DRAFT
     Development Document for
Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines
   New Source Performance Standards
              for the

          TRUCKING

          Segment of the
      Transportation Industry

       Point Source Category
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

            APRIL 1974

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                         Publication Notice                            2



    This is a development document for proposed effluent ^imitations   7

guidelines and new source performance standards.  As such, this        8

report is subject to changes resulting from comments received during   9

the period of public comments on the proposed regulations.  This       10

document in its final form will be published at the time the

regulations for this industry are promulgated.                         11


    This report has been entered into a computer to facilitate         13

processing, print outs, and revisions.  The various "machine           15

commands" necessary to accomplish these steps are, therefore, present  16

in this draft version.  For example, line numbers are shown in the     17

right margin, percent and dollar symbols Represent underlining         18

instructions, and a dash under individual letters i_s a reference       19

point for making corrections.  The commands will not appear in the     20

final report.


    Readers who desire clarification or amplification of the material  22

presented while making their reviews are invited to contact:           23


                A. F. Tabri                                            27
         Mail:  National Field Investigations Center -Cincinnati       28
                5555 Ridge Avenue                                      29
                Cincinnati, Ohio 45268                                 30
        Phone:  513-684-4381                                           31

    Mention of commercial products does not constitute endorsement by  35

the IJ.S. Government.

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              DRAFT
            DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT

                     for

   PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES

                     and

      NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

                   for "the

              TRUCKING SEGMENT

                   of the

           TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY

            POINT SOURCE CATEGORY



                 April 1974
                 A. D.  Sidio
                  Director
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-CINCINNATI
     U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY
   OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT  AND GENERAL COUNSEL
           Cincinnati, Ohio  45268

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                           DRAFT
                             Abstract
    This document  presents  the findings of an in-house study of  the




trucking segment of  the  transportation industry.  It was completed by




the National Field Investigations Center-Cincinnati, Environmental




Protection Agency  for  the purpose of developing effluent limitations




guidelines and Federal standards of performance for the industry,  in




accordance with Sections 304  and 306 of the Federal Water Pollution




Control Act Amendments of 1972.




    Effluent limitations guidelines contained herein set forth the




degree of effluent reduction  attainable through the application of




the best practicable control  technology currently available and the




degree of effluent reduction  attainable through the application of




the best available technology economically achievable which must be




attained by existing point  sources by July 1, 1977, and July 1, 1983,




respectively.  The standards  of performance for new sources contained




herein set forth the degree of efflu^jxS^reduction which is achievable




through the application, of  th,e best available demonstrated control




technology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives.




    Supportive rationale for  development  of the proposed effluent




limitations guidelines and  standards of performance is contained in




this report.

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                          TABLE OF CONTENTS                            2



SECTIONS                                               PAGES           5

I    CONCLUSIONS                                         1-17

II   RECOMMENDATIONS                                    II-l           9

     Best Practicable Control Technology Currently                     11
       Available (BPCTCA)                               II-l           12
          Source Control                                II-l           13
          Treatment Technology                          II-l           14
          Effluent Guidelines                           II-3           15
     Best Available Control Technology Economically                    16
       Achievable (BACTEA)                              II-5           17
          Source Control                                II-5           18
          Treatment Technology                          II-5           19
          Effluent Guidelines                           II-6           20
     New Source Performance and Pretreatment                           21
       Standards (NSPPS)                                II-6           22

III  INTRODUCTION                                      III-l           24

     Purpose and Authority                             III-l           26
     Summary of Methods Used for  Development of                        27
       Effluent Limitations Guidelines                 III-3           28
     Data Base                                         III-4           29
     General Description  of the Trucking Industry      III-5           30
          Comparison With Other Segments of the                        31
            Transportation Industry                    III-9           32

IV   INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION                            IV-1           34

     Over-the-Road  Hauling of  Passengers and Freight    IV-3           36
     Truck and  Bus  Maintenance                         IV-3            37
          Lubrication and Fueling                      IV-3            38
          External  Truck  Washing                        IV-3           39
          Maintenance and Repairs                      IV-4            40
          Dry Freight Truck Interior  Cleaning           IV-4           41
          Tank  Truck  Interior  Cleaning                  IV-5           42
     Passenger  Terminal Activities                     IV-6            43
     Freight Terminal Activities                        IV-6            44
                               iii

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V    WASTE CHARACTERIZATION                              V-l           46

     Introduction                                        V-l           48
     Wastewater Constituents and Flows                   V-l           49
          OVer-the-Road Hauling                          V-l           50
          Lubrication, Fueling, Maintenance, and                       51
            Repairs                                      V-3           52
          External Truck Washing                         V-3           53
          Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning            V-3           54
          Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                   V-4           55
          Passenger Terminals                            V-4           56
          Freight Terminals                              V-4           57
     Raw Waste Loads                                     V-5           58

VI   POLLUTANT PARAMETERS                               VI-1           60

     Over-the-Road Hauling                              VI-1           62
     Lubrication and Fueling                            VI-1           63
          Selected Control Parameters                   VI-1           64
          Constituents Not Selected as Control                         65
            Parameters                                  VI-2           66
     External Truck Washing                             VI-2           67
          Selected Control Parameters                   VI-2           68
          Constituents Not Selected as Control                         69
            Parameters                                  VI-3           70
     Maintenance and Repairs                            VI-4           71
          Selected Control Parameters                   VI-4           72
          Constituents Not Selected as Control                         73
            Parameters                                  VI-5           74
     Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning                VI-5           75
          Selected Control Parameters                   VI-5           76
          Constituents Not Selected as Control                         77
            Parameters                                  VI-6           78
     Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                       VI-7           79
          Selected Control Parameters                   VI-7           80
          Constituents Not Selected as Control                         81
            Parameters                                  VI-9           82
     Passenger and Freight Terminals                    VI-9           83
     Summary of Pollution Control Parameters            VI-10          84

VII  CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY                  VII-1           86

     Historical Treatment                              VII-1           88
     State-of-the-Art Treatment Technology             VII-2           89
          Primary Treatment -  Gravity Separation       VII-2           90
          Secondary Treatment  of Oily Wastes  (Primary                  91
            for Mixed Chemical Wastes)                 VII-5           92
                              iv

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                Equalization                           VII-5
                Emulsion Breaking                      VII-6
                Dissolved Air Flotation                VII-7
                Coagulation                            VII-7
          Tertiary Treatment of Oily Wastes
            (Secondary for Mixed Wastes)                VII-8
                Aerated Lagoon                         VII-9
                Trickling Filter                       VII-9
                Activated Sludge                       VTI-10
                Activated Carbon Adsorption            VII-11
                Granular Media Filtration              VII-12
                Batch Treatment of Individual Waste
                  Streams                              VII-13
                Summary of Effluent Concentrations
                  from System Combinations             VII-13
          Examples of Typical Treatment Facilities     VII-15

VIII COST, ENERGY AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS       VIII-1

     Maintenance, Lubrication, Fueling, and Repairs   VIII-1
     External Truck Washing                           VIII-2
     Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry
       Freight Truck Interior Cleaning                VIII-4
     Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                     VIII-5

IX   BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
     AVAILABLE, GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS              IX-1

     Maintenance, Lubrication, Fueling, and Repairs     IX-1
     External Truck Washing                             IX-2
     Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight    IX-3
     Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                       IX-4
     General Considerations                             IX-6
     Monitoring Requirements                            IX-8
     Summary of Proposed Effluent Limitations for
       Best Practicable Control Technology              IX-9
     Sludge Disposal                                    IX-9
     Pretreatment Standards  for Existing Sources        IX-9

X    BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
     ACHIEVABLE, GUIDELINES  AND LIMITATIONS              X-l

     Maintenance, Fueling, Lubrication, and Repairs      X-l
     External Truck Washing                              X-l
     Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight
       Truck Interior  Cleaning                           X-2
     Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                        X-3
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

110

112
113
114
115
116

118
119

121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130

132
133

135
136
137
138
139

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XI   NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND PRETREATMENT                 141
     STANDARDS                                          XI-1           142

XII  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                                   XII-1           144

XIII REFERENCES                                       XIII-1           146

XIV  GLOSSARY AND CONVERSION TABLE                     XIV-1           148
                                vi

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                                TABLES
                                                                        154
   1  Proposed  Effluent  Limitations  Guidelines  Per                       156
      Unit  For  Best  Practicable  Control  Technology                       157
      Currently Available.   Trucking Segment  of                         158
      Transportation Industry  (Monthly Averages).           II-4          159

  2   Proposed  Effluent  Limitations  Guidelines  Per Unit                  161
      For Best  Available Control Technology Economically                 162
      Achievable.  Trucking  Segment  of Transportation                    163
      Industry  (Monthly  Averages)                           II-7          164

  3   Number  of For-hire Carriers by Size Class (1945-72) III-7          166

  4   Statistical Highlights - Motor Carrier  Industry,                   168
      1972  Estimates                                     111-10         169

  5   Transportation Statistics  1966 - 1972 in  the U.S.   III-ll         171

  6   Energy  Used in Moving  Freight                       111-13         173

  7   Significant Wastewater Constituents of  Trucking                    175
      Industry  Discharges                                   V-2          176

  8   Estimated Raw  Waste Loads  Per  Unit of Activity.                    178
      Trucking  Segment of Transportation Industry.          V-6          179

  9   Summary of Selected Control Parameters  for the                     181
      Trucking  Industry                                     VI-11         182

10   Estimated Oil  Concentration Achieved by Various                    184
      Primary Oil/Water  Separation Processes              VII-5          185

11   Lowest  Effluent Concentrations  Expected From Oily                  187
      Waste Treatment Processes                           VII-14         188

12    Trailer Internal Cleaning Generation Rates -                       190
      Terminal  A.                                         VII-16         191

1'i    Trailer Commodity  Cleaning List- Terminal A         VII-17         193

14   Waste Treatment Plant  Effluent  Data, June 1973 -                   195
     Terminal  A.                                         VII-20         196

15   Partial List  of Chemical Products Transported by                  198
     Tank Trucks -  Terminal  D.                            VII-24        199
                                vii

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16
Products Cleaned Out From Tank Trucks - Terminal F  VII-26
17   Products Handled and Percent of Total Haulage -
     Terminal G.                                         VII-28

18   Wastewater and Treatment Plant Effluent Data -
     Terminal G.                                         VII-31

19   Net Values of Wastewater Discharges - Terminal H    VII-33

20   Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, External Truck Washing
     Facilities                                         VIII-3

21   Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, Dry Freight Terminal
     Facilities                                         VIII-A

22   Estimated Costs of Pretreatment For Existing and
     New Sources                                        VIII-5

23   Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, Tank Truck Cleaning
     Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal                  VIII-8

24   Estimated Costs of BPCTCA, Tank Truck Cleaning
     Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal (Including
     Cyanide Destruction and Chrome Reduction).         VIII-9

25   Estimated Costs of Pretreatment, Tank Truck
     Cleaning Facilities at a Dipatch Terminal.
     Existing and New Sources.                          VIII-10
200

202
203

205
206

208

210
211

213
214

216
217

219
220

222
223
224

226
227
228
                               FIGURES
                                                                  232
Number
     Flow Chart of Typical Wastewater Treatment
     Schemes.
                                                  Page
                                                   VII-3
235

237
238
                              viii

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                          DRAFT




                             SECTION I                               6








                            CONCLUSIONS                              8








    Four major  segments exist within the transportation industry: _(1)  12



truck transportation;  (2) air transportation;  (3)  railroad




transportation;  and  (4) waterborne shipping.(1)  This document deals    14



with the truck  transportation segment.






    Ejor the purpose  of developing effluent guidelines,  the  truck       16



transportation  segment has been subcategorized by the following        17



principal activities:






    1.   Over-the-road hauling of passengers and freight              21



    2.   Truck  and bus maintenance                                    23



         a.   lubrication and fueling                                 25



         b.   external washing                                        27




         c.   heavy repairs                                            29



         d.   interior dry freight  cleaning                            31



         e.   tank truck interior cleaning                             33



     3.   Passenger terminals                                          35



     4.   Freight  terminals                                            37



     The most significant wastewater-producing activities are those of  42



 truck cleaning: external washing, interior  dry  freight  cleaning, and   43



 tank truck interior cleaning.   The last of  these  produces  the most     44




 variable and  difficultly treatable wastes  (2).  Water use at  the      46






                                1-1

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                            DRAFT
largest facilities is  as  high  as  70,000 gpd, but most installations     47




use less than 15,000.






    Oily wastes and suspended  solids are of universal concern In the   49




trucking industry's wastewaters.  p_ther constituents which may         51




present problems (varying with the activity) _are BOD, COD, acids,       52




alkalis, metals, cyanides,  phenols, ammonia and bacteria.   Tank truck  54




cleaning may deal with a  long  list of organic and/or inorganic         55




chemicals and oily products, varying widely in short periods of time.






    Treatment systems  are available to handle all types of             57




wastewaters; they include gravity oil separation, emulsion-breaking,   58




coagulation, air flotation, biological treatment, clarification,       59




granular media filtration,  and Carbon sorption.(3) Metals reduction     61




and cyanide destruction may be required in specific cases.  Any or     63




all of these methods.represent the best practicable treatment




currently available.                                                  64






    The complexity of  wastes cleaned from tank truck Interiors and     66




the relatively small volumes of wastewater generated from trucking     67




Industry sources indicate that pretreatment and discharge to publicly  68




owned treatment works  sihould be considered wherever site location      69




allows.






    Recycle of all or  a large  portion of treated wastewaters from      71




washing Activities is  considered  economically achievable.              72
                                1-2

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                           DRAFT

                             SECTION II                                6



                           RECOMMENDATIONS                             8



       Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available         10

                              (BPCTCA)                                 11

    Wastewater control technology in the trucking industry involves    14

J:wo equally important aspects — source control and treatment          15

^technology (3) .                                                        16


Source Control                                                         18


    ^t is recommended that:                                            20


    !_.   all maintenance areas where significant wastes  are produced,  22

         such as fueling platforms, repair shops, and  truck exterior   23

         and interior washing stations, be imperviously  surfaced  and   25

         drained to  collection systems and the drainage  then  treated;


    2^.   spent concentrated  cleaning solutions (those  followed  by a    27

         jrinse) be. reprocessed, evaporated,  incinerated  or disposed    28

         of by other means rather than to wastewater systems;          29


    _3.   shop floors (other  than equipment washing  stations)  be       31

         cleaned to  the maximum possible extent by  dry processes;     33


    ^.   the use of  water  be minimized by disallowing  continuous       35

         streams for intermittent use.                                 37

                                                      NOTICE
                                 II~1  These are tensive recom-ine^dations bc.scd  upon
                                      j.-forrmii-n 1.-. tMs report andl c,re e.u:vo.> ro ;.bange
                                      based upon cc.vr.eiitr. rt.c^'»v:d n/u! ianl'.t tr.terna!
                                                    review by Ll'A.

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                              DRAF


T re at men t Techn o lo gy                                                   39


    It is recommended for discharges to surface waters that:           41


    1^.   drainage from fueling, maintenance, and repair areas be       43

         provided with gravity separator sumps to intercept and        44

         contain spills; Affluents be given further treatment where    45

         facilities are part of a larger ^.ndustry complex;             46


    2.   drainage from truck external washing facilities be provided   48

         with treatment equivalent to that obtained by gravity         50

         separation and sedimentation, emulsion-breaking, coagulation  51

         and clarification;


    3_,   drainage from washing interiors of trucks hauling  livestock,  53

         agricultural products, and perishable goods be provided       54

         treatment equivalent  to primary sedimentation, biological    55

         treatment, clarification, and bacterial reduction;            56


    _4_.   drainage from washing interiors of tank trucks which haul    58

         variable chemical, petroleum, and other liquid products  be   59

         pjrovided with  the equivalent of gravity oil  reparation,       61

         equalization,  chemical coagulation,  sedimentation,

         b_iological treatment  or carbon  adsorption, filtration, and   62

         controlled Discharge; specific  wastes may  require             63

         segregation and batch treatment _£i.e. metals reduction,       64

         cyanide  destruction);
                                                        NOTICE
                                        These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                H-2    Jnform9t'°n '« this report  ^4 ;iri: s,.!),;^ fa change
                                        based upon w.^nl* rc^,^ isi,J ,urtj,&r internal
                                                     :.';v;t;w b>  Li'/'v.

