DRAFT
Development Document for
Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines
New Source Performance Standards
for the
TRUCKING
Segment of the
Transportation Industry
Point Source Category
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
APRIL 1974
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Publication Notice 2
This is a development document for proposed effluent ^imitations 7
guidelines and new source performance standards. As such, this 8
report is subject to changes resulting from comments received during 9
the period of public comments on the proposed regulations. This 10
document in its final form will be published at the time the
regulations for this industry are promulgated. 11
This report has been entered into a computer to facilitate 13
processing, print outs, and revisions. The various "machine 15
commands" necessary to accomplish these steps are, therefore, present 16
in this draft version. For example, line numbers are shown in the 17
right margin, percent and dollar symbols Represent underlining 18
instructions, and a dash under individual letters i_s a reference 19
point for making corrections. The commands will not appear in the 20
final report.
Readers who desire clarification or amplification of the material 22
presented while making their reviews are invited to contact: 23
A. F. Tabri 27
Mail: National Field Investigations Center -Cincinnati 28
5555 Ridge Avenue 29
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 30
Phone: 513-684-4381 31
Mention of commercial products does not constitute endorsement by 35
the IJ.S. Government.
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DRAFT
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
for
PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
and
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
for "the
TRUCKING SEGMENT
of the
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
April 1974
A. D. Sidio
Director
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-CINCINNATI
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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DRAFT
Abstract
This document presents the findings of an in-house study of the
trucking segment of the transportation industry. It was completed by
the National Field Investigations Center-Cincinnati, Environmental
Protection Agency for the purpose of developing effluent limitations
guidelines and Federal standards of performance for the industry, in
accordance with Sections 304 and 306 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972.
Effluent limitations guidelines contained herein set forth the
degree of effluent reduction attainable through the application of
the best practicable control technology currently available and the
degree of effluent reduction attainable through the application of
the best available technology economically achievable which must be
attained by existing point sources by July 1, 1977, and July 1, 1983,
respectively. The standards of performance for new sources contained
herein set forth the degree of efflu^jxS^reduction which is achievable
through the application, of th,e best available demonstrated control
technology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives.
Supportive rationale for development of the proposed effluent
limitations guidelines and standards of performance is contained in
this report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
SECTIONS PAGES 5
I CONCLUSIONS 1-17
II RECOMMENDATIONS II-l 9
Best Practicable Control Technology Currently 11
Available (BPCTCA) II-l 12
Source Control II-l 13
Treatment Technology II-l 14
Effluent Guidelines II-3 15
Best Available Control Technology Economically 16
Achievable (BACTEA) II-5 17
Source Control II-5 18
Treatment Technology II-5 19
Effluent Guidelines II-6 20
New Source Performance and Pretreatment 21
Standards (NSPPS) II-6 22
III INTRODUCTION III-l 24
Purpose and Authority III-l 26
Summary of Methods Used for Development of 27
Effluent Limitations Guidelines III-3 28
Data Base III-4 29
General Description of the Trucking Industry III-5 30
Comparison With Other Segments of the 31
Transportation Industry III-9 32
IV INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION IV-1 34
Over-the-Road Hauling of Passengers and Freight IV-3 36
Truck and Bus Maintenance IV-3 37
Lubrication and Fueling IV-3 38
External Truck Washing IV-3 39
Maintenance and Repairs IV-4 40
Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning IV-4 41
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning IV-5 42
Passenger Terminal Activities IV-6 43
Freight Terminal Activities IV-6 44
iii
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V WASTE CHARACTERIZATION V-l 46
Introduction V-l 48
Wastewater Constituents and Flows V-l 49
OVer-the-Road Hauling V-l 50
Lubrication, Fueling, Maintenance, and 51
Repairs V-3 52
External Truck Washing V-3 53
Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning V-3 54
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning V-4 55
Passenger Terminals V-4 56
Freight Terminals V-4 57
Raw Waste Loads V-5 58
VI POLLUTANT PARAMETERS VI-1 60
Over-the-Road Hauling VI-1 62
Lubrication and Fueling VI-1 63
Selected Control Parameters VI-1 64
Constituents Not Selected as Control 65
Parameters VI-2 66
External Truck Washing VI-2 67
Selected Control Parameters VI-2 68
Constituents Not Selected as Control 69
Parameters VI-3 70
Maintenance and Repairs VI-4 71
Selected Control Parameters VI-4 72
Constituents Not Selected as Control 73
Parameters VI-5 74
Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning VI-5 75
Selected Control Parameters VI-5 76
Constituents Not Selected as Control 77
Parameters VI-6 78
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning VI-7 79
Selected Control Parameters VI-7 80
Constituents Not Selected as Control 81
Parameters VI-9 82
Passenger and Freight Terminals VI-9 83
Summary of Pollution Control Parameters VI-10 84
VII CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY VII-1 86
Historical Treatment VII-1 88
State-of-the-Art Treatment Technology VII-2 89
Primary Treatment - Gravity Separation VII-2 90
Secondary Treatment of Oily Wastes (Primary 91
for Mixed Chemical Wastes) VII-5 92
iv
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Equalization VII-5
Emulsion Breaking VII-6
Dissolved Air Flotation VII-7
Coagulation VII-7
Tertiary Treatment of Oily Wastes
(Secondary for Mixed Wastes) VII-8
Aerated Lagoon VII-9
Trickling Filter VII-9
Activated Sludge VTI-10
Activated Carbon Adsorption VII-11
Granular Media Filtration VII-12
Batch Treatment of Individual Waste
Streams VII-13
Summary of Effluent Concentrations
from System Combinations VII-13
Examples of Typical Treatment Facilities VII-15
VIII COST, ENERGY AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS VIII-1
Maintenance, Lubrication, Fueling, and Repairs VIII-1
External Truck Washing VIII-2
Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry
Freight Truck Interior Cleaning VIII-4
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning VIII-5
IX BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE, GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS IX-1
Maintenance, Lubrication, Fueling, and Repairs IX-1
External Truck Washing IX-2
Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight IX-3
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning IX-4
General Considerations IX-6
Monitoring Requirements IX-8
Summary of Proposed Effluent Limitations for
Best Practicable Control Technology IX-9
Sludge Disposal IX-9
Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources IX-9
X BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE, GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS X-l
Maintenance, Fueling, Lubrication, and Repairs X-l
External Truck Washing X-l
Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight
Truck Interior Cleaning X-2
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning X-3
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
110
112
113
114
115
116
118
119
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
132
133
135
136
137
138
139
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XI NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND PRETREATMENT 141
STANDARDS XI-1 142
XII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XII-1 144
XIII REFERENCES XIII-1 146
XIV GLOSSARY AND CONVERSION TABLE XIV-1 148
vi
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TABLES
154
1 Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines Per 156
Unit For Best Practicable Control Technology 157
Currently Available. Trucking Segment of 158
Transportation Industry (Monthly Averages). II-4 159
2 Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines Per Unit 161
For Best Available Control Technology Economically 162
Achievable. Trucking Segment of Transportation 163
Industry (Monthly Averages) II-7 164
3 Number of For-hire Carriers by Size Class (1945-72) III-7 166
4 Statistical Highlights - Motor Carrier Industry, 168
1972 Estimates 111-10 169
5 Transportation Statistics 1966 - 1972 in the U.S. III-ll 171
6 Energy Used in Moving Freight 111-13 173
7 Significant Wastewater Constituents of Trucking 175
Industry Discharges V-2 176
8 Estimated Raw Waste Loads Per Unit of Activity. 178
Trucking Segment of Transportation Industry. V-6 179
9 Summary of Selected Control Parameters for the 181
Trucking Industry VI-11 182
10 Estimated Oil Concentration Achieved by Various 184
Primary Oil/Water Separation Processes VII-5 185
11 Lowest Effluent Concentrations Expected From Oily 187
Waste Treatment Processes VII-14 188
12 Trailer Internal Cleaning Generation Rates - 190
Terminal A. VII-16 191
1'i Trailer Commodity Cleaning List- Terminal A VII-17 193
14 Waste Treatment Plant Effluent Data, June 1973 - 195
Terminal A. VII-20 196
15 Partial List of Chemical Products Transported by 198
Tank Trucks - Terminal D. VII-24 199
vii
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16
Products Cleaned Out From Tank Trucks - Terminal F VII-26
17 Products Handled and Percent of Total Haulage -
Terminal G. VII-28
18 Wastewater and Treatment Plant Effluent Data -
Terminal G. VII-31
19 Net Values of Wastewater Discharges - Terminal H VII-33
20 Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, External Truck Washing
Facilities VIII-3
21 Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, Dry Freight Terminal
Facilities VIII-A
22 Estimated Costs of Pretreatment For Existing and
New Sources VIII-5
23 Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, Tank Truck Cleaning
Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal VIII-8
24 Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, Tank Truck Cleaning
Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal (Including
Cyanide Destruction and Chrome Reduction). VIII-9
25 Estimated Costs of Pretreatment, Tank Truck
Cleaning Facilities at a Dipatch Terminal.
Existing and New Sources. VIII-10
200
202
203
205
206
208
210
211
213
214
216
217
219
220
222
223
224
226
227
228
FIGURES
232
Number
Flow Chart of Typical Wastewater Treatment
Schemes.
Page
VII-3
235
237
238
viii
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DRAFT
SECTION I 6
CONCLUSIONS 8
Four major segments exist within the transportation industry: _(1) 12
truck transportation; (2) air transportation; (3) railroad
transportation; and (4) waterborne shipping.(1) This document deals 14
with the truck transportation segment.
Ejor the purpose of developing effluent guidelines, the truck 16
transportation segment has been subcategorized by the following 17
principal activities:
1. Over-the-road hauling of passengers and freight 21
2. Truck and bus maintenance 23
a. lubrication and fueling 25
b. external washing 27
c. heavy repairs 29
d. interior dry freight cleaning 31
e. tank truck interior cleaning 33
3. Passenger terminals 35
4. Freight terminals 37
The most significant wastewater-producing activities are those of 42
truck cleaning: external washing, interior dry freight cleaning, and 43
tank truck interior cleaning. The last of these produces the most 44
variable and difficultly treatable wastes (2). Water use at the 46
1-1
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DRAFT
largest facilities is as high as 70,000 gpd, but most installations 47
use less than 15,000.
Oily wastes and suspended solids are of universal concern In the 49
trucking industry's wastewaters. p_ther constituents which may 51
present problems (varying with the activity) _are BOD, COD, acids, 52
alkalis, metals, cyanides, phenols, ammonia and bacteria. Tank truck 54
cleaning may deal with a long list of organic and/or inorganic 55
chemicals and oily products, varying widely in short periods of time.
Treatment systems are available to handle all types of 57
wastewaters; they include gravity oil separation, emulsion-breaking, 58
coagulation, air flotation, biological treatment, clarification, 59
granular media filtration, and Carbon sorption.(3) Metals reduction 61
and cyanide destruction may be required in specific cases. Any or 63
all of these methods.represent the best practicable treatment
currently available. 64
The complexity of wastes cleaned from tank truck Interiors and 66
the relatively small volumes of wastewater generated from trucking 67
Industry sources indicate that pretreatment and discharge to publicly 68
owned treatment works sihould be considered wherever site location 69
allows.
Recycle of all or a large portion of treated wastewaters from 71
washing Activities is considered economically achievable. 72
1-2
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DRAFT
SECTION II 6
RECOMMENDATIONS 8
Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available 10
(BPCTCA) 11
Wastewater control technology in the trucking industry involves 14
J:wo equally important aspects — source control and treatment 15
^technology (3) . 16
Source Control 18
^t is recommended that: 20
!_. all maintenance areas where significant wastes are produced, 22
such as fueling platforms, repair shops, and truck exterior 23
and interior washing stations, be imperviously surfaced and 25
drained to collection systems and the drainage then treated;
2^. spent concentrated cleaning solutions (those followed by a 27
jrinse) be. reprocessed, evaporated, incinerated or disposed 28
of by other means rather than to wastewater systems; 29
_3. shop floors (other than equipment washing stations) be 31
cleaned to the maximum possible extent by dry processes; 33
^. the use of water be minimized by disallowing continuous 35
streams for intermittent use. 37
NOTICE
II~1 These are tensive recom-ine^dations bc.scd upon
j.-forrmii-n 1.-. tMs report andl c,re e.u:vo.> ro ;.bange
based upon cc.vr.eiitr. rt.c^'»v:d n/u! ianl'.t tr.terna!
review by Ll'A.
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DRAF
T re at men t Techn o lo gy 39
It is recommended for discharges to surface waters that: 41
1^. drainage from fueling, maintenance, and repair areas be 43
provided with gravity separator sumps to intercept and 44
contain spills; Affluents be given further treatment where 45
facilities are part of a larger ^.ndustry complex; 46
2. drainage from truck external washing facilities be provided 48
with treatment equivalent to that obtained by gravity 50
separation and sedimentation, emulsion-breaking, coagulation 51
and clarification;
3_, drainage from washing interiors of trucks hauling livestock, 53
agricultural products, and perishable goods be provided 54
treatment equivalent to primary sedimentation, biological 55
treatment, clarification, and bacterial reduction; 56
_4_. drainage from washing interiors of tank trucks which haul 58
variable chemical, petroleum, and other liquid products be 59
pjrovided with the equivalent of gravity oil reparation, 61
equalization, chemical coagulation, sedimentation,
b_iological treatment or carbon adsorption, filtration, and 62
controlled Discharge; specific wastes may require 63
segregation and batch treatment _£i.e. metals reduction, 64
cyanide destruction);
NOTICE
These are tentative recommendations based upon
H-2 Jnform9t'°n '« this report ^4 ;iri: s,.!),;^ fa change
based upon w.^nl* rc^,^ isi,J ,urtj,&r internal
:.';v;t;w b> Li'/'v.
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DRAFT
_5_. drainage from tank truck cleaning in which one or a few very 66
jimilar products are involved (i.e. petroleum products only) 67
be provided with appropriate parts of the above systems or 68
their equivalents; 69
6_. all treatment systems be provided with pH adjustment, sludge 72
handling systems, treatment recycle ability, and controlled 73
discharge.
]_. the shipper of chemicals provide the hauler a generic or 75
chemical description of any product shipped to assist in 76
applying proper cleaning and waste treatment techniques. 77
_It is recommended that pretreatment of discharges for acceptance 79
in publicly owned treatment giants include physical-chemical systems 80
to result in neutral pH and to remove oil, metals, cyanides, and
other non-compatible pollutants. 81
Effluent Guidelines 33
Recommended monthly average effluent loading limits per unit of 85
activity reflecting best jsracticable control technology currently 86
available are listed in Table 1. Maximum daily loadings should not 87
exceed two times the values listed in Table 1.
NOTICE
These ure lenlofive recomrm-i.-if.-ifions li i;:ed upon
information in ilm report and -m: MI!>J»-I;I to change
based upon <:t;mnir;nts received ami (tirl'ner internal
review by Ki'A
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TABLK 1
PROPOSE iFrU!-UT LIMITATIONS GII1WX1KKS VKR UNIT
!••!.)« RiST PRACTICABU: CONTROL TJ-.C]MOt.;. truok
:\:;11:-
•..ii:'.-;.-:-.,:-..'.? ;y..i truck
liters
^al kg Ib kg Ib kg Ib kg Ib k« Ib
Chrcmium Cyanide
k^ Ib kg Ib pH Itaits
fecal
L. lifoms
."r*^100 ml
;trial wnstewatcr
1+0
1, 1?3
UO
10 .0005 .001 .001 ,00,; » * * * * *
3M .015 .03 .a: .05 * * * * * *
10 ,OO35 .001 .001 ' ,00."! « » * » * *
4 ' + * 6.5-^.0
* 6-5-v-O
* * " « 0.5-9.0
4
trailer 7oO POO .01
.015 .03
.02
.05 .07
.15
intci-i-r closai:-^
F a f f e Ji^e-r t f rr: i TJ <1
ireifiht
truilor 3,1(00 900 .03 .07 .07 .15 .0005 -OO1 0.1 0.2 1.0 2.2 .001 .002 .000^ .001 6.5-9-0 «
equivalent of municipal secunilary treatment
equivalent of municipal secondary treatment - may include any of above
•;;--t iiiit.s$ f.-r listed activity.
NOTICE
TTiese are tentative recommendations based upon
information in 'his report and ,ire t-ubjee! !o change
based upon comments received and farther- internal
review by EPA.
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DRAFT
Best Available Control Technology Economically Achievable (BACTEA) 92
Source Control 95
In addition to the recommendations for best practicable control 97
technology currently available, ^t is recommended that: 98
_!. all wastewater-producing maintenance and washing facilities 101
be roofed to minimize or eliminate the need to treat 102
precipitation runoff;
2_. the discharge to wastewater treatment _systems of products 105
specifically manufactured for their toxic properties, such 106
as herbicides, pesticides, fungicides, etc. be eliminated 107
unless wastewater treatment effects complete removal;
_3^ treated wastewater effluents be reused jipr all equipment 110
washing and Cleaning. Ill
Treatment Technology 113
^n addition to the recommendations for best practicable 115
treatment currently available, it is recommended that; 116
_!. storage, pumping, and plumbing devices be added to permit 119
the recycling of wash and rinse waters to the maximum extent 120
without unduly interfering with the cleaning process; 121
'NOTICE
These are tentative recommendations based upon
information in this report and nrc subject to change
H_5 bused upon <:ornnvnl.s !•••<•,.,•><•<] ii:Kl !urth-:r ir.t'.Tr::j|
li'VIC'A fl,,
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DRAFT
_2_. blowdown discharges be created to at least _the equivalent of 124
that described under best £racticable control technology 125
currently available;
^. pretreatment for acceptance at publicly £wned vorks be 128
equivalent to the pretreatment recommended for best 129
practicable control technology currently available. 130
Effluent Guidelines 132
Recommended effluent loading limits (monthly averages) per unit 134
of activity for discharge to surface waters reflecting best available 135
control technology economically achievable are listed in Table 2. 136
Maximum daily loading limits should not exceed two times the values 137
listed in Table 2.
Affluents to be discharged to publicly owned treatment works 139
should meet the recommended pretreatment requirements for best 140
practicable control technology currently available.
New Source Performance and Pretreatment Standards (NSPPS) 143
It is recommended that discharges from new sources in the 146
trucking industry meet the source control, treatment technology and 147
effluent limit recommendations for best available control technology 148
economically achievable for discharge to surface waters or to
publicly owned treatment works, whichever is applicable. 149
NOTICE
NOTICE
Th«e are tentative recommendations based upon
information in this report and arc wi.il.jecf to change
based upon comments received and iurllier internal
review by EPA.
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i'HO'iV'SKD EFFLUINT LUGTATirtfS GITDiLINES PSR UNIT
FOR BK3T AVAILABLE CONTROL Ti'CSi.'L.Y.Y iAVNOfflCALLY ACHIEVABLE
TRUCKTNu SK.Cffi.HT .".!•"' TR^JSPOSTATT 'ft INDUSTRY ira'nthly averages)
,u
'ctlvitv '.".ii >« Ib
v. ,..;.,,,.,„-, v--.tev.-te
Lubrication an.=. :S-_ON .CX.VJ .0005
1 st.'sr.-il «H.-=iiii--i: tru.-x . iV7 ..015
:•'.:; ir. u iianoi- jiii.i tr.:o* .AVI .0005
r-sT.iirs
"ry '.'ivit-ht track. trailer .005 -01
:nttri;r cleaning
•-'••• tiTjc'' i '•,».»••< r t"iiiiT .."I .02
clo^r.inj:
FH.'Si nc:er tci-r.ir,:U. -- equivalent of
jriiig'.it ttrriiinfll -- equivalent jf
Suspended
kg
r
.0005
.001
.0005
.007
QJ
municipal
municipal
1 Solids Phenols S-. . ?'• COD Chromium Cyanide pH CVlif jrcs
Ib Kg Ib *.£ Ib ktf Ib Ky Ib kg Ib Inits ,.r,:/100 ml
.001 * » * * * »•' * « • « 6.5-9.0 '
.OO?5 « »>•**«*• • 4.5-O.O •
.001 * *»»#*»*» * 6.5-9.0 *
.015 * ». .012 .0^5 .035 .075 * » * « o. 5-9.0 ..'OO
.OU .00015 .OOOS O.X 0.05 0.25 0.55 -OOOi; .0005 .00015 -0003 6.5-v.O
secondary treatment
secondary treatment - may include any of above
H
r.. L limiteJ for listed nctivity
NOTICE
These are tentative recorr.rr.endatioris based upo
information in this report and sre subject co
based upon comments recrivvd anc; f'j^tiicr i
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DRAFT
SECTION III 6
INTRODUCTION 8
$%Purpose and Authority$% 10
Section 301 (b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as 13
amended (4) requires the achievement by not later than July 1, 1977,
of effluent limitations for point sources, ottier than publicly owned 14
treatment works, which are based on the application of the best 15
practicable control technology currently available as defined by the
Administrator pursuant to Section 304 (b) of the Act. Section 301 17
(b) also requires the achievement by not later than July 1, 1983, of
effluent limitations for point sources, other than publicly owned 18
treatment works, which are based on the application of the b_eet 19
available technology economically achievable which will result In
reasonable ^further progress coward the national goal of eliminating 20
the discharge of all pollutants, as determined in accordance with 21
regulations issued by the Administrator pursuant to Section 304 (b)
of the Act.
Section 306 of the Act requires the achievement by new sources of 23
a Federal standard of performance providing for the control of the 24
discharge of pollutants which reflects the greatest degree of
effluent Deduction which the Administrator determines to be 25
achievable through the application of the best available demonstrated 26
control technology, processes, operating methods, or other
III-l
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DRAFT
alternatives, jlncluding, where practicable, a standard permitting no 27
discharge of pollutants.
