5EPA
                United States
                Environmental Protection
                Agency
               Office of Environmental
               Engineering and Technology (RD 681)
               Washington DC 20460
EPA-600/7-80-069
July 1980
                Research and Development
Program
Status Report

Oil Shale
1980 Update
                Interagency Energy-Environment
                Research and Development Program Report

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                 RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology.  Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:

      1.   Environmental Health Effects Research
      2.   Environmental Protection Technology
      3.   Ecological Research
      4.   Environmental Monitoring
      5.   Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
      6.   Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
      7.   Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
      8.   "Special" Reports
      9.   Miscellaneous Reports

This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT series.  Reports in this series result from the
effort funded  under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research  and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of  the Program is to  assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control  technologies for energy
systems; and  integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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                                         EPA-600/7-80-069
                                         JULY 1980
    EPA PROGRAM STATUS REPORT:
                  OIL SHALE
                  f 980 Update
                     prepared by


EPA Oil Shale Research Group               Chemical Division
Office of Research and Development           Denver Research Institute
Environmental Protection Agency             University of Denver
Washington, D.C. 20460                   Denver, CO 80208

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                                   EPA REVIEW NOTICE

     This report has  been reviewed  by the  Office of Research  and  Development, EPA,  and
approved  for publication.  Approval does not signify  that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products  constitute  endorsement or recommendation for use.

     This document  is  available  to  the public  through the National Technical  Information
Service,  Springfield, VA   22151.

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                                        FOREWORD

     The  U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency  is involved in oil shale research and develop-
ment  through projects for which  it provides funds, and by staying abreast of projects funded
by  other  governmental  and industrial sources.   Research provides data for defining ecological
and  health  effects  and  developing  cost-effective  control  technology  that can be  used  by
government and industry  to minimize degradation  of the environment.

     This report presents the status  of  current  EPA  projects related to oil shale research and
development.

     Funding for the production of this report  was accomplished under EPA Cooperative Aqree-
ment CR 807294 to Denver Research Institute.

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                                   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

     The EPA Oil  Shale  Research Group wishes to thank  Jeannette King and Eleanor  Swanson
of the Denver Research  Institute for accepting the challenge  to publish this document, based
on the 1979  publication plus input obtained from more than three dozen contributors.

     We wish  to  acknowledge with  thanks  the efforts of Ed  Bates,  lERL-Ci, who served as
project officer and coordinator.

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                                      CONTENTS

FOREWORD     	    *
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	"
FIGURES	m
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY	iv

CHAPTERS
1.0  INTRODUCTION	!
     1.1  Background	1
     1.2  Rationale	!
2.0  PROGRAM OVERVIEW	4
     2.1  Overall  Assessments	4
     2.2  Extraction and Handling	4
     2.3  Processing	4
     2.4  Energy-Related Processes and Effects	6
         2.4.1     Health Effects	6
         2.4.2     Ecological Effects	6
         2.4.3     Measurement and Monitoring	6
         2.4.4     Environmental Transport Processes	6
     2.5  End Use  .         	7
3.0  PROGRAM STATUS	8
     3.1 Overall Assessments ............    8
         3.1.1     Environmental Perspective on the  Emerging Oil Shale Industry   .    8
         3.1.2     EPA/Industry Forum	8
         3.1.3     Who's Who in Oil Shale	8
         3.1.4     Oil Shale Symposium:   Sampling, Analysis and Quality  Assurance .    8
     3.2 Extraction and Handling	9
     3.3 Processing	H
     3.4 Energy-Related Processes and Effects	    .    16
         3.4.1     Health Effects	16
         3.4.2     Ecological Effects	,    ....    25
         3.4.3     Measurement and Monitoring	27
         3.4.4     Environmental Transport	34
     3.5  End Use	35
 TABLE 1.  PROGRAM STATUS  SUMMARY	39

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                                       CONTENTS
                                       (Continued)

APPENDICES
A    World  Resources and History of Oil Shale Development	A-l
B    Glossary of Terms	B-l
C    Glossary of Abbreviations     ••••.......  C-l
D    A General  Bibliography on Oil  Shale	D-l

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                                          FIGURES


1.   Principal Oil  Shale Deposits of the U.S	3


2.   EPA Oil Shale FY 1979 and 1980 Funding Summaries	5


3.   On-Line Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometer   .......   14


4.   Interior of Zeeman Spectrometer	15


5.   Integrated Chemical-Biological Approach to Search for Determinant Mutagens     .   17


6.   Chemical Repository  Special Services Supporting Health Effects Research  Include
     Sample Preparation	18


7.   Experimental  In Situ Oil Shale Retort	36


8.   Diagram of an In Situ  Oil Shale Extraction Process	37


9.   Diagram of an Above Ground Oil Shale Extraction Process	38
                                             iii

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                                   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
     EPA's Office of Research and Develop-
ment  has  been  reorganized  and  divided
into  the Office of Monitoring and Technical
Support,   Office  of  Environmental  Engi-
neering and Technology,  Office of Environ-
mental Processes and  Effects Research and
the  Office  of  Health  Research.   All  of
these offices  are actively involved  in  oil
shale research with a collective  budget of
approximately  $5  million in  fiscal  1980.

     Within  EPA  several  separate labora-
tories conduct or  contract oil shale-related
environmental  studies.   ,The  Office   of
Environmental  Processes   and  Effects acts
as  coordinator  for  the  Interagency Pro-
gram.   The  Office of  Environmental  Engi-
neering and  Technology  (OEET) has con-
tracts  work  in the area  of  overall assess-
ments and control technology.  The Indus-
trial Environmental Research Laboratory in
Cincinnati  (IERL-CI)   funds and manages
research on overall assessments,  extraction
and  handling, processing and  management
and  control   of all  pollutants.    Research
laboratories  in  Ada,   Oklahoma;   Athens,
Georgia;  Duluth, Minnesota;  Las Vegas,
Nevada;   and  Research  Triangle   Park,
North Carolina conduct research  studies in
the processes and effects area.   Shale  oil
product  (end use)  studies are  managed
and funded by both the Industrial Environ-
mental  Research  Laboratory  at  Research
Triangle Park (IERL-RTP) and Ann  Arbor
(Michigan)  Emission   Control  Technology
Division   (ECTD)  of  the  Office   of  Air,
Noise and Radiation.

     Specific  objectives  of   the  EPA  Oil
Shale  Program  are  two-fold:   first,  the
program is to support the regulatory goals
of the Agency;  second, the research is to
be  directed   towards  ensuring  that  the
development  of  any oil shale industry  will
be  accomplished  in  the  most environmen-
tally  acceptable  manner  reasonably pos-
sible.   To meet these  objectives, EPA is
continuing to  assess   the research  needs
and  environmental  concerns  expressed  by
the Department of Energy (DOE)  and  the
oil shale industry.

     EPA  is   active  in  many  areas  of  oil
shale   research   and   development,   and
closely  monitors  projects  of  other Federal
agencies  to   prevent   duplication  and  to
encourage  programs   which  contribute  to
the development of the oil shale industry.

     EPA  Oil Shale Research may be  di-
vided into five subject areas:   Overall  As-
sessments,  Extraction  and Handling,  Pro-
cessing,   Energy-Related  Processes  and
Effects, and End Use.  The Energy-Related
Processes  and  Effects  program  has  four
important  subdivisions:    health   effects,
ecological effects, measurement and monitor-
ing, and  environmental transport studies.

     The  total budget supporting the EPA
Oil Shale Program in Fiscal  Year (FY 80)
was  $5,795,588 compared to  $6,091,073  in
FY 79.   An  increase in funds for the pro-
gram  can be expected if the  commercializa-
tion of our  nation's oil  shale  reserves  is
given a primary role in the National Energy
Plan.   Agencies  participating in  the EPA
Oil Shale Program include:   U.S.  Depart-
ment  of  Energy,  U.S.  Geological Survey,
National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Depart-
ment  of  Agriculture,  the  Department  of
Navy  and the National Institute of Environ-
mental Health Sciences.

     Specific  objectives  of  the   EPA  Oil
Shale Program are 1) to  support  the  regu-
latory  goals  of  the  Agency,  and   2)  to
direct  research  ensuring  an environmen-
tally  safe oil  shale industry.    To  meet
these objectives,  EPA  continues  to assess
research needs and environmental concerns
expressed  by  the  U.S.  Department  of
Energy  (DOE) and  the oil shale  industry.

     Research attempting to solve problems
identified by  the DOE's Laramie  Energy
Technology  Center,  and the active devel-
opers, is  underway.  The  EPA  Office  of
Research  and Development focuses in part
on problems  defined by the Laramie Center,
because   Laramie   is  responsible,  within
DOE,  for  managing  and  implementing the
national  effort for  oil shale development.

     Major accomplishments  over  the  past
year  have included:   development of the
document     Environmental Perspectives  on
the Emerging Oil Shale Industry,      which
presents  general  information on  oil  shale
pollution  problems  and  pollution control;
initiation  of work  on a  pollution control
guidance  document  which will  discuss the
applicability,  performance  and  costs  of
pollution  control  technology available  for
the oil shale industry; and presentation of
a  forum  and  meetings  with industry  to
provide  for  an   exchange  of  information
between   EPA  and   industry  on  pollution
control  aspects of  oil shale development.
                                             iv

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                                   1.0 INTRODUCTION
     This report  provides  an overview  of
current oil shale research and development
(R&D)  efforts  being  carried out  by  the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),  or
funded  by  EPA money  passed-through  to
other federal  agencies  under  the  Inter-
agency  Energy/Environment R&D Program.
This  chapter  introduces  the  background
and  rationale  behind EPA's efforts.  Chap-
ter  2  discusses EPA's program goals and
fiscal year  (FY) 1979  and  1980  program
funding.  The  scope  of  work  for ongoing
projects and   a  table  summarizing  these
efforts  are presented in  Chapter 3.
1.1  Background

     Since its  establishment  in  1970,  EPA
has been involved in energy-related envi-
ronmental research  efforts,  including  the
development   of  pollution  control   tech-
nologies  designed to eliminate the adverse
effects   that   are  often  by-products  of
energy   conversion.   Oil   Shale  Research
within EPA  is  conducted  by the Office of
Research & Development (ORD).

     Through its programs, ORD  strives to
coordinate the  efforts of  all Agency  re-
search related  to  the oil  shale  industry.
The  goals of the seventeen-agency group
working   with   ORD  are  protecting   the
environment  through all  phases of energy
production and use, while also  developing
cost-effective pollution  control technologies.

      The EPA  Oil  Shale  Research Group,
consisting of  Agency personnel actively
involved   in  oil  shale research, was  estab-
lished  to encourage  coordination  of  oil
shale  research  activities and distribution of
information within the Agency.

     When the  President announced the Oil
Import   Reduction  Program   and   subse-
quently  proposed the  Energy  Mobilization
Board  and  the Synfuel Development  Cor-
poration, the   Administrator  of  EPA  re-
sponded  by establishing an Alternate Fuels
Group.    This   group  has  representation
from every major  program office that could
have  an impact  on  the  synthetic fuels
industry.  The purpose of this group  is to
establish  Agency  policy  for  the  synthetic
fuels  industry  and  to see  that  policy is
implemented  consistently  throughout   the
Agency.   The  Administrator also  developed
a  group to  assist  in devising  efficient
Agency permitting procedures for synthetic
fuel development.
     Within   the   Alternate  Fuels  Group,
four  working  groups  have  been  estab-
lished.   One of these is the newly formed
Oil  Shale Working Group,  (OSWG).   The
OSWG should not  be confused with the Oil
Shale Research Group previously discussed
The OSWG currently has four major objec-
tives:   1) coordinating the  development of
an  Oil   Shale  Pollution  Control   Guidance
Document; 2)  developing a  five  year Oil
Shale Research Plan indicating major activi-
ties the  Agency intends  to accomplish, the
estimated time  required  for each  activity,
and the  part of the Agency  responsible for
each activity.  (This plan is being coordi-
nated with the Departments  of Energy and
Interior); 3) developing an  Environmental
Issues Paper which  will  serve  as a fact
book specifically related to the development
of  the synthetic fuels  industry;   4)  over-
seeing and coordinating the  development of
environmental standards  and guidelines for
the  synthetic  fuels  industry.    The Oil
Shale  Working  Group  is represented by
OR&D, each  major program office,  and the
Denver  Regional Office.

     The cooperative efforts  between the
Office  of Research  and  Development and
the  oil  shale  programs  administered by
Region VIII  typify the manner in which the
Agency's programs are  coordinated.   The
majority  of  the oil shale activities in this
country  take place in  Region VIII.   That
region participates in planning and imple-
menting  the  Research Program in addition
to processing permits for oil shale facilities
and serving  as a  communication center for
many federal,   state,  and  industry  per-
sonnel .
1.2  Rationale

     Our   cheap   and   abundant  energy
supplies  are   rapidly  being   depleted.
Domestic  reserves of  oil and  natural  gas
have  been  declining  since  1970,  and  im-
ported  oil and gas  are growing  increas-
ingly more  expensive.  U.S.  vulnerability
to supply interruption has also increased.
By the  mid-1980s,  the  U.S. could be  vying
for scarce oil  against its allies and  other
consuming nations,  causing  even  greater
price increases and  demands on the  world
oil supply.

     In anticipation of  these circumstances,
the  U.S.  must  significantly  reduce   its
reliance on  imported  oil and gas, and make
greater use  of domestic  energy resources.
The  present energy  mix consists of  crude

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oil, natural gas, coal,  hydroelectric power,
and  some  geothermal power, but  consider-
able  R&D  activity  now focuses  on  other
energy sources  such as solar, tar sands,
synthetic  oil  and  gas  from coal and oil
shale.

     The principal known oil shale deposits
of the  U.S. are shown in  Figure 1.   The
richest of  the  deposits  is the  Green  River
Formation of Colorado,  Utah, and  Wyoming.
This  region  contains   the   largest  single
known  concentration  of  hydrocarbons in
the  world.  If  only that  portion of the
Green  River   Formation   containing  the
equivalent of  25 gallons (or more)  of oil
per ton of shale were  mined, it  has been
estimated that  the shale oil  in-place would
amount to  approximately 731 billion barrels
of oil.

     Because western oil shale is a domes-
tic energy resource of  considerable magni-
tude, the  availability  of large quantities of
crude  shale  oil for  refining  products such
as  gasoline,  diesel,  and  jet fuels  could
substantially   expand   the   U.S.   energy
supply.   Current R&D  work is  oriented
toward  finding  an economically and environ-
mentally practical way  of producing  shale
oil and  bringing  it to market.

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                                        Figure  1.

                     PRINCIPAL OIL SHALE DEPOSITS OF THE  U.S.
      Explanation

      Tertiary  deposits:   Green  River  Formation  in  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Wyoming;  Monterey
      Formation,  California;  middle  Tertiary deposits  in  Montana.  Black areas are known high-
      grade deposits.

      Mesozoic deposits:  Marine shale in Alaska.

^    Permian deposits:  Phosphoria Formation, Montana.

      Devonian  and  Mississippian  deposits (resource estimates  included  for hachured areas  only).
      Boundary dashed where concealed or where location is uncertain.

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                                  2.0 PROGRAM OVERVIEW
     EPA studies  on developing  oil  shale
and bringing  it  into commercial  use are
providing information on  health and ecolog-
ical effects  of pollutants  created by oil
shale  extraction  and processing,  and on
technological methods that  can  be used to
control  the  release  of   those  pollutants.
Various  programs are  also assessing the
environmental  impact of  the  use  of  fuels
refined from shale  oil.   These  efforts are
principally  supported by  funds from the
seventeen-agency     Federal   Interagency
Energy/Environment  R&D Program.

     Studies under this  program are carry-
ing out EPA's  mission to protect the public
health and welfare from  adverse effects of
pollutants  associated  with energy  produc-
tion and use.   The goal of the program is
to assure the  rapid  development of domes-
tic  energy supplies, and  at the same  time,
maintain environmental safety  by providing
the necessary  data  and  control technology.

     Through  managing   and coordinating
the  program,  as  well  as  implementing  a
portion of the  effort with  the  above  goal
as  its  focus, EPA is developing  a sound oil
shale industry.

     EPA's  oil  shale  program is   adminis-
tered by the Office of Research  and Devel-
opment.   The overall  effort may be divided
into five subject areas:


            Overall Assessments
            Extraction and Handling

            Processing

            Energy-Related  Processes and

             Effects

            End Use
     The  remainder  of  this  chapter dis-
cusses  programs  in  each of  these areas
(see Table 1,  Program Status Summary for
EPA  contacts,  contractors  and  term  of
programs).   Figure  2 shows  EPA  funding
and  pass-through funding  for the oil shale
program for  FY's  79-80.   Chapter  3  pro-
vides details on each of  the  projects men-
tioned  in this overview.
2.1  Overall  Assessments

     The  overall  assessment program  was
established   to  define  and  evaluate  the
various  environmental  and  socioeconomic
effects  that result from energy extraction,
processing,   transportation,  conversion,
and  end use  activities.  Objectives of the
program   include:    identifying   energy
supply  and conversion alternatives; evalu-
ating   cost/risk/benefit  relationships   in
energy   production,   conservation,   and
pollution  control;  assisting the nation  in
selecting  optimized policies  for  attaining
energy  and  environmental  quality  goals;
and  identifying  critical  gaps  in   current
energy-related  research   programs,  and
other priority research topics, which must
be   addressed  to  support  direct  EPA
responsibilities.
2.2  Extraction and Handling

     EPA's program for oil shale extraction
and  handling attempts to assess potential
environmental  problems  and  develop re-
source handling and control methods for in
situ  and  surface  oil  shale extraction and
land reclamation.  If damaged,  the  semiarid
and arid oil shale areas of the  West will  be
extremely difficult to restore.   This pro-
gram  is working to define environmentally
acceptable practices  for oil shale  extrac-
tion.   Studies  underway are assessing not
only the potential environmental impact on
air and water,  but also methods for spent
shale  disposal   and  revegetation  of spent
shales.

     Work being performed involves assess-
ing the potential environmental impact upon
air and water  resources from the  extrac-
tion  and  handling of oil  shale resources.
Also included are studies of disposal and
revegetation  of  spent  oil shales.
2.3  Processing

     The   EPA  program  for  processing
seeks  to   ensure  that future  large-scale
commercial applications of oil  shale process-
ing,  combustion,  and use  can be  con-
structed and operated within  environmental
guidelines.    The   program's   approach
includes environmental assessment,  evalua-
tion,  and  testing of a number of processes
in order to define the best available con-
trol   technology,  prepare  standards-of-
practice manuals,  and  support standards-
setting  efforts.

     The  overall objective of this program
is to define environmental  problems early
in the  process  development phase  and to

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                         FYI980
                      END
                      USE
      ENVIRONMENTAL   (24)
      TRANSPORT
OVERALL
ASSESSMENT
  (70)
                                                           TOTAL = 5,796,000
                                                 FY 1979
                                  ENVIRONMENTAL
                                  TRANSPORT
o • EPA PASS-THROUGH FUNDS

o FUNDING DOES NOT INCLUDE IN-HOUSE
  EPA EXPENSES; E.G SALARIES AND
  TRAVEL.

« FUNDING HAS BEEN  PROPORTIONED
  FOR PROCESSING AND EFFECTS
  PROJECTS THAT ARE NOT EXCLUSIVELY
  RELATED TO OIL SHALE.
                         OVERALL
                         ASSESSMENT
                               EXTRACTION
                               a HANDLING
                               (188)
                                   TOTAL= 6,091,076
                                    FIGURE 2
                   EPA OIL SHALE  FY 1979 AND 1980 FUNDING SUMMARIES
                              (in thousands of dollars)

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develop  and  implement effective  pollution
control technologies.
2.4  Energy-Related Processes and
     Effects

     The   energy-related  processes   and
effects  program  is  designed  to  identify
mechanisms of transport in the  environment
and  the  effects  on  human,  animal,  and
plant populations associated with  energy-
related  activities.   The  goal of  the pro-
gram is to compile and evaluate information
to  support  decisions  protecting  natural
biota and human health and welfare.   This
program   includes   four  areas   directly
involved in oil shale R&D:  health effects,
ecological effects, measurement  and monitor-
ing, and environmental transport processes.
2.4.1  Health Effects

     The  health effects  research  program
seeks  to  identify  hazards from pollutants
released by various  energy  technologies.
The program includes the  development of
bioassay and other techniques  to  measure
hazards,   and  the  application  of  these
techniques  to characterizing human  health
hazards.   In relation  to  human health, the
emphasis of the program is on the effects
of  agents  which give  rise to carcinogene-
sis, mutagenesis,  teratogenesis,  toxicity,
and  disorders   of   the  cardiopulmonary
system.

     Various pollutants are  being examined
for  their   impacts    on  human   health.
Research    efforts   have  confirmed   that
pollutants   such as   sulfur  and   nitrogen
oxides  and  their   atmospheric   reaction
products are detrimental to human health.

     Another major   effort  has  been to
assess  the potential health   impacts of
developing  energy technologies.  Although
a  number  of preliminary assessments have
been made,  most data is from  processes in
the  early  stages  of development,   and
standard-setting   information    must   be
derived  from  extrapolation of  bench  and
pilot scale  data  to  the commercialization
stage.    This  developmental   work   also
provides  guidance to  industry on antici-
pated   environmental   regulations  so  that
sudden  and  expensive  equipment  altera-
tions can be avoided.

     Other  work  involves  a  number of
testing methods that  have  been developed
or  refined  by research supported by EPA.
These   efforts  include   new  methods of
identification through  cytological, biochemi-
cal, and  physiological  indicators  of the
damages resulting  from  exposure to pollu-
tants associated  with energy development.
By  incorporating  these  methods  into  a
testing   hierarchy,   EPA's  health  effects
program has  been able to  efficiently allo-
cate available research funds in the Inter-
agency  Energy/ Environment R&D Program.
2.4.2  Ecological Effects

     The  ecological  effects  research  pro-
gram is  based  on the results of research
conducted  in  other  areas  of  the Inter-
agency  Program.    Various   methods   and
instruments  developed and refined in the
measurement and monitoring areas, and the
results  of   environmental  transport  pro-
cesses  studies,  are  used to characterize
the  ecosystem  effects associated  with  oil
shale  development.   Research  efforts are
determining  the  effects   of  organic  and
inorganic  pollutants,  thermal discharges,
and  complex effluents on  soil and  aquatic
ecosystems.
2.4.3  Measurement and Monitoring

     This research area involves detection,
measurement, and monitoring of pollutants,
and  quality assurance testing to character-
ize  ecosystem  effects associated  with  oil
shale development.   The  objectives are to
accelerate   development  of  new  and  im-
proved  sampling and analysis  methods for
energy-related  pollutants and  to  identify,
measure,  and  monitor effluents during oil
shale development.

     The    measurement   and   monitoring
program is defining  baseline environmental
conditions  and  analyzing impacts of energy
development  on the  environment by  the
identification,  measurement,  and  long-term
monitoring of air,  land, and water quality.
The  various research  efforts  investigate
organic and  inorganic  pollutants, thermal
discharges  and complex effluents  on water
and  land ecosystems.

     Another   important   aspect   of  the
measurement  and  monitoring  program is
quality   assurance.   The  data  that  are
collected on environmental pollutants  must
be  valid   and  reliable,  so  programs  are
designed to  guarantee data accuracy.   The
quality  assurance  activities seek  to insure
the  use of a common, acceptable monitoring
methodology so that data may be compared.
2.4.4  Environmental Transport Processes

     The  activities of  this  research area
are closely related  to research in measure-
ment  and  monitoring, and ecological effects

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research.  In  the environmental  transport
processes  program,  methods  and tools  are
developed,  tested,  and  applied  to provide
data  for  understanding  transport and fate
processes.     Ecological    effects   studies
investigate  the   effects   of  pollutants  on
organisms  and  their  habitats.   Environ-
mental transport processes research studies
energy-related   pollutants   in   terms   of
mechanisms  of  dispersion  from sites   of
production,  transformations  which  occur
subsequent to release,  and  ultimate accu-
mulation  in  man,  domesticated and wild
animals and plants,  and in nonliving mater-
ial such as soil and sediments.
2.5  End  Use

     The  end  use  studies  focus* on envi-
ronmental problems which  may result from
the  refining and combustion  of  shale  oil.
To  date  research has focused primarily on
production of  NO   due to  the high  nitro-
gen  content of the shale oil.

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                                   3.0 PROGRAM STATUS
3.1  Overall Assessments

3.1.1 Environmental   Perspective   on  the
      Emerging Oil Shale Industry
     The EPA  Oil Shale Research Group  is
preparing  a report  entitled, Environmental
Perspective  on  the  Emerging   Oil  Shale
Industry,  which will provide environmental
guidance for those  involved in this emerg-
ing industry.   The  report is intended as a
reference  for  regulators,  developers,  and
others who are  or will be  involved with the
oil  shale  industry.   The  report  will  be
published  in three  volumes:  an executive
summary, the main report, and a volume of
appendices.

     This  report will  convey  the  EPA's
understanding   of   and   perspective   on
environmental aspects of oil shale develop-
ment  by providing  a summary of available
information on oil shale resources;  a sum-
mary   of major  air,  water,  solid  waste,
health,  and other  environmental impacts;
an  analysis  of potential  pollution  control
technology;  a  guide   for  the  sampling,
analysis,  and  monitoring  of   emissions,
effluents,  and  solid wastes from oil shale
processes;   suggestions  for interim objec-
tives   for  emissions, effluents  and solid
waste;  and a  summary  of major  retorting
processes,  emissions, and effluents.
3.1.2 EPA/Industry Forum

     In  1979  the headquarters  office  of
OEET   and   its   Cincinnati   Laboratory
(lERL-Ci)  continued  their second  effort to
establish   a   closer  working  relationship
between   EPA   and  the  industrial  firms
interested  in developing  oil  from oil shale.
The  second  EPA/Industry  Forum on  Oil
Shale was  held in August,  1979.   Ninety-
five  persons  representing   the  oil  shale
industry, EPA, DOE and other government
agencies   attended.    A  review   of   the
Administrator's  plans for the  development
of synthetic  fuels was presented.   It was
disclosed that  by  1990, we expect a capac-
ity  of at  least  400,000  barrels  per day
from oil  shale.  The Agency described its
mechanism  for  providing pollution control
guidance  to  the  industry  and  to Federal
and State permit writers.
engineers and managers in government and
universities who are  currently involved in
activities  relating   to oil  shale;  and  to
provide   a   mechanism  for   encouraging
communication    between   individuals   in
government   and   universities  who  are
working  in  oil shale research, engineering
and management.