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                               DRAFT

    _5_.   drainage from tank truck cleaning in which one or a few very  66

         jimilar products are involved  (i.e. petroleum products only)  67

         be provided with appropriate parts of the above systems or    68
         their equivalents;                                            69

    6_.   all treatment systems be provided with pH adjustment, sludge  72

         handling systems, treatment recycle ability, and controlled   73
         discharge.

    ]_.   the shipper of chemicals provide the hauler a generic or      75

         chemical description of any product shipped to assist in      76

         applying proper cleaning and waste treatment techniques.      77

    _It is recommended that pretreatment of discharges for acceptance   79

in publicly owned treatment giants include physical-chemical systems   80
to result in neutral pH and to remove oil, metals, cyanides, and
other non-compatible pollutants.                                       81

Effluent Guidelines                                                    33

    Recommended monthly average effluent loading limits per unit of    85

activity reflecting best jsracticable control technology currently      86

available are listed in Table 1.  Maximum daily loadings should not    87
exceed two times the values listed in Table 1.
                                                      NOTICE
                                      These ure lenlofive recomrm-i.-if.-ifions li i;:ed upon
                                      information in ilm report and -m: MI!>J»-I;I to change
                                      based upon <:t;mnir;nts received ami (tirl'ner internal
                                                    review by Ki'A

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                                                                         TABLK 1

                                                     PROPOSE iFrU!-UT LIMITATIONS GII1WX1KKS VKR UNIT
                                                !••!.)« RiST PRACTICABU: CONTROL TJ-.C]MOt.;. truok
:\:;11:-
•..ii:'.-;.-:-.,:-..'.? ;y..i truck
liters
^al kg Ib kg Ib kg Ib kg Ib k« Ib
Chrcmium Cyanide
k^ Ib kg Ib pH Itaits
fecal
L. lifoms
."r*^100 ml
;trial wnstewatcr
1+0
1, 1?3
UO
10 .0005 .001 .001 ,00,; » * * * * *
3M .015 .03 .a: .05 * * * * * *
10 ,OO35 .001 .001 ' ,00."! « » * » * *
4 ' + * 6.5-^.0
* 6-5-v-O
* * " « 0.5-9.0
4
trailer     7oO   POO   .01
.015    .03
                                                                                    .02
                                                                                           .05     .07
                                                                                     .15
 intci-i-r closai:-^
F a f f e Ji^e-r t f rr: i TJ <1
ireifiht
truilor   3,1(00   900   .03     .07    .07    .15    .0005   -OO1   0.1    0.2    1.0    2.2    .001   .002   .000^    .001   6.5-9-0    «

         equivalent of municipal secunilary treatment
         equivalent of municipal secondary treatment - may include any of above
•;;--t  iiiit.s$ f.-r listed activity.
                                                                          NOTICE
                                                   TTiese are tentative recommendations based  upon
                                                   information in 'his report and ,ire t-ubjee! !o change
                                                   based upon comments received and farther- internal
                                                                      review  by  EPA.

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                           DRAFT
 Best Available Control Technology Economically Achievable (BACTEA)    92

Source Control                                                         95


     In addition to the recommendations for best practicable control   97

technology currently available, ^t is recommended that:                98


     _!.  all wastewater-producing maintenance and washing facilities   101

         be roofed to minimize or eliminate the need to treat          102

         precipitation runoff;


     2_.  the discharge to wastewater treatment _systems of products     105

         specifically manufactured for their toxic properties, such    106

         as herbicides, pesticides, fungicides, etc. be eliminated     107

         unless wastewater treatment effects complete removal;


     _3^  treated wastewater effluents be reused jipr all equipment      110

         washing and Cleaning.                                         Ill


Treatment Technology                                                   113


     ^n addition to the recommendations for best practicable           115

treatment currently available, it is recommended that;                 116


     _!.  storage, pumping, and plumbing devices be added to permit     119

         the recycling of wash and rinse waters to the maximum extent  120

         without unduly interfering with the cleaning process;         121
                                                      'NOTICE
                                       These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                       information in this report and nrc subject to change
                                H_5   bused upon <:ornnvnl.s !•••<•,.,•><•<] ii:Kl !urth-:r ir.t'.Tr::j|
                                                    li'VIC'A fl,,

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                              DRAFT
     _2_.  blowdown discharges be created to at least _the equivalent of  124

         that described under best £racticable control technology      125

         currently available;


     ^.  pretreatment for acceptance at publicly £wned vorks be        128

         equivalent to the pretreatment recommended for best           129

         practicable control technology currently available.           130


Effluent Guidelines                                                    132


     Recommended effluent loading limits (monthly averages)  per unit   134

of activity for discharge to surface waters reflecting best available  135

control technology economically achievable are listed in Table 2.      136

Maximum daily loading limits should not exceed two times the values    137

listed in Table 2.


     Affluents to be discharged to publicly owned treatment works      139

should meet the recommended pretreatment requirements for best         140

practicable control technology currently available.


      New Source Performance and Pretreatment Standards (NSPPS)        143

     It is recommended that discharges from new sources in the         146

trucking industry meet the source control, treatment technology and    147

effluent limit recommendations for best available control technology   148

economically achievable for discharge to surface waters or to

publicly owned treatment works, whichever is applicable.               149


                                                      NOTICE
                NOTICE
Th«e are tentative recommendations based upon
information in this report and arc wi.il.jecf to change
based upon comments received and iurllier internal
             review by EPA.

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                                                  i'HO'iV'SKD EFFLUINT LUGTATirtfS GITDiLINES PSR UNIT
                                             FOR BK3T AVAILABLE CONTROL Ti'CSi.'L.Y.Y iAVNOfflCALLY ACHIEVABLE
                                            TRUCKTNu SK.Cffi.HT .".!•"' TR^JSPOSTATT 'ft INDUSTRY ira'nthly averages)
,u
'ctlvitv '.".ii >« Ib
v. ,..;.,,,.,„-, v--.tev.-te
Lubrication an.=. :S-_ON .CX.VJ .0005
1 st.'sr.-il «H.-=iiii--i: tru.-x . iV7 ..015
:•'.:; ir. u iianoi- jiii.i tr.:o* .AVI .0005
r-sT.iirs
"ry '.'ivit-ht track. trailer .005 -01
:nttri;r cleaning
•-'••• tiTjc'' i '•,».»••< r t"iiiiT .."I .02
clo^r.inj:
FH.'Si nc:er tci-r.ir,:U. -- equivalent of
jriiig'.it ttrriiinfll -- equivalent jf
Suspended
kg
r
.0005
.001
.0005

.007
QJ

municipal
municipal
1 Solids Phenols S-. . ?'• COD Chromium Cyanide pH CVlif jrcs
Ib Kg Ib *.£ Ib ktf Ib Ky Ib kg Ib Inits ,.r,:/100 ml

.001 * » * * * »•' * « • « 6.5-9.0 '
.OO?5 « »>•**«*• • 4.5-O.O •
.001 * *»»#*»*» * 6.5-9.0 *

.015 * ». .012 .0^5 .035 .075 * » * « o. 5-9.0 ..'OO
.OU .00015 .OOOS O.X 0.05 0.25 0.55 -OOOi; .0005 .00015 -0003 6.5-v.O

secondary treatment
secondary treatment - may include any of above
                                                                                                                                                         H
r.. L limiteJ for listed nctivity
                                                                             NOTICE
                                                       These are  tentative  recorr.rr.endatioris based upo
                                                       information in this report and sre subject  co
                                                       based upon comments recrivvd anc; f'j^tiicr i

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                           DRAFT
                            SECTION III                               6




                            INTRODUCTION                               8









                      $%Purpose and Authority$%                        10




    Section 301 (b)  of the  Federal Water Pollution Control Act as      13




amended (4) requires the  achievement by not later than July 1, 1977,




of effluent limitations for point sources, ottier than publicly owned    14




treatment works,  which are  based on the application of the best        15




practicable control  technology currently available as defined by the




Administrator pursuant to Section 304  (b) of the Act.  Section 301     17




(b) also requires the achievement by not later than July 1, 1983, of




effluent limitations for point sources, other than publicly owned      18




treatment works,  which are  based on the application of the b_eet        19




available technology economically achievable which will result In




reasonable ^further progress coward the national goal of eliminating    20




the discharge of  all pollutants, as determined in accordance with      21




regulations issued by the Administrator pursuant to Section 304  (b)




of the Act.






    Section 306 of the Act  requires the achievement by new sources of  23




a Federal standard of performance providing for the control of the     24




discharge of pollutants which  reflects the greatest degree of




effluent Deduction which the Administrator determines to be            25




achievable through the application of  the best available demonstrated  26




control technology,  processes,  operating methods, or other
                               III-l

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                            DRAFT
alternatives, jlncluding, where practicable, a standard permitting no    27




discharge of  pollutants.






    £ection 304 (b)  required the Administrator to publish within one    29




year of enactment  of the Act, regulations providing guidelines for     30




effluent limitations setting forth the degree £f effluent reduction    31




attainable through the  application of the best practicable control     32




technology currently available and the degree of further effluent




£eduction attainable through the application of the best control       33




measures and practices  achievable including jrreatment techniques,      34




process and procedure innovations, operation methods and other         35




alternatives.  The regulations proposed herein set forth effluent      36




limitations guidelines  jmrsuant  to Section 304 (b) of the Act for the  37




trucking segment of the transportation industry category of point      38
sources.
    •Section 306 of the Act requires the Administrator, within one      40




year ;after a category of sources is included  in  a  list published       41




pursuant J:o Section 306 (b) (1) (A) of the Act,  to propose             42




regulations establishing Federal standards of performance for new      43




sources within such categories.  New source performance  standards




are proposed herein for the trucking industry.
                           III-2

-------
                             DRAFT

            $%Summary of Methods Used  for  Development of               51
                 $%Effluent Limitations Guidelines$%                   52

    For purposes of development of  transportation industry effluent    57

^imitations guidelines the industry was first divided into the         58

following segments: railroad transportation, air transportation,       59

highway transportation, and waterborne shipping.  Contacts were then   60

established with trade associations representing jsach segment.  These  62

associations provided contacts  for  industrial information-gathering

vjLsits; .they also furnished guidance,  liaison, and review functions.   64


    Each of the four transportation segments was subcategorized into   66

distinct activities (over-the-road  hauling, maintenance and repair,    67

washing, etc.).  The wastewater potential  of each of the activities    68

was examined to determine characteristic flows and waste

constituents.   The wastewater constituents which should be subject to  69

effluent limitations were then  identified.


    Control and treatment technologies for each of the activities      71

were identified, including both source control and treatment systems,  72

which exist or can be designed.   This  included a determination of the  73

effluent levels of various constituents resulting from the

application of such technologies.
                              III-3

-------
                             DRAFT
    The information, as outlined above, was evaluated to determine      79




the levels of  technology constituting ^he "best? practicable control     80




technology currently available" and the "best available technology




economically achievable." Various factors were considered,  including   82




the total cost of application of technology in relation to  the




effluent reduction benefits  to be achieved, the age of equipment and   83




facilities, tfie engineering  aspects of the application of a            84




technology, and environmental impact, including energy requirements.






Data Base                                                             86






    The data on which  this document is based have been obtained        88




principally from direct contacts with the industry through  the         89




auspices of the American Trucking Association and its member group,     90




the National Tank Truck Carriers, Incorporated.  The data base,        91




however, except for flows, is very  limited.  Very few companies have   92




more than a general knowledge of raw waste characteristics a_nd only    93




limited knowledge of effluent constituents.  Refuse Act permit         94




application data have been meager and  of  little assistance.  There     95




are no known published reports  on truck industry wastes.






    The conclusions drawn  in this document are based principally on    97




water  flows and products handled.   Waste  constituents present have     99




been largely inferred from these data, supported as much as possible   100
                              III-4

-------
 by the limited waste constituent concentration data available.         100




 Wastewater treatment is rudimentary in the trucking industry and the   101




 literature was relied on for technology transfer and general           102




 information for handling the wastes generated,






 J%General Description of the Trucking Industry$%                       104






    ,The trucking industry as described herein includes for-hire        106




 freight and passenger carriers  (trucks and buses)  and terminal         107




 facilities which may discharge  industrial  wastes to surface waters.






    Approximately 21 million trucks and buses were registered  in the   109




 United  State*  in 1972 including 19,800,000 private and for-hire




 trucks(5).  Approximately 300,000 were school buses and 90,000 were     110




 commercial  buses.  About  60% of the school buses were publicly owned.   111






    In  absolute  terms,  bus  transportation  has been holding  its own      113




 for several years, but  on a percentage  basis, its  share of  an  ever-     114




 growing market has dropped  continuously.   Almost every commuter bus     115




 company has been plagued  in recent  years by increasing financial




 problems, but they still  represent  the  most important  form  of  mass      116



 transportation in urban areas.






    The hauling of freight  by truck has been  increasing at a rapid      118




pace,  and motor carriers are still £redominantly small, family-type     119




operations scattered across  the country.  There is, however, a strong   120




trend  toward consolidation, and the resulting larger companies show
                               III-5

-------
                            DRAFT




high rates £f return on investment.   Table  3 lists  the  numbers of      122




carriers in three Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)  size




classifications since 1945.  The total number of ICC  -  regulated       124




carriers has been slowly decreasing;  most of the loss has  occurred in




the Class III group.  The number of  Class I carriers  has almost        125




doubled in the past 15 years, while  Class I has  been  fairly  stable.




The ten largest carriers account for  15% of total revenues.  The       127




returns of the larger motor carriers  are directly related  to numbers




of trucks, their size, and average hauling  distance.                   128






    Motor carriers are also classified under "private"  and "for-hire"  130



categories.  Private carriers are those who haul their  own goods, but  131




only as part of a larger, overall operation.   Tjrucks  operated by       132




super market or department store chains or  by manufacturing  plants




are in this category.  I[or-hire carriers are those  whose business is   133




to haul freight owned by others, and  jthree  types exist:  interstate,   134



intrastate, and local.






    Most large trucking operations are involved  in  interstate          136




commerce and are regulated by the ICC.   Jfotersjtate;  carriers  are        137



further subdivided by the ICC into common carriers, contract




rarrlers,  and exempt carriers.   The first two are certified  by the     138




ICC after  they can prove a need exists  for  their (services.   C_ommon     139




carriers are those available to the general  public  to haul specific




types of freight at published rates,  while  contract carriers operate   140




under a continuing arrangement  with specific  shippers.  JBoth types     141






                               III-6

-------
                                              TABLE  3
                                                                                                            87
                              NUMBER OF FOR-HIRE CARRIERS  (1945-1972)

                                           (by size class)
                                                                                                            90

                                                                                                            92
Year
I
•vl
                  Class  I
                  S100,000 or more
Class II*
$25.000 to $100,000
Class III*
Under $25.000
Total
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949

1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
2,001
2,099
2,211
2,507
2,728
$200,000 or more
2,053
2,178
2,361
2,576
2,640
2,843
2,939
18,871
19,019
18,787
18,337
17,334
$50,000 to $200,000
17,544
17,542
17,001
16,338
15,694
15,298
14,957
20,872
21,118
20,998
20,844
20,062
Under $50,000
19,597
19,720
19,362
18,914
18,334
18,141
17,896
95
96
                                                                                                      106

-------
TABLE 3  Continued
                                                                                         116
Year
   Class I
$1,000,000 or more
    Class II*
$200,000 to $1,000,000
   Class III*
Under $200,000
Total











H
M
h-i
1
oo




1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967



1968
1969
1970
1971**
1972***
933
988
1,009
1,053
1,106
1,148
1,175
1,195
1,250
1,298
1,389
$1,000,000 or more


1,421
1,503
1,571
1,597
1,771
2,055
2,167
2,256
2,276
2,336
2,495
2,533
2,536
2,615
2,675
2,769
$300,000 to $1,000,000


2,082
1,998
2,061
2,169
2,202
14,779
14,105
14,383
12,947
12,556
12,340
11,910
11,748
11,700
11,453
11,238
Under $300,000


11,617
11,706
11,468
11,351
11,165
17,767
17,260
17,648
16,276
15,998
15,983
15,618
15,479
15,565
15,426
15,396



15,120
15,207
15,100
15,117
15,138
*Separate figures on Class I and Class III carriers not available prior to 1957.
**Preliminary
***Revised
SOURCE:  Interstate Commerce Commission and ICC Statement Nos. 589 and 6406 (6).
118
119
                                                                                                     131

-------
are referred to as "regulated carriers," and they may haul general     141




freight or specialized Cargoes.  Specialized carriers haul such goods  143




as dangerous materials, bulk commodities, household goods, etc.  TMie   144




principal activity of exempt carriers is the hauling of agricultural




products.






