than oil-water mixtures. FFI
contact C. A. Bekhor Ltd., 29 St. James's St., London, SWIA 1HB.
Design and engineering
C-768-76
CONTAINMENT, COLLECTION AND RECYCLING OF OILY WASTES
Dalton, T. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 91-97.
A review of the problems of containing, collecting and recycling
oily wastes is provided. An oil spill contingency program should
56
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be devised for plants to use in emergency spill situations.
Materials and equipment used to contain and clean up oil spills
are described. Suggestions for the handling of collected oil
are given.
Containment, Contingency planning, Reclamation and reuse
C-769-76
OIL DISPERSANT
Dulaney, C. L., and D. J. Hagney. 1975.
Canadian Patent 969,445
Addition of this dispersant to an aqueous medium containing
floating oil causes the interfacial tension between oil and
water to be decreased so that the oil is dispersed. The
preparation of the dispersant is outlined.
C-770-76
DECONTAMINATION OF WATER CONTAINING LIPOPHILIC SUBSTANCES
Farbwerke Hoechst AG. 1974.
German Patent 2,248,832
Pesticide and oil pollutants may be removed from ground or
surface water by flocculation with ethylene polymers containing
monomers. Potable water is claimed to result.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-771-76
FLOATING VEHICLES FOR REMOVING OIL AND OTHER FLOATING SUBSTANCES
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE WATER
Fast, S. G. 1975.
German Patent 2,341,177
This vehicle consists of two separate hulls attached at a certain
distance from each other, and a conveyor belt mounted between the
hulls of the catamaran. The belt, driven by a reversible motor,
may be vertical or inclined by an angle between 20° and 30° with
respect to the surface of the water.
Design and engineering
57
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C-772-76
LIQUID SKIMMING METHOD AND APPARATUS
Finch, W. C. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,901,811
The skimmer has a closed end positioned below the interface of
two liquids to form a storage reservoir; it has at least one port
extending above the interface. The overlying liquid flows through
the port into the reservoir from which it is removed. The invention
can be used for mechanically separating oil from water in almost
any environment.
Design and engineering
3,901,811
LIQUID SKIMMER METHOD AND APPARATUS
William C. Finch, Houston, Tex., assignor to William C. Finch
and Michael P. Breston, both of Houston, Tex., • part inter-
est to each
Filed Jan. 17, 1973, Ser. No. 324,461
Int. Cl.» B01D 23100, 17102, F28D 15100
U.S. Cl. 210-538 I Claim
SOIL CONTAIN!*
C-773-76
ROTARY OIL RECOVERY DEVICE WITH NON-INTEGRAL COLLECTING HEAD
Galicia, F. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,907,684
A floating recovery device applicable for the retrieval of oil
from bodies of water is described. The intake of contaminated
liquid is regulated by a rotatable collecting head driven at a
variable speed ratio to the remainder of the separation apparatus
A filter to filter out debris is also present.
Design and engineering
58
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C-774-76
PROCEDURE TO SUCK UP OIL
Hoechst AG. 1974.
Netherlands Application 7,414,933
The invention uses a fine-particle, oil-absorbing mass characterized
as a powder or strip foils of the glycol ester of polyterephtal
acid or nitroresin-coated cellophane foils. With this procedure
oil or hydrocarbons can be sucked up from water surfaces, from water
and from the bottom.
C-775-76
PROCEDURE TO SUCK UP OIL
Hoechst AG. 1974.
Netherlands Application 7,414,934
The procedure uses a modified cell material consisting of small
particles to suck up oil, in particular hydrocarbons, from the
water surface, from the water and from the bottom. The cell mass
is modified with an organic isocyanate, a high molecular weight
fatty acid, an ester of a high molecular weight fatty acid, and a
complex compound of a high molecular weight fatty acid.
C-776-76
RECOVERY OF OIL AND OIL-SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS FROM THE SURFACE OF
WATER
Hoegberg, R. G., and W.
U.S. Patent 3,905,902
S. Tyler. 1975.
Negatively electrostatically charging hydrophobic rotating disks
immersed in water are used to recover oil from water with minimum
water pickup. Oil is applied to the disk to help maintain the
change in the oil phase and to remove thin films of oily material
which contain oil-soluble contaminants from the water surface.
Design and engineering
3,905,902
RECOVERY OF OIL AND OIL-SOLUBLE
CONTAMINANTS FROM THE SURFACE OF WATER
Ruth G. Hoegberg, 209 Matroy Ln., Wallingfortl, Pa. 19086,
and Walter S. Tyler, Valley View, R.D. No. 1, Landisburg,
Pa. 17040
Cootinuatioa-in-part of Ser. No. 180,729, Sept IS, 1971,
abandoned. This application Sept. 10, 1973 Ser. No. 395.683
tat CI.' B01D 15/00
ILS. CL 210—30 10 Claim
I "
\ ; r-ott xccoveer
'b)^-
ill S^f=3
59
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C-777-76
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM SURFACES OF WATER, ETC.
Hoist, A., M. Kostrzewa, H. Lask, and G. Buchberger. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,358,808
Treated finely divided cellulose products can adsorb oil slicks,
oil-contaminated water, and oil spills. Shredded paper or saw-
dust is treated with organic isocyanates, high molecular weight
fatty acid derivatives or methylolmelamine derivatives.
C-778-76
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM SURFACES OF WATER, ETC.
Hoist, A., M. Kostrzewa, H. Lask, and G. Buchberger. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,358,820
Oil adsorbents composed of powders or chopped sheets of poly-
terephthalic acid glycol ester can be used to remove oil slicks,
oil-contaminated water or oil spills. Sheets of glass foil
covered with synthetic resin varnish are also effective.
C-779-76
PROCEDURES TO DISPERSE OIL IN WATER AND TO PREPARE COMPOUNDS
TO DO SUCH
Imperial Chemicals Inds. Ltd. 1975.
Netherlands Application 7,500,562
Spilled oil and water are brought into contact with an alkyd resin
having one component containing the residue of a polyalkylene-
glycol, which is soluble in water.
C-780-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO A DEVICE FOR REMOVING OIL SLICKS
Ivanoff, A. 1975.
British Patent 1,405,560
The device is a water craft consisting of an open hull with side
walls which channel oil entering between them toward a stern wall
A means for removing oil accumulating within the craft is provided
An antisurging device, which reduces the amplitude of waves so as
to calm the oil covered water within the hull, is mounted between
the side walls.
Design and engineering
60
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C-781-76
OIL SEPARATOR WITH COALESCING MEDIA
Jones, L. W. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,893,925
A system for removing dispersed oil from water depends on the
oily water flowing downward through a granular sulfur filter.
The sulfur causes the oil to coalesce, and move through channels
to the top of the filter. Oil free water is drawn off at the
bottom.
3,893,925
OIL SEPARATOR WITH COALESCING MEDIA
Loyd W. Jones, Tulsn, Oklu., assignor to Amoco Production
Company, Tulsu, Oklu.
Filed Aug. 16, 1971, Ser. No. 171,822
Int. Cl. BO Id 17/04
L.S.CT. 210-266 9 Claims
i < U AN Wfl'i W
C-782-76
USE OF A SIMPLE EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE TO STUDY WATER POLLUTION IN
SITU: COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF THREE ANTI-PETROLEUM EMULSIVE AGENTS
Lacaze, J. C. 1974.
Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS PB-237 784-T. 23 p.
A lagoon in the Sables d'Olonne region was sectioned off into
natural environmental compartments to be used for pollutant
treatments and controls. Of the three products tested, Corexit
produced weak and temporary changes, Sefoil fertilized the water,
and Gamosol inhibited photosynthesis.
Biological effects of oil pollution
61
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C-783-76
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF SPILLED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Lindsey, A. W. 1975.
Chemical Engineering 82(23):107-114.
The disposal of spilled hazardous materials is discussed in
regard to management of the incident, selection of disposal
options and a suitable landfill method for disposal of spilled
materials (including oil).
Waste treatment and disposal
C-784-76
A DEVICE FOR COLLECTING OIL FROM WATER SURFACES
Luopajarvi, E. 1975.
British Patent 1,410,263
The apparatus consists of a hollow frustum with an inlet opening
which has an area larger than that of an outlet opening. The
frustum is mounted peripherally on a rotatable drum with the
inlet opening at the periphery of the drum. A collecting device
is coordinated with the outlet opening, and is located inside and
toward the center of the drum.
Design and engineering
C-785-76
METHOD FOR COMBATTING POLLUTION USING A CHROMIUM COMPLEX
Martineau, J., and F-J. Biechler. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,886,070
A chromium complex is attached to solid particles of a metallic
aluminosilicate. This mixture is dried, then spread over oily
water at a concentration of 1-4 parts of the mixture to 1 part
(by weight) of the oil. The oily product forms a floating paste
which is removed by skimming.
C-786-76
PADDLEBOAT GIVES A CLEAN SWEEP TO OIL POLLUTION (news brief)
McLain, L. 1975.
Engineer 240(April 10):11.
The Lockheed Ocean Systems' Clean Sweep system resembles a
Mississippi style paddle boat, but with a non-propulsive wheel
62
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amidships. The oil adheres to the rotating disc blades of the
wheel, and is scraped off into a central sump tank at a rate of
200 gallons of oil a minute. Both large units and small industrial
units are available.
Design and engineering
C-787-76
EFFICIENCY OF OIL-SPILL REMOVERS
Michel, P. 1974.
Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS PB-237 900-T. 32 p.
A comparison of 101 commercial products used in combating oil
pollution was made. The products react with hydrocarbons in one
of three ways. Emulsifiers convert the oil to a fine emulsion
which is easily biodegradable. Agglomerants absorb hydrocarbons,
facilitating recovery. Precipitants cause the oil to settle on
the bottom.
C-788-76
TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND CLEANUP OF
OIL SPILLS
Milgram, J. H. 1974.
Oil Spills and the Marine Environment. Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger,
1974. p. 57-110.
Tankers, wells and pipelines are considered as sources of pollution.
Tanker pollution can be minimized by using Load-on-Top procedures.
Support casings, drilled mud, and blowout preventers are used in
drilling wells. Pipelines can be inspected frequently to prevent
pollution. Different cleanup devices and chemical agents are
described.
Oil transfer and transport
C-789-76
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO COMBUSTING FLAMMABLE LIQUID WASTES
Moskovsky Nauchnoissledovatesky Proektnoizysk Institut Mosvodok-
analniiproekt. 1975.
British Patent 1,384,720
Air is injected into a layer of waste causing it to rotate, and
a vortex is produced. Oil is burned with 60% water without
homogenizing. The floating version is suitable for oil spills in
port.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
63
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C-790-76
REMOVAL OF OIL SLICKS FROM WATER - BY SCATTERING RUBBER POWDER
FROM OLD TYRES ON THE OIL AND COLLECTING
Nittan Co. Ltd. 1974.
German Patent 2,338,235
Oils are absorbed by powdered rubber from ground tyres. Wave
action causes oil balls to form, which are readily collected.
Oil may be processed with asphalt to yield improved road surfacing
composition.
Reclamation and reuse
C-791-76
OIL SLICK DISPERSANT
Noble, R. 1975.
British Patent 1,404,684
A nontoxic oil-slick dispersant, sprayed at a concentration of
1:1::oil:dispersant, dispersed oil in less than 1 minute. The
time depended on the degree of agitation. The dispersant is
86% (volume) kerosine, 9% polyoxyethylene glycol monooleate,
3% sorbitan monooleate, and 2% monopropylene glycol.
C-792-76
OIL DISPERSING AGENT
Osborn, P. G., P. F. Nicks, and M. G. Norton. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,501,802
Oil is effectively dispersed in water by the use of alkyd resins
containing polyalkylene glycols. Alkyd resin in a ligroine
solution containing 75% solids was mixed with an equivalent weight
of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. This solution dispersed 1 ml
crude oil floating on the surface of 1.5 1 of a 3.5 wt. % NaCl
solution in 13 minutes.
C-793-76
OPEN WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
Rafael, J. 1974.
French Patent 32834V/18
This open water purification system is capable of cleaning up oil
slicks. Water is taken in at the bow, mixed with a flocculating
64
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agent, then sent through a duct to a separation system. The
separation system handles the precipitated sludge and has an
aft discharge port for the treated water.
Design and engineering
C-794-76
OIL SPILL TECHNOLOGY
Ross, S. L. 1974.
Conference of the British Columbia Water and Waste Association,
Vancouver, B.C., 1974. p. 125-141.
The state of preparedness for a spill depends on the contingency
plan, personnel training, and the availability of good equipment.
Most of the technology and methods currently in use are inadequate
in effectiveness, labor requirements or sophistication. Development
is required in the detection, containment and recovery of oil spills,
and in the restoration of beaches. Guidelines for evaluation of new
technology are given.
Restoration, Contingency planning
C-795-76
PROTOTYPE HIGH-SEAS DISC-DRUM OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM
Scharfenstein, C. F., and W. T. Beran. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-150-75, Contracts DOT-CG-24231-A, DOT-CG-32782-A.
247 p. [AD-A017 000/1GA]
The oil recovery system was designed to recover up to 1,000 gpm of
a variety of oils in Sea State 4. A catamaran made of inflatable
pontoons floats the disc-drum recovery unit; pumps and power
systems are in the twin hulls and connecting cross structure. The
system is remotely controlled, refueled and monitored through an
umbilical attached to the tender, which also receives the oil. The
system is transportable by a variety of aircraft, trucks and ships.
Design and engineering
C-796-76
TESTS OF OIL RECOVERY DEVICES IN BROKEN ICE FIELDS. PHASE I.
Schultz, L. A., P. C. Deslauriers, R. P. Voelker, 0. M. Halstad,
and D. E. Abrams. 1975.
Final report No. 228-C USCG-D-130-75, Contract DOT-CG-51487-A.
91 p. [AD-A016 465/7GA]
65
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Full size tests of the Lockheed Clean Sweep Model R 2003 and the
Marco Pollution Control Class 1 Oil Recovery System are reported.
Tests using No. 2 diesel oil and crude oil were done in a simulated
Arctic environment in broken freshwater ice and saltwater ice. Only
minor hardware modifications are needed in order for both models to
recover spilled oil in an ice field of moderate icepiece size.
Design and engineering
C-797-76
COATINGS MAY PROTECT BEACHES AGAINST OIL
Seltzer, R. J. 1975.
Chemical & Engineering News 53(49):30-31.
The article describes the state of research on the surface treatment
of shorelines with chemical agents to prevent contact of spilled oil
with shoreline materials. Studies involve applying chemical coatings
before an oil spill hits shore. The coating creates a barrier which
prevents oil adherence, staining, absorption and contamination; oil
can then be readily removed.
C-798-76
APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF OIL AND OTHER OILY SUBSTANCES
Tezuka, T., H. Kawakami, and K. Miura. 1975.
French Patent 2,246,695
This floating device consists of a vertical plate, an attached float,
flexible watertight connections with other vertical plates, and
directional control means forcing the device to form a certain angle
with the direction in which it is being towed during recovery of the
oil spill.
Design and engineering
C-799-76
ADSORBENTS FOR REMOVAL OF OILS FROM SEA AND RIVER WATERS
Toda, S., H. Uchiyama, and H. Kimura. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75,106,891
Synthetic fiber sheets or plastic foams are impregnated with
condensates prepared from polyols and benzaldehyde-hydroxybenzaldehyde
mixtures, water-miscible, polar organic solvents in which the con-
densates are soluble, and organic liquids which are soluble in the
polar organic solvents and immiscible with water. In one test, a
polyethylene fiber sheet completely absorbed 10 ml crude oil
floating on 300 ml water in five seconds.
66
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C-800-76
CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL POLLUTION IN AND AROUND U.S. WATERS
Van Voorhis, P. W. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 207-224.
The oil pollution problem in the U.S. today, and the U.S. Coast
Guard's growing program to combat it are discussed. The program
concentrates on oil discharged in U.S. waters between 1970 and
1972, frequency, volume, causes and characteristics of these dis-
charges, and the problem and expense associated with removal.
Economic effects of oil pollution, Contingency planning, Reporting
C-801-76
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL (product information)
W. S. Atkins Group. 1975.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(5):#HMS 4917.
A large firm of consulting engineers provides a comprehensive range
of services for the treatment and control of sources of pollution.
C-802-76
PICK-UP ELEMENT FOR OILY CONTAMINANTS
Yocum, C. H. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,904,528
The element has an outer container of porous material which is
permeable to liquid oily contaminants and impervious to water. An
absorber positioned in the container is composed of spongy material
which absorbs oil contaminants; it has large spaced parallel surfaces
and a number of slits in the direction of the thickness of the
absorber. Granules of absorbent material are sprinkled over the
surfaces of the absorber.
Design and engineering
3,904,528
HICK-tJP KI.KMKNT FOR OII.Y CONTAMINANTS
Charlvs H. Yocum, 46.1 Adaimvillv Rd., Westport, Max,.
02790
Filed June 29, 1973, Ser. No. 374,886
Inf. Cl. C02n 9102
L.S. Cl. 210—242 8 Claims
67
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3. RESTORATION
C-803-76
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, University. Advisory Committee on Oil
Pollution of the Sea. Research Unit on the Rehabilitation of
Oiled Seabirds. 1974.
Annual report, 1974. 28 p.
Rapid treatment with adequate facilities, immediate feeding and
early return to the outdoors are important factors in rehabilitating
seabirds contaminated with oil. Data from the recent restoration
attempts include the percentage of birds waterproofed, the
correlation of diet and waste, cause of death, and guillemot
behavior.
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-804-76
OPERATION WATERFOWL
Stanton, P. date unknown.
API Publication
Summary not available.
C-805-76
THE DAY THE BIRDS WEPT
Watkins, T. H. 1976.
Audubon 78(1):17-21.
The author describes his personal experiences with beach cleaning
and bird rescue centers in San Francisco Bay when a tanker collision
occurred in January, 1971. Of the 4,629 birds treated, 94% were
lost; uncounted thousands washed out to sea or sank.
Biological effects of oil pollution. Cleanup and recovery
68
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4. OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
C-806-76
DUNLOP "SAFLOTE" INTEGRAL FLOATING OIL HOSE (product information)
Anon.
Wood, D. B., William Wood & Associates, P.O. Box 7886, Metarrie
(New Orleans), Louisiana 70011 (exclusive U.S. representative of
Dunlop Limited)
Dunlop's offshore hose is used at monobuoy terminals. If the
primary carcass fails, the oil is contained by the secondary carcass
which swells by about 35%, signaling the need to replace the hose.
The hose is still functional and will last until the tanker is
cleared.
Design and engineering
C-807-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS AT FAWLEY REFINERY
Anon. Winter 1974/1975.
Esso Magazine V4404:4-ll.
Work is being done to minimize contamination of water by oil during
docking of tankers and in the refinery. Efforts are also being
made to reduce noise and odors.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-808-76
THE FINDINGS
Anon. 1974.
Pacific Northwest Sea 7(3-4):8-23.
The findings of the Oceanographic Commission of Washington on
the feasibility of offshore petroleum transfer systems are discussed.
Open ocean single point moorings would need breakwaters which are
difficult to construct. Oil transportation policy in Puget Sound
must be established. Costs, port alternatives, environmental and
socioeconomic impacts, and oil spills are assessed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production, Economic effects
of oil prospecting and production
69
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C-809-76
STATEMENT ON REGULATIONS FOR SEAGOING TANK VESSELS RELEASED
(news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(12):28.
New Coast Guard regulations are aimed at reducing oil pollution
from ships. New tankers in excess of 70,000 tons must have
segregated ballast. Slop tanks and oily residue tanks will be
required. Ballast water will not be allowed in the fuel tanks
of new vessels. Copies of the statement can be obtained from
Executive Secretary, Marine Safety Council, U.S. Coast Guard
(CG-CMC/82), Washington, D.C. 20590.
U.S. legislation, Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-810-76
MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL: PART II - SHIP DESIGN REQUIREMENTS;
SYNOPSIS OF THE PROBLEM AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
Abbott, J. W. 1975.
Naval Engineers Journal 87:15-28.
This article provides an overview of the ever-increasing problem
faced by designers of commercial vessels--that of meeting new
national and international pollution control laws at minimal cost
to the customer. Also discussed are alternative solutions available
to the designer and operator of commercial vessels.
Waste treatment and disposal methods, Design and engineering
C-811-76
REGULATIONS FOR THE MOVEMENT BY ROAD OF HAZARDOUS GOODS
Bealby, R. 1974.
Chartered Institute of Transport. Journal 36(6):139-144.
"Regulations for rail, sea, air, and road transport of explosives,
petroleum spirit, other dangerous goods and radioactive substances
are described."
Foreign legislation
70
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C-812-76
WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
Brown, R. L., and T. H. Robinson. 1975.
Marine Technology, SNAME 12(3):275-280.
The U.S. Coast Guard is responsible for the establishment of
adequate standards for various types of vessels to prevent or
minimize the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters. Standards
dealing with tankship and tank barge design, tank slops, oily
bilge wastes, spill containment and vessel sewage are discussed
in this paper.
U.S. legislation, Waste treatment and disposal methods, Containment
C-813-76
CRUDE WASHING GUIDELINES
Castaldi, G., and W. J. Pow[e]ll. 1975.
Interim report on Task 1, MA-RD-930-76012, Contract C-5-38000. 25 p.
[COM-75-114 28/OGA]
Equipment requirements for washing crude oil tanks are discussed.
Operation guidelines for planning and executing a safe, efficient
operation without pollution and with minimal delay are also included,
Industry standards and guidelines
C-814-76
A TRIP ON A TANKER
Ensz, R. G. 1975.
Petroleum Today 1975(3):14-19.
The author's experiences on a Danish supertanker sailing from
England to the Persian Gulf via South Africa are described. The
captain of the VLCC indicated that international regulations pro-
hibit the discharge of oil or oily mixtures within 50 miles of
any coast and that most oil companies forbid the discharge of oil
anywhere in the ocean.
International legislation
C-815-76
OIL PORTS ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
Flory, J. F. 1975.
Oceanus 19(l):45-55.
The use of very large tankers and offshore oil ports is the best
solution to the problem of transporting large quantities of oil
71
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over long distances and still reducing environmental risks. The
deepwater terminal with single point moorings is considered to be
the most attractive type of port proposed. The single anchor leg
mooring will be used in some of these terminals.
C-816-76
COLLISION-PROOF TANKS FOR FUEL OIL TRANSPORT
Frischknecht, F. 1974.
German Patent 2,260,397
Rigid tanks are divided into compartments which contain a flexible
elastic bag for oil containment.
C-817-76
METHOD FOR REMOVING LIQUID CONTAMINANTS FROM A SUBMERGED TANK
Kruger, J. J., and V. E. Rossitto. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,890,796
Two holes are drilled in the submerged tank. Each drilled area
of the tank is isolated from the liquid so as to prevent it from
contaminating the surrounding waters. One hole is positioned
higher than the other hole; the liquid is pumped out from one of
•f-hc. 1-inl PC uih-i 1 o 1-iniiiH ciirvm inHi nn thp ciihrnprnprl trink pntpr<; thp
coniarmndT,iny tru burrounuiny waierb. uiie nuie is yuiiuiuiu
higher than the other hole; the liquid is pumped out from or
the holes while liquid surrounding the submerged tank enters
other hole.
3,890,796
METHOD FOR REMOVING LIQUID CONTAMINANTS
FROM A SUBMERGED TANK
Jean J, Kruger, Northport, N.Y., and Vincent E. Rositto, 58
Hlgble La., West Islip, N.Y. 11795, assignors to said Vincent
E) Rossitto by said Jean J. Kruger
Division of Ser. No. 231,631, March 3, 1972, Pat. No.
3,813,887. This application Dec. 26, 1973, Ser. No. 427,786
Int. Cl.2 B63C 7112. 11140
U.S. Cl. 61—69 8 Claims
72
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C-818-76
CLEANER PORTS FOR THE AMERICAS
Langlois, A. E. 1974.
World Ports 36(5):15-16.
Many agencies are concerned with the problems of the port
environment. Dredging and spoils disposal are probably the most
critical problems affecting port development. Measures for the
prevention, control and removal of petroleum spillage will be
necessary in deepwater ports. A recent survey of 52 ports and
waterways by the USCG found 22 that needed immediate attention.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-819-76
THE ONSHORE HANDLING OF OIL
Larminie, F. G. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 39-47.
The transport, stabilization and storage of hydrocarbons onshore
are reviewed. Aspects concerning the possible effects of the oil
industry on the environment are emphasized.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-820-76
WATER CONSERVATION IN SWEDEN: III. CURRENT TRENDS
Lundkvist, S. 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(4):673-674.
The history of water pollution prevention in Sweden is reviewed.
Oil pollution is a major problem. Facilities for handling oily
wastes have been increased, and the Coast Guard has developed
special vessels and depots to handle the problem. Other sources
of pollution and the actions taken to control them are discussed.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-821-76
METHOD OF LOCATING PIPELINE LEAKS WITH A ONE-WAY PIG
Matthews, J. F., Jr., and W. M. McDonald. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,903,730
A one-way pigging device is positioned at successive locations
along the length of a pipeline by hydraulic pressure applied at
73
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one end of the pipeline. At each location testing pressure is
introduced from the opposite end of the pipeline, thereby indicating
the location of any leaks. The pig moves in response to a pressure
differential in one direction and becomes anchored at a location in
response to a pressure differential in an opposite direction.
-V90.V7.M)
MKTHOn OK IXX'ATINi; HIM I INI! l.KAKS WITH A
ONK-WAY I'K;
Jamil' K. Matthews, jr., mill William M. McDiiruild, holh of
Houston, li-x., uvsi^nors to KXKOD lYoduction Hrsc-urx-li
(.'ompuny, Mouslon, lex.
Kik-d Nov. 5, 197.1, Ser. No. 4IJ.OOX
Int. CI.'iiOlM .1/
-------
C-824-76
SAFEGUARDING UPPSALA FROM OIL POLLUTION
Sidenvall, J. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference
of the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972.
p. 328-331.
Oil pollution can be caused by overflow of oil tanks, burst tanks,
and corrosion of underground tanks and pipes. Usually most of the
oil-polluted soil is removed. If oil has already reached the
groundwater table, the flow must be reversed by pumping, and the
oily water moved to settling tanks. Oil pollution on clays is
most difficult to handle.
Cleanup and recovery
C-825-76
PIPE LINE WITH A SAFETY EQUIPMENT FOR TRANSPORTING PUMPABLE
MEDIUMS
Siegmund, W. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,907,336
"An annular chamber circumferentially embraces a circumferential
welding seam between adjacent tube sections and the welded areas
on both sides of the welding seams. There is a leak detector
connected to the circumferential chamber for detecting and
indicating any liquid leaking through a flaw in the welded seam
into the circumferential chamber."
C-826-76
ICINGS ALONG THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE ROUTE
Sloan, C. E., C. Zenone, and L. R. Mayo. 1975.
Open-file report 75-87. 39 p.
The location and extent of icings observed during the winters of
1969-1974 along the trans-Alaska pipeline route are shown on a
series of maps and photographs. Construction of the pipeline,
roads and corresponding structures will displace some icings and
create new ones. Icings may cause problems such as flooding and
erosion when they form on or near the pipeline or other facilities.
75
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C-827-76
PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS
Steingraber, F. F., and M. U. Bagwell. 1975.
World Energy Conference, 9th, Detroit, 1974. New York, U.S.
National Committee of the World Energy Conference, 1975.
Vol. 6:357-369.
Improvements in pipeline technology, volumetric measuring device
pumps, prime movers, and control and communication systems have
resulted in improved safety, operating efficiency and reduced
costs for transportation. The total effect on the environment i
minimal.
Design and engineering
76
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5. DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
C-828-76
LEVEL ALARM, CONTROL SYSTEM MADE TO PREVENT MANY SPILLS
Anon. 1975.
The Oil and Gas Journal 73(48):155.
A new electronic level alarm and control system has been developed
to prevent spills from fuel or chemical storage. An internal
circuit failure, damaged probe, fouled probe, connection break or
internal power failure situation sounds the alarm. FFI contact
Amiprodux Inc., Instrumentation Division, 150 W. 28th St., New
York, New York 10001.
Oil transfer and transport
C-829-76
OFFSHORE PRODUCTION PRACTICES TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT
Cole, D. E. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom. Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 23-27.
The oil industry continues to spend large amounts of money on
developing the technology to prevent the accidental discharge of
hydrocarbons from offshore wells and production facilities. The
problems and equipment and technology designed to protect the
environment are reviewed.
C-830-76
REFINERY DESIGN (CIRCA 1984)
Llovet, 0. E., H. J. Klooster, and D. G. Chapel. 1975.
Chemical Engineering Progress 71(6):85-90.
This review gives the design strategy for a refinery with energy-
conservation and environmental-protection objectives. Only proven
refinery and related processes are incorporated into the design.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
77
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6. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS
C-831-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS CONTAINING EMULSIFIED OILS
Adachi, Y. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75,117,063
The waste waters are adjusted to pH 9-12 with Ca(OH)2» mixed with
flocculants, and aerated under pressure with stirring. The pressure
is reduced (to atmospheric pressure) and the resulting floated
oils are removed.
C-832-76
SLUDGE DEWATERING/DEHYDRATION RESULTS WITH MINI-B.E.S.T.
Ames, R. K., C. E. Van Valkenburg, and R. L. Olson. [1975?]
Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, 30th. [1975?] p. 2. Abstracts.
The Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (BEST) system dewaters
municipal and industrial sludges and produces 95% dry sterile
solids, clear sterile water, and recoverable oils. Test results,
using a sludge processing demonstration unit (mini-BEST) are
presented and information for a projected pilot plant is discussed.
C-833-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Environmental Science and Technology 10(1):14.
The petroleum industry spent more than $7.1 billion for environ-
mental protection between the years 1966-1974; 58% was spent for
air pollution, and 33% for water pollution control. The API
president has warned that regulation compliance costs are
increasing rapidly, diverting capital needed for exploration.
Economic effects of oil pollution
C-834-76
ASSAULT ON OIL POLLUTION BY TANKER WASTE CONTROL
Anon. 1975.
Marine Engineer's Review 5(May):25-26.
An oil and water separation system for shipboard use developed by
the Keene Cooperation satisfies the stringent regulations of the
78
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U.S. Coast Guard and EPA. The failsafe and monitoring systems
ensure that the oil content of the effluent does not exceed
8 ppm. Automatic shutdowns and alarm systems are part of the
unit. Technical details on the design, installation and operation
of this system are given.
Design and engineering
C-835-76
BURNING OIL MUDS MAY SOLVE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS
Anon. 1976.
World Oil 182(1):109, 112-113.
In situ burning is shown to be an effective technique for the
disposal of oil muds in offshore or inaccessible onshore locations,
Tests using the Seadragon burner, manufactured by Flopetrol,
showed that even oil muds with high percentages of water and drill
solids could be burned completely, leaving only a residue of ash
or charred solids.
C-836-76
BURNING USED LUBRICANTS IN PLANT BOILERS (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Plant Engineering 29(6):54.
Used lubricants are pumped into a settling tank, water is drawn
out at the bottom and the oil is pumped through an 840-micron
filter. Petroleum products with flash points between 100°and
600°F can be added to this oil and burned in plant boilers. The
mixture can be made of up to 25% used lubricant.
C-837-76
CLEANING OIL SPILLS ON "OLE MAN RIVER"
Anon. 1975.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal 18(9):24-.
The presence of many refineries and petrochemical plants along
the lower Mississippi River call for specialized equipment and
contingency planning to handle oil spill emergencies such as
the Vicksburg spill. The article describes facilities and treat-
ment processes available to the Browning-Ferris Industries for
handling routine toxic and oil wastes, and also discusses the
company's past and projected handling of oil spill emergencies.
Contingency planning, Cleanup and recovery
79
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C-838-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Petroleum Engineer International 47(12):EM6.
A new technology for treating refinery and chemical waste water
has been developed by Amoco Oil Company, Texas City refinery.
The new plant is designed to process 23 million gallons of waste
water/day; much of this is recycled, reducing the refinery fresh
water demand.
C-839-76
INCINERATORS, ROTARY DRIERS AND ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Anon. 1976.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 6(2):#HMS 5507.
"Details of electrostatic precipitators, rotary driers/roaster
systems for sludges and spent liquids and rotary kiln incinera-
tors for solid and liquid waste such as oils, sewage sludge,
chemical wastes are given." FFI contact F. L. Smidth & Co. A/S,
77 Vigerslev Alle, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark.
C-840-76
INDUSTRIAL WATER AND WASTE MATERIALS TREATMENT (product information)
Anon. 1975.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(6):#HMS 5131.
Effluent treatment for chromate, phosphate, emulsions and foams
is described. Details are also given on flocculants, algae,
bacteria inhibitors and material to control corrosion and sludge
build-up.
C-841-76
MARINE MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTERWATER [sic] DISPOSAL
Anon. [1975?]
International Congress, 3rd. 415 p. Preprints.
The papers cover a broad range of topics, including the development
of oily water separation systems for shipboard use; planning,
design, and construction of sewage and industrial water disposal,
and dispersal systems and related pollution control projects. Also
covered are effects of waste water disposal and discharge upon
coastal fish, invertebrates and phytobenthos, study methodology
and evaluation of pollution data, and measurement of pollution in
the sea.
Biological effects of oil pollution, Sampling, Analysis
80
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C-842-76
MET-PRO SERIES 7000 BELT OIL SKIMMER (product information)
Anon. 1975.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(6):#HMS 5073.
A 24-inch wide continuously revolving belt is partially immersed
in the oily process water. Floating oil adheres to the belt and
is removed by rubber rollers. FFI contact Met-Pro Corporation,
Fifth St. and Mitchell Ave., Lansdale, Pennsylvania 19446.
Design and engineering
C-843-76
NEW PRETREATMENT PROCESS REMOVES OIL FROM WATER (product information)
Anon. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(3):73.
The pretreatment facility handles up to 50 gpm, in a continuous
process that reduces oil content from 100,000 mg/1 to less than
100 mg/1. The process is a combination of chemical treatment and
dissolved air flotation. Complete data are available free from
Eaton Corp., 100 Erieview Plaza, Cleveland, Ohio 44114.
C-844-76
OIL/WATER SEPARATION PROCESS (product information)
Anon. 1975.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 5(6):#HMS 5042.
Oil droplest in effluents are coalesced by passing them through
a novel open-pore filter medium. Oil rises to the surface and
can be removed by a skimmer. FFI contact ICI Pollution Control
Systems, GB-PO Box 15, Hyde, Cheshire SKI4 4EJ.
C-845-76
OILY WATER SEPARATOR (product information)
Anon. 1976.
Offshore 36(1):147.
A marine discharge control system has been designed for small
craft and workboats. Developed by Velcon Filters Inc., the
PM-1300 series oily water separators purify bilge or other oily
water discharge to within the acceptable clean water limits set
by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Design and engineering
81
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C-846-76
PURIFY OILY WATER DISCHARGE (product information)
Anon. 1976.
Ocean Industry 11(2):204, 206.
Velcon Filters Inc. manufactures oily water separator systems
that are 100% effective in purifying oily water discharges.
The units contain probes on the filter and coalescer stages
that detect oil accumulation, whereupon it is automatically
drained off. Oil is reduced to less than 10 ppm in the effluent.
Design and engineering
C-847-.76
SEPARATOR TAKES OIL FROM WATER (product information)
Anon. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(2):119.
The gravity differential separator can be used for waste water
effluent as well as oil spill cleanup. Emulsions and suspended
solids are separated by chemical treatment. The separators are
self-contained units and the tanks are corrosion-proof and
maintenance-free. FFI contact AFL Industries, 1149 Howard Drive,
W. Chicago, Illinois 60185.
Cleanup and recovery
C-848-76
SKIM OIL-WATER SEPARATOR (product information)
Anon.
Klein, A., Meent 3b, Rotterdam, P.O.B. 1659, The Netherlands
(agent for Hellevolt B.V.)
Hellevolt B.V. of Hellevoltsluis, The Netherlands, manufactures
a skim oil-water separator that has been mainly used for the
treatment of ballast water at oil terminals. Water and oil are
separated between curved and horizontally-inclined steel plates.
After treatment, ships' ballast water has less than 10 ppm oil.
The separator can also be used on offshore platforms and in
refineries.
Design and engineering
82
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C-849-76
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Anon. 1974.
Joint Publications Research Service, JPRS 62033. 36 p.
Of the 13 articles and 3 news briefs, one article from the USSR
documents the improvement of the Krasnovodsk Oil Refinery waste
treatment facilities. The article from West Germany concerns
testing ideas for combating environmental pollution.
Design and engineering
C-850-76
UNIT SEPARATES OIL AND SLUDGE FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Anon. 1975.
Water and Pollution Control 113(5):21-22.
CPS, corrugated plate separators, have been developed for the
petroleum industry. CPS systems contain 1 or more CPI (corrugated
plate interceptor) platepack units mounted in basins having inlet
and outlet weirs, appropriate nozzles, and sand or sludge compart-
ments. CPS modules can be connected in parallel to achieve the
desired flow capacity. Operation details are given.
Design and engineering
C-851-76
WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL SERVICES (product information)
Anon. 1976.
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin 6(3):#HMS 5805.
Services include tank cleaning, oil and chemical disposal, gully
cleansing, farm waste disposal and steel fabrication. FFI
contact Cleansing Service Group, Botley, Southampton 503 26D.
C-852-76
PORT RECEPTION AND TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR OILY WASTE FROM
VESSELS
Armstrong, A. S., and K. J. Randall. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 149-184,
The various methods for removing oily waste from vessels in U.S.
ports and disposing of the treated water and recovered oil are
83
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described. The economic feasibility of waste oil recovery/disposal
operations from vessels, and the roles of government agencies in
preparing for shoreside handling of vessel-generated oily wastes
are discussed.
C-853-76
RECOVERING THE OIL CONTENT OF WASTE OIL EMULSIONS, PARTICULARLY
MACHINING COOLANTS
Atherton, D. G., and B. A. Silvester. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,425,009
Phase separation and recovery of oil from waste oil emulsions is
facilitated by adding metal salts (Group II) and trivalent metal
salts in a mole ratio of (5-15):1, after the pH is adjusted to less
than 7. The optimal combination of salts is CaCl2 and Fe2(S04)3.
C-854-76
PROCESS OF USING A MICROBIAL DEGRADATION FACILITY
Azarowicz, E. N. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,899,376
In this facility, effluent containing petroleum and oily wastes
is introduced into the initial degradation system together with
microorganisms and nutrients. Degradation proceeds with aeration
or stirring. The partially degraded effluent is conveyed to the
final degradation system where additional microorganisms are added.
The resulting effluent is filtered and may be discharged safely
into the environment.
Biological degradation
C-855-76
'CRUDE OIL LOSSES AND POLLUTION, TANKER INERTING AND CLEANSING,
HUMAN SAFETY, AND FLUOROSOLVENTS
Brauer, M. M. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, B 36(6):2962-B - 2963-B.
The system uses a single waterless fluorinated hydrocarbon
inerting/cleansing agent in a continuous stream, closed-loop
setup in an integrated single-point-mooring configuration. The
system reduces hazard levels from toxicity, explosion and
asphyxiation and reduces the cost due to tankers being forced
to go miles offshore to dump and flush oily wastes.
Oil transfer and transport
84
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C-856-76
POLLUTION PROBLEMS FROM A WATER ENGINEER'S POINT OF VIEW
Burt, D. 1975.
Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4(3):172-174.
The means available to a water engineer for controlling effluent
parameters such as temperature, viscosity, flow, specific gravity,
droplet size and degree of pollution are discussed. The merits of
two systems, the parallel plate and the American petroleum industry
gravity systems, for separating various toxins from water, are also
discussed.
C-857-76
WASTE LUBRICATING OIL CHARACTERISTICS—DO THEY VARY GEOGRAPHICALLY,
SEASONALLY, AND WITH ORIGIN
Carter, R. C. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 73-90,
A two-phase project conducted by the American Petroleum Institute
deals first with the study of waste lubricating oil characteristics
to determine how to make economic use of these oils. The second
phase consists of burning tests to demonstrate the feasibility of
burning small ratios of waste fuel oil blends without significant
impacts on the environment.
Reclamation and reuse
C-858-76
SHIPYARD PROBLEMS WITH OILY WASTES
Clark, A. C. K. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 201-205,
Current regulations limit the amount of oily water released to a
harbor and the amount of harmful emissions from the burning of fuels.
Equipment to reduce residual oil in oily wastes to such low levels
is not currently available; therefore, alternate slop disposal
methods for shipyards must be found. Port authorities should control
disposal facilities,as individual facilities for each shipyard are
not economically feasible.
U.S. legislation
85
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C-859-76
BIODISK IMPROVES EFFLUENT-WATER-TREATING OPERATION
Congram, G. E. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(8):126-132.
As a result of new discharge standards which dictated a need for
improved methods of refinery pollution control, Chevron Oil's
Salt Lake City refinery became the first domestic or foreign
plant to select the biodisk effluent-treating method. The
performance of the biodisk has been satisfactory. Its operation
and efficiency at the Salt Lake refinery are discussed.
Design and engineering
C-860-76
MASSACHUSETTS WASTE OIL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Corey, D. L. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 309-325.
The waste oil disposal problem in Massachusetts and the responsibility
of the Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control for aspects
of waste oil handling are discussed. Sources of waste oils are
listed. Due to economic disincentives, i.e., labelling and excise
tax rulings, re-refining of lube oil is no longer practiced in New
England. Research and development programs for oil production
control and waste oil disposal are mentioned.
C-861-76
COALESCING DISPERSED DROPLETS
Davies, G. A., and G. V. Jeffreys. 1975.
British Patent 1,409,045
Coalescence of a dispersed phase of an emulsion takes place in a
column packed with intermeshed high- and low-surface-energy,
woven, knitted or other meshed fabrics.
C-862-76
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
Dickinson, D. 1974.
Practical Waste Treatment and Disposal. D. Dickinson (ed.)
New York, N.Y., Wiley, 1975. p. 1-12.
86
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Principles of water pollution control, classes of polluting
effluents, toxic substances, discharges to estuaries, and
influence of climatic conditions are reviewed.
Source identification
C-863-76
PROTECTION OF AQUIFERS AGAINST PETROLEUM POLLUTION IN SWITZERLAND
Dracos, Th. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference
of the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972.
p. 310-327.
Two examples of protection of aquifers against contamination are
cited. Near Dietikon-Kilwangen, a compacted delaying layer
under the ballast has been set up to allow the contaminated soil
materials to be dredged before oil reaches the groundwater. At
a refinery a system of wells forms a depression of the groundwater
table toward the center of the refinery area. This prevents
contaminated groundwater from flowing out of this area.
C-864-76
PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON THE DISPOSAL OF WASTE OILS
E.E.C. 1974.
Official Journal of the European Communities, No. C64. p. 5-7.
The proposal provides for the environmental regulation of the
treatment, discharge, deposit and collection of waste oils. Waste
oil recovery is encouraged. The directive was to be enforced
by December, 1975.
Reclamation and reuse, International legislation
C-865-76
APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING ON THE SEABED EFFLUENTS FROM UNDERWATER
OIL WELLS
Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activites Petrolieres. 1975.
British Patent 1,420,167
The apparatus consists of a concrete base on the sea floor with
an attached caisson linked by pipes to the different oil wells.
87
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The caisson is divided into two compartments with a burner
connected to each. Oil from the wells enters the main compart-
ment and passes to a monitor compartment. Pressure in the
compartments is valve-controlled, and the amount of gas burned
off is metered. Gas-free liquid hydrocarbons are pumped to a
floating store.
C-866-76
NOTES ON THE DISPOSAL OF TOXIC SOLID WASTES
Essex Water Co. (England). 1974.
Groundwater Pollution Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference of
the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972. p. 23-24.
Concern about the dumping of solid wastes, petroleum, metallic
and gypsum wastes has been expressed by the Essex Water Company.
The greatest hazard may be semi-solid oily wastes or tar wastes
from garages and in refuse dumps. River pollution by accidental
spillage of oil is a recurrent problem.
C-867-76
PETROLEUM REFINERY LIQUID WASTES: ENVIRONMENTAL, ENERGY AND
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Finelt, S. 1975.
Ph.D. Thesis, Houston University. 642 p.
Detailed simulation models for liquid waste generation and
treatment were derived from an analysis of a petroleum refinery
operation. From these models the economic incentives for refinery
water reuse and for producing environmentally acceptable effluent
can be assessed.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-868-76
COMPOSITIONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF HYDROCARBON AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE
BY BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
Fusey, P. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,796,637
Hydrocarbons are degraded by adsorption on a mineral (i.e., talc),
aided by oleophilic substances; and by addition of metal oxide or
alkali metals peroxide, which promotes aerobic conditions; and
nutrients.
Cleanup and recovery, Biological degradation
-------
C-869-76
SEPARATING MIXTURES OF OIL AND WATER
Geurtsen, A. A. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,455,904
The separation apparatus consists of an upper movable bell jar
and a bottom filter. Both sections have inlets and outlets.
The filter removes sludge from the water. When enough oil
accumulates in the bell jar, the outlet valve opens and the
oil is removed.
Design and engineering
C-870-76
OIL REMOVAL BY CARBON-METAL GRANULAR BEDS
Ghosh, M. M., and W. P. Brown. 1975.
Journal, Water Pollution Control Federation 47(8):2101-2113.