£ection 304 (b) required the Administrator to publish within one 29
year of enactment of the Act, regulations providing guidelines for 30
effluent limitations setting forth the degree £f effluent reduction 31
attainable through the application of the best practicable control 32
technology currently available and the degree of further effluent
£eduction attainable through the application of the best control 33
measures and practices achievable including jrreatment techniques, 34
process and procedure innovations, operation methods and other 35
alternatives. The regulations proposed herein set forth effluent 36
limitations guidelines jmrsuant to Section 304 (b) of the Act for the 37
trucking segment of the transportation industry category of point 38
sources.
•Section 306 of the Act requires the Administrator, within one 40
year ;after a category of sources is included in a list published 41
pursuant J:o Section 306 (b) (1) (A) of the Act, to propose 42
regulations establishing Federal standards of performance for new 43
sources within such categories. New source performance standards
are proposed herein for the trucking industry.
III-2
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DRAFT
$%Summary of Methods Used for Development of 51
$%Effluent Limitations Guidelines$% 52
For purposes of development of transportation industry effluent 57
^imitations guidelines the industry was first divided into the 58
following segments: railroad transportation, air transportation, 59
highway transportation, and waterborne shipping. Contacts were then 60
established with trade associations representing jsach segment. These 62
associations provided contacts for industrial information-gathering
vjLsits; .they also furnished guidance, liaison, and review functions. 64
Each of the four transportation segments was subcategorized into 66
distinct activities (over-the-road hauling, maintenance and repair, 67
washing, etc.). The wastewater potential of each of the activities 68
was examined to determine characteristic flows and waste
constituents. The wastewater constituents which should be subject to 69
effluent limitations were then identified.
Control and treatment technologies for each of the activities 71
were identified, including both source control and treatment systems, 72
which exist or can be designed. This included a determination of the 73
effluent levels of various constituents resulting from the
application of such technologies.
III-3
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DRAFT
The information, as outlined above, was evaluated to determine 79
the levels of technology constituting ^he "best? practicable control 80
technology currently available" and the "best available technology
economically achievable." Various factors were considered, including 82
the total cost of application of technology in relation to the
effluent reduction benefits to be achieved, the age of equipment and 83
facilities, tfie engineering aspects of the application of a 84
technology, and environmental impact, including energy requirements.
Data Base 86
The data on which this document is based have been obtained 88
principally from direct contacts with the industry through the 89
auspices of the American Trucking Association and its member group, 90
the National Tank Truck Carriers, Incorporated. The data base, 91
however, except for flows, is very limited. Very few companies have 92
more than a general knowledge of raw waste characteristics a_nd only 93
limited knowledge of effluent constituents. Refuse Act permit 94
application data have been meager and of little assistance. There 95
are no known published reports on truck industry wastes.
The conclusions drawn in this document are based principally on 97
water flows and products handled. Waste constituents present have 99
been largely inferred from these data, supported as much as possible 100
III-4
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by the limited waste constituent concentration data available. 100
Wastewater treatment is rudimentary in the trucking industry and the 101
literature was relied on for technology transfer and general 102
information for handling the wastes generated,
J%General Description of the Trucking Industry$% 104
,The trucking industry as described herein includes for-hire 106
freight and passenger carriers (trucks and buses) and terminal 107
facilities which may discharge industrial wastes to surface waters.
Approximately 21 million trucks and buses were registered in the 109
United State* in 1972 including 19,800,000 private and for-hire
trucks(5). Approximately 300,000 were school buses and 90,000 were 110
commercial buses. About 60% of the school buses were publicly owned. 111
In absolute terms, bus transportation has been holding its own 113
for several years, but on a percentage basis, its share of an ever- 114
growing market has dropped continuously. Almost every commuter bus 115
company has been plagued in recent years by increasing financial
problems, but they still represent the most important form of mass 116
transportation in urban areas.
The hauling of freight by truck has been increasing at a rapid 118
pace, and motor carriers are still £redominantly small, family-type 119
operations scattered across the country. There is, however, a strong 120
trend toward consolidation, and the resulting larger companies show
III-5
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DRAFT
high rates £f return on investment. Table 3 lists the numbers of 122
carriers in three Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) size
classifications since 1945. The total number of ICC - regulated 124
carriers has been slowly decreasing; most of the loss has occurred in
the Class III group. The number of Class I carriers has almost 125
doubled in the past 15 years, while Class I has been fairly stable.
The ten largest carriers account for 15% of total revenues. The 127
returns of the larger motor carriers are directly related to numbers
of trucks, their size, and average hauling distance. 128
Motor carriers are also classified under "private" and "for-hire" 130
categories. Private carriers are those who haul their own goods, but 131
only as part of a larger, overall operation. Tjrucks operated by 132
super market or department store chains or by manufacturing plants
are in this category. I[or-hire carriers are those whose business is 133
to haul freight owned by others, and jthree types exist: interstate, 134
intrastate, and local.
Most large trucking operations are involved in interstate 136
commerce and are regulated by the ICC. Jfotersjtate; carriers are 137
further subdivided by the ICC into common carriers, contract
rarrlers, and exempt carriers. The first two are certified by the 138
ICC after they can prove a need exists for their (services. C_ommon 139
carriers are those available to the general public to haul specific
types of freight at published rates, while contract carriers operate 140
under a continuing arrangement with specific shippers. JBoth types 141
III-6
-------
TABLE 3
87
NUMBER OF FOR-HIRE CARRIERS (1945-1972)
(by size class)
90
92
Year
I
•vl
Class I
S100,000 or more
Class II*
$25.000 to $100,000
Class III*
Under $25.000
Total
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
2,001
2,099
2,211
2,507
2,728
$200,000 or more
2,053
2,178
2,361
2,576
2,640
2,843
2,939
18,871
19,019
18,787
18,337
17,334
$50,000 to $200,000
17,544
17,542
17,001
16,338
15,694
15,298
14,957
20,872
21,118
20,998
20,844
20,062
Under $50,000
19,597
19,720
19,362
18,914
18,334
18,141
17,896
95
96
106
-------
TABLE 3 Continued
116
Year
Class I
$1,000,000 or more
Class II*
$200,000 to $1,000,000
Class III*
Under $200,000
Total
H
M
h-i
1
oo
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971**
1972***
933
988
1,009
1,053
1,106
1,148
1,175
1,195
1,250
1,298
1,389
$1,000,000 or more
1,421
1,503
1,571
1,597
1,771
2,055
2,167
2,256
2,276
2,336
2,495
2,533
2,536
2,615
2,675
2,769
$300,000 to $1,000,000
2,082
1,998
2,061
2,169
2,202
14,779
14,105
14,383
12,947
12,556
12,340
11,910
11,748
11,700
11,453
11,238
Under $300,000
11,617
11,706
11,468
11,351
11,165
17,767
17,260
17,648
16,276
15,998
15,983
15,618
15,479
15,565
15,426
15,396
15,120
15,207
15,100
15,117
15,138
*Separate figures on Class I and Class III carriers not available prior to 1957.
**Preliminary
***Revised
SOURCE: Interstate Commerce Commission and ICC Statement Nos. 589 and 6406 (6).
118
119
131
-------
are referred to as "regulated carriers," and they may haul general 141
freight or specialized Cargoes. Specialized carriers haul such goods 143
as dangerous materials, bulk commodities, household goods, etc. TMie 144
principal activity of exempt carriers is the hauling of agricultural
products.
The return on investment in the .trucking industry is high (Table 146
4), and _the industry makes a significant contribution to the gross 147
national product(5). The hauling of goods by truck involves an 148
almost endless variety of sizes and types of vehicles from small
pickup trucks that carry _loads of a few hundred pounds a few miles to 149
truck-trailer combinations that have gross weights over 35 tons jind 150
travel hundreds of miles.
Large "box-car" type trailers that haul general freight are still 152
dominant. ()ther important types are refrigerated units, tankers that 153
haul hot, cold, acid, and ^explosive liquids, hopper tankers that 154
carry dry bulk chemicals, flatbeds for heavy equipment, and 155
automobile haulers. The tractors used are becoming ever more 156
powerful, efficient, and safe. As in the case with locomotives, the 157
diesel engine is the prime source of power.
^Comparison with Other Segments of the Transportation Industry$% 159
Railroads still lead the transportation industry in freight 161
tonnage hauled by a wide margin, but their rate of increase in recent 162
years has been less than most of the other segments (Table 5).
III-9
-------
DRAFT
TABLE 4
STATISTICAL HIGHLIGHTS - MOTOR CARRIER INDUSTRY 154
1972 Estimates (7,8) 156
_ : _ _ _ 159
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 161
Net investment $ 3,900,000,000 162
Trucks-Single Unit 163
2 axles 344,200 164
3 axles 60,800 165
Trucks-Combination 166
3 axles 81,000 167
4 axles 162,000 168
5 or more axles 243,000 169
TRAFFIC 171
Ton- mile 422,000,000,000 172
Revenue per ton-mile 8.2c 173
Miles haul per ton 22.3 174
FINANCIAL RESULTS 176
Operating revenues 18,700,000,000 177
Operating expenses 17,600,000,000 178
Taxes 1,103,000,000 179
Net operating income 1,065,000,000 180
EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 182
Number employees 9,000,000 183
Total wage compensation $ 9,600,000,000 184
Average yearly wages 11,613 185
OPERATION (intercity) 187
Tons per truckload 12.4 188
Miles per haul 277 189
192
-------
TABLE 5
TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS 1966-1972 IN THE U.S.
Freight Hauled(7 ,9,10,11)
Type of
$%Carrler
Rail
Truck
Pipeline
Barge
Great
Lakes
Vessels
Air
Total
1966
757
396
332
158
115
2.9
1761
1967
731
389
361
167
109
3.
1760
(Billions of Ton Miles)
% of
Total for
1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1972$%
755
415
397
176
106
780
404
411
185
115
4 4.2 4.7
1853 1900
Passengers
(Billions
Auto
Private
Air
880
N.A.
Commercial
Air 80
Bus
Rail
Water
Total
25
17
3.3
1005
890
10
99
24
15
4
1043
931
8.1
114
.9 24.5
.2 13.1
.0 3.5
1094
773
412
431
190
116
5.
1927
774 781 38.9
422 443 2.2.0
444 462 23.0
205 215 10.7
104 103 5.1
0 5.1 5.5 0.3
1954 2010 100.0
Carried
of Passenger Miles)
977
9
125
26
1027
10
132
25
12.1 10
4
1153
4
1209
1071 1125 84.7
9.2 10.1 0.8
136 152 11.5
25.5 25.7 1.9
.7 10 10.5 0.8
4 4 0.3
1256 1327 100.0
5
6
7
10
11
12
15
17
19
21
24
25
26
29
31
34
36
38
40
41
43
44
46
48
50
52
54
III-ll
-------
DRAFT
The trucking industry has made large inroads into the freight- 164
hauling dominance £f the railroads by offering door-to-door 165
convenience and timeliness, and by being able to adapt to changing
economic conditions. [This trend is expected to continue. A^ rapidly 168
growing part of the trucking business is the use of "piggyback"
containers, an operation in which the railroad and waterborne
^segments also have a role. 169
The trucking segment accounts for about two-thirds of the freight 171
transportation market (by weight hauled) for distances under 100 172
miles and about one-third for distances over 500 miles.
As mentioned earlier, bus transportation of passengers has been 174
essentially static in growth. This situation is not likely to change 176
.unless considerable interest is generated by the energy shortage.
Table 6 lists the estimated energy consumed by various freight 178
carriers during the period 1966-1973. There was about a 22% combined 180
increase in energy used but only a 14% increase .in tonnage hauled. 181
This resulted from the increase in the transportation of freight by 182
trucks, pipelines, and aircraft, which have higher energy 183
requirements. Rail and water transportation vehicles are 184
particularly efficient tisers of fuel. Except in air transport, the 186
diesel engine is the main propulsion unit in all commercial vehicles. 187
The average cost of shipping freight is about 1.4c/ton-mile by 189
water, 1.6c/ton-mile by rail, £.2c/ton-mile by truck, and 22.8c/ton- 190
111-12
-------
DRAFT
ENERGY USED
Type of
Carrier ]966 1967
Rail 568 548
Truck 950 934
Pipeline 614 668
Barge 79 83
Lakes 57 54
Air 183 214
Total 2451 2501
Note: BTU calculated at
trucks, 1850 for
63,000 for air.
TABLE 6
IN MOVING FREIGHT (BTU x 10(12))
1968
566
996
734
88
53
265
2702
1969 1970
585 580
970 989
760 797
92 95
57 58
296 315
2760 2834
750 BTU/ton-mile for
57
59
% 63
Increase 6'
(Decrease) (
1971 1972 1966-72 66
581 586 3.2
1013 1063 11.9
821 854 39.1
102 108 36.7
52 51 (10.5)
321 346 89.1
2890 3008 22.7
railroads, 2400 for
pipelines, 500 for barge and lakes, and
Source "
by William E. Mooz, Rand
Energy in the
Transportation Sector"
Corporation (12).
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
81
82
83
84
111-13
-------
DRAFT
mile by air (7,9,10). Needless to say, product durability, 191
bulkiness, weight, and delivery time are controlling factors which 192
keep each of the modes competitive. Fuel availability may cause some 193
re-adjustment in the competitive structure in addition to affecting 194
the quantity of many commodities whose raw materials are derived from 195
energy sources.
111-14
-------
SECTION IV 6
INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION 8
This segment includes establishments providing for-hire highway 11
transportation of passengers and freight to the general public or to 12
business enterprises.
These activities are classified as Major Groups 41 and 42 within 14
a division including transportation in the Standard Industrial 15
Classification (SIC) Manual, .1972 edition (1). Each is further 17
subdivided into several categories. Those considered in guidelines 18
development are listed below:
Major Group 41 - Local and Suburban Transit and Interurban 22
Highway Passenger Transportation 23
Industry No. 4111 Local and Suburban Transit 25
Industry No. 4151 School Buses 27
Industry Mo. 4171 Terminal and Joint Terminal Maintenance 29
Facilities for Motor Vehicle Passenger 30
Transportation 31
Industry No. 4172 Maintenance and Service Facilities for 33
Motor Vehicle Passenger Transportation 34
Major Group 42 - Motor Freight Transporation and Warehousing 36
Industry No. 4212 Local Trucking without Storage 38
Industry No. 4214 Local Trucking With Storage 40
Industry No. 4231 Terminal and Joint Terminal Maintenance 42
Facilities for Motor Freight Transportation 43
I.V-1
-------
DRAFT
The following additional categories, although not included in the 47
required development, are considered also: 48
4131 Intercity and Rural Highway Passenger Transportation 50
4213 Trucking, Except Local 52
4_222 Refrigerated Warehousing 54
These last three categories and the maintenance involved, are 56
responsible f_or a significant portion of the waterborne wastes which 57
the trucking _industry produces. 53
Since the highway transportation segment provides only service 60
and does not engage in production, ^ubcategorization has been based 61
on the principal activities carried out:
1. Over-the-road hauling of passengers and freight 64
2. Truck and bus maintenance 66
a. lubrication and fueling 53
b. external washing 70
c. heavy repairs 72
d. interior dry freight cleaning 74
e. tank truck interior cleaning 76
3. Passenger terminal activities 78
4. Freight terminal activities 80
IV-2
-------
Over-the-road Hauling of Passengers and Freight 84
This activity involves the transport of passengers and freight 87
between terminals or other points over regular o_r irregular routes. 88
Truck and Bus Maintenance 90
The activities in this subcategory produce a significant portion 93
of wastes in the trucking industry. These activities or a portion 94
thereof may be performed by the trucking establishment itself or by
companies that maintain and service motor vehicles, 95
Lubrication and Fueling 97
^These activities are similar to those carried out at filling 99
stations. They provide vehicles with gasoline or diesel fuel and 100
^Lubrication by adding or changing crankcase and transmission oil and 101
greasing £ear boxes. Also included is the maintenance of engine 103
cooling systems (installing, replenishing, and emptying antifreeze 104
and corrosion inhibitors).
External Truck Washing 106
A significant activity is the cleaning of external vehicle 108
^urfaces, particularly those of commercial buses and large, for-hire 109
carriers Because their appearance is important to a company's public 110
image. Increasing use of bright aluminum or stainless steel surfaces 111
has required more f_requent cleaning and the use of a variety of 112
IV-3
-------
DRAFT
cleaning materials. Many washing facilities are automatic, similar 113
to the familiar car wash where the vehicle jLs subjected to 114
consecutive high pressure cycles of plain water rinse, alkaline
Detergent and/or caustic or "neutralized" acid brightener wash, and 115
final £lain water rinse, sometimes including wax. As a result, the 117
wastewaters contain detergents, alkalies, suspended solids, as well 118
as oil and grease.
Maintenance and Repairs 120
Many large establishments operate their own heavy repair shops 123
and undertake a variety of activities, jsuch as dynamometer (13) 124
testing, engine and drive-train overhaul, and frame and body repairs. 125
Much of this is done, however, by outside specialists or 126
manufacturers, sometimes under continuing contract. Relatively small 128
intermittent discharges of wastewater normally originate from this
source.
Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning 130
Many passenger and freight vehicles require interior cleaning. 132
In the trucking industry, the method used depends on the commodities 133
hauled. In general, vehicles carrying bulk dry materials and dry 134
packaged commodities require only sweeping and occasional washing 135
down. Those that haul food commodities, such as meats, perishable 136
vegetables and dairy products, may require scrubbing down and even 137
sterilizing. These operations can be a source of significant 138
IV-4
-------
waterborne waste containing detergents, BOD, COD, and odorous 139
dissolved materials. Modern trucks that carry perishable goods may 140
be specially designed with hard smooth interior surfaces to 141
facilitate cleaning.
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning 143
This activity is the most significant source of difficult-to- 145
treat waterborne waste within the trucking industry. 146
It is estimated that there is a total of 90,000 tank trucks in 148
use in the United States, two-thirds of which are in the for-hire 149
£ategory (2). It is further estimated that 90-95% of the number of 151
fleets are comprised of ^ive tank trucks or less; _the largest has 153
about 3,600. 154
Waterborne wastes are generated because, except for dedicated 156
equipment, _(1) tanks must either be cleaned infrequently or after 157
each delivery and (2) the vehicles haul an almost endless variety of 158
organic and inorganic chemicals as well as other liquid products,
such as petroleum and asphalt. Most of the cleaning is done with 160
sophisticated, specially designed ^quipment in facilities owned by 161
the particular trucking establishment. The prime cleaning agents are 162
water, steam, recycled detergents, and solvents. CJLeaning methods 163
are constantly being refined and generally several methods are
employed £8 dictated by the class of cargo being hauled (14). 164
IV-5
-------
DRAFT
Most of the terminals with such facilities appear to be in areas 166
where large chemical manufacturing complexes are located such as 167
northern New Jersey, Chicago, the Kanawha River valley, the Ohio 168
River valley, and the Louisiana-Texas Gulf coast area. These 169
installations are not only the most significant sources of wastes in
the trucking industry but also create the most difficult waste 170
treatment problems. The wastes may be high in a variety of noxious 171
substances in addition jto having high concentrations of common waste 172
constituents that require exhaustive treatment for removal or 173
reduction.
Passenger Terminal Activities ^75
The activities carried out at bus stations _normally do not cause 178
any particular pollution problems because only sanitary wastes are 179
produced.
Freight Terminal Activities 181
i
freight terminals handle very few or a wide variety of 183
commodities, and bulk dry materials are stored outside or inside. 184
Some handle only liquids in containers ranging in size from cans to 185
large storage ^anks while others handle manufactured articles and 186
packaged or unpackaged perishable goods. Except for perishable 188
foods, none of the operations carried out normally produces 189
taterborne wastes. O
IV-6
-------
SECTION V 6
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 8
introduction 10
Even though some facilities perform the same functions on similar 14
numbers of units, they use varying amounts of water because of
differences in: (1) the availability of water supply; (2) attention 15
£aid to water conservation; (3) weather precipitation conditions; (4) 16
the methods used; and (5) intentional dilution of waste streams. 17
Trucking industry facilities are relatively small users of water 19
— most iise less than 67 m(3)/day (15,000 gpd). Less than two 21
percent of the installations use more than 190 m(3)/day (50,000 gpd)
each.
Wastewater Constituents and Flows 24
Constituents which are likely to be found in significant 27
quantities in the wastewater generated by various activities of the 28
trucking industry are listed in Table 7. The greatest variety of 30
waste constituents is found in the areas of repair and washing,
particularly of tank interiors. 31
Ovc r-the-Road Hau1ing 33
This activity is not a producer of wastewater. 35
V-l
-------
TABLE 7
SIGNIFICANT WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS OF TRUCKING INDUSTRY DISCHARGES
Oil &
Activity Grease
•^er-the-r^ad
hauling
LuV>ricnti-:'i r-r.d X
l\K>lint:
<* ;-sti/r:ial vashiiit X
S3 1 '•:'•• intenpjict. repairs X
and parts cl#sniag
•interior clear-ir^
Tank truck X
interior clear.ing
Passenger terminal
Freight tei-roinsl X
Suspended •
Solids
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dissolved
Solids
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oxygen-
Aeiil Deitaivaintj Nitrogen
Bases Substance Compounds
X
X X
X X
XX X
XX X
X
X
Detergents Phenols Cyanides Metals Bacteria
o
x x >5*i
X X ^
X X X X • ^*j
X
-------
Lubrication, Fueling, Maintenance and Repairs 37
Oil and grease and suspended solids are the primary constituents 40
of wastewater produced by these activities. They are usually small 41
and result from accidental spills of fuel or lubricants. Clean-up 43
flows are generally very low in volume.
