SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATER QUALITY HYDROLOGY

                 IN SURFACE MINED WATERSHEDS


                               by
         D. B. McWhorter, J. W. Rowe, M.  W. Van Liew,
R. L. Chandler, R., K.  Skogerboe, D. K. Sunada, G. V. Skogerboe
      Agricultural Engineering and Chemistry Departments
                  Colorado State University
                 Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
                          R802175
                       Project Officer
                        Eugene Harris
                 Extraction Technology Branch
         Industrial  Environmental  Research Laboratory
                    Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
         INDUSTRIAL  ENVIRONMENTAL  RESEARCH  LABORATORY
              OFFICE OF  RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT
             U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGRNCY
                    CINCINNATI, OHIO   45268

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                                 DISCLAIMER
     This report has been reviewed by Industrial  Environmental  Research  Labor-
atory, U. S. Environmental  Protection Agency,  and approved for  publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views  and
policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agencyf nor does mention  of
trade names or commercial products constitute  endorsement or recommendation
for use.

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                                  FOREWORD
     When energy and material resources are extracted, processed, converted,
and used, the related pollutional impacts on our environment and even on our
health often require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution control
methods be used,  The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati
(lERL-Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and improved methodologies
that will meet these needs both efficiently and economically.
     This report contains the observations and conclusions from an intensive
field and mathematical study of the inorganic water-quality hydrology on
surface-mined watersheds.  A portion of the material constitutes a step toward
the development of practical procedures whereby the effect of surface mining
in the Western United States upon the water quality hydrology can be assessed.
The field data provide a background for study and comparison by other workers
as well as establishing a quantitative case history for a western mine.  Thus,
many of the methods, results, and conclusions should be useful to industrial,
state, and federal personnel charged with the preparation and review of anal-
yses of the effect of surface mining upon water-quality hydrology.  Data and
computer requirements, limit the routine usability of some components of the
models developed in this study, but they should be found useful  to other
researchers concerned with organizing, assessing, and generalizing the great
deal of site specific data that is rapidly being developed.   Further inform-
ation may be obtained by contacting the Extraction Technology Branch.
                   *
                                            David G. Stephan
                                                 Director
                                Industrial Environmental  Research Laboratory
                                               Cincinnati

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                                ABSTRACT
     Surface mining operations disturb the natural  sequence of geologic
strata, and therefore, potentially modify the quantity and quality of
watershed drainage.  The quantity and quality of water produced by a
watershed, partially disturbed by surface mining, was monitored in Colorado.
In addition, surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and sediment production
were studied on a plot scale in the field.  The most significant effect
of mining on the quality of watershed drainage was observed to be an
increase in dissolved solids.  Water and dissolved solids balance equa-
tions were used to derive an algebraic equation that relates the annual
average dissolved solids pickup rate to the dissolved-solids content of
overland flow runoff, the dissolved-solids content of subsurface runoff,
the distribution of total runoff between overland flow and subsurface
runoff components and the fraction of the watershed that is mined.  The
equation was used to analyze the_water quality and hydrologic observations
and to estimate the contribution of the mined area to the total salt load
measured  in  the receiving waters.  Seventeen percent of the study-area
watershed was disturbed  by mining  and this produced 54 percent of the
total  salt  load.  Subsurface  runoff amounted to  94 percent of the total
runoff and  contributed  in excess of 99  percent of the salt load.  The
algebraic model is  quite simple and requires a minimum of data input.
      Estimates of  the effect  on water quality and flow patterns in aquifers
disrupted  by surface mining were made.   Simple analytic calculations
suggest  that the maximum effect upon  the flow pattern and quality can be
estimated  without  knowledge  of the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer
                                   iv

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or of the disturbed portion.   These calculations may be useful  in pre-
liminary planning and screening.  A detailed finite difference model is
presented that can be used to refine the estimates of post-mining flow
patterns and water quality in disrupted aquifers when the data warrants
such a refinement.
     A model for the flow and chemical composition of soil solution in
the partially saturated zone between the spoil surface and the water
table is presented.  Predicted and measured dissolved solids concentrations
1n subsurface drainage agreed excellently.  Measured and calculated infil-
tration into the spoil also agreed well.  Less satisfactory agreement
between measured and computed subsurface drainage was obtained for  a
water-table boundary condition at a depth of  183 cm below the surface.
It was found that  the rate of subsurface drainage, as computed by the
present model version, is extremely sensitive to the hydraulic properties
of the spoil for the condition of a shallow water table.  A boundary
condition  of a  hydraulic gradient of  unity  can  be used when the  water
table  is well below  the surface-and the calculated  rate  of subsurface
flow is much  less  sensitive to  the  hydraulic  properties  of the spoil.
     A model  for  calculation  of sediment  production  from spoils  is  pre-
sented.  Less than satisfactory agreement between measured and calculated
Instantaneous rates  of  sediment production  was  obtained, particularly
with respect  to bed  load.  Satisfactory agreement was  observed,  however,
between  calculated and  measured total-bed-load  sediment  and between cal-
culated  and measured total-wash-load  sediment.
                                   tva

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                           CONTENTS
Forword 	
Abstract  	
Figures 	
Tables  	
Abbreviations and Symbols
Acknowledgement 	
     1.   Introduction	   ]
     2.   Conclusions and Recommendations 	   4
     3.   Watershed Studies 	  ]]
               Physical Profile .	n
               Method and Procedure	23
               Water Quality-Spoil Characteristics  ....  37
               Salt Load Factor Analysis	 .  70
     4.   Some Limiting Effects of Aquifer Disruption ...  88
     5.   Experimental Studies  	  97
               Materials and Methods  	  97
               Water Quality and Quality	131
               Hydraulic Properties of the Spoil  ..... 141
     6.   Sediment Modeling	148
               Soil Erosion Processes Background  	 148
               Water Routing Model for Overland Flow  ... 152
               Sediment Routing for Overland Flow 	 156
               Model Verification and Application . . ... . 165
               Spoil Erodibility  ....'.	178
     7.   Water Quality Modeling  	 182
               Flow in Partially Saturated Zone	182
               Flow in the Saturated Zone . . .	186
               Inorganic Chemistry Model  	 189
               Chemical Transport Calculations  	 196
     8.   Results of Water Quality Modeling 	 199
               Flow in the Partially Saturated Zone .... 199
               Predicted Chemistry of Drainage Waters ... 206
               Example Calculation for Saturated Zone ... 209
               Summary Comments on Water Quality Monitoring 211

 References	213
 Bibliography   	 218
 Appendices
     I    Sample data	220
     II   Sediment transport model   	 257
     III  Unsaturated  flow and chemistry model  	.265
     IV   WTQUAL1 model  	 303

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                               FIGURES

Number                                                          Page

  1      Location of the Edna Mine	•  .    12
  2      Geologic map of Edna Mine and surrounding area  ....    14
  3      Strati graphic column of exposed strata found in parts
           of northwestern Colorado 	    15
  4      Individual  watersheds on the Edna Mine and discharge
           monitoring stations  	    19
  5      Schematic east-west cross-section near Station  C6  .  .    22
  6      Location of water quality monitoring stations  ....    25
  7      Supplementary water sample locations 	    28
  8      Stage-discharge rating curves for Trout Creek at
           Station C2	    29
  9      Stage-discharge rating curves for Trout Creek at
           Station C6	    30
 10      Location of soil  and spoil samples taken in May, 1976.    33
 11      Factors for adjusting specific conductance of water  .    35
 12      Ionic composition of water in January, 1975	    43
 13      Ionic composition of water in May, 1975	  .    44
 14      Ionic composition of water in September, 1975  ....    45
 15      Average concentrations of major ions in water from
           stations  shown  	    47
 16      Sources of dissolved solids in the hydrologic system
           on a mined watershed	    51
 17      Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station C2,
           1975	."	    53
 18      Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station C6,
           1975	    53
 19      Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station C3,
           1975	    54
 20      Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station C9,
           1975	    54
 21      Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station CIO,
           1975 .	    54
 22      Results of leaching test with aeration of sample to
           produce weathering 	    59
 23      Plot of specific  conductance versus total dissolved
           solids for water at the Edna Mine with best fit line    62
 24      Average monthly dissolved solids concentrations for
           Stations  C2 and C6 on Trout Creek	    69
 25      Comparison  of actual and estimated average monthly
           dissolved solids concentrations  . .	    71
 26      Plot of R versus  Pt with best fit curve found for
           K=1.04, fs=0.06  	    80
 27      Linear Regression Line	    83
 28      Plot of R versus  P^ for various values of K and fs .  .    86
 29      Coordinate  system and geometry used to calculate the
           pattern of flow in a disturbed aquifer	    89

                                   vi

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Number
                               FIGURES                          Page
 30a     Flow pattern in a disrupted aquifer, Ki/K0 =0.5  ...    92
 30b     Flow pattern in a disrupted aquifer, Ki/K0 =5.0  ...    92
 31      Field plot layout at the Colorado site	    99
 32      Diagram of experimental test plot	•  •  •   101
 33      Photograph of a lysimeter installation at the Colorado
           site	102
 34      Photograph of lysimeter before backfilling - Montana
           site	102
 35      Calibration curve for the neutron-moisture-meter ...   107
 36      Rainfall sprinkler riser design  	   110
 37      Sprinkler design layout for test plots 	   Ill
 38      Runoff and sediment discharge for Run 6	113
 39      Time-dependent wash load erosion rate for experiments
           on 1 and 3 percent bed slopes	116
 40      Time-dependent wash load erosion rate for experiments
           on 5 and 7 percent bed slopes  .	   117
 41      Definition sketch for concave, uniform, and convex
           shapes on the 7 percent bed slope	121
 42      Runoff and sediment discharge for run 14	122
 43      Runoff and sediment discharge for run 15	122
 44      Runoff and sediment discharge for run 16	123
 45      Runoff and sediment discharge for run 17	123
 46      Runoff and sediment discharge for run 18 	   124
 47      Runoff and sediment discharge for run 19 ..  	   124
 48      Time-dependent wash load erosion rate for experiments
           with simulated  rainfall on 1 and 7  percent  bed slopes 127
 49      Size distribution for  composite  samples of wash load
           and bed-material  load sediments   .  J	130
 50      Cumulative drainout for Run 2	134
 51      Drain discharge  for Run 2   	. .  .......  135
 52      Correlation of  EC of drainage with  EC of spoils  ...  138
 53      Apparatus for measuring the relationship between soil
           moisture  content  and suction  	   143
 54      Desaturation curve  for spoil  from the Colorado site  .   145
 55      A constant  head  permeameter	   147
 56      Flow chart  for  water and  sediment routing  model  ...   164
 57      Comparison  of  simulated and measured sediment dis^
           charges for  run 15	•  • •  •  •  • - • • •   175
 58     Comparison  of  simulated and measured sediment dis-
           charges  for  run 18	175
  59     Comparison  of  measured and simulated bed-material
            sediment  yields	• •  •  • •  -  •  •••••.  I76
  60      Comparison  of  measured and simulated wash load sediment
           yields	177
  61       Volumes of subsurface  drainage •••••••'••:.•   Z03
  62      Comparison  of  calculated  and  measured dissolved-solids
            concentrations ....••••••••••••••••   207
  63      Plan and cross-section views  of confined aquifer
            disturbed by mining   	  • •••:•.•• •  •   210
  64      Induced flow streamlines  360 days after  beginning  of
            flow	 — -•.	210
                                   vii

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                                TABLES

Number

  1      Watershed areas  	    20
  2      Description of water quality and discharge monitoring
           stations	    26
  3      Average ion concentrations of monthly water samples
           taken October 1973 to November 1975	    38
  4      Maximum ion concentrations of monthly water samples
           taken October 1973 to November 1975	    40
  5      Heavy metals standards and number of times exceeded at
           Stations C3, C5, and C7	    41
  6      Comparison of electrical conductivity of spoil, over-
           burden, and subsurface water	 .    49
  7      Comparison of common ion contents in extracts and mine
           drainage	    50
  8      Monthly discharge volumes, salt loads and average
           dissolved solids concentrations  	    65
  9      Total yearly runoff (centimeters)  	    66
 10      Summary of data used in application of model to study
           area	    79
 11      Comparison of measured and calculated concentrations
           of dissolved solids in watershed drainage  	    82
 12      Effect of mining on salt pickup between C2 and C6 in
           1975	    84
 13      Effect of increasing overland flow from 6 to 40 per-
           cent on the disturbed ground at the'Edna Mine  ...    87
 14      Summary of overland flow runoff experiments conducted
           during 1975  . . . ._	,   112
 15      Summary of sediment discharge data collected from
           overland flow runoff experiments 	   119
 16      Summary of simulated rainfall experiments conducted
           during 1976	120
 17      Summary of sediment discharge data collected from
           simulated rainfall experiments 	   128
 18      Water balance for experimental plots - Colorado site .   132
 19      Spoil chemistry as measured in 1:1 extracts - plot
           with 1% slope - Colorado site	"	133
 20      Quality of applied water - plot 1% slope - Colorado
           site	136
 21      Quality of surface runoff from plot with 1% slope -
           Colorado site	136
 22      Quality of subsurface drainage from plot with 1% slope-
           Colorado site	 .	137
 23      Spoil chemistry as measured in saturation extracts -
           Montana site	•   139
 24      Quality of applied water - Montana site  	   140
 25      Quality of surface runoff - Montana site 	   140
 26      Quality of subsurface drainage - Montana site   ....   140

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Number                          TABLES                          Page

 27      Input data required for the simulation model  	   166
 28      Summary of experimental plot dimension and percentages
           of bed-material load size sediment - Edna Mine ...   166
 29      Summary of regression results for sediment transport
           equations	.•   171
 30      Summary of experimental field data collected under sim-
           ulated rainfall and computed in terms of USL Equation 180
 31      Initial moisture distribution and water application
           schedule	200
 32      Comparison of flow model with experimental data  ...   202
 33      Measured and calculated composition of drainage waters   208
                                   tx

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                                SYMBOLS

                                    A

Symbol                          Definition                        Unit

                                                                    2
 A         Area  of  watershed  disturbed by mining                    L


 A         Area  of  watershed  undisturbed by mining   -               L

  "                                                                .2
 At        Total area of watershed                                  *•


 EC        Electrical conductivity                               vmohs/cm

                                                                 I3/!2
 ET        Evapotranspiration                                    L /L


 f.        Fraction of precipitation lost  through deep percol-
  om

           ation on mined land


 f.        Fraction of precipitation lost  through deep percol-
  dn

           ation on natural land


 f         Fraction of precipitation lost  through evapotran-
  cm

           splration on mined land


 f         Fraction of precipitation lost through evapotran-
  en

           splration on natural land


 F         Fraction of watershed mined
  m                                            •

 f         Fraction of combined runoff from entire watershed


           occurring as overland flow


 f        Fraction  of combined runoff from mined portion of
   sm

           watershed occurring as overland flow


 f        Fraction  of combined runoff from natural portion
   sn

           of watershed occurring as overland  flow


  I         Inflow  between  Stations  C2 and C6                      L  /T


  K        Model parameter


  K1        Model parameter including deep percolation


  M '       Subscript indicating mean value


  p        TDS  concentration

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Symbol                        Description                        Unit
P         Average IDS concentration of subsurface water on
 gm
          mined land                                            rog/fc
P         Average IDS concentration of subsurface water on
 gn
          natural land                                          mg/£,
P         Average IDS concentration of waters on mined land     mg/z
 m
P         Average IDS concentration of waters on natural land   mg/2-
P         Average IDS concentration of surface waters           mg/i
 5 '
P         Average IDS concentration of surface water on
 sin
          mined land                                            mg/J.
P         Average IDS concentration of surface water on
 sn            3
          natural land                                          mg/fc
Pt        Average IDS concentration of combined runoff from
          the total watershed                                   mg/i
                                                                 3  2
q         Volume of water per unit surface area                 L /L
Q2       .Discharge at Station C2                               L /T
Q-        Discharge at Station C3^                               L /T
Q6        Discharge at Station C6                               L /T
Q9        Discharge at Station C9                               L /T
Q1Q       Discharge at Station CIO                              L /T
a         Volume of evapotranspiration on mined land per unit
 Cm                                                              3  2
          surface area                                          L /L
q         Volume of evapotranspiration on natural land per
                                                                 3  2
          unit surface area                                     L /L
Q         Volume of subsurface water on mined land per unit
 9m                                                              3  2
          surface area                      ......                  L /L
                                    x1

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Symbol                        Description                         Unl t


q         Volume of subsurface water on  natural  land  per unit

 9"                                                              3   2
          surface area                                          L /L

                                                                 3   2
Q         Volume of water on mined land  per unit surface area    L /L

                                                                 3   2
q         Volume of water on natural land  per unit surface area L /L


q         Volume of precipitation on watershed per unit surface


 P                                                              i 3/i 2
          area                                                  L /L


q         Volume of precipitation on mined land per unit

 P™                                                              3   2

          surface area                                          L /L


q         Volume of precipitation on natural land per unit

 P                                                               32
          surface area                                          L /L


q         Volume of overland flow on mined land per unit surface
^sm

                                                                I3/!2
          area                                                  L /L


qe_       Volume of overland flow on natural land per unit
 sn

          surface area                                          L /L

                                                                 3
Qt        Total discharge                                       L /T


qt        Volume of water on tota4 watershed per unit surface


                                                                i3/.2
          area                                                  L /L


R         Model parameter, ratio of natural land to mined land

 2
r         Coefficient of determination


S         Stage reading                                          L

                                                                  3

AS        Change in storage volume within the watershed          L


t         Time                                                   T


TDS       Total dissolved solids
                                                                  3
Vj        Volume of deep percolation                             L

                                                                  3

Vfi        Volume of evapotrans pi ration                           L
                                    xii

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Symbol                         Description                        ML
V         Volume of shallow subsurface water                    L
 9                                                              L3
V         Volume of precipitation                               L
 P                                                               3
V         Volume of overland flow                               L
 S                                                              I3
V.        Volume of total runoff
0         Standard deviation
                                   B
  a       Thickness of bed layer                                  L
  a,      Coefficient in raindrop soil detachment equation
   w
  b,      Exponent in raindrop soil detachment equation
   w
  C       Sediment concentration by volume
  C       Known concentration at a distance  a  above bed
   a
  C       Concentration of wash load
  C.      Sediment concentration at a distance  £  from bed
  cP      Potential bed-material load concentration
   D
  CE      Potential wash load concentration
   W
  D.      Amount of detached  bed-material                         L
   D                            ~
  Df      Detachment coefficient of runoff
  D.      Potential rate of soil detachment                      L/T
  D       Maximum  depth  to which a raindrop can penetrate  soil
   P        layer                                                  L
  d       Depth of flow                                           L
  d       Mean  size of sediment                                   L
  f.      Percent  of bed-material  size  in a typical  soil sample
   D
  F       Percent  of washload size  in a typical soil  sample
   w
  f       Darcy-Weisbach friction  factor
  f.      Infiltration rate                                      L/T
  f       Darcy-Weisbach friction  factor without  rainfall

                                  xiii

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 Symbol                       Definition                          Unit
                                                                  3
  g^      Bed-material  load  transport rate                        L /T
                                                                  3
  9C      Sediment transporting  capacity                         L /T
                                                                  3
  g       Total  sediment transport rate                          L/T
   5
                                                                  3
  g       Wash load transport rate                               L/T
   w
                                                                    2
  g       Gravitational  acceleration                             L/T
  1r      Rainfall rate                                          L/T
J.,02     Integrals to evaluate  total suspended load
  K       Constant representing  grain resistance without
           rainfall for  NR < 900
  K       Number describing added friction  resulting from
           rainfall
  Kj      Parameter describing grain resistance with rainfall
           for  NR <900
  L       Length of an overland  flow plot                         L
  Nr      Flow Reynolds number
                                                                  2
  q       Water discharge per unit width                         L /T
                                                                  2
  QC      Bed-load transport rate per unit  width                 L /T
                                                                  2
  q.      Lateral inflow per unit length of overland flow unit   L /T
  S~      Friction slope
  S       Beds!ope
  t       Time                                                    T
  U*      Shear velocity of flow                                 L/T
  y       Point mean velocity at the distance  c  from bed       L/T
  V       Mean velocity of water flow                            L/T
  V       Settling velocity of sediment particle                 L/T

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Symbol
          Width of overland flow unit
          Parameter of sediment suspension
  w
  x  .      Distance  downs! ope
   z       Equivalent maximum penetrating  depth  of  raindrop  impact  L
    m                                                              ,
   z       Net depth of loose soil
   z       Depth of loose soil for  bed-material  load  size           L
    b
   2       Depth of loose soil for  wash load size                  L
    w
   a       Coefficient in  d vs. q  relation
    g       Exponent in  d vs. q  relation
    Y       Specific weight of water                               F/L
                                                                     3
    v       Specific weight of sediment                            F/L
     5                                                                3
    p       Density of water                                       M'L
    At      Time increment  in computations                          T
    AX      Space increment in computations     -                   L
    AZ      Mean elevation  change                                   L
    Azp     Potential change in  loose soil  storage  for bed-material
            size sediment                                          L
    A7P     Potential change in loose soil  storage  for wash  load
      w
            size sediment                                          L
                                                                    2
    v       Kinematic viscosity of water                           L  /T
     r       Depth above the  bed                                     L
                                                                      2
     T       Boundary  shear stress acting on the grain              F/L
     (.)"    Quantity of variable at  grid point  X=JAX  and  t=nAt
                                     Xv

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                                   c
Symbol                         Definition                         Unit
  a            Domain of saturation associated with concave
               portion of soil-water characteristic
  b            Domain of saturation associated with convex
               portion of soil-water characteristic
  CR           Relative concentration of ions
 D(e)          Soil-water diffusivity                           L2/T
                                                                   n
  g            Acceleration due to gravity                      L/r
  H            Water table elevation or piezometric head         L
  IK           Piezometric head inside disturbed portion of      L
               aquifer
  h            Piezometric head outside disturbed portion of     L
               aquifer
  1            Finite difference index
  KD           Dissociation constant
  K.           Saturated hydraulic conductivity inside dis-     L/T
               turbed portion of aquifer
   0
Saturated hydraulic conductivity_outside dis-    L/T
turbed portion of aquifer
  K(e)         Hydraulic conductivity as function of water      L/T
              . content
  K_           Saturated hydraulic conductivity                 L/T
  K            Solubility product for chemical species
  m            Aquifer thickness                                 L
  m            Shape factor used in Su and Brooks represen-
               tation of soil-water characteristic
                                                                    2
  P            Capillary pressure                               m/LT
                                                                    2
  P.           Inflection capillary pressure                    m/LT
  q            Solution flux                                    L/T
  Q            Discharge                                        L/T
  R            Radius of disturbed portion  _                    L
                                   xvi

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Symbol                         Definition                         Unit


  S            Sink term used to simulate evapotranspiration


  S            Storage coefficient


  S            Apparent specific yield


  W            Width of zone of modified water quality           L

                                                                 3  3
  6            Volumetric water content                         L /L

                                                                 3  3
  6            Water content at residual saturation             L /L
   r

  6            Water content at saturation                      L /L


  X            Pore-size distribution index

                                                                 „ 3
  p            Density of solution                              m/L

                                                                 2

  i|i            Stream function                                  L /T


  2            Depth                                             L
                                  xvii

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                              ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
     The field studies reported herein were carried out with the enthusiastic
and vigorous cooperation of the Pittsburg and Midway Coal  Mining Company,
Peabody Coal Company, and Idarado Mining Company.   These operators voluntarily
contributed man power and equipment to the project on several occasions.   Their
assistance is greatly appreciated.
     The excellent assistance of J. A. Brookman, P. Hammer, S. Brown, and D.
Dick, Research Technicians, contributed greatly to the project.  Ms. Diane
English was responsible for essentially all of the typing and records for this
project, and her performance in this capacity was excellent.
     Finally, a great deal of expert advice and assistance were provided by
Dr. Ruh Ming Li in regard to the sediment transport studies. Dr. Li's help is
very much appreciated.
                                       xviii

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                                 SECTION 1
                                INTRODUCTION
     Exploitation of the coal reserves in the United States has accelerated
rapidly in recent years in response to dwindling supplies of liquid fossil
fuels and the associated high cost of petroleum imports.  Emphasis on the sur-
face production of low-sulfur coals, much of which is located in the Western
United States, has greatly increased.  In the period from 1965 to 1973, pro-
duction of coal by surface mining increased 302 percent in a region that
includes Arizona, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, New Mexico, and Wyoming
(Skelly and Loy, 1975).  According to Grim and Hill (1974) a total of 1.8 mil-
lion hectares of land had been disturbed by surface mining in the United States
as of January 1, 1974.  Nearly 10 percent (128,000 ha) of this total was
located in the above mentioned states.  Caudill (1973) puts the total disturbed
land somewhat higher at 2.4 million hectares, and indicates that disturbed
land was increasing at the rate of 1880 hectares per week in 1973.
     State and federal regulations and statutes require an environmental assess-
ment, for essentially all new mining projects and extensions of existing oper-
ations.  The required.environmental assessments range from individual site
investigations to large scale, regional analyses.  One aspect that must be
considered in all of these assessments is the water-quality hydrology of the
subject area, yet there is often a significant dearth of the data and methods
appropriate for a rational, quantitative, cost-effective assessment.  This is
particularly true for relatively small projects that do not warrant years of
data collection and analysis,  Yet, in the aggregate, these same small  projects
                                       1

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and the decisions made concerning them ultimately determine the regional  con-
sequences.
     At the outset, the purpose of the project from which this  report was
derived was to develop and verify a mathematical  description of the water-qual-
ity hydrology affected by surface mining.   This was to be accomplished by modi-
fying and adapting several existing models for use in surface-mining assessment
and by collecting the data from plot studies in Colorado and Montana appropriate
for comparison with the model.  We were also charged with monitoring a surface-
mined watershed in Colorado with the intent of establishing, on a watershed
scale, the magnitude of the impact of surface mining on the water-quality
hydrology.  This objective involved the identification of the contribution from
the mined portion and from the undisturbed portion of the watershed, as well
as quantifying the contributions from surface and ground water runoff.
     All of the above objectives were substantially accomplished.  It became
apparent, however, during the course of the research that the practicality of
some of the model components would be limited for routine use by the combined
constraints of cost, data, and technical know-how requirements.  Further, it
was realized that in pre-mining applications many of the required input param-
eters would, necessarily, be rough estimates and many of the advantages of the
detailed model, relative  to simpler models, would not be realized.  Therefore,
some of the time and finances of the project were directed toward the develop-
ment of simpler, but hopefully more practical, methods of assessment.
     The  scope of the work reported herein is so wide that it seems unlikely
that a single reader will be  interested in all parts of the study.  The text,
therefore, has been organized by major components of the work in an attempt to
provide sections that can be  read with minimum reference to other sections.

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The first section of the text (Section 3)  contains the description and results
of the watershed monitoring program conducted in Colorado.   A simple model,
based on water and dissolved solids budgets, is presented in the last portions
of Section 3 along with the model  application to the field  observations.   Sec-
tion 4 contains a theoretical analysis of  the limiting effects on the flow
pattern and water quality in an aquifer disrupted by surface mining.  A descrip-
tion of the plot studies in Colorado and Montana with some  typical results are
presented in Section 5.  The mathematical  model for sediment transport and
comparison with the results from the plot  study are presented in Section 6.
Finally, the models for water flow and quality in the partially saturated and
saturated zones of the subsurface are presented in Section  7.
     The project included a water-quality  monitoring program in the vicinity
of a mill tailings disposal area in southwestern Colorado in addition to the
surface mining study described above.  Because the mill tailings portion of
the study is not in context with the bulk  of this report, the water quality
data and discussion for the mill tailings  site are included as an appendix.

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                               SECTION 2
                    CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1.   Analyses for ten trace metals were made at selected locations  at the
Colorado study site.  Only manganese and selenium exceeded the Public
Health Service drinking water standards a significant number of times in
mine drainage.  Occurrences of high manganese concentrations were confined
to a single sampling station.  We presently have no explanation for the
anomalous manganese concentrations at the one station.-  Trace metal con-
centrations in the receiving waters below the mine remained below drinking
water standards.
2.   The most significant change in water quality attributable to surface
mining in the study area was an increase in total dissolved solids.  The
Increase results from the disturbance and consequent exposure to contact
by percolating waters of geologic strata that were relatively isolated
from contact with water before mining.
3.   The ions making the largest-contribution to the dissolved-solids con-
tent in both mine drainage and the receiving waters are calcium, sodium,
magnesium, bicarbonate and sulfate.  The composition of mine drainage
and receiving waters is very similar.
4.   Of the total common ion concentration in subsurface mine drainage,
60-70 percent is sulfate, 12-13-percent is calcium, 8-9 percent in mag-
nesium, and 6-10 percent is bicarbonate.  Sodium, potassium, and chloride,
together, contribute 4-5 percent.  Almost identical composition was
obtained in one-to-one extracts prepared from the spoil material.
5.   Comparisons of average electrical conductivity in mine drainage with
that of saturation extracts prepared from spoil samples and drill cuttings

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suggest that the electrical  conductivity in the saturation extracts  is
approximately equal  to that of subsurface drainage.   The electrical  con-
ductivity of saturations extracts can be used for making a first estimate
to the quality of subsurface drainage therefore.  The standard deviation
from the average was a large percentage of the average, however, suggest-
ing the need for many samples of the spoil,
6.   An apparently linear correlation between the electrical conductivity
of subsurface drainage and the electrical conductivity of one-to-one
extracts was developed for the four experimental plots at the Colorado
site.  This result suggests that the EC of one-to-one extracts can be
used to estimate the EC of drainage waters.  The correlation is, undoubtedly,
different for each type of spoil material and saturation percentage, how-
ever, and the EC of saturation extracts prepared from samples with a
saturation  percentage equal to that anticipated in the field is recommended
as the best index to the EC of drainage waters.  Correction of the EC of
saturation  extracts from samples with one saturation percentage to an
anticipated EC  at another saturation percentage by direct volumetric cal-
culations can lead to significant errors.
7.   Concentration of dissolved  solids  in subsurface drainage from a bank
of mine  spoils  cannot be expected to decline  for many decades.  This is
true because about one  pore volume of water  throughput must be achieved
before the  effects of leaching will  become apparent  in the concentration
of  salts  in the mine drainage.   In arid and  semi-arid regions where deep
percolation does not  exceed a few centimeters per year,  at most, a long
time  period is  required before  the effects of leaching will become notice-
ab.le,
8.    The dissolved  solids  concentration in overland  flow runoff  is very

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small compared to that in subsurface runoff.   This was noted in both the
experimental plots and at various locations on the study area.   Overland
flow runoff contacts spoil in a very thin layer immediately at the surface
of the spoil and this layer is rapidly leached,
9.   The significance of conclusions 7 and 8 is that, once the dissolved
solids concentrations in the subsurface drainage and overland flow is
measured or estimated, it can be assumed, for practical purposes, that
the concentrations will remain constant for a long time period.  Therefore,
dissolved solids loading of receiving waters can be estimated by modeling
the hydrology or otherwise determining the quantities of overland flow
and subsurface runoff and multiplying by the corresponding concentrations.
10.  The concentration of dissolved solids in receiving waters depends
upon the relative discharges from overland flow on the disturbed land,
overland flow on undisturbed land, ground water runoff from disturbed
land, and groundwater runoff from undisturbed land, and the concentrations
In each of these components.  An algebraic model was formulated that
accounts, approximately, for the~above factors.
11.  The model was applied to the watershed data collected at the Colorado
site.  The average difference between the calculated and measured concen-
trations of dissolved solids in watersheds partially disturbed by mining
was 8.9 percent.  The maximum difference was 21.8 percent.
12.  The algebraic model was used to distinguish the contributions from
ground-water runoff and overland flow runoff.  It was concluded that
94 percent of the total runoff from the mine spoils at the Colorado site
1s ground-water runoff.  Because the dissolved solids concentration is
greater 1n the ground-water runoff than in the overland flow, 99,7 percent
of the total load of dissolved solids contributed by the disturbed ground
1s accounted for by ground-water runoff.
                                     6

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13.  The algebraic model  was also used to estimate the effect of disturb-
ing the ground at the Colorado site.   During 1975, for example,  5.3 million
kilograms of dissolved solids were added to the receiving waters from the
portion of the watershed  investigated.  It is estimated that 2,9 million
kilograms or 54 percent was contributed by the disturbed area.  The dis-
turbed area represented 17 percent of the total watershed area.   The
increase in salt load due to the disturbance of the geologic strata is
estimated to be 2.4 million kilograms or 45 percent of the total observed
salt loading.
14.  The average rate of  dissolved solids pickup on the disturbed ground
at the Colorado site is estimated to be 286 kg per hectare per centimeter
of combined overland flow and ground-water runoff.  According to conclu-
sion 9, this pickup rate  should be a constant, independent of runoff
volumes,  it was, in fact, observed that the pickup rate varied between
283 and 308 kg/ha-cm during the three years of observation.  During the
same time period, the maximum observed annual runoff volume was nearly
double the minimum observed.  Therefore, the total salt load from the
mined area for a given year can be estimated by multiplying the rate of
pickup by the area and by the volume of total runoff in the year of
          t
Interest.
15.  The study at the Colorado site indicates that the algebraic model
can be used to estimate the influence of surface mining on the dissolved-
solids content of receiving waters.  Three chemical parameters are required;
P   , P   , and P  .  The concentration of ground-water runoff from the mined
 nig   ms       n
land, P^, can be estimated from the electrical conductivity of saturation
extracts, or alternatively by application of the chemistry model presented.
The concentration in overland flow from the mined land, Pms, can be

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estimated by determining the concentration of dissolved solids in water
passing through well leached samples of the spoil.   Pn is the background
concentration in combined overland flow and ground-water runoff from
undisturbed ground and can be estimated from pre-mining quality of the
waters to be effected by mining.
     Two hydrologic parameters are required: the fraction of total mine
drainage that is overland flow runoff, f  , and the ratio of total drainage
on the mined land to that on undisturbed ground, K.  Methods by which
f   and K can be estimated by indirect means are under development.
16.  Analytic calculations of the flow patterns in aquifers that have
been disrupted by mining suggest that the maximum distance to which the
premining flow pattern is permanently modified is independent of the
hydraulic conductivity of the disrupted portion and of the undisturbed
aquifer.  Thus, it is possible to estimate the range of distances within
which the pre-mining flow pattern will be modified without knowledge of
the hydraulic conductivities.  Simple equations are provided for this
purpose.                       -
17.  Analytic calculations suggest that the maximum width of the zone in
which the downstream water quality will be modified by disrupting the
aquifer is twice the maximum dimension of the mined area.  The maximum
width occurs when the hydraulic conductivity of the disrupted portion is
very large relative to that in the undisturbed portion.  The analytic
calculations suggest that the effect on water quality in an aquifer dis-
rupted by mining is minimum when the hydraulic conductivity in the dis-
rupted portion is minimum,  In fact, if hydraulic conductivity in the
disrupted portion is very small compared to that in the aquifer, there
should be no appreciable effect on the water quality in the disrupted
                                    8

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aquifer.  For other cases, simple equations are provided from which
estimates of the effect can be made.
18.  A model for sediment transport in overland flow runoff is presented.
Large differences between measured and calculated instantaneous rates
of erosion existed; especially for the bed material  discharge rates.
The calculated total sediment production for each runoff event agreed
satisfactorily with measured values,  even when total sediment yield was
separated into bed load and wash load components,
19.  The credibility factor in the Universal Soil Loss. Equation was
calculated from the experimental results.  The calculated erodability
factor for the Colorado site indicates a relatively low potential  for
erosion.
20.  Model components for subsurface flow in the partially saturated zone,
soil-water chemistry and transport of dissolved species are presented.
These three components operate as a unit and are capable of predicting
both the quantity and quality of deep percolating waters in mine spoils.
Excellent agreement between the calculated and measured concentrations
of dissolved solids was obtained.  Excellent agreement between measured
and calculated infiltration was also obtained.  It was found that when
the condition to be simulated is that of a water table near the surface,
the calculated drainage rate is highly sensitive to the soil properties
used to compute the diffusivity coefficient.  When the water table is
well below  the surface (a likely condition in most mine spoil applications)
a  lower boundary condition of a unit gradient can be applied and the
sensitivity of the calculated drainage rate to the diffusivity coefficient
1s circumvented.  Thus, the partially saturated flow model is not recom-
mended for  use when the water is near the surface (say,within 2-3 meters)
                                    9

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unless the hydraulic properties of the spoil  are  very accurately  known.
21.  A numerical  model  simulating either confined or unconfined flow in
aquifers disrupted by mining is presented.   Coupled with the model  for
flow in the saturated zone is a transport component in which it  is  assumed
that dispersion is negligible and the dissolved species are conservative.
The model will handle constant head, constant gradient, and impervious
boundary conditions.  The aquifer can also be nonhomogeneous with respect
to hydraulic conductivity.  Input of contaminants to the saturated  flow
region can be calculated from the output of the unsaturated flow-chemistry
model.
22.  The flow, chemistry, and transport models presented provide a  highly
flexible library of tools for analyzing water quality and hydrology in
surface mined regions.  The major disadvantages are the large input data
requirements, computer requirements, and the high degree of proficiency
required of the user.
                                    10

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                                   SECTION 3
                               WATERSHED STUDIES
     The material  in this section constitutes a case history of the water-quality
hydrology of a surface mined watershed.   To the authors'  knowledge it is the first
published study of its kind for a mine located in the western United States, and
therefore, the study is presented in considerable detail.   Water and dissolved
solids budget equations were used to ascertain the contribution of the disturbed
ground to the observed dissolved-solids  load in the receiving waters.  The con-
tributions to the total increase of dissolved solids resulting from overland
flow runoff and groundwater runoff are also estimated.
PHYSICAL PROFILE
       Physiography and Geology
            The Edna Mine is located on  the southeast edge  of the  Twentymile
       Park structural  basin,  about 24 kilometers southwest of Steamboat Springs,
       Colorado (Figure  1  ).   The topography varies from gently dipping slopes
       on the eastern flanks of the numerous synclines in the area to steep
       slopes in the western flanks.   The area is drained by tributaries of
       Trout Creek which in turn flows into the Yampa River near Milner,
       Colorado.   Elevations above mean  sea level  on the Edna Mine range from
       2134 m  to   2530 m .   The Little  Trout Creek  watershed,  just south  of
       the mine,  reaches elevations up to  2775 m and the  main Trout Creek
       watershed  ranges from  1980 m  to over  3350  m .
            As described by Campbell  (1923),  Twentymile Park consists of a
       large structural  basin  surrounded by ridges of considerable height.   The
                                         11

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                   ^Steamboat
                  •   Springs
Figure   1.   Location of the Edna  Mine.

                                      12

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Edna Mine is located on the east limb of the Argo Syncline which forms
a subordinate basin to Twentymile Park.  The Argo Syncline is typical
of other synclines in the area being asymmetric with dips on the west
limb much steeper than those on the east limb.  Most rock strata on the
Edna Mine are dipping at about ten degrees to the west towards Trout
Creek.
     Figure  2  is a geologic map and Figure  3  (from Plate 18, USGS
Bulletin 1027-D) is a general stratigraphic column of the Upper Creta-
ceous rocks in the region.  The Mancos Shale is not exposed on the Edna
Mine but conformibly underlies the younger Mesa Verde Group consisting
of the lies and Williams Fork formations.  Present mining operations
extract coal from the Wadge seam which is part of the Middle Coal  group
of the Williams Fork formation.   In some parts of northwestern Colorado,
the Lewis shale conformibly overlies the Williams Fork formation.   How-
ever, at the Edna Mine it has been eroded away along with the Twentymile
sandstone member of the Williams Fork formation.
     Bass et al. (1955) describe~the Williams Fork formation as consist-
ing of interbedded sandstone, sandy shale, and coal beds of marine brack-
ish water and fresh water origin.  Of the three bituminous coal beds in
the Middle Coal group the Wadge is described as the most uniformly good
in quality and workable thickness.  Older surface mining operations
during the 1940's extracted coal from the Lennox seam in the southern
portion of the Edna Mine, but present operations are concentrated on the
Wadge seam.  The thickness of the Wadge ranges from about  1.5 m  to
2.0 m  over the mine.  The Lennox seam is found  4.5  to  6.0 meters
above the Wadge and ranges from  0.3  to  1.0 meter   in thickness.
                                    13

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  '.;.'• Twenty-mile "•.'•.'• v.V
  '•'.•I Pork  Syncline '.'•/•y/
                                                               Williams  Fork Fm.
                                                                     with
                                                               Twenty-mile  S.S. Mem.
                                                                   lies  Fm.
                                                                    with
                                                               Trout Creek S.S. Mem.
                                                                Mancos  Shale
                          Kilometers
Figure   2.   Geologic map  of the  Edna Mine and  surrounding area.
                                          14

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                     ^J^^-fr^''*"' "' f v».>«.. „...
                          ^               yl-jl^A I •>«'* •>'
                          _^/  >' _~^ /• 7, 1 j i^~l-?~rC] ( " T*" c
Figure    3.   Stratigraphic  column of exposed  strata found  in  parts of
              northwestern Colorado.
                                    15

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     Mining  Opt n*a_I ions
      Coal  is extracted  at the Edna  Mine  by  a  method  of mining  known as
 area or continuous  surface mining.   This method  of mining  is common in
 areas  where  the topography is fairly flat and the coal  is  found  at
 relatively shallow  depths.  Area mining  consists of  digging a  series  of
 parallel cuts to expose and remove  the coal.   At the Edna  Mine overburden
 is loosened  with explosives and removed  using a   26.8 cubic meter drag
 line.   The exposed  coal is then loaded in trucks and hauled out  of the
 pit eventually to be transported by railroad. Cuts  are made parallel
.to the strike of the slope and after one cut  is  completed  the  overburden
 removed in the next successive cut  is deposited  in the open tranch of
 the previous cut.  The  resulting parallel spoil  ridges are then  graded
 to conform with the original  slope  configuration, approximately.
     Mining  operations  are currently located  in  the  northern section  of
 the mine near the top of the  ridge  between  Oak Creek  and Trout Creek.
 The Wadge  seam is found at  15  to   22 meters below  the ground surface
 1n this area.   The  highwall  and  trench at the location of  present oper-
 ations are free from any water seepage indicating no  water table  existing
 at this depth and location.
     Spoil piles in the older section of the  mine south of current oper-
 ations are not graded.   Mining in this section was somewhat sporadic with
 pits opened  and spoils  piled  to  the sides.  A map furnished by the
 Pittsburgh and Midway Company which currently operates the Edna Mine
 indicates  that the  Wadge was  mined  in only  some  areas with the Lennox
 seam most extensively mined.
                                      16

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     Climate
     No climatic record is available for the Edna Mine or the immediate
vicinity so estimates of precipitation and potential  evaporation are
taken from U. S. Geological  Survey maps (Irons et al., 1965).  Mean
annual  precipitation is estimated to be  51 cm  with  about one-half of
this amount occurring as snow.   The temperature measured at Steamboat
Springs (elev.  2063 m) located  24 km northeast of the  Edna Mine ranges from
 an average -9°C in January to  17°C in July with the mean annual temperature
 equal  to 4.1°C.  These temperatures are probably slightly lower than
 those at the Edna Mine due to  Steamboat Springs closer proximity  to
 high mountains.  Snowmelt on the mine occurs  during April  and  May and in
 the upper reaches of Trout Creek during late  May and  June.
      Vegetation and Soils
      Natural vegetation on the Edna Mine consists of  scrubbrush and
 grasses at the lower elevations with aspen groves at  higher elevations.
 Older spoils in the southern area of the mine have been revegetated
 probably both  naturally and by man and now support grasses and alfalfa.
 Portions of the newer spoils in the northern  area of  the mine  have also
 been revegetated recently with grass and clover.   The  Little Trout Creek
  watershed is  covered with  coniferous  and  aspen  forests  over much  of  its
  area.
       No detailed  classification  of  soils  was made; however, some  soil
  samples were  taken  at various  locations  for  chemical  analysis.  Soils on
  the mine with the exception of alluvial  flood  plain deposits  along Trout
  Creek are residual  being derived from the rocks  of the  Williams  Fork
  formation.  Soil  over most of the natural  land  is thin  and  poorly
  developed with bedrock found  in  most  places  at  depths of  one  meter or
  less.  The soil  is light brown to tan and contains a  very clayey  layer
                                   17

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immediately above bedrock.  Soil in areas with aspen groves is dark
brown to black and may be up to five meters deep.  The clay layer is
again found near bedrock at locations sampled in the aspen groves.
     The spoils have virtually no soil profile but instead are made up
of weathered rock debris ranging from boulders more than a meter in diameter
down to clay size particles.  The spoil  material  exists down to the maxi-
mum depth of excavation and are underlain by undisturbed strata.
      Hydrology
      Trout  Creek, flowing  northward along the base at  the spoil piles,
               ;
 1s  the major surface drainage.  The Trout Creek watershed above and
                                                ?
 Including the Edna Mine  is approximately  110 km   in.area.  The mean
 annual discharge of Trout  Creek measured just downstream of  the mine is
                       7   3
 estimated at  2.8 x 10  m  /yr   (McWhorter et al.,  1975) or an  equivalent
 of  about 26 cm  of water  per  year over  the entire watershed.  Trout Creek
 has  eroded  a shallow canyon in parts  of  its reach along the west side of
 the mine as evidenced  by vertical outcrops  of Williams  Fork rock.  Within
 these confines Trout Creek meanders across  an alluvial  aquifer of  unknown
 depth.
      The Edna Mine is  divided  into individual watersheds which contribute
 to  discharge monitoring  stations C3,  C5, C9, and CIO as shown  in Figure
  4.  The watershed contributing to station C13 is also considered but
 is  not shown in Figure  4.  The watershed  boundaries  are determined on the
 basis of surface water divides from topographic maps.   These boundaries
 should also approximate  the ground water divides on the Edna Mine.  Table
  1  indicates the mined  and undisturbed  land areas of  each watershed.
 Inflow refers to the entire watershed area  contributing water  to Trout
 Creek between stations C2  and  C6.  ,          ;"'
                                     18

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           N
Figure   4.   Individual  watersheds on the Edna Mine and discharge
             monitoring  stations.
                                     19

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     The surface water divides on undisturbed  land  are  easily  found  by
topographic highs between streams.   However, on  land  disturbed by  mining
such divides are difficult to define and,  in fact,  may  no longer exist.
The spoil piles, both graded and ungraded, have  very  poor surface  drain-
age patterns.  This causes rainfall  and snowmelt in some areas to  pond
                               Table   1
                            Watershed Areas
Watershed Area mined
(ha)
C3
C5
C9
CIO
• C13
Edna Mine*
Inflow**
116
94
72
188
"o
689
614
Area Unmined Total
(ha) - (ha)
55
0
132
242
2110
503
3042
171
94
204
431
2110
1192
3556
Fraction Mined
0.68
1.00
0.35
0.44
0.00
0.58
0.17
         *  Includes area north of Station C6.
         ** Includes total area between stations C2 and C6.
 1n depressions and infiltrate into the spoils with little or no overland
 flow.  Northern portions of the mine probably had very little surface
 drainage even before mining.  Present stream channels on the natural
 land  north of the spoils carry water only during periods of very high
 runoff due to rain or snowmelt.  Streams in the southern section of the
 mine  exhibit better drainage patterns in their undisturbed reaches and
 flow  for most of the year.
      Because of low precipitation and poor surface drainage on the spoils
 much  of the rainfall and snowmelt on the Edna Mine is lost by evapo-
 transpiration or infiltrates into the ground.  On natural land percolat-
                                   20

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ing water encounters relatively impermeable rock strata at shallow depths.
The water then flows down dip to reappear in the stream channels on the
mine site or to seep directly into Trout Creek.
     Surface mining has significantly changed the natural  surface and
subsurface hydrologic conditions of the mined land.  Figure   5 is a
schematic east-west cross-section through the northern region of the
mine near station C6 showing conditions existing after mining.  As water
percolates fnto the spoils it encounters no rock strata at shallow depths
but continues to flow vertically until reaching a water table or rock
strata forming the  lower boundary of the spoils.  Thus the depth to which
water percolates has been altered by mining from several meters or less
to over fifteen meters.  This significantly increases  the potential for
water to dissolve salts as it passes through the spoils.
     As water flows down the dip of  the rock strata beneath the spoils
it encounters a highwall of undisturbed rock which parallels much of the
east side of Trout  Creek.  This highwall is visible in the C3 watershed
because a trench was left between  it and the spoil piles.  Water  can be
seen flowing from the  base of  the  spoils and into  this trench which
forms a  small  pond  behind station  C3.   It  is assumed  that most  of the
subsurface  water from  the C5,  C9,  and  CIO  watersheds  reappears  in the
stream  before  flowing  from the  mine  area.   There  is probably  some sub-
surface  water  flowing  out of  these watersheds  in  the  alluvial  aquifers
occurring  below  the stream channels.   The  volume  of this  underflow is
probably small  because of the  shallow depth to  bedrock and  the narrow
width  of the stream valleys.   The exact quantity  of underflow is  not
 known.
                                     21

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ro
ro
              Wedge

               Seam
                                                                                     Vertical
                                                                                    Percolation
                                            Highwall
                                                                        Undisturbed  Bedrock
                             Figure   5.   Schematic east-west cross-section  near station  C6.

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     The spoil banks north of the C5 watershed apparently have no natural
break in the highwall which is well hidden by the overlying spoils.
Numerous subsurface seeps appear in the spring at the base of the spoils
along Trout Creek.  These  are.   the result of water flowing over the buried
highwall or through it along fractures or permeable layers.  It is
probable that an aquifer forms behind the highwall which supplies water
to seeps until mid-summer.
     No data is available concerning deep ground water aquifers in the
region.  The rocks of the Williams Fork and lies Formations seldom
exhibit good aquifer characteristics.  Ground water is most commonly
associated with coal beds due to their highly fractured nature (Bureau
of Land Management, 1975).  For the purpose of this study the base of
the spoils is assumed to be the maximum depth reached by percolating
water.
     Several small drainages enter Trout Creek from the west side between
station C2 and station C6.  However, their contribution to total inflow
1s small.  Several irrigated fields located on the west side of Trout
Creek adjacent to the mine contribute some return flow to Trout Creek.
Thick vegetation along several exposed outcrops indicates some ground water
seepage.  The amount of water entering into Trout Creek from the west side
was not monitored but, because of the small land area involved, its con-
tribution to  the  inflow and salt load should also be small.
METHOD AND PROCEDURES
     Water Quality Monitoring
     Thirteen water  quality monitoring stations were established on and
near the  Edna Mine with six stations  located on Trout Creek, one on
Little Trout  Creek,  five  on the  Edna  Mine  watersheds, and  one  on a
                                     23

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natural  watershed north of the mine.   Figure 6   indicates  the  location
and designation of these stations.   Table  2 summarizes  the  location,
installation date, and type of data obtained at  each monitoring station.
     Station Cl is located on Trout Creek upstream of all mining activity.
Station C2 is about 2.5 kilometers  downstream from Station  Cl and is  also
downstream from one small  underground coal  mining operation.  Other
stations along Trout Creek include  C4, C6,  C8, and Cll with the first
three located adjacent to  the spoil piles and the latter  located down-
stream from all mining activity.  Little Trout Creek was  sampled at
Station C13 located near its confluence with Trout Creek.
     Stations sampling water flowing from mine watersheds into  Trout
Creek include C3, C5, C7,  C9, and CIO.  Station  C3 sampled  water flowing
northward along the highwall trench in the older spoils where water can
be seen seeping from the base of the spoil  piles.  Stations C9  and CIO
are located on natural streams originating in tfie upper unmined portions
of watersheds which are disturbed by mining in their lower  reaches.  Water
flowing from the base of the spoils in a deep unfilled cut  was  sampled
at Station C5.  Station C7 is located at a large subsurface water seep
at the base of the spoil piles along Trout Creek.  It has no associated
surface drainage although there is  some indication that a small natural
drainage existed before mining.  Station C12 is  located on  a small drain-
age on natural ground north of the  spoils.  It flows only during periods
of very high runoff resulting in only a few water samples being collected.
     Water samples were taken on a  monthly basis at all stations with
additional samples taken as often as daily  at  stations C2, C3, C5, C6,
C9, CIO, and C13 from April through August of 1975 and April  through  May
                                     24

-------
           N
                                K i lometers
Figure  6 .   Location of water quality monitoring stations.
                                   25

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                               Table 2
                                              i
     Description of Water Quality and Discharge Monitoring  Stations


Station        Type           Date

Number   Quality  Discharge  Started
Cl

C2
. C3
C4
C5
C6

C7
C8

C9

CIO
Cll


C12

C13

X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X
X


X

X

Oct.

X Oct,
X Oct,
Oct,
X Oct,
X Oct,

Oct,
Oct,

X Mar,

X Mar,
Mar,


Mar,

X Jul,
,—
1973

1973
1973
1973
1973
1973

1973
1973

1975

1975
1975


1975

1975

On Trout Creek above all mining
activity
On Trout Creek above Edna Mine
On mine drainage in older spoils
On Trout Creek adjacent to spoils
On mine drainage in newer spoils
On Trout Creek near northern
limit of spoils
On ground water seep from spoils
On Trout Creek at northern limit
of spoils
On mine drainage in both newer
and older spoils
On mine drainage in newer spoils
On Trout Creek approximately
0.8 km from northern extent of
spoils
On ephemeral stream north of
Edna Mine
On Little Trout Creek above Edna
Mine
                                     26

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of 1976.  A complete chemical  analysis was performed on the monthly
samples at most stations and all  monthly samples were tested for pH,
specific conductance, and total  dissolved solids.  The more frequent
samples taken during the spring and summer were tested only for specific
conductance.
     During April and  May of 1976 additional water quality samples were
taken at the supplementary locations shown in Figure  7 .  These samples
were tested for specific conductance and were not taken on a regular
basis.
     Discharge Monitoring .
     Discharge monitoring stations were established at several of the
water quality stations  to determine the total runoff and salt load of
the  surface drainage.   Discharge was measured at stations C2 and C6 on
Trout Creek by using a  current meter  to determine the  velocity distribu-
tion in a  stream  cross-section.  The  corresponding  water level was read
from a  staff gage installed nearjthe  measured cross-section.  By taking
flow measurements of several different water levels, a stage-discharge
relationship was  found  by fitting  readings to an equation of the form
           Q - asb
where   Q  is the  discharge, S  the staff  gage reading, and  a  and  b
regression coefficients.  It was found  that  significant erosion and
deposition occurred in  Trout Creek from one year to the next resulting
in a change  in the channel  cross-section.  The  stage-discharge relation-
ships were adjusted as  new  stream  gaging  data became  available.  Figures
  0  and 9   are  the rating  curves  for Stations  C2 and  C6,  respectively.
They demonstrate  the variation  in  the stage-discharge  relationship over
                                   27

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          N
          I             2
      Kilometers
                          \
Spoils
Figure  7.   Supplementary water sample locations.


-------
                    lOOr
                    80
        Stream Gage  Measurements

             a   1974

             O   1975

             A   1976
r\>
UD
                    60
                  E
                  o
                  o<
                  o

                  V)
40
                    20
                      0
                                             1974
                          2-0
 3-0          4-0

Discharge,  m3/sec
5-0
6-0
7-0
                          Figure  8  .  Stage-discharge rating curves  for Trout Creek at Station  C2.

-------
                       100 r
CO
o
                    Stream Gage Measurements
                         a  1974
                         O  1975
                         A  1976
                                      1-0
2-O
5-0
6-0
                                  3-0          4-0
                                 Discharge,  m3/sec
Figure  9  .  Stage-discharge rating  curves for Trout  Creek at Station  C6.
7-0

-------
a period of three years.  In addition to a staff gage, Station C2 was
equipped with a continuous water level recorder on April  21, 1975.
     Stations C3, C9, and CIO were equipped with  20.3 cm  by  91.4 cm
cutthroat flumes and staff gages.  Stevens Recorders were also installed
on the flumes at these locations for continuous discharge monitoring.
Ice in the stilling wells during the early spring prevented reliable
records until temperatures warmed up in early April.  Recorder charts
were changed weekly and were constantly checked for accuracy with staff
gage readings.
     Stations C5 and C13 were equipped with flumes but not recorders.
A  7.6 cm  by   91.4 cm  cutthroat flume and staff gage was installed at
Station C5.  However, the capacity of the  flume was exceeded  in April
of 1975 so a larger  30.5 cm  by  91.4 cm  cutthroat  flume was installed
before  the spring  of 1976.  A   0.46  cm  by .2.74 cm   Parshall flume  and
staff gage was  installed  during July 1975  at  Station  C13.   Flow  in
Little  Trout Creek exceeded the capacity  of the  flume for about  a week
during  late May 1976.           -
     Soil  and Spoil Sampling
     Samples of native  soil  and  spoils  taken at the  Edna  Mine  are used to
chemically characterize  the  surface  and  subsurface geologic  material.  In
1973  spoil  samples were  taken  at eight locations on  the mine (McWhorter
et al.,  1975)..  Three locations  at the extreme north end  of  the  spoils,
three locations east of Station  C4,  and two locations south  of Station C3
were sampled every  15 cm  to a  depth of  120 cm .   A number of  samples
were taken at four locations along the active highwall by collecting
drill cuttings  at three meter intervals from ground surface to the coal

                                    31

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seam.   These samples were later composited.   Native  soil  was  sampled  to
a depth of one meter at one location during  the  same year.
     In May 1976 samples were collected with a  hand  auger at  locations
shown in Figure 10 .  These locations include ones  in the old spoils, the
new spoils, and natural ground.  They are coded  as  SS100 to SS109 with
the depth of the sample also indicated.  One sample  was taken at the  sur-
face at all locations.  However, in some cases  it was impossible to take
deep samples because rock was encountered.
      Water Analysis
      Monthly water samples taken from October  1973  to May 1976  were
 analyzed for acidity, alkalinity, total  hardness,  pH, specific  conduc-
 tance, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and total  solids along
 with concentrations of aluminum, calcium, chloride, copper,  dissolved
 iron, undissolved iron, total  iron, potassium,  magnesium, manganese,
 sodium, lead, sulfate, and zinc.  Several spot  checks for arsenic, cadmium,
 chromium, mercury, and selenium were also made.  The monthly samples were
 collected and analyzed in accordance with the  standard Environmental
 Protection Agency "Methods for Chemical  Analysis of Water and Wastes"
 (U. S. Department of the Interior, 1970).
      Water samples not subjected to chemical analysis were tested for
 electrical conductivity using  a portable soil moisture bridge apparatus.
 Electrical conductance or specific conductivity  is  a measure of the
 ability of a substance to conduct electric  current  which in  turn can be
 related to the concentration of total dissolved  solids.   The American
 Society for Testing and Materials (1966) has defined electrical  conduc-
 tivity as "the reciprocal of the resistance in  ohms measured between
 opposite faces of a centimeter cube of an aqueous  solution at a specific
                                      32

-------
            N
SSI08
                                                   Spoils
Figure 10  .   Location  of  soil and spoil samples taken in May, 1976,
                                    33

-------
temperature."   The units  shall  be  "micromhos  per centimeter at T°C" where
temperature is usually reported at 25°C,   Pure  liquid water has a very
low conductance, only a few hundredths  of  a micromho per  centimeter at
25°C.
     Since electrical conductance  varies with temperature,  it  is  impor-
tant to measure the temperature along with the  resistance.  In dilute
solutions for  most ions an increase of  1°C increases the  electrical
conductance by about 2 percent (Hem 1970).  Factors used  to adjust
electrical conductivity were obtained from Figure  11  which is based on
a  0.01 molar   potassium chloride  solution (American Public Health Associ-
ation et al.,  1971).  After electrical  conductivity  is  adjusted  to 25*0,
It can be converted to the concentration of  total  dissolved solids by
using a relationship developed later in this  section.
     Soil and Spoil Analysis
     The most  important factor determining the  composition  of  water  is
the concentration and type of solutes available"in the  soil and  rock
strata.  As water precolates into  the ground, several  processes  can
change the type and amount of dissolved solids.
     Ion exchange is a reversible  process  by which cations  and anions
are exchanged  between solid and liquid  phases and  between solid  phases
if in close enough contact.  This  process  does  not change the  total
concentration in mi Hi equivalents  per liter of the solution but  it does
change the ionic composition.  Solid components in the soil  or spoils
are also capable of adsorbing or releasing (desorption) solutes  from or
to the solution.  This process can increase  or decrease the total con-
centration of solutes in percolating water and  is  probably the major
                                    34

-------
               0.80
                               10         20
                          Temperature of Sample, °C
Figure  11 .
Factors for adjusting specific conductance  of  wa1
equivalent values at 25°C (based on a 0.01  M KC1
                                    35

-------
process causing water in the Edna Mine spoils to increase in total  dis-
solved solids concentration.
     Salts found in the soil or the spoils may be readily soluble in
water and thus quickly leached or only sparingly soluble and thus only
slowly leached by water.  Studies indicate that shale in western Colorado
will contain CaS04 as a slightly soluble salt and MgS04 and NaS04 as
soluble salts (Schmehl and McCaslin, 1969).
     The saturated paste method {Richards, 1954) was used to analyze the
chemical constituents of the soil and spoil samples from the Edna Mine.
It Is assumed that this method would best indicate the potential amounts
of readily soluble ions available to percolating water.  Other factors which
have an influence on the pollution potential of spoils such as weathering,
microbial activity, acid formation, evapotranspiration, and non-equilibrium
reactions are not characterized by saturated paste analysis.
     Saturated paste tests were conducted by procedures described by
Hergert (1971).  The sample is dried and crushed until  it will  pass
through a  2 mm  screen.  It is then saturated with distilled water,
thoroughly mixed and left to stand for  16  hours.   The resulting water
extract is analyzed for the various chemical constituents desired.   For
the spoil samples taken in 1973, determinations were made for pH, specific
conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride,
sulfate, and nitrate.  The samples taken in May 1976 were tested only for
specific conductivity.
      Leaching  Analysis
     Two soil samples from depths of  70 cm  and  100 cm  were taken at
the experimental plots and combined to yield a  558.8 g  sample used for
leaching tests.  The sample was placed in a column   6.85 cm  in diameter
                                     36

-------
containing glass beads at the bottom to retain the sample.   The purpose
of the test was to determine leaching and weathering  characteristics  of
the spoils.
     The spoil sample was initially sifted into the column  to provide an
even distribution.  De-ionized water was added to the sample and main-
tained at a height of about  5 cm  above the top of the sample.  Water
samples were taken for every  100 ml  increment of leaching volume and
tested for pH and specific conductivity.  These water samples were then
combined at  500 ml  increments for further chemical  analysis.
     The test was conducted such that after an initial leaching volume
was added, the sample was drained and air forced through the column for
sixty hours.  After addition of a second volume of water, the sample was
drained and aerated for five days.  A third leaching volume was passed
through the column after which the sample was removed, dried, crushed, and
finally returned to the column for a fourth volume of leaching water.
WATER QUALITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPOIL CHARACTERISTICS
     The  discharge and water quality data collected at the Edna Mine
allow a detailed  analysis of the  water  quality to  be made.  Observed
water quality is  examined in terms  of  the climate, hydrologic  system,
and  physical-chemical characteristics  of the  geologic material  present.
The  total  quantity of salts discharged  in the streams from the mine
watersheds is computed along with the  net inflow of salts in  the reach
of Trout  Creek bordering  the western edge of  the mine.
     Chemical  Characteristics of Mine Drainage and Receiving Waters
     Detailed  chemical analyses were performed on monthly water samples
taken at  the  water quality monitoring  stations.  From these analyses the
average ion  concentrations  in Table  3  and the maximum  ion concentra-
                                  37

-------
                                                                      Table  3

                              Average Ion Concentrations of Monthly Water Samples Taken October 1973 to November 1975
                                  t/l
                                  
-------
tions in Table 4 were determined.   The recommended drinking  water  standards
of the U. S.  Public Health Service (1962)  are listed in each table for
comparison.
     The quality of water from the mine watersheds (C3 and C5)  is  generally
low due to high concentrations of total dissolved solids.   Although not
listed in Table 3, the average dissolved solids concentrations  at  Stations
C9 and CIO exceed the  500 mg/«-  standard by two to four times. Water
from a subsurface seep at Station C7 displayed the lowest quality  with  an
average dissolved solids concentration of  3838 mg/i  and a maximum of
4870 mg/fc  .  This particular station was consistently anomalous with respect
to the other 12 stations, however.
     The average water quality of Trout Creek is within the standards.
However, there  is considerable degradation in quality as Trout Creek
flows north adjacent to the mine.  The water flowing through Station C2
1s low  in  total dissolved solids  averaging   119 mg/*  .  The one under-
ground  coal mine  between  Stations  Cl  and C2  sterns  to  have no effect on
water quality  which  actually  improves  slightly from Station Cl to  C2.
The  dissolved  solids concentration in  Trout  Creek is  increased at  Stations
C4 and  C6  and  averages   292 mg/4   at  Station C8.   A greater variation  in
the  quality  of Trout Creek  is found when maximum dissolved  solids  concen-
 trations are examined.   The maximum found  at Station  C2 is   170 mg/4   and
 the  maximum  at Station  C8 is   820 mg/A.
      Most average concentrations  of individual  ions are below  drinking
 water standards.   High  average sulfate concentrations are found in water
 from the mine watersheds and the average manganese concentration  at
 Station C3 exceeds the  standard by four times.  A summary of the  trace
 element data on mine drainage is presented in Table 5.  The number of
                                    39

-------
                                       Table 4
Maximum Ion Concentrations of Monthly Water Samples Taken October 1973 to November 1975
i



U.S. Drinking
Water Standards
Station Cl
Trout Creek
Station C2
Trout Creek
Station C3
Mine Drainage
Station C4
Trout Creek
Station C5
' Mine Drainage
Station C6
, Trout Creek
Station C7 . •
Ground Water
Station C8
Trout Creek
•*
1
«*>
high, tf,<^}
•'How £!,_
nH 
5*0 •»
«/» -^.
V) 0»
o e ••- E
•r- 0 0
t- in •— TJ
O -C nj •!-
OJ O •!-» t—
a. E o o
to 3. f— «/1

500
249 170
261 170

2900 2530

853 690

4220 4160

840 590

5360 4870
1150 820


Al
mg/t

j
<0.7
<0.7

<0.7

<0.7

<0.7

<0.7

<0.7
<0.7


Ca
mg/t

.
51
54

480

210,

440

190

470
210


CT
mg/t

250
1.7
2.0

6.0

2.0

10.0

2.0

10.0
2.2

Fe
Cu diss.
mg/t mg/t

liO 0.30
<1.0 <0.10
<1.0 0.13

<1.0 0.29

<1.0 0.10

<1.0 <0.10

<1.0 0.10

<1.0 0.14
<1.0 0.15


K
mg/t

-
3.6
3.6

13.0

5.6

31

9.8

25.2
18


Mg
mg/t

.
13
13

190

52

320

47

250
63


Mn
mg/t

0.05
<0.05
<0.05

0.42

0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.26
0.06


Na
mg/t

.
4.2
4.2

29

14

250

13

1099
18


Pb S04
mg/t mg/t

0.05 250
<0.16 130
<0.20 82

<0.20 1700

<0.16 230

<0.15 2500

<0.16 208

0.20 2010
<0.20 480


Zn
mg/t

5.0
0.043
0.057

0.11

0.017

0.038

0.025

0.020
0.024

-------
observations and number of times  standards  were  exceeded  pertain  to water
samples from Stations C3,  C5,  and C7.   These three stations  monitor mine
drainage with C3 and C5 located on streams  and C7 located on a  groundwater
seep at the base of the spoils along Trout  Creek.
     the high sulfate and manganese concentrations in mine drainage
may be fairly typical of Colorado.  Wentz (1974) noted in examining  water
samples from throughout Colorado that, of thirty sites sampled, sulfate
exceeded the  250 mg/fc  standard  53.3  percent of the time.  He also
noted that dissolved manganese is naturally high  in Colorado streams.
The reason for  the  high manganese concentrations at Station C3 is not
presently known.  It is possible that  natural concentrations are higher

                               Table 5
              Heavy Metals Standards* and Number of Times
                  Exceeded at Stations C3,  C5, and C7.