    The return on investment in the .trucking industry is high  (Table   146




4), and _the industry makes a significant contribution to the gross     147




national product(5).  The hauling of goods by truck involves an        148




almost endless variety of sizes and types of vehicles from small




pickup trucks that carry _loads of a few hundred pounds a few miles to  149




truck-trailer combinations that have gross weights over 35 tons jind    150




travel hundreds of miles.






    Large "box-car" type trailers that haul general freight are still  152




dominant.  ()ther important types are refrigerated units, tankers that  153




haul hot, cold, acid, and ^explosive liquids, hopper tankers that       154




carry dry bulk chemicals, flatbeds for heavy equipment, and            155




automobile haulers.  The tractors used are becoming ever more          156




powerful, efficient, and safe.  As in the case with locomotives, the   157




diesel engine is the prime source of power.






^Comparison with Other Segments of the Transportation  Industry$%      159






    Railroads still lead the transportation industry in freight        161




tonnage hauled by a wide margin, but their rate of increase in recent  162




years has been less than most  of the other segments  (Table 5).






                               III-9

-------
                           DRAFT
                              TABLE 4
           STATISTICAL HIGHLIGHTS - MOTOR CARRIER  INDUSTRY             154
                       1972 Estimates (7,8)                           156
_ : _ _ _       159
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT                                                   161
    Net investment                           $  3,900,000,000          162
    Trucks-Single Unit                                                163
         2 axles                                     344,200          164
         3 axles                                      60,800          165
    Trucks-Combination                                                166
         3 axles                                      81,000          167
         4 axles                                     162,000          168
         5 or more axles                             243,000          169

TRAFFIC                                                              171
    Ton- mile                                 422,000,000,000          172
    Revenue per ton-mile                                 8.2c         173
    Miles haul per ton                                  22.3          174

FINANCIAL RESULTS                                                    176
    Operating revenues                         18,700,000,000          177
    Operating expenses                         17,600,000,000          178
    Taxes                                     1,103,000,000          179
    Net operating income                       1,065,000,000          180

EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES                                                  182
    Number employees                               9,000,000          183
    Total wage compensation                  $  9,600,000,000          184
    Average yearly wages                              11,613          185

OPERATION (intercity)                                                 187
    Tons per truckload                                  12.4          188
    Miles per haul                                       277          189
                                                                     192

-------
TABLE 5
TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS 1966-1972 IN THE U.S.
Freight Hauled(7 ,9,10,11)
Type of
$%Carrler
Rail
Truck
Pipeline
Barge
Great
Lakes
Vessels
Air
Total
1966
757
396
332
158
115
2.9
1761
1967
731
389
361
167
109
3.
1760
(Billions of Ton Miles)
% of
Total for
1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1972$%
755
415
397
176
106
780
404
411
185
115
4 4.2 4.7
1853 1900
Passengers
(Billions
Auto
Private
Air
880
N.A.
Commercial
Air 80
Bus
Rail
Water
Total

25
17
3.3
1005

890
10
99
24
15
4
1043

931
8.1
114
.9 24.5
.2 13.1
.0 3.5
1094

773
412
431
190
116
5.
1927
774 781 38.9
422 443 2.2.0
444 462 23.0
205 215 10.7
104 103 5.1
0 5.1 5.5 0.3
1954 2010 100.0
Carried
of Passenger Miles)
977
9
125
26
1027
10
132
25
12.1 10
4
1153

4
1209

1071 1125 84.7
9.2 10.1 0.8
136 152 11.5
25.5 25.7 1.9
.7 10 10.5 0.8
4 4 0.3
1256 1327 100.0

5
6
7
10
11
12
15
17
19
21
24
25
26
29
31
34
36
38
40
41
43
44
46
48
50
52
54
     III-ll

-------
                             DRAFT
    The trucking industry has made large  inroads  into the freight-     164




hauling dominance £f the railroads by offering  door-to-door            165




convenience and timeliness,  and by being  able to  adapt to changing




economic conditions.  [This trend is expected  to continue.  A^ rapidly   168




growing part of the trucking business is  the  use  of  "piggyback"




containers, an operation in which the railroad  and waterborne




^segments also have a role.                                            169







    The trucking segment accounts for about two-thirds of the freight  171




transportation market (by weight hauled)  for  distances under 100       172




miles and about one-third for distances over  500  miles.






    As mentioned earlier, bus transportation  of passengers has been    174




essentially static in growth.  This situation is  not likely to change  176




.unless considerable interest is generated by  the  energy shortage.






    Table 6 lists the estimated energy consumed by various freight     178




carriers during the period 1966-1973. There was  about a 22% combined  180




increase in energy used but only a 14% increase .in tonnage hauled.     181




This resulted from the increase in the transportation of freight by    182




trucks, pipelines, and aircraft, which have higher energy              183




requirements.  Rail and water transportation  vehicles are              184




particularly efficient tisers of fuel. Except in  air transport, the    186




diesel engine is the main propulsion unit in  all  commercial vehicles.  187






    The average cost of shipping freight  is about 1.4c/ton-mile by     189




water, 1.6c/ton-mile by rail, £.2c/ton-mile by  truck, and 22.8c/ton-   190






                               111-12

-------
DRAFT
ENERGY USED
Type of
Carrier ]966 1967
Rail 568 548
Truck 950 934
Pipeline 614 668
Barge 79 83
Lakes 57 54
Air 183 214
Total 2451 2501
Note: BTU calculated at
trucks, 1850 for
63,000 for air.
TABLE 6
IN MOVING FREIGHT (BTU x 10(12))
1968
566
996
734
88
53
265
2702
1969 1970
585 580
970 989
760 797
92 95
57 58
296 315
2760 2834
750 BTU/ton-mile for
57
59
% 63
Increase 6'
(Decrease) (
1971 1972 1966-72 66
581 586 3.2
1013 1063 11.9
821 854 39.1
102 108 36.7
52 51 (10.5)
321 346 89.1
2890 3008 22.7
railroads, 2400 for
pipelines, 500 for barge and lakes, and
Source "
by William E. Mooz, Rand
Energy in the
Transportation Sector"
Corporation (12).
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
81
82
83
84
   111-13

-------
                           DRAFT
mile  by air (7,9,10).  Needless to say, product durability,            191




bulkiness, weight,  and delivery time are  controlling factors which     192




keep  each of the modes competitive.   Fuel availability may cause some  193




re-adjustment in the competitive structure in addition to affecting    194




the quantity of many commodities whose raw materials are derived from  195




energy sources.
                             111-14

-------
                             SECTION IV                                6

                       INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION                         8



    This segment includes establishments providing for-hire highway    11

transportation of passengers and freight to the general public or to   12

business enterprises.


    These activities are classified as Major Groups 41 and 42 within   14

a division including transportation in the Standard Industrial         15

Classification  (SIC) Manual, .1972 edition  (1).  Each is further        17

subdivided into several categories.  Those considered in guidelines    18

development are listed below:


Major Group 41  - Local and Suburban Transit and Interurban              22
Highway Passenger Transportation                                        23

    Industry  No. 4111 Local  and Suburban Transit                        25

    Industry  No. 4151 School Buses                                      27

    Industry  Mo. 4171 Terminal and  Joint Terminal Maintenance           29
                      Facilities  for  Motor Vehicle Passenger            30
                      Transportation                                    31

     Industry  No. 4172 Maintenance and Service Facilities  for            33
                        Motor Vehicle  Passenger Transportation          34

 Major Group  42  - Motor  Freight Transporation and  Warehousing           36

     Industry No. 4212   Local Trucking without Storage                  38

     Industry No. 4214   Local Trucking With Storage                     40

     Industry No. 4231   Terminal and Joint  Terminal Maintenance         42
                        Facilities for Motor Freight Transportation     43
                                 I.V-1

-------
                           DRAFT
    The following additional  categories, although not included  in  the  47




required development,  are  considered also:                            48







    4131 Intercity and Rural  Highway Passenger Transportation          50






    4213 Trucking,  Except  Local                                       52






    4_222 Refrigerated  Warehousing                                     54







    These last three categories and the maintenance involved, are      56




responsible f_or a significant portion of the waterborne wastes  which   57




the trucking _industry  produces.                                       53







    Since the highway  transportation segment provides only  service     60




and does not engage in production, ^ubcategorization has been based    61




on the principal activities carried out:







    1.  Over-the-road  hauling of passengers and freight                64




    2.   Truck and  bus  maintenance                                    66




         a.    lubrication and fueling                                 53




         b.    external  washing                                        70




         c.    heavy repairs                                           72




         d.    interior  dry freight cleaning                           74




         e.    tank  truck interior cleaning                            76




    3.    Passenger  terminal activities                                 78




    4.    Freight  terminal activities                                  80
                               IV-2

-------
Over-the-road Hauling of Passengers and Freight                        84






    This activity involves the transport of passengers and freight     87




between terminals or other points over regular o_r irregular routes.    88






Truck and Bus Maintenance                                              90






    The activities in this subcategory produce a significant portion   93




of wastes in the trucking industry.  These activities or a portion     94




thereof may be performed by the trucking establishment itself or by




companies that maintain and service motor vehicles,                    95






    Lubrication and Fueling                                            97






    ^These activities are similar to those carried out at filling       99




stations.  They provide vehicles with gasoline or diesel fuel and      100




^Lubrication by adding or changing crankcase and transmission oil and   101




greasing £ear boxes.  Also included is the maintenance of engine       103




cooling systems  (installing, replenishing, and emptying antifreeze     104




and corrosion inhibitors).






    External Truck Washing                                             106






    A significant activity is the cleaning of external vehicle         108




^urfaces, particularly  those of commercial buses and large, for-hire   109




carriers Because their  appearance is  important to a company's public   110




image.  Increasing use  of bright aluminum or stainless steel surfaces  111




has required more f_requent cleaning and the use of a variety of        112
                                 IV-3

-------
                           DRAFT
cleaning materials.   Many washing facilities are automatic, similar    113




to the familiar car  wash where the vehicle jLs subjected to             114




consecutive high pressure cycles of plain water rinse, alkaline




Detergent and/or caustic or  "neutralized" acid brightener wash, and    115




final £lain water rinse, sometimes including wax.  As a result, the    117




wastewaters contain  detergents, alkalies, suspended solids, as well    118




as oil and grease.






    Maintenance and  Repairs                                            120






    Many large establishments operate their own heavy repair shops     123




and undertake a variety of activities, jsuch as dynamometer (13)        124




testing, engine and  drive-train overhaul, and frame and body repairs.  125




Much of this is done, however, by outside specialists or               126




manufacturers, sometimes under continuing contract.  Relatively small  128




intermittent discharges of wastewater normally originate from this




source.






    Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning                                130






    Many passenger and freight vehicles  require interior cleaning.     132




In the trucking industry, the method used depends on the commodities   133




hauled.  In general, vehicles carrying bulk dry materials and dry      134




packaged commodities require only sweeping and occasional washing      135




down.  Those that haul food  commodities, such as meats, perishable     136




vegetables and dairy products, may require scrubbing down and even     137




sterilizing.  These  operations can be a  source of significant          138






                               IV-4

-------
waterborne waste containing detergents, BOD, COD, and odorous          139




dissolved materials.  Modern trucks that carry perishable goods may    140




be specially designed with hard smooth interior surfaces to            141




facilitate cleaning.






Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                                           143






    This activity is the most significant source of difficult-to-      145




treat waterborne waste within the  trucking  industry.                   146






    It is estimated that there is  a total of  90,000 tank trucks  in     148




use in the United States,  two-thirds  of which are in  the for-hire      149




£ategory  (2).   It is further estimated that 90-95% of  the number of    151




fleets are comprised of ^ive tank  trucks or less; _the  largest  has      153




about 3,600.                                                           154






    Waterborne wastes  are  generated because,  except  for dedicated      156




equipment, _(1) tanks must  either be cleaned infrequently  or after      157




each  delivery and  (2)  the  vehicles haul an  almost  endless  variety  of   158




organic  and  inorganic  chemicals  as well as  other liquid products,




 such  as  petroleum and  asphalt.   Most  of the cleaning is done with       160




 sophisticated, specially designed  ^quipment in facilities owned by     161




 the particular trucking establishment.  The prime cleaning agents  are  162




water,  steam, recycled detergents, and solvents.  CJLeaning methods     163




 are constantly being refined and generally several methods are




 employed £8 dictated by the class of  cargo being hauled (14).          164
                                 IV-5

-------
                           DRAFT


    Most of the terminals with such facilities  appear to be in areas   166

where large chemical manufacturing complexes  are  located such as       167

northern New Jersey, Chicago,  the Kanawha  River valley, the Ohio       168

River valley, and the Louisiana-Texas Gulf coast  area.  These          169

installations are not only the most significant sources of wastes in

the trucking industry but also create the  most  difficult waste         170

treatment problems.  The wastes may be high in  a  variety of noxious    171

substances in addition jto having high concentrations of common waste   172

constituents that require exhaustive treatment for removal or         173

reduction.



Passenger Terminal Activities                                          ^75



    The activities carried out at bus stations _normally do not cause   178

any particular pollution problems because  only  sanitary wastes are     179

produced.



Freight Terminal Activities                                           181


                           i
    freight terminals handle very few or a wide variety of             183

commodities,  and bulk dry materials are stored  outside or inside.       184

Some handle only liquids in containers ranging  in size from cans to    185

large storage ^anks while others handle manufactured articles and       186

packaged or unpackaged perishable goods.  Except for perishable        188


foods, none of the operations  carried out normally produces            189

taterborne wastes.                                                      O
                               IV-6

-------
                              SECTION V                                6




                       WASTE CHARACTERIZATION                          8









                            introduction                               10




    Even though some facilities perform the same functions on similar  14




numbers of units, they use varying amounts of water because of




differences in: (1) the availability of water supply;  (2) attention    15




£aid to water conservation;  (3) weather precipitation  conditions;  (4)  16




the methods used; and (5) intentional dilution of waste streams.       17






    Trucking industry facilities are relatively small  users of water   19




— most iise less than 67 m(3)/day  (15,000 gpd).  Less  than two         21




percent of the installations use more than 190 m(3)/day (50,000 gpd)




each.






                  Wastewater Constituents and Flows                    24




    Constituents which are likely to be found in significant           27




quantities in the wastewater generated by various activities of the    28




trucking industry are listed in Table 7.  The greatest variety of      30




waste constituents is found in the areas of repair and washing,




particularly of tank interiors.                                        31






Ovc r-the-Road Hau1ing                                                  33






    This activity is not a producer of wastewater.                     35
                                V-l

-------
                             TABLE 7




SIGNIFICANT WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS OF TRUCKING  INDUSTRY DISCHARGES
Oil &
Activity Grease
•^er-the-r^ad
hauling
LuV>ricnti-:'i r-r.d X
l\K>lint:
<* ;-sti/r:ial vashiiit X
S3 1 '•:'•• intenpjict. repairs X
and parts cl#sniag
•interior clear-ir^
Tank truck X
interior clear.ing
Passenger terminal
Freight tei-roinsl X
Suspended •
Solids

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dissolved
Solids


X
X
X
X
X
X
Oxygen-
Aeiil Deitaivaintj Nitrogen
Bases Substance Compounds

X
X X
X X
XX X
XX X
X
X
Detergents Phenols Cyanides Metals Bacteria


o
x x >5*i
X X ^
X X X X • ^*j
X


-------
Lubrication, Fueling, Maintenance and Repairs                          37






    Oil and grease and suspended solids are the primary constituents   40




of wastewater produced by these activities.  They are usually small    41




and result from accidental spills of fuel or lubricants.  Clean-up     43




flows are generally very low in volume.