External Truck Washing 45
jjjxternal washing is never done at some terminals but at some 48
large terminals it is conducted on a 24-hour basis, seven days a 49
week; up to 100 units may be handled per day using WQ - 300 50
gals/unit. Basic wastewater constituents are oil and grease, 51
suspended and dissolved solids, oxygen-demanding materials, 52
detergents and, where acid brighteners are used, acids, and some
metals. 53
Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning 55
To a great extent, most cleaning operations Involve dry 57
techniques, b_ut If such commodities as livestock, perishable foods, 58
Agricultural and grain products and granular fertilizers are hauled, 59
the inside of the vehicle is routinely scrubbed down with hot water 60
and detergents. The wastewater generated (up to 500 gallons/unit) 61
can contain any of the following constituents; suspended and 62
dissolved solids, alkaline materials, oxygen-demanding substances, 63
nitrogenous materials, detergents and bacteria. 64
V-3
-------
DRAFT
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning 66
This activity has the greatest pollutional potential in the 68
trucking industry. Cleaning methods employed are generally dictated 70
by the Jiype of cargo being hauled. Average water use is 600 to 900 72
gallons per tank truck, but sometimes complete purging requires the 73
full volume of the tank. Less than 10% of the terminals use more 74
than 57 m(3)/day(15,000 gpd). In addition to water or steam, 75
cleaning agents include detergents and solvents. Wastes are 76
residuals of products hauled, ranging from a few simple products to
the complex chemicals; primary Constituents are oil and grease, 77
suspended solids, dissolved solids, acids, alkalis, oxygen-demanding 78
substances, nitrogen compounds, detergents, phenols and metals.
Passenger Terminals 80
Bus stations providing facilities for passengers produce sanitary 83
wastewater containing suspended solids, BOD, detergents, and 84
bacteria. The wastewater is normally directed to municipal systems. 86
Freight Terminals 88
With the exception of such commodities as perishable foods and 90
those discussed under interior dry freight cleaning, rtiese facilities 92
are generally expected to produce insignificant amounts of industrial 93
wastewater whose primary constituents -are oil and grease and 94
suspended solids.
V-4
-------
DRAFT
Raw Waste Loads 97
Table 8 summarizes the estimated raw waste loads per unit for 100
each of the activities in the trucking industry. Because of the lack 102
of qualitative as well as quantitative data available from the
jLndustry on waste constituents, the loadings shown should be 103
considered as 2rder-of-magnitude with considerable range in either 104
direction to be expected.
V-5
-------
TABLE 8
TST1MATKD RAW WASTE LOADS PER UNIT OF ACTIVITY
TRUCKING SEGMENT OF TRANSPORATION INDUSTRY
Over-the-road Lubrication Kxternal Maintenance Dry Freight Truck Tank Truck Passenger Freight
_ Hauling and Fueling Hashing and Repairs Interior Cleaning Interior Cleanlna Terminal Terminal
Unit •
liters
Gallons
Oil
kfi
Ib
Suspended Solids
kjj
Ib
Dissolved Solids
kj:
Ib
Detergents
k(5
Ib
Phenols
'AC
Ib
kfi
Ib
COD
kg
Ib
Chromium
kg
Ib
Cyanide
kg
Ib
Ammonia
kg •
Ib
Phosphorus
kg
Ib
pH Unite
Bacteria
org/100 ml
Truck Truck
>*0 1, 135
10 300
0..? 0.5
0.5 1
0.05 l».5
0.1 10
5-7
12.5
0.06
0.12
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.5
0.03 0.6
0.06 1.5
0.02
0.05
6-9 8-10
Truck
1*0
10
0.2
0.5
2.3
5
0.1
0.2
0.005
0.01
0.02
o.oi*
0.05
0.12
0.002
O.CK*
8-10
Trailer
7uO
JOO
0.1
0.2
1.6
3.5
1.0
3.5
0.1
0.2
0.08
1.7
0.23
5.0
0.1
0.2
0.03
0.0"
8-10
105 - 10°
Trailer
3,1*00 «* *»«
900
3.»*
7.5
3-1*
7.5
l«l
90
• 07
0.15
0.2
0.5
5
11
51
112
0.02
o.oi*
0.003
0.007
0.2
0.5
0.03
0.07
10-12
** Hot calculated - should receive equivalent of municipal secondary treatment.
*lh*riot calculated - may include any cr all of above plus sanitary wastes.
-------
DRAFT
SECTION VI 6
POLLUTANT PARAMETERS 8
T_he significant constituents in trucking industry wastewaters 11
discussed in Section V form the basis for the selection of control 12
parameters for each of the industry activities. In many cases the 13
treatment for the removal of one constituent also results in the
£emoval of another, thus decreasing the number of necessary control 14
parameters and, in turn, monitoring requirements. The following 16
discussion presents the rationale for selection or rejection of
control parameters for each industry activity, 17
$%0ver-the-Road Hauling$% 20
This activity produces no industrial wastewater, therefore no 23
control parameters are required.
$%Lubrication and Fueling$% 26
j>%Selected Control Parameters$% 29
The waste constituents selected as control parameters are: 31
ID oil 33
(2) suspended solids 35
Small amounts of oily waste, principally oil and suspended 37
solids, are generated from this activity. Practicable treatment is 39
VI-1
-------
DRAFT
gravity separation designed for their removal. Thus, their 40
concentrations should be monitored,
^Constituents Not Selected as Control Parameters$% 42
The waste constituents present but not included as control 44
parameters are:
j(l) Oxygen-demanding materials (BOD and COD) 46
The primary source of BOD and COD is the oil. Therefore, 49
effective removal of oil and monitoring of its content in the
effluent makes the use of BOD and COD as control parameters 50
unnecessary.
$%External Truck Washing$% 53
^Selected Control Parameters$% 56
The waste constituents selected as control parameters are: 58
U) oil 60
(2) suspended solids 62
13) PH 64
The principal waste constituents from truck external washing are 66
oil and suspended solids. Acid and alkaline detergents are used to 67
emulsify the oil resulting in a high or low pH. In most cases, the 68
wastewater pH will be high because alkaline cleaners are predominant.
VI -2
-------
Practicable treatment is physical-chemical removal of free and 69
emulsified oil and suspended solids and pH adjustment. Therefore, 70
these parameters must be monitored in the effluent.
^Constituents Not Selected as Control ParametersS% 72
The waste constituents present but not included as control 74
parameters are: 75
_(1) dissolved solids 77
_(2) detergents 7g
_(_3) phosphorus o-,
^4) oxygen-demanding materials (BOD and COD) 83
(5) metals oc
— Oj
.Dissolved solids result from truck external washing and are 87
generally increased in treatment by chemical additions for oil 88
removal and PH adjustment. There is no practicable treatment for 89
dissolved solids removal; thus, they will not be controlled and will
not be used as a control parameter.
.Detergents containing phosphorus are used extensively in truck 91
washing. Emulsion-breaking and coagulation, required to remove oil 92
and suspended solids, will effectively also remove detergents. In 93
addition, the routine measurement of detergent content in wastewater
VI-3
-------
DRAFT
is subject to serious chemical interferences. Thus, detergents and 95
phosphorus need not be considered control parameters.
Most of the BOD and COB in truck external wash water derives from 97
oil and detergents. Effective control of these makes the use of BOD 98
and COD as control parameters unnecessary.
Small amounts of dissolved and particulate heavy metal's enter the. 100
/
wastewater stream from washing of metal ^surfaces. Physical-chemica] 102
!
treatment for oil and suspended solids removal will precipitate some
portion of the heavy metals. The presence of metals in amounts 103
sufficient to require specific treatment is not known or expected,
Thus the use of metals as control parameters is not considered 104
necessary.
$%Maintenance and Repairs$% 107
^Selected Control Parameters$% 110
The selected control parameters are: 312
_(!) oil 114
_^2) suspended solids 116
(3) PH 118
The rationale for the selection of these parameters _is the same 121
as that discussed under External Truck Washing.
VI-4
-------
$%Constituents Not Selected as Control Parameters$%
The waste constituents present but not included as control 125
parameters are:
(I) dissolved solids ^27
_£2) detergents 2.29
_(3) phosphorus
_(4) oxygen-demanding materials (BOD and COD) 133
_C5) metals «-,,-
The rationale, for including these constituents as control 137
parameters ±s also the same as that discussed under External Truck 139
Washing.
$%Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning$% 142
^Selected Control Parameters$%
PIC selected control parameters are: 147
_(1) suspended solids . ,q
BOD or COD
13) p«
_(4) fecal coliform bacteria i rr
VI-5
-------
Treatment of vastewaters from truck interior cleaning requires 157
the equivalent of secondary biological treatment because the wastes 158
are primarily biodegradable organic materials. ^Efficiency of 159
treatment is normally monitored by measuring BOD (or COD), suspended
solids, pH, jind bacteria (fecal coliforms) . ],60
$_%Constituents Not Selected as Control Parameters$% 162
The waste constituents present but not included as control 164
parameters are:
(I) detergents 166
_^2) a mmon i a \{>P>
J^'i) phosphorus ] yrj
Detergents are effectively removed when a biological treatment 172
system is operated efficiently as measured by the. above parameters. 3,73
The analysis for detergents (MBAS), as stated earlier, is subject to 17A
interference errors. ¥or these reasons detergents are not selected 175
as a control parameter.
Ammonia is partially converted to nitrate in biological treatment 177
systemrt. _Sy.s terns do.si gnc.d specifically for ammonia removal are not 178
conH-ldt:r«(l practicable for Lhis activity _and thus ammonia should not 179
be a control parameter.
VI-6
-------
Phosphorus is not a control parameter because raw wastewater 181
concentrations ordinarily will be low and loadings will not be 182
Significant in receiving waters. 133
$ZTank Truck Interior Cleaning$% 186
^Selected Control Parameters$% 339
This activity has the greatest number of waste constituents in 191
the industry. The parameters selected for control are: 192
ID oil 194
12) suspended solids 196
13) PH 198
(A) phenols 200
15) COD or BOD 202
16) chromium 204
17) cyanides 206
Because of the variety of materials which may be present in waste 208
streams from tank truck cleaning stations, treatment may necessitate 209
a series of methods. The above selection of control parameters 210
assumes the complexity of an essentially unlimited variety of waste
materials as is most often die case at tank truck terminals. In 212
specifjc cases of waat.es, only a limited numbr-r of products are
VI-7
-------
DRAFT
involved, treatment schemes can be simpler and control parameters 233
fewer (I.e. perhaps only oil, BOD, suspended solids and bacteria from
food products).
Oil, and suspended solids, acids, and alkalis are generally 215
apparent in the wastewater and the first steps in treatment are 216
directed to their control. Thus monitoring of oil, suspended solids 217
and pH is necessary for the determination of treatment efficiency.
(Concentrations of oxygen-demanding materials are generally high 219
and treatment for ^heir removal is necessary. The ratio of COD to 221
BOD is high primarily because of slow degradability of complex
organic chemicals. COD is the preferred control parameter because of 223
its shorter analysis time and thus quicker operator response to 224
greatly varying treatment conditions. It can also be used as an 225
indicator of the removal of complex organics, many of which are toxic
to aquatic life. Phenols are treatable and because of their 226
prevalence, potential toxicity, and taste and odor effects they must
also be monitored.
There are many chromium-containing and cyanide-containing 228
compounds hauled in tank trucks. Although the trucks used for these 229
are usually dedicated to that service, they do require occasional
cleaning prior to repair work. Treatment for these wastes must be 231
separate from other treatment. Because of their potential toxicity, 232
chromium and cyanide must be included as control parameters.
VI-8
-------
DRAFT
^Constituents Not Selected as Control Parameters$% 234
Waste constituents present but not included as control parameters 236
are:
dissolved solids 239
_(2) detergents 241
_(3) phosphorus 243
_(4) other heavy metals 245
ammonia 247
Dissolved solids are not included as a control parameter because 250
it is impracticable to remove them. Detergents which are difficult 251
to measure and phosphorus will be reduced by physical-chemical
treatment. Jieavy metals, other than chromium, are not known to be 252
present in significant amounts. The cleaning water of anhydrous 253
ammonia tanks is recycled. Thus none of the parameters associated 254
with these waste constituents are necessary for control.
? S7
Wa.stes from passenger terminals are directed to municipal sewage 260
treatment syHtems. The principal waste constituents are HOD, 261
suspended solids and bacteria but need not be monitored. Wastewaters 263
from freight terminals are similar in composition and may also
include cleaning wastes. _If they are to be? discharged directly, the 265
VI-9
-------
DRAFT
control parameters and the rationale should be the same as discussed 266
under Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning.
Summary of Pollution Control Parameters 269
Table 9 summarizes the selected control parameters for each of 273
the trucking industry activities.
VT.-10
-------
TABLE 9
~ZH:II:N. CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR THS TRUCKING INDUSTRY
<5
M
1
M
M
Activity
Over-the-road
hauling
Lubrication ana
fueling
External truck
washing
Maintenance and
repairs
Dry freight truck
interior cleaning
Tank truck
interior cleaning
Passenger and freight
terminals
~il i- Suspended
Grease Solids pH BOD COD
X X
:••: x x
X XX
X XXX
X X X X X
X XX
Fecal
C oli form
Phenols Chromium Cyanide Bacteria
X
X X X X
X
-------
DRAFT
SECTION VII 6
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 8
Historical Treatment 10
Except in rare instances, wastewater control in the trucking 13
segment of the transportation Industry has not extended beyond 14
rudimentary treatment. This Inattention has resulted because the 15
wastewaters are generally low in volume, installations are small, and 16
pollutional impacts are relatively small in comparison to other 17
industrial pollution sources.
Wastewaters from an estimated two-thirds of trucking 19
installations are directed to municipal treatment systems. If the 21
rest receive any treatment at all, they generally are discharged to 22
holding ponds or lagoons, in some cases after being skimmed or having
gone through £il-separating devices, \tery few of these facilities 24
have been designed on the basis of meeting specific waste treatment
requirements. Operators of many holding pond facilities, some of 26
whom use "spray evaporation," claim that no pollutants are 27
discharged, but this is doubtful. Ground water seepage probably 28
takes place in most cases and, in fact, some have been constructed 29
with this in mind as a method of treatment.
In general, most effort has been put into treating tank truck 31
interior Cleaning wastewater simply because it is the most ruDxious 33
source in this industry. However, the most advanced treatment 34
vir.-i
-------
DRAFT
observed has been restricted to physical-chemical methods for oil and 35
suspended solids removal(15).
State-of-the-Art Treatment Technology 38
No installation is known to have a completely satisfactory 41
wastewater treatment system.
_State-of-the-art treatment technology applicable to the trucking 43
industry _is, for the most part, well known and has been widely 44
applied by manufacturing industries for many years, Figure 1(3). 45
Descriptions of the more pertinent processes follow: 46
Primary Treatment - Gravity Separation(16) 48
The first step in oily waste treatment is usually gravity sepa- 50
ration. The API design is the most widely used. The basic design is 53
a long, rectangular basin, which provides enough retention time for 54
most of the oil to float to the surface for removal. Most API 55
separators are divided into bays to maintain laminar flow and prevent 56
short-circuiting. They are usually equipped with skimmers that move 57
the oil to the downstream end of the separator where it is collected 58
in a slotted pipe or drum. When returning to the upstream end, the 59
sklmmcrH travel along the. bottom and move the. solids into a 60
collection trough. Any sludge which settles is dewatered and then 61
incinerated or disposed of in a landfill.
VII-2
-------
FJ.GUK-E 1
FLOW CHART OF TYPICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMES (3)
PRIMARY TREATMENT
| Chemical
; (Intermediate)
Physical
SiC,">XD*SY TREATMENT
»4« To
o Tnnster
Suspended Solids
Removal
SLUDGE
TREATMENT
SLUDGE
DISPOSAL
IVI Willl'ls
»J 5,--*r-:-.r -, '. fJ Neutral intii
:-!o,:--^...: [* P I
aliiotion
Gas Flotation
Sedimentation
^E3~
r-l
^—
i
-»| A.-r-! ;7er N-dgej—»
Hccr.^S-^.g.donH
Sedimentation
"-H Atragd Lagoon |—•>
Sludges
—M Ion Exchange I—I
Lagooningoi
Landfill
Ocean Disposal
Transimi'iH I 'rd
Surf are Applicalion or
Grouiul VVatei Seepage
Deep Wisll Injection
Eva|)oratinn and
J £c.i3:i;3t>oni_
T I j. ilorjos j
i-*j Neutralization U ,
-M Sedimentation »
[
r»j Fillration [»
Drying Beds
^1
u
Deep Well Injection
hirincriltion
NOTE: ;0.-> o oc'v line and lighter arrow lines indicate possible treatment •«>» i.rwj '™ ^:!u^s and concentrated wastewaters and sludges.
-------
Inhere are several other designs of gravity separators. One of 64
the more common is a circular basin equipped with rotating skimmers 65
and sludge collectors with the effluent flowing beneath a rim wall
baffle.
Another type of separator uses closely spaced (less than six 67
inches) £arallel plates set at a 45 degree angle to increase the 68
collection area while decreasing the overall size of the unit. As 70
the water flows through the separator the oil droplets coalesce on
.the underside of the plates and travel upward and are collected, ^he 72
parallel plate separator can be used as the primary gravity sepa-
rator, or following an API separator. 73
Performance data on primary oil/water separators are summarized 75
iji Table 10. Affluent oil concentrations as low as 20 rag/1 have been 77
£eported for both rectangular and circular API separators (17). 78
There is very little information on the suspended solids content 80
of _the effluent from oil/water separators, but apparently at refin- 81
juries, it may be as much as twice the oil content. 82
_It is reasonable to assume that oil removal also takes out some 84
phenols, BOD, and COD. At one refinery where 79% of oil was removed, 86
the percentages for phenols and COD removal were 55 and 45, 87
respectively (37).
VII-4
-------
TABLE 10
91
ESTIMATED OIL CONCENTRATION ACHIEVED BY VARIOUS PRIMARY
OIL/WATER SEPARATION PROCESSES (17)
Separator
Commercially Available
API Rectangular
Circular
Inland Steel- "Hydro-Card"
Shell PPI
Shell CPI
Finger Plate Separator
Fram/Akers -Plate Separator
Fram/Akers - System**
Keene - Gravi Pak
Holding Tank* with Oil
Skimmers
Maximum
Capacity
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
1,000 GPM
1,000 GPM
1,000 GPM
Batch
Effluent Oil
Concentration (mg/1)
50-75
50-75
50-75
35-50
35-50
35-50
50-100
15
20
50-100
* These separators use multiple concrete basins and can be
designed with sufficient
capacity for any
flow rate.
94
95
97
99
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
121
123
125
126
**Combination Separation Process. 128
Secondary Treatment of Oily Wastes (Primary for Mixed Chemical Wastes) 133
Equalization
136
F_or ease of operation and for constant quality of effluent, the 138
jflow and waste concentration through most secondary treatment equip- 139
VII-5
-------
DRAFT
raent should be as uniform as possible. Large fluctuations should be 141
dampened in equalization facilities.
Equalization is usually provided in holding tanks or ponds with 1A3
one _or more days retention time, jiaffles and mixers may be used. 145
jjpmetimes holding ponds are used to provide, final treatment, relying 147
upon long retention time for settling and biological oxidation.
Removal efficiencies vary widely: 5 to 40% for BOD(5), 5 to 30%" for 148
COD, 20 to 90% for oil, 10 to 80% for suspended solids, 0 to 70% for 149
phenol, and 30 to 70% for odor(17). 150
From holding basins used for equalization, the wastewater should 152
be directed to an emulsion-breaking and dissolved air-flotation 153
chamber.
Emulsion Breaking(17) 155
This operation can employ either chemical or physical methods. 157
Physical methods include electrolysis, coalescence, filtration, 158
centrifugation, distillation and temperature change. (Chemical 160
methods, aimed at breaking down the stabilizing agent in the
_emulsion, are generally more satisfactory. 161
The most practical method of chemically breaking emulsions 163
involves the addition of an acid or acid salt such as alum, ferrous 164
Hulfatc, or ferric chloride. Soda ash may then be used to neutralize 165
VII-6
-------
DRAFT
the separated water. The resulting free oil and alum or iron floe 166
can be separated by sedimentation or air flotation.
Dissolved Air Flotation(17) 168
This treatment process consists of saturating a portion of the 170
wastewater feed or some of the recirculated effluent from the flota- 171
tlon unit with air at a pressure of 40 to 60 psi. The wastewater or 174
recycled effluent is held at this pressure for one to five minutes in 175
a retention tank and then released at atmospheric pressure to the 176
flotation chamber. The sudden reduction in pressure releases air 177
bubbles less than 100 microns in diameter which attach themselves to 179
the oil and suspended particles in the wastewater. The resulting 180
agglomerates are then buoyed to the surface to form a froth layer 181
which is removed by skimming devices. The retention time in the 182
flotation chamber is usually 15 to 40 minutes.
The addition of chemical flocculating agents, such as iron or 184
aluminum salts and polyelectrolytes, often improves the effectiveness 185
£f the air flotation process and clarification. 186
Coagulation(17) 188
I_n this process, chemicals are added to the wastewater to create 190
fast-settling agglomerates or floes from finely dispersed and slow- 191
settling £artides. Chemical coagulation and sedimentation can be 193
used to treat the effluent from an API separator before biological 194
VII-7
-------
DRAFT
treatment is applied. When properly operated, this process is 195
comparable to dissolved air flotation (with chemical coagulation) in 196
removing oils, solids, BOD, and COD.