Arsenic (As)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe diss)
Mercury (Hg)
Manganese (Mn)
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Zinc (Zn)
Standard
0.01 mg/fc
0.01 mg/*
0.05 mg/a
1.0 mg/ft
0.3 mgA
0.002 mg/*
0.05 rag/*
0.05 mg/«-
0.01 mg/fc
5.0 mg/fc
^Observations
19
22
18
82
83
24
67
15
18
71
^Exceeded
0
1
0
0
2
0
30
0
10
0
        *
         1962 U.S.P.H.S. Drinking Water Standards.
                                     41

-------
in the older spoils on the C3 watershed or that a significant time delay
is involved before manganese is released by weathering processes.
     The ionic composition of water can be examined graphically by plot-
ting the major cation and anion concentrations in mi Hi equivalents per
liter.  Concentrations in milliequivalents per liter are found by multi-
plying milligrams per liter by the reciprocal of the combining weight of
the ion.  The ionic composition of water at Stations C2, C3, C5, and C8
is plotted in this manner in Figures  12, 13  , and 14  for January, May,
and September, 1975 respectively.  These particular months were chosen
to illustrate the chemical composition during two low flow periods in
January and September, and a high flow period from spring runoff in May.
Cations are plotted on the left half of each bar and anions on the right
half.  If all ions are correctly determined, the total milliequivalents
per liter of the cations will equal that of the anions.
     The concentration and composition of water at Station C2 varies
only slightly over the three months considered.  However, the ion concen-
trations at Station C8 increase Significantly in May primarily due to
calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ions.  These  ions can result from the
solution of hydrous sulfates such as gypsum (CaSO^HpO) and epsomite
(MgS04'7H20) which are probably found in the rocks of the Williams Fork
Formation.   The Colorado School  of Mines Research Institute (1976) is
conducting a study of the mineralogy of overburden and spoils as related
to the ground water quality and will  provide more detailed information on
the sources of the various constituents.  The composition of water at Sta-
tions C3 and C5 remains relatively constant over the three months considered
with the greatest proportion of dissolved solids coming from calcium and
magnesium sulfates.  Ions other than  those shown in Figures 12,  13,  and 14
are not considered due to their relatively small  concentrations.
                                    42

-------
    60

    55

    50

    45

    40

    35

    30

  £ 25
     20
  c
  to
  o  18
  3
  cr
  0)  Ib
     K

     12

     10

      8

      6

      4

      2
cm
  Ca
 No-t-K
  Mg
           Station
              C2
HCO,

CO,
                                       * *. * *
                           * •* *
              Station
                 C3
                  Station
                    C5
Station
   C8
Figure  12 .   Ionic composition of water in January, 1975
                                 43

-------
      60


      55


      50


      45


      40


      35


      30


   |  25


   £  20
   *c
   a>
   o  18
      "6
      14


      12


      10


       8


       6


       4


       2


       0
 Ca


Na+K



"Mg~
17117 77
            Station
               C2
             S04
             HCO,
              T/f////,
                Station
                  C3
                            Station
                              C5
Figure  13.  Ionic composition of water in  May, 1975.
Station
  C8

                                          -
                                   44

-------
60


55


50


45


40


35


30


25
  £  20
  c
  0)

  o  18
  I  16
      14


      12


      10


       6


       6


       4
            CD
              Ca
            Na
            EZ3
             Mg
            Station
              C2
 S04
[rrrrn
  Cl
 HCO,
  +
 CO,

     Station
       C3
                                    Station
                                      C5
                                                     7//////Z
Station
  C8
Figure 14 .   Ionic composition of water  in September, 1975,
                                 45

-------
     Average ion concentrations in Table 3 for the same four stations
considered above are plotted on a logarithmic scale in Figure 15.   Note
that amounts of sodium, potassium, and manganese are greater in water
from the C5 watershed than that from the C3 watershed.  This is expected
because of the lower solubility of calcium sulfate, compared to magnesium
and potassium salts as previously mentioned.  The magnesium and potassium
are thus leached to a greater extent from the older C3 spoils while cal-
cium remains about the same in both old and new spoils.
     Relationship Between Chemistry of Water and Spoils
     The chemical composition and the dissolved solids in water which  has
passed through a spoil bank is a reflection of the chemical composition
of the spoils.  Numerous methods exist by which the chemical-mineralogical
composition of the disturbed material can be characterized.  There is  a
need, however, to relate the quality of waters contacting the spoil with
the results of whatever chemical tests are used to characterize the spoil.
In this study, the chemical composition and dissolved solids content in
saturation and one-to-one extracts (Richards, 1954) were used to char-
acterize the spoil and overburden.
     Table 6 contains a comparison of the electrical conductivity (EC)
of saturation extracts prepared from spoil and overburden with the EC
of waters samples in a set of subsurface drains and in the C5 mine drain-
age.  A description of the subsurface drains constructed in the spoil  is
contained in Section 4 of this report.  The waters in the C5 drainage
were selected for comparison because essentially all of. the contributing
watershed has been disturbed by mining and the discharge is dominated  by
ground water runoff.
                                    46

-------
       100
Figure 15 .   Average  concentrations of major ions in water from stations
             shown.
                                    47

-------
weight of spoil material, one would expect the EC of subsurface drainage
to be about twice that of the 1:1  extracts,   Instead, the observed EC of
the drainage water was only 1.55 times the EC of the 1:1  extracts.  This
observation is in agreement with data provided by Wadleigh et al.  (1951)
who showed that the ratio of the EC in a 1:1  extract to that in a  satura-
tion extract where always larger than predicted by volumetric dilution
calculations; especially when the exchange complex was largely occupied
by calcium and sulfate was present (Richards, 1954).  These observations
point up that the EC of 1:1 extracts is a less reliable index to the EC
of ground-water runoff than is the saturation extract.
     Overland flow runoff was collected from plot surfaces above the sub-
surface drains (see Section 4),  The electrical conductivities of 34 samples
of overland runoff  were averaged to obtain an EC = 360 ymhos/cm at 25°C.
These data indicate that the dissolved solids concentration in overland
flow runoff is only about 10 percent of that in ground-water runoff.
Small dissolved solids concentration in overland flow is explained by the
fact that overland flow contacts-spoil only in a very thin layer immediately
at the surface.  The readily soluble materials are quickly leached from
this thin layer and subsequent runoff is relatively free of dissolved
solids.  Similar results are reported by Ponce and Hawkins (1976) from
experiments on undisturbed saline  soils.
     Further  insight into the relationship between the quality of mine
drainage and  the chemical characteristics of the spoil material can be
gained by examining and comparing  the compositions of ground-water runoff
and extracts  prepared from the disturbed material.  Table 7 shows such
a comparison  for the dominant constituents.  The data in Table 7 were
prepared by averaging the concentrations (in mg/fc) of each constituent,
                                    48

-------
                               Table 6
       Comparison  of  Electrical Conductivity  of Spoil, Overburden,
                          and  Subsurface  Water

Average EC - ymhos/cm @ 25°C
Number of Samples
Standard Deviation
Spoil
3100
14
930
Drill
Cuttings
3000
5*
430
Drains
3400
58
720
C5
3400
31**
430
      *
        samples from four locations along an active highwall.
      **Regular monthly samples from October 1973 to June 1976 from
        C5 mine drainage.
     The results in Table 6 suggest that the EC (and therefore the dis-
solved solids) of ground-water runoff can be estimated by determining
the EC of saturation extracts prepared from drill cuttings or samples of
the spoil.  Care must be taken that the saturation percentage of the
samples from which the extracts are prepared is the same as for the spoil
material in the field.  In the case where dri 11^ cuttings are being used
to estimate the water quality of spoils to be produced in the future, one
must estimate the anticipated saturation percentage of the spoil material.
In any case, the standard deviations in Table 6 suggest that a significant
range of results should be expected.
     While it is expected that the EC of saturation extracts should pro-
vide the best index to the EC of ground-water runoff, one-to-one extracts
are often  prepared.   In  this study, 1:1 extracts were prepared from 54
samples of the  spoil  overlying the subsurface drains.  The average EC of
these extracts  was 2200 umhos/cm, or 65 percent of  the average EC of the
water in the  drains.  The average saturation percentage of the samples
was 0.474.  Based  on  a calculation where it  is assumed that the EC is
inversely  proportional to the  volume of water in the  sample for a constant
                                    49

-------
 summing the concentrations of all ions considered and computing the percent
 of the total  that  is contributed by each ion.  There is an excellent cor-
 espondence in the  composition among all four sources of the samples indi-
 cating that either saturation or 1:1 extracts provide a reliable estimate
 of the common ion  composition in drainage waters from the spoil material.
                                Table 7
     Comparison of  Common  Ion Contents in Extracts and Mine Drainage
                                          Percent of Total
                                 Ca    Mg    Na    K   HC03   Cl   S04
    Saturation  Extract  - Spoil   3.3  18.8  3.5  2.4   15.4   1.3  55.2
    1:1  Extract -  Spoil         14.3   8.3  2.3    -     5.3   0.4  69.4
    Subsurface  Drains           12.6   8.9  3.1  0.8   10,0   0.1  64.4
    C5 Mine  Drainage            12.1   8.5  3.8  0.6    6.7   0.2  68.2

     Chemieal  Quality and the Water Cycle
     The chemical quality of water changes as if moves through the hydro-
logic system.  Figure  16  traces Jthe possible paths available to water
movement on a surface mine with conditions similar to those found at the
Edna Mine.  Impurities present in the atmosphere constitute the first
potential source of dissolved solids in water.  Precipitation can dis-
solve these impurities and carry them to the land  surface.   Overland flow
can then dissolve solids from soil and  dust particles as it flows to the
streams.  Both precipitation and overland flow usually have water of
better chemical quality than that found in streams.
     A substantial portion of precipitation occurring both  as rain and
snow can infiltrate vertically into the ground and then flow laterally
down the dip of the rock strata  as groundwater in  the saturated  zone.

                                     50

-------
          Precipitation,
          Rain and Snow
     Gaseous solution
Water Vapor
   Gases and particulate matter
   are dissolved from atmosphere
                Evapotransp.iration concentrates
                dissolved solutes
          Overland Flow
                          Soil, dust, and organic
                          materials are dissolved
                          at ground surface
   Soil and spoil material
   dissolved throughout
   unsaturated zone
          Subsurface
          Water
Materials dissolved in
                          partially and fully
                          saturated zones
   Materials dissolved in partially
   and fully saturated zones
                            Mine Drainage
                            appears in streams
                            or seeps within
                            watershed
                 Water flows out of
                 mined watershed
          Deep Ground
          Water Storage
                fWater does not reappear
                'in mined watershed
Figure 16 .   Sources of dissolved solids in the hydrologic system on a
             mined watershed.
                                    51

-------
This subsurface water can either reappear in streams or leave the  water-
shed as underflow not reappearing as surface runoff.  Subsurface water
can also flow vertically to deep ground water- aquifers if no impermeable
boundary exists.  Subsurface water possesses a high potential for
acquiring dissolved solids from soil and rock strata and thus its  quality
is generally reduced relative to that of the average in the stream.
     At the Edna Mine about one-half of the precipitation occurs as  snow
fall which, as it melts, reaches the streams by overland and subsurface
flow.  It is assumed that underflow, that portion of shallow subsurface
water not flowing through the discharge monitoring stations, and deep
percolation to underlying aquifers are not important on the Edna Mine
because of physical conditions previously discussed.  The total  stream
flow reflects a combination of high quality overland flow and lower
quality subsurface flow.  During heavy spring runoff natural stream  flow
should exhibit lower dissolved solids concentrations due to large  volumes
of high quality overland flow.  Trout Creek, as observed at Station  C2, dis-
plays this type of behavior as seen in the 1975 discharge and water
quality hydrograph in Figure 17 .  Trout Creek, as observed at Station C6,
varies from the behavior at Station C2 as evidenced by the high dissolved
solids concentrations during April and May as shown in Figure 18.
     The 1975 discharge and water quality hydrographs of the streams
flowing from the mine watersheds (Figures 19  ,  20  , and  21 ) show  a
rise 1n dissolved solids during spring runoff rather than the expected
decline.  This indicates very little overland flow and large quantities
of subsurface flow of reduced quality.  The peaks of the dissolved solids
hydrographs from the mine watersheds correspond approximately with the
                                     52

-------
en
                      Jon  Feb  Mar Apr May Jun Jul  Auj  Sap Ocl  Nov Dec
                                             Month

              Figure. 17.  Discharge  and water quality hydrograph for Station C2,
                          1975.
        Jon Feb  Mar  Apr  May Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Ocl  Nov  Dec
                               Month


Figure 18 .  Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station C6,
            1975.

-------
                                                                                            B.O
cn
                   Jon  Feb  Mar  Apr May  Jun  Jul  Aug,  Sep Oct  Nov Dec
                                           Month
            Figure  19.  Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station  C3,
                        1975.
                                                                                                Jon  Fib  Mar  Apr  May Jun  Jul  Aug  S«p Ocl  Nov Dec
                                                                                                                        Month
                                                                                         Figure   20 .  Discharge and water quality hydrograph for Station C9,
                                                                                                      1975.
                                                                                                 Jon  F«b Mar  Apr May Jun  Jul  Aug  Sep  Ocl  Nov Dec
                                                                                                                         Month
                                                                                        Figure  21 .  Discharge and water  quality hydrograph for Station  CIO,
                                                                                                      1975.

-------
peak observed on the Station C6 dissolved solids hydrograph.   No such
peak is found at Station C2 indicating that the peak is caused by an
inflow of dissolved solids between Station C2 and Station C6.   Each
component contributing to runoff and its influence on water quality is
examined in more detail in the following paragraphs.
     Rain and snow dissolve impurities occurring as gases and  particulate
matter in the atmosphere.   These impurities result primarily from fully
or partially burned residues and gases discharged into the atmosphere by
man's activities.  The greatest potential for atmospheric impurities is
found near urban and industrial areas with other areas having  only small
amounts of atmospheric impurities.  Precipitation is generally low in
dissolved solids.  Feth et al. (1964) report conductivities of melted
snow in the western U. S<  ranging from  2  to  42  micromhos per centi-
meter.  Archer (1968) reports an average dissolved solids concentration
of  35 mg/i  in the Erie-Niagra Basin but this  area  includes industrial
and urban areas.
     Very little potential for atmospheric pollution currently exists
in the region of the Edna Mine with no large industrial or urban areas
in close proximity.            Although no samples of precipitation were
analyzed it is reasonable to assume the concentration negligible when
compared with other components of stream flow.
     Overland flow is that part of rainfall or snowmelt which neither
seeps into the ground nor evaporates but flows over the land surface
until reaching a stream channel.  Overland flow contains the dissolved
solids of the precipitation plus any additional solutes picked up from
the ground surface.  The additional gain in dissolved solids is usually
small because of rapid leaching of the top layer of surface material.
This surface layer of soil  or spoils is exposed to sufficient volumes
                                    55

-------
of water to reduce the quantity of solutes to an amount substantially
lower than the layer of soil  or spoils immediately beneath
the surface. The leached zone is probably very thin, one centimeter or
less in thickness.  This is sufficient, however, to protect overland
flow from exposure to high concentrations of solutes in the underlying
soil or spoils.  Due to low precipitation, high potential evapotranspir-
ation, and poor surface drainage, the overland flow component of stream
flow is small on the Edna Mine.  This observation is substantiated sub-
sequently in this report by the results of model application.
    .Water samples obtained from surface runoff from the experimental plots
averaged about 246 mg/a  total dissolved solids with a standard deviation
of  a = 58 mg/A .  These samples are probably not an accurate indication
of the concentration of overland flow over the entire mine site because
the Individual plots were often disturbed by roughening, raking, etc..
Supplementary surface water sample (see Figure 7) taken during the spring
runoff averaged  149 mg/fi,  (a = 21 mg/ji) on natural land and  158 mg/A
(a = 47 mg/Ji) on mined land indicating very little difference between
concentrations of overland flow from mined and natural land.  The surface
layer on the spoils is apparently leached to a level approximately equal
to that of the surface layer on undisturbed ground.  A value of  150 mg/i
is considered to be the average concentration of overland flow over the
entire Edna Mine.
     Subsurface flow contributes the largest proportion of water to the
total stream flow at the Edna Mine and, therefore, is the major compon-
ent influencing the concentration of dissolved solids in mine drainage.
Spoil piles with  their freshly exposed rock material have a large poten-
tial for  releasing solutes into percolating water.  The rock forming  the

                                      56

-------
spoils contains minerals which have not been exposed to significant volumes
of leaching water before mining took place.   Within the spoil  piles these
minerals can now be dissolved by percolating water and carried away.
Natural soil has been depleted of salts by continual leaching  through
time.
     Natural portions of the watersheds studied probably have  few, if
any, ground water aquifers with the possible exception of small alluvial
stream,channel aquifers.  As water percolates into the ground  it encoun-
ters bedrock forming an impermeable boundary and then .flows down dip
eventually to reappear in a stream channel.   The concentration of sub-
surface water in the undisturbed areas is estimated from nineteen water
samples taken during the base flow period from July 7 to November 7,
1975 at Station C13 to be  462 mg/i  (.0 = 18 mg/fc).
     With the destruction of the natural rock strata in the mined areas,
water  is able to percolate to much greater depths in the spoils before
encountering an impermeable boundary or water table.  The spoils provide
an  abundance of soluble salts which are dissolved by leaching waters and
carried out of the watershed.  Tests conducted at the experimental plots
indicate little or no reduction  in the salt concentration of  leaching
water  over  two years of experiments.  Leaching tests discussed  later
indicate that weathering probably replaces salts as fast as they are
leached under conditions existing at the Edna Mine.
     It is believed that most of the subsurface water in the spoils reap-
pears  as stream flow within the mine watersheds because of the the high-
wall forming the western boundary of the spoils.  Subsurface water in the
area north of the C5 watershed reappears in numerous seeps along the base
of  the spoils next to Trout Creek (see Figure 5).   Ground-water seeps
beneath the spoils were also apparent in the C3 watershed.
                                    57

-------
     The concentration of subsurface water in the spoils varies somewhat
with the location and probably the depth.  Dissolved solids average
3980 mg/J,  (a = 439 mg/£) in 22 water samples taken at Station C7 (Figure
6 and Table 2) and 4 samples taken at supplementary Station #23 (Figure 7)
average  4200 mg/A .  An average subsurface water concentration of 3030 mg/£.
(o = 540 mg/fc) is found from 57 water samples collected from the subsurface
drains on the experimental plots.  This value is assumed to be representative
of the average concentration of subsurface water for all mined portions
even though several locations have higher concentrations (up to 4700 mg/i)
and several have lower concentrations (down to 2000 mg/Ji),  The C3 watershed
displayed consistently lower concentrations of dissolved solids than did
the other watersheds on the mine.  This may be due to significant leaching
of salts in the older C3 spoils or the fact that the area was mined irreg-
ularly leaving areas of natural ground which can not be differentiated
from the mined area.
     Effects of Leaching
     Leaching tests conducted on-a composite spoil sample from the experi-
mental plots  indicate large quantities of solids available to leaching
waters.  Results of the leaching  test described previously are plotted
in Figure 22.  The  initial concentration of total dissolved solids before
leaching was  1178 mg/s,  and this concentration was reduced to   207 mg/A
upon the addition of  4260 ml  of water.  This corresponds to  1.35 meters
of water passing through the sample  column.  After sixty hours of aeration,
the concentration rose to  318 mg/i  and this was subsequently reduced  to
35 mg/Ji  with an additional leaching volume of  3600 ml  (1,14 m).  The
sample was  then dried and crushed and an initial concentration of  371  mg/2,
was subsequently reduced  to  53 mg/A .   Thejtotal quantity of water applied
throughout  the entire test was   12,000 ml  (3.79 m).
                                     58

-------
                         1600
en
                                                                               After 120 hours oerotion
                                                                                        After drying ond
                                                                                           crushing
                                       2000
4000        6000         800O

   Volume  of Water Added, ml
10000
                                                                                                      I200O
                             Figure  22  .   Results of leaching test with aeration of sample  to  produce
                                            weathering.

-------
     Previous leaching tests conducted on Edna Mine spoils (McWhorter
et al., 1975) indicate that a volume of water equal to about 6.8 times
the bulk volume of the sample is needed to reduce the electrical conduc-
tivity of the leachate to 5 percent of the original saturated paste con-
ductivity of the sample.  Thus, 6.8 cubic meters of water must pass
through 1 cubic meter of spoil material to achieve a 95 percent reduction
                                                                  3
1n conductivity.  This reduction results in an estimated  2.4 kg/m   of
salts removed from the spoils.  If the spoils are  20 meters  in thick-
ness, then  136 m3  of water per square meter of spoil .surface  is needed
to achieve a 95 percent reduction yielding  48 kg  of salts per square
meter of spoil area.  This estimated salt yield does not  include any
salts being replaced  by the weathering process.   If  20 cm  of  water
Infiltrates into  the  spoils annually  it would take 680 years   to reduce
conductivities  by 95  percent  if weathering  is not  considered, and longer
'if weathering  is  considered.
     Both laboratory tests and theoretical considerations indicate that a
volume of water equal to about one pore volume must be passed through the
spoil before an appreciable reduction in the dissolved solids concentration
of the leachate is realized.  A volume of water per unit area equal to
about  0.2 - 0.5  times the total depth of the spoil bank must pass through
the spoils before the effects of leaching can be expected to be significant,
therefore.  In arid and semi-arid regions, it is anticipated that the dis-
solved solids concentration in ground-water runoff will not decrease for
many decades after mining, except in cases where the spoil bank is thin.
     Observed Discharge and Salt Load
     It was mentioned previously that the total dissolved solids (TDS)
concentration was not measured directly on all samples, but the electrical
                                      60

-------
conductivity (EC) was determined in each case.  To obtain the IDS concen-
tration from the EC required that the relationship between these two vari-
ables be developed.  The correlation between TDS and EC developed from
more than 100 data points is shown in Figure 23.  A regression analysis
of these data yields
          TDS = 0.367(EC)1J07                                   (1)
where the EC is expressed in micro-mhos/cm at 25°C and the TDS concentration
1s in milli-granis per liter.  The coefficient of determination for the
                        2
above relationship is  r  = 0.989.
     Discharge volumes of Trout Creek and three streams flowing from the
Edna Mine were determined from staff gage readings and continuous water
level recorders.  Water levels on the staff gages and recorders placed
on the flumes are converted to discharges by using the appropriate equa-
tion for free flow conditions in cutthroat flumes developed by Skogerboe
et al.  (1973).   Water levels of Stations C2 and C6 are converted to dis-
charges by using the stage-discharge relationships presented previously
(Figures 8 and 9).
     The recorder charts were reduced by determining the two hour average
stages, converting these stages to discharges, and finally averaging the
two hour discharges to obtain the average daily discharge.  In some
instances the recorder data are not usable for several days due to clock
stoppage or debris clogging the flumes and stilling wells.  The staff
gage readings are used to fill in any gaps in the data.
     Discharge data are not given for Stations C5 and C13 for several
reasons.  At Station C5 the capacity of the original flume was often
exceeded in the spring and little usable data were obtained.  Only several
months of data were obtained from the larger flume installed in 1976.
                                    61

-------
           10'
         o»
         E
        ~o
        V)
         8
        o
        .o
           10
                                                                        10s
                    Specific Conductance, ^.moh/cm at 25°C
Figure  23 .  Plot of  specific conductance versus  total  dissolved solids
             for water  at the Edna Mine with line of  best fit.
                                    62

-------
Discharge data at Station CIS are not considered important for this study
because no portion of the C13 watershed is mined.
     Because a continuous record of stage at Station C6 was not obtained,
a method for converting the instantaneous stage, taken about every two
days, to an average daily discharge was required.  Most staff gage readings
at Station C6 were taken during a period in which the stage at C2 was at
a fairly constant minimum value for three to five hours.  The change in
channel  storage can, therefore, be considered equal to zero at that par-
ticular time and does not need to be considered in a routing calculation.
Because the change in channel storage is negligible at the time of interesti
          Kt) = Q6(t) - Q2(t)                                   ( 2 )
where  I(t)  is the inflow at time  t  and  Qg(t)  and  Q2(t)  are the
discharges at Stations C6 and C2 at time  t .  The mean discharge at
Station C2 for the two hour period preceeding the measurement at Station
C6 is used.  Thus, t  actually represents this time period.  The combined
discharge at Stations C3, C9, and CIO is assumed to be directly propor-
tional to the total inflow.
          Kt) = K[Q1Q{t) + Qg(t) + Q3(t)]        ,               (  3 )
where  Q,n(t)  » QQ{t)  , and  Q~(t)  refer to the discharge at Stations
        10       y            i*
CIO, C9, and C3 at  time  t .  K   is a proportionality constant assumed
.to be invariant during the day such that the mean  inflow  is proportional
to the sum of the mean daily discharges at Stations CIO,  C9, and C3.
           !M = K(Q10M * q9M + Q3M>      '                         <  4 '
The  subscript  M  refers to  the  mean values.  The  mean  daily discharge
at Station C6 can now be found by adding the mean  daily inflow to  the
mea'n daily discharge  at Station  C2.
                                    63

-------
          Q6M = Q2M + TM                                         <  5 )
The constant K is determined from the instantaneous  discharge  at  C2  and  C6
at the time the C6 stage was measured.
     During much of the year, excluding the period of spring snowmelt,
the inflow remains relatively constant for the entire day.   This  allows
the mean daily discharge at Station C6 to be estimated by the  equation
                Q6(t)-Q2M
              Q_  P	fcrl                                        /  e \
           6M *   Q2(t)         •                                (  6 )
Equation  6  will yield the same result as using equations   2   through
 5. if inflow is constant over the entire day.
     Monthly discharge volumes are tabulated along with monthly salt
loads and average monthly total dissolved solids concentrations in
Table  8 .  Water volumes are given in units of hectare-meters or hectare-
centimeters which can be converted to cubic meters by the factors
1 ha-m = 10 m   and  1 ha-cm = 10 m  .  The determination of the salt
loads and average dissolved solids concentrations is discussed
subsequently.
     Discharge volumes in Table  8  are divided by the area of the water-
shed contributing to stream flow to give total runoff in terms of centi-
meters per year over the entire watershed area as shown in Table 9  .
The combined surface and subsurface runoff in 1975 from the three mine
watersheds ranges from  14.4 cm  on C3 to only  5.3 cm  on CIO.  This
indicates varying amounts of water lost by evapotranspiration or flow
not measured at the discharge stations.  Errors in delineating the water-
shed areas will also change the calculated runoff values in Table 9.
This is especially true on the CIO watershed where surface divides have
                                     64

-------
                                                                                         Table ft
                                                     Monthly Discharge Volumes, Salt Loads, am) Average Dissolved Sol Ids Concentration*
01
Kc-.th
F*b
Mjr
Apr
j-.n
Ci.1
A.j
Oc;
fov
Toul
* i«»
FeS
A-r
fcy
w',1
1 s'jl
! i .

0**
0«c
To:»l
Jin

v.r
A:r

Tctal
Tear
1373
1973
1974
1974
1=74
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1S74
1974
1974
1974
1974
1<>75
i0:*
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1375
1375
1975
1975
1S75
1575
1976
1S76
!9-5
1976
1975
1975
Station C6
QV Qds -. \
(hj-nj fVexlO ) (tra/O
193
167
91
95
-
137

!37
205
590
1632
193
153
lil
133
153
4312
159
144
2:4
376
752
1655
129
313
1E2
182
372
411
4650
2650
341
204
250
354
241
10155
273
160
259
11S4
2C51
639
345
249
2S2
253
Z£5
7953
240
217
307
1493
1113
3370
1S1
243
1S3
303
517
537
391
192
149
2C4
346
275
404
219
-
199
125
13?
573
349
112
109
179
163
175
216
173
184
151
151
137
397
143
2C4
Station CZ
QW Qds u
	 (tia-m) (kaxIO* )
77
129
• 97
60
72
70
1189
1380
152
121
59
57
81
110
3448
76
71
76
MS
430
1435
SIR

86
S6
125
93
3296
91
82
114
167
552
1006
80
155
116
83
114
90
'1618
1200
165
160
86
83
140
179
4054
83
62
91
137
431
876
367
143
89
84
123
118
2664
86
77
118
173
374
828
Pfc
104
120
120
138
158
129
136
87
122
132
146
146
173
163
118 1
109
87
120
116
100
61
71
117
103
98
1C2
120
81
95
94
104
104
68
82
Qw
(ha-nj
41
46
34
14
-
61
57
61
86
110
248
117
67
67
75
12
55
1016
68
61
110
209
201
649
Inflow
59
158
66
99
258
321
3032
1450
1C3
181
118
167
244
62
6101
190
98
168
1047
1580
1012
322
197
160
198
* 170
147
5239
154
140
189
1320
739
2542
(At)
251
393
491
*
311
172
275
1217
1436
408
275
294
239
264
1417
257
521
226
230
172
632
368
392
	 Station C3
66.1
60.5
68.3
56,6
75.8
31G.O
2790.0
285.0
136.0
68.3
51.3
45.5
58.6
30.3
3981.7
44.4
49.4
49.4
355.5
1185.1
448.1
128.4
50.6
29.6
37,0
44.4
44.4
2466.3
45.5
45.5
52.1
449.5
277.5
870.1
15
13
14
10
13
49
577
58
26
14
12
11
14
7
805
6.4
7.9
10.0
57.4
233.5
86.5
23.2
9.9
5.9
7.3
9.3
9.3
466.6
9.6
8.6
8.0
69.8
43.6
139.6
P*
2269
2149
2050
1767
1715
1551
2068
2035
1912
2050
2331
2418
2339
2310
2022
1441
1599
2024
1615
1970
1930
1807
1957
1993
1973
2095
2095
1892
2110
1890
1536
1553
1571
1604
	 Station C9
Q.. QJ
_fha-cw) (kqxlO )
m
-
49.4
49.4
30.9
39E.7
796.2
307.4
190.1
135.8
50.6
70.4
70.4
70.4
2219.7
3.0
3.0
3.0
390.9
397.7
797.6
-
-
3.1
3.1
4.3
62.6
104.3
33.5
24.9
18.5
5.6
8.0
6.4
6.4
285.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
46.0
48.0
95.2
P.
-
-
628
628
1392
1570
1310
1252
1310
1362
1107
1136
909
S09
1237
1333
1333
1333
1177
1207
1194
"Station CIO
fha-cTl fkaxlC'3)
-
*
14.8
14.8
49.4
589.9
974.0
451.8
80.2
29.6
18.5
16.0
14.8
14.8
226i.6
45.5
45.5
102.3
364.7
212.7
77C.7
-
-
2.7
2.7
11.0
145.2
176.1
57.2
12.5
5.9
3.2
2.f.
2.7
2.7
424.7
9.3
9.5
24.0
69.3
30.7
143.3
(-•3*1)
-
-
1*24
1^2'
2227
ills
1266
15S 9
• "*
1' '-
17-, i
!i24
1824
1372
2154
"i'j'-l
2:46
10-0
1*43
1859

-------
been destroyed by mining.   There is  also some  uncertainty  in  determining
the groundwater divides which can lead to an error in the  calculated
values of runoff.
                              Table 9
                  Total Yearly  Runoff (centimeters)
Year
1974
1975
1976*
Station
C2
46.5
44.5
13.6
Inflow
-
27.8
17.8
Station
C3
23.3
14.4
5.1 *
Station
C9
-
10.9
3.9
Station
CIO
-
5.3
1.8
             January through May stream flow.

     The.varying runoff quantities indicated   in Table  9  may reflect
underflow of water from the mine watersheds that is not measured at the
monitoring stations.  The highwall and trench on the C3 watershed probably
catch most of the subsurface runoff.  The highwall  is not exposed over
most of the C9 and CIO watersheds and thus its effectiveness as a barrier
to subsurface flow is not known.  During the spring of 1975 and 1976,
substantial quantities of water were observed flowing from the base of
the spoils and entering the CIO stream below the monitoring station.
This water was sampled at the supplementary Station #22 and averaged
about  2700 mg/i  (a = 187 mg/a).   In the spring of 1976, some water from
the CIO  stream was  diverted    along a road ditch to the C9 stream due
to a partially clogged culvert  beneath the road.  This occurred in the
upper  reaches of  the watershed  above most of the disturbed land.   It is
not known whether the culvert was also partially clogged in 1975 causing
a similar loss of water from the  CIO watershed  during that year.  These
two water losses  from the  stream  measured at Station  CIO may explain the
low  runoff  volumes  calculated for the  CIO watershed.
                                    66

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     Total runoff of combined surface and subsurface flow over the inflow
watershed between Stations C2 and C6 is about 60 percent of the total
runoff on the watershed above Station C2 on a per unit area basis.
Precipitation in the upper Trout Creek watershed ranges from  75  to
100 cm  per year.  Thus, the total runoff per unit area above Station C2
is expected to be greater than the total runoff per unit area of the
watershed between Station C2 and C6 which receives only about  50 cm  of
precipitation per year.
     The total quantity of salts discharged from the watersheds on the
Edna Mine and the net increase of salts in Trout Creek from Station C2
to Station C6 are calculated from the stream flow and water quality data.
Daily discharge and dissolved solids concentrations are multiplied to
obtain daily salt loads which are summed to yield the monthly salt loads
shown in Table  8 .   The average monthly total  dissolved solids concen-
trations shown in Table 8   are found by dividing the monthly salt load
by the volume of discharge.  The 1974 data is from a previous study but
1s included here for completeness (McWhorter et al., 1975).
     In 1974, 4,054,000 kg  of dissolved solids passed through Station C2
and  10,155,000 kg  passed through Station C6 for a net inflow of
6,101,000 kg  of salts.  Of this total  80 percent came in April, May, and
June.   The totals for 1975 were lower reflecting less runoff with
2,664,000 kg  passing through Station C2 and  7,953,000 kg  passing
through Station C6 for a net inflow of  5,290,000 kg .   Of this total
70 percent came in April,  May,  and June.  Partial  totals for 1976 show
828,000 kg  passing  Station C2  and  3,370,000 kg  passing Station C6 for
a net inflow of  2,542,000 kg  by the end of May.

                                     67

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     A more graphic representation  of the  water  quality  difference  between
Station C2 and Station C6 is seen by plotting  average monthly  dissolved
solids concentrations {discharge weighted) from  Table  8  in Figure 24.
The concentrations at Station C2 do not vary widely during the year with
the highest concentrations occurring during periods of lowest  stream flow.
The best water quality is found in  May and June  due to the dilution effect
of high quality snowmelt in the upper reaches  of Trout Creek.
     Concentrations at Station C6 reflect  a large inflow of dissolved
sol Ids during April and May between Stations C2  and C6.   This  inflow prob-
ably continues into June.  However, the increased discharge in Trout
Creek results in a lower total concentration at  Station  C6. The high
concentrations observed at Station C6 correspond to the  period of snow-
melt at the elevation of the Edna Mine. As explained  earlier, most of
the snowmelt runoff percolates into the ground and increases in
concentration before flowing into Trout Creek.   Natural  subsurface  water
concentrations (462 mg/8,) are sufficiently high  to increase the concen-
tration of Trout Creek at Station"C6.  Therefore, the  total increase in
the concentration at Trout Creek is not entirely attributable  to surface
mining.
     Dissolved solids concentrations can be normalized by dividing  the
total salts by the total discharge volume  to give an average dissolved
solids concentration which can be considered as  a salt pickup  rate.
This rate indicates the quantity of salts  dissolved per  unit area per
unit of runoff.  Monthly dissolved solids  concentrations expressed  in
                                    68

-------
   600
   500
E 400
 If
•c
w 300
•o
 .-
2,
 :
 tn
o 200

 o

I

   100
r—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—"
         t   I  I   I  i   i
                                            i
                                   I
                                                                  1 - [ — |_J — I — I — ! — L
       ONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAM
              1974                           1975                           1976
                                           Month

            Figure  2>t  .  Average monthly dissolved solids  concentrations for Stations
                         C2 and C6 on Trout Creek (discharge weighted).

-------
kilograms per hectare per centimeter of runoff are plotted as  the  solid
line in Figure  25 .   Estimates of these values were also made by  averag-
ing total dissolved solids concentrations from water samples without using
the discharge volume as a weighting factor.   The close agreement between
the measured and estimated values indicates  that discharge monitoring
may not be necessary to determine fairly accurate average dissolved solids
concentrations on a monthly or yearly basis  when total dissolved concen-
trations remain fairly constant.  Average dissolved solids concentrations
at Station C5 were determined in this manner because of the lack of dis-
charge data.  In general, average concentrations should be weighted with
discharge, if possible.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SALT LOAD
     In this sub-section a simple model is developed which predicts the
degradation of water quality due to high concentrations of dissolved
solids in mine drainage.  The model is derived with respect to conditions
found at the Edna Mine and is tested using the data presented in this
report.  The model is developed from a combination of water and mass balances
written for the mine watersheds.  Several investigators have used a
similar approach to predict the ground water component of storm runoff
and construct a base flow hydrograph.
     Finder and Jones (1969) use a mixing model to predict ground water
runoff on three small watersheds in Nova Scotia.  They use the equation
                     drg
where  C  is the total dissolved solids concentration and  Q  is the
instantaneous discharge.  The subscripts  tr , dr , and  gw  refer to
total, direct (overland flow), and ground water runoff respectively.
Satisfactory results are achieved when the base flow calculated from the
                                    70

-------
    300
  E
  o
  ,:
  O
  o>
  cn
    200
o
r  100
                        T~ T
             C3   Avg = 189 kg /ha-cm
                      I	I	1	L
                                                  Estimated
                                  '     '	I	L
  o
  c
  o
  o
    200
     100
  0)
       o
  2
  5
T—  —r-  —r- —r-  —r-  —r—
 C9  Avg =  129 kg/ha-cm
                                          1	1	!	1	L
  0]
  O"
  u
  •- -
  0)
    300
     200 -
         Jan  Feb  Mar  Apr  May  Jun  Jill   Aug   Sep  Oct  Nov  Dec

                                  Date

Figure  25 •  Comparison of actual  (discharge weighted) and estimated
             average monthly dissolved solids concentrations.
                                 71

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mixing model was compared to that calculated from water levels in obser-
vation wells.  The concentration of ground water was determined from water
samples taken during low flow and the concentration of direct runoff was
determined from water samples taken in small streams and rills during
periods of very high runoff.  Visocky (1969) uses the same approach to
predict base flow in the Panther Creek Basin in Illinois and also finds
the results satisfactory.
     Water Balance
     The water balance for a watershed can be expressed in terms of the
volumes in each budget component during a specified time interval, At..
For example,
where
          V- = volume of precipitation in At,
          Vfi s volume of evapotranspiration in At,
          YS = volume of overland flow in At,
          V_ c volume of interflow and groundwater in At,
          Vd = volume of groundwater  in At that percolates to deep
               aquifers not contributing to stream flow within the
               boundaries of the watershed,
          AS = change in storage volume in the water-shed  in At.
      It is  assumed  that over a  long period of time, say one year, the
 change in storage approaches zero.  This occurs if the hydrologic system
 1s 1n  a state of dynamic equilibrium  where total  inflow equals total
 outflow. This must be considered as  an engineering approximation since
 the watersheds being considered are in the process of being disturbed
 by mining and the inputs to the system certainly  vary from year to year.
                                     72

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     At the Edna Mine  Vd  is assumed to equal  zero due  to  geologic  and
hydrologic conditions previously discussed.   In many areas  conditions
are such that significant volumes of water are lost by percolation to
deep aquifers in which case  Vd  must be considered.  This  component is
easily incorporated into the model if the volume of water lost can be
estimated.
     With  AS  and  Vd  equal to zero, equation 7 can be rearranged so
that
where  V   is the total volume of drainage from the watershed in  At.
     Let  A^  be the area disturbed by mining, An  be the area undisturbed.
and  At  be the total area of the watershed.  The subscripts  t  , m  , and
n  will refer to total, mined, and natural respectively throughout this
report.  Equation 8 can be written as
          Vt = qt\ ' %iAm + 'nAn =  < Vqem)Am + < Vqen)An     &
where  the subscripts  p   and  e  refer  to  preci-pitation and evapotran-
 spi ration and  q  represents the_ volume of water per  unit  surface area
 of watershed.
      Letting   Fm  =  Am/At   and  (l-Fm)  =  An/At  and rearranging  equation  9
 gives
           It'' Vm + "n^V  * < Vq«)F» + 
-------
and written as
Now, let
          fem = "en/Op     •     fen = Wp     •              (12)
where  f m  and f__  are the fraction of precipitation lost through
        em       en
evapotranspiration from the mined and natural land respectively.   Com-
bining equations 11 and 12 yields

          ^•(l-fjF.+ fl-f.Xl-F.)                          (13)
Equation 13 states that the unit volume of combined surface and subsur-
face runoff as a fraction of the precipitation is a function of the
fraction of precipitation lost by evapotranspiration on undisturbed and
mined land and the fraction of land disturbed by mining.  The two factors
f    and  f _  may not be equal due to variations in vegetation, overland
 en        em
flow, infiltration, etc..
     Dissolved Solids Balance
     In formulating a mass balance it is assumed that the quantity of
soluble solids available to water remains relatively constant in each
component contributing to runoff.  This should be an acceptable approx-
imation for time periods of, say, several decades for reasons presented
previously.
     With this assumption the mass balance can be expressed as
          Vt'.V.'Vn      •                               (1*>
where  Pt  , P   , and  Pn  equal  the average  TDS concentrations in time At,
1n drainage volumes from the entire watershed, the mined portion of the
                                  74

-------
watershed, and the natural  portion of the watershed,  respectively.   Expres-
sed in terms of volumes per unit area, equation 14 becomes
          flap  =AaP  +Ao.P      *                         \l5)
          Mtqt t   /\nVm    nHn n
or
          p  = 3* F P  + ^- (1-F )P                              (16)
          pt   qt  ni m   qt U  m;rn
Since  qm = qp-qem  and  qn = qp-qen  , equation 61 can be written as
Multiplying by  q /q   and using equation 12 yields
     Combination of Water and Dissolved Solids Budgets
     Equation 13 can be substituted into equation 18 to give
                (1-f«.- * (1-fa")(1-F*)Pn
which  can  be  rearranged to yield

         'Pt-    I./"  l-F   *    I-/"  f        '           <20)
                     en      n          em
                     em    m           en     m
     Two watershed parameters, K  and  R  , are defined as
                                                     '
 and
           R-U-FJ/F.      .                                    (22)
 From  these definitions it  is  seen that  K  is the ratio of combined sur
 face  and  subsurface  runoff from  the natural portion of the watershed to
 that  of the mined  portion.   This means  that any factors which influence
 the evapotranspi ration on  the two portions of the watershed will also
                                  75

-------
influence  K .   For example,  if runoff is  greater  on  the mined  land  due
to lack of vegetation,  then  K  is less than  unity.   If evapotranspiration
is the same on both mined and unmined portions,  then   K  equals unity.
By definition  R  is the ratio of the area of the  natural  land  to the
area of the land distrubed by mining.  Thus,  R  is zero for a completely
mined watershed, unity for a fifty percent mined area, and infinity for
a watershed with no disturbance from mining.
     Substituting  K  and  R   into equation  20  yields


or
           p  = _J]	E        .                                   (  24 )
           pt     1+KR
Equation  24  predicts  the concentration  of  the total  runoff from a water-
shed provided the  parameters   K  and  R  are known and the  average  con-
centrations of  flow components from  the mined and natural  portions  of the
watershed can be determined.
      The concentrations of the surface water and  subsurface water from
 mined and unmined  portions of a watershed are not equal,  usually.  The
 total amount of dissolved solids from each portion can be written as a
 sum of surface and subsurface components  such that
                =aP+aP                                   (25)
                  qsmrsm   Mgmrgm
 and
           a P  = Q  P   + Q  P       »                           ( 26 )
           Vn   Msn sn   Mgn gn     *
 where the subscripts  s  and  g  refer to surface and subsurface respec
 tively.  Dividing equation 25   by  qm  and equation  26  by  qn  and
 defining
           fsm" "sr/%,     '     fsn = «s,A,                    < a '
                                     76

-------
allows equations  25  and  26  to be written as
and
          P  = f  P   + (1-f  )P                                 {  23 )
           m    sm sm   v   snr  gm                               x     '
          Pn ' fsnPsn + d-Vgn     •                          I  29
The parameter  f    is the fraction of total  drainage from the mined land
that is overland flow and  f    is the fraction of total  drainage from
the natural land that occurs as overland flow.   Using equations  28  and
29  , equation  24  can be written in an expanded form yielding
          p  . KR[fsnPsn + (I" W * fsmPsm * ^V^m     ,  3Q ,
          *t ~                  1+KR                            -I   '  '
     The preceding derivation assumes that there is no chemical inter-
action, once in the stream, between solutes in  the surface and subsurface
water so that the average concentration of total runoff,  P   and  P  ,
can be written as a sum of the two components.   The model  also assumes
that the volume of each component is directly related to  the fraction of
land mined.  For instance, the model does not allow for significant vol-
umes of groundwater from the natural land to  flow underground to the mined
land.  Adjustments in the model to include this interaction between water
from mined and natural land before it appears as streamflow may be
possible but are not considered here.
     An additional term must be added to the  water quality model if a
significant amount of water percolates to deep  aquifers and, therefore,
does not reappear within the boundaries of the  watershed  being considered.
Addition of a term for deep ground water changes the water balance, equa-
tion 13 , to
                                     77

-------
and the mass balance, equation  18 , becomes
          Pt •    (1-WV. +    (1-fen-fdn»1-Fm'Pn       < 32 >
where  f^  and  f^n  are the fraction of precipitation lost by deep
ground water percolation on the mined and natural land respectively.
     A combination of water and mass balances again yields equation  24 .
However, K  is now defined to include the deep ground water component
and  is called  K1 .
               K'PnR+Pm
          p       n   M
          p
           t    1+K'R                                                  .
where
          K« =  " en" dn                                         ( 34 \
          N     l_f  _f                                           ( M )
                1  em  dm
The  parameters  R , P   , and  P   remain as previously defined.
     Application of Budget Model
     The water quality model represented by equation 30 predicts that the
average concentration of runoff from a mine watershed will  depend upon
precipitation, evapotranspiration from natural  and mined land, the fraction
of the watershed mined,  and average concentrations of surface and subsurface
water from the natural  and mined portions.   If these parameters, except
for the fraction of the watershed mined, do not vary from one watershed
                                                      •
to another,  then a plot  of R versus the average concentration of runoff,
Pt , for all  watersheds  on the mine will form a relationship that can be
approximated  by the  budget equation derived above.
     Before  proceeding,  it is convenient to summarize here  all  of the data
and equations pertinent  to the discussion in this  subsection.   The  applicable
equations are 23,  28,  and  29.
                                  78

-------
                  	
           t     1+KR        '
          pm ' V« + V'f*?'»      '                        <28)
          Pn ' fsnpsn + "-'sn'"^      •                        <29)
Other pertinent data are contained in Table  10.   The  procedures by which
these data were obtained have been discussed previously  in this report.
                                Table 10
       Summary of Data Used in  Application of Model to Study Area
Watershed Year
C3
C5
C3
C5
C9
CIO
C9+C10
Inflow
C3
C5
C9
CIO
C9+C10
Inflow
1974
1974
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
Fm
0.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
68
00
68
00
35
44
41
17
68
00
35
44
41
17
R
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
4.
0.
-0.
1.
1.
1.
4.
47
00
47
00
86
27
44
88
47
00
86
27
44
88
Pt '
203
283
189
283
129
186
158
52
161
308
119
185
152
39
P P P
gm gn sm
kg/ha-cm
303
303
303
303
303
303
303
303-
303
303
303
303
303
303
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Psn
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
     A least squares repression was  used  to  determine the fit of equation
28 to the data in Table 10.   Since there  are three unknowns (K, P  , and
P ) in equation 23,  the technique was  one of trial and error.  All of
the paired values (Pt>R)  in Table  10 were  used except those for the
watershed (total  watershed contributing  between C2 and C6).  The parameter
determined from the regression  analysis  are   K=1.04  , Pm=286 kg/ha-cm ,

                                    79

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          400
00
o
                         Figure 26 .   Plot of  R  versus   Pt  with  best  fit curve found for  K = 1.04, fg = 0.06.

-------
and  Pn=44 kg/ha-cm .  Putting these values of  Pm  and  Pn  1n equations
28 and 29 along with the values of  Psm , P   , Pgn , and P    from Table
10 yields  fsn=fsm=0.06 .
     A value of  K=1.04  implies that the total runoff from the disturbed
area is practically the same as from the undisturbed area.  The fact that
f  =0.06  means that only 6 percent of the total runoff occurs as overland
 Of II
flow.  Small overland flow relative to ground-water runoff results from
highly permeable spoils, a spoil topography that does not contain well
developed drainage patterns, and the relatively low rate at which water
from snowmelt becomes available for runoff.
     The degree to which equation 23, with the parameters determined from
the regression analysis, agrees with the field observations is shown in
Table 11.  The indicated agreement is believed to be good considering
the complexity of the physical-chemical processes involved and the sim-
plicity of the model.
     The values of  Pt  and  R  measured for the entire inflow watershed
were not fncluded in the above analysis because the watershed is made up
largely of areas not affected by mining and because it is sufficiently
large to cause doubt that the parameters in the model  are the same as on
the C3, C5, C9, and CIO watersheds.   It is, nevertheless, instructive
to assume that model applies to the inflow watershed.as well.  Also,
since the indicated value  of  K  is near unity,  K  is  set equal  to  1.0 .
In this case, equation 23  becomes
          Pt = 
indicating a linear relationship between  P^  and the  fraction  F   of
the watershed that is disturbed.   Equations 28 and 29  are unchanged.
                                  81

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                                Table  11
          Comparison of Measured  and  Calculated  Concentrations
               of Dissolved Solids  in Watershed  Drainage
Station
C3
C5
C3
C5
C9
CIO
C9+C10
C3
C5
C9
CIO
C9+C10

Observed Pt
Year kq/ha-cm
1974
1974
1975
1975
1975
1975
1975
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976

203
283
189
283
129
186
158
161
308
119
185
152

Calculated Pt
kq/ha-cm
206
286
206
286
126
148
141
206
286
126
148
141
Average =
Error
%
+ 1.5 '
+ 1.0
+ 8.0
+ 1.0
- 2.3
-20,4
-10.8
+21.8
- 7.1
. + 5,6
-20.0
- 7.2

+ 8.9
     Figure 27 shows a linear regression fit of^ equation 35 to the data
In Table 10.  Note that in data for the inflow watershed has been included
1n this analysis.  The regression coefficients yield  Pm=292  and  Pn=29 .
Also from equations 28 and 29, f$m=0.04 . implying that only 4 percent
of the total runoff from the disturbed ground is overland flow, and
fsn-0.55  which indicates that 55 percent of the runoff from the natural
area is overland flow.  The undisturbed C13 watershed constitutes a large
fraction of inflow watershed and is significantly steeper than the C3,
C5, C9. and CIO watersheds.  It is reasonable to assume that overland flow
from the C13 watershed would, indeed, comprise a larger percentage of the
total runoff than on the other watersheds in the study area.  However,
the C13 watershed rises to much greater elevations than the other water-
sheds in the study, and definitely receives more precipitation.  This
                                    82

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       400
                        Pt-263Fm+29
                                 m
     Figure 27.  Linear Regression Line.
fact violates the assumption of uniform precipitation over the area  to
which the model is applied and the indicated  f    is probably too  large
for the C3, C5, C9, and CIO watersheds.
     Influence of Disturbed Ground on Observed Salt Pickup
     Ideally, the influence of mining should be determined by comparing
the water-quality hydrology before and after mining.  This was not  possible,
of course, in this study and the effect of the mined land  had to be  estim-
ated from the post-mining data.  This is  accomplished by using the model
parameters estimated above.
     In Table 12, the effect of the disturbed ground on  the measured salt
pickup between Stations C2 and C6 is summarized.   The calculations are
                                   83

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                                    Table 12
                Effect of Mining on Salt Pickup Between C2 and C6 In 1975
      	„          TJ.,,. „[-;	""rnntributlon from area now occupied by spoils
       	   Are* ,	r  T°^'k"   	Total	 Overland Flow    -------
       Disturbed  Natural     pickup   	  IOMI          —TTfTs
                                          " % Vi~'/ A v~   Ln   ^ rtf in^^v     ko
 _       	       i          i%«        tta   iOrl*?/   Ky   » ui v J /     ^y     *-— • \ -
 S^^e      (g      fl       m        (^}      f6Jf  (7)	£81	til	Qfil
                ISe    TSS    491,000     17    9000     2     482.000  98
                  3042    5,289,000  2.856,000     54    9000     0.3   2,847,000  99.7
Increase      -        -    2-365,000  2.365.000    100      0      -    2.365.000  100
based on the  assumption that the model parameters determined from the  data
on the C3, C5,  C9,  and CIO watersheds apply  to the inflow watershed.   Note
that 54 percent of  the total salt pickup was contributed by the disturbed
ground which  comprises 17 percent of the total contributing area.   Also,
It 1s estimated the more than 99 percent of  the total salt pickup from
the disturbed area  results from dissolved  solids in the ground-water  run-
off.                                             -
     According to the theory developed herein, the above percentages  are
constants  and do not change with"the amount  of precipitation.  Thus,  the
contribution  from the mined area, in terms of percent, will be the  same
from year  to  year.   This is only approximately true in reality, of  course,
because the assumptions underlying  the development of the model do  not
correspond, in all  respects, to the actual phenomena'.  The values of
salt pickup,  on the other hand, depend directly upon the precipitation
and will,  therefore, vary from year to year.  The fact that this simple
model is  independent of input volumes means  that one can generate runoff
volumes by any appropriate method and, after this is accomplished,  cal-
culate the salt pickup on a year to year  basis.  In other words, it is
possible  to model the hydrology without regard for water-quality
                                     84

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 considerations and then, subsequently, compute the salt pickup rates
 based on the estimated runoff volumes.  In fact, it is for this reason
 that the concentrations in the model have been expressed in units of
 kg/ha-cm.  All that is required to obtain salt pickup is to multiply by
 the area in hectares and the runoff in cm.
     The above data strongly suggest that spoil management practices that
 promote overland flow runoff relative to ground-water runoff will improve
 the resulting water quality.  Other considerations, such as maximizing
 soil moisture for plant growth and soil erosion control are not necessarily
 compatible with a practice of promoting surface runoff, however.  Maxi-
 mizing the evapotranspiration on the disturbed ground will  also increase
 the quality of total runoff by reducing the volume of ground-water runoff.
 In the study area, however, it is probable that infiltration from snowmelt
 1n the spring exceeds the water-holding capacity of the root zone (at
 least for shallow rooted species) and deep percolation will occur even
 under well  vegetated spoils.  In other areas that receive less precipita-
 tion or where water becomes available for infiltration more uniformly in
 time, vegetation should be an effective agent for the reduction of deep
 percolation and, therefore, the improvement of water quality.
     The effect upon the water quality of increasing consumptive use of
 water by revegetation or of increasing overland flow at the expense of
 ground-water runoff can be estimated with the simple model  under discus-
 sion.  For example, several curves of  P^ vs. R  are shown  in  Figure 28
 with different values of the water-use factor  K  and the runoff factor
 fsefsm .  The concentrations of surface and subsurface water found in the
study area  are used to calculate  these curves.   It  is  apparent  that
increasing  the fraction of overland  flow while  holding  K  constant
                                   85

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        320
                                         K= 0.8 ,  fs=0.0
                                            0.8,     O.I
                                             1.2,     0.0
                                             1.2,     0.
                          1.2,    0.4
                   I 0     2.0     3.0     4.0     5.0     6.0     7.0
Figure  28  .  Plot of  R  versus  Pt  for various  values of  K  and  f.g  .
                                 86

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  decreases  the  concentration  in  the  total  runoff.   The  concentration  also
  decreases  if  K  is  increased while holding   f    constant.
      As  a  more concrete  example of  how  the model  can be  used  to  evaluate
  management practices, the effect of increasing the fraction of overland
  flow on  the  disturbed area from  0.06   to  0.4  on the Edna Mine is  cal-
  culated  and  the results  presented in Table 13.  The water-use factor  K
  is held  constant and equal to unity.