     In  the  last  few years, interest in
tapping   this   nation's   vast   oil   shale
resources has  been growing steadily as the
need  for  increased  domestic  supplies  of
energy  becomes critical.   The  President,
in  his  Energy message  (July  16,  1979),
emphasized  the importance of oil shale in
his proposals  for  reducing  dependence on
foreign   oil.    Several  major   pieces  of
energy legislation  are  now under consider-
ation  by  Congress:  one,  recently  signed
into law  by  the  President,   calls  for the
creation of  an Energy  Security Corporation
to oversee and provide financial incentives
for the establishment  of a  synthetic  fuels
industry.    The number of people  working
toward this important goal has increased in
all  sectors  of  society.  The  intent of the
directory's  editors has been  to  encourage
broad    and    productive    communication
between  all  who  are working to create a
successful oil shale industry.

     This  directory  lists   all   people  in
government (federal,  state  and  local) and
universities  involved  in  scientific,  engi-
neering and  management  activities related
to  oil  shale  development.   It is  divided
into the following major sections:

     Glossary of Abbreviations
     Areas of Activity  Index
     Organization Index
     Committee Index
     Location  Index
     Publications Directory
     Federal,  State and University
       Directory
     Local Government Directory
     Oil Shale  Government/University
     Telephone Directory (detachable)

     Further  directories  of this kind are
planned  on a  yearly  basis.   The editors
intend  to  include managers, engineers and
scientists  from the  private sector  in the
next directory.
3.1.3 Who's Who in Oil Shale

     The  task of preparing the Who's Who
in Oil Shale  directory  was undertaken for
two  reasons:  to  identify  the scientists,
3.1.4 Oil   Shale   Symposium:   Sampling,
     Analysis and Quality Assurance

     This Symposium  was held in Denver,
Colorado, March 26-28, 1979, and brought

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together scientists from  a  variety of disci-
plines who  presented papers on methodolo-
gies  for pollution  analyses relevant to the
oil   shale   industry.    Communication  and
information    exchange   among   academic,
industrial   and   government  researchers
were prime objectives.   Topics included:
pollutants  which can and  should  be char-
acterized  and   quantified,  media  to  be
examined,   health  and   ecological  effects,
sampling  and  analyses  methods,   quality
assurance   needs,    future   methodologies,
reference   materials  and   instrumentation
development.   The  symposium  provided an
opportunity  for  participants to share  and
verify methods,  collect data and  exchange
information;  and  promote  the  quality of
ongoing  research in  oil shale development.
3.2  Extraction and Handling

     Within  the  extraction  and  handling
program  are  nine  projects  sponsored  by
EPA's   Industrial  Environmental  Research
Laboratory  in  Cincinnati  (lERL-Ci).  Five
projects  dealing  with  processed  oil  shale
are underway at Colorado State  University,
Fort  Collins.    Two  are  assessing  the
environmental  impact of raw mined oil shale
leachates.   Two  projects investigate the
effects  of spent shale, its permeability and
revegetation.  Another CSU project  studies
the  effects  of  oil  shale  development  on
water   quality.   The  Lawrence  Berkeley
Laboratory,    University   of   California,
Berkeley,  California,  is  analyzing  trace
element composition  in two cores from the
Naval Oil Shale Reserve.   Science Applica-
tions,   Inc.,  Lafayette,   California,  will
assess  air   emissions  from  old  oil  shale
waste sites.   A project being  conducted by
the  USDA  using EPA  pass-through funds
is developing  recommendations for revege-
tation following oil shale mining.  At Davis
Gulch,  Colony  will  study moisture  move-
ment  through  TOSCO  II  processed  shale.


Develop   Recommendations,  Guidelines  and
Criteria   for  Revegetation of   Oil   Shale
Spoils on  Semi-Arid Lands

     The  overall purpose  of this project  is
to develop criteria for successful revegeta-
tion  of  processed  oil shale  on  semi-arid
lands.     A   cooperative   agreement   was
developed with TOSCO whereby they would
provide processed oil shale.   Field  studies
are being conducted in  western Colorado
and  eastern Utah  where disposal of spoils
will occur.

     Among  10  species   tested  at  Davis
Gulch  (Colorado) without leaching of salts
the most  successful  species in  descending
order were:   A triplex canescens,  Caragana
arborescens,   Kochia   prpstrata,
£
me
thamnus  nauseosus, Ephedra  viridis,  and
Artemisia  tridentata.    All  ha3  survival
percentages greater than 57 percent.

     Covering   processed  shale  with  one
foot of topsoil  enabled  a  number of  native
perennials to  become   successfully  estab-
lished,   including   Oryzopsis  hymenoides,
Penstemon   strictus,   Achillea   lanulosa,
Artemisia  tridentata,  and Xanthocephalum
sarothrae.   These  probably  grew  from
seeds already in the topsoil.

     Results at Sand   Wash  (Utah)  show
that  without  leaching  of  salts,   7  of  18
shrub species  transplanted from  containers
will  grow  well  in  processed  oil  shale with
or  without irrigation the  first  year.   At
the  end  of the fourth  growing  season, 5
native  shrub   species  and  2  introduced
species were  thriving  under all  conditions
of  cover ranging  from 0  to  3 feet (0  to
0.914  m)  deep  over  processed  shale.   A
group of  eight  species showed  very poor
survival on the  processed  shale  itself, but
varying  success where  soil covered  shale,
depending  upon  the depth of  covering.
Height  growth  of  these species increased
with  soil  depth,  at least to  the  1-foot
depth.
Water  Quality Hydrology Affected  by  Oil
Shale Development

     Colorado  State  University  is  under a
cooperative  agreement   from  lERL-Ci   to
study  the  water quality of  both  surface
and  subsurface drainages in oil  shale areas
of Colorado, Wyoming, and  Utah.  Specific
objectives  of  this study  are:  1)  to gather
all available data pertinent  to present and
future assessment of water  quality in the
oil  shale  regions  of the  Upper Colorado
River  Basin;  2) to  summarize and  analyze
these  data  in  order to  identify needs for
additional da'ta, and to  develop  procedures
for assessing  the impact on  water quality
management; and  3) to  develop  procedures
for  measuring  quantity and  quality   of
surface and subsurface  runoff  from proc-
essed  shale residue and mine  spoils,  and
to verify these  procedures using existing
large-scale  volumetric  lysimeters  at Anvil
Points, Colorado.   Term of this project  is
from June  1975 to June 1980.
Vegetative Stabilization of Spent Oil Shale

     Colorado  State  University  is  working
under  a  grant from lERL-Ci  to  continue
investigations of  surface  stability  and salt
movement  in  spent  oil  shales  and  soil-
covered  spent  shales  after  a  cover   of
native  vegetation  has  been established  by
intensive  treatments  and then  left  under

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natural   conditions.    Work   under   this
project continues maintenance and observa-
tions   on  vegetation,   moisture,  salinity,
runoff,  and sediment  yields  on revegeta-
tion plots  established  in  1974 and  1975.

     Three   different  spent   oil  shales—
coarse-textured     USBM,     fine-textured
TOSCO II,   and   coarse-textured   Paraho
Direct Mode--are being analyzed.  Various
soil treatment  tests are included to study
plant  establishment on  leached spent shale,
soil cover  over leached  spent shale, soil
cover  over  unleached spent shale,  and soil
with no spent shale.

     Data collected  includes general obser-
vations,  runoff and sediment samples, soil
moisture  measurements,  movement  of salts
in soil and  shale  profiles,  'maintenance of
meteorological  equipment,  and  vegetation
analysis  of  species  and  groundcover.   A
final report is  expected in 1981.
Laboratory  Study  of  the  Leaching  and
Permeability of Spent  Oil Shale

     Colorado  State University  is  working
under   a   cooperative   agreement   with
lERL-Ci  to  determine  the  leaching  char-
acteristics  of spent oil shale from several
processes.    The  objectives  are:    1)  to
determine  the  quality  of  leachate  from
spent  oil shales  from  several retort pro-
cesses,  2) to   determine  the  change   in
leachate  quality with pore volumes  of water
leached  through  the   spent  shale,   3)  to
determine the permeability  of various spent
shales  compacted  to increasing levels and
under  loading  conditions  simulating  field
disposal,  4) to  compare  leaching  results
from  column  leaching  tests  with  results
from  the  RCRA  and  other  shaker  type
tests,  and 5) to compare  results from this
laboratory  study  with information available
from larger field  tests.  A final report will
be available in 1982.
Trace  Element Analysis on  Cores from the
Naval Oil Shale  Reserves

     Lawrence Berkeley  Laboratory of the
University of  California is  examining two
core  samples  from  the  Naval  Oil  Shale
Reserve  for  the  presence  of 45  elements
including As, Se,  Mo, B,  F, Hg,  Cd, and
U.   One hundred  and  eighty-five  (185)
composite samples will  be  prepared  from
core segments selected to include oil  shale
zones  under  consideration  for  commercial
development.   These  samples will  be  ana-
lyzed using the neutron activation method,
Zeeman  atomic   absorption  spectroscopy,
and  other selected methods.  X-ray fluor-
escence   spectrometry  will   be  used  to
validate  the  methods  previously  cited  in
the case of selected samples.  Results can
then  be used to aid in selecting environ-
mentally  acceptable sites  for  in situ  oil
shale  plants   or  in selecting   zones  for
mining  for  surface  retorting which would
minimize   environmental   impacts.     This
project is  cofunded by lERL-Ci,  the U.S.
Navy, and  the Department of Energy.  A
final  report  should  be  available  late  in
1980.
Leaching  Characteristics of  Raw  Surface
Stored Oil Shale

     Colorado  State  University is working
under grant from lERL-Ci to  determine the
leaching characteristics of raw oil shale to
discover potential impacts on  water quality
of large  quantities  of  surface  stored raw
oil  shale.   Secondary  objectives  are  to
estimate the  quantities  of leachate water
likely to be  available in field locations and
to combine these data with data on leachate
concentrations in order  to  estimate poten-
tial loading  of receiving waters  with  dis-
solved solids,  trace elements,  and organics.

     Data  will  be obtained  by  subjecting
columns of  mined  raw  shale to  leaching
tests  under  a variety of flow rates, condi-
tions   of  aeration,  and  column  lengths.
Raw  shale  and  effluents will be  analyzed
for common ions, trace elements, and  total
organics.   Samples  of  native  soil  will  be
leached under  similar  conditions for  com-
parative  purposes.    The  term  of   this
project  is  from  October   1978   to  March
1980.
Field Leaching  Study  of Raw  Mined  Oil
Shale

     Colorado  State University,  the Area
Oil  Shale  Office,  and  the Rio  Blanco  Oil
Shale  Company,  as  well  as  the  U.S.
Environmental  Protection  Agency will  be
involved   in   this  cooperative  research
project.   U.S. EPA  will be responsible  for
coordinating activities  with  the Area  Oil
Shale Office and Rio Blanco Oil Shale Co.
The  principal  investigator,   Dr.   David
McWhorter,  is  currently   attempting   to
establish,  in  the laboratory, the potential
of raw  oil  shale stored on  the surface to
release  undesirable chemicals to  water pas-
sing  through  the  shale.   The proposed
new study  is  to verify laboratory  results
under actual field conditions.

     The leaching  characteristics of raw oil
shale  will  be  investigated  under  field
conditions   by  establishing  an  experiment
on  the  C-a  federal lease  in  cooperation
                                              10

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with  the Rio  Blanco  Oil  Shale Company.
The specific objectives  of  this project are:
1) to determine the quantity and quality of
leachate  from  raw surface stored oil shale
under field  conditions;  2) to  compare  the
quality   of  leachate  obtained  under  field
conditions   with   leachate  observed  under
laboratory   conditions   in  an  attempt  to
define the  role of such factors as  perco-
lation rates  (resident  times),  wetting and
drying  cycles, other   weathering  agents,
and the  affect  of  the chemistry   of  the
influent  water  on the  quality of  leachate
water;  and  3) to project  from  these and
other relevant  data  the potential for  con-
tamination   of  natural   waters  by  leachate
from  surface  stored  raw  mined oil  shale.

     The data from  this project will iden-
tify the  water  quality characteristics  of
leachate  from  raw  stored  shale  for  the
particular   material  and  site  conditions
investigated.    Hopefully,   comparison  of
these  data  with  currently  available  data
from  laboratory  leaching  tests of  several
different materials will  allow researchers to
make generalizations  that  can be  applied
elsewhere.   Also,  the  investigators  expect
this project to contribute to establishing
the  necessity  for  control  measures  and to
formulating  such  measures,   should  they
prove  necessary.   A  final  report  will  be
available in 1983.
Air  Emissions  from  Old In  Situ  Oil  Shale
Sites

     Science Applications,  Inc., conducted
a field  testing program to determine  if air
emissions are  being  released  from  old  in
situ oil  shale  sites.   The project entailed
field sampling  of soils and air at six sites
of  previous in  situ or surface  oil  shale
retorting activity and at one location away
from   any  oil  shale  development  which
served  as the control.  Four soil samples
and one  air sample  were collected at each
of the seven sites.

     Soils  were   tested  for   SO2,  total
organics,   hydrocarbons,    pH   and  soil
atmosphere  SO2.   Air samples were  tested
for SO2 and hydrocarbons.  A  final  report
will be  available  in 1980.
Process Oil Shale Reclamation—Davis Gulch
Study

     This  five  year project will study  the
moisture movement  in  TOSCO  II processed
shale.  Two  disposal  plots  will  be con-
structed SO'xSO'xlO' with  10'  diameter  32'
deep  columns for  obtaining information on
moisture  infiltration   below  the  zone  of
evapotranspiration.
3.3  Processing

     The main  areas  of the  lERL-Ci pro-
cessing   program   are:     environmental
assessment,   analytical   methods   develop-
ment,  control technology  development, and
pollution   control   guidance.    FY  1979
research  activity  on oil shale processing
includes  eight  major  projects.    A  major
pollution  control   guidance  document has
been funded for FY 1980.
Environmental   Characterization   of  Geo-
kinetics1 In Situ Oil Shale Retorting Tech-
nology

     The object of  this  research program
was  to  physically, chemically,  and  biologi-
cally characterize  air  emissions  and water
effluents from true in situ oil shale retort-
ing.   Geokinetics,   Inc.,  agreed  to  allow
Monsanto Research  Corporation  to sample
and  analyze  emissions  and  effluents from
Retort  No.  17, a  pilot-scale unit,  located
on   the  "Kamp  Kerogen"   site  in Uinta
County,  Utah,  producing   30  barrels  of
crude   oil  shale  per  day.   The  potential
pollution sources tested were the  retort off
gases before and after mist elimination,  the
exhaust from   thermal  incineration of  the
demister outlet gases, fugitive gas  seepage
through the retort surface and around well
casings, retort water after  oil  separation,
and  evaporating pond water.

     Three  stack  gas  streams were ana-
lyzed for criteria  pollutants  (carbon mon-
oxide,  hydrocarbons,  oxides  of  nitrogen
and  sulfur, and particulate matter) as well
as ammonia, arsenic,  hydrogen cynide, and
trace  elements.   Carbon monoxide,  total
hydrocarbons,  and   Ci-Ce  hydrocarbon
fractions were  qualified  in the  fugitive
emission  samples.  Conventional   pollutants
and   water  quality  parameters,  organic
priority  pollutants,  and  trace   elements
were measured  in   the  samples  of retort
waters   and    evaporating   pond  water.
Selected  air  and  water  pollution  samples
were tested for  biological  activity, using
the  Ames mutagenicity  assay, the  Chinese
hamster  ovary  (CHO),   clonal   toxicity
assay,  and the rabbit alveolar macrophage
(RAM)  cytotoxicity assay.

     The  draft  final  was   submitted   in
February,  1980,  by  Monsanto  Research
Corporation.    This   report  covers   the
period   from   November   22,   1978   to
December  21,  1979; work  was  completed
January 18, 1980.
                                              11

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Assessment of  Oil Shale Wastewater Treat-
ment and Control Technology

     The work and  services Monsanto will
perform under  this  contract include:   the
definition  of  pollutant discharges,  detailed
treatability   studies,   and  development/
testing of control technology.

     The approach will  be to  establish  a
specific list of water  pollutants  and  their
sources  to  provide  a  guideline  for  the
assessment  of  pollutants and the design of
the  field pilot-scale water pollution control
devices  to  be  fabricated   and  tested  in
subsequent project phases.   The  pollutants
identified  will  be  those contained in oil
shale   retort   wastewaters  from  surface
retorts  and in situ retorts whose  waste-
waters  are treated in  above ground  pro-
cessing equipment.
Air  Pollution  Investigations  of Oil  Shale
Retorting:  In Situ and Surface

     Characterizing  the  effluent   streams
associated  with  oil  shale  processing  is
necessary from  a  standards  and  control
technology     standpoint.      Oil     shale
developers at a  recent meeting agreed that
a  commercial-size  facility  should be built
and  the  environmental  impact  determined.
The  risks involved in such a venture  are
considerable and thus far  only pilot-scale
operations have been conducted.   It was
EPA's   position  that  small  air  pollution
control  devices  could   be  "slipstreamed"
into  some of these  oil shale operations and
valuable  information  on   emissions  and
control   technology   could  be  obtained.

     To satisfy  this goal, funds for assess-
ing  the  control of  particulates,  hydro-
carbons,  trace  metals, and toxic  chemicals
were provided for both  in  situ and  surface
retorts.   The initial year's work  consisted
of emissions evaluation,  design, construc-
tion,   and  shakedown.    Later  work  will
include extensive field tests at in situ and
surface oil shale retorts.  To  date  evalua-
tion  of available data  relative to the collec-
tive  systems  has  been  completed,   and a
wet scrubbing system was recommended  for
testing.    Testing  will   be  completed  by
August 1981.
H2S/SO2 Control Technology Study for Oil
Shale Effluents

     Hydroscience,  Inc.,  in  Tennessee has
signed  a  two-year  contract to determine
the applicability of sulfur treatment  tech-
nologies   to  oil   shale  effluents.    The
approach will be to review all the  available
data  on  sulfur emissions  from  oil  shale
 processing facilities,  evaluate the potential
 of  all   applicable  sulfur  emission  control
 systems and recommend  the best type of
 control  technology.   A final  report recom-
 mending the best system  is  due  in June,
 1980.    To  date,  review  and  evaluation
 tasks have been completed.
Analytical  Methods  Manual  for  Oil  Shale
Effluents

     Many  of . the personnel  involved with
analytical  measurement of  oil  shale  efflu-
ents  expressed  a  need  to  the  EPA  for
improved  reliability  of  chemical methods
applied  to  oil  shale  analysis.   The Denver
Research Institute's  first year's  work on a
contract  responding  to that need was  an
investigation  of methods  used by oil shale
analysts.   Reliable  methods were distin-
guished  from   methods   of  questionable
validity.    A   report  entitled   Oil Shale
Analysis:   A Review will  soon be available.
Methods identified in  this report as  need-
ing  additional  development  will  be studied
in  the  laboratory   in  the  two  remaining
years   of   the  contract.    The  Analytical
Methods Manual for Oil  Shale  Effluents  will
be the  end product of this research.
Overview of the Environmental  Problems of
Oil Shale Development

     This   study  updates  information  on
current and projected oil  shale development
plans  for  the  Piceance  and  Uinta  Basin
areas of Colorado and Utah.   Projections of
shale oil production  levels  are listed for
years  1980-1996 and provide the basis for
three  impact   assessment areas—Potential
Atmospheric Impacts,  Potential Surface and
Groundwater  Impacts,  and   Socioeconomic
Impacts.   Process  and  control technologies
are  defined and described.   Impacts  are
assessed  for development  years  1982,  1985,
1990, and  1995.  The  study will result in
publication  of  a current, general oil  shale
reference for wide distribution.
Distribution  of As,  Cd,  Hg,  Pb,  Sb and
Se  During  In  Situ  Oil  Shale  Retorting

     Preliminary investigations  of  oil shale
retorting  have  indicated   that  mercury
emissions in the  off  gas could  be signifi-
cant.    The  volatile  properties  of  mercury
and  the other  elements  listed  above made
them   candidates  for   additional   study;
therefore,  this project was  established  to
develop  analytical  techniques  for  deter-
mining  the trace  element  composition of  all
effluents  (air  in  particular) and to deter-
mine the fate of As,  Cd, Hg,  Pb, Sb and
Se   during  simulated   in situ  oil  shale
retorting.
                                              12

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     Investigators  will   use  a   laboratory
size  retort to  study the  distributions of
trace  elements  in  the  various  effluent
streams,  and  measure  distribution  coeffi-
cients  for each element.  Retorting condi-
tions will  be  varied  to  determine  their
effect  on trace element  composition.   Once
laboratory  procedures  have  been  estab-
lished,  field testing  will be carried out on
pilot-scale  units.    A   laboratory   scale
reactor was completed  in  December  1979.
Gas  phase  methods for  the  continuous
analysis of mercury  have  been completed
and  successfully field tested.

     An interagency agreement  with  DOE's
Lawrence    Berkeley    Laboratory    was
arranged to conduct a  bench-scale study,
and  the  project  was initiated  in  October
1978.  Analytical  methods are to be devel-
oped and tested  for the  measurement of
each of these elements  in  the gas stream.
Distribution  coefficients  for  each  output
stream  will be  determined.   The effect of
retorting temperature and  sweep gas  rates
on  the coefficients will  be used to  predict
similar   coefficients  for field  operations.
Sampling strategies suitable for use during
large scale field  operations will be identi-
fied.
Portable Zeeman  Atomic  Absorption Mercury
Monitor

     Mercury is  a toxic element which can
be  emitted at harmful levels from  oil  shale
retorts.   The objective  of the  Lawrence
Berkeley  Laboratory  project  was  to  con-
struct, test, modify and calibrate a Zeeman
Atomic  Absorption  instrument  capable  of
online monitoring of mercury  emissions  in
oil   shale  retort  product  gases.    The
instrument   has   been  constructed,  cali-
brated,  tested,  and its operation verified
in  field  tests.   (See  Figures  3  and 4.)
Pollution  Control  Guidance  Document  for
Oil Shale

     In  the  fall  of  1978,  the Office  of
Research and Development of the Environ-
mental  Protection  Agency  began efforts to
provide  reference  documents and guidance
to  EPA  offices,  and  federal  and  state
agencies on  environmental  issues related to
oil shale.   These  documents are intended
to assure that the development of a mature
oil shale industry  is not delayed by uncer-
tainties regarding  environmental standards,
while  also  assuring its development  in  a
manner  compatible with national environ-
mental  goals.   The  first  such  document
became  available  in  draft  form  in  the
summer of 1979,  and has been titled:
"Environmental  Perspective  on the  Emerg-
ing Oil Shale  Industry."*  It is expected
that  this  document will  be  printed  and
released during  the summer of  1980.   The
EPA is now  preparing a second  document,
Pollution Control Guidance Document for Oil
Shale, with the  first draft  expected in the
lalTof 1980.

     The  Pollution Control  Guidance Docu-
ment  will  present  a critical  and  detailed
analysis of  pollution  control alternatives
for a  commercial oil shale  industry.   The
document will contain extensive information
on  the design,  performance and cost of a
wide   variety  of  available  environmental
control technology options applicable to oil
shale processing.   Control  options  will be
considered as  they specifically apply to oil
shale through  the  use  of six case  studies
as a  data  base.   The six case  studies will
cover  the  following  active  oil shale devel-
opment  projects which   are  expected   to
reach commercial operation by 1990:

          TOSCO/Colony  Development   in
          Parachute  Creek

          Union  Oil Development in Para-
          chute  Creek

          White  River  Project at U-a,  U-b
          using  the Paraho  Process

          Superior  Oil  Multimineral Devel-
          opment

          Occidental Development at Tract
          C-b

          Rio  Blanco Development at Tract
          C-a

     Emphasis  also will be placed on identi-
fying  important  areas of uncertainty,  and
on  specifying  the  assumptions made in the
analysis.

     The  EPA  envisions  this document  as
the  second of a series leading  toward the
eventual establishment of  regulatory stan-
dards  for the  oil  shale  industry.   The
document  is  expected  to  serve  several
purposes.   First,  it will establish  a com-
prehensive,  state-of-the-art  understanding
of  pollution  control  alternatives   for  oil
shale  using  current knowledge, supported
by extensive data  on design, performance
and cost.   Second,  it will provide  informa-
tion  on important  areas  of uncertainty  in
pollution   control.    Third,   the  document
*Called "Pollution  Control  Guidance for Oil
 Shale Development" in the Program Status
 Report,  Oil Shale 1979 Update.
                                              13

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FIGURE 3.   ON LINE ZEEMAN ATOMIC ABSORPTION  SPECTROMETER FOR MERCURY ANALYSIS  IN  OIL  SHALE  OFF GASES
(Courtesy  of the Technical Information Division,  University of California,  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory)

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FIGURE 4.   INTERIOR OF ZEEMAN  SPECTROMETER.   SHOWING  FROM  LEFT TO  RIGHT:
           THE LIGHT SOURCE, MAGNET ASSEMBLY,  SAMPLE  GAS FURNACE ASSEMBLY
           AND DETECTOR.

 (Courtesy of the Technical  Information  Division,  University  of California,
 Lawrence  Berkeley Laboratory)

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will   provide  a  basis  for  communication
between the EPA, industry and  the public
on  pollution control  for  oil shale.   Finally,
the  document  will  serve  as  an  important
and  updatable reference on oil shale pollu-
tion control.

     The  present data  base used in  the
development of the Pollution Control Guid-
ance  Document  is  incomplete,  and   only
preliminary  decisions  can  be   made  in
evaluating  pollution  control  options.   The
purpose is to  provide a  preliminary, broad
base   of   information  which   specifically
addresses   the  pollution  control  problems
faced  by  the oil shale industry.   Hope-
fully,  this  information  will stimulate  the
proper  concern   and cooperation  assuring
the  development   of  the  industry  in an
environmentally acceptable  way,  and  pre-
venting delay of its  development by uncer-
tainties regarding environmental standards.
3.4  Energy-Related Processes  and
     Effects

     The  energy-related   processes  and
effects  program is designed to identify and
assess  the  environmental  effects  of each
stage  of  an energy source's  fuel  cycle.
The program is subdivided into  four major
areas:   health  effects,  ecological  effects,
measurement and  monitoring,  and environ-
mental  transport  processes.   Current  oil
shale  R&D  activities  for   each  of these
areas are  presented in  the  following sec-
tions .
3.4.1 Health Effects

     EPA's Health Effects  Research Labora-
tory,   Research   Triangle   Park,   North
Carolina  (HERL-RTP),  and  the  Environ-
mental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze,
Florida  (ERL-Gulf  Breeze),  are conducting
research  which deals  with  the  effects of
air   and  water  pollutants associated with
alternative forms of energy  development on
human  health  and on  aquatic  ecosystems.