The chemical coagulation-sedimentation process consists of three 198
essential steps. _First, chemicals and/or polyelectrolytes are added 199
in a flash mix tank for one to three minutes. Next the wastewater is 200
gently stirred in a flocculation basin for 10 to 30 minutes so that
jElocs grow large enough to settle out. finally, the agglomerated 202
is separated in a clarifier or settling basin. 203
When properly done, dissolved air flotation with chemical 205
coagulation can pjroduce an effluent whose oil content is less than 10 206
mg/1. The reduction of organic pollutants may be incidental to the 207
removal of oil and ^uspended solids. ]JOD(5) reduction can range from 209
20 to 70%.
Tertiary Treatment oj Oily Wastes (Secondary for Mixed Wastes) 213
The effluent from flotation-coagulation systems for oily wastes 216
or from primary sedimentation of other wastes may be further treated 217
biologically in aerated lagoons or by trickling filters or activated 218
sludge. An alternative to biological treatment is activated carbon 219
adsorption.
VII-8
-------
DRAFT
Aerated Lagoon(17) 221
Aerated biological treatment is achieved by mixing dilute concen- 223
trations of microorganisms with wastewater in a large, relatively 224
deep basin. The oxygen necessary to aerobically stabilize the 225
organic matter is supplied by mechanical or diffused aeration units, 226
or by induced surface aeration. The turbulence normally maintained 227
1
distributes the oxygen and biological solids ^throughout the basin. 228
An aerated lagoon differs from an activated sludge unit in that 230
the effluent jrrom the aerated lagoon may not be settled prior to 231
discharge, and the biological solids are not recirculated. ^Because 233
of the low rate of organic removal resulting from the low concen-
tration of biological solids maintained in the system, aerated lagoon 234
Detention time (and basin volume) is greater than in an activated 235
sludge system for removal of an equivalent amount of BOD. An aerated 237
lagoon is capable of removing 50 to more than 95% of applied BOD (5) ,
depending on wastewater temperature and treatability. The removal 239
efficiencies may be improved by further treating the JLagoon effluent 240
using chemical coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, or an effluent
polishing pond.
Trickling Filter(17) 242
^n this process, wastewater is passed through a porous bed 244
(stones or plastic) that contains a fixed growth of microorganisms. 245
A_ microbial film develops on the surface of the filtering medium and 246
VTI-9
-------
DRAFT
removes organic materials from the wasteweter by adsorption, bio- 247
flocculatlon, and sedimentation. Oxygen is very important in this 249
system (as it is in any aerobic biological process) for rapid 250
metabolism of the removed organic matter. _Since the filtering medium 251
has a large surface area, oxygen can move rapidly by simple diffusion 252
from the void spaces into the liquid layer. The treatment rates of 253
trickling filters are controlled by hydraulic as well as organic
loading rates. Stone trickling filters are limited by economics to 255
depths between 3 and 10 feet. Those using plastic generally have 256
very high hydraulic and organic loadings, and bed depths range from 257
15 to 40 feet.
As the microbial film ages and dies on the medium, it drops off 259
and is washed away. With high organic loadings and high hydraulic 260
loadings, the film growth is more rapid. However, the lack of oxygen 261
in the medium interface coupled with greater hydraulic shearing
fiction causes the microbial film to wash from the media surface 262
continuously. A final clarifier is normally used to remove these 263
solids from the filter effluent to maintain minimum effluent BOD and 264
suspended solids concentrations.
Activated Sludge(16) 266
In this process, high concentrations (1,500 - 3,000 mg/1) of 268
newly-grown and £ecycled microorganisms are suspended uniformly 269
throughout a holding tank to which raw wastewaters are added. Oxygen 271
VII-10
-------
DRAFT
is introduced by mechanical aerators, diffused air systems, or other 271
means. The organic materials in the waste are removed from the 272
aqueous phase by the microbiological growths and stabilized by 273
biochemical synthesis and oxidation reactions. The basic activated 274
sludge process involves the use of an aeration tank then a
sedimentation tank. The flocculant microbial growths removed in the 275
sedimentation tank are recycled to the aeration _tank to maintain a 276
high concentration of active microorganisms. Although the micro- 277
organisms remove almost all of the organic matter from the waste 278
being treated, much of the converted organic matter remains in the 279
system in the form of microbial cells. These cells have a relatively 280
high rate of oxygen demand and must be removed from the treated
wastewater before it is discharged. 281
Activated Carbon Adsorption(17) 283
This is one of the most effective methods for removing from 285
wastewater countless organic materials (both degradable and 286
refractory), producing BOD, COD, and taste and odor. In a few 288
existing units, biologically treated effluent is passed through 289
vessels filled with granular, activated carbon. It has also been 290
demonstrated in pilot units that raw waste, which lhas been given 291
chemical coagulation (sedimentation or filtrajtion) to remove 292
suspended solids can be processed by carbon adsorption to provide 293
almost any level of treatment. The carbon gradually loses its 294
adsorptive capacity as it accumulates organic materials from the 295
VII-11
-------
wastewater and must be eventually replaced. To make the process 296
economically feasible, the spent carbon must be reactivated, and 297
replenished with new carbon. Usually multiple adsorption columns are 298
provided in series or in parallel so that a_t least one unit may be 299
taken down for replenishment. Moving bed carbon filters are used to 300
eliminate spare columns required for regeneration and to produce more 301
consistent effluent, but there are problems involved in the counter- 302
current movement of the carbon particles. Unlike biological 304
treatment processes, the efficiency of carbon treatment is less
affected by seasonal _temperature changes. In most cases, the 306
combined use of filtration and carbon adsorption is more reliable and 307
controllable than biological treatment.
Granular Media Filtration (16) 309
The media used in granular filters, either pressurized or 311
gravity, may consist of (1) sand, (2) sand and coal, or (3) sand, 312
coal and a heavy fine material such as garnet. The first uses a 314
relatively uniform grade of sand resting on a coarser sand or gravel.
The second has a coarse layer of coal above a fine layer of sand. 315
These two types of filters have the problem of keeping the fine 316
particles on the bottom. This can usually be solved by placing a 318
layer of garnet beneath the coal and sand.
VII-12
-------
(Sranular media filters are often capable of consistently pro- 320
ducing an effluent having extremely low suspended solids and oil 321
content — on the order of 5 to 10 mg/1 for each. 322
Batch Treatment of Individual Waste Streams(18) 324
frequently wastes are encountered which are not effectively 326
.treated by the above systems or interfere with them. Metals and 328
cyanide wastes are examples. Normally they occur intermittently and 329
In relatively small quantities, making them amenable to batch treat- 330
ment prior to discharge to surface waters or before mixing with other 332
wastes for further treatment. Chromium wastes, for example, can be 333
treated with sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide to reduce hexavalent 334
chromium to trivalent which can then be discharged for precipitation 335
in the coagulation sedimentation systems described £reviously. 335
Cyanides can be subjected to alkaline chlorination destruction. 337
Summary of Effluent Concentrations From System Combinations 340
Table 11 summarizes reported effluent concentrations from various 343
combinations of the above-described systems. In general, a system 345
Including gravity separation, dissolved air flotation, granular media 346
filtration, and activated carbon adsorption produces the highest
quality effluent. -,-
VII-13
-------
DRAFT
TABLE 11
Lowest Effluent Concentrations Expected From Oily Waste
Process BOD(5)
API Separator 250
API Separator +
Clarifier 45
API Separator +
Dissolved Air
Flotation 45
API Separator +
Granular Media
Filter 40
API Separator +
Oxidation Pond 10
API Separator +
Clarifier,
Dissolved Air
Flotation
Granular Media
Filter,
Aerated Lagoon 10
API Separator +
Trickling Filter 25
API Separator +
Clarifier,
Dissolved Air
Flotation
Granular Media
Filter,
Activated Carbon 5
Treatment Processes (16)
Effluent Concentration, mg/1
Suspended
COD Solids Oil
260 50 20
130 25 5
130 25 5
100 5 6
50 20 2
10 5
80 2,010 0.5
30 10 2
Phenol
6
10
10
3
0.01
0.1
0.1
352
354
355
358
359
360
362
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
VII-14
-------
DRAFT
Examples of Typical Treatment Facilities 403
As indicated in Section V, cleaning operations are the major 406
^ources of wastewater in the trucking industry. For this reason, the 408
surveys conducted were concentrated on these activities, particularly 409
those in which tank truck interiors were cleaned.
Terminal. A
This tank truck dispatch terminal in southeast Texas has 414
facilities for cleaning tanks, maintaining trailers and tractors, and 415
making major overhauls and repairs. Most of the wastewater is 416
generated in the first operation. The initial step involves draining 417
residual products ("heels") out of the tank; these are collected by a 418
disposal service. The trailers are then cleaned under roofed, open- 419
ended bays by Butterworth nozzles (3) designed to direct high 420
pressure streams in all directions inside the _tank while its drains 421
are open. Table 12 provided by terminal officials presents examples 422
of cleaning methods used, volume of water used per trailer, number of 423
trailers cleaned per month and _total volume of water used per month. 424
The specific method depends on the product being cleaned. Table 13 426
is an example provided by terminal officials. jJpent recycled 427
detergents are occasionally dumped to the wastewater system.
£sually, the wastewater flow from Terminal A is about 70,000 429
gallons per day, and about 90% of the flow is generated by the 430
cleaning of some 30 tank trucks; the balance comes from exterior 431
VII-15
-------
TABL:
£ ±2
TRAILER INTERNAL CLEANING GENERATION RATES -
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cleaning Method
Cold water flush
Cold water flush — caustic/acid tank
Cold water flush — steam — cold water rinse
Cold water flush — spin/detergent — cold
water rinse
MEK, MIBK, or acetone solvent — cold water
rinse
Styrene solvent — cold water rinse
Cold water flush — steam — cold water
rinse — spin w/detergent — cold water rinse
Cold water flush w/Butterworth for dry
bulk trailer
Water Use/Trailer
Gallons
150
2,200
800
300
150
150
950
1,500
TERMINAL A
Number
Trailers /Month
84
321
316
123
0
0
68
78
990
Gallons /Month
12,600
706,200
252,800
36,900
0
0
64,600
117,000
1,190,100
2
4
7
8
910
12
14
16
iri
26
27
29
30
-------
TABLE 13
TRAILER/COMMODITY CLEANING LIST - TERMINAL A
2
4
Commodity
No. Trailers Cleaned
per Month Commodity
No. Trailers Cleaned
per Month
Cleaning Method
//I
Cleaning Method
n
Cleaning Method
#3
Uran Fertilizer 16
PAPI—Isozylate 2
Ethyl Chloride 10
Caustic Soda (50%) 123
Silicate Soda 2
Acetic Acid 22
Phosphoric Acid 1
Solvent 18
Toluene 26
Xylene 2
IPA—Isopropyl Alcohol 23
Sodium MET 1
EDA—Ethylene Diamine 15
DTA—Diethylene Triamine 8
Poly Amines 7
Vinyl Acetate 23
Cyescal 3
Phenol 32
Alcohol 22
Petroleum Chemicals 1
Peroxide 4
Biphenyl 2
Sodium Bichromate 9
Sodium Methylate 3
Alum 53
Water for Glue 2
Water Softener 1
Spent Acid 47
Sulfuric Acid 87
Hydrochloric Acid 38
Corrosive Liquid 1
Styrene 2
Methyl Acrylate 1
Weed Killer 4
Shell Pan 1
DMK—Dimethyl Ketone 4
Benzene 1
Pentylamine 1
Ethylene Glycol 3
MEK—Methyl Ethyl Ketone 14
ITA 2
Mineral Spirits 3
DAA-Diacetone Acrylonitrile 4
NBA—Normal Butyl Alcohol
Methanol
Butyl Cellosolve
Formaldehyde
Oxylene
1
3
1
24
1
-------
TABLE 13 (Continued)
39
Commodity
No. Trailers Cleaned
per Month Commodity
No. Trailers Cleaned
per Month
i
M
00
Cleaning Method
#4
Cleaning Method
#7
Cleaning Method
#8
PA-Phthallic Anhydride
Acetone
Adaline
Ferric Chloride
TTA—Amine 220
AN—Acrylonitrile
Protein Feed Supplement
Calcium Chloride
Glue
Paint
Resin
Water Treating Compound
Diesel Oil -
Petrolatum
Ink Oil
Strip Oil
Potash & Fertilizers
Plastic Pellets
6
9
4
3
3
8
7
1
72
2
30
5
21
16
2
13
78
Naptha 1
MIBK-Me thy1-iso-buty1-
Ketone 4
Demineralized Water 1
Terpentine 2
Oxital—Ethylen Glycol
mono ethane ether 1
TRI Clean D 2
Coastal Pale Oil 7
Petroleum Oil 3
Cotton Oil 2
Script Set 2
Hi Boiler Oil 2
Tall Oil 5
Insulator Oil (New) 1
CPTIC—Crude Petroleum 8
Note: Cleaning method number refers to Table 12.
-------
DRAFT
truck washing. Some runoff from the paved terminal area Is collected 432
In the wastewater system.
Wastewater from the tank truck terminal flows to an adjacent bulk 434
liquid ^storage and shipping terminal owned by a parent company. It 436
is combined with wastewater from the shipping _terminal and directed 437
to a treatment plant recently installed at a cost of $750,000 at the
shipping germinal. jSurface runoff from this large area is also 439
directed to the treatment plant which has a design capacity of 440
500,000 gpd.
The treatment plant has no holding or equalization facilities. 442
The wastewater is pumped from a sump to an above ground API oil 443
separator, Jthen to a pH adjustment basin, to a circular jsingle 445
aerator aeration basin, and to a final clarifier and weir box. The 446
effluent is finally discharged to surface waters. The effluent at 447
the time of the survey was dark brown and high in solids. According 449
to the company, the plant was operating inefficiently because of
jjhock loads and recurrent high runoff flows were entering the system. 450
Effluent COD during good operation'was about 1,000 mg/1, however, _the 452
influent is probably not much more. Table 14 presents effluent data 453
for the month of June 1973. IPlans call for equalization, air 454
flotation and final filtration and sludge digestion systems to be 455
added. Storm water was to be segregated from the system and the. 457
acceptance of ship ballast water was under consideration.
VII-19
-------
TABLE 14
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT DATA. JUNE 1973 - TERMINAL A
M
M
2
4
7
pH
Total
Residue
mg/1
TSS
mg/1
VSS
mg/1
BOD
mg/1
COD
mg/1
Temp.
F
Settleable 8
Solids 9
mg/1 10
11
6/1
6/4
6/5—2.9" rain
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/11
6/12
6/13
6/14
6/15
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Monthly Average
7.72
6.73
6.94
7.45
7.47
7.12
8.08
7.62
8.06
8.90
7.68
8.23
8.11
7.92
7.95
7.51
8.12
8.02
8.36
8.24
7.81
1
1
1
1
4
2
2
2
1
1
,315
,199
,196
,469
499
548
755
677
448
409
686
573
692
815
880
,602
,788
,402
,060
,744
,288
478
442
342
1,168
175
242
49.2
584
131
85.6
262
24
32.6
131
247
61.2
94
22
73.2
76
186
120
148
122
238
36
42
14.8
90
20
16.4
49
12.8
12.4
33
44
21.2
29
26.8
26.8
20.8
56
1,364
460
475
61
185
40
11.4
8.3
10.1
13.3
24
13.2
28
63
73
25
—
—
—
—
17.8
3,274
1,431
1,373
269
268
110
66.5
64.8
30.1
42.2
94.5
69.3
144
215
254
251
183
169
235
139
434
78
—
—
69
_—
80
86
73
75
82
82
83
82
79
77
77
73
87
78
79
96
30
24
548
9
12
0.
70
10
15.
12
9.
12.
112
13.
8.
5.
4.
11.
53
13
14
15
16
17
4
6
i
Eg*
3
10
r ^f^
*
Wj
*3
2 25"
4 26
27
6 28
4 29
6 30
4 31
2 32
34
36
-------
DRAFT
Terminal B 459
This tank truck dispatch terminal in southeast Texas has fueling 462
and light maintenance facilities, the principal source of waterbortie 463
wastes is the interiors of tank trucks. The only paving provided is 464
in the fueling platform area. The washing facility was designed to 465
handle 30 units per day but typically handles 10-25; it is active 466
seven days per week and 500 - 800 gallons of water are used to wash 467
each truck.
Unless specifically indicated by the main shipping customer, the 469
principal cleaning methods used are: draining, water flushing, steam, 470
recycled detergent, hot water rinse, and forced-air drying for most 471
products. Methylene chloride is used to remove some resins. 472
Residual products ("heels") are drained prior to cleaning, and 473
according to terminal personnel, this is a major problem since a heel 474
sometimes amounts to 500 gallons. Company officials provided the 476
following list, as a partial representation of the products cleaned
out:
Acetone Epoxy resins 479
Methylene Chloride 2,3-dichloropropene 480
Methyl Chloroform Diethanolamlne 481
Aircraft deicer Diethylene glycol 482
Antifreeze Cleaning solvents 483
Carbon tetrachloride Epichlorohydrln 484
VII-21
-------
73% caustic soda Ferric chloride 485
Trichloroethane Phenols, etc. 486
Choline chloride 437
Washwater is collected in an outside open sump from all of the 491
washing facilities which are inside an open-ended three-bay building.
The wastewater is pumped automatically to two ponds that operate in 492
series. The first receives the sump effluent and "heels," and It was 493
nearly filled with vari-colored solids at the time of the survey. 494
This pond has apparently been in existence for the life of the 495
terminal, approximately 12 years. No treatment other than solids 496
settling is provided in this pond.
The effluent then flows to a two-year-old pond intended as an 499
evaporation lagoon. _The wastewater is recirculated through spray 500
nozzles spaced at six-foot intervals on a pipe .along the perimeter. 501
Most of the nozzles were plugged at the time of inspection a.nd the 503
flow out of those that were operating was very weak, an indication
that the intake ^system was partially blocked. No vegetation was 505
growing along the banks in the spray zone.
Each of the ponds has about 10,000 square feet of surface area 507
and was supposedly designed to evaporate 20,000 gallons of wastewater 508
per day maximum. Normally there is no overflow from the lagoons. 509
Rainfall and humidity in the area are high and winds transport some 511
spray to surrounding areas. Wastewater probably percolates from the 512
ponds.
VTT-??
-------
DRAFT
The second pond with a 10 horsepower pump system cost about 514
$5,000 to install.
A^ small amount of fuel is spilled when storage tanks are filled, 516
but apparently none is lost when trucks are fueled or repaired. 517
Antifreeze is reused. Runoff is not collected. 519
Terminal C 521
This tank truck dispatch terminal located in southeast Texas 523
deals principally with asphalt hauling. The interiors of dedicated 525
asphalt tankers are occasionally cleaned with trichlorethylene, which 526
is recycled. Most of the wastewater generated comes from external 528
washing, about 5,000 gpd. An acid brightener is used. 529
Wastewater is directed into a spray evaporation pond similar Jto 532
the one used at Terminal B. At the time of the survey all the spray 533
nozzles and the 5-hp pump were working properly. j\s at Terminal B, 535
no vegetation was growing in the spray drift zone along the banks of 536
the pond. The facility's grounds are unpaved and runoff is not 537
collected.
Terminal D 539
About 80 tractors and 120 tank trailers operate out of this 542
dispatch terminal located in southeast Texas. They are engaged in 543
hauling petrochemicals, acids, heavy resins, solvents, pesticides, 544
VII-23
-------
DRAFT
weed killers, etc. Table 15 is a partial list of such products 545
supplied by company officials. The "heels" are put in drums and 546
petroleum products are steamed. Caustic used in tank interior 547
cleaning is recycled. Water use including the generation of steam is 548
about 50,000 gpd. About 18 trailers/day, 7 days/week are cleaned, In 549
addition, about three per day are cleaned, exterior only. Two-thirds 550
of the trailers are cleaned by steam.
TABLE 15 554
PARTIAL LIST OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS TRANSPORTED BY TANK TRUCKS
Terminal D
556
557
Acetone
Alum
Amines
Benzene
Brewery Malt
Butene Diol.
C104 Sizing
Caustic
Citrus Stripper Oil
Chloral
Cresylic Acid
Cupric Chloride
Cyclohexanol
Di Glycol Araine
Dow Therm
Ethyl Hexanol Acrylate
Ethylene
Fatty Acid
Fiberglas Resin
Formaldahyde
Hydrochloric Acid
Insecticides
Isobutyl Alcohol
Isopropropyl Alcohol
Lacquer
Latex
Lube Oil Additive
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methanol
Mineral Spirits
Chloro Benzene
Methyl Amine
Nickel Sulfate
Butyl Alcohol
Petrolatum
Phenol
Phoplex
Phosporic Acid
Pine Resin
Plastic Solvents
Plasticizer
Poly Proplylene Glycol
Rubber Preservative
Salicylaldehyde
Sizing Compounds
Soap
Sodium Aluminate
Styrene
Titanium Tetra Chloride
Toluene
Vinyl Acetate
Water Clarifying Compound
Xyline
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
VII-24
-------
DRAFT
Wastewater goes through a series of three underground 1,000- 596
gallon settling tanks and finally J:o a city sewage treatment plant 597
next door. No sampling data were available, and, except for solids 599
settling, little treatment is probably achieved in the settling
tanks. Runoff from the unpaved yard is not collected. 600
Terminal E 602
This facility is very similar to Terminal D and is also located 604
in southeast Texas. Practically all of its business comes from a 605
major chemical company nearby.