                                 Table 13
         Effect of Increasing Overland Flow From 6 to 40 Percent
                 on the Disturbed Ground at the Edna Mine


Present, fsm=0.06
Modified,fsm=0.4
% Reduction
Area
Disturbed
ha
614
6-14
-

Natural
ha
3042
3042
-
Concentrations
P P
kq/ha-cm
286 85
188 68
34 20
Total salt
pickup
kq
5,289,000
4,231,000
20
 This  calculation  indicates  that  the increase  in .the  overland  flow component
 of runoff  at  the  expense  of ground-water  runoff on the  disturbed  area will
 decrease the  concentration  of mine  drainage by 34 percent and decrease
 the concentration and total  salt pickup on the inflow watershed by 20 per-
 cent.
     A similar calculation  can be made for an increased consumptive use
 of  water on the mined area.  However, the data (K=1.04) indicates  that
 the average consumptive use of water on the disturbed ground is already
 practically equal  to that on the natural  watershed at the present time.
 It  is not likely that the consumptive use on the mined area  can be increased
appreciably above  that of the undisturbed portion by  practical  means.
                                     87

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                               SECTION 4
               SOME LIMITING EFFECTS OF AQUIFER DISRUPTION
    .The mine described in Section 3 is, for all  practical purposes, a
dry mine.  No significant aquifer was disrupted in the process of coal
extraction from the Wadge seam.  In some areas of the western states,
aquifers exist above the coal seam and sometimes  the coal  seam itself
1s an aquifer.  In a subsequent section of this report, a  numerical  model
Is presented that is capable of predicting the effect of aquifer disrup-
tion upon the flow in the aquifer as a function of time and mined area
geometry.  However, some interesting and important limiting effects  of
aquifer disruption can be derived analytically for a simple geometry.
For example, it is found that the maximum distance to which the long term
steady flow pattern is modified by disrupting an  aquifer and replacing
1t with spoil material is independent of both the permeability in the
aquifer and in the disrupted portion.  This is important because it  per-
mits one to calculate the maximum effect of the disruption without know-
ledge of permeability values.  Thus, the results  in this section should
be useful in preliminary planning and feasibility analyses.
     Steady Flow Patterns In Disrupted Aquifers
     The actual flow pattern in a disrupted aquifer is quite complex,
undoubtedly, and must depend upon the original flow pattern, time, the
geometry of the disrupted area, the location of the disrupted.area with
respect to aquifer boundaries, and the distributions of hydraulic con-
ductivity (permeability) In the disturbed and undisturbed  portions of
the aquifer.  Prediction of the post-mining flow  pattern,  in all  its

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complexity, is a difficult task requiring a great deal  of data that is,
often, not available,  A first approximation to the post-mining pattern
of flow in a disrupted aquifer can be derived by assuming that:
     1)   the aquifer is very large in area! extent,
     2)   the flow in the aquifer is uniform and one-dimensional  at
          large distances from the mined area,
     3)   the hydraulic conductivity  K^  of the spoil  material in the
          disturbed portion of the aquifer is a constant,
     4)   the hydraulic conductivity  KQ  of the undisturbed aquifer
          1s a constant,
     5)   the geometry of the disturbed portion of the  aquifer is that
          of a cylinder with the axis normal to the plane of the flow, and
     6)   the flow is two-dimensional and steady.
     In plan view, the portion of the aquifer that has  been removed by
mining and replaced with spoil material is a circle (Figure 29) under
the above assumptions.
     Figure 29,  The coordinate system and geometry used to calculate
                 the pattern of flow in a disturbed aquifer.
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Also shown in Figure  29  is the uniform flow in the x-direction as well
as the polar coordinate  (r,e) system.
     Let  h.(r,e)   be the piezometric head inside the disturbed region
and  h (r,e.)  be the  head outside the disturbed region.   The  differential
equation for which  solutions describe the flow pattern is the Laplace
equation in both regions with  HI  as the dependent variable  inside the
disturbed region and   hQ the dependent variable outside the  disturbed
region.  The condition of continuity requires that the component of
volume flux normal  to the boundary between the regions be the same for
region  i  and region o at the boundary.  Furthermore, there can be no
discontinuity in piezometric head on the boundary.  Mathematically,

             3h       3h
and
                        o           n
             _              on  r=R
             ar     o 3r
           ,. = hQ    on r=R
where  R  is the radius of the  disturbed portion.
     The solution when  K1  is  zero  is well known, being a classical
problem in hydrodynamics.   The  solution when  ^  is not zero is written
          hi=Ax                                               (38)

          v£+5                                          (39)
which satisfy the Laplace equation and the boundary conditions at infinity.
It remains to determine the constants  A  and  B  so that equations 36
and 37 are satisfied.  This is  accomplished by putting equations 38 and
39 into conditions 36 and 37, yielding two equations in the unknowns
A  and  B    Solving the equations simultaneously for  A  and  B  yields
the desired results:
                                   90

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          h  =rx {1 + (    JT)( -T-T)>                     (40)
           0   Ko          VKi    x>y

                     x    .                                       (41)
     Equations 40 and 41 can be used to compute equipotential  lines  inside
and outside the disturbed region if desired.  The flow pattern is more
readily visualized, however, by deriving the stream functions  from which
streamlines are computed.  The relationship between the stream function
t|»  and the piezometric head   h  are
             * q  = - K —                                       (42)
          3x   My       3y                                       v   ;
and
          11 = .q  = K —     .                                   (43)
          ^ w     »v     S v                                        *   *
Applying equations 42 and 43 with equations  40  and  41 yields  the  following
equations for the stream functions outside and  inside the  disturbed  area,
                                               «•
respectively.
                 2q K
          *l = « v4 )y     '
            N
Examples of flow patterns perdicted  by the  stream  functions are shown in
Figures 30a and 30b for  ^/^ =  0.5  and   ^/^ = 5  .   It is evident
that there is a tendency for the  streamlines  to converge toward the mined
area if the hydraulic conductivity in  the disturbed area is greater than
outside the disrupted portion. Flow tends  to be diverted around the mined
area if  K   is less than  K  .   .
                                    91

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                                                   3-0
Figure 30a.  Flow pattern in a disrupted aquifer, K./K  = 0.5  .
Figure 30b.   Flow pattern in a disrupted aquifer, K^
                                                        = 5 .
                             92

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     The practical limits of the area within which the aquifer disruption
modifies the flow pattern appreciably can be computed from equation 44.
This is accomplished by noting that all of the effects of the mined area
on the flow are represented by the second term in braces in equation 44.
Therefore, the effect of the aquifer disruption on the flow pattern is
negligible when
                     ,2
                    R
                        = C « 1     ,                           (46)
where  C  is a positive constant.  From equation 46, the perimeter of
the area within which the flow pattern is significantly modified forms
a circle of radius  r  given by
                    K -K,
                    Ko+Ki
                           )%     •                               (47)
     The value of the constant  C  is determined by the user's judgement
as to what constitutes a negligible effect.  For example, suppose  K^Kg
and the effect of the disruption on the flow pattern can be considered
negligible if the effect is  5  percent or less.  Then  C=0.05  and
r=2.6R  from equation 47.  This computation means that outside of a
circle of radius  2.6R  the flow pattern is not significantly different
from the pre-mining pattern.
     It 1s important to note that  r  in equation 47 approaches a maximum
          rmax - R/*                                            (48)
when either  K..  approaches zero or  K..  approaches infinity.  Since  K
will always be between zero and infinity, the  rmax  as calculated from
equation 48 represents the maximum distance to which the flow pattern
Is modified, regardless of hydraulic conductivities inside and outside
the disturbed area.  On the other hand, the flow pattern will not be
                                     93

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 modified  at all  if  K^BK  ,  Thus,  it  is possible to compute the range of
 distances within which  the flow  patterns will be disturbed without know-
 ledge  of  the hydraulic  conductivities.
     The  conditions  under  which  the foregoing analysis was made are highly
 Idealized relative to the  conditions that can be expected to prevail in
 the  field.   Nevertheless,  the  results  provide an order-of-magnitude
 estimate  of the  extent  to  which  the long-term, post-mining flow pattern
 will be modified.  When used with caution and good judgement, the results
 should be useful  in  preliminary  planning, screening, and evaluation.  For
 example,  one criticism  that can  be  raised immediately is that rarely,
 If ever,  is the  plan view  geometry  of  a mine that of a circle.  However,
 If one uses one-half the maximum dimension of the disturbed area, regard-
 less of its geometry, for  R   the resulting estimates will be on the
 safe side.
     Water  Quality In Disrupted Aquifers
     The  quality of groundwater  which  passes through the disrupted portion
 of the aquifer will be  modified  by  contact with the spoil material.  The
 groundwater under consideration  here,  however, is that which is contained
-1n the disrupted aquifer and is distinct from that discussed in Section 3.
 According to  the proceeding mathematical developments, all of the water
 between the streamlines passing  through the points (0,R) and (0,-R) must
 pass through  the disrupted portion of the aquifer.  If the effects of
 diffusion and dispersion are negligible, the water of modified quality
 will remain between these two streamlines,  downstream of the disruption.
 The values  of the stream function  ^/q^  for  x=0  and  y=±R  are
          * * -R {1 - r-
                           0  1
                                    94

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and the equations of the streamlines between which the water of modified
quality is constrained are
                   l\ ~l\-      n^                 "v»""  <
          y {1 • < rnr X -rr )} = -R {1 -  (  rnr )>    •
                   VS    x*+/                V*1
The streamlines represented by equation 50 are  the practical boundaries
between which water of modified quality will be constrained.  The width
W  of the zone of modified water quality far downstream  of  the disrupted
portion is
              4RK-
obtained by letting  x  become large in  equation  50.   Clearly,  if   K^=KQ
the width of the effected zone is equal  to the  diameter of the  disrupted
portion; if  1C  is less than  KQ ,  the  downstream width of the effect
zone is less than the diameter of the mined area.  The maximum  W  is
obtained when the hydraulic conductivity  K^  is  very  large relative to
the hydraulic conductivity  KQ  outside  the disrupted  region:
          "max'4"'                                             <52>
It is apparent that the maximum width of the  zone  of modified water
Is independent of the hydraulic properties  of the  aquifers, just as is
the case for the zone of modified  flow pattern.
     The rate of movement of inorganic dissolved solids  into the aquifer
downstream of the disturbed  area is  the product of the discharge  Q,
                                                                  a •
through the mined portion and the  concentration  P  of  dissolved solids-
The data and discussion in Section 3 of this  report suggest that  Pfl  can
be estimated from the TDS concentration in  saturation extracts prepared
from drill cuttings of the overburden or from the  spoils themselves if
available.  The discharge Qa  through the  disrupted portion of the
                            Q
                                   95

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 aquifer  is calculated from Darcy's law and equation 41 or by calculating
 the difference between the values of the streamlines given in equation 50.
 Multiplying  Qa  by  P   yields
              a       a
                 4q mK.
          V. ' yKf  Pa                                      <53>
 where  m is the aquifer thickness.  Before mining, the rate of movement
 of dissolved solids through the same area is  Q0p0=2RqjnPo .  Therefore,
 the ratio of post-mining discharge of dissolved solids to the pre-mining
 value is
                    2Ki    Pa
                 (V^     '                              (54)
 Supposing for the moment that water that passes through the disrupted
 portion  picks up additional dissolved solids (i.e., P. > Pj , equation 54
                                                     a   O
 predicts that maximum degradation of downstream receiving waters will
 occur when  K.  is very large relative to  KQ .  In the limit,
a result that is, again, independent of the hydraulic properties of the
aquifers.  Equation 55 actually implies that the maximum discharge  Qa
                                                                     a
through the disrupted region is twice that which flowed through the same
region prior to disturbance.  Equations 51 and 54 both suggest that the
effect of aquifer disruption on water quality is minimum when  1C  is
minimum.  In fact, if  K^  is very small relative to  KQ, the disturbed
portion will have no appreciable effect on the water quality in the
disrupted aquifer.
                                    96

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                               SECTION 5
                          EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
     Several experimental investigations were conducted as an integral
part of the project.  The primary purposes of the experiments were to
obtain data for comparison with the mathematical models to be described
1n subsequent sections of this report and to obtain various functions
and parameters required in the models.  Results from the experiments
are presented where they are used in conjunction with the model studies
rather than in this section.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
     Experiments were carried out in the field in Colorado and Montana
on volumetric lysimeters filled with mine spoils.  These facilities were
equipped so that subsurface drainage, surface runoff, and soil-moisture
storage could be monitored.
     Lyeimeter Construction
     The field test plots consist of volumetric lysimeters with a water
application system.  The original proposal called for the construction
of four such facilities at the Edna Mine.  The project expansion on
July 1, 1975, called for two lysimeters to be constructed at the Montana
site.  The four lysimeters in Colorado were completed in the fall of
1974, and those in Montana in September 1975.  Two parallel  depressions
in the mine spoils were located which roughly suited the plot requirements-
Two D-9 bulldozers, provided by the Pittsburg and Midway Company, were
used to fill and shape these depressions to fit the plot dimensions more
closely.  The final excavations formed an H-shaped depression, 3-4 meters
deep with nearly vertical  sides.   Two plots were constructed on each leg
                                   97

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 of  the H.  The transverse excavation connecting the legs of the H  is being
 used  for the  subsurface drain outlet facilities for all the plots.  The
 general layout of  the  plots, drain lines, and instrument houses are shown
 in  Figure  31.
      The plots were  surveyed and staked and then leveled and smoothed by
 hand.  The base dimensions of the plots are 4,0 m by 9.2 m .  The  next
 step  was to spread a vinyl membrane over the base of the plots.  The mem-
 brane was  provided by  the manufacturer in one continuous piece, 260 feet
 long  and 38 feet wide.  It was only necessary to cut the curtain into 4
 desired lengths.  The  membrane is a 10 mil poly-vinyl-chloride material
 which is quite resistant to puncture and ripping.
      After the membrane was spread on the base of the plots, a layer of
 gravel, approximately  6-8 inches thick was spread by hand.  Elevations of
 the corners of the plots were measured and recorded.  A trench was made
 by  hand in the gravel  down the center of the plot, and 4-inch perforated
 plastic pipe was placed on a grade.  The drain was then covered with
 gravel to  form a filter to minimize the Intrusion of fill  material  into
 the perforations.  A hole was cut in the vinyl membrane at the lower end
 of the plot to provide an exit for the drain pipe.  The membrane was
 sealed around the pipe using a taped, silicon-cemented joint.   Non perfor-
 ated  plastic pipe was connected to the perforated pipe.   The end of the
 pipe was built into the collection box where samples of the drainage water
 from each  plot could easily be obtained.
     To facilitate the filling of the plots, 4 foot by 8 foot  sheets of
 3/4-1nch plywood were set upright around the outside edge  of the plot and
 the vinyl  membrane was stretched over the plywood such that the membrane
was on the plot interior.   The plywood will  be used later  to construct
                                  98

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NW plot
Figure 31.  Field plot layout at the Colorado site.
                                 99

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 collection  boxes  for  the  surface  runoff.
     A  D-6  bulldozer  and  a  front-end  loader and their operators were
 provided  by the Pittsburg and Midway  Coal Mining Company for the purpose
 of  filling  the plots  with the spoil material.  As the fill material was
 placed  in the plot, spoil was also placed outside against the plywood
 sheets.  Up to 30 cm  of fill was  placed on both sides of the membrane and
 plywood forms, then the plywood was raised by hand.  The filling operation
 required that one end of  the plot remain open to provide access for the
 loader, so  the plots  were filled at one end before any filling was begun
 at  the other end.  The plywood sheets were set up at the unfilled end of
 the plot, and the plots were then filled completely.  The plywood sheets
 were removed entirely as  the desired  depth of fill was obtained, both
 inside and  outside the membrane.
     The spoil material contained numerous large rocks, and care was taken
 in  placing  the material so that these rocks did not pierce the membrane.
 Holes which were cut  by rocks were patched with vinyl membrane and PVC
 cement.  Figure 32 shows  the configuration of the completed lysimeters.
     Upon completion of the backfilling operation, a small  berm was built
 around three sides of each plot.  On the downs!ope end of each plot, a
 galvanized  steel  trough was placed.   The function of the trough is to
 collect surface runoff.  The collection trough can be seen in the photo-
 graph in Figure 33.
     The volumetric lysimeters constructed at the Montana site are signif-
 icantly different from those at the Colorado site.   A large front-end
 loader was used to excavate a large trench some  10 m wide and 20 m long.
The trench was about 3 m deep at the deepest point.   The spoil  removed
from the trench was  stockpiled for later use as  backfill,
                                     100

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	 To Pumping ruu,.,,, [rrigction Sprinkler Line

—
'•'-" '•• " " " ••.•»-" A> •'-'••'•'. .''•'.•'.'•;r ,•"•'••'•-'••' ,
/ -••- -••-•- •--•- 	 i!
_:.;,..,,v;.-s;;:,;::;vy/rs:;;.;.;::--;:0::;x:;^;:^-
. .-;v;::KVv >••.•"•'*•"- •'"••"' •':':'-'V;": :•.'"•.':''.:•'"•';•; •""-.• ^ :':•' :v :--!'
•••v-: ^111 '-'• --'••'.-• • -••.-.•.".-•-.••••.--•.•.• '^'-''•J' ••••'.".• ••••. • ••• •-•'••|
• '.••:••; •'•::--.'. ;-.;" ;-.v-v> >'••::•'.•'•; "••"•;".'-"".v;-1v:V">":.';-':T •>:•'•.'••/'.•:•;-.•.;
^:^-:V^:;;^^;;:-^:^:;::0:v^-f^-.-r:*x--v:/'-:'-'' n
•••••--•••• , ll
1 •
a
/'
                                                                        Sccle  in  me!ers
                                                                 Runoff  Collector
                                                                           Protective  3errr>
Plostic  Membrone
                                                              Drain
                 Figure 32.  Diagram of experimental  test plot.

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1
r
ii
• ' /.•>* • • "" '
x*-*^' ' .' ' '&'*%
p-1 ..^.- "•>
Figure 33.  Photograph of a lysimeter installation at the Colorado
            site.
                                            V :  • •  •«    '
                                                •'  •'''
Figure 34.   Photograph of lysimeter before backfilling  -
            Montana site.
                               102

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     A concrete pad was poured fn the bottom of the trench.  The pad was
9 m long, 6 m wide and approximately 15 cm thick.  The pad was poured
on a slight grade.  The vertical walls of the lysimeter were constructed
with light-weight block.  The first lift of block was leveled and sealed
to the pad with mortar in the usual manner.  Mortar was not used in sub-
sequent lifts, however.  A surface plaster, impregnated with fiber glass,
was trowelled onto both sides of the block which had simply been stacked
on top of one another to form the wall.  This technique provides an im-
permeable wall.
     A perimeter wall was constructed to a height of about 2.8 m.  A wall
down the center of the pad separated the facility into two bins, 8.8 m
long, 2.8 m wide and 2.8 m deep.  During construction one end of the
facility was left open to provide access.  Four-inch diameter plastic
drain pipe was placed on grade down the center line of each of the bins.
The perforated pipe was completely surrounded by gravel (see Figure 34)
A layer of gravel about 6 inches thick was spread over the entire bottom
of each bin.  The drain pipe was-extended through the block wall, and the
hole sealed with mortar and a flexible, impermeable cement.  Outside the
lysimeters the drain pipes were extended to a convenient outlet.  The
entire facility was now ready for backfilling.  Surface-runoff collectors
were installed at the downs!ope end after backfilling was complete.
     Ins tnon entati on
     Surface runoff was transported from the collector troughs to bins
where volumetric measurements were made by monitoring the depth in a con-
tainer.  These data provided cumulative runoff as a function of time.
Subsurface discharge from the drains was measured in the same manner
during the first part of the study.   Subsequently,  totalizing water  meters
                                     103

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(CORAD) were installed on the drains.  These meters also provided the
cumulative discharge as a function of time but could be used to obtain
rates by measuring the cumulative discharge over a small time interval.
The water meters could not be used for measuring surface runoff because
of sediment in the water.
     Tensiometer cups were installed at several depths in each lysimeter
facility.  This was accomplished by cementing the ceramic tensiometer
cups to lengths of C-PVC tubing and placing in a hole that had been augered
to the desired depth.  The annual space between the tubing and the hole
well was backfilled.  Installation of the tensiometers was accomplished
soon after backfilling was complete.  Settlement of the spoil material
1n the facilities during the subsequent winter and spring provided contact
between the spoil and the ceramic cup.
     One set of tensiometers, numbered from 4 to 5 and terminating at
depth intervals of about 30 cm, were placed in each of the four plots in
the Colorado site.  In the Montana facilities, two sets were placed in
each plot.  At both sites, the tensiometers were located on the perimeter
of a circle one meter or so in diameter.  Nylon  tubing was used to con-
nect the tensiometers to a reservoir of mercury.  Suction was indicated
by the rise of mercury in the nylon tube above the free surface elevation
of the mercury reservoir.  The soil-moisture suction at the tensiometer
was calculated by correcting the indicated suction for the difference
1n elevation between the mercury reservoir and the tensiometer cup.
     Near the center of each circle of tensiometers a neutron access tube
was installed by augering a hole that terminated just above the gravel
blanket at the bottom of the lysimeter,   Troxler soil-moisture neutron
probes were used to monitor soil-moisture status,   As with the tensiometers,
                                     104

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 the access  tubes  were  installed  shortly  following  the  completion  of  back-
 filling,  and  the  spoil material  had  the  opportunity  to settle  around the
 tubes  through the winter  and  spring  before  any  data  was collected.
     For  use  at the  Colorado  site, the soil moisture probe  was calibrated
 In  the laboratory.   To meet the  recommended minimum  volume  required  for
 the calibration of the probe, a  1.2  m by 1,2 m  by  1,2  m box was constructed
 of  3/4-inch plywood.  The interior of the box was  painted with a  water-
 proof  paint and all  joints were  sealed with rubber cement.  As an added
 precaution against leakage, the  box  was  lined with a sheet  of  plastic
 similar to that used in the lysimeter construction,
     A 5.1 cm steel  pipe  was used as the neutron probe access  tube.  The
 pipe was  held upright in  the center  of the box while the box was  filled
 with spoil taken  from the Colorado site.  The spoil  had been oven-dried
 to  establish  the  initial  soil moisture content equal to zero throughout
 the box.  Initial probe readings were taken at 6-inch  depth increments
 1n  the  dry spoil.
     After estimating the  porosity of the spoil material in the box  to be
 0.40 ,  a  volume of water  equal to 10 percent of the pore volume was
 applied to the spoil  surface using a watering can.  The box was then
 covered with  a sheet of plastic in order  to minimize evaporation  losses.
 Neutron probe readings were taken daily  until  the  readings for each depth
 did not vary  by more than about 2 percent from day-to-day.  Another pre-
measured volume of water was then added and the procedure was repeated.
The second water application was again equal to 1- percent of the pore
volume and subsequent applications were 5 percent until a saturation
value of 50 percent porosity was reached.  The period between application5
was generally between one and two weeks,
                                  105

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      For each average content, the final neutron probe measurements were
 plotted against depth providing an approximation of the moisture content
 distribution within the box.  the area under the curve represented the
 volume of water applied if evaporation losses were negligible.  The
 neutron probe measurements were converted to saturation precentages using
 a graphical analysis technique for each 6-inch depth segment.  Since the
 manufacturer's calibration of the nuetron probe indicated that a linear
 relationship existed between moisture content and the probe results, it
 was assumed that a linear relationship could be derived for the mine
 spoil.  A linear regression analysis was used to derive the equation for
 soil moisture content using the neutron probe data.  The results are
 shown in Figure 35.  Because the neutron probe which had been calibrated
 for field use malfunctioned periodically, the relationship between measure-
 ments with the calibrated probe and with the second probe was determined.
 The second probe was used on a standby basis.
     A weather station was set up at the Colora'do site.  Included in the
 station were a Class A evaporation pan, a hygro-thermagraph, solar radi-
 ation meter, rain guage, and a totalizing anemometer.
     Water Application
     Water application to the plots was accomplished by two methods at
 the Colorado site.  The first method consisted of applying water through
 Greenlawn shrubbery nozzles that produce a flat spray  that wets a fan-
 shaped area.  The nozzles were spaced about one meter  apart in four
 laterals placed parallel to the plot slope (Figures 32 and 33).   The
 laterals were simply placed on the plot surface and secured to stakes.
The same procedure was used at the Montana site.   Water was pumped  to
 the nozzles from water supply tanks.   The maximum application intensity
                                   106

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       «.

       o
       CO


       ^
       o



       1

       f
       10
0-7r





0-6





0-5





0-4





0-3





02





0-1
                    S =0-297 * I-62IP
             0     0-1    0-2     0-3    0-4    0-5     0-6


              Neutron Probe (P)t probe count /reference count



Figure. 35.  Calibration curve for the neutron-moisture-meter.
                             107

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that could be acheived was slightly greater than 11  cm  per  hour.  The
minimum intensity that maintained a relatively good  distribution  of water
on the plots was about 3 cm per hour.   The main purpose of  the  above
application system was to apply water  with a small detachment capacity
for use with the sediment model to be  described later in this report.
Note that, in no sense, did this application of water simulate  rainfall
precipitation.
     A portion of the sediment studies required a water application with
a greater detachment capacity that would  more nearly simulate rainfall.
Criterion for simulation of natural  rainfall include an adequate  spatial
distribution of rainfall intensities,  a distribution of drop sizes  sim-
ilar to the drop sizes of natural rainfall, and fall velocities approach-
ing those of natural rainfall.  Though conventional  rainfall simulators
designed for field conditions can usually provide excellent spatial
distribution for given rainfall intensities, criterion  for approximating
terminal velocities and drop size distribution'are rarely if ever met,
According to Laws and Parsons (1943),  mean drop sizes  for natural rain-
fall with intensities of 0.254, 50.8,  and 101.6 millimeters per hour are
1, 2, and 3 millimeters.  For these drop sizes, a respective fall dis-
tance of about 2.50, 9.14, and 12.19 meters is required to obtain terminal
velocity of 3.85, 6.58, and 8.08 meters per second,  respectively.  Because
of physical limitations in obtaining sufficient fall distance,  no attempt
Was made to simulate fall velocities of natural rainfall in the given
study.  However, consideration was given to a design which would provide
an adequate spatial distribution of rainfall.
                                  108

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     To investigate the effect of simulated rain droplet impact as a
detaching agent in mine spoil  erosion, a portable sprinkler system con-
sisting of seven, 3 meter high risers was designed to simulate rainfall
over the test plots.  A schematic diagram of each sprinkler riser is
given in figure  36 .   Each riser consists of a Hayes Measurflow Series
No. 2305 flow regulator and a Rainjet sprinkler head Model  No. 75C.
     Figure  37  illustrates the grid pattern of sprinkler risers for
simulation of rainfall on a test plot.  Operation of four sprinklers,
as indicated in the figure, provided an intensity of 36.5 millimeters
per hour.  With three additional sprinkler risers, a higher intensity
of 57.4 millimeters per hour was obtained.  The two application inten-
sities were calibrated by placing containers on the plot surface and
measuring accumulative volumes for a specified time period.  Data from
the calibration indicate a coefficient of variation equal to 0.074 for
the spatial distribution of rainfall at the lower intensity, and a value
of 0.035 for the higher intensity.  A limited available water supply for
experimental purposes allowed for a simulated rainfall period of about
50 and 65 minutes for high and low intensities,  respectively,
     Sediment Production Experiments
     For convenience,  the sediment experiments are divided  into  two  cate-
gories; those conducted with the shrubbery sprinkler application system
(overland flow) and those conducted with the  Rainjet sprinkler heads  on
the risers (simulated  rainfall).
     Overland Flow Tests
     Three types of experiments  with this  sprinkler  system  included  runs
at a low and high intensity on a  smooth  surface,  and experiments  preform^
                                    109

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                           75C  Roinjet Sprinkler
                              3/4"  Galvanized Steel Pipe
                           Flow Regulator (Hayes  Measurflo
                               Series 2305)
                                3/4  Gate  Valve
                                     Guy  Wire  Anchor
                           Rebar
                          Support
                            80  psi
                       — Plastic Pipe
Figure 36  .  Rainfall sprinkler riser design.
                        no

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                        r-
3.048  m
Plot Perimeter

t
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0 0
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                                                            2
                                                            i
                                                     Scale  in- meters
                                              Rainfall  Rales:
                                              O   = 36.5 mm/hour
                                            O+O = 57.4 mm/hour
  Runoff  Collector
                               r
         Figure 37  .  Sprinkler-design layout for test plots.
 at a high  intensity on a roughened or gouged plot surface.   The smooth
 plot surface  consisted of a finely raked, plane surface, with the largest
 material exposed  being about gravel size.  For a roughened  surface,  a
 pickblade  was run over the plot at a depth of approximately 7 cm, in
 directions transverse to the slope.  A gouged surface configuration  con-
 sisted  of  pock marks approximately 13 cm in diameter and 13 cm deep,
 staggered  across  the plot at about 30 cm intervals.
      For the  experimental treatments mentioned about, plot  surfaces  con-
 sisted  of  fresh,  dry spoil material.  In Table 14, a summary of these
 simulated  snowmelt runoff experiments conducted at the Colorado field
                                  111

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      Table  14   Summary of Overland Flow Runoff Experiments Conducted
                 during 1975
.Run
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Plot
Slope
(*)
1
1
3
5
7
1
3
5
7
3
1
7
5
Surface Volume
jurTaLc A .M". i j /» ,<
a""""" <5»)
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Roughened
Roughened
Gouged
Gouged
1.948
1.427
4.738
5.105
3.217
5.336
5.686
5.696
5.857
5.667
5.777
5.769
5.908
Average
Application
Rate
(mm/ hour)
38.1
39.9
37.7
35.6
39.9
86.6
104.9
102.7
97.2
88.3
" 105.3
114.4
110.5
Volume
of
Runoff*
(meters )
0.066
0.000
0.089
0.012
0.223
1.903
1.758
1.519
2.631
2.407
1.707
1.119
0.483
site during 1975 1s given.   Different application intensities as  indicated
In the table were the result of difficulties  in regulation of water
applied during experimentation.
     For each imposed application intensity and surface  configuration,
runoff hydrographs were prepared from volumetric measurements made during
experimentation.  An example of the data collected is  shown in Figure 38.
Similar data were collected for runs 3,  5,  and  6 through 13 and are
Included in the appendix.   Average application  Intensities of 37,7 and
                                 112

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    E
    E
       120
        10
       100
     .  90
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    70

    60


    50

    40


    30

    20
               i!£S££ Application  Intensity

               	Runoff

               —O—Wash Load

               —-O- — Bed-material  Load
                                                             12


                                                             II

                                                             10^
                                                                o
                                                             9  x
                                                                 8
                                                                    o
                                                                    CD
                                                                    CD
          0
                          40        60
                          Titne,  minutes
                                              80
100
                                                                 o
                                                             5  -5
                                                                    a
                                                                 -.
                                                                 3  .§
                                                                    •a
                                                                    a>
                                                                  I

                                                                 0
      Figure  38 .  Runoff and sediment discharge for run 6.


 39.9 mm per hour for runs 3 and 5, respectively resulted  in  very  low

 steady-state runoff rates of 1.5 and 3.4 mm per hour,  respectively.  Runs

 6 through 9 performed on a  smooth plot  surface  at application intensities

 ranging from 86.6 to 104.9  mm per hour  resulted  in similar outflow runoff

 rates.  Roughened plot  surfaces  for  runs  10 and  11 appeared to have no

effect on  runoff rates,  as  compared  to runs 6 and 7 on the 1  and 3 percent

bed  slopes,  respectively.   However,  gouged surface configurations  in  runs

12 and 13  resulted in marked increases in infiltration rates.  Assuming

                                   113

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 similar application intensities for runs 9 and 12 made on the 7 percent
 slope, the gouged surface manipulation reduced outflow surface runoff
 rates by  nearly one-half.  This surface treatment was even more effective
 on  the 5  percent slope, where steady state runoff rates were reduced by
 almost two-thirds.
     To evaluate the  sediment runoff characteristics  of  the  spoil  mater-
 ials on the  test plots, sediment  samples were  collected  in  conjunction
 with the  measurement  of surface runoff during  field experimentation.
 Sediment  samples were collected in  the runoff  facilities  beginning with
 the initiation of surface  runoff  and continued until  runoff  had  ceased.
 The total sediment  load was  divided into bed-material  load  and wash load
 components,  with the  former  portion consisting of  particles  greater than
 0.062 mm  in diameter, and the latter comprising the  remainder.   Samples
 were wet  sieved for splitting at  the sand-silt division  point.   Both  the
 coarse and fine grained portions  of the samples were  oven dryed  in evap-
 orating dishes and  subsequently weighed to determine  sediment concentra-
 tions.                         -     '
     Erosion rates  for the experiments were  computed  by  multiplying sur-
 face runoff  discharges by  the corresponding  sediment  concentrations.
 Bed-material  loads and wash loads  are  plotted against  time during periods
 of surface runoff as shown in Figure 38,  Because the  experiments were
 Performed without the effect of  simulated rainfall, sediment  discharges
 shown 1n Figure 38 represent rates of  spoil material erosion  detached
and transported by overland flow runoff.
     Wash  load sediment discharges for the given experiments  are  highly
dependent  upon surface runoff rates  and loose amounts  of  sediment readily
Available  for transport.   The data suggest that wash load  rates of  erosion
                                 114

-------
 are usually greatest during  the first  several minutes of overland flow
 runoff.  Decreasing rates  of erosion through time  indicate gradual deple-
 tion of wash load size sediment available for transport.  For comparison
 of wash load sediment discharges among experiments, time-dependent log-
 arithmic plots of wash loads were prepared.  Figure 39 illustrates these
 wash load rates of erosion for  experiments performed on the 1 and 3 per-
 cent slopes.   Time-dependent wash load erosion rates from experimentation
 on the 5 and 7 percent bed slopes are given in Figure 40.
      As shown in Figure 39,  rates of erosion through time on smooth
plot  surfaces  for  the  1 and  3 percent bed slopes are similar.  Here
average measured wash  load sediment discharges for runs 6 and 7 are
       -5               -5
1.47x10    and   1.08x10    kilograms per second per meter of plot width,
respectively.   In  runs 8 and 9  (Figure 40  ), similar average rates are
indicated, though  the  transport rates for each run are markedly different
during the respective  runoff periods.  In runs 10 and 11, roughened plot
surfaces resulted  in the transport of greater quantities of wash load
sediment, especially during  the first 30 minutes of runoff.   Average
wash load sediment discharges for these experiments are  3.00x10"^  and
3.46x10    kg/sec/meter, respectively,  and are about two and one-half
times greater than the average measured wash load discharges reported in
runs 6 and 7.  This occurrence likely reflects  the additional  amounts of
sediment transported as a result of plot roughening immediately before
experimentation.   Data  from  run 13 suggest that the gouged plot surface
was effective in reducing both surface runoff rates and the erosion rate
of wash load sediment.  Here the average measured sediment discharge is
1.63x10   kg/sec/meter, about one-fifth the wash load rate of erosion
reported in run 8.  A  similar experiment performed on the 7  percent slope
                                    115

-------
    10
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Symbol  Run  Slope (%)

   A      3       3

   D      6        I

   073

   O      10  __    3
 20
                                              -JL
40       60

Time ,  minutes
80
100
Figure  39 .  Time-dependent wash load erosion  rate  for experiments
             on  1 and 3 percent bed slopes.
                                116

-------
   10"
   10"
o
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*-v •
0>
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     ,-5
 o
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 o
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Symbol  Run
  &      5
  A      8
  O      9
  D      12
  O      13
             Slope (%)
                7
                5
                7
                7
            -   5
       0
20
          GO
Time ,  minulcs
                               80
100
Figure  40  .  Time-dependent wash load  erosion rate for experiments
             on 5 and 7 percent bed  slopes.
                               117

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 resulted in a reduction of overland flow runoff by nearly one-half, but
 little change in the average measured wash load discharge.  This was an
 unexpected result, as a smaller overland flow runoff rate should have a
 smaller potential for detachment and transport of wash load sediment.
      Bed-material  load sediment discharges  reflect  varied responses  for
 given application  intensities,  infiltration rates and plot surface condi-
 tions.   Steady rates  of erosion are indicated  in runs 8  through  11 and
 13.   Sudden changes with time in bed-material  sediment discharges are
 noted in runs  6, 7, and 12.   Because the  transport  of bed-material sedi-
 ment is  highly dependent upon processes of  aggradation and degradation
 occurring on  the eroding plot surface, abrupt changes in  bed-material
 load are the  resu-lt of rapid  upslope adjustments in the bed.  In that
 efforts  to  monitor  adjustments  in the eroding bed surface were not under-
 taken 1n the current  study, no  attempt was made to explain reported
 changes  of  bed-material  discharge during experimentation.
      In  Table  15 a  summary of sediment discharge data collected in 1975
 from overland  flow  experiments  is presented.  These data represent rates
 °f erosion detached and  transported  by surface runoff.   Very small  sedi-
 ment discharges for runs 3 and 5 are apparent in comparison to the remain-
 der of the experiments.  A significant increase in  average measured wash
 load discharges in runs 8 and 9 as compared to 6 and 7  is suggestive  of
a critical steepness,  below which there is little appreciable  detaching
capacity for overland  flow runoff.   Considerable differences  in average
measured bed-material  sediment discharges  among experiments indicates
varying degrees .of  upslope bed stability.
                                   118

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  Table  15   Summary of Sediment Discharge Data Collected from
             Overland Flow Runoff Experiments
Run
No.
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Average
Application
Rate
(mm/hr)
37.7
39.9
86.6
104.9
102.7
97.2
88.3
105.3
114.4
110.5
Average
Infiltration Bed
Rate
(mm/hr)
36.4
36.7
50.7
73.9
73.6
56.0
51.9
71.7
90.7
100.6
Slope
(X)
3
7
1
3
5
7
3
1
7
5
Average Measured Sediment Discharge
kq/scc/nteter x 10"*"^ 	 -
Wash Load
.0122
.0183
1.47
1.08
8.72
8.75
3.00
3.46
8.80
1.63 "
Bed-Material
Load
.000
.000
. .255
1.1.0
2.69
.724
2.80
.350
4.41
.250
Total
Load 	 .
.0122
.0183
1.72
2.18
11.4
9.47
5.80
3.81
13.3
1.88
Simulated Rainfall Tests
     A total of six experiments was performed with the rainfall Simula^0
which included experiments on the 1 and 7 percent bed slopes at the Edna
Mine field site.  These tests included runs at the lower and higher
intensity on the two respective slopes, which were smoothed to a plane
surface with fresh, dry spoil material.  With surface adjustments made
on the 7 percent bed slope, experiments with concave and convex slopes
were performed at the higher intensity.  Table 16  summarizes the
                                  119

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         Table 16   Summary of Simulated Rainfall Experiments
                    Conducted during 1976
Run
Number
t
14
15
16
17
18
19
Plot
Slope
(«)

7
7
7
7
1
1
Surface
Shape

Uniform
Uniform
Convex
Concave
Uniform
Uniform
Volume
Applied-
(meters )

1.907
1.394
.494
1.766
1.624
1.805
1.441
Average
Application
Rate
(nan/ hour)

57.4
36.5
57.4
57.4
57.4
57.4
36.5
Volume
of
Runoff
(meters3)

1.024
.801
.464
.821
,879
.868
1.018
the hydrologic and plot surface information pertaining to the  1976
experimental runs.  Unlike other test runs performed under simulated
                                             «•
rainfall, run 15 consisted of a rainfall application of 37.5 mm per hour
for 62 minutes, followed by an-application at the higher intensity for
14 minutes.  In Figure 41  a sketch illustrates plot surfaces  for uniform,
convex, and concave shapes in runs 14, 16,  and 17,  respectively.
     Water and sediment discharge hydrographs  for the test  runs with
simulated rainfall were prepared in the same manner-as  described for
previous experiments.   Figures 42 through 47  illustrate surface runoff
hydrographs and sediment discharge relations characteristic to  each
experiment.  For constant  rainfall  application  rates,  hydrograph shapes
are similar to those reported in the overland  flow  experiments  conducted
during 1975,
                                  120

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                                                             Concave  Shape
                           4  ,               6
                            Distance,  meters
Figure   41 .  Definition  sketch for concave,  uniform, and convex  shapes
             on the 7 percent bed slope.

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Figure  43  .  Runoff and  sediment discharge for run 15.
                                  T22

-------
                                                           80
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                                        Runoff
                                  _<>_ v;ash Load
                                  —o— Bed-material Load
                        40         60
                        Time, minutes
Figure  44 :  Runoff and sediment discharge for run  16.
 80
                                         Roinfoll Intensity
                                         RunofT
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                                    .©.- Bed-material Load
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            40         60
            Time, minutes
Runoff and sediment  discharge for run  17,
                                  123

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Runoff and sedir.ent discharge for run 18.
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Figure   47 .  Runoff and sediment discharge for run
                                   124

-------
     Greater rates of infiltration due to surface preparation  for  run  16
resulted in slightly lower surface runoff rates in comparison  to those
reported in run 14.  Surface manipulation for preparation of run 17
resulted in an even more pronounced effect, in that a steady-state equi-
librium runoff rate was not attained during the period of rainfall
application.
     Efforts to more adequately quantify rates of erosion for  wash load
and bed-material load size sediments during field experimentation  in
1976 included a more rigorous sampling frequency.  Under the detachment
by simulated rainfall, data from nearly all the 1976 experiments indi-
cate substantially greater rates of erosion for both wash load and bed-
material load, as compared to the 1975 overland flow runoff data.
     As shown in Figures  43  through  45  and .47  .wash load  sediment
discharges are highly dependent upon rates of surface runoff.   The data
indicate that for these test runs, detachment by rainfall droplets pro-
vides sufficient wash load sediment available for transport during the
period of overland flow runoff.  "Rising and falling hydrograph limbs
clearly illustrate periods when the erosion rate of wash load  sediment
is limited by the transporting capacity of the flow.  In run 18,  the
wash load rate of erosion decayed in an exponential fashion after  reach-
ing an  initial peak of  28.0x10"  kilograms per second per meter of  plot
width.  For this experiment,the availability of wash load sediment for
transport is limiting.
     Data collected in runs 14, 16, and  17 indicate few discernible dif-
ferences in wash load sediment yields for experiments performed on uni-
form, convex, and concave surface shapes.  An interesting observation
                                  125

-------
for these runs, however, is the difference in time-dependent wash load
rates of erosion.  Gradually decreasing erosion rates were observed in
run 14 (uniform slope) and run 16 (convex slope) during the period of
surface runoff.  The opposite behavior was observed in run 17 (concave
slope), in which wash load rates of erosion increased with time.  An
illustrative comparison of the wash load rates of erosion for these
experiments in addition to other runs performed under simulated rainfall
is given in Figure  48 .
     Sediment discharges of bed-material load for experiments performed
under simulated rainfall reflect a broad range in responses.  Very steady
bed-material load rates of erosion are indicated for runs 14 and 19, in
which average measured sediment discharges are  1.82x10"   and  2.3x10"
kilograms per second per meter, respectively.  Data collected from run
18 would suggest that the time-dependent erosion rate for bed-material
           "mi:
load is limited by the supply of sediment available for transport during
the period of surface runoff.  Bed-material load sediment discharges for
runs 15, 16, and 17 reflect very abrupt changes in erosion rates from
one sediment sampling interval to the next.  During run 17, for example,
                                                   -5
the sediment discharge varies from  3.75 to 71.2x10   kg/sec/meter  over
a time interval of only 10 minutes.  As previously stated, these rapid
changes in erosion rates for bed-material load size sediment likely
reflect sudden and abrupt adjustments in the eroding bed surface.
     Bed-material load rates of erosion for runs on convex and concave
surface shapes reflect markedly different sediment responses than reported
fn run 14 (uniform slope).  For slopes of equal average steepness, the
total amount of bed-material load size sediment transported from a con-
cave bedslope i.s typically much smaller in comparison with that from
                                     126

-------
  E 10
      -3
  o
  a,-
  0)
  D
  .c
  u
  c
  a)
  E
     10
       -4
     10"
            1"  -1-
          Symbol   Run  Slope  (%)
             0
             A
             A
             D
             0
14
15
16
17
18
19
7 (convex)
7 (concave)
I
I
                          20         40
                            Time, minulcs
                              GO
                                 80
   Figure  48  •   Time-dependent v/ash load erosion rale for experiments
                 with  simulated rainfall on 1 and 7 percent bed slopes-


                                                                       i
either a uniform or  a  convex shape.  Tests on irregular slopes (Young '

Mutchler, 1969;  Onstad et  al., 1967) have shown that sediment losses  fr

a slope depend upon  the steepness  of a  short segment of that slope IV11
                                                    i
directly above the point of measurement.  However, the data from the

given  investigation did not support  this conclusion.  Average measured
            -
                                    127

-------
bed-material  load of  24.4x10"  kg/sec/meter  in run 17 is nearly the
                                          -5
same as the sediment discharge of  26.0x10   kg/sec/meter  reported in
    16.   These bed-material  load sediment discharges from runs  on  irregu-
lar shaped bedslopes are about 14 times greater than the sediment  dis-
charge reported in run 14.   It was concluded that the surface manipula-
tion to provide experimental  conditions for credible concave and convex
surfaces substantially increased the availability of loose bed-material
load size sediment for transport.
     A summary of sediment  data collected from experiments run  under
simulated rainfall is presented in Table 17..   Though direct comparisons
°f experiments performed with and without simulated rainfall cannot be
made, the effect of rainfall  as a detaching agent for upland erosion of
tne spoil  material is apparent.
        Table 17   Summary of Sediment Discharge Data  Collected
                   from Simulated Rainfall  Experiments
Run
Jo.
14
15

16
17
18
19
Average
Application
Rate
(mm/hr)
57.4
36.5
57.4
57,4
57.4
57,4
36.5
Average
Infiltration Bed
Rate
(mm/hr)
31.8
14.5
19.7
36.2
32.3
32.7
12.6
Slope
(%)
7


7
7
1
1
Average Measured Sediment Discharge
kq/sec/mcter x 10+5
Wash Load
36.8
22.6
70.0
29.8
35.1
15.5
13.2
Bed-Material
Load
1.83
' 7.02
30.5
26.0
24.4
9.60
2.36
Total
Load
38.7
29.6
100.5
55.8
59.5
25.1
15.5
                                    128

-------
     In addition to the collection of sediment samples  for analysis  of
sediment concentration, samples were periodically taken during  the  1976
field experimentation for analysis of size distribution.  Spoil  material
sediment size distribution was determined by sieve analysis for the
fraction of total sediment coarser than  0.062 mm .   Following  the  pro-
cedure given by the U. S. Geological Survey (1969),  a selected  number of
pipette analyses were made for material finer than  0.062 mm .   Plots of
the size distribution versus "percent finer than" for composite samples
of wash load and bed-material  load  sediments are presented in Figure 49-
     Results of the size analyses indicate that the mean particle size
for sediment transported as wash load  is  0.00878 mm , with standard
deviation of  0.00686  .  For  bed-material load sediment, the mean par-
ticle  size  in transport  is  1.342 mm  , with deviations  from the mean
equal  to  0.971  .
                                     129

-------
  100
   80
c
o
.e
   60
L[_

,_o
  20
       i ii 11
                      i i  i I 111
T	T
t I I II
T	1—!  I  Mill
                                      Wash  Load
                                       Sediment
                                       Bed-material  Load
                                           Sediment
      0-L.
                           M
                                                                         i	r
                                                                         J	L.
         0.001
                     0,005  0.01         0.05  O.I          0.5    1.0
                              Size of  Sediment,  mm
                                            5,0
          Figure  49 .  Size distribution for composite samples of wash load and
                      bed-material load sediments.

-------
 WATER QUALITY AND QUALITY
     Experiments in  1976 were performed primarily for use  in the sediment
 studies, and the 1975 experiments (referred to as overland flow test
 above) were used in  both sediment and water-quality hydrology studies.
 The run numbers referred to in this subsection correspond to those dis-
 cussed above.  In this subsection, the emphasis is on the subsurface water
 movement and upon inorganic water quality.  The overland flow hydrographs
 were Included with the sediment data and will not be repeated here.  Also*
 the application rates, total volumes applied and volume of surface runoff
 have previously been presented in Table 14.
     Water Balance and DrainDischarge
     The first 5 runs were conducted with no knowledge of the way in
 which the lysimeters would respond.  The procedure was to apply water
 through the  sprinkler system at about the lowest practical rate until
 subsurface drainage was observed.  The sprinkler system would then be
 shut off.  During the experiment the total volume and flow rate of both
 surface runoff and subsurface drainage were measured.  Measurements for
 subsurface drainage were continued for several days.  The initial and
 final soil moisture content distributions were obtained from neutron
 probe measurements.   Water samples were collected for electrical conduc-
 tivity and pH measurements and then were put away for future laboratory
 analysis.
     The second set of experiments, two runs on each of the four lysim-
 eters,  consisted of applying a given volume of water at the highest
 practical  application rate.  Neutron probe readings  and tensiometer data
were collected before, during and after each run.   These data,  together
with the measured volumes in Table 14, permit water budget computations
                                 131

-------
to be made,  The results are shown in Table 18.  Evaporation from the
plots is the only component of the water balance that was not measured.
If there were no experimental errors in all other measurements, the
column headed "residual depth" would be the depth of water evaporated
during each experiment.  Evaporation from the plots should not, theoreti-
cally, be greated than the pan evaporation.  Thus, by comparing the resid
ual depth with the pan evaporation for each experiment, the experiments
with a small error in water balance can be selected.  These experiments
are indicated with an asterisk in Table 18.  Experiments 3, 7, and 10
were performed on the plot with a 3 percent surface slope for which a .
leak in the lysimeter wall  was detected.  The water balance for these
three experiments was expected to show large errors..
                                Table 18
          Water Balance for Experimental Plots - Colorado Site
Exper.
No.
1*
2*
3
4
5*
6*
7
8
9*
10
11*
12*
13*
Depth
Applied
(cm)
5.27
4.36
11.94
13.46
8.69
15.89
14.33
14.45
16.18
14.85
15.80
15.65
17.25
Depth
Runoff
(cm)
0.18
0.00
0.22
0.03
0.71
5.15
4.43
3.83
7.05
6.07
4.65
3.00
1.22
Depth Depth of
Drainage Storage .
(cm) (cm)
1.34
K71
0.92
3.02
1.68
5.41
0.12
1.90
3,38
0.63
5.88
7.20
8,12
2.05
2.12
5.85
5,96
5.36
2.80
6,16
2.66
3.92
4,40
5.00
4,39
6.99
Residual
Depth
(cm)
1.70
0.53
4.95
4.45
0.94
2.53
3;62
6.06
1,83
3.75
0.27
1,06
0,92
Measured
Pan Evap.
(cm)
2.13
4.05
0.94
2.70
1.65
9.05
0.98
0.56
1.03
0.61
1.30
0.60
-
                                   132

-------
     Figures 50 and 51 illustrate how the cumulative volume drained and
drain discharge varied with time for Run 2 on the plot with a one percent
surface slope.  These data are typical of those measured during the other
experimental runs.  Further discussion of these data is presented when
the moisture-flow model is discussed later in this report.
     Water Quality and Spoil Chemistry
     During the process of backfilling the lysimeters at the Colorado
site, the spoil was sampled as various lifts were added.  One-to-one
extracts were prepared from the samples and the chemical characteristics
of the spoil was determined by layers for each lysimeter plot.  Table 19
contains the data by layers for the plot with a one percent surface slope.
Each layer constitutes a depth interval of   25  cm.  The data for the
remaining plots is included in the appendix.  The data in Table 19 is
that required as input to the chemistry model to be described subsequently-
                                Table 19
    Spoil Chemistry As Measured in 1:1 Extracts - Plot with 1% Slope
                             Colorado Site
Layer
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
PH
7.8
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.7
7.8
EC
ymhos/cm
3400
3200
3200
3300
3100
2300
2300
Ca
Mg
Na
H0h
Cl
meqv/fc
18.5
17.8
18.6
15.1
17.2
13.7
14.2
15.2
14.8
15.5
14.0
14.4
11.8
12.1
3.6
3.9
3.9
5.4
4.0
2.2
0.8
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
SOd

30.0
27.5
26.0
26.0
28.5
23.0
22.0
NO-,

0.4
0.5
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.5
NH,,

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
CEC
megv
100M
17.8
16.5
16.9
18.8
18.6
16.5
15.7
     The quality of the water applied to the plot with a  1% slope is
1n Table 20.   Note that the quality of the applied water  is quite good
                                   133

-------
CO
                0-30
 EQ-25

K"

o

| 0-20

CE
O

tu


s °'15

r>
en
m 0-10

to



  0-05
                   8
                   m
                   O
                                                   j_
                                                      _L
              O
              o
              o
o
o
                               Figure 50,
O
O
ro
O
O
8
10
                                                                 I
8
00
o
o
O)
                                     TIME OF DAY (7/16/75),hour


                             Cumulative drainout for Run 2.
^^

8
cvj

-------
    24 r-

"
 u
tu
8
cc
CO
§
CO
                                   TIME OF DAY (7/16/75), hour
                Figure 51.  Drain discharge for Run 2,

-------
                                Table 20
             Quality of Applied Water - Plot 1% Slope
                             Colorado Site
Run
No.
2
6
11
Date
7/16
8/16
8/19
Time
0900
0935
0945
EC TDS
pmhos/cm mg/n
200
300
300
130
200
200
Na
Ca
Mq
meqv/Jl
0.1
0.2
0.2
1
1
1
,0
.7
.6
0.7
1.2
1.0
HCOi

1
2
2

.5
.3
.4
_S04
0.7
1.0
0.9
The corresponding quality of surface runoff from the 1% plot for Runs
6 and 11 1s illustrated in Table 21.
                                Table 21
           Quality of Surface Runoff From Plot With 1% Slope
                             Colorado Site
       Run  Date  TimeECTDS   Na   Ca   Mg   HCOj  S04
       No.	ymhos/cm  mg/i.	meqv/A
6



11


8/6 0957
1017
1102

8/19 0954
1235

300
300
300
300
300
300
300
200
200
200
200
200
200
~ 200
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.-6
1,8
1.7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.3
.2
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3
8
6
6
4
6
5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
It is important to note that the quality of surface runoff does not differ
greatly from that of the applied water.  The reasons for this observation
have been discussed in Section 3.
     The quality of subsurface drainage from the plot with a 1% slope is
shown in Table 22.  The depth of spoil in this plot averaged 180 cm.   A
total of four experimental  runs were made on this plot.   The EC of the
drainage water varied somewhat with time and from run to run as indicated
1n the table.  A similar variation was observed in the other plots and
the variation 1s apparently random.  Notice that the average EC values
                                   136

-------
                        Table 22

Quality of Subsurface Drainage From Plot With 156 Slope
                     Colorado Site
Run
No.
1




2






6





11





Date Time
7/10 1017
1212
1350
1910
7/13 0900
7/16 0948
1000
1320
1520
7/17 0855
7/18 0740
0940
8/6 1100
1133
1215
1325
1515
8/7 0815
8/19 0950
1125
1230
1445
1855
8/20 0750
EC
pmhos/cm
2900
3200
3300
3600
4600
3500
3900
4200
3400
3400
4600
4600
4600
4100
4900
3800
4100
4100
4500
4900
4400
3600
.3900
4200
4600
4600
4600
4200
TDS
mg/A
2500
2800
2900
3200
4200
3100
3500
3800
3000
3000
4200
4200
4200
3700
4500
3400
3700
3700
4100
4500
4000
3200
3500
3800
4200
4200
4200
3800
Na
Ca
Mg
HOh
meqv/fc
4
5
5
5
8
5
6
5
4
4
7
8
8
6
10
6
6
8
10
11
8
5
4
5
7
7
8
6
.6
,2
.4
.1
.6
.8
.5
.9
.7
.1
.8
.3
.5
.5
.6
.7
.2
.1
.1
.2
.8
.2
.5
.4
.8
.0
.1
.3
17
20
21
21
22
20
22
27
19
12
26
26
27
23
25
21
22
23
23
24
23
18
20
22
23
23
23
21
.2
.5
.0
.0
.8
.5
.1
.5
.9
.2
.6
.4
.4
.2
.4
.1
.2
.2
.8
.6
.4
.4
.7
.1
.1
.4
.4
.8
19.9
23.7
26.
27,
33.
26.
28.
34.
22.
24.
36.
38.
36.
31.
40.
27.
27.
31.
34.
39.
33.
27.
27.
32.
34.
35.
37.
32.
7
1
1
1
6
0
9
7
6
6
8
7
0
9
9
0
4
2
4
0
5
3
8
6
7
5
4.1
4.6
4.6
4.8
5.6
4.7
6.5
5.9
5.6
4.8
6.4
6.7
6.6
6.1
6,9
5.4
5.6
6,6
7.0
7.9
6.6
7.3
6.1
6.9
7.3
8.0
8.1
7.3
so/,

38.7
45.7
51.6
55.5
64.8
51.3
55.5
58.4
45.3
42.8
60.9
62.5
62.4
55.4
65.1
48.2
46.9
54.7
62.4
65.6
57.2
45.6
49.5
54.7
58.6
60.8
59.4
54.8
                         137

-------
by run differ very little from one another and indicate a nearly constant
concentration of dissolved solids in the drainage water.  The somewhat
lower EC values for Run 1 are probably due to some short circuiting of
                                              $
applied water to the drain blanket through several cracks that had
developed.  This problem was corrected before subsequent runs were made.
     Figure 52 shows the correlation between the EC in the 1:1 extracts
and the EC of the subsurface drainage from the corresponding plots at
the Colorado site.  To obtain the data points in Figure 52, all  EC data
                      0         -2000      4000
                          EC M Exfroct,  /imhos/cm

     Figure 52.  Correlation of EC of drainage with EC of spoils.

from each plot was averaged and the EC data of the subsurface drainage
from all runs on each plot were averaged to obtain the corresponding  EC
of the drainage water.  The correlation indicates that the EC of 1:1
extracts can be useful for estimating the EC of subsurface drainage.
However, use of 1:1 extracts requires that a correlation similar to that
shown in Figure 52 be developed for each spoil  material   As mentioned
previously in Section 3,  the EC of saturation  extracts should provide a
                                  138

-------
 direct  indication of the EC of drainage waters and, therefore, requires
 less experimental work.  A reduction in the scatter of the data can be
 achieved  by assuring that the saturation percentage of the samples is
 the same  as that in the field.
     Experiments similar to those described above were conducted at the
 Montana site.  Table 23 contains the chemical characteristics of the
 spoil in  the two lysimeters as determined from saturation extracts.
                                Table 23
   Spoil  Chemistry as Measured in Saturation Extracts - Montana Site
Plot

North



South



Depth
on
0-30
60-90
120-150
180-210
0-30
60-90
120-150
180-210
pH
EC
Ca
Mg
Na
vmhos/cm
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.6
4100
4100
4100
4100
3900
4100
4100
4300
27.6
27.2
26.8
27.0
26.7
26.9
26.9
26.8-
30.1
30.1
32.4
29.4
27.3
29.2
31.3
30.4
4.4
4.0
4.0
3.7
5.1
4.7
4.6
5.3
HCO^t
Cl
meqv/A
2.4
2.2
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.4
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.4
2.5
1.7
1.7
4.8
SO,

52.8
52.4
53.4
51.4
49.1
52.3
53.0
49.0
NOo

2.7
2.4
3.2
2.3
2.1
1.8
2.7
2.0
NH/i

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
CEC
TSO^
9.7
9.5
10.0
jOji'
9-0
9.'
8,2
_J>
Samples were obtained with a split-tube sampler at three locations in each
plot after backfilling was complete.  The data for each depth interval f°f
the three locations were averaged and entered into Table 23.   The spoil
1n the lysimeters at the Montana site is very homogeneous with respect
to chemistry.
     Tables 24, 25 and 26 illustrate the quality of applied water, surfac*
runoff, and subsurface drainage, respectively, at the Montana site.
                                  139

-------
                Table 24
Quality of Applied Water - Montana site
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Plot
North
South
North
North
North
Date
5/27
7/13
7/14
8/10
8/31
Time
1018
1310
1045
1730
1545
EC
ymhos/cm
940
1100
1200
TDS
mg/Jl
790
720
673
950
1200
Table 25
Quality of Surface Runoff
Run
No.
2
3
4

Run
No.
1
2
3
5
Plot
South
North
North

Plot
North
South
North
North
Date
7/13
7/14
8/10
Quality
Date
5/27
7/13
7/14
8/28
9/2
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
9/12
9/14
9/15
Time
1444
1454
1535
1147
1314
1117
1730
EC
ymhos/cm
1300
1100
1080
1350
1050
TDS
mg/£
1040
806
750
866
725
1200
1200
Na

0.7
0.5
0,4
0.5
1,0
Ca

5,5
5.5
5.5
10.0
6.0
- Montana
Na

0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
Ca

8.5
6.5
6.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
-6.0
Mg
meqv/fc
6,4
5.8
8.2
10.7
Site
Mg
meqv/i
7.8
6.4
6.7
7.3
6.2
9.0
10.0
HC

0,
0.
0.
0,

:0?

1
1
3
6

HCO-j

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

6
2
3
5
4
4
5
SO/,

10.2
6.7
9.4
12.7
16.0

so/,

14.6
10.8
10.0
12.5
9.4
14.8
16.7
Table 26
of Subsurface Drainage - Montana Site
Time
1100
1107
1500
1520
1535
1123
1545
EC
urn ho s /cm
2300
2600
2050
2000
1080
2250
2560
1920
1610
1710
1390
1610
1670
1670
1720
1720
TDS
mg/£,
1910
2100
1450
1637
750
1714
1600
1400
.1400
Na

7.4
8.3
2.4
2.7
0.5
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.9
•i
Ca

7.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
6.0
12.0
8.0
6.0
5,5
Mg
meqv/A
10.7
9.1
12.4
14.0
6.7
13.2
12.4
9.9
10.7
HC

2
1
0
0
0
0
0
03

.1
.6
,3
.6
.4
.7
.5
so4

22.5
26.2
16.5
19.6
10.0
22.9
20.8
17.7
17.3
                    140

-------
     The spoil material placed in the lysimeters at the Montana site con-
tained very little moisture at the time of placement.  Thus a great deal
of water was required to wet the material before subsurface drainage
could be expected.  Nevertheless, the subsurface drains began to produce
some water within a few hours after water was applied.  This drainage
was, undoubtedly, water that short circuited the spoil through cracks
and/or piping.  Tensiometer and moisture probe data clearly indicated
that the spoils had not been wet up near the bottom until late in Run 5.
Thus, the quality of subsurface drainage indicated in Table 26, probably*
does not reflect the quality of percolate in the spoil material.  It is
evident that the EC of the drainage water remained well below that expected
from the saturation extracts.  The spoil material placed in the Montana
lysimeters exhibited an extremely low hydraulic conductivity relative to
that at the Colorado site and a great deal of time was required to wet
up the material.  The water supply was a small pond and was entirely
depleted during Run 5 and it is believed that valid water quality data
for subsurface drainage were not-obtained.
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF THE SPOIL
     The moisture flow model used in this study requires that the
properties of the spoil be known.  The properties include the functional
relationships between hydraulic conductivity and volumetric moisture con
tent and between soil -moisture suction (capillary-pressure head) and
volumetric moisture content.  There are available methods by which these
data can be obtained in the field but laboratory methods were selected
for use in the present study.  One of the most important parameters is
the hydraulic conductivity at the maximum moisture content obtainable
and this parameter was measured in the field.
                                  141

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     Moisture Retention
     The experimental apparatus used to measure the relationship between
 soil-moisture tension and water content is  illustrated in Figure 53.
 Oven dried spoil was placed  in the spoil container at a known bulk density
 and porosity and then vacuum saturated,  The top of the cup containing
 the sample is a removable section equipped with a porous plastic membrane
 (PORVIC) that is pressed into contact with the sample.  When a suction
 Is applied to the membrane by the leveling bottles, water is withdrawn
 from the sample through the  membrane and into the glass tube as indicated
 by the cross-hatching in Figure 53.  Following an incremental increase
 1n suction, accomplished by  adjusting the leveling bottles, the air-water
 Interface advances until the suction in the spoil sample is equal to that
 Indicated by the difference  in elevation of the leveling bottles.  The
 cap of the sample container  is removed and the change in moisture content
 Is determined by weighing the sample.  The equilibration of the suction
 1n the spoil with that imposed on the membrane is made more rapid by
 allowing evaporation from the spoil to occur.  The spoil  in the container
 was exposed to the atmosphere through a fine wire mesh that constitutes
 part of the lateral surface  of the container; thus permitting evaporation
 to occur.
     The experiment was initiated with a saturated sample at a very low
 suction and proceeded to successively larger suctions.  The data are,
 therefore, those obtained on a desaturation or drying cycle.  In the
 field, moisture content changes during both wetting and drying and it is
well known that the relationships between suction and moisture content
 are not the same for both processes.   The moisture-flow model  accomodates
only one function,  however,  and the function during the drying process
                                   142

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                 scale
             wafer
             fitted
            » leveling
               bottles
         spoil
                         wafer
v      ''
\glass
 Ntube
                                                 .air
Figure 53.  Apparatus  for measuring the relationship  between soil
            moisture content and suction.
                              143

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was used throughout,
     The desaturation data for the spoils from the Colorado site are shown
in Figure 54,  The data represent averages from three determinations at
bulk densities that cover the range that existed in the lysimeter instal-
lations.  The solid curve in Figure 54 was calculated by fitting the Su-
Brooks (1975) parametric equation to the data.  The Su-Brooks equation is
where
          PC/P9 • capillary pressure (suction) head,
          PJ/PQ s capillary pressure head at inflection point,
          S     = saturation,
          S     = residual saturation,
           r
          m     = shape factor of the curve
          a     = domain of saturation associated with concave portion
                  of curve,
          b     = domain of saturation associated with convex portion
                  of curve.
The parameters for equation 56 determined from the desaturation data are
a * 0.647 , b = 0.072 , m = 3.34 , Sp = 0.223 , and  p^/pg = 5.0 cm of
water .
     Hydraulic Conductivity
     The Brooks-Corey parametric equation for hydraulic conductivity as
a function of saturation was used (Brooks and Corey, 1964).   This equation
Is
                   S-S,,  2+3X
          K * Ks I      1 *                                      (57)
                                    144

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200 r-
          40
                                  — Average Doto Curve
                                   • Su-Brooks Theory
80      90     100
                     50     60     70

                      SATURATION, %

Figure 54.  Desaturation curve for spoil from the Colorado site.
                         145

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where
          K  = hydraulic conductivity at S,
          KS = hydraulic conductivity at S = 1.0,
          A.  * pore-size distribution index,
and other symbols are as previously defined.  From the theoretical relation-
ship between  m  in equation 56 and  x  in equation 57 (Ayars, 1976),
the parameter  A  was determined to be  0.285 .  Therefore, all that was
required to complete the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and
saturation is  K  ,  The relationships indicated in equations 56 and 57
can be converted to the volumetric water content form by noting that   .
6 * S , where    is porosity and  e  is volumetric water content.
     Values for  KS  were obtained by both laboratory and field determin-
ations.  In the laboratory, a constant head permeameter (Figure 55) was
used to measure  K$  for several bulk densities.  Dry spoil was placed
1n the permeameter and allowed to wet by upward flow.  Thus, the measured
KS  reflects the reduction in hydraulic conductivity attributable to en-
trapped air.  The measured  KS  values ranged from  52 cm/day  at the
largest bulk density to  1700 cm/day  for the smallest bulk density.
Values were also obtained by determining the infiltration rate during
periods of constant surface runoff and assuming this value to be equal
to  K-  .  There are indications, however,  that the values of  K   deter-
     «k                                                          d
mined in this manner were much too large,  probably due to the fact that
capillary pressure gradients remained significant causing the infiltration
rate to be larger than the base intake rate.
                                146

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, 	

	 —
1
	
	
	

— —




^.
X
^
v_



scaie
ptezom
„ tubes
/


UUIIOIUIM IICUU
>*"** inflow tank
V Si
^
efer
f*1
^^
. . permeameter
spoi/ /
SL\ zs

^••Vt^.^
•.< • •';• :«-X--*: '•'•t-'rVi-'-v'-
,. ••.'.'.".•.•• • ;. • f. •;• •••. .- :V. •
•T' '*' '"'*•' — '•'•'•' • ' r?