     Laboratory testing is being performed
by both in vivo (whole animal)  and in vitro
(test tube)  methods to identify and control
hazardous  agents.   These  projects  are
being conducted by  Ball  State University,
Muncie,   Indiana;    Northrop   Services,
Huntsville,  Alabama;  and by  UCLA.   In
addition,  pass-through funds   have  been
given to NIOSH;  DOE's Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory (LLL)  in  Livermore, California;
the   Los  Alamos   Scientific   Laboratory
(LASL)  in Los Alamos, New Mexico; and to
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory  (ORNL),
in Oak  Ridge, Tennessee.
     These projects  generally  are  related
to   oil  shale  in  that  they  are  multi-
technology  oriented.   The  resources  asso-
ciated  with   them   are  not  exclusively
related to oil  shale.
Repository  for  Alternate  Energy  Source
Material for Toxicity Testing

     The Chemical Repository  was estab-
lished at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by
a  USEPA/DOE  Interagency  Agreement  to
support  health  effects   investigation  of
alternate   fossil   energy   technologies.
Materials suitable  for  research  purposes
are  obtained,   catalogued,  aliquoted,  and
stored  for  distribution  to  health  effects
investigators.   High  priority  samples are
stored under controlled,  documented condi-
tions and their storage  stability is moni-
tored.   Select  samples  are chemically or
physically  fractionated   and  characterized
for  high-priority  studies.  (See Figures 5
and  6.)  Researchers have taken an active
role   in  designing and   arranging  matrix
studies   to  further  existing   knowledge.
Results  obtained  from study of  Repository
samples   are  returned  to  the  industries
supplying samples.

     Samples  available  for  study  include
materials from  coal liquefaction  and  up-
grading,    coal   gasification,    shale   oil
recovery and   refining,   coal  combustion,
and  petroleum  recovery   and refining.   A
set of Comparative Research Materials from
coal  liquefaction,   shale  oil recovery,  and
petroleum recovery is being established in
bulk  quantities to  support long  term  and
extensive  matrix-approach  health  effects
research.   A 340 m3  facility for long-term
and  bulk sample  storage under controlled
and  documented conditions  has  been  con-
structed.   Approximately  55  investigators
have received   more than 800  sample  ali-
quots  since establishment of  the Reposi-
tory.   Physical or  chemical  fractionation
and  characterization has  been provided for
studies  of materials from shale oil recovery
and  refining and coal  combustion.
Morphological Variants  in  Damaged  Sperm

     Lawrence     Livermore    Laboratories
(LLL),  under   sponsorship  of  the  Inter-
agency   Agreement   is   conducting   this
project.    Ionizing  radiation  as   well  as
various mutagens,  carcinogens, and terato-
gens  are  known to induce elevated levels
of morphologically  abnormal sperm  in mice.
The   objectives  of  this  study:   1)  to
develop further and apply the detection of
morphologically  abnormal mouse sperm as a
rapid,  simple,  quantitative  assay  of  the
pathological response of  the  male  gonad to
                                             16

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                                                                       ORNL-DWG 79-21269
                               CRUDE OIL OR PRODUCT


                             DISTILLATION OR EVAPORATION
I VOLATILE!
                                                               1
                                                          [ NONVOLATILE |
                                                                T
                                                        ETHER/ACID PARTITION
1

| NEUTRALS AND ACIDS |
ETHER/BASE
L
| ACIDS |
PARTITION
1
| NEUTRALS
INSOLUBLES •— 1 	 ,
[BASES |
CHROMATOGRAPHY
1

] | LESS POLAR |
1
EXTRACTION OR
CHROMATOGRAPHY
1
1
ALIPHATIC |


L~,.v,,.,~,.x. | 	
1
MORE POLAR!
CHROMATOGRAPHY
|
|
ROMATIC | MORE AROMATIC |
                                                                  CHROMATOGRAPHY
                                                                        I
                            CHROMATOGRAPHY
                         | >S RINGS)
                                                P-2|   12-31   |3-4|   [4-5]   [>5 RINGS|
                                       |SIMPLE|   | MULTIALKYLATED )
      HYDROCARB]  | N-HETEROCYCI   | POLAR|
FIGURE 5.   INTEGRATED CHEMICAL-BIOLOGICAL  APPROACH TO  SEARCH  FOR
             DETERMINANT MUTAGENS.  MUTAGENIC FRACTIONS  ARE DENOTED WITH
             BOLD OUTLINES.
                                       17

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FIGURE 6   CHEMICAL REPOSITORY SPECIAL SERVICES SUPPORTING HEALTH EFFECTS
           RESEARCH INCLUDE SAMPLE PREPARATION.  Here, a chemist sets up
           gel filtration columns for chemical  fractionation of shale
           oil samples.
                                    18

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toxic  agents; 2)  to  extend  the  studies of
the  mouse   to  the  hamster;  and   3)  to
develop  the methodology  for  automated
scoring  of   abnormally   shaped   sperm,
especially after  the exposure of the  male to
toxic   agents.   Of  special  interest  are
possible  effects of the  chemical  pollutants
associated   with  the   recovery,  process
stream, and  emission of nonnuclear sources
of energy,  especially coal gasification and
oil shale extraction in situ.

     To   accomplish    these   objectives,
groups  of test mice have received subacute
or chronic exposures by  injection,  inhala-
tion,  or dermal application.  The percent
of abnormally shaped  epididymal  sperm will
be determined as  a function of dosage and
time  after exposure.   These results will be
compared  to  those obtained  by  more con-
ventional   mutagens,   carcinogens,   and
teratogens.    Preliminary  studies  with the
hamster and mouse have  shown  that these
two  species  are  qualitatively   similar  in
response.    Furthermore,  an  attempt  is
being made  to  distinguish sperm morphol-
ogy  in  these species based on  suggested
differences   in   fluorescent  dye  uptake.
These  results may lead  to automated analy-
ses of sperm morphology.   Project duration
is from June 1975 to  June 1980.


Detection  of  Early  Changes in  Lung  Cell
Cytology by  Flow Systems  Analysis Tech-
niques

     LASL  is studying  the  application of
modern  automated cytology techniques for
assessing damage  to  humans resulting from
exposure  to  physical and chemical agents
associated with  oil shale  and coal extrac-
tion,  conversion,  and use.  The approach
is to apply unique flow-system  cell analysis
and sorting technologies developed at LASL
to determine  cytological   and  biochemical
indicators  of  early   atypical  changes  in
exposed  lung epithelium using the Syrian
hamster  initially  as  a  model test  system.

     Current plans are  to  adapt  cell prep-
aration  and  staining  methods developed for
flow   systems  to   characterize  lung  cells
from  normal  and  exposed hamsters  using
the multiangle light-scatter systems.  This
includes acquiring  respiratory  cells  by
lavaging the lungs  with   saline, adapting
cytological  techniques developed  on human
gynecological specimens  to  hamster  lung
epithelium for obtaining single  cell suspen-
sions,  using existing   staining  techniques
for  measurement   of cellular  biochemical
properties,   and   initially   characterizing
lung cells using flow  analysis instrumenta-
tion.
     LASL has  achieved some  progress  in
measuring  DNA  content,  total   protein,
esterase  activity,  cell  size,   nuclear  and
cytoplasmic   diameters,    and   multiangle
light-scatter properties of exfoliated  ham-
ster lung  cell samples composed of macro-
phages,    leukocytes,    epithelial,    and
columnar  cells.   As this new  technology is
adapted further  to analyze lung cells from
hamsters  and  subsequent characterization
studies  are  completed,   measurement   of
changes   in  physical  and biochemical  cell
properties as  a  function of  exposure  to
toxic  agents associated with synthetic fuels
energy production will be performed, with
the eventual examination of sputum samples
from occupationally exposed humans.  This
project is being sponsored  by  DOE with
EPA pass-through  funds.   Term of  this
project is  from  1976 and is  continuing.


Biological Screening Study of  Shale Oil and
H-Coal Liquefaction Operations

     The  feasibility   of  using  short term
assays to predict the  potential  biohazard of
various shale oil and  H-Coal test materials
is  being  examined  in a  coupled  chemical
and  biological   approach.   The  primary
focus  of  the research is  the  use of pre-
liminary   chemical  characterizations   and
preparation  for  bioassay,   followed   by
testing in short term assays  in order  to
rapidly ascertain the  biohazard.

     Using   crude    and/or   fractionated
materials, simple bioassay systems are used
to  determine which  materials  or fractions
thereof are biologically  active, thus  aiding
in  the assignment of  priorities  for further
chemical  separation   and  characterization.
Additionally,  secondary  screening of par-
tially defined constituents  aids in identify-
ing  the  appropriate   mixtures,  classes,  or
specific compounds  that require testing  in
intact  animal  or  plant   systems.    Con-
versely,  complex materials that are  known
or  prove  to be active in higher organisms
can be dissected with the short term tests
and again, detailed  chemical  analyses can
be  regulated after observation of biological
(genetic)  activity.   The  overall  approach
may validate the use  of  short  term genetic
screening  systems to predict  mutagenicity
and carcinogenicity   for  intact  organisms
and man.  Implied in  the coupled chemical-
biological  approach  is the application  and
further development   of bioassays  involved
not  only  in detecting hazardous materials
in  environmental  effluents   and  process
streams,  but also in  measuring  and moni-
toring  these materials via  bioassays in the
general environment,   in  the  work  place,
and during their storage (or disposal) and
transport.   Furthermore,  the  prospect  of
applying  short term tests to the monitoring
                                             19

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of exposed individuals  through cytogenetic
assays  or microbial screening assays utiliz-
ing  body  fluids  is  under   development.
Preliminary   information   concerning   the
metabolic  mechanisms  of  activation,  the
definition  of cellular and  molecular mechan-
isms  of  damage  and  the repair  of  key
compounds  (from  the   major  classes  of
chemical  pollutants)  is accumulated  along
with the determination of potential genetic
biohazard.

     The  H-Coal  program  will be  carried
out  in  two  phases:   Phase  I  will  use
samples  that are  currently available  from
pilot-demonstration scale  operations;  short
term  mutagenesis,  cytotoxicity along  with
mammalian toxicity and skin carcinogenesis
assay   will  be   carried   but  with  these
materials.    Phase  II  will  use   samples
developed when  the  H-Coal plant  is under-
way.    Phase  I  tests  (already underway)
will  include  the H-Coal raw  distillate  and
various  stages  of  upgrading  along  with
H-Coal    products.     These   preliminary
assays  will  parallel  existing  efforts  with
other syncrudes.  The  information received
should  aid in selection  of  actual  process
samples  for  evaluating the  Catlettsburg,
Kentucky,  H-Coal  pilot  plant now under
construction.   It  will  also provide useful
comparison of the changes which occur in
the  biological  characteristics  of  specific
process  liquids  as a function of  scale-up.

     The  principal  focus of  the  Paraho/
SOHIO  Shale  Oil project  is  the testing of
primary  effluents  and products for poten-
tial effects on  man.   This portion of  the
evaluation of Paraho samples  is concerned
with  questions  of  relative   toxicities  of
process  materials  and  refinery products.

     Information   gained  in  the preceding
integrated  program  should   provide   the
assessor with specific information  on speci-
fic   process    materials.    The    generic
approach  coupled  with  the  chemistry,
health  effects studies, and  environmental
studies   should  place  these   materials  in
context  with  respect  to  the data  base
currently  available.   Direct information on
the potential mutagenicity, carcinogenicity,
and  overall  toxicity of  the  multiple  test
points  can be  placed  in  perspective  with
other technologies.   Comparative  informa-
tion  and  the  published  data on  similar
materials  again  should  place  some ordered
estimate  of biohazard on each unit.

     All  short term bacterial determinations
within  Phase  I  of H-Coal have been com-
pleted.   A reduction  in  activity  parallels
the level  of  hydro treatment.  Distillation
studies  with available samples have shown
that  mutagenic activity  parallels  the heavy
distillate   (aromatic   fractions?).    Cyto-
toxicity   work  can  be   summarized  in  a
similar manner  --  "toxicity is  reduced with
hydrotreatment."

     Evaluations with  the  Ames  assay  on
the  crude  shale  oils  versus  hydrotreated
oils  has  reinforced  results  with synthetic
fuels from  liquefaction,  i.e.,  a  reduction
of  activity.   Cytotoxicity  work  parallels
this observation.

     Selected fractions  are being tested in
comparative  short-term  systems.  Choice of
samples  (and/or  fractions thereof) to  be
extended to validative  testing will depend
on both  the  preliminary biological work  and
the  chemistry.   The validation (extension
to higher organisms) will  include tests for
mutagenesis,  e.g.,   mammalian cell  gene
mutation,  whole-mammal  mutation   (mouse)
and  Drosophila; and for  cytogenetic dam-
age,   e.g.,   sister- chroma tid  exchange.

     Mammalian   toxicity   assays  are  also
being  run  on a variety  of  distillates  and
oils.   These assays  will include acute oral
LD5Q in  mice,  acute skin toxicity in rats,
primary   skin   and  eye   irritations,   and
dermal sensitization.  Selected samples  are
also under  test in  subacute  and  chronic
dermal   toxicity   assays  including   skin
carcinogenesis.
Detection  of  Oil  Shale  Related  Mutagens
Using  Human  Cell Cultures.

     To  minimize occupational and environ-
mental hazards  possibly associated with the
development  of   oil   shale,   short-term
in vitro  biohazard  assays are being tested.
The complexity  and  heterogeneity  of  oil
shales, combined with the  variety  of  pro-
cessing  technologies,   generate  products
and by-products  too  numerous   to  test
using  whole animal assays alone.  Further-
more,  the  time involved  is  too long  for
such   analyses  to  be  used for  modifying
technologies.     Therefore,    mutagenicity
assays, employing  bacterial  or animal cells,
are  generally  accepted   as  short   term
in vitro  biohazard  assays.   However,  when
the amounts  of potential products are  as
large   and   diverse  as  those  accompanying
full scale  oil  shale production,  the 60-90%
accuracy for predicting carcinogens usually
obtained in vitro  may  not  be  acceptable
and must  be  accompanied  by  mutagen-
activation  procedures.   The use of human
cells,   both as activators   of  promutagens
and as targets  of mutagenic activity, could
significantly increase the potential of these
in vitro  assays  for  determining  carcino-
genicity/  mutagenicity in humans.   Tech-
niques  have   been  employed  to  culture
newborn   foreskin  keratinocytes.   These
cells maintain  the  ability to metabolize  the
                                              20

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carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) during
a  number of  passages  in culture.   Ini-
tially,  these  cultures will be  used  as  a
source of  metabolic activation  with normal
human fibroblasts as targets.

     Results  to date  using human cells as
targets of mutagenic activity and rat liver
S-9 or NUV  radiation as activation systems
have  been obtained  for  known model car-
cinogens,  shale  oil  process   waters  and
DMSO   extracts  of  shale  oils.    These
results   have  been  compared   with  those
obtained using  Salmonella, PM2,  DNA  and
CHO  cell targets.   A  6TG*  (hgprt  locus)
mutation assay  system has been adapted to
early passage cultures of human embryonic
skin  fibroblast cells  (GM10).   More than
98% of the chemically induced 6TC" mutants
isolated   have   undetectable   or   greatly
reduced  HGPRT activity  (less  than 3% of
the parental  activity).  One of the isolates
has  been  used to  perform reconstruction
experiments  to  determine the  optimal con-
ditions   for  selection  of  these  mutants.

     The mutagenesis of  three model pro-
carcinogens  (B[a]P,  3MC and DMN)  has
been studied in the newly developed  human
fibroblast  assay incorporating  liver  micro-
somal   S-9  preparations  from   Aroclor-
induced  rats.  At a constant amount  of S-9
protein  concentration,  a linear  increase
was  seen  in mutagenicity  as a function of
procarcinogen  dose.   In  addition  to  the
study  of model compounds, the mutageni-
city  of a  shale oil product water derived
from surface retorting has been determined
in  the  human  mutation  (6TG )  system
without  rat   liver  microsomal  activation.
Preliminary  results  indicate   substantial
cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in cultures of
human embryonic  skin fibroblast cells (the
human  cells  are  approximately  ten  times
more sensitive  than CHO).

     Several  newborn  epidermal  keratino-
cyte   cultures   have   been   established.
Early  results   show  that  the   epidermal
keratinocytes retain their characteristically
high  metabolic  activity  for  a number of
passages  as  determined  by  conversion of
% B[a]P  to water-soluble metabolites.   A
squamous  carcinoma  cell line  has  been
found  to  retain this metabolic  activity at a
level  equal  to  the normal skin  keratino-
cytes.   Both   types  of  human  epithelial
cells  are  sensitive to  B[a]P,  DMBA  and
SMC.   Currently  being  examined  are the
PAH  metabolites  and  DNA  adducts pro-
duced by  the two types of human epithelial
cells.

     Preliminary results of studies compare
responses  in human cells  with  those utiliz-
ing   other  targets.    "Photoactivity"  in
product  waters  has  been  examined from
three different shale  oil retort processes
currently   being   developed:    surface,
vertical  modified  in situ  and  horizontal
modified in  situ.  When the product waters
are  adjusted  to  equivalent  absortivity in
the  NUV region  the photoactivity  was in
the  order  of  surface  >  vertical  MIS  >
horizontal   MIS.   Photoactivated  product
water from  the surface retort  process was
extremely  more  cytotoxic  toward  human
skin fibroblasts than the product waters of
either of the  other two processes.   Never-
theless,  preliminary  spectral  analyses of
these waters and of organic extracts of the
crude  oils  themselves indicate differences
in composition exist  such that  results seen
in the  in vitro DNA  assay are not simply
quantitative.

     Experiments,  which are in progress,
have  been designed  to examine the photo-
active components in process waters and in
shale  oils  and  determine   their  fate in
subsequent  steps of  product  water disposal
and  refining  (e.g., hydrotreatment) of the
crude oils.    Preliminary results indicate a
substantial  reduction  (7-fold)  in photoin-
duced  strand  breaks in DNA  for dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO) extracts of hydrotreated
surface   retort  oil   compared  to   DMSO
extracts  of  untreated  crude  oil  itself
(estimate based on photoactivity existing in
extracts  adjusted to  equal  A350  units).
Furthermore,   DMSO extracts  of  resulting
sludge  (a by-product  of hydrotreatment of
crude  oils)   show a  similar  reduction in
"photoactivity"   when  tested  for   their
ability  to  induce  breaks in our in  vitro
DNA assay.   Experiments  are  in progress
to  examine   the  "photoactivity"  of  these
treated  samples in regard to  their potential
to induce cytotoxic  and mutagenic events
in cultured  human skin fibroblasts.
In Vivo  Screening  for  Gene  Mutation In
Mouse  Germ and Somatic  Cells

     DOE's  ORNL is conducting this study
with EPA pass-through funds.  In screen-
ing for mutagenic agents it is important to
include  mammalian  tests for  gene  muta-
tions.    In  this project, identification of
mutagens associated with coal and oil shale
technologies  that  can induce gene  muta-
tions  and  small  deficiencies will  be accom-
plished by scoring for transmitted specific-
locus  mutations induced  in germ cells, and
somatic  mutations  in  coat   color  genes.

     The specific-locus  method  developed
has  been  used  extensively  in  radiation
work  and  has  already proved  its  useful-
ness  in chemical mutagenesis  studies.   It
is  the  only   established,   reliable,  and
definitive test for transmitted gene muta-
                                             21

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tions and small deficiencies currently avail-
able in  mammals.   To  make  the  method
economical  for screening purposes,  it  will
be used  to test the mutagenicity in a whole
mixture  of compounds,  for  example, in an
effluent.  One mixture from a coal conver-
sion process  that has just become available
after studies  with nonmammalian systems is
now being  used in  preliminary  toxicity
tests.  An in  vivo somatic-mutation method,
developed in  an  earlier X-ray  experiment,
has now been explored for its usefulness
in  the  prescreening  for   germinal point
mutations  induced  by  chemicals.   In  an
array of compounds  tested, parallelism with
spermatogonial specific-locus mutation rates
was  found,   indicating  that  the   in vivo
somatic-mutation  tests  may detect point
mutations in  addition  to, other types of
genetic changes  that lead to expression of
the recessive  gene.   The  method  is  now
being  used   to  test  fractions   from  coal
conversion processes.   Term  of this  con-
tract is from 1976 and is continuing.
The   Carcinogenic  Effects   of  Petroleum
Hydrocarbons on  Selected Marine Estuarine
Organisms

     The  in vivo  and in vitro metabolism
and  excretion  of model  hydrocarbons is
being investigated in vertebrate and inver-
tebrate marine species that serve as human
food sources.   The effects  of temperature
and  exposure  to  other  pollutants on  the
processes involved are also  being studied.
Both  cytochrome  P-450  dependent  micro-
sotnal  mixed-function  oxidases (that  can
convert  unsaturated hydrocarbons  to  re-
active   and   toxic  epoxides)   and  those
enzymes that  further  metabolize  and  de-
toxify  alkene and arene oxides are  being
characterized in  untreated   fish  and  fish
pre-oxidized to environmental contaminants
including  polycyclic aromatic and  polyhalo-
genated biphenyls.
Quantitative  Mutagenesis  Testing in Mam-
malian Culture Systems

     Lawrence  Livermore  Laboratory  will
develop   and   apply   quantitative   and
multiple-marker  assays  utilizing  cultured
mammalian  cells  to evaluate  the  potential
mutagenic  effects  of  agents  derived  from
energy  technologies.   Additionally,   LLL
will  use these  existing  and  newly devel-
oped   biological   screening  systems   to
identify  mutagenic  agents associated  with
coal  and  oil  shale  extraction, conversion,
or use.

     This  program proposes  the  use of
multiple  drug-resistance  markers for  for-
ward  mutation in cultured  Chinese hamster
ovary  (CHO)  cells,  as well  as in vitro and
host-mediated in vivo/ in vitro  procedures
in the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) sys-
tem.   The  markers  being developed  mea-
sure the frequency  of forward mutation at
the  recessive azadenine-resistant marker,
the  X-linked azaguanine-resistant  pheno-
type,  and  the  dominant  ouabain-resistant
locus.   Established  prokaryote  and lower
eukaryote  systems will be  used  for  com-
parison and  reference; the most satisfac-
tory markers in  all systems  will then be
combined into a standard  protocol in which
each of the gene  loci can be  measured for
mutation  following exposure  to a particular
test agent  or  combination.

     To date, both CHO  and  SHE systems
have  been  tested with the  standard muta-
gen  EMS,  and  experiments using specific
hydrocarbons  relevant to  energy  tech-
nology are  now underway.  This project is
being  sponsored   by  DOE  under  pass-
through funds from EPA.   Project duration
is from June 1975  to  June 1980.
Development of  Cytochemical Markers for
Cell  Transformation  and  Carcinogenesis

     LLL  is developing  rapid,  sensitive,
and economical systems  for in  vitro  and
cytological  assays  for  carcinogenic  effects
of  substances  involved   in   extraction,
conversion, and use of nonnuclear  energy
sources,  with   particular consideration of
in situ  coal gasification,  shale oil use,  coal
burning  power  plants,  and  geothermal
power  plants.   The  approach is based on
the  development of  cytochemical markers
for cell transformation, and on the ability
to quantify such markers by microfluorom-
etry  and  by   flow  system analysis  and
sorting.

     There  are two  phases  to  this  work:
1) the  development  of   appropriate   test
systems whose response  is defined by well
characterized   and  representative carcino-
genic  agents,   and  2) the   application of
such  systems  to  substances released  by
energy  technologies, and including  testing
with  whole  and  fractionated  samples of
effluents.    This  project   is  under  the
sponsorship  of  DOE  with pass-through
funds from EPA.   Project duration is from
June 1975 to June 1980.
Analysis of the  Effects  of Energy Related
Toxic  Materials  to  Karyotype  Stability in
Mammalian  Cells

     LASL is  developing systems  for the
rapid  detection  of  karyotypic changes in
mammalian  cells resulting from exposure to
energy-related   environmental   pollutants.
                                             22

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and  to   screen   selected  subjects.    Flow
microfluorometry  (FMF) of  isolated,  fluo-
rescently stained chromosomes will be used
to  identify   chromosome  aberrations,  and
FMF  of stained intact  cells will be used to
detect  mitotic  nondisjunction.    Cadmium
will be  used  as the  clastogenic agent  in
the development  of  a  test system.   It has
been demonstrated  that chromosome  analy-
sis can be accomplished by flow systems in
mammalian  cells   with  relatively   simple
karyotypes.    Cadmium at  low  concentra-
tions  is  a  potent   clastogen.  It induces
primarily chromatid-type aberrations.

      LASL   has  also  demonstrated   that
tolerance to  the  damaging  effects of cad-
mium can be induced  in fibroblast cells  in
culture by long-term exposure  of the cells
to  sublethal  concentrations  of  cadmium.
There are  plans to  repeat  these experi-
ments on human  fibroblast and lymphocyte
cells  in vitro  and to  extend these studies
to  other toxic  agents  associated  with
alternative   energy    technologies.    This
project is being sponsored  by DOE with
EPA  pass-through   funds.   Term  of the
contract  is  from 1976 and  is  continuing.
Effects of Products  of Coal and Oil  Shale
Conversion  on  Cell  Cycle  Kinetics  and
Chromosome  Structure

     LASL is providing a  means for detect-
ing and monitoring damage to  humans as  a
result of exposure to  various  toxic chemi-
cal and  physical  agents.   To  obtain an
idea of the  parameters to be  monitored  in
humans,  it is first  necessary to establish
the  effects  of  agents  on cells  in  simpler
model systems.