External Truck Washing                                                 45






    jjjxternal washing is never done at some terminals but at some       48




large terminals it is conducted on a 24-hour basis, seven days a       49




week; up to 100 units may be handled per day using WQ - 300           50




gals/unit.  Basic wastewater constituents are oil and grease,          51




suspended and dissolved solids, oxygen-demanding materials,            52




detergents and, where acid brighteners are used, acids, and some




metals.                                                                53






Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning                                    55






    To a great extent, most cleaning operations Involve dry            57




techniques, b_ut If such commodities as livestock, perishable foods,    58




Agricultural and grain products and granular fertilizers are hauled,   59




the inside of the vehicle is routinely scrubbed down with hot water    60




and detergents.  The wastewater generated  (up to 500 gallons/unit)     61




can contain any of the following constituents; suspended and           62




dissolved solids, alkaline materials, oxygen-demanding  substances,     63




nitrogenous materials, detergents and bacteria.                        64
                                 V-3

-------
                            DRAFT




Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                                          66






    This activity has the greatest  pollutional potential in the        68



trucking industry.  Cleaning methods  employed are generally dictated   70



by the Jiype of cargo being hauled.  Average water use is 600 to 900    72



gallons per tank truck,  but sometimes complete purging requires the    73



full volume of the tank.   Less  than 10% of the terminals use more      74



than 57 m(3)/day(15,000  gpd).   In addition to water or steam,          75



cleaning agents include  detergents  and solvents.  Wastes are           76



residuals of products hauled, ranging from a few simple products to



the complex chemicals; primary  Constituents are oil and grease,        77



suspended solids, dissolved solids, acids, alkalis, oxygen-demanding   78



substances, nitrogen compounds,  detergents, phenols and metals.






Passenger Terminals                                                   80






    Bus stations providing facilities for passengers produce sanitary  83



wastewater containing suspended solids, BOD, detergents, and           84




bacteria.  The wastewater is normally directed to municipal systems.   86





Freight Terminals                                                     88






    With the exception of such  commodities as perishable foods and     90



those discussed under interior  dry  freight cleaning, rtiese facilities  92



are generally expected to produce insignificant amounts of industrial  93



wastewater whose primary  constituents -are oil and grease and           94



suspended solids.
                               V-4

-------
                         DRAFT
                         Raw Waste Loads                            97

    Table 8 summarizes the estimated raw waste loads per  unit for      100
each of the activities in the trucking industry.  Because of the lack  102
of qualitative as well as quantitative data available from the
jLndustry on waste constituents, the loadings shown should be           103
considered as 2rder-of-magnitude with considerable range  in either     104
direction to be expected.
                              V-5

-------
                                                          TABLE 8

                                       TST1MATKD RAW WASTE LOADS PER UNIT  OF ACTIVITY
                                        TRUCKING SEGMENT OF TRANSPORATION  INDUSTRY
Over-the-road Lubrication Kxternal Maintenance Dry Freight Truck Tank Truck Passenger Freight
	 _ 	 Hauling 	 and Fueling Hashing and Repairs Interior Cleaning Interior Cleanlna Terminal Terminal
Unit •
liters
Gallons
Oil
kfi
Ib
Suspended Solids
kjj
Ib
Dissolved Solids
kj:
Ib
Detergents
k(5
Ib
Phenols
'AC
Ib
kfi
Ib
COD
kg
Ib
Chromium
kg
Ib
Cyanide
kg
Ib
Ammonia
kg •
Ib
Phosphorus
kg
Ib
pH Unite
Bacteria
org/100 ml
Truck Truck
>*0 1, 135
10 300

0..? 0.5
0.5 1

0.05 l».5
0.1 10

5-7
12.5

0.06
0.12



0.1 0.2
0.2 0.5

0.03 0.6
0.06 1.5










0.02
0.05
6-9 8-10


Truck
1*0
10

0.2
0.5

2.3
5

0.1
0.2

0.005
0.01



0.02
o.oi*

0.05
0.12










0.002
O.CK*
8-10


Trailer
7uO
JOO

0.1
0.2

1.6
3.5

1.0
3.5

0.1
0.2



0.08
1.7

0.23
5.0







0.1
0.2

0.03
0.0"
8-10

105 - 10°
Trailer
3,1*00 «* *»«
900

3.»*
7.5

3-1*
7.5

l«l
90

• 07
0.15

0.2
0.5
5
11

51
112

0.02
o.oi*

0.003
0.007

0.2
0.5

0.03
0.07
10-12


** Hot calculated - should receive equivalent of municipal secondary treatment.
*lh*riot calculated - may include any cr all of above plus sanitary wastes.

-------
                           DRAFT
                             SECTION VI                               6




                        POLLUTANT PARAMETERS                          8









    T_he significant  constituents in trucking industry wastewaters      11




discussed in Section V form  the basis for the selection of control     12




parameters for each  of the industry activities.  In many cases  the     13




treatment for the removal of one constituent also results in the




£emoval of another,  thus decreasing the number of necessary control    14




parameters and, in turn, monitoring requirements.  The following       16




discussion presents  the rationale for selection or rejection of




control parameters for each  industry activity,                        17






                      $%0ver-the-Road Hauling$%                       20




    This activity produces no industrial wastewater, therefore  no      23




control parameters are required.






                     $%Lubrication and Fueling$%                      26




j>%Selected Control Parameters$%                                       29






    The waste constituents selected as control parameters are:         31






         ID oil                                                     33






         (2) suspended solids                                        35






    Small amounts of oily waste, principally oil and suspended         37




solids, are generated from this activity.  Practicable treatment  is    39
                               VI-1

-------
                            DRAFT
 gravity separation designed  for  their removal.  Thus,  their            40
 concentrations should be monitored,

^Constituents Not Selected  as Control Parameters$%                   42

    The waste constituents present but not included as control         44
 parameters are:

         j(l) Oxygen-demanding materials (BOD and COD)                  46

    The primary source of BOD and COD is the oil.  Therefore,          49
 effective removal of oil and monitoring of its content in the
 effluent makes the use of BOD and COD as control parameters            50
 unnecessary.

                     $%External Truck Washing$%                       53
^Selected Control Parameters$%                                       56

    The waste constituents selected as control parameters are:         58

         U)  oil                                                    60

         (2)  suspended solids                                        62

         13)  PH                                                     64

    The principal waste constituents from truck external  washing are   66
oil and suspended solids.  Acid and alkaline detergents are used to    67
emulsify the oil resulting in a high or low pH.  In most  cases, the    68
wastewater pH will be  high because alkaline cleaners are  predominant.

                               VI -2

-------
 Practicable treatment is physical-chemical removal of free and         69




 emulsified oil and suspended solids and pH adjustment.  Therefore,     70



 these parameters must be monitored in the effluent.






 ^Constituents Not Selected as Control ParametersS%                    72






     The waste constituents present but not included as control         74



 parameters are:                                                         75






          _(1)   dissolved solids                                         77






          _(2)   detergents                                               7g






          _(_3)   phosphorus                                               o-,






          ^4)   oxygen-demanding materials  (BOD  and  COD)                  83






          (5)   metals                                                    oc
          —                                                             Oj





    .Dissolved  solids  result  from truck  external washing and are         87




 generally increased in  treatment by chemical additions for oil          88




 removal and PH adjustment.   There  is no practicable treatment for       89



 dissolved  solids removal;  thus, they will not  be controlled and will



 not be used as a control parameter.






    .Detergents containing phosphorus are used  extensively in truck      91




washing.  Emulsion-breaking and coagulation, required to remove oil     92




and suspended  solids,  will effectively also remove  detergents.  In      93




addition, the  routine measurement of detergent content in wastewater
                                VI-3

-------
                             DRAFT
is subject  to  serious chemical interferences.   Thus,  detergents and    95


phosphorus  need not be considered control parameters.




    Most of the BOD and COB in truck external  wash water  derives from  97


oil and detergents.  Effective control of these makes the use of BOD   98


and COD as  control parameters unnecessary.




    Small amounts of dissolved and particulate heavy  metal's  enter  the.  100

                                          /
wastewater  stream from washing of metal ^surfaces.   Physical-chemica]   102
                                           !

treatment for  oil and suspended solids removal will precipitate some


portion of  the heavy metals.  The presence of  metals  in amounts        103


sufficient  to  require specific treatment is not known or  expected,


Thus the use of metals as  control parameters is not considered         104


necessary.




                     $%Maintenance and Repairs$%                      107


^Selected  Control Parameters$%                                       110




    The selected control parameters are:                              312




         _(!)  oil                                                     114




         _^2)  suspended  solids                                        116




         (3)  PH                                                      118




    The rationale  for  the  selection of these parameters _is the  same   121


as that discussed  under  External Truck Washing.
                                VI-4

-------
 $%Constituents Not  Selected as  Control Parameters$%







     The waste constituents present but not included as  control          125



 parameters are:







          (I)  dissolved solids                                          ^27






          _£2)  detergents                                                2.29






          _(3)  phosphorus







          _(4)  oxygen-demanding materials (BOD and COD)                  133






          _C5)  metals                                                    «-,,-







     The  rationale, for including  these constituents as control           137




 parameters  ±s  also the same as  that discussed under External Truck     139



 Washing.







                $%Dry Freight  Truck  Interior Cleaning$%                 142



^Selected  Control Parameters$%
    PIC selected control parameters are:                                147






         _(1)  suspended solids                                          . ,q






              BOD or COD






         13)  p«







         _(4)  fecal coliform bacteria                                  i rr









                                VI-5

-------
    Treatment of vastewaters  from  truck  interior  cleaning requires     157




the equivalent of secondary biological treatment  because the wastes    158




are primarily biodegradable organic materials.  ^Efficiency of          159




treatment is normally monitored by measuring  BOD  (or  COD), suspended




solids, pH, jind bacteria  (fecal coliforms) .                             ],60







$_%Constituents Not Selected as Control Parameters$%                     162







    The waste constituents present but not included as  control         164




parameters are:







         (I)  detergents                                                166







         _^2)  a mmon i a                                                   \{>P>







         J^'i)  phosphorus                                                ] yrj







    Detergents are effectively removed when a biological treatment     172




system is operated efficiently as  measured by the. above parameters.     3,73




The analysis for detergents (MBAS), as stated earlier,  is subject  to   17A




interference errors.  ¥or these reasons  detergents are  not selected    175




as a control parameter.







    Ammonia is partially converted to nitrate in  biological treatment  177




systemrt.   _Sy.s terns do.si gnc.d specifically  for ammonia removal are  not     178




conH-ldt:r«(l practicable for Lhis activity _and  thus  ammonia should not   179




be a control parameter.
                                VI-6

-------
    Phosphorus is not a control parameter because raw wastewater       181




concentrations ordinarily will be low and loadings will not be         182




Significant in receiving waters.                                       133







                  $ZTank Truck Interior Cleaning$%                     186




^Selected Control Parameters$%                                        339







    This activity has the greatest number of waste constituents in     191




the industry.  The parameters selected for control are:                192







         ID  oil                                                      194







         12)  suspended solids                                         196







         13)  PH                                                       198







         (A)  phenols                                                  200






         15)  COD or BOD                                               202







         16)  chromium                                                 204







         17)  cyanides                                                 206







    Because of the variety of materials which may be present in waste  208




streams from tank truck cleaning stations, treatment may necessitate   209




a series of methods.  The above selection of control parameters        210




assumes the complexity of an essentially unlimited variety of waste




materials as is most often die case at tank truck terminals.  In       212




specifjc cases of waat.es, only a limited numbr-r of products are







                                VI-7

-------
                              DRAFT
involved, treatment schemes  can be  simpler and control parameters      233




fewer (I.e.  perhaps only  oil,  BOD,  suspended solids and bacteria from




food products).






    Oil, and suspended solids, acids, and alkalis are generally        215




apparent in the  wastewater and the  first steps in treatment are        216




directed to their control.   Thus monitoring of oil, suspended solids   217




and pH is necessary for the  determination of treatment efficiency.






    (Concentrations of  oxygen-demanding materials are generally high    219




and treatment for ^heir removal is  necessary.  The ratio of COD to     221




BOD is high primarily  because  of slow degradability of complex




organic chemicals.  COD is the preferred control parameter because of  223




its shorter analysis time and  thus  quicker operator response to        224




greatly varying  treatment conditions.  It can also be used as an       225




indicator of the removal  of  complex organics, many of which are toxic




to aquatic life.  Phenols are  treatable and because of their           226




prevalence,  potential  toxicity, and taste and odor effects they must




also be monitored.






    There are many chromium-containing and cyanide-containing          228




compounds hauled in tank  trucks.  Although the trucks used for these   229




are usually dedicated  to  that service, they do require occasional




cleaning prior to repair  work.  Treatment for these wastes must be     231




separate from other treatment.  Because of their potential toxicity,   232




chromium and cyanide must be included as control parameters.
                               VI-8

-------
                             DRAFT



^Constituents Not Selected  as  Control Parameters$%                    234




    Waste constituents present  but not included as control parameters  236
are:
              dissolved solids                                         239






         _(2)  detergents                                              241






         _(3)  phosphorus                                              243






         _(4)  other heavy metals                                       245






              ammonia                                                 247
    Dissolved solids are not  included as a control parameter because   250




it is impracticable to remove them.  Detergents which are difficult    251




to measure and phosphorus will be  reduced by physical-chemical




treatment.  Jieavy metals, other than chromium, are not known to be     252




present in significant amounts.  The cleaning water of anhydrous       253




ammonia tanks is recycled. Thus none of the parameters associated     254




with these waste constituents are  necessary for control.






                                                                      ? S7
    Wa.stes from passenger terminals are directed to municipal sewage   260




treatment syHtems.   The principal waste constituents are HOD,          261




suspended solids and bacteria  but need not be monitored.  Wastewaters  263




from freight terminals are similar in composition and may also




include cleaning wastes.   _If they are to be? discharged directly,  the   265






                               VI-9

-------
                           DRAFT
control parameters and the rationale should be the same as discussed   266
under Dry Freight Truck Interior Cleaning.
              Summary of Pollution Control Parameters               269
    Table 9 summarizes the selected control parameters for each of    273
the trucking industry activities.
                              VT.-10

-------
                 TABLE 9
~ZH:II:N. CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR THS TRUCKING  INDUSTRY

<5
M
1
M
M





Activity
Over-the-road
hauling
Lubrication ana
fueling
External truck
washing
Maintenance and
repairs
Dry freight truck
interior cleaning
Tank truck
interior cleaning
Passenger and freight
terminals
~il i- Suspended
Grease Solids pH BOD COD

X X
:••: x x
X XX

X XXX
X X X X X
X XX
Fecal
C oli form
Phenols Chromium Cyanide Bacteria




X
X X X X
X

-------
                           DRAFT
                            SECTION VII                              6




                 CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY                    8








                       Historical Treatment                          10




    Except in rare instances, wastewater control in the trucking      13




segment of the transportation Industry has not extended beyond        14




rudimentary treatment.  This Inattention has resulted because the     15




wastewaters are generally  low in volume, installations are small, and 16




pollutional impacts  are relatively  small in comparison to other       17




industrial pollution sources.






    Wastewaters from an estimated two-thirds of trucking               19




installations are directed to municipal treatment systems.  If the     21




rest receive any treatment at all,  they generally are discharged to    22




holding ponds or lagoons,  in some cases after being  skimmed or having




gone through £il-separating devices,   \tery few  of these facilities     24




have been designed on the basis of  meeting specific  waste treatment




requirements.  Operators  of many holding  pond facilities, some of      26




whom use  "spray evaporation," claim that  no pollutants  are             27




discharged, but this is doubtful.   Ground water seepage probably      28




takes  place  in most cases and,  in fact, some have been constructed     29




with this in mind as a method of treatment.






     In general, most effort has been put into treating tank truck     31




 interior  Cleaning wastewater simply because it is the most  ruDxious     33




 source in this  industry.  However,  the most advanced treatment        34






                               vir.-i

-------
                              DRAFT
observed has been restricted  to physical-chemical methods for oil  and   35




suspended solids removal(15).






                State-of-the-Art Treatment Technology                  38




    No installation is known  to have a completely satisfactory         41




wastewater treatment system.