A new process for removing oil from dilute aqueous emulsions,
such as industrial wastes, was investigated. Two dissimilar
metals, in contact and submerged in a conducting medium, form
an electrochemical cell. Oil droplets migrate to the positively
charged areas. The oil droplets aggregate and are trapped within
a porous bed. Factors influencing efficiency are examined.
C-871-76
ISOLATION OF NAPHTHENIC ACIDS
Goryaeva, E. M., V. I. Kodovbetskaya, S. A. Zhanaidarova. 1975.
U.S.S.R. Patent 481,594
The alkaline wastes of petroleum refining can be treated to
remove naphthenic acid. The wastes are extracted, then the
emulsion is broken by standing at 40-70° and acidifying. This
method is improved and the fire hazard reduced by extracting
with
C-872-76
USE GRAVITY BELT FILTRATION FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL
Grove, G. W. 1975.
Hydrocarbon Processing 54(5):82-84.
Refinery and petrochemical wastewaters can be concentrated by
the use of gravity belt filtration, which is the second step in
89
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a three-step process that concentrates and disposes of oily solids.
The advantages of gravity belt filtration over other mechanical
dewatering techniques are explained. The techniques available for
ultimate disposal are compared.
C-873-76
POLLUTION CONTROL WITH A COMPREHENSIVE WASTE OIL PROCESSING PLANT
Gumtz, G. D. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 261-279.
The design needs of a plant for the reuse or disposal of waste oils
generated in Maryland are considered. A single processing facility
was postulated which has the potential to treat all the waste oils
generated on a statewide basis. Processes selected to be included
in the facility are given.
Reclamation and reuse
C-874-76
TEMPERATURE-TOXICITY MODEL FOR OIL REFINERY WASTE-DISCUSSION
Haas, C. N. 1975.
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE 101(EE3):
446-447.
The author discusses a paper of the same title by J. H. Reynolds,
E. J. Middlebrooks, and D. B. Porcella. The assumption that
Scenedesmus toxicity levels are similar to Selanastrum toxicity
thresholds is questioned. The author also doubts if phenol-caused
competitive inhibition has been proven. Heavy metal toxicity
may be equally important.
C-875-76
ELECTROLYTIC TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS CONTAINING EMULSIFIED OILS
Hayashi, T. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75,127,449
The waste waters are adjusted to an acidic pH and electrolyzed
by using A1-A1 electrodes. The oil is emulsified by the Al which
dissolves in the water.
90
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C-876-76
POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS FROM PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Hedley, W. H., S. M. Mehta, C. M. Moscowitz, R. B. Reznik,
G. A. Richardson, and D. L. Zanders. 1975.
Westport, Connecticut, Technomic Publishing Company, 1975. 383 p.
This book identifies and discusses the 11 basic raw hydrocarbon
materials used in the majority of synthetic organic products, and
describes the 7 major industries which use these materials and/or
their derivatives. Detailed descriptions and flow diagrams showing
production procedures and resultant waste materials are presented
for each industry.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-877-76
CARGO/BALLAST SEPARATION BY DUAL MEMBRANE SYSTEM
Hering, F. S., and J. I. Schwartz. 1974.
PAT-CL-114-74-R. 12 p. [PAT-APPL-452 082/GA]
Flexible or stretchable membranes are attached in a liquid sealing
relationship within the oil tank to prevent the oil and ballast
water from mixing. The entire tank can be kept full in order to
maintain ship stability, while oil pollution from deballasting of
ships is prevented.
Oil transfer and transport
C-878-76
SEPARATION OF OIL FROM WASTE WATER CONTAINING EMULSIFIED OIL
Honda, S. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 58,861
Electrolytes (Ca++ or Mg++) can be used as salting-out agents in
removing emulsified oil from waste water. For example, 5000 ppm
CaClg was added to an oil-water emulsion and the pH adjusted to 6.
After vigorous stirring, the solution was left standing for 60 min.
More than 99.9% of the oil was separated from the water as an
upper layer.
91
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C-879-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE OIL/WATER EMULSIONS BY MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES
Morton, S. 1975.
Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4(3):179-189.
Membrane techniques can be used to solve the problem of oily wastes,
producing an oil concentrate and an effluent that can be reused or
discharged. The present state-of-the-art in membrane separation
technology is reviewed; process parameters influencing the flux
rate and membrane retention efficiencies are discussed.
C-880-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS CONTAINING MINERAL OILS
Hoshika, K., M. Yasuda, H. Goto, and K. Sakurai. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 94,759
Waste water containing emulsified mineral oils is first treated
with sludge and a flocculant, then the floe is removed. The
remainder is treated by a conventional activated-sludge process.
The oil concentration is reduced from 270 ppm to 4 ppm.
C-881-76
USE OF OZONE IN TREATING REFINERY WASTES
loakimis, E. G., A. E. Kulikov, V. I. Nazarov, and N. M.
Podgoretskaya. 1975.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 11(3-4):188-192.
These studies showed that the most effective method of ozonation
is multistage contact of the reaction gas with the waste streams.
The maximum reduction in contamination (based on COD) is 60%.
The formation of intermediate products through the interaction
of ozone with the initial "contaminant" was confirmed.
C-882-76
OILY CLAY WASTE TREATMENT
Ishihara, K., and N. Izumi. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 86,477
Both the edible oil and fat processing and petroleum refining
industries produce oil containing clay wastes. These wastes
are pelletized to increase the burning efficiency, and then burned.
92
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C-883-76
THE WASTE OIL INDUSTRY: A DISCUSSION OF SOME ISSUES TO CONSIDER
IN PERFORMING AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Jaksch, J. A. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 395-404.
The analysis of the waste oil industry from an economic point of
view is reviewed. Waste oil disposal, collection and refining are
considered. Cost-effective and environmentally-effective options
include: paying subsidies to recover waste oil; changing current
tax laws which encourage use of virgin oil over recovered oil; or
specification of federal oil waste recovery policies.
Reclamation and reuse
C-884-76
ACCELERATION OF BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER IN PETROLEUM
REFINERIES
Karelin, Ya. A., D. D. Zhukov, I. A. Saidaminov, 0. N. Klochkov,
and M. A. Denisov. 1975.
International Chemical Engineering 15(3):560-562. (Translated
from Nefte Pererabotka i Neftekhimiya 1974(9))
The two stage biochemical treatment system contains a pressurized
flotation unit as the first stage. This unit rapidly separates
high concentration sludge mixtures and returns highly concentrated
sludge to the aeration zone. This process increases oxidation
capacity and the degree of sludge thickening, and decreases sludge
depuration time.
C-885-76
SURFACE CHEMISTRY PARAMETERS IN ECOLOGICAL CLEANUP OF OILY
WASTEWATER
Kaufman, S. 1976.
Environmental Science & Technology 10(2):168-173.
The current technology employed to remove oil from ship bilge
water is examined. Six solid substrates, five typical oils,
seawater, distilled water and military and nonspecification
detergent formulations were studied in various combinations.
Glass and resinous binders were the least effective substrates
for separation; polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene were
the most effective. The nonspecification cleaner showed the
most promise of the three detergent formulations.
93
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C-886-76
THE NAVY'S OILY WASTES HANDLING AND DISPOSAL PROGRAM
Kinney, E. T., and M. G. Grant. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 133-147.
The Navy's oily wastes handling and disposal program is reviewed.
To handle the variety of oil wastes produced, treatment facilities
require a total system concept including collection, transporta-
tion, storage and treatment/disposal. Corrective actions for
wastes from naval ships are given.
C-887-76
REMOVAL OF OILS FROM WASTE WATER
Kobayashi, A., M. Kumazawa, and K. Tsuda. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 74,571
Foam polyolefin resins are used to pack a filter bed which adsorbs
oil from waste water that has been pretreated, either by gravity
separation or sand filtration. The oil concentration is reduced
from 1.4 ppm to 0.8 ppm, at a rate of 50 tons of waste water/hour.
Design and engineering
C-888-76
DISPOSAL AND/OR RECYCLE OF AIR FORCE WASTE PETROLEUM OILS AND
LUBRICANTS
Kroop, R. H., and M. Lieberman. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 117-129.
Means for effectively disposing of or recycling Air Force waste
petroleums, oils, and lubricants (POL) are discussed. Topics
considered include generation of waste POL's at Air Force
installations, collection and segregation of such wastes, disposal
and recycle alternatives and the reprocessing of synthetic turbine
lubricants.
Reclamation and reuse
94
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C-889-76 .
PRIMARY-WASTE-TREATMENT METHODS
Lash, L. D., and E. G. Kominek. 1975.
Chemical Engineering 82(21):49-61.
Optimum treatment methods for the removal of dissolved solids,
suspended solids, and oily matter from waste waters are evaluated.
Treatment procedures should be based on the physical and chemical
properties of the waste stream.
C-890-76
WASTE OIL MANAGEMENT - THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY'S ROLE
Lederman, P. B., and K. Jakobson. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 19-27.
The programs funded by the EPA in waste oil management are
discussed. Specific projects include the development of a non-
polluting process for re-refining and recovering waste oils for
use as diesel fuel or lubricants, acceptable means of disposing
of re-refining sludges, and waste oil collection systems and models,
Reclamation and reuse
C-891-76
DEVELOPMENT OF OILY WATER SEPARATING SYSTEMS FOR SHIPBOARD USE
Lucas, R. S. 1975.
Marine Municipal and Industrial Wasterwater [sic] Disposal:
International Congress, 3rd, 1975. p. XXI-l-XXI-14. Preprints.
This paper describes the design features and capabilities of oil-
water separation systems used by the U.S. Coast Guard. These
systems are comparatively small, inexpensive and lightweight and
are capable of meeting U.S. national and international requirements,
Oil pollution regulations and legal requirements for ships are
also covered.
U.S. legislation, International legislation
C-892-76
ENERGY PRODUCTION AS A SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION
Luken, R. A. 1975.
World Energy Conference, 9th, Detroit, 1974. New York, U.S. National
Committee of the World Energy Conference, 1975. Vol. 3:414-435.
95
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Current state-of-the-art processes used in the waste water
treatment industry form the basis of the latest and best
practicable control technology presently available in the
petroleum industry.
C-893-76
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
Macauley, D. C. 1974.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 46(6):1337-1341.
The various control techniques available for industrial wastes,
including wastes from refineries and petrochemical plants, are
reviewed. The literature on adsorption, biological treatment,
in-unit control, alum coagulation, beds of reactive metal particles,
and ultimate disposal techniques is summarized.
C-894-76
TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FORMED IN PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC
LUBRICATING OIL, GRADE LNMZ-36/1
Makeikina, V. V., and 0. V. Mamontova. 1975.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 11(3-4):185-187.
A waste water treatment plant built in a petroleum refinery in the
Soviet Union and capable of producing lubricating oils is described.
A flow chart, along with plant performance data, is included.
C-895-76
WASTE OIL: THE RECAPTURE OF AN ENERGY RESOURCE (THE GENERATION,
DISPOSAL AND RECOVERY OF WASTE OIL IN THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN
AREA)
Maltezou, S. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Center,
Inc. p. 55-69.
Included among the topics of this study on waste oil assessment
are: quantities of waste oil generated by type and location of
users of oils; methods of disposal by users of oil; quantities
of waste oil disposed of and cost of each disposal method; systems
of collection, ways of reusing oil, and quantities of waste oil
processed by re-refineries; and general trends in the disposal,
recovery and reuse of waste oil.
Reclamation and reuse
96
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C-896-76
BREAKING EMULSIONS
Markofsky, S. B. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,900,423
A method for breaking oil-water and water-oil emulsions involves
an aqueous emulsion of these types which is mixed with an aqueous
solution of a demulsifier. The preparation of the demulsifier is
described.
Cleanup and recovery
C-897-76
APPARATUS FOR RECOVERING THE OIL CONTENT OF WASTE SOLUBLE OIL
EMULSION
Midland Oil Refineries Ltd. 1975.
British Patent 1,388,747
An emulsion is acidified, cracked with a phase separating agent,
and the soluble and insoluble oils are separated by flotation.
After precipitation of hydroxides the effluent can be discharged
into a sewer.
C-898-76
DEEP WELL INJECTION OF LIQUID WASTE
Mokha, 0. S. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference
of the Water Research Association, Reading, England, p. 417-436.
The concept of deep well waste disposal is reviewed. Also included
are sections on geological requirements and site selection,
suitability of waste for injection, well design and development,
surface equipment, injection monitoring, economics, and injection
systems in use.
C-899-76
ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR THE PETROLEUM
REFINING/ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Myers, L. H., and F. Mayhue. 1974.
AIChE Symposium Series, Water - 1973 70(136):568-576.
A review is given of several waste treatment processes used to
remove inorganic and organic materials. In terms of costs and
efficiencies, the active carbon treatment was selected as having
the widest application.
97
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C-900-76
DISPOSAL OF OIL WASTES BY MICROBIAL ASSIMILATION
Napier, J. M., and F. C. Francke. 1974.
AEC Environmental Protection Conference, 2nd, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, 1974. p. 361-385.
A biological assimilation process for the disposal of plant oil
wastes is described. Waste petroleum products are mixed with
commercial fertilizers into the soil where naturally occurring
microbial assimilation results in destruction of the oil wastes,
Studies have shown that more than 30,000 gallons per year per
acre of these wastes can be discarded in this way.
Biological degradation
C-901-76
FOAM SEPARATION--A TECHNIQUE FOR WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT
Ng, K. S., and J. C. Mueller. 1975.
Water and Sewage Works 122(6):48, 52, 54-55.
The report describes in detail the techniques of foam fractionation
and froth flotation. The latter technique is effective in the
removal of suspended organic matter in aqueous solutions and can
be applied to the recovery of oil from oil refinery wastes and
sludge.
Reclamation and reuse, Design and engineering
C-902-76
SEPARATION OF OILS FROM WASTE WATER
Ohkita, J. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 72,875
Gel permeation chromatography is used to separate and determine
the components of oil in waste water. A mixture of mineral oil,
waxes and triglycerides was separated on a column packed with
Styragel by elution with triglycerides. Three distinct peaks
were obtained.
C-903-76
REMOVAL OF OILS FROM WATER OR SEAWATER WITH SYNTHETIC RESIN
Ohkuma, I., and K. Suzuki. 1974.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 74 111,883
Oils can be removed from water or seawater by spreading urethane
foams, foamed plastics, or crushed polypropylene over the water.
98
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For example, 10 gm of urethane agitated with seawater containing
50 gm of heavy oil removed all the oil. The urethane can be
compressed to recover some of the oil.
Cleanup and recovery
C-904-76
TREATING PETROLEUM SLUDGE OILS AND WASTE OILS
Okuda, M. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 10,303
The steps in treating an emulsified petroleum sludge oil include
addition of the flocculant Na dialkylsulfosuccinate and treatment
with a nonionic surfactant. When necessary, the emulsion is
treated with an inorganic flocculant, and Na dialkylsulfosuccinate
and inorganic and cationic flocculants are added to the separated
water.
C-905-76
TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING OIL
Oldham, G. F. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,461,727
The treatment of refinery waste water with <5 ppm oil consists
of filtering the waste water through a sand filter and then
through at least one biological trickling filter filled with
plastic filter media. .The sand filter can be regenerated with
air and warm water. This water is placed in an oil separation
tank.
C-906-76
REMOVAL OF OIL FROM WASTE WATER
Ono, H., and T. Saida. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 27,765
A precondensate (made by reacting 100 g PhOH with 260 g 37% HCHO
in the presence of 40 g 40% NaOH at 85° for 3 hr) was mixed with
water containing heavy oil and ether. The pH was adjusted to 6,
and the floes were removed. Less than 1 ppm heavy oil remained.
99
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C-907-76
OIL CONTAMINATED
WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM
Overfield, J. L., and J. W. Richard. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 289-294.
The paper describes an oil-contaminated water recycling system which
will reduce oil in contaminated water to 10 ppm and remove solids.
Contaminated water is first sent into the filter/coalescer system,
which removes solids. Water and oil pass into the tank unit where
oil collects in an oil boot and water is expelled. The solids are
backflushed to the solids cleaner where the oil is removed. Any
remaining oily water is recycled through the system.
Design and engineering
CINCLUS PROCESS
C-908-76
INCINERATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE FLUIDS.
Pariel, J. M. 1975.
Technique Moderne 67(3):29-33.
The Cinclus process is able to function by the combustion of a
fuel-water emulsion. The process can be used to incinerate used
oils unfit for recycling, oil emulsions, oil and water mixtures
and hydrocarbon sludges. The advantages and the economics of the
process, and an example of the process in use are discussed.
C-909-76
OIL/WATER SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEM
Pollution Recovery Systems. 1974.
U.S. Patent 3,815,751
A floating device channels fluids of different densities into a
two-section separating tank. The higher density fluid is directed
into the second section and is diverted over the wall into the
first section. Means are provided for continuously removing the
separated fluids.
Design and engineering
3,815,751
OIL/WATER SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEM
Jack D. Pavlovic, Oakland, Calif., assignor lo Pollution
Recovery Systems. Oakland, Calif.
Filed Oct. 6, 1971,Ser.No. 187,038
Int. Cl. E02b J 5/04
U.S. Cl. 210-242 6CWms
100
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C-910-76
DETERMINATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
WASTEWATERS GENERATED IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES. PART V. DEGRADATION
OF NAPHTHENIC ACIDS AND SULFONIC ACIDS [English summary]
Pop, V. I., and S. I. lonescu-Homoriceanu. 1975.
Revista de Chimie 26(3):241-243.
The biodegradation of residual waters from oil refineries by
activated sludge in the presence of naphthenic and sulfonic acids
was studied. Ninety-seven percent of the naphthenic acids were
biodegraded after six hours treatment with a biological sludge
adapted to this constituent. The sulfonic acids reduced the
oxygen transfer and were only partially degraded, thus increasing
the oxygen demand of the treated effluent.
C-911-76
PERSISTENT ORGANICS
Portmann, J. E. 1975?
Marine Municipal and Industrial Wasterwater [sic] Disposal:
International Congress, 3rd, 1975. p. VI-l-VI-38. Preprints.
This report identifies several persistent organic chemicals in
municipal and industrial waste water and discusses their sources
and control. Methods to alleviate or prevent detrimental effects
of such substances on the marine environment are examined. Present
controls and the need for future controls at national and inter-
national levels are briefly discussed.
International legislation, General effects of oil pollution
C-912-76
MIXTURE FOR ACCELERATING THE BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS FROM
MINERAL OIL PRODUCTS
Potratz, E. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,365,170
The mixture, produced by reacting lignosulfate with a rare earth
salt, accelerates the decomposition of oily wastes to compost
useful for gardening.
Biological degradation
101
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C-913-76
BODIES WITH LARGE SPECIFIC SURFACES
Proc, C. 1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,357,632
The material can be used in waste water treatment, and for removal
of hydrocarbons from water. Two sheets of polyethylene make up
the material; one of the sheets has convex half-bubbles. As they
are absorbed, hydrocarbons swell the bubbles. The bubbles can be
intact or pierced.
Cleanup and recovery
C-914-76
VERFAHREN UNO ANLAGEN ZUR BEHANDLUNG VERBRAUCHTER OEL-EMULSIONEN
[English summary]
Rueb, R. 1975.
Wasser, Luft und Betrieb 19(7):415-419.
Many companies must contend with the problem of purifying used
oil emulsions. The oil and water must be separated and the
resulting effluent must not contain more than the limit of oil.
The various methods and equipment used for this treatment are
discussed.
C-915-76
OIL COLLECTOR
Segawa, H., Y. Hirano, and Y. Ueda. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 29,478
Nonwoven fabrics (density 0.02-0.15 g/cm3) made from fibers
consisting of 5-50 wt. % polyolefin and 50-95 wt. % polystyrene
containing oil-soluble hydrophilic materials are used to remove
oils from waste water.
C-916-76
WATER BUDGET FOR A REFINERY
Siebert, M. 1975.
Umwelthygiene 1(7):189-191.
The water budget and water cycle of the Mobil Oil Refinery at
Woerth, West Germany, are described. Oil-free waste waters, such
as storm water, are treated mechanically while oily waste waters
are treated in a mechanical oil separator and the emulsion is
subsequently broken in an aerated flotator.
102
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C-917-76
DISPOSAL OF USED CRANKCASE AND OTHER OILS IN CANADA
Skinner, D. J., and P. L. Strigner. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil .Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 29-41.
The waste oil problem in Canada and the formation of the Petroleum
Association for conservation of the Canadian Government are des-
cribed. A variety of storage/collection and disposal techniques
is in operation. Government and the petroleum industry are showing
an increased interest in waste oil disposal, due to antipollution
pressures and the energy shortage.
C-918-76
REPORT OF CONCAWE
Stichting CONCAWE. 1974.
A Concawe Special Task Force has concluded that incineration of
refinery oily sludges is feasible. Concawe will try to compile
a list of companies who can incinerate oily sludge on a contract
basis. Guidelines for on-site incineration are given. Incineration
is expensive and needs much attention; recovery of oil from such
sludges is well worthwhile.
Reclamation and reuse
C-919-76
THE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATERS FROM PETROLEUM BARGE CLEANUP
FACILITIES
Stryker, C. A., and J. E. Ball. 1975?
Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, 30th, 1975? p. 1. Abstracts.
A field and laboratory study was conducted on the problems associated
with handling and treating washwater from petroleum barges. The
waste waters are similar to those from a combined refinery and
petrochemical plant and presented difficulties in processing because
of the high salinity of bilge waters, batch flow characteristics of
the waste, and variation in other waste water parameters.
C-920-76
PROCESS FOR ELIMINATING ORGANIC IMPURITIES FROM A STREAM OF FLUID
Sutherland, G. 1973 (filed).
Belgian Patent 806,698
This process uses a dispersed complex of activated charcoal and
magnetic iron to remove organic impurities from liquid (or gaseous)
103
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effluent. The activated charcoal-iron complex first adsorbs the
impurities, then.a magnetic filter separates out the organically
enriched complex from the purified fluid. The complex can then
be recycled by heating in an inert atmosphere until the organic
materials are vaporized.
C-921-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS CONTAINING EMULSIFIED OILS
Takahashi, H., A. Nakamura, and Y. Shibahara. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 55,584
Waste waters containing emulsified oils are demulsified by the
addition of water-soluble, vinyl-type high molecular weight
compounds and water-soluble polyvalent metallic compounds.
C-922-76
OIL-ABSORBING POLYMERS
Takeda, N., and H. Maki. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 94,092
Oil-absorbing materials are prepared by partially polymerizing
homopolymers formed from vinyl monomers at 30-70° with a
0.001-0.5% crosslinking comonomer. The mixture is then polymerized
further at a temperature 10-40° higher than that of the first step.
Cleanup and recovery
C-923-76
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROCESS FOR REFINERY WASTEWATER
Texaco Development Co. 1975.
British Patent 1,399,426
In this process effluent mixed with a hydrocarbonaceous fuel is
partially oxidized in a synthesis gas generator at ~800-1900°C.
The technique is effective for removing sulfides, ammonia and
phenols.
C-924-76
HOW TO DESIGN ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNITS
Thomson, S. J. 1975.
Hydrocarbon Processing 54(8):99-102.
The design procedure for an activated sludge unit for treatment
of refinery and petrochemical plant effluents is illustrated.
104
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Factors in the design include residence time, sludge production,
sludge age, oxygen and nutrient requirements, and temperature.
A sample problem in design demonstrates the interpretation of
the data on these factors.
Design and engineering
C-925-76
ADSORPTION ON GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON APPLIED TO REFINERY
WASTE WATER
Thorp, G. W. 1975.
Externer Bericht, Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe 4(3):139-147.
Dissolved organic materials in the waste waters of the refinery
industry can be either biodegradable or nonbiodegradable. They
can be adsorbed on activated carbon. The basic principles of
this adsorption and available system design techniques are
discussed. An actual case study is presented.
Design and engineering
C-926-76
PROCESS FOR REMOVING HYDROCARBONS AND OTHER ORGANIC PRODUCTS
FROM AQUEOUS FLUIDS
Tribellini, A. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,905,901
The effluent to be treated is mixed with a hydrocarbon solvent
insoluble in water. When passed through a bed of the solid
adsorbent, the solvent containing dissolved hydrocarbons and
other organic products is separated from the effluent.
.1,905,901
PROC1.SS FOR KKMOVIN<; HYDROCARHONS AND
OTiiKR ORC.AN1C PRODUCTS FROM AQUFXMJS FLUIDS
Aldo Tribvllini, St-Chanxmd, France, assignor to Crvusot-
Ldre, Farts. France
Filed Mar. 25, 1974, Ser. No. 454,771
Claims priority, application France, Mar. 28, 1973,
73.11063
Int. < 1.' 1U)II> II104
.U.S.CI. 210-21 10 Claims
I
6 •.::"
?Ss
X"
."
W
•ry
105
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C-927-76
CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Tuli, J. M., and S. B. Sheth. 1975.
Indian Chemical Journal 10(2):XXII-XXIX.
Sources of water and atmospheric pollutants and their control
are discussed.
C-928-76
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING OILS
Ueda, Y., H. Segawa, and J. Ohkita. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 45,777
This method effectively treats waste waters containing dispersed
oils by dripping the oil dispersion through a cylinder packed
with oil adsorbent, such as polymers, at a rate which prevents
its accumulation within the cylinder in the presence of air.
C-929-76
FLOCCULENTS FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Umemura, K. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 91,159
The flocculents are prepared from metallic salt flocculents and
modified clays produced by reacting clays having base-exchange
properties with amines and/or organic ammonium salts. Alkaline
compounds may be added. The metallic salts improve the reaction
of organic pollutants (i.e. oil) with the clay by improving the
hydrophilicity of the modified clay.
C-930-76
OIL EMULSION WASTE-WATER TREATMENT
Unno, S. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 14,143
A treatment for waste waters from gasoline stations and factories
consists of adding water-insoluble organic solvents, then passing
the waste waters through absorbent layers. A 16.1 ppm oil
emulsion waste water was mixed with hexane, stirred and allowed
to stand to separate the water and hexane phases. After passing
through an absorbent column, the water was colorless and contained
0.4 ppm oil.
106
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C-931-76
INSTALLATION OF OIL-TRAP AT NANTES-CHEVIRE POWER STATION
Viler, L., and M. Ricard. 1974.
La Technique Moderne 66(10}:52-58.
The device described retains oil leaked into the waste discharge
circuit to the river Loire. The installation consists of a
decanting basin, an overflow chamber connected to the discharge
main, and a storage compartment to receive the oil from the
decantation process.
C-932-76
OILY BILGE FROM COMMERCIAL VESSELS
Waller, R. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 185-199.
Seaway Port Authority of Duluth, Minnesota, has been given a
grant to characterize the sewage, bilge, ballast, dunnage and
garbage from the vessels that enter Duluth Harbor. Based on
samples of marine wastes, the oil content and total volume of
bilge waters vary considerably between vessels. Waste oil
re-refiners expecting to handle bilge waters must be prepared
to accept variable conditions.
Reclamation and reuse
C-933-76
THE ADAPTATION OF THE CENTRIFUGE TO THE PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENTS
Wool cock, R. J. 1975.
Filtration and Separation 12(2):174-176, 178-180.
Discussed is the operation of the scroll discharge decanter
centrifuge in terms of relation to sigma theory and operating
parameters. Effluents from paper mills, pharmaceutical factories
and petroleum refineries are among the applications.
Design and engineering
107
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C-934-76
OIL EMULSION WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Yano, S. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 47,452
Oils are separated from petroleum emulsion waste waters by
adding Ca(OH)£ at pH 6-10, aerating, and adding A^SO/j^.
The pH is then adjusted to 7.5 to 8.0, and the mixture is
allowed to stand. Scum, water and precipitate are separated.
C-935-76
USAGE OF FROTH FORMED DURING WASTE-WATER TREATMENT
Yoshida, H. 1975.
Japanese Kokai (unexamined patent application) 75 96,054
After waste water is treated with flocculants and the major
part of the froth dissolved, the residual insoluble froth can
be removed. This insoluble fraction contains a large amount
of oil. The high oil content makes further treatment such as
burning simpler. Care should be taken not to add excess acid
or alkaline which will dissolve this residual froth.
108
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7. RECLAMATION AND REUSE
C-936-76
HOW AND WHY CENTURY HAS MOVED INTO RECYCLING OIL
Anon. 1975.
Materials Reclamation Weekly 126(35):16-17.
A plant for refining used lubricating oils has been proposed
for Dartford. A high grade recycled product is being produced
by the pilot scheme and has been tested successfully by a
Century-sponsored racing team.
C-937-76
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND REUSE,
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1974
Anon. 1974.
Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc., 1974. 418 p.
Papers are presented on the technical, institutional and economic
aspects of spent and waste oil recovery. The feasibility of
reusing waste oil as a fuel, as well as institutional problems
and detrimental aspects, is considered.
C-938-76
OIL: IT NEVER WEARS OUT, JUST GETS DIRTY
Anon. 1974.
Environmental Science and Technology 8(4):310-311.
The main points of the 1st International Conference on Waste Oil
Recovery and Reuse are reviewed. The general feeling was one of
concern with the problem of discarded waste oils. Some recent
developments in rerefining technology are briefly discussed.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-939-76
OREGON TRACES FLOW OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Anon. 1975.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal 18(3):48-51.
The hazardous materials produced in Oregon are removed in
different ways. Oil can be collected for re-refining, road
109
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oiling, for use as heating fuel, etc. About 8 million gallons
a year of automotive lubricating oil are recovered. The
alternatives to landfill for toxic wastes include recovery,
recycling and neutralizing the toxic effect.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-940-76
USED OILS AS SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS AND OF ENERGY [English
summary]
Audibert, R., and P. Trambouze. 1975.
Informations Chimie (145):119-120, 123-127.
Used motor oil can be burned together with standard fuel oil in
conventional burners when added in small amounts. When used
motor oil is going to be used to produce new oil, mechanical
impurities must be removed by filtration and water and lightweight
hydrocarbons eliminated. Treatments to remove suspended solids
and soluble oxidized compounds are necessary. The energy expended
to recover used oil is lower than that required for the initial
production.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-941-76
WASTE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL AS A MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR FUEL
Chansky, S., B. McCoy, N. Surprenant, and J. Sahagian. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 327-365.
Automotive waste oils were found to have physical and combustion
properties suitable for auxiliary fuel in a municipal incinerator.
It was recommended that the effectiveness of burning waste oil be
evaluated for alternate designs, locations and numbers of waste
oil burners necessary. Criteria for effectiveness are given.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-942-76
WASTE OIL: A RESOURCE TO BE CONSERVED
Chiogioji, M. H. 1974.
Federal Energy Administration, SAE Report 740684. 8 p.
Conservation of waste automotive and industrial oils can result
in significant savings. The present primary end uses and the
110
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techniques used to reclaim waste oil are described. The factors
that restrict waste oil usage are analyzed; they include economics,
technology, collection, governmental actions, and environmental
quality.
C-943-76
USING WASTE OILS AS AUXILIARY FUEL
Glaesemann, M. T. 1975.
Plant Engineering 29:92.
The use of waste lubricating oils and cutting oils as auxiliary
fuel represents a realistic alternative to the expensive storage
and disposal of waste oil presently employed. The practical
advantages of adding up to 15% waste oil to primary fuel are
discussed, and procedural guidelines are presented.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-944-76
RE-REFINED DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL
Liebenow, W. F. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 295-297.
The success of the C and 0 Railway in using re-refined lube oil
in their diesel locomotives is described. The oil that was
re-refined by the railway, from 1952 to 1959, met the same
specifications that were used for new oil. Both re-refined and
new oils were used in a diesel locomotive in regular service
over this period of time. Advantages and disadvantages of using
re-refined oil are listed.
C-945-76
WASTE OIL IN MARYLAND: A POLLUTANT OR A RESOURCE
Long, M. T. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 43-54.
The Maryland Environmental Service and the EPA conducted a survey
which determined the amounts and characteristics of waste oils in
Maryland and designed a program for the collection, transportation,
processing and use of these oils. This waste oil recovery and reuse
program is outlined.
Ill
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C-946-76
AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF WASTE OIL RECOVERY, REPROCESSING AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Martin, E. J., and L. McMillan. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 405-418.
The Cost, Revenue, and Profit (CRP) Model is a mathematical
model, developed by the Maryland Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse
Program, which calculates the cost of recovery, re-refining
and distribution of waste oils. A description of the costs and
revenue section of the model is given.
C-947-76
INPLANT RECLAMATION OF USED LUBRICANTS
Oliverson, R. L. 1975.
Plant Engineering 29(11):44-47.
Rerefining oils is not commercially feasible for small volumes;
at least 5 million gallons a year must be handled. Those
lubricants that can be rerefined include: crankcase lube oil,
explosive fluids, very volatile fluids, and overheated or acid
oils. Reclaiming, purifying, filtering and conditioning are
also discussed.
C-948-76
THE RECOVERY OF WASTE LUBRICATION OIL: A COMPARATIVE NATIONAL
ANALYSIS
Pearce, D. 1975.
Resources Policy 1(4):213-229.
Experience in waste oil recovery in Western Europe is compared
with that in the United States and relevant legislation is
summarized. Information on the used oil process in the United
Kingdom is limited.
Foreign legislation
C-949-76
BROOKHAVEN'S ENLIGHTENED SOLUTIONS TO ITS WASTE PROBLEMS
Reid, R. E. 1975.
Compost Science 16(4):8-11.
Brookhaven, the fastest growing township on Long Island, has
come up with solutions for the treatment of many varieties of
112
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waste; i.e., leaf composting, tree and branch chipping, recycling
of waste motor oil, and sewage sludge composting. By ordinance,
waste oil is deposited in free tanks where it is picked up by
contractors who process and sell it. Ground water is no longer
being contaminated by waste petroleum products.
C-950-76
METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR EMULSIFYING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS WITH
A VIEW TO PREPARING A CULTURE MEDIUM FOR MICROORGANISMS
Salomone, G. H. 1974.
British Patent 1,354,543
"Petroleum wastes are mixed with microorganisms nutrient
e.g. molasses and a waste organic acid e.g. lactic acid and
possibly a waste alkali or alkaline earth salt (approximately
10 wt. % petroleum). Inoculated culture then used for fertiliser
production, metals removal etc."
C-951-76
METHODS OF CONSERVING PETROLEUM-BASED FLUIDS
Sayre, R. W. 1975.
Plant Engineering 29(8):205-207.
A program for inplant petroleum-based fluid recovery processes
includes minimizing cross-contamination and unnecessary fluid
losses, and preventing "designed-in" hydraulic-fluid degradation.
Problems associated with industrial lubrication practices are
discussed.
C-952-76
MATERIAL GAINS, RECLAMATION, RECYCLING AND RE-USE
Thomas, C. 1974.
Friends of the Earth Ltd. (London). 94 p.
"Extensive summary of methods of regaining value from waste by
separation of individual constituents and by bulk treatment of
waste."
C-953-76
WASTE OIL—SOLUTION TO MARYLAND'S ENERGY CRISIS
Urmacher, J. C., and B. L. Pollack. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 301-308.
Technical questions on the use of reprocessed waste oil as fuel
oil are considered. Maryland's Environmental Service is re-assessing
113
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the ban on lead-bearing fuels and is working to provide a state-
controlled source of alternative, lead-free fuel oil manufactured
at a state-controlled facility. The facility would eventually
accept all oily wastes and provide conversion or ultimate disposal
of them.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-954-76
EXPERIENCE WITH THE IFF PROPANE CLARIFICATION PROCESS IN RE-REFINING
SPENT CRANKCASE OILS
Vu Quang, D., J. W. Andrews, G. Carriero, R. Schieppati, and
A. Compte. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 281-287.
A simple process for propane clarification of spent lube oils prior
to conventional acid/clay treatment, developed by the French
Petroleum Institute, is described. The process has been shown to
lower the amounts of acid and clay needed, reduce sludge formation
and pollution, and improve product quality. Yields are high and
plant investment and operating costs are low.
C-955-76
OIL REUSE—A NATIONAL NEED
Weinberger, L. W. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 5-7.
Waste oils can be refined and are a resource which can be utilized
to reduce energy and oil shortages. They are currently being
disposed of in environmentally harmful ways. An effective waste
oil reuse system must include storage, collection, treatment,
distribution and sale, licensing, monitoring and surveillance,
financing and legislation.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-956-76
THE ECONOMICS OF RE-REFINING
Weinstein, N. J. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse, Washington,
D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer, Inc. p. 245-260.
The economics of re-refining waste oils and alternative methods of
disposing of crankcase waste oils are discussed. Costs are presented
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for the following re-refining processes: acid/clay treatment;
propane extraction/acid/clay treatment; distillation/clay
treatment; and distillation/hydrotreatment.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-957-76
WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RESEARCH: CHARACTERIZATION OF BASE STOCKS
FROM USED LUBRICATING OILS. PART I
Whisman, M. L., F. 0. Cotton, J. W. Goetzinger, and J. W. Reynolds.
1975.
Bartlesville Energy Research Center, BERC-RI-75-3. 23 p.
Part one of this four phase study deals with the variation in
composition of 10 waste oils received for re-refining. The
significance of variation on the re-refining processes is discussed.
C-958-76
QUALITY PRODUCTS FROM USED PETROLEUM OILS
Williams, B. R. 1974,
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 239-243.
The possibility and desirability of producing reusable products
from waste oil are discussed. The re-refining industry and a
profile of the capabilities and benefits of re-refining are
described.
115
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8. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
C-959-76
OIL SPILL CONTROL SCHOOL (AT TAMU)
Anon. 1975.
Marine Technology Society Journal 9(10):45.
An Oil Spill Control School is being conducted by Texas A & M's
Moody College of Marine Sciences, Maritime Resources on Pelican
Island. The training focuses upon skills in organizing, planning
and directing an oil spill cleanup effectively within the legal
framework.
Cleanup and recovery
C-960-76
DRILLING PROGRESS--3. TRAINED PERSONNEL: THE KEY TO BLOWOUT
PREVENTION
Kendall, H. A. 1975.
World Oil 181(5):67-72.
Equipment and technology cannot prevent blowouts or control
well kicks if the personnel on the rig are not properly trained,
The procedures to follow in potentially dangerous situations
should be familiar to all those connected with the drilling.
One operator's plan for well control is reviewed.
Contingency planning
116
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9. CONTINGENCY PLANNING
C-961-76
NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLAN
Anon. 1975.
Federal Register 40(28):6281-6302.
Guidelines to classify, control and minimize damage from oil and
hazardous substances discharges (containment, dispersal and
removal) are presented. Responsibilities and duties of federal,
state and local agencies are outlined in the contingency plan.
Cleanup and recovery, Containment
C-962-76
SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPILL PREVENTION CONTROL
AND COUNTERMEASURE PLANS
Anon. 1974.
American Petroleum Institute Bulletin, No. D16. 39 p.
This study was organized to assist oil and gas producing operators
in their efforts to comply with the regulations in Title Code of
Federal Regulations, 40, Pt. 112. These regulations are applicable
to nontransportation-related onshore and offshore facilities which
have discharged or could discharge oil into navigable waters of the
U.S. or adjoining shorelines.
U.S. legislation
C-963-76
INDUSTRY EMERGENCY OIL SPILL PLANS AND PROGRAMMES
Brockis, G. J. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 51-54.
The UK Offshore Operators Association (UKOOA) has established
stocks of materials and equipment for use in cleaning up oil spills
due to offshore activity. Present capabilities and plans for
expansion are discussed. The UKOOA equipment can be augmented by
that in other countries and through the North Sea Operators Clean
Seas Committee.
Cleanup and recovery
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C-964-76
SAFEGUARDING THE WATER SUPPLIES IN UPPSALA, SWEDEN
Sidenvall, J. 1974.
Ground Water Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference of
the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972. p. 9-19.
During the 1950s the groundwater demand increased due to increased
population. The city council decided to infiltrate water from the
River Fyris into the Uppsala esker to recharge the groundwater.
If an oil accident happens, special alarm lists will be followed.
People from various institutions will be trained to prevent such
pollution from reaching the groundwater supply.
Personnel training and education
C-965-76
A PROGRAM FOR HANDLING EMERGENCY OIL SPILLAGES IN THE PORT OF
BALTIMORE
Wilcox, R. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 225-235.
The programs developed by the Maryland Port Administration which
have enabled the State to respond to an emergency oil spill in the
Baltimore Harbor area are discussed. The equipment used by this
organization to remove oil and debris from the harbor with maximum
efficiency is described.
Cleanup and recovery
118
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-966-76
EFFECTS OF LEAD AND HYDROCARBONS FROM SNOWMOBILE EXHAUST ON
BROOK TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS)
Adams, E. S. 1975.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104(2):363-373.
After ice-out in a Maine pond, the lead content rose from 4.1 ppb
to 135 ppb, and hydrocarbons rose from undetectable to 10 ppm in
the water and 1 ppm in exposed fish. Trout held in aquaria filled
with snowmelt containing hydrocarbon exhaust took up both lead and
hydrocarbons.
C-967-76
THE EFFECTS OF OIL ON ESTUARINE ANIMALS:
DEPURATION, RESPIRATION
TOXICITY, UPTAKE AND
Anderson, J. W., J. M. Neff, B. A. Cox, H. E. Tatem, and
G. M. Hightower. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg, and
W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, Academic Press, 1974. p. 285-310.
Laboratory studies on the short-term toxicity, rates of accumulation
and release and metabolic response to two crude and two refined oils
were conducted. Three organisms were used. Water-soluble fractions
of the refined oils were the most toxic. Rates of accumulation were
rapid, but the hydrocarbons were only retained briefly. Metabolic
responses varied.
C-968-76
SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF OIL, HEAVY METALS AND PCBs ON MARINE ORGANISMS
Anderson, J. W., et al.
NTIS, PB-238 514. 48 p.
1974.
The state-of-the-art of the study of sublethal effects of 3 common
pollutant classes is reviewed. Petroleum hydrocarbons do not bind
as firmly or accumulate to such a great extent as the other two
classes. The respiratory rate and chloride ion regulation are
affected by specific compounds from all classes of pollutants.
119
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C-969-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Environmental Science and Technology 10(1):11.
A two-year $1.9 million grant to the University of Rhode Island
provides for an experimental facility to test the effects of
pollutants on marine life. Nine 6-ft. by 15-ft. tanks will be
built. If preliminary experiments on oil contaminants are
successful, the apparatus will be moved offshore to test long-term
effects of low levels of contaminants.
Design and engineering
C-970-76
STUDY OF EFFECTS OF OIL DISCHARGES AND DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATERS ON THE FISHERIES OF LAKE MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA.
VOLUME 1. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. VOLUME 2. FATE AND EFFECTS OF OIL
Anon. 1974.
Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, WA.
Volume 1 contains ecological data on the lake and characterization
of both industrial and domestic wastewaters. Volume 2 presents
data on the fate and effects of oil on the plants and animals, and
also contains hydrocarbon analyses of commercially important fish
species.
General fate of oil in the environment, Analysis
C-971-76
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM POLLUTANTS ON ARCTIC MICROBIAL POPULATIONS
Atlas, R. M., E. A. Schofield, F. A. Morelli, and R. E. Cameron.
1976.
Environmental Pollution 10(1):35-43.
The microbial communities of coastal ponds changed after exposure
to Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Bacterial populations greatly increased.
In natural oil seeps, there was no vascular plant cover, and fungi
were abundant in bacteria-free areas. Lichens appeared to be
recolonizing older sections of the seeps. Experimental oil slicks
on Prudhoe Bay experienced increases in their bacterial population,
but no change in their diversity.
120
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C-972-76
EFFECTS ON SHORE LIFE AND AMENITIES
Baker, J. M. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 85-90.
The effects of oil and cleaning treatments depend on amount and
type of oil, type of cleaning treatment and type of biological
community. Both field and lab experiments were used to study
these effects on a range of shore types. Treatment priorities
and recommendations are discussed, with particular reference to
Mil ford Haven.
Cleanup and recovery
C-973-76
THE ECOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF
AN OIL SPILL SITE. PART III. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES
Barry, M., and P. P. Yevich, 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(11):171-173.
Clams surviving the Long Cove, Maine, oil spill were collected
and nistologically examined. Collections were made from the time
of 25% mortality to 85% mortality. A high incidence of gonadal
tumors occurred in clams living in areas contaminated by oil. The
tumors were malignant neoplasms.
C-974-76
THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN SEA WATER ON THE UPTAKE
OF MIXED INDIVIDUAL HYDROCARBONS AND NUMBER 2 FUEL OIL BY A
MARINE FILTER-FEEDING BIVALVE (MERCENARIA MERCENARIA)
Boehm, P. D., and J. G. Quinn. 1976.
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 4(1):93-105.
The uptake of a simple hydrocarbon mixture (n-alkane, hexadecane
and phenanthrene) and of No. 2 fuel oil by M. mercenaria was studied.
Removal of DOM from the seawater uptake media results in an increase
in the uptake of hexadecane, no change in uptake of phenanthrene,
and a sevenfold increase in the amount of No. 2 fuel oil taken up by
the clam. These results indicate that DOM in seawater solubilizes
saturated hydrocarbons and makes them less readily taken up by the
filter-feeding clam.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
121
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C-975-76
THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Boesch, D. F., and C. H. Hershner. 1974.
Oil Spills and the Marine Environment. Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger,
1974. p. 1-55.
The effects of oil on marine ecosystems, including birds, mammals,
fish, fisheries, plankton, neuston, intertidal organisms, systems
such as coral reefs, polar regions and estuaries are discussed.