     Earlier  experience with  drugs  which
act  as   carcinogens  and  teratogens  has
convinced  researchers  that  changes  in
population   cell-cycle   distribution   and
alterations  in   chromatin  structure   may
provide useful early indicators of sublethal
damage   to  cells  exposed  to  hazardous
agents.    Examination   will  be   made  of
alterations  in these  parameters  following
exposure  to  specific energy-related  toxic
substances  in currently  available  tissue-
culture  systems  which   show promise as
predictive   indicators  of  response   in
humans.  A technique has  been developed
that allows  preparation of both cycling and
noncycling   cell    populations  in   tissue-
culture,  mimicking these  classes of human
somatic cells.    By  combining autoradiog-
raphy,  cell number  enumeration, and  flow
microfluorometry,  it  will  be  possible  to
obtain highly  detailed  information on the
cellular kinetics  response of both arrested
and  cycling  populations  to treatment  with
toxic agents.
     Results obtained to date  suggest that
DNA  interactive  agents   elicit   different
types   of   kinetics  responses  in  treated
cells,  indicating  a degree of specificity of
interaction  between  various  alkylating and
intercalating agents  and the genome.   This
project  is  sponsored   by DOE  with  EPA
pass-through funds.  Term of the contract
is from 1975 and  is continuing.
Mutagenicity  Assay  of  Fractionated  Coal
Conversion and  Oil Shale In Situ Retorting
Products

     ORNL is  monitoring  environmentally
important  processes   for  genetic  damage
using  rapid  screening assays  to identify
mutagenic  agents.  They have extended  an
initial  work  on  the crude product from a
coal   liquefaction   (Syncrude/COED)   to
subfractionation   and  have  identified  the
potential genetic  hazards with  the  Ames
system.   The most active fractions appear
to  be  the  neutrals and  the basic  (ether
soluble)   components   prepared  by  liquid
extraction  procedures.   Parallel identifica-
tion  work  by   the   analytical   chemistry
division   has  been  carried  out  and   a
selected   group   of polycyclic   compounds
involved has been assayed  and  evaluated
for  mutagenicity.    The  crude  product
assays  have  been  extended  to  the sepa-
rator  liquor  components   of   the  same
process, again using the coupled  analytical-
biological assay approach.

     Similarly, parallel studies with  frac-
tionated  materials have been initiated  with
the  Synthoil  Process  (liquefaction),  the
Synthane  Process  (gasification),  and the
shale oil in situ retorting  process.   Pri-
mary  fractions    of   various   steps   or
materials from these  processes have been
prepared and assayed for  potential genetic
damage.

     The mutagenicity of  crude  industrial
products and  effluents  was  arrayed  with
the Salmonella/microsomal activation system.
Test materials (crude products  from  coal
conversion  processes  and   natural  crude
oils)  were  initially  fractionated  into  pri-
mary classes  by  liquid-liquid  extraction
and  then  further  fractionated  by  column
chromatography.   Prescreening  was accom-
plished   over- a   wide  concentration  range
with  the  Ames   tester   strains.   Active
fractions   (mainly  the  neutral  fractions
containing  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and  certain basic fractions)  can be identi-
fied,  and  dose-response  relationships can
be   established.    Standard   values  are
expressed  as revertants  per milligram  of
the  test material  assayed with  frameshift
strain  TA98  including metabolic  activation
                                             23

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with  rat  liver  preparations.   Total muta-
genic activity of synthetic fuel samples was
consistently  higher  than  that  of  natural
crude controls.   Activities of subtractions
are   roughly   additive   and   presumably
reflect  the mutagenic potential of the whole
test  material.   These   results  are being
extended  to  other genetic assays.  Chemi-
cal identification  is  carried out  along  with
the bioassays.

     The  application of short-term mutagen
tests  was evaluated  using bacterial,  fun-
gal,  mammalian  cells  and  Drosophila on
synfuel A fraction.   The results  of  the use
of these  systems  simply  show  that  biologi-
cal testing  and  genetic  assays,  in  this
case,  can be carried  out with  the  devel-
oped   tester  systems,   but  only when
coupled   with  the   appropriate   analytical
separation scheme.


The Quantitative  Evaluation of  Hazardous
Chemicals  Using  a   Closed  Aquatic   Test
System

     Brookhaven  National  Laboratory  is
developing a new comparative  test system,
using clones of fish, P. formonsa,  capable
of detecting the  carcinogenicity   of chemi-
cals by  treatment of  cells in vitro  or by
treatment of whole animals.

     The  approach is to  treat cells in vitro
with  presumptive  carcinogens  by injecting
cells  into fish  and  scoring recipient  fish
for tumors  one  or  two  years   later, or
introducing    presumptive    carcinogens
directly into the water tank to assess their
effects  on  the whole animal.    This   is  a
continuing  program  that  began  in 1976.
The  Interaction of Chemical Agents Present
in Oil Shale with Biological Systems

     The  aim of this  project is identifying
reactive  free radical  intermediates  formed
during  the   co-oxygenation  of  ben2o(a)
pyrene  (BaP) and other polycylic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) using two approaches:
the  direct  observation  of  free  radical
intermediates  and the   trapping of  such
reactive   compounds  using  spin  traps.
Research  into the  bioeffects of  shale  oil
and  the effluents  associated  with  conver-
sion  to  synfuels is performed on the poly-
cyclic   aromatic   hydrocarbons  and  the
heavy metal ions.
Development of  Permanent Epithelial  Cell
Lines

     DOE's  ORNL is conducting this study
with EPA pass-through funds.  Objectives
are:   1) to  develop  the means by which
chemicals   associated   with   nonnuclear
energy generation, especially  agents aris-
ing from coal and oil shale extraction,  can
be   screened  for  potential  carcinogenic
activity.    Reliability,   speed,  and  cost
relative  to current  animal  exposure tech-
niques,   are   emphasized;   2)  to  utilize
appropriate cultured  cells  developed under
the  first  objective to  study  hydrocarbon
metabolism   into  carcinogenically   active
forms,  and   determine   the mechanism  of
chemical carcinogenesis.

     A research  group  with  two  discrete
but  closely   related  approaches  to  these
problems   is    being   developed.     The
approaches are:   1)  cell biology—the major
focus  here  will  be  the   development  of
permanent  cell  lines  of  epithelial  origin
(human,  when   possible and  appropriate)
which  possess the enzymatic equipment for
carcinogen activation  and which are trans-
formable with high frequency;  and  2) bio-
chemistry--the   principal   focus   will  be
study   of  the  metabolism  of  polycyclic
hydrocarbons in  various cell  lines  devel-
oped   in  the  first approach  to  establish
with  certainty  the "ultimate"  carcinogenic
metabolite,  using  primarily  high pressure
liquid   chromatography   techniques.   This
contract was  initiated in 1976 and  is con-
tinuing .
Development  of  an  In Vitro  Assay  for
Cocarcinogens  of  Coal/Oil Shale Derivatives

     The   UCLA   School   of  Medicine  is
developing  an  in vitro  assay  capable  of
detecting  the cocarcinogenic  potential  (with
X-rays)  of materials  produced  during coal
and  oil   shale  processing.   Investigators
intended  to use mouse tissue cultured  cells
and  an already established  transformation
assay,  but initial  experiments  indicated
that  rodent   cells  may   possess  lesions
induced by alkylating agents different  from
human cells and that their use as screen-
ing  materials  might  be  misleading.    This
effect  was  shown  by demonstrating that a
variety  of  DNA   damaging  agents   had
significantly different effects  on various
cell  lines  when measured  by a variety  of
techniques.

     It  was hypothesized that  a ventral
difference between  the  lines (rodent   ver-
sus  human)  may  be the  "activation  of
on-cogenesis" related to  the strand break-
age  induced,  because rodent  lines  carry
transforming virus  materials (complete or
incomplete), which  are   lacking  in   most
human target cells.   These differences are
being evaluated through  cell hybridization
analysis   using  hybrids  made  by sendai-
virus  fusion   of  cells   lacking  either:
                                             24

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 1)  different   DNA   repair   enzymes,   or
 2)  (potential) RNA  viruses.   This  project
 is  sponsored  by  DOE  with  EPA  pass-
 through  funds.   The contract  began  in
 1979  and is  continuing.
 Influence  of  Diet  on  the Gastrointestinal
 Absorption   of   Energy   Related  Metallic
 Pollutants

      In  a  study of  the absorptive  inter-
 actions of cadmium and  zinc  using everted
 gut  sacs,  no  effect  of zinc  on cadmium
 accumulation  in the  intestinal  tissues  was
 apparent,  but there appears to be a subtle
 increase  in  the serosal fluid accumulation
 of  cadmium  during  30 minutes  of  incuba-
 tion.  Zinc uptake  and transport by intes-
 tinal tissue was stimulated in  the presence
 of  cadmium.  In a  long-term chronic  expo-
 sure of rats to cadmium,  the body reten-
 tion of zinc was increased  for those animals
 drinking   water with 1,   10  or 25  ppm
 cadmium.   Studies  have  been  initiated to
 determine  the  kinetics  of the  intestinal
 absorption  and transport of  lead  using
 everted gut sacs.
3.4.2  Ecological Effects

     The  Environmental Research Labora-
tory  in  Duluth  (ERL-Duluth)  is  providing
predictions  on potential  aquatic  toxicants
resulting from coal and oil  shale extraction
and  conversion.    Current  work  involves
chemical  characterization  and  bioassays  of
retort  process  waters and  chemical  and
analytical  studies  of water  in  the  Piceance
Creek basin.  Term of the present projects
is 1975 - 1980.

     This   five  year  project  will  fully
assess and evaluate the adequacy  of waste
treatment  methods,  so  that  the  aquatic
environment will  be  protected.   Research
involves:    chemical   identification   and
measurement of waste  products,  acute and
chronic  bioassay studies with invertebrates
and fish, determination of the  physical and
chemical fate of organic contaminants,  and
determination of the uptake  and bioaccumu-
lation  of trace  pollutants.    Results of the
research  will be   published,  and  used  to
evaluate waste  treatment methods  for  coal
gasification and  oil shale  for technologies.
Concentration  of  Well  Waters  from an  Oil
Shale  Retorting Site for Biological Testing

     The  overall purpose of this project is
to determine  the  potential  harmful  biolog-
ical  effects  of organic  substances  intro-
duced  into ground waters  during  in situ
oil shale retorting.
      Samples of  water from  tract  C-a will
 be  collected and concentrated by reverse
 osmosis and then  sterilized  by  membrane
 filtration.  The samples will  be biologically
 tested   at  the  Health  Effects   Research
 Laboratory,  Cincinnati.   Samples  taken
 before  and after retorting will be  compared
 in another  task under separate  contract.
 The   following   actvities   and  completion
 dates have been  projected:

 Sample collection, pre-burn   October 1979
 Sample collection post-burn   June 1980
 Draft final report            July  1980
 Final report                  August  1980

 HERL-Ci will test the samples from Novem-
 ber  1979  through  March  1980 and report
 results   separately.    Chemical  analytical
 results  used  to characterize the  samples
 will be  discussed and related  to  the bio-
 logical  tests in  the  final report.
 Biological    Guidelines    for    Integrated
 Environmental  Monitoring  for  Mined Lands

     There are  no effective,  standardized
 user-oriented   guidelines   for  designing,
 conducting and  evaluating ecological base-
 line and environmental monitoring programs
 for  energy  and other  resource  develop-
 ment.   Both reclamation and use of  control
 technology will  require  a  well-designed
 environmental    baseline   and   monitoring
 program.   Although  environmental  pro-
 tection guidelines  for coal,  oil  shale, and
 other  energy  programs  on  federal lands
 are  published   in  the  Federal  Register,
 enforceable guidelines flexible enough for
 use  in different geographic areas and for
 operations  with  quite  different  potentials
 for environmental damage are  needed.  The
 Fish and  Wildlife Service  has developed  a
 work,   under   EPA  funding,  specifically
 defining requirements for ecological base-
 lines .

     Phase I  of  the  study  will  include
 guidelines   for   design,   implementation,
 verification,  and evaluation of environmen-
 tal  baselines,   monitoring,   and   general
 ecological  impact assessment.    The focus
 will  be national, and site-specific  monitor-
 ing needs  will be identified.   Phase II will
 provide  instructions  for  assessing  and
 using monitoring techniques.

     The  energy   industries    (coal,   oil
 shale,  geothermal,  etc.),  the CEQ,  EPA,
 OSM, DOE, the  land  management agencies,
 various  state   and   county  governments,
 universities, consulting firms, and private
 landowners will  be  able  to use the results
of the  study  in conjunction  with current
monitoring requirements.
                                             25

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     This  study   will  be  done  in-house
(Fish  and Wildlife  Service)  through  con-
tracts  and  through  direct  and  indirect
support  of state and  wildlife  groups, land
management  agencies,  private  industry,
and  universities.   The proposed effort will
be  guided  by  the  Western  and  Eastern
Land Use  Teams.   The study will require
continued  involvement of the  groups  and
agencies  listed above.

     User-oriented   manuals   which   will
guide  the  various groups in  planning  and
implementing  environmental  baseline  and
monitoring  programs  will  be   produced.
The  manuals will be designed  for immediate
use  by  EPA,  OSM,  other  regulatory  and
management  agencies, environmental  con-
sulting firms, and  industry.
Developmental  Markers   and  Reproductive
Damage

     Previous work has  demonstrated that
macromolecular yolk  precursors as well as
heterologous  materials   present   in  the
maternal bloodstream  are incorporated  by
the growing egg, stored in compartmental-
ized membrane-bound inclusions and used
during  embryogenesis.   Thus,  it  appears
that  environmental  materials   present  at
subthreshold levels of toxicity in the adult
female  will  be acquired, concentrated  and
stored by  growing  eggs, and made  avail-
able to the embryo when the yolk compart-
ment  is  used.   Better  laboratory  methods
are  also   needed  to assess  rapidly  and
reliably  the  effects  of  pollutants  on  the
reproductive  potential  of   aquatic   verte-
brates .

     Essentially   this   project   involves
studying  egg  formation, fertilization  and
early  embryonic development in fish  and
amphibians, both of  which  provide copious
gametes   for  experimental   work.    The
research,  therefore,  relates to regulatory
processes  in  two  ways:   1)  it  provides
insight into how egg formation and early
embryogenesis  may be   greatly disturbed
in all  vertebrates,  including  mammals,  by
environmental  substances  introduced  into
the  growing  egg via the  maternal  blood-
stream, and 2)  more  immediately,  it  allows
an  assessment of reproductive dysfunction
in  aquatic  vertebrates  brought about  by
altered water  quality.

     Studies are being conducted primarily
on  two  animals:   the   obligately  aquatic
amphibian,  Xenophus laevis (easily  main-
tained   at   inland  laboratories),  and  the
estuarine    fish,   Fundulus   heterpclitus
(abundantly  availableat   essentially   all
marine laboratories along the North Atlantic
coast).   Developmental processes examined
include  four  general  areas:   1)  oocyte
growth;  2) maturation of full grown  oocytes
into  eggs; 3) fertilization; and  4) embryo-
genesis.   Recently it has been  possible to
grow X.  laevis  oocytes in vitro.   It has
been  "Tbunclthat   trivalent   arsenicals,
particularly  phenylarsinoxide,  are  by far
the  most  potent   inhibitors   of  oocyte
growth.   The  sequestration, translocation,
turnover  and/or storage of external mate-
rials by  the  growing  oocyte is being stud-
ied  in order to understand  how  materials
externally derived  during  oogenesis  are
delivered   to   the    growing   embryo.
Researchers  have found that zinc at  very
low  concentrations will initiate  maturation
of full  grown  oocytes and  that cadmium
competes  with zinc initiation.   Basic studies
on  fertilization  are  being  pursued since
present   background  information   for  X.
laevis  and F.   heteroclitus  is  inadequate.
Studies of tRe  teratogenic effects of  haz-
ardous substances  using X. laevis embryos
(which  can  be readily obtained  by  the
hundreds at  any time of the year) are  also
underway.   The  emphasis  is  on  struc-
turally  related  chemicals present in  coal
conversion process waters,  thus allowing
statistical   predictions.    An  integrated
approach  will also be  initiated:   the tera-
togenic effect of external materials  will be
examined  by introducing  these  substances
into  the  growing oocyte  either via  the
maternal   bloodstream  or in  culture  and
comparing effects  on  subsequent embryos
obtained   from   these  oocytes  with  effects
obtained   when  the  same   materials  are
added  directly  to   the water  containing
growing  embryos.

     This research will provide qualitative
and  quantitative information on  the  effects
of pollutants on  reproductive dysfunction
in general (and on  aquatic vertebrates in
particular)   and  aid  in  identifying  the
causes of lowered fecundity  which  apply
during  the  formation  of  gametes,   their
fertilization,    and   subsequent  embryo-
genesis.   This  is the only  project  in the
U.S.A.  which  focuses  on  the  growth of
eggs  in  aquatic vertebrates  and/or  the
consequences of its perturbation and which
can  relate observed   effects  with embryo-
logical dysfunction.

     Important   intrinsic   information   on
fecundity and  reproductive  biology  will be
obtained   since amphibians and fish  appear
to be excellent organisms to use for study-
ing  and  understanding  the   mechanisms
controlling oogenesis,  clutch size,  fertiliza-
tion  and  embryogenesis.
                                             26

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 Develop Markers  Reproductive-Teratological
 Damage

      The  object   of  the  research   is  to
 identify toxic  substances,  primarily  neuro-
 toxins,  in  fossil fuel pollutants,  and  to
 determine    their    teratological    effect.
 Because they tend to be water soluble, the
 ether soluble  weak  acids  and bases  from
 fossil fuels are  being tested.   An  acute
 lethal toxicity assay using small  goldfish in
 100  ml water and taking two to  four hours
 has  been  reduced to  a micro assay using
 guppy fry and 5 ml  water.   This  second
 assay shows chronic  effects  three to seven
 days  following  the  assay.   A  preparative
 gas   chromatograph  has been  built,   which
 is  capable  of  separating  pure  molecular
 species  in  amounts  large enough  to micro
 assay,  test for enzyme  inhibition  and
 identify by  GC/MS.   Usually  the  acute
 lethal  studies  have  an exposure time  of
 fifteen hours and use biological  endpoints
 such as changes  in  behavior,  color,  death
 of the animal or  inhibition of nerve  trans-
 mission  or  enzyme  action.   Any  toxic  (or
 potentially  toxic) agent  which  is   water
 soluble  or  can  be made water  soluble can
 be  tested.   The  goldfish  and guppy  fry
 and    acetylcholinesterase   enzymes   have
 proved  useful   for   studying   the   toxic
 substituted   pyridines  in   fossil   fuels.
 Similarly,  isolated  fish  scales  and  tails
 have proved useful  in studying  the anti-
 adrenergic  phenols in the weak acid frac-
 tion  of fossil fuels.

      Acetylcholinesterase  can  be  isolated
 from  human  red   blood cells  and  readily
 tested.   The   substituted  pyridines  are
 toxic  to three  species  of fish  and  inhibit
 eel   acetylcholinesterase;  therefore,  they
 will  probably inhibit  the human enzyme and
 perhaps cause chronic damage to embryos,
 fetuses, and children.
Develop  Guildelines and Criteria  for Use of
Non-Mine Wastes as Soil Amendments on Oil
Shale

     Determining  how  processed  oil  shale
should be amended for effectively revege-
tating spoil materials is the  overall purpose
of this project.

     Both   greenhouse  and  field studies
were  conducted using  TOSCO II  processed
shale with  certain amendments as growing
media for plants.   Also several cooperative
studies were developed  with universities.

     In the greenhouse, sewage sludge had
significantly greater  beneficial  effects  on
seed  germination   and   plant  growth  than
wood  fiber, straw,  sugar  beet   pulp,  or
cow  manure.   Sewage sludge  apparently
 ties  up the  sodium  salts  in  spent shale.
 Revegetation  studies  on processed oil shale
 are  being conducted  at  two  main  field
 locations where  disposal  of the material is
 likely to take place  in  the future:   Davis
 Gulch, (Elev. 8100 ft.,  precip. 18 in.) at
 the head  of  Parachute Creek  on the Roan
 Plateau  in  western  Colorado,  and  Sand
 Wash,  (Elev.  5100 ft., precip.  7  in.) in
 the salt desert,  shrub type,  southwest of
 Vernal,  Utah.  At  both sites a covering of
 at  least one foot of topsoil over  processed
 shale  increased  the  number   of  adapted
 plant  species and greatly reduced the need
 for  fertilizers.   Although  not as good as
 topsoil,  a  covering  of 2 to 3 inches of rock
 talus over  processed  shale  was superior to
 a   covering of  barley  straw.   At  Sand
 Wash,  drip  irrigation  during  the   first
 growing season enhanced plant survival on
 processed  shale;  but  where the  processed
 shale was  covered with at least one foot of
 soil,  survival  was about equal on irrigated
 and non-irrigated plots.  Use  of container-
 grown plants  can insure successful revege-
 tation of  arid  sites  where direct  seeding
 has failed.
3.4.3 Measurement and Monitoring

     Projects in this category include air,
surface  and  groundwater  monitoring  and
methodology  development,  instrumentation
development  and  identification  of wastes
and effluents.    Studies  are  being  con-
ducted  by  EPA's Environmental  Monitoring
and  Support  Laboratory  in  Las  Vegas
(EMSL-LV)   the  Region  VIII  office   in
Denver,  and  the Environmental Research
Laboratory  in Athens (ERL-Athens) cooper-
ating with USGS, DOE and NBS.
Oil Shale Site Meteorological Data  Analysis

     COM  Limnetics,  Wheat Ridge,   Colo-
rado,  purchased upper air meteorological
data  from the  National Climatic Center  in
Asheville,  North Carolina,  for the National
Weather  Station at Grand Junction,  Colo-
rado.  The  temperature,  wind  speed, and
wind   direction  data  collected  at  Grand
Junction,  Colorado,  has  been  compared
with   similar   data  obtained   near  the
Colorado  federal oil  shale  lease  tracts.
The representativeness of obtaining  upper
air data  for  15 days in the central portion
of  each  quarter has  been  determined;  a
report providing this  low  level radiosonde
monitoring   data   comparison   has   been
released.    This completed  project  was
sponsored  by  EPA  Region VIII,  Denver,
Colorado.
                                             27

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Air  Quality and Surface Wind Monitoring in
Colorado

     The Colorado Department of Health is
under  contract  to   EPA   Region VIII  to
install and operate air monitoring sites in
selected  areas  of  western   Colorado  to
collect baseline data prior to major expan-
sion   of   energy   activities.    Particulate
samples  from  the energy  area are  analyzed
for  nitrate  and  sulfate  content.    EPA
Region VIII  is  administering  this  project
with OEET  funds.   Term of the  contract is
from 1975 to 1980.   Data are available upon
request from  EPA Region VIII office.
Upper  Air  Meteorological  Data  Collection

     Aeromet,   Inc.,   Norman,   Oklahoma,
has   collected   upper  air  data  at  tract
U-a/U-b   from   June 1,   1976   through
October 30,  1977, and at  tract  C-b from
June  1,  1976 through  November  30,  1978.
Temperature,  wind  speed,  and  direction
versus  altitude  were  measured  via  pilot
balloons  and temperature  sondes.   Single
vs.   double  theodolite   evaluations  were
made.   Temperature  and  wind  data  were
used  to generate  stability-wind  rise data
on a  seasonal, annual,  and monthly basis.
These  data also  provided  mixing height
data.
Visibility   Monitoring  in  Piceance  Basin

     Instrumentation has been provided by
EPA Region VIII  to lessees of Tract  C-b
for measurement of  visibility.  A compre-
hensive  basin-wide  program  will  probably
begin  in  1980.   Visibility  data  are  also
being  gathered at Dinosaur  National Park.
Monitoring the Impact  of  Oil Shale Extrac-
tion on Groundwater Quality

     The  technical  objectives of this  proj-
ect  are  to develop  guidelines  for design
and implementation  of  groundwater quality
monitoring programs for oil  shale  develop-
ment considering both  surface  and in situ
retorts  in  Utah  and  Colorado.    These
objectives  will be accomplished  by  evaluat-
ing  the potential impact of oil shale opera-
tions on  groundwater   quality,  identifying
and ranking   potential pollution   sources,
assessing       alternative      monitoring
approaches,    and   recommending   cost-
effective   monitoring   methods.     Using
general monitoring  design methods devel-
oped by   Tempo  for  EPA,  currently the
monitoring needs are  being evaluated for
oil   shale  developments  as  proposed for
tracts  U-a, U-b,  C-a and  C-b.   With 1977
as  the initiation  of  this work the proposed
milestones  and   accomplishments  are   as
follows:

12  months  -  Complete inventory  of  poten-
     tial  pollution  sources  for  Utah-type
     (surface     retorting)     operation.
     Develop  priority  ranking  of sources
     for monitoring.  Complete compendium
     of  oil   shale  mining   and  retorting
     techniques.

24  months -  Complete  preliminary monitor-
     ing   design   report   for   Utah-type
     operation:

36  months -  Complete  preliminary monitor-
     ing  design  report  for Colorado-type
     (MIS) operation.

36-48  months -  Conduct  field testing and
     other  data   collection  and  analysis
     efforts  needed to finalize  monitoring
     recommendations.

54  months  -  Complete  monitoring  design
     guidelines for  MIS operations.


Energy   Related   Water   Monitoring  Data
Integration

     This  project  will study the  develop-
ment  of  the  most appropriate  monitoring
strategy  for  measuring and evaluating  air
and water  pollutants  resulting  from com-
mercial   scale   operations   of   advanced
energy  conversion  systems.    Monitoring
recommendations   will  be  provided  for  all
phases  in the  development  of  an  energy
project including site  selection,   construc-
tion,  operation,  close  down, and follow-up
monitoring.    The  technologies  of interest
are:   a)  fluidized bed  combustion;  b)
low-medium Btu coal gasification; c) in situ
coal gasification  and oil shale retorting; d)
surface oil  shale retorting,  and  e)  direct
and indirect coal liquefaction.

     Development   of  monitoring  recom-
mendations    includes   identification   of:
pollutants  likely  to be  discharged  or  to
escape into the  environment; optimal sam-
pling  procedures or criteria for  determin-
ing source;  most appropriate (in terms  of
sensitivity,  accuracy  and  cost)  laboratory
analysis methods; data handling and report-
ing methods;  and adequate  quality assur-
ance  on  all  portions  of  the   monitoring
program.    The   ultimate  recommendations
will contain advice on how to deal with site
specific   parameters,  such  as   complex
terrain and  geology.  To  date,  the first
two tasks are completed and the  third task
is  funded.

     Investigators   will prepare   a  report
containing  recommendations   on   optimal
monitoring systems for  each of  five  new
energy technologies.
                                             28

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Water Quality and Geochemistry of Shallow
Aquifers  of Piceance Creek,  Colorado

      The objective of this USGS program is
to  define  the variation of water chemistry
in  the  aquifers  of the Piceance basin and
its relationship  to  the soluble  minerals  of
the  Green   River  Formation.   A  digital
model  of  the  chemical  reactions  will  be
developed and  coupled  with the  existing
digital  model of  the aquifer  hydraulics,
and used  to  predict the  effects of oil shale
mine  dewatering  on water chemistry.