    _State-of-the-art treatment  technology applicable to the trucking   43




industry _is, for the most part, well known and has been widely         44




applied by manufacturing industries for many years, Figure 1(3).       45




Descriptions of the more pertinent processes follow:                   46






Primary Treatment - Gravity Separation(16)                             48






    The first step in oily waste  treatment is usually gravity sepa-    50




ration.  The API design is the  most widely used.  The basic design is  53




a long, rectangular basin, which  provides enough retention time for    54




most of the oil to float to the surface for removal.  Most API         55




separators are divided into bays  to maintain laminar flow and prevent  56




short-circuiting.  They are usually equipped with skimmers that move   57




the oil to the downstream end of  the  separator where it  is collected   58




in a slotted pipe or drum.  When  returning  to the upstream end, the    59




sklmmcrH  travel along the. bottom and  move  the. solids into a            60




collection trough.  Any sludge which  settles is  dewatered and then     61




incinerated or disposed of in a landfill.
                               VII-2

-------
                                                                                           FJ.GUK-E 1

                                                              FLOW CHART  OF  TYPICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT  SCHEMES  (3)
                           PRIMARY TREATMENT
                  |       Chemical
                  ;     (Intermediate)
                                             Physical
                                                                  SiC,">XD*SY TREATMENT
                                                            »4« To
                                                            o Tnnster
                         Suspended Solids
                             Removal
  SLUDGE
TREATMENT
 SLUDGE
DISPOSAL
                                                                                                                                                                                          IVI Willl'ls
»J  5,--*r-:-.r -,   '.    fJ  Neutral intii
:-!o,:--^...:  [*   P       I
                    aliiotion
                                    Gas Flotation
                                           Sedimentation
^E3~
    r-l
    ^—
     i
-»|  A.-r-! ;7er N-dgej—»
                                                  Hccr.^S-^.g.donH
                                                                             Sedimentation
                                                         "-H  Atragd Lagoon   |—•>
                                                  Sludges
                                                                                                    —M   Ion Exchange   I—I
                                                                                                                                Lagooningoi
                                                                                                                                                        Landfill
                                                                                                                                                      Ocean Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                    Transimi'iH I 'rd
                                                                                                                                                                           Surf are Applicalion or
                                                                                                                                                                           Grouiul VVatei Seepage
                                                                                                                                                                            Deep Wisll Injection
                                                                                                                                                                             Eva|)oratinn and

J £c.i3:i;3t>oni_
T I j. ilorjos j


i-*j Neutralization U ,
-M Sedimentation »
[
r»j Fillration [»



Drying Beds





^1

u
                                                                                                                                                                            Deep Well Injection
                                                                                                                                                                                 hirincriltion
     NOTE: ;0.-> o oc'v line and lighter arrow lines indicate possible treatment •«>» i.rwj '™ ^:!u^s and concentrated wastewaters and sludges.

-------
     Inhere  are  several  other  designs  of  gravity  separators.   One  of      64




 the  more common  is  a circular basin  equipped with  rotating  skimmers     65




 and  sludge collectors  with the  effluent  flowing beneath a rim wall




 baffle.







     Another type of separator uses closely  spaced  (less than six       67




 inches) £arallel plates  set  at  a  45  degree  angle to  increase the       68




 collection area while  decreasing  the overall size  of  the unit.   As      70




 the  water  flows  through  the  separator the oil droplets coalesce  on




.the  underside  of the plates  and travel  upward and  are collected,  ^he   72




parallel plate separator can be used as  the primary  gravity sepa-




rator, or  following an API separator.                                   73







     Performance data on primary oil/water separators  are summarized     75




iji Table 10.   Affluent oil concentrations as low as  20 rag/1  have been   77




£eported for both rectangular and circular  API  separators (17).         78






     There  is very little information on  the suspended solids content    80




of _the effluent from oil/water  separators,  but  apparently at refin-     81




juries, it  may  be as much as  twice the oil content.                      82







    _It is  reasonable to assume  that  oil  removal also  takes  out some     84




phenols, BOD,  and COD.  At one  refinery where 79%  of  oil was removed,   86




the  percentages for phenols  and COD  removal were 55 and 45,             87




respectively (37).
                               VII-4

-------
                              TABLE 10
91
ESTIMATED OIL CONCENTRATION ACHIEVED BY VARIOUS PRIMARY
OIL/WATER SEPARATION PROCESSES (17)

Separator
Commercially Available
API Rectangular
Circular
Inland Steel- "Hydro-Card"
Shell PPI
Shell CPI
Finger Plate Separator
Fram/Akers -Plate Separator
Fram/Akers - System**
Keene - Gravi Pak
Holding Tank* with Oil
Skimmers


Maximum
Capacity
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
Unlimited*
1,000 GPM
1,000 GPM
1,000 GPM

Batch


Effluent Oil
Concentration (mg/1)
50-75
50-75
50-75
35-50
35-50
35-50
50-100
15
20

50-100

* These separators use multiple concrete basins and can be
designed with sufficient
capacity for any
flow rate.
94
95
97
99
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
121
123
125
126
**Combination  Separation Process.                                       128




Secondary Treatment of Oily Wastes (Primary for Mixed Chemical Wastes)  133
    Equalization
136
    F_or ease  of operation and  for  constant  quality  of  effluent,  the    138




jflow and waste concentration through most secondary treatment  equip-   139
                                VII-5

-------
                             DRAFT
raent should be as  uniform as possible.  Large fluctuations should be   141




dampened in equalization  facilities.






    Equalization is usually provided  in holding tanks or ponds with    1A3




one _or more days retention time,  jiaffles and mixers may be used.      145




jjpmetimes holding ponds are used  to provide, final treatment, relying   147




upon long retention time  for settling and biological oxidation.




Removal efficiencies vary widely: 5 to 40% for BOD(5), 5 to 30%" for    148




COD, 20 to 90% for oil, 10 to  80% for suspended solids, 0 to 70% for   149




phenol, and 30 to 70% for odor(17).                                    150






    From holding basins used for  equalization, the wastewater should   152




be directed to an emulsion-breaking and dissolved air-flotation        153




chamber.






    Emulsion Breaking(17)                                             155






    This operation can employ  either  chemical or physical methods.     157




Physical methods include  electrolysis, coalescence, filtration,        158




centrifugation, distillation and  temperature change.  (Chemical         160




methods, aimed at breaking down the  stabilizing agent in the




_emulsion, are generally more  satisfactory.                             161






    The most practical method  of  chemically breaking emulsions         163




involves the addition of an  acid  or  acid  salt such as alum, ferrous    164




Hulfatc, or ferric chloride.   Soda  ash may  then be used to  neutralize  165
                               VII-6

-------
                          DRAFT
the separated water.  The  resulting free oil and alum or iron floe      166
can be separated by  sedimentation or air flotation.

    Dissolved Air Flotation(17)                                        168

    This treatment process consists of saturating a portion of the      170
wastewater feed or some of the  recirculated effluent from the flota-   171
tlon unit with air at a pressure  of 40 to 60 psi.  The wastewater or   174
recycled effluent is held at this pressure for one to five minutes in  175
a  retention tank and then released  at atmospheric pressure to the      176
flotation chamber.  The sudden reduction in pressure releases air      177
bubbles less  than 100 microns in diameter which  attach  themselves to   179
the oil and suspended particles in  the wastewater.  The resulting      180
agglomerates  are  then buoyed to the surface  to  form a froth  layer      181
which  is removed  by skimming devices.   The  retention time  in the       182
flotation chamber is usually 15 to  40 minutes.

    The addition  of chemical flocculating agents,  such  as  iron  or      184
aluminum  salts  and  polyelectrolytes,  often improves  the effectiveness  185
£f the air  flotation process and clarification.                        186

    Coagulation(17)                                                   188

     I_n this process, chemicals are added to the wastewater to create  190
 fast-settling agglomerates or  floes from finely dispersed and slow-   191
 settling £artides. Chemical  coagulation and sedimentation can be     193
 used to treat the effluent from  an API  separator before biological     194
                                VII-7

-------
                             DRAFT
treatment is applied.   When properly operated, this process is         195




comparable to dissolved air flotation  (with chemical coagulation)  in   196




removing oils, solids,  BOD,  and  COD.






    The chemical coagulation-sedimentation process consists of three   198




essential steps.  _First,  chemicals and/or polyelectrolytes are added   199




in a flash mix tank for one to three minutes.  Next the wastewater is  200




gently stirred in a flocculation basin for 10 to 30 minutes so that




jElocs grow large enough to settle out.  finally, the agglomerated      202




       is separated in  a clarifier or  settling basin.                  203
    When properly done,  dissolved air  flotation with chemical          205




coagulation can pjroduce  an effluent whose oil content is less than 10  206




mg/1.  The reduction of  organic pollutants may be incidental to the    207




removal of oil and ^uspended solids.   ]JOD(5) reduction can range from  209




20 to 70%.






Tertiary Treatment oj Oily Wastes (Secondary for Mixed Wastes)         213




    The effluent from flotation-coagulation systems for oily wastes    216




or from primary sedimentation of other wastes may be further treated   217




biologically in aerated  lagoons or by  trickling filters or activated   218




sludge.  An alternative  to biological  treatment is activated carbon    219




adsorption.
                               VII-8

-------
                             DRAFT


    Aerated Lagoon(17)                                                 221



    Aerated biological  treatment is achieved by mixing dilute concen-  223


trations of microorganisms with wastewater in a large, relatively      224


deep basin.  The  oxygen necessary to aerobically stabilize the         225


organic matter is supplied by mechanical or diffused aeration units,    226


or by induced surface aeration.  The turbulence normally maintained    227

                                        1
distributes the oxygen  and biological solids ^throughout the basin.     228



    An aerated lagoon differs from an activated sludge unit in that    230


the effluent jrrom the aerated lagoon may not be settled prior to       231


discharge, and the biological solids are not recirculated.  ^Because    233


of the low rate of organic removal resulting from the low concen-


tration of biological solids maintained in  the system, aerated lagoon  234


Detention  time (and basin volume) is greater than in an activated      235


sludge system for removal of an  equivalent  amount of BOD.  An aerated  237


lagoon is  capable of removing 50 to more than 95% of applied BOD (5) ,


depending  on wastewater temperature and treatability.  The removal     239


efficiencies may be improved by  further treating the JLagoon effluent   240


using chemical coagulation,  sedimentation,  filtration, or an effluent


polishing  pond.



    Trickling Filter(17)                                               242



    ^n this process, wastewater  is  passed  through a porous bed         244


 (stones or plastic) that contains a fixed  growth of microorganisms.    245


A_ microbial film develops on the surface  of the  filtering medium and  246



                               VTI-9

-------
                              DRAFT




 removes organic materials from the wasteweter by adsorption, bio-      247



 flocculatlon, and sedimentation.  Oxygen is very important  in  this     249



 system (as it is in any aerobic biological process) for rapid          250




 metabolism of the removed organic matter.   _Since the filtering medium  251



 has a large surface area, oxygen can move  rapidly by simple diffusion  252



 from the void spaces into the liquid layer.  The treatment rates of    253



 trickling filters are controlled by hydraulic as well as organic




 loading rates.  Stone trickling filters  are limited by economics to    255



 depths between 3 and 10 feet.  Those using plastic generally have      256



 very high hydraulic and organic loadings,  and bed depths range from    257



 15 to 40 feet.






    As the microbial film ages and dies  on the medium, it drops off    259




 and is washed away.   With high organic loadings  and high hydraulic     260



 loadings,  the film growth is  more rapid.   However, the lack of oxygen  261



 in the medium interface coupled with greater  hydraulic shearing




fiction causes the microbial film to wash from the media surface        262




continuously.   A final clarifier is normally  used to remove these      263



solids from the filter effluent to maintain minimum effluent BOD and   264



suspended  solids concentrations.






    Activated Sludge(16)                                               266






    In this process,  high concentrations (1,500  - 3,000 mg/1)  of       268



newly-grown and £ecycled  microorganisms are suspended uniformly        269




throughout a holding tank to  which raw wastewaters are added.   Oxygen  271
                              VII-10

-------
                            DRAFT




 is introduced by mechanical aerators, diffused air systems,  or other    271




 means.   The  organic materials in the waste are removed from  the        272



 aqueous  phase by the microbiological growths and stabilized  by         273



 biochemical  synthesis and oxidation reactions.  The basic activated     274



 sludge process involves the use of an aeration tank then a




 sedimentation tank.  The flocculant microbial growths removed  in  the    275



 sedimentation tank are recycled to the aeration _tank to maintain  a      276



 high  concentration of active microorganisms.  Although the micro-      277



 organisms remove almost all of the organic matter from the waste        278



 being treated, much of the converted organic matter remains  in the      279



 system in the form of microbial cells.  These cells have a relatively   280



 high  rate of oxygen demand and must be removed from the treated



 wastewater before it is discharged.                                    281






    Activated Carbon Adsorption(17)                                    283






    This is one of the most effective methods for removing from        285



 wastewater countless organic materials (both degradable and             286



 refractory),  producing BOD,  COD,  and taste and odor.   In a few         288



 existing units,  biologically treated effluent is passed through         289



 vessels filled with granular,  activated  carbon.   It  has also been       290



 demonstrated  in pilot  units  that  raw waste,  which lhas  been given        291



 chemical coagulation (sedimentation or filtrajtion)  to  remove            292



 suspended solids  can be  processed by carbon  adsorption  to provide       293



almost any level  of treatment.  The carbon gradually loses its          294



adsorptive capacity as  it  accumulates  organic  materials  from the        295
                              VII-11

-------
wastewater and must be eventually replaced.  To make the process       296




economically feasible, the spent carbon must be reactivated, and       297




replenished with new carbon.  Usually multiple adsorption columns are  298




provided in series or in parallel so that a_t least one unit may be     299




taken down for replenishment.  Moving bed carbon filters are used to   300




eliminate spare columns required for regeneration and to produce more  301




consistent effluent, but there are problems involved in the counter-   302




current movement of the carbon particles.  Unlike biological           304




treatment processes, the efficiency of carbon treatment is less




affected by seasonal _temperature changes.  In most cases, the          306




combined use of filtration and carbon adsorption is more reliable and  307




controllable than biological treatment.






    Granular Media Filtration (16)                                     309






    The media used in granular filters, either pressurized or          311




gravity, may consist of (1) sand, (2) sand and coal, or (3) sand,      312




coal and a heavy fine material such as garnet.  The first uses a       314




relatively uniform grade of sand resting on a coarser sand or gravel.




The second has a coarse layer of coal above a fine layer of sand.      315




These two types of filters have the problem of keeping the fine        316




particles on the bottom.  This can usually be solved by placing a      318




layer of garnet beneath the coal and sand.
                               VII-12

-------
     (Sranular media filters are often capable of consistently pro-      320




 ducing an effluent having extremely low suspended solids and oil       321




 content — on the order of 5 to 10 mg/1 for each.                      322






     Batch Treatment of Individual Waste Streams(18)                    324






     frequently wastes are encountered which are not effectively        326




 .treated by the above systems or interfere with them.   Metals and       328




 cyanide wastes are examples.  Normally they occur intermittently and   329




 In relatively small quantities, making them amenable  to batch treat-   330




 ment prior to discharge to surface waters or before mixing with other  332




 wastes for further treatment.   Chromium wastes,  for example, can be    333




 treated with  sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide to  reduce hexavalent      334




 chromium to  trivalent which can then be discharged  for precipitation   335




 in the coagulation sedimentation systems described  £reviously.          335




 Cyanides can  be  subjected  to alkaline chlorination  destruction.         337






      Summary  of  Effluent Concentrations  From System Combinations        340




     Table  11  summarizes reported effluent  concentrations from various   343




 combinations  of  the above-described  systems.  In general,  a  system      345




 Including  gravity  separation, dissolved  air  flotation,  granular media   346




 filtration, and  activated  carbon adsorption produces the highest



quality effluent.                                                       -,-
                               VII-13

-------
                  DRAFT
                    TABLE 11
Lowest Effluent Concentrations  Expected From Oily Waste
Process BOD(5)
API Separator 250
API Separator +
Clarifier 45
API Separator +
Dissolved Air
Flotation 45
API Separator +
Granular Media
Filter 40
API Separator +
Oxidation Pond 10
API Separator +
Clarifier,
Dissolved Air
Flotation
Granular Media
Filter,
Aerated Lagoon 10
API Separator +
Trickling Filter 25
API Separator +
Clarifier,
Dissolved Air
Flotation
Granular Media
Filter,
Activated Carbon 5
Treatment Processes (16)
Effluent Concentration, mg/1
Suspended
COD Solids Oil
260 50 20
130 25 5
130 25 5
100 5 6
50 20 2
10 5
80 2,010 0.5
30 10 2
Phenol
6
10
10
3
0.01
0.1

0.1
352

354
355
                                                         358
                                                         359
                                                         360

                                                         362

                                                         364
                                                         365
                                                         366
                                                         367
                                                         368
                                                         369
                                                         370
                                                         371
                                                         372
                                                         373
                                                         374
                                                         375
                                                         376
                                                         377
                                                         378
                                                         379
                                                         380
                                                         381
                                                         382
                                                         383
                                                         384
                                                         385
                                                         386
                                                         387
                                                         388
                                                         389
                                                         390
                                                         391
                                                         392
                                                         393
                                                         394
                                                         395
                                                         396
                                                         397
                     VII-14

-------
                              DRAFT
              Examples  of  Typical Treatment Facilities                 403
    As indicated in Section V,  cleaning operations are the major       406
^ources of wastewater in the trucking  industry.  For this reason, the  408
 surveys conducted were concentrated on these  activities, particularly  409
 those in which tank truck interiors were  cleaned.