The types of oil and their weathering characteristics are reviewed.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-976-76
DOES OIL AFFECT THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT?
Brown, J. E. 1975.
Exxon USA 14(3):26-31.
An exhaustive two-year, $1.5 million, multidisciplinary venture
called the Offshore Ecology Investigation has tried to answer
the question, "What effect if any does long-term offshore oil
exploration and production have on the marine environment?"
The area investigated was Timbalier Bay and directly southward,
an area that has produced oil for more than 20 years. The OEI
found, with only minor exceptions, that there is no adverse
effect.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
C-977-76
TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN:
HORSE ARENAS
AN ACCIDENTAL POISONING EPISODE IN
Carter, C. D., R. D. Kinbrough, J. A. Liddle, R. E. Cline,
M. M. Zack, Jr., R. E. Koehler, P. E. Phillips, and W. F. Barthel.
1975.
Science 188(4189):738-740.
Humans and horses were poisoned by tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
contaminated waste oil. The waste oil had been sprayed on riding
arenas for dust control. The contamination was a result of the
improper disposal of an industrial waste. The pathological effects
and chemical identification of the contaminant are described.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
122
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C-978-76
EFFECTS OF 3-4 BENZOPYRENE ON SEA URCHIN EGG DEVELOPMENT
Ceas, M. P. 1974.
Acta Embryologiae Experimental is No. 3:267-272.
Sea urchin eggs cleave abnormally and develop into irregular
morulae if they are exposed to 3-4 benzopyrene. The centrifuged
egg has both fluorescent and nonfluorescent components, which
indicates that benzopyrene binds itself with the membrane. If
separated'from the contaminated dark half of the egg, the clear
half behaves like the whole egg.
C-979-76
UPTAKE AND LOSS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BY THE MUSSEL,
'MYTILUS EDULIS,1 IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
Clark, R. C., Jr., and J. S. Finley. 1975.
Fishery Bulletin 73(3):508-515. Also NOAA-750908-8-5, 1974. 9 p.
[COM-75-50192-03-05/GA]
Mussels were exposed to concentrations of No. 2 and No. 5 fuel
oil, similar to those found after an oil spill, in a laboratory
system that simulated tides. Hydrocarbons were rapidly incorporated
and almost entirely lost after 14 days in clean seawater, although
traces remained after 35 days. Actual percentage losses and tissue
concentrations depend on the initial level of exposure and the
limitations of the analytical techniques used.
C-980-76
THE EFFECT OF OIL ON NATURE CONSERVATION, ESPECIALLY BIRDS
Croxall, J. P. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 93-101.
The effects of oil pollution on species diversity and abundance
are slight; but, rare, local and certain high-risk species may
be endangered. The effects of oil on birds are detailed. Data
on bird mortality due to oil show the auk and seaduck to be most
vulnerable. Conservation strategies include scaring devices to
reduce exposure to oil, new rehabilitation techniques and breeding
in captivity.
Reporting, Restoration
123
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C-981-76
THE EFFECT OF OIL POLLUTION IN BANTRY BAY
Cullinane, J. P., P. McCarthy, and A. Fletcher.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(11):173-176.
1975.
The biological damage to algae and lichens, caused by the large
oil spill in Bantry Bay and attendant cleanup measures, was
investigated in 4 visits. Gelatinous or non-crustose lichens
absorb oil and are so damaged as to be cleared from the substrate.
Since lichens grow so slowly, oil spills occurring less than every
20 years will prevent lichens from ever totally recovering.
C-982-76
LEUKEMIA IN FISH
DaSilva Pitombeira, M., J. M. Martins, and
Medicina (Buenos Aires) 35(3):251-256.
F. V. B. Gomes. 1975.
A case of leukemia in the saltwater fish, Mugil curema, is described.
All fish studied were collected in the port of Fortaleza, Brazil, in
waters highly polluted by sewage, oil and petroleum.
C-983-76
EFFECT OF PETROLEUM AND PHENOL ON SOME PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC
ACIDS FROM THE BLACK SEA SHRIMP PALAEMQN ADSPERSUS [English summary]
Divavin, I. A. 1975.
Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok) (3):62-64.
P_. adspersus exposed to petroleum at 0.01 ml/1 for 2 hrs. were
found to have an increased RNA level and a decreased DNA level.
After 5 hrs. of exposure, the RNA level was back to normal and the
DNA level increased. Five days after exposure, RNA synthesis and
the level of acid-soluble nucleotides increased. Phenol had no
.significant effect on nucleic acids.
C-984-76 '
PROBLEMS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
[English summary]
Donnier, B. 1975.
Ingegneria Ambientale 4(2):127-134.
The consequences of marine pollution by heavy metals, hydrocarbons
and organochlorine compounds are reviewed. The 43 references cover
ecological, biochemical and toxicological effects.
Bibliographies
124
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C-985-76
THE ECOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF AN
OIL SPILL SITE. PART I. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES
Dow, R. L., and J. W. Hurst, Jr. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(11):164-166.
An oil spill into Long Cove, Searsport, Maine, lasted 3-1/2 months
and involved a minimum of 14 metric tons of oil. Biological surveys
of the soft clam before and after the spill demonstrated immediate
and continuing mortalities which in 3 years had exceeded 85% of
the estimated 50 million market-size clams in the area.
Economic effects of oil pollution
C-986-76
THE EFFECT OF COLD SEAWATER EXTRACTS OF OIL FRACTIONS UPON THE
BLUE MUSSEL MYTILUS EDULIS
Dunning, A., and C. W. Major. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, Academic Press, 1974.
p. 349-366.
Respiration and survival experiments were conducted on M. edulis.
Oxygen uptake is almost completely inhibited at 24% water soluble
extract solution and partially inhibited at 12%. Whole oil
concentrations were not high enough to inhibit respiration.
No. 2 fuel oil prevented abyssal thread formation and decreased
the rate of shell closure.
C-987-76
HYDROCARBONS IN BLUE MUSSELS FROM THE KIEL BIGHT
Ehrhardt, M., and J. Heinemann. 1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(4):263-282.
Blue mussels were analyzed for recent biogenic and petroleum-
derived hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon composition varied
seasonally due to the variation in recent biogenic hydrocarbons.
Mussels are able to degrade or excrete paraffinic fossil or recent
biogenic hydrocarbons which they take up from the water or eat
with their food, but are less able to dispose of cyclic saturated
and aromatic fossil fuel hydrocarbons.
Analysis
125
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C-988-76
TOXICITIES OF CRUDE OILS AND OIL-DISPERSANT MIXTURES TO JUVENILE
RABBIT FISH, SIGANUS RIVULATUS
Eisler, R., and G. W. Kissil. 1975.
American Fisheries Society, Transactions 104(3):571.
Toxicities to rabbit fish, an economically important teleost, were
determined for two crude oils, ST5 (a chemical dispersant) and an
oil-ST5 mixture in static and flow-through systems, under different
concentrations of toxicants, and in salinities ranging from 20 to
60 0/00. High concentrations of crude oil caused liver enlargement
in rabbit fish; STB caused reductions in blood hematocrit.
C-989-76
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CRUDE OILS AND OIL-DISPERSANT MIXTURES ON
RED SEA MACROFAUNA
Eisler, R., G. W. Kissill, and Y. Cohen. 1974.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600-4-74. p. 156-179.
"A review with 11 references."
Cleanup and recovery
C-990-76
CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE AND ALLOZYME FREQUENCIES IN A MARINE
OPPORTUNIST CAPITELLA-CAPITATA POLYCHAETA
Grassle, J. F. (date unknown)
International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, 1st,
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 1974. p. 124. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
C-991-76
FOLLOW-UP FIELD SURVEY OF THE OIL POLLUTION FROM THE TANKER
'METULA'
Hann, R. W. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-166-75, Contract DOT-CG-42444A. 59 p.
[AD-A017 100/9GA]
Most of the 20,000 tons of oil which came ashore is still present;
it will be a long-term source of water pollution as it leaches and
erodes into the water. The intertidal marine life was substantially
126
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affected. Marine waterfowl are still suffering from unstabilized
oil or mousse at the top of the beach zone, and from eating
contaminated mussels.
General fate of oil in the environment, Physical changes of oil
in the environment
C-992-76
FIELD STUDIES ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF CRUDE OIL TO-ARCTIC AQUATIC
VEGETATION
Hanna, B. M., 0. Hellebust, and T. C. Hutchinson. 1974.
Congress International Association of Limnology, 19th, Winnipeg,
Canada, 1974. p. 77. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
C-993-76
ECONOTES
Hanson, D. 1976.
Audubon 78(1):140.
PNAs (polynuclear aromatics), pollutants from coal combustion
and petrochemicals, and suspected carcinogens have been discovered
in herring gulls in Lake Ontario. Gulls were found to have birth
defects and abnormal behavior. Dr. Plakall, Chief of the Canadian
Wildlife Toxic Chemicals section, believes the PNAs are a major
potential hazard to human health.
C-994-76
CARCINOGENIC SOURCES IN FISH TUMORS FOUND IN THE FOX VALLEY
WATER SHED
Hazdra, J. J., E. R. Brown, J. Baudenistel, T. Arndt, and L. Keith.
1974.
American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry
14(1):350-355. Preprints.
Fish (4.38%) from the Fox River (Wisconsin and Illinois) had
stomach, liver and skin tumors. Only 1.03% of the fish from Lake
of the Woods had tumors. Fox River water contained benzanthracene,
toluene, benzenes, naphthalene, pesticides, oils, etc., the concentra-
tions of which were below the detection threshold in the Lake of
the Woods.
127
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C-995-76
THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF EMPIRE MIX CRUDE OIL ON ENZYMES IN OYSTERS,
SHRIMP AND MULLET
Heitz, J. R., L. Lewis, J. Chambers, and J. D. Yarbrough. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg and
W. B. Vernberg (eds.) New York, Academic Press, 1974. p. 311-328.
Animals were exposed to oil, then sacrificed. Their tissue enzymes
were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Relatively little effect was
noted for exposures up to 7 days. Shrimp were the most sensitive
of the animals and did exhibit a spiraling behavior. Those enzymes
affected were related to carbohydrate metabolism.
C-996-76
COMPARISON OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF POSTULATED OIL SPILLS AT
SELECTED ALASKAN LOCATIONS. VOLUME I. INTRODUCTION, SUMMARY,
METHODOLOGY, EVALUATION AND APPENDICES
Isakson, J. S., J. M. Storie, J. Vagners, G. A. Erickson, and
J. F. Kruger. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-155-75-Vol-l, Contract DOT-CG-42913-A. 633 p.
[AD-A017 600/8GA]
The potential environmental impacts of spills of varying amounts
of crude oil, diesel-2, bunker C and gasoline on 18 sites in
Alaska were ranked. Dispersal mechanisms were assumed to be
inertia!, viscous and wind and current forces. The impact was
estimated using 3-dimensional matrices and was based on estimated
species abundance, the importance of the species, and long- and
short-term impacts of the oil on these species.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
C-997-76
COMPARISON OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF POSTULATED OIL SPILLS AT
'SELECTED ALASKAN LOCATIONS. VOLUME II - RESULTS
Isakson, J. S., J. M. Storie, J. Vagners, G. A. Erickson, and
J. F. Kruger. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-155-75-Vol-2, Contract DOT-CG-42913-A. 865 p.
[AD-A017 601/6GA]
Of all the sites ranked, Port Graham, Valdez Narrows, Unimak Pass,
and the Yukon River Crossing had the highest ratings for potential
environmental damage due to an oil spill. This held true whether
or not cleanup/containment was assumed.
128
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C-998-76
BACTERIAL FLORA OF SOIL AFTER APPLICATION OF OILY WASTE
Jensen, V. 1975.
Oikos 26(2):152-158.
Plate counts and enrichment cultures followed by isolation of
pure cultures were used to study the effects of mineral oils and
oily wastes on the bacterial flora of the soil. The numbers of
bacteria increased after oil application in both field and model
experiments. The most important genera were Arthrobacter and
Pseudomonas.
Biological degradation
C-999-76
EFFECTS OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON MOLTING TANNER CRABS,
CHINONOECETES BAIRDI
Karinen, J. F. 1974.
Marine Fisheries Review 36(7):31-37.
Static bioassays using Prudhoe Bay crude oil and juvenile male
Tanner crabs were performed. Both pre- and postmolt crabs were
susceptible to oil, with the 48-hr. TLM being 0.58 ml oil/1. The
oil affected molting success and caused newly molted crabs to
autotomize limbs. Alaska's Tanner crab resources would be
adversely affected by oil spills.
Economic effects of oil pollution
C-1000-76
THE EFFECTS OF WATER SOLUBLE PETROLEUM COMPONENTS ON THE GROWTH
OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS BEIJERINCK
Kauss, P. B., and T. C. Hutchinson. 1975.
Environmental Pollution 9(3):157-174.
Aqueous extracts of seven different crude oils and one refined
product were tested for their toxic effect upon Chlorella. If the
volatile compounds in such extracts were first allowed to evaporate
for at least 24 hrs., then the growth rate of Chlorella cells was
not inhibited, and in some cases was actually stimulated. Cause
of this growth stimulation remains uncertain.
129
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C-1001-76
STUDIES ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ANKISTRODESMUS SPECIES TO CRUDE
OIL COMPONENTS
Kauss, P. B., and T. C. Hutchinson. 1974.
Congress International Association of Limnology, 19th, Winnipeg,
Canada, 1974. p. 102. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
C-1002-76
THE EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF THE OIL DISPERSANT, OILSPERSE 43,
IN LARGE OUTDOOR TANKS
Keizer, P. D., and P. G. Wells. 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Services, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, EPS-5-AR-75-8. 28 p.
A mixture of Oilsperse 43 and crude oil was more homogeneous, less
viscous and without the 'crust' of plain oil. A weathered crude
and dispersant mixture was lethal to >50% of the green sea urchins
whereas crude oil was not. Similarly effective, 'low-toxicity'
dispersants used on an inshore spill could reach concentrations
lethal to the green sea urchin.
Cleanup and recovery
C-1003-76
EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON MARINE INVERTEBRATES
Kittredge, J. S. 1975.
Final report, Contract N00014-68-A-0105-0007. 7 p. [AD-A017
921/8GA]
Laboratory studies indicate that the polyaromatic hydrocarbon com-
pounds are the potentially dangerous component of oil pollution.
Sublethal amounts inhibit chemoreception in marine invertebrates
and therefore may drastically limit the productivity of a marine
habitat.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
C-1004-76
HYDROCARBON EFFECTS ON CARBON-14 UPTAKE BY ALGAE INDIGENOUS TO
LAKE GEORGE, NEW YORK
Kumar, I. J., and N. L. Clesceri. 1974.
Congress International Association of Limnology, 19th, Winnipeg,
Canada, 1974. p. 111. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
130
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C-1005-76
THE EFFECT OF ALASKAN CRUDE OIL AND SELECTED HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS
ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA GIGAS
LeGore, R. S. 1975.
University of Washington, College of Fisheries, Research in
Fisheries No. 415. p. 77-78.
The toxicities of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and several hydrocarbon
components of petroleum were evaluated. High doses of extract
inhibit development. Toxicity appears to increase with boiling
point, and to be unrelated to solubility in water. The veliger
larvae showed no avoidance response to the crude oil, but in
25-40 min. ciliary coordination was lost and the larvae sank.
C-1006-76
EFFECTS OF OIL ON THE REPRODUCTION OF THE AMPHIPOD GANMARUS OCEANICUS
Linden, 0. 1976.
Ambio 5(l):36-37.
Sub-lethal levels of Venezuelan crude oil decreased the brood
numbers if the female amphipod was exposed to oil during the
incubation period. Length of incubation time was not affected.
The frequency with which male and female amphipods entered the
precopulation stage decreased under exposure to low levels of oil
in the water.
C-1007-76
THE EFFECTS OF OIL DISPERSANTS ON THE CELL IN FERTILIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Lonning, S., and B. E. Hagstrom. 1975.
Norwegian Journal of Zoology 23(2):131-134.
Larvae from sea urchins and two species of marine fish were exposed
to 9 dispersants. All 9 negatively affected sea urchin fertilization
and inhibited development of the skeleton and endoderm. Both sea
urchin and fish larvae experienced pathological effects and rapid
cytolosis after exposure to some substances.
Cleanup and recovery
131
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C-1008-76
THE EFFECTS OF AN OIL SPILL ON THE MACRO INVERTEBRATES AND FISHES
OF PLUM CREEK IN SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA USA
Masnik, M. T., J. R. Stauffer, C. H. Hocutt, and J. H. Wilson. 1974.
Associated Southeast Biological (ASB) Bulletin 21(2):68.
Collections of benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes were taken
from Plum Creek in Southwestern Virginia to assess the biological
damage caused by a 4,000 liter oil spill entering the Creek in
May, 1973. Immediate mortality of organisms was minimal. Benthic
macroinvertebrates did not exhibit significant decreases in numbers
at the site of the spill; however, downstream stations did show a
decrease in the total number of these organisms and a reduction in
the number of fish taxa after the spill.
Reporting
C-1009-76
MEDICAL ASPECTS OF ESTUARIAL POLLUTION
McGregor, A. 1975.
Conference on Pollution Criteria for Estuaries, University of
Southampton, U.K., 1973. P. R. Helliwell, and J. Bossanyi (eds.)
London, Pentech Press Ltd., 1975. p. 3.1-3.18.
The source and medical amenity effects of medically important
pollutants are discussed. The types are bacterial and viral
pollution, chemical pollution (including oil), waste, heat, and
noise. Shellfish sampling during 1971 and 1972 resulted in a
recommendation that shellfish harvesting for human consumption
be forbidden in certain districts in the U.K.
Economic effects of oil pollution
C-1010-76
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON FRESHWATER FISH
McKim, J. M., D. A. Benoit, K. E. Kiesinger, W. A. Brungs, and
R. E. Siefert. 1975.
Journal, Water Pollution Control Federation 47(6):1711-1783.
This literature review on the effects of pollution on freshwater
fish includes sections on methodology, water quality, pesticide
pollutants, industrial pollutants, domestic and chlorinated
pollutants, radioactive and other pollutants. A table provides a
summary of the acute and chronic toxicity of these pollutants
(including oil).
Bibliographies
132
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C-1011-76
ACUTE TOXICITY OF BENZENE, A COMPONENT OF CRUDE OIL, TO JUVENILE
STRIPED BASS (MORONE SAXATILIS)
Meyerhoff, R. D. 1975.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32(10):1864-1866.
The acute toxicity of benzene to 1.5 1 0.5 gm juvenile striped
bass was studied in a continuous flow laboratory bioassay system.
The lethal threshold concentration and .the 96-hr. LC50 for benzene
were both 10.9 ^I/liter, when the environmental conditions were
at 17.4°C and 29 ppt salinity. Possible toxic mechanisms are
discussed.
C-1012-76
BACTERIAL ATTACK OF CORALS IN POLLUTED SEAWATER
Mitchell, R., and I. Chet. 1975.
Microbial Ecology 2(3):227-233.
When coral heads were exposed to low concentrations of crude oil,
copper sulfate, potassium phosphate or dextrose, they died in
5 to 10 days. Corals exposed to these chemicals produced large
amounts of mucus. Since the addition of antibiotics prevented
these deaths, predatory bacteria are suspected to be the destroying
agents.
C-1013-76
OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Moore, S. F. 1976.
Technology Review 78(4):61-67.
The author discusses a study prepared for the Council on Environ-
mental Quality to assess potential biological effects of hypothetical
discharges. The study did not predict spill effects in quantitative
terms; however, by studying the initial impacts of a spill and the
recovery period, rough "order-of-magnitude" estimates could be made.
Results from studies of hypothetical offshore drilling sites along
the Atlantic and Alaskan coasts revealed that none of the hypo-
thesized spills from the Atlantic offshore sites is expected to
cause significant biological damage to nearshore habitats. No
conclusions were drawn regarding the effects of spills on the Alaskan
coast.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
133
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C-1014-76
EFFECTS OF SOME COMPONENTS OF CRUDE OIL ON YOUNG COHO SALMON
Morrow, J. E., R. L. Gritz, and M. P. Kirton. 1975.
Copeia (2):326-331.
Aliphatic compounds caused no significant mortalities in young
coho salmon; mono-cyclic aromatics were generally toxic. The
cause of the toxicity may be alterations in cell membrane
permeability, particularly in the gills. This would cause an
increase in the concentration of monovalent ions in the blood and
also interfere with the C02-HC03 regulatory system.
C-1015-76
EFFECtS OF LONG-TERM, LOW LEVEL EXPOSURE TO OIL
Nelson-Smith, A. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 105-111.
Species and developmental stages of organisms vary in their
sensitivity to oil. Sublethal effects may render particular groups
incapable of competing. If an excluded species has a key ecological
role, major changes may occur. Humans will be affected according to
the commercial or aesthetic values placed on certain biotic
communities.
C-1016-76
MASSIVE VISCERAL LIPID DEPOSITION FOLLOWING PROLONGED MINERAL OIL
DEPOSITION
Nochcmovitz, L. E., and C. J. Uys. 1974.
South African Jounral of Laboratory Clinical Medicine 20(2):1226.
Abstract.
Summary not available.
C-1017-76
EFFECTS OF OIL ON BALTIC LITTORAL COMMUNITY, AS STUDIED IN AN
OUTDOOR MODEL TEST SYSTEM
Notini, M., and A. Hagstrom. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.)
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 251-254.
Small outdoor pools were set up as models of the Baltic littoral
ecosystem and included Fucus vesiculosus and macrofaunal species.
134
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Oil spills were simulated, and samples were taken before and after
the addition of oil. Two types of affinity indexes were used to
analyze the samples and determine possible changes in the structure
of Fucus communities.
C-1018-76
COMPOUND FROM FLOATING PETROLEUM ACCUMULATING IN FISH
Ogata, M., and Y. Miyake. 1975.
Water Research 9(12):1075-1078.
The objective of this study was to determine the petroleum
components that accumulate in fish. The presence of the compounds
was measured in the fish and the surrounding water. Toluene
accumulated most rapidly. The two methods of recovery differed,
so calibration curves were used for quantitative measurements.
Analysis
C-1019-76
METABOLISM AND ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS IN FISH—SIDE
CHAIN OXIDATION OF PARA-NITROTOLUENE AND PARA-NITROBENZYL ALCOHOL
IN LIVER HOMOGENATES OF RAT AND EEL
Ohmori, S., M. Ikeda, and M. Ogata. 1975.
Physiological Chemistry and Physics 7(5):477-480.
Previous chromatographic analyses of petroleum substances causing
objectionable odor in fish have demonstrated the presence of toluene
and benzene. In this paper the authors report that eel liver
homogenates metabolize the methyl group of p-nitrotoluene (PNT),
a model compound of toluene, more slowly than rat liver homogenates.
This could explain the accumulation of toluene in fish.
Analysis
C-1020-76
RESPONSES OF ARCTIC MARINE CRUSTACEANS TO CRUDE OIL AND OIL-TAINTED
FOOD
Percy, J. A. 1976.
Environmental Pollution 10(2):155-162.
Three species of benthic crustaceans were exposed to oil masses.
No species were attracted to the oil, but the degree of avoidance
varied with the species, type of crude oil, degree of weathering,
and the animals' acclimation to oil emulsions. Untainted food was
preferred by the 2 amphipods, but the isopod appeared oblivious
to the presence of oil in its food or environment.
135
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C-1021-76
EFFETS DBS POLLUTIONS CHIMIQUES VIS-A-VIS DE TELEMEDIATEURS
INTERVENANT DANS L'ECOLOGIE MICROBIOLOGIQUE ET PLANCTONIQUE
EN MILIEU MARIN: 3e PARTIE [English summary]
Pesando, D., and M, Aubert. 1975.
Revue Internationale d'Oceanographie Medicale (39-40):109-116.
Various pollutants were tested for their effects on Peri dim'urn
trochoideum, a growth inhibitor of the diatom, Asterionella
japonica. Hydrocarbons, detergents, pesticides, industrial
sewages and effluent metals were tested. Lower sublethal con-
centrations sometimes had a positive effect; other concentrations
had growth inhibiting effects.
C-1022-76
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON OIL REFINERY WASTE TOXICITY
Reynolds, J. H., E. J. Middlebrooks, D. B. Porcella, and
W. J. Grenney. 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(ll):2674-2693.
Temperature effects on the toxicity of oil refinery waste to
algae were predicted using a continuous flow kinetic model based
on enzyme inhibition kinetics. A model using Selenastrum
capricornutum and phenol was tested at temperatures between 20
and 33°. Both phenol and the oil refinery waste were more toxic
at 24° than at any other temperature.
C-1023-76
EFFECTS OF NORMAN WELLS CRUDE OIL ON PERIPHYTON IN SELECTED LAKES
AND RIVERS IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Roeder, D. R., G. H. Crum, D. M. Rosenberg, and N. B. Snow. 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical report No. 552. 31 p.
Styrofoam balls and plexiglass plates were used as artificial
substrate samplers in experiments designed to test the effect of
Norman Wells crude oil on periphyton. Oiled treatments supported
a different algal community than controls; numbers of species were
occasionally more, and never less than controls. Blue-green algae
were more abundant on oiled substrates; this may become a matter of
concern.
136
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C-1024-76
EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL ON ZOOBENTHOS COLONIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL
SUBSTRATES IN SUBARCTIC AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Rosenberg, D. M., and N. B. Snow. 1974.
Congress International Association of Limnology, 19th, Winnipeg,
Canada, 1974. p. 177. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
C-1025-76
TOXICITY OF WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTIONS OF FOUR TEST OILS FOR THE
POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS, NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA AND CAPITELLA
CAPITATA
Rossi, S. S., J. W. Anderson, and G. S. Ward. 1976.
Environmental Pollution 10(1):9-18.
Of the 4 water-soluble fractions of oil tested, the 2 refined oils
were more toxic than the 2 crude oils. The refined oils contain
more diaromatic compounds (naphthalenes) which is the probable
reason for their increased toxicity. Although the 2 species of
annelids differed slightly in sensitivity, they were similar to
fish and crustaceans in their reactions to these 4 oils.
C-1026-76
EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON POPULATIONS OF BACTERIA AND ALGAE IN
ARTIFICIAL PONDS SUBJECT TO WINTER WEATHER AND ICE FORMATION
Shindler, D. B., B. F. Scott, and D. B. Carlisle. 1974.
Congress International Association of Limnology, 19th, Winnipeg,
Canada, 1974. p. 191. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
C-1027-76
CRUDE OIL AND NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT STUDIES IN A MACKENZIE DELTA LAKE
Snow, N. B., and G. J. Brunskill. 1975.
Canada. Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development
Directorate, Technical report No. 553. 7 p.
Four clear polyethylene tubes were filled with lake water and placed
in a Mackenzie Delta lake in August, 1973. One tube was enriched
100-fold with N and P, one had 4 litres of crude oil added, one with
N and P and crude oil, and the last was used as a control. Light
attenuation and oleoclastic organism activity were used to explain
the results.
137
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C-1028-76
ASPECTS OF ZOOBENTHOS ECOLOGY OF THE MACKENZIE DELTA NORTHWEST
TERRITORIES
Snow, N. B., and P. Chang. 1974.
Congress International Association of Limnology, 19th, Winnipeg,
Canada, 1974. p. 193. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
C-1029-76
THE EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF CRUDE OIL AND NAPHTHALENE ON
THE PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF A FRESHWATER GREEN ALGA
Soto, C., J. A. Hellebust, and T. C. Hutchinson. 1974.
Congress International Association of Limnology, 19th, Winnipeg,
Canada, 1974. p. 194. Abstracts.
Summary not available.
C-72-76
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Stansby, M. E. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 45-48.
The research programs underway at the Northwest Fisheries Center on
the biological effects of oil pollution are described. The work
consists of chemical, physiological and behavioral research on the
long-term chronic effects of oil on fish. The author stresses
that those monitoring pollutants and those studying the effects
should be in close communication.
Monitoring
C-1030-76
COMPARING TOXICITY OF CERTAIN OIL PRODUCTS USED AS DIELECTRICS IN
ELECTROEROSIVE WORKING. I. ACUTE AND SUBACUTE TOXICITY [English
summary]
Starek, A., L. Fiema, D. Cembala, and W. Lepiarz. 1975.
Medycyna Pracy 26(3)-.219-230.
Low acute toxicity was induced in rats fed large doses of kerosene,
diesel oil, transformer and turbine oils and Mentor 28. The changes
observed were in the peripheral red and white blood cell systems
and blood platelet number.
138
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C-1031-76
HYDROCARBONS IN SHELLFISH CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS OF
FUEL OIL
Stegeman, J. J. 1974.
Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms. F. J. Vernberg,
and W. B. Vernberg (eds.). New York, Academic Press, 1974.
p. 329-348.
Uptake level, residence duration, and hydrocarbon composition in
shellfish exposed to low levels of petroleum were investigated.
Uptake and disposal rates were linked to the concentration of the
contaminant and the lipid character. Classes of hydrocarbons
behave in a chemically distinct manner on the oyster. Lower
molecular weight aromatics are toxic and have a longer biological
half-life.
C-1032-76
POLYNEUROPATHY CAUSED BY PETROLEUM BENZINE
Takeuchi, Y., C. Mabuchi, and S. Takagi. 1975.
Internationales Archiv fuer Arbeitsmedizin 34(3):185-198.
Four workmen who were clearing Nishijin brocade sashes with
petroleum benzine in a poorly ventilated workshop were diagnosed
as having polyneuropathy with remarkable muscular atrophy. These
symptoms were similar to those caused by commercial n-hexane, a
component of benzine. But the CNS disorders due to benzine
exposure were more severe.
C-1033-76
INCREASED OPERCULAR RATES OF PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA)
FRY AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF PRUDHOE BAY
CRUDE OIL
Thomas, R. E., and S. D. Rice. 1975.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32(11):2221-2224.
The opercular rates of the pink salmon increased significantly
for 9 to 12 hours after exposure to water-soluble fractions of
oil-water solutions. Increases in rates were proportional to
increases in dose. Recording changes in opercular rates is a
suitable method for detecting sublethal physiological effects of
stress.
139
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C-1034-76
INFLUENCES OF OIL SPILL EMULSIFIERS ON MARINE LIFE [English summary]
Tokuda, H. 1975.
Yukagaku 24(11):766-776.
A review with 56 references.
Cleanup and recovery
C-1035-76
THE EFFECT OF OIL POLLUTION OF SOIL ON GERMINATION, GROWTH AND
NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF CORN
Udo, E. J., and A. A. A. Fayemi. 1975.
Journal of Environmental Quality 4(4):537-540.
Corn was grown on soil polluted by crude oil (0 to 10.6%).
At 4.2% by weight crude oil pollution, yields were reduced by 92%.
Organic C, total N, and exchangeable K, Fe and Mn increased with
pollution, whereas extractable P, N03-N and exchangeable Ca were
reduced. Poor growth was due to suffocation, interference with
plant-soil-water relationships and excess Mn and sulfides.
C-1036-76
THE ROLE OF DISPERSION IN FUEL OIL BIOASSAY
Vanderhorst, J. R., C. I, Gibson, and L. J. Moore. 1976.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15(1 ):93-100.
The research objective was to measure aqueous phase concentrations
of No. 2 fuel oil and mortality of coon stripe shrimp (Panda!us
danae) when three different methods of oil-seawater contact were
used. In these methods, identical volumes of oil and water resulted
in significant differences in observed mortality and measured amounts
of oil in the water column, either as total or soluble oil.
Analysis
C-1037-76
OIL THREAT TO BIRDS ON THE CANADIAN WEST COAST
Vermeer, K., and R. Vermeer. 1975.
The Canadian Field-Naturalist 89(3):278-298.
Present oil shipping and increased traffic in 1977 are a threat
to the aquatic birds and their feeding habitat along the British
140
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Columbia coast. Breeding populations of alcids and winter diving
ducks will be most directly affected by spills, whereas those
birds feeding in the intertidal zone will be hardest hit indirectly
by destruction of their feeding habitat.
C-1038-76
OCCUPATIONAL AND NON-OCCUPATIONAL SCROTAL CANCER IN SWEDEN, 1958-1970
Wahlberg, J. E. 1974.
Acta Dermatovener (Stockholm) 54(6):471-474.
Occupational history and exposure-to-oil data were obtained on
34 cases of scrotal squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty-one percent
had been exposed to oil as automatic lathe operators, indicating
a possible causal relationship. The majority of the cases were of
non-occupational origin, however.
C-1039-76
FLOATING SCARECROW
Wyman, H., Jr. 1975.
Petroleum Today 16(2):29.
Suisan Marsh, California, is 5 miles from loading docks for oil
tankers. An API sponsored research project involves counting the
birds using a floating scarecrow that produces shrieks, sirens,
grumbles, etc., and then recounting the birds, hopefully the
scarecrow will discourage birds from landing on the inviting calm
of an oil spill.
Design and engineering
141
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2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
C-1040-76
HEAT BUDGET OF OIL CONTAMINATED SEA ICE
Weir, C. R. 1975.
Florida Scientist 38(supplement 1):14.
Field studies of oil polluted ice were conducted in the Arctic
to determine the physical effects of the contamination. Measure-
ments of albedo, incoming short- and long-wave radiation, surface
temperature, transmitted short-wave radiation, relative humidity
and ice ablation rates indicate that a contaminated ice field will
be destroyed, allowing an ice free ocean to absorb a large amount
of-previously unavailable energy.
142
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3. CHEMICAL EFFECTS
C-1041-76
GROUND-WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
van der Leeden, F., L. A. Cerillo, and D. W. Miller. 1975.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, Ecological Research Series EPA-660/3-75-018. 375 p.
The most common groundwater quality problems in the northwestern
U.S. are hardness and excessive Fe, Mg, and Fl. Among the prin-
cipal identified sources of man-caused groundwater problems are
abandoned oil wells, shallow disposal wells and inclined surface
impoundments. Few such pollution sources and cases have been
investigated in detail. Baseline water quality data and systematic
evaluation of overall groundwater conditions are needed in areas
of petroleum exploration and development.
Chemical effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1042-76
SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY OIL SPILLS; PROBLEMS AND
REMEDIES
Vanloocke, R., R. DeBorger, J. P. Voets, and W. Verstraete. 1975.
The International Journal of Environmental Studies 8(2):99-111.
Groundwater pollution by hydrocarbons is quite frequent. There
are two methods of cleaning up oil spilled on soils: mechanical
removal or microbial degradation. The latter is necessary if
the groundwater reservoirs are already contaminated. Time for
microbial cleanup can be decreased from decades to several months
by providing the optimum nutrient balance.
Biological degradation, Cleanup and recovery
143
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4. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-1043-76
MARINE INSURANCE: THE UNDERWRITING SCENE IN 1973
Anon. 1974.
Shipping World & Shipbuilder 167(3889):43, 45, 47.
The three basic problems faced by insurance underwriters are
competition, inflation and currency devaluation. Specific
situations, such as the responsibility for oil pollution from
tanker salvage, the economic feasibility of nuclear vessels and
the 14 ships which were confined in the Suez Canal in 1967, are
discussed.
C-l044-76
CLEANING UP: THE COST OF REFINERY POLLUTION CONTROL
Boothe, J. N. 1975.
Council on Economic Priorities Report. 115 p.
The oil refinery industry will have to invest $3.35 billion for
pollution control from 1974-83. Over half of that amount is
needed to bring existing refineries up to standards. The refined
oil will cost 0.3 it/gall on more than if pollution control was not
improved. The costs to individual companies are variable; Gulf
will spend 40% more per barrel than Atlantic Richfield.
Waste treatment and disposal methods, U.S. legislation
C-1045-76
TORREY CANYON: A CASE STUDY IN ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION
Burrows, P., C. Rowley, and D. Owen. 1974.
Scottish Journal of Political Economy 21(3):237-258.
The range of policy choices available at the time of a tanker
grounding is explored. In the case of the Torrey Canyon oil spill,
the economic implications of the policies chosen are examined.
Cost figures for the various phases of the cleanup are given.
Environmental implications of the spill and the legal question of
marine property rights are reviewed.
Cleanup and recovery, General effects of oil pollution, Foreign
legislation
144
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C-1046-76
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ENFORCEMENT VARIABLES ON COMMERCIAL OIL
POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY
Cook, R. C. 1975.
Naval Postgraduate School, Master's thesis. 91 p. [AD-A016
442/.6GA]
An economic decision model for oil pollution strategy is developed
and used to analyze data from PIRS (Pollution Incident Reporting
System). The impact of various factors on a firm's pollution
control strategy is shown. The control of minor spills is affected
by civil penalties, the control of larger spills by internal costs.
Notes on an oil spill incident cost model are included,
U.S. legislation
C-1047-76
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES BY BUSINESS FOR AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
ABATEMENT, 1973 AND PLANNED 1974
Cremeans, J. E. 1974.
Survey of Current Business (July):58-64.
The expenditures for changes-in-production-process and for new
plants and equipment are tabulated by industry. Those industries
having the highest expenditures in new plants and equipment for
both years are electric utilities, petroleum, chemical, nonferrous
metals and paper.
C-1048-76
A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF PRIVATE COMPENSATION IN OIL DISCHARGE
SITUATIONS
Post, T. R. 1974.
University of Miami Law Review 28(3):524-550.
The possibility of being compensated for environmental damage due
to oil discharge is examined. The choice of a federal or state
court and concepts of tort liability are discussed. Presently,
no federal system of relief exists; related state statutes are
discussed. The author suggests the establishment of a fund for
compensation.
U.S. legislation, State legislation
145
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5. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-1049-76
DEVELOPING THE THIRD WORLD
Anon. 1976.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 7(l):l-2.
The environmental problems arising in developing Indonesia are
discussed. A continual risk of oil pollution exists in Indonesian
waters due to the heavy traffic of ships and supertankers through
the Straits of Malacca. Oil pollution from shipping and offshore
oil rigs is viewed as a threat to the development of deep-sea
fishing. The effects of this pollution on coral reef and mangrove
swamp communities have not yet been assessed.
Biological effects of oil pollution
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1050-76
EFFECTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1975.
U.S. 94th Congress, 1st Session. Senate. Committee on Commerce.
National Ocean Policy Study. Washington, D.C., Government Printing
Office, 1975. 135 p.
The broad range of subjects covered include overall assessment of
man-caused pollution of marine environments and of specific
pollutants, including petroleum. The report stresses need for
establishing chemical, physical and biological baselines in
monitoring pollution. National and international legislation
regarding oil and other ocean pollutants are summarized and dis-
cussed.
U.S. legislation, International legislation
C-1051-76
EXPENDITURE SHOULD BE SOONER RATHER THAN LATER. THE ROYAL
COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN THEIR FOURTH REPORT:
POLLUTION CONTROL, PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS
Anon. 1975.
Waste Water Treatment 18(1):14, 30.
The fourth report of the Royal Commission on Environmental
Pollution covers pollution problems caused by DDT, oil and nitrates
146
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The effect of Britain's membership in the European Common Market,
the need for a pollution data bank, and for further emphasis on
estuary cleaning, coordinated training programs and better moni-
toring practices are also discussed.
Personnel training and education, Monitoring, Reporting
C-1052-76
HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN THE SEA
Anon. 1974.
Ocean Management 2(1):89-93.
Tables from the Report of the Fifth Session of the Joint Group of
Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP)
(1973) are reproduced. Major categories of marine pollution,
including oil, are ranked according to their harmful effects on
health, living resources, etc. The different routes by which
pollutants enter the sea are also ranked.
Biological effects of oil pollution, Economic effects of oil
pollution, Social effects of oil pollution, Reporting
C-1053-76
INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TECHNICAL MEETING, 21ST, 1975.
VOL. 1. ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Anon. 1975.
Mt. Prospect, Illinois, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 1975.
260 p.
Topics covered at the conference include the interaction of oil
spills and oil slicks with marine environments, and impact of oil
on land environments.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-1054-76
OIL SPILLS AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Boesch, D. F., C. H. Hershner, and J. H. Milgram. 1974.
Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger Publishing Co., 1974. 129 p.
The book is part of the Energy Policy Project which was commissioned
by the Ford Foundation in 1971. Scientific knowledge of oil pollu-
tion in the marine environment, such as the long-term effects of
147
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chronic contamination by hydrocarbons, is still very incomplete.
Limited ecological information and the possibility of technical
and human error must all be included and considered when deter-
mining o'il-handling procedures, regulations, contingency plans
and personnel training.
General fate of oil in the environment, Personnel training and
education, Contingency planning
C-1055-76
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION IN EUROPE
Cole, J. A. (ed.). 1974.
Conference of the Water Research Association, Reading, England,
1972. 516 p.
The proceedings of the conference on groundwater pollution in
Europe contains papers on legal and administrative measures to
protect aquifers, hydrogeology and hydraulics of pollution move-
ment underground, chemistry and the interaction of pollutants
with aquifers, microbiology of groundwater pollution, case
histories of pollution occurrences (oil and petrochemical pollution
is included), tracing the movement of groundwaters, and deep well
waste disposal and borehole technology.
Reporting, Physical changes of oil in the environment
C-1056-76
VULNERABILITY MODEL. A SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING DAMAGE
RESULTING FROM MARINE SPILLS
Eisenberg, N. A., C. J. Lynch, and R. J. Breeding. 1975.
Final report, USCG-D-136-75, Contract DOT-CG-33377-A. 354 p.
[AD-A015 245/4GA]
The-vulnerability model (VM) is a computerized simulation system
designed to assess damage from oil spills. The final report
contains descriptions of the research background, computational
techniques and preliminary test results. Some aspects of the
model could be improved by augmentation, an increase in precision,
or both.
148
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C-1057-76
CHEMICAL CYCLES AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT: ASSESSING HUMAN
INFLUENCES
Garrels, R. M., F. T. Mackenzie, and C. A. Hunt. 1975.
Los Altos, California, William Kaufman, Inc., 1975. 218 p.
Natural materials flow through the exogenic cycle, from atmosphere
to land to streams to oceans and back to the atmosphere or are
deposited as sediment. The effects of pollution (including
petroleum) on the exogenic cycle and the response of the environ-
mental processes and cycles are evaluated.
Physical effects of oil pollution
C-1058-76
ENERGY VERSUS THE ENVIRONMENT: THE ISSUES
Holleb, D. B., and G. Alexander. 1975.
Report on Environmental Pollutants and the Urban Economy,
NSF/RA/E-75-045, Grants NSF-AG-352, NSF-GI-32989. 35 p.
The following are among the topics listed in the contents: What
is energy-related pollution; the spatial aspects of pollution;
the effects of the energy crisis on pollution regulation; state
and federal impacts of the energy situation; and energy and
American values.
C-1059-76
INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION LOCATES MINERALS AND OILS
Jennings, F. D. 1975.
Sea Technology 16(1):29-30.
Studies by the Living Resources, Seabed Assessment, Environmental
Forecasting and Environmental Quality programs of the International
Decade of Ocean Exploration have investigated the location of
natural oil accumulations, areas of pollution, and the effects of
pollution on marine organisms. The role of the ocean in weather
and climate and oceanic circulation are the major research areas
of these programs.
Biological effects of oil pollution, General fate of oil in the
environment
149
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C-1060-76
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCEDURE TO USE RELATIVE SPILL DILUTION CAPACITY
TO MANAGE WATER POLLUTION RISK FROM THE TRANSPORTATION OF OIL AND
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Jensen, P. A. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B 36(5):2382-B.
A weakness of the present regulatory efforts for the bulk carriage
of oil and hazardous materials is the lack of consideration of
widely varying risk levels. A procedure is suggested to better
quantify severity of spill impact.
C-1061-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK. I. WATER POLLUTION
Liptak, B. G. 1974.
Radnor, Pennsylvania, Chilton Book Co., 1974. Vol. 1, 2018 p.
This first volume of three is devoted to water pollution. The
different chapters cover such topics as laws and regulations;
the types of water pollutants and their effects; the techniques
and instruments available for waste water treatment; and recycling,
recovery, salvaging and reuse potentials of pollutants.
Waste treatment and disposal methods, Analysis, U.S. legislation
C-1062-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES SERIES: WATER POLLUTION
McCaull, J., and J. Crossland. 1974.
New York, Harcourt Brace, 1974. 206 p.
Water pollution problems examined in this book include bacterial
contamination, dumping of organic wastes that deplete oxygen
content, algal overgrowth, industrial chemicals and thermal
pollution. One section deals with the development of the modern
supertanker and the resulting increase in pollution at sea. The
events surrounding the oil spill incidents of the "Torrey Canyon"
(1967) and the "Marpessa" (1969) are discussed.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1063-76
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL. TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL
ASPECTS
McKnight, A. D., P. K. Marstand, and T. C. Sinclair (eds.). 1974,
London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1974. 324 p.
150
-------
The occurrence and control of marine, air, land, water and noise
pollution are reviewed with special reference to legislation and
social effects.
Economic effects of oil pollution, Social effects of oil pollution,
International legislation
C-1064-76
ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHETICAL OIL SPILLS OCCURRING IN THE
NEARSHORE WATERS OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK
Moore, S. F., and B. P. Schrader. 1975.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, 21st, Mt. Prospect, Illinois,
1975. Vol. 1. Energy and the Environment, p. 55-63.
Physical-chemical recovery, population recovery and habitat recovery
are discrete aspects of the recovery of a coastal zone ecosystem
from oil spill disruption. Several factors governing the weathering,
degradation and incorporation of oil for a locality are discussed.