      Water quality samples will  be  collected
and analyzed from  the wells drilled in the
basin.  Samples  will also be collected  from
springs.   A  digital   model  of  the water
chemistry  will  be  developed and  coupled
with  the  existing groundwater  hydraulics
model.   The  chemical  data will  be used  to
calibrate   the   model.    Mine   dewatering
operations can then be simulated to predict
changes in the water chemistry  of  the  mine
discharge.

      The project began in July 1974.  The
initial interpretive phase of the  project was
completed  September  1978.  Monitoring  of
groundwater  quality has  been  in  progress
since 1974 and will continue throughout the
period  of oil  shale   development  on  the
prototype  lease  tracts.   In 1976,  a  two-
layer   two  dimensional   solute   transport
model of  the groundwater basin was  con-
structed  but could  not  be  properly  cali-
brated.   The invalid  assumption was  that
the  basin  was   primarily a two  aquifer
system   with  water   quality   differences
between each aquifer  but not  within  each
aquifer.   It  now  appears that  significant
concentration  changes  may  occur   with
depth within the aquifers  and that high
concentration  water  in  some   wells  and
springs is a  composite mixture  of  water  of
greatly   different  quality  rather  than  a
representative sample  of water quality  in
the aquifer as a whole.   In order to con-
sider   the  effects  of  the   concentration
variation  with  depth  in the  aquifers,  a
three-dimensional solute  transport  model  of
the basin was constructed.

     Continued work in 1977  with the finite
element solute transport model  has  shown
that  the  program  could  successfully solve
the flow equation representing the  Piceance
basin but could  not solve  the  correspond-
ing   solute  transport  equations.    As  a
result,  this  finite difference solute  trans-
port  model was   constructed and  success-
fully  calibrated  in  1978, using  equilibrium
groundwater   flow  and   dissolved  solids
concentration  data.

     The  model  has  been used  to  simulate
the effects of mine dewatering  and  resat-
 uration  on the groundwater quality in the
 basin.    Simulation  results  indicate  that
 enhanced  vertical movement of groundwater
 near pumping mines in  Tracts  C-a and C-b
 will  produce  a  zone   of  better  quality
 groundwater  in  the deeper aquifers  adja-
 cent to  each  mine.   The  effects of  spent
 oil   shale  leachate   in  an  abandoned and
 resaturated  mine in both  tracts  were also
 simulated.   Results indicate that  a  large
 zone of  degraded  groundwater quality will
 occur downgradient  of Tract  C-a,  while
 only a small zone occurs  near Tract C-b.
 The  proximity of  Piceance Creek to  the
 C-b  mine  causes groundwater of degraded
 quality  to move into  the stream  without
 affecting  large  areas  of  the  surrounding
 aquifer.    A  report,  "Hydrochemistry and
 Simulated  Solute  Transport  in  Piceance
 Basin,   Northwestern   Colorado,"    docu-
 menting  the  results of this  investigation
 has  been  prepared for open  file  release
 and publication  as  a U.S. Geological Sur-
 vey professional paper.
Water  Quality on  White  River,  Parachute
Creek and  Logan  Wash in Oil  Shale Areas
of Western Colorado

     The project objective is  to  inventory
the  water   resources  and   describe   the
hydrologic  system of  Parachute  and Roan
Creeks.

     Basic water data will be  collected on
streamflow,  sediment yields,  water quality,
spring  discharge,  and groundwater  poten-
tiometric levels.   The  data will be used to
document the existing hydrologic conditions
in Parachute  Creek and  Roan  Creek.  The
data  will  provide a  description  of   the
relationship   between  surface  water  and
groundwater  quantity  and  quality  in  the
study area.

     The project began in July 1974  and is
planned  to   continue  through  September
1980.    Four  continuous  record surface
water  stations and one  miscellaneous  sta-
tion  were  operated  in the  study area  at
the  start of  1976.   Two  of  these stations
are  equipped with   automatic suspended
sediment samplers  and two-parameter water
quality   monitors.   Water  quality samples
are  collected monthly  at  three sites,  and
sediment  samples are  collected monthly at
one  site.    In  addition,  twelve surface
water  stations are operated  by  industry.
Records  from these   stations  have  been
made  available  to  the  U.S.  Geological
Survey.   Later  in  1976,  Occidental   Oil

Shale,  Inc.,  gave permission  for the  use
of three  alluvial wells  in major  drainages
around  its in situ  operation.   Water levels
                                             29

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and  water  quality  samples are  being ob-
tained from these wells.  A deep core hole
near  Mount Callahan was also  provided by
Occidental,   permitting   water  levels  and
water  quality samples to be obtained  in the
upper and  lower  aquifers of  the  Green
River  formation.

     By  1977,  a new project in the Para-
chute  Creek basin  was funded  by the U.S.
Navy; the  objective is  to  inventory the
water  resources and describe  the  hydro-
logic  system  of the U.S. Naval  Oil  Shale
Reserve   No. 1.     Five   surface   water
gauges,  two  automatic  sediment  samplers,
three  precipitation gauges,  and one climate
station have been installed on the Reserve.
Data   from  this project  will   be used  to
supplement  the existing- program  for Para-
chute  and Roan Creeks.

     Monitoring  of   surface   water   and
groundwater  quality continued  in   1979.
Eight  surface water  gauging stations, four
automatic sampling  sediment stations,  and
five two-parameter monitoring  stations were
maintained  by  USGS.   Ten surface water
stations  were  maintained by   private  oil
companies.    Ten  deep   core  holes  were
drilled and  hydrologic  information collected
on  the  Naval  Oil  Shale  Reserve.   Four
private  oil  company core holes  were re-
worked  for  hydrologic  monitoring.    Two
production wells and ten observation  holes
were  installed  for  alluvial  aquifer  testing
in the Roan  Creek  basin.  Water  quality
samples  of  miscellaneous  sites  were  col-
lected for  35  springs  and  surface  water
sites  near  existing oil shale operations.  A
final  report on the investigation  is planned
for 1980  as  a  professional paper.
Surface  Water  Quality  Monitoring  Tech-
niques Assessment

     In 1975  EMSL-LV initiated a  program
designed to test and evaluate water quality
monitoring approaches  and  procedures for
application in surface  waters of the semi-
arid  oil shale  development  area.   A  one
year  field  effort  was completed in the fall
of 1976 in the  downstream reaches of the
White River  in  eastern Utah.   This effort
consisted  of  testing  a  number of  water
quality   monitoring  procedures  including
conventional  grab sampling methods,  por-
table in situ  automated water  sensors  and
samplers,  and  various  biological  sampling
approaches  and  methods.   Biological test-
ing waffooAntinued in the  middle and upper
reaches rof  the  White  River  throughput
1979.   Sample  analyses,   data  processing
and  report preparation are continuing  into
FY 80.
     To   date,   three   EPA   ORD  project
reports have been  published, and  several
technical  papers presented at various  EPA
and  non-EPA sponsored conferences.  Four
additional  EPA  ORD technical reports are
currently  in  preparation  and it is antici-
pated  that  final project reports  will  be
published by June 1981.

     The  intensive  macrobenthos sampling
effort  has  resulted  in  the  collection of
more than 1,200  samples  over a five year
period, approximately  75  percent of which
have been processed.  This represents the
most comprehensive  macrobenthos data base
in existence  for surface  waters  of the oil
shale development area.   Data represented
by  up to  40 replicates per site/per samp-
ling  date,  are available for the entire river
course  from  the  upstream   cold  water
reaches   near  Buford to  Asphalt Wash
downstream from the U-a/U-b tracts.   One
of  the most  significant  results  of  this
project was the  development  and validation
of a  highly efficient standardized technique
for sampling  macroinvertebrate communities
in stream  reaches characterized  by  heavy
sediment  loads  and  highly  variable water
levels.  Such reaches are  typically difficult
to sample  due  to the  unstable  nature of
the  substrate  and  the  low  densities of
benthic   animals.   This   technique,  the
Standardized  Travel Kick Method (STKM),
offers  a  highly versatile and  cost-effective
approach  for  sampling macrobenthic  com-
munities  exhibiting  highly variable  popu-
lations.

     Information  relative   to    chemical/
physical   monitoring  procedures   indicated
that  a time-stratified sampling regime  that
provides  for maximum sampling  intensity
during  periods  of  greatest   variability in
water  quality would improve  sampling  cost
efficiency.     Automated   in situ   water
quality sensors  utilized  in   this  program
proved inadequate for unattended operation
in remote  areas.  Fouling of sensors  and
associated  data  drift presented insurmount-
able  problems in the highly  turbid  down-
stream reaches  of the White  River.  D.C.
powered  automated water  samplers,  on the
other hand,  performed  satisfactorily during
ice-free periods.

     Biological aspects  of  this project were
accomplished  in part  by UNLV  biologists
under  EPA Contract No. 68-03-2619.
Identification   of   Components   of   Energy
Related Waste Effluents

     Two  contractors  have  worked  to
identify   components   of  energy-related
wastes and effluents.   The first contract,
performed  by  Research Triangle Institute,
                                             30

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Research  Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina,
has   been  completed.   Their  work  was
reported   in   EPA  Research  Report  No.
EPA-600/7-78-004,   January  1978.    The
second  contract  was  performed  by  Gulf
South  Research  Institute,  New  Orleans,
Louisiana, and was completed in  December
1979.

      Contract  work  was  divided  into two
phases.   Phase  A consisted of a state-of-
the-art   summary   to  determine   which
energy-related  solid  wastes  and  aqueous
effluents   had  already  been analyzed  so
that  pollutants  could  be   identified  and
measured.   Information  concerning   past
and  current relevant  projects was  summa-
rized  by both contractors.   These  reports
indicated  projects  on  analysis  of  samples
from  coal,  mines,  oil  refineries,  oil  shale
processors,  coal  fired  power  plants,  coal
liquefaction  and   coal  gasification.   The
summary  prepared  by Research  Triangle
Institute  was  included in  the EPA  report
mentioned above.   The report  was   pre-
pared by Gulf  South  Research  Institute
and   is available  as EPA Research  Report
No. 600/7-79-255.

      Phase B  of both  contracts  consisted
of selecting  sampling  sites,  and  collecting
and analyzing  samples.  Analysis of samples
for all elements except mercury  was  per-
formed by spark source mass spectrometry.
Mercury  determinations  were  carried out
using the  cold  vapor  atomic  absorption
technique.   Organic   compounds   in  the
samples    were    identified   by    gas
chromatography-mass  spectrometry.   Vola-
tile  organic  compounds  were  determined
using purge-and-trap  techniques.   Semi-
volatile organic compounds  were  extracted
with  methylene  chloride,  once  at  a  high
sample  pH and once  at a low sample pH.
Organic  compounds identified were  quanti-
fied  using molar  response ratios.   Six oil
shale  process  effluent samples were  col-
lected  at the  Anvil  Points site,   Rifle,
Colorado,  and are being  analyzed  at  Gulf
South Research Institute.

     This  work  is   being   sponsored  by
EPA's Environmental  Research  Laboratory
at Athens, Georgia.


Characterization of Dirty Aqueous  Effluents
from  Energy  Related  Wastes  &  Effluents

     This  project,   initiated late  in  FY
1978,  is also being conducted at Iowa  State
University.  The focus of  this study  is on
developing procedures  for the characteriza-
tion and measurement  of potentially hazard-
ous constituents in dirty aqueous effluents.
     Samples  of  "typical"  effluents  have
been obtained from pilot and  demonstration
scale facilities now  in  operation.  Attempts
have been  made  to modify  existing  tech-
niques  and to  develop new techniques  for
isolating  organic  contaminants  from  these
effluents.   Work  has begun  on procedures
for  separating   sample  components   into
fractions  containing  species   with  similar
chemical  properties.   Procedures  for  the
routine   determination   of   priority  con-
taminants  are  being  refined,  and   capa-
bilities  for  performing microassays  have
been expanded.

     Isolation and separation  protocols  are
being  finalized.   Routine  monitoring  pro-
cedures  have  been   applied  to  samples
taken  from operating  facilities.   Bioassay
procedures  are being used to  apply  separa-
tion and  characterization  efforts to  those
sample  components  posing   the  greatest
potential threat to the  environment.

     Developed    procedures   are    being
tested  on  real  samples.   Attempts  are
being made to  identify or characterize all
major components  and  all  components which
might   have   an   adverse   environmental
effect.
Study  of  Raw   Materials,  Products  and
Residues  of  Coal  Conversion and Oil  Shale
Processes  for Possible  SRM's:  Oil  Shale

     The   purpose  of  this  project  is  to
evaluate  the  feasibility   of  certifying  a
number of the  chemical constituents  of an
oil  shale   as Standard Reference  Material
(SRM).

     Several years  ago, NBS conducted a
workshop  on the needs  for Standard Refer-
ence  Materials  for oil  shale  processing.
Subsequently,  NBS  conducted  preliminary
analyses   on   inorganics   and  organics
present in oil shale.

     Analyses  of  oil  shale  by  neutron
activation  for elements  having intermediate
and  long-lived neutron  irradiation products
allowed detection  and concentration  estima-
tions  for  approximately  thirty elements,
ranging from 1.8% (Fe) to  0.30  (Ta) |jg/g.
The  estimated uncertainties in the concen-
tration  values ranged  from  5  to  10  per-
cent.

     High  resolution  gas  chromatography
was   conducted    using   glass   capillary
columns.   Extracts  of  oil  shale analyzed
with  or  without  60Co-irradiation steriliza-
tion  of the  oil  shale gave identical chro-
matograms.     Evaluation     of     organic
extraction  efficiency is  needed to quantify
organics present in the oil shale.   Related
                                             31

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 work  on organic  extraction efficiencies is
 currently  underway  for  quantification  of
 organics on an urban air  particulate  certi-
 fied  for  trace  inorganics  (SRM  1648).

     A Summary Report on Oil Shale Acti-
 vities  at NBS  has  been  prepared.   This
 report   recommends  the   development  of
 measurements,   methods,   and   Standard
 Reference  Materials for oil  shale  process-
 ing.
Western   Energy-Related   Regional   Air
Quality Monitoring

     The Western Energy-Related  Regional
Air   Quality  Monitoring   Program  which
started  in  FY  75  has  .evolved  into  the
Visibility  Investigative  Experiment  in  the
West  (VIEW).   The  study  area  for  the
former program  consisted of  eight western
states  (Arizona,  Colorado,  Montana,  New
Mexico,   North   Dakota,   South  Dakota,
Utah,   and   Wyoming)   where   proposed
energy  developments  are intensive.  The
program consisted of a number of individ-
ual  projects  including  a  28-station  par-
ticulate  monitoring  network  in the  Four
Corners area, a  sulfate/nitrate monitoring
network,   an  instrumented  aircraft  flown
primarily  over Arizona  and  Utah,  and  a
visibility  monitoring station.   Reports and
other  publications describing  the results of
these  projects are  (or will shortly become)
available.   One task of special interest was
the  incorporation  of air quality data  col-
lected  at the three Federal oil  shale leases
into  EPA's  national air  quality data  base
(SAROAD).

     The new program  is a development of
the  visibility  and particulate characteriza-
tion  projects  of  the former  program.    Of
primary interest  to the  VIEW  program  is
the  impact  of energy-related air  polluting
sources   on  visibility.    The   program
includes a  visibility monitoring network  of
about  twenty  locations and a fine  particu-
late   monitoring   network  at  over  forty
locations.   The study area is generally the
same as for  the previous  program.   Several
of the visibility monitoring and  fine partic-
ulate characterization network sites  are  in
the  oil shale  resource area.   The  objec-
tives  of  the  program  are  to   establish
present  visibility  levels  and  trends,  to
develop and test  monitoring techniques,  to
determine   the  relative  contributions  of
various sources  to  visibility and to  estab-
lish  the relationship between quantitative
visibility  measures  and  human  perception
of degraded  visibility.   The  program  is  a
joint effort of the Environmental Protection
Agency, the  National Park Service and the
Bureau of  Land  Management.   Information
from this research  is being used to formu-
late  a  visibility  protection  strategy  for
designated   federal  Class   I   areas   as
required  by Congress in the  Clean Air  Act
of 1977.
Air  and  Water  Monitoring  Guidelines  for
Advanced  Coal Conversion  and Combustion
Plants

     The   objective  of  this  project  is  to
develop   ambient    multimedia   monitoring
guidelines  for commercial scale  coal and  oil
shale conversion facilities.

     Because of significant process differ-
ences  between  the various combustion and
conversion  technologies,  each requires  an
individually   designed  ambient  monitoring
strategy to  evaluate effects on  air,  land
and  water  resources.

     Five  separate  areas are  considered:
four related to coal conversion or combus-
tion  and one to oil shale.  The latter is  to
concentrate   on  in situ   and/or  modified
in situ  processes.   Development  of  the
monitoring   guidelines  will  be  based   on
existing  environmental  and  pollutant  data
from test  units,  pilot facilities,  and foreign
commercial operations.  Engineering projec-
tions will  be  used  when physical  data  is
nonexistent.   For  each technology a guid-
ance document will be produced containing
an identification and a  ranking for prob-
able  pollutants, recommendations  for  and
descriptions   of  sampling procedures  and
design,  sample  analysis  methods,   data
interpretation  and  evaluation procedures,
data handling and  processing methods and
basic  reporting recommendations,  and   a
recommended basic  outline  of  a  quality
assurance  program covering all  aspects  of
sampling,     sample   handling,   laboratory
analysis and data management.

     The initial product from the contract,
a draft report on  monitoring guidelines for
fluidized  bed  coal  combustion,  was  sub-
mitted  to  EPA in October, 1979 and is now
in technical  review.  The guideline docu-
ment  for  in situ  or  modified  in situ   oil
shale is  projected  for  Spring  1981  publi-
cation .
Surface  Water  Quality  Monitoring  in  Oil
Shale Development Areas

     This project's  technical objectives  are
to monitor  the water  quality  in oil  shale
development  areas  not  adequately covered
by other monitoring programs.
                                              32

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 Ground Water Research Program

      A  major  problem facing  the  oil shale
 industry  is  measuring   its   impact   on
 groundwater resources.   Many investiga-
 tions  by  government agencies, consulting
 firms  and the  oil shale  industry predict
 that  one  in situ  oil  shale  operation  will
 physically affect over  100 square  miles of
 groundwater.   Although  physical  measure-
 ments   have   been   estimated,   potential
 chemical  changes   have   been   largely
 ignored.   Long   term  groundwater   con-
 tamination  from   oil   shale  operations  is
 possible.   Because groundwater and  sur-
 face  water,  associated  with major  oil shale
 reserves,  are closely related, physical  or
 chemical alterations  of one  will affect  the
 other.    However,  predictions  based   on
 specific  mineralogical  and  water  quality
 data  should  quantify groundwater quality
 variations  associated  with  the  oil  shale
 industry.

     In  association with an in  situ oil shale
 retorting  operation,  sample  wells  will  be
 drilled   and  cores collected  for  mineralogy
 and ground  water quality determinations.
 Backflood   water   quality  (organic  and
 inorganic)  will  be determined as  well  as
 egress   aquifer mineralogy and  absorptive
 capacity  for  backflood  pollutants.   The
 impact  of  the  oil shale industry on ground
 water  and related surface water resources
 will be  assessed.

     The  results  of  these   projects  will
 provide  local  and state  governments,  the
 oil  shale industrial community  and  involved
 federal agencies with information on impor-
 tant groundwater quality variations related
 to  oil   shale  recovery.   Research,  con-
 ducted   by  grants,  contracts, and inter-
 agency   agreements,   will   1) determine
 priority organic  and  inorganic pollutants
 having  a potential impact on ground water,
 2)  determine  the  effectiveness  of  aquifer
 mineralogy  in  absorbing  priority  pollu-
 tants,  3)  consider aquifer dispersion and
 mineralogical  absorption,  and  4)  define
 area of  influence and significance of pollu-
 tants'  migration  from retorting operations.


 Adaption of Advanced Groundwater Monitor-
 ing   Methodology  to   In Situ  Oil   Shale
 Retorting

     Coal  mining and the  development  of
 the immense  reserves of  oil  shale in the
 semi-arid  West  pose  major   problems   of
 groundwater pollution.  Of special concern
 is the disposal of large  amounts of spent
oil  shale  which  contain  significant  quan-
 tities   of  hazardous  organic  substances.
An   optimized   anticipatory   groundwater
monitoring  methodology  for  coal  and  oil
 shale  sites is needed because  it is impos-
 sible  to  clean  up  an aquifer  once it  has
 been contaminated.

     The groundwater monitoring approach
 developed  with  earlier  funding   by  GE
 Tempo (and  accepted  as official   ground-
 water   monitoring   methodology  by  New
 Mexico and other states) is being  adapted
 to  the  unique   problems of  groundwater
 contamination associated  with  coal  and  oil
 shale   resources.    This  methodology  is
 anticipatory  in  the  sense that it determines
 contamination originating from a source and
 traveling  through   the   unsaturated  zone
 long   before  it  reaches the   water table
 (saturated  zone).    Conventional   ground-
 water  monitoring techniques  focus  on  the
 saturated zone only.

     Three areas  (two  for oil shale and
 one   for   strip   coal  mining)   are  being
 studied for the background conditions that
 will  determine how  the generalized  monitor-
 ing methodology can  be adapted as  specific
 monitoring  guidelines for  these   energy-
 related   situations.      The    foundation
 studies  mining  practices,  hydrology and
 geology,  identification of pollutants, pollu-
 tion sources,  and pollutant infiltration and
 mobility in the  subsurface.   In addition,
 information on design and cost of  monitor-
 ing   installations   and   appropriate  data
 management   systems  will  be   developed.
 Preliminary   designs   of   cost-effective,
 step-by-step  monitoring  methods for speci-
 fic  sources will  then be made.

     Output/Rationale:   The   groundwater
 monitoring methodology  developed   by this
 effort  will be presented  in the form  of a
 computer  program.    EPA Region VIII has
 expressed interest  in this approach.  The
 computer  is  accessible  by phone  hookup
with   an  easily  portable terminal.   The
 systems program  will operate  as an expert
panel,  asking the user a  series of  increas-
ingly more  specific  questions.   The  user,
in turn,  will interact with the computer,
introducing site-specific  data  which will be
integrated into a monitoring plan.

     The   preliminary monitoring   designs
for  the test areas will require field valida-
tion  and  fine tuning before a final  design
can be acceptable.  Similarly, the systema-
tized  version of  the methodology  for coal
strip   mining  will  need  field  verification.
                                              33

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3.4.4 Environmental Transport

The Mineralogy  of Overburden  as Related
to  Groundwater  Chemical Changes in Strip
Mining  of  Coal,  In Situ Coal  Gasification
and In  Situ Oil Shale Retorting

     Investigators for this  project propose
to develop a method for  predicting ground-
water   quality  variations   associated  with
coal strip mining,  in  situ  coal gasification
and in situ  oil  shale  retorting  to protect
the  quality of groundwater associated with
energy  production.

     Cores  from  coal  strip mining and in
situ coal  gasification  and  retorting were
recovered from  the surface down through
the  energy bearing resource.   Wells were
drilled,  cored  and sampled  up  gradient,
within,  and down gradient  from the energy
bearing  resource.   X-ray  diffraction  and
X-ray  fluorescence analyses  were used to
establish   the  mineralogy  of  the  cores.
Standard   field  and  laboratory  analytical
methods  were   used  to determine   water
composition.   Water  quality associated with
detailed   mineralogy   was  then   studied.
Factor analysis,  thermodynamic calculations
and graphical  methods were used  to inter-
pret the data.

     This  project  has  successfully  devel-
oped a  technology  capable  of  predicting
groundwater  chemical   changes  resulting
from energy production.
Sorption   Properties  of   Sediments   and
Energy Related Pollutants

     Literature  has  been  reviewed   and
laboratory  investigations  have  been  con-
ducted  to   determine  the  strength   and
extent of energy  related  organic  pollutant
sorption  by   soils  and  sediments.    Key
variables  controlling   sorption   processes
have   been  identified  and expressed  in
equations suitable for estimating partition-
ing  behavior.   Identifying the  range of
possible   sorption   behavior expected  for
energy-related   pollutants   in   soils   and
sediments has provided a  means  for  esti-
mating   partition  coefficients   in   a  wide
variety of similar systems without  addition-
al  measurements.

     The approach  involved an  extensive
literature review,  published as  a separate
report,  followed by a series of laboratory
measurements which concentrated  on vari-
ables expected  to  be important in predict-
ing   sorption   behavior.   Measurements
included solubility,  octanol/water  partition
coefficients  and adsorption isotherms for 14
compounds on a set of 13 carefully selected
and   characterized  sediments.    Particular
emphasis was placed  on  correlating  com-
pound solubility and octanol/water partition
coefficients with  sorption  behavior on the
sediments.   Organic carbon content of the
sediments  was  the property most  directly
related  to  their  sorption   behavior.   Test
compounds  were  selected  to  represent the
predominant classes of pollutants associated
with  coal  mining  and processing  activity.
Sediments   with  wide  ranges  of  organic
carbon content,  particle  size  distribution,
and  clay mineralogy were chosen.

     Major  accomplishments to date include
a  literature  review  published  in  August
1979 and several papers dealing with sorp-
tion   behavior  of  individual  compounds.
The  draft  final  report has been  submitted
and  is presently under  review.  The most
important  results  are predictive  equations
which   give  the   sorption  behavior  as  a
function  of  either  solubility  or  octanol/
water  partition  coefficients.
Regional  and  Stratographic  Variations  of
Oil Shale Mineralogy in Piceance  and Uinta
Basins

     The  existence   of   any   significant
regional  mineralogical  variations  will  be
determined  in  this  project,  as well  as
potential  leachate  problems associated with
oil  shale ash,  char  and  unaltered shale.

     Following  in  situ  oil  shale  retorting
operations,  new mineralogical surfaces will
be   exposed  and   available  for  leaching
groundwater which will reenter the retort.
The unanswered environmental question is:
What is  the quality, quantity, and regional
significance  of  oil shale  leachates   from
abandoned retorts?

     Cores  from  the  Piceance  Basin  have
been collected  for  mineralogical examina-
tion.  Oil shale  samples,  including  shale
ash,  char,  and  unaltered shale from  an
in situ  oil shale retort have been obtained
for  mineralogical  examination and leachate
quality  and correlation studies.
Potential  Air Pollution Effects of Oil Shale
Activities in Piceance Basin

     In response  to  Region VIII's request,
the  Energy  and  Air Division  of  OEPER
initiated  a   major  effort  to  study  the
potential  air  pollution effects  of increased
oil   shale  extraction  activities  in   the
Piceance  Creek  Basin, western  Colorado.