 Terminal. A

    This tank truck dispatch terminal  in  southeast Texas has           414
 facilities for cleaning tanks,  maintaining trailers and tractors, and  415
 making major overhauls and repairs.  Most of  the wastewater is         416
 generated in the first operation.   The initial step involves  draining  417
 residual products  ("heels") out of the tank;  these are collected by  a  418
 disposal service.  The trailers are then cleaned under roofed,  open-  419
 ended bays by Butterworth  nozzles  (3) designed to direct  high         420
 pressure  streams in  all directions inside the _tank while  its  drains    421
 are open.  Table 12  provided by terminal officials presents examples  422
 of cleaning  methods  used,  volume of water used per trailer, number of  423
 trailers  cleaned per month and _total  volume of water used per month.  424
 The specific method  depends on  the product being cleaned.  Table 13   426
 is an example provided by terminal officials.  jJpent recycled          427
 detergents are occasionally dumped to the wastewater system.

     £sually, the wastewater flow  from Terminal  A is about 70,000       429
 gallons per day,  and about 90% of  the flow is generated by the         430
 cleaning of some 30 tank trucks;  the  balance  comes from exterior       431
                                VII-15

-------

TABL:
£ ±2
TRAILER INTERNAL CLEANING GENERATION RATES -

Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Cleaning Method
Cold water flush
Cold water flush — caustic/acid tank
Cold water flush — steam — cold water rinse
Cold water flush — spin/detergent — cold
water rinse
MEK, MIBK, or acetone solvent — cold water
rinse
Styrene solvent — cold water rinse
Cold water flush — steam — cold water
rinse — spin w/detergent — cold water rinse
Cold water flush w/Butterworth for dry
bulk trailer

Water Use/Trailer
Gallons
150
2,200
800
300
150
150
950
1,500

TERMINAL A

Number
Trailers /Month
84
321
316
123
0
0
68
78
990


Gallons /Month
12,600
706,200
252,800
36,900
0
0
64,600
117,000
1,190,100
2
4
7
8
910
12
14
16


iri
26
27
29
30

-------
                                             TABLE 13

                           TRAILER/COMMODITY CLEANING LIST - TERMINAL A
                                                                                   2

                                                                                   4
                    Commodity
                     No. Trailers Cleaned
                          per Month         Commodity
                   No. Trailers Cleaned
                        per Month
Cleaning Method
     //I
Cleaning Method
     n
Cleaning Method
    #3
Uran Fertilizer               16
PAPI—Isozylate                2
Ethyl Chloride                10

Caustic Soda (50%)           123
Silicate Soda                  2
Acetic Acid                   22
Phosphoric Acid                1

Solvent                       18
Toluene                       26
Xylene                         2
IPA—Isopropyl Alcohol        23
Sodium MET                     1
EDA—Ethylene Diamine         15
DTA—Diethylene Triamine       8
Poly Amines                    7
Vinyl Acetate                 23
Cyescal                        3
Phenol                        32
Alcohol                       22
Petroleum Chemicals            1
Peroxide                       4
Biphenyl                       2
Sodium Bichromate              9
Sodium Methylate               3
Alum                       53
Water for Glue              2
Water Softener              1

Spent Acid                 47
Sulfuric Acid              87
Hydrochloric Acid          38
Corrosive Liquid            1

Styrene                     2
Methyl Acrylate             1
Weed Killer                 4
Shell Pan                   1
DMK—Dimethyl Ketone        4
Benzene                     1
Pentylamine                 1
Ethylene Glycol             3
MEK—Methyl Ethyl Ketone   14
ITA                         2
Mineral Spirits             3
DAA-Diacetone Acrylonitrile 4
NBA—Normal Butyl Alcohol
Methanol
Butyl Cellosolve
Formaldehyde
Oxylene
                                                                                       1
                                                                                       3
                                                                                       1
                                                                                      24
                                                                                       1

-------
                                            TABLE 13 (Continued)
                                                                                                     39
                         Commodity
                                       No. Trailers Cleaned
                                            per Month         Commodity
                                                            No. Trailers Cleaned
                                                                 per Month
i
M
00
Cleaning Method
    #4
     Cleaning Method
         #7
     Cleaning Method
         #8
PA-Phthallic Anhydride
Acetone
Adaline
Ferric Chloride
TTA—Amine 220
AN—Acrylonitrile
Protein Feed Supplement
Calcium Chloride

Glue
Paint
Resin
Water Treating Compound

Diesel Oil -
Petrolatum
Ink Oil
Strip Oil

Potash & Fertilizers
Plastic Pellets
 6
 9
 4
 3
 3
 8
 7
 1

72
 2
30
 5

21
16
 2
13
                                                78
Naptha                      1
MIBK-Me thy1-iso-buty1-
  Ketone                    4
Demineralized Water         1
Terpentine                  2
Oxital—Ethylen Glycol
  mono ethane ether         1
TRI Clean D                 2

Coastal Pale Oil            7
Petroleum Oil               3
Cotton Oil                  2
Script Set                  2

Hi Boiler Oil               2
Tall Oil                    5
Insulator Oil (New)         1
CPTIC—Crude Petroleum      8
     Note: Cleaning method number refers to Table 12.

-------
                             DRAFT
truck washing.   Some  runoff from the paved terminal area Is collected   432
In the wastewater  system.

    Wastewater  from the  tank  truck terminal flows to an adjacent bulk   434
liquid ^storage  and shipping terminal owned by a parent company.  It    436
is combined with wastewater from the shipping _terminal and directed    437
to a treatment  plant  recently installed at a cost of $750,000 at the
shipping germinal. jSurface runoff from this large area is also        439
directed to the treatment  plant which has a design capacity of         440
500,000 gpd.

    The treatment  plant  has no holding or equalization facilities.     442
The wastewater  is  pumped from a sump to an above ground API oil        443
separator, Jthen to a  pH  adjustment basin, to a circular jsingle         445
aerator aeration basin,  and  to a final clarifier and weir box.  The    446
effluent is finally discharged to  surface waters.  The effluent at     447
the  time of the survey was dark brown and high in  solids.  According   449
to  the company, the plant was operating inefficiently because  of
jjhock loads and recurrent high runoff flows were entering  the  system.  450
Effluent COD during good operation'was about  1,000 mg/1, however, _the  452
influent is probably not much more.  Table  14  presents effluent data   453
for  the month of  June 1973.   IPlans call for equalization,  air          454
flotation  and final filtration and sludge  digestion  systems  to be      455
added.  Storm water was to be segregated  from the  system   and the.    457
acceptance of ship ballast water was under consideration.
                               VII-19

-------
                                                   TABLE 14


                          WASTE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT DATA. JUNE 1973 - TERMINAL A
M
M
2


4
7

pH
Total
Residue
mg/1
TSS
mg/1
VSS
mg/1
BOD
mg/1
COD
mg/1
Temp.
F
Settleable 8
Solids 9
mg/1 10
11
6/1
6/4
6/5—2.9" rain
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/11
6/12
6/13
6/14
6/15
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Monthly Average
7.72
6.73
6.94
7.45
7.47
7.12
8.08
7.62
8.06
8.90
7.68
8.23
8.11
7.92
7.95
7.51
8.12
8.02
8.36
8.24
7.81
1
1
1
1










4
2
2
2
1
1
,315
,199
,196
,469
499
548
755
677
448
409
686
573
692
815
880
,602
,788
,402
,060
,744
,288
478
442
342
1,168
175
242
49.2
584
131
85.6
262
24
32.6
131
247
61.2
94
22
73.2
76
186
120
148
122
238
36
42
14.8
90
20
16.4
49
12.8
12.4
33
44
21.2
29
26.8
26.8
20.8
56
1,364
460
475
61
185
40
11.4
8.3
10.1
13.3
24
13.2
28
63
73
25
—
—
—
—
17.8
3,274
1,431
1,373
269
268
110
66.5
64.8
30.1
42.2
94.5
69.3
144
215
254
251
183
169
235
139
434
78
—
—
69
_—
80
86
73
75
82
82
83
82
79
77
77
73
87
78
79
96
30
24
548
9
12
0.
70
10
15.
12
9.
12.
112
13.
8.
5.
4.
11.
53
13
14
15
16
17

4


6
i
Eg*
3
10
r ^f^
*
Wj
*3
2 25"
4 26
27
6 28
4 29
6 30
4 31
2 32
34
36

-------
                             DRAFT
Terminal B                                                            459


    This tank truck dispatch  terminal in southeast Texas has fueling    462

and light maintenance facilities, the principal source of waterbortie    463

wastes is the interiors  of  tank trucks.  The only paving provided  is    464

in the fueling platform  area.  The washing facility was designed to     465

handle 30 units per day  but typically handles 10-25; it is active       466

seven days per week and  500 - 800 gallons of water are used to wash     467

each truck.


    Unless specifically  indicated by the main shipping customer, the    469

principal cleaning methods  used are: draining, water flushing, steam,   470

recycled detergent, hot  water rinse, and forced-air drying for most     471

products.  Methylene chloride is used to remove some resins.           472

Residual products  ("heels") are drained prior to cleaning, and         473

according to terminal personnel, this is a major problem since a heel   474

sometimes amounts  to 500 gallons.  Company officials provided the       476

following list,  as a partial representation of the products cleaned

out:


    Acetone                        Epoxy resins                       479

    Methylene Chloride              2,3-dichloropropene                480

    Methyl Chloroform              Diethanolamlne                     481

    Aircraft deicer                Diethylene glycol                  482

    Antifreeze                     Cleaning solvents                  483

    Carbon tetrachloride            Epichlorohydrln                    484
                              VII-21

-------
     73% caustic  soda                Ferric  chloride                    485




     Trichloroethane                 Phenols,  etc.                       486




     Choline  chloride                                                   437




     Washwater  is collected  in  an outside  open sump  from all  of  the      491




 washing facilities  which  are inside  an  open-ended three-bay  building.




 The  wastewater is pumped  automatically  to two ponds that operate  in     492




 series.   The first  receives the  sump effluent and "heels," and  It was   493




 nearly  filled  with  vari-colored  solids  at the time  of  the survey.       494




 This pond has  apparently  been  in existence  for the  life of the          495




 terminal,  approximately 12  years.  No treatment other  than solids      496




 settling is  provided in this pond.







     The effluent then flows to a two-year-old pond  intended  as  an      499




 evaporation  lagoon.   _The  wastewater  is  recirculated through  spray       500




 nozzles  spaced at six-foot  intervals on a pipe .along the perimeter.     501




 Most  of  the  nozzles  were  plugged at  the time  of  inspection   a.nd  the    503




 flow out  of  those that were operating was very weak, an indication




 that  the  intake  ^system was  partially blocked.  No vegetation was        505




 growing  along  the banks in  the spray zone.







     Each  of  the  ponds has about  10,000  square feet  of  surface area      507




 and was  supposedly designed to evaporate  20,000  gallons  of wastewater   508




 per  day maximum.   Normally  there is  no  overflow  from the lagoons.       509




Rainfall and humidity in  the area are high and winds transport  some     511




 spray to surrounding  areas.  Wastewater probably percolates from  the    512



 ponds.
                               VTT-??

-------
                            DRAFT
    The  second pond with a 10 horsepower pump system cost about        514
$5,000 to install.

    A^ small amount of  fuel is spilled when storage tanks are  filled,   516
but apparently none is lost when trucks are fueled or repaired.        517
Antifreeze is reused.   Runoff is not collected.                       519

Terminal C                                                           521

    This tank truck dispatch  terminal located in southeast Texas      523
deals principally with asphalt hauling.  The interiors of  dedicated   525
asphalt tankers  are occasionally cleaned with trichlorethylene,  which 526
is recycled.  Most of  the wastewater generated comes from external    528
washing, about 5,000  gpd.   An acid brightener is used.                529

    Wastewater is directed into  a  spray evaporation pond similar Jto    532
the one  used at Terminal B.   At  the  time of  the survey all the spray   533
nozzles  and  the 5-hp pump were working  properly.  j\s at Terminal B,    535
no vegetation was growing in the spray  drift zone along the banks of   536
the pond.  The facility's grounds  are unpaved and runoff is not        537
collected.

Terminal D                                                           539


    About 80 tractors  and 120 tank trailers operate out of this        542
 dispatch terminal located in southeast  Texas.  They are engaged  in     543
 hauling petrochemicals, acids, heavy resins, solvents,  pesticides,     544

                               VII-23

-------
                             DRAFT
weed killers,  etc.   Table  15  is a partial list of such products        545

supplied by company officials.  The "heels" are put in drums and       546

petroleum products  are steamed.  Caustic used in tank interior         547

cleaning is recycled.   Water  use including the generation of steam is  548

about 50,000 gpd.  About 18 trailers/day, 7 days/week are cleaned,  In  549

addition, about three per  day are cleaned, exterior only.  Two-thirds  550

of the trailers are cleaned by steam.

                              TABLE 15                                 554
    PARTIAL LIST OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS TRANSPORTED BY TANK TRUCKS
                             Terminal D
                                 556
                                 557
Acetone
Alum
Amines
Benzene
Brewery Malt
Butene Diol.
C104  Sizing
Caustic
Citrus Stripper Oil
Chloral
Cresylic Acid
Cupric Chloride
Cyclohexanol
Di Glycol Araine
Dow Therm
Ethyl Hexanol Acrylate
Ethylene
Fatty Acid
Fiberglas Resin
Formaldahyde
Hydrochloric Acid
Insecticides
Isobutyl Alcohol
 Isopropropyl Alcohol
Lacquer
Latex
Lube Oil Additive
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methanol
Mineral Spirits
Chloro Benzene
Methyl Amine
Nickel Sulfate
Butyl Alcohol
Petrolatum
Phenol
Phoplex
Phosporic Acid
Pine Resin
Plastic Solvents
Plasticizer
Poly Proplylene Glycol
Rubber Preservative
Salicylaldehyde
Sizing Compounds
Soap
Sodium Aluminate
Styrene
Titanium Tetra Chloride
Toluene
Vinyl Acetate
Water Clarifying Compound
Xyline
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
                               VII-24

-------
                             DRAFT
    Wastewater goes  through a series of three underground 1,000-       596
gallon settling tanks  and  finally J:o a city sewage treatment plant      597
next door.   No sampling  data were available,  and, except for solids     599
settling, little treatment is probably achieved in the settling
tanks.  Runoff from  the  unpaved yard is not collected.                 600
Terminal E                                                             602

    This facility is very  similar to Terminal D and is also located     604
in southeast Texas.  Practically all of its business comes from a       605
major chemical company nearby.

    The terminal manager asserts that no "heels" arrive at this        607
facility.  As at Terminal  D, wastewater is sent through three          609
underground sedimentation  tanks and a sampling well to the nearby
city sewage treatment  plant.  No flow or sampling data were            610
available.

Terminal K                                                             612
    This terminal is  on property leased from a. metropolitan sanitary
district in the northern midwest.  About 20,000 gallons of water are   615
used per day to steam clean  approximately 35 of the 45 - 50 trailers
assigned to the facility.  ^Heels" and products flushed out by the     617
steam are Collected in drums and picked up by a waste disposal firm    618
at a cost of 3c to 8c /gallon.