Stages of population recovery are identified and defined in terms
of prespill population densities. Steps in the recovery of a
habitat are outlined for a "worst-case" spill. Hypothetical oil
spill scenarios are developed, characterized by oil composition
and amount, season, impact zone, habitat and many other variables;
such scenarios serve as analytical models.
General fate of oil in the environment, Biological effects of oil
pollution
C-1065-76
SOME ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SATELLITE MONITORING
Otterman, J. 1975.
British Interplanetary Society, Journal 28:613-623.
Man-induced change of the earth's surface is examined in two
problem areas: land use changes, overgrazing and their effects
on albedo and land surface-atmosphere interactions; and water and
land surface pollution, especially oil slicks. The need for
monitoring is emphasized. It is suggested that the ERTS (Landsat)
series satellites can provide approximate monitoring information.
Monitoring
151
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C-1066-76
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION
Singer, S. F. 1975.
The Changing Global Environment. S. F. Singer (ed.). Dordrecht,
Netherlands, Reidel, 1975. p. 25-44.
This review covers fossil fuels and their environmental effects,
nuclear energy and thermal environmental effects.
C-1067-76
POLLUTION OF THE SEAS
Unknown. 1974.
Environmental Pollution Control: Technical, Economic and Legal
Aspects. A. D. McKnight, and P. K. Marstrand (eds.). London,
Allen and Unwin, 1974. p. 150-173.
This chapter of the book is concerned with sources and types of
marine pollution. Effects and cleanup measures for such pollutants
as oil, halogen hydrocarbons, organic waste, inert solids and
inorganic and radioactive wastes are discussed.
Cleanup and recovery
C-1068-76
WARREN SPRINGS LABORATORY 1974
Warren Springs Laboratory. 1974.
Annual Review 1973-74. 36 p.
This review lists the work currently being undertaken in industrial
and environmental technology. Studies include catalysis, control
engineering, materials handling and recovery, minerals processing,
oil and air pollution, refuse separation, and separation using
fercofluids. Published reports are listed.
C-79-76
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Willard, B. E. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.)
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 15-18.
The author discusses seven basic ecological principles that must
be adhered to if the ecosystems of the ocean are to be saved from
152
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the long-term, as yet unknown effects of oil pollution. The
concepts reviewed concern the cycling of materials, limiting
factors and carrying capacities of ecosystems, and the stability
of diverse ecosystems.
C-1069-76
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOIL IN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Zwerman, P. J., and F. A. M. DeHaan. 1973 (rec'd. 1974).
The Science of the Total Environment 2(2):121-155.
The impact of agriculture and industry on plant and animal eco-
systems is indicated. The problems and control of excessive
fertilizer nutrients, pesticides and agricultural chemicals
including heavy metals are outlined. Oil spills as a pollutant
on land are described in quantitative terms and remedial measures
are presented.
153
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
C-1070-76
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASPECTS OF HANDLING OF MINERAL OIL AND
MINERAL OIL PRODUCTS [English summary]
Herrmann, H. 1975.
Compendium 74/75, Vortrage der Haupttagung der Deutschen
Gesellschaft fuer Mineraloelwissenschaft Kohlenchemie, 24th,
1974. D. Klamann, F. Asinger, and H. Boigk (eds.). Leinfelden,
Germany, Industrieverlag von Hernhaussen KG, 1975. 2:877-885.
"The review covers problems of preventing the carcinogenic
effects of high-boiling aromatic oils, health hazards from oil
mists, and the toxic effects of solvents, C-J2-14 n-paraffins,
and cutting oils."
C-1071-76
DISCUSSING DRILLERS'SECOND BEST BREW
Ray, 0. P. 1975.
Ecolibrium 4(4):13-15.
Drilling mud, an expensive complex mixture of natural minerals
and man-made chemicals, is used to cool and lubricate the oil bit,
stabilize well walls, and to counter high formation pressures.
The average Gulf of Mexico well produces about 2 million pounds
of drilling mud solids, forming a "cutting pile" of hard substrate
for colonization by marine organisms. Studies are underway that
will determine the effect that offshore platforms have had on
marine life.
154
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2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
C-1072-76
CHANNEL EROSION SURVEYS ALONG SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE TAPS ROUTE,
ALASKA, 1972 AND 1973
Childers, J. M. 1975.
Open-file report (basic data). 57 p.
Preconstruction conditions at selected stream-channel sites along
the southern segment of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System are
described. This information facilitates the studies of severe
channel erosion, streambed scour, bank erosion or rechannelization
in this area.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1073-76
No title given (news brief)
Novick, S. 1976.
Environment 18(2):24.
Alaskan offshore oil lease sales have been postponed. The White
House CEQ and EPA have opposed offshore drilling on the north
coast of Alaska because of the danger that oil spills could melt
large areas of Arctic cover ice, setting off global climatic
changes.
Physical effects of oil prospecting and production, Physical
effects of oil pollution
155
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3. SOCIAL EFFECTS
C-1074-76
ROLE OF CENTRAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES
McCrone, R. G. L. 1974.
Impact of Offshore Oil Operations, Aviemore, Scotland, 1974.
Barking, Essex, Applied Science Publishers, 1974. p. 145-156,
161-165. (Institute of Petroleum Summer Meeting)
North Sea oil development has been so fast that both central
government and local authorities have received large amounts of
additional work and have needed to reorganize. This paper
explains how the machinery works from the viewpoint of the
Scottish Office and outlines developments of concern to public
authorities and public investment in Scotland.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1075-76
OPERATORS POISED FOR BIG LEASE SALE OFF CALIFORNIA
Wilson, H. M. 1975.
The Oil and Gas Journal 73(49):23-25.
The political and technical issues surrounding the oil companies'
plans to bid for offshore leases off the California coast on
December, 1975, are described. This article also includes the
oil companies' plans to form a new oil spill-cleanup cooperative.
The cooperative will purchase equipment (skimmers, booms, aircraft,
etc.) for quick deployment in emergencies.
Cleanup and recovery, Contingency planning
156
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4. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
C-1076-76
OIL CHANGING THE FACE OF SCOTLAND
Anon. 1974.
Northern Offshore 3(5):21-22, 25-26, 29.
The effects of offshore oil production on the economy of Aberdeen,
and the Highlands and Islands regions are discussed. The oil
production necessitates transport operations, training programs
in the new technology, onshore supply services, etc. For Scotland,
the job market has expanded and land allocations have changed.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1077-76
SCOTTISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY AND OFFSHORE OIL DEVELOPMENTS
Buyers, T. B. 1974.
Impact of Offshore Oil Operations, Aviemore, Scotland, 1974.
Barking, Essex, Applied Science Publishers, 1974. p. 65-81.
(Institute of Petroleum Summer Meeting)
The effect of North Sea oil development on Scottish industry is
reviewed, with emphasis on the manufacturing industries associated
with North Sea oil. The west and west-central areas are also
experiencing expansion, especially in the manufacture of production
equipment. The main areas of manufacturing activity are exploration
production platforms and equipment, and general marine equipment.
C-1078-76
THE OCS (OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF) PETROLEUM PIE
Devanney, J. W. 1975.
Final report, MITSG-75-10, COM-75-10599, NOAA-75041105. 132 p.
The management alternatives for OCS petroleum are analyzed. The
economic costs associated with the OCS are large. Alternatives
include work obligation permitting, bonus bidding, royalty bidding,
profits bidding, and public exploratory drilling followed by bonus
bidding. This last option is examined in detail.
157
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C-1079-76
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ECONOMY
Gaskin, M. 1974.
Impact of Offshore Oil Operations, Aviemore, Scotland, 1974.
Barking, Essex, Applied Science Publishers, 1974. p. 83-103.
(Institute of Petroleum Summer Meeting)
Scotland is gaining both employment and income from North Sea
oil production. Offshore operations are introducing activities,
skills and technologies either directly or indirectly into the
economy.
C-1080-76
OFFSHORE PETROLEUM AND NEW ENGLAND: A STUDY OF THE REGIONAL
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF POTENTIAL OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT
Grigalunas, T. A. 1975.
University of Rhode Island, Marine Technical Report 39. 121 p.
The impacts of various Georges Bank oil and gas development plans
and petroleum refinery sites on the total earnings, income and
employment and population of New England are discussed. An
estimate is also made of the direct and secondary impact of various
plans for petroleum development on industrial aspects of the regional
economy.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1081-76
SCOTLAND AND OIL
Hutchison, A. M., and A. Hogg. 1975.
Edinburgh, Scotland, Oliver & Boyd, 1975. 125 p.
The growth of the Scottish oil industry is reviewed. The socio-
economic implications of this fast growth in oil exploration are
well covered.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
158
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5. GENERAL EFFECTS
C-1082-76
NORTH SEA OIL DEVELOPMENT: SOME RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS IN SCOTLAND
Affolter, M. T. 1976.
Ambio 5(1):3-16.
The main ecological and planning responses to oil-related
development of offshore Scotland are presented. Its impact
on the mainland and islands of Scotland is discussed.
C-1083-76
OIL AND THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF: THE GEORGES BANK CASE
Ahern, W. R., Jr. 1975.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Ballinger, Publishing Co., 1975. 164 p.
The feasibility and potential effects of oil and gas development
on the Georges Bank, a rich fishery off Cape Cod, are analyzed.
Risks to the environment from drilling, uses of deep-water ports,
tankers, the possibilities of oil spills, costs, and technological
and geological problems of offshore drilling are topics examined.
C-l084-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Audubon 78(2):130.
Both state and Canadian officials have expressed concern over
the proposed oil and gas bids on the Atlantic Shelf. The
Governors of New Jersey and Massachusetts have specific
complaints. The Canadian government claims some of the Georges
Bank territory that has been set aside for drilling.
C-1085-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Ocean Oil Weekly Report 10(19):!.
Support for the Mid-Atlantic Offshore lease sale came from
unexpected sources. The Governor of New Jersey urged rapid and
159
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full exploration of the Baltimore Canyon, but opposed refinery
construction near the beaches. The AFL-CIO also urged development.
Pipeline construction plans may create more opposition, however.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1086-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Petroleum Engineer International 47(7):EM4.
Both Maine and Oregon have recently approved oil refinery sites,
The Maine site at Eastport may still be challenged by Canada,
due to a concern about oil spill damage to fish. The Oregon
site is near Portland. Both refineries need more government
permits to operate.
C-1087-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Petroleum Engineer International 48(2):1.
The EPA feels the environmental impact statement for the oil and
gas lease sale in the Gulf of Alaska is inadequate. The sale
could be delayed as much as a year.
C-1088-76
ALASKA LEASE DECISION DELAYED (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(5):47.
The Council on Environmental Quality is requesting a delay of the
sa-le of Alaskan Gulf leases or at least a limitation of the sale
to the 19 Icy Bay tracts. According to CEQ,,the potentially
affected Alaskan communities will need 1-2 years to prepare for
onshore impacts of offshore production. The EPA has also urged
a 2 or 3-year delay in order to complete current environmental
studies.
160
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C-l089-76
THE ASSESSMENT OF FEASIBILITY: AN OVERVIEW
Anon. 1974.
Pacific Northwest Sea 7(3-4):3-7.
The study assesses the feasibilities of 13 deepwater port
alternatives in terms of engineering, economic, social,
jurisdictional, and environmental implications. Both dollar
costs and spill projections are discussed/ An offshore petroleum
transfer system is not feasible along the Pacific coast or off
Anacortes. A monobuoy system west of Port Angeles and a deep-
water fixed terminal at one or several places are examined.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1090-76
CHANCE OF BEAUFORT SEA OIL SPILL SEEN REMOTE (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(5):35.
A report by Canada's Federal Environment Department on a drilling
project planned for the Beaufort Sea the summer of 1976 states
that only an undersea oil blowout would cause a major environ-
mental impact. The chances are only 1 in 5,000-10,000 that this
will occur. But, control and cleanup would be difficult due to
the ice and weather conditions, and damage to birds could be large,
Cleanup and recovery, Biological effects of oil pollution
C-1091-76
CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL USE IN WELL-
DRILLING OPERATIONS, HOUSTON, 1975
Anon. 1975.
EPA/560/1-75/004, Contract EPA-68-01-2928. 582 p.
The following topics are included: techniques and chemicals used
in well drilling, toxicity of chemical additives in drilling muds,
potential toxic effects of chemical additives on the environment,
environmental impact of chemicals used in well drilling, con-
tamination and transport of additives in ground water, and
environmental impact of the byproducts in well drilling.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
161
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C-1092-76
DEEPWATER PORTS SEEN CUTTING OIL IMPORT COSTS, CONGESTION
Anon. 1975.
Commerce Today 5(11):5-6.
Deepwater ports may now be built in U.S. waters. Deepwater ports
could reduce oil shipping costs by 40%, resulting in a $1.5
billion annual reduction in U.S. energy costs. Spillage risks
from collision, groundings or oil transfer operations will be
minimized by supertankers. The construction and operation of
the deepwater ports will be regulated by the Department of
Transportation.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1093-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROGRAM OF ALASKA'S OUTER CONTINENTAL
SHELF
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Technology and Economics No. 23:5-6.
Beginning in the spring of 1976, the environmental assessment
program for Alaska will include the Northern Bering and Chukchi
Seas and the Lower Cook Inlet. The research is directed toward
an assessment of physical transport processes and physiological
and ecological effects of petroleum-related pollutants. Six
task statements are included in this Request for Proposals.
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-1094-76
FACT SHEET ON DEEPWATER PORTS
Anon. 1974.
Washington, D.C., Federal Energy Administration, 1974. 3 p.
The U.S. does not have ports deep enough to accommodate super-
tankers. The economic and environmental costs of existing
dredging ports are prohibitive. Single buoy mooring offshore
with a swivel to allow the ship to "weathervane" appears the
most feasible design.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production, Oil transfer
and transport
162
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C-1095-76
OCEANOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 75 'INTO DEEPER WATERS'
Anon. 1975.
Conference, Brighton, U.K., 1975. London, EPS Exhibitions,
1975. 437 p.
The conference papers are grouped by main subject. These include
national reports, oil and gas, minerals, fisheries technology,
and environmental sciences.
C-1096-76
OFFSHORE OIL (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Alaska Seas and Coast 3(4):4-5.
Aspects of the federal program to lease Alaskan OCS are briefly
covered. Public conferences, environmental impact statements,
jurisdictional decisions and the present status of Kachemak Bay
are topics included.
C-1097-76
OFFSHORE OIL (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Alaska Seas and Coasts 3(5):6.
Fishermen will be entering "negative nominations" for the Kodiak
area to the Department of Interior. The significant fishing
areas will be documented by both fishermen's groups and govern-
ment organizations. Life history factors such as breeding grounds
and migratory routes will also be determined.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1098-76
OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT IN THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF OFF CALIFORNIA
Anon. 1975.
U.S. Geological Survey, Draft Environmental Statement, DES75-35,
Vol. 1-3, 715 p. .
Four different levels of oil and gas leasing in the channel are
considered, from maintaining the status quo to developing unleased
areas. The reserves in the Santa Barbara Channel contain 1-2 billion
163
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barrels of oil. The pollution risks to the marine organisms and
the shorelines, and concern over accidental or recurrent spillage
are discussed.
Biological effects of oil pollution, Physical effects of oil
pollution
C-1099-76
OIL BARRED FROM N.E. COAST AS DRILLING STARTS
Anon. 1976.
National Fisherman 56(9):25-A.
Oil drilling has been banned within 50 miles of the shore because
of the increased chances that the oil will reach the beach, and
the potential disturbance to the lobster fishery or the tourist
industry. Onshore impacts of offshore production are beginning
in Rhode Island and causing concern in Delaware, Maryland, and
Virginia.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1100-76
OIL SHALE
Anon. 1974.
Report from Project Independence. Washington, D.C., Federal
Energy Administration, 1974.
The development of oil shale resources as a new source of energy
is discussed. Workable methods for recovering oil from oil shale
and the environmental impact problem in mining oil shale are
described.
C-1101-76
OPPOSITION LIGHT AT IMPACT HEARING
Anon. 1976.
Offshore 36(3):192-193.
The proposed mid-Atlantic offshore lease sale in May received
little opposition during the environmental impact hearings.
Officials were not critical, and the AFL-CIO called for immediate
development. Studies indicate pollution risks from foreign
tankers and transfer points are greater than from Atlantic OCS
exploration.
164
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C-1102-76
POLITICS AND POLLUTION STILL DOMINATE THE AUSTRALIAN OIL SCENE
Anon. 1975.
Petroleum Times 79(2011):69, 73, 75, 77.
According to Australian industrialist I. McLennan, policies of
the Australian government have inhibited the development of
mining and petroleum industries. Some of the latest moves on
the political front and conclusions of a royal commission which
has been looking at prospects of drilling on the Great Barrier
Reef are discussed.
C-1103-76
PROPOSED INCREASE IN ACREAGE TO BE OFFERED FOR OIL AND GAS
LEASING ON THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF: DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL
STATEMENT
Anon. 1974.
U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Report DES74-90. Vol. 1, 801 p.
A proposal to lease 10 million acres for OCS oil and gas
exploration in 1975 would involve leasing in frontier areas.
The potential environmental impacts of development and alternative
leasing, bidding, management and technology systems are discussed.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-l104-76
PROPOSED INCREASE IN ACREAGE TO BE OFFERED FOR OIL AND GAS
LEASING ON THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF: DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL
STATEMENT
Anon. 1974.
U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Report DES74-90. Vol. 2, 615 p.
The environmental impacts of the proposed increase in leasing
would be on the nearshore and coastal zone, water quality,
commercial fisheries, ship traffic and navigation, and mineral
resources. Damage to marine organisms, wetlands and beaches is
unavoidable. Local short-term use and long-term productivity
are analyzed.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production, Economic
effects of oil prospecting and production
165
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C-1105-76
REPORT FROM THE FISHERIES AND OFFSHORE OIL CONSULTATIVE GROUP
Anon. 1975.
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland (Edinburgh).
9 p.
The Group was established for the purpose of exchange of
information on matters concerning the fishing and oil industries
and developments in offshore oil and gas exploitation. Topics
covered in the report include navigation questions, laying of
buoys, navigation of vessels, oil-related debris, pipelines,
underwater installations, and long-term effects of offshore oil
on the fishing industry.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production, Oil transfer
and transport
C-1106-76
SANTA BARBARA HAS BIG OIL POTENTIAL, SAYS INTERIOR
Anon. 1975.
Offshore 35(10):79-81.
Interior's three-volume draft environmental statement examines
the impacts of 4 potential levels of further development in the
Channel, The statement considers offshore operations to have
improved since the 1969 spill that caused development to halt.
If all four options are exercised, additional platforms, 1-5
offshore facilities, 0-21 submerged production systems,
1-6 pipelines, and 239-685 wells will be necessary.
C-1107-76
TO DRILL OR NOT TO DRILL (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Environmental Action 7(17):14.
The latest developments in offshore drilling in California,
New England and Alaska are briefly reviewed. The Interior
Department has warned that oil spills off the Atlantic coast
could hurt the tourist and fishing industries; onshore develop-
ment would destroy beach and marshland. The EPA has asked that
Alaskan OCS development be postponed indefinitely.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production, Economic
effects of oil prospecting and production
166
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C-1108-76
A WESTERN REGIONAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT STUDY: PRIMARY ENVIRON-
MENTAL IMPACTS. VOLUME I, II, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Anon. 1975.
Final report, RC-100-064-Vol-l EQ-4AC037-Vol-l, RC-100-064-Vol-2
EQ-4AC037-Vol-2, RC-100-064-ES EQ-4AC037-ES. 193 p, 771 p., 60 p.
[PB-246 264/6GA, PB-246 265/3GA, PB-246 267/9GA]
This report examines the environmental impacts of the development
of 38 energy resources, including crude oil and oil shale sources
in the western U.S. Air and water emissions, solid waste, and
land requirements of a plant or process are topics considered.
C-1109-76
A WESTERN REGIONAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT STUDY: PRIMARY ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS. APPENDICES
Anon. 1975.
Final report, RC-100-064-APP EQ-4AC037-App. 191 p. [PB-246 266/1GA]
Water availability and air pollution and water pollution regulations
are discussed.
Industry standards and guidelines
C-1110-76
ECOLOGY AND OFFSHORE OIL
Bachman, W. A. 1975.
The Oil and Gas Journal 73(48):61.
A scientific study was coordinated by the Gulf Universities
Research Consortium to assess the ecological effects of offshore
oil drilling and production in Timbalier Bay off New Orleans.
Data indicate that "concentrations of all compounds which are in
any way related to drilling or production are sufficiently low to
prevent any known persistent biological hazards."
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1111-76
A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS ON ENERGY
DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Bailly, H-C., P. Cushman, and A. Steinbergh. 1974.
RA-74-15 FEA/D-74/568, Contract DI-14-01-0001-1628. 130 p.
[PB-245 656/4GA]
167
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This report examines 10 key environmental issues, quantifies
the energy impact of each of the issues, and evaluates the
relative importance of the impacts. Descriptor words include
refineries, crude oil, and petroleum pipelines.
C-1112-76
OFFSHORE INDUSTRIAL-PORT ISLANDS
Biggs, R. B. 1975.
Oceanus 19(l):57-66.
The feasibility of constructing multipurpose industrial port
islands suitable for petroleum refineries, deepwater terminals,
petrochemical plants, electric power plants, facilities for LNG,
etc., is considered from economic, environmental, and legal
jurisdictional viewpoints. The environmental problems could
be eased if a program-oriented environmental impact statement
were developed.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1113-76
ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Biswas, A. K., and F. K. Hare. 1974.
World Energy Conference, 9th, Detroit, 1974.
The effects of man's search for energy sources and energy production
on the environment are discussed. Potential pollutant hazards from
coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuels and hydropower are shown in
matrix form.
C-1114-76
ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT, AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST: PROBLEMS
IN DEFINITION AND PREROGATIVES
Bock'rath, J. 1975.
Natural Resources Lawyer 8(1):29-40.
The federal rather than state government should control the
planning and siting of deepwater ports. Environmental questions
should be considered. The federal government is concerned with
the best interests of the nation's population and is not limited
by the self-interest of smaller political areas.
U.S. legislation, Oil transfer and transport
168
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C-1115-76
OIL DRILLING IN THE BEAUFORT SEA: LEAVING IT TO LUCK AND TECHNOLOGY
Carter, L. J. 1976.
Science 191(4230):929-931.
Although the environmental impact statement on Canadian oil
drilling in the Beaufort Sea is frank about the problems of
drilling in an environment with such ice conditions and the
massive losses that could occur with a b-lowout, drilling appears
to be imminent. U.S. protests and Canadian Arctic Resources
Committee protests are reviewed.
C-1116-76
USE OF A BIOASSAY TEST IN EVALUATING THE TOXICITY OF DRILLING
FLUID ADDITIVES ON GALVESTON BAY SHRIMP
Chesser, B. G., and W. H. McKenzie. 1975.
Conference on Environmental Aspects of Chemical Use in Well
Drilling Operations, Houston, 1975. 19 p.
Results of 96-hour salt-water toxicity tests with several common
drilling fluid additives are given. The materials tested include
hemlock bark extract, chrome treated lignosulfate, iron ligno-
sulfate, non-water dispersible defoamer, low molecular weight
polyacrylate, and cellulosic-calcium carbonate workover additive.
The 50 percent toxicity level of brown or white shrimp is given
for each additive.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
C-l 117-76
GEOCHEMISTRY OF OIL FIELD WATERS
Collins, A. G. 1975.
Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1975. 495 p.
Subsurface oilfield waters are related to the origin, migration
and maturation of oil and gas. They are thus important to the
exploration and production of oil and gas and to the protection
of the environment. Several of the 16 chapters are concerned
with disposal methods for oilfield waters and the environmental
damage that occurs with faulty disposal.
Waste treatment and disposal methods
169
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C-1118-76
TOTAL-NEW GRASS ROOTS PLANT FOR THE DUTCH
Cooper, D. J., and F. H. Fransen. 1975.
The Oil and Gas Journal 73(6):51-54.
Traditionally Dutch refineries have been located in the Rotterdam
area. The Total Rattinaderij Nederland N.V. grass roots refinery,
however, is on the north bank of the Schelde estuary. This allows
the finished products to be shipped by barge throughout western
Europe on the inland waterways system. The refinery and its
environmental protection measures are described.
C-1119-76
EXPLORATORY DRILLING WELL CONTROL PRACTICES
Crockford, A. L., G. R. Gardner, and R. N. Worrall. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). Barking, United Kingdom, Applied Science
Publishers, 1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 5-19.
The types of offshore drilling units in the North Sea, the
exploratory drilling process, and the problem of well control
are described. The sources of environmental contamination and
their impact are reviewed. Unless unusual events occur, the
effect of exploratory drilling on the North Sea will be very small.
C-1120-76
POLITICS AND REGIONAL COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
Cuevas, D. J., L. W. Noonan, W. S. Henderson, J. Knowles, G. Blessey,
and J. C. Mosely. 1974.
Gulf States Conference on Coastal Zone Management, Mississippi-
Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. MASGP-74-043. p. 49, 54-75.
The legislation permitting Alabama and Mississippi to receive a
license,for an offshore deep-water port in the Gulf of Mexico is
discussed; Mississippi's role is detailed. Florida's and Texas's
positions on offshore ports, offshore energy extraction, refinery
sitings and land use are given. The problems caused by federal
control of Louisiana wetlands are explained; it is recommended that
elected officials give out the specific guidelines.
State legislation
170
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C-1121-76
OFFSHORE OIL: TECHNOLOGY ... AND EMOTION
Emery, K. 0. 1976.
Technology Review 78(4):31-37.
The United States faces a serious energy problem in which demand
has outrun supply. The present energy supply is mainly from oil
and gas followed by coal, nuclear reactors and hydropower. The
continental shelves offer the best apparent chance for a fairly
large immediate source of supplementary oil and gas. Tanker
operations spill about 20 times as much oil annually as does oil
production from world continental shelves; thus, environmentalists
should favor increased oil production from U.S. shelves rather
than tanker importation.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1122-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY - EXPLORATION
AND PRODUCTION [English summary]
Falkingham, D. H. 1975.
und Kohle, Erdgas Petrochemie vereinigt mit Brennstoffchemie
The environmental protection measures and the environmental impact
of offshore operations are reviewed. Pros and cons of methods of
controlling oil spills are considered. Possible future develop-
ments and their 'environmental advantages are mentioned. The
industry's cooperative environmental activities are illustrated
with examples from North Sea operations.
Cleanup and recovery
C-l 123-76
ARCTIC PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT: EMERGENT ISSUES
^scher, D. W. , and R. F. Keith. 1975.
Marine Technology Society Journal 9(10): 23-31.
Studies have been commissioned by the Science Council of Canada
to investigate the decision-making system and processes associated
with petroleum development in the Mackenzie and Arctic IslaThds
regions. The environmental, technological, economic, social and
Political issues which emerge from Arctic petroleum exploration
and development are analyzed.
171
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C-1124-76
SAFETY OF DEEPWATER PORTS IS OFFSET BY INHERENT EVILS
Foss, W. 0. 1976.
National Fisherman 56(9):22A, 30A.
The Coast Guard has issued its final environmental impact
statement on its deepwater port regulations. The three types
of facilities are described. Adverse environmental impacts on
commercial fishing, estuaries and wetlands, marine biota, and
beaches are unavoidable, but will be minimized by the regulations,
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production. Oil transfer
and transport, U.S. legislation
C-1125-76
ATLANTIC OFFSHORE OIL: THE NEED FOR PLANNING AND REGULATION
Friedman, J. M. 1975.
Oceanus 19(1):22-31.
The concern of Atlantic coastal states over the potential con-
sequences of offshore oil development is discussed; predictions
of onshore impacts on New England coastal states are included.
Current planning for offshore oil operations is said to be
hampered by poor federal-state relations. The Bureau of Land
Management and the U.S. Geological Survey have been criticized
for isolationist programs and inadequate regulations for offshore
development.
C-1126-76
OIL SPILLS AND THE OFFSHORE OIL INDUSTRY
Fulleylove, R. J. 1975.
Offshore Europe 75 Conference, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1975.
Kingston-on-Thames,Surrey, United Kingdom, Spearhead Publications
Limited. OE-75 239.1-239.7.
Potential causes of oil spills in the offshore industry, the
behavior and fate, including weathering, of oil spilled in the
marine environment, the effects of the oil offshore and nearshore,
and the methods available for cleanup and their respective
advantages are discussed. A contingency plan takes all these
factors into account; the North Sea is used as an example.
Financial responsibility for pollution costs has been accepted
by the industry.
General fate of oil in the environment, Cleanup and recovery,
Contingency planning
172
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C-1127-76
OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY, WHAT ARE THE LIMITS
Greer, R. L. 1976.
Petroleum Engineer International 48(1):21-30.
Problems and technological needs associated with offshore oil
drilling, production, transportation and storage are considered.
Exploratory drilling systems and fixed platform systems^are
described. Technology exists for environmental protection from
oil spills in seas of 5 to 6-feet wave heights; but industry must
advance its capability in handling spills in heavy seas and the
Arctic.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1128-76
ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM OF THE DIVISION OF OIL AND
GAS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY OIL FIELDS
Hill, F. L. 1975.
California Division of Oil Gas Technology Pap. Rep., No. TP01.
p. 23-33.
A discussion of the environmental problems of the petroleum _
industry and environmental enhancement work in the San Joaquin
Valley is given.
NORTH SEA OIL AND GAS; IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE COASTAL ZONE
Hoi lings, E. F., Chairperson. 1974. rrtlJQk,nmQ«4-
National Ocean Policy Study. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1974. 177 p.
This report, prepared for the Senate Committee on Commerce,
examines problems encountered and problem solving mechanisms
applied by the United Kingdom in the present dev[;lof ^ °^ }** .
oil and gas resources on the outer continental shelf of Scotland
and the Shetland Islands. Included in the study is a brief
assessment of the environmental impact and possible oil spill
damage accompanying such development.
173
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C-1130-76
COASTAL ZONE OIL IMPACTS
Howard, D. V. 1975.
Massachusetts Audubon 15(3):l-2.
Massachusetts needs some careful planning in order to deal with
the onshore and environmental impacts of OCS development of
Georges Bank. Stringent environmental regulations are needed
to protect the valuable Georges Bank fishery. Liability and
compensation for oil spills must be clarified. Onshore impacts
due to development should be minimized.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production, Social effects
of oil prospecting and production
C-1131-76
FLOTTA OIL HANDLING TERMINAL: MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Howie, F., J. Read, and M. Turnball. 1975.
Petroleum Review 29(344):529-536.
The environmental protection program established for the Flotta
oil handling terminal is discussed. Included are an environ-
mental impact statement with the aim of designing sources of
accidental oil release, procedures for the treatment of accidental
oil releases and a monitoring program.
Contingency planning, Monitoring, Design and engineering
C-1132-76
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM FOR A COMMERCIAL SHALE OIL COMPANY
Kilburn, P. D., and M. W. Legatski. 1974.
Minerals Symposium, 17th, Casper, Wyoming, 1974. New York, AIME.
p. 18-31.
The potential environmental impact of an oil shale complex designed
to process 66,000 tons/day of oil shale was assessed by a $3 million
program. The primary findings of the 113 studies, which were
intended to minimize this impact, whether on air, water, wildlife
or socio-economic conditions, are discussed.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production, Biological
effects of oil prospecting and production
174
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C-1133-76
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ATLANTIC RESERVES ESSENTIAL
Klappenbach, E. S. 1975.
Chilton's Oil and Gas Energy l(3):46-48.
The arguments and actions taken against developing East coast
offshore oil production and the relevant rebuttals are reviewed.
The questions posed include the possibility of another Santa
Barbara, the aesthetics of oil rigs, damage to the fisheries,
saving the oil for the future, and the onshore impact of the
refinery workers. The author concludes that the delaying tactics
must end and the reserves must be developed.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1134-76
DECISION TO LEASE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LANDS
Lee, H. 1975.
Coastal Zone Management Journal 2(l):31-46.
The present system for leasing parts of the OCS is analyzed.
At this time the system limits the range of alternatives. The
U.S. Department of Interior has shown some sensitivity to small-
scale environmental and economic issues, such as oil spill
prevention. But the big decisions on the optimal use of ocean
and land resources are made independently of such issues.
U.S. legislation
C-1135-76
OFFSHORE OIL: SOME LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
Linky, E. J. 1975.
Underwater Naturalist 9(2):8-ll.
Legal and policy factors which show offshore development to be
a threat to the Atlantic coast are analyzed. A brief explanation
°f the geological factors and production procedures demonstrates
the danger of drilling. Legal remedies in the case of a spill are
considered inadequate. New leasing procedures before Congress
would solve some of these problems.
U-S. legislation
175
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C-1136-76
EAST COAST EXPLORATION
Meyer, R. 1975.
Offshore 35(13):16.
Mr. Meyer, president of Exxon, U.S.A., discusses the issue of
oil and gas resource development of the Atlantic outer continental
shelf. He refers to studies of offshore areas where drilling
operations have proceeded for decades. No evidence has been
produced that these activities have had any adverse effect on the
ecology.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1137-76
BEAUFORT SEA AND MACKENZIE RIVER DELTA ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Milne, A. R. 1975.
Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoirs, No. 4.
p. 821-827.
A description is given of the Beaufort Sea Project, the types
of studies and their importance relative to offshore exploratory
drilling. The program includes studies of wildlife, fisheries,
baseline pollutants, physical oceanography, climatology, sea ice
and oil spill detection and cleanup. The studies were to be
completed by the end of 1975.
Cleanup and recovery
C-1138-76
AN ALASKAN JOURNAL
Morgan, A. H. 1975.
Massachusetts Audubon 15(1):3-6.
Two Audubon members were invited to tour the Alaskan pipeline
and Prudhoe Bay to review construction progress, as we'll as
measures taken to protect the environment. The efforts of the
oil companies to avoid significant damage to the environment
have been largely successful; the adverse impacts have been on
the social structure of Alaska. Concern over tanker traffic was
reinforced.
Social effects of oil prospecting and production
176
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C-l139-76
MINERAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
National Academy of Sciences. 1975.
Washington, D.C., National Research Council Committee on Mineral
Resources and the Environment, 1975. 362 p.
This report studies the following issues: continued availability
and efficient use of minerals and mineral -resources, demand,
supply, technology, and environmental impact of energy production.
C-1140-76
"PROGRESS" AND/OR BEAUTY
Power, C. 1975..
Cry California 10(3):3-12.
The Bantry Bay spill has focused Irish attention on environmental
matters. The local government system is responsible for environ-
mental protection. The South Coast of Ireland is developing
rapidly, with applications for oil-rig platforms and refineries.
Irish environmental-control methods are discussed in this context.
Foreign legislation
C-1141-76
THE ENVIRONMENT: PRESERVATION IS A PLUS
Rueth, N. 1975.
Mechanical Engineering 97(11):36-41.
The controversy surrounding the Alaska pipeline and oil
development generated concern over the preservation of the
environment and protection of the line and facilities from
the ravages of Alaskan weather. The story of how these goals
were achieved is given.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1142-76
DINNER ADDRESS [to the Gulf States Conference on Coastal Zone
Management]
Schwartz, A. R. 1974.
Gulf States Conference on Coastal Zone Management, Mississippi-
Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. MASG P-74-043. p. 99-103.
The environmental impact of OCS drilling in the Gulf of Mexico
is discussed. A bill providing $200 million for policing the OCS
177
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is described; and the opinion is given that this money should be
administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, not the
Department of Interior. Hurricanes, offshore port facilities,
ocean dumping, and coastal states' interactions are factors that
must be covered by a good coastal zone management plan.
U.S. legislation
C-l143-76
PETROLEUM AND THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE. VOL. 2.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. H. A. COLE (ED.). BARKING, UK,
APPLIED SCIENCE, 1975. 126 P. (NEW YORK, HALSTED, 1975)
Selwood, P. 1976.
Nature 259(5544):607-608.
In this review, objectives of the conference are outlined. The
author comments on papers included in the following areas: the
effect of oil pollution on the marine environment, indications
of how the oil industry operates offshore during oilfield develop-
ment and the safety precautions taken to prevent crude oil spillage.
General effects of oil pollution, Contingency planning
C-1144-76
OIL AND THE ENVIRONMENT - A CASE HISTORY
Spaulding, A. 0. 1975.
Institute of Environmental Technology Meeting, 21st, Anaheim,
1975. Vol. 1:87-89.
The aim of this study is to point out that environmentally
hazardous events resulting from spills from oil wells and plat-
forms are exceptions rather than the rule. Oil well drilling
and development may be conducted in the most delicate environment
without seriously damaging the surroundings.
C-1145-76
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA SUPERPORT AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
PLAN - OIL AND OYSTERS
Spencer, E. F., Jr. 1975.
Water Resources Bulletin 11(4):836-847.
The Deep Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority of Louisiana is
supposed to develop a deepwater crude oil terminal and an environ-
mental protection plan to preserve the unique coastal marshland.
The status of both these plans are described.
178
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C-1146-76
LOUISIANA SUPERPORT STUDIES: REPORT 3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN
Stone, J. H., et al. 1974.
Louisiana State University Center Wetland Resources Report, NTIS
COM-75-10060. 547 p.
Data and recommendations are given for use in designing a regional
plan for developing a superport. Information on the environment,
site selection, superport design guidelines, authority funding,
and the legal requirements of governmental agencies is included.
Stresses that may result are oil spills, construction damage and
ancillary development.
C-1147-76
DEEPWATER PORTS
U.S. Coast Guard. 1975.
Federal Register 40(89):19955-19978.
Regulations for the licensing, design, construction, equipment
selection, and operation of deepwater ports beyond the U.S.
territorial sea will prevent or minimize damage to the environ-
ment from deepwater port development. Pollution prevention,
safety equipment and navigational aids are subject to standards
set by these rules.
U.S. legislation, Oil transfer and transport
C-1148-76
OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce. 1974.
U.S. 93rd Congress, 2d Session, 1974. Senate. Committee on
Commerce. Hearings before National Ocean Policy Study. GPO-37-347,
454 p.
The environmental, economic and social impacts of DCS production
on the coastal zone are discussed. Oil leasing, natural resources,
oil drilling and oil exploration are among the topics discussed.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production, Social effects
of oil prospecting and production
179
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C-1149-76
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT AND THE COASTAL
ZONE
U.S. Senate. Committee on Commerce. 1974.
GPO 39-356. 206 p.
Leasing of the outer continental shelf, and recommended improve-
ments in procedures are discussed. Information needs, exploratory
data, the environmental and socio-economic impact on the Coastal
Zone, federal policies, technology and local control are among
the topics reviewed.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1150-76
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES
Warren, F. H., and M. I. Goldman. 1974.
Chemical Engineering, Deskbook Issue, p. 47-51.
A review of future energy requirements/sources in the U.S. is
given. The impact of coal, oil shale and nuclear power on land
use and water supply is considered.
C-1151-76
OSC [sic] HEARINGS GENERATE PROFOUND STATEMENTS
Woodman, B. 1975.
Alaska Construction & Oil 16(3):16-18.
United States Department of Interior hearings on leasing millions
of acres on the continental shelves drew comments from industry
and non-industry people. The industry would like to lease parts
of the Gulf of Alaska immediately, whereas others, including the
governor of Alaska, are concerned over the lack of baseline data,
the potential impact on the coastal zone, and the division of
profits from the leasing.
Economic effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1152-76
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUDS AND CUTTINGS
Ray, J. R., and E. A. Shinn. 1975.
Conference on Environmental Aspects of Chemical Use in Well-
Drilling Operations, Houston, 1975. 16 p.
Twelve samples taken around a drilling platform in 79.21 m (245 ft)
of water were analyzed for alkalinity, total dissolved solids,
180
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total suspended solids, organic carbon and total chromium; the
resulting values were compared with background values obtained
from the literature. Variation was observed in total dissolved
solids. Observations by divers of the dispersion of drilling
cuttings by ocean currents and of the abundance of marine life
around the platform are documented.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1153-76
PETROLEUM IN THE ESTUARY
Rose, C. D. 1974.
University of Maryland, Natural Resources Institute Special
Report No. 5, Contract No. 584. 15 p.
The construction and operation of petroleum refineries and
support facilities in estuaries involve such high environmental
risks that they appear unacceptable from an environmental view-
point. A moratorium on all refinery construction in Maryland,
until plans for siting and managing these facilities can be
implemented, could minimize environmental risks and maximize
potential economic gains.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1154-76
CONFERENCE WORKSHOP TO REVIEW THE DRAFT STUDY PLAN FOR ENVIRON-
MENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE GULF OF ALASKA, SOUTHEASTERN BERING
AND BEAUFORT SEAS
Rosenberg, D. H. 1975.
Sea Grant-75-4 NOAA-75102102, Contract DI-088550-CT5-24,
Grant NOAA-04-5-158-35. 195 p.
The topic areas covered include potential oil and gas development
in the Arctic offshore and Gulf of Alaska, chemical and biological
studies of an oil spill, interests and responsibilities of federal
agencies, state policy regarding OCS environmental studies and
recommendations for OCS study plan modifications.
Biological effects of oil pollution, Chemical effects of oil
pollution, State legislation
181
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C-1155-76
OIL SPILLS AND OFFSHORE PETROLEUM
Stewart, R. J. 1976.
Technology Review 78(4):47-59.
The author evaluates the possible consequences of oil spills
from offshore production by examining individual aspects of the
problem, such as sources of oil entering the marine environment,
increased oil imports as an alternative to offshore production,
the number and volume of oil spills, transport of oil by pipeline
or by tanker, and spill trajectory behavior in regions of potential
OCS development.
General fate of oil in the environment, Oil transfer and transport
C-1156-76
THE GEOLOGIST AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Williams, G. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). United Kingdom, Applied Science Publishers,
Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 1-2.
In the author's opinion, the geologist, with the help of the
petroleum engineer, should play a leading and responsible role in
environmental studies and should participate in decision making
that could influence our environment. The reasons behind this
opinion and aspects of handling environmental issues are discussed.
182
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
C-1157-76
BACTERIOLOGICAL DISPERSANT FOR OIL SPILLS
Anon. 1975.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 6(12):178-179.
'Petrobac,' a bacterial product for cleaning up oil spills,
has 3 components: a symbiotic mixture of hydrocarbon degrading
microorganisms, nutrients, and biodegradable emulsifiers. The
manufacturers claim that 'Petrobac1 will clear 75% of a beach
of oil in 3 weeks at 5-10°C. When used on open water, the system
sinks the oil below the surface, and then biodegradation occurs.
C-1158-76
ECO NOTES - FOOD FOR THOUGHT (news brief)
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Action 7(12):8.
Ananda Chakrabarty has developed a "supermicrobe" that can digest
most types of crude oil,con verting it to harmless carbon dioxide
and water. Previous microbiological methods have been slower than
mechanical cleanup techniques, but this "bug" should be faster
since it thrives on-many hydrocarbons, rather than one or two.
Cleanup and recovery
C-1159-76
SEPARATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM A CULTURE MEDIUM
Assmann, K., M. Tschernik, B. Voigt, W. Heike, and J. Krippenstapel
1975.
German Offenlegungsschriften (unexamined patent application)
2,513,354
Microbial cells were separated from culture media containing
petroleum,distillates or diesel fuel as a C source by skimming
off the water-insoluble phase. Then a surface active agent
consisting of phosphatides (lecithins or cephalins), a lipid-
hydrocarbon extract, or a water soluble protein was added. Normal
separation procedures followed.
183
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C-1160-76
MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF NORTHERN CRUDE OILS
Cook, F. D., and D. W. S. Westlake. 1974.
Environmental-Social Committee, Northern Pipelines, Task Force
on Northern Oil Development, Report No. 74-1. QS-1542-000-EE-A1
Ottawa, Ontario, Information Canada, 1974. 127 p.
Field studies on the factors affecting the microbiological
degradation of crude oil involved replicate oil soaked plots,
some enriched with fertilizer and/or bacteria. Microbial and
chemical analyses of the plots were made. Laboratory studies
have shown that the chemical composition of oil, the quality of
the oil, and temperature all affect the oil's biodegradability
characteristics.
C-1161-76
PROCESS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF PETROLEUM RESIDUES BY BIODEGRADATION
Fusey, P. 1975.
Canadian Patent 980,026
The process eliminates petroleum residues by adding to the
residues prescribed amounts of the following substances: vinasse,
certain ammonium nitrates, sulfates and phosphates; certain
alkaline and alkaline-earth phosphates and carbonates; and glue.
This composition is then mixed with large amounts of water and
the mixture is emulsified and aerated.
Cleanup and recovery, Waste treatment and disposal methods
C-1162-76
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS
Gibson, D. T. 1975.
Phys. Chem. Sci. Res. Rep. 1 (Nat. Seawater, Report Dahlem
Workshop, 1975):667-696.
A review with 51 references of the microbial degradation pathways
for single and mixed hydrocarbons and such compounds in crude oil.
C-1163-76
MICROBIAL INDICATORS OF OIL-RICH SALT MARSH SEDIMENTS
Hood, M. A., W. S. Bishop, Jr., F. W. Bishop, S. P. Meyers, and
T. Whelan III. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 30(6):982-987.
The validity of hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms as indicators
of petroleum levels in the estuarine environment was examined.
184
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The effects of hydrocarbons on the aerobic heterotrophic bacterial
community within a marsh exposed to long-term oil contamination
were studied. It is suggested that the presence of hydrocarbons
alters the relative abundance of the most predominant aerobic
heterotrophic bacteria.