Figure 55.  A constant head permeameter,
                              147

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                               SECTION  6
                          SEDIMENT  MODELING
BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION OF SOIL  EROSION  PROCESSES
     The process of soil erosion in upland areas is the result of detach-
ment and transport of soil particles downs lope through the action of
raindrop splash and surface runoff.  More than 30 years ago, W. D. Ellison
(1946) recognized the importance of rainfall and runoff as erosive agents
and .emphasized the need of studying them separately.  Interactions of
soil and watershed characteristics and energy sources complicate the
soil erosion process.  Only in recent years have intensified efforts
been undertaken to examine the mechanics of detachment, transport and
deposition of soil debris during storm events.
     Faotore Influencing Soil Detachment
     Detachment of soil particles or aggregates from a soil matrix is
the initial phase of soil erosion.  The energy required for soil detach-
ment may be supplied by raindrop splash, runoff-, the gravitational effect,
find seepage forces (Onstad and Moldenhauer, 1975).  Whether or not a
soil particle is displaced also depends upon its position relative to
surrounding particles.
     As reported by Mutchler and Young (1972), raindrop splash is the
Primary agent in soil detachment that causes soil transport from over-
land flow areas to micro-channels.  Studies by Moldenhauer and Koswara
(1968) indicate that for a constant rainfall intensity, the detachment
of soil particles by raindrop impact is a time-dependent function.  They
report that particle detachment increases rapidly at the beginning of
rainfall, reaches a peak, and then decays in an exponential fashion to
a steady-state rate.
                                    148

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     The concentration of flow in micro-channels as a result of micro-
topography or previous erosion is referred to as rill flow.  Development
of rills by concentrated surface runoff flow is known to be a function
of slope length.  Meyer et al. (1972) indicate that interrill or sheet
erosion due to raindrop impact increases to a nearly constant value at
some distance downslope, while rill erosion increases at a nearly linear
rate.  The cross-sectional shape of rills also determines soil detach-
ment characteristics.  For two micro-channels of equal depth, a rill
with rectangular cross-sectional shape will have a larger area than a
rill with triangular shape.
     In addition to the detachment of soil by raindrop splash and surface
runoff, physical and hydrological properties may significantly affect
soil credibility characteristics.  Grissinger (1972) reports that for
cohesive soils, credibility decreases with increased soil wetting time
because cohesive forces have time to develop and strains produced by
water sorption are dissipated.  To illustrate another example, Onstad
and Moldenhauer (1975) point out-that soil aggregates are usually more
stable when dry, so high rainfall intensities at the beginning of a storr"
may detach less soil than if they occurred at the end of a storm.  Rain-
fall intensity patterns may also affect overland flow peaks and volumes
which in turn alter detachment characteristics.  Protection of the soil
surface from direct raindrop impact by vegetative cover, ground litter>
and stone is still another important factor affecting soil detachment
in upland areas.
     Factors Influencing Soil Transport
   •  With the detachment of soil particles, erosion occurs as the result
of transport by raindrop splash or runoff.  Such factors as the amount
                                   149

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of rain, slope steepness, microtopography, and soil properties determine
the capacity for rainfall to transport soil particles.  Ekern (1953)
reported that the net downslope movement of detached soil due to raindrop
splash is proportional to slope steepness.
     The extent and development of rills in upland areas is a significant
factor in the transport characteristics of detached soil particles.  The
capacity of flowing water to transport soil was shown by Laursen (1958)
to be approximately proportional to the fifth power of velocity.  Studies
by Young   and Wiersma (1973) and Meyer et al. (1972) indicate that rill
flow has a much greater transporting capacity than sheet flow because of
Its runoff concentration.             •
     In the uppermost reaches of a watershed, raindrop splash is the
primary agent for soil detachment and transport at the onset of a rain-
storm.  Here soil erosion is largely dependent upon rainfall energy and
slope gradient if detachment is limiting (Wiscjimeier, 1973).  Soil  par-
ticles detached by raindrop impact are transported in microthin layers
by overland flow and concentrated into rills.  In the lower reaches of
the watershed, the role of runoff as a detaching and transporting agent
becomes increasingly important relative to that of rainfall.  At the*
outlet of the catchment basin, transporting capacity of surface runoff
limits the amount of sediment actually carried out of the watershed.
     Development of Mathematical Models For Erosion Processes
     Spatial and temporal variations in the processes and interactions
of agents governing soil  detachment and transport complicate the process
of soil erosion.  Onstad  and Moldenhauer (1975) point out the need  for
                                  150

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 transforming  a  watershed  into a  framework  wherein  sediment and  hydrologic
 components  can  be simulated.   Recent interests  in  predicting sediment
 yields from watersheds  has  lead  to the formulation of mathematical  models
 which consider  both passive watershed factors such as soil type,  topog-
 raphy, and  vegetative characteristics as well  as erosive agents includ-
 ing raindrop  splash and runoff energy which vary in time and space.  The
 development of  such models  has been highly beneficial as a design tool
 for the control  of sediment losses and prevention  of erosion damage.
      A mathematical  model developed by Negev (1967) considered  processes
.of soil  splash  by raindrop  impact, transport by overland flow,  rilling.
 and gullying, and channel transport of both coarse and fine sediment.
 A framework describing  the  process of soil  erosion by rainfall  and  run-
 off was presented by Meyer  and Wischmeier  (1969).   Coupling theoretical
 considerations  with laboratory flume data,  plot erosion data, and rain-
 fall  simulation erosion rates, their approach to erosion simulation
 emphasized  soil  detachment  and transport by rainfall and runoff.   By
 using the continuity equation for mass transport and a sediment laden -
 flow detachment interrelationship, Foster  and Meyer (1972) developed a
 mathematical model  capable  of describing the erosion process at any
 point in time and at any  location in a watershed.   Their model  considered
 both  sheet  and  rill  erosion source areas of sediment-.
      In this study  the  mathematical model adapted  for predicting water
 and sediment routing  and yield on  mine  spoils is one  developed  by Li  0
 This  numerical  scheme requires less calibration than  other water and se
 ment  routing models  available  today.  With  the lack of available knowl6
                                                                      Li's
 on-the development,  frequency, and cross-sectional  geometry of  rills*
 model  considers  sheet erosion  to  be the main process  in overland
 erosion.
                                    151

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WATER ROUTING MODEL FOR OVERLAND FLOW
     The model used for predicting water routing on -the mine spoil test
plots is one developed by Li (1974).  The water routing for this partic-
ular model is accomplished by a second-order nonlinear scheme developed
to numerically solve the kinematic wave equation.  The equations of
continuity, momentum, and the laws of resistance are used to describe
runoff on an overland flow unit for Reynolds number less than 900.
Herein, the governing equations as described by Li (1974) in the develop-
ment of the numerical scheme for overland flow water routing are present-
ed, with application to the present study.
     Momentum Equation
     The momentum equation for overland flow on a unit width basis may
be expressed as
          c    c    3d   1  19.   1  3  / ql \2                   . cfl .
          sf = so "n"5S at   gd 3* ( d I  ) -                  ( 58 )
where  Sf  is the friction slope, SQ  is the beds! ope, d  is the depth
of flow, x  is the distance downslope, g  is the gravitational  accel-
eration, q  is the discharge per unit bed width, and  t  is the time.
By assuming that the gradients due to local  and convective accelerations
are negligible, and that the water surface slope is nearly equal to the
bed slope, the momentum equation may be simplified and written  in the

                        2
          S - * S  = f --*                                        59
           f    °     8gd3
1n which  f  is the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor.   Equation  59  may
fae- referred to as the kinematic wave representation  for overland flow.
                                     152

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     Continuity  Equation
     The continuity equation for overland  flow is
1n which  qfl   is the lateral  inflov/ rate per length of overland  flow  unit»
           if
equal to the mean rainfall  excess rate,
     Resistance Equations
     For surface runoff on  rigid boundaries, the  Darcy-Weisbach  friction
factor is dependent upon the  depth of flow,  the roughness  of the bound-
ary, the Reynolds number of the flow, and the rainfall intensity.   The
Reynolds number  N   may be written
          "r.a                                                 (en
     For uniform flow over  a  soil  surface, the  downs! ope component of
water weight is balanced by the force due to grain  resistance.  That is,

          YdSQ = -*- fpV2    .                                      (62 )
Here  Y  is the specific weight of water, p   is the density of water,
and  V  is the mean velocity  of water flow.   For overland  flow,  this
grain resistance may be defined as the skin  resistance which acts on
particles forming the bedslope.
     In addition to energy losses due to rigid boundaries, the effect °f
rainfall on flow resistance is a significant factor in shallow,  overland
flow depths.  The impact of raindrops falling on the flow roughens the
water surface and retards the velocity of the overland flow.  Shen and
Li  (1973) have experimentally determined equations for estimating fric-
tion factors for flows as functions of boundary roughness, Reynolds
number, and the raindrop intensity.
                                  153

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     To estimate the grain resistance with and without rainfall  for lam-
inar flows (Nr < 900), the equations are
              K.   K+K i 0-407
and
          f • T                                                 ( 64 )
where  K,  is a parameter which varies with rainfall  intensity, K   is a
constant describing the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor without rainfall,
1   Is the rainfall intensity in inches per hour, and  Kr  is a number
describing the additional energy losses due to rainfall.  Simons et al.
(1975) assumed that grain resistance factors are applicable to friction
factors for rigid boundaries.  Then the grain resistance factor  K '  may
                      »                         •                   "
be estimated from the friction factor - Reynolds number - relative rough
ness relation commonly found in fluid mechanics textbooks (for example,
Chow, 1959, p. 11).
     Unit Disoharae and Flow Depth Relation
     For overland flow processes, the depth of flow may be expressed as
a power function of the unit discharge (Lighthill and Whitham, 1955).
That is,
          .d - aq6                                                (65 )
1n which  a  and  B  are coefficients which depend upon the roughness of
the overland flow unit.  For Reynolds number less than 900, the value of
B is 1/3.
     Using the Darcy-Weisbach  friction factor, the value of  a  may be
determined by substituting equations  61  and 62  into equation  59 and
comparing with equation  65 .  This results in

                         )1/3     '      -------                   <66 >
                                  154

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     Numerical Model
     The second-order nonlinear scheme  developed  by Li to solve the
kinematic wave  equation numerically may be  used to obtain solutions
to the cases of time-variant inflows  and varying  roughness.. A linear
scheme developed by Li is used  to  provide first approximations of flow
conditions which are then refined  by  the nonlinear scheme.
     Equation  60   may be expressed  in finite-difference form as
n+1
n+l    .n+1   .n

                                  1  .     '
                                            +  q
              AX            At              c.
in which  q?  is the quantity  q  at grid  point   x  =  JAX,  t  =  nAt, and
           v
Ax  and  At  are space and time increments,  respectively.  The unknowns
in Equation .  67   are  qj^  and
     From Equation  60' , finite difference forms may be represented  as
and
                                                                 (69)
Substituting Equations   68   and   69   into Equation ; 67    and
rearranging yields
 where  the  right-hand  side of the equation contains known quantities
 Li's use of  a  Taylor  Series expansion provides solutions to this
 nonlinear  scheme.
                                 155

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     The term   r  in Equation  60   may be written as
              3 t
          3t  ~ 3q
In addition,

         '£"WM                                          <
from Equation  65 .  Substituting Equations  7.1   and   72    into
 60   results in
              -".*                                  (73)
Expressing Equation   73   in finite-difference form and rearranging,
                            o"   + Qntl 6-1
      ntl   i^1 .^L8
                         At ,   -/M3+l   HJ  / '                ,7A  x
                         —-•I-  aSl-*	o——)                   \74  )
                         AX     ^     2     '                   x     '

     This equation provides the  initial estimate  for  the nonlinear
scheme.  For details concerning the stabilityand  convergence of the
numerical scheme for water routing, the reader  is  referred to Li  (1974)^
or.Li et al. (1975).
SEDIMENT ROUTING FOR OVERLAND FLOW
     Continuity Equation For  Sediment
     The sediment continuity equation for overland flow may be expressed
as
where
               3Csd   37
               -    +      0                                   (75)
                                                             <76>
a-nd  g    is the sediment  transport rate,  C    is the sediment  concentra-
     5                                 S
tion by  volume, and  z is the net depth  of  loose soil.

                              156

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     The total sediment load in transport may be divided into a wash
load and a bed-material load.  For the present study, it is assumed  that
the wash load consists of those particles with diameter smaller than
0.062 mm, the division point between sand and silt (Simons, 1975*).  Par-
ticles greater than  0.062 mm  diameter are regarded as bed-material load.
For these two sediment categories, the continuity equation can be divided
into two parts,
          ag.   ac.d   az.
          ax
and
                                                                 <">
          Dg ,   DC d   az(
            w . _ w_ .  _
          3x     at    at
where  g^  and  gw  are respectively the bed-material load and the wash
load transport rates, Cb  and  GW  are respectively the concentrations
of suspended bed-material load and of suspended wash load, and  zb  and
z..  are respectively depths of loose soil for the bed-material load size
 W
and wash load size.  In addition,
          9  * 9+ 9      • '                  '                 (79)
          Cb = q      •                                          (80)

          Cw = ir     '                                          (81.)
and
          z = zb + zw     •                                       (82
     Sediment Transport Equations
     The sediment transporting capacity of a  given flow is  determined
a sediment transport equation.  Typically, the rate of transport cc
of a bed load transport rate and a suspended  load  transport rate.  The
      Simons, D.  B.,  1975, personal  communication,  November.
                                   157

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 former represents the  capability of the flow to  transport entrained
 particles close to the bed of the overland  flow  unit.  Such sediment
 motion occurs as rolling, sliding, or sometimes  saltating.   Suspended
 load transport rate describes the capability of  the flow to transport
 secjiment particles in  suspension for an appreciable length of time.
     The bed load discharge for both bed-material and wash load  size
 sediments was fit to the function

          ib'Brz                                           (83)
 where  q.   is the bed  load transport rate,  T  is the boundary shear
 stress, and  0.   and  S2  are constants.
     The boundary shear stress is defined as
          T = YdS0                                             ( 84 )
 in which  d  is determined by the kinematic wave approximation described
 Previously.
     As reported by Einstein in 1950, the concentration profile  for
 sediment transported in the suspended load  is

         ^•(T1^)"                                    (85>
           d
                                                 /
where  C    is  the sediment  concentration at the  distance  5  from the
bed,  C    is the  known concentration at the distance   a  above the bed,
     a
d  Is the total  depth of flow,  and  u- is a parameter defined as

         • •Ac      •                                      (86)
     V  is the settling velocity of the sediment particle and  U* is
   shear velocity of the flow.
                                 158

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     For overland flow conditions,  a  logarithmic  velocity  profile is
assumed, which takes the form

          -^= B + 2.5 in (  £-)                      "           (87)
where  U   is the point mean velocity at a  distance   £   from  the bed,
U*  is the shear velocity of flow defined as   /T/P  ,  B   is a  constant
dependent on roughness, and   n   is the roughness height.
     The integral of suspended load above a distance  a  in the flow may
be written as
               d
          qs - / U.C de      .                                  (..88).
               a  * *
Substituting in expressions  for  U_  and C.   yields

          q$ = CaU, / [B + 2.5 *n ( £- )] ( ^ -fe T 
-------
 Then,  using  equation 4.13,
            -»  B  + 2.5  Jin  (   - )  -  2.5                            ( 93  )
           u*                "s
      The two integrals  in  equation   &7   were  defined  by  Einstein  (1950)
           J,  - / ( ^ )W dr                                     ( 94  )
            1    G    r
 and
                1  i  .
           Oo  = / ( *ir )u ™r  dr                                  ( 95  )
            ^    G    r
 These integrals cannot be integrated  in  closed  form  for most  values of
 u  so a numerical  scheme is  necessary.   Li  (1974)  has  developed  an
 efficient method for determining   J,   and   02   which is used  in  the
 current investigation.
      Substituting  equations  91 .",  92  ,  93  , and  95  into equation  90
 results in the expression
                                 + 2,5) J  + 2.5 J]     .       ( 96
     Values of  G ,  V ,  and  U*  are determined by the water routing
procedure and  q.   is computed from equation 83 .   By letting

                       -K TJ-+ 2.5) J,  +2.5 J2]               ('9?)
                     G)W    U*         l         Z
and by combining the bed load and suspended load discharges, the total
rate of sediment transport per unit width may be written
          9C = qb [1 + G"]                                         (98-)
                                    160

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     Equations For Sediment Supply
     The supply of sediment for overland flow units depends upon the
amounts of soil detached by raindrop impact and overland flow 'erosion,
For sediment modeling on the mine spoil test plots, these two detachment
components were considered in the routing process.
     The detachment of soil particles from an eroding bed surface due to
raindrop impact is known to be related to the rainfall intensity of a
particular storm.  A number .of.past studies (Wischmeier and Smith, 1958;
Bubezer and Jones, 1971, and Meyer and Wischmeier, 1969) have indicated
that soil detachment is proportional to the square of rainfall  intensity.
     Simons et al. (1975) assumed that raindrop impact has a potential
rate of soil detachment equal to
          D. = a3ir3(l - z/zm)      . 1fz<.zB.                (99)

If  z > zm , then  Oi = 0 .                     _                (100 )

D.  represents the potential rate^)f soil detachment in units of depth
per unit time, a^  and  b.,  are coefficients dependent upon soil erod-
ibility and  z   is the equivalent maximum penetration depth of raindrop
Impact on the soil layer.  New amounts of loose spoil material  available
for transport at  t+At  may be written as
          zb(t+At) = zb(t) + FbD.At                              (101 )
and
          zw(t+At) = zw(t) + FwD.At    .'.                        (102)
Here  zb(t)  and  zw(t)  are, respectively, the amounts of loose bed-
material load soil and wash load soil  available for transport at time  fc '
and  Fb  and  FW  arc the respective percentages of bed-material load
size and wash load size in a typical spoils sample.
                                    161

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     By comparing the available amount  of  loose  soil and the  sediment
transporting capacity of the flow,  the  amount of soil detachment by
overland flow surface runoff can be determined.   For sediment routing,
Simons et al. (1975)  assumed that due to the armoring effect  of larger
size sediments,  wash  load size sediment is not detached unless some
bed-material has been detached by overland flow.  The potential change
in loose soil storage for bed-material  load size  AzP   is  found by sub-
stituting the bed-material load transporting capacity   g   given by
equation  98  into the bed-material load transport rate  g.   given by
equation 77  .  Then,
           zg.^At     .                                    (103)
For the case where  AzP >. -zfa , the loose  soil storage  is  enough for
transport and no detachment of spoil material  is expected,   If
AzP < -z.  ,  soil is detached, and the amount of  detachment is assumed to
  0     D
be
           b   -f
          D  = -DUz  + z)     _                                (104
where  Db  is the amount of detached bed-material  soil, and  Df   is a
c°nstant depending on soil  credibility.
     New amounts of loose soil  available  for  transport at time  t+At
are then
          zb(t+At) = zb(t)  + Db                                  (105)
and
          zw(t+At) = zw(t)  + DbyFb     .                        (106)
                                    162

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               Scheme For Sediment Routing
     By coupling the equations governing sediment motion with the water
routing procedure described  previously   ,  Simons et al .  (1975)  have
developed a numerical scheme for bed-material  load and wash load  sediment
routing.  In figure 56 , a flow chart of their model  is given.  The
following is a description of their procedure  for wash load routing.
For either size sediment, the numerical scheme is similar.
     The potential change in loose storage for wash load size sediment
may be written
            P _ /rtn+l   rp _n+lx at   rp .n+1 .  rn    .n
            w - <9W   - Cw 9jH> A£ - Cw Vl + Cw    dj-H
In which       9c    
     The v;ash load availability is greater than the transporting capacity
of the flow if  Azf, > -z,, .   Hence, the wash load transport rate is equa^
                  W """*-   W
to the transporting capacity or
                -C            -                                 (109)
with the change in  z   equal to
                     W
                  P     .                                        (no)
     If  AZ  < -z.. , the availability of wash load is less than the
           W     W
transporting capacity.  For this case, the availability of soil limits
the amount of wash load actually transported.  Therefore, the wash
concentration is
                                  163

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/
Geometry
Data
/
Soil
Data
/ Flow
[ Resistance
1 Data
/ Sediment
Routing
| Data
\ \ \ \
                         f     Plot
                         ( Characteristics
                         \^    Data
            Rainfall
              Data
                                       N
                                       )
(infiltration)
                        Soil
                   Detachment by
                       Raindrop
                        Impact
                                                          Loose Soil
                                                           Storage
  Overland
    Flow
   Water
  Rmitin<]
    Water
  Hydrograph
                 f    Soil
                 Y Detachment by
                 \     Overlajid
                 \^   Flow
/Red-Material
\Load Routing
    Water
    Yield
Loose Soil
 Storage
Wash Load
 Routing
     Bed-
   Material
     Load
  Hydrograph
                                        Total
                                       Sediment
                                        Yield
  Figure 56.   Flow Chart for Water and Sediment Routing Model
                                                         Wash Load
                                                         Hydrograph
                                  164

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                        n   .n   .  _n+l At
  „
and
Thus, the wash load transport rate is determined by equation 81   and
                             •                                   (113)
MODEL VERIFICATION AND APPLICATION
     From the mathematical models developed by Li (1974) and Simons et
al. (1975), a computer program was adopted for simulating water and
sediment hydrographs for experiments performed at the Colorado   test
site.  In the appendix, a listing of the computer program is given.  A
description of input data, model calibration, test results, and applica-
tion of the proposed model for predicting surface runoff and sediment
production follows.
     Input Data
     Data input for the proposed "model include plot characteristics
information, and rainfall or runoff excess information.  Included in
plot characteristics data are geometry and spoil material data, a flow
resistance descriptor, and sediment routing parameters, all of which are
assumed to be time-invariant.  In Table 27,, a listing of the input data
required for the v/ater and. sediment routing model is given.  For the
mathematical model, surface runoff and sediment routing are generated
from a given rainstorm or  runoff  event, with the assumption of known
rates of infiltration during the event.
                                   165

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Table 27 . I
Data Type
Plot data



Runoff event data

nput data required for the simulation
Definition
Slope length
Bed slope
Mean wjjsh load size
Particle size distribution
Rainfall intensity
Infiltration rate
model .
Symbol
L
So
dsw
Fb,w
• V
f1
Flow resistance
 parameters
Sediment routing
 parameters
Constant representing grain resis-
 tance without rainfall  for Nr<900     K

Constant describing additional  resis-
 tance to flow due to raindrop impact  K

Coefficient in sediment transport
 equation                              B*

Exponent in sediment transport
 equation                              B,

Detachment coefficient of runoff       D^

Coefficient in raindrop soil
 detachment equation                   a.

Exponent in raindrop soil detachment
 equation                              b

Maximum depth to which a raindrop can
 penetrate the soil layer              D
    Table 28 .  Summary of experimental plot dimensions and
                percentages of bed-material  load size sediment
                at the Edna Mine field site.
    Plot Slope   Length        Area
       (%)      (meters)  (square meters)
                     Percentage of bed-
                     material load size
                     sediment for plot
                            (*)
1
3
5
7
9.85
9.94
9.62
9.54
36.97
39.66
39.63
• 36.91
25.3
31.1
32,5
34.2
                             166

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     For the proposed model, the respective percentages of bed-material
load size and wash load size sediments in a typical soil sample are
required.  From the analysis of four surface samples taken from quadrants
on each of the test plots, the percentage of bed-material load size in
the spoil material was computed.  The soil samples were wet sieved for
determining the percentage of material coarser than the  0.062 mm
diameter size.  The results of the analysis are given in Table 28 ,
which indicate similar particle size distributions among the test plots.
Also shown in the table are dimensions of the experimental plots.
     For routing of a runoff excess event, the parameter  K   used to
describe grain resistance without rainfall was taken to be  45 , the
value given for flow  in rough channels (see Chow, 1959, p. 11).  In
the routing of rainfall excess, a value of  27  was selected for the
coefficient  K   used to describe the added friction resulting from ral"*
fall.   This is the value reported by Shen and Li  (1973) for raindrops
with terminal  velocities.   The parameter  D  , a  measure of the maximum
depth to which a raindrop can penetrate the soil  layer, was assumed to
have a value of  0.03 meter .
     The sediment transport equation given by equation 98   describes *"
sediment transporting capacity of a given flow for either bed-material
load or wash load sediments.  As previously mentioned, the amount of
sediment transported in the suspended load is dependent upon the param-
eter of suspension  u  described by equation  86 .  According to Li (**
flows with  u  greater than  5.5  can transport little or no sediment
suspension.  In addition,  Li (1974) indicates that for the condition
                                                                    itn^f,
wherein the parameter  G (the ratio of twice the  size of the mean
                                 167

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particle in transport to the average flow depth) is greater than  0.9 *
no appreciable transport of sediment in suspension will  occur.   As
evidenced by high fall velocities for bed-material load size sediment,
shallow flow depths, and small shear velocities for overland flow, the
transport of bed-material in suspension was assumed to be negligible.
Hence, the equation of sediment transport for bed-material load reduces
to
c • BJ
          g  • BT 2      -                                      (114)
-The constants   3,  and  (Jp   in equations 114 and 98   describing sediment
 transport  for bed-material and wash load sediments, respectively, require
 calibration.
      In equation   99  , the parameters  a-  and  b3  describe the potential
 soil  detachment rate  by raindrop impact.  As discussed previously,
 studies have indicated that  the detachment of soil by raindrop impact is
 proportional to the square of rainfall intensity.  Hence, a value of  fa-
 equal to   2.0   was assumed for the given study.  Simons et al. (1975)
 Indicate that the value of   a^  is dependent upon soil erodibility and
 1s related to wash load sediment yield.  A calibration procedure was
 used  to estimate this parameter.  The amount of soil detached by surface
 runoff is  determined  by the  detachment coefficient  Df .  The value of
 &f  was also determined by calibration.
      Model Calibration
      The purpose of calibrating a mathematical model is to determine
 model parameters which correctly simulate system responses.  Model param-
 eters are  selected in a manner which allows the model to perform as well
                                    168

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as possible within constraints imposed by physical conditions and field
measurements (Simons and Li, 1976).  Optimization is one means by which
model parameters can be calibrated.  For the proposed mathematical model*
parameters were estimated for sediment transport functions (equations
98   and 114) and coefficients describing soil credibility due to rain-
fall (equation  99 ) and runoff (equation 104  ).
     The manner in which the estimation of parameters was made for the
simulation model is shov/n below.
     1.   Using regression analysis, determine parameters  3,  and  0? '
          which describe sediment transporting capacity for bed-material
          and wash load sediments.
     2.   Set the rainfall detachment coefficient equal to zero.  Cali-
          brate the surface runoff detachment coefficient  Df  by adjust-
          ing its value to make the computed bed-material load equal to
          the measured bed-material load.
     3.   With the value of  Of  determined in step 2, calibrate  a3  W
          adjusting its value to make the computed wash load equal to ,the
          measured wash load.
     To determine the constants  B,  and  32  for the equations of sedi-
ment transport, a procedure suggested by Li was utilized.  This method
assumes that no change occurs in the bedslope when the flow just reaches
equilibrium.  From equations 114  and 98 , total rates of sediment trans'
port for wash load and bed-material load sediment may be expressed as
                  3?   _                                     '         .
          9C = BJT '(1+G)                                        (.98 )
and
                  0
          gc • BJT                                               (114)
respectively.
                                169

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      Here   g    was  measured  at  the  beginning  of  runoff during experiroenta-
            (*
 tion, and   T   and   H  were determined  in  the  following manner.
      The unit  width discharge at  the end  of a test  plot  q    is
           qp = qJLL                                                015)
 when the flow  reaches  equilibrium.
      The depth of  flow at  the end of a test plot d  can be  found  by
 rearranging the approximate  momentum equation (equation  59 )  for  overland
 flow.  This results in

           dP - 1/3      •                                <116>

 In addition, the average flow velocity at the  end of a test plot  V
                                                                   P
 can  be  determined by
By knowing values of  d   and  V  , T  and  G  may be computed from
equations  84  and  97 , respectively.
     From data collected at the beginning of the 1976 field experiments
performed under simulated rainfall, a least squares regression was run
for the function

          Y = ajX*2                                              (us)
used to describe bed-material  load transport (equation 114).   Here  Y
and  X  are the dependent and  independent variables,  respectively, and
«j  and  dp  are regression coefficients.
     For wash load sediment, a nonlinear regression analysis  was  run for
the function
                                    170

-------
          Y = ajX *(1+Z)                                         (119)
in which  Z  is an independent variable representing  G  in equation 97
     Results of the regression analyses run for bed-material load and
wash load sediments are summarized in Table 29 .  The magnitude of the
exponent  a2  in equation 114 compares favorably with the relation sug-
gested by DuBoys (1879), in which the rate of sediment transport is said
to be a function of the shear stress squared.  The exponent in equation
98   falls within the range of  1.5  to ' 1.8  , values of the exponent
reported by the U. S. Waterways and Experiment Station (1935) for sand
mixtures of  0.025 < d < 0.560 mm .
     Table  29 .  Summary of regression results for sediment transport
                 equations.
Sediment
Transport
Equation
Eq. 6.1
Eq. 4.34
Correlation
Coefficient
0.997
0.978
Estimate Coefficients
al a2
0.01714 2.005
0.000121 1.601
     The collection of sediment runoff data from experiments performed
with and without simulated rainfall offered a unique opportunity for
calibrating the coefficients describing soil detachment by rainfall &n
runoff.  With the calibrated sediment transport equations, the surface
runoff detachment coefficient  Df  was estimated from the* overland f1ov/
                                                                        t
runoff data collected during 1975, and the rainfall detachment coeffic'
a3  was calibrated from simulated rainfall experiments performed in 1^'
     As mentioned  previously  , it is assumed that the erosion of bed*
                                                                     /iff'
material is the primary concern for detachment of  soil by surface runo*
                                171

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 Surface runoff was  the  primary sediment  detaching  agent  in  overland  flow
 experiments  performed during  1975.   Hence,  the  calibration  of  the runoff
 detachment coefficient   Df was based  upon  bed-material  sediment data
 collected during  the  1975  runs.   In  that no bed-material  sediment was
 reported for runs 3 and 5, runoff data from these  experiments  were not
 Included in  the calibration procedure.  The estimation of the  coefficient
 D^  was determined  by using a simple optimization  scheme.   The objective
 function minimized  was  the sum of squares of logarithmic  deviations,
 defined as
           F  = E   [in R.e-*n  R.°]2     ,                          (120)
               1=1      1       1
 Here  F  is  the objective  function to  be minimized,  N  is the  number of
 observations, R^  is the  estimated  bed-material sediment yield utilizing
 the  mathematical  model  for the ith experiment,  and   R.°   is the measured
                                         «            i
 bed-material  sediment yield for  the  ith  experiment.  The  optimization
 search  was initiated by assuming  a particular value  of  Df  .   Computer
 simulations  of runs 6 through  13-were  then made, to  obtain  computed  bed-
        •
 material  sediment yields.  Using  equation 120, a value for  the objective
 function   F   was  determined by comparing measured and simulated bed-
 material  sediment yields.  A new  value of  Df  was assumed, and the pro-
 cedure  to  evaluate the  objective  function was repeated.  Through succes-
 sive searches, a minimum value of  F  was computed, corresponding to the
 optimal runoff detachment coefficient  Df .   The results of the calibra-
 tion based upon bed-material sediment data collected during 1975 indicate
 a value of  Df  equal  to  0.0031  .
   -  The rainfall detachment coefficient   a-j  v/as estimated from experi-
"'ental data collected  during runs 14  through 19.  In these simulated
                                  172

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rainfall experiments, both rainfall and  runoff were  sediment  detaching
agents.  The estimation of the coefficient   a-j  was  made  by  including
runoff as a detaching agent  in the  numerical  computations.  As  the  rain-
fall detachment coefficient  is primarily related  to  wash  load sediment
yield, the objective function minimized  to  determine its  value  was

          F = I    (in R.e-£n R.°]2                                (121 )
              1=1
Here  R.e  and  R.°  represent total  amounts of  simulated and measured
wash load sediment for  the ith experiment respectively.   Following  the
same format as discussed  in  the  estimation  of D^ ,  a trial  and error
solution was used  to calibrate   a^  .   Based upon  the 1976 field data,
the estimated value of  the rainfall detachment coefficient v/as 0.000044.
     Test Results
     The numerical scheme for computing  water and sediment routing  was
based upon a time  increment  At  equal to 1  minute arid space  increment
AX  equal to 0.3048 meter.   For  simulating  overland  flow  runoff events, a
runoff excess was  routed with the assumption  of a known runoff  event.
In  the simulation  of a runoff event resulting from a  given rainstorm, a
rainfall excess was routed.  Data necessary  for adequately establishing
rates of infiltration during a particular rainfall or overland  flow run-
off experiment were not readily  available .   For  periods of steady-state
                   ......
runoff during  experimental  runs,  constant rates of infiltration  were assud6
The mean rainfall  or runoff excess  rate was  then  computed  as the different6
between the  average water  application  rate and the constant  infiltration
rate per length  of overland flow  unit. Without available  information to
describe changes  in soil moisture depletion  during the first several minute
of a particular  experiment, it was  necessary to assume that the  beginning
time of a simulated rainfall  or runoff event corresponded  to the 1nitiati°n
                                 173

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 of runoff reported in the field measurements.   This assumption allowed
 for the correct simulation of the rising hydrograph limb in the experimental
 data.  With the construction of simulated runoff hydrographs based upon
 measured runoff data, evaluation of the degree of accuracy between measured
 and simulated bed-material load and wash load  discharges was made.
      Comparison of simulated and measured results for bed load discharges
 was not good.  In most cases, the sediment model  over-predicted the bed
 load discharge.   Agreement between the calculated and measured wash load
 discharges for the conditions of simulated rainfall  (experiments 14 through
•19) was considered good.   Figures 57 and 58 show the typical  comparisons
 obtained for the experiments under simulated rainfall.   It was concluded
 that the model  is capable of simulating wash load discharge rates to the
 ±39 percent (average error was much smaller) but larger  errors should be
 expected in calculated bed load discharges.
      The largest difference between simulated  and measured results are  to
 be expected when discharges are compared.   Integration of sediment dis-
 charges over time to obtain sediment yields  smooths  both the  simulated
 and measured results.   Figures 59 and 60 show  comparisons between the
 calculated and  measured sediment yields,  separated into  wash  load yield
 and bed load yield,  respectively.   The two data  points that fall  well off
 the line in Figure 59 are both from the plot with a  156   surface  slope.
 It is believed  that,  for  this small  slope,  processes  of  aggradation  and
 degradation periodically  resulted in a nearly  level  bedslope;  a  condition
 for which the model  does  not apply.   As expected,  the agreement  between
 the measured and calculated bed  load yield was not as good  as  for the
 wash load,  although  the agreement in Figure 60 is  considered satisfactory.
                                    174

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                 Measured  Simulated
      Bed-mqtcrial —-o- —
         Load
                        40         60

                         Time,, minutes
                                                80
100
Figure  57  .  Comparison of simulated and measured sediment
             discharges for run  15.
Figure 58
                                    60

                         Time, minutes
             Comparison of simulated and measured sediment
             discharges for run 10.
                                                          too
                          175

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0.01
   0.0
     Figure  59
    O.I                1.0               10.0
Measured  Bed-material Load  Sediment  Yield, kg

 Comparison of measured and simulated bed-material sediment
 yields.
100.0

-------
lO.Oc
o.ot
   O.Oi
Figure  60
        O.I                1.0               10.0

        Measured  Wash  Load Sediment  Yield, kg
                                                    t

Comparison of measured  and simulated wash load sediment yields.
100.0

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SPOIL ERODIBILITY
     One of the useful means for describing the credibility of a given
soil 1s the  K  factor 1n the Universal Soil Loss Equation,  Determining
the credibility characteristics of a soil can be a beneficial tool in
developing sound conservation practices for agricultural land and areas
disturbed by construction and mining activities.  Herein the credibility
factor is evaluated for spoil materials on the Edna Mine in the Yampa
Coal Field of Routt County, Colorado.  Based upon experimental data col-
lected from simulated rainfall events on test plots, the soil credibility
factor was computed from
          K = A/(R(LS)CP)
where
          K  e soil credibility factor, in tons per acre per unit of R
               for a specific soil and standard conditions,
          A  * measured soil loss in tons per acre,
                                              «•
          R  = rainfall factor,
          LS = topographic factor,
          C  » cropping-management factor,
          P  = conservation practice factor.
     In that no special management or conservation practices were employed
on the test plots during experimentation, the product of  C  and  P  In
the equation above were assumed to be equal to  1.0 .  The value of  R
was computed as the product of the kinetic energy in hundreds of foot-
tons per acre, times the maximum 30-m1nute intensity, 1n inches per hour.
Hence, for a given experimental run on a test plot,
1n which
                                  178

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          T  = duration time of a simulated event in hours,
          KE = kinetic energy in hundreds of foot-tons per acre,
          1  = rainfall intensity, in inches per hour,
          S  = energy associated with a simulated rainfall event as com-
               pared to the energy of a natural rainstorm of comparable
               size, expressed as a percent.
     At intensities of  1,44  and  2,26  inches per hour, the rainfall
simulator used in the investigation provided about 44 and 39 percent of
the kinetic energy associated with natural rainstorms of comparable size.
respectively.
     The experimental site consisted of test plots with average bed slope*
of 1 and 7 percent, and approximately 13 feet wide and 30 feet long.  The
topographic factor in the equation K = A/(R(LS)CP) was based upon these
plot dimensions and slope gradients.  Values of LS were computed from
Wlschmeier's slope effect chart (Wischmeier and Smith, 1965),
     For six experimental  runs performed under Simulated rainfall, test
plot surfaces consisted of freshL dry spoil material.  In Table 30 a
summary of the experimental data collected is presented.  The computed
credibility factor for each experiment is shown in the table.  Results
of the analysis for computing the K factor in the Universal Soil Loss
Equation indicate a wide range in values, from  0.08  in run 14 to  0.46
In run 19.  By averaging the K values calculated in the six runs, a mean
value for describing the erodibility of the spoil  materials tested was
determined.   An average value of K equal  to  0.20  was computed.
     From hundreds of plot years of data  collected from agricultural soi15
east of the Rocky Mountains, values of the credibility factor range froin
about  0.03  to  0.7  with an average of  approximately  0,30,  Data
                                   179

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00
o
                                                      Table 30

                            Summary of Experimental Field Data Collected Under Simulated
                          Rainfall and Computed Terms in the Universal Soil Loss Equation
Simulated Time
Run Rainfall of
No. Intensity Duration
(inches/hour) (hour)
14
15
16
17
18
19
2.26
1.44
2.26
2.26
2.26
1.44
0.900
1.033
0.833
0.767
0.850
1.067
Kinetic
Energy
(hundreds
of foot-tor
per acre)
400
427
400
400
' 400
427
Computed Terms in Universal Soil Loss Equation
R A
(rainfall (soil loss
is factor) factor)
18.4
9.14
17.0
15.7
17.4
9.44
0.706
0.531
1.036
0.960
0.396
0.335
LS
(topographic
factor)
0.460
0.460
0.460
0.460
0.077
0,077
K
( credibility
factor)
0.08
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.30
0.46

-------
analyzed in the current investigation would suggest that the particular-
spoil banks at the Edna Mine have a relatively low potential for erosion.
The computed K factor of  0.20  determined in this analysis should be
used with caution, subject to the following assumptions.
     1.   The Universal Soil Loss Equation, developed for computing
          annual  soil losses, is valid for specific rainfall events.
     2.   Data collected under simulated rainfall  can be used to describe
          expected sediment responses from natural rainfall events.
     3.   The Universal Soil Loss Equation as based upon data collected
          on agricultural  lands in the Eastern United States, can be
          extended to include soils and rock fragments disturbed by sur-
          face mining,
     4.   The cropping  management and the conservation practice factors
          are assumed to be equal  to  1.0 .
                                 181

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                               SECTION 7
                         WATER QUALITY MODELING
     The water quality model used in this study consists of both water
flow and chemical calculations.  The model is presented in terms of the
four major components: flow in the partially saturated zone, flow in the
saturated zone, the chemistry, and dissolved solids transport.  As stated
1n the introduction, the model is composed by adapting and modifying
components originally developed for other purposes.  Much of the original
work was accomplished by Dutt et al,  (1972), Ayars (1976) and Eckhardt
(1976).  It is necessary to present a somewhat abbreviated discussion of
the model in the interest of keeping this already long report within
reasonable bounds.  The computer program listings for the model are
Included as appendices.
FLOW IN THE PARTIALLY SATURATED ZONE
     Water which enters the spoil material via infiltration percolates
Into the subsurface at pressures less than atmospheric pressure.  Typically,
the spoil will remain less than fully saturated between the surface of
the spoil and the water table (except for a small zone immediately above
the water table).  In this report, the region between the surface and
the water table is referred to as the partially saturated zone.
     Mathematical Basis
     A volumetric-moisture content form of the Richard's (1931) equation
forms the starting place for calculating the flow in  the partially satur-
ated zone:
                        ||- K(e)} -  S     ^                     (122)
                                  182

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 where   6   is  the volumetric moisture content, D(9)  is the diffusivity as
 a  function of  9  , K   is hydraulic conductivity as a function of  e  , z
 is the  vertical space  coordinate and  S  is a sink term that is used to
 simulate  the  processes of evaporation and transpiration.
     The  finite difference form of equation 122 used in the model Is
      1   1-1
               • DJ:* (ej
                                                                 (123)
where the superscript i denotes the time step and the subscript j denotes
the depth increment.  For example, 0!    denotes the volumetric moisture
                                    j
content at time step 1+1 and depth j.  The finite-difference approximation
Is backwards in time, meaning that moisture contents from the previous
time step are used to calculate values for the present time.
     When the algebraic equation 123 is applied to each grid point in the
system and the boundary condition's are introduced, a system of  n  equa-
tions 1n  n  unknowns if formed.  An implicit solution method (Richtmyer.
1957) is used to solve for the  n  unknowns.
     Boundary and Initial Conditions
     Boundary conditions at the ground surface and at any arbitrary depth
below the ground surface must be specified.  Three conditions at the
ground surface can be simulated.  These are infiltration, evaporation,
and zero flux.  Infiltration is simulated by specifying a constant moistur
content, equal to the maximum e obtainable, at the surface.   This condi^0
corresponds to the physical  condition of infiltration from very shallow
ponded water on the surface as occurs during overland flow.   Evaporation
                                    183

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 is simulated by specifying the evaporation rate and setting  the sink term
 in the first grid below the surface equal  to the evaporation rate.   Thus,
 evaporation is not computed as the  result  of an imposed  evaporative poten-
 tial  at the surface and the resulting  upward flow in response to that
 potential.   Simulating  the evaporation by  use of the sink term must be
 estimated by independent means.   This  is not a great disadvantage,  however,
 because evaporation and transpiration  are  usually combined into a single
 quantity and calculated by independent formulas.   The user can specify a
 distribution of uptake  from different  levels in the root zone by assigning
                        .-""*-'*.*i
.different values for the sink  S  at  different levels.
      Two lower boundary conditions  are provided for 1n the model.   A con-
 stant value of  a  at any depth  can be specified.   If a  value of e  equal
 to the porosity is  specified at  a particular depth,  the  condition of a
 water table at that depth is simulated.  This is  true because the relation-
 ship  between soil-moisture suction  and e   used in  the model  requires that
 the suction be zero when  9  is  equal  to the porosity.   The  water table
 1s defined  as  the surface on whioh  the suction  is zero.  When the water
 table is  a  great distance below  the  ground  surface,  the  model  predicts
 that  there  is  a  region,  extending from the  water  table to  within  about
 2-3 m  from the  surface,  that  acts  only as  a  transmission  zone.   In  this
 transmission zone,  the moisture  content is  practically constant and  so
 1s the  dissolved  solids  in the soil  solution.  A great deal  of computer
 time  can  be  saved by  not  carrying out  the computations in  this zone,  there-
 fore.   This  is accomplished  by specifying a unit gradient at a depth of
 2-3 m   and calculating the discharge and water quality at that depth.  The
 calculated discharge and water quality are  simply used as inputs to the
 saturated zone below the water table.  Use of a unit gradient at a
                                  184

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particular depth does not imply either constant flux of soil solution nor
constant moisture content.
     The initial condition must be specified in terms of a water content
distribution with depth of the spoil material.  The initial water-content
distribution is arbitrary and can be uniform or nonuniform.
     Hydraulic Properties
     The functional relationships  D(e)  and  K(e)  are required for
operation of the model.  The diffusivity  D(e)  1s defined by
                       dPr/pg
          D(e) * -K(e) -|f—                                    (124)
where  K  is hydraulic conductivity and  P./pg  is capillary-pressure
                                          c
head.  The functions  K(e)  and  P_/pg(e)  have been discussed previously
                                  C
and are given by equations 56 and 57.  Combining equations 56, 57, and
124 yields (Ayars, 1976),
                            2+3X mp                  .
                       1    ~T	 m"<    1m"11
                             x
                        -  *   ""0       bm     6-9..   u
                 [(e-er)          (9s-e)a  ][(_t)£+i].     (125)
where  9   is the maximum  volumetric water content, .8   1s the residual
water content, and other terms are as previously defined.
     The value of diffusivity  D.+v,  used in the difference equation  co?
responds to a value at a point midway between adjacent nodes.   This aver
age value is computed from
                         g
                    1    ^*1  D(e)de                             (.126)
1n which equation 125 is used.

                                  185

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 FLOW IN  THE  SATURATED ZONE
      Flow in either  confined  or  unconfined aquifers  is  simulated.  Pro-
 vision is made  for leaky  conditions  and  hydraulic connection  (as saturated
 flow)  between the aquifer (or aquifers)  and  lakes, streams, or other
 surface  water bodies.  The  hydrologic and geologic parameters that define
 an  area  are  incorporated  and  each parameter  can vary  in time and space.
 Variables and parameters  considered  include  recharge  by irrigation or
 precipitation,  recharge from  surface water bodies, withdrawals by pumps
 or  phreatophytes; and  hydro-geologic parameters of hydraulic conductivity,
 storage  coefficient,  specific yield, and the distributions of bedrock,
 ground surface  and water  table elevations.
     Mathematical Basis
     The  nonlinear partial differential  equation for transient,  two-dimen-
 sional flow in a saturated porous medium can be derived from the water
mass continuity equation and Darcy's law and may be written as:
where
          K   = hydraulic conductivity (L/T),
          h   = saturated thickness  of aquifer or confined  aquifer
                thickness (L),
          H   = water table elevation or piezometric  head,  referred  to
                an established  datum (L),
          S   = storage coefficient  for confined  case or  effective por-
                osity for unconfined case  (dimensionless),
          Q   = net groundwater withdrawal  (L/T),
          x,y = space dimensions (L),
          t   = time dimension  (T).
                                186

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     Dividing the region of groundwater flow into a rectangular grid
system and using an implicit central finite-difference scheme, the above
equation, written for one grid, becomes:
where
          A* -   2Ki.JK1.J-lAyi»JAyi>J-lhi>J-l/2                  n28)
             "                                                    (
          Bt
          Dt _
          r  -
                     At             '
                    The i,j notation refers to the grid for which a
particular equation is written and the superscripts represent the
level of computation.  The term (h. .  1/9) in the coefficient  A*
                                   • )j~i/£
its counterpart in the other coefficients is the effective saturated
thickness or confined aquifer thickness, whichever, is smallest, betwee"
the grids (i,j-l) and (i,j),  h. .  . ,« is computed by the following
                               I »J-l/ e.
equations.
                              187

-------
where
          G = top elevation of confined aquifer or ground surface of an
              unconfined aquifer analysis, both referred to a datum (L),
          z = bedrock elevation, referred to a datum (L).
This equation ensures that the flux out of a dry grid will be zero.
     The coefficients  A ,B ,C ,D   are computed at the beginning of each
time increment and held constant throughout the time increment.  This
approximation effectively linearizes the difference equation for the
unconfined case and makes solution possible.  For the confined case, the
equation is already linear and the coefficients  A,B,C, and  D  are, in
fact, constants.  The coefficient  E  is held constant for each grid
throughout the analysis.  The net groundwater withdrawal, Q , which may
be positive or negative, is the net volume of water added or withdrawn
through the top or bottom of each grid in a given time interval.  It is
held constant .throughout each time step at the average value it has at
the center .of the increment.
   Equation 128 is written for each grid in the entire grid system.  The
resulting set of equations are then solved simultaneously by the Gauss
Elimination scheme,
     Boundary and Initial Conditions
     The model is capable of simulating any combination of impermeable,
constant head, or constant gradient boundary conditions.   The first
condition is used on boundary segments formed by practically impervious
geologic materials.  Constant head is used to simulate the condition
on boundary segments in contact with surface water bodies and the
constant gradient condition Is used when there 1s  a  constant Inflow
or outflow from the area of interest.  ......
                               188

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     Values of hydraulic conductivity can be different  in every grid of
the  system.  Of particular Interest  is the simulation of flow  in and
around a region which has been disturbed by mining.  The conditions on
the  boundary between the disturbed and undisturbed aquifers are those
given in Section 3.  The geometry of the disturbed area can be any desired
shape.
     Initial conditions with respect to piezometric head or water-table
elevation are arbitrary.  Unlike the analytic calculations presented in
Section 3, the finite difference model simulates the nonsteady state and
can  be used to compute such effects as mine dewatering or the transients
that occur during and after mining.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY MODEL
     The computations described in this subsection are a summary of the
work of Dutt et al. (1972) as described by Ayars (1976).  These previous
studies form the basis for the chemistry calculations made in the present
study.  In the original  work of Dutt et al.  (1972) provision was made f°r
the  computation of the nitrogen -chemistry.  While the nitrogen component
of the calculations has been retained in the present version of the mode'*
1t was not used in the study.
     The chemical  reactions to be described below are assumed to occur
1n the partially saturated zone.   This zone was divided into segments or
cells for application of the flow model  as described previously.  The
same soil segments are regarded as containers in which the pertinent
chemical  reactions occur.   The basic assumption underlying the chemical
computations is that of Instantaneous chemical  equilibrium.   This 1s
justified because the residence time of soil  solution in each segment ^
large relative to the reaction time,   The procedure is to calculate the
                                   189

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equilibrium concentrations of all species considered for each cell at a
particular time, given the moisture content in each segment from the out-
put of the flow model.  Once the equilibrium concentrations have been
calculated, time is advanced and transport of species from one cell to
the next occurs and the moisture content distribution is changed in
accordance with the flow model.  Equilibrium concentrations of species
are again computed, and the process is repeated.  The equlibrium reactions
considered in the model are described in the following subsections.
     Solubility and Precipitation of Gypsum
     The equilibrium equation for gypsum is
          CaS04 x 2H20 £ Ca + S04 + 2H20     .                   (129)
     The equilibrium  concentrations for equation 129 in soil -water
systems, given either initial concentrations of approximations of the
constituent concentrations, are calculated using
          x2 + Bx + C = 0                                        (130)
where  x  equals the change in concentration of Ca and SO^ to  reach equi-
librium.  The coefficients are gjven by
          C '• CCaCS04 -
where  C1  1s the initial or approximate concentration of the 1on Indicated
by subscripts, Kgp  is the solubility product equal  to  2.4 x 10"   and
Y2  is the divalent activity coefficient.
     Undisaociated Calcium and Magnesium Sulfate
     Since the chemistry for undissociated Ca and Mg sulfate 1n solution
Is similar, the reactions will be considered together.   The chemical
reactions occurring 1n water are
                                 190

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          CaS04 t Ca + S04                                       (131)
          MgS04 J Mg + S04     ,                                 (132)
The equation used to calculate equilibrium concentrations of the above
reactions is
          Ax2 + Bx + C = 0                                       (133)
where
          x • the change in S04 and Ca or Mg concentrations to reach
              equilibrium,
                2
          A = YO  (divalent activity coefficient),
                9
          r = Y  r»       r1   - K c1
          u   Y2 LCa or MguS04   ^DLCaS04 or MgS04 *
and  KD  Is the appropriate dissociation constant.  When the system con-
tains gypsum, the undissociated CaSCh becomes a constant
     Calcium and Magnesium Exchange
     The equation used to calculate the Ca-Mg exchange process is
          Ay2 + By + C = 0                                       (135)
where
          y = change in concentration of Mg and Ca to reach equilibrium-
The constants and coefficients are defined as:
          A
          8
                   liter of water/g soil
                                 191

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          Si  Ca = Ca-Mg exchange constant
          N1     = approximation of initial concentration of exchangeable
                   ion indicated by the subscript.
     Calcium and Sodium Exchange
     The Gapon equation is used to describe the Na-Ca exchange.   The
equation for the equilibrium condition is
          Ax4 + Bx3 + Cx2 + Dx + E = 0                           (136)
where
          x = change in concentration of Ca to reach equilibrium,
          B ' « K + 2KCa-NaN'cae + KL-NaC'Na>    -
          C ' *k  - ^Ca-Na'NcaONca  +  2CNa>  '  KCa-NaCNa   •
          D " "fcr% (4CJa - N^B) + Zli.M.NJ.(^(2«ii  + CJ.)   ,
          c = Mi2pi     _ i/2    p,2.,,2
          E   HNaLCaYJs    Ca-NaLNanCa  »
                                              *
and
          YU s Y^/Y2  witn  YI ~monovalent activity  coefficient.
     Dissociation of CaCO^ in Water
     The dissociation of CaCOj is given as
          CaC03 t Ca + C03   .                                  (137)
Outt (1972) states that the C03 concentration  is a  function of C02 partial
pressure and HC03 is usually the predominant form of  C03 occurring in
soil-water systems.   The following reaction  is considered in the model:
          H2C03 + CaC03 t Ca + 2HC03                             (138)
Wlth               2
KK = — -                                          (139)

                      192
                aH2C03

-------
or
          KK * -§£-1     ,                                        (140)
                *2
where
          a     = activity coefficient  of subscripted  ion,
          KJ,Kg = first and second acid dissociation constants  for HgCl
          ICp   = thermodynamic solubility  product.
If an equilibrium system  is at constant COg pressure and  the  activity
of the uncharged species  1s unity, equation 139  becomes
v i        n«^u
-------
           C = CHC03 f 4
-------
CaS04 equal), the equation necessary to calculate the concentration of Ca
and Mg is derived.  The equation is
          Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx +D = 0                                  (150)
where
          x = Cso4
          A = Y22 =
          B = Yol'Kp-en  "^ KM^CA / * YOX^M—T "*" ^PaT
          C = KCaS04KMgS04 + Y2[CMgTKCaS04 + CCaTKMgS04
              " CS04T^KCaS04 + KMgS04)]

          D = "CS04TKMgS04KCaS04
The Ca-Mg exchange is given by
          ara      Nra
          r^-^K,^                                           (151)
          aMg    ] %
where  N  is the concentration of the subscripted exchangeable ion.
     The Gapon equation,

          ^=K2j^     ,                                     (152)
          aCa    * MCa
is used for the Na-Ca exchange.  The total concentration of exchangeable
Ions (Nj) then is
          NT ' NNa * NCa + NHg     •                              (153)
Using equations 151, 152, and 153, the equation for exchange of

                                   1                              (154)
                            'Ca
                                   195

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Once  the  activity coefficients,  ionic concentrations  in an equilibrium
extract for Ca, Mg, Na and  the total exchangeable bases are  known, the
exchangeable Ca can be calculated and in turn the exchangeable Na from
equation  152 and the exchangeable Mg from equation 153.   In  practice the
exchange  capacity is assumed to  equal  Nj .
      Exchangeable NH4 is computed using
          CNH       NNH
                                                                 (154>
with  K   assumed equal to  0.22 .
CHEMICAL  TRANSPORT CALCULATIONS
      The  spatial distribution of the concentrations of dissolved species
In the soil solution or ground water depends upon the flow of the solution
as well as the chemical reactions that occur.  The transport of species
from  point to point is often described by the hydro-dynamic dispersion
equation  which includes the transport mechanisms of molecular diffusion,
mechanical dispersion and convection.  In the present study, the effects
of molecular diffusion and mechanical dispersion are neglected and all
transport is assumed to occur as the result of convection.
     Transport in the Pacftiallv Saturated Zone
     The mixing cell  concept is used to calculate dissolved solids .trans-
Port  in the partially saturated zone.  The dissolved species are assumed
to move with the soil  solution and to remain at their equilibrium concen-
trations throughout the cell.   When time is advanced, species are moved
In and out of each cell.   The model  calculates the mass  of each species
transferred and the net gain or loss to each segment 1s  included when
the equilibrium concentrations are computed.  Constituents In Infiltrating
*ater are treated as  Inputs to the first segment below the surface,
                                   196

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     Transport in the Saturated Zone
     It is assumed that no chemical reactions  occur  in  the  saturated zone.
Thus, all  ions that are input to the  ground  water  from  the  partially
saturated zone are, henceforth, treated  as being conservative.
     On a large scale basis such as encountered in groundwater aquifers,
the contribution of dispersion and diffusion to the transport of ions
should be small compared to convective transport and consequently is
;   neglected in this analysis.  The transport equation  at a particular
instant in time is, therefore,

          fr - fe tvxCR) - iy < VR>
where
          CR = relative concentration of ions,
          v  = velocity in the X-direction,
           rt
          v  = velocity in the Y-direction.
In difference form, using the explicit scheme, this becomes:
                        B^fu    - u   \t+At   n^/u       ui   \t+At
           -              '"     ~"   '       U *
         __
  i,J  " CRi,j
           AtAt(H1 rH    JCR. -      CH. .-H.
          •       i , j  i ,j ~
                                                      __
                      v.  .                            v. ,
                       l.J                             1tJ
where  V. .-  is the volume of water stored in grid  i , j  and is
        i > J
 for the confined case, and
for the unconfined case.
                                  197

-------
     In the above equations  SC.  .   is  the storage coefficient for the
                               i >j
confined case.   The values of heads at  the new time  t+At  for each grid
Is computed first.  These values  are used in equation 155 and, hence,  one obtains
an explicit solution for relative concentrations in each grid.  The sol-
ution for relative concentrations lags  the solution for heads by approx-
imately
                                    198

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                               SECTION 8
                   RESULTS OF WATER QUALITY MODELING
     Some components of the model described in Section 7 were tested with
data collected on the experimental sites.  Due to the lack of data, it
was not possible to test the flow patterns and concentration distributions
predicted by the model components specifically designed for ground water
conditions.  An example computation of the flow and concentration distri-
butions in a ground water aquifer disturbed by mining is provided.
FLOW IN THE PARTIALLY SATURATED ZONE
     A test of the model component that calculates flow in the partially
saturated zone is presented using experimental data from the plot with a
1% surface slope at the Colorado site.  Four experimental runs (runs 1»
2, 6 and 11) were performed on this plot and form the most comprehensive
set of experimental data that is available.
     Summary of Input Data
     The average depth of spoil  in the plot was  183 cm  and this interval
was divided into 9 equal increments of  20.3 cm  each.  These increments
form the grid required for the flow computations and also the cells in
which the chemical  reactions take place.  An additional  grid (or cell)
was added at the bottom of the profile in which a water table, at constan
elevation, was simulated.   The ten grid intervals provide 10 nodes at
which the initial volumetric moisture content was specified.  The initi3'
distribution is that measured on July 5, 1975 and is presented in Table
Also shown in Table 31 are the volumes of water applied  and the time
Intervals over which the applications were made.   Rainfall  occurrences
                                  199     	

-------
                                 Table  31
       Initial  Moisture  Distribution  and Water  Application  Schedule
Node
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Depth
cm
0.0
20,3
40.6
60.9
81.2
101.5
121.8
142.1
162.4
182.7
0
0.240
0.274
0.338
0.340
0.339
0.341
0.355
0.377
0,405
0.441
Date
7/6
7/8
7/10
7/13
7/16
8/6
8/12
8/14
8/19
8/21
Vol ume
Appl ied-cm
0.55
0.55
5.08
0,48
4.36
9.28
0.90
0.48
10,97
1.35
Application Source
Interval -min
-
-
83
*•
58
100
-
-
89
_
rainfall
rainfall
irrigation
rainfall
irrigation
irrigation
rainfall
. rainfall
Irrigation
rainfall
that exceeded  5mm  were included as applications, but the time interval
over which they occurred are not known.
     No vegetation was permitted to grow during the experimental period
and transpiration was set to zero, therefore.  Evaporation was included
1n the simulation by permitting water to be withdrawn at node 2 through
the sink term.  Cumulative evaporation was assumed to vary directly with
the square root of time, so the sink term in equation 122 is
                        -J*
          S = constant t ^
from which average evaporation rates were computed for each time increment.
The constant was obtained by assuming the residuals in Table 18 in Section 5
are values of cumulative evaporation in the period over which the water
balance computation was made.
     The functional  relationship given by equation 125 was used for D{e)
In the simulation.   The values of the parameters are   eg  • 0,441  ,
\ * 0.223 ,  a • 0.647 , b * 0.072 , m = 3.34 ,  Pj/pg * 5.0 cm ,  and
* s 0.285.   Values  of  KS  used are  K$ * 79 cm/d  from July 5 to July 31,
                                  200

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 K. = 157 cm/d  from August 1 to August 18, and  K  s 171 cm/d  from August
  S                                               5
 19 to the end of the simulation run.
     Analysis of Results
     The development of the model for flow in the partially saturated
 zone assumed that the spoil material is homogeneous with respect to flow
 properties.  The backfilled experimental plots were not homogeneous, how-
 ever.  During the backfilling operation, each lift was compacted by the
 front-end loader used to transport the spoil into the facility.  This
 compaction existed to approximately one-half the depth of the spoil in
 the lysimeter.  The top half was placed by simply dumping over the side
 walls and drifting the material by hand.  The result is a loose zone in
 the upper 80-90 cm  and a compacted layer below.  The hydraulic properties
 of the upper zone are quite different from that below, therefore.
     Infiltration of applied water into the spoil  is governed by the
 hydraulic properties of the upper zone.   The capability of the model to
 predict infiltration was tested using the best estimates of the hydrauHc
 properties in the upper zone, therefore.  These properties were presented
 in the previous subsection.  A summary comparison  of the measured and
calculated results are shown in Table 32.   The close agreement between
 the measured and calculated infiltration volumes and the corresponding
 times of infiltration suggest that the flow model  accurately simulates
                                                    •
 the infiltration phenomenon.   It whould  be noted that the simulation /un
was made the time period from July 5, 1975 to August 28, 1975 as one
continuous calculation.   No updating of information was made during the
run, other than increasing  KS  in accordance with the measured values.
This means, for example,  that infiltration  for the  various events was
calculated using the predicted moisture  content profiles and not measure
ones.
                                  201

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                                Table 32
             Comparison  of  Flow Model With Experimental Data
Run
No.
1
2
6
11
Cumulative
Measured
cm
5.09
4.36
10.66
10.97
Infiltration
Calculated
cm
5.02
4.30
10.66
10.97
Time of
Measured
min
83
58
100
89
Infiltration
Calculated
min
-
-
88
82
Cumulative
and A
Measured
cm
3.36
3.83
7.88
9.75
Drainage
Storage
Calculated
cm
3.63
3.43
10.04
10.75
     The cumulative drainage plus the change in storage, indicated in
 the two right-hand columns of Table 32, were determined at corresponding
 times.  For example* the moisture content distribution was measured just
 before a water application and then again several days following the
 application and the change in storage and cumulative-drainage were computed
 for that time interval.  For the same time interval, the corresponding
 results were determined from the model and compared with the measured
 results as shown.  Again, it should be noted that, in the model, no up-
 dating of Information was made, ^Satisfactory agreement between the meas-
 ured and calculated data in the two right-hand columns is apparent.
     Comparison of measured and calculated subsurface drainage did not
 Indicate such satisfactory agreement.  The effect of the great deal of
 compaction on the hydraulic properties in the lower zone of the spoils
 was not known, and it is this zone which has the greatest effect on the
 drainage rate.   Our best estimate of  K£  for the lower zone was  10 cm/d.
 Also, the compacted zone can be expected to exhibit a moisture retention
 curve that is shifted upward relative to that for the loose zone.   It
Was not possible to independently estimate the magnitude of the  shift,
however,  and  the parameters  for the  loose zone were used for the compacted
zone.   The  volumes of subsurface  drainage are shown in  Figure 61.
                                      202

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INJ
O
CO
§3   i-
          M
         "fe 20r
          O

          I
          o

          ^ 12
to

>
             8
          3
          E
          3  4
          O  ^
                        is
                                                          S_l
         op   *"E
              i     I     I
                                                     O'o O'5
                                                      rr
                                                                               9t
                                                        numerical
                                                        simulation
                                          Time , month - day

                     Figure 61.  Volumes of subsurface drainage.