    Table 16 provided by terminal official;-: is a list of products      620
        out of r.lu- trailers.
                                VII-25

-------
                             DRAFF
    Waste treatment emphasizes  the  removal of hexane extractables.      622

The sanitary district to which  the  terminal discharges has imposed  an  623

upper limit of 100 mg/1, of  hexane  extractables which was not met      624

with continuous ^treatment of variable wastes.  The limit was finally    626

met by using batch treatment, according to terminal officials.
                              TABLE 16
                                  630
                PRODUCTS  CLEANED OUT FROM TANK TRUCKS

                             Terminal F
                                  632

                                  633
Acetate
Acetone
AcJd, Fatty
Alcohol
Animal Feed
Anti-Freeze
Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda
Chloroethane
Cleaning Compound
Corn Syrup
De-icer
Detergent
Dioctyle Phthalate
Di-isodecyl Phthalate
Ethylene Bichloride
Fertilizer, Liquid
Glue
CMycerino
fll ycol
Igepal
iHOphorone
I«oprc»panol, Anhydrous
Lactol Spirits
Latex
Methylene Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Mineral Spirits
Morphollne
MucoHa
Naphtha
Oil, Vegetable
Perchlorethylene
Plastic, Liquid
Plasticizer
Polyol
Resimene
Resin
Soap
Sodium Silicate
Styrene
Tallow
Toluene
Trichlorethylene
Trlethanolamine
Veraene
Voranol
Xylene
Yeast, Liquid
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
                                VII-26

-------
                               DRAFT
    The overall treatment  system costs about $100,000.  The outside    667




portion is comprised of  three  K),000-gallon fiberglas tanks; _two are   669




for storage and the third  is a feed tank.  The inside treatment        670




system consists of a mix tank  where pH is adjusted and alum is added,




and an air flotation sedimentation tank which is hand-skimmed.  The    672




sludge is collected by a waste disposal firm.






Terminal G                                                            674






    This terminal, in northern Kentucky, has been in operation since   676




1951.  I_t is owned by a  long-haul, irregular route carrier, which      677




also operates from several terminals in the Ohio Valley.  The company  679




has about 305 trailers and 205 tractors, of which 118 trailers are     680




assigned to this terminal. They are engaged primarily in hauling      681




both wet and dry chemicals produced in the vicinity,  liable 17         683




represents some of these products handled and percent of total




haulage for ^wo consecutive years:                                     684




    As at other terminals  surveyed, the principal wastewater source    728




was the tank trailer washing operation.  The company had obviously     730




expended a considerable  amount of money in an effort to handle its     731




wastes properly.  It has made  a serious effort, to keep treatment       732




problems from occurring  and has hired a full-itime waste treatment




plant operator.  Dedicated trailers are used wherever possible.        733




        are Instructed to  unload their entire load, but if this is     735




          , the company  trii-s  to make the "heel" the shipper's
                              VII-77

-------
                           DRAFT
                             TABLE  17                                688


            PRODUCTS HANDLED AND PERCENT OF TOTAL HAULAGE              690
                            Terminal G                               691

Product
Rhop lex- latex
Glycols
Resin
Plastics (bulkers)
Poly glycols
Lacquer
Paint and enamel
MMA (Acrylate monomer)
Molasses
Unidentified
Acryloids
Toluene
Toluene diamine
Vinyl acetate
Wax
Formaldehyde
Plasticizers
Jet fuel
Lube oil
Tar
Whiskey
Miscellaneous


Percent
1971
32.5
10.9
10.4
8.1

3.1


1.3





1.2


2.5
5.3


24.5


of Total Hauled
1972
31.1
21.1
10.6
9.0
4.7
3.0
2.4
2.4
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
3.0

694
695
696
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
111
718
719
721
responsibility by returning it  to him and charging  transporation fee.   736

The shipper ordinarily accepts  it because usually it is a useful       737

product.   I_n addition, the company imposes an environmental charge of   738

$25/tank  on the shipper l_f cleaning involves a product difficult to    739

treat.   In spite of all this, they still have "heels" to contend       740

with,  which are ordinarily drummed and landfilled.                     741
                              VII-28

-------
                             DRAFT
    In most cases,  the  interiors of tank trailer are washed with a     744




recycled strong detergent  or  caustic _(caustic is used on latex         745




products);  ^plvents are used  to remove can-coating materials, and fi    747




"Detrex" closed solvent system is  used to clean out synthetic rubber.






    About 30 trailers are  cleaned  per day, and a wastewater jrlow of    750




about 27,000 gpd is generated. It is usually white, because it        751




contains _latex removals.                                              752






    The terminal has one outdoor and  two indoor wash racks.  The       755




entire yard is paved and at least  part of any runoff along with wash




rack drainage, goes to the treatment  system.  The  system  (19)          757




consists of a 45' x 45' holding £ond  (30,000 gallons), which is        758




periodically pumped for batch ^treatment into two parallel 10,000       759




gallon vertical steel cylinders with  conical b_ottoras to effect         760




precipitation and sedimentation.   The pH is adjusted there and held    761




at about 8.0 and ferrous sulfate is added as a coagulant.  The         763




sludge, which is green when wet, is pumped to a compartmented gravity




sand filter where it dries and oxidizes into a dark red, impervious    764




plastic-like material.   _It is then landfilled.                         765






    The supernatant from the sedimentation niui filtering process goen  767




to a sfccond _45' x 45' holding pond which discharges Into a stream.  f\_  769




package sanitary waste treatment plant located adjacent to this pond,




operated by a contractor,  also discharges into the stream.  There, are  771




no community sanitary sewers at  the terminal site.
                              VII-29

-------
                             DRAFT



    The plant had been  operating a year at the time of the survey and  773




no problems had been experienced with pond sludge.  One occurrence of  775




an odor problem in the  ponds was solved in the summer of 1973 with     776




chlorine.   The use of ferric sulfate instead of ferrous sulfate to     777




reduce potential for anerobic pond Conditions was being considered.    778






    A drawback to this  plant's  operation is that essentially no        780




reduction of soluble BOD occurs in the treatment system, which is not  781



designed for BOD removal.   Effluent BOD runs typically from 800 to     782




1,000 mg/1 with an average of 324 mg/1 obtained on a series of



analyses £onducted between November 1973 and February 1974.            783




^Suspended solids average about  46 mg/1.  S^tate officials have          785




informed the company that it will have to  treat for BOD.






    The estimated cost  of the  existing treatment system was $165,000   787




exclusive of land, and  monthly  operating expenses come to $10,000, of  788



which  $200 pays  for utilities.   T_he estimated power consumption  is     789




about  1,250  KWH/month.






    The company  claims the wastewater  treatment  plant  can easily       791



handle three tfmon  the present flow  (27,000 gpd). The   facility  IH     792




phyflir.nJ ly clean, woLl  laid out and  instrumented, and  equipped with  *i




laboratory where BOD,  COD, dissolved  and  suspended  solids,  as well as  793




other  parameters are monitored,  periodic  analyses  of  wastewater and  794




treatment  plant  effluent over a six months period in ^973  are          795




presented  in in  Table 18.
                               VII-30

-------
                          :A«LE 18

WA3Tl'WATER AMD TKiAIMEHT  PLANT EFFLUENT  DATA -  TERMINAL G
                            1973

rh •::iit;
V," .;' ti S':.'.. i. I"
,-»,v^ ..ir,*- •
^"ttv-tt*:-1-^'!
iVt-.J. :";:•;. l.-:i i.iiis
V • . * t e '- ' 1 1 & r n_.t .1
Irvr.
K:\V:tvr:t-.-r r,r '1

S'^LT"
', Ir.cri :.-'';»L -«»aoi
Wasteuatcr =S/1
yfi'luor.t r_t 1
IVivcnt StfductiJn
. Wr^t*vr,rc-i- :+ I
K i':'lue:ii zc '1
Percent ?^-iu-'ticn
Feb. 16

10.5
•56
-X..10
!-,'-!'
S.-5S8
3.0
1.6
{JO.O
250
"(935.7)

,
"*o.8
9.1
0.7
92-3
1
9,937
35-1
54
304
(463.0)


9! 8
' 30
97-9
10,966
41.3
10.6
4.7
58.5
170
2,950
(1,635.3)

86
0.2
99-8
12.1
0.6
95.0
14,373
4,525
60.5'
48
178
(270.8)
March 2

9-7
1,310
53
96.0
10, 956
6,914
4.8
4.0
16.7
506
2,750

33
0.5
98.5
15.0
1.0
93.3
16,013
6,122
61.8
66
372
(463.6)
March 9
11. /

7°0
24
97.0
10,650
12.0
4.5
0.;.5
2,950
(1,240.9)

86
1.7
98.0
21.0'
0.6
97.1
17,870
6,276
64.9
64
256
(300.0)
March 16
12.2
7.3
500
8
98.4
10, 030
2V. 3-
it. 8
1.6
66.6
195
2, JOO
(.7,023.2)

191
2.2
98.8
21.0
0.7
96.7
U-,938
54.0
63
6.7
March S3
1..5
9.2
610
10
98.4
10,950
6,175
43-6
6.5
7.3
(12.3)
135
1,700
(1,159-3)

134
1.0
99-3
22.0
1.0
95-5
17,970
4,334
75-9
77
131
(70.1)
March 30
12.1
•9-1
970
130
86.6
10,100
' 52.6
7.1
5.8
18.3
230
2,500
(987.0)

71
2.3
96.8
23.2
0.6
97.4
10,563
4,789
54.7
53
61
(15-1)
April 20
12.1
9-3
756
104
86.2
lJ.,37o
4,924
56.7.
6.0
15.0
135
1,900
(1,307.4)

95
3.0
96.8
15.6
0.7
95.5
8, 240
4.480
45.6
ii4
19
56.8
May 18
12.0
7.5
I,o4o
10
97.1
13, 3io
6,650
50.0
10.4
"1 'j '~i
(1^3)
1,050
3,300
(78-4)

131
1.4
98.9
4.0
0.4
90.0
9,060
3,942
69.5
69
80
(15-9
.Tune ?."
12.3
o . 9
.1,01*0
16
10,670
5,53^ .
ua.2
0.9
i 0

125
1,950
(1,460.0^

202
0.5
99.8
45.0
1.3
97.1
9,821
2, 381
75.8
54
125
(131-5)
Averages
12.2
S.U
1,045
55.6
11,322
°' 43,3
7.1
'
-------
                               DRAFT
Terminal H                                                            797


    Unlike the terminals  described above, this facility specializes    799

in handling dry freight.   It  is  located in eastern Utah.  At the time  802

of the survey, modifications  to  the present treatment system designed

by a local consulting firm to permit jrecycle of wastewater resulting   803

from exterior truck washing was  almost complete.                       804


    Washing operations involving 80 - 90 units daily and discharging   806

about 41,000 gallons will be  jaumped to a grit separator.  Liquid       808

wastes will flow by gravity through an oil separator.  The wastewater  809

then will enter three settling tanks positioned in series and the      810

clarified wastewater will be  pumped to a storage tank for reuse.

Grit and sludge will be removed to a landfill, and oil will be         812

drained from the separator for reclamation.  Terminal officials        813

anticipate no wastewater discharge from  this f_acility when the         814

installation is complete.


    Company officials say that the system cost about $50,000 to        816

LnHtall and that nominal operating expenses are expected to be about   817

$100 per week.


    In the meantime, waste streams have  been  treated by combination    819

and drainage  to a gravity separator where oil and  sludge are removed   820

for disposal.  The effluent is pumped  to an evaporation lagoon which   821

allows for drainage j:nto a canal emptying into a large natural lake.   822


    Arable 19  represents some  data obtained on  terminal  discharge in    824

1972.
                               VII-32

-------
                           DRAFT
                             TABLE 19

          Net Values of Wastewater  Dtschages - Terminal H
Parameter
mg/1
829

831


834
Biochemical  Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Total Volatile Solids
Ammonia Nitrogen
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Nitrate Nitrogen
Ortho phosphates
Sulfates
Sulfides
Chlorides
Cyanide
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
Oil and grease
Phenols
Coliform Bacteria MPN/100 ml

Terminal I
239.6
309.0
680.0
654.0
26.0
355.0
12.5
15.9
2.3
0.5
4.0
1.2
342.0
0.00
0.30
0.003
0.15
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.10
0.00
0.00
10.9
285.0
0.14
87.0
4.0
7,497
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
            870
    This terminal in southern California, has been  in operation for    873

more than 25 years   and primarily handles dry freight trucks.  It     875

also has a limited fleet of dedicated tank trucks engaged in hauling
                                VII-33

-------
                            DRAFT
finished petroleum products, mainly jjasoline and jet fuel and          876
requiring infrequent  interior  cleaning.

    The main source of  wastewater  is  the automatic equipment used to   878
wash the exteriors of Ji large  fleet of dry freight trucks as well as   879
those of the tank trucks.   The equipment jLncludes a flow metering      881
device and basically consists  of three arches connected in series.
As a truck is driven through  the bay, it activates each arch by        882
tripping a switch.  The complete washing cycle is carried out under    883
high pressure.  A_ mild  alkaline detergent is used to wash the painted  884
cab-portion of the rig.  If the body  of the trailer is aluminum, a     885
more caustic detergent  is sprayed  on, and if it is painted, a
neutralized acid  (hydrofluoric base plus other mild acids), is used.   886
A final plain water rinse then follows.  The volume of water used      889
ranges from 100 to 300  gallons/unit ^.nvolving 30 - 40 units/day; in    890
addition, 10 vehicles are washed manually.  High water use has caused  891
company officials to consider recycling of washwater but has not been
implemented yet.

    T_he terminal's waste treatment system now consists of a large      894
underground holding tank Containing  a series of baffles  to allow for   895
a retention time  of about 30 minutes.  Oily material generated by the  897
terminal's overhaul shop is skimmed  off  the  top while bottom j^ludge    898
is  removed by 
-------
                              DRAFT
analytical data available provided by terminal officials on a 24-      901
hour, composite effluent sample collected in July 1973:

    COD                5,383 mg/1                                      903

    Suspended Solids   1,612 mg/1                                      905

Terminal J                                                            907

    This terminal, which is also  located  in  southern California,       909
specializes in hauling cattle, beef  carcasses, and poultry.            911

     About  50 or 60 trucks are washed daily in a paved  area  from which  914
the  wastewater flows directly to a treatment system Uirough floor      915
drains.   Coarse materials are screened out and hauled  to  a  landfill.   916
The  effluent goes into a holding tank and then passes  through a        917
 series of vibrating fine-mesh screens to remove  particulate matter.    918
At this point,  some "sheet aeration" seems to occur  due to  sloshing    919
 of flowing wastes on  the vibrating screens.   The effluent is then      920
 discharged to  a settler, and the sludge produced is  removed by  an      921
 automatic conveyor.   The supernatant flows to a surge tank so as to    922
 avoid peak flows into .the  municipal interceptor.                      923

     The facility seemed neat and  clean, but no analytical data were   924
 obtained from the company.  Its officials estimated the system cost   925
 about $60,000 - 70,000 to  build and $100 a month to operate.  They    927
 said water usage amounted  to  about  27,000 gpd and indicated that they 928
 planned shortly to add equipment  so that they may recycle  at least     929

                                VII-35

-------
                             DRAFT
part of the treated wastewater.   This  would  result  in considerable     930
savings in their sewerage surcharge.
Terminal K
                                                                      932
    T_his terminal located in northeasit  Texas  is part of a large        934

distribution center for a nationwide supermarket operation,  the       936

large truck fleet originating from this terminal handles a wide        937

variety of food, including perishables  such as dairy items, meats and  938

vegetables, as well as other related products.  Monthly distances      940

covered range from 800,000 to one million miles and the tonnage        941

hauled averages about 63,000 tons.



    The terminal includes a fully equipped truck repair shop and       943

several washing facilities for exterior cleaning of tractors and       944

trailers and interior trailer cleaning  and disinfecting as necessary.  945

An estimated 80 - 90 units are cleaned  daily  and an average of 200     946

gallons of wastewater are generated per unit.  Floor drains in this    948

area allow generated wastes, largely characterized as oil, grease,

Detergents and disinfectants (quaternary ammonium compounds) to flow   949

to an underground oil and grease separator and then to the municipal   950

system.  Grease, oil and grit are periodically pumped out by an        951

outside scavenger and hauled to a landfill.   In addition, automatic    953

equipment limited in use to cleaning and disinfecting the interior £f  954

vans handling only dairy and meat products, was installed, less than

a month p_rior to the time of the survey.  This equipment handles       956
                               VIT-36

-------
                            DRAFT

about 50 vans  daily  and  320 - 400 gallons of wastewater are generated  956

per unit.  Discharges  from()this operation enter an underground        957

settling basin through floor drains and flow to a sand interceptor     958

and then to the municipal  systems; debris and particulate matter are


cleaned out manually.