Biological effects of oil pollution
C-1164-76
TREATMENT OF CELLS OF A HYDROCARBON-CONSUMING MICROORGANISM
Leavitt, R. I. 1975.
U.S. Patent 3,904,476
Ozone treatment removes contaminating hydrocarbon from cells
grown in a liquid culture medium containing an aqueous mineral
salt nutrient with a liquid hydrocarbon as a C source. The
hydrocarbon is made soluble in aqueous liquids and the cells are
killed. The cells are then removed from the aqueous solution.
C-1165-76
PETROLEUM-OXIDIZING BACTERIA ACCOMPANYING HIGHER AQUATIC PLANTS
[English table of contents]
Morozov, N. V. 1974.
Biologicheskie Nauki 17(6):94-98.
The species of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria accompanying two
plants highly resistant to petroleum pollution (the bullrush,
Scirpus lacustris.and narrowleaf cattail, Typha angustifolia)
were investigated. The bacteria differed in species composition
and in the ability to utilize various petroleum hydrocarbons as
the sole carbon source.
C-1166-76
HYDROCARBON METABOLISM BY BREVIBACTERIUM ERYTHROGENES
Pirnik, M. P. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B 36(5):2079-B.
The mechanisms for biodegradation of normal or methyl branched
alkanes by B. erythrogenes, which grows abundantly in mineral
medium with crude oil as its sole carbon source, are presented.
Cleanup and recovery
185
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C-1167-76
DEGRADATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS DOWNSTREAM FROM A PETROLEUM
REFINERY COMPLEX
Polisois, G., A. Tessier, P. G. C. Campbell, and J. P. Villeneuve.
1975.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32(11):2125-2131
The concentration of phenolic substances in the river downstream
from refinery outfalls in the region of Montreal East has been
shown to diminish with distance from the outfalls. Results
support the idea that biodegradation is responsible for the
self-purification of phenolics in the St. Lawrence River.
Waste-treatment and disposal methods
C-1168-76
EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM-DEGRADING POTENTIAL OF BACTERIA FROM
WATER AND SEDIMENT
Walker, 0. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 30(6):1036-1039.
Bacteria from water and sediment of an oil-polluted harbor were
examined for ability to degrade petroleum. Water samples contained
a larger variety of oil-degrading bacteria than sediment samples.
These bacteria produced significantly greater degradation of
several hydrocarbons than bacteria from the sediment.
Cleanup and recovery
C-1169-76
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION: APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED MASS
SPECTROMETRY
Walker, J. D., R. R. Colwell, and L. Petrakis. 1975.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21(11):1760-1767.
The use of computerized low-resolution mass spectrometry is
offered as a method for elucidating microbial degradation of
petroleum. In this study, the degradation of a South Louisiana
crude oil by a mixed culture of estuarine bacteria was evaluated
using this procedure.
Analysis
186
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C-1170-76
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS: DEGRADATION AND GROWTH POTENTIAL OF
DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT BACTERIA
Walker, J. D., P. A. Seesman, T. L. Herbert, and R. R. Colwell.
1976,
Environmental Pollution 10(2):89-99.
Bacteria from Atlantic marine sediment samples were able to
degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in a seawater based medium. The
inorganic nutrient concentration from both the seawater and the
sediment had a large effect on degradation. Those bacteria from
deep-ocean stations were more successful at degradation than
those from coastal sediments.
Cleanup and recovery
C-1171-76
INITIAL REACTIONS IN THE OXIDATION OF MONOCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS BY PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA
Yeh, W.-K. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International B 36(2):591-592.
The initial reactions occurring during growth of P.. putida on
ethylbenzene and acetophenone are described. The enzyme system
responsible for the initial oxygenation of certain monocyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons was investigated; cells of £. putida, after
growth on toluene, were used as an enzyme source. Results are
given.
187
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2. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF OIL
C-35-76
MOVEMENT OF SPILLED OIL IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY AS PREDICTED BY
ESTUARINE NONTIDAL DRIFT
Conomos, T. J. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.)
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 97-100.
For three years surface and seabed drifters were released every
2 months within San Francisco Bay and on the continental shelf
of central California. One of the routine release sites was
also the site of a major oil spill in January, 1971. Landward
transport of the oil was predicted and confirmed by these studies.
Oil that sank followed the path of the seabed drifters.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-1172-76
OIL SLICK FATE IN A REGION OF STRONG TIDAL CURRENTS
Drapeau, G., VI. Harrison, W. Bien, and P. Leinonen. 1975.
International Coastal Engineering Conference, 14th, Copenhagen,
Denmark, 1974. New York, ASCE. Vol. 3:2245-2259.
The drifting, spreading and aging of small oil slicks were
studied in the St. Lawrence Estuary, an area which may be
developed for supertankers. Recovery or dispersion of small spills
in this region of strong tidal currents would be impossible. Since
models do not predict oil motion well, the alternative is to
construct slick-drift roses which will indicate shore areas where
cleanup equipment may be needed.
General fate of oil in the environment
C-1173-76
RUNOFF OF OILS FROM RURAL ROADS TESTED TO SUPPRESS DUST
Freestone, F. J. 1974.
International Conference on Waste Oil Recovery and Reuse,
Washington, D.C., 1974. Washington, D.C., Information Transfer,
Inc. p. 375-393.
Two rural roads in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, which are oiled
twice yearly with waste crankcase oils, were examined to determine
188
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whether oil leaves the roads. Oil may leave the road during wet
weather by flotation from wet road surface material; lead in the
waste oil also leaves by runoff. The ecological consequences of
oil and lead runoff need further study.
General effects of oil pollution
C-1174-76
SURFACE ACTIVITY OF PETROLEUM AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE SPREADING
AND WEATHERING OF OIL FILMS AT SEA
Garrett, W. D. 1974.
Journal de Recherches Atmospheriques 8(3-4):555-562.
The spreading of petroleum products at the air-sea interface is
enhanced by the polar surfactants (S) of the petroleum. A
hydrophil balance was used to measure surface film areas to
provide a semiquantitative determination of the polar S in
petroleum products. Polar S enhance weathering at sea by causing
the oil to spread into thin films.
C-1175-76
DYE AND DROGUE STUDIES OF SPOIL DISPOSAL AND OIL DISPERSION
Klemas, V., D. Maurer, W. Leathern, P. Kinner, and W. Treasure. 1974.
University of Delaware, Sea Grant Project, DEL-SG-15-74. 9 p.
Dye slicks and drogues can be tracked by aircraft-boat teams in
order to assess surface and subsurface current circulation. In
Cape Henlopen it was predicted that the tides would carry clay
or oil slicks in and out of the bay along the main flow axis.
Dye-drogue techniques contradicted the prediction by showing that
the currents would move pollutants toward Delaware's Atlantic
beaches.
C-1176-76
INCREASE IN THE CONTAMINATION WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN ROCKS
AND SUBSURFACE WATER
Pelikan, V. 1975.
Geologicke Prace, Spravy 62:227-233.
In order to protect ground waters from oil pollution, the spreading
characteristics of oil products must be known. A summary is given
on the flow of oil-products in rocks and the spreading characteris-
tics. Case histories involving pumping oil products away from the
rock are given.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
189
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C-1177-76
OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS OF MODELING TECHNIQUES. PT. 2. MODELS
OF OIL SPILL DRIFTING
Stewart, R. J., and J. 0. Willums. 1975.
Northern Offshore 4(10):#43-44.
Part 1 of this series considered possible ways to model the
weathering and spreading of oil spills. In Part 2, the authors
review how well the drifting paths of oil slicks and their
components can be simulated. One of the results obtained from
computer simulations is that the probability of a Georges Bank
spill coming ashore in New England is variable, ranging from
nil in the winter to 5% in the summer.
General 'fate of oil in the environment
190
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3. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
C-1178-76
SEASONAL MEAN TRANSPORT OF HYPOTHETICAL OIL SLICKS IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA WATERS
Adamo, L. C., and C. M. Love. 1975.
Institute of Environmental Science, 21st, Mt. Prospect, Illinois,
1975. Vol. 1. Energy and the Environment, p. 49-54.
Seasonal charts of potential trajectories of hypothetical oil
slicks were generated for the federal lease-sale program area
of offshore southern California. Preexisting theoretical and
empirical results were applied to available mean wind and mean
current data. The charts indicate general directions of drift
and variations in speed and direction of oil slick movement.
C-1179-76
HYDROGEOLOGICAL FACTORS IN GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
Blair, A. H. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.), Conference
of the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972.
p. 30-66.
Sources of groundwater pollution are identified and discussed.
Oil pollution, for example, is governed by a complicated set of
transport mechanisms and chemical reactions. The hydrogeologic
factors that control the occurrence and movement of groundwater
and pollutants are explained. The responsibility of preventing
pollution lies jointly with the engineer, hydrogeologist, chemist
and biologist.
C-1180-76
OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY STUDIES FOR ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF
ALASKA
DeVanney, J. W., R. J. Stewart, and W. Briggs. 1974.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technological Report
No. MITSG 74-20. p. 213-403.
Analyses are given, based on a simple computer model, of the
behavior of oil spill trajectories from a number of potential
offshore production regions in the Atlantic and Gulf of Alaska,
and from three potential nearshore terminal areas (Buzzards Bay,
Delaware Bay, and Charleston Harbor). The probability of a
spill coming ashore, the time to shore, and the wind conditions
at the time the spill reaches shore were important factors.
191
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C-1181-76
RANDOM MODEL OF EVAPORATION OF OIL AT SEA
Fallah-Araghi, M. H., and R. M. Stark. 1976.
The Science of the Total Environment 5(1):95-109.
The effect of a random environment on the oil evaporation
process is studied. A random model is developed to predict
the residual volume of oil as a function of elapsed time,
initial oil volume and its physical properties, and random
environmental factors. An applied example of the model is
given.
C-1182-76
RANDOM MODELS OF SPILLED OIL MOVEMENT
Fallah-Araghi, M. H. 1975.
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B 36(5):2380-B.
This study focuses on modeling the dominant modes of movement of
spilled oil in an uncontrolled environment. A semi-empirical
modeling approach with provision for describing tactical effects
of random environmental influences is suggested. The dominant
modes of movement, i.e., drift, evaporation, diffusion, are
examined using this approach.
C-1183-76
OIL SPREADING ON COASTAL WATERS
Kim, Y. C. 1975.
International Coastal Engineering Conference, 14th, Copenhagen,
Denmark, 1974. New York, ASCE. Vol. 3:2260-2267.
A model for predicting the spread of oil on coastal waters was
developed. The Reynolds, Froude and Weber numbers and their
relationship to the slick, and the influence of wind, currents,
and waves on the spread area were studied. The effects of
changes in water depth and the net spreading coefficient were
investigated. Field and laboratory data were compared.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
C-l184-76
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF POLLUTION FRONT MOVEMENT
Sauty, J. P. 1974.
Groundwater Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.), Conference
of the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972. p. 68-85.
The movement of a pollution front in an aquifer is computed. One
application of this calculation is the estimation of the natural
192
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delays which will occur while protection measures for the aquifer
are being activated. The mathematical appendix contains all
equations, assumptions and hypotheses.
C-1185-76
OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS OF MODELING TECHNIQUES. PT. 1. MODELS FOR
WEATHERING AND SPREADING OF OIL SPILLS
Stewart, R. J., and J. 0. Willums. 1975.
Northern Offshore 4(9):50, 53-54, 57.
In this series, mathematical modeling techniques available to
solve problems in the offshore field will be presented. Part
one deals with models having environmental questions. Discussed
are oil spill characteristics, weathering and spreading.
Physical changes of oil in the environment
C-l186-76
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OIL SLICK TRANSPORT IN BAYS
Wang, S., and L.-S. Hwang. 1975.
International Coastal Engineering Conference, 14th, Copenhagen,
Denmark, 1974. New York, ASCE. Vol. 3:2227-2244.
Oil spreading and transport can be predicted with the use of a
simulation model. The spreading of the oil is superimposed on
the drift motion caused by winds and tidal currents. The model
is able to predict oil size, shape and movement as a function
of time. Cardboard markers or soybean oil were used in field
experiments in Long Beach Harbor. Computer predictions agreed
with field traces.
C-1187-76
THE DISTRIBUTION OF OIL AND BEHAVIOR OF OIL SPILLS
Wardley-Smith, J. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). United Kingdom, Applied Science Publishers,
1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 65-71.
The sources of oil in the marine environment, the size of spills
to be dealt with and the fate of oil left on the surface are
topics considered. Oil evaporation, photochemical oxidation,
solution, dispersion and microbiological degradation are mentioned.
Source identification, Cleanup and recovery.
193
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F. OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS
1. STATE LEGISLATION
C-1188-76
LAW, REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES FOR THE HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
California Department of Health. 1975.
California Department of Health. 77 p.
"Details of the code of practice for California, USA. Lists
of hazardous materials, notification procedures, wastes classi-
fication systems are given."
C-1189-76
HAZARDOUS WASTES - ONE STATE'S EXPERIENCE
Collins, H. 1975.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal 18(8):36, 38, 57.
About 35-60% of the annual wastes produced by California's
manufacturing, chemical and petroleum industries are classified
as hazardous to extremely hazardous, and their disposal is subject
to new state legislation. The article briefly reviews and
discusses the new regulations adopted by California Department
of Health (Section 25100 et seq. Health and Safety Code) in light
of the state's experience with these new regulations and guidelines,
Waste treatment and disposal methods, Industry standards and
guidelines
C-l190-76
THE ROLE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN REGULATING OFFSHORE PETROLEUM
DEVELOPMENT
Kilpatrick, J. E. 1975.
North Carolina Sea Grant Publication, UNC-SG-75-09. 32 p.
The legal framework—international, federal and state—for
regulating offshore petroleum development is detailed. The
historical conflict between federal and state governments over
control of the seabed further than 3 miles from shore is reviewed.
The pertinent federal legislation and North Carolina legislation
are analyzed.
U.S. legislation
194
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2. U.S. LEGISLATION
C-1191-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Audubon 78(2):144.
The 94th Congress will consider amendments to the Coastal Zone
Act. The additions would give guidelines and financial assis-
tance to states to aid in abating pollution, congestion and
destruction of critical coastline and estuarine ecosystems. The
amendments originated from concern about onshore impacts of OCS
development.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1192-76
No title given (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(4):6.
The industry expects that Congress will delay water-pollution-
control standards due to become law in 1983. The House Ways
and Means Committee is considering ways to ease the financial
burden of installing anti-pollution equipment.
C-l193-76
DEEPWATER PORT ACT OF 1974
Anon. 1974.
U.S. Senate. Committees on Commerce, Interior and Insular
Affairs and Public Worsk. Report no. 93-1217. 106 p.
The Deepwater Port Act establishes a licensing and regulatory
program governing offshore deepwater port development beyond
the territorial limits and off the coast of the U.S. The use
of deepwater ports will decrease tanker traffic in congested
areas and reduce oil pollution damage. The Committees' report
recommends enactment of the Act and contains background information,
major issues and cost considerations.
Oil transfer and transport, General effects of oil prospecting
and production
195
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C-l194-76
DELAY OF TOUGHER WATER-POLLUTION CODES URGED
Anon. 1976.
The Oil and Gas Journal 74(4):94.
The industry recommends that Congress delay stricter water-
pollution control until the municipalities are able to meet
1977 standards. Then any necessary further improvement in water
quality can be determined. The costs of further treatment would
be "excessive for the marginal benefits that would accrue to
the environment," according to an industry spokesman.
Waste treatment and disposal techniques
C-1195-76
HIGH SEAS OIL PORT ACT
Anon. 1974.
U.S. Congress, 93d, 1st Session. House of Representatives.
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Hearings and report.
40 p.
The High Seas Oil Port Act authorizes the issuance of licenses
to eligible applicants for the construction and operation of
high seas oil ports offshore. Procedures minimizing adverse
environmental impacts will be mandatory. Authorizations for
construction will be given by the Secretary of the Interior; the
Coast Guard will be responsible for enforcing port operation
regulations.
General effects of oil prospecting and production, Oil transfer
and transport
C-1196-76
MAGNUSON ARGUES AGAINST COAST GUARD'S PROPOSED RULING (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Sea Technology 17(1):37.
The USCG's proposed rules to make vessels carrying polluting
substances in bulk less likely to spill their cargo do not require
double bottom hulls on oil tankers. Senator Magnuson cites an
Office of Technology Assessment that shows double bottoms to be
of significant protection if grounding or collision occurs.
Oil transfer and transport
196
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C-1197-76
THE RUSH FOR OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS: WHERE THINGS STAND ON THE
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
Anon. 1975.
Environmental Law Reporter 5(2):10026-10029.
The Ford Administration advocates developing offshore resources
immediately, despite the lack of a comprehensive national policy
and the failure of the Energy Supply Act of 1974. OCS leasing
conflicts with the CEQ's recommendation that development be
allowed only if environmental risks are outweighed by the
benefits. Onshore environmental impact and state involvement
are discussed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1198-76
TANKERS AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, PART 1
Anon. 1975.
U.S. Congress, 94th, 1st Session. Senate. Committee on Commerce,
National Ocean Policy Study. Hearings. 146 p.
These Hearings pertain to Coast Guard supervision of oil tankers
entering U.S. waters under the Ports and Waterways Safety Act
of 1972. The Senate Committee is concerned with insuring that
tankers comply with U.S. safety liability regulations and with
developing new ways of minimizing the possibilities of oil spillage.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1199-76
WHO PAYS FOR OIL SPILLS? YOU DO
Anon. 1976.
Environmental Action 7(18):13.
Although recent federal laws require those who spill oil to
clean it up or pay government cleanup costs, individuals suffering
pollution damage must take the spiller to court to obtain compen-
sation. The need for comprehensive federal liability legislation
to cover damages and pollution costs is emphasized. Two such
proposals currently awaiting action are described.
Economic effects of oil pollution
197
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C-1200-76
WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS.
Brown, R. L., and T. H. Robinson. 1975.
Marine Technology 12(3):275-280.
The U.S. Coast Guard has the task of setting adequate standards
for various types of vessels to prevent or minimize discharge of
pollutants into the water. Standards dealing with tankship and
tank barge design, tank slops, oily bilge wastes, spill contain-
ment, and vessel sewage are reviewed. Proposed requirements for
vessel operation and vapor recovery are discussed.
Oil transfer and transport, Waste treatment and disposal methods,
Containment
C-1201-76
INFLUENCE OF THE ENERGY CRISIS UPON THE FUTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY
Dreyfus, D. A., and R. D. Grundy. 1974.
Environmental Affairs 3:252-274.
New national policies governing energy consumption, particularly
those including environmental constraints, will be amended or
revoked because they have not yet been incorporated into the
structure of the energy systems and culture and economics of our
society. Restructuring of policies will probably take place in
areas of surface mining, the Alaska pipeline and emergency energy
areas. However, it is unlikely that any major body of environ-
mental law will be eliminated from the statutes.
C-1202-76
CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION OF OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION
REGULATIONS: INTERIM REGULATIONS
Environmental Protection Agency. 1974.
Federal Register 39(169):31601-31603.
The article outlines the EPA's Oil Pollution Prevention Regulations
which are applicable to owners and operators of facilities that
have a potential for discharging harmful quantities of oil. The
regulations establish EPA procedures for issuance of violation
notices, requests for and conduct of hearings, assessment of
penalties, and penalty appeals.
Economic effects of oil pollution
198
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C-1203-76
EPA BECOMES NEW FACTOR IN MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Green, F. 1976.
Sea Technology 17(1):14, 16.
The EPA cooperates with the Coast Guard in the mechanics of
ocean cleanup and in international negotiations on ocean
protection (such as the 1972 Ocean Dumping Convention).
EPA is responsible for assuring the containment of polluting
materials in non-transportation activities (storage tanks and
refineries). Oil spill incidence and effects are briefly
reviewed.
Reporting, Biological effects of oil pollution, International
legislation
C-1204-76
NATIONAL OCEAN POLICY: PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE
Hollings, E. F. 1975.
Oceanus 19(1):9-19.
A national ocean policy to guide the use of offshore resources
is needed. The following issues concerning DCS gas and oil
development are elaborated: sufficiency of resource information
for government planning, separation of exploration and development
of OCS oil and gas, federal-state roles in OCS leasing decisions,
equitable returns to government and industry for OCS development,
and compensation to coastal states for adverse impacts of development.
General effects of oil prospecting and production, Economic
effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1205-76
OFFSHORE OIL DRILLING AND ONSHORE IMPACT: THE LEGAL-INSTITUTIONAL
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
MaiIon, L. G. 1974.
University of Miami, Sea Grant Institution Program Report, FY75-5.
15 p.
The Federal-state regulations affecting offshore production and
associated onshore impacts are analyzed. The responsibilities of
the various agencies for environmental assessment are reviewed.
The topics of coastal zone management, oil pollution, environ-
mental impact statements and leasing, as they are related to offshore
drilling, are discussed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production, State legislation
199
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C-1206-76
THE DEEPWATER PORTS ACT OF 1974; HALF SPEED AHEAD
Meltz, R. 1975.
Environmental Law Reporter 5(3):50043-50048.
The background, purposes, provisions, strengths and weaknesses
of the Act are reviewed. The environmental impacts of super-
ports and supertankers are considered in relation to the
provisions of the Deepwater Ports Act. Topics discussed include
oil spillage, cleanup side-effects, land-based development,
oceanographic effects and human health and welfare. The author
finds the Act a "reasonable legislative response" to a problem.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1207-76
SELECTED U.S. LAWS APPLYING TO OFFSHORE STRUCTURES AND USES
Nyhart, J. D. 1975.
Oceanus 19(1):20-21.
Listed is a selection of U.S. federal laws pertaining to offshore
structures and uses other than fishing. Water pollution regulations
(including oil) are included.
C-1208-76
GUIDELINES FOR OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
IN TERRITORIAL AND INLAND NAVIGABLE WATERS AND WETLANDS: PROPOSED
ADOPTION
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1975.
Federal Register 40(137):30019-30024.
The guidelines of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service focus on the
conservation and development of fish and wildlife, their habitats,
and related human uses of water and wetlands. The federal permit
system for developments such as drilling, pipeline construction,
and offshore facilities in these areas is discussed.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1209-76
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AS RELATED TO VESSEL CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION
Wallace, S. A. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
200
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National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.).
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 61-65.
The legal mandates of the Coast Guard and their monitoring appli-
cations are discussed. The Coast Guard is responsible for
transportation-related facilities. They manage a pollution fund
and maintain a National Strike Force for spill cleanup. Monitoring
would be useful in detecting spills, assessing clean-up effectiveness
and to serve as evidence in enforcement proceedings.
Monitoring, Cleanup and recovery
C-1210-76
FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
Zarytklewicz, E. D. 1975.
Chemical Engineering 82(21):9, 11, 13, 15, 17.
Recently enacted legislation, existing environmental regulations
and future requirements that will affect the chemical process
industries are described. Planning and enforcement of the
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
by the EPA and U.S. Coast Guard are discussed in detail.
Contingency planning
201
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3. INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION
C-1211-76
CONVENTIONS RATIFIED TO PREVENT OIL POLLUTION OF COASTS
Anon. 1975.
Financial Times 23 June 1975.
The article covers the provisions of the International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, which has just come
into force, and the International Convention relating to Inter-
vention on the High Seas in cases of Oil Pollution Casualties.
General effects of oil pollution
C-1212-76
OCEAN DUMPING REGULATIONS NOW IN EFFECT (news brief)
Anon. 1976.
Western Fisheries 91(1):14.
As of December 13, 1975, all Canadian ocean dumping will be
controlled by a federal permit system. The regulations on
dumping are a result of the Convention on the Prevention of
Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972,
Permits will not be granted for such substances as mercury,
oils and high level radioactive materials.
Foreign legislation
C-1213-76
SEA LAW CONFERENCE FIZZLES OUT WITHOUT MUCH ACCOMPLISHED
Anon. 1975.
Offshore 35(8):43.
Despite the lack of concrete achievements, the conference
pointed out the problems and possible solutions. Tanker
regulations to stop spills and slop dumping are urgently
needed. A United Kingdom delegate linked 203 out of 900
spills with particular vessels, but only 18 successful pro-
secutions were made. The economic zone concept, concerning
control of the seabed, was another issue.
Oil transfer and transport
202
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C-1214-76
CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM LAND-BASED
SOURCES
E.E.C. 1974.
Commission of the European Communities, COM(74)502 final/2. 53 p.
The geographical area covered by the Parish Convention is defined.
Contracting parties will control discharge of listed pollutants,
carry out research, monitoring and advisory programmes, formulate
regulations and exchange information.
C-1215-76
LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DISASTERS: INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
THE DELIMITATION OF COMPETENCES IN A FEDERAL POLICY
Goldie, L. F. E. 1975.
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 6(3)-.303-329.
IMCO's Liability and Fund Conventions, if ratified, will establish
absolute liability for damages caused by extrahazardous activities
and an international fund for compensation. The creation of a
uniform liability law, basis for damages, and process for recovery
would eliminate the inconsistencies in present state laws.
U.S. legislation, Economic effects of oil pollution
C-1216-76
WHO PROTECTS THE OCEAN? ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
LAW OF THE SEA
Hargrove, J. L. (ed.) 1975.
St. Paul, Minn., West Publishing Co., 1975. xiv, 250 p.
Summary not available.
C-67-76
MARITIME CONSIDERATIONS
Nachtscheim, J. J. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans (ed.)
NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 49-56.
Two provisions of the 1973 International Convention for Prevention
of Pollution from Ships will be difficult to achieve. Oil content
203
-------
meters, oily water separators and segregated ballast are discussed
in conjunction with the Maritime Administration's efforts to over-
come difficulties in these 2 areas.
Oil transfer and transport
C-1217-76
LEGAL MEASURES CONCERNING MARINE POLLUTION
North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 1975.
Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-75-04. 83 p.
This compilation of papers contains new concepts and developments
in marine pollution control. Among the topics covered are:
man-made islands and resulting environmental implications,
legislation to prevent pollution, the use of the oceans as inter-
national disposal sites for industrial chemical waste materials,
a new approach to pollution control on an international level,
and controversies in pollution control as a result of the trans-
Alaskan pipeline.
General effects of oil pollution, Waste treatment and disposal
methods
C-1218-76
TREATIES AIM TO CURB MEDITERRANEAN POLLUTION
O'Sullivan, D. A. 1976.
Chemical & Engineering News 54(8):19.
A conference held in Barcelona in February, 1976, produced a
framework convention. One protocol concerns dumping from ships
and aircraft; another, pollution by oil and other toxic substances,
Protocols still in the formulation stage, details of substances
included in the protocols, and the formation of a pollution
monitoring system are discussed.
Waste treatment and disposal methods, Monitoring
C-1219-76
INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION
ON THE HIGH SEAS
Routh, J. S. 1974.
Emerging Ocean Oil and Mining Law. S. W. Wurfel (ed.). North
Carolina, Sea Grant Publication, NCU-SG-74-02. p. 1-11.
The technology of deepwater exploration and production of hydro-
carbons is reviewed. International law relevant to petroleum
204
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resources under the high seas and its evolution are described.
Proposed changes in that law because of the 1974 UN Conference on
the Law of the Sea are discussed. One source of conflict is the
lack of a law prohibiting the exploitation of resources under the
high seas.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
205
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4. FOREIGN LEGISLATION
C-1220-76
MERCHANT SHIPPING (OIL POLLUTION) ACT 1971
Anon. 1975.
H.M.S.O. 22 p.
The Act defines liability for damage caused by escape or discharge
of oil from ships. Regulations concerning compulsory insurance
are included.
Economic effects of oil pollution
C-1221-76
THE GOVERNMENT VIEWPOINT ON POLLUTION FROM OFFSHORE OIL ACTIVITIES
AND EMERGENCY PLANS
Molyneux, J. A. 1975.
Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe.
H. A. Cole (ed.). United Kingdom, Applied Science Publishers,
1975. Vol. 2. Environmental Protection, p. 57-61.
Government measures to reduce the risk of oil pollution from
offshore operations and to deal with emergencies are reviewed.
The Prevention of Oil Pollution Act 1971, the Petroleum (Production)
Regulations, 1964, 1966 and 1971, and the Mineral Workings
(Offshore Installations) Act 1971 are discussed. Reference is made
to the pollution implications of accidents to installations and
pipelines.
Contingency planning. General effects of oil pollution
C-1222-76
THE LAW RELATING TO THE POLLUTION OF THE SEAS
Mensah, T. A. 1974.
Environmental Pollution Control: Technical, Economic and Legal
Aspects. A. D. McKnight, and P. K. Marstrand (eds.). London,
Allen and Unwin, 1974. p. 174-208.
International regulations and legislation governing the following
types of pollution are reviewed for the United Kingdom and other
countries (i.e., Canada, U.S., Norway): land-based pollutants,
dumping of wastes into the sea, shipborne pollutants (oil), ship-
borne pollutants other than oil, pollution arising from the
exploration and exploitation of seabed and subsoil, and radioactive
pollutants.
International legislation, U.S. legislation
206
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C-1223-76
ECOLOGY, ENERGY AND ECONOMICS
Pitts, J. N., et al. 1975.
Chemistry in Britain 11(7):247-256.
A number of examples of environmental pollution due to energy
utilization is given. In these cases insufficient research
preceded the introduction of legislation, so that policy makers
were unprepared to make optimum decisions balancing the environ-
ment, energy and economics.
General effects of oil pollution
C-1224-76
THE QUEST FOR OIL: A DECISIVE FORCE IN THE LAW OF THE ARCTIC
SEA PERTAINING TO POLLUTION
Wyatt, J. C. 1975.
Legal Measures Concerning Marine Pollution. Sea Grant Publication,
UNC-SG-75-04. p. 72-80.
As a result of the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline,
attention has been focused on the arctic waters. The Canadian
Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act was an attempt by the
Canadian government to meet the threat of arctic water pollution.
Existing international law does not provide specific principles
governing ocean pollution. Present controversies over this topic
demonstrate a need for such policies.
General effects of oil pollution
207
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5. INDUSTRY, STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
C-1225-76
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OFFSHORE PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES AND THE
U.S. GOVERNMENT
Anon, [undated]
National Security Industrial Association Report. 43 p.
Petroleum Panel recommendations for federal governmental activity
in the petroleum industry include: determination of the fate and
effects of oil in the marine environment, assistance to states in
coastal planning and management for offshore development, improve-
ment of weather information and marine conditions in development
areas, and improvement of bathymetry and surface geologic mapping
of certain seabed areas.
General fate of oil in the environment, General effects of oil
pollution
C-1226-76
GOVERNMENTS, THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Blaikley, D. R. 1975.
Petroleum Review 29(340):233-243.
Cooperation inside the oil industry and between industry and
governments concerning environmental protection while developing
resources is discussed. The objectives of the Oil Industry
International Exploration and Production Forum are reviwed;
communication and cooperation are vital.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1227-76
EUROPEAN MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF
GROUND AND SURFACE WATER-POLLUTION BY OIL FROM STORAGE TANKS
AND DURING THE TRANSPORT OF OIL
European Petroleum Organisations. 1974.
Barking, Essex, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., 1974. 23 p,
The code covers pollution prevention, corrosion protection,
location of storage tanks and associated equipment. Other
sections cover operation, transportation and emergencies.
Oil transfer and transport
208
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G. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
C-1228-76
LITERATURE REVIEW ISSUE
Anon. 1974.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 46(6):1031-1643.
Literature reviews are presented on monitoring, analysis and
sampling; physical and chemical methods; water reclamation and
reuse, industrial wastes including those from the meat-processing,
metals, petrochemical and chemicals industries; microbiology of
waste treatments; marine and estuarine pollution; pollution
effects on fish and others.
Waste treatment and disposal methods, General effects of oil
pollution
C-1229-76
THE IMPACT OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS ON WATER RESOURCES IN ARID
LANDS. LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bowden, C. 1975.
Arizona University Report, No. Arid Lands Resource-IP-6 W75-05471,
OWRT-W-180 (4258) (1). 288 p.
The consequences of energy extraction and conversion in arid
lands where water is scarce are examined. Energy sources
including oil, oil shale and gas, are reviewed in terms of the
effects of their development on the air, land, water and
inhabitants of arid regions.
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-l230-76
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
Cole, J. A., E. S. Hall, A. H. Blair, and J. L. Robinson. 1974.
Ground Water Pollution in Europe. J. A. Cole (ed.). Conference
of the Water Research Association, Reading, England, 1972.
p. 465-516.
This bibliography covers the period 1950 to 1973. The references
are placed in one of 8 sections: bibliographies and symposia,
administrative and general, groundwater flow and pollution dis-
persion, artificial recharge, underground waste disposal, surface
waste disposal, specific pollutants, and purification processes.
209
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C-1231-76
WATER ANALYSIS
Fishman, M. J., and D. E. Erdmann. 1975.
Analytical Chemistry 47(5):334R-361R.
This review of the literature of analytical chemistry as applied
to water analysis covers the period from October, 1972, to
September, 1974, and includes a subsection on organics. Papers
referring to oil pollution source identification, and analysis
of hydrocarbons in seawater and soil samples are reviewed.
Analysis, Source identification
C-1232-76
OIL SHALE (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
Hundeman, A. S. 1975.
NTIS/PS-75/362/4GA. 142 p.
"Exploration, mining, retorting, chemistry, environmental impacts,
and policies relating to oil shale research are covered."
General effects of oil prospecting and production
C-1233-76
THE TOXICITY OF DRILLING FLUID COMPONENTS TO AQUATIC BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS, A LITERATURE REVIEW
Land, B. 1974.
Canada, Fisheries and Marine Service (Winnipeg). Technical report
no. 487. 33 p.
This review covers the literature prior to January, 1974, on
drilling fluid toxicity to aquatic organisms. After consideration
of the quantities used, and the harmful long-term effects, the
alkaline sources, bactericides, barium sulphate, bentonite, chromium
salts and potassium chloride are designated as the major sources of
aquatic toxicity.
Biological effects of oil prospecting and production
C-l234-76
A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MARINE AND ESTUARINE OIL POLLUTION. SUPPLEMENT 1.
Moulder, D. S., and A. Varley. 1975.
Plymouth, United Kingdom, Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom, 1975. 157 p.
This supplement to the 1971 bibliography contains 1200 additional
references. The citations are arranged by subject. The topics
210
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include detection and analysis of oil, reports on particular spills,
biological effects of oil and methods of control of oil pollution.
Analysis, Reporting, Biological effects of oil pollution, Cleanup
and recovery
C-1235-76
ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT ABSTRACTS
Pavoni, J. L., D. J. Hagerty, and J. E. Heer, Jr. 1975.
Louisville, Kentucky, Pollution Abstracts, Inc., 1975. 977 p.
5,136 summaries of the technical literature published in 1969-1973
that deals with the impact of energy sources on the environment are
included. Subjects covered include energy sources and recovery,
effects of energy use, monitoring pollutants from energy sources,
reducing energy-related pollutants and legal and administrative
aspects.
General effects of oil prospecting and production, Monitoring
C-1236-76
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE WATERS AND GROUND WATERS (LITERATURE
REVIEW)
Young, R. H. F. 1975.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 47(6):1600-1610.
The causes of groundwater pollution include land and subsurface
disposal of waste water, radionuclides, biological contamination,
phenol, DDT, soil and grease, etc. The effects of outboard motor
subsurface exhausts were reported. In the years reviewed (1973-1974)
urban runoff and nonpoint sources became more frequent research
topics.
Chemical effects of oil pollution
211
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SECTION II. CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS
Title, contract, information and a summary of project objectives are provided
in each entry. Project notices were obtained from the Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange (SSIE), Maritime Information Research Service, Aquatic
Microbiology Newsletter, granting agencies and individual researchers.
Current status information and publications resulting from the projects are
presented when such information was available from the principal investigator
or performing organization. The source of status information is given at the
end of each entry.
Entries are grouped according to subject and then ordered by serial number
within each subject division. The serial number designates the original
issue of OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS in which the research project
is listed:
R-001-74 to R-165-74 EPA-670/2-75-003
July 74 to October 74
R-l66-74 to R-244-74 EPA-670/2-75-004
November 74 to February 75
R-269-74 to R-342-74 May 75 to July 75
R-269-75 to R-304-75 August 75 to October 75
R-l-76 to R-35-76 November 75 to January 75
R-35-76 to R-63-76 February 76 to April 76
A. OIL POLLUTION DETECTION AND EVALUATION
1. MONITORING
R-008-74 (renewal)
SHIPBOARD WASTEWATER OIL DETECTOR
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Reentry and Environment Systems Division,
General Electric Company, 3198 Chestnut St.,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard,
Contract 038987
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
Waste treatment and disposal method, Design and engineering
Several phases are included in this project: laboratory development
program, optical discrimination development testing, centrifugal
212
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separation development testing, laboratory test program, and
conceptual design.
Results
OPL OIL/WATER SEPARATORS FOR LAND APPLICATIONS
General Electric Product Information
In this device, influent first passes over a weir, depositing
most solids upstream of the weir, and much oil is gravity
separated here before the water enters the plates for polishing.
As oil is removed from the water, it rises to the surface
where it is trapped by an oil dam and removed by gravity flow
through the standpipe skimmer. Clean water flows under the dam
and out.
SHIPBOARD OIL/WATER SEPARATORS FOR BILGE, TANK WASHINGS AND
DEBALLASTING
General Electric Product Information
Water flows horizontally through the GE separators. Oil
droplets as small as 20 microns impinge and coalesce on the
oleophilic plates and rise through weep holes in the plates
to the surface, where the oil is removed automatically. The
cleaned water is suitable for dumping.
Information Source: M. J. Sullivan, Product Information, Reentry
and Environment Systems Division, General
Electric Company, 3198 Chestnut St.,
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101
R-36-76
DEVELOPMENT OF OCEAN SYSTEMS OIL LEVEL SENSING
Principal Investigator: Posakony, G. T.
Performing Organization: Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave.,
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard,
Contract 058001
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $3,401
Design and engineering, Cleanup and recovery
The thickness measurement portion of the oil recovery system will
be evaluated by determining the accuracy of the testing and discussing
operational problems with the Coast Guard. The effectiveness of
Battelle Northwest in advising the Coast Guard on design changes or
sensor improvement will be included.
213
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R-37-76
BIRDS/MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OCS
CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL BENCHMARK STUDIES OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OCS
GEOLOGIC BENCHMARK STUDY OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OCS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: University of California, Santa Cruz;
Science Applications Inc.; U.S. Geological
Survey
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 3/75 to 8/76, 6/75 to 8/76, 4/75 to 6/76
Monitoring
Baseline studies of the Southern California Bight area will be
initiated to delimit natural communities and to establish ambient
levels of hydrocarbons and .selected trace metals in water, sediments,
organisms and on particulates. A baseline survey of the birds and
mammals of the Southern California Bight and intertidal surveys of
selected areas of the southern California coastline will be conducted.
In addition, the U.S. Geological Survey will perform high resolution
seismic mapping of bottom topography, particularly of potential
geologic hazards.
R-38-76
DATA BUOY EMPLACEMENT IN MID-ATLANTIC AND NORTH ATLANTIC OCS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration,'National Data Buoy Office
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 7/75 to indefinite
This project is a part of the Department of Interior's OCS environ-
mental program related to oil and gas exploration and development.
R-39-76
GENERAL BENCHMARK STUDIES FOR ALASKA
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Environmental Research
Laboratory
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management
Period: 8/75 to 10/76
The baseline environmental studies for the Gulf of Alaska,
Southeastern Bering and Beaufort Seas are multidisciplinary
214
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investigations of the marine, littoral and onshore biota, chemistry
(with particular emphasis on hydrocarbons and heavy metals), physical
oceanography, geology, meteorology and ice.
R-40-76
MONITORING STUDY FOR NORTHEASTERN GULF OF MEXICO
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: State University System Institutions of
Oceanography (SUSIO), Florida
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 6/75 to 12/76
"Summary of Hydrographic data, eastern Gulf of Mexico." The
project is part of the Department of Interior's OCS environmental
program related to oil and gas exploration and development.
R-41-76
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY OF THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION
CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL BENCHMARK STUDY OF THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION
GEOLOGIC BENCHMARK STUDY OF THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organizations: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Environmental Data
Service; Virginia Institute of Marine
Science; U.S. Geological Survey
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 1/76 to 4/77, 6/75 to 8/76
Monitoring, General fate of oil in the environment
The program of study for the Mid-Atlantic Region is to be carried
out in three separate parts. The Virginia Institute of Marine
Sciences will be responsible for delineating natural communities
and for establishing ambient levels of hydrocarbons and selected
trace metals in the water column, organisms and on particulates.
The USGS will undertake a baseline survey of the geological and
geophysical properties of the Mid-Atlantic area. This effort will
include mapping of geologic hazards, sampling sedimentary environ-
ments, mass transport study and establishing ambient levels of
hydrocarbons and trace metals in the sediments. NOAA will provide
information relating to the physical oceanography of the region,
development of a water circulation model and an oil spill trajectory
model, and expansion of the MARMAP program.
215
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2. ANALYSIS
R-42-76
EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF
Principal Investigators: Bennett, E. R., and K. D. Linstedt
Department: Civil and Environmental Engineering
Performing Organization: University of Colorado, School of
Engineering, 1200 University Ave.,
Boulder, Colorado 80302
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
Water Research and Technology, No. A-028-COLO
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: $10,000
The characteristics and effects of stormwater drainage will be
investigated. Stream areas with different types of development
will be analyzed for flow, total and volatile solids, suspended
matter, oily compounds, BOD, COD, nitrogen compounds, hardness,
phosphorus, pH and temperature, sodium and chloride and heavy
metals. Potential methods of pollution control for these dis-
charges will be evaluated.
R-43-76
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF MAFLA WATER COLUMN DATA
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: University of Florida
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 3/75 to 1/76
This project is a part of the Department of Interior's OCS environ-
mental program related to oil and gas exploration and development.
216
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3. SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
R-5-76
QUALITY OF CRUDE OILS AND PRODUCTS - OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION
Principal Investigator: Coleman, H. J.
Performing Organization: Bartlesville Energy Research Center,
Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Period: 2/72 to 6/80 (approx.)
Analysis
The project is active and is pursuing the objective of determining
and measuring optimum, distinctive properties of crude oils and
crude oil residues and establishing interrelationships of these
diverse properties for improved oil spill "fingerprinting" and
identification. Crude oils from around the world are analyzed and
resultant data are placed in an open file for ready access and use.
Reports and Publications
IDENTIFICATION OF WATER-BORNE OILS
Ward, C. C. (in press)
The Petroleum Petrochemical Industry—An Analysis of Some Key
Factors, Puerto Rico, 1973. Special Seminar.
f
A catalog listing unique properties of crude oils is being
developed by the Bureau of Mines to identify the country of
origin of unknown crude spills. Techniques are described
for the collection, preparation and analysis of oil samples,
comparison with suspected sources and identification of the
source, even after weathering and bacterial degradation.
CRUDE OIL SPILLS RESEARCH. AN INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION
OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Wilson, C. A., and E. P. Ferrero. 1975.
U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations, No. 8024. 28 p.
The program to investigate and evaluate analytical techniques
for the simple,rapid and reliable identification of crude oil
spills is described. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis,
atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis and sulfur-nitrogen
determinations are recommended as the most useful techniques
investigated.
Information Source: H. J. Coleman, Chemistry and Refining Research,
Bartlesville Energy Research Center, P.O. Box
1398, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003
217
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R-44-76
HYDROCARBON POLLUTION OF AIR AND WATER
Principal Investigator: Draper, R. G.
Performing Organization: Canada. Department of Energy and Resources,
Centre for Mineral Energy and Technology,
555 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 061,
Canada
Supporting Agency: Canada. Department of Energy and Resources,
Centre for Mineral Energy and Technology
Period: 4/75 to 3/76
Analysis, Chemical changes of oil in the environment, Physical
changes of oil in the environment
The objectives of this research are to collect information on
characteristic types of petroleum products and to determine the
effects of oxidation, migration and solubility in water on these
types. Contaminated samples will be analyzed and the data interpreted.
Status: The work relating to oil spills has been completed.
Reports and Publications
A GAS LIQUID-GAS SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION
OF SOURCES OF OIL POLLUTION
George, A. E., G. T. Smiley, D. S. Montgomery, and H.,Sawatzky.
1973.
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Mines Branch, Ottawa,
Research report R-267. 22 p.
A two-step gas chromatographic fingerprinting technique has been
developed for the identification of petroleum from oil spills.
It consists of a gas chromatographic separation on non-polar
silicone rubber followed by further separation by gas chromato-
graphy on columns of lithium chloride supported on diatomaceous
silica. The method has been applied to heavy crudes and fuel
oils involved in spills from the "Arrow" and "Irving Whale."
Information Source: H. Sawatzky, Canada Centre for Mineral and
Energy Technology, 555 Booth St., Ottawa,
Canada K1A 061
218
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B. OIL POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. CLEANUP AND RECOVERY
R-l54-74 (renewal)
PROTOTYPE OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR USE ON THE HIGH SEAS, PHASE II/
LOCKHEED
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., •
1111 Lockheed Way, Sunnyvale,
California 94088
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast
Guard, Contract 025418
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $91,487
Design and engineering
A comprehensive loads analysis and a loads analysis for the
internal pressure of the inflation system will be combined to
form the basis of the structural criteria to be used in designing
the pontoons. More loads analyses of localized areas may be
required as the design progresses.