-------
      Reasons for the disparity between the measured and predicted results
 were investigated.   The lower boundary condition used in the simulation
 run was that of a water table at a depth of  183 cm .  The existence of
 the gravel  drain blanket and the fact that the drain tube discharged into
 the atmosphere caused the pressure head in the water at the  183 cm  depth
 to become slightly less than atmospheric when the spoils were draining.
 The maximum possible suction that could be developed on the interface
 between the gravel  and the spoil  is about  7-10 cm  of water, based on
 the thickness of the drain blanket.   Thus, the boundary condition used
 1n the simulation and that which existed in the experimental  facility
 were very nearly the same.
      The  volume  flux of soil  solution  across  the  water  table  is  the rate
 of subsurface drainage.  At  the water  table the spoil is  at maximum
 water content and the  equation for the  volume  flux  is (from Darcy's  law
 In water  content form),
          «• "s fi -  Ks
 where  DS  is  the diffusivity at_ e=e$  and  KS   is the hydraulic conduc-
 tivity at  es  .  The coordinate  z  is measured positive downward so
 38/32  is a positive number.  The diffusivity is also positive by defin-
 ition.  Therefore, the drainage rate is determined by the indicated dif-
 ference.  When the flow is zero (i.e., a static case) the two terms on
 the right are equal in magnitude and their difference is zero.  In all
 cases, the rate of drainage must be less than  KS .  Measured drainage
 rates Indicate that the average difference between the terms on the right
of the above equation was much less than  1 cm/d ; the point being that

                                204

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 the difference is  a  very  small  number  relative  to  the magnitude  of   D
 which is much  larger than  K  .   Recall  that  D   is a  function  that must
 be determined  from experimental  data.   Furthermore,  it  is  required that
 the derivative  (dP  /pg)/de   be calculated  from the  experimentally deter-
 mined relationship between  capillary-pressure head and  volumetric water
 content.   This relationship  in  the vicinity of   e*e   becomes very steep
 so that  the  derivative  is large causing   D   to be large.  Even  a very
 small  error  in the determination of  the  slope (say, ±5  percent)  can  cause
 D   to be incorrect  to  the  same order  as the difference between  the  terms
 on the right of the  flux  equation.   Therefore,  even  small  errors in  DS
 can cause a  very large  percentage error  in  the  computed drainage rate,
 particularly when  the rate  is small.   Simulation runs with the flow  model
 verified  the sensitivity  of  the  drainage rate to the value of  D$ .
 It is  believed that  the sensitivity  of the  model to  D   is the major
 reason for the relatively poor  agreement achieved  between  the measured
 and simulated  subsurface  drainage rates.  Undoubtedly,  better agreement
 could  have been  achieved  by  adjusting  the hydraulic parameters (i.e.,
 calibrating  the  model).   It  seems, however, presenting  the results in
 which  the  hydraulic  parameters were determined  independently provides the
 reader with  a more objective view of the accuracy  that can be expected
 in  applications  because the  parameters cannot, normally, be determined
 by  historic matching.   It is emphasized that the agreement indicated is
 not a  reflection of the theoretical  correctness  of the model  but, rather.
 a reflection of  the difficulty in obtaining sufficiently accurate input
 Because  D$  is difficult to establish accurately,  a  serious  limitation
 is.imposed upon the usefulness of the model  for  computing flow across a
water table.   However, inmost applications  to flow in  spoil  banks,  the
                                 205

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water table is at least several meters below the surface.   In this case,
drainage is controlled by flow through a transmission zone will  above the
water table and a boundary condition of a unit gradient (i.e., 96/3z = 0)
at, say, 3 meters depth can be used.  This boundary condition predicts
that the drainage rate is equal to  K(e)  which changes with time as e
at the boundary changes with time.  From a computational standpoint, an
advantage is gained because the drainage rate becomes less sensitive to
the accuracy of the soil properties that must be specified.  Ayars (1976)
found satisfactory agreement between measured and computed drainage rates
In a situation where a unit gradient was the appropriate boundary condition.
PREDICTED CHEMISTRY OF DRAINAGE HATERS
     The input data required for the inorganic chemistry component of the
model are the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride,
bicarbonate, and sulfate in 1:1 extracts prepared from spoil taken from
each segment of the profile.  These data have been presented previously
In Table 19 of Section 5.  Also required are the concentrations of the
same species in the applied water as shown in Table 20 of Section 5.  In
addition to the above data, the cation-exchange capacity (CEC), the quan-
tity of gypsum (meq/lOOg), and the percent calcium carbonate are required
for each segment.  The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the spoil
can be specified if desired but is not required.
     Figure 62 shows a comparison of the calculated and measured dissolved-
solids concentration for the plot with a 1% surface slope.  The solid line
1s the average value for the subsurface drainage for each of the experi-
mental runs as indicated in Table 22 of Section 5.  No measurable drainage
existed in the periods indicated by a dashed line.  Except for the first
experimental run, the agreement is considered to be very good.  It is
                                 206

-------
ro
o
                    e
                    o

                   CO
                   O

                   in
               SOOOr
               4000
             e
             Q.
             Q.
.-3000
             c
             o
             §2000

             o
            O
               1000
                  <6
            I
            00
o


ro
E
o

00

-------
concluded that the chemistry component of the model is quite adequate
for predicting the dissolved solids concentration in drainage waters.
     A comparison of the composition of drainage waters as measured and
calculated is shown in Table 33.  The measured values in the table are
the average values for each run as indicated previously in Table 22.
Note that the composition of the drainage water, as calculated by the
model, changes only slightly from run to run.  The composition was printed
out on a daily basis but was essentially identical from day-to-day.  The
calculated composition shown in the table is that calculated for times
when drainage rates were approaching zero.  Essentially no variation of
composition with drainage rate was noted,  The predicted concentrations
of calcium and bicarbonate are consistently high and sodium 1s low.  The
magnesium and sulfate concentrations agreed with measured values quite
closely.  Similar results were observed by Ayars (1976).
                                Table 33
         Measured and  Calculated Composition of-Drainage Waters
                      Run   Ca     NaMg   HCO^j   Cl    S04
          	No.	meg/Jt     	
          Measured     1    20,5  5.8   26.1    4.7  <0.1   51.3
          Calculated   1    33.5  1.7   30.1    3.6   0.3   50.7
          Measured     2    23,2  6.5   31.7   6,1  <0.1   55,4
          Calculated   2    33.4  2.2   30.4   3,6   0.3   50.7
          Measured     6    23.4  8.8   33.4   6,6  <0.1   57.2
          Calculated   6    34.0  3.2   31.2   3.6   0.3   50.5
          Measured    11    21.8  6.3   32.5   7.3  <0.1   54.8
          Calculated  11    34.2  3.4   31.4   3.6   0,3   50.5
                                   208

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EXAMPLE CALCULATION FOR SATURATED ZONE
     An example application of the flow and transport model for the sat-
urated zone is presented in this subsection.  The upper portion of Figure 63
shows a plan view of a segment of confined aquifer that has been disturbed
by mining,  A cross-section is shown in the lower portion of the figure.
The aquifer is confined everywhere except in the mined area where the
specific yield (S  ) is  0.1  and the hydraulic conductivity (K) is
640 m/d .  The coefficient of storage (S) in the confined aquifer is  0.01
and  K = 30 m/d .
     The initial water table above the confining layer is  1570 m  in
elevation and is assumed to represent the piezometric surface elevation
for the underlying confined aquifer.  The piezometric head is held con-
stant on the left boundary and is dropped to  1525 m  on the right boundary
to Induce flow.  It is assumed that water passing through the spoils in
the disturbed portion reaches a constant maximum concentration (CQ) rela-
tive to that which existed in the confined aquifer before mining,   No
recharge or leakage is assumed to. occur in this example.
     Figure 64 shows the pathlines (instantaneous streamlines) for the
Induced flow at 360 days following the beginning of flow.   At  t * 360 day5'
the flow is approximately steady so the indicated pathlines are approxi-
mately steady-state streamlines.  Note that the pathlines  converge toward
the disturbed area.  This is because the hydraulic conductivity of the
disturbed area is larger than that of the confined aquifer.  The flow
pattern is very similar to that predicted by the analytical calculations
of Section 3 for a circular mined area.
     Also shown are the contours of equal concentration (expressed as a
fraction of C ) at time equal 360 days.  The movement of the dissolved

                                 209

-------
       A
                   mined area  6/Om x 610m
             — 2440m
                                   5490m
                                                          A1
Elevation
  1570m

  1539m


  1524m
                                .mined area
                                K = 640m/day
                                5^=0-10



"~~"^
xxxxvxx

•;•£•:"•.';•
•':•'••{''.•
•*• '-':'''
* ' * '."'
t7 ^
^XXXVVXVVVXVVVvvvvv^
syo=oio s = o-oi
K = 30m/doy
minoi worer
toble

Water level
at t >0
	 ^ — 1525m
                        Section A -A1
 Figure  63.  Plan and cross-section views of confined aquifer
            disturbed by mining.
                                               Flow path
Figure  64.
                            c/co -0-05
                            c/co =0-25
                            c/co =0-50
                            c/co=0-75
            Induced flow streamlines  360 days after beginning  of
            flow.
                             210

-------
 solids is predominantly downstream from the mined area, with the largest
 concentrations existing in the immediate vicinity of the mine.   The
 chemistry model  can be used to predict the concentration of the ground
 water exiting the mined area.   For example, if the spoil in the present
 example had the chemical  characteristics contained in Table 19, then the
 dissolved solids concentration 1n water exiting the disturbed area would
 be  3750 mg/i .
      The example selected for  presentation is  much less complex than
 others that can  be analyzed with  the model.  For example, the mined
 area and the aquifer can  be of any geometry,  recharge in the disrupted
 portion can be handled, leakage through the confining layer is  permissi^
 and the aquifer  and the disturbed area can be  nonhomogeneous.   Constant
 flow boundary conditions  can be imposed as well.
 SUMMARY COMMENTS ON WATER QUALITY MONITORING
      A model  for the subsurface water quality  hydrology, applicable to
 conditions  resulting from surface mining is presented.   The major com-
 ponents of  the model  are  a)  flow  in the partially saturated zone, b)
 equilibrium chemistry,  c)  flow in  the  saturated  zone, and d) dissolved
 solids  transport.   In the  current  form,  components a, b  and  c are Inter-
 faced and run  as a  single  model.  Also  components c and  d have  been inter"
 faced and operate as a  single  unit.  The authors  believe  that it  is not
 desirable  to  further interface the model components, for a  number of
 reasons.  Computer  storage requirements of  the total package exceed that
available at most computing facilities.  Furthermore, it  1s  not necess*1?
to formally interface the components to account for the practical Inter*
actions between the saturated and  partially saturated zones.  For examP1
the output of the combined flow and chemistry components for the part*8
                                211

-------
saturated zone can be used as input to the saturated zone.  The only inter-
action between the two zones that is not accounted for by this procedure
is the effect of a fluctuating water table on the flow in the partially
saturated zone.  However, the effect of a fluctuating water table is
negligible except when the water table is near the surface.
     The combined components a, b and d were used to make a simulation
run for conditions that corresponded to experimental conditions in the
field.  Measured and calculated results were compared.  Component a
accurately simulated measured infiltration'but less satisfactorily simulated
the subsurface drainage.  The simulation was made for a case In which
the water table was  183 cm  from the surface; a case that provides a
very critical test.  In cases where the water table is a large distance
below the surface, it is recommended that only the upper 2-3 m be included
In the simulation and that the lower boundary condition of a unit gradient
be utilized.  The calculated drainage, with the unit gradient condition,
1s much less sensitive to the accuracy of the experimentally determined
dlffuslvlty function.
     The chemistry model accurately predicted both the dissolved solids
concentration and composition of subsurface drainage in this study.
The combined components a, b and d predict the leaching phenomenon 1n
the spoils and can be used to calculate the change in the quality of sub-
surface drainage as a function of water throughput and, therefore, as a
function of time.  The chemistry model can be used to estimate the pickup
of dissolved solids by ground water that passes through a mined portion
that has been backfilled with spoils.
     Detailed user's manuals have not been prepared for the models.  Flow
charts and documented program listings are contained 1n the appendices
to this report.
                                   212

-------
                               REFERENCES

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3.   Archer, R. J., A. M. La Sala Jr., and J. C. Kammerer. 1968. Chemical
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                                   213

-------
13.  DuBoys, M. P. 1879. Le Rhone et les Rivieres a lit affouillable.
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14.  Dutt, G. R., M. J. Shaffer, and W. J.Moore, 1972.  Computer Simulation
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15.  Eckhardt, J. R. 1976. Simultaneous Solution for Distribution  of Head
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16.  Einstein, H. A. 1950. The Bed Load Function for Sediment  Transpor-
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19.  Feth, J. H., S. M. Rogers, and C. E.  Roberson. 1964.  Chemical  Com-
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20.  Foster, G. R. and L. D. Meyer.  1972.  Mathematical  Simulation  of
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22.  Grissinger, E. H. 1972. Laboratory Studies of the  Erodibility of
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23.  Hem, John D. 1970. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Character-
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24.  Hergert, G. W. 1971. Methods for Soil Characterization. CSU Soil
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27.  Laws, J. 0. and D. A. Parsons.  1943.  Relation of Raindrop Size to
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                                    214

-------
 28.   Li,  R.  M.  1974. Mathematical  Modeling  of  Response  from  Small Watershed.
      PhD  thesis,  Dept.  of  Civil  Engr. ,  Colorado  State University, Fort
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 29.   Li,  R.  M. , D. B. Simons, and  M.  A.  Stevens.  1975.  Nonlinear Kinematic
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 30.   Lighthill, F. R, S. and G.  B. Whitman.  1955. On Kinematic Waves,
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      Quality Control in  Mine Spoils,  Upper  Colorado River Basin. Pub. 670.
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33.  Meyer, L. D. and W. H. Wischmeier. 1969. Mathematical Simulation of
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34.  Moldenhauer, W. C. and J. C, Koswara. 1968. Effect of Initial Clod
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35.  Mutchler, C. K. and R. A. Young. 1972. Soil Detachment by Raindrops-
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36.  Negev, M. 1967. A Sediment Model on a Digital Computer. Tech. Report
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37.  Onstad, C. A., C.  L. Larson, L. H. Hermsmeier, and R. A. Young.
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39.  Pinder, G. F. and  J. F. Jones. 1969.  Determination of the Ground
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41.'  Richards, L.  A.  1931.  Capillary Conduction  of Liquids Through P°r°uS
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                                    215

-------
42.  Richards, L. A. 1954.  Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali
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45.  Shen, H. W. and R. M. Li. 1973. Rainfall Effect on Sheet Flow Over
     Smooth Surface. J. Hyd. Div., ASCE, Vol. 99, No. HY 5, pp. 771-792,
     May.

46.  Simons, D. B. and R. M. Li. 1976. Procedure for Estimating Model
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48.  Skelly and Loy, Engineers-Consultants.  1975. Economic Engineering
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49.  Skogerboe, G. V., R. S. Bennett, and W. R, Walker. 1973. Selection
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51.  U.  S. Department of Interior. 1970. Environmental Protection  Agency
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52.  U.  S. Public Health Service. 1962. Drinking Water Standards.  USPHS
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54.  Visocky, A. P. 1970. Estimating the Ground Water Component to Storm
     Runoff by the Electrical Conductivity Method. Ground Water, Vol.  8,
     No. 2, pp. 5-10.

55.  Wadleigh, C. H., H. G. Gauch, and M. Kolisch. 1951.  Mineral Compo-
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     Salts. Soil Science, 72:275-282.
                                   216

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56.  Wentz, D. A. 1974. Effect of Mine Drainage on the Quality of Streams
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57.  Wischmeier, W. H. 1973. Conservation Tillage to Control Water Erosion.
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58.  Wischmeier, W. H. and D. D. Smith. 1958. Rainfall Energy and its
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59.  Young, R. A. and C. K. Mutch!er. 1969. Effect of Slope Shape on
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60.  Young, R. A. and J. L. Wiersma. 1973. The Role of-Rainfall Impact
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     pp. 1629-1636, December.
                                   217

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                               SECTION IX

                              BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad, M. U. 1973. Coal Mining and its Effect on Water Quality. Ground
     Water Pollution,  In: Proceedings of Ground Water Pollution Conference,
     Underwater Research Institute.

Averitt, Paul. 1969. Coal Resources of the United States. Bull, 1275, U.
     S. Geological Survey.

Collier, C. R., R. J.  Pickering, and J. J. Musser. 1970. Influence of
     Strip Mining on the Hydrological Environment of Parts of Beaver
     Creek Basin, Kentucky. Prof. Paper 427-C, U, S. Geological Survey.

Einstein, H. A. 1942.  Formula for the Transportation of Bed Load. Trans.
     Am. Soc. Civil Engrs., Vol. 107.

Emmett, W. W. 1975. The Channels and Waters of the Upper Salmon River
     Area, Idaho. Prof. Paper 870-A, U. S. Geological Survey, 116 pp.

Emrlch, G. H. 1969. Effects of Mine Drainage on Ground Water. Ground Water,
     Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 27-33.

Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration. 1969. Stream Pollution by
     Coal Mine Drainage in Appalachia. U. S. Department of Interior.

Gordon, Suzanne. 1973. Black Mesa, Angel  of Death. John Day Co., New York.

Guy, H. P. 1969. Laboratory Theory and Methods for Sediment Analysis.
     In: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U. S. Geol-
     ogical  Survey, Book 5, Chapter Cl, U. S.  Government Printing Office,
     Washington, D. C.

Kllinc, M. Y.  1972. Mechanics of Soil Erosion  from Overland Flow Generated
     by Simulated Rainfall.  PhD thesis, Dept.  of Civil  Engr.  Colorado
     State University, Fort Collins,  Colorado  183 pp.

Landis, E. R.  1964. Coal.  In:  Mineral and Water Resources of Colorado
     (Report for use of U.  S.  Senate  Committee on Interior and Insular
     Affairs,  88th Congress, 2nd Session), U.  S.-Government Printing
     Office,  pp.  35-45.

U. S. Department of Interior.  1974.  Colorado River Water Quality Improve-
     ment Program, Bureau  of Reclamation  Status Report,  January.

Valantine, Vernon E.  1974.  Impacts of Colorado River Salinity.  J.  Irr.
  '   and Drainage Div., ASCE,  Dec.,  pp. 495-510.
                                   218

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Walker, F. E. and F. F. Hartner. 1966. Forms of Sulfur In U. S. Coals.
     U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8301.

Wymore, Ivan F. 1974a. Water Requirements for Stabilization of Spent Shale.
     PhD thesis, Colorado State University, pp. 31-61.

Wymore, Ivan F. 1974b. Estimated Average Annual Water Balance for Piceance
     and Yellow Creek Watersheds. Environmental Resources Center, Technical
     Report Series, No. 2, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado-
                                   219

-------
             Appendix I
             SAMPLE DATA

             Appendix A
Water Quality Data - Monthly Samples
                 220

-------
                                                            Table A-l.  Hater Analyst!  for July 1974.
• x«* »
•*x « "^ -*.
»•» -r- n w> o-.
xo co «• E
• *^ <-l -*• o 4;
•— •** ^ ~- - ~*
a I«T.J» o _, _ o, ,, 0
•n •£ «« o «t £ = "
Cl 22 0 38 130
C2 22 0 100 140
C3 25 0 83 2100
C4 22 0 110 ISO
C5 22 0 200 2300
C6 21 0 120 130
C7 10 0 360 2600
ce 10 o 120 zoo
|
*- M
« . •• O ** "Q
V -**. ^"»s. •*•
c -a c* t/t en *-
U 
•»-3£ «»TJ »--o ^-e
UTJ OL-*- 10— *
•U t 3 *« ^- *J ^- **
C-. 0 3 O 0 O O
QU I/I U V> »/» k- W1 »—
B.I 190 120
8.3 190 140
8.6 2?eO 2300
8.2 275 210
8.2 3600 3300
8.2 22? 200
7.6 4903 4000
8.0 440 310 '
A1 C» Cl Cu
mg/t iag/1 mg/t iig/£
<0.5 41 <1 <0.09
<0.5 43 <1 <0.09
<0.5 360 4 <0.09
<0.5 50 1 <0.09
<0.5 350 5 <0.09
 6
• w *j ^- • j o»
— — t — n c —
i& ^ t»*-> ^*_>-o«i
4 t ft"? w Q* ^- ff>  «Q «*«f-rE=-
Cl 18 0 98 m
C2 17 0 100 140
C3 21 0 £3 2109
C4 18 0 110 180
CS 19 0 2CO 23CC
C6 14 0 110 190
C7 18 0 360 2500
C3 13 0 120 190
V
91
>
r- «l
« *r o ** V
U "**.«*'**.•<•
c -p en t/» o» r-
O o ** C 6 — E O**
•*- «-• o -o a M "s.
V* U J= C »<* M • C7*
— t) £ «-0 ^-T) r-f
u -o ix-»- «o — «
OC3 *»^ «J»— *>
cxo a o o o o
nj^ (/>(_> */»!/> h- »xi r«-
8.2 Z02 110
8.1 204 120
8.0 2450 330
8.2 285 170
8.2 3850 3330
8.2 301 190
7.6 4200 4000
8.2 326 190
Al* Ca Ct Cu
mg/t mg/t ng/t ng/l
<0.5 38 <1 <0.09
<0.5 35 <1 <0.09
<0.5 400 4.0 <0.09
<0.5 48 <1 
-------
                                                           Table A-3.  Water Analysis for September 1974.
** *fc«* -*
*•**.**"*. ^N.
*-> •— rt M er.
XO CO *» 6
- ^-i =y s_
a. *o o ^ i> -o «v
£ IMP 7j C* i <7> 00
wi •£ « = «t 6 =: ~
Cl li 0 100 15C
C2 14 0 110 150
C3 15 0 93 2iOO
C4 10 0 160 433
C5 11 0 220 2203
C6 8 0 140 310
C7 8 0 370 1600
CS 3 0 140 J20
• •• "3 •« T»
*» •>. «l~. 1-
UMM "Eg" —I" *OX
•»• ** O -O O V\ -^
«- U JET C 
^•3g 41 -o r— T3 •— E
U -O 0. •— •• •— «O
«lCa *nr— w^- «J
O. O 3O O O O
pfj i/to in *rt h- t/t >-
8.2 220 150
3.1 22* 145*
8.1 2650 2210
8.2 £35 430
3.1 3700 3490
6.1 490 310
7.8 4700 3850
8.1 525 320
Al Ca Cl Cu
mg/l nig/1 wg/l ng/t
<0.2 36 <1 <0.02
<0.2 38 <1 -0.02
?/«
C.013 3.4 <0.14 0.016
<0.01 3.8 <0.1« '0.01
0.059 22 <0.14 <0.0i
0.017 14 <0.!4 -0-01
0.018 160 <0.14 <0.01
0.014 13 «» p»
>*c co w* e
* *JO *- O *
^- ^- <•*-•» c *-
f^«J «0 «-> -O «
T^^H ^ ^' t *J
f**1? 0 31 — t?< » 0
ui •£ «t s < e i —
Cl 11 0 110
cz u o no
C3 12 0 100
« 12 0 120
CS 12 0 190
C6 12 0 130
C7 3 0 360
C8 11 0 13C
•w
41
>
« •» "5 •• w
U •»» -A^. ••
U«M ^ ? —I1 *0 w
»-*>o -o o m-^
.%> U £ C IA M . 01
-*-3E tt*O •— T? ^-B
0-0 Q.-X XI — w
eicai wt^. *»•— *j
& O 3 O O O O
-fj MO IAi^ I-U> 1-
8.6 il* 176
$.0 223 170
8.0 2900 2310
8.0 345 240
8.1 3950 3220
8.1 395 270
7.5 4900 4260
8.3 535 300
Al > Ca Cl Cu
mg/i »g/t mg/t mg/t
<0.2 36 ' <1 "<6."02
<0.2 35 <1 <0,02
<0.2 370 4 <0.02
<0.2 52 1 <0.02
<0.2 310 6 <0.02
<0.2 58 1 . <0.02
<0.2 260 9 <0.02
<0.2 60 1 <0.02
Fe Fe Fe
dls undlj total K Kg
mg/t ng/t ng/t *g/l mg/t
<0.1 1.1 11
<0.1 1.1 11
<0.1 3.5 190
<0.1 1.5 18
•0.1 ' "' ' 16 280
<0.1 1.7 20
<0.1 13 170
<0.1 1.8 24
Hn Ha Pb SQ4 Zn
mg/t mg/t mg/I irj/i ""I/I
0.03 3.5 <6.T4 CiTil
0.013 3.7 <0.14 <0.0l
0.047 <0.14 <0.01
0.020 5.6 <0.14 '0.31
0.013 170 <0.14 i.-i
0.024 8.7 <0.14 0.025
0.013 510 <0.14 0.01
0.025 14 <0.14 '0.01

-------
                                                        Table A-5. .'toUr Analysts for November 1974.
••»»•« ••
"^ w»^ x^
*•» "- «•» V* C"»
xo eo •• e
• «<0 —0 0
«- - *-«•—<* c *~
0. -O«-> tju T> «
I T«^p - ^ £ „ £ -
V> •£ < B < S S «
Cl 1 0 i:3 240
C2 i o no 240
C3 S 0 E --6 0-
•«- *> Q -o O v»^
*- O JC C vi tn • ^
. -»-3e «*T3 —X) ^-6
OTJ O."- »— «
oca *«•— -j^-*j
a. o 30 o o o
plf «/< i-n »-
S.5 249 170
3.3 261 130
8.4 2780 2460
8.S 458 290
3.4 3S70 3200
3.6 558 370
3.3 48<0 3720
3.5 567 360
Al Ci CI Cu
mg/l mg/t ng/t ing/1
^
•n • <*» «A cv
XQ CO V» £
* ^o ^ ^ « -
«_ •- m ^- -o c --
Q. -D*_i -00 T3 10
E Yawn ••- -M I- *-»
5 iwp 0 m *w c* « o
v> »^ «t £ «C S 3; *-•
CI 0 0 100 ICC
C2 0 0 100 11 C
C3 2 0 133 190C
CA o o no i;c
CE 2 0 2CO 2300
C6 0 0 220 ISO
C7 4 0 370 190C
C8 0 0 120 ISO
TS
u
>
*-> ««
« •« 0 .4 -0
U *^« *rt -*» •»•
C TJ cri w m •—
U « *6 4* E •** E O O T* O t/1  iQ -^ «O
t> C A irt *— *J *— 4-*
Q. 0 3 O 00 0
nil «*1 CJ (/* «/» »" */l »—
7.9 226 140
7.7 246 140
8.1 2600 2530
8.0 302 160
8.1 4220 4160
a. 3 323 190
8.0 4400 3800
8.2 338
i
Al Ca Cl Cu
mg/t mgft ung/t mq/t
<0.2 32 <1
<0.2 33 <1
<0.2 410 - "
<0.2 46 <1
<0.2 340 6
<0.2 48 1
<0.2 300 8
<0.2 52 I
Fe Fe Fe
dls undls total K Hg
mg/t nig/t mg/l mg/l *)/l
<0.08 0.88 11
<0.08 0.96 12
<0.08 3.6 180
<0.08 1.1 15
<0.08 17 320
<0.08 1.1 17
<0.08 13 180
<0.08 1.2 17
Hn Ha Pb S0« 2n
mg/l rnq/l mg/l cig/i «?/i
0.016 3.4 <0.1 <0.0!
<0.01 3.8 -0.1 ' «0.01
0.10 29 <0.1 0.01
0.015 4.7 <0.1 
-------
                                                             Table «-7.  Water Antlyslt for January 1975.
mf »»W ••
»- •* V. »»
r-» -p. «n •* 01
»»O CO •» £
• «-0 — 0 O.
•— — *0 — •! C —
O. "3 O «3 O "3 *•
E Tc-na — •* *- •*
m •«•*!* U 7 ~- CT* o o
 CTI
-^•3E «*TI «— T» •— &
UT3 Q.— *— M
c*ca w— *-».— *J
Ct. o 3 O O O O
pM «n«j »nio t-i/i .*-
8.1 16Z «Z ISO 150
8.1 178 <2 140 140
7.8 2410  c>
>»O CO «• E
d «* o -~ o &
*~ -^ 
Cl 0 XX X
C2 0 0 81 60
C3 o 0 120 1560
C« 0 X X X
C5 l 0 140 19SO
C6 0 XX X
C7 3 o 340 1770
C3 0 0 83 13C
09 5 XX >
CIO 4 XX X
CJ1 0 X X X
•o
w
>
•1 W *O w T9
U ^. t^ ^. •*•
U *a m 4iE **-E *O"
— w g T3 0 «n —
W U -C CM IA . O«
•^SE «*"^ •— *o •— e
o -o o. f id — 10
SCa IA ^— 4-* *— *>
O 3 O O O O
hU !/)<_! l/t W H- *O ^
7.7 141 X XX
7.7 145 «2 110 11C
7.6 2060 - 2160
7.8 2620 <2 2880 280C
7.5 4010 36 3750 378C
7.8 272 <2 190 19C
7.6 1610 X 1500 X
8.0 1960 X 2200 X
7.9 213 X X
Al Ca Cl Cu
ing/l nq/l sig/t «g/l
X XX X
•l 22 «1
440 4
X 430 4 X
X - 7 X
36 <1
X X X X
XX X X
XX X X
Fe Fe Fc
dis UBdis total K Hg
»g/i »g/t ng/t 09/1 ng/i
X X X X X
0.022 0.12 0.14 0.74 8.0
0.10 - - 2.9 140
X X X X X
<0.02 0.01 <0.03 13 230
Xt fix
<0.02 1.4 1.4 11 170
0.03 0.22 0.25 0.94 14
X X X X X
X X X XX
Kn Na Pb S04 -"
mg/l ng/l rg/t irs'i r.;/i
X X X X X
<0.01 3.0 <0.1 3 0.024
0.32 20 <0.1 1500 0.039
.XX X X J
X 95 X 2000 X
XX XXX
X 420 X 580 X
0.018 U <0.1 52 <0.01
X X XX X
X X X X X
x x x x x
ro
ro
                       X • Test discontinued as approved  by EPA.

-------
                                                       Tible A-9.  Utter Antlyslt for torch 1975.
« >|M "I
•V **^* ••*.
?» — *•> M C*
xo co ~e
•» wo -•- t_> «*
w "• ^ ^~ *a c ^
a. -q LJ « t^ •o «
P Tjirn ••" •* W «J
£ IC^P w m .— ci  V irt Cp •—
U a «* «J E >*-E O •*
•X** o -o o«rt^
%-. u .e CM «*i - ci
^ = 6 *»-o — -o ^e
UT3 Q.-^- «••- <•
Of C A «»^ *^r— **
Q. O 3 O O O O
pH »o co ** e
* «rf (J •»• LJ O
J. ^- « ^- « C *-
Ok ^ W C O V *
£ T«-p - i ^ S o
Z •£ <£<£EX^>
Cl 0
CZ 0 0 100 97
C3 1 0 94 1500
C4 0
C5 1 0 130 220C
C6 0
C7 4 0 310 18CC
ca o o 100 170
:9 2
CIO 8
CU \
\
•s
»
!5 ^ S^ 2
c *

E —e <>-• w «4 O *O O «rt ^« V- U JK C «* •*» - Ct •^36 ft»T> ^--O *-t U^ Q.^- « ^- « tjCa ut^- ^*^- «j 0.0 so o o a nt{ vi«j «/»*/»»— w> i— 8.0 ISO 7.8 190 <2 120 120 7.4* 2000 <2 2080 2080 7.4 330 7.6 2300 <2 3130 313C 8.2 360 7.2 3900 <2 3800 7.8 410 290 29( 8.0 1300 1120 8.1 2500 2310 8.\ 370 300 A1 Cl Cl Cu mg/l «b/t •$/* mg/l. <0.7 30 <1 <0.001 <0.7 <4 <0.001 vQ.7 440 3 <0.7 390 10 <0.7 60 <1 <0.001 Fe Fe Fe dls undls totil K Hq mg/t «g/t «g/l ng/« "9/» 0.025 0.19 0.21 0.76 11 0.29 1.0 1.3 2.5 140 0.02 6.6 280 6.2 190 0.052 0.31 0.36 1.2 24 Hn K* !»!> S04 Zn m


-------
                                                     Table A-H.  Utter Antlyslt for Hty 1975.
•1 >.•» ••
•*» ** ^* *^
*n — «*» * t>
XO CO •> E
•» *•«_>*- U o
». vii iq » r> c ~-
O. "D U> •« W "O •«
t= TM--I — J* 1- ~»
4 ieT7'*' U w — O» »9 O
l/« "f «I S « E Z »>
Cl S
C2 . 4 0 120 110
C3 9 0 57 1700
C4 9
CS 9 0 170 2200
C6 9
C7 6 0 320 2400
CB 8 0 ISO 540
C9 9
CIO 9
Cll 8
|
«l •« O «« *O
U •*-* « "s. ^
c -o o» •* o* «—
U«M *< 6 — e o —
v«jo -o o *rt*%.
v* u-c c ^t in. cr>
— 36 WO — -0 ^-C
U T) O.-^ ID ^> «
oca **»— *-» — *-•
0-0 3 O O O O
Od «/>«_* t/> i/i >— «/> H-
B.2 200
3.1 203 <2 150 15G
7.6 2200 «2
8.2 630
8.1 3000 144
8.3 840
7.8 4900 21 4870 489(
8.2 1150 <2 820 82(
8.0 1600
7.8 2400
8.2 1000
1
A1 C« Cl Cu
mg/t mg/t «g/* mg/t
<0.7 36 1 <0.005
<0.7 470 2 3  *Q
U ^. w» «^ -P-
C 13 C» *rt O» ^>
V«M 0.025
<0.7 440 3 <0.005
<0.7 430 3 -0.005
34 <1 <0.005

Fe Fe Fe
dis undis total K Kg
mg/t mg/t rng/l «g/t ng/t
0.091 1.3 1.4 0.71 5.6
<0.01 0.17 0.17 .2.3 160
<0.01 0.043 0.04 4.1 290
0.06? 0.68 0.74 1.2 12

Mn rta Pb S04 '"
mg/l mg/l mg/t rg/l ~g/ i
<0.01 2.4 <0.005 15 <0.o:
0.12 16 <0.005 1350 O.OZO
0.018 95 <0.005 2100 0.015
0.018 7.6 <0.005 60 <0.0".


-------
                                                           Table A-13.  Vtter Analysis for July 1975.
%t X** •*
*s» ** v. >**
m ~- m v» w
XO CO «? 6
•H W VJ —  •*• n •* o
5-S ^S £fe
— ••- *o »— •« C ~-
trao «o ta *
Tr?P -? -c, So
M •£ «E o *n -*,
•»* o.c c vi wt • a*
•^36 *« — -0 ^C
UTD Q.«»- **- «
01 c a vi — «-» •— -«j
o. o a o o o o
p^| wi u */i */» t— *r> i—
7.7 170
7.45 170 . 5 135 140
6.03 1800 <2 1891 1891
7.62 230
6.70 3<00 <2 3816 3816
7.10 170
7.75 4400 710 4019 4729
6.75 130 <2 73 73
7.75 550 1226
8.25 1600 1582
7.59 220 195
Al Ca Cl Cu
mg/t V»g/t ng/l Kg/I
<0.7 8.5 <1 <0.005
<0.7 250 <1 <0.005
200 4 <0.005
190 9 <0.005
<0.7 IS <1 <0.005

Fe Fe Fe
dls undls total K Hg
ng/t ng/t »g/t »g/» »g/t
0.06 0.52 0.58 t.S
0.04 0.093 0.133 . 4.0 111
10.01 0.10 0.1 30 314
0.14 25 25.1 25.2 222
0.07 0.12 0.19 0.7 5.5

Hn Ha Pt> S04 Zn
ng/t «ig/t ng/l 
-------
                                                                    Table A-1S.  Water Analysis for September 1975..
ro
ro
00
< 5^ £
xe" eeT Eg
a "w ^"^ *
f~~ , vS "nS •§"»
T«»P "Co. io. «o
"> 'C «•: s « 6 11=
Cl 7
C2 8 0 89.6 83.6
C3 17.5 0 106 1916. Z
C4
C5 15 .0 209 2575
C& 15
C7 No Simple
C3 15 0 101 135.8
C9 Ho Sample
CIO No Sample
til 15
C13 No Sample
•o
V •* *o M ^
u ->. K^. —
e -DO vi o» •-
u <• <* 
-------
                                                                       Table A-16.  Water Analysis for October 1975.
ro
ro
«£>
•• »%•* «*
»• «•>. •».
€•»•*"«•» «• o»
xe co «" e
0 *>u »0 «l
.— — a •- *> C.—
t^3 W « Cl • "O «
TMtn ••" •* •- *-•
iwp u en •- 01 
•— Ml
«» •« O •* ^
0 ^. ***^ *-
C T» O * O» •—
U«w» *» E — E O**
«•- ** o *o o */i •**
V. 0 J= C VI M Ct
*-ae *•« *-^> *-e
tj ^J O.-»- «O •*• «
i*u oca *AV— *-• ^ «-*
PM 0.0 30 000
I/I O IS) 4/1 • K- */> I—
7.87 180
8.02 180 <2 73 73
3 2406 2409
7.94 230
7.85 3700 73 4022 4030
7.8 290 2.7 171 174
7.81 1060
7.73 2040
7.97 310 <2 168 168
7.85 700 4.8
Cl S04 P04 Al
mo/t mq/l ng/i "»/t
<1 12 '0.1
3 1520 <0.1
4 2420
<1 40 <0.1
1 54 <0.1
3 118 <0.1
As 8 C*
ucs/t «q/» •«/»
0.3 <0.1
0.3
0.4 <0.1
0.3 <0.1
0.3 <0.1
0.9 -0.1
Fe
Cd Cr Cu 
-------
Tittle A-17.  Witer Analysis for Novwfter 1975.
^2«i <
«n — «*i M at
^8 58 Sg
^- *• •« •—  0 |X^
*• u .c c M IA 01
•^3E Of-O *— *O »-E
UT> Q.-— a •— a
nU o> c a WIP— u^. 5
^ S3 33 • £3 g
7.4 158
7.5 153 
-------
                                                                        Tit>1« A-18.  Water Analysts for December 1975.
ro
*• >.-* <*
^. **•«•» «s.
m *- *•» M o»
« £8 58 Sj
"a. _ •oo "IBO €""!
§ Temp -w -„ u-
<"i •£ < E < E XI—
Cl 0
C2 0 0 77 101
C30 0 26 1502
C« 0
CS 1 0 161 2331
C6 0
C7 0 0 842 2101
C3 0 0 83 94
C9 0
CIO 0
Cll 0 0 89 157
C13 0 0 89 394
VJ
£
It •» "5 •» T>
O *v. w> ^- •*•
C T3 CT •» 0> —
W4IK V E — E O N^
*. U C C « tft Cl
<»-3E v-o •— -a i— g
U T5 O. •*- * >~ I*
nU € t— m ^~
6.4 170
£.5 160 <2 129 129
7.0 1800 <2 2081 2081
6.8 220
7.2 2600 Z 3189 319!
7.S 230
7.0 3900 34 4039 4073
7.4 250 4 192 196
6.0 1300 74
$.9 1800 <2 2186 2186
'7.1 250 2 197 199
7.5 500 2 514 516
Cl S04 P04 Al
roj/t rnt/t ng/t ma/t
<0.5 <0.5 <0.06 <1
4 1520 0.06 <1
4 2130 <0.06
8 820 <0.06
<0.5 18 0.06 <1
0.5 . 38 .0.06 <1
3 0.06 <1
As B Ca
..q/t mo/: »q/(
0.3 <0.1 19
cO.3 <0.1 470
<0.3 <0.1 290
<0.3 <0.l 440
<0.3 <0.1 30
<0.3 <0.1 32
1.0 <0.1 85
Te
Cd Cr Cu dis
iiS/t w9/« M9/1 »9/t
Cl
C2 <5 
-------
                                                                       T*b1« A-19.  Mter Aiutlyils for febrtury 197ft.
CO
ro
•» Xx «
»• *•««. -•.
m f n * w
_ >»o co v> 6
e» •* o «~o v
•— "^ •» •— m c •—
a. ««j 
•^ *> o -o o 1/5"^
V. o £ C wi M et
— 36 *>T3 ^- T3 ^ £
U "^ Q.-^ « •*- <«
nU « c a ^^- *-•— 2
f" 0.0 so OOO
*/*«_» en wi »— to »~
7.91 150
7.72 150 . 4.7 125 130
7.2 2500 2.7 1700 1703
7.59 220
7.47 4000 6.7 3335 3342
7.70 230
6.91 5010 142.1 4105 4247
7.41 310 1.7 221 223
7. 52 1600 3.1 1205 1208
17.9 2700 l.S 2129 2130
7.56 740 1.9 363 36,
Cl S04 PQ4 A1
*"J/t n
-------
                                                                      T*bl« A-M.  Hater Analysis for March 1976
CO
CO
•* >,•* *•
**^ **-**. "*-
in «•- m M* D»
>>O CO v» C
.2 .^^ :=•* S,-
t-O U •» O T3 «
Team r, « -* ». h «
«/> •£ «r E < E xi-
Cl 0
C2 0 0 88 91
C3 0 0 72 1293
C4 0
CS 0 0 121 1979
C6
C7
ce
C9 0
cio o
en
C13 0 0 243 349
w
>
« X "3 W T3
U ^* VI **, -^
C ^ P VI O» r—
U«W « 6 V-E 00
•*• 4-» O -O O «rt •**
0- 0£ CM M C>
^ 3 S »-0 f— TJ ^6
0-0 Q.-^ «— «
pH g.g a So oo o
1/1 u l/t l/k *- */» *-
7.0 200
7.4 200 2.9 176 179
7.0 5600 3.9 1770 1774
7.5 360
7.3 3500 8.6 2854 2863
7.5 1900 328 1330 1658
,7.6 3000 4.6 2528 2533
7.4 760 14.6 429 444
Cl 504 POi Al
mo/t m
-------
                                                                         Table A-21.  Water Analysts for April 1976.
ro
ex)
~ S:: <
>.cT co" Si1
«• ** Ci — • 
v ,
>
8 £ g£ 1
US« ^g1 -TI1 -5-
CtJ| ?.« °» •«>
•*- 3 e o •« — -o »— E
u-o o.-*- w- *
nU 01 c 3 *»^- *>*— ^
r™ Q.Q 30 OOO
V> U Wl V> *- l^> f-
7.63 150
7.52 170 9.5 147 157
7.01 1900 4.1 1C71 1875
7.82 480
7. 69 2900 1.9 3153 3155
7.89 680
7.0 4100 20.8 4107 4128
7.81 640 5.5 509 515
7.14 1500 19.4 1235 1254
7.48 2600 3.5 2537 2541
7.68 680 1.2 441 442
Cl S04 P04 A1
"M/l wtj/i na/« BQ/»
0.5 5 <0.01
3.0 1040 <0.01
4.0 2180 <0.01
9.5 2620 <0.01
1.0 250 <0.01
5 20 <0.0t
As B Ca
j
-------
                                                                        Table A-22.  Water Analysis  for Kay 1976.
ro
CA>
en
mt X-l ••
^ £>, -^
>»0 CO *> 6
« *TIj — «-> •>
•TT -~ ID ~- n ei—
a •o t> ««J t> »
I Temp -Go,-™ feS
Cl 9.
C2 9 76 251
C3 13 68 1653
C4 13
C5 14 190 2390
C6 12
C7 7 361 1969
C8 10 205 236
C9 13
CIO 15
Cii 12 91 187
C13 11 226 280
«*
Z «
•V ** O •* TJ
o »•»•. « ^*. *»"
us- ^r £!• 5-
•r- *> O T3 ° «/» -^s
1- OJC C **» «A C*
«p-3E «**3. »-"0 *-E
8T) Q.-^ «o -^ «
C Jt «* •— ** •— ' *•*
r" Q.O 3 o ooo
1/t CJ */> tA h- */> •—
7.9 135
7.9 135 2.5 129 132
7.9 2300 <2 2327 2327
8.0 270
8.0 3600 3.2 3743 3151
8.2 340
7.0 4400 66.8 4550 4617
8.1 460 7.3 376 383
8.3 1700 <2 1490 1490
'7.9 2200 <2 2209 220S
8.1 370 <2 288 288
8.1 480 <2 471 471
Cl S04 M>4 Al
ffli/t mo/I mq/l mo/t
2 g/t «9/i w9/t mg/t
Cl
C2 <5 <5 13 0.08
C3 
-------
                                                                          Tabl* A-23.  Urn? An*1y*1i for June 1976.
IS3
CJ
•* >**• •*
**•* *^**» X.
wfSsf s*
— •— 1 ~- 1 Cr-
Q. TJ«J • 0 -0 «
£ T«P U» 2<* JSS
<« «C •* E «£ S . Z °
Cl 11. S
C2 11.5 61 58
C3 16 63 14S3
Cl 3.0
C5 10 170 2M7
C6 7.8
C7
C3 7.5 61 18?
C9 13.0
c:o n.4
Cll 8.5 55 131
C13 13.0 198 312
|
*» •* *O •* 13
U *«s. ***.'*-
C TO O *« O» •—
U«M *u E •*- e o •*
«^**o -o o *o*s.
*• O JC C IM «A O*
<^3E WO ^-T3 *-6
u T> ex-^ 
-------
                  Appendix  B

      Water Quality Data  -  Daily  Samples

                  Table B-l
     1975 Daily IDS Concentrations  (mg/i)

                      Station
Date    C2    C3    CS   C6    C9     CIO    C13
Mar
Apr











May








Jun



Jul



Aug




Sep



Oct





Nov


Dec
31
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
22
29
5
13
20
27
3
11
17
25
1
7
14
21
28
5
13
21
28
3
4
10
17
24
31
7
21
26
5
113
119
108
100
103
100
130
130
128
132
128
120
140
112
122
122
129
124
110
104
95
90
70
64
54
43
56
70
91
131
139
156
113
111
106
118
112
95
83
_
91
90
90
119
95
93
110
105
117
1770
1310
1400
1390
1310
1200
1300
1460
1380
1500
1710
1800
2000
2030
2080
2060
2070
2030
2030
2000
1940
1920
2100
2000
1980
1790
1880
1830
1700
1780
1700
1410
1290
1870
1900
2000
2010
2100
1800
1880
.
1880
1880
2100
2100
2100
1831
1811
1639
2790
2150
2250
1900
1890
1750
2250
2500
2390
2490
2490
2490
2740
3080
2790
2640
3200
2690
2850
2770
3000
3000
3200
3400
3400
3080
3400
3460
3420-
3210
3550
4050
3550
3550
3420
3550
3450
3600
3300
3300
.
3190
3300
3380
3440
3520
2741
2741
2741
260
360
380
420
520
520
590
750
650
650
660
750
910
700
590
700
650
520
420
390
260
235
145
120
90
76
89
100
130
205
170
230
175
170
178
178
200
147
120
147
-
158
162
235
160
148
169
164
164
1100
1080
975
950
960
750
1150
1250
1640
1530
1600
1550
1580
1440
1370
1570.
1380
1450
1370
1370
1190
1190
1300
1400
1380
1200
1250
1260
1260
1300
1300
1300
1240
1280
1300
1250
1260
1240
1100^
1100
-
1090
1120
1200
1240
1240
1088
1042
1088
2250
2300
2010
2010
2030
2030
2260
2490
2510
2490
2500
2510
2600
2300
2200
2180
2300
2290
2180
2100
1370
1210
1210
1320
124Q
1300
1400
1560
1500
1480
1600
1640
1650
1680
1710
1700
1765
1760
1760
1670
-
1720
1720
1800
1870
1880
1730
1730
1693




























420
450
445
445
450
455
455
460
455
480
460
-
480
470
470
480
480
500
532
512
477
                            237

-------
            Table B-2
1976 Daily IDS Concentrations (mgA)
Date
Mar 22
23
25
27
30
Apr 1
3
6
9
11
13
15
17
20
22
25
27
29
May Z
4
6
8
11
13
16
18
21
24
26
28
31
Jun 2
4
C2
113
-
95
112
114
98
96
107
98
110
103
107
105
108
105
106
107
96
94
87
82
82
73
80
74
67
63
61
61
55
53
48
42
C3
1459
-
1229
1395
1431
1271
1092
1055
1200
1193
1416
1551
1622
1656
1706
1699
1763
1657
1688
1706
1706
1705
1627
1640
1657
1657
1673
1657
1621
1640
1692
1657
1681
Station
C5 C6 C9
1215
-
1890
2130
2173
1270
1183
2088
2068
2547
2381
2483
2622
2444
2578
2629
2712
2649
2697
2783
2771
2547
2512
2570
2649
2699
2678
2345
2610
2737
2764
2871
2718
«
-
299
399
260
326
398
519
510
421
419
421
428
393
344
313
325
291
247
225
210
218
218
185
170
137
121
107
113
93
89
94
66
»
1150
1021
1010
972
874
761
1020
880
1128
1183
1193
1198
1225
1267
1243
1230
1202
1183
1193
1210
1183
1092
1160
1159
1126
1180
1165
1176
1205
1205
1188
1168
CIO
.
2040
2014
1990
1782
1977
1947
1876
1869
1940
1866
1832
1853
1848
1856
1832
1816
1763
1721
1706
1673
1627
1463
1418
1422
1372
1357
1330
1314
1289
1281
1291
1301
C13
„.
467
404
451
427
402
436
508
451
421
441
461
450
440
421
385
367
357
359
349
335
317
284
293
278
261
288
273
274
274
282
284
278
                   238

-------
                             Appendix C

            Water Quality Data - Supplementary Stations

                             Table C-l

                      Description of Stations
Station                      Description
  #20        Ground water seep on natural  ground
  #21        CIO stream above clogged culvert
  #22        Ground water flowing from spoils near Station CIO but
               not flowing through the discharge monitoring station
  #23        Ground water seep from base of spoils along Trout Creek
  #24        Ground water seep from base of spoils along Trout Creek
  #25        Combination of C9 and CIO water due to clogged culvert
  #26        C9 water before joining CIO water at #25
  #27        CIO water before joining C9 water at #25
                             Table C-2

                      IDS Concentrations (mg/A)

                                   Station
        Date    #20   #21   #22   #23   #24   #25   #26   #27

       Apr 24   158   173  2836  4772  3900   477   993
       May 18                    3966     ....
           20     -   127  2572     -     -   192  1027   137
           24     -     -     -  4088     -  -  -
           28                    3974
                                  239

-------
               Appendix 0
Water Quality Data - Experimental  Plots
               Table D-l
   Chemical Analyses of Water Samples
Sample flo.*
T-2/900-716
SS-2/948-716
SS-2/1000-716
SS-2/1320-716
SS-2/1320-716
SS-2/855-717
SS-2/740-718
SS-2/740-718
T-3/1130-721
S-3/1240-721
S-3/1315-721
S-3/1403-721
SS-3/1415-721
55-3/1505-721
T-3/1515-721
SS-3/1930-721
T-4/0830-722
S-4/1225-722
SS-4/1339-722
SS-4/1435-722
SS-4/1515-722
SS-4/1717-722
SS-4/2040-722
S-5/1003-731
T-5/1025-731
S-5/1033-731
S-5/1115-731
SS-5/1200-731
SS-5/1220-731
SS-5/1300-731
SS-5/1348-731
SS5/1458-731
SS-5/1910-731
T-5/1910-731
SS-5/0915-81
T-6/0935-806
S-6/0957-806
S-6/1017-806
SS-6/1100-806
S-6/1 102-806
SS-6/1133-806
SS-6/1215-806
SS-6/1325-806
SS-6/1515-806
SS-6/0815-807
T- 7/0800-8 08
PH
7.9
7.8
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.5
7.6
7.7
8.3
7.7
7.3
8.2
7.0
7.0
7.9
7.9
8.3
8.1
7.1
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.7
8.3
8.3
8.1
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.4
8.9
8.0
8.4
7.5
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.5
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.4
8.1
Cond
200
3900
4200
3400
3400
4600
4600
4600
200
700
300
200
2400
3000
300
3400
300
300
2800
3600
3600
3600
3600
500
200
400
400
1400
2600
2900
3200
3500
3700
200
3700
300
300
300
4900
300
3800
4100
4100
4500
4900
400
Na
0.1
6.5
5.9
4.7
4.1
7.8
8.3
8.5
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.1
1.0
1.6
0.1
3.8
0.2
0.1
2.2
4.8
4.1
4.7
4.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
1.5
4.0
2.6
2.4
3.9
0.2
2.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
10.6
0.3
6.7
6.2
8.1
10.1
11.2
0.2
Ca
1.0
22.1
27.5
19.9
21.2
26.6
26.4
27.4
1.2
3.2
1.3
1.3
17.4
22.9
1.3
25.4
1.3
1.3
19.9
23.7
24.1
24.4
25.1
3.2
1.3
2.2
-2.2
7.2
17.9
19.9
21.0
22.0
23.0
1.3
24.7
1.7
2.1
1.9
25.4
1.9
21.1
22.2
23.2
23.8
24.6
2.1
Mg
0.7
28.6
34.0
22.9
24.7
35.6
38.6
36.8
0.8
2.6
1.0
0.9
13.7
19;4
0.9
23.8
0.9
0.9
15.4
24.5
24.7
26.8
23.2
2.0
1.4
1.8
1.8
8.2
13.7
19.2
21.5
24.8
28.7
1.5
31.9
1.2
1.3
1.2
40.0
1.3
27.9
27.9
31.0
34.4
39.2
1.5
K
0.1
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.8
.0.8
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.7
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.8
0.06
0.8
O.B
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.05
HC03
1.5
6.5
5.9
5.6
4.8
6.4
6.7
6.6
1.9
2.2
1.4
1.5
3.4
4.6
1.8
5.3
1.9
1.9
3.4
4.3
4.8
4.5
4.4
"1.8
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.8
4.0
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.8
1.8
4.7
2.3
2.3
2.8
6.9
2.6
5.4
5.6
6.6
7.0
7.9
2.9
co3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
so4
0.7
55.5
58.4
45.3
42.8
60.9
62.5
62.4
0.8
4.8
1.1
1.0
30.5
36.7
0.8
43.0
0.9
0.8
37.5
43.8
49.2
49.2
44.5
3.6
0.7
1.8
1.9
12.8
30.4
40.8
42.6
46.1
48.3
0.8
55.4
1.0
1.4
1.4
65.1
1.2
48.2
46.9
54.7
62.4
65.6
1.1
N03
<0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
<0.01
0.08
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
<0.01
0.02
0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.26
<0.01
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.01
Cl
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.7
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1

-------
Table D-l (Cont'd)
Sample No.*
S-7/0915-808
S-7/0915-808
S-7/1024-808
SS-7/1125-808
SS-7/1240-808
SS-7/1400-808
S-8/0943-811
T-8/1000-811
S-8/1127-811
S-8/1146-811
SS-8/1305-811
SS-8/1345-811
SS-8/1515-811
SS-8/1925-811
T-9/1000-813
S-9/1012-813
S-9/1032-813
SS-9/1 102-813
S-9/I111-813
SS-9/1143-813
SS-9/1250-813
SS-9/1440-813
SS-9/1530-813
SS-9/1915-813
T-10/1115-815
S-10/1158-815
S-10/1225-815
S-10/1310-815
SS-10/1410-815
SS-10/1455-315
SS-10/1545-815
S-ll/0845-819
S-ll/0908-819
T-ll/094 5-819
SS-11/0950-819
S-ll/0954-819
SS-11/1125-819
SS-11/1230-819
S-ll/1235-819
SS-11/1445-819
SS-11/1855-819
SS-11/0750-820
T-12/1115-820
S-12/1150-820
S-12/1215-820
SS12/1234-820
S-12/1259-820
SS-12/1355-820
SS-12/1508-820
SS-12/1625-820
PH
7.4
7.6
7.9
7.5
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.9
7.8
8.0
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.3
8.1
7.5
7.9
7.2
7.9
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.7
7.7
7.4
7.8
7.9
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.6
7.8
8.0
7.6
7.9
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.4
7.7
7.9
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.5
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.7
Cond
400
400
400
3000
2500
2400
300
300
300
300
2000
2600
2900
2700
300
400
300
700
300
1700
2900
3300
3500
4100
300
400
300
300
2500
2600
3000
300
300
300
3600
300
3900
4200
300
4600
4600
4600
300
400
600
3200
400
2700
3200
3300
Na
0.3
0.3
0.3
3.7
1.2
1.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
1.4
2.9
4.0
3.9
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
1.3
3.7
4.6
5.3
6.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
1.2
1.5
2.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
5.2
0.2
4.5
5.4
0.2
7.8
7.0
8.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
3.7
0.2
2.8
3.6
4.3
Ca
2.1
2.4
2.1
20.3
16.3
15.8
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.9
13.4
15.7
18.2
17.0
1.7
2.6
2.0
4.0
1.9
9.8
18.5
20.4
20.8
22.0
1.7
2.6
1.9
1.8
16.4
18.2
19.0
1.8
1.6
1.6
18.4
1.6
20.7
22.1
1.8
23.1
23.4
23.4
1.5
2.4
2.1
19.2
1.9
15.3
17.6
18.9
Mg
1.5
1.5
1.4
17.2
13.8
13.8
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.2
11.2
14.5
17.8
18.8
1.2
1.5
1.3
3,2
1.3
9.4
18.4
21.2
23.0
25.2
1,1
1.6
1.2
1.1
15.0
15.8
19.8
1.2
1.1
1.0
27.0
1.1
27.5
32.3
1.2
34.8
35.6
37.7
1.0
1.4
1.3
22.5
1.2
17.4
20.4
22.0
K
0.07
0.10
0.06
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.05
0.15
0.09
0.2
0.07
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.17
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.2
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.7
HC03
2.4
2.5
2.4
4.6
3.8
4.0
2.3
2.6
2.3
2.3
3.4
4.1
4.6
4.6
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.3
3.5
4.8
4.6
4.9
4.9
2.3
2.3
2.1
"2.1
4.4
4.7
5.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
7.3
2.4
6.1
6.9
2.6
7.3
8.0
8.1
2.3
2.4
2.6
5.0
2.6
4.5
4.4
4.7
co3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
so4
1.6
1.9
1.6
36.7
26,0
26.0
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.3
23.4
31.2
32.6
33.8
1.0
2.3
1.5
5.3
1.4
18.8
35.8
40.4
45.0
50.0
1.0
2.4
1.4
1.3
29.9
31.2
33.8
1.2
1.2
0.9
45.6
1.2
49.5
54.7
1.2
58.6
60.8
59.4
0.8
2.0
1.4
44.3
1.4
30.4
40.4
40.4
N03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.41
-0-.-15
0.19
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.11
0.14
0.18
0.14
0.01
0.03
0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.11
0.23
0.28
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
<0.01
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.16
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.09
Cl
<0.1
<0.1
<0. 1
<0. 1
<0.1
<0.1
<0. 1
<0. 1
<0. 1
<0. 1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0. 1
<0.1
<0. 1
<0. 1