     The  study will encompass:

     1)   Review  and  analysis  of meteoro-
          logical   and  air   quality   data
          previously obtained for the area.
                                              34

-------
      2)   Identification  and   characteriza-
           tion  of  primary  (emitted)  and
           secondary    (transformed)   air
           pollutants that may  be detrimen-
           tal  to  health,   terrestrial  and
           aquatic  life and to  visibility of
           Federal  Class I Areas.

      3)   Modeling of the transport, trans-
           formation  and dispersion  of  the
           primary  and secondary pollutants
           from   the  source(s)   to   the
           environment.

      The  study will be  undertaken by  the
 Pacific Northwest  Laboratory,  Dr.  Ronald
 Drake,  Principal  Investigator,   under  an
 existing EPA/DOE  Interagency Agreement.
 3.5 End Use

 Advanced  Combustion  Systems for Station-
 ary Gas Turbine  Engines

      The  purpose  of  this  project  was  to
 eliminate the  need  of  water injection  for
 NOx control while burning clean liquid and
 gaseous fuels  and to develop control tech-
 nology for GT's which  may be required  to
 burn high nitrogen fuels such as petroleum
 residue,  shale oil  or  coal  derived  liquid
 fuels.

     The  contract  was  divided into four
 phases.   The  first  phase compiled a series
 of  combustor  design  concepts  which  had
 potential for meeting program goals.  That
 effort  was  completed   in  mid-1976.   The
 second phase  of  the program provided for
 bench  scale   evaluation of  the  concepts
 identified  in  Phase  1.   That effort, com-
 pleted  in  early 1978,   identified  a  staged
 combustion concept  called the "Rich  Burn/
 Quick  Quench"  (RBQQ)  combustor  and
 showed  that NOX emission  40 to 50% below
 the   New   Source   performance   standard
 could be achieved on both clean fuels and
 high  nitrogen  liquids.   Phase III  provided
 for  scale-up  of the technology  to  a size
 commensurate  with   a  single can  from  a
 multican-25 MW electric machine.  Phase  III
 was completed  in  1978.   Phase  IV,  com-
 pleted in October,  1979, provided for full
 scale experimental evaluation of the  RBQQ
 combustor.   NOx  emissions of 65 ppm were
recorded for  the  combustion of a 0.46%  N
residual  shale  oil and  80 ppm for a 1%  N
 SRCII  fuel.   NSPS  for  both fuels  is 125
ppm.
 Development and Optimization  of Low  NO
 Burner  Designs for  Heavy  Liquid  Fuel
 Fired  Package Boilers

     Project investigators  plan  to develop
 low  NOX   burner  technology  for  heavy
 liquid  fuel fired package  boilers.   Speci-
 fically, NOX levels  below 150 ppm for both
 firetube  and  watertube  applications  are
 sought.

     The  overall purpose of this project  is
 to  identify  liquid  fuel  characteristics  of
 NOX control potential  and  to  optimize low
 NOX burners  for future  field  application
 for boilers of  both  firetube and watertube
 design.

     This   program  involves   pilot   scale
 testing at  three scales.   In  the  smallest
 scale  (100,000 Btu/hr  heat input) a spec-
 trum  of liquid  fuels (petroleum, coal  and
 shale  derived) have been screened under a
 spectrum    of    combustion    conditions.
 Results show that for  "normal" combustion
 conditions   NOX  increases   almost  linearly
 with fuel  bound nitrogen  content.   NO
 levels  exceeding  2000  ppm were  measurec-
 while  burning  a 2.4%  N shale  oil.   Those
 high   NO    levels  can  be   significantly
 reduced  through staged combustion.   For
 the same  2.4% N shale oil  staging  reduced
 the NOX to approximately  200  ppm.   Fur-
ther testing now indicates  that  even fur-
ther reductions  (approaching 100 ppm) may
be possible.  Larger scale testing (3.5  and
10 x  106  Btu/hr)  are planned to incor-
porate   the information  learned  in  small
scale  to  a practical new  burner  design.
                                            35

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FIGURE 7.   EXPERIMENTAL IN SITU OIL SHALE RETORT
 (Courtesy of the Technical  Information Division, University of California
  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory)
                                    36

-------
CO
                                                               In Situ
                FIGURE 8.  DIAGRAM SHOWS  DETAILS OF THE IN SITU OIL SHALE EXTRACTION METHOD

-------
                                           SPent Shale P,|e
                                                  Above  Ground
FIGURE 9.   DIAGRAM SHOWS DETAILS OF THE ABOVE GROUND OIL SHALE EXTRACTION METHOD

-------
                 Title
EPA Contact
TABLE 1.  PROGRAM STATUS SUMMARY


   Duration    Contractor       FY 79
FY 80     Total FY 79/80
Remarks
CO
to
OVERALL ASSESSMENTS
Environmental Perspective on
the Emerging Oil Shale Industry
EPA/Industry Forum
Who's Who in Oil Shale
Oil Shale Symposium: Sampling,
Analysis and Quality Assurance
EXTRACTION AND HANDLING
Develop Recommendations ,
Guidelines, and Criteria for
Re vegetation of Oil Shale
Spoils on Semi -Arid Lands
Water Quality Hydrology
Affected by Oil Shale
Development
Vegetative Stabilization of
Spent Oil Shale
Laboratory Study of the Leach-
ing Permeability of Spent Oil
Shale
Trace Element Analysis on
Cores from the Naval Oil Shale
Reserves
Leaching Characteristics of
Raw Surface Stored Oil Shale
Field Leaching Study of Raw
Mined Oil Shale
E. Bates
(513) 684-4417
K. Jakobson -79
(202) 755-2737
W. McCarthy -79
(202) 472-9444
P. Mills -79
(513) 684-4216
R. D. Hill 75-81
(513) 684-4410
E. F. Harris 75-80
(513) 684-4417
E. Bates 75-81
(513) 684-4417
E. Bates 80-82
(513) 684-4417
E. Bates 78-80
(513) 684-4417
E. Bates 78-80
(513) 684-4417
E. Bates 80-83
(513) 684-4417
OSRG 121,000 70,000 191,000
Geoenergy 73,000 0 73,000
Corporation
DRI 15,000 0 15,000
DRI 22,000 0 2^000
231,000 70,000 301,000
USD A 100,000 100,000 200,000
CSU 26,000 0 26,000
CSU 44,000 40,000 84,000
CSU 0 92,000 92,000
LBL 000
CSU 0 57,000 57,000
CSU 0 67,000 67,000




Pass through--
USDA



EPA Pass through
funds to DOE



-------
TABLE 1 (cont.)
Title
Air Emissions from Old In Situ
Oil Shale Sites
Process Oil Shale Reclama-
tion — Davis Gulch Study
PROCESSING
Environmental Characterization
of Geokinetics1 In Situ Oil
Shale Retorting Technology
Assessment of Oil Shale Waste-
water Treatment and Control
Technology
Air Pollution Investigations of
Oil Shale Retorting: In Situ
and Surface
H2S/S02 Control Technology
Study for Oil Shale Effluents
Analytical Methods Manual for
Oil Shale Effluents
Overview of the Environmental
Problems of Oil Shale
Development
Distribution of As, Cd, Hg, Pb,
Sb, and Se During In Situ Oil
Shale Retorting
Portable Zeeman Atomic Absorp-
tion Mercury Monitor
Pollution Control Guidance
Document for Oil Shale
EPA Contact
E. Bates
(513) 684-4417
E. Bates
(513) 684-4417
T. Powers
(513) 684-4363
W. Liberick
(513) 684-4363
R. Thurnau
(513) 684-4363
R. Thurnau
(513) 684-4363
R. Thurnau
(513) 684-4363
R. Thurnau
(513) 684-4363
P. Mills
(513) 684-4216
P. Mills
(513) 684-4216
E. Bates
(513) 684-4417
Duration
-80
80-85
79-80
79-82
-81
-81
79-82
79-80
78-79
79-80
-81
Contractor
SAI
Colony
Monsanto
Monsanto
Monsanto
Monsanto
DRI
DRI
LBL
LBL
DRI
FY 79
18,000
0
188,000
120,000
330,000
280,000
97,000
150,000
100,000
109,000
52,000
0

FY 80
0
350.000
706,000
0
400,000
427,000
82,000
121,000
152,000
190,000
0
639,000

Total FY 79/80 Remarks
18,000
350,000
894,000
120,000
730,000
707,000
179,000
271,000
252,000
299,000
52,000
639,000

                                                                             $1,238,000   $2,011,000   $3,249,000

-------
TABLE 1 (cont.)

             Title
EPA Contact
Duration    Contractor
                FY 79
             FY 80
Total FY 79/80
Remarks
ENERGY RELATED PROCESSES AND EFFECTS
Health Effects
Repository for Alternate Energy
Source Material for Toxicity
Testing
Morphological Variants in
Damaged Sperm
D. Coffin 77-79 ORNL
(919) 541-2585
D. Smith 75-80 LLL
(301) 353-3682
207,500 0 207,500 Pass through
funds to DOE
60,000 60,000 120,000 Pass through
funds to DOE
 Detection  of Early Changes  in     D.  Smith
 Lung Cell  Cytology by Flow  Sys-   (301)  353-3682
 terns Analysis Techniques
 Biological  Screening Study of
 Shale Oil and H-Coal Liquefac-
 tion Operations

 Detection of Oil Shale Related
 Mutagens Using Human Cell Cul-
 tures

 In Vivo Screening for Gene
 Mutation in Mouse Germ and
 Somatic Cells
 C.  Nauraan
 (202) 426-3974
 C.  Nauman
 (202) 426-3974
 D. Smith
 (301) 353-3681
 The Carcinogenic Effects of      P. Schambra
 Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Selec- (919) 541-3467
 ted Marine Estuarine Organisms
 Quantitative Mutagenesis
 Testing in Mammalian Culture
 Systems
 D. Smith
 (301) 353-3681
 Development of Cytochemical      D. Smith
 Markers for Cell Transformation  (301) 353-3681
 and Carcinogenesis
 Analysis of the Effects of
 Energy-Related Toxic Materials
 to Karyotype Stability in
 Mammalian Cells
 D. Smith
 (301) 353-3681
                     76-
  76-
  76-
             LASL
  79-81      ORNL
  79-82      LASL
ORNL
  76-80      LLL
                      76-80      LLL
LASL
                 50,000       50,000       100,000
                200,000      200,000      400,000
                200,000      200,000      400,000
150,000      150,000      300,000
                        -79      U. of Wash.      45,000
                                                0       45,000
                 75,000       75,000      150,000
                             135,000      135,000      270,000
 50,000       50,000      100,000
                                        Pass through
                                        funds to DOE
                                        Pass through
                                        funds to DOE
                                                        Pass through
                                                        funds to DOE

-------
 TABLE 1 (cont.)

              Title
 EPA Contact
                                                      Duration    Contractor
                                                  FY 79
                                                                                                FY 80     Total FY 79/80     Remarks
Effects of Products of Coal and D. Smith 76- LASL 50 000 50 000 inn nnn
Oil Shale Conversion on Cell (301) 353-3681 ' w.wuu iuu,uuu
Cycle Kinetics and Chromosome
Structure
Mutageni city Assay of Frac- D. Smith 75- ORNL 135000 IvTnnn 9?n nnn
tionated Coal Conversion and (301) 353-3681 1^,000 135,000 270,000
Oil Shale In Situ Retorting
Products
The Quantitative Evaluation of D. Smith 76- BNL *,n nnn n en nnn
Hazardous Chemicals Using a (301) 353-3681 '
Closed Aquatic Test System
The Interaction of Chemical J. Bend 77- NIEHS-RTP 0 n n
Agents Present in Oil Shale (919) 541-3205
with Biological Systems
^nhe^fcei/Ss6"1 ooiHsVaesi 76' °RNL 60'000 6M°° 120'000
Development of an In Vitro D. Smith 76- UCLA School 150,000 150 000 300 000
Assay for Cocarcmogens (301) 353-3681 of Medicine -^u.uuu juu.uuu
of Coal/Oil Shale Derivatives neaicine
Influence of Diet on the Gas- C. Nauman -80 U of Tenn 77 firm 77 nnn ISA nnn
trointestinal Ah<;nrnti™i »r on PI ASC 107-1 ''juuu //.OOO 154,000
Energy-Related Metallic
Pollutants $1,694,500 $1,392,000 $3,086,500
Ecological Effects
*ss£ Rtiisftoifl. fcusiir 76'80 "•of*°- 5o'oo° 5o'oo° ioo'oo°
cation and Oil Shale Mininn rpift'i 797-fifiQ?
Pass through
funds to DOE
Pass through
funds to DOE
"
Pass through
funds to NIEHS
Pass through
funds to DOE


Pass through
funds to DOE
and Processing on the Aquatic
Environment

Chemical and Biological Char-
acterization of Oil Shale
Processing & Coal Conversion
L. Mueller
(218) 727-6692
529
76-80      CSU
134,607      157,520      292,127

-------
TABLE 1 (cont.)
             Title
EPA Contact
Duration    Contractor
FY 79
FY 80
Total FY 79/80
Remarks
Concentration of Well Waters
from an Oil Shale Retorting
Site for Biological Testing
Biological Guidelines for
Integrated Environmental
Monitoring for Mined Lands
Developmental Markers and
Reproductive Damage
Develop Markers Reproductive-
Teratological Damage
Develop Guidelines and Criteria
for Use of Non-Mine Wastes
as Soil Amendments on Oil Shale
Measurement and Monitoring
Oil Shale Site Meteorological
Data Analysis
Air Quality and Surface Wind
Monitoring in Colorado
Upper Ai r Meteorol ogi cal
Data Collection
Visibility Monitoring in
Piceance Basin
Monitoring the Impact of
Oil Shale Extraction on
Groundwater Quality
Energy Related Water Monitoring
Data Integration
Water Quality and Geochemistry
of Shallow Aquifers of Piceance
P. Mills
(513) 684-4216
H. Quinn
(202) 653-5223
C. Nauman
(202) 426-3974
C. Nauman
(202) 426-3974
R.D. Hill
(513) 684-4216
T. Thoem
(303) 837-5914
T. Thoem
(303) 837-5914
T. Thoem
(303) 837-5914
T. Thoem
(303) 837-5914
L. McMillion
(702) 736-2969
L. McMillion
(702) 736-2969
F. Kilpatrick
(703) 860-6846
-79
80-82
79-81
79-81
-79
--
-80
-80
-79
-80
-81
-79
Monsanto
USFWS
ORNL
ORNL
USDA
Forest
Service $
COM Limnetics
CDH
Aeromet
OXY
GE Tempo
Dal ton, Dal ton
Newport, Inc.
USGS
98,000
150,000
289,000
67,000
24,000
812,607
0
ID ,000
25,000
0
150,000
300,000
0
0
150,000
300,000
67,000
0
$ 724,520
0
0
25,000
0
130,000
130,000
0
98,000
300,000
589,000
134,000
24,000
$1,537,127
0
10,000
50,000
0
280,000
430,000
0

Pass through
funds to DOE
Pass through
funds to DOE
ii







Pass through
funds to USGS
 Creek, Colorado

-------
TABLE 1 (cont.)
             Title
EPA Contact
                                                     Duration    Contractor
                                                 FY 79
FY 80     Total FY 79/80     Remarks
Water Quality Monitoring on
White River, Parachute Creek &
Logan Wash in Oil Shale Areas
of Western Colorado
Surface Water Quality Moni-
toring Techniques Assessment
Identification of Components
of Energy- Related Waste and
Effluents
Characterization of Dirty
Aqueous Effluents from Energy
Related Wastes & Effluents
Study of Raw Materials,
Products and Residues of Coal
Conversion and Oil Shale
Processes for Possible SRM's:
Oil Shale
Western Energy Related
Regional Air Quality
Monitoring
Air & Water Monitoring Guide-
lines for Advanced Coal Con-
version & Combustion Plants
Surface Water Quality Moni-
toring in Oil Shale Develop-
ment Areas
Ground Water Research
Program

Adaption of Advanced Ground-
water Monitoring Methodology
to In Situ Oil Shale Retorting
F. Kilpatrick -79 USGS 0 00
(703) 860-6846


W. Kinney -80 EMSL-LV 85,000 47,000 132,000
(702) 736-2969 x353
A. Alford 78-79 GSRI 000
(404) 546-3525

G. Goldstein 78-81 Iowa St. U. 112,000 0 112 000
(301) 353-5348

C. Gravatt 75-79 NBS 115,000 0 115,000
(301) 921-3775



D.N. McNeils 79-84 EMSL-LV 000
(702) 736-2960

R. Bateman 78-80 Dalton, Dalton 200,000 70,000 270 000
(702) 736-2969 Newport, Inc.

R. Brennan -80 USGS-WRD 8,900 11,553 20 453
(303) 234-3487

R. Newport 79-82 — 300,000 300,000 600,000
(405) 332-8800

L. McMillion -82 GE Tempo 0 250,000 250,000
(702) 736-2964
$1,305,900 $963,553 $2,269,453
Pass through
funds to USGS







Pass through
funds to DOE

Pass through
funds to NBS









Pass through
funds to USGS

Pass through
funds to DOE
and various
contractors


-------
TABLE 1 (cont.)

             Title
                                 EPA Contact
Duration    Contractor
                FY 79
            FY 80
         Total FY 79/80
                                                                                                                            Remarks
                                 R. Newport
                                 (405)  332-8800
Environmental  Transport

The Mineralogy of Overburden
as Related to Groundwater
Chemical Changes in Strip
Mining of Coal, In Situ Coal
Gasification and Oil Shale
Retorti ng
 Sorption Properties of Sedi-     D.  Brown
 ments and Energy-Related Pollu-  (404) 546-3592
 tants
 Regional and Stratographic
 Variations of Oil Shale
 Mineralogy in Piceance
 and Uinta Basins

 Potential Air Pollution
 Effects of Oil Shale Acti-
 vities  in the Piceance Basin

 END USE
                                  R.  Newport
                                  (405) 332-8800
                                  D. Golomb
                                  (202) 426-0264
  Emission & Process Water Moni-   W.  McCarthy
  toring During Oil Shale  Refining (202)  472-9444
  Advanced Combustion Systems
  for Stationary Gas Turbine
  Engines

  Development and Optimization
  of Low NO  Burner Designs for
  Heavy Liquid Fuel Fired Package
  Boilers
                                  W. Lanier
                                  (919) 541-2432
                                  W.  Lanier
                                  (919) 541-2432
   -79      CSMRI
                                                         -79
    -79
    -79
    -80
             U.  of  111.
CSMRI
  80-82      PNL
                                                         -78      Navy
                170,000
75,581
 Pratt & Whit-
 ney Aircraft


 EERC
26,850
 52,500
                  0       170,000
                      0      200,000
24,000
              75,581
                          200.000
                                                                               $  245,581     $200,000    $  445,581
             26,850
76,500
                                                        Project com-
                                                        pleted in 12-79
                                                                     Pass through
                                                                     funds to Navy;
                                                                     project complete
                                                                     but no report
                                                                               $   79,350    $    24,000   $  103,350

-------
                                          APPENDIX  A
                      World Resources and History of Oil Shale  Development
      Oil shale deposits of varying size and
 quality are  present in all continents. The
 potential   yield   from   these   extensive
 deposits has been estimated in hundreds of
 trillion barrels  of oil.   Interest in develop-
 ment of oil shale resources is not a recent
 concept.  During  the past 150 years, more
 than  thirteen  nations  have  developed oil
 shale  industries.   Factors  such  as primi-
 tive technology and  unfavorable  economic
 conditions contributed  to  the failure of  a
 majority  of  these  industries.    Several
 nations developed  or  reactivated  their oil
 shale industries during the years of World
 War II,  a  time of  uncertain  international
 trade  and   increased   energy  needs  for
 national  defense.    Interest  in  oil  shale
 diminished in the years following World War
 II.   International trade and economic con-
 ditions  returned  to stable levels  and  oil
 shale   processing   became   unprofitable.

      Presently,    interest   in  oil   shale
 development   is   strong.   The    rapidly
 increasing   costs   of  energy,  specifically
 crude  petroleum, are  generating  a  favor-
 able economic climate for oil shale develop-
 ment throughout the  world.   Advances in
 mining, process technology,  and  pollution
 control  also  add attraction  to development
 of the  resource.

 USA

      Oil shale deposits exist in two  general
 areas of the  U.S.   Eastern  Devonian  oil
 shales   are   present  in  the   Appalachian
 regions,  and  the leaner oil shales of the
 Green  River  Formation are found  in the
 western  states.   Most development  acti-
 vities have centered around the expansive
 western  reserves  which   cover  approxi-
 mately  11 million acres.

     Western  oil shale  activities began  in
 the  late  1800s   with  several  small  scale
 experimental  operations, but  these primi-
 tive   operations  were only  marginally  Suc-
 cessful  and  rarely  produced  more  than
 several thousand barrels of oil.

     Major industrial oil companies  became
 interested  in  oil shale activities  during the
 decade  following World  War I.   Standard
 Oil  of California,  Union Oil of  California,
 Texaco,  and Cities Services began acquisi-
 tion  of  oil  shale properties  during  this
period.  Both laboratory and  pilot studies
were performed  by these companies  during
the years following land  acquisition.
      The U.S.  Bureau of Mines conducted
 experimentation  with  their  N-T-U  retort
 from  1925 to  1929.   They  also built and
 operated  6-,  25-,  and  150 ton/day retorts
 at the Anvil Points site from 1950 to 1955.

      A   six   company  consortium  funded
 experimentation at the Anvil Points facility
 during the mid-1960s.  Development  of the
 Anvil  Points  site  continued in  1973  with
 the Paraho  Oil Shale Project.  Funding for
 this  project  was provided through a  con-
 sortium    of    seventeen    participating
 companies—Development Engineering  Incor-
 porated.    This  project  was  completed  in
 1978 with production  of 100,000  barrels  of
 shale  oil  under  contract  purchase to the
 U.S. Navy.

      Recent testing has been conducted  at
 the Paraho  facility as part  of  an experi-
 mental/ demonstration  agreement  with the
 nation  of Israel.   Approximately  150  tons
 of Israeli oil shale were  retorted in  late
 1979  in an effort to test the effectiveness
 of the  Paraho technology  in processing the
 Israeli  shale.   Characteristics and composi-
 tion  of  the  shale oil produced will help
 Israel in design of upgrading and  refining
 processes.

     Projected  development plans  for  the
 Anvil   Points   Naval  Oil  Shale   Reserve
 include  a four  year  feasibility study for
 selection  of process technology,  a two year
 design  and permitting  phase, a four year
 construction  phase,   and a  three   year
 start-up   phase  with  a  final  commercial
 production   capacity   of   50,000    BPCD
 (barrels   per  calendar   day)   by  1991.
 Because  aboveground  process  technology
 will be  used, the timetable for development
 to  commercial  scale  may be  shortened.

     Mobil   Oil   Corporation   has  been
 involved with oil  shale development in both
 the  East  and  West  since World  War  II.
 Mobil built and operated a pflot scale  plant
 at  Paulsboro,   New  Jersey,  from  1943 to
 1945.  Mobil was  also  a  member  of  the  six
 member consortium which conducted  experi-
 mentation at the Anvil  Points facility in  the
 mid-1960s.    Mobil    presently    projects
 development  of  their  privately owned land
 in  the   Piceance  Basin  with  a  six  year
 permitting/construction phase  for an above-
 ground  process reaching a total production
 capacity of 100,000 BPCD by 1986.

     The  U.S.  Department of the Interior
initiated an Oil  Shale Test Leasing Program
                                             A-l

-------
in 1968.  Competitive bid sales on  six land
tracts  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah
began in January 1974.  Two tracts in the
Piceance Basin of Colorado (C-a, C-b) and
two  in  the Uinta Basin of Utah (U-a,  U-b)
were  leased  during  the   following  six
months.   The  two Wyoming  tracts did not
draw acceptable  bids  and no leases  were
awarded.

     Colorado tract C-a  was  leased to Rio
Blanco  Oil Shale,  a joint venture of Gulf
Oil and Standard Oil of  Indiana.   Original
development  plans included open  pit mining
with  surface  retorting.  These plans  have
since been revised  to  project  a  Phase I
operation by 1986  using a combination of
surface and  modified in  situ retorting with
a  production  capacity  of  76,000  BPCD.
Phase II commercial operations will produce
a  135,000 BPCD  total capacity  by  1995.

     Colorado  tract  C-b  was  leased  in
April 1974  to  Ashland Oil,  Inc.,  Atlantic
Richfield  Company,  Shell Oil, Incorporated
and  The Oil Shale Corporation  (TOSCO).
By  1976,  all but  Ashland  withdrew  from
the project.  Occidental Petroleum Corpora-
tion  entered  the  project  in agreement with
Ashtend in late  1976.   Ashland  withdrew
from  the  project  in February 1979, leaving
Occidental 100 percent leasehold position of
the  C-b  tract.   Occidental has  conducted
experimental   modified  in  situ   retorting
burns on  the tract several  times  in  the
past few years, and has  projected develop-
ment of the  C-b  tract to include a 65,000
BPCD  modified  in  situ  retorting  process
along with  a 35,000  BPCD  above ground
retorting process  for a total  production
capacity of 100,000 BPCD by 1990.

     Utah lease tracts  U-a and U-b will be
jointly  developed  by the White  River Oil
Shale Corporation (Sohio, Sunoco, Phillips)
using an above ground process and reach-
ing  a total  production capacity  of 90,000
BPCD   by 1994.    Actual  development  to
commercial scale  may  occur  more rapidly
than   reflected  in  present   development
plans.

     Colony  Development Corporation  and
The  Oil Shale Corporation  (TOSCO)  have
planned  development of  a commercial scale
operation of 46,200  BPCD  by 1986  using
the  TOSCO  above ground retorting  tech-
nology.   The operation  will  be  located in
the  Parachute  Creek  area  of the Piceance
Basin of Colorado.

     TOSCO  also  plans development of  its
own  46,200 BPCD  facility to  be  located in
the Sand Wash area  of Uinta  Basin, Utah.
TOSCO   will   use   its  own  above  ground
technology to  reach total  commercial  pro-
duction capacity by 1986.
     Union  Oil  plans modular  development
of  their  Long   Ridge  property  in  the
Piceance  Basin  of Colorado.   Union plans
development  of  a  100,000  BPCD  facility
using  above  ground retorting technology
by  1995.

     Chevron   Oil   also   plans   modular
development  of  their Long Ridge property
in  the  Piceance Basin  of  Colorado.   Pro-
jected   total  production capacity  will  be
100,000 BPCD by  1992.

     Carter   Oil    jointly   with    Exxon
presently  plans  a  surface  operation  of
60,000  BPCD total production  capacity  by
1990.   Development  plans are contingent
upon a  federal land exchange agreement.