Status- The final report for this project has been submitted to
the U.S. Coast Guard, Report CG-D-150-75 "Prototype High-seas
Disc-drum Oil Recovery System." It is available through the
National Technical Information Service.
Reports and Publications
PROTOTYPE HIGH-SEAS DISC-DRUM OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM.
Unknown. 1975.
Report CG-D-150-75.
This report documents the design, construction and testing
of the high-seas disc-drum oil recovery system for the U.S.
Coast Guard by Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Inc. The unit
is designed to recover up to 1,000 gpm of a wide variety of
oils in up to Sea State 4 conditions, to survive Sea State 6,
and to return to operating at a spill scene without major
repair.
Information Source: R. R. Beall, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company,
information source Lockheed Way? Sunnyvale> Calif> 94088
219
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R-l55-74 (renewal)
PROTOTYPE OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR USE ON THE HIGH SEAS, PHASE 11/
OCEAN SYSTEMS INC.
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Ocean Systems Incorporated, 11440 Isaac
Newton Ind. Sq. N., Herndon, Virginia 22070
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard,
Contract 025419
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
Design and engineering
The effects of raising the weir lip and placing various screens
over the weir opening will be investigated, theoretically and
experimentally.
R-299-74 (renewal)
FAST CURRENT OIL RESPONSE SYSTEM
Principal Investigator: Beach, R. L.
Performing Organization: Seaward Incorporated, 6269 Leesburg
Pike, Falls Church, Virginia 22044
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Coast Guard,
Contract 055588
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
Design and engineering
A system capable of performing effectively in a variety of oil
spill conditions and in current velocities of 4-10 knots will
be developed in order to minimize the technical risks associated
with the control of oil slicks in fast currents.
Status: Additional work is underway, and future reports will be
forthcoming.
Results
HUSKEY OFFSHORE SKIMMER
Seaward International Product Information
The Huskey Offshore Skimmer is designed to skim oil in moderate
sea conditions. It has proven itself off Santa Barbara, in the
Gulf of Mexico and offshore Indonesia. The gathered oil and
water flow into the skimmer and are separated due to the
decreased velocity. The oil spills over the weir into a sump,
and the clean water is discharged.
220
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LOOKING SEAWARD (newsletter)
Seaward International. February, 1976.
This newsletter contains information on Seaward1s oil
pollution control products. A stainless steel version of
the SLURP oil skimmer was designed to clean up oil spilled
in confined bodies of water. Spiltral Harbor Skimmers
feature high speed and high collection efficiency; they are
self-propelled.
Information Source: Seaward International, Suite 204,
6269 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church,
Virginia 22044
R-10-76
LITERATURE ON PENETRATING SEA-ICE, AND RECOVERY, TRANSFERRAL,
SEPARATION AND DISPOSAL OF OIL SPILLED UNDER ARCTIC ICE (ABBREV)
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: Montreal Engineering Company Ltd.,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Supporting Agency: Canada, Department of the Environment,
No. SS01 KE204-4-EP10/12/13
Period: 11/74 to 10/75 Funds: $116,112
No summary provided to SSIE.
Status: Two projects for the Centre of Spill Technology, Canada
Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, have been
completed. The results of these programs are presently being
published and should be available through Research and Development
Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environment Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OH3 Canada.
Reports and Publications
A REVIEW OF OIL SPILL COUNTERMEASURES
Anon, (in press)
Beaufort Sea Project, Technical Report 31.
The report discusses the feasibility of controlling and
cleaning up an oil spill in the Beaufort Sea as a result of
an exploratory well blowout. Results indicate that in open
water (up to 10% ice intrusions), currently available oil
spill countermeasures equipment and techniques could be
employed in light sea conditions up to Beaufort 3. No
equipment is available for use in heavier sea conditions.
In general, the logistical base to support an effective oil
spill countermeasures operation is not available in areas
adjoining the Beaufort Sea.
221
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FIELD EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL OIL RECOVERY EQUIPMENT
Anon, (in press)
Seven oil spill recovery devices were evaluated in a series
of test programs. It was found that the "DIP 2001," manu-
factured by JBF Scientific Co. Ltd., and the "Oil Mop Mark
II-9D," manufactured by Oil Mop Pollution Control Ltd.,
exhibit an ability to recover spilled crude oil at efficiencies
in excess of 70% when operating under a specified range of
limiting and environmental factors. Overall, the skimmers
were generally more effective in dealing with greater thick-
nesses of oil, had a tendency to emulsify fresh oil during
the collection process, and had as the weakest link in the
recovery system the pumping mechanisms.
Information Source: W. J. Logan, Centre of Spill Technology,
Environmental Protection Service, Environ-
mental Emergency Branch, 867 Lakeshore Rd.,
P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario. L7R 4A6
222
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2. OIL TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
R-45-76
CRUDE OIL LOSSES AND POLLUTION TANKER INERTING AND CLEANING,
HUMAN SAFETY AND FLUOROSOLVENTS
Principal Investigator: Brauer, M.
Performing Organization: Texas ASM University, Industrial
Engineering Department, College Station,
Texas 77843
Supporting Agency: Texas A & M University, Industrial Engineering
Department
Period: Unknown
Waste oil and waste water treatment
The primary part of the proposal is to study a process of
recapturing the crude oil "tank bottoms" that create 6,448,571,400
gallons of pollution along the Texas Gulf Coast each year. The
closed-loop in-port process will be evaluated in terms of developing
a procedure keyed to "zero-discharge." Current litigation and
cleanup requirements will also be reviewed.
Status: The Crude Oil Recovery Project (CORP) is currently
attempting to apply its study system to the solution of North
America's railroad tank car problems in Texarkana, Texas.
Reports and Publications
A SYSTEM FOR THE REDUCTION OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION AND
THE LOSS OF HUMANS, CRUDE OIL, AND SHIPS
Abstract only. No other information given.
On February 1, 1972, 39 crewmen were lost along with a U.S.
tanker offshore in the Gulf of Mexico in 90 feet of water.
A similar disaster occurred in January 22, 1975, when the
'Lucky Era' exploded, killing two crewmembers. This research
investigates an industrially engineered concept as a cost-
effective system to meet the need for a safe, universal, yet
economical technique to effectively inert and clean tanks.
The system uses a single, waterless inert/cleaning agent in
a continuous-stream, closed loop activity in a modular,
integrated, single-point-mooring configuration.
DEMONSTRATION OF ENERGY, FACILITIES AND HUMAN RESOURCE CONSER-
VATION AND POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN CRUDE-OIL TRANSPORTATION
AND STORAGE
(TAMU-RF-75-367) FEA, 1975.
223
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FUNCTIONAL REALLOCATION AND WORKPLACE REDESIGN FOR MUCKER
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(TAMU-RF-75-406) NIOSH, 1975.
Information Source: M. Brauer, 18 Heatherwood, Texarkana,
Texas 75501
224
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3. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS
R-46-76
THE EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC ORGANISMS OF "BEST
PRACTICABLE TECHNOLOGY" REFINERY EFFLUENT TREATMENT
Principal Investigators: Dorris, T. C., S. L. Burks, and
J. L. Wilhm
Performing Organization: Oklahoma State University, Reservoir
Research Center, Life Sciences West 427,
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of
Water Research and Technology, No. B-033-OKLA
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
Biological effects of oil pollution
Fathead minnows will be used for a continuous flow toxicity
bioassay of oil refinery effluents that have been through a
secondary activated sludge treatment and dual media filters.
The effects of this effluent on the diversity and growth of
periphyton will also be investigated. The treatment process
is being evaluated for potential use in control technology.
Status: The report is ongoing. No reports have been published
at this time. The technical completion report of the previous
study conducted in this area is summarized.
Reports and Publications
EFFECTS OF RESIDUAL TOXINS IN OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS ON
AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Dorris, T. C., S. L. Burks, and G. R. Waller. 1974.
Oklahoma Water Resources Research Institute, Technical
Completion Report, OWRR B-025-OKLA. 79 p.
Oil refinery waste waters were partially evaporated; the
toxicities of the original sample and of the overhead and
bottom fractions from the evaporator were evaluated by static
bioassays with fathead minnows. It was concluded that partial
evaporation removes toxic substances from biologically treated
refinery waste waters, produces an overhead product water
which has a low inorganic salt concentration and produces a
partially concentrated bottom water product generally less
toxic and suitable for discharge into a receiving stream.
Information Source: S. L. Burks, Reservoir Research Center,
Oklahoma State University, Life Sciences
West 427, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
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4. PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION
R-13-76
NATIONAL OIL SPILL TRAINING PROGRAM
Principal Investigator: Franklin, H. L.
Performing Organization: Texas A & I University, Corpus Christi,
P.O. Box 6010, Corpus Christi, Texas 78411
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development Admin-
istration
Period: 10/75 to 1977 (expected) $287,000
Cleanup and recovery, Oil transfer and transport
Texas A & I University has contracted with ERDA to prepare a
curriculum for a possible national oil spill training school.
Tne course to be developed would focus on cleanup of oil spills
from terminals, barge and tanker accidents, pipeline ruptures and
spills associated with exploration and production facilities that
could affect the aquatic environment.
Status: Phase One of the curriculum is expected to be completed
by late June or July, 1976. The "state of the art" of oil spill
containment, harvest and disposal as it is being practiced on
the East, West and Gulf coasts, is being documented. Phase Two
will comprise the actual teaching process.
Information Source: H. L. Franklin, Project-STEP, Texas A & I
University, Corpus Christi, P.O. Box 970,
Corpus Christi, Texas 78403
R-47-76
SHIPBOARD GUIDE TO POLLUTION FREE OPERATIONS
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime
Administration, 26 Federal Plaza, New
York, New York 10007
Supporting Agency: Maritime Administration
Period: Unknown
Oil transfer and transport
The Maritime Administration is preparing an anti-pollution manual
entitled "Shipboard Guide to Pollution Free Operations." It is
a practical, informative reference source designed to promote
pollution-free performance of duties by both licensed and unlicensed
personnel aboard ships, especially tankers. The manual is organized
into three general topic areas:
226
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1) THE ENVIRONMENT
- composition of the marine environment
- existing threat to the marine environment
- national/international pollution prevention activity
2) THE VESSEL
- role of the vessel in fighting pollution
- pollution free tanker operations
- pollution controls and countermeasures
3) THE PEOPLE
- role of a well trained crew
- shipboard anti-pollution organization and training
- incentives and awards
A final draft of the manual is underway and publication is
scheduled for summer, 1976.
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C. EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-094-74
NAVY ENVIRONMENT: EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION ON MARINE
MACROORGANISMS
Principal Investigator: Kittredge, J. S.
Performing Organization: City of Hope National Medical Center,
Duarte, California
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy DN 123140
Contract N00014-71-C-0103
Period: 7/73 to 6/74 Funds: $18,363
Several crude oils will be fractionated and the resultant
compounds measured for toxicity or the chemoreceptive membranes
of marine macroorganisms.
Status: The project is no longer active.
Reports and Publications
BIOASSAYS INDICATIVE OF SOME SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
Kittredge, J. S., and F. T. Takahashi. 1974.
Marine Technology Society Annual Conference, 10th, Washington,
D.C., 1974.
Investigations were conducted to examine the effects of the
water-soluble component of crude oils on chemically triggered
behavioral responses of crabs. Exposure of crabs to the water-
soluble extracts of two crude oils inhibited both the feeding
response and the mating stance response of males when presented
with a female sex pheromone.
SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF THE WATER SOLUBLE COMPONENT OF OIL:
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Takahashi, F. T., and J. S. Kittredge. 1973.
The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants. D. G. Ahearn
and S. P. Meyers (eds.). Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Center for
Wetland Resources, 1973. p. 259-264. (Publication No.
LSU-SG-73-01).
Crude oil and petroleum products contain water-soluble
components that are potential inhibitors to chemoreception
in marine organisms. Disruption of chemoreception in the
228
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marine environment by oil spills can have profound effects
on survival and reproduction. These effects will be detected
by the usual toxicity (LD) studies of pollutants.
Information Source: J. S. Kittredge, Comparative Marine
Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Marine
Biomedical Institute, University of Texas,
200 University Blvd., Galveston, Texas 77550
R-288-75
A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL FATE AND THE BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
NO. 2 FUEL OIL SPILLS IN SEMI-NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigators: Bieri, R. H., and R. J. Huggett
Performing Organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, Contract
68-03-0423
Period: 7/73 to 4/76 Funds: $4,980
General fate of oil in the environment, Analysis
The contract provides for research to determine the chemical
dynamics, fate and biological effects of oil spilled in an
estuarine environment. Spills of No. 2 oil at different dosage
levels will be applied to a confined estuarine area containing
oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and clams (Mercenaria mercenaria).
Sampling and analysis of these organisms will be conducted before
and after the spills and at intervals of days throughout the
experiment.
Status: The experimental work for the grant (EPA R-803 063-01-0)
has been completed. The report should be finished in April, 1976.
Information Source: R. H. Bieri, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
R-48-76
AN INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS
IN EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN ESTUARIES
Principal Investigator: Bieri, R. H.
Performing Organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute, No. 210-75T
(FEO-1)
Period: Unknown
Status: This project is currently underway.
Information Source: R. H. Bieri, Senior Marine Scientist, Virginia
Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
Virginia 23062
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R-49-76
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CRITERIA
Principal Investigators: Carter, V. L., and S. A. London
Performing Organization: U.S. Air Force, Aerospace Medical
Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson
A.F.B., Dayton, Ohio 45433
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Air Force,
No. DF312920
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
Analysis
The pollution potential of aircraft fuels and lubricants and
missile propellants and their exhaust products will be deter-
mined. Microbial species, plant species and aquatic species
will be used to determine the effects, dose relationships and
no dose levels of the pollutants. Environmental degradation
rates of the pollutants will also be determined.
Status: The studies conducted at the Sanitary Engineering
Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, on the
pollution effects of jet fuel JP-9 and its components, RJ-4,
RJ-5 and methylcyclohexane, are complete. Only some long-term
fish tissue retention studies remain to be accomplished for
JP-9. Studies are now underway to evaluate the effects of JP-9
and lubrication additives on algae. Progress of these projects
was reported in papers presented at the Sixth Environmental
Toxicology Conference, 21-23 October 1975.
Reports and Publications
BIOASSAY USING FISH AND AUFWUCHS COMMUNITIES
Jenkins, D., and S. A. Kline, (in press)
Environmental Toxicology Conference, 6th, 1975.
Studies of the toxicity to fish and aufwuchs of jet fuels
used by the U.S. Air Force, including JP-4, JP-9 and its
components, RJ-4, RJ-5 and methylcyclohexane, are documented.
Methods are described for the quantitative analysis of fuel
and fuel components in water and their accumulation in fish.
The problems associated with the use of compounds of limited
solubility in aqueous systems and high volatility are explored,
and the variety of techniques for providing compound exposure
are presented.
230
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THE TOXICITY TO FISH OF THE JET FUEL JP 9, ITS COMPONENTS
RJ 4, RJ 5 AND METHYLCYCLOHEXANE (MCH)
Klein, S. A., D. Jenkins, and R. C. Cooper, (in press)
Environmental Toxicology Conference, 6th, 1975.
The results of fish toxicity studies on JP 9 and its components
are presented. Fish toxicity was measured in batch and
continuous flow systems using both warm water fish and cold
water fish. Studies were conducted on static pools of fuel,
fuel emulsions and aqueous fuel solutions. Developmental work
was done on the extraction, concentration and gas chromatog-
raphic analysis of fuel components in water and fish flesh.
USE OF UNICELLULAR ALGAE FOR EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL AQUATIC
CONTAMINANTS
Scherfig, J., and P. S. Dixon. (in press)
Environmental Toxicology Conference, 6th, 1975.
This report describes the methods and results used to evaluate
the toxic and/or biostimulating effects of jet fuels, lubrica-
tion additives, and hydrazines in aquatic freshwater environ-
ments. Batch and continuous culture assays were tests used.
The Standard Batch Algal Assays appear to be a relatively
easy, sensitive and'inexpensive method for evaluating chemicals
discharged or accidentally spilled in the aquatic environment.
R-50-76
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TAR ON THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF
THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL ZONE OF BERMUDA
Principal Investigator: Maynard, N. G.
Performing Organization: Engineering Sciences Laboratory, Harvard
University, 40 Oxford St., Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02138
Supporting Agency: Unknown
Period: Unknown
The study is in its second year.
Reports and Publications
PELAGIC HYDROCARBONS AND THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL ZONE OF BERMUDA
Maynard, N. G., C. D. Gebelein, and A. Zsolnay. 1976.
Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, 1976.
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R-51-76
NON-NUCLEAR POLLUTANT IMPACTS ON COASTAL BENTHOS
Principal Investigator: Spies, R.
Performing Organization: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, P.O. Box auu,
Livermore, Ca. 94550
Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration
Period: Unknown
The project objective is to define the benthic communities in oil
seep areas, to contrast them to nearby control situations and to
define temporal changes in each. Smaller efforts involve the
utilization of hydrocarbons by benthic organisms and the study of
potentially harmful types of drilling muds used in offshore drilling.
Status: A project summary on the impact of oil pollution on
coastal benthos is presently being written.
Information Source: R. B. Spies, Biomedical & Environmental
Research Division, Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory, University of California,
P.O. Box 808, Livermore, Ca. 94550
R-52-76
EFFECT OF DEGRADED OIL (MICROBIAL) UPON THE FERTILIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SEA URCHIN EGGS
Principal Investigator: Sttfrmer, F. C.
Performing Organization: National Institute of Health, Oslo,
Norway
Supporting Agency: Unknown
Period: Unknown
Biological degradation
Part of the research project will be performed at Stazione
Zoologica, Napoli, Italy.
R-53-76
THE EFFECT OF TAR ON ROCKY SHORE BOAT BIOTA
Principal Investigator: Zsolnay, A.
Performing Organization: Duke University Marine Laboratory,
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute
Period: Unknown
232
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Status: The uptake of hydrocarbons by the rocky shore biota
of Bermuda seems generally to be quite small. Heavy uptake
is restricted to certain organisms living in areas of extremely
heavy tar coverage. No gross morphological aberrations appear
to be associated with these organisms. No publications are
available at present.
Information Source: A. Zsolnay, Duke University Marine
Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
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2. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-54-76
OIL POLLUTION AND BIODEGRADATION IN WATER AND GROUNDWATER
Principal Investigator: Fuksa, J.
Performing Organization: Stavebnf geologie, Biological Laboratory,
Na KovaVne 4, 10100 Prague,
10 Czechoslovakia
Supporting Agency: Unknown
Period: Unknown
Biological degradation
Summary not available.
R-55-76
EFFECTS OF OIL SPILL--CASCO BAY, MAINE
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: State Department of Natural Resources,
Maine
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 7/74 to 1/76
This project is a continuation of investigations by the State
of Maine Department of Natural Resources of the long-term effects
of a No. 6 oil spill in Casco Bay, Maine.
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D. EFFECTS OF OIL PROSPECTING AND PRODUCTION
1. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
R-56-76
EFFECT OF REFINERY EFFLUENTS ON AQUATIC LIFE
Principal Investigators: Buikema, A., J. Cairns, and K. Dickson
Department: Biology
Performing Organization: Virginia Polytechnical Institute and
State University, School of Arts and
Sciences, Burruss Hall, Blacksburg,
Virginia 24061
Supporting Agency: American Petroleum Institute
Period: 7/74 to 12/75
A number of freshwater and marine organisms will be surveyed
to discover a biological monitor for refinery effluents. The
object is to develop a simple, compact, inexpensive technique
to be used by nonbiologists. Freshwater organisms have been
surveyed; marine work began in early 1975.
235
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2. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
R-57-76
MISSISSIPPI DELTA FRONT STABILITY STUDY
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Louisiana
State University
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 8/75 to 8/76
The project includes a study of the factors influencing delta-
front sediment stability. This program will quantify such
parameters and will provide a means of rapidly analyzing for,
and determining the magnitude of potential hazards.
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3. GENERAL EFFECTS
R-25-76
ATLANTIC/ALASKAN OCS PETROLEUM STUDY
Principal Investigators: Moore, S. F., J. W. Devanney, and
J. B. Lassiter
Specialty: Civil Engineering
Performing Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
School of Engineering, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare, Social and Rehabilitation Service,
Community Services Administration
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
General fate of oil in the environment, General effects of oil
pollution
This study concerns potential effects of oil prospecting and
production on the OCS of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Alaska.
Oil spill tracking, weathering and effects will be investigated.
From the analysis of hypothetical oil discharges, high risk areas
will be identified.
Reports and Publications
OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Moore, S. F. 1976.
Technology Review 78(4):61-67.
The author discusses a study prepared for the Council on
Environmental Quality to assess potential biological effects
of hypothetical discharges. The study did not predict spill
effects in quantitative terms; however, by studying the
initial impacts of a spill and the recovery period, rough
"order-of-magnitude" estimates could be made. Results from
studies of hypothetical offshore drilling sites along the
Atlantic and Alaskan coasts revealed that none of the
hypothesized spills from the Atlantic offshore sites is
expected to cause significant biological damage to nearshore
habitats. No conclusions were drawn regarding the effects
of spills on the Alaskan coast due to insufficient data.
237
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POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPOTHETICAL OIL DISCHARGES
IN THE ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF ALASKA
Moore, S. F., G. R. Chirlin, C. J. Puccia, and B. P. Schrader.
1974.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sea Grant Program
report, MITSG 74-19. 121 p.
The principal objective of the study was to assess potential
biological effects of hypothetical oil discharges. The study
did not predict spill effects in quantitative terms; however,
by studying the initial impacts of a spill and the recovery
period, rough order of magnitude estimates could be made.
Results from studies of hypothetical offshore drilling sites
along the Atlantic and Alaskan Coasts revealed that sites in
the Baltimore Trough and on Georges Bank are least vulnerable
to environmental impacts of oil. Sites south of Long Island,
New York and in the Georgia Embayment pose higher environ-
mental risks. No conclusions were drawn regarding effects
of spills from hypothetical drilling sites in the Gulf of
Alaska.
Information Source: S. F. Moore, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, School of Engineering, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139
R-58-76
MESA PUGET SOUND
Principal Investigator: Harris, H. S.
Performing Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental
Research Labs, Boulder, Colorado 80302
Supporting Agency: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Environmental Research Labs,
No. 87121445
Period: 7/74 to 6/75 Funds: $265,000
An ecological model of Puget Sound will be developed in order to
evaluate man's impact on the marine waters of the region. Major
topics will be the environmental problems associated with petroleum
transportation and refining and waste water discharges.
Status: The project is current and field work is getting underway.
Information Source: H. S. Harris, U.S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, MESA Puget Sound Project, 3711 15th Ave.
NE, Seattle, Washington 98105
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E. FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
R-59-74 (renewal)
NAVY ENVIRONMENT: BIODEGRADATION OF OIL POLLUTANTS BY YEAST
AND YEAST LIKE FUNGI
Principal Investigators: Ahearn, D. G., and W. L. Cook
Department: Physics
Performing Organization: Georgia State University, School of
Arts and Sciences, 33 Gilmer St. S.E.,
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy, DN123203,
Contract N00014-71-C-0145
Period: 7/75 to 10/76
Labelling and gas chromatographic techniques are being used to
study the effects of oil soluble toxicants on yeast growth and
oil emulsification. Field procedures are being developed to
test the effects of yeast on oil degradation and removal from
bilge systems. Possible pathogenicity of selected fungi toward
marine and estuarine organisms is being assessed.
Status: The research contract has been continued until
December 1, 1976.
Reports and Publications
FUNGAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Ahearn, D. G., and S. P. Meyers, [date unknown]
[citation unknown]
Studies indicate that hydrocarbonoclastic yeasts are widespread
in the neritic environment and may occur in high densities in
surface slicks. Following an oil spill, growth of certain
indigenous yeasts on surface slicks is selectively stimulated,
although a sustained increase in yeast biomass does not occur
in oil-contaminated waters. Hydrocarbonoclastic molds also
occur in marine habitats but their relationship to natural
slicks is unknown. Considerable attention is being given to
microbial species which, when introduced to oil-contaminated
environments, can rapidly accelerate the degradation of oil.
239
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DENSITIES OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI IN COASTAL SURFACE FILMS AS
DETERMINED BY A MEMBRANE-ADSORPTION PROCEDURE
Crow, S. A., D. G. Ahearn, W. L. Cook and A. W. Bourquin.
1975.
Limnology and Oceanography 20(4):644-646.
A simple membrane-adsorption technique for counting micro-
organisms in surface slicks is described. The procedure
gave bacterial and fungal populations several orders of
magnitude greater than those previously reported for
surface oil slicks.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND DNA CHARACTERIZATION OF CANDIDA MALTOSA,
A HYDROCARBON-UTILIZING YEAST
Meyer, S. A., K. Anderson, R. E. Brown, M. Th. Smith,
D. Yarrow, G. Mitchell, and D. G. Ahearn. 1975.
Arch. Microbiology 104:225-231.
Selected hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts classified as Candida
sake van Uden et Buckley were examined for their physiological,
morphological and immunological patterns and their DNA related-
ness. All evidence, in particular DNA reassociations,
demonstrates that Candida cloacae Komogata, Nakase et Katsuya,
C_. maltosa Komagata, Nakase et Katsuya and C_. subtropical is
Nakase, Fukazawa et Tsuchiya are synonymous and distinct from
C_. sake van Uden et Buckley and C^. tropicalis Berkhout.
Distinguishing properties are outlined.
Information Source: D. G. Ahearn, Professor of Microbiology,
Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer St., S.E.,
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
R-068-74 (renewal)
NAVY ENVIRONMENT: BIODEGRADATION OF OIL SLICKS IN THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
Principal Investigator: Bartha, R.
Specialty: Microbiology and Biochemistry
Performing Organization: Rutgers The State University, School
of Arts and Sciences, Old Queens Bldg.,
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy, DN023175,
Contract N00014-67-A-0115-0005
Period: 7/75 to 6/76 Funds: $17,981
Microorganisms are being isolated from oil-soaked beach and soil
samples to find oil degrading species. A Warburg respirometer is
240
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being used to determine the effect of oleophilic fertilizers on
the growth rate. The rate of petroleum degradation may be
increased by bacterial mutants that use both normal and branched
alkanes. Methods of stimulating biodegradation are being
investigated.
Reports and Publications
BIODEGRADATION OF SOME POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC PETROLEUM
COMPONENTS BY MARINE BACTERIA
Dean-Raymond, D.» and R. Bartha. 1975.
Developments in Industrial Microbiology 16:97-110.
The metabolism of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
by six bacterial strains isolated from oil-polluted waters
was studied using various chromatographic and spectrometric
techniques. All six strains grew on naphthalene, 2-methyl-
naphthalene and 2-ethylnaphthalene as sole sources of carbon
and energy. Studies of the metabolism of other PAH are
discussed.
HYDROCARBON METABOLISM BY BREVIBACTERIUM ERYTHROGENES:
NORMAL AND BRANCHED ALKANES
Pirnik, M. P., R. M. Atlas, and R. Bartha. 1974.
Journal of Bacteriology 119(3):868-878.
The metabolism of branched- and straight-chain alkanes by
]3. erythrogenes occurs in two distinct pathways. The
degradation pathways of pristane and other branched alkanes
are studied. Results suggest an inducible dicarboxylic
acid pathway for degradation of branched-chain alkanes.
Information Source: R. Bartha, Rutgers The State University,
Cook College, Department of Biochemistry
and Microbiology, P.O. Box 231, New Brunswick,
New Jersey 08903
R-l16-74 (renewal)
MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF HYDROCARBONS UNDER LOW TEMPERATURE
MARINE CONDITIONS
Principal Investigators: Traxler, R. W., and A. M. Cundell
Performing Organization: Rhode Island University, Department
of Plant Pathology-Entomology, Kingston,
Rhode Island 02881
Supporting Agency: Office of Naval Research
241
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The bacteria used in this study come from environments with a
temperature range from -2.5 to 20°C. The fine structure of
cells grown on hydrocarbons will be analyzed to determine the
character of the intracellular deposit. Data from a Narragansett
Bay fuel oil spill will be compared to the laboratory data.
Reports and Publications
OIL POLLUTION AND OFFSHORE FIELD DEVELOPMENT
Cundell, A. M. 1972.
Journal New Zealand Institute of Chemistry 36:184-187.
The environmental impact of offshore oil production within
New Zealand waters must be evaluated. The weathering and
degradation of oil, its effects, cleanup and safety procedures
and oil movement are topics reviewed.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING
PENICILLIUM SP. GROWN ON N-HEXADECANE OR PEPTONE
Cundell, A. N., W. C. Mueller, and R. w. Traxler. 1976.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology (in press)
THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROCARBON-UTILIZING
BACTERIA FROM CHEBABUCTO BAY, NOVA SCOTIA
Cundell, A. M., and R. W. Traxler. 1973.
Conference on the Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, 1973.
p. 421-426.
Enrichment culture techniques were used to isolate hydrocarbon-
utilizing bacteria from sediment and seawater samples of
Chebabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. The isolates were screened on
various hydrocarbon substrates to form a utilization profile.
Growth rates, generation times and lag times were determined
for each isolate on the various substrates.
PSYCHROPHILIC HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING BACTERIA FROM NARRAGANSETT
BAY, RHODE ISLAND
Cundell, A. M., and R. W. Traxler. 1976.
Material und Organismen (in press)
THE PERSISTENCE AND BIODEGRADATION OF SPILLED RESIDUAL FUEL
OIL ON AN ESTUARINE BEACH
Pierce, J. H., A. M. Cundell, and R. W. Traxler. 1975.
Applied Microbiology 29:646-652.
Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria increased from days 4 to 16
after an oil spill on a Rhode Island beach, and maintained
242
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a population for a year. The concentration of petroleum
hydrocarbons declined rapidly to a low after one year.
Biodegradation in the winter was less than 1 yg/gm dry
sediment/day.
Information Source: Dr. A. M. Cundell, Fellow in Applied Biology,
Harvard University, Engineering Sciences
Laboratory, 40 Oxford St., Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02138
R-227-74 (renewal)
BIODEGRADATION OF OIL IN SEAWATER FOR NAVAL POLLUTION CONTROL
Principal Investigators: O'Neill, T. B., and D. B. Chan
Performing Organization: U.S. Navy, Civil Engineering Laboratory,
Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, California 93041
Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of Defense, Navy, ONI44052
Period: 7/75 to 6/76
Cleanup and recovery
The objective of this research is to isolate microorganisms which
can efficiently degrade petroleum and be grown in large quantities.
The research will include a literature review, isolation of
microbes from areas of southern California where oil leakage is
common, increasing their metabolic activity in pure or mixed
cultures, and mass producing suitable organisms in order to
eliminate oil through biodegradation.
R-59-76
STUDY OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS OPERATIVE IN THE DEGRADATION OF
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS BY THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA
Principal Investigator: Buswell, J. A.
Performing Organization: Department of Biology, Paisley College
of Technology, High St., Paisley,
Renfrewshire, PA1 2BE, Scotland
Supporting Agency: Unknown
Period: Unknown
Biological degradation
Status: The project is continuing and is currently being
expanded to include studies of the catabolic pathways by which
a wide range of aromatic compounds are dissimilated by thermo-
philic microorganisms.
243
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Reports and Publications
THE META-CLEAVAGE OF CATECHOL BY A THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS
SPECIES
Buswell, J. 1974.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 60(3):
293-301.
UTILIZATION OF PHENOL AND CRESOLS BY BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
STRAIN PH24
Buswell, J. A., and D. G. Twomey. 1975.
Journal of General Microbiology 87:377-379.
METABOLISM OF PHENOL AND CRESOLS BY BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
Buswell, J. A. 1975.
Journal of Bacteriology 124(3):1077-1083.
Information Source: J. A. Buswell, Paisley College of Technology,
Department of Biology, High St., Paisley,
Renfrewshire PA1 2BE, Scotland
R-60-76
THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL MICROORGANISMS
IN CRUDE OIL DEGRADATION AT LOW TEMPERATURES, AND THE EFFECT OF
CRUDE OIL ON POPULATION DYNAMICS
Principal Investigators: Gordon, R, C., and E. Sparrow
Performing Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Arctic Environmental Research
Laboratory, College, Alaska 99701
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Period: 1975 to 1978?
Status: The study is in the first year of what will be a three-
year study. The microbiological aspects of controlled hot oil
spills in a taiga area underlain with permafrost will be examined
along with parallel studies in the aquatic environment. Field
and laboratory work on the terrestrial phase is just beginning.
Laboratory work with indigenous microorganisms from subarctic
streams is also in its initial stages. No reports are available
at present.
Information Source: R. C. Gordon, Research Microbiologist,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Arctic Environmental Research Laboratory,
College, Alaska 99701
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2. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF OIL
R-31-76
EVAPORATION OF OIL SPILLS ON WATER
Principal Investigators: Palmer, L. L., and H. S. Fogler
Performing Organization: Chevron Oil Field Research Co.,
La Habra, Ca., University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mi.
Supporting Agency: Standard Oil Company of California
Period: 1974 to 1976
A theoretical and laboratory experimental study is being
conducted to develop a simple mathematical model for the
evaporation of oil spills on water. The model is based on
information available in the literature on oil spill evaporation.
Status: The study to develop a simple mathematical description
has been completed. A computer program has been developed to
model the mathematical description. Brief laboratory experiments
have been conducted and are planned for use in confirming the
accuracy of the computer model. Completion of the project is
scheduled for late 1976.
Information Source: L. L. Palmer, Chevron Oil Field Research
Company, P.O. Box 446, La Habra, Ca. 90631
245
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3. GENERAL FATE OF OIL
R-076-74 (renewal)
TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM RESIDUES IN SARGASSUM COMMUNITIES AND
THE WATERS OF THE SARGASSO SEA
Principal Investigators: Butler, J. N., and B. F. Morris
Performing Organization: Bermuda Biological Station for Research,
St. George, St. George West, Bermuda
Supporting Agency: National Science Foundation, Division of
National and International Programs,
GX-32883A#1
Period: 5/75 to 4/76 Funds: $51,550
Physical changes of oil in the environment, Source identification,
Sampling, Analysis, Monitoring
An investigation of the uptake and transfer of petroleum
hydrocarbons through the different trophic levels of the Sargassum
Sea communities.
Status: The project is currently funded through April 30, 1976.
In preparation
HYDROCARBONS IN SARGASSUM AND ITS ASSOCIATED FAUNA
Cadwallader, J., and J. N. Butler
Full data from gas chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons
in Sargassum and seven of its larger associated fauna will
be presented in tabular form. Statistical measures of the
variability of these hydrocarbon analyses and quantitative
correlation between replicate samples will be given.
Emphasis will be on the distinction between petroleum and
biogenic hydrocarbons.
THE FOOD WEB OF THE SARGASSUM COMMUNITY
Morris, B. F., and J. Geiselman
Analysis of gut contents of preserved specimens, direct
observation of feeding behavior of live organisms, and
examination of the gut and fecal contents of live organisms
yields information summarized as a food web matrix.
Quantitative data on these observations and the effect of
environmental conditions will be reported.
246
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Reports and Publications
EVAPORATIVE WEATHERING OF PETROLEUM RESIDUES: THE AGE OF
PELAGIC TAR
Butler, J. N. 1975.
Marine Chemistry 3(1):9-21.
This paper discusses a simple semiquantitative model of
evaporative weathering and its use in determining the age
of individual tar lumps. Application of the model to gas
chromatograms of pelagic tar lumps collected near Bermuda
indicates that most of these lumps were formed by frag-
mentation of much larger and older masses, some within one
day of collection time.
PELAGIC TAR
Butler, J. N. 1975.
Scientific American 232(6):90-97.
Tarry residues of petroleum, probably formed mainly by the
discharge of waste from oil tankers, are picked up by fine
nets everywhere in the ocean. The weathering of these lumps
and the organisms associated with them are being studied.
The effect of petroleum wastes on marine organisms is still
not well known.
TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM RESIDUES FROM SEA TO AIR: EVAPORATIVE
WEATHERING (in press)
Butler, J. N. 1976.
Marine Pollutant Transfer. H. E. Windom and R. A. Duce (eds.).
D. C. Heath and Co. (1976).
This paper develops a simple semiquantitative model of
evaporative weathering which predicts the transport of
petroleum components to the atmosphere from the sea surface.
The rate of evaporative weathering of a component of crude oil
residue is assumed to be proportional to its equilibrium vapor
pressure and to the amount remaining in the sample. The rate
of transfer from the sea surface by evaporation is estimated
to be somewhat less than half the rate of petroleum input:
approximately 30 mg/mz yr in the Sargasso Sea.
247
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NORMAL PARAFFIN PROFILES OF PELAGIC TAR SAMPLES FROM THE
MARMAP SURVEY
Butler, J. N., and J. C. Harris. 1975.
Marine Chemistry 3(l):l-7.
Pelagic tar samples, collected from 20 stations on cruises
from the MARMAP Survey, were analyzed by gas chromatography
to obtain normal paraffin profiles in the range from CIQ to
035, and a qualitative indication of the relative amount
of other volatile compounds in that range. The samples
were all weathered residues of waxy paraffinic crude oils
and were similar to samples collected from the Sargasso Sea
near Bermuda.
QUANTITATIVE MONITORING AND AVAILABILITY OF PELAGIC TAR IN
THE NORTH ATLANTIC
Butler, J. N., and B. F. Morris. 1974.
Marine Pollution Monitoring (Petroleum) Symposium and Workshop,
National Bureau of Standards, Maryland, 1974. R. C. Junghans
(ed.). NBS Special Publication No. 409. p. 75-78.
Sampling with a neuston net for pelagic tar gives results that
vary by a factor of 10. Thus, elaborate flow measurements,
etc., are not useful. The IOC-WMO recommendation that dry
weight be determined involves unnecessary labor. Wet weight
measurements are adequate.
PELAGIC TAR FROM BERMUDA AND THE SARGASSO SEA
Butler, J. N., B. F. Morris, and J. Sass. 1973.
Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Special Publication
No. 10. 346 p.
From surveys of pelagic tar lumps in the Atlantic Ocean, it
has been reported that highest concentrations occur in the
.Sargasso Sea (2-40 mg/m2). The possible sources of tar
deposits on Bermuda beaches and the chemical composition of
tar lumps in the Sargasso Sea are discussed.
PETROLEUM RESIDUES IN THE SARGASSO SEA AND ON BERMUDA BEACHES
Morris, B. F., and J. N. Butler. 1973.
Prevention and Control of Oil Spills. Proceedings of Joint
Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, 13-15
March 1973, Washington, D.C. 4172. p. 521-572.
'Tar lumps' amount to 86,000 metric tons in the Northwest
Atlantic, most in the Sargasso Sea. Chemical characteristics
248
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imply that the source is crude oil sludge from tanker washings.
Degradation is on the order of years.
TRANSFER OF PARTICULATE HYDROCARBON MATERIAL FROM THE OCEAN
SURFACE TO THE WATER COLUMN (in press)
Morris, B. F., J. N. Butler, T. D. Sleeter, and J. Cadwallader.
1976.
Marine Pollutant Transfer. H. E. Windom and R. A. Duce (eds.).
D. C. Heath and Co. (1976).
Seawater samples collected in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda
between 1 and 100 meters depth were filtered, filters were
examined and then extracted with pentane and benzene, and
filter extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography. The
extracts showed mainly normal alkanes in the range from 25
to 40 carbons, with no odd-carbon predominance, and an
unresolved envelope in about half the samples. The total
mass of black or brown "tar-like" particles (10 to 500 ym)
between these depths is estimated to be about 40 yg/m2 of
ocean surface, four times the standing crop of larger tar
lumps at the sea surface. From these analyses pelagic tar
appears to be a transient form of petroleum residue which
continues into the water column as small particles.
PELAGIC TAR IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA, 1974-75
Morris, B. F., J. N. Butler, and A. Zsolnay, 1975.
Environmental Conservation 2(4):275-282.
From 12/6/74 to 1/20/75, the 'R/V Westward' circumnavigated
the Mediterranean Sea and took quantitative samples of pelagic
tar at 48 stations. These samples were compared with samples
collected from a similar survey made in 1969 by the 'R/V
Atlantis.' The total standing stock of pelagic tar in the
Mediterranean is lower than in 1969, due to decreased pollution
of the eastern basin. With the reopening of the Suez Canal,
changes in the amounts of tar should continue to be monitored.
TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM AND BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE
SARGASSUM COMMUNITY (in press)
Morris, B. F., J. Cadwaller, T. Geiselman, and J. N. Butler,
1976.
Marine Pollutant Transfer. H. E. Windom and R. A. Duce (eds )
D. C. Heath and Co. (1976)
Samples of Sargassum and its associated fauna were collected
and extracted, and the non-polar hydrocarbons were analyzed
249
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by gas chromatography. Total hydrocarbon contents varied
from 8 to 3400 yg/g dry weight, and the ratio of petroleum
to biogenic hydrocarbons varied from 12 to 600. High
concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons present were
probably ingested directly as tar particles. Except for
the relatively lower content of the Sargassum, position
did not correlate with petroleum hydrocarbon content.
PELAGIC TAR IN THE CARIBBEAN AND EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC, 1974
Sleeter, T. D., B. F. Morris, and J. N. Butler. 1976.
Deep Sea Research.
Pelagic tar was sampled at 61 stations in the Caribbean
region and 31 stations in the eastern north and equatorial
Atlantic. Tar densities in the Caribbean and Canary current
region are similar to previously recorded densities;
Atlantic densities were significantly lower than others
have recorded. Data suggest that although less tar has
been measured in the Caribbean than in the Sargasso Sea,
comparable quantities of tar in unit time probably pass
through both regions.
QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING OF PELAGIC TAR IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC,
1973
Sleeter, T., D. F. Morris, and N. Butler.
Deep-Sea Research 21(9):773-775.
1974.
Pelagic tar has been quantitatively collected in the western
Sargasso Sea and the eastern North Atlantic. Heyerdahl
observed exceptionally large amounts of tar in 1969 and 1970;
Langmuir currents may have concentrated the tar into windrows,
Information Source:
J. N. Butler, Division of Engineering and
Applied Physics, Harvard University, Pierce
Hall, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138
R-303-75
FATES AND EFFECTS OF OIL AND OIL COMPOUNDS ON MARINE COASTAL
ECOSYSTEMS
Principal Investigators:
Performing Organization:
Templeton, W. L., C. I. Gibson,
J. R. Vanderhorst, and R. M. Bean
Battelle Memorial Institute, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352
250
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration, Biomedical & Environmental
Research Division, Contract AT(45-1)-1830
Period: 7/74 to 6/75
General effects of oil pollution
Biological and chemical studies are being integrated into a
program to determine the fate of oil components in marine
environments and examine the complex effects of those components
on community structure. A three-month chronic exposure of an
experimental intertidal community to oil was undertaken.
Reports and Publications
QUALIFICATIONS FOR TESTING OF OIL SPILL REMOVAL/RECOVERY
EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS
Anon.
Battelle-Northwesf, Engineering Technology Department,
Richland, Washington 99352
Battelle-Northwest has been active in technical areas
concerning the testing of oil spill removal/recovery
equipment. The test site consists of a large concrete
waterbasin, wave generator, wind generator, towing trolleys,
etc. Several evaluations have been done on full-size
prototype and production model skimmers.
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON THE GROWTH OF MARINE
ORGANISMS (in press)
Anderson, J. W. 1975.
Workshop on Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment.
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Special
Publication
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE ORGANISMS:
AN OVERVIEW
Anderson, J. W. 1975.
American Petroleum Institute, No. 4249. 70 p.
OIL BIOASSAYS WITH THE AMERICAN OYSTER CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA
(GMELIN) (in press)
Anderson, J. W., and R. D. Anderson. 1975.
National Shellfisheries Association, Proceedings.
251
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ACCUMULATION AND RELEASE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BY
EDIBLE MARINE ANIMALS (in press)
Anderson, J. W., and J. M. Neff. 1974(?)
Recent Advances in the Assessment of the Health Effects of
Environmental Pollution.
TOXICITY OF WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTIONS FOUR TEST OILS FOR THE
POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS, NEANTHES ARENACEODENTATA AND CAPITELLA
CAPITATA (in press)
Anderson, J. W., and S. S. Rossi. 1976.
Environmental Pollution
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF TWO OIL COLLECTING AGENTS ON
AQUATIC COMMUNITIES OF LAKE MARACAIBO
Sutton, E. A., and R. C. Arnett. 1974.
Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Washington
STUDY OF EFFECTS OF OIL DISCHARGES AND DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATERS ON THE FISHERIES OF LAKE MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA
Sutton, E. A., R. C. Arnett, W. L. Templeton, and R. M. Bean.
1974.
Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Washington
THE ROLE OF DISPERSION IN FUEL OIL BIOASSAY (in press)
Vanderhorst, J. R., C. I. Gibson, and L. J. Moore. 1976.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES TO OBTAIN A COMPARATIVE BASELINE
FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF REFINERY DISCHARGE AND POTENTIAL
OIL SPILLAGE ON THE CHERRY POINT ENVIRONS. VOL. IV.
BIOASSAY STUDIES
Vanderhorst, J. R., and P. Wilkinson. 1974.