The terminal manager asserts that no "heels" arrive at this 607
facility. As at Terminal D, wastewater is sent through three 609
underground sedimentation tanks and a sampling well to the nearby
city sewage treatment plant. No flow or sampling data were 610
available.
Terminal K 612
This terminal is on property leased from a. metropolitan sanitary
district in the northern midwest. About 20,000 gallons of water are 615
used per day to steam clean approximately 35 of the 45 - 50 trailers
assigned to the facility. ^Heels" and products flushed out by the 617
steam are Collected in drums and picked up by a waste disposal firm 618
at a cost of 3c to 8c /gallon.
Table 16 provided by terminal official;-: is a list of products 620
out of r.lu- trailers.
VII-25
-------
DRAFF
Waste treatment emphasizes the removal of hexane extractables. 622
The sanitary district to which the terminal discharges has imposed an 623
upper limit of 100 mg/1, of hexane extractables which was not met 624
with continuous ^treatment of variable wastes. The limit was finally 626
met by using batch treatment, according to terminal officials.
TABLE 16
630
PRODUCTS CLEANED OUT FROM TANK TRUCKS
Terminal F
632
633
Acetate
Acetone
AcJd, Fatty
Alcohol
Animal Feed
Anti-Freeze
Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda
Chloroethane
Cleaning Compound
Corn Syrup
De-icer
Detergent
Dioctyle Phthalate
Di-isodecyl Phthalate
Ethylene Bichloride
Fertilizer, Liquid
Glue
CMycerino
fll ycol
Igepal
iHOphorone
I«oprc»panol, Anhydrous
Lactol Spirits
Latex
Methylene Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Mineral Spirits
Morphollne
MucoHa
Naphtha
Oil, Vegetable
Perchlorethylene
Plastic, Liquid
Plasticizer
Polyol
Resimene
Resin
Soap
Sodium Silicate
Styrene
Tallow
Toluene
Trichlorethylene
Trlethanolamine
Veraene
Voranol
Xylene
Yeast, Liquid
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
VII-26
-------
DRAFT
The overall treatment system costs about $100,000. The outside 667
portion is comprised of three K),000-gallon fiberglas tanks; _two are 669
for storage and the third is a feed tank. The inside treatment 670
system consists of a mix tank where pH is adjusted and alum is added,
and an air flotation sedimentation tank which is hand-skimmed. The 672
sludge is collected by a waste disposal firm.
Terminal G 674
This terminal, in northern Kentucky, has been in operation since 676
1951. I_t is owned by a long-haul, irregular route carrier, which 677
also operates from several terminals in the Ohio Valley. The company 679
has about 305 trailers and 205 tractors, of which 118 trailers are 680
assigned to this terminal. They are engaged primarily in hauling 681
both wet and dry chemicals produced in the vicinity, liable 17 683
represents some of these products handled and percent of total
haulage for ^wo consecutive years: 684
As at other terminals surveyed, the principal wastewater source 728
was the tank trailer washing operation. The company had obviously 730
expended a considerable amount of money in an effort to handle its 731
wastes properly. It has made a serious effort, to keep treatment 732
problems from occurring and has hired a full-itime waste treatment
plant operator. Dedicated trailers are used wherever possible. 733
are Instructed to unload their entire load, but if this is 735
, the company trii-s to make the "heel" the shipper's
VII-77
-------
DRAFT
TABLE 17 688
PRODUCTS HANDLED AND PERCENT OF TOTAL HAULAGE 690
Terminal G 691
Product
Rhop lex- latex
Glycols
Resin
Plastics (bulkers)
Poly glycols
Lacquer
Paint and enamel
MMA (Acrylate monomer)
Molasses
Unidentified
Acryloids
Toluene
Toluene diamine
Vinyl acetate
Wax
Formaldehyde
Plasticizers
Jet fuel
Lube oil
Tar
Whiskey
Miscellaneous
Percent
1971
32.5
10.9
10.4
8.1
3.1
1.3
1.2
2.5
5.3
24.5
of Total Hauled
1972
31.1
21.1
10.6
9.0
4.7
3.0
2.4
2.4
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
3.0
694
695
696
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
111
718
719
721
responsibility by returning it to him and charging transporation fee. 736
The shipper ordinarily accepts it because usually it is a useful 737
product. I_n addition, the company imposes an environmental charge of 738
$25/tank on the shipper l_f cleaning involves a product difficult to 739
treat. In spite of all this, they still have "heels" to contend 740
with, which are ordinarily drummed and landfilled. 741
VII-28
-------
DRAFT
In most cases, the interiors of tank trailer are washed with a 744
recycled strong detergent or caustic _(caustic is used on latex 745
products); ^plvents are used to remove can-coating materials, and fi 747
"Detrex" closed solvent system is used to clean out synthetic rubber.
About 30 trailers are cleaned per day, and a wastewater jrlow of 750
about 27,000 gpd is generated. It is usually white, because it 751
contains _latex removals. 752
The terminal has one outdoor and two indoor wash racks. The 755
entire yard is paved and at least part of any runoff along with wash
rack drainage, goes to the treatment system. The system (19) 757
consists of a 45' x 45' holding £ond (30,000 gallons), which is 758
periodically pumped for batch ^treatment into two parallel 10,000 759
gallon vertical steel cylinders with conical b_ottoras to effect 760
precipitation and sedimentation. The pH is adjusted there and held 761
at about 8.0 and ferrous sulfate is added as a coagulant. The 763
sludge, which is green when wet, is pumped to a compartmented gravity
sand filter where it dries and oxidizes into a dark red, impervious 764
plastic-like material. _It is then landfilled. 765
The supernatant from the sedimentation niui filtering process goen 767
to a sfccond _45' x 45' holding pond which discharges Into a stream. f\_ 769
package sanitary waste treatment plant located adjacent to this pond,
operated by a contractor, also discharges into the stream. There, are 771
no community sanitary sewers at the terminal site.
VII-29
-------
DRAFT
The plant had been operating a year at the time of the survey and 773
no problems had been experienced with pond sludge. One occurrence of 775
an odor problem in the ponds was solved in the summer of 1973 with 776
chlorine. The use of ferric sulfate instead of ferrous sulfate to 777
reduce potential for anerobic pond Conditions was being considered. 778
A drawback to this plant's operation is that essentially no 780
reduction of soluble BOD occurs in the treatment system, which is not 781
designed for BOD removal. Effluent BOD runs typically from 800 to 782
1,000 mg/1 with an average of 324 mg/1 obtained on a series of
analyses £onducted between November 1973 and February 1974. 783
^Suspended solids average about 46 mg/1. S^tate officials have 785
informed the company that it will have to treat for BOD.
The estimated cost of the existing treatment system was $165,000 787
exclusive of land, and monthly operating expenses come to $10,000, of 788
which $200 pays for utilities. T_he estimated power consumption is 789
about 1,250 KWH/month.
The company claims the wastewater treatment plant can easily 791
handle three tfmon the present flow (27,000 gpd). The facility IH 792
phyflir.nJ ly clean, woLl laid out and instrumented, and equipped with *i
laboratory where BOD, COD, dissolved and suspended solids, as well as 793
other parameters are monitored, periodic analyses of wastewater and 794
treatment plant effluent over a six months period in ^973 are 795
presented in in Table 18.
VII-30
-------
:A«LE 18
WA3Tl'WATER AMD TKiAIMEHT PLANT EFFLUENT DATA - TERMINAL G
1973
rh •::iit;
V," .;' ti S':.'.. i. I"
,-»,v^ ..ir,*- •
^"ttv-tt*:-1-^'!
iVt-.J. :";:•;. l.-:i i.iiis
V • . * t e '- ' 1 1 & r n_.t .1
Irvr.
K:\V:tvr:t-.-r r,r '1
S'^LT"
', Ir.cri :.-''
jh.'JvV.aT-.-.-
M'tlv.vr.t r.f 1
Verve:it 3c-.i-u.-ti.--u
iVtcrjenis ; M?AS v-
Wastevnter zf/'l
Percent Reiuoti^n
Chemical .'X>';»L -«»aoi
Wasteuatcr =S/1
yfi'luor.t r_t 1
IVivcnt StfductiJn
. Wr^t*vr,rc-i- :+ I
K i':'lue:ii zc '1
Percent ?^-iu-'ticn
Feb. 16
10.5
•56
-X..10
!-,'-!'
S.-5S8
3.0
1.6
{JO.O
250
"(935.7)
,
"*o.8
9.1
0.7
92-3
1
9,937
35-1
54
304
(463.0)
9! 8
' 30
97-9
10,966
41.3
10.6
4.7
58.5
170
2,950
(1,635.3)
86
0.2
99-8
12.1
0.6
95.0
14,373
4,525
60.5'
48
178
(270.8)
March 2
9-7
1,310
53
96.0
10, 956
6,914
4.8
4.0
16.7
506
2,750
33
0.5
98.5
15.0
1.0
93.3
16,013
6,122
61.8
66
372
(463.6)
March 9
11. /
7°0
24
97.0
10,650
12.0
4.5
0.;.5
2,950
(1,240.9)
86
1.7
98.0
21.0'
0.6
97.1
17,870
6,276
64.9
64
256
(300.0)
March 16
12.2
7.3
500
8
98.4
10, 030
2V. 3-
it. 8
1.6
66.6
195
2, JOO
(.7,023.2)
191
2.2
98.8
21.0
0.7
96.7
U-,938
54.0
63
6.7
March S3
1..5
9.2
610
10
98.4
10,950
6,175
43-6
6.5
7.3
(12.3)
135
1,700
(1,159-3)
134
1.0
99-3
22.0
1.0
95-5
17,970
4,334
75-9
77
131
(70.1)
March 30
12.1
•9-1
970
130
86.6
10,100
' 52.6
7.1
5.8
18.3
230
2,500
(987.0)
71
2.3
96.8
23.2
0.6
97.4
10,563
4,789
54.7
53
61
(15-1)
April 20
12.1
9-3
756
104
86.2
lJ.,37o
4,924
56.7.
6.0
15.0
135
1,900
(1,307.4)
95
3.0
96.8
15.6
0.7
95.5
8, 240
4.480
45.6
ii4
19
56.8
May 18
12.0
7.5
I,o4o
10
97.1
13, 3io
6,650
50.0
10.4
"1 'j '~i
(1^3)
1,050
3,300
(78-4)
131
1.4
98.9
4.0
0.4
90.0
9,060
3,942
69.5
69
80
(15-9
.Tune ?."
12.3
o . 9
.1,01*0
16
10,670
5,53^ .
ua.2
0.9
i 0
125
1,950
(1,460.0^
202
0.5
99.8
45.0
1.3
97.1
9,821
2, 381
75.8
54
125
(131-5)
Averages
12.2
S.U
1,045
55.6
11,322
°' 43,3
7.1
'
-------
DRAFT
Terminal H 797
Unlike the terminals described above, this facility specializes 799
in handling dry freight. It is located in eastern Utah. At the time 802
of the survey, modifications to the present treatment system designed
by a local consulting firm to permit jrecycle of wastewater resulting 803
from exterior truck washing was almost complete. 804
Washing operations involving 80 - 90 units daily and discharging 806
about 41,000 gallons will be jaumped to a grit separator. Liquid 808
wastes will flow by gravity through an oil separator. The wastewater 809
then will enter three settling tanks positioned in series and the 810
clarified wastewater will be pumped to a storage tank for reuse.
Grit and sludge will be removed to a landfill, and oil will be 812
drained from the separator for reclamation. Terminal officials 813
anticipate no wastewater discharge from this f_acility when the 814
installation is complete.
Company officials say that the system cost about $50,000 to 816
LnHtall and that nominal operating expenses are expected to be about 817
$100 per week.
In the meantime, waste streams have been treated by combination 819
and drainage to a gravity separator where oil and sludge are removed 820
for disposal. The effluent is pumped to an evaporation lagoon which 821
allows for drainage j:nto a canal emptying into a large natural lake. 822
Arable 19 represents some data obtained on terminal discharge in 824
1972.
VII-32
-------
DRAFT
TABLE 19
Net Values of Wastewater Dtschages - Terminal H
Parameter
mg/1
829
831
834
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Total Volatile Solids
Ammonia Nitrogen
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Nitrate Nitrogen
Ortho phosphates
Sulfates
Sulfides
Chlorides
Cyanide
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
Oil and grease
Phenols
Coliform Bacteria MPN/100 ml
Terminal I
239.6
309.0
680.0
654.0
26.0
355.0
12.5
15.9
2.3
0.5
4.0
1.2
342.0
0.00
0.30
0.003
0.15
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.00
0.00
10.9
285.0
0.14
87.0
4.0
7,497
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
870
This terminal in southern California, has been in operation for 873
more than 25 years and primarily handles dry freight trucks. It 875
also has a limited fleet of dedicated tank trucks engaged in hauling
VII-33
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DRAFT
finished petroleum products, mainly jjasoline and jet fuel and 876
requiring infrequent interior cleaning.
The main source of wastewater is the automatic equipment used to 878
wash the exteriors of Ji large fleet of dry freight trucks as well as 879
those of the tank trucks. The equipment jLncludes a flow metering 881
device and basically consists of three arches connected in series.
As a truck is driven through the bay, it activates each arch by 882
tripping a switch. The complete washing cycle is carried out under 883
high pressure. A_ mild alkaline detergent is used to wash the painted 884
cab-portion of the rig. If the body of the trailer is aluminum, a 885
more caustic detergent is sprayed on, and if it is painted, a
neutralized acid (hydrofluoric base plus other mild acids), is used. 886
A final plain water rinse then follows. The volume of water used 889
ranges from 100 to 300 gallons/unit ^.nvolving 30 - 40 units/day; in 890
addition, 10 vehicles are washed manually. High water use has caused 891
company officials to consider recycling of washwater but has not been
implemented yet.
T_he terminal's waste treatment system now consists of a large 894
underground holding tank Containing a series of baffles to allow for 895
a retention time of about 30 minutes. Oily material generated by the 897
terminal's overhaul shop is skimmed off the top while bottom j^ludge 898
is removed by
-------
DRAFT
analytical data available provided by terminal officials on a 24- 901
hour, composite effluent sample collected in July 1973:
COD 5,383 mg/1 903
Suspended Solids 1,612 mg/1 905
Terminal J 907
This terminal, which is also located in southern California, 909
specializes in hauling cattle, beef carcasses, and poultry. 911
About 50 or 60 trucks are washed daily in a paved area from which 914
the wastewater flows directly to a treatment system Uirough floor 915
drains. Coarse materials are screened out and hauled to a landfill. 916
The effluent goes into a holding tank and then passes through a 917
series of vibrating fine-mesh screens to remove particulate matter. 918
At this point, some "sheet aeration" seems to occur due to sloshing 919
of flowing wastes on the vibrating screens. The effluent is then 920
discharged to a settler, and the sludge produced is removed by an 921
automatic conveyor. The supernatant flows to a surge tank so as to 922
avoid peak flows into .the municipal interceptor. 923
The facility seemed neat and clean, but no analytical data were 924
obtained from the company. Its officials estimated the system cost 925
about $60,000 - 70,000 to build and $100 a month to operate. They 927
said water usage amounted to about 27,000 gpd and indicated that they 928
planned shortly to add equipment so that they may recycle at least 929
VII-35
-------
DRAFT
part of the treated wastewater. This would result in considerable 930
savings in their sewerage surcharge.
Terminal K
932
T_his terminal located in northeasit Texas is part of a large 934
distribution center for a nationwide supermarket operation, the 936
large truck fleet originating from this terminal handles a wide 937
variety of food, including perishables such as dairy items, meats and 938
vegetables, as well as other related products. Monthly distances 940
covered range from 800,000 to one million miles and the tonnage 941
hauled averages about 63,000 tons.
The terminal includes a fully equipped truck repair shop and 943
several washing facilities for exterior cleaning of tractors and 944
trailers and interior trailer cleaning and disinfecting as necessary. 945
An estimated 80 - 90 units are cleaned daily and an average of 200 946
gallons of wastewater are generated per unit. Floor drains in this 948
area allow generated wastes, largely characterized as oil, grease,
Detergents and disinfectants (quaternary ammonium compounds) to flow 949
to an underground oil and grease separator and then to the municipal 950
system. Grease, oil and grit are periodically pumped out by an 951
outside scavenger and hauled to a landfill. In addition, automatic 953
equipment limited in use to cleaning and disinfecting the interior £f 954
vans handling only dairy and meat products, was installed, less than
a month p_rior to the time of the survey. This equipment handles 956
VIT-36
-------
DRAFT
about 50 vans daily and 320 - 400 gallons of wastewater are generated 956
per unit. Discharges from()this operation enter an underground 957
settling basin through floor drains and flow to a sand interceptor 958
and then to the municipal systems; debris and particulate matter are
cleaned out manually.
The complex also includes a milk plant where 12 - 15 insulated 960
stainless steel, _5,500-gallon capacity tank trucks are cleaned and 961
disinfected daily. A minimum of 500 gallons of wastewater Is 962
generated per unit. The disinfectant solution used in this operation 963
amounts to approximately 600 gallons and contains liquid chlorine, 96A
caustic and wetting agents. I^t is normally recycled to a storage 965
tank where it is automatically regenerated for further use until 966
completely depleted. It is then discharged with other wastewater 967
generated at this plant. The total effluent goes through a sediment 968
interceptor and the p_H is adjusted prior to discharge into the 969
•^>
municipal system.
Effluent data, relating to the entire complex and not the 971
trucking operation alone, obtained by the municipality in September 972
1973 showed the following results:
VII-37
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DRAFT
BOD 120 mg/l 976
COD 281 mg/l 977
TSS 74 mg/l 978
pH 6.84 units 979
_0il arid grease results obtained from a truck repair and washing 983
facility at a similar terminal owned by the same company but located 984
in central Washington, averages 422.3 mg/l, and 129 mg/l, for gravity 985
oil separator influent and effluent respectively. This terminal, 986
however, was not visited.
VII-38
-------
DRAFT
SECTION VIII 5
COST, ENERGY, AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS 7
Maintenance, Lubrication, Fueling, and Repair 9
The preponderance of these facilities discharge their wastewater 13
into municipal sewers. The general practice is to have floor 14
drainage systems that include sumps to retain and recover accidental 15
spills. The observance of good housekeeping practices along with the 16
sump system will ensure that wastewaters discharged into the sewer 17
are compatible with treatment. Therefore, the cost of pretreatment 18
for the typical existing and new maintenance, JLubrication, fueling, 19
and repair facility will be zero.
B.est practicable control technology currently available (BPCTCA), 21
best available control technology economically achievable (BACTEA) 22
and new source £erformance standards (NSPS), all require the same 23
level of technological control.
In addition to a sump or as a replacement for a sump, BPCTCA 25
requires the installation £f a manually cleaned gravity oil 26
separator, many types of which are on the market. The separator 27
always provides for the collection and removal of sediments, oils,
and greases. Depending on the size of the maintenance and repair 28
facility, the Installed cost of one unit could vary from $1,000 to 29
•v'1,000; operating and maintenance costs are minimal. The power 30
consumption in also negligible. TJie only time such a unit consumes 31
VTII-1
-------
DRAFT
energy Is when the separated oil and grease are pumped into a slop- 32
oil collection container.
External Truck Washing 35
Most external truck washing facilities discharge their wastewater 38
into municpal ^systems. Clpmmon practice is to pass the wash and rinse 40
water through a sump to remove settleable solids £rior to discharge 41
into sewer. Pretreatment consists of the removal of settleable 42
solids; the costs of pretreatment for existing and new sources are, 43
therefore, zero.
For those few facilities that do or will discharge into surface 45
waters, BPCTCA, BACTEA, and NSPS all require the same level of 46
control technology — recirculation £f wash and rinse waters. The 48
technology for achieving recirculation exists, and is being installed
presently in some facilities. One of the facilities surveyed was in 50
the process of installing complete recycle systems. 51
The typical external truck washing facility uses water and 53
generates wastewater at about the same rate as a small self-service 54
car wash. For cost purposes, the typical external wash facility is 55
assumed to utilize a_ total of about 500 gallons per truck. The 57
number of trucks washed is assumed to be 20 per day. With an average 58
daily flow of 10,000 gallons per day, a package recycle ^ystem would 59
cost about $10,000 installed.
VIII-2
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DRAFT
T_he recycle system will typically provide savings on detergents 61
and £n water not purchased. It will also provide future savings on 63
sewer surcharges when these become more widely imposed. These 64
savings, however, will vary depending on the particular
circumstances. For purposes of discussion, the costs of BPCTCA, 65
BACTEA, and NSPS have been ^stimated under two assumptions:(1) no 66
cost savings on detergents and water; and (2) a cost savings on 67
detergents of $0.04 per truck and a cost savings on water not used of 68
$0.30 per 1,000 gallons (makeup equal to 20% of daily flow). These 69
cost estimates appear in Table 20.