-------
                              Table D-l (Cont'd)
 Sample No.*     pH  Cond   Na    Ca    Mg     K   HC03   C03   S04    N03   Cl
SS-12/2045-820
T-13/0970-821
S-13/1017-821
S-13/1017-821
SS-13/1050-821
S-13/1055-821
S- 13/1117-821
SS-13/1145-821
SS-13/1215-821
SS-13/1304-821
SS-13/1355-821
SS-13/1508-821
7.7
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.9
7.9
7.4
7.8
7.5
7.8
7.7
3600
300
400
400
2600
300
300
2800
3000
3200
3200
3200
4.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.7
0.2
0.2
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.4
20.6
1.5
1.8
2.6
17.0
1.8
1.6
17.4
18.2
18.7
19.4
19.7
23.6
1.0
1.1
1.4
16.0
1.1
1.0
.18.1
18.3
19.8
20.1
20.0
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
5.0
2.3
2.4
2.3
4.8
2.4
2.1
4.7
4.5
4.9
4.9
5.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
44.3
0.8
1.0
2.5
31.2
1.2
1.0
35.2
36.4
39.1
39.1
37.8
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.21
0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Sample No. indicates type of sample  (S=surface, SS=subsurface, T=water supply in
tank), run number, time,  and date (month  and day).
                                         242

-------
Appendix E
Discharge Data
Table E-l

Date
Mar 28
29
30
31
Apr 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
May 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

-C2
mj/sec
_
-
-
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.34
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.38
. 0.44
0.53
0.62
0.65
0.80
0.82
0.74
0.60
0.52
0.49
0.45
0.49
0.60
0.69
0.63
0.55
0.52
0,54
0.65
0.84
Mean Daily
C3
m3/secx!03
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.4
4.0
4.5
4.8
4.2
3.4
3.4
4.2
4.8
5.7
6.2
7.6
10.2
12.5
11.6
9.9
9.4 -
12.5
14.2
18.7
22.4
26.3
32.9
39.1
41.6
42.5
42.2
41.3
39.4
37.4
37.4
38.5
39.1
40.8
43.0
38.8
42.5
Discharges
-C6*
nr/sec m
_
-
-
0.52*
0.52
0.52
0.54 .
0.55
0.57
0.58
0,60*
0.54
0.49*
0.51
0.52*
0.58
0.64*
0.67
0.68*
0.72
0.74*
0.67
0.60*
0.69
0.84*
0.94
0.99*
1.16
1.45*
1.38
1.25*
1.13
1.06*
0.95
0.88
0.85*
0.99
1.11*
1.05
0.95*
0.90
. 0.90*
1.03
1.27* .
, 1975
C9
3/secxl03
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.7
1.7
1.1
2.0
2.3
4.1
0.9
0.9
2,0
7.1
12.2
19.3
36.8
62.9
83.8
81.3
62.0
43.3
31.2
26.3
25.2
29.5
39.1
44,5
36.5
25.8
22.4
20.7
„ 24.6

3 CIO .
nr/secxlOJ
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.4
4.0
4.8
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.9
6.8
7.6
9.1
11.0
17.0
29.2
32.9
27.2
23.5
22.9
28.6
39.1
53.0
58.3
68.8
74.8
60.9
44.5
32.9
25.8
21.8
21.2
30.9
45.0
39.4
30.9
25.8
23.8
24.9
243

-------
Table E-l (Cont'd)
Date
May 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Jun 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
-C2
nr/sec
1.12
1.20
1.18
1.70
2.31
2.64
3.12
2.93
2.93
3.71
3.63
3.43
3.12
2.92
2.69
2.46
2.18
1.93
1.69
1.49
1.66
2.12
2.55
2.83
3.26
3.64
4.06
7.13
9.92
8.62
4.46
3.27
3.47
5.34
9.56
11.67
11.52
8.33
7.47
7.62
6.51
5.24
4.67
4.39
4.96
5.28
4.40
4.46
o C3
nr/secxlO0
56.9
70.8
51.0
42.8
42.5
42.5
45.0
47.9
52.4
60.9
69.7
77.6
49.3
45.6
41.9
39.1
36.0
33.4
30.9
23.5
13.6
20.4
20.4
20.1
19.0
18.1
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.1
18.1
18.7
18.7
18.7
18.7
19.0
19.3
18.4
18.1
18.4
18.7
19.0
19.5
18.7
1-7.0
15.0
12.5
_C6*
nr/sec
1.52
1.57*
1.53
2.01*
2.66
3.00
3.51
3.35
3.38
4.19
4.13
3.95*
3.64
3.44
3.21
2.99
2.71
2.46
2.22*
2.02
2.19
2.66
3.08
3.37
3.80
4.18*
4.77
8.05
10.98
9.87
5.85
4.76*
4.89
7.75
10.72
12.66
12.37
9.06
8.09*
8.27
7.18
5.92
5.37
5.09
5.72
6.10
5.31
5.41*
3 C9 1
m°/secxlOJ
32.0
41.1
40.5
38.8
36.8
36.5
34.6
34.6
36.8
34.6
30.3
26.1
24.9
24.6
24.1
23.8
23.2
22.7
22.1
20.1
19.0
17.8
16.7
15.9
15.6
15.0
14.7
15.0
15.6
14.4
13.9
12.7
12.5
11.9
11.6
11.0
11.3
10.8
10.8
10.5
10.2
9.9
9.6
9.3
9.3
8.8
8.5
8.5
3 C1° 3
nr/secxlO
32.9
39.1
41.6
44.2
57.5
62.0
60.3
56.6
47.3
44.5
42.5
41.6
38.5
33.1
30.3
28.9
28.3
28.3
28.3
26.3
25.2
24.4
24.9
24.6
22.1
19.5
19.3
18.4
20.4
20.4
19.5
17.6
16.1
16.4
17.6
19.0
21.5
26.3
32.9
28.6
22.4
16.7
11.9
9.1
8.2
7.9
7.6
7.4
      244

-------
Table E-l (Cont'd)
0C2 . C3 -
Date m3/sec nr/secxlO"3 m
Jun 28
29
30
Jul 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Aug 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
5.45
5.24
4.96
4.81
4.46
3.98
5.32
4.67
3.96
3.40
2.93
3.03
2.71
1.97
1.68
1.48
1.60
1.47
1.55
1.08
0.83
0.75
0.80
0.69
0.56
0.51
0.47
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.67
0.69
0.61
0.59
0.47
0.47
0.44
0.35
0.37
0.34
0.29
0.30
0.43
0.47
0.54
0.59
0.55
9.9
7.1
5.1
5.9
7.6
6.5
5.1
5.7
5.4
5.1
5.4
5.7
5.4
4.8
4.5
4.5
5.7
5.7
6.2
5.9
5.7
5.1
4.8
4.5
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.7
2.8 _
2.8
2.3
2.8
3.4
3.1
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.5
2.0
C6* 3
6.30
5.95
5.56*
5.31
4.81
4.23*
5.61
4.97
4.28
3.73*
3.28
3.40
3.10
2.37*
2.19
2.05
2.23*
2.08
2.10
1.61*
1.33
1.23
1.25
1.09*
0.95
0.89
0.82
0.80*
0.82
0.85
0.86
1.04
1.07*
0.94
0.85
0.72
0.73
0.71*
0.61
0.63
0.59*
0.53
0.52
0.66*
0.71
0.79
0.88
0.86*
C9 , , CIO -
secxlOJ nrvsecxlO-3
8.2
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.4
7.4
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.4
7.4
7.1
6.8
6.5
6.5
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.4
7.4
7.4
7-4 „
7.1
6.8
6.8
6.5
6.8
6.8
7.1
7.1
7.1
6.8
7.1 .
6.5
6.5
6.8
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.2
5.9
5.7
5.4
5.4
7.4
7.1
7.1
5.7
40
.5
4.5
4.0
4.0
4.8
5.4
4.8
4.5
4.0
3.7
3.1
2.8
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
          245

-------
Table E-l (Cont'd)
-C2
Date nr/sec
Aug 15 0.52
16 0.50
17 0.48
18 0.53
19 0.53
20 0.52
21 0.55
22 0.54
23 0.44
24 0.45
25 0.43
26 0.42
27 0.43
28 0.39
29 0.35
30 0.33
31 0.32
Sep 1 0.30
2 0.31
3 0.30
4 0.29
5 0.29
6 0.30
7 0.30
8 0.31
9 0.31
10 0.31
11 0.32
12 0.32
13 0.32
14 0.33
15 0.33
16 0.34
17 0.35
18 0.35
19 0.36
20 0.36
21 0.37
22 0.37
23 0.37
24 0.36 .
25 0.36
26 0.37
27 0.37
28 0.36
29 0.36
30 0.31
Oct 1 0.31
3 C3 3
nr/secxlO0
2,0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
4.0
5.1
2.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.1 ~
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
C6*
nr/sec
0.82
0.78
0.77*
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.77*
0.76
0.67
0.69*
0.67
0.66
0.68
0.64*
0.59
0.58
0.57.
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.54*
0.54
0.54
0.55
0.55
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.57*
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64*
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.63*
0.64
0.59
0.59
T °9 T
nr/secxlOv5
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.8
4.2
4.0
3.4
' 2.8
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
270
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
. CIO
m /secxlO
1 0
4. * \J
1 0
X » w
i n
x • w
1 0 '
JL « W
1 0
* • w
1 0
X • W
1 0
X « W
1 0
*• • \J
1 0
X * \J
1 0
X • W
1 0
X • \J
1 1
X • X
1 1
X • X
1 1
X • X
1 1
+ * X
1 1
X • X
1 1
X • X
1 0
x • w
1 0
X » \J
1 0
X • \J
0 9
w • J
0 9
w • «/
0 9
W • *J
0 9
w • •/
0 9
w • ^
0 9
w * ^
0 9
w * «>
0 7
W • /
0 7
v • t
0 7
W • /
0 7
W • /
0 7
w • f
0 7
w • /
0 7
\J • f
0 7
W t f
0 7
w • f
0 6
w • v
0 6
w • v
0 6
W t W
0 6
w • \j
0.6
w * w
06
w • w
0 6
w • v
0 6
W • U
0 6
w • w
0 6
V • w
0 fi
\I * \J
0.6
      246

-------
Table E-l (Cont'd)
C2
Date m3/sec rrr
Oct 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Nov 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0.31
0.31
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.40
0.43
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.47
0,48
0.63
0.52
0.77
03 3
/secxlO-3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
,1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
3.4
3.1
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
C6* . C9 CIO
m3/sec m3/secxlOJ nvVsecxlO-3
0.59
0.59*
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.52
0.52
0.54*
0.54
0.55
0.57 .
0.58
0.59
0.58
0.58*
0.58
0.58
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.53*
0.74
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.73
- 0.74
0.74
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.69*
0.68
0.65
0.67
0.65
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.66*
0.81
0.71
0.99
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
           247

-------
                    Table E-l (Cont'd)
Date
Nov











19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
,C2 C3
m-Vsec m°/secxlOJ
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.48
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
,C6* C9 CIO .
nr/sec nrVsecxlO-5 nr/secxlOJ
0.76
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.70
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Indicates actual  measurement taken at Station  C6.
                           248

-------
         Table E-2
Mean Daily Discharges, 1976
-C2
Date m3/sec m
Mar 22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Apr 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
May 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.68
0.47
0.46
0.44
0.39
0.55
0.51
0.51
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.51
0.55
0.52
0.54
0.54
0.48
0.50
0.60
0,65
0.64
0.84
0.83
0.76
0.75
0.72
0.71
0.68
0.65
0.63
0.64
0.70
0.71
0.61
0.59
0.61
0.60
0.66
0.76
0.79
0.71
0.79
0.86
0.92
1.04
1.26
1.22
C3 C6* C9 CIO
J/secxlOJ nr/sec mJ/secxlOJ . nr/secxlO°
_
1.7
1.9
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.1
2.9
2.4
2.7
6.3
5.7
6.4
7.2
9.5
10.7
9.4
8.7
9.4
9.6
10.4
12.8
16.9
18.4
13.5
17.8
25.3
30.6
43.0
39.9
29.6
27.0
24.5
21.2
19.1
18.5
16.3
17.0
17.6
17.8
14.4
10.1
9.0
8.0
11.8
11.4
9.5
1.12
0.95
0.97
0.98*
1.18
1.54*
1.42
1.27
1.14*
1.20
1.23*
1.30
1.37*
1.31
1.32
1.28*
1.33
1.44
1.59*
1.61
1.67*
1.72
1.64*
1.52
1.45*
1.48
1.49*
1.56
1.59
1.64*
1.44
1.33*
1.36
1.28
1.62*
1.52
1.28*
1.31
1.39
1.38*
1.39
1.55*
1.63
1.69*
1.78
1.98*
1.93
_
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.7
5.7
8.5
10.9
19.8
25.7
25.4
30.7
28.3
2"7.3
26.5
25.3
21.8
17.8
15.4
14.9
14.9
15.6
15.0
14.9
15.9 *
16.3
15.9
16.7
17.4
17.4
16.7
16.3
16.2
15.9
16.7
17.4
_
4.1
4.4
5.7
6.1
7.2
8.2
8.9
8.5
8.6
.9.8
10.5
11.0
11.6
12.2
14.4
17.0
19.3
21.0
20.7
20.1
21.8
23.6
22.4
19.8
17.5
16.6
15.1
13.7
11.0
9.9
9.3
8.6
9.7
12.8
10.2
8.6
8.2
7.9
7.6
7.6
7.4
7.1
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.8
             249

-------
                    Table E-2 (Cont'd)
Date
May 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Jun 1
2
3
4
3 C2
nr/sec
1.56
1.38
1.46
1.67
1.56
1.43
1.95
1.96
1.60
1.91
2.17
2.36
2.87
2.18
2.07
2.31
3.45
3.06
2.46
2.87
3.60
4.36
4.92
3.18
3.56
5.04
5.19
7.25
3 " 3
nr/secxlO0
12.7
12.1
11.1
10.7
9.7
9.9
8.9
6.1
8.5
10.8
10.1
9.4
10.2
10.0
10.7
10.7
10.3
10.1
9.7
8.9
7.8
7.1
6.8
6.6
6.3
6.1
5.6
5.6
_C6*
m /sec
2.24*
2.12
2.23
2.49*
2.38
2.21*
2.75
2.78
2.45*
2.59
2.74*
2.97
2.51
2.85*
2.72
2.93
4.06*
3.91
3.51*
3.77
4.34*
4.96
5.38
3.51*
3.97
5.42*
5.64
7.79*
3 C9 3
nr/secxlOJ
17.6
18.9
15.6
16.1
15.3
15.1
13.3
12.6
12.0
11.3
10.8
• 16.3
22.3
21.0
21.6
22.1
20.5
18.6
11.7
11.1
10.6
9.2
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
6.6
6.6
3 C1° 3
nT/secxlO-3
7.1
8.4
10.1
9.7
9.0
9.0
8.5
7.7
7.0
6.6
6.6
8.5
8.4
9.2
8.9
9.2
10.9
8.3
8.1
7.8
7.6
7.2
6.9
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.5
6.6
Indicates actual  measurement  taken at  Station  C6.
                           25fl

-------
                          Table  E-3
Discharge at the Time Monthly Water  Quality Samples  Were  Taken
Month   nr/sec
                    C3         C6       C9     I      OO
                 nr/secxlQ0   nr/sec   nr/secxlO0  nr/secxlO
4/75
5/75
6/75
7/75
8/75
9/75
10/75
11/75
12/17/75
0.31
0.57
3.88
4.14
0.78
0.32
0.29
0.37
0.32
2.4
38.2
18.7
6.5
2.6
0.9
1.1
1.7
0.9
0.55
0.82
-
5.55
0.96
-
0.57
0.60
-
3.3
25.2
14.2
8.6
7.7
2.3
1.7
2.6
-
3.3
29.9
21.0
5.9
2.3
4.7
0.6
0.4
-
  1/76
  2/76
 3/ 2/76
 3/31/76
 5/ 5/76
 6/ 2/76
          0.28

          1.07
          1.01
 2.0
12.2
 5.9
1.12
1.59
5.24
 0.0
15.6
 6.5
1.7
7.7
7.7
5.9
                              251

-------
                  Appendix F
Saturated Paste Data - Soil  and Spoil  Analyses

                  Table F-l
                 1976 Samples
Sample No.
SS100
0
30
60
SS101
0
45
120
SS102
0
30
60
SS103
0
30

••
SS104
' 0
30
Cond.
(umhos/cm)

2700
2900
3500

500
700
200

1200
2600
2600

300
3100
_
.

500
300
Sample No.
SS105
0
30
60
SS106
0
30
60
SS107
0
30
120
SS108
0
30
60
120
SS109
0
45 -
Cond.
(ymhos/cm)

300
600
300

500
3000
4000

200
300
500

300
200
400
1400

1800
2700
                      252

-------
              Appendix G
Leaching Data - Composite Spoil  Sample
              Table G-l
       Sample Size Distribution

            Size           Weight (gm)
Greater than 8 MM
Greater than 5 Mesh
Greater than 9 Mesh
Greater than 16 Mesh
Greater than 32 Mesh
Greater than 35 Mesh
Greater than 60 Mesh
Greater than 80 Mesh
Greater than 100 Mesh
Greater than 120 Mesh
Greater than 200 Mesh
Less than 200 Mesh
248.3
247.4
256.0
236.8
201.4
23.2
74.6
35.0
14.1
7.9
22.3
19.4
                  253

-------
       Table G-2
Results of Leaching Test
Volume
Leachate
(At) pH

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4260

7.75
7.70
7.64
7.61
7.63
7.68
7.50
7.92
7.90
7.82
7.82
7.87
7.92
7.95
8.05
8.02
8.02
8.09
8.11
8.11
8.01
7.99
8.10
8.10
8.11
7.98
8.08
8.10
8.10
8.09
8.10
8.15
8.10
8.12
8.10
8.11
8.10
8.11
8.10
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
Spec. CaC03
Cond. Total Alkalin
025'C K Na Mg Ca Zn C1 Hard. Ity
(umho/cm) (mg/0 (nig/t) (mg/0 (mq/fc) (mg/i) (roq/J.) (mq/0 (mq/O
First Run (Initial Conditions)
1470.
1394
1314
1247
1220
1200
1000 J
941
867
787
728
677
630
570 '
500
480
450
437
413
413
406
372
336
318
300-
300 ,
281
270
270
262
250


22.0 20.8 80.3 231 0.058 0.12 995





27.0 9.9 49.2 158 0.21 12.5 660




18.0 5.4 31.0 99 0.020 3.0 425

0.96 321

9.0 4.1 19.8 81 0.018 0.48 231


""


6.7 3.0- 14.7 61 0.017 0.27 168

248 J . '
248
240
313
296
277
272.
257,
255
257
255

t
5.1 2.6 13.0 50 0.012 0.29 166




4.8 2.6 11.0 48 0.012 0.27 165

306




94.7





89.3




88.6

76.6

72.6





69.1




67.5




64,4


           254

-------
                                    Table G-2 (Cont'd)
Volume
Leachate
  (•*)
J!tL
                Spec.
                Cond.
                025'C      K       Na      Kg      Ca      In
              (pfnho/cm)  (mg/t)  (mg/t)  (mg/t)  (mg/t|  (rcg/t)
                                                                     CaCOi
                                                                 Total    Alkalin-
                                                           Cl     Hard.    1ty
                                                         (mg/t)  (mg/t)  (mg/Q
4360
4460
4560
4660
4760
4860
4960
5060
5160
5260
5360
5460
5560
5660
5760
5860
5960
6060
6160
6260
6360
6460
6560
6660
6760
6860
6960
7060
7160
7260
7360
7460
7560
7660
7760
7860
7.80
7.88
7.90
7.93
7.95
8.02
8.11
8.06
8.98
8.02
8.12
8.11
8.18
8.22
8.31
8.27
8.24
8.31
8.43
8.47
8.42
8.33
8.40
8.34
8.52
8.55
8.44
8.51
8.49
8.50
8.45
8.42
8.58
8.55
8.60
8.49
                  450
                  290
                  257
                  206
                  168
                  146
                  140
        122
        118
        107
         92.4
         85.3
         85.3
         83.1
         83.0
         83.1
         82.5

         72.'0
         67.5
         61.9
         61.9
         61.5
         59.5
         59.5
         59.5
                   62. O
Second Run (After  60 hr aeration)



  3.4    1.06     7.2    20.4   0.0105




  2.1    0.620    4.1    12:0   0.009




  1.7    0.459    3.0     8.0   0.007




  2.0    0.380    2.3     6.5   0.005




  1.5    0.330    1.9     6.2   0.004




  1.6    0.288    1.6     5.4   0.0025





  U2    0.280    1.5     5.8   -
                                                                                    33.9
                                                                    0.34    85.6    32.2
                                                                    0148    61.8    30.1
                                                                    0.27     47.9    29.3
                                                                    °'26    41'3
                                                                         26'°
                                                                    0-23    36.1     25.3
                                                         0.26    36.9    26.9
                                             255

-------
Table G-2  (Cont'd)
Volume
Leachate
(IM)

7985
8010
8035
8060
8085
8110
8135
8160
8185
8210
8235
8260
8285
8310
8360
8860
9260

9360
9460
9560
9660
9760
9860
9960
10060
10160
10260
10360
10460
10560
10660
10760
10860
10960
11060
11160
11260
11360
11460
11560
11660
11760
11860
11960
12010
pH

7.80
7.90
8.03
8.30
8.37
8.31
8.36
8.33
8.40
8.44
8.19
8.24
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.00
8.10

7,18
7.39
7.80
7.93
8.21
8.28
8.33
8.30
8.30
8.18
8.20
8.19
8.22
8.25
8.05
8.01
8.01
8.10
8.15
8.24
8.10
8.14
8.19
8.13
8.25
8.12
8.14
8.52
Spec.
Cond.
025'C K
(ymho/cm) (mg/i)
Third
1293
990
943
901
903
889
862
858
830
847
820
8ZO
801
797

6.9


11.2


12.8

11.0
796 12.0
676 8.4
526 4.0
Fourth
518
441
346
271

6.4

248
233.
198
175
164

4.1

161
147,
139
132
127

3.5

115
110
107
102
93

2.8

89
90
89
87
85

2.3

81
87
87 2.1
88.5
Na
(mg/i)
Mg
Run (After 120

10.3


8.2


9.6

6.7
7.1
4.9
2.4

62.9


39.2


38.0

34.6
35.0
27,0
12.7
Ca
) (iwj/i)
Zn
hr aeration)

211.0


130
.

124

112
106
80
43

0.049


0.60


0.022

0.016
0,011
0.018
0.025
CaOh
Total AlkaHn
Cl Hard. Uy
(mq/O (mg/i) (mq/4)


0.72


0.21


24.2

9.1
'


Run tAfter drying & crushinq)


4.4



0.860

._L._

0.83



0,42




0.30



0.31



22.8



9.7



6.5



4.7




3.9



3.8



64,0



28.9



20.6



15.7




13.7



14.0



0.021


^
0.016



0.011



0.011




0.010



0.020



-

227 135

.

103 131

.

71 109

-

ce gfi
9W ww

-

48 76
^O * V

47.8 76
       256

-------
                           APPENDIX  II
                     SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL
FORTRAN label
  AOF
AGB.AWP,
BEX.BEW

  AIM
  BIM
  CW
  OR
  DT
  DMW
  GBOUT
  GMAX

  GWOUT
  ITCOM
  ITMAX

  NDX
  NSTOM
  PB

  PW
          LIST OF FORTRAN LABELS
              Definition
Detachment coefficient of runoff
Parameter describing sediment transporting
capacity
Coefficient in raindrop soil  detachment equation
Exponent in raindrop soil detachment equation
Concentration of wash load
Rainfall rate
Time increment in computation
Mean wash load sediment size
Bed-material load transport rate
Maximum depth to which a raindrop.can penetrate
the soil layer
Wash load transport rate
Total number of time increment for computation
Total number of time increment at the end of an
event
Number of space increment
Number of storm for computation
Percent of  bed-material  load size in a typical
soil sample
Percent of  washload size  in a typical soil
sample
Symbol
  '1,2
  w
 V
 At
                                    257

-------
FORTRAN Label
   QOUT
   SB
   SKI

   SLEN
   SLOPE
   SNU
.   STORM

   SW
   TITLE

   ZE
     LIST OF FORTRAN LABELS (Cont'd)
             Definition
Water discharge
Depth of loose soil for bed-material  load size
Constant representing grain resistance without
rainfall for  Nr < 900
Length of an overland flow plot
Bedslope
Kinematic viscosity of water
Alphabetical or numerical  identification of an
event
Depth of loose soil for wash load size
Alphabetical or numerical  identification of the
problem
Net depth of loose soil
Symbol
  L
  S.
   w
                                   258

-------
PROGRAM   SEDIM



   SEDIM      Ti>AO:                           «-OC 6<.OU  FTN VJ.O-PJtib OPT=I

       PWlKiflAM btOIM (INf-ur.OUlHUTl


                                                MAU FKUM OVtMLANt) FLOW

                                      .        IULNTIMCATION oe  THE
       NO'  = KilM,;1!. ff   ir^Cr. |l»C^L"t •:! S
       NSlOM = NU'*!»F •' CU  tVrUT I- OK  CO''IJUT AT I OM
       ni  - Tl"«-  !-r«.r''t-T  r'nw iiU'it^lCiL  COMMUTATION IN MINUTES
           ViO^^TlC  VIM'UMTY  u>  i«rj>  IN bUUAKF MErtWb  PtH SLCONO »E5
                                           .
 C      SLfN - l.^'KiTM Of  AH (jvt>L«'N.) fLu«  PLOT  IN

 C      FVW*'" F»tLL'?t:L:-'UT» Vf MtAM PAKTICLt SIZk  FO^ V.ASH LOAO  SLUIMtNT
                --         OK  4«bn LOAD  l'< M 1 LL
                                                       -..
        P>4 = Pf«-CrNt t F  nh 0-^'A fr i I AL LO/VO  aUt  IN  bl-OlLS

                        '                                                    to
 8      MM.BlS^V^^^Hir^cUSSKbCKldlNo S^OIL OUACHHtNT Ur  «A1NOROP
 C      Ar,^l.A^^J.lJ^X.SE-.'=r'^A'-^KA•^t TL«^i UtSCHI'llMo  SLtMMtNT  THANSPOHUNO

 r      *DF =  nr f»O"F'«T  cof r " 1C I tNT MI^  SJKKACt ^UwOM  EHOSION
 I      |Vo^5  Dr.r^Al.tTiC^L  0-  .iL-icMtAL I r«t N Tl f I CA I I OJ*  OJ fcVh M b
 r      ?T''ftx  =  TOTAL  -.u^-c-  ov  H'.-. ini.nt >'tfiT  «T  int  eNii Vl',,,ft'N  tvtN'
 5       U.,,M  :  n  it  rU..'.,  o^  Il^t lMC.«ficNT  Kil- CUM-'l.MIlON
 $      lTY«'t  =  I'- SI"ULCTJuli OF  i)0xi  tVtNl W I I nUU T  »» J ^ ALL
 r      1TYPF  =  I. SI "01 a t I<»(| u>-  S !()•"•'  hVtNT wjln M4INHALL
 .5      DM  «  PA INF ML  0*  sio*»-tLl rfUN^r-  IN^UT  IN MHLIMtltHS  P£R
 C            lNCMr:"£Hl

                 N TIH.I. I loJ .UTUT JrtOU)
                        s..i.u.«!"Js.I  «i4*,
                       0 • ' t nun ' • <->•• If'UU I » t .K < oUif » i rV 1 r U « , !•"•. . " « . f V »
       .CO1"1 Or-  X'tlN/  Juf i«l"t I I
  C      IMPUT AM)  OUTPUT  .TIUE

         Pf.AO "iO'it  TllLt.
         PKINT J) Ot T I ILt

  C      INPUT A\"J  OUTPUT  TtKt OK

         RF.AO :M-«  IT
  C      INHU1  A';U OUTPUT  OLNcKAL


         PCMJ
  c      INPUT  AMU OUTPUT  ^tOMLiM* UMA
         PRINT  J^oi S.LL««

  C      INPUT  A^'i) OUTPUT  SOIL  DATA
         PUJMT

   C      1WPUT  A"'0 OUTI'UT

         pr AD  tll« SI:L
   C     INPUT  A-D OUTPUT bLOlMtM HOUTINC,

         Rf40  ?Jfl« «JIM.«.'.u. A-l'tMt'^ «t«tw«bvA
                                                  A iMt A0^
   C     ESTAHl IS*  SOMt  IMVA^UNT  I NKOMMA I 1 ON

              I " . TI ""i^s.'ju/ i ooouu t
              = <»"f ft/fcll n>. ^3
          IF  (ITTPt ,tO« I 1  uO  TU <«nif


                                            259

-------
      A 1 Mill.
      r.n TO i, o<»
  402 »| ••=«!»' /I OOUOU.
  40* f»T =1)1 /' <• •
      f)TS = l>l u "'"0.
      r)fNrljTV'> UJwt I -MM)
      MCl = l<'.".»M,0.
      Pw=l .-«•*"
            ji"-(/.i|j* .a
       00

C      INPUT  *r.'l)  OUTPUT  J.-J.MUKF fcvtNl CM*P»CT t'HlST ICb DATA
c      INPUT  AMD

       nu|»iT  »S(J
       PI' An- * NO. ('•••>( IT) ,1T»1 • ITMA*)
       no  1 1»  u = i . i IM.\A
       nn< I I)rf).»(lTJ/OT
                 ION  DATA

       Oil I '.il  '. I U
       prin  ••>"•  ('(IMHi
       00  12^ I fsl , I F'li
 C
   123 p|Jii{Mbl»a.  (IT.NU (in .11 = 1. UMAX)
                         i n
       cwnn=nuF

   127
              bSO,  «lT.t-*(lTl.lT«liITHAX»

        DO 1 •"• ' M • I • 1 I ••«« *
   J2*
        00 !?'•
        ElKlU
    126 CONTI»
 C      0=0
                  ,   ,
        00  1JO  J=1»NDX
        SW(J)-0.
        SM1J)=U.
    130 COMT1NUI
  C      KOUTIMJ PC*  tACn Tl'-lt  INCHLMtNl

         ooui tiii = ').'•" r.-'
-------
 c
 c
   180  CON I
                 i) >  >i;-«Si'
                        OF UlXtCT

                       ACT«<: f j. jv/
        Pf/I'M
190
   270

   2PO
   300
        F IIW-U1
        FO..H.AJ
320
330
3*0
310
340
390
410
420
430
440

4*0
460
470
b)0
                 (I.UUU1 I J J
                 .^ /i<«,t.(i I^'t Mf
               /« I • « {••j-ifn-ciuN I  0*  *> i MUt aft-.t)
               / JJ* . J .'lAMiiuMf  Or  vfUL«»tt\l
               'jl   n  s i-'iu. A tti> -»«SM t.-jntj s
                                       II) «G«uUTU) ttiTQT (I) »l = l«ITCOMI

                                                 \
                                                          *«MU.i»
                             « ) OArtl

                  s».2 »-ii /Pt  Of  "UUlIN'i  EVKNT=  til)
                (/ 1 1"« J1- in. .t)
                {//«. «.< < f /i 10.M
             {//-> J« • I -^-^<^JNO^ f  "iVtNl tXCESS)
             (••«<.I) O.'.XtrJU.n)

    CNO
SUBROUTINE   ROUT
 c
 c
 c
                                                           ,NSTOM
   lio
   120
    COMMON /hi";/  AliKiAlMi I

    THIS SO^UOUI Ihf. ^oUItS THt  FLOW DOWN TH£  OVF>LANU FLOw  PLOT

    COMPOIf AT  TlML IT  |T«1)!>

    IF  (IT.RT.ITMAX) GO  TO 1JU
    DKF =.)(?< I J I
    00  TO I?U
         o.
         si u i r T i                             •
 c
 c
        IF IIT.M . I T'-lAfc)  OU 10
        fill 10 /?'•">
           rue.to.n i>o  TO
           l
    r.o  fi si •
    "S': = I>"t«^A.lt.?»tt'
    OLATsl < PM/'M Jt'OU.

         I ••',.'.»(  SCHF,~«t. F0'<
    DO
   '
                ,|-I«NOA
               J.I)
             ?>« / J
             r.t. A ) « A TfM«r..T A«-;UF»
        If (ASl/"i.LL. t.Ol-IOl PO  TO
                                     261

-------
 C      M:i  UP A-O  HtLAT l


       OMr/»bli"/')T X
       At f'r (PS* »S'IU/

       ftf_ r = i ./i.
       »lf MrHf I - I .

       fU«,:»l'«-l.

       ALH»" ' r t\.'"'»'t. I
       • L'il Msfll ""!!( 1
       01 Xt-(>1 X 'AC L.
 C      LINC«H scum? 10 f itiU tnt MHSI APPROXIMATION

           "?'»
           fx I Alt«-'//M.>'» «« I 1 ,/l-tf)

                               oo  10  i:<»o

                               op>«UU •«»'£. T
             .       .
       If  ( Af M /VUt V) .L^ .t"«UtV)  00  TO JOO
       ir  IIT*.'',U r. i--j«i  to  10 «:ou
                    I I • J
   ?60 i m »=
         U »rs/
          =f OF f/snf.u
       IF  (STL'-'.'jl'.O. )  00  TO
       or=»;t« Antv/Kt/iK
       00  10  «"-U
   270 SirM=«;:jt.r (Sfr.MJ
       If  (ACLtf.'jt t'J. >  o()  TO
                .
       IF  an ,t;T .C. )  oo 10  o TO
       GO  TO  i"<0
   2VO
       Of** I
       if  « AM .«.-?.*&<•>  UIF = J<<;
       CO  TO  irsu1
C
C      OttlP"lNATI'jN  Of  FLO*  CUN'JI TlOflS

  300 nr°i»'=.M Ue"f 0«"1. T
                        •
               t Ffi
       WNsi»L/S";
       Vsyfc/MPH


C      Dt"1F.Kv'lMa riO-4  UF  Int.  AMfiUNl 01-  SOIL OKTACntO  HY «AIN[)HOP IMPACT

       IF  (P'J.«T.'»H£A
       W(HJ) =(»"C/t.-r


C      Cf«CCK  MJt AVAlLAiflLHr  OK HtO  MATtHlAL  LOAD
       .
       IF  (Lt'M M.OL.O. )  (>0  TO  JoU
C
C      OETt»**'lMATION uF  IMC AMOUNT Of  SOIL OETACHCD ur  FLOW '
       GO 10 J°U



                                        262

-------
C     Of UWMIM-UIOM uF  ui.K)Sli|ON  uut lo LACK OF  CAHIIYINIJ CAPACITY

  370 PfUjl
C     niTFWMUAllON  OF  AVrtLAblLIfY  Of  WASH LOAD

  380 Z'rfTfMs^v

C     WASH IOAU KOUTlNti

      IF  (TfO.Lf.l.OL-IO)  C'O TO WO

C     OFTC««IMA1 ION  OP  *MT1O OF SUSPtNUCU WASH LOAD
              r i A')/ i .
              * V/SV
              ru . «->sv )
       IF  M>r)t
       IF HI i.K'j.n .iiw . /Tbui-'.rj I . u*"/VA)  00 TO
       SOOs^lf" ( I .-
   420  »«(j>sO.
           (-^ 'i"-o | r »k If H
       t)nF.M*tlNATl(i«j uF AVAJLAHlLlTt > 0»J Nt«T  STtH
   440 COM

C      DEUrfM»'M ION OF *ATtM.  «A^M LOAOf  AHO btl)-MAT£H I A 1. LOAO OIbCHA"'r-
   460 fOMl'AT  (3nx.«.lnOO NOT  CONVtUOt F0f«  Tut  COMPUTATION            *

       two
                                   263

-------
SUBROUTINE  POWER
C
C      THIS SU^OUT Kt  f,VALUMKS Jl ANO  J
c      HOI AT tu'i«»
C      XJl a WftL'lt  Of  Jl  INUOWAL
C      AJ2 = V*I.UL  or  Jt'  [vfMj-'iL
C      N a uWUr » UF  4->-K')* In.i I (us  • 1
C      CONV s
       XJl=0.
            .
            l 00
       .
       fN=l.
       At'XsA
       CiO 1U I
   110  M-N> I
       c*c»o/rv
       0=6
       r=u» i.
       FNI-fLf"*1
   lifO  P  (A»-S(M .LE.O.l'OI )  GU TO JJU
          sXJl «O' 1 1 . -«r A J /r.
       (,n TO
   130
   140  IF (N,
       CJl-sAI.SH ,-f J
       CJ^SAKSI 1 .-
       IT (Cjl .LE.CUNV. JND.CJtT.tt .CONV)
   ISO
       00 TO 110
                        264

-------
                                  APPENDIX III
                      UNSATURATED FLOW AND CHEMISTRY MODEL
PROGRAM  MOISTRE
              "OrSTPE
      I < INPUT ,ouT»yT,PUNCH.T»prc, »pirl0)
                            4P»1  ?0,
                                                                       • SftS«tf2
                rr> rn*rnwM TO Dor,1   MHUJON, JAN. n»i*rs                one
                miu (i, i t/lndi i «nN i s i . ,IA f r < 10 i (AMtl^O) « TM^ ( SO ) •'if
     .» f »l { ft <1 I « T N < MM • f N I F> 0 ) . A N t I Ml ,  ,!« .M)l • O t Mil ,S(60) ,E(60l ,F(60)
     JUH (J«sft) .HP1IM » THIMJI , AUFNT :>»0 >
                                      [MO
                     ',MONTH,UH.KP <
                        :.ICPOP
      CCMMON/AJST/O

     ISTAPT
      PEAL K.IP.KP3,KSATD«K54T                                          MQQ    1
C-_.—R£»O P9[NT OPTIONS, WON e>4PlMETEPS. «ATE» APPLICATIONS, PROFILE DATA
      PEAO 9156, IPUNCH.MESTfl, J  \VE, ITENTM«lNFlL5,LLSTRr.HMSTOP, I STOP,
     i IOEF,FCAP,JPOPT,ICSOP
      HEAD 100.AA.Qfl.CC»LL'*M»PBC •TBC«VEAP, CSOP,M,
C--— OEAO SOILS OAT* FO« CQMPuTI ': HfC»AULlC PftOPEPTICS, COMPUTE       HOD
€**••  CONSTANTS                                                        MOO
      IF( IPOPT.EO.11  CALL CHAH                                          MOO
      IF....COMPUTATION OF TIME OF wATrj  APPLICATIONS
      ST*PT«fl
      00 29 L=1»AP»S
      AHTIL'**UTIL)•?.5*                                                •«•••••!
  29  TME(LI*OAY(04T£(L) .START,M.',,N(L) >
      ESTARLISH MOISTURE oiSTRiet'irN AND CONSTANTS
      OELTM«l./M
      CALL PPOP(TS.TS,TO.KSATO.OS*TO
      OELT«OELTM
      G«OELX
C tF 8«C EOUALS 0 THFN PRC  IS  TWANSIFNT
             i0.2)i
             :O.HTBCaTM
      IF»OIF»CON5T»0,0
      CL3»0.0
      TMli«TRC
      SFIl)«0.0
      00 43 J«2.0
                                       265

-------
»•»
        t j i *o . n
        (w I "S"
        ( «;.«.vi.
         „ • 1 1 B^n
          [Mir
                                                                       fttlttlV
                                                                       ttttttts
      IFirc%f».li
                              i TOI
                                        •<)!
      •' t  -.Ed. I > TN< j) «rOiji
      Th f ji «TN ij>
      CONTINUE
      00 20 J»l»0
      /i J>»0.0
      JF« ,.EO.O) TNU«1)»TN(J)
           >>TN( J>
20

16
      CO 1*
      CCM$T»CONST-0.5«(TN(1)
    IF
    wE
    »e*n
                      GO TO
                             C4ROS
                                     t CL- CHECK
                                                                         SStSlSlO
                                                                         ooc
                                                                         •••«*•« I
                                                                         tssjsssa
                                                                         ••••••«!
                                                                         •••*»•»
      '•lt-3  91P2.  (ANT ( Jl t J»l
                  (Z( Jl
 ---- «£tn «JEST»flT 0»T* FRiOn S*VEO RESTART  TAPE  10
 8401 -F.fcIND 10
      -f A 7 (10)  t^EAP.NONTH. IDTE»I I»CL»CHECKiI»tC«HEOtCONST»CI«ETS»£T,
     1 C>
                                                                       sstssssa
                                                                       SSSISflO
                                                                       tsssttio
                                                                       SilltSlO
      R-FAOIlO)  I »NT ( J) i J«l «Q>
      ••#0(10)  (Z(J)tj«l«0)
 8*92 "PINT 9155
      PRINT 9tSl.L*E»ft«*0*TH.IOTE«II«CL»CM£CK,IRtLiHEOtCONSTtCltETS«ETt
                                                                       SSSfSflO
                                                                       sttstsio
                                                                       sttsssio
                                                                       stsstsio
                                                                       SSfSSf tl
                 (TM J) • J=l »Q)
          9153,  (FN(J» tJ»l»0>
    PfilNT 915»»  (ANT GO TO 8700
      1FUBESTR.E0.2.AMD. JSAVE.EQ.U GO TO 8700
      I5C TO 8710
             S
C— —
 8700
                 I  GO TO «73A
      00 8733 tal.lMl
       CiLL SKIPI5)
      CONTINUE
      IFtLL.EO.LLSTBT) GO TO »710
      00 8T05 I»1.10
       PEAOI5) IDUMYtKOAY
       IF (EOF(S)iaeOO.8705
 870S CONTINUE
      IF (LLSTOT-K-OAT-1 H802.tf7lO.a70l
c-— SET INDICES OF YEARLY LOOP
 8710 Itf
      IF  if A.'.'O.fSTOP)  IMJ»MM$TOP
C— -— OATS ulTi-iN TOT*L  "UN
 7700 00  32  n«!L">«[M
                                                                       »••••• i 2
                                                                       SSSStf 11
                                                                       • ••••• 12
                                                                       ••••••12
                                                                       sststsi
                                                                       SSSSttl
                                                                       SlJJJtl
                                                                       SlftSSl
                                                                       sstsssi
 873<.
 8701
                                                                       • ••••• J 2
                                                                       sssssss*
                                                                       ••••••12
                                                                       ••••••12
                                                                         SSSSISSl
                                                                         >S1SffS7
                                                                         ittsttt?
                                                                       (ttttSfl
                                      266

-------
      t«0
      DPF»M»O.O
      OEFA«o»o.
      ISTCT-O
                                                                         titssstt)
                                                                         •••••••4
                                                                         •••••••9
      CALL 'HPo«TE(STAwT . II I
C-—--NOTF TM»T  TH[S PBOGWAM  CAN  ONLr  «E  WESTAHTgO ON FIBST OB
      IFftOTF.FQ.l .<>». trm .EO.HS.OU.KF|.AG.EO.O.OB.IC»OP.F.0.3) 11.8500
  U  n,|  1 j.j.o
      CALL ^ONUM> iffcOP.Df L*«.I.IM.D • 11» ILO, IMII
     I
      IFCKFLAG.EQ.O) GO  TO
            <>15l. VEAP,MONTH, IPTE, II.CL.CHECK, M.L.HEO. CONST,CIi
                                                                         ••••••16
                                                                         ••••••I
                   ( TM( J) ,j«l .3)
            9153.  (FNIJI .«!•! .0)
      POINT Q15*.  (»NT ( J) ,J»1 »O)
                                                                         sttssssa
                                                                         •••••••1
                                                                         •••••••1
                                                                         •••••••1
 esoo iF(ii.co.iLO) no  TO  10
      HEAD INITIAL O»TA FOB M£W  HAV  FPOM  TAPP *.  C»C£PT ON DAY ONE
      IF (I I.EO.l.ANO.TEiR.EQ.l )GO  TO 1
C
C
      HEAO(*>(TNij),FN(j>,CL.CHECK,IR,L«HEO«ANT(ji ,j*i,o>

:-	-INITIALIZE Mf.0 AT STAwT OF EACH OAY
    1 IF(L.GT.APPS) GO TO 6330
      !F(ii.F.O.TMC(L>) 30.3*
 6330 IFtHED.LT.0.01.AND.CNA.LE.0.05) GO TO  3*
                    *CNA
                                                                         CCCCCCCl
                                                                         ••••••15
                                                                         CCCCCCCl
                                                                         CCCCCCCl
      GC TO 6332
   30
 6332
C     IF(HEO.LE.O.O)HED»AMT(L)
      t»L*l
      IP>100.
      IR'1000.
            102.II.HEO
••••••13
••••••15
••••••10
C—... TIME INTERVALS WITHIN EACH  OAY  LOOP
  3*  00 21 J«ltQ
  21  TOIJ)»TH(j)
C-	COMPUTE SIZE OF  TIME  INTF*VAL«  OELT
      1*1*1
      0€LTO«OELT
                 (DELX«0.03S/IS.OELTM)
      IF(HEO.GT.0.01.ANO.KSATO*OELT.GT.hEO>  OELT«HEO/KSATO

      !F(X.OELT.LE!O.1)00 TO *
      OELT«0.1-X
    * CONTINUE
      X«X*DELT
      XT««T»DEL7»10.»«t-10.)
      Y.0.7
C"——EXAMINE UPPPB SOUNOARY CONDITIONS
      IF
      CALL pBOP  (ANT(2).TN(2),TD«K«2),0(2))
      K(1)«(K(]).K(2)1/2.
      CALL AOIF IANTH ) .ANT 12* .o< n )
      60 TO (Sfi6
  670 CALL APBQP1ANTU I .Z«
-------
      |F <0 I 1 I .Lf.O .
 6ft*  t ( 1 ) «0.0
      GO TO IP
 667  f ( 1 ) «-•< f 1 I •Or|_»/0< 1 I
      <3C TP l«
  IT  TIM ( 1 1 «Tor                                                          ooc
      e d)»o.o
             Tni t t »Tni£> i /;.
      IF < tPOPT ,NF . \ i nn  TO */l
      f»U  **TIP t *»jf i 1 1 « TNI I i • TO«I« ( 1 1 »ni 1 1 i
      r'»(.|  t»l»pr ( ANT ( / I . f* I f' > « III jH I •'» f |) 1/1 I
      « I I I • I n I I I • r ( Jt I I / / .
      C*U  •0|l> I »Nf I 1 I • *HT <  »D *P(J)
      TN( J«1)»TN( J>
      ANTej»«TN(J)«y»(TN(J>-TOlJM
      IF(ANT«J).GT.TS»AMT(J)=TS
      tF(ANT(JI .LT.TO»ANT(J)»ro
      ANTU»H*ANT(J)
       IF(BBC.EO.TM)  rN(OI»TM
       d«0-l
                                           268

-------
  *•  TNIJI «F (ji »TN(J» I i »F< ji
      »NT(J)«TMJI »r» ( TN< JI-TO(J) I
      IF i ANT ( j> .<;r.Tsi*NTiji»rs
      IF < ANT «|K(jl-(OlJl»(TN(J.ll.TO(J»l)-TN(JI-rO(jll /'(^.•OEL* I I » »nfl T
      *O«FSI ji /CELT
              i [
      SF I j)"SF I J) «F>t< J)
      tF»TNCj».LT.O.O.OR.TNt JI.ST.TSl ISTCT- t STCT* 1                      • ••••••!»
      J»J-1
      IF IJ.GT.OIGO TO 48
      IF«J.GF.7) CL3«CLJ»FN<7)
      £T$«ETS*FN< 11
      IF(FN( 1 ) .Lf .O.O.ANO.HCO.LE.O.Ol) 00 TO 8793
      ct-ci»FX(n
      HEO»MEO-FN( 1)
      If (HEO.Lf ,0.0)MED»0.0                                              ••••••10
      SO TO ?3                                                           ••••••13
      CM»CNI-FNI1)                                                      ««»«»«13
      C^^-CHi-FMl)                                                      ••••••13
      (JO TO ?3                                                           ••••••13
      CONTINUE
C— — »BIT? ON T*P£ s 0* PSINT THCTA AND FLU* AT  0.1 OAr  INTERVALS
      IFCX.LT.0.1 JfiO TO 2
      •BITE (5) YEAff, t I iXT.CI •CL'HEOtCTStOEFAHC. ( J. TN ( J) « Z ( Jl i SF ( J) i
     1 U(JI.J«ltQ>
      IF(ITENTH.NE.l) GO TO 9713                                         OOC
      PRINT 103                                                          •••••••«
      PRINT 121,re»». t l«XT.MONTM.IOT£.CL«CH€CKi£TStET,01F,CNA.CNl tMEO.   OOC
     1 CI«OEF4MCt[                                                        OOC
      PBIKT IDS. (TN(J) , J«1.Q)                                            •••••••*
      PRINT91M.CL3
 «161 FORMATtkX.'CL AT3.5 FEET THIS TENTH OAV«.F10.3)
      IFIISTCT.NE.OI o«INT <»166.ISTCT                                    •••••••«
 9U6 FOHVAT  (10X«»UNSTA«LE SOLUTION SITUATION  ENCOUNTERED  •«  I8t  «
     1ES THIS TENTM o*v»>
      IF(ICTOF.NE.O) PRINT 9170.  ICTDF.OEFAH
 9170 FORMAT  dox.  ^DEFICIT MOISTUPE SITUATION  ENCOUNTERED  «t  I8t  •
     IS THIS  TENTH DAY. AMOUNT is •» F6.2t • CH»>     -
 •71? CONTINUE                                                           ••••••1Z
      ISTCTO«ISTCTO*ISTCT
      ISTCT-0                        _
      ICTOrO«ICTOFO»ICTOF                       .
      ICTOF.O
      OEFAMO*OEFAMO»0£FAM
      DEFAM.0.0
      DO 6 J«1.Q
   6  SF(J)»0.0

   2  IFtXT.LT. 1.0)60 TO 3*

c. ---- COMPUTE -CHECK" TO VERIFY CL
      CONST1«0.0
      DO 19 J«1.0
  19  CONSTI»CONST1»TN(JI
      CONST l»CONST 1-0.5* (TNI I )*TN«1»
      OIF» ( CONS Tl -CONS T)»OEUX
      CHECK-ETS-OIF-ET

C-— -*rR[TE FIN-L VALUES FOR  LAST  (I)  IN  DAY  (II)  AS  INPUTS  FOR DAY «I|»1)
C     t»PITE (*>( TN(J) .FN(J) .CL. CHECK. IP, L. MED. ANT(J) tj»l ,0)
O... -PRJNT ONE OF  TtaO  OPTIONS  FOR  DAILY  OUTPUT
       IF
-------
                                 . inU . a .rMrrn,£Ts.r».oir.CNA.CNI
     I  0 I %TCTO
 91*7 FQPMAT ( tO«.«"JNSTA«Lf: SOLUTION  SITUATION  ENCOUNTERED  ••  18,
     1ES THIS PAY*!
      IFdCl
  33
                                                                         ooc
                                                                         OOC
                                                                         •••••••9
                                                                      TIM•••••••9
                                                                         •••••••9
                                                                         tttttttn
     1ES
                 . AMOUNT (S ».
                                      • CM«)
                                                                         ••••••12
      n»tr-i
C—- POINT HFSTAPT DATA  »T END OF
      irdnTE.EQ.l.OB.IOTE.£0.161 GO  TO  4721
      PPINT 9151, vEAR,MONTH.IOTE«ll.CL'CHECK.IR.U.HED.CONST,CI

            9152. (TMJJI.j«1.0i

      P»lN.| 915*. ( ANTtJ),J»1«0>
      PRINT 9172* (ZtJ).J*l»0)
 917? FC»/»AT  ( X. •  Z (J) t J» 1'O4/.  7(9£U,6«/>>
C-... INCBEHENT YEAW.  SET DAY NUMBERS. CALCULATE MOISTURE DEFICIT, RE»0
C-—-  laPfGATION APPLICATIONS. »E5£T
c—-  COMPUTE MOISTU»E  DEFICIT
      IFdOEF.NE.l) "50 TO 8738
      SUHDEFaO.O
                                                                         SSSSffS3
                                                                         SSSS1SS3
                                                                         SIIS1SI3
                                                                         ISSSSS13
                                                                         SSSSSSS3
                                                                         ff ISSSS8
                                                                         SffSfSSS
      00 8736 J«2>0
       IF L»1'APPS
       AMT(L)=AMT(L)»2.5*
 873«)
      KFLAG=0
      GO  TO  T700
 9300 If (tPUNrH.E'3,2)  00  TO
      IFtJPUNCH.NE.1)  GO  TO  99
 C—— PUNCH  PESTAPT  DATA  AT  END OF  RUN
      PUNCH  91*1.  YEAR.MONTH. tOTf.n.Cl..CHECK-
      PUNCH  •J«l«0)
       PUNCH  9l«j,  |ANTu>,J»l.0)
       PUNCH  91<»2»  (Z«J)«J«l«0>
       GO  TP  99
  9181  roflmTUS.  13.  13*  !»•  3F13.6.  13.  £13.6)
  9162  FOPMAT (
-------
            idi  i TN iji . j« I .(ji                                            tftttllO
            iiii  i > -I ( ,j i . j« I .'J i                                            tlttttlO
            lOi  i »N' i  .;) t J- I .iji
            ini  i i < ji  . j» i ,iji
           I.F  10
      STOP
 n«oi roo««r(s«, • END 'ILF FOUND ON  TAPF 5  MCFOPE  OAY  NO,  LLSTRT-I  FOUNOOC
     10.- f «EfijTioN TrwurwATEn •>                                         ooc
      r,o TO QO                                                           ••••••12
 a*o2 PRINT ««c>3                                                         ••••••u
 »803 FgH»AT(5x. • OAY »t»0 F»OM T4PE 5 Eau*tS  OB  tS  SPEATFB  THAN ST*PTI»»«»»»12
     ING C»Y, EXECUTION T£OMlNAT.EO  *l                                    ••••••12
      GO TO <»g                                                           ••••••12

C--.--POIST QUN PAPAMCTEAS AND  INITIAL CONDITIONS.
   10 KFLAfial         ,                                                   •••••••!
      IF(AA.FQ.1)<5.12                                                    ....... 1
   9  PPI*T 10Q
            110
            91«Sfl. I PUNCH. I RES TR, I SAVE t I TENTH, INF II.5.H.STRT ,MMSTOP« I STOP. tl$J«««l
                 IPOPT                                                   "00    1
      PRINT 120, ( T"E(JI .MQN(J) ,OATE{J> .AMT(J) .AOENT(j) ,J»1 ,APPS>
      PRINT 10S, (TM( JI ,J»1.Q)
            127
            107
      PRINT Hl.AA,8P.CC,LL»»"*»dBC.T8C.YF»R.  CPOP.-. APPS.PELX «TS. TM.TO.
     IS*
      PBINT 113
      PRINT 11*. I IPENT.MQfi (N) ,Nsl ,0f
      IFICOOP.NE.3.00.ICflOP.Eii.3)GO  TO  12
      PRINT 115
      POINT llA
      P«INT 11?
      PRINT  108
      60 TO  12


 100  FC«**T(5I5.2F5. 0.315, 5<»5F5.0>                   -                  OOC
 101  FORHAT(2X, US.1F10.0)
 102  FCRM4T(/,2X.«W4TEB APPLIED.   DAY  NUM8EP  •.!*,».   AMOUNT « »F7.2,
     !• C".»>
  103 FORMAT  
 io«  FORMAT i inn
 109  FORMAT ( iwi ,3x .•PAPAMETESS, CONSTANTS.  AND INITIAL CONDITIONS USED
     UN THIS REPORT.*)
 110  FORMAT(/,3X,»- ---- NOTE ----- DIFFUSIVITV  AND CONDUCTIVITY RELATIONS
     IHIPS uusT  BE  IVSEBTEO INTO SOU»CE  DECK.*./)
 Ill  FORMAT |9X.5I5«2FS.2,*I5.5F5.2t
 112  FORMAT (/,7x.»tNtTi AL sou  MOISTURE CONDITIONS, •»
 113  FORMAT!/. 7X. 'SOIL IDENTIFICATION  AND HORIZON DEPTHS. •!
 1U  FORMAT (<)X.*IDENTIFICATION« «.A8,».  DEPTH" »,F5.1I
 US  FORMAT «/,7x .»CONSUMPT IVE  use  OATA,»J
 H6  FCRMAT(
 119  FORMAT I/,7X.»WATER  APPLICATION  DAYS.  DATES. AND AMOUNTS. •>
 120  FORMAT (Qx,»DAY  NUMBER*. I*. 7X, "DATE ••t2»»/*«I2«7x»«AMOUNT«».F6.2«»
     I CM.   SOURCE  »  ».A1>
   121 FORMAT  (X.  2[«. Fft. 3, 13.  l«.  X.  10F10.*. 16)                      OOC



                                       271

-------
                                               i|10.F-».A.llO,F20.4l
  l?T   FQRMt T I / , ?> • •>*VlN °»U»MFTFi»S.  »N() H') IM  TMW« ( i / .  >.  *i»^TAuf  n*f4 > OM "f *" •«  I "S.  • MONTH • 12, * OAV • OOC

     ^  •»  rii.*«  •  L«  •«  IJ«  •  NFH« •« fit.A/. t.  • rnNST» •  (li.is. • ctitiitii
      II*  •• Ml  * i  • *TS«  *iri1.>i,  • f •  •» Ml,*/ ».  • CNA« •» EM.*.  Mtlttll
     *  •  CNt>  •   Ml.«i«  •  0''*"C" •• C l.A)                             tttVttf.4
  OIHJ  rpnuati  »   •  TNI j> ..)• I >u*/. M>Jr ).*,/ii                          •••••••I
       rruwtfi  i   •  PN i j i • j« i • ij» / • 'c*f l.n«/>i                          •••••••I
       rct)MAri  i   »4N r iji . j • i ,ij»/. ri^i I.^./M                          •••••••)
       FQHM»T|/,«,  .uf5T«Wt l)«r« «S  HEAD  F«QM CAPOS*)                     •••••••!
       fORMAr i Mis«>^.o•is1131
       FOMMtTl/,  x.*  HCPLETEU  MOISTURE FOP VEAP«*.  IS,  • MONTH«*tI3< • OADOC
     IT£««. 13.  •  IOAY NUMftgQ»»,14, •) is "«.F5.2. • INCHES*)            fSSSStSl
                            IPESTP     ISAVE    ITENTH     INFIL5    LLSTPtitJJ$$l
     IT    MMSTOP      ISTOP       IDEF      FCAP     IPOPT»/t 18. 8110.  *QO     I
     2 F12.3.  IH>                                                        MOO     1

       StBHOUTJNE  CONUSE(CPOP.OELX•J»U«K.LL»MM)
C——CONSUMPTIVE  USE  SURWOUTtNE
       COMMON/ XYZ/ I DT£ ,M0^4TM.UH, Kf
       COMMON/CHCK/I CHECK,ICP^P
       DIMENSION  wEANT1112) ,MEANT2(12>tKAl(12l ,KA2(12) .KB 1(12) ,K82(12)«
     1P1(12),P2(12)«"P(>|),KPI(6).KP2(6.3).KP3I6).U1 (36«) .UH(366)
      DIMENSION  FACTOP(24)                                               •••••••2
      WEAL MEANT! ,uEANT2,KAl.<(A2.K81.KB2>KP«KPl tKP2iKP3


C——THIS ROUTINE 9ETUPNS CONSUMPTIVE USE  IN  CM WATER/DEPTH SEGMENT/
C	DELTA TIME

C--—  ICROP*3 USED KMEN DAILY CONSUMPTIVE USE  VALUES ARE READ
C ——MEAN TFMPERATUBES  (F) FOP  FIRST HALf  OF  MONTH
      DATA! (MEANT1 (I) «I»1 • 12>*
     f«2.4t47.0.46.3,55.a,66.6«71.9.79.1,81."5.75.0,65.0.55.0,45.0),
C——MEAN TEMPEPATUBES  (F) FOP  SECOND HALF OF MONTH .
     1((MJ4NT2(I) .[ = 1.121*
     t47.0,»fl.l,5*.8.62.5.73.9,73.8.82.6.77.6.75.0,65.0,55.0.41.6).
C—	CONSUMOTIVE USE CONSTANTS  FOR  8ARLEV  (FIRST  HALF  OF MONTH)
     f< IKAl( I) .1*1•12>»
     $0.50.1. 58.1.17.3.00.1.22.0.4*.0.00,0.00,0.00.O.Ofl.0.00,0.12),
C	CONSUMPTIVE USE CONSTANTS  FOR  BABLEY  (SECOND HALF  OF  MONTH)
     f
     $0.00,0.00,0.00,0.00.0.00.0.1*,1.29,2.20,2.20,0.10.0.10.0.10).
C---—CONSUMPTIVE USE CONSTANTS  FOR  MlLO  (SECOND HALF  OF MONTH)

     SO.00.0.00,0.00.0.00.0.00,0.74,1.67.2.20,2.20,0.10.0.10,0.10),
c—-—PERCENT OF O»VLIGHT  HOURS  FOR  FIRST HALF OF  MONTH
     t UP1(I)«I»1.12I«

C——PERCENT OF DAYLIGHT  HOURS  FOR  SECOND  HALF  OF MONTH
     SIIP2111«I*1• 12)»

C—.—ROOT OISTPIBUTION WITH DEPTH  FOR BARLEY
      DATA((KP(I).1*1.61>0.«0,0.24.0.19,0.13,0.04,0.00)
C——ROOT DISTRIBUTION *ITH DEPTH FQR M[LO
      DATAIIKP1 i I), 1*1,6)«0.31,0.22.0.14.0.09,0.08.0.0*1
      DATA ( ICHFCK»0)
      DATA (F*CIOH*15.,16.,tS.,13..15.,16.,15..15..l5..l6.,15..15..l5..  •••••••2
     U6..15..16.«1S..15..15.,16..15..15.,15.,16.1                       •••••••2
C


C
COMPUTE DEPTH IN FEET
        J-1 1/30.48
                                                                         MOO
      HEAD U OFF DATA CAPOS IF CROP* 3.
      IF (CHOP. NE. 3)00 TO 11
      IF(J.NE.2IGO TO 9
      ICOUNT»MONTM»2-0.5
                                        272

-------
                                   .o .s
       If I l
       IF (-C"ECi'.ro. 1 )  GO  TO  7000
       READ  100.
       00  11  I»l.6

       JCHCCK-1                                                           fSSSSSSl
       CALL  AJST(KP1.0ELJ.AOJUSTI                                         MQO    2