     Superior Oil  plans development of a
multimineral   process   producing    12,000
BPCD  of shale  oil in addition to nahcolite
and  dawsonite   recovery.    Development
plans are also  contingent upon a  federal
land exchange  agreement.  Total production
capacity is slated  for 1987.

     Geokinetics,      Incorporated,     is
presently experimenting  with horizontal in
situ retorting   methods  on  a  pilot  scale.
Controlled pilot scale burns  are currently
being conducted on small sites  in the Uinta
Basin  of Utah.   These pilot  burns  have
provided  yields of thirty  barrels of shale
oil  per  day.  Assuming  continued favorable
technological   results   from   these   pilot
burns,   Geokinetics  plans  development  of
ten  small  land sectors.   Retort  clusters
will be  manifolded  in each  sector with total
production capacity  for all ten sectors of
approximately  50,000  BPCD  reached  by
1988.

     Equity  Oil  is  presently  conducting
pilot experiments  in  the Piceance Basin of
Colorado  with  a unique  recovery process.
The Bx in  situ  Oil  Shale  Project involves
use  of  steam   injection   for  shale   oil
recovery,  but  the  effectiveness  of this
novel approach is yet  uncertain.   Favor-
able results  of pilot operations are neces-
sary for  projections  of  future  development
using the Bx process.

     Projected  development of  the  western
U.S.  oil shale resources  could  yield  an
estimated  daily  shale  oil   production  of
nearly  one million  barrels per day by 1995.
Many individual development  plans rely  on
federal   economic  incentives  such  as loan
guarantees,  tax  credits,   or  accelerated
depreciation  schedules  to be  offered before
development  will begin.   These incentives,
in addition to possible direct federal assist-
ance,  may  be  provided through  the cur-
rently     proposed     Energy    Security
Corporation of President Carter's synthetic
                                             A-2

-------
 fuels   package.   Other   federal  agencies
 such  as the  U.S.  Department of  Energy
 (DOE) may also aid the emerging industry.
 DOE is currently issuing Program  Oppor-
 tunity Notices (PON) for demonstration of
 aboveground and advanced  retorting tech-
 nologies .

      Interest  in development of  oil shale
 resources  in  the U.S.  has been  at  high
 levels several times in the past 100 years,
 yet  commercial  development  has  never
 occurred.   Economic  factors have,  in  the
 past,  made commercial  development of  oil
 shale  unprofitable and therefore  undesir-
 able.    Because  of   the  rising   costs  of
 imported oil,  synthetic fuels can  now  be
 produced  at prices  competitive with tradi-
 tional energy  products.   Commercial shale
 development  of  western  U.S.  oil  shale
 resources  appears  certain   in  the  near
 future.

 WORLD WIDE DEVELOPMENT

 Australia

     Oil shale deposits of high quality  are
 found  in   many  regions  of  Australia.
 Queensland  and  New  South  Wales contain
 rich  oil shales associated  with  coal  seams.
 These  shales  may yield  116  to  203  GPT
 (gallons per ton).  Their areal  distribution
 is  rather   small  and  thick  overburden
 layers  often  cover  these  rich  deposits.

     Shale  oil  production  took place in  New
 South Wales  from  the mid-1860s  through
 1952.   During  this   period,  70  GPT  oil
 shales    were    retorted    in    Scottish
 Pumpherston-Fell   type     vertical    kiln
 retorts.   These operations produced  a total
 yield of 700,000 barrels of oil shale  during
 their  many  years of  operation.   Most  of
 this  total   production   occurred   during
 wartime  years.   Operations  were  discon-
 tinued in  1952 in response  to  unfavorable
 economic conditions.

     Australian  firms  of  Southern  Pacific
 Petroleum and  Central  Pacific Minerals have
 shown interest in shale oil  production  for
 the  past six  years.   These firms  jointly
 proposed   a  commercial  operation  which
would  process  the high quality  oil shale of
 the Rundle deposit located on the eastern
coast of  the continent,   and initial pro-
posals projected a Phase I  operation pro-
ducing  approximately   23,000 BPD  by 1981
using  an  above  ground retorting process.
Economic  and   engineering  analyses have
been  conducted  on  Union, Lurgi-Ruhrgas,
and   Superior   technologies.    Phase    II
operations  promote  expansion  to  250,000
BPD  by  1986   using  approximately   40
retorts.   Current projections reflect a  one
 year delay for both  Phase I and  II opera-
 tions.   Environmental  impact  assessments
 have been conducted to the  satisfaction of
 the  Australian  government.   Developers
 are presently  securing financial  arrange-
 ments  for  this $1.6  billion  (U.S.  dollars)
 project.   Unhydrogenated  shale  oil  pro-
 duced  would  be used to fuel nearby power
 plants.

 Brazil

      Extensive deposits of medium to  high
 grade  oil  shale   are  present  in Brazil.
 These  deposits have the  capacity  to  sup-
 port a large  commercial oil shale industry.
 Brazilian oil  shale may yield 18-53 gallons
 of shale oil per ton.

     Many  small  scale  experimental  opera-
 tions  existed  in   Brazil  during  the  late
 1800s  and early 1900s.   Intensive research
 began  in  1950 with several  large research
 programs   sponsored   by  the   Brazilian
 government.   These  programs  called  for
 extensive  exploration of oil shale resources
 throughout  the  country  in  addition  to
 bench and pilot scale studies.

     A site at San Mateus de Sol, Parana,
 was  chosen  for   pilot plant construction
 after    extensive    exploration    revealed
 reserves  of   approximately  200   million
 barrels.   The  2,200  ton  per day  surface
 retorting facility  began operation in 1973.
 The Petrosix retort used  was designed by
 Cameron  Engineers.  The process gener-
 ates power on site and produces high Btu
 fuel gas, LPG, elemental  sulfur,  and shale
 oil  products.   A  nearby  surface mining
 operation   provides  raw   shale  to  the
 facility.   This  pilot  scale   demonstration
 facility has been  successfully operating for
 several years.

     Current   development  plans  include
 increasing  shale   oil   production  of  the
 Petrosix process at the San  Mateus site  to
 25,000  BPD by  1983.  Production  will be
 further  expanded  to  50,000  BPD by 1985.
 Total  cost  for expanding  the  facility  is
 estimated at $1.5 billion.

 Bulgaria

     Oil shale  resources of Bulgaria have a
 total  estimated  potential yield of approxi-
mately 30  billion  barrels  of  oil.   Bulgaria
has  expressed interest  in  developing these
extensive  resources  during   the  past  ten
years.   In 1976,  Bulgaria signed agree-
ments  with the  USSR  and West Germany
 (Lurgi Gmbh)  to help develop a one million
BPD shale oil  industry by 1980.   Original
development plans called for expansion  to 3
million  BPD  by  1990,  but  the status of
development in Bulgaria is unknown at the
present time.
                                             A-3

-------
 England
 Germany
     Oil  shales  are  found  in thin  seams
 throughout the  Kimmeridge  Clay formation
 of  eastern  England   and  the  North  Sea
 region.   These  oil  shales  may potentially
 yield 40  to 55 GPT.   The shale seams are
 separated  by  barren  clays  with  a  low
 potential  yield of 3 GPT.  This layering of
 rich shale and barren clay has posed pro-
 blems  in  mining  and processing operations.

     Kimmeridge  Clay  oil shales were  used
 as  coal  substitutes  several  times  during
 the  18th  century.   Interest in obtaining oil
 from these shales became apparent  in the
 19th   century   and  experimentation   was
 conducted during the  later  years  of  the
 century.   Samples  of Kimmeridge  Clay  oil
 shales  were  processed  experimentally  at
 the   Scottish    Lothian   works.    Several
 processing  difficulties  were  encountered
 and  the shale  oil produced possessed  high
 sulfur content.

     The North Sea province is presently a
 widely developed source of crude petroleum
 reserves.   Kimmeridge Clay  may  be  the
 primary source  rock  of this hydrocarbon-
 rich   region.   Presently,   difficulties  in
 mining  and processing shale of the area in
 addition to the  existing large scale  petro-
 leum  recovery   of  the  North  Sea  region
 indicate  that  commercial  development  of
 English oil shale resources  is not feasible
 at the present time.

 France

     Oil shale deposits  exist  in two  pri-
 mary regions  of France,  Autun  and  the
 Aumance  basin.   Shales  with  a potential
 average yield of 24 GPT  are characteristic
 of these  areas.    Total  reserves  for  the
 nation  have  been  estimated  (1974  World
 Energy Conference) at 237 megatonnes with
 a  potential  total  yield  of   1,740   million
 barrels.

     France was  the first nation to pioneer
 oil shale development, beginning commercial
 production  as   early  as  1838.   Scottish
 Pumpherston retorts were used from  1860
 through the 1940s.  Larger capacity  French
 retorts  were  used  for the  remaining  ten
years  of  operation.    Major  products  of
 these operations  were diesel  oil, gasoline,
paraffin wax,  and tar.

     The  industry  was supported  finan-
cially  at  various  times  by  the  French
government.   Despite  these  helpful mea-
sures,  economic  factors forced the  closing
of all  operations by  1962.   The oil shale
industry   of   France   presently  remains
dormant.
     Germany  has large oil shale deposits
of  several  geologic  ages.  Total  resources
have  been  estimated  at   311  megatonnes
(1974  World Energy  Conference), with  an
estimated  potential  yield  of 2,280  million
barrels.  The oil  shale averages  approxi-
mately 16 GPT.

     Development  began in the late  1800s
with   small    scale   experimental   surface
retorting operations.   The  first large scale
interest began in  1940  with initiation of  oil
shale operations at a portland cement plant
in  Dotternhausen.  Meir-Grollman  retorts
were used in these operations.

     In  1943,  Lurgi  began construction  of
an  oil  shale facility at Frommern.   Con-
struction was  completed in  1947 and  opera-
tions  began  at  that  time.   Schweitzer
retorts  were  used at  this  facility.   Both
Dotternhausen   and   Frommern   facilities
operated for  ten  years,  with production
ending in 1958.

     Presently Germany uses oil  shale for
cement  production and power  generation.
For  the  past few years  government and
industry  have   conducted  bench   scale
studies on oil  recovery  from shale.  Devel-
opment  plans  are   presently  undefined,
although  development  of   an  oil   shale
industry in Germany  is a  strong possibility
in the near future.

Israel

     Oil shale deposits  exist  in  several
areas  of Israel.   Extensive deposits exist
in regions of the Negev desert.   Recently,
Israeli   geologists  have  discovered   large
shale deposits  near Arad, but their quality
is extremely  variable.

     Israel   imports   virtually  all  of  its
energy sources in  the form of  fuel oil and
coal  for  use  in power generation.  It  is
estimated that Israel could meet  all of its
energy  requirements  for  up  to  twenty
years  through commercial  development  of
oil  shale resources.   Israel has  recently
directed attention  to the  development  of
these resources as rising  costs  of imported
energy  make  the  option of energy  self-
sufficiency a desirable one.

     In  1978  Israel  sought  U.S.  aid   in
developing technologies suitable  for  com-
mercial  processing  of  Israeli  oil  shale.
Israeli officials contacted  such  U.S.  shale
companies  as  TOSCO,  Union Oil  of  Cali-
fornia,  Superior Oil  Company, and Occi-
dental  Petroleum Corporation. In  1979, 150
tons of Israeli oil  shale were retorted on a
demonstration  scale  at  the  Paraho  facility
                                             A-4

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  at  Anvil Points,  Colorado.  The shale  was
  successfully  retorted  and   the  resulting
  shale  oil  product  was returned  to  Israel
  for  analysis and  refining and upgrading
  technology design studies.

      In  1978  the  Israeli  Energy Ministry
  allocated $500 million  for  development  and
  construction of a  12,000 BPD facility to be
  located  in  the  Negev  desert region.   The
  program  has a  ten  year duration  (1978-
  1988).   Present   plans  call  for  surface
  mining  operations  to provide  raw  shale for
  the  proposed  surface  retorting  facility.
  Shale  oil  produced will  be  used  to fuel
  nearby power plants.

      Scientists  at  the  Israeli  Technion
  Institute in  Haifa have  recently  experi-
 mented with a novel technology  for extract-
 ing  oil  and gas  from shale.  This  new
 approach uses  a  moderate strength  laser
 beam inserted in  shallow bore holes  in  the
 shale.    The  laser  can  be   horizontally
 directed  through   use of  mirrors.    The
 laser ignites the shale and a small diameter
 pipe provides air  to cool  the mirrors and
 sustain  combustion  of  the  shale,  and
 combustible  gases  and oil  mists  are  col-
 lected  at the surface  opening of the bore
 holes.   The method was developed  by Rom,
 Schwartz,   and   Alterman,   and  has  been
 successfully demonstrated  with  laboratory
 and  small  scale  field  studies.   Equipment
 necessary for operation is  of  low cost and
 the   whole  process  appears  to  be   cost-
 effective.  Current  plans   for   the   laser
 technology call for  pilot plant studies with
 development of  a  laser recovery oil  shale
 "field".

      Israel  Chemical,  Ltd.,  a government
 owned  company based in Tel Aviv,  is also
 conducting  preliminary studies  on  mining
 and  retorting  technologies  for  oil shale.
 Another  area  of  their study  is  direct
 combustion of oil  shale for power  genera-
 tion.   Nesher,  Ltd.,  an  Israeli portland
 cement manufacturer, is also  investigating
 applicability of oil shale in  the  production
 of cement.

 People's Republic of China

     Oil  shale deposits  exist in  ten  prov-
 inces of  China.   The  Liaoning province  of
 northern  China and the Kwantung province
 of  southern  China  both  contain  sizeable
 shale deposits which are presently support-
 ing commercial development.

     The  Fushun  deposit  of the  Liaoning
province  overlies  thick coal deposits of the
region,   and the  450 foot  thick  shale
deposit was first  removed  as a  result  of
efforts  to extract the rich underlying coal
deposits.    Commercial   processing  of   oil
  shale  first  occurred  at Fushun  in  1926.
  This  facility  was  operated  by  Japanese
  developers for many  years and  shale  oil
  produced  was  used extensively  by  Japan
  during  World  War   II.   By   1970,  the
  Fushun  operations  were producing  40,000
  BPD of shale oil.

      The facility  is currently operating  on
  a  large scale, using more than six vertical
  retorts.   A  large surface mining operation
  provides  raw shale  to  the facility in  addi-
  tion  to  mining  approximately  3.6  million
  tons of  coal  annually.   Shale oil produced
  is  refined in  small   neighboring  plants.

      The  Maoming shale  oil producing field
  is  located  in the  Kwantung  province  of
  southern  China.  Operations at  the Mao-
 ming  site  are similar  to  those  at Fushun,
 although  coal production  is  absent  from
 Maoming.   Annual shale  oil production  of
 this  facility   is   approximately  570,000
 barrels.

 Scotland

      Oil  shale  deposits   exist  in various
 regions of Scotland.   Devonian  shales are
 present  in  northern  Scotland   but   these
 deposits  appear to have  limited  commercial
 value.    Carboniferous  shales   have  been
 discovered in central and southern regions
 of the  country, and  the  Lothian deposit  in
 central   Scotland  is   the   largest  known
 deposit in western Europe.

      Development  of  oil   shale  processing
 operations  began  in  Scotland in  the  mid-
 1800s.   Early operations  used  horizontal
 batch  retorts  which  were  subsequently
 replaced   by   vertical   batch   retorts  of
 higher   efficiency.     A    semi-continuous
 vertical  retort was developed in  1882 and
 used in  several  operations through  1894.
 In  1894,  Bryson, Jones,  and Fraser devel-
 oped  the  continuous  12  ton  per  day
 Pumpherston  retort which was used exten-
 sively  in  Scottish shale  works for  more
 than one  half century.   Oil shale opera-
 tions of  several  nations  also  incorporated
 Pumpherston    type     retorts    in    their
 facilities.

     Mining   methods   used   during  the
 100-year  Scottish  oil shale  industry  were
 of two types.*  Underground inclined  shaft
 mining was commonly used for extraction  of
 shale from  angular seams.  Surface mining
 was also used  to a limited extent. Approxi-
 mately  140  million  tons  of  shale  were
 extracted  during the life  of the oil  shale
 industry.    Mining efforts were  extremely
 effective  as less than  four weeks of the
 United Kingdom oil needs  could  be met by
recovering  and  processing  the  remaining
reserves.
                                             A-5

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      Maximum  shale   oil  production  took
 place  in 1913  with total  production  esti-
 mated   at  4,400   BPD.    Major   products
 included diesel  oil and gasoline,  although
 sizable  quantities  of  tars  and  waxes  were
 also  produced.  The  oil shale  industry of
 Scotland is  no longer  operative.   Produc-
 tion  ended  in  1963   due   to  depletion  of
 resources  and   unfavorable   economics.

 South Africa

      Significant  oil shale  deposits  exist in
 two  provinces  of  South  Africa,  Natal
 Province and  Transvaal Province.   Shales
 of  the  Natal  Province occur in beds less
 than  one  foot  thick.  These  shales are  of
 high  quality with maximum attainable yields
 as  high as 96 GPT.   The  Transvaal  Prov-
 ince  contains  torbonite  oil  shales  which
 may yield as  much as 37  percent  oil from
 Fischer  Assay methods.

     Commercial  development  of the  Natal
 Province oil  shales  began in 1935  in  the
 region   of  Ermelo.    The  Ermelo  facility
 operated successfully for many  years  until
 depletion  of  shale  resources  forced  its
 closing.  Major products from these opera-
 tions  were gasoline and tars.  Oil shales of
 the Transvaal Province are currently being
 used  locally as fuels.
     Oil shale deposits  of limited size exist
in  Spain.   Total  reserves for  the nation
have  been estimated at 6 megatonnes (1974
World  Energy Conference).   Shale quality
is  relatively   high,  ranging  30-50  GPT.

     Despite  the  presence of  small scale
resources, commercial oil  shale development
begin  in Spain in  1922.   Commercial opera-
tions   existed  for  43 years  at  a site  120
miles   south   of   Madrid  at  Puertollano.
Scottish Pumpherston retorts  were  used in
these  operations.    Production   levels   as
high  as 14,000 BPD were attained in 1958
(DeGolyer  and MacNaughton,  1971).  Major
products were diesel oil and gasoline.  The
present  status of  these  operations is  not
known.

Sweden

     Oil shale  deposits  exist  throughout
Sweden.   Most  deposits  are   of  marine
origin with an average  quality of approxi-
mately  14  GPT.    Oil  shale  development
began during the  1920s  with  construction
of  an  experimental  plant at  Kinnekulle.
The plant  operated successfully for several
years  on  a  small  scale while  technologies
were   being   modified  and improved,   but
economic pressures finally forced  closing of
the facility.
     Oil  shale  production  began  again  in
 the  1940s with construction and operation
 of a larger government funded facility  at
 Kvarntorp.    Operations   at   this   site
 involved  open pit surface  mining,  surface
 and   in  situ  retorting,  sulfur recovery,
 refining facilities, and  on site steam power
 generation.    Operations  continued  until
 1963  when  economic  factors   also  forced
 abandonment  of  this  facility.   Gasoline,
 fuel   oil,   kerosene,   and  gas  were  major
 products   of  these  operations.   Maximum
 daily shale oil. production  was attained  in
 1958  with an  approximate production level
 of 33,000 BPD.

 Thailand

     Oil shale resources  of Thailand have
 only  recently  been  explored.  Extensive
 deposits  of medium  to  high  grade shales
 exist in  the  northern  regions, but  these
 resources   have  not  been  developed  to
 date.

     Recently  Thailand  has  sought  tech-
 nical advice in planning development  of an
 oil shale processing facility.  Missions were
 sent  to the People's  Republic  of China  in
 an unsuccessful  effort to view the  Maoming
 shale   oil   field  in  Kwantung  province.
 Contacts have also been made with  U.S. oil
 shale concerns.

     Thailand  presently  imports approxi-
 mately  150,000 barrels of crude oil  daily  to
 meet  nearly  80  percent  of daily   national
 energy   needs,   but   development  of   a
 commercial   scale   oil   shale   processing
 facility  could  greatly reduce or  possibly
 eliminate  this  costly importation of foreign
 oil for a period of more than twenty years.
 Oil  shale  production  costs  would be econ-
 omically competitive,  if  not advantageous,
 compared  to present imported crude petro-
 leum costs.

     Current  oil  shale  development  plans
are  still   in  formative  stages  although
 development  seems  certain  in  the  near
future.

U.S.S.R.

     Oil shale activities in  the U.S.S.R.
have historically occurred in the northeast-
ern  regions  of  Estonia.   These   regions
contain  extensive  shale  deposits but  lack
other energy  sources such as crude petro-
leum and  coal  deposits.  Average potential
yields   of  Estonian shales,  or  Kukersite,
fall within  a  range of approximately 30-45
GPT.

     Development   of   Estonian  oil  shale
resources  began in 1925  with  construction
of a 200  ton  per  day plant for  production
                                              A-6

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 of  low Btu town gas.  Pintsch-type retorts
 were used  in  these  operations.  The 1930s
 brought  use  of  horizontal  tunnel  ovens
 with capacities of up to 400 tons.  Gas and
 oil  were  recovered  from  these operations.
 Externally  heated Davidson rotary retorts
 were also used at this time.   Total produc-
 tion  by  the  mid-1930s was  approximately
 3,700  BPD  (Degolyer  and  MacNaughton,
 1971).

      In  the 1940s war disrupted  Estonian
 shale  operations  when  the Germans occu-
 pied the  region.   Russia  regained control
 of  the  area  in  1944  and  expanded the
 industry   during   the   following  years.
 Production   levels  reached   approximately
 245,000  BPD  in  1958.    This  impressive
 level reflects  energy  equivalent estimates
 for  60% of  total raw shale usage  as solid
 fuel for power generation.

      Extensive development and demonstra-
 tion programs  began  in the 1960s.   Tunnel
 ovens and  rotary retorts were phased out
 during these efforts.  New technologies for
 production  of  tar and  gas  petrochemicals
 feedstocks were  explored  in the 1960s and
 1970s.

     Presently more  than  30  chemicals are
being  produced  from oil  shale  kerogen.
 Shale  fuels  many large power plants near
the  Baltic Sea, providing  80% of  Estonian
energy needs.   The U.S.S.R.  presently
mines more  than  35 million  tons of  oil shale
annually,   which  supplies  1%  of  Soviet
national energy needs.
                                            A-7

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                                          APPENDIX  B
                                       Glossary of Terms
 Absorption -  The  taking  up  of  matter in
      bulk by other matter,  as  in  dissolving
      of  a gas  by  a liquid;  passage  of  a
      chemical  substance  through a  mem-
      brane.

 Adsorption  -  The  surface   retention  of
      solid, liquid, or gas molecules, atoms,
      or  ions  by  a  solid  or liquid, as
      opposed to  absorption,  the  penetra-
      tion  of  substances into  the bulk  of
      the solid or liquid.

 Aquifer  - A  permeable body of rock  cap-
      able of yielding  quantities of ground-
      water;  a  subsurface zone that yields
      economically   important   amounts  of
      water to wells.

 Assay  - Qualitative  or  quantitative deter-
      mination  of  the  components  of  a
      material.

 Atomic Absorption  Spectroscopy - Measure-
      ment  of components  of  a  substance
      through   interpretation   of  spectra
      arising  from absorption of electromag-
      netic  radiation by atoms.

 BACT  -   (Best  Available  Control Tech-
      nology).    The   level  of   pollution
      control  technology  that  a   new  or
      modified major  pollution source, which
      is  located  in an  area designated as
      meeting  ambient air quality standards,
      must install.

 Barrel  -  The  unit  of  liquid  volume  for
      petroleum  equal to approximately  158
      liters  (42 gallons).

 Bioassay   - Determination of  the  relative
      effective  strength of a  substance by
      comparing its  effect on a  test organ-
      ism  with that of a  standard  prepara-
      tion.

 Carcinogen  -   Any  agent  that  incites
      development  of  a malignancy.

 Cascade  Sampler  -  A low-speed  impactlon
      device for use  in sampling both solid
      and   liquid  atmospheric suspensoids:
      Consists  of   jets  (each of  progres-
      sively  smaller   size)   and   sampling
     plates working  in series and designed
     so that each plate collects  particles of
     one size  range.

Chromatin  -   The   deoxyribonucleoprotein
     complex  forming the major portion of
     the nuclear material and chromosomes.
 Clastogen   -   Any  agent  that  produces
      chromosomal  aberrations.

 Coal  Liquefaction  -  The process  of pre-
      paring a  liquid mixture of hydrocar-
      bons   by  destructive   distillation   of
      coal.

 Columnar Cell  -  Composed  of  tall,  narrow
      somewhat   cylindrical   or   prismatic
      epithelial cells.

 Consent  Decree  Pollutants  -  A   list   of
      sixty-five  (65)  toxic   chemicals  for
      which  EPA  is  required  to  develop
      limitations  and  standards.  For  some
      rule-making  purposes EPA has rede-
      fined  the list of 65 broad chemicals/
      chemical  classes  to  129 more  specific
      chemicals.

 Criteria  Pollutants -  Those  pollutants for
      which  EPA  has published  including
      ambient air quality standards and for
      which state implementation plans exist
      (including SO ,  CO, NO ,  O3,  hydro-
      carbons,  particulates, lead).

 Cytochemical -  Any of the complex protein
      respiratory pigments occurring within
      plant or animal cells.

 Cytology  -  A   branch of biology  dealing
      with the structure, behavior, growth,
      and  reproduction  of  cells  and the
      function  and  chemistry  of cell com-
      ponents.

 Cytotoxin  -  A  substance, such as a toxin
      or antibody,  that inhibits or prevents
      the  functions  of,  or destroys  cells.

 Devonian  Deposit - A geological formation
     deposited during the Devonian  period
     some  350  to  400  million  years ago.

 DNA   -   Deoxyribonucleic  acid;   any  of
     various nucleic acids that yield deoxy-
     ribose  as one product of  hydrolysis,
     are found  in  nuclei and genes,  and
     are the molecular basis  of  heredity in
     many organisms.

Electrophoresis  - The movement of  charged
     colloidal particles  through the medium
     in  which  they are  dispersed,  under
     the influence   of  an  applied  electric
     potential.
                                             B-l

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Enzyme  -  Any  of a  number of  catalytic
     proteins produced by living  cells and
     having a specific  action in  mediating
     and   promoting   chemical  processes.

Epididymal  -  Pertaining  to  the  elongated
     mass  of convoluted efferent  tubes  at
     the back  of the testis.

Epithelial - Pertaining to the tissues which
     cover  free  surfaces  (skin)  or lining
     of body cavities and ducts.