TABLE
Estimated Costs
20
of BPCTCA*
External Truck Washing Facilities
(20 trucks per day 250 days/yr
Investment Costs:
Package recirculation system
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operating and Maintenance
(excluding energy & power)
Knergy and power
Detergent Savings
Water Savings
Total Annual Costs
Cost per truck
generating 10,000
No Savings
$10,000
1 , 000
1,000
800
75
-
-
$ 2,875
$ 0.58
gpd flow)
Savings Included
$10,000
1,000
1,000
800
75
- 200
- 750
$ 1,925
$ 0.39
73
75
76
77
81
82
84
86
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
100
*The total cost of BACTEA and the total cost of NSPS are the same as 102
those for BPCTCA. 103
VIII-3
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DRAFT
Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight 107
Truck Interior Cleaning 108
A typical terminal processes 50 - 60 trucks per day and 112
generates wastewaters at a rate of about 30,000 gallons per day. A 114
small facility might process only 25 - 30 trucks per day and
discharge 1_5,000 gallons per day of wastewater. 115
Best practicable control technology will typically consist of 117
gravity separation followed by bio-oxidation either in ponds or in 118
extended aeration systems. The estimated costs of BPCTCA in Table 21 119
assume the installation of a settle-extended aeration unit. Those 121
facilities with adequate land for aerobic ponding or aerated
lagooning could achieve BPCTCA at a
TABLE
Estimated Costs of BPCTCA^ Dry
considerably lower costs.
21
Freight Terminal Facilities
(25 and 50 trucks per day 250 days/yr generating
15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)
15
Investment Costs:
Gravity Separator
Installed package plant
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Power
Total Annutil Cost
CoHt \>c.r Truck Serviced
,000 gal/day 30,000 gal/day
$ 16,000 $20,000
22,000 30,000
$ 38,000 $50,000
$ 3,050 $ 4,000
3,800 5,000
2,000 2,000
350 450
$ 9,200 $11,450
1.47 0.92
122
127
129
130
131
134
136
138
140
141
142
144
146
147
148
149
150
152
154
VIII-4
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DRAFT
BATEA and NSPS for dry freight terminal facilities require the 159
_same levels of effluent quality and technology as BPCTCA. The 161
incremental costs of BATEA above BPCTCA are zero. The costs of NSPS 162
are the same as the costs of BPCTCA as shown in Table 21.
Pretreatment for existing and new sources consists of gravity 164
separation. The estimated costs of pretreatment appear in Table 22. 165
TABLE 22 170
Estimated Costs of Pretreatment for Existing and New Sources
Dry Freight Terminal Facilities
(25 and 50 trucks per day 250 days/yr, generating
15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)
Investment Costs:
Gravity separator
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Power
Total Annual Cost
Coot pur truck Mervlc.ed
15,000 gal/day 30,000
$ 16,000 $
1,600
1,600
800
50
$ 4,050 $
0.64
gal/day
20,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
75
5,075
0.40
172
173
174
175
178
180
182
184
186
188
189
190
191
192
194
196
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning 201
This subcategory has been further subdivided into: (1) dedicated 205
tank trucks that must be cleaned after each haul; (2) dedicated tank 206
VIII-5
-------
trucks that need only infrequent cleaning; and ^3) non-dedicated tank 207
trucks that must be cleaned frequently.
Cost estimates have been developed only for disptach terminal 209
facilities where non-dedicated tank trucks requiring frequent 210
cleaning are serviced. Topically, the wash and rinse waters used in 211
jtreating dedicated tank trucks, whether they are frequently or 212
infrequently Cleaned, will be handled in the same system that is used 213
to treat production process waters. The additional costs, if any, of 214
routing the tank truck cleaning waters, to _the production facility's 215
treatment would be difficult to estimate. In most cases, however, the 216
costs would probably not be significant.
The typical tank truck dispatch terminal cleans trucks that carry 218
a v_ariety of products. In addition, terminals vary considerably in 220
size, ^n attempt has been made here to estimate the costs of the 221
BPCTCA that ±s basic to any dispatch terminal. For those facilities 223
that receive significant amounts of cyanides or chromes, ^separation 224
of the waste streams containing these constituents will be necessary. 225
After treatment for removal of cyanide, chrome, or any other metal 226
contaminantN, the wmtewaters can be returned to the standard waste 227
_treatm«Tit system recommended under BPCTCA. 228
The basic physical-chemical system recommended as meeting BPCTCA 230
requirements for most tank trucks is: equalization and 232
neutralization, gravity separation and skimming, dissolved air 233
VIII-6
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DRAFT
flotation, carbon adsorption, and controlled discharge from a storage
tank or pond. The system should be able to recycle the effluent back 234
through the treatment plant if «i particularly strong waste is 235
introduced.
Detailed estimates of the costs of the basic physical-chemical 237
system that comprises BPCTCA for the typical tank truck dispatch 238
terminal appear in Table 23. The costs have been developed for a 239
15,000-gallon per day facility and a 30,000-gallon per day facility. 240
Terminals that generate less wastewater than 15,000 gallons per day 241
will have to spend practically the same amount of money to achieve 242
BPCTCA as the 15,000 gallon per day facility. /Treatment equipment 244
such as gravity separators, dissolved air flotation units, and carbon 245
adsorption filters are produced in minimum sizes that are designed to 246
handle 10,000 or more gallons per day.
The basic BPCTCA costs in Table 23 do not include the capital or 289
operating £ost of cyanide destruction or chrome reduction units that 290
might be required at £ertain terminal facilities. Table 24 has been 292
developed to show how high the costs of treatment could be should a 293
terminal be required to have the capacity to treat 15,000 or 30,000
gpd for cyanide destruction and/or chrome reduction. The 1973 295
capital costs of the two types of units would be about the same — 295
^15,000 for the 15,000 gpd flow and $20,000 for the 30,000 gpd flow 296
(20,21).
VIII-7
-------
TABLE 23
251
Estimated Costs of BPCTCA,
Tank Truck Cleaning Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal
(18 and 36 trucks per day, 250 days/yr.
generating 15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)
Investment Costs:
Equalization and Neutralization
Tank and Equipment
Gravity separator
Dissolved air flotation unit
Granular carbon filter
Holding Tank (2 days)
Piping, valving & containment
Annual Costs:
Chemicals for neutralization
coagulation
Carbon replacement
Operation and Maintenance
Sludge handling and disposal
Power
Capital
Depreciation
Total Annual Cost
Cost per truck cleaned
15,000 gpd 30,000 gpd
$ 15,000
12,000
20,000
2,800
35,000
1,500
$86,300
$ 1,200
$ 23,000
18,000
25,000
3,300
50,000
2,000
$121,300
$ 2,400
1,100
7,000
1,500
2,500
5,000
6,000
$24,300
5.40
2,100
12,000
3,000
4,000
9,000
9,000
$41,500
4.
52
253
254
255
256
258
260
262
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
273
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
286
The operating costs in Table 24 are estimated on the basis of 10% 298
of the annual H.OW passing through each of the two specialized 299
treatment units and a unit operating cost (exlusive of capital costs) 300
of $1.50 per 1,000 gallons.
VIIT-8
-------
DRAFT
TABLE 24 305
Estimated Costs of BPCTCA
Tank Truck Cleaning Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal
(including cyanide destruction and chrome reductions;
18 and 36 trucks per day, 250 days/yr., generating 15,000
and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)
15
Investment Costs:
BPCTCA system from Table 23
Cyanide destruction equipment
Chrome reduction equipment
Piping, valving, pumps
Equalization tank
Total
Annual Costs:
Annual costs excluding power $
from Table 23
Capital (cyanide and chrome units)
Depreciation (cyanide and chrome
units)
Operation and Maintenance
(cyanide and chrome units)
Power
Total Annual Cost
Cost per Truck Cleaned
,000 gpd
$86,300
15,000
15,000
1,500
1,000
118,800
21,800
3,000
3,000
1,100
2,650
$31,550
7.01
30,000 gpd
$121,300
20,000
20,000
2,000
2,000
165,300
$ 37,500
4,000
4,000
2,200
1^300
$52,000
5.78
307
308
309
310
311
314
316
318
320
321
322
323
324
325
327
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
339
340
BACTEA and NSPS arc the same as BPCTCA. Depending on the waste 346
characteristice of the terminal, total BACTEA and total NSPS costs 347
will be the same as those in Table 23 or 24 or somewhere in between.
Pjretreatment costs could be very low — equalization, 349
neutralization, gravity Reparation being the only pretreatment 350
VIII-9
-------
DRAFT
required — or they could be as j>reat as the costs of BPCTCA in Table 351
23 or 24. JPretreatment costs for existing and new sources assuming 352
only gravity separation have been developed in Table 25. 353
TABLE 25 358
Estimated Costs
of Pretreatment
Tank Truck Cleaning Facilities at A Dispatch Terminal;
Existing and New Sources
(18 and 36 trucks per day, 250 days/yr., generating
15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)
Investment Costs:
15,000 gpd
Equalization and neutralization $ 3,000
tank and equipment
Gravity separator 12,000
Piping, valving 750
$15,750
30,000 gpd
$5,000
18,000
IjOOO
$24,000
360
361
362
363
364
367
369
371
373
374
375
376
377
Annual Costs:
Chemicals
Operation and Maintenance
Capital
Depreciation
Power
Total Annual Costs
Cost per truck
12,000
750
$15,750
$ 300
1,000
1,500
1,500
100
$ 4,400
0.98
18,000
IjOOO
$24,000
$ 600
2,000
2,500
2,500
150
$ 7,750
0.86
379
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
390
VIII-10
-------
DRAFT
SECTION IX 5
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY 7
AVAILABLE. GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS8
As in the other segments of the transportation industry, 12
wastewaters are related to unintentional losses of useful products 13
and to cleaning of various areas and equipment. 14
Because over-the-road hauling produces no waterborne wastes, 16
except for spills, it is not discussed in this section, nor are 18
passenger terminals because they produce only sanitary wastes; these
ahould be directed to municipal treatment or be processed in 19
accordance with secondary treatment guidelines.
The remaining activities of the trucking industry are grouped as 22
follows:
1. Maintenance, lubrication, fueling, and repairs; 25
2. External truck washing; 26
3. Dry freight terminal activities and dry freight truck 27
interior cleaning; 28
4. Tank truck interior cleaning 29
Maintenance. Lubrication, Fueling, and Repairs 32
These activities use very little water, and most of it is used to 35
wauh down floors, to flush away spills and leaks of oils, and 36
sometimes to remove cleaning solvents.
NOTICE
These are tentative recommendations based upon
IX-1 information in this report arid are subject to change
based upon comments received and furlher internal
review bf EPA.
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DRAFT
JJest practicable control technology Includes the employment of 38
good housekeeping practices ^_o minimize oil and solvent losses. 39
jytoor drainage systems should be provided with sumps and separators 40
capable of retaining all accidental batch losses or of removing, in 41
continuous flow systems, oil and suspended solids. jShop floors A3
should be cleaned to the maximum extent possible by dry methods. The 44
concentrations in any effluent should not exceed an average of 10 45
mg/1 oil.and 30 mg/1 suspended solids.
External Truck Washing 47
Elxternal truck washing produces oil, suspended solids, and acid 49
or alkaline detergent wastes. jsince detergents emulsify oil, control 51
technology should include minimization of water flow, gravity 52
separation, emulsion breaking, and flotation and sedimentation; 53
filtration should also be used if necessary. Since this is a 54
relatively costly process, consideration should first be given to 55
discharging gravity-separated wastewater to publicly-owned systems 56
following pH adjustment and flow equalization. Otherwise wash and 57
rinse waters should be recirculated to the greatest extent possible 58
after being treated as described above, 59
Effluent limitations should be 10 mg/1 average for oil and 30 62
mg/1 average for suspended solids. pH should be within the range of 63
6.5 to 9.0 units.
NOTICE
These are tentative n-commenrlations bfised ii],
TX-2 "if'Hmation in Jhts report ami ,.r<; suljjwJ to chrtn
based ujx.n comments rw'w.l am! iurlhcr inlc-n
review by 1:11 ^Y
-------
DRAFT
Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight 67
Truck Interior Cleaning 68
VJastewater from these activities derives from the washing of 72
germinal area floors, containers, and truck interiors. The waste 74
constituents vary because of the types of materials handled, but,
generally are amenable ^p municipal treatment. First consideration 76
should be given to having this done. If. a company treatment facility 78
is used, it should be designed jfor removal of oil, BOD or COD, 79
suspended solids, and bacteria (from perishable products), and for pH 80
adjustment.
JJest practicable treatment includes roofing the facilities to 82
minimize the need to treat precipitation runoff and the use of
gravity oil separators, pH adjustment, primary sedimentation, 83
biological treatment, and clarification. If wastes are highly 85
variable in time or quantity, treatment should jLnclude initial 86
equalization. Treated wastewaters should be re-used for washing. 87
Average limits for treated effluent discharges to surface waters 89
are:
BOI)<5) ms/1 30 93
Suspended Solids mg/1 30 94
Oil mg/1 10 95
pH unite 6.5-9 96
NOTICE
fhese are tentative recommendations based upon
3 information in this report and are subject ir> change
based upon comments recew-.d and further internal
review by EPA.
-------
DRAFT
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning 100
Best practicable wastewater control technology for this activity 102
varies with the range of products cleaned from the tank trucks. In 104
any case, it requires minimizing water use and segregating
incompatible wastes.
Dedicated tank trucks that must be cleaned after every trip, s_uch 107
as those used to haul dairy products, fruit juices, other edible
jjroducts and some high purity chemicals, are mainly operated by 108
producers (private carriers). Cleaning wastes should be handled in 109
treatment systems of either the jshipper or receiver. JEn general, 111
biological treatment is required.
Tank trucks dedicated to hauling a particular commodity in the 113
areas of £etroleum products, dry chemicals, cement, fertilizers, or 114
hazardous jsubstances may require only infrequent cleaning if at all. 115
Cleaning wastes from private carrier tanks should be routed to the 116
shipper's treatment system which is designed to handle the wastes 117
from the product manufacturer. The common carrier may dedicate tanks 118
to such commodities to lessen the need for cleaning. However, when 119
they are cleaned, the wastes are generally combined with those from
lion-dedicated tanks which require frequent cleaning. 120
Non-dedicated tank trucks requiring frequent cleaning are those 122
normally operated from common carrier dispatch terminals. Cleaning 124
wastes are usually complex and highly variable mixtures: they may be
NOTICE
IX-4 These are tentative recommendations based
information in this report and ,re subject to
based upon comments received ;-,•,.; f-.!r|hti
review by EPA.
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DRAFT
toxic. Control technology requires full knowledge of the impact that 125
each product hauled has on various treatment systems. This knowledge 127
must be incorporated into the waste control design.
A_ basic system exemplifying best practicable control technology 129
for a non-dedicated truck dispatch terminal includes some or all of 130
the following steps, (depending on raw waste complexity: 131
1. recycle detergent and solvent cleaning streams; 134
2. separate wastes incompatible with system described 135
below: such wastes should be stored, 136
individually if necessary, for total destruction 137
or for batch treatment (metals, cyanides) prior 138
to mixing with wastes treatable in the following 139
system. 140
a. gravity separation and skimming; 141
b. equalization with at least two days holding 142
capacity and perhaps aeration; 143
c. chemical-physical treatment including floe- 144
culation, coagulation, air-flotation, sedimentation, 145
sand-filtration; 146
d. biological treatment such as trickling filter or 147
extended aeration, or activated carbon treatment; 148
e. clarification; 149
f. equalization and holding capability for 150
recycling to head of treatment system, if necessary; 151
NOTICE
IX-5 These are tentative recomrnend?uior« b.ised upon
information in tbtG repiir'. :;ii.p! \-.< .'• ' 'o:'' to chnnfjo
based upo.'j •.:uir..Tiei>t<; iv,-"..:. • ••'. :; •-• ;'-••!•• cr internal
-------
DRAFT
g. granular media filtration, if necessary; 152
h. controlled discharge. 153
Treatment equivalent to the above should result in the following 157
average effluent limitations, although variations may have to be 158
granted on the basis that such a system is not yet in operation for 159
this activity.
BOD (5) mg/1 30 162
COD mg/1 300 163
Suspended Solids mg/1 30 164
Chromium mg/1 0.25 165
Oil mg/1 10 166
Phenols mg/1 0>1 167
Cyanide mg/1 0.2 168
pH units 6.5-9.0 169
Recycling of the effluent into the wash-rinse process after this 173
type of treatment may be practical in some installations. 174
General Considerations 176
_b«8t practicable control technology may, in many caaes, _require 179
consideration of the consolidation of terminals involved in similar 180
operations, particularly of those where the expense £f treatment cuts 181
severely into profits. In addition, if treatment costs appear 182
grossly excessive, relocation Jto sites which have municipal treatment 183
NOTICE
These are tentative recommendations based upon
information in this report an;j :;rc si/.:'r;rv; '•.:• chan-^
'
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DRAFT
facilities available should be considered. The wastes, of course, 185
must be compatible or rendered so by pretreatment. 186
If the wastes generated are relatively small in quantity but 188
difficult to treat, it may be possible to transport them to another 189
ih
industry-owned facility or to a plant specializing in the disposal of 191
industrial wastes.
Zest practicable control technology at the terminal includes £ood 194
housekeeping practices. Uncontaminated runoff should be kept out of 195
the treatment system. Washing and fueling platforms should be 196
impervious and designed to collect all wastes and direct them to the 197
treatment system. Residues drained prior to cleaning, steam cleaning 198
concentrates, spent detergents, and spent cleaning solvents should 199
not be directed to the treatment system but should be reclaimed, 200
incinerated, or ^stored for removal by an industrial waste scavenger. 201
Care should be exercised in the amount of water used in cleaning. 203
^n general, if the average volume exceeds about 900 gallons per 204
_trailer in tank cleaning (including exterior cleaning), the 205
procedures used should be examined by the industry and the regulatory 206
agency to determine whether excessive consumption is occurring. 207
NOTICE
These are tentative recommendations based uprn
information in this ropor': ,-VK! ar- v'-ie-l to change
IX~' based \w\ •x>ir.rr.v:v\tr, r> :>.;..•! nr.<\ !.Iri!n.>>- mi^rr-.!
review by i\V \.
-------
DRAFT
Monitoring Requirements 2QQ
In establishing monitoring requirement guidelines, the £ermittor 212
should require and be guided by information on products washed from 213
tank trucks, such as a detailed summary of at least one month of 214
cleaning operations. The monitoring requirements should then be 215
related to the £omplexity of operations. 216
Effluent flow and pH should be continuously monitored in all 219
cleaning operations; they should be measured at the time of sampling
in others. In most cases, temperature need not be monitored. 220
Monitoring frequency and type of sample to be collected depend on the 222
complexity of the operations carried out. Recommended monitoring for 223
effluents containing only one class of products in general would be 224
one 24-hour composite per week £f at least 3 evenly spaced (in time) 225
grabs over an operating day.
At terminals where cleaning involves multiple products containing 228
dlfficult-to-treat constituents, the effluent should be grab-sampled 229
and analyzed daily for all pertinent constituents. Oxygen demand may 230
generally be measured as BOD(5), COD, or TOG at the operator's 231
choice. The one(s) chosen should be maintained. 232
NOTICE
These are tentative recommend^! ions based wion
information in this report a:r! ,-,ro :; ;',:rrrf \,, ci,nT;,/;,
/jased (.ipon coinnen^ ;•;•-• ••; -.;,c :;mh-r aif.;(r.-J
IX-8 "
-------
DRAFT
Summary of Proposed Effluent Limitations for 235
Best Practicable Control Technology 236
Table 1 In Section II - Recommendations summarizes the proposed 239
effluent loading limitations per unit attainable by the application 240
of best practicable control technology currently available for the
trucking industry. Maximum daily loadings should not exceed twice 242
the values listed in Table 1. The limitations should apply to the 243
bulk of the industry. Specific isolated cases may have wastes of a 244
special nature which should be examined on a case-by-case basis. 245
Sludge Disposal 247
Sludges generated by waste treatment must be disposed of in a 250
manner which will not degrade the environment. Relatively innocuous 251
materials such as inorganic silt, sewage-type £>ludge ,and tightly 252
bound metals may be disposed of in carefully managed( landfills. 253
Organic materials such as may be derived from tank truck interior 254
Cleaning, may have to be incinerated if they cannot be recycled into 255
useful materials. Landfill should not be viewed as first choice 256
disposal for most £f these materials. 257
Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources 260
Pretreatment of wastewaters for acceptance at publicly-owned 264
treatment systems should be considered wherever p_ossible. Many 266
trucking industry discharges now go to municipal systems.
NOTICE
These are tentative recommendations based upon
IX-9 information in this report and are subject to cbang?
based upon comments rtrcdvsf' and i>,;c:her intern--;!
.review- by EPA.
-------
A minimum level of ptetreatment for existing sources should 268
include gravity separation of oils and solids and the use of an 269
equalization and neutralization basin to prevent shock loadings of 271
these inaterials and acidic or alkaline wastes. In addition, in 272
specific cases, particularly with respect to tank jtruck cleaning 273
operations, potential toxicity problems involving heavy metals (i.e. 274
chromium), cyanides, phenols, etc. may require control to conform to 275
the most restrictive of: (1) local £rdinances for discharge to a 276
publicly-owned treatment works; 02) the pretreatment provisions of 277
Section 304(f) of the FWPC Act (40 CFR 128); (3) the provisions of 278
Section 307(a) with respect to to~x±c substances; or (4) the 279
limitations as set forth herein for^-best practicable control 280
technology currently available. Credit can/be taken-in those cases 281
where the publicly-owned treatment p_lanf is committed by its permit 282
to treat for removal of such wastes.
NOTICF
These are tentative recommendations i'^H II;K«'
information in this report and ars juhjccl l« <;t:;»iu;i
IX-10 based upon comments receJwi -inr- Uiriitt-r intern:,
review o> '.TA.
-------
DRAFT
SECTION X 3
BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE, 5
GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS 7
$%Maintenance, Fueling, Lubrication and Repairs$% 9
In addition to the control technology described in Section IX, 12
all areas where these activities are performed should be roofed to 13
minimize or eliminate the need to treat jsrecipitation runoff and all 14
such areas should be cleaned by dry absorbent methods.