 7000  CCNTINUF
       IF(ICROP.EU.3.AND.CtfQP.EQ.lt  GO TO 201
       »f AO  lo?. i CODE. iYEAH.(ui                               •••••••!
       FQRM4T  (?IS.12FS.OI                                                •••••••!
       PPJNT  103.ICOOE.ttEAP                                              ••«••••!
   103  FCRM4T(7X .»CnNSUMPTIvE  USE  CONSTANTS  RFAO IN FROM OATA CARDS IN IN»»«»»»»1
      1CHES  °EB  SEMIMONTHLY PERIOD.  ICODE**.  15. • IYCAR» •» 15)         •••••••!
       PPINT  10*.(Ul I I> . I»l .24)                                           •••••••!
   10*  FORMAT  (H*.?4F3.2>                                                ••«•«••!
       DC  !•»  1*1.2»"                                                      ••«••••!
       UllP'Ul (I)»2.54                                                  •••••••!
       tiH(i)*ut(n                                                       ••«••••!
    19  CONTINUE                                                           •••••••1
   20   U«Ul(ICOUNTi
       GO  TO  21
'   201  CONTINUE
C  READ NU^HER OF DAYS  OF  ET

       READ  106.ICOOE.  IVEAP
   1A6  FORMAT(2I5)
       READ  ios«(ui»i«i<
   105  FORMAT<1AF5.3)
       PRINT  107.
   107  FORMAT<7X.»CONSUMPTIVE  USE  CONSTANTS  READ IN FROM DATA CARDS IN IN
      1CHES  PER  DAY.  ICODE«  *.I5.  •  IYEAR- »,I5)
       PRINT  10«.(Ul(I).I«1.LMI
   10R  FOP.M4T (1 IX, 10FS.3)
 7001  00 7002  I*1>LM
       Ul Ct»«Ul (M«2.5*>

 700?  CONTINUE
    21  CONTINUE
       IFIICROP.NE.3I  U»U1(ICOUNT)
       |F(ICBOP.EQ.3.ANO.CROO.£0.3)  U»U
       GO TO 7

 11     00 12 1*1.6
       KP2(I«1)  * «P(H
 12     KP2(I.2)  r P2(ll/100.)»2.5»

 C«—ADJUST  CONSUMPTIVE  USE  FOB LENGTH OF TIME INTERVAL
     7 CCNTINUF
       IFdCROP.EO.3 .AND.CROP.FO.31  GO TO 200    -
                                        273

-------
      IM inir ,iF . i«• i •'
   « T * | 5
      HO  TO
   • A « |S
 .—.--•rji'ST  r
 	oti,i«,
  200 CCNT|NI)F
                    tvi
                                    or
                                                         «OOT
     if ( IFOOT.GT.M u»o.o
     IF ( IFOOT.Lf .*> U«U»hP?( IFOOT.CBOPI ••OJUST
     uf TURN
too   ro«««*T (f>r 10,0)
     CKO
                                                                    • ••••*•;>
                                                                    •••••••»'
                                                                    •••• •••£
                                                                     *oo
                                                                     MQO
INTEGER  FUNCTION DAY
   2
   ^
   4
   5
   6
   7
   10
   II
   12
      INTEGER ^JNCTION OAT IK,L»M'
      GO TO «I .2«3«*.5i6t7.8.9.10»1 I.12)  M
                                   BETUPN
                                   RETURN
                                  RETURN
                                  RETURN
                                  RETURN
                                  RETURN
                                  RETURN
                                  RETURN
                                  RETURN
      END
  7
  A
  q
 10
 11
 1?
      IF1M.GT.31.
SUBROUTINE   THEDATE
     SUBROUTINE  T"EOATE (K.D
     CCl*MON/XYZ/ir>T£tMONTH.UH.KP3
     M»K«L
                   '.LE.311    GO TO
                   .M.LE.59)   GO TO
     ...  	I.AND.M.LE.90)   GO TO
     IFIM.GT.90.ANO.M.LE.120)  GO TO
     IFJM.GT.120.AND.M.LE.151)GO TO
     IF(M.GT.151.AND.M.LE.1«1IGO TO
     IFCM.GT.191.AND.M.LE.212)00 TO
     !F(M.GT.212.ANO.M.LE.2*3)GO TO
     IF(M.GT.2*3.ANO.M.LE.273)00 TO
     IF(M.GT.273.AND.M.LE.30*)GO TO  10
     IFIM.GT.304.ANO.M.LE.334IGO TO  11
     IF
-------
SUBROUTINE  CHAR
                 CMAU                                                  CMAR  10
r----                                                                 CHAN  *0
C — — P*or.RAM  TO  «JK»n  INOUTS *no COM*"
-------
   11 ««0.0
      GO TO 100
   10 IPlZx.fiF. TSI  00 TO 20
      IF if* .LT.S»>   I/.L * .%HI  l»0 T.T 111
      0»C/» < I/-SW) ''C*!
      nn TO IUOD
  120 o-or>«i*T
      \r toTS.ro. TSI
 IOOQ RETURN
      END
                                                                             loo
                                                                        PWOP  ITO

                                                                        PROP  ito
                                                                        PROP  220
                                                                       PROP
                                                                       "HOP  250
SUBROUTINE  AJST
     SUBROUTINE AJST(KP3.0ELX.ADJUST)

....  PROGRAM  TO COMPUTE ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR CONSUMPTIVE US€

     DIMENSION KP3I6J
     COM»«ON/AJ5T/0
     INTEGER  Q
     REAL  «R3
     U»U-KP3(1)»DELX
.—.  CONVERT  NODE SPACING FROM CM TO FT
     OEL»OELX/30.*a
     UxO.O
	  ENTER LOOP FOR  ALL NODES
     00  100  I»2.Q
     COMPUTE  DEPTH OF NODE  IN FT.ET
      D«OEt»
     COMPUTE  SUBSCRIPT FOR  PROPER 0£PTn ZONf
      IFOOT«0»1
     TEST  IF  BEYOND  ROOT ZONE
      IFHFOOT.GT.M GO TO  110
     COMPUTE  RELATIVE CONUSE REMOVED
      U»U*KP3( IFOOT)»DEL
     CONTINUE
     ADJUST  CONUSE FOP REMOVAL AT TOP NODE
     IFQOT«OEL»1
     U»U«*P3UFOOT>»OEL*0.5
     ADJUST»1./U
     RETURN
     END
C

C

C
C ----
  100

  110
                                                                              10
                                                                              20
                                                                              30
                                                                              *0
                                                                              SO
                                                                              60
                                                                              TO
                                                                              ao
                                                                              90
                                                                        AJsr
                                                                        »JST
                                                                        »JST
                                                                        AJST
                                                                        AJST
                                                                        AJST
                                                                        AJST
                                                                        AJST
                                                                        AJST
                                                                        «jST  100
                                                                        AJST  HO
                                                                        AJST  120
                                                                        »JST  130
                                                                        AJST  1*0
                                                                        4JST  150
                                                                        AJST  160
                                                                        AJST  170
                                                                        AJST  ISO
                                                                        AJST  190
                                                                        »JST  200
                                                                        AJST  210
                                                                        AJST  220
                                                                        AJST  230
                                                                        AJST  2*0
                                                                        AJST  250
                                                                        AJST  260
                                                                        AJST  270
                                                                        AJST  aso
                                                                        AJST  290
                                      276

-------
SUBROUTINE  AD/F
                 iOlF< TZ,Tx,0>
                     T. Al_"iAlHINF •

      If ( T7.nT.SH.AND.??.I T . rS.ANO. *• .1 ! . %«l >  HO TO »
      ir i T» .lit .su.ANfi. r* .t r .TS.ANO. f /.i ? .SM>  no TO t
      if c T/.KO. TS.ANU. r» .c>:.:•>«>  10  ro «.
      ir (T«.r(j.rs.iwn.r/.Lt.swi  ao  TO ft
      ic TO ip
    S T7»TS- .0001
      r,o TO *
    * TK-TS-O.OOOI
      r,c TO T
    » C4LLSlMPrrZ.SH.AVO)
      0«»VO/(T7-TK)
      GO TO 100
    7 CALl.SIMplTK.SR,ftVD>
      0«»VO/(TK-TZ)                                         ;
      CO Tn 100
   10 ir(T2.GT.SP.ANO.T?.LT.TS.ANO.TK.GT.5B.ANO.TK.LT.TS)  60 TO 12
      GO TO 32
   12 IFCTZ.GT.T") GO TO 15
      IF
-------
SUBROUTINE  SIMP

           111 I I Sf si "V ( W . s
      • •Hi. /(T5-SB !)••(<»l.M»KSAT«f.MP»AI<»INF
      H«(l./Ml./lAi.e«rS)i««£M«>H« > •• < BE T •£•«?/ ALP > I
       SECTION COMPUTES INTEGRAL VALUES USING SIMPSON
      M«(SZ-SK )/2.o
      ThO'O.G
      FCUB«FU
      OLOI»'T»
C EVALUATION LOOP
      00 2<« I»1.N
C CHECK FOB COMVFRr,£NCF 0» EXCESSIVE  NU.-9ER  OF  ITERATIONS
      IFt»PS(OLOl^T-INTEG) .LT.l .OE-6.0W .N.GT.10000) 60 TO  10
      OLOINT«INTEG
      00 TO 25
   10 SVO«CONST»IHTF.G
      RETUPN
PROGRAM  USCHEM

      PROGPAH USCHf.M
C                                                                            1
C»-.»ONSATURATED CHE>«ISTBV  PROGRAM  uSBH VERSION  1.2.0—NOV 197*


C                                                                            3
                                                                             4
      DIMENSION XI7.25I                                                       5
                                                                             6
                                                                             7
      COMHON/erP4S/NPYP»S.IDYSTB.IOYSTP.ILOtIHItINFILL 1CONT1iJPAS            9
      COMMQN/APLE/TITLE(10).SMQNTH.MM.O.IPPINT.JPHINTtINK,lPUNCHtlSTOPt       9
     1ITEST.IPEAOP.IMASS.IAOO(2S)tIORNAP(25) .M0rt(9) ,TOTN(9-»I,  YEA*   ,       10
     ZAIRRC91 ,[OR(25>,TT(f>0)
     3ITOT.JTOT.IOTOT.NT
      CCMMQN/XX2/A1tA2.*3>x                                                  13
      COMKON/AFG/FNH3.II.LLL«IOP.ANETLIM(2S»                                 14
      co**ON/rYY/START. IOTE.MO»»TW. j. ILAP
      COMKON/XXr/KHECK.ICOUNT.CONV.PK.P*! • CROP, f ACT                         I ft
      COMMON/xxx/OELX.OELT,MS.wTAfir,fiD<25 I.TEN(25 ).CHECK(25  I.MOISIN       17
     KZS )»CMM20U2I>  i.MOISOUT<25 ».AN03(25 >.ANM3<25 I.UHEAI25 I ,OPN       18
     2(25 I»CA(25 I.ANAI25  ).AMQi25  1.MC03I25 ltCU(2S )>C03(2S ».SO*l25      19
     3)iE5(2S ).CS(2b  l,SA5(25  ).XX5(25 I.CASO(25 l.AQso(25 ),BNM*«25 ).      20
     *EC«25 >,CNl(?-s ).SAMT(25  ),»N(25 i.PC<25 )tTEM(25 ).C*L(25 J.OtSPO      21
     1P.XTBACT.SUMN03.THOP. («> •TO
-------
      I so«ouT . amur* . ! ] n i ?•> > . A/F i ."11 «ri> 1 1 o »
       «> > « 4K c« < i** >
       COMMON «TPN[f'U(^^l . AC TfA ( /7)
                                                                               31
                                                                               32
      REWIND 3  SHEwlND A   trttv«lMD 9  JREWJNO 10                              33
                                                                               3*
      SET  INJTUC V4LUES                                                       35
      ICMECK »  0  %CMM201(U  «  1.0                                            36
      JPAS»0                                                                   37
      OC 6^3 fj=1.7                                                            3«
      00
c ----- BEAD TITLE CASO                                                          **
      BEAD 8 GO TO  9012                                                *2
      00 «OU  !»1
            SKIPI2)
      CCNTIMUF
9012  IFIICONT2.E0.1)  GO  TO  901*
      SSKIP*lLO-tDYSTR
      IFINSKIP.LE.OI GO TO 901*                                                6'
      00 <5013  tsl.^SKlP                                                        6*
       READ  (2)  U                                        •                     **
 ^013 CONTINUE                                                                 I,
 901* CCNTIMUF                                                             -    i*
C—— COMPUTE NO. OF TIME  INTERVALS  PER DAY                                   ~\
      LLL» l.'/DELT  .0.5                                                       "
      IF(IP«INTI.NF,OI CALL  P»NT ( IPR INTI . IPRINT J)                              '.

      IF (NPVPAS.EO.l ) GO  TO  9000                                               15
 --— -READ TEMPERATURE HORIZON  DEPTHS                                          II
      BEAD 107.  (TnOP (J) .J*l . T0>                                               I,

 9000 CONTINUE                                                                 f?
 -— — BEAD COMPONEMT HORIZON  OFPTHJ                                    .        •*
      READ 100. (HOR(J) «J»1>0)                                                  ?
      IF JNBVPAS.EQ.l > fiO  TO  "001
c ----- STORE TEMPERATURE PROFILE DATA  ON TAPE e
      00 800 J»1.NT
      PEAD aoi.iTTin .1*1. TOI
                                       279
                                                                              .**

-------
      • H[TP (A)  ( TT ( I ) . I« I .TO I
r-----Ufifl
      ur»n ion. AMM H I i .ANOII i i .r» i | i . ANA t l 1 , ANII< | i .MCO »( 1 1 tCL« I I tC                                                                 <^
     -srnur ruANS»i»«M»a  |ow|.»»r ION  **rnj  ANAI VMS                             <»r
      fiumi | i ^«MT i i > .u . 0                                              >»M
      0*11 t'N| TS| I I >                                                          •»«
           t I I ••NW » I 1 •  «* I >JU I .» I «AN
              TOT*L MUMOEP or COMPONENT  HORIZONS                             io»
           (0) /OEL<« I . 1
                       Sf 4DHOO. (SEBAT IO(N9) ,U(M9) . ACTCA ( N9 ) »N9«2i'J)
                        not.  (ISETNIN?) «N9«2.oi
                    ^92.783                                                  10ft
      "EAO 78*« (C«Haoi < J) »MOISlNtJ> .MQISOUTlj) «TE»*(J) »U(J) »J»l«0)            107
                                                                             IOB
C — .,-PBlNT HEADING                             -                            109
793   IF(ieERUN.EQ.O)  POINT 201                                              110
                                                                             111
C— -- -SET COUNTERS                                               •           112
                                                                             11*
C— --- CALL OUTPT TO ZEBO  INITIAL VALUES                                      US
      CALL OUTPT(Kl)                                                         116
      1F(IO£RUN.EO.O»22.7D1                   '                '               117
                                                                             US
C ----- (JEAO INITIAL SOIL ANALYSES                                             119
22    PEAO 100<*NH3<1) .AN03I 1) .UREA! 1 ) .CA< 1 t .ANA(1 ) ,AMG(1) .HC03I 1           120
     H.CLtl»»C03(H tSO*(l) .EC(1) tXXSCl) .CAL(l) »BO ( I ) .SAMT ( 1) .CNl (1)        121
                                                                             123
C— .-PRINT INITIAL SOIL  ANALYSES                                            12*
      PRINT 200.L.*NH3(1 ) .AN03 ( 1 ) «(JP.£AU I . SAMT ( 1 > ,CA ( I ) tANA(l) .AMG(l) .      125
     1HC03(1) tCL»C03 .S0*(l)                                            126
      BEAD lol.xTPCTd) tPC02il) .AKCSJD .AKCMID
                                                                             127
C—— COMPUTE SEGMENT  NUMBER OF  COMPONENT  HORIZON      -                      12H
                                                                             130
C --- —STORE INITIAL SOIL ANALYSES  IN  PROPER  COMPONENT ARRAYS                131
      00 23 J«N,KK                    -                                      132
      A*M3(J)«ANn3(l>   fAN03(J)«AN03(l)   $UBEA(J)«UHEA( I)                  133
      CA(J)*CA(1)       »ANA( Jl «ANA( 1 )     $ AMQ { J ) « AMQ ( 1 )                    134
      HC03(J)*HC03(U   JCL       IC03 « Jl »C03 ( I )                    135
      S04(J)aSO»(l)     SECIJ)»EC(D       1XX5
-------
C-----FCP  « apauN.  "FAO  *»0* fAPFl QP F°OM CAPOS
       IF I IRFACP.Fd.Ul                                                         IS?
                                                         | .4N03I-JI .URR4 « J)
      REWIND  10
      IF{NTEMPIN.E«.OI  GO TO 523
      IF (NRVP»S.£J. I )  GO  TO 900*

C— ..-SPACE TAPE8  FOPEWASO TM£ PROPER NO. Of RECORDS
      00 510  I.I.NTEHPIN
510   READ  (8)

 900* CONTINUE       *                           .
       ir i tor APP.AIF .0 i
     |nr»n *(>*,    i COMNT .NFJ u r tsi,*ouiiiN.*rr*»|N. i »NM 1 1 n i *NOI < ,11
     i  > ANA i M < 4*n i ,ii ,H« •)! i .ji i.rMii 1 1 .(IM«I i ii.«N(ji.«rijit»>i ji.c^iji.SASut.CASii     I1**1
     > ( j l . An-.n i ii tHiMM* i j> . i t we T i j i , *Nf n. IM u i ,»;» ( j) . 1 1 * (j) ,                 16*
     4f>( O/l II . »H(. N( Jl f AKCX I.JI » J«?tUI
C.....SFI  INITTAI.  VALUES
703   00 1 J-?.Q
      IF ( IHERUN.EO.O) 780.T81
780   OCN(J) -we (J) »«JN(J) "CHECK (J) «0.0
      $•5 ( J) »RNM* ( j) «o .0
      CKM201 (j) »*TOCT ( j) •«0( J) »OELX
                                                                              IT*
      CC(J)"€C(J)/l.E5
C— --- CAUL U*!T CO^JVEMSION  SU8POUTINE
      CALL UNITSHJ)                                         '                 I78
                                                                              179
O— -POINT TOANSPORMEO  DATA                                                  I"
      POINT 200. J.ANH3  .UREA tj) .SAMT (j) tCA (j) .ANA (j) .AM<;cj) .      lfll
     1«C03( J) «CL( J) «C03( J) .50*1 J)                                             la2
781   IF (10EPUN.E0.1)  CH£CK(J)«l.O                                            1«3
1     CONTINUE                                                                lfl*
                                                                              185
c- ---- OEAO FEPTILIZEO  APPLICATION  DATES                                      !••
      BEAD 10*. ITOT, ( UOO(K) .K«l . ITOT)                                        1^'
                                                                              188
      IF(NRYPA5.EQ.l)  GO  TO 9002                                              I**
C ----- BEAD 0»GANIC-N  APPLICATION DATES                       .                 1*°
      P-EAO 10*.JTOT. ( IQPNAP(K) ,K«1 , JTQT)                                      I'1
                                                                              192
 900? CONTINUF                                                                I*3
C— — P-EAO IBPIGATION  WATER APPLICATION DATES                                I9*
      READ 104.IRTQT.  ( IPR(K) tKml , IRTOT)                                      l"
                                                                              196
C—— STOPE FEPTILIZE9 APPLICATIONS  ON  TAPE 9                                I*7
      DO «02  I«I.ITOT                                                         lq*
      READ 100. 
«03   CONTINUE
 9003 CONTINUE

C- ---- SET SEGHFNT  ONE  VALUES  EOUAL  TO 2E»0
16    *NH3a)«AN03(l)«C*a)»4NA«0.0
      IFdPEOUN.NE. 0)508, 720
508   REWIND  S                                                                215
                                        281

-------
 522   IF (NrE"»TTN.EO.O» GO  TO S10
                                                                              221
 C-— ~SP»CF TAPF.Q FOOE«AHO Tut PBOPF.B NO.  OF RF.COHOS                         ?2«
       DC 511 I»l.^rCortN                                                     229
 511   "EAO  (<»                                                                330
 550   If (NDBGIN.EO.OI GO TO S1J                                              232
                                                                              2J3
       IF CMqYcis.Fr). n rfo TO <»005                                             23*
 C.-.—SPACF T»PF.IO FO«FWAI»O TMF PPOPTH NO. or RECORDS
       DO SI? I»1.NO»OIN
  *00«» CDNMNUr                                                               2J9
       00 Tn M ]                                                              240
              «                                                               242
              10                                                              2*3
               * NO»OTN « NTE»«PIN « 0                                         2«*
 513   CONTINUE
       tSWO » 1                                                              2*6
       If {(PBlNTj.Nf .01 CALL  PPNTI i IPBINTI.IPHINTJJ                          2*T
 c*— — CALL suflpouriNE TO EXECUTE PPOG»»« FOP. EACH OAILV  TIME  INTERVAL        2*9
       CALL EXFCUTE                                                           250
                                                                              251
'C— — CHECK fQ° END OF »UN                                                   252-
       CNOFILE 2                                                              253
       IFIMOOUDAVtlDYSTP) .EQ.0 1726.721                                       25*
 T26   IFlYCAR.ea.ISTOP) SO TO 721                                            255
                                                                              256
 c — — PESET COUNTERS                                                         257
       ICOUNT a o  $YE*R * *EA* • 1  *LL »  i                                  25a
       ILO-IOYSTB                                                             259
       ILAP " ILO
       IHI.IOVSTP                                                             260
       IFCVEAP.rO. ISTOP) IHI»HM                                               261
       IF( ICONT1 .EQ.O) GO TO 720
       PEMND 10
 C— - READ IPP.I&ATION WATEH APPLICATION DATES FOP NEXT ?EAP
                       «EAO 10».I»TOT,  ( IBS(K> .K-l . IBTOT)
 C— — REAC LAST OH<;ANIC-N APPLICATION FOP NEXT YEAH
       READ 100. (OFEWTUI .J«1.31
       IOCOU « JTOT - I
       JPAS • 0
       00 1331 I=1.IOCOO
 1321  RCAO (10)
            . (101 (OFEPT(J) .J«1.3)
              10
       GO TO 720                                                              264
   721 CONTINUF                                                               265
 C 721 £».OFILE 2                                                              266
 C     EKOFILE 15                                                             267
       NTEwPIN»*TEMP[N-l                                                      268
       1COUNT»ICOUNT-1                                                        269
                                                                              270
 C— — -EITWE« PUNCH A flEPUN DECK OR wPITE REPUN (PESTAHT) DATA ON TAPC3       271
       IF (lOAY.EO.IOYSTP) ICOUNT « NFERTIN « NOR6IN * NTE"PIN • 0             272
       IFUPUNCN.EO.O) 502.503                                                2/3
 502   PE»INO 3                                                               274
       •RITE   (3)  ICOUNT. NFEPTfN, NORGIN. NTE^PIN, (ANH3IJ) .AN»03(J) .UREA(J)     275
      l.CA(J) .AN AC J) .AMG(J) .MC03I J) .CL(J) «C03(J) .S04 «AKCS(J>
       GO TO 561                                                              279
 503   PUNCH 505.   ICOUNT, NFE»TIN, NOHGIN. NTEH»IN, (ANH3IJ) .AN031J) .UPEA(J)     290
      1»CAIJI .ANA(J» .A- .XX5(J) .CAL(     281
   -  2J) t80(J) .SA"T(j) .CNl (J> «ORNjj>,»N(j» .«C(J> .E5( J) *C5( jl , SA5IJ) .CASO     282
      3(J» .AGSO(J) ,ONH4( J) . XTBCT(J) , ANE TL IM ( J| . A2E ( J, . I IK { J) ,                 283
      4Pco2u> (AKcsi ji . AKCHIJI ,j«z.ai


                                       282

-------
C
C     <>e«l"0 1                                                              285
r---- POINT «TST»OT DATA                                                    2*6
  S»| PU[M UlOOi IOAY»YCAH. ICOUNT .NFFOT IN.NOBfllN.NTrnOIm.O                 2BT
      PHfNT U|Ql,                               (A*H 1 ( Jl .AN03 IJ» .U«t* U>
     I«CA«C*L<
     ?JI*art .OUNIJI .rfNl.ll .or IJI «eS< Jl .C*                                                            302
100   FO«MAT(16r5.0)
10*   FCPMAT (1615)                                                          30*
105   *"OR»-4TmFS. 0/1615/1615)                                               305
106   FO<"<«T<11I5I                                                           306
107   FC»M4T(5F5.0l                                                          30T
200   FCBM»T(l5.liri0.3l                                       •              30«
201   FOPwtTt ////IX'IMTtAL SOIL *NAL ^SES IH€0/L OF SOIL EXTPACT1 — (0»G»    309
            OF SOtLl •//2X»H2N«                                              310
                                                                            311
                                                                            312
202   FOH*«T(//U»TP*NSFOSMED SOIL ANALYSES (uG/SEGMfNT OF SOIL ) «^/2X»SFa    313
                                                             «HC03*8X»CL
 505  FOBM»T(»I5/. (6E 1 3. 5/6E1 3.5/6E 13.5/6E1 3.5/«E 13.5 . I5/3E 13.5) I
101   FORMAT (F5.0.F10.0.2FS.O)
7(J»   FCfixiT (5F10.0)
601   FCRM*T(2X.Ffl.0.7F10.0»                                                 318
1100  FORM»T|3F5.0)
 1101 FORM»T(80I1)
      1*0
SUBROUTINE  COMBINE
      SUBROUTINE COMBINE!
                                                                        COMBINE
                                                                        COMBINE
      COMMON/SALT/S£RATIO{25>.S8YPAS
      COMMON/3/IFLBVPA.ISEGST                                                 •
      COMMON/BYPAS/NBYPAS.IOYST«tIDYSTPtlLOtlhlt2DUM(3)
      COMMON/SABLE/SUMS(3)                                                    •
      COMMQN/EEE/PSUM.OIFNH4.0IFN03.TPLANT                                    *
      COMMON/XXY/ICHECKtICOUNT.ZOUMl(5)
      COHMON/YYY/STAPT.IOTE««OMTH,III.LL                                      °
      COMMON/AFG/ENM3«II»LLL«I OP»ANETLI«(25)                                   \
                                                                        COMBINE
C——fhis SU8POUTINE C*LLS THE COMPUTATIONAL SUBROUTINES AND ASSEMBLES
C——THEIP OFLTA VALUES
      COMMON/XXX/DFLX.OELT.MM.wTAPT.BO(25 ).TENI25 ).CnECK<25 I.M01SIN
     1125 I«CMH201(25 I . NO [SOCL(25 I.C03I25 ».SO*(25
     3)»E5(25 ).CS(2b ).SAS(2S ).xx5(25  liCASOl^S )>AGSOI2S )
     4CCI25 l*CNli?5 i.SAnT(25 J.RNI25 >.RC(?5 ).TEM(25 )iCAL(25
     1 P.SPACE(36).ISWCH.CUMSUM.SUMQuTfPEOoCE
      COMMON/GIPL/UHEA1.UREA2.r>NH31«ONHJ2C031.S041,KKK.PPPP(«)
      COMMON/C02/PC02I25).IPC02


                                       283

-------
                                                                               I*
                                                                               IT
                 . of LMH J i £M .nf i o«»'*N( ?*> i .OELuor. A l<"> i tCXHCf>3 i  «C «CO 1 1 ** >      !•
                 . f «ci. < /* i , r <«M->» i ?s > .FI NOI i«»* > . FL *M 1 1 i* > «'I»JHF. A i ?
                 ' '">' .'LA«iiif M «FI. HdM i JM »FLCL i?si «Fi.Cf)3H*.i .FI so*
                 iM.NM* (,»*.> .nr.LriNH* «,»*i , iNf M I;M . ANF 1? 1^*1 . ANCT)!/*,) « 41)0 I
       liMtrr.ro  r

             • i.o
      NO*  •  /
      IF I l«*Fn*T.Mj. | I  NOW  •  I
      IFACT  •  PtnuCE                                                           28
      ISCT •  IFACT  .  i IF  «  i.o                                                29
      IFIII.CO.LLL)  K»2                                                       30
                                                                               31
c-.—COMPUTE  DELTA  VALUES FOR EACH SOIL SEGMENT                              32
SO    00  1 I*fcO*i3                                                             33
                                                                               34
C	CALL SHUT-OFF  SUBROUTINE                                                 35
C     CALL CHKitl tL2*L3< I .EXNH3 IT I .EXCA(H ,EXANA( I) • F.XAMG(I) tOELN03( I) .       36
C    IOELNH33.4                       .            .       39
3     Ll»L2«L3«0                                                               39
4     CONTINUE                                                                 40

C——SET  A UNIT  CONVERSION  CONSTANT                                           42
      CONVERT(I)  » OELX'HOCII                                                  43
C                                                                              44
C——IF so  INDICATED                                                          45
C	ENTER SECTION  TO  COMPUTE AMOUNT  OF LIME WHICH HAS PRECIPITATED          46
      IF(IflP.EQ.O) GO  TO 205                                                  47
C                                                                              48
C——COMPUTE  AMOUNT OF LlME IN  SYSTEM  EXCLUSIVE OF SOLID STATE               49
C——UMTS ARE UG OF  CAC03  P£»  SEGMENT OF  SOIL                               50
      ASUMl -  CA(I)*2.497  «  CASO*BNH4  £X8NM*(I> » 0.0
134   IF(IOP.FO.O) GO  TO 206
C                                                                              59
C——AGAIN COMPUTE LIME IN  SYSTE*  EXCLUSIVE  OF SOLID STATE                   SO
      ASUM2 «  CA ANETLIM(I) *  ASUMl  - ASUM2                                  65
C                                                                              66
C-	COMPUTE  POROSITY  OF  SOIL SEGMENT* ASSUME  PARTICLE DENSITY IS 2.65       67

C                                                                              6<»
C——COMPUTE  UG  OF CAC03  WHICH  CAN PRECIPITATE IN  PORE SPACE                 70
      APOR « DFLX«POR»2.82B£ft                                                  71
C                                                                              72
C——COMPARE  UG  OF LIME PRECIPITATED WITH UG OF  CAC03 NECESSARY TO           73
c	FILL THIS SPACE                                                          74
C-..—ASSUME DENSITY OF CAC03 (CALCITE)  IS 2.828                               75
C                                                                              76
C---.-IF PORE  SPACE HAS BEEN EXCEEDED*  PPINT  DAY, SEGMENT*  MASS OF CAC03      77
C—	WHICH CAN PRECIPITATE  IN PORE SPACE* AND  MASS OF CAC03 WHICH HAS        78
C——PP£CIPIT*TED                                                            79
      IFUNETllMiIt.GE.APORI                PRINT     201, 111,1, APOR *        80
                i                                                              Hi


                                     284

-------
20*   CONUNUF                                                                •**
      if ( L i .Nf . o> F «NM3< n-Fxc* •     ^3
     IE ISC* I I ) •(••»«»NH» iIl»e*CLiti«0.0                                          8*
                                                                              85
      IF(NRYO»s.F(j. 1 i (JO  TO  9008                                              <* tOEL«N< t) .OEL»C( t) •!!)                           *•»
                                                                              40
 900* CCNTJNUF                                                                41
      lFtiFL«vP4.fo.i) r,o  TO  aooo                                             «*
C ----- CALL  T*F;  *XO*  SU««OUTtNE                                        •        «
                  C*LL FL ( I «FLNOit t > .FLNMJJ I > tftu»CA 1 1 ) «FLCAI I) .FLAN* in     •»*
•*oon  CONTINUF                                                                96
      IFJII.NP.H r,o TO 20                                                    «T
      ir«IS€T.LE.IFACT) GO TO 20                                              9«
                                                                              •»«
      IFCKBYOAS. E0.lt GO TO <*00*
63    AOOITlTt « PLN03UI                                   •                 l*r
C-- — TEST FOP LOw NM4 COHCENTPATION
6*    IF(COM.LT.0.2)6S.66
65  '  AOOITKI) » 0.0                                                        12*
      00 TO 67                                                               122
66    AOoiTim « PLNH*U»                                                   i23
67    CONTINUE                                                               l2*

C —— COMPUTE NET CHANGES FOB  NK4.  UREA,  AND N03                            12*
      •NETKIJ * DFLNH3(I>  • FLXH3U)  * EXNH3U) • AOOITllI)                If!
      ANET2III* OELUPEAd)  » FLUPEA(I)               -                       1*'
      «NET3(I)« OELN03(t) • FLN03U*  •  AOOZT(I)                              12*
                                                                             130
      CCNT1NUF                                                               13*
      TEST TO DETERMINE  IF  SEGMENT  ONE  is BEING  CONSIDERED                  |3?
               ..
TT    SNH3l»ONH3l SSN03l«ON03l  tSBEA I =U«EA I  $SAl«CAl  t?NAl«AN*l             * '*
      SMQlaAMfil  «SC03l=HC03l  iSLl'CLl  SS03l«C03l  *BO*l»Sn%l                 I3?
I     CONTINUE                                                               l~Z
                                                                             138
                                                                             139
C—— TEST  TO DETEPMINE  IF  ADDITIONAL  TI"E  STEPS  ARE  8EING USED              *?
      IF(ISET.LE.tFACT)  GO  TO 16

      IFCNflYPAS.EO.l)  GO TO 9010
C., --- TEST  TO DETERMINE  IF  MftSS IN  SYSTEM *ILL 6E EXCEEDED                    e
      00 5  1*2.0                                                            } 6
      IFJANhSd)  •  ANET1 (I) .LT.0.0)  (JO TO 14                                }"T
      IFJUPEAU)  .  ANET2H) .LT.0.0)  GO TO 1*                                } „
      IFI4N03(I)  •  ANET3I I I .LT.0.0)  SO TO I*                                }4Q
5     CONTINUE                                                               J-fl
      6C TO  1*                                                               Jj,

c— — USE SM*LLE» TIME STEPS  IF NECESSARY                                   J*.
I*    TSET  « 1    *F  «  tFACT

 9010 CONTINUF
C- ---- UPDATE THE MASSES  IN  STORAGE
16    00 6  I*NO*«U                                                           i5«
      ANH3(I) a  ANH3(t)  »  AN£Tl(t)/F   SUPEA ( I I  a  UP£A(H                     '



                                     285

-------
           niJTPT in I
r---.-cALL *m H»I ANCF unuMN* row N
       tr iNHVpft.t.f  -JOM
       ir ( (4MCM.FD. I .»"(>. r | .tU. J*>«MN' I  C*| L
r— ---ufTuuN TO su"HouriMt e«cruTf
100
201   FOBM*r(lX»THE SOIL POPOSITY EQUALED ZEPO OU£ To P«ECIPIT»TEO  LI"*
     10*. 0«Y NO.«.r5»/lX»OEPTM SEGMENT NO. •« ISi / 1 OX-OQPOSITY *LLOWS»3X,
     2C10.3»?X«UG OP LIME TO PPECIP I T*TE» « 5x tE 10. 3«2X*UG OF L!M£ M»V€       2*3
      END
SUBROUTINE  XCHANGE
                                                                        XCHANGE
                                                                        XCHANGE
O_...T»IS IS Ti-F. EXCHANGE SUBROUTINE                                    XCHANGE
                                                                        •CHANGE
                                                                        XCHANGF
      COMMON/* ION/11
      COMMON/TPNIT/ISTPO5) tACTCA(2S».IOPN,ISETN<25)
      CCMWON/XXX/PEL»«DELTtMH,STA«TtRO(25  J.TEN125  ).CHECK(25  ).MQISIN   XCHANGE
     1(25 ) •C«H20?(25 >«MOISOUT«ANOZ(25  liANHZtas  ).U»EA(25  tiOPN
     2125 I.C2I25 I.ANZC25 l.AMZ(25 ).HCOZ(2«  ).CT(25  1.COZ125  )tSOZ(25  XCHANG1
     3>«CZ(?5 ).CX(2^ ).SAZ(25 it**Z<25 ).CASZ(25  )tAGS2(2S  ).flNHZ<25  I.XCHANGJ
     4CYI25 )«CNl(?S )iSA«T(25 )t»N(25  )iBC(25  ) t TE" ( 25  ) tCAZ (25  ) tQ tCPOXCHANOl
     lP.XTPACT.SUMN03tTMOP(*) tTO. IOATiU3(^5) .CH.CH1 .JPEPUN. SPC (» ) « I IK (25
                        tAKCS(25) «AKCM(2SI
      COMMON/C02/PC02 (251 . I°C02
                                                                        XCHANG1
      OlMgNSION C»H201(25)                                               XCHANG1
                                                                        XCMANG1
      OATA(TES»1.E-100)
                                                                        XCHANGI

C— — SET EXCHANGE CONSTANTS
      OA " AKCS(J)
      0 « »KCM(J>
     •SET SEGMENT  VOLUMES                                          .      XCHANGI
      CMH201 ( J)»CMW202(J)                                          .      XCHANG2
     -COMPUTE  MOISTURE CONTENT ON  «  PEPCENT  BASIS                        XCHANGZ
      Bl • CMH201  (J) / IRO(J) »nELX)                                        XCHANG2
      81 » Bl-100.                                                      XCHANG2
                                                                        XCHANG2
C— --- COMPUTE  SEOMPNT VOLUMES RASED  ON INITIAL  SOIL  ANALYSES             XCHANQ2
      IFICHECKljI.I-Q.O.O)  CVH201 (JI»XTPCT(J»«OELX«PO(JI                  •«•«  2
                                                                        XCHANG2
C ----- CONVF9T  UNITS F»OM UG/SEGMfNT  TO MOUCS/LtT^P          .             XCHANG2
                                                                        XCMANG2
<; ----- PESET STOPAGI: LOCATIONS ro"  USE  IN  THIS ROUTINE                    XCHANGJ
1005  ANH4 a ANhZU) /TMH201 (Jl/UOOO.                                    XCHANG3
      A m r.lt J1/CMM201 (Jl /*0080.                                      .   XCHANG3
      S • ANZ (J)/C"H201 ( J) /2?9<)0.                                       ' XCHANQ3
      F • AMZ1J1/CMH201 ( Jl /2*320.                                        XCHANG3
      HC03 » HCOZI JI/CMM201 ( Jl/61000.                                    XCHANG3
      C03 • COZ
-------
      AN03IP  «  AN03IP  •  ANET3IP/F  tCA(p • CA«P • FLCA ( P/F  •  F. XCA (     159
      IP                                                                      160
      ANA(i)  x  ANA < p  •  FLANAIP/F » FXANAIP tA"G(p * AMQIP  <
      1 I /F   »fXAMfi I I )
      HC03IP  •  *C03

3 HP/' » FXCL ( P CC3(P • C03(P » n CO IIP/* « F*rn3lp ISO* IP • SO* I P • I P /r . risn* i I i • QNM4ip . FIMNfetfp « nH_HNH*»P/F |nMN - SLl/'' « C03(l) • S03UFf SO* I I ) > SO* ( p - RQM/F 185 37 CONTINUF 196 IF/F SOMS(l) = SUMS(l) • ON032/F SUMS (2) » SUMS(2) • ONM32/F 175 SuHS(3) « SUMS 1 3) » U»EA2/r 17^ 177 9011 CONTINUE !FIO«»N(t). LT.0.0) OPNIP « 0.0 IFICAIP .LT.0.0) CA(P a 0.0 194 IF (ANA ( I ) .LT.0.0) ANAIP a 0.0 - 19$ IF (AMQ( p .LT.0.0! AMQil) a o.o |96 IF(HC03(P. LT.0.0) HCOJ(I) « 0.0 197 ' IFICLU). LT.0.0) CL(P « 0.0 196 IFIC03IP .LT.0.0) C03(P » 0.0- 199 IF (SO* ( P .LT.0.0) SO*(P « 0.0 200 201 IF(NRYPAS.EO.P GO TO <»012 203 C ----- KEEP TOACT OF PLANT UPTAKE OF N 203 IFUSET.Le.IFACT) 17tl8 204 17 PL1 » AOOITl P/IFACT %PL2 ' AODI Tl ( P /IFACT 205 TPLANT = TPLSNT « PLNH4( p /IFACT » PLN03 ( P /IFACT 204 Ll*L2»L3=0 207 60 TO 25 208 18 PL1 » APOIT(I) JPL2 » AOOITKP 209 TPLANT = TPLANT • PLNH4IP * PLN03U) • 210 25 PSU" = P5UM • PL1 • PL? 2.11 IF ( ANM3I P .EO.0.0) OIFNH* = OIFNH* » PL2 212 IF4AN03I P .CO.0.0) OIFN03 » OIFN03 » PL 1 213 9012 CONTINUE 21* IFUSET.LT. IF«CT) GO TO 6 215 tF


-------
           c* (.11 /rx
       <••
       A
       F*
          \ft»tc*
       « • * - r«sn
       ^ • f •
                            no
       ff « rrrji   « CAL  •
       |F (CHECH (JI .FU. 0.0 1200.^01
c-—-CALL TNF eout_ipi>tuM  EXCHANGE  SUBROUTINE IF
C--— TIME INTPBVAL
                                                        IS TM£ FIRST
 Zn*  CALL EOfxCM8
            JJMOO.
        1001*602>«03
 IIK(J)  a \
 AZEIJ)  e 3.46737E-5
 GO  TO *>04
 IIK(J)  = 2
 ZE      ar (A»MCn3«»2»EXP(-7.033»U/(l.«Ul I I
 602


 603


 60*
       CC3 i
       HC03 « HC03«OATtO
 29P    B  » 1.ES/B1
       IFtIPC02.£Q,ll  GO TO 300
       2f  » AZF.
.301    If  *
   2*  AlBA
      *»0.0
      U»SO» T (
      96-A-G
               .0«(A*F*GI *0.5*(S-M»HC03«ANM*»AN03)
               (-9.366»U/(UO«U) J
               S-A»
-------
     «*«r»p  i -u. i*4»u/ i \ . .n
   f  Mi>*-f».A*AA»<. I
     Cf»4A»*«r. -4 ,-»f - i«r 4 V1
     I » 1 1 •HM*aq.«, 0 • »A«CC
     !» i I » « I i  «v. \*> . ,l
    IF(AfiS(ZZ) ,LT.TES.OR.»9S(ZZZ) .(.T.TES) 00  TO  515
    zz«zz/zzz
    tF(*RS(ZZ) .LT.TES.OR.AOS(Z)   .I.T.TCS) r,o  To  515"
    zzz»zz/z
    z«z»zz
    IF(A8S(ZZZ)-.001)83.83.ai
    A»A.=t«Z                         -
    IFA
    AA • R» (
             .0-r>SlH4)
                                                                         (CHANlQ
                                                                         ICMAN|i)
                                                                         •CHAN)"
                                                                         »CMAN id
                                                                         (CHANlO
                                                                         •CMANlO
                                                                         XCHANlO
                                                                         XCHANll
                                                                         XCHANll
                                                                         XCHANll
                                                                         XCHANll
                                                                         XCHANll
 XCHANll
 XCHANll
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN12
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHAN13
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl*
 XCHANl 5
 XCHAN15
 XCHANlS
 ICHAN15
 XCHANlS
 XCHANlS
 XCHANlS
 XCHANlS
 XCHANlS
 XCHANlS
 XCHANl*
 XCHAN16
 XCHANl*
 XCHAN16
XCHAN16
         AMH4
XCHANl*
KCHANl*
XCHANl*
XCHANl*
XCMANl?
                                      289

-------
       cc  *
       '•SCUT (pq»qfl-4. J»44»CC 1
       YT , .qo.O | / <2.J*A4 I
       r}\H4  s  PM*»  - T
       S»T  « S4T  .  *
       ANN*  *
       S  .  S
       tr ini 790 i r^o . TI\
   ro\  \r ir i r<*n « »HM-« . i)»»*»rC
       U (XI *» I 7SO
  650 Z1«Z
   63 ZZ=-< ( <
      Z2Z»( (
      ir«*«S(Z2) .LT.TES.OB.»flS(ZZZ).LT.TES) GO TO 600
      zz«zz/zzz
      IF(»«S(ZZ) .LT.TES.OW.ARS(Z)   .LT.TES) (30 TO 600
      ZZZ«ZZ/Z
   44
      ir«AfiS(ZZZ)-.001)6*.6*t63
      Z«-Z1
      r,0 TO "S.I
  651 I^U) 7«i2
  7S3 CAL«C*L-7
600   IFII<.FO,2I GO  TO  606
  60S

  A06

   »fl
   49

   50
   51
      1K«3
      AZE(J) »  (fll    ••1.6«)«Zx
      OEL»*-»1
      IF (OFL-CHl) »q.49.24
      IF
      IMDEL-OD51 «5l«2*
      IF (DEC «CHl ) ^* .52.52
      IF«DEL-CM1I8.8.24
      OEL«»-A*
   66
1000
A7
      CONTINUE
      |F(CH€CKij) .F'J.O.OI CMH201IJI  «  CMM2021J)
      4NH4 « 4NM4»CMH201 (J) »l*000.
      ACTCAIJI * A»io.»»(-2.03ft«u/r i .»ui )
      A • (4 • C*SO) «CMM201 ( J) «*0080.
      S • S«CMW201 (J>
                                                                           XCMAN17
                                                                           XCHANl 7
                                                                           XCMAN17
                                                                           XCHAN17
                                                                           XCHAN17
                                                                           XCMAN1?
                                                                           XCHAN17
                                                                                 7
                                                                           ICHANl*
                                                                           ICMANIM
                                                                           XCHANlfl
                                                                          XCHAN18
                                                                          XCMANlri
                                                                          XCHANlA
                                                                          XCMAN1H
                                                                          X CM AN 19
                                                                          XCMAN1Q

                                                                          XCHAN19
                                                                          XCHAN19
                                                                          XCHAN19
                                                                          ICHAN19
                                                                          XCHAN19
                                                                          XCMAN20
                                                                          XCWAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN20
                                                                          XCHAN21
                                                                          XCHAN21
                                                                          XCHAN21
                                                                          XCHAN21
                                                                          XCHAN21
                                                                          XCHAN21
                                                                          XCMAN21
                                                                          XCHAN21
                                                                          XCHAN21
XCHAN2?
XCHAN22

XCHAN22
XCHAN22
XCHAN22
XCHAN22
XCHAN22
XCHAN22
XCHAN22
XCHAN22
XCHAN23
XCHAN23
XCHAN23
XCHAN23
XCHAN23
XCHAN23
XCHAN23
XCHAN23
                                                                          XCHAN23
                                        290

-------
                        i sii ••> I pun .
                       >»
      rc\ «  r,M"' wni>n i i j i ••>!)!> i' 11 .
      ,-. , ,«f o ii' . f . j . .) . o i « t> ii . • ill
• Aft   •C.H/I.II  •  »N»'«     »< / ' Jl  •  »
      *N/ , Jl .  «.    »*M/ IJ.I  - »
      MCI!/ ui  •  i-ro i     *t')/ ( ji  •  c« »
      r* iji  •  M     \^ni ui »it
           j) , DNH*                                                    XCHAN25
      CMrc««.M«c*Kri«»i.                                              XCMAN«
401   CONTINUE                                                          XCMAN2S
C	COMPUTE DELTA VALUES ro* COMPONENTS                         .      XCHAN25
          - * 8N** - 4N«Z(J)    *EXCA = A - CZ(J)                       «rWAN2S
      e...-,. > S - »NZ    SEXAMG = F - AMZ(J)                         XCMAN25
      EXHC03 . HC.13 - MCOZCJl    SE*C03 • C03 - COZlJ.                  JSlSl
      «»CU « - - Cv.JI   ,«*SO* - G - SOZtJ.                           ,CMAN25
      	                   ..                                          XCHAN26
      EZ«JI • FT    icxut • CT
      SAZIJ»SAT         *XXZ1J)»XXT                                     XCMAN26
               ~""~       1AG^Z(J)**Q50                                   -«*^A4.odL
                        5EYU1.EC                                        -CHAN26
       ISTPCJI • U»»?
       c*scji«c*szij) »CMMaoi i ji • 13ft 180.
                                                                         XCHAN26
                                                                         XCHAN26
              TO  SUBROUTINE  COMHINt                                       .j-uAUJh
                                                                .         Jlt™^ ™

 1001   STOP                                                               XCH4N26
       END
 SUBROUTINE  EQEXCH
       SUBROUTINE FO£XCH(CA.AMG,SOS.CL»SO.HC03tC03tEC.ANM4,E5.C5.SA5
                  j. AN03.01tO)
 C	THIS SUPPOUTINf COMPUTES THE AMOUNTS OF IONS CONTAINED ON THE F.*-
 C	CHANGE COMPLEX (BASED ON INITIAL SOIL ANALYSIS!                   eoeXCM

       OA m 1.414/01                                                     EOEXCHl
            " ?2                                                         EOEXCHl
                                                                         EOEXCHl
       AGSO»O.O                                                          FQExcHi
    42 ACT2»EXP<-9.3
-------
                    TJ?/ I4.<
       CX-C»-C»S*
       IF I»PS (uu/u-i . i -i .OF-»
   *1  U«UU
       SO«SriT
       r'0 T0  »2
   4ft  CASO«C»SX
       »oso«
       c*«r«
                                 0.5»(SOS»MCr>3»CL»ANH**AN03)
      *CTl«S«JhT(»rri»
      *CT««iOBT<»CTl I
      C»"C*»2.
         «AMfi
         ^C/ '
         "ACT
      CS-EC-E5-S45
                               i »cri
                                              IO«*CTl»AMf5/(ACTl»CAI I )
looo
                                                                        EQEXCH3
                                                                        EQEXCH3
                                                                        EOEXCH3

                                                                        EQEXCH3
                                                                        EQEXCM4
                                                                        EOEXCH4
                                                                        F.QEXCM4
                                                                        EOEXO4
                                                                        COEXCM4
                                                                        COCXCH4
                                                                        COCXCM5
                                                                        COEJICM5
                                                                        EOEXCHS
                                                                        EOEXCHS
                                                                        COEXCM5
SUBROUTINE  EXECUTE
      SUBOOUTIME EXECUTE

C-— -- SUBOOUTINE TO EXECUTE P»OG«»AM FOP  EACH
                                                   TIME INTERVAL
c- —
                                                                   EXECUTE
                                                                   EXECUTE
                                                                   EXECUTE
                                                                   EXECUTE
                    >IOrSTR,lOYSTP,lLO«tm»lNFILl«ICONTi,jPAS       JtJS   A
                  :tloj.SMO*TM.«M,O«IPRINT,jpsiNT.iNKtiPUNCH*isToPt  EXECUTE
1ITEST • IPE*00. IMASS t lAOO< 25 > » lORNAp (25) tHOPl1*) »TOTN|99» •  yf.»B    .   $11$
2AIRO(9).IP»(25)tTT<60».FF.RT<7)iOFEPT(3l»NOPGIN.NFEPTINtNTEMPIN.    EXECUTE
3ITOT.JTOT.IPTOT                              .                    EXECUTE
 CO***'ON/XX2/A 1 < AS.A 3.x                                              EXECUTl
 COMKON/ryr/STAPTiIOTE.MONTH.I.LL                                   CXECUTl
 COM*ON/XXV/ I C^ECK • ICOUNT. CON VtPKtPKl tCRQP
 COMMPN/AFG/ENH.3. I I .LLL
                .CELT.MS.wTAST,80(25  ).TEN(25  >«CHECK<25  I.
                 )«MOISOUT(25  >tAN03(2S  )«ANH3(2S  )iU«EA<25
2C25 )«C*r25 )»ANA(25  >.AHG(25  L»HC03(2S  )tCL(2«5  t.C03(25  )
3l.ES(2S ).C5(25 )fS*5(25  ).x«5(25  >.CASO(2S
4£C«25 ).rNl(?5  ).SAMT<25  I.HNI2?  )t»C(25  ).T£M(25  I«CAL<25
IO«XTPACT«SIJMN03  GO  TO  8002
      JPAS«1
      REMIND i
SSSSAC2
SSSS 02
SSSS E2
SSSS F2
SSSS 02
1SSS H2
SSSS J2
SSSS K2
SSSS L2
SSSS *<2
SSSS N2
SSSS 02
SSSS P2
                                      292

-------
                  .n i *tO  *o  •toij'j
       IF
       OC
       CALL
 8001 CONTINUE
      GC TO *009
 800? RE AD i nil
       IF (FOF ( 1 I )«007.8003
                                                                              T2
                                                                         SStS U2
 0003 Bojsr HOT*.
 H004 FO»"«T(/, 5«.  • FUUOP-  E\.J>  OF  MLE  MOT FOUND ON TAPE I AT START
     1 *EAD NO. ••  I?'. S*. » F1FCUTJON TERMJNATFO •)
      CALL EXIT
C- — -LL » STAPTlNf? HAY. MM  s  TEOMINATION
      or *   I»ILO.IHI
      If (».RYP«< .PQ.l) tE5TM.EO.O.)600.60t        _
600   CCC » CONV
6o«   rs « i   SIOEPTH  «  i
      00 TO 602
ft01   IOEPTH > OEPTh/OELX  •  1
      IF(IQEPTM,LT.2)  IDEPTh  »  2
      IS « Z
      CCC » 0£LX/0£PTH»CONV
602   SAVF1 a JANH3»CCC»O.T7T7
      SAVE2 » AAN03»CCC»0.225d
      SAVE3 a »UBEA»CCC«0,*466
      SAVE*»AC»»CCC
      SAVEIO*ASO*»CCC

      DO 302 j  «  IS.IOEPTH

      -AOO THE FE&TILIZEB  TO  THF.  PPOP£R  APflAVS
      A».M3(J| m ANH3IJ)  • 5AVE1
            J» * »N03(J>  » SAVE2
            J) * UB£A(J)  • SAVE3
      CAtj)»CA (j)-SAVE*
      C03(Jl»C03IJ)»SAVE9
      SO*
-------
302   CU»'«1<.-CU»4Sn*»^AVEl 0
    « 'f 0 OW.ANlC-N APPLICATION  HATE
      IF I I ,r«J. TOWNAPf* M T.I*
T     TPNTJNUF
      PFAO  iioi IIF«TM. ATNI
             • Ntim. I* »  i
r ....
                *M>
      OC 303 j«>ttr£PTM

      STQOE ORGAMfON APPLICATION  INTO  PBQPEP
                      I  • SSA*T«CCC
C — — -
C-— -STQPE ACCU"-1 AMOUNT OF ORGAMC-N  AOOEO
C     SAVE « SSAMT»CCC»O.*/ACNI
      SAVE • SSAMT'CCC
      CUMSUM « CU«SUM * SAVE
303   CHlij) * ACNJ
      GO TO 17
•t     CONTINUE
t
IT
      COMPUTF Tf.wpf OATUPE ^EAO-IN DATE
      IF t»oo < i .n .FO.O.OP. i .eo. ILOJ
C-—
590
      CALL T£MDEOATUPE  INPUT  SUBOOUTINE
      CALL TfMP  tNTE^PlN » NTFMPIN  •  1
      CONTINUE
 900A CONTINUE
                    .EQ.O) K *  2
            LOOP  TO EXECUTE PROGRAM  FQP  EACH  TIME  INTERVAL

           LLL  IS THE NO. OF  TIME  INTERVALS PER OAT
C-..--
790
 ;-_..-EKTF.P aPUTINF.  TO  AOO  IRRIGATION  WATER COMPONENTS
                                                                         EXECUTE
                                                                         H$tt AA
                                                                         FXECUTH
                                                                         CIECUTB
                                                                         CKfCUTH
                                                                         tifCUTO
                                                                         eircurq
                                                                         etecuTo
                                                                         e*ecuT«»
                                                                         CXCCUT9
                                                                         CXECUT9
                                                                  CXECIJIO
                                                                  EXECUIO
                                                                  CXECUIO
                                                                  CXECUIO
                                                                  EXECUIO

                                                                  EXECUIO
                                                                  EXECUIO
                                                                  F.XECUIO
                                                                  EXECUIO
-THE  P°OG°AM MAT OR MAY NOT CALL ALL OF THE COMPUTATIONAL SUB-
•ROUTINES FOR EACH INTERVAL


-ALL  CRITICAL ROUTINES AWE CALLED AT LEAST ONCE PE» DAY

 00 10 11*1.LLL

 READ INPUT OATA ON TAPE1 FROM MOISTURE FLO* PROGRAM
 IF(ITEST.EO.O) READ!1)(II.12.13.I3.CMH201.MOISIN(j).MOISOUTlJ)
1 TEN! J>tU(Jl•J»l.01
 IF(II.E0.1.*NO.CMM20l(l).GT.O.O)790.79S

•CHECK TO SEE If ™IS IS AN IRRIGATION HAY
 00 7<>2 L*. » l«l
                                                                   EXECU11

                                                                   CXECUII
                                                                   CXECUH
                                                                   EXECU11
                                                                   EXECU11
                                                                   SS1SAU
                                                                   EXECU11
                                                                   EXECU11
                                                                   exEcuii
                                                                   EXECUI2
                                                                   EXECU12
                                                                   EXECU12
                                                                   EXECU12
                                                                   EXECU12
                                                                   CXECU12
                                                                   EXECUI2
                                                                   EXECU12
                                                                   EXECU12
                                                                   CXECU12
                                                                   EXECU13
                                                                   EXECU13
                                                                  .« SSSA13
793
SAVE1"AIPB<1)*CMH201(1)
SAVE**AIRH<3)*CMH201 (1 I
                     n
                             fSAVe2*AIRR(2> »CMH201 <1)
                             1SAVF.53*tRR(4)«CMH201 (1)
                             1SAVE7»AIRB(6)»C"M?Ql(I)
                                        1 (8) •OMSOl < 1 '
      AKH3U»ANH3>
      CA(l)»CA(ll
      CLU)*CL 111
                            SAN03(il>AN03(l)*SAVE2
                            tANA(l)*ANA I 1) *SAVF.S
                            SHC03M )«MC03(1)»SAVP7
                            «C03(l»C03(ll*SAve9
                    *SAVFIO
 j—...STOP-IT ACCU"  AMOUNTS  OF  COMPONENTS
                                                                         CXECU13
                                                                         EXECU13
                                                                         EXECU1*
                                                                         EXECU1*
                                                                         EXECUl*
                                                                         EXECUU
                                                                         CXECUU
                                                                         EXECUU
                                                                         EXECUU
                                                                         EXECUU
                                                                         EXECUU
                                                                         CXECUU
                                                                         EXECU15
                                                                         exccuis
                                                                         EXECU1S
                                                                         EXECUIS
                                                                         EXECU15
                                                                         EXECUIS
                                      294

-------
                          SAVE,'1   »ClJMr»«CUMf A«S« WE 4
                                  »riiM4
                          7       tC;i"CL
      01 .••co.
      POINT ?0*.C**21l (1 I .1
      CONTINUE
 79S   CCNT IMIf
      I' (M00< ir>AY. t"0[NT I .EO.O.AUO. II .EO.JPRI NT I 400.401
 400   PRINT ?Q*>«VEAP. 1111
      PP[»iT ?0*
 *0I  . CCNTINUF
f-~ —CALl COMPfNF Ml8»OUTINF
      CALL COMBINF(IDAY,IPB[Nf•JPHINT)
10    CONTINUF
4     CCNTtNUf
      WfiTIJRN
                                                                        EXECUl*
                IX'PPEOICTEO AMOUNTSCUG/SEGMENT OF SOIL*—FGVCL»'SX»ES«>M»»RC02 ( ATM) »i
20*i   FORMATI//IX»VEAR« ••I».IO*»OAY« ». 14, iox«r IMF.  INTERVAL* •
      1.14)
20T   FCHMAT»///10X»AN IRRIGATION OF*.F6.1.«C« -AS APPLIED ON OAT
SUBROUTINE OUTPT
                 OUTPT\<\
c—-—THIS SUBROUTINE WRITES PBEIMCTEO TOTAL AND DELTA AMOUNTS FOR  THE
C —--COMPONENTS »NO VOLUMES ON TAPE2  (UNITS APE EXPRESSED IN UO/UNIT   OUTPT
C—--APEA ANP ML/UNIT AREA).                                           OUTPT
                                                                        OUTPT
                                                                        OUTPT
      DIMENSION A-T(IO),AMTIIIO).OEL(IO)            -                   OUTPT
                                                                        OUTPT 1
      INTEGER Q.O.STAPT.CPQP.TO     *                                    OUTPT i
      INTEGER YEAR
      "I[*L MOISOUT                 —                                    OUTPT
                                                                        OUTPT
      COMMON/SA8LE/SU»*S (3)                                              OUTPT

     K25 1.CMH20K2? ) .-OISOUT (25 ).AN03(25 1.ANH3I25 >.UREA<25 (.C^N  OUTPT
     2(25 I«CA(25 >.ANA<25  l.AMG(.SO*;?5 OUTPT
     3I.E5I25 1.C5I25 ).SA5(25  ).«X5(25 )«CASO(25 ).AGSO(2S )»BNH*(25 I  OUTPT
     »EC(2S ).CNl(25 ).SAMT(25  ).«N(25 ).»C«25 ).TEM(25 I.CALC2S ).0 CR')OUTPT
     1P.XTRACT.SUMN03. THOP-(4) ,TO.IOAY,Ut25) .CH.CHl. IRERUN               OUTPT
      COMMON/ARtE/TITLE(10) .SMQNTM,MM.O.I PR INT.JPRINT,IHX,I PUNCH.I STOP' 2222
     UTEST.IRFAOP. I^ASS.uoo(2S). IORNAPI25I »HORc») .TOTN<9<» » YEAR   »  2222
     2AIPRI9),IRPI251.TT(60).FFRT(7).OFERT(3).NOROIN.NFERTIN.NTEMPIN.   2222
     3ITOT.JTOT.IRTOT.NT                                                222
      COMMON/JP/CASI25).AMG5I25)                                              2
                                                                        OUTPT 2
C —--ESTAPLISH STATEMENT FunCTION                                      OUTPT t
      SOHA(X.Y) > X»Y                                                   OUTPT ^
      IF(K.EO.l)  1.2                                                    OU    2

c--—ZERO  INITIAL VALUES                                               OUTPT *
1     SUMOUT « SUMQUTl s 0.0                                            OUTP" ^
      00 3  I" 1.10                                                       OUTPT '
3     AMTd) « AMTld) • 0.0                                            OOTPT
      00 TO 5                                                      '     OUTPT :
2     Y • CMM20KO)                                                     OUT!!T 1
      Z • -OISOUT(O)                                                    ~'


                                      295

-------
      V
      ir
          7'Y
O-
     -SLM TMf COM(>ONPNTS
      AMT ( I »  • SUMS I I I
          1) « SUM5<3>
      A • SURA(CAS(01iY)
      H«SUBAiAMOS(Qi•Y)
         (4)
         1 (9)
      AMT(10)
                  r*i  •  sup*ICA toi.vi
                  (51  •  SUM* IAMA  « AMTCII -  AMTl | I I

   .—COMPUTE DELTA VALUE  FOP  VOLUME  ou'
      OFV.N » 5UMQUT - SUMOUTl

   ..-•RITE SUMMATIONS ANO OELTA  VALUES  IN
      • RITE (21 Yf AB, IOAY .SUMOUT.OELN. (A1- - ! I) ,OEL 11) i I«l«10)
C


C


c

T
      OESET VALUES FO» DELTA
      OC 7 I«i.lO
           tl  » AMT(T)
 — — -HETUON TO MAIN
      RETURN
100
      END
                               OuTPT  3
                                OUrPT
                               OUTPT  3
                               OUTPT  3
                               OUTPT  3
                               OUTPT  3
                               OUTPT  4
                                                                       OUTPT *

                                                                       OUTPT 4
                                                                       OUTPT 4
                                                                       OUTPT 4
                               OUTPT 4
                               OUTPT 4
                               OUTPT 5
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT
                               OUTPT S
                               OUTPT 6
                               2222  6
                               OUTPT 6
                               OUTPT 6
                               OUTPT 6
                               OUTPT b
                               OUTPT 6
                               OUTPT 6
                               OUTPT 6
                               OUTPT 6
                               OUTPT T
                               OUTPT 7
                               OUTPT 7
                               OUTPT 7
                                                                             5
                                                                             5
                                                                             5
                                                                             5
                                                                             5
                                                                             5
                                                                             5
                                                                             5
INTEGER  FUNCTION  DAY
  12
   1
   2
   3
   A
   •>
   A
   7
  10
  U
  13
              FUNCTION OAYETJRN
RETURN
RETURN
RETURN
RETURN
                                                                       DAY.
                                                                       0»Y
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       DAY
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       DAY
                                                                       DAY
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       DAY
                                                                       DAY
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       DAY
                                                                       OAV
                                                                       DAY
                                      296

-------
SUBROUTINE  IDAY
                 I.'1** '
                                t MONTH, TOTE> J0»" •«»
                         ,OAY
      JJD«V « 0*' ( IDTE ."ONT" I
      JOAY '  J.;CAT  -  JO»Y  •  K
      If I „•£•-». L£. Oi 1.2
      JCAV   JPAY  «  3'>5  •  «
                                                                    IDAV
                                                                    IOAV
                                                                    13**
                                                                    IDA*
                                                                    IOAV
SUBROUTINE  THEDATE
  12
   I
   2
          -Me
                        tKtL»SMONTH«it i j
      M .« ..«• nv .  t  -  •fAN03(25 I«ANM3(25  ).UR£A(25  ).ORN  UN'leil
     2(25 )»CA(25 I.ANAI25  )t*Mf,(25 )tHC03(25 ltCL(2«>  >.C03<25  )tSO"(25 UNl,!ij
          '2*- ).C5(2S  1.SA5I25  ).xx5(25 ).CASO(2S    """  "~    '    "" 	
     4ECI2S I«CN1
             • AMG(J)«rKH201(j)»12.16
                                                                   UNITS}'
                                                                   UNITS}
                                                                   UNITS
                                                                  • UNITS}
                                                                   UNITS
                                     297

-------
  CC3(J>
  CL(J)
  SC*U>
 -rn*vr»T  mi>«4  ^
  MlM 1 I II  *  AMU 1
  • *'1 1111  •  «'in l
  UbP * I it  •  uw» «
  f.Hjt  •  C* i (i '
                     i J> •C*n«>01 i J> «M .
                    J' «C"M,?oi ( J> «10.0
               ("L IJI »CMH?0 I Ijl »35.»6
              - SO* (Jl •C"«?0l I J) •*H.3
                              »of.u<
                           r N T  TO
                      | | / | r
                      j I / i r MM/<) |l (I • I «. . 0 I
                      j i / I (.'MM /I) | I 1 1 »/n .u I
                             Jl •('U .0* )
      • ••GUI  •  »MI', (Jl / !CMM?01 ( J) • I? . 1M
      HC03U)  »  HC«U< j) / (CMH?oi ( Jl »61 .0 I
      C031JI  •  Cnil j)/  /  .CASO( 25) .AGS0125) .aNM4(25) •
                 25).SA»T(25)»PN(25).»C{25l.TEM(?5».CAL(25) .Q.CBO
     5P.XTOACT.SUMM03.THnP (» ) .TO. I DA Y.US (25) . CH.CH1 , [«CPUN. I SWC
     6S(JHOUT.P$PA (60)
                                    »ONH32.0N03l .ON03^.C»U     ANAl,
      DIMENSION ANH3 (25) . AN03(25) tU&£A (25) .CA (25) .AN* (25) iAM6(25> .1-003(2
     15> »CL«25) »C03 (25) .SO* (25)
      INTEC-F3 0
 IFIJ.NE.?' GO TO 1
 00 1" 1*1.0
 ANH3(I>  * BNM3(I>  SA*03  SSO*(I) * BO*(I)
 CONTINUE
 OPMOIS(0*1> * OPuOIS(Q)
 ANM3(0*1> : 4NN3(0)  SAN03(Q*l) * AN03(0)
 URE*<0»1> * URfAIQ)  fCA(0«l) > CA(Q)
 ANA(0»1) * ANAlO)  $A«G(Q»1) * AMG(Q)
 HC03»0»1) = HC0310)  tCUO*l» « CL(O)
 C03(Q*U * C03(0)  SSO*(0»D » S0*(0)
 CONTINUE
 IF(00*OtS(1 I.LT.0.0) OPMOISIU » 0.0
 IF(MOIS!N(J).LT.0.0) 2.3
 CCEFIN * MOISINfJ)/ORMOISIJ)
 GO TO *
 IF(0»MOIS(J-l).GT.0.0) GO TO 1*
 CCE^IN « 0.0
 GC TO 15
 COEFIN r «OISJN(J)/OPMOISIJ-I)
 CONTINUE
 IF(fOlSOUT(J),LT.O.OI5.6
 COEFOUT m MOISOUT(j)/OPMOI')«6L
-------
•     «  •  J
      'if!  TO  10
«     *  •  J-l
10    IF iCnEFr>nT.LT.O.O> I I » 1?
II    (.».)•!
      N «Q TO  105
      UOEAl > COEFIN»U»E* (K)
      UO TO 106
105   U«C«l • UPF»3
106   'JSE»2 » COF.FOUT»UPE» CD
      •NA1 » COEF[M»4NA(K )  SANA? a COEFOUT • AN A
      HC031 • COEFIN*WC03("')  IHC032
      CLI » COFFI»I»CL ix>  set?               .
      CC31 » COEFlN«C03c<)  NC033 » COEFOUT»C03 CL )
      50*1 • COEFI^«SO*IK)  ISO*? « COEFOUT»SO*«LI
      FLNOI « ON031 - ON032
      FLNH3 « OMHJl - ONM32 .
             « UBEAl  - UPFA2
           « c»i - CA2
              ANAl -  ANA2
              AMQI -  AMG2
      FUMC03 * HC031  - HC032
      FLCL * CLI - CL2
      FLC03 « C031 - C032
      FLSO* " S0*l - S0»2
      LSET1 « LSET2 * 0
SUBROUTINE  PRNT
                 PRIMTI IPRINTI t IPPlNTjl                                  P9NT
                                                                        PPNT   3
C-— -THIS SUPROUTI»4E PRINTS CONTROL AND INPUT DATA                     PRNT
                                                                        PPNT   *
      COM»«ON/APLE/TITL£(10) .SMQNTH.HM ,0. JPRIMT . JPRINT t INK t IPUNCH, I STOP t PRwT   -,
                                  IOPNAPI25) .MOR<<»
                     t TT«60> »FFRT (7) tOFFP.T(3) .NORQIN.NFERT INtNTEHPIN.   °PNT
     3ITOT.jTOT,IBTOT.Nr                                                PRNT
                   .a2. A3.X                                             P«NT   .
      COMUON/YYY/STAHT . [OTEi"ONTH. I .I.L
      CCMuON/XXY/ICMfCK. ICOUNT .CONV.PK.Pirl .CROP                         PRNT
      CCMMON/X»X/nF.LX.OELT«MS.kiT4PT, 80(25 ) .TEN(25 I .CnrCK(25  (.MQISIN
     1125 I.CHH?Ol(2S ).MQt50UT(?5 I.AN03C2S ).A».TEni2!> I.CALI25  ).O.SPflPRNT   g
     1P.XTPACT .SUVN03. THOP. <*i .TO. I DAY ,u (25) .CH.CHl » I RERUN. ISwCM.CUMSUM.PRNT   g
     ISUMQUT.RF.OUCE                                                     PPNT  in
                                                _                      PRNT
      INTCGCP TITLF.SMONTM, START, o. TO. YEAR     ......