Epithelium - A primary animal tissue cover-
     ing the free surface that lines a tube
     or cavity,  consisting of one or more
     layers of cells  forming  a sheet prac-
     tically   unbroken   by    intercellular
     substance,    and   either   smoothly
     extended  or mu'ch folded on a base-
     ment membrane and compacted.

Esterase  -  Any group  of  enzymes that
     catalyze  the synthesis and hydrolysis
     of compounds formed by the elimina-
     tion  of water and the  bonding of an
     alcohol  and an  organic  acid  (esters).

Eukaryote  - An organism composed of one
     or more cells with well-defined nuclei.

Evapotranspiration   -   Discharge  of water
     from the  earth's  surface by  evapora-
     tion  from  lakes,  streams,  and  soil
     surfaces  and  by  transpiration  from
     plants.   Also known as  fly-off.

Exfoliation  -  The  separation of  tissue  in
     thin  layers.

Flow Microfluorometry (FMF)  - A method  of
     chemical   analysis  using an  optically
     enlarged  fluorescent   screen  which
     measures   movement  of  a  sample
     through  a flow  chamber.  The sample
     is  exposed  to  radiation   of one wave-
     length,  absorbs  this  radiation  and
     reemits  radiation   of   the   same  or
     longer  wavelength  in    about  10*9
     second; the intensity of the  reemitted
     radiation  is almost  directly  propor-
     tional  to  the  concentration  of  the
     fluorescing material.

Fugitive Dust -  Any  form  of particulate
     which  is  transported as a  result  of
     wind    or   mechanical    operations.
     Typical   mechanical   generators  are
     vehicles,  crushing machines and earth
     movers.

Gas  Chromatography -  A  separation tech-
     nique  involving passage of a gaseous
     moving  phase through  a  column con-
     taining  a  fixed adsorbent phase; used
     principally as a quantitative  analytical
     technique   for   volatile  compounds.
Gel  Permeation  Chromatography -  Analysis
     by   Chromatography  in   which  the
     stationary  phase  consists of beads  of
     porous  polymeric material  such  as a
     cross-linked   dextran   carbohydrate
     derivative  sold under the  trade  name
     sephadex;   the  moving  phase  is  a
     liquid.

High Pressure Liquid  Chromatography -  A
     separation    technique   employing  a
     pressurized solvent  as a moving phase
     through  a  column  containing  a  solid
     support.

High-Volume Sampler  -  A sampling device
     consisting   of  a  filter  and  a  high
     volume  air  pump  used for the quan-
     titative collection  of airborne  particu-
     late materials.

Hydrocarbon -  One of a  very  large group
     of chemical compounds composed only
     of carbon  and hydrogen;  the largest
     source of hydrocarbons is from petro-
     leum crude  oil.

In Situ -  In the original  location.

In Vitro  -  Pertaining  to  a biological  reac-
     tion   taking  place   in  an  artificial
     apparatus.

In Vivo  - Pertaining   to  a biological  reac-
     tion  taking  place in a  living  cell or
     organism.

Karyotype - The normal  diploid or  haploid
     complement   of   chromosomes,   with
     respect to  size,  form  and  number,
     characteristic   of   an    individual,
     species,  genus,   or other  grouping.

Kerogen  - The  complex,  fossilized  organic
     material present in sedimentary rocks,
     especially in shales.

Lavaging  - The washing  out of an organ.

Leaching  -  The  dissolving,  by  a  liquid
     solvent,  of  soluble  material  from its
     mixture  with  an  insoluble  solid;  a
     separation   based on mass transfer.

Leukocyte  -  A colorless,  ameboid blood cell
     having  a  nucleus  and  granular  or
     non-granular  cytoplasm;   any  of the
     white or colorless nucleated cells that
     occur in blood.

Macroinvertebrate - A  large animal  lacking
     an internal  skeleton.
                                             B-2

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 Mass  Spectrometry  -  An  analytical tech-
      nique  for   identification  of   chemical
      structures,  determination of mixtures,
      and  quantitative  elemental  analysis,
      based  on  sending  a  beam  of ions
      through  a  combination  of  electric  and
      magnetic fields  so arranged  that  the
      ions  are deflected according  to their
      masses.

 Mesozoic Deposit  -  A  geological  formation
      deposited  during  the  Mesozoic  era
      some  60  to 230  million  years  ago.

 Mississippian Deposit - A geological forma-
      tion deposited during the Mississippian
      period approximately 310 to 345 million
      years ago.

 Mutagen  - An agent  that  raises  the fre-
      quency  of  mutation above the  spon-
      taneous  rate.

 New    Source   Performance   Standards
      (NSPS)   -   Guidelines   set   for  new
      industries   ensuring   that   ambient
      standards are  met  and  limiting  the
      amount of a given pollutant a station-
      ary source  may  emit  over  a  given
      time.   Standards  apply to  facilities
      built since August 17,  1971.

 Oil  Shale -  A  finely  layered  rock  that
      contains  kerogen   and  from  which
      liquid or  gaseous  hydrocarbons  can
      be  distilled.  Also known as  kerogen
      shale.

 Permian   Deposit  - A  geological  formation
      deposited  during  the  Permian period
      approximately 230  to 280 million years
      ago.

 Phagocytic   Activity  -   The  process   of
     engulfing and carrying  particles into
     the  cytoplasm  of  an  ameboid cell.

 Priority  Pollutants  -  See Consent  Decree
     Pollutants.

 Prokaryote  -  A  primitive nucleus,  where
     the  DNA-containing  region  lacks  a
     limiting membrane.

Quality Assurance - A system for integrat-
     ing quality control planning,  assess-
     ment,  and  improvement of  all  work
     dealing   with  quantitative   measure-
     ments .

RNA  - Any of various nucleic  acids that
     contain  ribose and  uracil as structural
     components  and  are  associated with
     the  control  of cellular  chemical acti-
     vities.
Retorting Operation - Process of extracting
     shale  oil  from   the  raw  shale  by
     heating.

Sorption  -  A general term  used to encom-
     pass   the  processes  of   adsorption,
     absorption, desorption, ion exchange,
     ion exclusion,  ion  retardation, chemi-
     sorption,  and dialysis.

Spent  Shale -  (Retorted Shale)  The  shale
     residue after  the  shale  oil has  been
     extracted.

Teratogen - An agent causing formation of
     a  congenital anomaly or monstrosity.

Tertiary  -  The  older  major  subdivision
     (period) of the Cenozoic era,  extend-
     ing from the end of  the Cretaceous to
     the  beginning   of   the  Quaternary,
     from  70,000,000   to  2,000,000  years
     ago.

X-ray   Fluorescence  -   Emission  of  the
     characteristic  x-ray  line spectrum of
     a  substance  upon  its  exposure  to
     x-rays.   A method of analysis  based
     on  this  type  of  spectral emission.
                                             B-3

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                                        APPENDIX C
                                  Glossary of Abbreviations
 AOSO         Area Oil Shale Office
               USGS

 BNI/PNL      Battelle Memorial Institute
               Pacific Northwest Labora-
               tories
               Richland, Washington
               (under DOE)

 BNL          Brookhaven National Labora-
               tory,  Brookhaven, New York

 CEQ          Council  for Environmental
               Quality

 CDH          Colorado Department of
               Health

 CSMRI         Colorado School of Mines
               Research Institute

 CSU          Colorado State University

 DOE          Department of Energy

 DRI           Denver Research Institute

 ECTD         Emission  Control Tech-
               nology Division, Office of
               Air, Noise and Radiation
               EPA, Ann Arbor,  Michigan

 EERC         Energy and Environmental
               Research Corporation
               Santa Ana, California

 EMSL-Ci       Environmental Monitoring
               and Support Laboratory
               EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio

 EMSL-LV       Environmental Monitoring
               and Support Laboratory
               EPA, Las Vegas, Nevada

 EMSL-RTP     Environmental Monitoring
               and Support Laboratory
               EPA, Research Triangle
               Park, N.C.

 EPA           Environmental Protection
               Agency

ERIC-Ci        Environmental Research
               Information  Center, EPA
               Cincinnati, Ohio

ERL-Athens    Environmental Research
              Laboratory, EPA
              Athens, Georgia
 ERL-Duluth
 ERL-GB
 HERL-RTP
 HERL-Ci
 lERL-Ci
 IERL-RTP
 LASL
 LBL
 LETC
LLL
NBS
NIEHS
NIOSH


NIH/NIEHS





OEET
 Environmental Research
 Laboratory, EPA
 Duluth, Minnesota

 Environmental Research
 Laboratory, EPA
 Gulf Breeze,  Florida

 Health  Effects Research
 Laboratory, EPA, Research
 Triangle Park, N.C.

 Health  Effects Research
 Laboratory, EPA
 Cincinnati,  Ohio

 Industrial and Environmen-
 tal Research Laboratory
 EPA, Cincinnati,  Ohio

 Industrial Environmental
 Research Laboratory, EPA
 Research Triangle Park
 N.C.

 Los Alamos  Scientific Labora-
 tory, Los Alamos, New  Mexico
 (Under the  DOE)

 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
 Berkeley, California
 (Under the  DOE)

 Laramie Energy Technology
 Center  Laramie, Wyoming
 (Under the  DOE)

 Lawrence Livermore
 Laboratory
 Livermore,  California
 (Under the  DOE)

 National Bureau of
 Standards

 National Institute of
 Environmental Health
 Sciences
 Research Triangle
 Park, N.C.

 National Institute  of  Occupa-
 tional Safety and  Health

 National Institute  of  Health
 National Institute  of
 Environmental Health
 Studies

Office of Environmental
Engineering  and Technology
                                           C-l

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OEPER        Office of Environmental
              Processes and  Effects
              Research
ORD          Office of Research and
              Development, EPA
              (EPA/ORD)
ORNL         Oak Ridge National Labora-
              tory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
              (Under the DOE)
OSM          Office of Surface Mining
OSRG         Oil Shale Research  Group
RCRA         Resource Conservation and
              Recovery Act
R.S. KERR    Robert S. Kerr Environ-
              mental Research Laboratory
              Ada, Oklahoma
SAI           Science Applications
              Incorporated
TOSCO        The Oil  Shale Corporation
UCLA         University of California at
              Los Angeles
UNLV         University of Nevada at Las
              Vegas
USBM         U.S. Bureau of Mines,
              Department of  Interior
USDA         U.S. Department of Agri-
              culture
USFWS        U.S. Fish and  Wildlife
              Service
              Department of  Interior
USGS         U.S. Geological Survey
              Department of  Interior
                                         C-2

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                                        APPENDIX D
                             A  General Bibliography on Oil  Shale
 Ashland  Oil,  Inc.,  Lessee, and Shell  Oil
      Company, Operator.   February  1976.
      Oil  Shale  Tract  C-b Detailed Develop-
      ment  Plan and  Related  Materials, 2
      vols.

 Ashland  Oil,  Inc., Lessee,  and Occidental
      Oil  Shale Inc.,  Operator.   February
      1977.     Modifications   to   Detailed
      Development  Plan—Oil  Shale  Tract
      C-b.

 Atwood,  M.T.   1974.   The  Question   of
      Carcinogenicity  in  Intermediates  and
      Products  in  Oil   Shale  Operations.
      The  Oil  Shale Corporation.  Denver.

 Atwood,  M.T.   1975.    Raw   Shale  Oils
      Inspections.    The  Oil  Shale  Corp-
      oration.  Denver.

 Baughman,   C.L.,  comp.  1978.  Compre-
      hensive Synthetic   Fuels  Data Hand-
      book.   U.S. Oil  Shale,  U.S. Coal,  Oil
      Sands.   Second   Edition.   Cameron
      Engineers,  Inc.,  Denver,  Colorado.
      (A  division  of   the  Pace  Company
      Consultants  and   Engineers,  Inc.).

 Boardman,   C.R.   1977.    A   Study   of
      Industry  Attitudes  on  the  Environ-
      mental  Problems  in  the Production  of
      Oil Shale.  GeoEnergy Corp.

 Brown,  A., et al.   1977.   Water Manage-
      ment in Oil Shale Mining.  Vol. I Main
      Text and Vol.  II Appendices.  Colder
      Associates.

 Bureau  of   Land Management.   Undated.
      Proposed   Development  of  Oil  Shale
      Resources  by the Colony Development
     Operation in  Colorado.   Final Environ-
     mental   Statement.     Prepared    by
      Bureau    of    Land    Management.
      (Includes Chapter 10 and Appendices.
     Chapters   1-9  are   also   available).

 Burewel,  E.L.  1974.   Usable Gas from Oil
     Shale  During  Retorting:   Effects  of
     Oxygen  Content,  Pressure,  and  Oil
     Shale  Grade.   Bureau  of  Mines  Oil
     Shale   Program   Technical   Progress
     Report 85.

Cameron Engineers (a  division of The Pace
     Company  Consultants  and Engineers,
     Inc.).  May 1977.  Oil Shale Research
     Overview.  Review Report.
 Chappell,   W.R.,   Principal  Investigator.
      1979.   Trace  Elements  in Oil Shale.
      University  of  Colorado  Center  for
      Environmental  Sciences, Environmental
      Trace Substances  Research  Program.
      Denver, Colorado.

 Colorado School of  Mines.   August 1980.
      Proceedings   of the   Thirteenth  Oil
      Shale  Symposium.  Colorado  School of
      Mines.   Golden, Colorado.  (Proceed-
      ings   of  Symposiums  1-12  are  also
      available).

 Cook,  E.W.  1974.  Oil Shale  Technology
      in  the USA.   The  Oil  Shale  Corpora-
      tion.

 Cook, C.W.  1974.  Surface Rehabilitation
      of  Land Disturbances  Resulting  from
      Oil Shale Development.   Environmental
      Resources  Center,  CSU.  Fort Collins,
      Colorado.

 Crawford,  K.  1975.  The Origin, Proper-
      ties,  and  Resources of  Oil  Shale  in
      the Green  River Formation:   Supple-
      ment  to  the Second Quarterly Report.
      TRW.

 Crawford,   K.W.  et al.   1977.   A Prelimi-
      nary  Assessment of the Environmental
      Impacts  from  Oil Shale Developments.
      NTIS.  Springfield,  Illinois.
Culbertson, WJ.  1972.
     Shale Ash.  DRI.
Uses of Spent Oil
Cummins, J.J. and  W.E. Robinson.   1970.
     Thermal   Conversion  of   Oil   Shale
     Kerogen   Using  CO2  and  Water  at
     Elevated  Pressures.  LERC.  Laramie,
     Wyoming.

Development  Engineering,  Inc.   1974.   Oil
     Shale -  Acceleration of Its Develop-
     ment.    Grand   Junction,   Colorado.

DOE.  October 1979.   Environmental  Con-
     trol  Costs  for  Oil  Shale  Processes:
     Part I,  .Predicted  Costs  of Environ-
     mental  Controls for a Commercial  Oil
     Shale Industry;   Part  II,  Environ-
     mental  Control  Costs for Oil  Shale
     Processes.   No.  EV-0055.

Donnell,  J.R.   1977.   Oil Shale Resource
     Investigations  of the U.S. Geological
     Survey.   U.S.  Dept. of  the Interior,
     U.S.  Geological   Survey  Open   File
     Report No. 77-637.
                                            D-l

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Dougan,  P.M.,  F.S.  Reynolds  and  P.J.
     Root.  Undated.   The Potential for In
     Situ  Retorting  of  Oil  Shale in  the
     Piceance Creek Basin  of Northwestern
     Colorado.  Colorado School  of  Mines.

DRI -  Charles  H. Prien Center for Syn-
     thetic  Fuel Studies.   In Press.  The
     Analysis  of  Oil   Shale  Wastes:   A
     Review.      EPA    Contract    No.
     68-03-2791.

Earnest, H.W.,  et al.   1978.  Underground
     Disposal  of Retorted Oil Shale for the
     Paraho   Retorting   Process.    Iron
     Company.  Cleveland,  Cliffs.

Environmental     Protection    Technology
     Series.   1974.  Pollution Problems and
     Research   Needs ' for   an  Oil   Shale
     Industry.    National    Environmental
     Research  Center,  Office of Research
     and Development.   EPA.

Farrier,   D.S.,   R.E.   Poulson,   Q.D.
     Skinner   and  J.C.   Adams.    1977.
     Acquisition,  Processing,  and Storage
     for Environmental Research  of  Aque-
     ous Effluents Derived from In Situ Oil
     Shale  Processing.  Proc.  2nd  Pacific
     Engineering   Congress.     Denver,
     Colorado.

Fox,  P.   1978.  Oil  Shale  Environmental
     Issues   and   Controls.    Lawrence
     Berkeley    Laboratory,     Berkeley,
     California.

Fruchter,  J.S., Wilkerson,  C.T., Evans,
     J.C.,  Sanders,   R.W.,   and  Abel,
     K.W.   May 1979.   Source Character-
     ization  Studies  at the  Paraho Semi-
     works  Oil  Shale  Retort.   Battelle
     Pacific     Northwest     Laboratory.
     Richland,  Washington.

Gardner,  G.M.   1975.   A  Preliminary Net
     Energy  Analysis  of the  Production  of
     Oil from Oil Shale and the Potential of
     Oil   Shale   as   an  Energy  Source:
     Draft.      University    of    Florida.
     Gainesville, Florida.

Gray,  S.L.  1974.  Primary  Data on Eco-
     nomic  Activity   and  Water  Use   in
     Prototype  Oil Shale Development Areas
     of   Colorado:    An  Initial   Inquiry.
     U.S.   Department  of  the  Interior,
     Office  of  Water  Resources Research.

Habenicht, C.H., et al.  1977.  Sampling
     and  Analysis  Program  at  the Paraho
     Oil  Shale  Demonstration  Facility (DRI
     Report  5624).    Submitted   to  TRW
     under  EPA Contract.  DRI.   Denver,
     Colorado.
Harbert, H.P.   1978.  Vegetative Stabiliza-
     tion  of Spent  Oil Shales: Vegetation,
     Moisture,   Salinity  and  Runoff--1973-
     1976.   EPA.

 Harbert,  H.P. and Berg, W.A.  December
     31, 1974.  Vegetative Stabilization  of
     Spent  Oil  Shales.    (Final   Report,
     Phase IIA to the Colorado Department
     of Natural Resources).   Environmental
     Resources   Center,    CSU.     Fort
     Collins, Colorado.

Hendrickspn,   T.,  comp.   1975.   Compre-
     hensive  Synthetic  Fuels Data Hand-
     book.  Green  River  Oil  Shale,  U.S.
     Coal,   Alberta  Oil  Sands.   Cameron
     Engineers,  Inc.   Denver,  Colorado.
     (A  division   of  the  Pace  Company
     Consultants  and  Engineers,   Inc.).

Hughes, E.E.  et al.  1975.   Oil  Shale  Air
     Pollution  Control.  Stanford Research
     Institute,  Stanford,  California.

Jaffe,  F.C.   1962.   Oil  Shale:   Part  II  -
     Geology  and  Mineralogy  of  the  Oil
     Shales of the Green  River  Formation,
     Colorado,  Utah and Wyoming.

LaRue, D.M.   1977.   Retorting  of Green
     River  Oil  Shale Under High-Pressure
     Hydrogen   Atmospheres.     Laramie
     Energy   Research    Center.   LERC/
     TRR-77/2.

Merino, I.M.   1977.   Reclamation of Spent
     Oil  Shale.  Mining Congress  Journal.

Murin,   P.J.    1978.    The  Oil  Shale
     Resource     Development     System:
     Revised Draft  Report.   Radian Corp.
     Austin, Texas.

Needham,    R.B.   1976.    Oil  Yield  and
     Quality from Simulated In Situ  Retort-
     ing of Green  River Oil Shale.  Pre-
     print.  SPE-AIME.

Needham,   R.B.  1976.   Prediction of the
     Permeability of a  Fragmented Oil Shale
     Bed During In  Situ Retorting with  HO
     Gas.   Preprint SPE-AIME.

Nutter, J.F.   1978.  Oil Shale Economics
     Update.    Prepared   for   American
     Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Oil  Shale  Corporation.   1964.  Oil Shale
     Development    on   Federal    Lands.
     TOSCO.

Oil  Shale  Environmental   Advisory  Panel.
     1979.   Prototype  Oil  Shale  Program
     and   Environmental  Advisory  Panel:
     Summary.   Denver.  EPA.
                                            D-2

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  Oil  Shale  Panel.    1977.    Committee  on
       Accessory Minerals  National  Research
       Council.   Redistribution  of Accessory
       Elements from  Mining and  Processing
       of Oil Shale.  NRC.

  Perrini, Edward  M.   1975.   Oil from Shale
       and Tar  Sands.  Noyes Data  Corpora-
       tion.  Park  Ridge,  New Jersey.

  Pitman,  J.K.  and  J.R.  Donnell.   1973.
       Potential  Shale Oil  Resources  of a
       Stratographic   Sequence  Above   the
       Mahogany Zone.  Green River Forma-
       tion, Piceance  Creek Basin, Colorado.
       U.S.  Geological Survey.

  Pressey,  R.E.   1978.   Results of EPA's
       Preliminary  Environmental Assessment
       at  the Paraho  Oil Shale Demonstration
       Retort.   Presented  at the 71st Annual
       AIChE Meeting, Environmental Assess-
       ment  of  Solid  Fossil  Fuel  Processes
       Symposium.

  Ringe,  A.C.   1973.   Oil Shale:  A Biblio-
       graphy with  Abstracts.  NTIS.

 Rio  Blanco Oil Shale Project.   May 1977.
      Revised   Detailed Development  Plan,
      Tract Oa.

 Rio  Blanco Oil Shale Project.   May 1977.
      Final  Environmental  Baseline   Report
      for  Tract  C-a  and   Vicinity.   Rio
      Blanco Oil Shale  Projects.  Gulf Oil
      Corporation and Standard Oil Corpora-
      tion.

 Rothberg,   Paul   F.   1977.   Oil  Shale
      Development:      Outlook,    Current
      Activities  and  Constraints.    Library
      of   Congress  Congressional  Research
      Service,   Science   Policy  Research
      Division,    Issue    Brief   #IB74060.
      Washington, D.C.

 Schanz,  John J.  October 1978.   Oil Shale:
      A New Set of Uncertainties. Reprinted
      from Natural  Resources  Journal.   V.
      18.   pp. 775-785.

Shale  Oil Production  Tax Incentive  Act of
     1979.  H.R. 1969.  96th Congress.  1st
     Session.

Shih,  C.C.  1979.   Technological Overview
     Reports for Eight Shale  Oil Recovery
     Processes.   EPA.   Cincinnati,  Ohio.

Siggia, S., P.C.  Uden and M.T.  Atwood,
     eds.   June 1974.   Analytical  Chem-
     istry  Pertaining  to   Oil   Shale and
     Shale  Oil.   Report  of  the  National
     Science Foundation Conference, Wash-
     ington, DC.
  Sladek, T.A.  1975.   Recent Trends in Oil
       Shale -  Part 3:   Shale  Oil  Refining
       and   Some   Oil    Shale   Problems.
       Colorado School  of Mines, 1975.

   Sullivan, R.F.   1978,   Refining Oil Shale.
       Preprint.   American  Petroleum Insti-
       tute.

   Thorne    Ecological    Institute.    1975.
       Wildlife  and  Oil Shale:   A Problem.
       Analysis   and   Research   Program.
       TEI.

  TRW.  1977.   Trace  Elements  Associated
       with  Oil Shale  and  Its  Processing.
       TRW  and DRI.

  U.S. Bureau  of  Mines.   1972.  Oil Shale
       Retort    Research    Project.    Anvil
       Points,  Colorado: Final Environmental
       Statement.

  Union Oil  Co. of California.   April 1978.
      Environmental  Report,   Long   Ridge
      Experimental Shale Oil Plant.

  United  States   Bureau   of   Reclamation.
      1974.   Alternative  Sources  of  Water
      for Prototype Oil Shale Development,
      Colorado and  Utah.   U.S.  Bureau of
      Reclamation,   Upper  Colorado   Region
      Office.  Salt  Lake City, Utah.

 U.S.   Congress,   Office   of   Technology
      Assessment.   1980.   An Assessment of
      Oil  Shale Technologies.   Library  of
      Congress  Catalog  Card   #80-600101.
 U.S.   Congress.    June   1980.
      Energy Security Act.
S-932.
 United States Department of Energy  Tech-
     nical Information Center.   December
     1977.  Oil Shales and  Tar Sands:   A
     Bibliography.   U.S.   Department  of
     Energy Technical Information  Center.
     Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

 U.S.   Department  of  Interior,  Bureau  of
     Land Management.   July 1979.  Draft
     Environmental  Statement,  Proposed.
     Superior Oil Company  Land Exchange
     and  Oil Shale  Resource Development.

U.S.   Department of  the Interior.   1977.
     Geological  Survey Public  Hearing on
     the  Oil Shale  Tract C-b  Modification
     to Detailed Development Plan.

U.S.  Department  of  the Interior,  Inter-
     agency, Oil Shale Task Force.   1974.
     Potential  Future  Role  of   Shale  Oil;
     Prospects   and  Constraints.   Federal
     Energy Administration.
                                            D-3

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U.S.   Energy  Research  and  Development
     Administration.   1977.   Oil  Shale-FY
     1977:     Environmental   Development
     Plan.   ERDA.

U.S.   House  of  Representatives.    1974.
     Committee  on  Interior  and  Insular
     Affairs.  Subcommittee  on Mines and
     Mining.    Oil  Shale,   Mining,   and
     Energy Hearings.   U.S.  Government
     Printing   Office.    Washington,   DC.

VTN Colorado,  Inc.   October 1977.   Final
     Environmental     Baseline    Report.
     Federal Prototype  Oil  Shale Leasing
     Program.   Tracts U-a and U-b,  White
     River Shale Project.

White River Shale  Project, Detailed Devel-
     opment  Plan—Federal  Lease  Tracts
     U-a and U-b,  2 vol., 1976.

Wildeman,  T.R.  and  R.R. Meglen.   1978.
     Analysis  of  Oil  Shale  Materials for
     Element Balance Studies.  In Analyt-
     ical Chemistry of  Liquid Fuel Sources,
     P.C.   Uden,  S.   Siggia,  and   H.B.
     Jensen, eds.  Adv.  in  Chem.  Series
     170, ACS.  Washington, DC.

Williamson,  D.R.  1964.   Oil Shale Part 3:
     The Natures and Origins of Kerogens.
     Colorado   School  of  Mines,  Golden,
     Colorado.
                                            D-4

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                                      TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                              (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
 1. REPORT NO.

    EPA  -  6QQ/ 7-90-0
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