Final report to Atlantic Richfield Company, Battelle-Northwest,
Richland, Washington
Information Source: George N. Bukota, Battelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratories, Battelle Boulevard, Richland,
Washington 99352
252
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R-304-75
INPUTS, FATES, AND EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
Principal Investigator: Vetter, R. C.
Performing Organization: National Academy of Sciences,
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20037
Supporting Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Development, 802476 Contract
72P21484
Period: 7/74 to 6/75
Biological effects of oil pollution, Biodegradation, Analysis
The contract provides for the organization by the Ocean Affairs
Board, National Academy of Sciences, of a Workshop on Inputs,
Fates, and Effects of Petroleum in the Marine Environment. Major
objectives of the Workshop will be to quantify the inputs of
petroleum in the oceans, compare analytical techniques, determine
the fates of petroleum in the marine environment, and evaluate
the effects of oil spills on coastlines, biota, marine resources
and human health.
Reports and Publications
PETROLEUM IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
National Academy of Sciences. 1975.
Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences, 1975. 107 p.
Workshop on Inputs, Fates, and the Effects of Petroleum in
the Marine Environment, Airlie House, Virginia, 1973.
Topics discussed at the workshop include: sources of oil
entering the sea, petroleum inputs to the marine environment,
analytical techniques to determine oil contamination in
marine organisms and hydrocarbon biodegradation kinetics.
It was concluded that much more research regarding the fates
and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine environ-
ment is needed.
Information Source: R. C. Vetter, National Academy of Sciences,
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20037
R-61-76
CURRENT MODELING IN EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO
Principal Investigator: Unknown
Performing Organization: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Atlantic Oceanic and
Meteorological Laboratory
253
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Supporting Agency: U.S. Department of the Interior
Period: 8/74 to 10/77
Physical changes of oil in the environment
This project involves the development by. NOAA of a mathematical
computer simulation model of the prevalent current patterns
and water mass movements in the Gulf of Mexico. This contract
is a part of the Department of Interior's OCS environmental
program related to oil and gas exploration and development
R-62-76
CHARACTERISTICS AND STABILITY OF THE COLLOIDAL MATERIAL
ACCOMMODATING HYDROCARBONS IN THE OPEN OCEAN
Principal Investigator: Zsolnay, A.
Performing Organization: Duke University Marine Laboratory,
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
Supporting Agency: Office of Naval Research
Period: Unknown
Work on this grant has only been initiated recently. Results
are still too preliminary to be announced.
R-63-76
THE DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSICAL STATE OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN
OCEANIC WATER COLUMN
Principal Investigator: Zsolnay, A.
Performing Organization: Duke University Marine Laboratory,
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
Supporting Agency: National Science Foundation
Period: Unknown
Status: Hydrocarbon values found off Bermuda have been extremely
low, averaging about 0.3 yg/1 for petrogenic hydrocarbons and
0.1 yg/1 for biogenic hydrocarbons. Most of the hydrocarbon
material is to be found in the colloidal fraction. Microscopic
tar particles have also been found in the water column at a
concentration of about 0.04 yg/1. No publications are available
at the present time.
Information Source: A. Zsolnay, Duke University Marine Laboratory,
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516
254
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SECTION III. CURRENT CONFERENCES
*Feb. 2-14 Conference of Plenipotentiaries Convened to Adopt a
Draft Framework Convention for the Protection of the
Marine Environment Against Pollution in the Mediterranean,
Barcelona, Spain, 1976.
Sponsored by the UN Environmental Programme, UN System
Agencies.
FFI contact P. S. Thacher, UNEP, Palais des Nations,
CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
Feb. 23-26 American Chemical Society Middle Atlantic Regional
Meeting, 10th, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1976.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Symposium on Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Aquatic
Environments
No. 1
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
Weiss, F. T.
No. 2
SEPARATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON POLLUTANTS
Sabatino, T. F., J. V. Hunter, and M. MacKenzie
No. 3
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PHENOLICS IN THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY
Hunt, G. T., S. D. Faust, and W. H. Clement
No. 4
EARLY WEATHERING OF SOUTH LOUISIANA CRUDE OIL IN THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Lefcourt, P.
No. 5
ENVIRONMENTAL PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Larson, R. A., D. W. Blankenship, and L. L. Wash
No. 6
ADVANCED TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTEWATER
Zogorski, J.
*Additional information not available at time of publication
255
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No. 8
EFFECTS OF PHENOLS ON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES
Tripp, M. R.
No. 9
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF IRRADIATED
VS. NONIRRADIATED WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTIONS OF NO. 2
FUEL OIL ON FIVE AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Scheier, A.
No. 10
EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS ON OYSTER LARVAE
Haskins, H.
Symposium on Characterization of Pollution in the
Marine Environment
No. 11
POLLUTION OF THE COASTAL OCEANS
Segar, D. A.
No. 14
ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE SAMPLES
Farrington, J. W.
FFI contact American Chemical Society, 10th MARM,
236 Spruce St., Department of Chemistry, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174
Mar. 1-5 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied
Spectroscopy, 27th, Cleveland Convention Center, Cleveland,
Ohio, 1976.
Sponsored by Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh;
Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Oil Identification Symposium I
No. 319
APPLICATION OF A NEW SULFUR DETECTOR TO QUANTITATIVE
OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION
Flanigan, G. A., D. W. May, and A. P. Bentz
No. 320
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF OILS BY
SEPARATION OF THE METHANOL EXTRACTABLE FRACTION
Saner, W. A., and G. E. Fitzgerald
256
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No. 321
ADVANCES IN OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION BY FIELD IONIZATION
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Anbar, M., A. Scott, and M. Scolnick
No. 322
WEATHERED PETROLEUM-PROBABILITY OF IDENTIFICATION BY
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Brown, C. W., M. Ahmadjian, and P. F. Lynch
No. 323
A PRELIMINARY LOOK AT MICROPROCESSING INFRARED DATA
FOR OIL IDENTIFICATION
Mar, T. L., V. M. Westervelt, and A. P. Bentz
No. 324
A FIELD METHOD FOR NATURAL SEEP OIL DISCRIMINATION BY
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Eastwood, D., and D. F. Grant
No. 325
STUDIES OF PETROLEUM SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION USING
PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES
Clark, H. A., and P. C. Ours
No. 326
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION
OF OILS
Mattson, J. M., M. J. Spencer, and S. A. Starks
No. 327
ANALYSIS OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA FOR OIL SPILL
IDENTIFICATION
Starks, S. A., and M. Curtis
Oil Identification - Symposium II
No. 401
IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDES AND LUBRICATING OILS BY LOW
TEMPERATURE LUMINESCENCE
Fortier, S. A., and D. Eastwood
No. 402
OIL FINGERPRINTING BY PHOSPHORESCENCE, A FEASIBILITY
STUDY
Hanks, J. A., and D. Eastwood
No. 403
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOLVENT COMPENSATION IN OIL SPILL
IDENTIFICATION
Helman, D. L., and R. A. Passwater
257
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No. 404
OIL FINGERPRINTING USING DOUBLE-BEAM FLUORESCENCE
SPECTRA
Sheridan, J. A., and J. R. Jadamec
No. 405
LOS ANGELES HARBOR FIELD INVESTIGATION OF OIL AND
BACKGROUND LUMINESCENCE SIGNATURES
Gross, H. G.
No. 406
IDENTIFICATION OF OIL COMPONENTS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
FOLLOWED BY LOW TEMPERATURE LUMINESCENCE ANALYSIS
Brownrigg, J. T., and A. W. Nornig
No. 407
THE USE OF TOTAL LUMINESCENCE CONTOUR SPECTRA FOR
OIL IDENTIFICATION
Hornig, A. W., and H. W. Elderling
No. 408
IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SAMPLES BY AN ELECTROLYTIC
HYDROGEN EXTRACTION AND FLUORESCENCE METHOD
Schwarz, F. P., and S. T. Wasik
No. 409
SPECTROSCOPIC AND CHROMATOGRAPH1C TECHNIQUES USED
IN PETROLEUM CHARACTERIZATION
McKay, J. F., and D. R. Latham
FFI contact Edwin S. Hodge, Administrative Assistant,
1976 Pittsburgh Conference, Carnegie-Mellon Institute of
Research, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Mar. 9-11 International Conference on Oil Transport and Other Toxic
Substances and Hazardous Substances on Lake Superior,
Duluth, Minnesota, 1976.
Sponsored by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency; Upper
Great Lakes Regional Commission; and the All University
Council on Environmental Quality, University of Minnesota.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session 1 - An Assessment of the Effects of Trans-
shipment of Hazardous Materials on Lake Superior
POTENTIAL DAMAGE FROM TOXIC MATERIALS IN LAKE SUPERIOR
Mount, D. I., N. J. Vick, and G. M. Christensen
This report reviews the present biological and
physical condition of Lake Superior, including present
258
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levels of pollution and contamination by toxic and
hazardous materials such as oil. The presentation
also assesses the ecological damage and general
environmental degradation caused by accidental spills,
chronic discharges and normal transfer operations
involving oil, other hydrocarbons and other toxic and
hazardous substances. The report concludes that oil
and petroleum products have less serious or lasting
effects on the lake's environment than contamination
by toxic chemicals; and it suggests several preventive
measures, such as containerized shipping and limited
seasonal shipping to minimize chemical pollution and
contamination of the lake.
Session 3 - An Evaluation of Regulatory Measures for
Reduction and Prevention of Chronic and Accidental
Discharges of Hazardous Materials on Lake Superior
REGULATIONS OF TRANSPORTATION OF OIL AND OTHER
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Tarlack, A. D.
The paper is primarily an overview of the laws,
conventions, and jurisdictions on international,
national, state and local levels which govern the
waterborne transportation of hazardous materials such
as oil. The author discusses the relative effective-
ness as well as shortcomings of various statutes,
safety measures and contingency plans in preventing
or reducing intentional and accidental discharges of
oil. The present allocation of regulatory jurisdiction
between international bodies, federal government and
states are identified, in order to aid states in
devising the legal strategy to enact spill prevention
and spill damage recovery legislation.
FFI contact Stephanie Lemenowsky, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency, 1035 West Country Rd. B-2, Roseville,
Minnesota 55113
*Mar. 18-23 National Association of Recycling Industries, 63rd, San
Francisco, California, 1976
FFI contact National Association of Recycling Industries,
330 Madison Ave., New York, New York 10017
259
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Mar. 22-23 Industrial Pollution Control Measurement and Instrument
Conference, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark,
New Jersey, 1976.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
ANALYSIS OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS
Shilman, A., and A. T. Ellgren
Analysis of light hydrocarbons (C2-Cs saturates and
unsaturates) is performed with gas solid chromato-
graphy columns. Columns are prepared by first
removing water from the column material (alumina)
by heating (activation) and by then passing a carrier
gas saturated with various alcohols or water through
the column (deactivation).
LOW ALTITUDE SURVEILLANCE FOR WATER RESOURCES
CONTROL
Fraga, G. W., and M. E. Holland
A one-year pilot project by the California State
Resource Control Board examined the effectiveness
of low altitude aerial surveillance. Results show
the many ways in which this form of monitoring can
support and improve water resources control programs.
One of the significant values is that regular sur-
veillance can detect turbidity and sedimentation,
color, algae blooms, illegal oil discharges in
receiving waters, and can identify points at which
sampling should be conducted to check self-monitoring
reports.
FFI contact I.P.C./M & I Conference Proceedings Division
of Continuing Education, New Jersey Institute of Technology,
323 High St., Newark, New Jersey 07102
*Mar. 22-26 Advanced Water Pollution Control and Environmental Impact
Physical and Chemical Waste Treatment, Austin, Texas, 1976.
FFI contact Engineering Institute, College of Engineering,
Cockrell Hall 2102, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
Mar. 28-30 National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting,
San Antonio, Texas, 1976.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
FACTORS AFFECTING WASTE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES
Vanlngen, R. E., and B. N. Bastian
260
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ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICES
IN THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
Sanjour, W.
FFI contact National Petroleum Refiners Association,
1725 De Sales St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
Mar. 30- "Resource Recovery" Industrial Pollution Conference and
April 1 Exposition, 4th, Houston, Texas, 1976.
Sponsored by Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers
Association.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
MANAGING AN INLAND OIL SPILL
Elliot, P. R.
The difficulties encountered in cleaning up an
asphalt/kerosene spill in the Hackensack River are
recounted. The polluter refused to pay the cleanup
contractor because the spill was caused by vandals.
The cleanup area was a swamp infested by snakes; and
hunters were there illegally shooting red-winged black
bi rds.
ORGANIZATION NECESSARY FOR MINIMIZING THE DAMAGING
EFFECTS OF A MAJOR OIL SPILL
Alberts, D. A., Sr.
The lack of a realistic organizational guide to prepare
personnel in charge of an oil handling facility can
cause spill cleanup to be costly, inefficient and/or
ineffective. A guide and a line diagram organizational
chart are presented.
CASE STUDY: HANNAH BARGE SPILL, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN
Sullivan, E. L.
A major oil spill on Lake Michigan in the winter,
its potential dangers and the positive corrective
actions are described. Salvage and removal operations
were quite successful due to the combined efforts of
the discharger, contractors, and state and federal
agencies. The contingency plan that was used was
provided for by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
OIL SPILL REMOVAL/COMMERCIAL RESOURCES
Usher, D.
The development of commercial resources for oil spill
cleanup since the "Torrey Canyon" disaster is reviewed.
261
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There are now some 45 commercial spill cleanup
resources in the U.S. The Oil Spill Control
Association of America provides communication between
industry, government and the scientific community.
New methods, reduced costs and standardized hardware
are the results of such communication.
FACTORS INFLUENCING OIL REMOVAL EFFICIENCY IN
DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION UNITS
Pearson, S. C.
The effect of oil, sulfide and pH on the chemicals
used to treat refinery waste before flotation was
studied using a laboratory dissolved air flotation
unit. Oil content and pH had a minor effect
compared to sulfide. Other wastes were tested for
use as coagulents; activated sludge proved to aid
in oil removal.
FFI contact Carl Novak, Water and Waste Water Equipment
Manufacturers Association, 7900 Westpark Drive, Suite 304,
McLean, Virginia 22101
*Apr. 4-6 International Petrochemical Conference, San Antonio,
Texas, 1976.
FFI contact National Petroleum Refiners Association,
Suite 802, 1725 DeSales St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
Apr. 4-9 American Chemical Society Meeting, 171st, New York,
N.Y., 1976.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Symposium on a Biochemical Approach to Some Problems
on Environmental Pollution
No. 7
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: DISTRIBUTION AND POSSIBLE
FATE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Gibson, D. T.
No. 10
THE MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF HETEROCYCLIC AND
ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Patterson, C. 0., and G. D. Hegeman
FFI contact American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St.,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (Abstracts of papers $10
Special Issue Sales)
262
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*Apr. 5-8 National Water Resources and Ocean Engineering Convention
and Exposition, San Diego, California, 1976.
FFI contact American Society of Civil Engineers,
345 E. 47th St., New York, New York 10017
*Apr. 21-23 Annual Symposium on Recent Advances in the Analytical
Chemistry of Pollutants, 6th, Vienna, 1976.
FFI contact Dr. H. Malissa, Technische Hochschule Wien,
Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Wien, Austria
*Apr. 21-27 Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine
Pollution, 8th Session, Rome, Italy, 1976.
FFI contact World Meteorological Organization,
Avenue G Motta, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Apr. 25-28 Institute of Environmental Sciences Technical Meeting
and Equipment Exposition, 22nd, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 1976.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session 5D: Water Pollution
AN ULTRASONIC OIL/WATER POLLUTION MONITOR
Houlihan, T.. N., and F. K. McGrath
FFI contact B. L. Peterson, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, 940 East Northwest Highway, Mt. Prospect,
Illinois 60056
Apr. 25-28 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material
Spills, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1976.
Topics: Legislation, cleanup systems, international
programs, contingency planning, prevention, government
policies and programs, personnel safety, spill retrieval
data systems, ultimate disposal, detection-monitoring-
reporting, response capabilities, risk analysis, case
histories, effects-impacts, spill monitoring, research
and development.
263
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Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session IIIA - Response
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CANNOT BE EFFECTIVELY
REMOVED FROM LARGE BODIES OR WATERS OF BUSY RIVER
SYSTEMS UNLESS ...
Whitebloom, S. W.
The problems encountered by the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago in attempting to clean up
spills of oil and hazardous material are described.
Federal agencies appear reluctant to direct moving
traffic or declare "NO WAKE" areas in waterways during
a cleanup operation.
Session IXB - Case Histories
CASE HISTORY: CLEANUP OF LITTLE MOUNTAIN SALVAGE
YARD ACID SLUDGE AND OIL LAGOON
Rice, G. B., F. D. Nichols, H. J. Snyder, EPA, and
J. Skujins
The Little Mountain Salvage Yard was used for disposal
of waste from a waste oil processing center. The
lagoon was declared a threat to U.S. waters. The case
is discussed in terms of planning and coordination of
the cleanup, disposal of the liquid contents of the
lagoon and the legal problems.
FFI contact Gary Bennett, Department of Chemical Engineering,
University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
Apr. 29-30 (Las Vegas, Nevada) Environmental Law, 1976
May 18-19 (New York City, New York)
This is a practical course designed to provide current
information on environmental law for those who wish to
grow professionally through continuing education.
Oil Pollution Related Lectures
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT
Dunkelberger, H. E., Jr.
The evolution of NEPA, environmental impact statements
trends in judicial review, CEQ guidelines and possible
amendments are discussed.
264
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Miller, M. L.
Federal legislation, implementation of regulations
and enforcement procedures in this area are analyzed.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Arbuckle, J. G.
A historical review of U.S. water pollution control
laws is given. Regulations implementing the 1972
Act, user charges, court decisions, state and local
activities and future possible amendments are topics
of discussion.
FFI contact N. C. McNerney, Government Institutes, Inc.,
4733 Bethesda Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20014
May 3-6 Offshore Technology Conference, 8th, Houston, Texas, 1976.
Sponsored jointly by AIChE, AIME, AAPG, ASCE, ASME, MTS,
IEEE, SEG and SNAME.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
OTC 2444
OCCURRENCES OF OIL AND GAS SEEPS ALONG THE GULF OF
ALASKA
Blasko, D. P.
OTC 2445
RESULTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM IN THE
CANADIAN BEAUFORT SEA
Hniatuk, J.
OTC 2446
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF
BALLAST WATER OUTFALLS
Johnston, C. S., and A. R. Halliwell
OTC 2447
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCED WATERS FROM OIL
AND GAS EXTRACTION OPERATIONS IN OFFSHORE AND COASTAL
WATERS
Weiss, F. T., C. D. McAuliffe, and C. B. Koons
OTC 2448
NONVOLATILE HYDROCARBONS ALONG TANKER ROUTES OF THE
PACIFIC OCEAN
Brown, R. A., and T. D. Searl
265
-------
OTC 2449
FATE AND EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE LIFE: PROGRESS
REPORT ON RESEARCH SPONSORED BY THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY
Lasday, A. H., and E. W. Mertens
OTC 2450
RISK ANALYSIS AND OIL SPILL EXPECTATION FOR
DEEPWATER PORTS
Moser, W. A., M. P. Noel, and J. M. Heckard
OTC 2454
LABORATORY BIOLOGICAL STUDIES: MAKING THEM
APPROPRIATE FOR PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE
OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS
Hester, F, J.
OTC 2691
SYSTEM MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF TWO FAST-CURRENT OIL
REMOVAL SYSTEMS
Ard, R. W., D. S. Jensen, R. Ayers, and R. Beach
OTC 2692
MEANS OF MINIMIZING POLLUTION AT CONVENTIONAL PIER
AND SEA ISLAND FACILITIES
Fetters, C. H., Jr.
OTC 2693
A FERROMAGNETIC SORBENT SYSTEM FOR OIL SPILL
RECOVERY
Turbeville, J. E.
OTC 2694
THE ANALYSIS OF A CONTAINED EMULSIFIED OIL SLICK
Collins, D. J., G. D. M. MacKay, and K. T. Wong
OTC 2695
TEST OF OIL RECOVERY DEVICES IN A BROKEN ICE FIELD
Getman, J. H., L. A. Schultz, and P. C. Deslauriers
OTC 2696
PERFORMANCE TESTS OF OFF THE SHELF OIL SKIMMERS
Griffiths, R.
OTC 2697
HIGH SEAS OIL SPILL CONTROL PROGRAM OF THE
SUPERVISOR OF SALVAGE
Sea, R.
266
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OTC 2698
COTTON - THE NATURAL SORBENT FOR COMBATTING OIL
POLLUTION
Meenaghan, G, F., 0. E. Halligan, A. A. Ball,
and J. F. Leary
OTC 2714
EVALUATING OIL SPILL RISK EXPOSURE FROM DEEPWATER
PORTS
Brown, D. W.
OTC 2715
ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE POLLUTION RISK AND ECONOMICS
OF SHIP VERSUS PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF OCS OIL TO
ONSHORE TERMINALS
Donovan, L. J., J. Mulhern, and S. C. Fischer
FFI contact Ms. Sherry Anderson, Public Relations
Manager, Offshore Technology Conference, 6200 North
Central Expressway, Dallas, Texas 75206
*May 4-6 Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, 31st, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1976.
FFI contact Dr. A. J. Steffen, Civil Engineering Bldg.,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
May 16-22 International Petroleum Exposition, 53rd, Tulsa,
Oklahoma, 1976.
The first non-commercial "World Energy Science
Panorama" has a series of exhibits on energy, ecology
and the earth sciences. Working models, graphic
illustrations, movies and slides are included. The
Energy Science Panorama contains various exhibits on
new and innovative technology for electricity, coal,
petroleum and gas, shale oil, nuclear, solar and
wind energy, waste regeneration and hydrogen. There
are exhibits on miscellaneous forms of energy and how
they affect the environment and offshore-production
techniques. An "Energy Film Festival," under the
auspices of the Oklahoma Petroleum Council, will
267
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feature films relating to protection of the environ-
ment and ecology, while carrying out oil, gas and
other energy source operations.
FFI contact Mr. William Sterne, Assistant Publicity
Director, Publicity Office, 2126 East 15th, Tulsa,
Oklahoma 74104
*May 24-28 Offshore Wales Exhibition and Conference, Cardiff,
Wales, U.K., 1976.
FFI contact Cardiff City Council, Cardiff, Wales,
United Kingdom.
June 20-26 ACHEMA '76, Frankfurt (Main), Federal Republic of
Germany.
Cosponsored by: European Federation of Corrosion
and European Federation of Chemical Engineers.
The congress will include a full program of
scientific and technical papers, including many
phases of pollution control.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Waste gases, waste water, refuse and recycling,
noise
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR WIRTSCHAFTLICHEN UNO SCHADLOSEN
BESEITIGUNG VON ALTEMULSIONEN UNO dLHALTIGEN
SPULWASSERN ZWEIER KALTWALZWERKE. (INVESTIGATIONS
BEARING ON THE ECONOMICAL AND SAFE DISPOSAL OF
SPENT EMULSIONS AND OILY WASH WATERS FROM TWO COLD
ROLLING .MILLS)
Steinbach, G., H. Kroener, and W. Meininghaus
FFI contact National Chemical Exposition, 86 Randolph
St., Chicago, Illinois 60601
*June 27-30 The Third National Conference on Complete WateReuse:
Symbiosis as a Means of Abatement for Multi-Media:
Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1976.
268
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Sponsored by Environmental Division AIChE, and
Environmental Protection Agency.
FFI contact Mr. L. K. Cecil, Meeting Chairman,
418 Lincoln Bldg., Champaign, Illinois 61820
*end Ju.>e- Subgroup of the Joint Group of Experts on I60SS Marine
early July Pollution Monitoring Pilot Project, Monaco, 1976.
Sponsored by International Oceanographic Commission
and World Meteorological Organization.
FFI contact International Oceanographic Commission,
Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France
Oun. 28- The World Congress on Chemical Engineering: Chemical
Jul. 1 Engineering in a Changing World, International Congress
Centre RAI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1976.
Sponsored by American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Oil Pollution Related Papers
Session B3: Loss Prevention
DEVELOPMENT IN THE TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES
Buschmann, C. H.
RESEARCH IN LOSS PREVENTION
Juschek, H. I.
EFFECTIVE SOFTWARE IN LOSS PREVENTION (E.G. PROCEDURES,
TRAINING AND ORGANIZATION)
Kolodner, H. J.
Session A5: Environment and Human Activities
ADVANCED TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS
Eckenfelder, W. W.
Session A7: Frontiers of Chemical Engineering
SYSTEMS STUDY OF THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Stadtherr, M. A., and D. F. Rudd
FFI contact AIChE Coordinator Ted Weaver, Fluor Corporation,
East Los Angeles Branch, Box 7030, Los Angeles, California 90022
269
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Oun. 28- Gordon Research Conferences, Environmental Sciences:
Jul. 2 Water, Proctor Academy, Andover, New Hampshire, 1976.
Oil Pollution Related Topics
Organic Materials in Water
SOURCES OF ORGANIC MATERIALS IN WATER
Jolley, R. L., Discussion leader
ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN WATER
Keith, L.
STABILITY AND DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS IN
NATURAL WATERS
Morgan, J. L., Discussion leader
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Dagley, S.
SEPARATION/ISOLATION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS IN WATER
Minear, R. A., Discussion leader
IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS OF GC/MS
Hites, R. A.
SURVEILLANCE OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTS FOR HYDROCARBONS
McAuliffe, C.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TREATMENT OF WATER AND WASTE-
WATER FOR ORGANIC REMOVAL
Weber, W. J., Or., Discussion leader
*Jul. 12-15 Annual Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems,
6th, San Diego, California
Sponsored by AIChE, AIAA, SAE, ASME and Aerospace Medical
Association.
Oil Pollution Related Topics
Marine Technology Applications
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR VACCUM WASTEWATER
TRANSFER SYSTEMS
Skillman, E. P.
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH A VACCUM COLLECTION AND
WASTE INCINERATION SYSTEM ABOARD A U.S. COAST GUARD
CUTTER
White, J. A.
270
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BILGE WATER TREATMENT WITH A TUBULAR ULTRA-
FILTRATION SYSTEM
Harris, L. R., D. F. Jackson, and P. Schatzberg
FFI contact P. Schatzberg, Naval Ship R & D Center,
Code 2861, Annapolis, Maryland 21402
Sep. 13-15 Oceans '76, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Sponsored by Marine Technical Society.
Many topics to be discussed will include water quality/
pollution; remote sensing from satellite and aircraft.
FFI contact Executive Director, Marine Technology
Society, 1730 M St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
Sep. 14-18 Aquatech '76 Exposition and Conference, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, 1976
Aquatech '76 is one of the world's largest water
equipment exhibitions and will include products and
information on water purification and water pollution
control equipment and technology.
FFI contact Mr. George Ruffner, U.S. Department of
Commerce OIM/BIC, Room 1015, Washington, D.C. 20230
Sep. 21-24 Offshore North Sea Conference and Exhibition (ONS '76),
2nd, Stavange'r, Norway.
FFI contact Exhibition Office, Rogaland Trade Fair Ltd.,
Siddishallen, P.O. Box 410, 4001 Stavanger, Norway
Sep. 21-25 IOPEC International Oil Pollution Exhibition and
Conference on Systems of Prevention of Oil Pollution
at Sea and in Coastal and Inland Waters, Hamburg
Federal Republic of Germany, 1976.
IOPEC Exhibition will be held in conjunction with the
International Ship, Machinery and Marine Technology
Exhibition and Congress. The exhibition will focus
on systems of prevention of oil and chemical pollution
at sea and in coastal and inland waters. There will be
products and information on the following subjects:
research and development; consultation, especially for
land spills; absorbents, including absorbent booms;
chemical dispersants; oil booms; spray systems; tank
271
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cleaning agents and equipment; vacuum trucks; special
purpose trailers for booms and accessory equipment;
skimmers ranging from small, portable units to large
size units; special purpose craft, various types of
pumps; oil-water separators; effluent monitors; spill
detection and monitoring devices; training courses;
and engineering support and services.
The IOPEC Conference (Sep. 24, 1976) will analyze and
discuss: (1) disasters in the open ocean such as
collision at sea, oil rig and pipeline leaks (control
would be primarily by spray techniques); and (2) control
of coastal and inland waterways disasters by spray, boom
and mechanical collection devices.
FFI contact IOPEC, Ms. Dorothy Mills, P.O. Box 428,
South Norwalk, Connecticut 06856
Oct. 3-8 Water Pollution Control Federation Conference, 49th,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1976.
Topics to be covered include marine pollution and
hazards, prevention and cleanup, large tankers and
potential oil spills, and arctic transport of oil.
FFI contact Robert Canham, WPCF Executive Secretary,
3900 Wisconsin Ave., Washington, D.C. 20016
Oct. 17-22 International Conference on Water Pollution Research,
8th, Sydney, Australia, 1976.
Range of topics to be discussed include estuarine
pollution surveys, pollution from oil and offshore
materials resources development, and industrial wastes
and petrochemicals. Workshop session will review
progress and discuss current problems in water resource
quality management, marine and estuarine waste disposal
aspects, ultimate disposal of solid and liquid wastes,
and land surface and subsurface disposal of waste water.
FFI contact Dr. S. H. Jenkins, Chairman, Programme
Committee of the IAWPR, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford,
0X3, OBW, England
Oct. 26-30 Antipollution '76, Milan, Italy, 1976.
FFI contact Presidence, Comis, Via Boccaccio 7,
20123 Milan, Italy
272
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Nov. 2-4 Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine
Ecosystems and Organisms, Seattle, Washington, 1976.
Cosponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration,Outer Continental Shelf Environmental
Assessment Program and the Environmental Protection
Agency.
The Symposium is concerned with the biological inter-
actions of petroleum in the marine environment, with
special emphasis on the distribution and effects of
petroleum hydrocarbons on cold-water marine ecosystems
of arctic and subarctic latitudes.
FFI contact D. A. Wolfe, Symposium Coordinator, NOAA,
OCS Environmental Assessment Program, Rx4, Boulder,
Colorado 80302
273
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SUBJECT INDEX
ENIRI33 IN SECTION I OF OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION BEPORIS
APP4AB IN NUMERICAL OBDEB. ENTRIES DESIGNATED BY "*" HAVE
BEEN :il£it> IN PREVIOUS REPORTS AND ARE NOT ABBANGED
NU8ljiai;:ALi.Y. ItfESEHEMS ARE LISTED UNDEB THE FIRST INDEX
1 UNLESS OTHERHISE INDICATED BY "*".
C-0701
C-0044
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
--1^34-76
C-0703
C-070*
C-0713
C-J714
C-12J1
C-116*
C-07J3
C-07J4
C-0713
76
76
7o
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
C-1061-76
C-0711-
C-10U-
C-10J6-
C-0703
C-07U
C-0707
C-0655
C-0655
C-0033
76
76
76*
76
76
76
76*
C-0663-76
C ~3l) 4i>* 76*
•76
76
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGfiAPHIES, BIOL EFFECTS OIL COLLUT, GEN
FATE OF 3IL IN THE ENVIBON, B2PORTING,
ANALYSIS, BIBLIOUfiAPHIES, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, BBPO&TING,
ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, SOUBCE IDENTIFICATION,
ANA^)tSIS, BIOL DEGRADATION,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOi* EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
£tt£ ENVIRON,
ANALYSIS, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, WASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL UEIHODS, U.S. LxlG,
ANALYSIS, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
ANALYSIS, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
ANALYSIS, MONITORING,
ANALYSIS, MONITORING,
ANALYSIS, ttONITOiilNG,
ANALYSIS, aONITORIHG, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ANALYSIS, *MONITOBING, SAMPLING, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE
ENVIBON
ANALYSIS, MONITORING, SAMPLING,
ANALYSIS, *MONIXOBING, SAMPLING, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE
ENVIRON
ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING,
ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING,
274
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006*7
00709'
OOOtM-
00699-7o ANALYSIS,
00073
00719-76
00721-76
O072*-76
00051-7o*
l-76
>-76
'•76
.-7o
• -76
>-76
7o ANALYSIS, REPORTING,
76 ANALYSIS, REPORTING,
76* ANALYSIS, *SAMPHNG,
76* ANALYSIS, *SAMPLING,
7o* ANALYSIS, *SAttPLING, MONITORING,
76* AMAL^SIS^ *SAa?LltIG, B£POfiTXNG,
3U&C£ IDENTIFICATION,
76* ANALYSIS, S3U&C2 IDENTIFICATION,
76 A^aLiSIS, 3JUBC2 IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, SJUaCS IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, S3URCZ IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, S3URCE IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, S3URCE IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, S3U3C2 IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, SJUiiCE IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, S3U&CE IDENTIFICATION, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
Td£ ENVI&ON
ANALYSIS, S3U2CE IDENTIFICATION,
J.N THE ENVIRON
ANALYSIS, S3UBCE IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS, S30&CE IDENTIFICATION,
Xdii ENVIRON,
ANALYSIS, WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, SAMPLING,
PHYS CHANGES OF OIL
REMOTE SENSING,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN
filOI
C-UJo-76
C-0706-76
£-0711-76
C-UJ1-76
C-0^«i4-76
C-101D-76
C-1234-76
C-06US-76
C-1157-76
^-115d-76
C-1160-76
C-11o2-76
C-1U4-76
C-1165-76
C-1171-76
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
tild^iOGRAPUIES
FATE OF OIL
BidLiOGfiAPUIES
CLEANUP AND
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
, ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN
IN THE ENVIRON, REPORTING,
, ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
, ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
RECOVERY, REPORTING,
, ANALYSIS, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
, BIOL EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
, GEiJ EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, REPORTING, MONITORING, SAMPLING,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, riASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, GEN
EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
biBLiOG&APHIES
BI3LIOGRAPHIJS
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
DEGRADATION,
BIJL DEGRADATION,
BlJi, DEGRADATION,
BIOL DEGRADATION,
BIOL DEGRADATION,
B13L DEGRADATION,
DEGRADATION,
275
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C-116J-76
C-11t>i-76
C-099B-76
C-1342-76
C-1166-76
C-1168-76
C-1173-76
C-1161-76
C-1167-76
BIOL DEGEADAIIOIi, ANALYSIS,
BIJL DSGEADAriON, BJOL EFPSCIS OIL POLLUT,
blOL DEGHADATIOM, BlOi. EFfBCTS OIL POLLUX,
B1JL DEGBADAIION, CHfitt EFFEC1S OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND
C-090J-76
C-09U-76
C-OiJbB-76
BXOL DEGfiADAIIOii, CLEANUP AND BECOVERY,
bLJL DEGRADATION 7 CLEANUP AND BECOVERY,
BIOL DEGBADATION, CLEANUP AND BECOVEHY,
BIOL DEGHADAXION, CLEANUP AND BECOVERY,
BlOi, DEGRADATION, CLEANUP AND BECOVERY, WASTE
XB2ATJIENT/DISPGSAL HfiXHODS
BlOi, DEGRADATION, WASTE T&EAIMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
BIOL DEGBADAIION, HASTE TflEATMENT/DISPOS AL METHODS,
i>IOi« DEGRADATION, MASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
BIJi. DEGfiADATION, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
BXOjL DEGBADAXION, HASTE THEATMENT/DISPUSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0966-
00967-
C-0968-
00971-
C-0973-
C-0974-
C-097d-
C-0973I-
00981-
C-09B2-
C-09d3-
C-0986-
C^ ft O ilj iJ
W *r O O
C-0990-
C-0992-
C-0993-
C-099I*-
C-0995-
C-0997-
C-100«i-
C-1001-
C-1003-
c-iaon-
C-1005-
C-100b-
C-1011-
C-1012-
C-1014-
C-IOIa-
C-1016-
C- 10 17-
C-1020-
C-1021-
76
7b
76
76
76
76
76
7o
76
76
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76
7o
76
76
7b
76
76
76
7b
7o
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76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
7o
76
76
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BlOi,
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIJL
BIOL
BIOL
BlOi*
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
BIOL
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECIS
EFFECIS
EFFECIS
EFFECIS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECIS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
EFFECIS
EFFECTS
EFFECIS
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUX,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
POLLUX,
POLLUT,
POLLUT,
276
-------
C-1022-70
C-1023-76
C-1024-76
C-1023-76
C-102&-76
C-1027-70
C-1028-7b
C-1033-76
C-1Q31-76
C-1J3*-76
C-1J33-76
C-103^-76
C-1037-7b
C-Oo9b-7b
C-070J-76
C-0704-7b
C-0710-76
C-3715-76
C-0711-76
C-09tt7-7b
C-101B-76
C-1019-76
0103t»-7b
C-1234-76
C-1013-70
C-1163-7b
C-0998-7&
C-0976-7b
C-1013-76
C-0972-76
C-0989-76
01032-76
C-1007-7t>
C-133H-76
C-0782-7b
C-Q969-7&
C-0999-7o
C-1009-76
C-1052-76
EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
bIJL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BiOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BI3L EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIJL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
filOi. EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIJL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIJL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGBAPHIES, GEN
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIEON, BEFOSTING,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, ANALYSIS,
BIJL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, ANALYSIS,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, ANALYSIS,
BIUL EFFECIS OIL POLLUX, ANALYSIS,
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, ANALYSIS,
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
BIUL EFFECTS Oli. POLLUT, ANALYSIS,
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, ANALYSIS,
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUX, ANALYSIS,
BIOi. EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, ANALYSIS,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANALYSIS,
CLEANUP AND &ECOVEBY, SEPOttTING,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
BIDi. EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIBLIOGBAPHIES,
BIOi. EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, BIOj, DEGRAEATION,
BIJL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, BIOL DEGRADATION,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL EFFECIS OIL PROSPCT/PROD
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUX, CLEANUP AND BECOYEBY,
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND BECOVERY,
iiiO^ EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND RECOVEBY,
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND BECOVSBY,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
BIO., EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND BSCOVSHY,
BIJL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
BIOL EFFECIS OIL POLLUT, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
BIOi. EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
BiOi, EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT, ECCN
EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BEPOBTING, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUX,
BIJL EFFECTS 01-b POLLUT, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
UEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD
277
-------
C-1093-76
C-0973-76
C-0970-7&
C-0991-76
C-007<>-76*
C-0054-76*
C-0667-76
C-0996-76
C-1Q06-76
C-0647-7&
C-0636-76
C-09&J-76
C-OBU3-76
C-0803-76
C-0977-76
C-0841-76
C-1070-76.
C-1071-76
C-12J3-76
C-0976-70
C- 1013- 76
C-1091-76
C-1116-7&
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, GEN EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
GiN PA IE OF OIL IN THE 2NVIRCN
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, GEN EfFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
oiw FAXE OF OIL IN XHE ENVIBCN,
-blOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PBOD,
010*. EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PEOD,
CHEW EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, SIAIE LEG,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT/PBOD,
PdKS EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
dxOL EFFECTS OIL 'POLLUT, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE
ENVIBON
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, G£N FATE OF OIL IS THE
ENVIRON, ANALYSIS,
BlOi. EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE
jiNYiaON, PtiKS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, MONITORING,
BIJL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, MONITORING, ANALYSIS,
flIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, *MONITOHING,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, MONITORING,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, PHXS CHANGE OF OIL IN THE
EUVIfiON
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPORTING,
BIOj. EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPORTING,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPORTING, CLEANUP AND
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPORTING, MONITORING,
I'ctANSFER AND TRANSPORT
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, RESTORATION,
BIOi, EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, RESTORATION,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, RESTORATION,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, MASTS TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS, ANALYSIS, SAMPLING,
BIOL EFFECTS
BIOL EFFECTS
BIOL EFFECTS
BIOL EFFECTS
BIOL EFFECTS
BIOL EFFECTS
/PROD,
BIOL EFFECTS
/PROD,
BIOL EFFECTS
/PROD,
BIOL EFFECTS
/P&OD,
BIOL EFFECTS
OIL PSOSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PfiOSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT
GEN EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT
GEN EFFECTS OIL EEOSPCT
GEN EFFECTS OIL EROSPCT
GEN EFFECTS OIL EROSPCT
278
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C-1153-76
C-1107-76
C-1104-76
C-1041-76
C-1042-76
01154-76
C-0740-76
O0746-76
00752-76
00756-76
00761-76
00763-76
00764-76
00765-76
00769-76
C-0777-76
00778-7&
00779-76
C-0781-76
00785-76
00787-76
00789-76
00790-76
00791-76
007*2-76
00797-76
00799-76
00801-76
OU34-76
01158-76
01166-76
C-1168-76
C-1170-76
C-0782-76
C-0972-76
C-1002-76
C-1007-76
tilOL SfFSCTS OIL PEOSPCT/PEOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL EEOSPCT
/P&OD,
flIOL EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PflOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT
/PflOD, ECOiJ EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PBOD
BIOL EFFECTS OIL PEOSPCT/PfiOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT
/PEOD, ECOJi EFFECTS OIL PHOSPCT/PHOD
BIUL EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL ffiOSPCT
/PfiOD, ECOU EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PBOD,
CHEtt EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, BIOL DBGBADATION, CLEANUP AND
fiECOVEEY
EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, GSM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
tilOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, SXATE LEG,
CLEANUP AND EECOVEBY,
CLEANUP AND fiECOYEBY,
CLEANUP AND &ECOVEBI,
CLEANUP AND EECOVEBY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND BECOVSfiY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND fiECOVEfi?,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
XREAXUENX/D1SPOSAL
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANALYSIS, BIOL
REPORXING,
BIOL DEGRADAXION,
BIOL DEGRAOAXION,
BIOL DEGRADAXION,
BIOL DEGBADATION,
BIOL DEGRADAXION, WASTE
METHODS
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EPFECIS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
BIOL EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
279
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01034-76
C-1042-76
C-0744-76
C-0757-76
C-076B-76
C-0743-76
C-0753-76
C-0729-76
C-0750-76
C-0963-76
C-0965-76
C-0961-76
C-0742-76
C-0745-76
C-0748-76
C-0749-76
C-0755-76
C-0758-76
C-0759-76
C-0763-76
00766-76
C-0767-76
C-0771-76
C-0772-76
C-0773-76
C-0774-76
C-0775-76
C-0776-76
C-0780-76
C-0786-76
C-0784-76
C-0793-76
C-0795-7o
C-0796-76
C-0802-76
C-0754-76
C-1045-76
C-1067-76
C-1122-76
C-1137-76
C-1090-76
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
CLSAHOP AMD fifiCOVSEY^ CHBM BFFECTS OIL PCLLOT, BIOL
DECiEADATION,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, CONTAINMENT,
CLBANUP AUD RECOVERY, COHTAIiiBEHT, CONTINGEHCY
PLANNING, PSasONNBL TEAIMING/EDUCATION,
CLEANUP AND HECOVEEY, CONTAINMENT, CONTINGENCY
PLANNING, EECLAUATION AND REUSE
CLEANUP AND EECOVEBY, CONTAINMENT, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEEY, CONTAINMENT, DESIGN AHD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND SECOVEEY, CONTAINMENT, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, CONTAINMENT, TRANSFER AND
TuANSPORT
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
CONTAINMENT.
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, DESIGN AMD ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, REPORTING,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, FOREIGN
LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PBOD,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPC1/PBOD,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PBOD,
dIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
280
-------
01126-76
C-1187-76
00082-76*
00959-76
C-0644-76
C-0637-76
00794-76
O0694-76
01075-76
00788-76
00824-76
01209-76
00741-76
00747-76
00751-76
00762-76
00770-76
00783-76
00847-76
Cr0896-76
00903-76
00913-76
00922-76
00868-76
00837-76
00731-76
00738-76
OQ744-76
C-0757-76
00768-76
00743-76
O0753-76
00750-76
00754-76
00729-76
00961-76
00728-76
04730-76
00732-76
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, GEH EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCI/PBOD,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
CLEANUP AMD &ECOVE&Y, GEU FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
SOOECE IDENTIFICATION,
CLEANUP AND SECOVEBI, *HONITOBING, SAMPLING,
CLEANUP AND BECOVE&Y, PEaSONtfEL TRAINING/EDUCATION,
CLEANUP AND iECOVEEY, BEPOBTING, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, BEPOBTING,
CLEANUP AND BECOV3BY, BESZOBATION, CONTINGENCY
PLANNING
CLEANUP AND EECOVEBY, SAMPLING,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PBOD,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
CLEANUP AND &ECOVEBY, ZBANSFEB AND TBANSPOBT,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, TBANSFEB AND TBANSPOBT,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, U.S. LEG, HCNITOBING,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, tfASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, UASXE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, MASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND gECOVEBY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
aiOL DEGRADATION,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
PLANNING,
CONTAINMENT,
PLANNING,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
I&ANSPOBT
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
BECOVEBY,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
CONTAINMENT,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, CONTINGENCY
PEBSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, CONTINGENCY
BECLAMATION AND REUSE
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, TRANSFER AND
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND
DESIGN AND ENGIN,
DESIGN AND ENGIN,
DESIGN AND ENGIN,
281
-------
00733-76
00734-76
O0735-76
00736-76
00737-76
00739-76
00812-76
C-120!>-76
00931-76
00757-76
O0768-76
00800-76
C-0794-76
00963-76
00965-76
01054-76
01131-76
01143-76
01126-76
O0964-76
0096J-76
00692-76.