.Proposed effluent loading limitations for these activities 16
resulting from the application of best available control technology 17
economically achievable are listed in Table 2 in Section II -
Recommendations. I_t is assumed that additional control technology 18
will achieve a 50% reduction of the loading values listed in Table 1 19
(best practicable control).
$%External Truck Washing$% 21
B_est available control technology economically achievable for 23
this activity includes that Described in Section IX for best 24
practicable control technology currently available. I_n addition, all 25
the washing facilities used should be roofed so that little or no
runoff water has to be treated. To the maximum extent possible, 27
wastewater should be recycled to hold the use of wash water to an
absolute minimum. If blowdown discharges are unavoidable, 28
NOTICE
These are tentative recommendations based upnn
information in this report and are subject to c!>er tv
based upon comments n.-ceiveu a-d hntluv ir^mV
-------
concentrations of waste constituents in the effluent should not 28
exceed those listed in Section _IX. 29
.Proposed effluent loading limitations that can be attained by 31
applying the best available control technology economically 32
achievable are listed in Table 2 in Section II - Recommendations. It 33
is assumed that additional control requirements will achieve a 50%
reduction of the loading values listed in Table I (best practicable 34
control).
£%Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight$% 37
j>%Truck Interior Cleaning$% 39
Best available control technology economically achievable for 42
these activities includes that described in Section IX for best 43
practicable control technology currently available. Maximum 45
recycling should also be provided so that an absolute minimum of wash
water is used. The concentrations of waste constituents in the 46
effluent should not exceed Jrhose listed in Section IX. 47
proposed effluent loading limitations that can be attained by 49
applying the b_est available control technology economically 50
achievable are listed in Table 2 in Section II - Recommendations. I_t 51
is assumed that additional control requirements will achieve a 50%
reduction of the loading values listed in Table 1 (best practicable 52
control).
NOTICE
X-2 These are tentative recommendations based ur>on
information in this report and are subject to chant":
based tn>on comments received --Mid f-^ther internal
-------
DRAFT
j>%Tank Truck Interior Cleaning$% 54
Best available control technology economically achievable for 56
tank truck cleaning wastes £annot be precisely defined at this time, 57
principally because best practicable treatment £urrently available 58
has not yet been applied. Therefore in arriving at recommended 59
effluent limitations for best available control, a judgment has been 60
made that treatment systems will remain the same as those described
for best practicable treatment but that source control and waste 61
segregation will effect a, large reduction in volume of wastewater and 62
in kinds of materials allowed into the system.
Best available control technology economically achievable 64
includes that described in Section IX for best practicable control 65
technology currently available. It is likely, however, that control 66
technology for application in this activity will develop rapidly over 67
the next few years, particularly in the area of jsource control. Some 69
wastes that now go to treatment systems will be diverted to other
methods of treatment and disposal when reclamation for further use is 70
not feasible. This will be particularly true of substances known to 71
be exceedingly toxic and hazardous such as the variety of biocidal or 72
pesticidal compounds included in 40 CFR Part 129 under Section 307
(a)< These should be prevented from entering tank washing 73
treatment systems. Water usage per unit of activity must be limited 74
to an absolute minimum in tank truck Cleaning. Best practicable 76
treatment technology as described in Section IX assumes no reduction
NOTICE
These nre tentative recommendations based
X-3 information in this import and are subject to
based u.jori f.ornmcnts >;< -iv:! . •! ' ir'!-;-r infernal
-------
DRAFT
in the present average water use per tank. It is obvious in many if 78
not all cases that as much as 50 per cent reductions in average use 79
can be economically achieved. With such reductions, off-site 80
regional treatment facilities may become practical.
proposed effluent loading limitations that can be attained by 82
applying the best available control technology economically 83
achievable are listed in Table 2 in Section II - Recommendations. It 84
is assumed that additional control technology will achieve a 75%
reduction of the loading limits listed in Table 1 (best practicable 85
control).
NOTICE
These are tentative recommendation* based npr.n
X~4 information in Lhia report and are subject to chan:-
based unon comments r.-iv'.vof! r.vrd further Internal
-------
DRAFT
SECTION XI 6
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND PRETREATMENT STANDARDS 8
New Source Performance Standards 10
Performance standards for new sources in the trucking industry 13
should be the same as beat available control technology economically 14
achievable discussed in Section X. 1.5
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources 18
Pretreatment standards for new sources should be at least 21
equivalent to those for existing jsources, as discussed in Section IX. 22
NOTICE
«i« tentative nTommendation* bawd up-
b;»:iv.
-------
DRAFT
SECTION XII 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9
Appreciation is expressed to various people associated with the 12
trucking industry for their cooperation in providing needed 14
information and assistance in arranging for and during on-site
visits. _In this regard persons so cited are: L. C. Kibbee and L. W. 15
Strawhorn £.f the American Trucking Assoc., Inc; C. J. Harvison and R. 17
S. Reese, Jr., of the National Tank Truck Carriers, Inc.; T_. Clowe 18
and M. W. Hooper, Robertson Distribution Systems, Inc.; £. R. 19
Anderson, Rice Engineering Co.; W. A. Reagan, Jr^, and R. Douglas,
Chemical 1-eaman Tank Lines, Inc.; W. T. Van Pelt, Sr., Transport 20
Service Co., L. C. Hunt, Boutell Drivaway Co.; C. E, Cranmer, C. R. 21
Dunford and H. Nicholson, Liquid Transporters, Inc.; G. H. Secrist 22
and D. Bosen, IML Freight, Inc.; JF. Zotarelli, Western Gilette Co.; 23
D. Miller, Dale Transport Co.; P. Stanley, E. Smith and W. H. Bryan,
Safeway Stores, Inc.
Acknowledgment is given to the Water Resources Committee of the 2.5
Manufacturing Chemists Association, and in particular to H. B.
Brown, Assistant Technical Director, and to R. J. Mesler, The Dow 26
Chemical Co., Distribution and Traffic Department for providing 27
information on bulk chemicals shipping, handling and disposal.
Acknowledgment is given also to R. R. Rich, Department of Public 28
Works, Vernon, California; H. L. Schleif, DuBois Chemicals Division; 29
XII-1
-------
DRAFT
H. S. Elston, Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc.; T_. Ivey, Provost 30
Cartage, Inc.; J. E. O'Brien, Matlack, Inc.; 0. G. Ford, Ford
Brothers, Inc.; C. P. Wilson and E. Snider, The Carborundum Co.; A. 31
V. Metzner, Permutit Corp.; J. MacCrum, Calgon Corp.; J. W. Moore, 32
Aqua Systems, Inc.; J_. S. Neulight, Metpro Water Treatment Corp.; _the 34
Interstate Commerce Commission, in particular, advisor Ms. M. Loepp 35
for providing reference information on Motor Carriers Regulations, 36
and to E. L. Lehr, Office of Environmental Affairs, U.S. Department
of Transportation, _for providing information on hazardous materials 37
transportation.
Last but not least, appreciation is expressed to the EPA 39
(Cincinnati) Mbrary staff for providing research material, to 40
our secretarial staff for _typing and preparing this document, and to 41
various members of the National Field Investigations Center ^_ 42
Cincinnati staff who participated in the initial review of this
document.
XII-2
-------
DRAFT
SECTION XIII
REFERENCES 7
References Cited 9
1. Standard Industrial Classification Manual, Superintendent of 12
Documents, pp. 219, 221, 224-226, 1972. 13
2. Chemical Engineering, "Transporting, Loading and Unloading 15
Hazardous Materials," pp 82-84, June 25, 1973. 16
3. Water Pollution Control Training Seminar for National Tank Truck 18
Carriers, Inc., Course Seminar prepared by R. F. Weston, Inc. 19
May 1973. 20
4. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, P.L. 22
92-500, 92nd Congress, S.2770, October 18, 1972. 23
5. Brief Facts About the Trucking Industry, American Trucking 25
Assoc. 1973. 26
6. Interstate Commerce Commission, Statements NOB. 589 and 6406, 28
1972. 29
7. American Trucking Associations, Inc., American Trucking Trends 31
1973. ATA, Washington, D.C., 1973. 32
8. 1973 Motor Truck Facts, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association 34
of the U. S., Inc. 35
9. Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts, 37
1973 Edition. AAR, Washington, D. C., 1973. 38
10. Air Transport Association of America, Air Transport 197^, ATAA, 40
Washington, D. C. 1973. 41
11. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the 43
United States, Calendar Year 1972, Part 5, National Summaries, 44
Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss., 1973. 45
12. Mooz, W. E., Energy in the Transportation Sector, Rand 47
Corporation, 1973. 48
13. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol.. 4, pp. 50
353-354, 1971. 51
XIII-1
-------
DRAFT
14. Distribution Operations Manual, Transporation Equipment Data 53
Sheets, Vol. II. The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI 1973 54
15. American Petroleum Institute, Manual on Disposal of Refinery 56
Wastes, Volume on Liquid Wastes, API, 1969. 57
16. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Development Document 58
for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source 59
Performance Standards for Pejjrpleum Refining, U. S. EPA, 60
Dec. 1973 61
17. Frederick R. Harris, Inc., Port Collection and Separation 63
Facilities for Oily Wastes, Volume II, General Technology, 64
Maritime Administration, NTIS No. COM-73-11069, March 1973. 65
18. Illinois Institute of Technology, Wastevater Treatment 67
Technology, 2nd Edition, NTIS No. PB216-162, National 68
Technical Information Service, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 69
Washington, DC, February 1973. 70
19. Wood, W. C., Development of a Water Management Program 72
for A Tank Truck Washing Terminal, Presented at the 28th 73
Annual Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, W. 74
Lafayette, Ind,, May 1973. 75
20. Associated Water and Air Resources Engineers, Inc., 77
Estimating Water Pollution Control Costs from Selected 78
Manufacturing Industries in the U. S. 1973-77, Part I 79
Nashville, Tennessee, June 1973, Appendix B, p. 3. 80
21. Patterson, J. W. and R. A. Minean, Wastewater Treatment 82
Technology (2nd Edition), NTIS, Pub. No. PB 216-162, 83
Feb. 1973, p. 110, p. 55. 84
References Not Cited 87
Gutzeit, G., Tank Car Wash Water, Industrial Wastes, March 1959. 90
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report of Industrial Investi- 92
gations, ACF Industries. Inc., Shippers Car Line Division, Red House, 93
W. Va. Plant. USEPA, National Field Investigations Center-Cincinnati, 94
unpublished report, 1972. 95
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proposed Criteria for Water 97
Quality, Vols. 1 and 2. USEPA, Washington, DC, October 1973. 98
U. S. Public Health Service, Drinking Water Standards 1962, 100
XIII-2
-------
PHS publication No. 956, U. S. Government Printing Office. 101
Peoples, R. F., P. Krishman, and R. N. Simonsen, Nonbioloeical 103
Treatment of Refinery Wastewater, Journal Water Pollution Control 104
Federation, Vol. 44, No. 11, November 1972. 105
Code of Federal Regulations 49 Transportation 1000.1, U. S. Govern- 107
ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 1972. 108
Guidelines for Chemical Plants in the Prevention, Control and Report- 110
ing of Spills, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc., Washington, 111
DC 1972. 112
Water Pollution Causes and Cures, Manufacturing Chemists 114
Association, Washington, DC 1972. 115
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxic Pollutant Effluent 117
Standards, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Subchapter D - Water 118
Program (40 CFR 129) December 1973. 119
Dixon, Linwood J. and J. M. Thornton, Jr., The Costs of Cleaning 121
Up Pollution, Management Accounting, November 1972. 122
Clean Air Act. P.L. 91-604, 91st Congress, December 31, 1970. 124
Fisk, Margaret et. al., Encyclopedia of Associations, Gale Research 126
Company, Detroit, MI, 1972. 127
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Interscience 129
Publishers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1964. 130
Laboratory Waste Disposal Manual, Manufacturing Chemists Association, 132
Inc., Washington, DC, Revised, Sept. 1973. 133
The Chemical Shipper and Pollution Abatement, 18th Annual National 135
Tank Truck Carrier's Middle Management Seminar, Purdue University, 136
Lafayette, Ind. 1972. 137
Engineering Science, Inc., Petrochemical Effluents Treatment 139
Practices. FWPCA Contract No. 14-12-461, February 1970. 140
Aqua Systems Equipment Bulletin, Aqua Systems, Inc., Ft. 142
Lauderdale, Florida 143
JOSAM Portfolio, Josam Manufacturing Co., Michigan City, Ind. 145
Guandolo, J., Transporation Law, 2nd Edition, 1973. 147
Wm. C. Brown Co., Publishers, Dubuque, la. 148
XIII-3
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DRAFT
An Appraisal of the Problem of the Handling, Transport, and 150
Disposal of Toxic and Other Hazardous Materials. Booz-Allen 151
and Hamilton, Washington, DC 1970. 152
The Fourth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality, 154
September 1973. 155
Preliminary Concept Evaluation, Water Pollution Abatement Program. 157
Robertson Tank Lines, Inc., Houston, Texas. A Report by R. F. Weston, 158
Inc., 1973. 159
Encyclopedia Britannica, Motor Transporation, Vol. 15, pp. 938-944, 161
1973. 162
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 66, 12455, 1967. 164
M. L. Burnstein et al., The Cost of Trucking: econometric analysis 166
W. C. Brown Publishing Co., Dubuque, la. 1965. 167
State Motor Carrier's Handbook, Western Highway Institute, 169
San Francisco, California 1972 170
Modern Bulk Transporter pp 22-28, May 1973. 172
Chemical and Engineering News, Industrial Edition, pp 6-7, 174
Feb. 11, 1974. 175
Marketing at A Crossroads, Transportation and Ecology, pp 1-23, 177
published by the American Trucking Assoc. 1972. 178
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 180
13th Edition, 1971. 181
Selected Water Resources Abstracts, U. S. Department of the 183
Interior, Water Resources Scientific Information Center. 184
1971 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23, Water and Atmospheric 186
Analysis, American Society for Testing and Materials. 187
National Tank Truck Carrier Directory, 12th Edition, January 1974. 189
XT.II-4
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SECTION XIV
Glossary
This is a selected list containing key terms likely to be
encountered in treatment technology as described in this document.
Absorption
Acid -
The Act -
Activated Carbon -
Activity -
Adsorption -
Advanced Waste
Treatment
Aeration -
Aeration Period -
The taking up of one Substance into the
body of another.
11
12
14
15
Most commonly refers to a large class of 17
chemicals having a sour taste with an ability 18
to dissolve certain metals, bases or alkalies 19
to form salts and to turn certain acid- 20
base indicators to their acid form. Character- 21
ized by the hydrated H(+) ion. 22
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act 24
Amendments of 1972. 25
Any form of carbon characterized by high 27
adsorptive capacity for gases and solutes. 28
Activation is usually achieved by heating to 29
high temperatures (800-900°C) with steam or 30
carbon dioxide, which brings about a porous 31
particle structure. 32
An operation or subcategory, of the trucking 34
segment of the transportation industry. 35
The taking up of one substance upon the surface 37
of or interface zone of another substance. 38
Renovation of used water by biological, 40
chemical or physical methods that are applied 41
to upgrade water quality for specific reuse 42
requirements. May include more efficient 43
cleanup of a general nature or the removal of 44
components that are inefficiently removed by 45
conventional treatment processes. 46
The operation of adding oxygen to, removing 48
volatile constituents from, or mixing a 49
liquid by intimate contact with air. 50
A theoretical time usually expressed in hours 52
equal to the volume of the tank divided by 53
the volumetric rate of flow. 54
XIV-1
-------
Aerobic -
Aerobic Bacteria -
Alkalinity -
Anaerobic -
Anaerobic Bacteria -
API Separator -
Bacteria -
Best Available -
DRAFT
A condition characterized by an excess of 56
dissolved oxygen in the aquatic environment. 57
Organisms that require dissolved oxygen in the 59
aquatic environment to enable them to metabolize 60
or grow. 61
A term used to represent the sum of the effects 63
opposite in reaction to acids in water. Usually 64
due to carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides; 65
also including borates, silicates and phosphates. 66
A condition in which dissolved oxygen is not 68
detectable in the aquatic environment. Commonly 69
characterized by the formation of reduced sulfur 70
compounds from the use of bound oxygen from 71
sulfates as an hydrogen acceptor. 72
Organisms that can metabolize and grow In the 74
absence of dissolved oxygen. Their oxygen 75
supply is obtained from the bound oxygen such as 76
in sulfates, carbonates, or other oxygen-containing 77
compounds. 78
A basin designed according to specifications of 80
the American Petroleum Institute for the separation 81
of free oil from water. 82
Primitive organisms having some of the features 84
of plants and animals. Generally included among 85
the fungi. Usually do not contain chlorophyll, 86
hence commonly require preformed organic 87
nutrients among their foods. May exist as single 88
cells, groups, filaments, or colonies. 89
Control Technology
Economically Achievable July 1, 1983.
The water pollution control technology to bp
achieved by all industrial point sources by
91
92
93
Best Practicable -
Control Technology
Currently Available
Slowdown -
Bio-Chemical -
The water pollution control technology to be 95
achieved by all industrial point sources by 96
July 1, 1977. 97
The wastewater which must be discharged in a 99
recycle system to prevent excessive buildup of 100
dissolved materials. 101
Resulting from the combined activities of bio- 103
logical and chemical transformations. Usually 104
XIV-2
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Biodegradation -
Biological Processes -
Biology -
BOD -
BTU (British Thermal
Unit)
Butterworth Nozzle -
Catch Basin -
Cent! -
Centrigrade -
Channel -
«<*r A. •fc.g »4S, ^
measured in terms of the ensuing chemical changes. 105
The stabilization of wastewater contaminants 107
by biological conversion of pollutants into 108
separable materials at a higher oxidation state. 109
Activities of living organisms to sustain life, 111
growth, and reproduction. Commonly the processes 112
by which organises degrade complex organic material 113
into simpler substances at a higher oxidation 114
state to obtain energy for life processes and 115
growth of new cell mass. 116
The science and study of living organisms, 118
characteristics and behavior, 119
Biological or biochemical oxygen demand. A 121
test for estimation of wastewater polluting 122
effects in terms of the oxygen requirements for 123
biochemical stabilization under specified conditions 12'
and time. 125
That amount of heat that will raise the temperature 127
of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. 128
A 15" diameter brass nozzle fits on the end of 130
a hose used in cleaning interior of tank trucks 131
by spraying in all directions cleaning solutions 132
under 175 pslg pressure liquid consumption ranges 133
from 15-250 gpm for a cleaning cycle that could 134
range from 4-52 min. 135
A chamber, well or other enlargement of a channel, 137
designed to retain grit and detritus "below the 138
point of liquid overflow. 139
An expression used to indicate 1/100 of a givon 141
standard unit i.e., centimeter. 142
A temperature measurement scale in which the 144
freezing point of pure water at sea level is 145
designated as 0°C and the temperature of boiling 146
water is designated as 100°C. This is more 147
properly termed the Celsius scale. 148
A natural or artificial waterway which continuously 150
or periodically contains flowing water. A 151
connecting link between two bodies of water with 152
a definite bed and sidewalls to confine the flov. 153
XIV-3
-------
Chemistry -
Chlorine -
Chlorination -
Chromium -
Clariflcr -
Coagulant -
COD -
Combined Sewer -
Compound -
A science that deals with the. composition and 155
characteristics of substances and their behavior, 156
i.e., the transformations that they undergo. 157
A greenish yellow gaseous element having strong 159
disinfecting and oxidizifcg properties in water 160
solution. It is commercially available as com- 161
pressed gas, liquid, or in combined form as a 162
povder. It is highly toxic and irritating to 163
skin, eyes, and lungs in significant concentrations. 16A
The application of chlorine to water or wastewater 166
for the purposes of disinfection, oxidation, odor 167
control, or other effects. Pre-chlorination - 168
before treatment; post-chlorination - after 169
treatment; in-process chlorination - during treatment. 171
A heavy metal of several liquid compounds; includes
both trivalent and hexavalent states. 173
.172
A basin or chamber .servir;;; as an enlargement of 175
a channel to reduce flow velocity sufficiently to 17fi
permit separation of settleabJe or float.fib.lM 177
materials from the carrier water (a sedimentation 178
basin). 179
A chemical, or chemicals, which when added to 181
water suspensions will cause finely dispersed 182
materials to gather into larger masses of improved 183
filterability, settleability, or drainability. ISA
A test for the estimation of the contamination 186
of a wastewater in terms of oxygen requirements 187
from a strong chemical oxidant under specified 188
conditions, i.e., dichromate, 50% sulfuric arid 189
and 1A5°C for 2 hours. 190
A group of bacteria that inhabits the Intestinal 192
tract of man, warm-blooded anirnnls, and mny he 193
found in plants, soil, »lr and the aquatic J94
environment. Includes aerobic and facultative gram .191'
negative non-spore forming bad133 that ferment 196
lactose with gas formation. 197
A sewer designed to carry wastewaters and storm 199
waters in the same channel. 200
A combination of two or more atoms having definite 202
physical and chemical characteristics ar.d mutually ?.03
XIV-A
-------
Concentration -
Contamination -
Control Parameter -
Countercurrent -
Criterion -
(pi. Criteria)
Cubic Foot Per Second
(c.f.s)
Cyanides -
Data -
Debris -
Degrade -
Diesel Oil -
Detention Period -
Detergent -
attracted to each other.
A means of designating the ratio of one substance 206
with 'respect to another, such as 15 mg of suspended 201
solids per liter of water. 208
A general term referring to the introduction of 210
materials into water that make the water less 211
desirable for its intended use. 21?