                                       299

-------
                                                                         PONT
                                                                               22
                                                                               23
 -----PO (MI
                     i  r-o ro l
                     «•«•
no mt l-<> rruifH«»i
      in?. |uu i«*r . i
                                    , CR<1P.(.L,P« t"M t*»K I .OH.*
                                  nurr
                                      . t rr M . INK . i"»ss .
                                                              ,IP«INTI,
e— —
      S*IP PARF
      POINT 103
      POINT 104. (THO«( J) « J»l «TO)
            109
      00 10 J»l»'iT
      BC*0 ««) (TT(I) t!»l.TOI
10    PPJNT ins. j,  (TT ( I) . I«l »TQ»
             8
           P»6E
            103
c— — PC:*T KATES ANALYSIS
            107
C--— -PPJMT jooifiJTiON WAT^P  ANALYSIS
      PRINT 10*.  (AIPBU) .I»ltO)

C. ---- PPINT IRPI6ATION 4pPLlCATION  DATES
      PP.INT 110.
     -PRINT FERTILIZER  APPLICATION  DATES
      PRINT 111*  (IADOU) tl»lt
      PRINT 112
                          j»i.7>
      OC 2 I»UITOT
      BEAD ««»)
                                             ( 3 I
      FORE* * FFRT<») »CONV«.»<>66   $PCA  m  fEPT(5)»CONtf
      FSO* « FFBTI6) »CONV   SFC03  »  FERT(7)«CONV

C ----- PPINT FPBTILIZEB APPLICATIONS
2     POINT H3.I .FE(»T< 1) «FNH*.FN03.FUREAtFCAiFSO*«FC03
      PEKING Q
      REWIND 10
      PRINT 100

C- — -PRINT ORGANIC APPLICATION DATES
      PRINT 1I».  ( IORNAPI Jl .J»l .jTQTl
      POINT 115
      00 3 I«1»JTOT
      READ <10l  IOFERTU>»J«1«3»
      FCfiN * OFE"T(3l«CONV

C-— -POINT ORGANIC APPLICATIONS
3     PRINT U3t  I.OFERTil ) fOFf«T(2» .TORN
      REMIND 10

C— .-PRINT COMPONENT  MQWIZON  DEPTHS
      PRINT 106<  IHOP2
33
34
35
36
37
                                                                               41
                                                                               42
                                                                               43
                                                                               44
                                                                               45
                                                                               49
                                                                               50
                                                                               51
                                                                               52
                                                                               53
                                                                               54
                                                                               64
                                                                               65
                                                                               66
                                                                               73
                                                                               74
                                                                               75
                                                                               76
                                                                               77
                                                                               78
                                                                               79
                                                                               80
                                                                               81
                                                                               A2
                                                                               83
                                                                               84
                                                                               AS
                                                                         PRNT  47
                                                                         PRNT  88
                                                                         PRNT  89
                                                                         PRNT
                                                                         PRNT
                                                                         90
                                                                         91
                                                                         PRNT  92
                                                                         PRNT  93
                                       300

-------
      PBfNT 103                                                          PPNT   94
                                                                         PBNT   9*
100   rrjwuAT I 1 «1//. )A» « 1 QAH// I                                            PBNT   97
101   FOWw/t T 1 t(,j( •CONTOOL CAMO ^U^mW Y •/S 7 I • ( B AS I C PAflAMETFPSI•//35»      PBNT   94
     {•ST*aT|»i(; unsirn        *•« |5*10**(TRACT      ••.F5.lt/35x          PUNT   99
     |»ST»PTjMr. ftAV          ••• (5. 10X»C*>OP        •••I*/JSX             PBNT  100



     «*«n|l *rr,ttfnt Vf/f      •••."S.I." (•*"• If , »CONVf »0l     •• i* ^»rf « / J*1 •   PPNT  I"'
     4»t|wr |MTF"V nif/Ni     •• • (••• • I o i »r»«tf.* /      ••«»•»,l/Jlx           PMNT  |0*
                             •• • !^ t t 0 « "T» AH        •••f^/l'iX             PBNT  10T
                             •«.»H.O////|                                PBNT  IOH
     l»IPPINT                ••.!•}. 10x«IPEAOP       »».I5/35X             PBNT 110
                             •».I5.10X«ITEST        »».I5/35X             PRNT 111
                                                    -•.15/35*             PBNT 112

     . ...                    	  .  	      «»,I5////)            PBNT 11*
103   FCR"AT(lMD                                                        PRNT H'
104   FCRM4TI//1SX»*E?KLY TEupfRATuRE OATA»13X»HO^IZON OEPTHJCH)*        PBNT H6
     1/46X.6(3X.F6.1))                                         '           PHNT 11^
105   FCP»'4T(2CiX.I3.2X»TEMPERATUBEiDEG C)»»2x.6F9.1l                     PRNT 110
116   FORMAT(//IOt»COupONENT HORIZON OEPTHSICMI*  .  6x.6l3XF6.il)         PflNT 11'
107   FORM AT(1Ox»I°BIGATION «ATE° ANALYSIS(P°"l•/10X»NH4»7x«N03*7X»C4  «7PRNT 12"
     IX'NA «7)i«Mf, •*X»HCQ3'»7X»CL *7X»C03»7x«SO**)                        PPNT 121
108   FCBMAT(3X»9F10.2//I                                                 PBNT 122
                                                                            _ 1 'i 1
104   FORMATi//>                                                         PBNT iej
no   FORMAT                   9999 12^
115   FORMAT(//10X»ORGANIC-N APPL ICATIONS(UG)•/10X»OEPTH»5x•C/N»5X»OBN*)PRNT 13"
                                                                         PBNT 131
SUBROUTINE  CHK

      SUBROUTINE CHK(Ll>L2>L3tj»EXNH3.EXCA.£XANA.EXAMGtOELN03«OELNH3.0ELCHK     ^
     10BGN.OELUBE4)                                                      CHK     ^
                                                                         CHK     *
C	THIS SUBROUTINE DETERMINES IF THE NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION  ANO/OR   CHK     *
C.	ION r«TEN(25  )»CHECK(25  )»*"OISIN   CHK
     1(25 )*CMM201(25 ).WOISOUT(25 )«AN03(2S ).AMH3(25  I.UREAI25  ).OBN   CHK    ||
     2(25 ».CA(25 ).ANA(25 I.AMGI25 ).HC03(25 )«CL<25  ).C03<25  ).SO*(25  CHK    J*
     3UE5(25 ).C5<25 ).SA5(25 ).XX5(25 ).CASO<2'i )«AGSO«25  ).BNH4(25  ).CHK    {^
     4EC«2^ ).CNl(25 J.SA-TI25 I.RNI25 I.RCI25  ).T£M(25  ).CAL(25  I.O.SROCHK    j
     1P»XTRACT.SUMNO.T.TMOH(4) ,TO» lOAYiU (25) .CH.CH1. IRERUN               CHK    J
      COMMON/XX2/A1.A2.A3.X                                  .            CHK    '?
                                                                         CHK    J!
      BEAU MOISIN. MOISOUT                                               CHK    }"
                                                                         CMK    Jo
      DIMENSION XI7.25)                          .                         CHK    «"
                                                                         CHK    |»
      LI • L2 « L3 « 0                                                   CHK    I*
      lF(ABS(fXNM3).LT.Al.ANO.*8S(EXCA).LT.AII1.2                        CHK    e*
1     IFIAPSIEXANA) .LT.Al.AND.A3SIEKAMG) .LT.41)3.2                       CHK    e_,
3     IFIARS(X(2.J) - 4Nn3(J)).LT.il)*.2                                 CHK    c.
4     IF(*flS(X(5.J) - CA(j) I .LT.AD5.2                                   CHK    ^
5     IF(ARSIXI6.J) - ANA(J)).LT.A1)6.2                                  CHK    f~
t>     IF UflSur <7, j) - -""•••• • T «•»••-•»                                  *•**    *•
                                        301

-------
11
12
13
»4
16
      ll  »  1
      \c (sP»P»«;.ro. 1 1  *0 TO 0007
      IF IAPSIX < i • ;> • *M>3 1 „ M ,LT.A2! 1 1 •<»
      IF I4MS < X (Z> Jl - ANH3 ( jl I ,LT.A2» l£.
      IF I4MM uiltMNI Jl I ,t»r.A J,Oi».AM«»«««OHOUTl Jl I .(§T . A J I 1 S t 1 6

      LJ  •  I
      Ml.jl •  **03U>  *«(<*• Jl  • ANMJ(J)
      X(3t.j) •  O^F*U>  IX(t.J)  » 0«N(J>
      115. J) »  C»IJ)  »X<6fj)  «  4NA1JI
                                                                     CHK
                                                                     CH«C
                                                                           ?•*
                                                                 CHIC
                                                                       31
                                                                       32
                                                                       33
                                                                       3*
                                                                      ».»• 436
                                                                      CH<   37
                                                                      CMK   Id
                                                                     CHK   40
                                                                     CHK   41
                                                                     CMK   *2
                                                                     CHK   43
                                                                     CHK   44
SUBROUTINE  SKIP
      SL8ROUTINE
c—
c—
c-
c-
c-
19
            74-28
   .— PBOGPAM  TO SKIP F»OM PRESENT LOGICAL  FILE TO NEXT LOGICAL
   —  IUMT*LOGICAL UNIT
      IF
                   120.10
   20
      ESO
                                                                  SKIP
                                                                  SKIP
                                                                  SKIP
                                                                  SKIP  40
                                                                  SKIP  50
                                                                  SKIP  60
                                                                            10
                                                                            20
                                                                            30
                                                                      SKIP  80
                                                                      SKIP  <»0
                                                                      SKIP  100
 SUBROUTINE BACK
      SUBPOUTINE
c—
c
c—
c
c
c
10
        74-2**
          TO ^ACK f»0" PRESENT LOGIC»L  FILE  TO END OF PREVIOUS
-  LOGICAL cILf  HE.JUST BEFORE ENO-OF-FILE  MARK)
-  IUMT»LOGICAL UNIT
      IF (EOF ( IIINIT) I 30i20
   20 PACKSPftCE  [UNIT
      r,C TO 10
   30 «4CKSP*CF  IUNIT
      END
                                                                      BACK   10
                                                                      BACK   20
                                                                      BACK   30
                                                                      BACK   40
                                                                      SACK   41
                                                                      BACK   SO
                                                                      BACK   60
                                                                      BACK   40
                                                                      BACK   90
                                                                      SACK  100
                                                                      BACK  110
                                                                      BACK  120
                                                                      BACK  130
                                                                      BACK  140
                                    302

-------
                              APPENDIX  IV
                            WTQUAL1 MODEL
      Program WTQUAL1  is a numerical model utilizing finite difference
 techniques to predict transient, two-dimensional areal groundwater level
 or  piezometric head fluctuations, the coffesponding flows, and convective
 transport of conservative ions.  The program is capable of modeling either
 confined or unconfined aquifers (but not both simultaneously) with or
 without leaky conditions present and streams or lakes that are hydraul-
 Ically connected to the aquifer.  The hydrologic and geologic parameters
 that  define a particular study area are incorporated into the model and
 each  parameter may vary in both space and time.  Variables considered
 include water applied as irrigation; recharge due to precipitation, lakes,
 ponds and recharge areas; withdrawals from the aquifer by pumps and
 phreatophytes; and geologic parameters of permeability, storage coefficient
 and bedrock, ground surface and initial water table elevations and source
 of contaminants either as a slug source or continuous source.  The source
 1s considered to have initial  concentration of  1.0  and values computed
 are relative concentration (relative to 1.0).  The purpose of this Appendix
 1s to describe program WTQUAL1, the procedures required for its use and
 the required data.
            ,    APPENDIX A-I.   PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
     Program WTQUAL1 consists  of a main controlling program and several
 subprograms.   The main program's primary function is to control  the
execution of subroutines for all time steps at which calculations are
desired.   The  basic sequence of events is shown in Figure 1.   A detailed
flow chart and program listing is  contained in the Appendices.   The sub-
programs  are designed for specific tasks, such as physical parameter
Input, solving a  set of simultaneous equations,  and mass  balance
                                  303

-------
                           (START)
                         \ INPUT/
                          \DATA /
                        IS NUMBER OF \
                         TIME STEPS   )—YES
                          COMPLETE   /
                             NO
                         CALCULATE
                        HYDROLOGIC
                        PARAMETERS
                         CALCULATE
                           HEADS
                         CALCULATE
                           FLOWS
                         CALCULATE
                             •%
                             'o
                       \ OUTPUT  /
                        \RESULTS /
Figure 1.   Basic  sequence of computations.
                             304

-------
computations.  A description of each subprogram is contained in A-VI.
     Problem control parameters and certain variables are organized into
labeled common blocks by type of usage.  All matrices are packed in blank
common so that variable dimensions can be utilized.  Section A-IV contains
an alphabetical listing of the primary variables used by WTQUAL1.
     The program is written in Fortran IV utilizing several CDC system
subprograms.  These particular subprograms could be easily adapted to
other computer systems if desired.  WTQUAL1 does not require changes
within the program for most problems analyzed.  The exception to this is
1f the ET subprogram (evapotranspiration) is used.  Function ET permits
calculation of phreatophyte use based upon the depth to water table.
The algorithm used would vary from one study area to another, therefore,
necessitating a change in Function ET.
     The area to be studied is overlain with a grid system such as that
shown in Figure 2.  The selection of the space dimensions (DX.DY) for the
grids is dependent upon the availability of geologic and hydrologic data,
and the desired accuracy and detail of analysis.  The accuracy of the
solution is enhanced as values for  DX  and  DY  are decreased, providing
the availability of geologic and hydrologic data justifies the additional
computation time.  The space dimensions are also dependent on the storage
capacity of the computer being used.
     The grid system selected should be oriented to allow for easy boundary
approximation, provide for easy adaptation of hydrologic and geologic
data, and provide the necessary model accuracy.  Space dimensions should
be small enough that the geologic and hydrologic conditions may be reason-
ably assumed uniform over the entire grid.  In areas where detailed values
of water level or piezometric head is desired, smaller values of  DX

                                   305

-------
                            J-direction
direction
                        Aquifer Boundary
         Grid (3,2) is identified as grid (NR+3)  where numbering
         1s done by columns.
 Figure 2.  Sketch of grid system.
                              306

-------
 DY  should be used.   Grids located outside the boundary of the study area,
 such as grid (1,NC)  must be defined as impermeable grids.   Hydraulically
 connected lakes and  rivers must be specified  as constant head  grids.
      Boundary conditions due to geologic and  hydrologic influences  include
 (1)  Impermeable or no flow boundaries, (2) constant head or hydraulic
 boundaries,  and (3)  underflow or gradient boundaries.   Program WTQUAL1
 uses an initial  water level  coding to  distinguish  the  type of  boundary.
 H(I,J)  is the initial  water level  or piezometric head  in grid  (I,J)  and
 the  coding used is:
                0 < H(I,J)  <  10,000 - actual water  level  elevation.
           10,000 <.H(I,J)  <  20,000 - impermeable grid.
           20,000 <. H(I,J)  <  30,000 - underflow grid.
           30,000 <. H(I,J)  <  40,000 - constant  head  grid.
 A  buffer  zone is used  so that  irregularities in  flow boundary  conditions
 at the  physical  boundary are damped  out.   Buffer zones  are  automatically
 set  in  the program at  three  grids.
     The  relative  concentration-(C/C0) of  the  conservative  ion  is speci-
 fied for  each grid as  an initial boundary  value  and is  identified as C5.
 The coding used  for initial  values is:
           0 < CS  < 1   - slug injection of  concentration C/C  .
            —                                           'o
           2 <_ CS <_ 3   - constant source of concentration for all time
                        (C/CQ-2).
     The maximum size of time increment, DT, which will provide adequate
accuracy should be used to conserve computer time.   The optimum DT may be
determined by performing short period analyses with varying DT values
for the selected grid dimensions.  Smaller grid dimensions may require
shorter time  increments.   The number of rows (NR) should always be less
                                  307

-------
 than the number of columns (NC) to conserve computer time during the
 solution of the set of simultaneous equations,
     In addition to space and time dimensions, (DX.DY.DT), the following
 average or representative parameters must be determined for each grid:
     1.   G      - Ground surface or top of confined aquifer elevation (feet)
     2.   Z      - Bedrock elevation (feet),
     3.   PHI    - Specific yield or storage coefficient (dimensionless
                   fraction).
     4.   FK     - Permeability (feet/day),
     5.   H      - Initial water level or piezometric head elevation (feet).
     6.   CA     - Part of grid irrigated (decimal).
     7.   PHR    - Phreatophyte use (ac-ft/yr) or phreatophytes present -
                   use to be calculated (unconfined case only).
     8.   IWELL  - Well number if grid represents a well (integer) - may
                   vary per year.
     9.   IPIT   - Recharge pit or line if grid*represents a pit or line
                   (integer)  - may vary per year.
     For leaky confined aquifer conditions the following additional
parameters must also be determined for each grid:
     1.   HL     - Unconfined water level  elevation causing leakage (feet).
     2.   TL     - Thickness  of leaky layer (feet).
     3.   FKL    - Vertical  permeability of leaky layer (feet/day).
     To complete the model,  the following  hydrologic parameters must be
determined for every year of  analysis:
     1.   PPT    r< Precipitation (inches/year) -  assumed uniform over
                   the entire study area.
                                  308

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    2.   CPT    - Relative amount of precipitation that reaches ground-
                  water  (decimal fraction).
    3.   YPT    - Distribution of precipitation for each DT during one
                  year  (decimal  fraction).
    4.   APW    - Applied water  as  irrigation  (feet/year)  - assumed uni-
                  form  over  study area.
    5.   CAW    - Relative amount of applied water that reaches ground-
                  water (decimal fraction).
    6.   YAW    - Distribution of applied water for each DT during one
                  year  (decimal  fraction).
    7.   NW    - Number of  wells in study area (integer)  - may vary
                  per year.
    8.   RPUM  - Amount each well  pumps  per year (ac-ft/yr).
    9.   CPM    - Relative amount of water removed from groundwater due
                  to pumping for each  well (decimal fraction).
     10.  YPM    - Distribution of pumping for  each well for each  DT
                  during one year  (decimal fraction).
     11.  NP    - Number of  recharge pits or  lines in  study area  (integer)
                  may vary  per year.
     12.   RCHR   - Amount each pit or line recharges  per year  (feet).
     13.   YRC     -  Distribution  of  recharge for each-pit or line  for
                   each DT  during one year (decimal fraction).
                        APPENDIX  A-II.   DATA  INPUT
     Input  is  by computer cards  as outlined below. Detailed coding forms
used for data  input  are contained in APPENDIX  A-YIII.   Note that  zero  is
distinguished  from a blank  in data  input and that  decimal  override
be used for all non-integer  values,
                                   309

-------
Card 1:   8A10 Format.
          TITLE - Title for the particular run.
Card 2:   6I5,3F10.1 Format,
          NR = number of rows in the grid system (NR should be less than NC)
          NC = number of columns in grid system.
          NW = maximum number of wells used in analysis.
          NP = maximum number of pits used in analysis.
          ICFAQ - 1 for confined aquifer analysis,  otherwise blank.
          ILKAQ = 1 for leaky aquifer conditions, otherwise blank.
          DT • time increment (days).
          ST = total time of analysis (days)  (integer multiple of DT).
          FWTOP = desired interval  of times for  printed output (integer
                  multiple, of DT).
Card 3:   8F10.1 Format.
          DLX   = value of uniform  DX   (blank otherwise)  - x dimension
                                                            (feet).
          DLY   = value of uniform-DY   (blank otherwise)  - y dimension
                                                            (feet).
          FFK   = value of uniform  KF   (blank otherwise)  - permeability
                                                            (feet/day).
          ZZ    = value of uniform  Z    (blank otherwise)  - bedrock ele-
                                                            vation  (feet).
          GG    = value of uniform  G    (blank otherwise)  - ground  surface
                                        or top of confined aquifer  ele-
                                        vation (feet).
          PPHI  = value of uniform  PHI  (blank otherwise)  - specific yield
                                        or storage  coefficient (decimal).
                                   310

-------
          CCA   = value of uniform CA   (blank otherwise)  -  part of grid
                                        irrigated (decimal).
          PPHIC = value of uniform PHIC (blank otherwise)  -  confined aqui-
                                        fer (blank for unconfined aquifer
                                        (analysis) storage coefficient
                                        (decimal).
Card 3A:  8F10.1 Format - if DLX is blank, otherwise omit.
          DX  J-l.NC'
Card 3B:  8F10.1 Format - if DLY is blank, otherwise omit.
          DY  1=1,NR
Card 3C:  8F10.1 Format - if FFK is blank, otherwise omit.
          FK  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (example, the permeability of grid (4,3)
                         for NR«11,NC>11 is the second entry on the fourth
                         card).
Card 3D:  8F10.1 Format - if ZZ is blank, otherwise omit.
          Z  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (see card 3C)~.
Card 3E:  8F10.1 Format - if 6G is blank, otherwise omit.
          G  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (see card 3C).
Card 3F:  8F10.1 Format - if PPHI is blank, otherwise omit.
          PHI  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (see card 3C).
Card 3G:  8F10.1 Format - if CCA is blank, otherwise omit.
          CA  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (see card 3C).
Card 3H:  8F10.1 Format - if PPHIC is blank, otherwise omit,  (for confined
          PHIC  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (see card 3C).         aquifer only)
Card 33:  1F10.1 Format.
          CSS = uniform value of relative concentration CS (blank otherwise)
                                    311

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Card 33A: 8F10.1 Format - if CSS is blank, otherwise omit.
          CS = initial value of relative concentration.
          CS  I=1,NR*NC  by columns.
     Note:If CS(I,J) is less than 1.0, then that grid is treated as a slug
          Injection of contaminants.  If a grid (I,J) is to be treated as
          a source of constant relative concentration, add 2.0 to the
          value of CS(I,J).
Card 4:   5F10.1 Format.
          HW  * horizontal H - constant value of initial water level or
                               piezometric head elevation (feet).
          LBC = left boundary code (single value along left boundary).
          RBC = right boundary code (single value along right boundary).
          TBC = top boundary code (single value along top boundary).
          BBC = bottom boundary code (single value along bottom boundary).
     NoterCorner grids are not critical.   Use 10,000.00 for impermeable
          boundary, 20,000.00 for underflow boundary, and 30,000.00 for
          constant head boundary,, to denote outer boundary conditions.
Card 4A:  8F10.1 Format - if HW is blank, otherwise omit.
          H  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (coded H values for boundary conditions).
Card 44:  3F10.1 Format - only if ILKAQ=1 (leaky confined aquifer condition),
                          otherwise omit.
                                                    »
          HHL  = value of horizontal  HL  (otherwise blank) - water level
                          elevation causing leak (feet).
          TTL  = value of uniform TL (otherwise blank)  - thickness of
                          leaky layer (feet).
          FFKL  = value of uniform FKL (otherwise blank)  - vertical  perme-
                          ability of leaky layer (feet/day).
                                   312

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Card 44A: 8F10.1 Format - if HHL is blank,  otherwise omit.
          HL  I=1,NR*NC  by columns.
Card 44B: 8F10.1 Format - if TTL is blank,  otherwise omit.
          TL  I=1,NR*NC  by columns.
Card 44C: 8F10.1 Format - if FFKL is  blank, otherwise omit,
          FKL  I=1,NR*NC  by columns.
Card 5:   2F10.1 Format.
          PPT = precipitation (inches/year).
          CPT = coefficient of effective precipitation to groundwater
                (decimal fraction).
Card 5A:  16F5.1 Format - if PPT is greater than zero, otherwise omit.
          YPT = distribution of precipitation for each DT during a one
                year period (decimal  fraction).
Card 6:   2F10.1 Format.
          APW = applied water as a result of surface irrigation (feet/year)
          CAW = coefficient of deep percolation of applied water (decimal
                fraction).
Card 6A:  16F5.1 Format - if APW is greater than zero, otherwise omit.
          YAW = distribution of applied water for each DT during a one
                year period (decimal  fraction).
Card 7:   15 Format.
          NGPU = number of grids with phreatophyte use (zero if none).
                 Blank  indicates PHR array to be read in.
Card 7A:  2I5,1F10.1 Format - if NGPU is greater than zero, otherwise omit.
          I   = row number of grid.
          J   = column  number of grid.
          PHR = phreatophyte use in specified grid (I,J) (acre-feet/year).
                                   313

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                If PHR is any negative value,  phreatophyte  use  is  calcu-
                lated from ET subprogram,  (see listing),
     Note:0ne card for each grid containing phreatophyte  is needed.
          Total  number of cards equal  NGPU.
Cord 7AA: 8F10.1 Format - if NGPU is blank, otherwise omit.
          PHR  I=1,NR*NC  by columns (see  card 3C).
Card 7B:   16F5.1 Format - only if PHR is greater than zero, otherwise  omit.
          YPR »  distribution of phreatophyte use for each DT during  a  one
                year period (decimal fraction).
Card 77:   15 Format - if miximum number of wells is  greater than  zero,
                      otherwise omit.
          NW - number of wells.
Card 77A: 3I5.2F10.1 Format - if NW is greater than  zero, otherwise  omit.
          IWNO = well number code (integer).
          I    = row number of grid with well.
          J    = column number of grid with well.
          RPUM = amount each well pumps per year (acre-feet/year).
          CPM  = coefficient of groundwater removed  by each well  (decimal
                 fraction).
Card 77B: 16F5.1 Format - if NW is greater than zero,.otherwise omit.
          YPM = distribution of pumping for each DT.during  one  year
                (decimal fraction).
     Note:Cards  77A and 77B are to be input as a set for  each grid.
          Total  number of sets equal NW,
Card 777: 15 Format - if maximum number of pits  is greater  than zero,
                      otherwise omit.
          NP = number of recharge pits or  lines,
                                  314

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Card 777A:  3I5,1F10,1 Format - if NP is greater than zero,  otherwise  omit.
          IPNO = pit number code (integer),
          I    = row number of grid.
          J    = column number of grid.
          RCHR = amount each pit recharges per year (feet/year),
Card 777B:  16F5.1 Format - if NP is greater than zero,  otherwise  omit.
          YRC = distribution of pit recharge for each DT during one year
                (decimal fraction).
     Note:Cards 777A and 777B are to be input as a set  for  each grid.
          Total number of sets equal NP.
Card 7777:  1F10.1 Format - for every year of analysis greater than one,
                           otherwise omit.
          REPEAT = data input code for multiple year analysis.   If blank,
                   repeat cards 5 through 777B, otherwise program uses
                   same data as previous year.
                   APPENDIX A-III.  OUTPUT OF RESULTS
     Output is in a tabular form.  All input data are reproduced  for  veri-
fication.  Calculated results are printed only at the desired time steps
which is controlled by FWTOP in card 2.  The exception  to this  is if  a
grid changes from confined to unconfined and vice versa or  experiences
flooding or overdraft, a message is printed at the appropriate  time
indicating such conditions.  Following is a list of output  results.
1.   Amount of core required to run program.
2.   Title of run.
3.   Problem control parameters,
     a.   Number of rows,
                                   315

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     b.   Number of columns,
     c.   Time increment,
     d.   Total time of analysis.
4.   Input data.
     a.   Delta-X map, spacing in J-direction.
     b.   Delta-Y map, spacing in I-direction.
     c.   Surface elevation map or top of confined aquifer elevation map.
     d.   Bedrock elevation map.
     e.   Specific yield map (confined and/or unconfined).
     f.   Permeability map.
     g.   Coefficient for part of grid irrigated.
     h.   Yearly applied water.
     1.   Yearly distribution of applied water.
     j.   Matrix of phreatophyte use.
     k.   Yearly distribution of phreatophyte use.
     1.   Yearly precipitation.
     m.   Yearly distribution of precipitation.
     n.   Well number map - if wells present.
     o.   Well table - if wells present.
     p.   Recharge pit number map - if pits or lines  are present.
     q.   Pit table - if pits or lines are present.
     r.   Initial  water table or piezometric head elevation map.
     s.   Initial  storage.
5.   Results - only printed at desired time steps by  using the  input vari-
     able FWTOP.   The exception to this is if a grid  changes from  confined
     to unconfined and vise versa or a grid is overdrawn or flooded,  a
     message 1s printed at the time step of occurrence,
                                  316

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a.   Matrix of phreatophyte use (acre-feet of water used/grid/DT)  -
     only if calculated from ET subprogram.
b.   Matrix of Q (acre-feet/day) - net vertical  withdrawal  of water
     from each grid.  This includes precipitation, applied  water,
     pumping, recharge, phreatophyte use and leakage.
c.   List of grids, if any, at time steps where  the main aquifer
     changes from confined to unconfined or unconfined to confined.
     This results in negligible errors of the resulting water table
     or piezometric head elevation.
     Example:  GRID  5  6  CONFINED TO UNCONFINED
d.   List of overdrawn or flooded grids at all time steps of occur-
     rence.
     Example:
ROW COL NR.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
OVERDRAW
FT AC/ FT
162.73
160.72
159.33
158.20
157.25
156.36
155.43
154.45
153.31
151.92
149.94
145.87
136.86
119.12
83.43
12.19
12.19
12.18
12.18
12.18
12,18
12.18
12.17
12,16
12,11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
- o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.22
0.42
FLOODED AREA OD. AREA FD
FT AC/ FT AC/ FT AC/ FT,
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 •
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
                             317

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      ROW  COL MR.     OVERDRAW     FLOODED    AREA OD.   AREA FD.
                      FT    AC/FT   FT   AC/FT  AC/FT     AC/FT
TOTALS
11
12
13
14
15

17
17
17
17
17

11.98
11,62
10.58
7.87
2.05

0.69
1.07
1.82
1.81
0.70
7.3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 6,1





0.00
     The first four columns refer to the total  area and the second two
     columns refer to between stations or buffer zones.  If overdraw
     occurs, the piezometric head or water table elevation of the partic-
     ular grid is set to the bedrock  elevation and the program proceeds.
     If flooding occurs, the piezometric head or water table elevation of
     the particular grid is set to the ground surface elevation and the
     program proceeds.   Results will  be in error if this message is
     printed and should be checked.
     e.   Matrix of discharge (acre-feet/DT)  between grids in the I-
          direction.   Flow down is positive and flow up is negative.
          Discharge in  the first row of the matrix is the flow between
          grids in row  #1 and #2,-and so on for the remainder of grids.
          therefore,  the last row is  always zero.
     f.   Matrix of discharge (acre-feet/DT)  between grids in the J-
          dlrection.  Flow right is  positive  and flow left is negative.
          Discharge in  the first column of the  matrix is the flow between
          grids in column #1 and #2,  and so on  for the remainder of grids.
          The last column is,  therefore,  always zero.
     g.   Matrix of net flow (acre-feet/DT) from constant head  grids.
          The heading for this  matrix is:
          RIVER FLOW IN EACH GRID MINUS MEANS FLOW FROM AQUIFER (AC/FT/DT)
                           INCREMENT  NUMBER 5
                                   318

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     h.   Table of water balance computations (all entries in acre-feet/DT)
          Example:
               OUTPUT FOR SIMULATED TIME 6 - 9, AS AT THE
                END OF'PERIOD 3 FOR CONFINED AQUIFER
APPLIED WATER (BETWEEN STATIONS -
     TOTAL AREA)                                  -974.97  -1282.89
INFLOW FROM RIVER (BETWEEN STATIONS -
     TOTAL AREA)                                     0,00      0.00
BOUNDARY INFLOW (BETWEEN STATIONS -
     TOTAL AREA)                                   138,18     88.48
TOTAL AREA STORAGE AND DECREASE IN
     STORAGE                            1332.68
BETWEEN STATIONS STORAGE AND DECREASE
     OF STORAGE                           62.42    637.08
STORAGE OF OVERLAP AREAS                1270.26
ILLEGALLY WITHDRAWN (BETWEEN STATIONS -
     TOTAL AREA)                                   199.71    200.10
TOTALS (BETWEEN STATIONS - TOTAL AREA)               0.00      0.00
          The first column is storage quantities for the total area,
          area between stations or buffer zones and the overlap or
          buffer zone area.   The second column refers to the area
          between stations or buffer zones and the third column refers
          to the total area.  Mass balance between stations (second
          column totals) must always be satisfied otherwise results will
          be in error.  The  only time that mass balance for the total
          area (third column totals) is satisfied is when all boundaries
          are impermeable.
     i.   Matrix of water table or piezometric head elevations (feet above
          datum).
          If data changes for a year of analysis, a message is printed
          Indicating the year number and output 4g through 4q is printed.
     j.   Matrix of relative concentrations C/C
                                  319

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         APPENDIX A-IV.  LIST OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES IN WTQUAL1
Symbol                              Description
APW       Applied water ,as a result of surface irrigation (feet/year).
BBC       Bottom boundary code.
CA        Fraction of grid to which water is applied (decimal).
CAW       Coefficient of deep percolation of applied water (decimal).
CCA       Uniform fraction of each grid irrigated for all grids (decimal).
CCS       Uniform value of relative concentration.
CMATRX    Coefficient matrix.
CPM       Coefficient of groundwater removed by pumping (decimal).
CRT       Coefficient of effective precipitation to groundwater (decimal).
CR        Right hand side matrix.
CS        Relative value of concentration.
DLX       Uniform X-dimension of all grids (feet).
DLY       Uniform Y-dimension of all grids (feet).
DT        Time increment (days).
DTWT      Depth to water table from ground surface.
DX        X-dimension of grid (feet).
DY        Y-dimension of grid (feet).
ET        Evapotranspiration (feet) - calculated from ET program.
FACFTA    Amount flooded between buffer zone boundaries (acre-feet).
FACFTT    Total amount flooded (acre-feet).
FFK       Uniform permeability of all  grids  (feet/day).
FK        Permeability (feet/day).
FKL       Permeability of leaky layer (feet/day).
FVA       Amount flooded between buffer zone boundaries (acre-feet).
FVT       Total amount flooded (acre-feet).
FWTOP     Desired time of output (multiple of DT).
                                  320

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G         Ground surface or top of confined aquifer elevation (feet).
GG        Uniform ground surface or top of confined aquifer elevation
          of all grids (feet),
H         Initial water table elevation or piezometric head of aquifer
          being modeled (feet),
HL        Constant head value causing leaky aquifer (feet).
HP        Water table elevation or piezometric head at previous time
          level (feet).
HT        Present water table elevation or piezometric-head (feet).
HW        Uniform water table elevation or piezometric head (feet).
ICFAQ     Equals 1 for confined aquifer analysis, otherwise blank.
ILFAQ     Equals 1 for leaky aquifer analysis, otherwise blank.
INYR      Number of time increments per year (360./DT).
LBC       Left boundary code.
LCIE      Right (J=NC-2)  buffer zone.
LCIW      Left (J=3) buffer zone.
LCJE      Bottom (I=NR-2) buffer-zone.
LCJW      Top (1=3) buffer zone.
NA        Number of rows  in reduced band matrix.
NB        Number of columns in reduced band matrix.
NC        Number of columns in model  (integer).
NGPU      Number of grids with phreatophyte use  (integer).
NP        Number of recharge pits  or lines (integer).
NR        Number of rows  in model  (integer).
NW        Number of wells (integer).
OACFTA    Overdraw between buffer  zone boundaries (acre-feet).
OACFTT    Total  overdraw  (acre-feet).
                                  321

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 OVA       Overdraw between buffer zone boundaries (acre-feet).
 OVT       Total overdraw (acre-feet).
 PHI       Specific yield or storage coefficient (decimal).
 PHIC      Storage coefficient of confined aquifer (decimal),
 PHR       Phreatophyte use (acre-feet/year)  or phreatophytes  present -
           use calculated in program ET.
 PIT       Recharge pit or line number code,
 PPHI      Uniform specific yield or storage  coefficient of  all  grids
           (decimal).
•PPHIC     Uniform storage coefficient of confined aquifer for all  grids
           (decimal).
 PPT       Precipitation (inches/year).
 Q         Net value of hydrologic and artificial  withdrawal per grid
           (acre-feet/day).
 RBC       Right boundary code.
 RCHR      Amount each pit or line recharges  per year (feet/year).
 REPEAT    Data input  code for multiple year  analysis (blank indicates  to
           read in data).
 RPUM      Amount each well  pumps per year (acre-feet/year).
 SQA       Total  Q per DT between stations (acre-feet).
 SQBA      Total  inflow through  buffer zone boundaries  (acre-feet).
 SQBT      Total  inflow through  boundaries (acre-feet).
 SQGGI     Flow between grids  in I-direction  (acre-feet).
 SQGGJ     Flow between grids  in J-direction  (acre-feet).
 SQR       Inflow from constant  head  grids (acre-feet).
 SQRA      Inflow from constant  head  grids within  buffer zone  boundaries
           (acre-feet),
                                    322

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SQT       Total Q per DT (acre-feet).
SQRT      Total inflow from constant head grids (acre-feet).
ST        Total time of analysis (days).
STA       Between stations storage (acre-feet).
STATEM    Decrease of storage between stations (acre-feet),
STOL      Overlap area storage (acre-feet).
STT       Total area storage (acre-feet).
STTTEM    Total decrease of storage (acre-feet).
TBC       Top boundary code.
TL        Thickness of leaky layer (feet).
WELL      Well number code.
YAW       Distribution of applied water for each  DT of one year (decimal).
YPM       Distribution of pumping for each  DT of  one year (decimal).
YPR       Distribution of phreatophyte use  for each DT of one year (decimal)
YPT       Distribution of precipitation for each  DT of one year (decimal).
YRC       Distribution of pit recharge for  each DT of one year (decimal).
Z         Bedrock elevation (feet).
ZZ        Uniform bedrock elevation of all  grids  (feet).
                                  323

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APPENDIX A-V. FLOW CHARTS
                                    (START)
                                      READ

                                 NR, NC, NW, NP
                                  ICFAQ, ILKAQ
                                 ,DT,  ST, FWTOJV
                                 CALCULATE FIRST
                                WORD ADDRESS FOR
                              ARRAYS TO  BE  PACKED
                                 IN  BLANK COMMON
                                 CALCULATE LAST
                                  WORD ADDRESS
                                     PRINT
                                  TOTAL AMOUNT
                                 vOF CORE USED/
                                   SET BUFFER
                                ZONE  BOUNDARIES
                                     PRINT

                                     vTITLE/
                                       t
                                     PRINT"7
                                 NR, NC.  DT, ST/
                                        324

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IS ILKAQ
LESS THAN
OR EQUAL
TO ZERO
              SUBROUTINE READPH

              Reads and Writes
              Physical Data
              Describing System
              and Concentration
SUBROUTINE MATROP
Organizes Data into
Suitable Form for
Printing and Prints
              SUBROUTINE READH
              Reads in Initial
              Water Level or
              Piezometric Head
              Elevation
              SUBROUTINE LEKAQF
              Reads and Writes
              Leaky Aquifer
              Parameters
SUBROUTINE MATROP
Organizes Data i«to
Suitable Form for
Printing and Printf.
              SUBROUTINE STORAG
              Computes Increase
              or Decrease in
              Storage
LOOPYL=ST/DT
INDX = 1
                          325

-------
fcropV—
NO
/
4
V
' 1=1 \
Is I.LE. \
LOOPUL /—YES-]
1=1+1 /
1 '•
c
r
IDT=DT
J1=1DT*(I-1)
J2=IDT*1
FI=I, TI=JI, T2=J2
                                         SUBROUTINE QFIX
                                        Reads and Writes
                                        Hydrologic Param-
                                        eters and Computes
                                        Hydrologic and
                                        Artificial Inputs
                                        for Each Grid
                                         SUBROUTINE MATSOL
                                        Sets up Coef-
                                        ficients Matrix
                                        and Right Hand
                                        Side Vector
                                        Matrix
                                                                  FUNCTION ET
                                                                  Computes the
                                                                  Phreatophyte Use
                                                                  Using Water Table
                                                                  Elevations
                                                                          SUBROUTINE MATROP
                                                                         Organizes Data into
                                                                         Suitable Form for
                                                                         Printing 5 Prints
                                                                  FUNCTION PARAM      :

                                                                  Computes Coefficients
                                                                  For Finite Difference,
                                                                  Equations            ;
                                                                          SUBROUTINE NSCONT

                                                                         Checks for Known
                                                                         Grid Values, Such as
                                                                         Boundaries, and
                                                                         Transfers them to
                                                                         Right Side Vector
                                                                         Matrix
                                                                          SUBROUTINE  BSOLVE

                                                                         Solves Banded Matrix!
                                                                         Set Up in MATSOL
                                                                         by Gauss Elimination
                                                  326

-------
CALL
BJUST
                SUBROUTINE BJUST
Adjusts Under Flow
Grids Water Level
or Piezometric Head
Elevation	.
CALL
ODFLOD
                SUBROUTINE ODFLOD
Checks for Flooded
or Overdrawn Grids
and Writes Results
if Any	
            •YES-
                INDX=INDX+1
                STTTEM=STT
                STATEM=STA
                  CALL
                 STORAG
                                        SUBROUTINE STORAG
                         Computes Increase
                         or Decrease in
                         Storage         _
                  ©
                  327

-------
                   SUBROUTINE  BYFLOW
                  Computes and Writes
                  Flows for Each Grid,
                  Thru Boundaries and
                  from Constant Head
                  Grids. Computes
                  Relative Concentra-
                  tion Based on Mass
                  Balance


^ rAKAM p

FUNCTION
PARAM
Computes Coefficients
for Finite Difference ,
Equations :


CALL
MATROP



SUBROUTINE MATROP
Organizes Data into
Suitable Form for
Printing § Prints
1

CALL
BALCOP




SUBROUTINE BALCOP
Writes Out Balance
Computations for
a Time Increment
  Set
HP = HT
                                  328

-------
               APPENDIX A-VI.  DESCRIPTION OF SUBPROGRAMS
Subroutine READPH
     This subroutine reads and writes the physical data describing the
study area.  The following variables are read and printed: DX, DY, FK, Z,
CS, G, PHI, and PHIC.  CA is also read but printed later.  Coded values
of CS are printed.  Only one data card is required if all variables are
uniform for each grid, otherwise each parameter that is variable must be
read in matrix form.  Variables DX and DY require only NC and NR values
respectively.
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   MATROP
Important Variables:  DX  DY  FK  Z  G  PHI  PHIC  CA  CS
Subroutine READH
     This subroutine reads the initial coded water level or piezometric
head elevations.  H is decoded and set equal to HT and HP.  One data card
1s required if the initial water level is horizontal, otherwise the entire
H-matrix must be read.
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  H  HT  HP
Subroutine LEKAQF
     This subroutine reads and writes the leaky aquifer parameters.  The
following variables are read and printed: HL, TL,  and FKL.  One data card
1s required if these variables are uniform, otherwise each matrix that is
variable must be read.
Called From:         Main Program
Subprograms Used:    MATROP
Important Variables:  HL  TL  FKL
                                  329

-------
 Subroutine CSET
      This subroutine initializes the relative concentration throughout
 the aquifer.
 Called From:        Main Program
 Subprograms Used:   None
 Important Variables:  CO  CT  H  G  CS
 Subroutine STORAG
      This subroutine computes the initial  storage and increase or decrease
 of storage.  Total  area and between station (between buffer zone  boundaries),
'storage is calculated.   Also storage of overlap areas is  computed.
 Called From:        Main Program
 Subroutines Used:   None
 Important Variables:  STA  STT  STOL  H HT  Z
 Subroutine QFIX
      This subroutine reads and writes the  hydrologic parameters.   The
 hydrologic and artificial  inputs are then  calculated for  each  grid.  A
 value of zero on the input card Indicates  a particular parameter  is  not
 used (see listing).   The exception to this is the number  of grids with
 phyratophyte use, NGPU.  If NGPU is blank, the entire PHR matrix  must be
 read, otherwise the  number of grids specified is read.  NGPU equal to
 zero indicates no phreatophyte use.                 -
      Coding PHR less than  one indicates that phreatophyte use  should be
 calculated every time increment from the previous time step water level
 elevation.  The ET subprogram is used for  this.
      The factors considered in QFIX are (1)  precipitation,  (2)  applied
 water as irrigation, (3)  phreatophyte use,  (4)  wells,  (5) recharge areas
 or lines,  and (6) leaky aquifer conditions.
                                   330

-------
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   ET
Important Variables:  PPT  CPT  YPT  APW  CAW  YAW  NGPU  PHR  YPR  WELL
                      RPUM  YPM  PIT  RCHR  YRC  Q  SQT  SQA  REPEAT CPM
Function ET
     This subprogram computes the phreatophyte use for each grid using
the water level elevations from the previous time step.  If the depth
of water table DTWT is negative, an error message is printed.  It is
anticipated this program, if used, will  change with each study area.
Called From:        QFIX
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  ET  DTWT
Subroutine MATSOL
     This subroutine sets up the coefficient matrix, CMATRX, and the
right hand side vector matrix, CR.  CMATRX is a reduced matrix containing
only the band of known values in the left side of the difference equations
and is written vertically rather than diagonally.  Its dimensions are
(NR-2)*(NC-2) by 2*NR-3.  The coefficients are computed using Function
PARAM and checked for adjacent boundary values of H in subroutine NSCONT.
MATSOL treats known grid values of H.  BSOLVE is used to solve the matrix
equation set up.
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   PARAM  NSCONT  BSOLVE
Important Variables:  CMATRX  CR
Function PARAM
     This subprogram computes the coefficients in the left side of the
finite difference equation.   For confined aquifer analysis, saturated
                                  331

-------
thickness is compared to aquifer thickness and the smallest of the two
is used to calculate the coefficient.
Called From:        MATSOL  BYFLOW
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  PARAM
Subroutine NSCONT
     This subroutine transfers the coefficients, in CMATRX, multiplied by
their respective H-value, to the right hand side vector matrix in case
of adjacent head or known boundary conditions.  It also- sets coefficients
equal to zero in case of adjacent impermeable grids.
Called From:        MATSOL
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  None
Subroutine BSOLVE
     This subroutine solves the matrix equation set up in MATSOL by Gauss
Elimination.  BSOLVE is designed specifically for a diagonal matrix that
results from analysis of groundwater systems.
Called From:        MATSOL
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  None
Subroutine BJUST
     This subroutine adjusts the underflow boundary water level elevations.
Gradients are calculated three grids in from the exterior boundary grids
and the gradients are projected back to the exterior boundary grids to
obtain new water level  elevations,  This calculation is performed at
even time steps.  At odd time steps the water level elevations are held
constant and the exterior boundary grids are treated as constant head
grids.
                                   332

-------
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  H  HT
Subroutine ODFLOD
     This subroutine checks for overdrawn or flooded grids.  If either
should occur, a message is printed indicating such.  For confined aquifer
analysis the flooded grid computations are bypassed.  Total flooded and
overdraw amounts are computed for the total area and between stations.
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  OACFTT=OVT  OACFTA=OVA  FACFTT=FVT  FACFTA=FVA
Subroutine BYFLOW
     This subroutine computes flows for each grid.  Total flow through
model boundaries and buffer zone boundaries is calculated as well as flow
Into the system from constant head grids.  The flow equation used is
developed from the finite difference equations and uses particular values
of the CMATRX.  These values are" transferred from MATSOL except for
boundary values which are calculated in BYFLOW using Function PARAM.
Flow is not allowed to or from an impermeable grid and between any two
adjacent underflow grids.   I-direction and J-direction flows are printed
and flows from constant head grids are interpreted atid printed as flow
from river grids.  Relative concentration calculations are made using
the flow between grids.
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   PARAM  MATROP
Important Variables:  SQGGI  SQGGJ  SQBT  SQBA  SQR  SQRT  SQRA  CS

                                   333

-------
Subroutine BALCOP
     This subroutine writes the balance computations at the desired time
steps specified by FWTOP.  Mass balance for the entire area cannot always
be obtained, due to accounting procedures used to compute mass flow at
exterior boundary grids.  However, for between stations, which refers to
the area between the buffer zone boundaries, mass balance must always be
satisfied except for the case when a confined grid becomes unconfined.
This error should be small and is indicated by the "TOTALS" in the mass
balance output being different than zero,  to reduce this error, decrease
the value of AT.  For confined aquifer analysis, a message is printed
indicating if a grid becomes unconfined.
Called From:        Main Program
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  SQA  SQT  SQRA  SQRT  SQBA  SQBT  STT STTTEM  STA
                      STATEM  STOL  OVA  OVT
Subroutine MATROP
     This subroutine organizes data or results into a suitable form for
printing and then prints.
Called From:        READPH  LEKAQF  QFIX  BYFLOW
Subprograms Used:   None
Important Variables:  NR=NOROW  NC=NOCOL
                                   334

-------
             APPENDIX A-VII.  PROGRAM LISTING
PROGRAM  WTOUAL 1
     ..,V,-i1 WTOUAL.1 i:f.f.iI,-.iir:....T.|i;-.-,,T-,f^1.T<'.-:.'J-...

r                                    •                              3J
0    ,-cr.-;M u c.i'-iu  /.MT; IC.,L .•;.*  HMWL'.-MC x-.fi.uE-.C--  «•< v«ou'O       u'.
C      K-1TC*. Lr-VcL.                                                  f, ;

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C      U'-JhsTOf Itl  nurr1:   ;                                       22C
c.     LC,JC«ooTTOM t:» turrEj. /ONC                                     !3,3

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       JOC*NK»NC                       '                    .           59^

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       JPHI=ID',<1                                        •             61i
       JCA*fc«ICCH                                                    6*1
       1M = 7«IOC»:                                                     (.70
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      I-H.MS-M I'.* !'.*•• i* 1 'C                                                       *10

      ir*L=i U< iu •'/•'. 'I!",';                                                        '''I
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      lftM»:,-vin                                                               J*'«





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             ,E!.J14:.I..»HfM«» IYP»."r!WlN.>'I«t^».irii»-«EMl                                                       *'«

              e''J'"'"M'"*''JI                                                    99;

      lHA*LCCf ICtin.'X'U                                                       1DOC
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      LCJW'3                                                                    1060
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   lid  IF  (KF40.L-:. ci GO  TO  i?:                                                 113^

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   tz:  W..ITE  c6,2&:i                                                .             u..%
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     lCtl"HIC»             _                     .                               12SO
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     i   TJ.cii'-mcti                                                          t3<«o
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t.                                                                              i '>''
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                            338

-------
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-------
   C                                  .                 .                        HH  55J
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            rtlUiJI'J.g                                                       L1   jj-,
            TLd.JMJ.C                                                       Li   ua
            FXLII.JMC.O                                                      tt   156

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           St/UMAtiTF                                                         „  — 3
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       BEMIN3 7                                                              US  05*
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            co T:  2i~.                                                          is :?j
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            Hri:.,ji=cv(!                                                     MS 13*5
            MFCI.JI -C'-fC.!l     ...                                               »t3 1 J95
     ??0  CO'irifJUE                                                              « 11.3;
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  J                                                                            PR    ZO

  c     THIS suuPsooRiri co.ipurcs  THE coEFFicunn USEO IN  MAT-JOL AND        PP    HO
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  C       ArO  SATU^Tt.0 THICKNESS.                                       .     PR    60
  C                                                                            PR    73
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        03 10 120                                                             PP   J4, j
    110 Sf TMCKO'liXl (iHTl, AHT?)-A1i                   NC   1C
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   13!  CP*5 = C.J                                                              HC  Hi
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   l«tfl  Ktruiill                       •                        -                  NC  2)0
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                                 346

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   c       rtisxwrioM.                                                     „    ...

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            irui.M.M                                                      «  ":
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            00 JK J^.M                                                   "
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              OII,JI        •                                 21  .,«
              00 .17(1 J*Z,«                             •                        "
           IF  IUP.LT.M URalR+1                        •'                   5    *^
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   23C    Vll>sVfLl-na,J) »7(«-i>                                        21  I.i
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           Htti,i?>!"tt;,ifi»n:TP                                            9J   "J
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           I.F I ill i, NC I < L T. i ."C ? 1. 2 > T.O TO tf»(J                               *JJ   •""

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           HTlii.N.^lyHTiIlffilill^SAXi                                             *•*«
    !%0  CC'ITIhuC                                                             ^J   *lfl
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        RETURN                                                               8J   WC
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        EMS                                               	      8J   H50



 SUBROUTINE  OOFLOD
        5U3  FO1?  OVE?0 > ZIN'i,MCl|  CtN'i,^;), SC:i*»UC), OXCNS OF   100
 ^     I,NCI, oru, ^uu.R,.iC)                                           op   ^^

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        'COfHON /3LKa/  StA,STCu,^TT,SnS,S:lT,3a^i,SO-3fi,sqiCF.TA*C.C                        •                                   *"   1"
        Stf01.0*0.a               .               •'  -                          2r   S?S
        SVCLF*0.0                                                            OF   ZiC
        KCT'C               .                                                 OF   2ZC
        00 HC J*l,MC    '                                                    OF   2JO
        00 18C 1*1, Hi*         _                    -                         OF   2*0
           IF CK;,J» .GE.HCCC.C)  CO TO  ISO                                 Of   250
           IF mtt.ji.<;e.z(i.j)>  oa 10  in                        '        <>F   ?*«
           OOFtsZCl,JI-l'T tl,j>                                               OF   27C

           rr.Tsa.i*   '                                                      OF   2^0
           SS=SU,J)                                                         OF   JOC
           IF IICF40.LE.GI  GO TO  Hi)                                        OF   Jll
           SS'SCII.JI                                                        OF   320
           IF tt-TU. J» .LS.GI1.J) )  SSsSa.JI                                 OF   JJ3

         .  it «H(i, n .r,c.2ico;.5)  GO TO  1*3                                 or   jsc
           SVCliOfUCFT                                   .                   Or   36C
    1?C     MTU .Jl =ZtI,Jl                     •           '                 'OF   37C
           f.O TO  li'i                       '                                  OF   JSC
    uj     JP i:ceiD.r,T.?)  co TO  133                                        OF   19;
           I* IHTCI.J) .LE.MI. J» I  GJ TO  140                                 0"   «iCO

           OOrTsC.C                                                          CF   <»JC

           svoco-a.J                                                         CF   m,c
           IF (fi; ,j).r,T.2occ;.o  oj TO  luo             .    .                OF   «,so
           SVOLF-^iCFI                                                       OF   1,63
           i;o TO  i?i                                                  •       ' OF   i»7ii
    !<.;     HI < i,j»-;, (i,,))                                                    OF   <»3t'
          ,3VCtf*0.1                          '       	                  OF   VJO
    IfO     OACf t f-Q^CP TT I'JVOLO                                 '             OF. 5tlU
           FlCF1tsFACrTT»'Vll.r                                               OF   !10
           i^ ij.i.r.ici»i  ».'J  TIJ  iii                                         or   52C
           IF U.M.lClr:)  OCT)  X(0                                         OF   5,«fl
           if ii.it.LCxn  r-c TO  i*.i                                         OF   $*u
           IF ll.r'l .LCJi I  C-9  '0  1«,3	            •               OF   551
                                               "   "        '             .or   5*.;


                                  348                          :

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Hi     If  IKCT.r.T.OI CO  TO  171
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SUBROUTINE  BYFLOVV
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                                 349

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     fu»! CF i-FLf!H  rue JUGN 9UFF-t», ZONE 9 C'JM
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   285    IF  CI.'I£.NSI GO  TC 210
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    0-3 «.3  LCCP CO'"UT£S  FLOUS n THE  J-OI«tCCTION.

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CO TO
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c
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IBM
   APPENDIX A-VIII.   DATA CODING FORMS


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