01075-76
00962-76
01210-76
00837-76
O0829-76
O0969-76
01039-76
00742-76
00745-76
O0748-76
DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CONIAINttENI, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CONTAINMENT, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CONIAINH2N1, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CONXAINttENT, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CONZAINttENT, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
CONTAINMENT, TEANSFEfi AND TfiANSPOfiT, O.S. LEG, WASTE
TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS
CONTAINMENT, U.S. LEG, TBANSfER AND TfiANSPOBT, HASTE
TiilEATiiENT/DISP'OSAL METHODS,
CONTAINMENT, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, DESIGN
AND ENGIN
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTAINMENT, PERSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTAINMENT, RECLAMATION AND BEOSE
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, HCON
EFFECTS Oli. POLLUT, REPORTING,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
aESTORATION,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTAINMENT
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, FOREIGN LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN FATE
OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, PERSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPC1/PBOD,
DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITORING,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
LJttN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
GiiN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PERSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PERSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, REMOTE SENSING, REPORTING,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT/PBOD,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, U.S. LEG,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, U.S. LEG,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
AND ENGIN,
AND fiNGIN, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
AND ENGIN, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
282
-------
C-07<**-76 DESIGN AMD ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECCVEBY,
C-0755-76 DESIGN AND BNGIN, CLEANUP AND BBCOVBBY,
C-0756-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0759-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEfiY,
C-0763-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0766-76 DESIGN A2JD ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVBBY,
C-0767-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0771-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0772-76 DESIGN AND SNGIN, CLEANUP AND BECQVEBY,
C-0773-76 DESIGN AND SNGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0774-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0775-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0776-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0780-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0786-70 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0784-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0793-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0795-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0796-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BSCOVEBY,
C-079tf-7to DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0802-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0743-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, CONTAINMENT,
C-0753-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, CONTAINMENT,
C-0754-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY, CONTAINMENT,
C-0729-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0728-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C-0733-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C-0732-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C-0733-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C-0734-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C*0735-7t> DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C-0736-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C-0737-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
00739-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, CONTAINMENT,
C-1131-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, GEN EfFECTS OIL PHOSPC1/PBOD,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, MONITOBING,
C-0649-7b DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOBING,
C-0652-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOfilNG,
C-0659-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOBING,
C-0661-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOBING,
C-0666-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOfilNG,
C-0668-7J DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOBING,
C-067U-70 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOfilNG,
C-0671-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOBING,
C-0656-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOfilNG, BEMOTE SENSING,
C-0657*76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOBING, BEMOTE SENSING,
C-065b-76 DESIGN AND SNGIN, MONITOBING, U.S. LEG,
C-0673-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITOfilNG, BEMOTE SENSING,
C-0675-76 DESIGN AND SNGIN, fiEMOTE SENSING,
C-0690-76 DESIGN AND ENGIN, fiEMOTE SENSING,
C-0032-76* DESIGN AND SNGIN, 'SAMPLING,
283
-------
C-0828-76
C-0806-76
C-0827-76
C-0810-76
C-0830-76
C-0931-76
C-0834-76
C-0842-76
C-0845-76
C-084&-76
C-0848-76
C-0859-76
C-0869-76
C-0887-76
C-0924-76
C-0901-76
C-1043-76
C-1Q47-76
C-0985-76
C-0999-76
C-1009-76
C-0800-76
C-1045-76
C-1220-76
C-1052-76
C-1063-76
C-1215-76
C-0633-76
C-0717-76
C-1046-70
C-1048-76
C-1199-76
C-1202-76
01044-76
C-OB33-76
C-1107-76
DESIGN AND ENGIN, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
DESIGN AND BNGIN, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
DESIGN AND ENGIN, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
DESIGN AND ENGIN, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, INT LEG, O.S
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATHENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE IRSATMINT/DISPOSAL
CONTAINMENT,
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATHENT/DISPGSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND SNGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
.DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
DESIGN AND ENGIN, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
RECLAMATION AND REUSE
HASTE
, LEG,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
ECOii EPP2CIS OIL POLLUT,
ECON BFPECTS OIL POLLOT,
-SCON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL PCLLUT,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
ECOi! EFFECTS OIL POLLOT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL PCLLUT,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, REPORTING,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, FOREIGN
LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
xiCON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, FOREIGN LEG,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL
EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPORTING, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUI, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
INT LEG, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
iSCON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, INT LEG, U.S. LEG,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPORTING,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
ECOfil EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, U.S. LEG,
JSCON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, U.S. LEG, STATE LEG,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, U.S. LEG,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, U.S. LEG,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS, U.S. LEG,
ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, HASIE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS,
ECON EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, B$CL EFFECTS OIL
PROSPCT/PROD, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PEOD,
284
-------
01104-76
C-1132-76
C-0808-76
C-1085-76
C-1082-76
C-1094-7&
C-1097-76
C-1099-76
C-1103-7f>
C-1133-76
C-1149-76
C-1151-76
C-1130-76
C-1148-76
C-1105-76
C-1124-76
C-1204-76
C-1074-76
C-1076-76
C-1Q80-76
C-1081-76
C-08t>7-76
C-1221-76
C-1045-76
C-1223-76
C-1223-76
ECON EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/FBOD, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
P&OSPCT/PBOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
ECON EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
PfiOSPCI/P&OD, GEM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
ECOU EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEM EFFECTS OIL
PfiOSPCT/ffiOJ), TBAHSFEB AMD TBANSPOBT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PEOSPCT/PfiOD, GEM EFFECTS OIL
PBOSPCT/PEOD, IBAMSFEE AMD TBANSFOfiT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEM EfFECIS OIL
PEOSPCI/PEOD, TBAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOfiT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PfiOD, GEM EfFECIS OIL
PBOSPCT/PSOD, TfiAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOBT,
£COM EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, GEM EFFECIS OIL
PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, T&AMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOHT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PEOSPCT/PEOD, GEM EFFECIS OIL
PEOSPCT/PEOD, IBAMSFEE AMD TBANSPOfiT,
fiCOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEM EFFECIS OIL
PEaSPCI/PkOD, TfiAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOBT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEM EFFECIS OIL
PBOSPCT/PEO^, TfiAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOBT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL
PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, TfiAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOBT,
jjiCOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PfiOD, GEM EFFECIS OIL
PitOSPCT/PfiOfi, TfiAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPORT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, GEM EFFECTS GIL
PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEM EFFECTS OIL
PEOSPCT/P&OD, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEM EFFECTS GIL
PBOSPCT/P2.0D, TfiAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOBT,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GSM EFFECTS OIL
PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, TfiAMSFEfi AMD TBANSPOBT, U.S. LEG,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, GEM EFFECTS GIL
PEOSPCT/PfiOD, U.S. LEG,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL P&OSPCT/PfiOD, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL
PfiOSPCT/PfiOD,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PEOSPCT/PfiOD, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL
PEOSPCI/PROD,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PfiOD, SOCIAL EFFECIS OIL
PBOSPCT/PBOD,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PfiOD, SOCIAL EFFECIS OIL
PfiOSPCI/PaOD,
ECOM EFFECTS OIL PEOSPCT/PBOD, HASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL METHODS,
FO££IGM LEG, CONTINGENCY FLAMMING, GEN EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT,
FOfiEIGM LEG, ECOM EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT, CLEANUP AMD
fifiuOVEBY, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
FOfiEIGM LEG, ECON EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
FOfi£IGN LEG, GEM EFFECTS OIL PCLLUT,
285
-------
C-1224-76
C-1140-76
C-1222-76
C-12U-76
C-094W-76
C-0811-76
C-1056-76
C-106J-76
C-1066-70
C-10t>8-76
C-122B-7&
C-1049-76
C-1045-76
C-106J-76
C-1221-76
01223-76
C-1224-7b
C-10&4-76
C-10i4-76
C-122i-76
C-1211-76
C-1217-76
C-0911-76
C-1Q65-76
C-066J-7o
FOREIGN LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PCLLUT,
FJaillGN LSS^ GEW EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT/PfiOD,
FO&4IGN LEG, INT LEG, U.S. LEG,
FOttEIGN LEG, INT LEG,
FOREIGN LEG, RECLAMATION AND BEUSE,
FOREIGN LEG, TBANSFER AND TRANSPOBT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, HASTE
TREATMENT/DISPOSAL fiETHODS,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL EJFECTS OIL ECLLUT, ECCN
EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPORTING, SOCIAL EfFECTS OIL
POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT, GEN
EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PflOD
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT, GEN
FAIE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON
GEii EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, ECON EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
CLEANUP aND RECOVERY, FOREIGN LEG,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, ECON EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT, INT
i.EG, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL POLLCT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, FOREIGN LEG, CONTINGENCY
PLANNING
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, FOREIGN LEG,
GEN EFFECTS OIL JPOLLUT, FOREIGN LEG,
GEN EFFECTS OIj, POLLUT, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBCSPCT/PBOD,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN FATE OF OIL IN TEE
ENVIRON,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN FATE OF OIL IN TEE
ENVIRON, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN FATE OF OIL IN TBE
ENVIRON, CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PERSONNEL TBAIHING/
EDUCATION,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, INDUSTRIAL STANDABDS/
GUIDELINES, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, INT LEG,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, INT LEG, BASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL METHODS
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, INT LEG, HASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL METHODS,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, MONITOBING,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, MONITOBING,
N EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, PERSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION,
MONITORING, REPORTING,
286
-------
C-117J-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, PH*S CHANGES OF OIL IN THE
01057-76
C-0631-76
C-0638-76
C-0643-76
C-0645-76
C-1055-76
C-1062-76
C-1050-76
C-1061-76
C-1082-76
C-1083-76
C-108H-76
C-1086-7&
C-1087-76
C-1088-76
C-1092-76
C-1095-76
C-1096-76
C-1100-76
C-1101-76
C-1102-76
C-1106-76
C-1108-76
C-1113-76
C-1113-76
C-1156-76
C-1139-76
C-1144-76
C-1145-76
C-1146-76
C-1150-76
C-1118-76
C-1119-76
C-1123-76
C-1125-76
C-1128-76
C-1129-76
C-1229-76
C-1232-76
C-1235-76
C-1093-76
C-1098-76
GEN EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
GEN EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
IN XHE ENVIRON
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
ttEi'HODS,
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECXS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECXS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECXS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
dONIXOfilNG
GEN EFFECTS OIL
GEN EFFECTS OIL
CHEtt EFFECXS
GEN EFFECTS OIL
Pa?S EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
BEPOfiXING,
fiEPOBTING,
BEPOBXING,
BSPOBXING,
REPORTING, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL
TfiANSFEH AND XiANSPOBT,
U.S. LEG, INX LEG,
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
U.S. LEG,
PROSPCT/P&OD,
PEOSPCT/PBOD,
PBOSPCT/PBOO,
PBOSPCT/PflOO,
PaOSPCT/PBOD,
PBOSPCT/P&OD,
PBOSPCT/PBOD,
PROSPCT/PBOD,
PBOSPCT/PBOD,
PfiOSPCX/PROD,
PfiOSPCX/PROD,
PROSPCT/PROD,
PROSPCT/PBOO,
PROSPCI/PROD,
PBOSPCX/PBOD,
PBOSPCI/PBOD,
PROSPCX/PROD,
PROSPCX/PROO,
PROSPCT/PROD,
PROSPCI/PROO,
PROSPCI/PROD,
PROSPCX/PROD,
PROSPCX/PROD,
PROSPCX/PROD,
PROSPCT/PROD,
PROSPCT/PROD,
PROSPCT/PROD,
PROSPCT/PROD,
PROSPCX/PROD,
PROSPCX/PROD, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
PROSPCT/PROD, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
PROSPCT/PROD, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
PBOSPCI/PROD, BIOL EFFECTS OIL FOLLUT,
PROSPCI/PBOD, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
OIL POLLUX, STATE LEG,
PROSPCT/PROD, BIOL EFFECTS GIL ECLLUT,
287
-------
PHYS EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
C- 1091-76 G£tt AFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PBOD, BIOI EFFECIS OIL EBOSPCT
/PROD
C- 1110-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PSOSPCT/PROD, BIOL EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD
C-1116-76 GEN EFFECIS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, BIOL EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCT
/PROD
C-1 136-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, BIOL EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCT
C-115^-76 G£N EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PROD, BIOL EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD
C-1 153- 76 GEM EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, BICL EFFECIS OIL IBOSPCT
/PiOD
C-1 107-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, BIOI EFFECIS CIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD, ECON EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PHOD
C-1104-76' GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, BIC1 EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCT
/PBOD, ECON EFFECIS OIL PROSPCT/PROD
C-1122-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL- PROSPCT/PROD, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-1 137- 76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, CLEANUP AND SECOVEBY,
C-1090-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, CLEANUP AND RECOVEBY,
blOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
C-1 131 -76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
DESIGN AND ENGIN, MONITORING,
C-1 085- 76 GEN EFFECTS Oli. PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECIS CIL EBOSPCT
/PROD
C-10a9-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECIS CIL EBOSPCT
/PROD
C-1094-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCI
/PROD
C-1097-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCT
C-1099-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROi), ECON EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCI
/PfiOD
C-1 103- 76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PBOD, ECON EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD
C-1 133- 76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT
/PROD
C-1149-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECIS OIL EROSPCT
/PROD
C-1151-76 GEN EFFECTS OIL P&OSPCT/PROD, ECCN EFFECIS OIL EBOSPCT
/PROD,
C-1132-7o GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PfiOD, ICON EFFECIS CIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD, BIOL EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PBOD,
C-1130-76 GEN EFFECIS OIL PBOSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD, SOCIAL EFFECIS OIL PRCSPCI/PROD,
C-1 148-76 G£N EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECTS CIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL PROSPCI/PROD,
C-1 105- 76 GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, ECON EFFECIS CIL EBOSPCT
/PROD, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
C-1 124- 76 GEN EFFECIS OIL PfiOSPCI/PROD, ECON EFFECIS CIL EBOSPCT
/PfiOD, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, D.S. LEG,
288
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C-1143-76
C-1049-76
C-1143-76
C-1126-76
C-1155-70
C-1109-76
C-1226-7t»
C-1219-76
C-1072-76
C-0674-76
C-06**o-76
e-1138-76
C-1120-76
C-1112-76
C-1121-76
C-1127-76
C-1141-76
C-OS19-76
C-080b-7b
C-1134-76
C-1135-76
C-1142-76
C-1191-76
C-1197-76
C-1iOfa-7b
C-1207-76
C-120&-7&
C-1204-76
C-1235-76
C-1114-76
C-1147-76
C-1195-76
C-1193-76
C-0876-76
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, FOBEIGN LEG,
GEK EFFECTS OIL PflOSPCT/PfiOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
8IOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEV EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
GEfc EFFECTS- OIL PBOSPCT/PfiOD, GEN FATE OF OIL IN TBE
EiiVIBON, CLEANUP AND fiECOVEBX, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, GEN FATE OF OIL IN TEE
ENVIEON, TfiANSFEfi AND TfiANSPOBT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/
GUIDELINES
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/
GUIDELINES,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PfiOD, INT LEG,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, PHYS EFFECTS OIL EEOSPCT
/PROD,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, REMOTE SENSING,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, REPORTING, INDUSTRIAL
STANDABDS/GUIDELINES
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, SOCIAL EFFICTS OIL
PttOSPCT/PROD
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCI/PBOD, STATE LEG,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
G£N EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, TRANSFEB AND TfiANSPORT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, TBANSFEB AND TRANSPORT,
£CON EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
«ASTE TBEATflENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, U.S. LEG,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, U.S.
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, U.S.
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
G£U EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, U.S.
GEN EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
AND TRANSPORT
G£N EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
TBANSPOBT
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PfiOD,
AND TRANSPORT
GEti EFFECTS OIL P&OSPCT/PBOD,
AND TRANSPORT,
GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
U.S.
U.S,
Q.S,
U.S,
0.
0,
s.
s.
LEG,
LEG,
LEG,
LEG,
LEG,
LEG,
LEG,
LEG,
ECON EFFECTS
U.S,
LEG, STATE LEG,
LEG, TRANSFER
U.S. LEG, TRANSFER AND
U.S. LEG, TRANSFER
U.S. LEG, TRANSFER
289
-------
C-1117-7b
C-1179-76
C-1180-76
C-1181-76
C-1182-76
C-1184-76
C-1186-76
C-0706-76
C-070J-76
C-071^-76
C-0975-76
C-0970-76
C-0991-76
C-1059-76
C-1053-76
C-1064-76
w-1054-7t>
£-1126-76
w-1155-76
C-1225-70
C-0651-76
w-0071-76*
C-0035-76*
C-0033-70*
C-0046-76*
C-1178-76
C-1183-76
C-1185-76
C-1172-76
C-1177-76
METHODS,
EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON,
GEN FAXE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON,
GEN FATE OF'OIL IN THE ENVIfiON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON, ANALYSIS,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, REPOBTING,
GEN FAXE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON, ANALYSIS,
GEN FAXE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, ANALYSIS,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT,
GEN FAXE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT, ANALYSIS,
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIflON, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUX, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON, GEN EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, GEN EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
GEN FAXE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, GEN EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
3IOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN XHE ENVIflON, GEN EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
CONTINGENCY PLANNING, PERSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON, GEN EFFECTS OIL
PfiGSPCX/PfcOD, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY, CONTINGENCY ELANNING,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, GEN EFFECTS OIL
PttOSPCX/PROD, TRANSFER AND TBANSEOHT,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON, INDUSTRIAL STANEARDS/
GUIDELINES, GEN EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
G£iN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, MONITORING,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, *MONITOHI»G, PHYS
CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIflON,
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON, *PHYS CHANGES OF OIL
IN XHE ENVIRON, MONITORING,
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIflON, *MONITOHING, SAMPLING,
ANALYSIS,
GfcN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIflON, *MONITORING, SAMPLING,
ANALYSIS,
GEN FAXE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN
THE ENVIfiON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIfiON, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN
THE ENVIRON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN
THE ENVIRON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN
XHE ENVIRON,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN
290
-------
TUB ENVIRON,
C-063S-76 GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, REPORTING,
C-0640-76 GEN FITS Of OIL IN THE ENVIRON, REPORTING,
C-1167-76 GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, SOOBCE IDENTIFICATION,
CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
C-0727-76 GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
ANALYSIS,
C-0720-76 GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,ANALYSIS,
C-1109-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, GEN EFFECTS OIL
PROSPCI/PROD,
C-1226-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, GEN EFFECTS OIL
PfiOSPCI/PROD,
C-1225-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
THE ENVIRON, GEN EFFECTS OIL PCLLOT,
C-1227-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, INT LEG, TRANSFER
AND TRANSPORT,
C-0646-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, REPORTING, GEN
EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
C-0634-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, REPORTING,
C-1189-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, STATE LEG, HASTE
C-0813-76 INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
C-1214-76 INT LEG,
C-1216-76 INT LEG,
C-1212-76 INT LEG, FOREIGN LEG,
C-1222-76 INT LEG, FOREIGN LEG, U.S. L.EG,
C-1063-76 INX LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLOT, ECON EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT, SOCIAL EFFECTS OIL PCLLUT,
C-1052-76 INT LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, U.S. LEG,
C-1211-75 INI LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUI,
C-1217-76 INI LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, HASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL dETHODS,
C-1219-76 INT LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCI/PROD,
t> 1227-76 INT LEG, INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES, TRANSFER
AND TRANSPORT,
C-0077-76* INT LEG, MONITORING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
C-06JO-76 INT LEG, REPORTING, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
C-1213-76 INT LEG, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
C-0057-76* INT LEG, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, MONITORING,
C-0314-76 INT LEG, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
C-0813-76 INT LEG, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, HASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL METHODS, DESIGN AND ENGIN, U.S. LEG,
C-1215-76 INT LEG, U.S. LEG, ECON EFFECTS OIL fOLLUT,
C-1203-76 INI LEG, U.S. LEG, REPORTING, BIOL EFFECT OIL 50LLDT,
C-121d-7o INT LEG, HASTE T&EATttENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, MONITORING,
C-0911-76 INT LEG, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, GEN EFFECTS
OIL POLLUT,
C-0891-76 INT LEG, HASTE TfiEATMENT/DISPCSAL METHODS, U.S. LEG,
291
-------
C-0653-76
C-0664-76
C-0665-76
C-0669-76
C-0074-76
C-0078-76
C-0042-76*
C-0707-76
C-0655-76
C-0650-76
C-0663-76
C-1235-76
C-0072-76*
C-0054-76*
C-0667-76
C-0649-76
C-0652-76
C-065y-7d
C-0661-76
C-0666-76
C-066d-76
C-0670-76
C-0671-76
C-0656-76
C-0657-76
C-0658-70
C-1065-76
C-1051-76
C-0660-76
C-1131-76
C-0651-76
C-0067-76*
C-1218-76
C-0077-76*
3-0672-76
C-0071-76*
C-0035-76*
C-0673-76
C-0676-76
C-0677-76
C-0680-76
C-0686-76
C-0688-76
C-0691-76
C-0636-76
HOiillOBING,
*ANALYSIS,
ANALYSIS,
MONIXORING, ANALYSIS,
MONITORING, ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL PCLLDT,
MONITORING, ANALYSIS, SAMPLING,
MONITORING, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, GEN EFFECTS OIL EBOSEC1/
PROD,
*BIOL EFFECTS OIL tOLLUT,
BIOL EFFECTS OIL PCLLOT,
MONITORING, BIOL EFFECTS OIL ECLLUT,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND SNGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN, D.S. LEG,
MONITORING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLDT,
MONITORING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, PERSONNEL TRAINING
/EDUCATION, REPORTING,
MONITORING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
MONITORING, GEN EFFECTS OIL PRCSPCT/PROD, CONTINGENCY
PLANNING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRCN,
MONITORING, *INT LEG, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
MONITORING, 1ST LEG, WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
MONITORING, INT LEG, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
MONITORING, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBCN,
MONITORING, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBCN, GEN
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON,
MONITORING, *PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON, GEN
FATE OF Oli, IN THE ENVIRON,
MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, REMOTE SENSING,
MONITORING, REPORTING, BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
292
-------
C-0648
C-0642
C-003D
C-0662
C-0066
C-0046
C-OOfli
C-0073
C-OOIb
C-0654
C-0716
C-0031
C-U09
TBANSFEB
76 MONITOJtING,
76 JIONIXOBING,
76* MONIXOBING,
ENVIBON,
76 MONITORING,
76* MONIIOBING,
76* MONITORING,
ENVIBON,
76* MONITORING,
76* MONITORING,
76* MONIXOBING,
76 MONIXOBING,
76 MONITORING,
76* MONIXORING,
76 MONiXORING,
AMD TRANSPORT,
REPORTING, BIBLIOGBAPHIBS, SABELING,
BEPORTING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
SAMPLING, ANALYSIS, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE
'SAMPLING,
SAMPLING,
SAMPLING, ANALYSIS, GEN FATE CF CIL IN THE
SAMPLING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
^SAMPLING,
^SAMPLING, ANALYSIS,
SOUBCE IDENTIFICATION,
SOUflCE IDENTIFICATION, REMOTE SENSING,
U.S. LEG, TfiANSFEB AND TBANSCOB1
U.S. LEG, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0964
C-0960
76
76
76
76
C-1051-76
PE&SONNEL TBAINING/EDUCATION, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
CONTAINMENT, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
P£ttSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
PEBSONNEL T&AINING/EDUCAZION, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
PERSONNEL TfiAINING/EDUCATION, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
PfifiSONNEL T&AINING/EDUCATION, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
G£N FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBCN, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
PERSONNEL TRAINING/EDUCATION, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
MONITOfiING, fiSPOBTING,
C-1174-76 PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBOM,
C~1176-76 PhYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
C-1176-76 PBYS CHANGES OF. OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
C-0991-76 PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
C-117J-76 PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, GEN EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT
C-1178-76 PUYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
THE ENVI£ON,
C-1183-76 PttXS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
THE ENVIBON,
C-1185-76 PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
XttE ENVIBON,
C-117^-76 PtiYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBOM, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
THE ENVIBON,
C-1177-76 PttYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, GEN FATE OF OIL IN
THE ENVIBON,
3-067^-76 PUYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, MONITORING,
C-0071-76* PtiXS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, *MONITOBING, GEN
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
C-0035-76* PUY5 CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, MONITOBING, GEN
FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON,
C-0695-76 PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE ENVIBON, SAMPLING,
&EPOBTING,
293
-------
C-0726-76 PtUS CHANGES Qt OIL IN THE ENVIRON, SOURCE
IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS,
C-1040-76
C-1057-76
C-1098-76
C-1073-76
C-107
C-1073-76
C-0936-76
C-0937-76
C-0942-76
C-0944-76
C-0945-7&
C-0946-76
C-0947-76
C-0949-76
C-095D-76
C-0951-76
C-0952-76
£-0954-76
C-0957-76
C-095a-7b
C-0768-76
C-094i-7b
C-094J-76
C-0938-76
C-0939-76
C-0940-76
C-0941-76
*
C-0953-76
C-0955-76
C-0956-76
C-OB57-76
C-OSb4-7o
C-0873-76
PHIS EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
PtiXS EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
PtiXS EFFECTS OIL POLLOT, GEN EFFECTS OIL FBOSPCT/PBOD,
tflOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
PHYS EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, PHYS EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT/FBOD,
PHYS EFFECTS OIL PROSPCT/PROD, GEN EFFECTS OIL EFOSPCT
/PROD,
EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCI/PROD, PHYS EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE,
REUSE, CONTAINMENT, CLEANUP
CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
REUSE, FOREIGH LEG,
REUSE, HASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
&EUSE, HASTE 1BEATMENT/DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE 1BEATHENT/DISPGSAL
REUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE TBEATMBNT/DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE TfiEATMENT/DISPOSAL
REUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
RECLAHATION AND
BECLAHATION AND
&ECLAHATION AND
&£CLAttATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
EECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
AND RECOVERY,
RECLAMATION AND
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND
METHODS,
294
-------
C-0883-76
C-0888-76
C-0890-76
C-0895-76
C-0918-76
C-0932-76
C-0901-76
C-0678-76
C-0679-76
C-0681-76
C-0684-76
C-0685-7b
C-0687-76
C-0689-76
C-0682-76
C-0683-76
C-0675-76
C-0690-76
C-0674-76
C-0656-76
C-0657-76
C-0673-76
C-0676-76
C-0677-76
C-0680-76
C-0666-76
C-0688-76
C-0691-76
C-0692-76
C-0724-76
C-0716-70
C-0706-76,
C-0697-76
C-0709-76
C-1234-76
C-1008-76
C-06«*7-76
C-06<»<*-76
C-0636-76
EECLAaiTION AND BEUSB, HASTE TBEATHENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND fiEUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND fiEOSE, HASTE TBBATMENT/DISPCSAL
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND HEUSE, UASTE I BEATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND fiEUSE, HASTE IflEATMSNT/DISPOSAL
diiTHODS,
RECLAMATION AND REUSE, HASTE TBEATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS,
RECLAMATION AND REUSE, UASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
METHODS, DESIGN AND EN6IN,
REMOTE SENSING,
REMOTE SENSING,
REMOTE SENSING,
REMOTE SENSING,
REMOTE SENSING,
REMOTE SENSING,
REMOTE SENSING,
REMOTE SENSING, ANALYSIS,
REMOTE SENSING, ANALYSIS,
REMOTE SENSING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
REMOTE SENSING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
REMOTE SENSING, GEN EfFECTS OIL PEGS PCT/PROD,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
REMOXE SENSING, MONITORING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING,
REMOTE SENSING, MONITORING,
REMOTE SENSING, REPORTING, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
REMOTE SENSING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS,
REMOTE SENSING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, MONITORING,
REPORTING, ANALYSIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLOT, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIRON,
REPORTING, ANALYSIS,
REPORTING, ANALYSIS,
REPORTING, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ANALYSIS, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUT, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
REPORTING, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
REPORTING, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
REPORTING, BIOL EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, CLEANUP AND
RECOVERY,
REPORTING, BIOL EFFECTS OIL PGLLUT, MONITORING,
295
-------
C-0800-76
C-0637-76
C-0633-76
C-1052-76
C-1051-76
C-1055-76
C-0631-76
C-0638-76
C-0643-76
C-0645-76
C-0646-76
C-0635-76
C-0640-76
C-0634-76
C-0648-76
C-0692-76
C-0069-76*
C-0084-76*
C-0043-76*
C-0695-76
O0050-76*
C-0063-76*
C-0632-76
C-06<*2-76
C-0639-76
C-0630-76
C-0823-76
C-1203-76
C-0641-76
C-0960-76
C-0803-76
C-0805-70
C-0794-76
I&ANSFE& AMD X&ANSPOfiX,
giiPO&ZING, CLEANUP AMD BECOVEflY, ICON ^Ff£ClS OIL
POLLUX* CONXIHGENCY PLANNING,
&EPOBXIHG, CLEANUP AND 8ECOVBBX,
KEPOfiXING, ECOJi EFFECTS OIL PQLLUT,
ttEPU&TING, GEN EFFECTS OIL FOLIUT, BIOL EFFECTS OIL
POLLUX, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, SOCIAL EJBEC1S OIL
POLLUX,
fiEPOaXING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, PEBSONNEL TRAINING/
EDUCATION, HONIXOfilNG,
KEPOfiXIKG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX, PHIS CHANGES OF OIL
IN XHE ENVI£ON,
BEPGAXING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
REPORTING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
fiEPOfiXING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
REPORTING, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLUX,
REPORTING, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCX/PBOD, INDUSXBIAL
STANDARDS/GUIDELINES,
REPORTING, GEN -FATE OF OIL IN XHE ENVIRON,
REPORTING, GEN FATE Of OIL IN XHE ENVIRON,
BEPOBXING, INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES,
REPORTING, MONITORING, BIBLIOGBAPHIES, SAMPLING,
REPORTING, REMOTE SENSING, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
REPORTING, *SAHPLING,
REPORTING, ^SAMPLING,
BEPOBXING, ^SAMPLING, ANALYSIS,
BEPOBXING, SAMPLING, PHXS CHANGES OF OIL IN XHE
ENVIRON
BEPOBXING, *SAttPLING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
REPORTING, ^SAMPLING, SOUBCE IDENTIFICATION,
REPORTING, SOUBCE IDENTIFICATION,
REPORTING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, MONITORING,
REPORTING, XBANSFEB AND TRANSPORT,
REPORTING, XBANSFEB AND TRANSPORT, INX LEG,
REPORTING, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
BEPOBXING, U.S. LEG, BIOL EFFECX OIL POLLUX, INT LEG,
BEPOBXING, WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
RESTORATION,
BESXOBAXION, BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
BESXOBAXION, BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUT,
RESTORATION, BIOL EFFECTS OIL EOLLUX,
BESXOBAXION, CLEANUP AND RECOfEBY, CONTINGENCY
PLANNING
C-0693-7(> SAMPLING,
C-0029-76* SAMPLING, ANALYSIS,
C-0081-76* SAMPLING, ANALYSIS,
C-0694-76 SAMPLING, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBY,
C-0032-76* SAMPLING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
C-001S-76* SAMPLING, MONIXOBING, ANALYSIS,
296
-------
C-0030-76* SAMPLING, *MONIIORING, ANALYSIS, GEN FATE OP OIL IN THE
ENVIRON,
00046*76* SAMPLING, *MONITORING, ANALYSIS, GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE
C-0663-76 SAMPLING, MONITORING, ANALYSIS,
C-0662-76 SAMPLING, MONITORING,
C-0066-76* SAMPLING, *MONITORING,
C-0073-76* SAMPLING, MONITORING,
ENVIRON,
C-0082-76* SAMPLING, ^MONITORING, CLEANUP AND RECOVERY,
C-0648-76 SAMPLING, REPORTING, MONITORING, BIBLIOGRAPHIES,
C-0069-76* SAMPLING, REPORIING,
C-0084-76* SAMPLING, REPORTING,
C-0043-76* SAMPLING, REPORTING, ANALYSIS,
C-0695-76 SAMPLING, REPORTING, PHYS CHANGES OF OIL IN THE
ENVIRON
C-0053-76* SAMPLING, REPORTING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
C-0060-76* SAMPLING, REPORTING, SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
C-0696~76 SAMPLING, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
C-0841-76 SAMPLING, HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, BIOL
EFFECTS OIL POLLUT, ANALYSIS,
C-1075-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
CONTINGENCY
C-1076-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
PAOSPCI/PROD
C-1080-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
PROSPCT/PROD
C-1081-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
PROSPCT/PROD
C-1074-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
PROSPCT/PROD
C-1130-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
PROSPCT/PROD
C-1148-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
PEOSPCT/PROD
C-1138-76 SOCIAL EFFECTS
paOSPCI/PROD
OIL PROSPCT/PROD,
PLANNING,
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76* SOURCE IDENTIFICATION, ^ANALYSIS,
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IN THE ENVIRON,
76
76
76
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76
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297
-------
C-0724-70
C-1231-76
C-0717-7*.
C-1187-76
C-0720-76
C-0077-76*
C-0710-76
C-0632-76
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C-0862-7&
C-0815-76
C-0816-70
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C-078b-76
C-08^4-76
C-0828-76
C-0606-76
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C-1062-76
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C-1124-7&
C-1155-76
C-1112-76
C-1121-76
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SOURCE IDENTIFICATION,
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GEN FATE OF OIL IN THE ENVIEGN,
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AND TRANSPORT,
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TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, GEN EFFECTS
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OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
OIL PBOSPC1/PBOD,
298
-------
C-1141-76
C-1114-76
C-1147-76
C-0819-76
C-0808-76
C-0813-76
C-1227-76
C-1213-76
C-0067-76*
C-0814-76
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C-0639-76
C-0630-76
C-0823-76
C-0636-76
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C-0812-76
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C-1193-76
C-1200-76
C-0807-76
C-0820-76
C-0822-76
C-0810-76
C-0818-76
C-0855-76
C-0877-76
C-1192-76
C-1201-76
C-0962-76
C-1210-76
C-1046-76
XBANSFEfi AND TRANSPORT, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiX, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBCSFCT/PBOD,
U.S. LEG,
XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiT, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBQSPCT/PBOD,
U.S. LEG,
XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiX, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSPCT/PBOD,
XfiANSFEfi/ AND XfiANSPOfiT, GEN EFFECTS OIL PEOSPCT/PBGD,
ECON EFFECXS OIL PfiOSPCX/PfiOD,
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TRANSFER AND XfiANSPOfiX,'INDUSXIBAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES,
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XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiT, INX LEG,
IfiANSFEfi AND TRANSPORT, *HONITOBING, U.S. LEG,
XfiANSFEfi AND TRANSPORT, REPORTING,
XfiANSFEfi AND TRANSPORT, REPORTING, INX LEG,
XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiX, REPORTING,
XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiX, REPORTING, MONITORING,
BIOL EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, U.S. LEG,
XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiT, U.S. LEG, CONTAINMENT, HASTE
TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
XfiANSFEfi AND XfiANSPOfiX, U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECIS OIL
PfiOSPCX/PfiOD,
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XfiANSFEfi AND TRANSPORT, U.S. LEG,
TRANSFER AND XfiANSPOfiX, U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL
fROSPCT/PROD,
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, U.S. LEG, WASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL METHODS, CONTAINMENT,
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METHODS, GEN EFFECTS OIL P&OSPCT/PBOD,
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
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XfiANSFEfi AND TRANSPORT, WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
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U.S. LEG,
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U.S. LEG, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
U.S. LEG, ECON EFFECXS OIL POLLUX,
299
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C-1044-76
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C-1222-76
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C-1147-76
C-1191-70
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C-1215-76
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DISPOSAL METHODS,
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U.S. LEG, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLOT,
U.S. LEG, FOfiEIGti LEG, INT LEG,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLOT, INT LEG,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL POLLOT, MASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL METHODS, ANALYSIS,
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U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSECT/PBOD,
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U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PBOD,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSPCT/PBOD,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSCCT/PBOD,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSECT/PfiOD,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PBOSf CT/PBOD, ECON EFFECTS
OIL PfiOSPCT/PBOD,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL ffiOSECT/PBOD, STATE LEG,
U.S. LEG, GEN EFFECTS OIL PfiOSECT/PBOD, TBANSFEB AND
ZfiANSPOfiT,
U.S. LEG, INT LEG, ECON EFFECTS OIL POLLUT,
U.S. LEG, MONIT02ING, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
U.S. LEG, *MONITOBING, TfiANSFEB AND TRANSPORT
U.S. LEG, MONITORING, CLEANUP AND BECOVEBT,
U.S. LEG, &BPOBTING, BIOL EFFECT OIL POLLOT, INT LEG,
U.S. LEG, STATE LEG,
U.S. LEG, TfiANSFEB AND TRANSPORT,
U.S. LEG, IttANSFx.fi AND TRANSPORT, HASTE TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL METHODS, DESIGN AND ENGIN, INT LEG,
U.S. LEG, TfiANSFEB AND TRANSPORT, CONTAINMENT, HASTE
T&EAT&2NT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
U.S. LEG, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT,
U.S. LEG, TBANSFEB AND TRANSPORT,
U.S. LEG, TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT, GEN EFFECTS OIL
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DISPOSAL METHODS, CONTAINMENT,
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HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
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HASTE TflEATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
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HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
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HASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
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WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS,
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BIOL DEGRADATION,
BIOL DEGRADATION,
BIOL DEGRADATION,
METHODS,
METHODS,
METHODS,
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METHODS,
METHODS,
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METHODS,
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C-0901-70 «A3XE TREATJ1ENI/DISPOSAL METHODS, DESIGN AND ENGIN,
RfiCLAflAIION AND REUSE,
C-1044-76 WASTE IKEAXHENX/DISPOSAL METHODS, ECON EFFECTS GIL
POLLUX, U.S. LEG,
C-0833-76 MASXfi IHEATMEMI/DISPOSAL flEXHODS, ECON EFFECTS GIL
POLLUX,,
C-08&7-76 dASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL il El HODS, ECON EFFECTS CIL
PEOSPCT/PROD,
C-1061-7& UA3XE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL -MSXHODS, GEN EFFECTS OIL
POLLUX, ANALYSIS, U.S. LEG,
C-0876-76 yASX£ TREATaENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, GEN EFFECTS OIL
C-1217*76 WAoTi, XBEATHENX/DISPOSAL METHODS, INT LEG, GEN EFFECTS
OIL POLLUX,
C-U14-76 tfA3X£ TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, INT LEG, HCNITOBING,
C-0911-7o UASI£ XfiEAXUENX/DISPOSAL METHODS, INT LEG, GEN
EFi'ECTS OIL POLLUX,
C-093d-76 riASX^ XfiEAXtt2NX/DISPOSAL METHODS, RECLAMATION AND
REUSE,
C-093^-76 hASX£ TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, HECLAMATICN AMD
REUSE,
C-0940-76 iASXe T£EAXaENX/DISPOSAL METHODS, RECLAMATION AND
RX.USE,
C-Oi»4l-7t> UASXE TREATilENi/DISPOSAL METHODS, BECLAHATICN AMD
aEUSE,
C-0953-7b *AiTE TREATiiEi»T/i)ISPOSAL METHODS, RECLAMATION AND
REUSE,
C-0959-76 wAoTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METflOCS, RECLAMATION AMD
REUSE,
C-095t>-76 -iiSTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, RECLAMATION AMD
ttiiUSE,
C-Od37-76 -A^TE TREAXdENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, RECLAMATION AMD
C-Qdt>4-7o «A5iE XBEAXHENX/DISPOSAL METHODS, RECLAMATION AMD
REUSE,
C-Od73-7o fcASX^ I RE ATiiEii I/DISPOSAL METHODS, HECLAMATICN AND
REUSE,
C-ObB3-76 HASTE IREAXUENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, HECLAMATICN AMD
REUSE,
C-OUdd-76 tfASXr; TREATMENT/DISPOSAL MEInODS, RECLAHATICM AMD
&LUSE,
C-OU90-76 *ASXE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, BECLAHATICM AMD
REUSE,
C-0895-76 dASXE XR2AXHENX/DISPOSAL METHODS, RECLAMATION AMD
REUSE,
C-091*-7o 4ASX4 XR£AXdEN'I/DISPOSAL METHODS^ RECLAMATICN AND
riEUSE,
C-OJJ^-7o -ASXE XfiEAXtfx: NX/DISPOSAL METHODS, HECLAMATICN AND
REUSE,
C-0641-76 UASXE XRE&XUENX/DISPOSAL METHODS, BEPOHTING,
C-Ot>9b-7o MAS1'£ TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, SAMPLING,
303
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C-0862-76
C-1189-76
C-0807-76
C-0810-76
C-0818-76
C-0812-76
C- 0855- 76
C-0877-76
C-0820-76
C-0891-76
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, SOURCE
IDENTIFICATION,
MASfJi TREATMENT/DISPOSAL HETUOCS, STATE LEG,
ItiDUSTBIAI. STANDABDS/GUIDBLINES,
UAoT£ THEATtfEKI/DISPOSAL METHODS, TRANSFER AND
TRANSPORT,
WASTE TEEATH2HT/DISFOSAL METHODS^ TRANSFER AMD
TRANSPORT,
riASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, TRANSFER AND
i'&ANSPORT, DESIGN AND ENGIN, INT LEG, U.S. LEG,
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, TRANSFER AND
IMANSP02T, GEN EFFECTS OIL EBOSPCT/PROD,
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, TRANSFER AND
TRANSPORT, U.S. LEG, CONTAINMENT,
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, TRANSFER AND
TRANSPORT,
WAST4 TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, TRANSFER AND
TRANSPORT,
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOCAL METHODS, TRANSFER AND
TRANSPORT,
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, U.S. LEG, TRANSFER
AND TRANSPORT, CONTAINMENT,
WASTE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL METHODS, U.S. LEG, INT LEG,
304
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APPENDIX
Periodicals Reviewed
Abstracts on Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants
Alaska Seas and Coasts
Alternatives: Perspectives on Society and Environment
Ambio
American Fisheries Society Transactions
Applied Microbiology
Applied Science & Technology Index
Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts
Audubon
Australian Science Index
Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommision fur
Meeresforschung
Biological Abstracts
Bioscience
British Birds
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
California Water Pollution Control Association Bulletin
Chemical Abstracts
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Progress
Chemical Week
Chemistry in Canada
Chemosphere
Current Contents: Life Sciences
Current Contents: Physical and Chemical Sciences
Deep-Sea Research
Ecolibrium
Ecological Abstracts
Ecological Society of America Bulletin
Ecology Law Quarterly
Energy Review
Environment
Environment Abstracts
Environmental Action
Environmental Health and Pollution Control
Environmental Letters
Environmental Periodicals Bibliography
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Science & Technology
Environmental Technology and Economics
Erdol und Kohle Erdgas Petrochemie vereinigt mit Brennstoffchemie
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science
Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles
Government Reports Announcements
305
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IMS Newsletter
India Journal of Environmental Health
Industrial Wastes Information Bulletin
International Aerospace Abstracts
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
International Petroleum Abstracts
Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
Journal of Chromatography
Journal of Environmental Sciences
Journal of Petroleum Technology
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Limnology and Oceanography
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Journal
Marine Biology
Marine Chemistry
Marine Fisheries Review
Marine Geology
Marine Newsletter
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Marine Science Contents Tables
Marine Technology Society, Journal
Maritime Research Information Service Abstracts
Massachusetts Audubon
Microbial Ecology
National Fisherman
National Petroleum News
National Research Council, News Report
National Wildlife
Nature
New Technical Books
Nippon Susan Gakkai Shi. Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Industry
Ocean Management
Ocean Oil Weekly Report
Oceanic Abstracts
Oceanus
Offshore
Oil and Gas Journal
Outdoor California
Pacific Oil World
Petroleum Abstracts
Petroleum Engineer International
Petroleum Today
Pollution Abstracts
Pollution Engineering
Proceedings in Print
Resources
Royal Society of London, Proceedings, Series B, Biological Sciences
Science
Science News
Science of the Total Environment
306
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Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
Sea Frontiers
Sea Secrets
Sea Technology
Selected References on Environmental Quality
Selected Water Resources Abstracts
Sierra Club, San Francisco, Bulletin
Technical Book Review
The Ecologist
The Engineering Index
The International Journal of Environmental Studies
The Sciences
Underwater Information Bulletin
Underwater Naturalist
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Water Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control Federation, Journal
Water Research
Western Fisheries
307
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-215
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
OIL SPILL AND OIL POLLUTION REPORTS
February 1976 - April 1976
5. REPORT DATE
August'1976 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Penelope Melvin, Robin M. Ross, and Helmut Ehrenspeck
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Marine Science Institute
University of California
Santa Barbara, California 93106
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BBQ41; ROAP 21BEA; TASK 008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803992
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Quarterly, Feb. - April 1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
See also EPA-670/2-75-003, PB-240 719; EPA-670/2-75-044, PB-242 542; EPA-670/2-75-059,
,PB-243 724; EPA-600/2-76-113; EPA-600/2-76-129; and EPA-600/2-76-185
16. ABSTRACT
The February 1976 - April 1976 Oil Spill and Oil Pollution Reports is the seventh
quarterly compilation of oil spill events and oil pollution report summaries.
Presented in the report are: (a) summaries of oil spill events; (b) summaries
and bibliographic literature citations; (c) summaries of current research projects;
and (d) patent summaries. This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of EPA
Grant No. R-803992 by the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa
Barbara, under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
*Bibliographies
*Summaries
*Patents
*Documents
*Research
Oil pollution
Oil spill events
Oil spill research
Oil pollution control
Oil pollution patents
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN1
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
318
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
308
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976-657-695/5476
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