A constituent parameter used to measure and limit 214
waste discharges. 215
A purification or extraction process in which a 217
liquid and a vapor stream or two streams of 218
immiscible liquids are caused to :flow in. opposite 219
directions and past or through one another with 220
intimate contact so that individual substances 223
present are transferred to that stream in which 222
they are more soluble under existing conditions, 22'1
Something which can be measured. Commonly 225
used as a basis for standards. 226
A unit of discharge rate such as one cubic foot 228
of gas per second past a given point. 229
All of the CN groups in the cyanide compounds 231
present that can be determined as the cyanide 232
ion; considered in most cases as toxic. 233
Records of observations or measurements of facts, 235
occurrences and conditions in written, graphical 236
or tabular form. 237
The remains of something broken down or destroyed, 2311
To ruduco the complexity of a chemical compound. 241
Fuel for diesel engines obtained from distillation 2^3
of petroleum. 244
The theoretical time required to displace the 246
entire volume of a tank or basin at a given 247
rate of discharge. Tank volume - rate of 248
discharge. 249
Something used for cleaning. Commonly consists 251
of soap or surfactant plus various additives 252
XIV-5
-------
Dilution -
Disinfection -
Disposal -
Dissolved -
Dissolved Oxygen
(P.O.)
Ecology -
Efficiency -
Effluent -
Element -
Emulsion -
DRAFT
or associated materials.
253
To make thinner or more liquid. Also a ratio, 255
volume or weight of a more concentrated sample 256
or effluent flow compared to that into which it 257
is discharged. 258
To make free of infectious organisms.
260
For wastewaters, this may represent any method 262
of disposing, but usually involves some degree 263
of degradation and discard in a nonpollutional 264
manner. 265
Those materials dispersed in water in ionic, 267
atomic, or molecular form; an homogenous mix- Z6H
ture or solution. 269
Dissolved molecular oxygen usually expressed in 271
mg DO/1 or percent of saturation. 272
The relation of an organism to its environment; 274
i.e., how is an organism affected by his surround- 275
ings such as air, water, heat, noise, contamination, 276
etc. 277
The ratio of materials out of a process to those 279
into that process usually expressed as a percent- 280
age. 281
A liquid or product water discharged from a chamber, 283
basin or other treatment operation.
Elementarv substance.
A liquid system in which one liquid It. finely
dispersed in another liquid in KUC'!I a manner thr..t 289
the two win not separate through the action of 290
gravity alone. 291
End-of-Pipe Treatment -
Equalization
Fahrenheit -
Treatment of overall wastes, as distinguished 293
from treatment at individual processing units. 294
A secondary waste treatment process that main- 296
tains uniformity of waste flow and concentration. 297
A temperature scale in which pure water at sea 2.99
level has a freezing point at 32° and the. boiling 300
point is 212°. 301
KIV-6
-------
Fats -
Fecal Coliform -
Filter -
Filter Residue -
Filtrate -
Final Settler;
Clarifier
Floatation -
Floe -
Free Oil -
Fueling Platform
Gravity System -
Grease -
Grit -
Grit Collector -
Naturally occurring compounds functioning as 303
storage products in the living organisms. Consist 304
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the form of fatty 305
acid esters. Generally semi-solid or oily at normal 30
temperatures. 307
A group of organisms belonging to the coliform 309
group and whose presence denotes recent fecal 310
pollution from warm-blooded animals. 311
A porous media through which a liquid may be 313
passed to effect removal of suspended materials. 314
Filter media may include sand, gravel, asbestos 315
fiber, or other granular material. 316
That material which is retained on or in a filter. 318
That liquid which has passed through a filter. 320
A settling basin or chamber for the mixed liquor 32?
following secondary treatment. 323
A process for separation of solids from clarified 325
liquid that causes particulates to be floated 326
to the surface by means of attached air globules. 327
Gelatinous or amorphous solids formed by chemical, 329
biological or physical agglomeration of fine 330
materials into larger masses that are more readily 331
separated from the liquid. 332
Oil which floats easily on water. 334
The structure on which fueling devices are located. 336
A system of open or closed conduits in which the 338
liquid flows by gravity (without pumping). 339
A solid or semi-so] id composition made up oi' 341
animal fats, alkali, water, oil and various 342
additives. ; 343
The heavy material in water or sewage such as 345
sand, gravel, cinders, etc. 346
A device placed in a grit chamber to collect and 348
to convey the more coarse and dense grit particles 349
out of the chamber and permit return of most of the 350
organic or liquid materials. 351
XIV-7
-------
DRAFT
Hardness -
Heal -
Hydrocarbon -
Incineration -
Industrial Waste -
Indicator -
Infiltration -
Influent -
Inorganic -
Interceptor -
Lagoon
Load -
Manhole -
Commonly refers to the chemicals interfering with 353
soap action or producing scale in boilers or 354
heating units. Specifically refers to calcium and 355
magnesium salts; sometimes including iron, aluminum, 356
and silica. 357
A term used in the tank truck industry referring 359
to residual products remaining in the bottom of a 360
tank following unloading. 361
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen. 363
Destruction of waste constituents by combustion. 365
All wastes streams within a plant. Included are 367
contact end non-contact waters. Not included are 368
wastes typically considered to be sanitary wastes. 369
May include the color change of a dye, electronic 37.1
sensor response, or other means of estimating the 372
equivalence point of a reaction between two different 373
materials. 374
The penetration of water through the soil from 376
surface precipitation, stream, or impoundment 377
boundaries. 378
That material entering a process unit or operation. 380
Being composed of material other than plant or 382
animal materials. 383
An intercepting sewer designed to carry the dry 385
weather flow from a community to a treatment plant, 386
but not large enough to carry storm water above 387
some preset ratio to dry weather flow. May be .388
used to collect lateral sewer tIOWB. 389
A nature] or artificial bantu used for sloragp. 391
and/or stabilization of wast.ewater or sludge. 192
Sometimes used i'or indefinite storage for disposal 393
purposes. Commonly the lagoon depth is greater than 394
a wadable depth but not greater than twenty feet. 395
The load to a process is that which is contained in 397
the inflow to that process. It may be expressed 398
as hydraulic, oxygen demand, solids, or other criteria. 3
An opening by which access may be achieved for 401
XIV-8
-------
Mechanical Aeration -
Meter -
Micro -
Microbiology -
Mill! -
Neutralization -
New Source -
New Source Perform- -
ance Standards
Nitrification -
No Discharge of
Pollutants
Odor Control -
inspection, maintenance, or repair of a sewer, 402
conduit, or other buried structure or appurtenance. 403
Aeration produced by mechanical energy of the 405
turbine, pump, paddle, or other device that imparts 406
an intimate mixture of liquid and air. 407
The length of a reference platinum bar used as a 409
standard unit of measurement of length in the metric 410
system. 1 meter = 39.37 inches. 411
1/1,000,000 of a unit of measurement, such as micro- 413
gram, microliter. 414
The science and study of microbiological organisms 416
and their behavior. Commonly related to the study 417
of pathogenic organisms. 418
1/1000 of a standard unit of weight, length or 420
capacity such as milligram. 421
A unit of concentration on a weight/volume basis: 423
Milligrams per liter. Equivalent to ppm when the 424
specific gravity of the liquid is 1.0. 425
The reaction "between hydrogen ion frons an acid 427
and hydroxyl ion from a base to produce a salt 428
and water. 429
Any facility, or installation from which there is 431
or may be a discharge of pollutants and whose con- 432
struction is commenced after the publication of 433
the proposed regulations. 434
Effluent limitations which apply to newly 436
constructed industrial plants. 437
The biochemical conversion of unoxidized nitrogen 439
(ammonia and organic N) to oxidized nitrogen 440
(usually nitrate). 441
Ho net increase or detectable gross concentration 443
of any parameter designated as a pollutant to the 444
accuracy that can be determined from the designated 445
analytical method. 446
In wastewater treatment this generally refers to 448
good housekeeping in the plant and aeration, 449
chlorination or other operations to prevent onset 450
XIV-9
-------
Oils -
Organic -
Organic Chlorine -
Oxidation -
Oxygen Depletion -
Particulates -
Parts Per Million -
Pathogenic Organisms -
Pesticide -
Petroleum -
of malodorous septicity in the wastewater flow. 451
Liquid fats of animal or vegetable origin. Oily 453
or waxy mineral oils. 454
Substances formed as & result of living plant 456
or animal organisms. Generally contain carbon 457
as a major constituent. 458
Compounds containing chlorine in combination with 460
carbon, hydrogen and certain other elements. 461
Chemically: The addition of oxygen, removal of 463
hydrogen, or the removal of electrons from an 464
element or compound. 465
The loss of oxygen from water or sewage due to 467
biological, chemical or physical action. 468
Pertaining to small suspended solids in a gaseous 470
or liquid media. 471
A unit of concentration signifying parts of some 473
substance per million parts of dispersing medium. 474
Equivalent numerically to mg/L only when the 475
specific gravity of the solution is 1.0. 476
Bacterial, fungal, viral, or other organisms 478
directly involved with diseases of plant, animals,
or man, are included among this group. 480
479
Phenol -
A chemical agent used to destroy animal or plant 482
pests. This includes insecticides, miticides, 483
nematocides, rodenticides, algaecides, fungicides 484
and herbicides. ' 485
A complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and 487
small quantities of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 488
An index of hydrogen ion activity. Defined as the 490
negative logarithm (base 10) of H(+) ion con- 491
cetvtration at a given instant. On a scale of 492
0 to 14 pH 7.0 is neutral, pH less than 7.0 indicates 493
a predominance of H(+) or acid ions; pH greater 494
than 7.0 indicates a predominance of OH(-) or 495
alkaline ions. 496
Class of cyclic organic hydroxy derivatives of 498
benzene with basic formula C6HOH 499
XIV-10
-------
Physical-Chemical
Treatment
Pneumatic Ejector -
Plant Effluent or
Discharge After
Treatment
Pond -
Precipitate -
Pressure -
Pretreatment -
Primary Treatment -
Process -
Process Effluent -
or Discharge
Primary Clarjfler -
Combination of physical and chemical treatment 501
steps, such as chemical precipitation, coagulation, 502
and sedimentation. 503
A device for pumping sludge, sewage, or other 505
liquid by admitting the fluid into a chamber 506
through one check valve and forcing it out of 507
another by air pressure in the chamber above the 508
liquid. 509
The volume of wastewater discharge from the 511
industrial plant. In this definition, any 512
waste treatment device is considered part of 513
the industrial plant. 514
A basin or catchment used for retention of 516
water for equalization, stabilization, or 517
other purposes. Commonly less than five feet 518
in depth. 519
The formation of solid particles in a solution, or 521
the solids that settle as a result of chemical 522
or physical action that caused solids suspension 523
from solution. 524
The total load or force acting upon a surface. 526
In hydraulics, the term commonly means pounds per 527
square inch of surface, or kilograms per square cm 528
above atmospheric pressure on site. (Atmospheric 529
pressure at sea level is about 14.7 pounds per 530
square inch.) 531
Treatment proved prior to discharge to a publicly 533
owned treatment works. 534
Commonly the separation of settleable or floatable 536
materials from carrier water. Usually preceded 537
by pretreatment such as coarse screens, grit 538
separation, comminution. 539
A series of operations or actions that lead to a 541
particular result. A combination of unit opera- 542
tions that may be assembled and used for a given 543
treatment objective. 544
The volume of water emerging from a particular 546
use in the plant. 547
The first unit of waste treatment for solids 549
XIV-11
-------
removal.
550
Publicly Owned
Treatment Works
Raw Wastewater
(Sewage)
Recirculation -
A treatment plant owned by the public, such as 552
a municipal sewage treatment plant. 553
Reduction -
Residual Product -
Retention Time -
Salt -
Sanitary Sever -
Saturation -
Scavengers -
Screen -
Secondary Treatment -
Used wastewater prior to treatment,
555
556
The return of effluent to the influent of a 558
process unit to reduce influent concentration, 559
stabilize the system, maintain hydraulic flow. 560
To reprocess, or for other beneficial reasons. 561
To make smaller or to remove from a given amount 563
of material. In chemistry: The removal of 564
oxygen, addition of hydrogen, or the addition 565
of electrons to an element or compound. 566
The portion of hauled product remaining in a 568
van after delivery. 569
The time which would be required in an empty 571
treatment unit for the wastewater flow to fill it. 572
A chemical compound formed as a result of the 574
interaction of an acid and an alkali (base). 575
A sewer designed to receive and to convey house- 577
hold, commercial or industrial wastewater mixtures. 578
Commonly refers to the maximum amount of any 580
material that can be dissolved in water or other 581
liquid at a given temperature and pressure. For 582
oxygen, this commonly refers to a percentage 583
saturation in terms of the saturation value, such 584
as about 9 mg 0(2)/1 at 20°C. 585
Organisms that feed habitually upon refuse. In 587
pollution control this commonly refers to 588
commercial firm specializing in waste disposal. 589
A device with openings, generally havinp, a 591
relatively uniform size, that permit liquid to 592
pass but retain larger particles. The acrecn 593
may consist of coarse to fine wire. 594
\
Processes used to convert dissolved and colloidal 596
materials in wastewater to a form that may be 597
separated from the water. Commonly consists of 598
XIV-12
-------
Sedimentation -
Septic Wastewater
(Sewage)
Settleable Solids -
Settling Basin -
Sewage -
Sewer -
Sewerage Collection
System
Sludge -
Sludge Cake -
Solution -
Specif1c Grayity-
(Sp. Gr.)
biodegradation and conversion to cell mass in 599
a separable form with partial oxidation, such as 600
in activated sludge, trickling filtration, or 601
oxidation ponds. 602
The process of subsidence and deposition of 604
suspended matter from wastewater by gravity. 605
Also called clarification, settling. 606
;
Wastewater in which available oxygen has been 608
depleted and the reduction of sulfates has begun. 609
A result of anaerobic putrefaction. 610
Includes materials that will settle by gravity 612
under low flow velo'clties. 613
A natural or engineered enlargement of a channel 615
that reduces velocity sufficiently to permit 616
sedimentation of settleable particulates. 617
See Wastewater.
619
A pipe or conduit generally covered for the purposes 621
of conveying wastewaters from the point of origin 622
to a point of treatment or discharge. 623
Comprised of conduits controlled by public 625
agencies to intercept house, commercial or 626
industrial discharges and transport them to a 627
treatment facility or discharge point. 628
Accumulated or concentrated solids from sedi- 630
mentation or clarification of wastewater. Contains
varying proportions of solids in wastewater 632
depending upon source, process, and nature. 633
The solids remaining after dewatering sludge 635
by vacuum, filtration, or sludge drying beds. 636
Usually forkable or spadable, with a water 637
content of 30 to 80%. Also may occur on the 638
boundaries of surface water. 639
631
An homogenous mixture.
dissolved material.
A water solution of
641
642
The weight of a material per unit volume in 644
reference to the weight of water at maximum 645
density. Water at 4°C has a weight of 1 g per 646
ml. The weight ratio of any substance divided 647
XTV-13
-------
Stabilization -
Standard -
Standard Raw Waste
Loads (SRWL)
Standard Methods -
Storm Sewer -
Surfactant -
Surface Waters -
Suspended Solids -
Synergism -
Tertiary Treatment
TOC -
DRAFT
by the weight of water is the specific gravity. 648
In organic wastes, generally refers to oxidation 650
via biochemical pathways and conversion to 651
gaseous or insoluble materials relatively inert 652
to further change. 653
Something set by authority. Having qualities 655
or attributes required by law and defined by 656
minimum or maximum limits of acceptability in 657
terms of established criteria or measurable 658
indices. 659
Net pollution loading produced per unit of pro- 661
duction (or raw material) by a refining process 662
after separation of the separables (STS). 663
Methods of analysis prescribed by joint action 665
of APHA, ASCE, AWWA, and WPCF. Methods accepted 666
by authority. 667
A sewer which carries storm water from roofs, 669
surface wash and street drainage. 670
A chemical that, when added to water, will 672
greatly reduce the surface tension of the 673
solution. The surface active component in a 674
detergent mixture. 675
Navigable waters. The waters of the United 677
States, including the territorial seas. 678
The concentration of insoluble materials sus- 680
pended or dispersed in waste or used water. 681
Generally expressed in mg/liter on a dry 682
weight basis. Usually determined by filtration 683
methods. 684
Refers to the action produced when two or more 686
substances in combination have a greater effect 687
than that produced by the additive effects of 688
each one separately. 689
See Advanced Waste Treatment.
691
Total Organic Carbon. A test expressing waste- 693
water contaminant concentration in terms of 694
the carbon content. 695
XIV-14
-------
Ton-Mile -
Total Solids -
Trade Association -
Trickling Filter -
Unit Operation -
USPHS -
USPHS Drinking Water
Standards
Velocity (Flow) -
Volatile Material -
Volatile Solids -
Waste Discharged -
Unit of. measurement of freight haulage; equal 697
to hauling one ton of freight one mile. 698
Refers to the solids contained in dissolved and 700
suspended form in water. Commonly determined 701
on a weight basis by evaporation to dryness. 702
An association of business or industrial
representatives with a common interest.
704
705
A treatment process employing downward flow of 707
wastewater over the surfaces of a rock or grid 708
system with a large void space for upward move- 709
ment of air. Slime organisms accumulate to 710
effect biological stabilization. 711
A particular kind of a physical change that is 713
repeatedly and frequently encountered as a 714
step in a process such as filtration, aeration, 715
evaporation, mixing, or pumping. 716
United States Public Health Service, Department 718
of Health, Education and Welfare. 719
A list of standards prescribed for potable water 721
acceptable for use on interstate carriers. 722
Deal with sources, protection, and bacterio- 723
logical, biological, chemical and physical 724
criteria—some mandatory, some desired. Official 725
for municipal use only upon acceptance by 726
State and local authorities. 727
A rate term expressed in terms of linear move- 729
ment per unit of time. Commonly expressed in 730
ft. per sec. (English) or cm/sec (Metric). 731
Refers to those chemicals having a vapor pressure 733
low enough to evaporate from water readily at 734
normal temperatures. With reference to dry solids, 735
the term includes loss in weight upon ignition 736
at 600°C. 737
The quantity of solids in water that represents 739
a loss in weight upon ignition at 600°C. 740
The amount (usually expressed as weight) of 742
some residual substance which is suspected or 743
dissolved In the plant effluent after treat- 744
ment if any. 745
XIV-15
-------
Waste Generated -
Waste Loading -
Wastewater -
Water Pollution -
Water Quality Criteria
Water Quality
Standards.
Weir -
Weir Box -
Well -
Yield
DRAFT
The amount (usually expressed as weight) of some 747
residual substance generated by a plant process 748
or the plant as whole and which is suspended 749
or dissolved in water. This quantity is measured 750
before treatment. 751
Total amount of pollutant substance, generally 753
expressed as pounds per day. 754
Refers to the used water of a community. 756
Generally contaminated by the waste products 757
from household, commercial or industrial activities. 758
Often contains surface wash, storm water and 759
infiltrations water. 760
Anything appearing in water that renders it
unacceptable in terms of established water
quality standards. Commonly conditions or
contaminants that interfere with subsequent
beneficial uses of the water.
762
763
764
765
766
Includes selected analytical measurements with 768
limits designated to be acceptable or 769
unacceptable in reference to water quality 770
standards. 771
Limits set by authority on the basis of water 773
quality criteria required for beneficial uses. 774
A device used for surface overflow from a tank, 776
basin or chamber. Generally designed to smooth 777
out discharge flow to minimize turbulence within 778
the detention basin. May be used to measure 779
discharge flow. 780
An enlargement of the channel upstream of a 782
weir to reduce the velocity and turbulence 783
before reaching the weir. 784
An artificial excavation or shaft that collects 786
water below ground level. 787
The amount or quantity produced per unit of 789
raw material. 790
XIV-16
-------
DRAFT
CONVERSION TABLE
English To Metric Units
Multiply (English Units) by to Obtain (metric Units)
English Unit Abbreviation Conversion Abbreviation Metric Unit
acre
acre
- feet
ac
ac ft
0.405
. 1,233.5
ha
cu m
hectares
cubic meters
British Thermal
Unit BTU
British Thermal
Unit/pound BTU/lb
cubic feet/minute cfm
cubic feet/second cfs
cubic feet cu ft
cubic feet cu ft
cubic inches cu in
degree Fahrenheit F°
feet . ft
gallon gal
gallon/minute gpm
horsepower hp
inches in
inches of mercury in Hg
pounds Ib
million galJons/day mgd
mile mi
pound/square
inch (gauge)
square feet
square inches
tons (short)
yard yd
0.252 kg cal
0.555 kg cal/kg
0.028 cu m/min
1.7 cu m/min
0.028 cu m
28.32 1
16.39 cu cm
0.555(°F-32)1 °C
0.3048 m
3.785 1
0.0631 I/sec
0.7457 kw
2.54 cm
0.03342 atm
0.454 kg
3,785 cu m/day
1.609 km
psig (0.06805 psig +1)1 atm
sq ft 0.0929 sq m
sq in 6.452 sq cm
ton 0.907 kg
0.9144 m
1 Actual conversion, not a multiplier
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
R-^io-n V, Library
2.L;J South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
kilogram-calories
kilogram calories/
kilogram
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters
liters
cubic centimeters
degree Centigrade
meters
liters
liters/second
killowatts
centimeters
atmospheres
kilograms
cubic meters/day
kilometer
atmospheres(absolute)
square meters
square centimeters
metric tons (1,000)
kilograms
meters
XIV-17
I'rlritlnij
------- |