    The complex also includes a milk plant where 12 - 15 insulated     960

stainless steel, _5,500-gallon capacity tank trucks are cleaned and     961

disinfected daily.  A minimum of  500 gallons of wastewater Is         962

generated per unit.   The disinfectant solution used in this operation  963


amounts  to approximately 600 gallons and  contains  liquid chlorine,      96A


caustic  and wetting agents.   I^t  is  normally recycled  to a  storage      965

tank where it is automatically  regenerated  for further use until       966

completely depleted.  It is then discharged with other wastewater      967

generated  at  this plant.  The total effluent  goes  through  a sediment   968

interceptor and  the p_H is adjusted prior  to discharge into the         969

                                         •^>
municipal  system.



     Effluent  data,  relating to the entire complex  and not  the         971

 trucking operation  alone, obtained by the municipality in September   972


 1973 showed  the following results:
                               VII-37

-------
                             DRAFT
    BOD          120 mg/l                                            976
    COD          281 mg/l                                            977
    TSS          74 mg/l                                             978
    pH          6.84 units                                          979
    _0il  arid grease results obtained from a truck repair and washing    983
facility at a similar terminal owned by the same company but located   984
in central Washington, averages 422.3 mg/l, and 129 mg/l, for gravity  985
oil separator influent and effluent respectively.   This terminal,      986
however, was not visited.
                             VII-38

-------
                           DRAFT
                           SECTION VIII                               5
             COST,  ENERGY,  AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS               7


            Maintenance, Lubrication, Fueling, and Repair              9
    The preponderance  of these facilities discharge their wastewater   13
into municipal sewers.  The general practice is to have floor          14
drainage systems that  include sumps to retain and recover accidental   15
spills.  The observance of  good housekeeping practices along with the  16
sump system will ensure that wastewaters discharged into the sewer     17
are compatible with treatment.  Therefore, the cost of pretreatment    18
for the typical existing and new maintenance, JLubrication, fueling,    19
and repair facility will be zero.

    B.est practicable control technology currently available  (BPCTCA),  21
best available control technology  economically achievable (BACTEA)     22
and new source £erformance  standards  (NSPS), all require the same      23
level of technological control.

    In addition to a sump  or as a  replacement for a sump, BPCTCA       25
requires the installation  £f a manually cleaned gravity oil            26
separator,  many types of  which are on  the market.  The separator      27
always provides for the collection and  removal of sediments, oils,
and greases.  Depending on the  size of  the maintenance and repair      28
facility, the Installed cost  of  one unit  could vary from $1,000  to     29
•v'1,000; operating and maintenance  costs are  minimal.  The power        30
consumption  in  also negligible.   TJie only time  such a unit consumes    31

                               VTII-1

-------
                           DRAFT
energy Is when the separated oil  and  grease are pumped into a slop-    32




oil collection container.






                       External Truck Washing                          35




    Most external truck washing facilities discharge their wastewater  38




into municpal ^systems.  Clpmmon practice  is to pass the wash and rinse  40




water through a sump to remove settleable solids £rior to discharge    41




into sewer.  Pretreatment  consists  of the removal of settleable        42




solids; the costs of pretreatment for existing and new sources are,    43




therefore, zero.







    For those few facilities that do  or  will discharge into surface    45




waters, BPCTCA, BACTEA, and NSPS  all require the same level of        46




control technology — recirculation £f wash and rinse waters.  The     48




technology for achieving recirculation exists, and is being installed




presently in some facilities.   One  of the facilities surveyed was in   50




the process of installing  complete  recycle systems.                    51






    The typical external truck washing facility uses water and         53




generates wastewater at about  the same rate as a small self-service    54




car wash.  For cost purposes,  the typical external wash facility is    55




assumed to utilize a_ total of  about 500  gallons per truck.  The        57




number of trucks washed is assumed  to be 20 per day.   With an average  58




daily flow of 10,000 gallons per  day,  a  package recycle ^ystem would   59




cost about $10,000 installed.
                              VIII-2

-------
                          DRAFT
    T_he recycle  system will typically provide savings on detergents    61

and £n water not purchased.  It will also  provide future savings on    63

sewer surcharges when these become more widely imposed.  These         64

savings, however, will vary depending on the particular

circumstances.   For purposes of discussion, the costs of BPCTCA,       65

BACTEA, and NSPS have been ^stimated under two assumptions:(1) no      66

cost savings on  detergents and water; and  (2) a cost savings on        67

detergents of $0.04 per truck and a cost savings on water not used of  68

$0.30 per 1,000  gallons (makeup equal to 20% of daily flow).  These    69

cost estimates appear in Table 20.
TABLE
Estimated Costs
20
of BPCTCA*


External Truck Washing Facilities
(20 trucks per day 250 days/yr


Investment Costs:
Package recirculation system
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operating and Maintenance
(excluding energy & power)
Knergy and power
Detergent Savings
Water Savings
Total Annual Costs
Cost per truck

generating 10,000

No Savings

$10,000

1 , 000
1,000

800
75
-
-
$ 2,875
$ 0.58

gpd flow)

Savings Included

$10,000

1,000
1,000

800
75
- 200
- 750
$ 1,925
$ 0.39

73
75
76
77
81
82
84
86
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
100
*The total  cost of BACTEA and the total  cost of NSPS are the same as    102
those for BPCTCA.                                                     103

                              VIII-3

-------
                            DRAFT
           Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight             107
                      Truck Interior  Cleaning                         108

         A typical  terminal processes  50  - 60 trucks per day and       112

generates wastewaters at a rate of about  30,000 gallons per day.  A    114

small facility might process only 25 - 30 trucks per day and

discharge 1_5,000  gallons per day of wastewater.                        115


    Best practicable control technology will typically consist of      117

gravity separation followed by bio-oxidation either in ponds or in     118

extended aeration  systems.  The estimated costs of BPCTCA in Table 21   119

assume the installation of a settle-extended aeration unit.  Those     121

facilities with adequate land for aerobic ponding or aerated
lagooning could achieve BPCTCA at a
TABLE
Estimated Costs of BPCTCA^ Dry
considerably lower costs.
21
Freight Terminal Facilities
(25 and 50 trucks per day 250 days/yr generating
15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)

15
Investment Costs:
Gravity Separator
Installed package plant
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Power
Total Annutil Cost
CoHt \>c.r Truck Serviced


,000 gal/day 30,000 gal/day

$ 16,000 $20,000
22,000 30,000
$ 38,000 $50,000

$ 3,050 $ 4,000
3,800 5,000
2,000 2,000
350 450
$ 9,200 $11,450
1.47 0.92

122
127
129
130
131
134
136
138
140
141
142
144
146
147
148
149
150
152
154
                               VIII-4

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                           DRAFT
    BATEA and NSPS for dry freight  terminal facilities require  the     159
_same levels of  effluent quality and technology as BPCTCA.   The         161
incremental costs of BATEA above BPCTCA are zero.  The costs of NSPS   162
are the same as the costs of BPCTCA as shown  in Table 21.
    Pretreatment for existing and new sources consists of gravity     164
separation.  The estimated costs of pretreatment appear in Table 22.   165
                             TABLE 22                               170
Estimated Costs of Pretreatment for Existing and New Sources
Dry Freight Terminal Facilities
(25 and 50 trucks per day 250 days/yr, generating
15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)

Investment Costs:
Gravity separator
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Power
Total Annual Cost
Coot pur truck Mervlc.ed


15,000 gal/day 30,000

$ 16,000 $

1,600
1,600
800
50
$ 4,050 $
0.64


gal/day

20,000

2,000
2,000
1,000
75
5,075
0.40

172
173
174
175
178
180
182
184
186
188
189
190
191
192
194
196
                    Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                      201
     This subcategory has been further  subdivided into:  (1)  dedicated   205
 tank trucks  that must be cleaned after each haul; (2) dedicated  tank   206
                                VIII-5

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 trucks  that need only  infrequent cleaning; and ^3) non-dedicated  tank   207




 trucks  that must be cleaned  frequently.






    Cost estimates have been developed only  for  disptach  terminal      209




 facilities where non-dedicated  tank  trucks requiring  frequent           210




 cleaning are  serviced.  Topically, the wash  and  rinse waters used in    211




 jtreating dedicated tank trucks, whether  they are frequently or          212



 infrequently Cleaned,  will be handled in the same system  that is  used   213




 to treat production process  waters.  The additional costs, if any, of   214




 routing the tank truck cleaning waters,  to _the production facility's    215




 treatment would be difficult to estimate.  In most cases, however, the  216




 costs would probably not be  significant.






    The typical tank truck dispatch  terminal  cleans trucks that carry   218




 a v_ariety of products.  In addition, terminals vary considerably  in     220




 size,  ^n attempt has  been made here to  estimate  the  costs of the      221




 BPCTCA  that ±s basic to any  dispatch terminal.   For those facilities    223




 that receive significant amounts of cyanides  or  chromes, ^separation     224




 of the  waste streams containing these constituents will be necessary.   225




 After treatment for removal  of cyanide,  chrome,  or any other metal      226




 contaminantN, the wmtewaters can be returned to  the  standard waste     227




_treatm«Tit system recommended  under BPCTCA.                              228






    The basic physical-chemical system recommended as meeting BPCTCA    230




requirements for most tank trucks is: equalization and                  232




neutralization,  gravity separation and skimming,  dissolved air          233
                               VIII-6

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                             DRAFT
flotation,  carbon  adsorption, and controlled discharge from a storage
tank or pond.   The system  should be able to recycle the effluent back   234
through the treatment plant  if «i particularly strong waste is          235
introduced.

    Detailed estimates of  the costs of  the basic physical-chemical     237
system that comprises BPCTCA for the  typical tank truck dispatch       238
terminal appear in Table 23.  The  costs have been developed  for a      239
15,000-gallon per day facility and a  30,000-gallon  per day  facility.   240
Terminals  that generate less wastewater than  15,000 gallons  per day    241
will have  to spend practically the same amount  of money  to  achieve     242
BPCTCA as  the  15,000 gallon per day facility.  /Treatment equipment     244
such as  gravity separators, dissolved air flotation units,  and carbon  245
adsorption filters are produced in minimum sizes that are designed  to  246
handle 10,000  or  more gallons per day.

     The basic  BPCTCA costs  in Table  23  do not include the capital or    289
 operating £ost of cyanide destruction  or chrome reduction units that    290
 might be required at £ertain terminal  facilities.  Table 24 has been    292
 developed to show how high  the costs of treatment  could be  should a    293
 terminal be required to have the  capacity to treat 15,000 or 30,000
 gpd for cyanide destruction and/or chrome reduction.  The  1973         295
 capital costs of the two  types of  units would be about  the  same —     295
 ^15,000 for the 15,000 gpd flow and  $20,000  for the  30,000  gpd flow    296
 (20,21).
                                VIII-7

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                              TABLE 23
                               251
                     Estimated Costs of BPCTCA,
        Tank Truck Cleaning Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal
               (18 and 36 trucks per day, 250 days/yr.
        generating 15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)
Investment Costs:

    Equalization and Neutralization
      Tank and Equipment
    Gravity separator
    Dissolved air flotation unit
    Granular carbon filter
    Holding Tank (2 days)
    Piping, valving & containment
Annual Costs:

    Chemicals for neutralization
      coagulation
    Carbon replacement
    Operation and Maintenance
    Sludge handling and disposal
    Power
    Capital
    Depreciation
         Total Annual Cost
         Cost per truck cleaned
                                        15,000 gpd   30,000 gpd
$ 15,000

  12,000
  20,000
   2,800
  35,000
   1,500
 $86,300
 $ 1,200
$ 23,000

  18,000
  25,000
   3,300
  50,000
   2,000
$121,300
$  2,400
1,100
7,000
1,500
2,500
5,000
6,000
$24,300
5.40
2,100
12,000
3,000
4,000
9,000
9,000
$41,500
4.







52
253
254
255
256
258

260

262

264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271

273

275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284

286
    The operating costs in Table 24 are estimated on the basis of 10%  298

of the annual H.OW passing through each of the two specialized         299

treatment units and a unit operating cost (exlusive of capital costs)  300

of $1.50 per 1,000 gallons.
                                VIIT-8

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                          DRAFT
                            TABLE 24                               305
Estimated Costs of BPCTCA
Tank Truck Cleaning Facilities at a Dispatch Terminal
(including cyanide destruction and chrome reductions;
18 and 36 trucks per day, 250 days/yr., generating 15,000
and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)
15
Investment Costs:
BPCTCA system from Table 23
Cyanide destruction equipment
Chrome reduction equipment
Piping, valving, pumps
Equalization tank
Total
Annual Costs:
Annual costs excluding power $
from Table 23
Capital (cyanide and chrome units)
Depreciation (cyanide and chrome
units)
Operation and Maintenance
(cyanide and chrome units)
Power
Total Annual Cost
Cost per Truck Cleaned

,000 gpd

$86,300
15,000
15,000
1,500
1,000
118,800

21,800

3,000
3,000

1,100

2,650
$31,550
7.01

30,000 gpd

$121,300
20,000
20,000
2,000
2,000
165,300

$ 37,500

4,000
4,000

2,200

1^300
$52,000
5.78

307
308
309
310
311
314
316
318
320
321
322
323
324
325
327
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
339
340
    BACTEA and NSPS arc  the same as BPCTCA.  Depending on the waste    346


characteristice of the terminal, total  BACTEA and total NSPS costs     347


will be  the same as those in Table 23 or 24 or somewhere in between.




    Pjretreatment costs could be very low — equalization,             349


neutralization, gravity Reparation being the only pretreatment        350
                             VIII-9

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                            DRAFT
required — or they could be as j>reat as the costs  of BPCTCA in Table  351

23 or 24.  JPretreatment costs for existing and new  sources assuming    352

only gravity separation have been developed in Table 25.              353

                            TABLE 25                               358
Estimated Costs
of Pretreatment

Tank Truck Cleaning Facilities at A Dispatch Terminal;
Existing and New Sources
(18 and 36 trucks per day, 250 days/yr., generating
15,000 and 30,000 gpd flows, respectively)

Investment Costs:

15,000 gpd

Equalization and neutralization $ 3,000
tank and equipment
Gravity separator 12,000
Piping, valving 750

$15,750

30,000 gpd

$5,000
18,000
IjOOO
$24,000
360
361
362
363
364
367
369
371
373
374
375
376
377
Annual Costs:

    Chemicals
    Operation and Maintenance
    Capital
    Depreciation
    Power
        Total Annual Costs
        Cost per truck
12,000
750
$15,750
$ 300
1,000
1,500
1,500
100
$ 4,400
0.98
18,000
IjOOO
$24,000
$ 600
2,000
2,500
2,500
150
$ 7,750
0.86
379

381
382
383
384
385
386
387

390
                            VIII-10

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                           DRAFT

                             SECTION  IX                                5



            BEST PRACTICABLE  CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY              7
                AVAILABLE.  GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS8

    As in the other segments  of the transportation industry,            12

wastewaters are related to unintentional losses of useful products     13

and to cleaning of various areas and equipment.                        14


    Because over-the-road hauling produces no waterborne wastes,       16

except for spills, it is not discussed in this section, nor are        18

passenger terminals because they produce only sanitary wastes; these

ahould be directed to municipal treatment or be processed in           19

accordance with secondary treatment  guidelines.


    The  remaining activities of the  trucking industry are grouped as   22

follows:


    1.   Maintenance,  lubrication, fueling, and repairs;               25

    2.   External  truck washing;                                       26

    3.   Dry freight  terminal  activities and dry  freight truck         27

         interior  cleaning;                                            28

    4.   Tank truck  interior cleaning                                 29

Maintenance. Lubrication,  Fueling,  and Repairs                        32


    These  activities use  very little water,  and most of it is used  to 35

 wauh  down  floors,  to flush away spills and  leaks of oils, and         36

 sometimes  to remove cleaning solvents.

                                                         NOTICE
                                         These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                 IX-1    information in this report arid are subject to change
                                         based upon comments received and furlher internal
                                                      review bf EPA.

-------
                            DRAFT
    JJest practicable control technology Includes the employment of     38

good housekeeping practices ^_o minimize oil and solvent losses.        39

jytoor drainage systems should be provided with sumps and separators    40

capable of retaining all accidental batch losses or of removing, in    41

continuous flow systems, oil and suspended solids.  jShop floors        A3

should be cleaned to the maximum extent possible by dry methods.  The  44

concentrations in any effluent should not exceed an average of 10      45

mg/1 oil.and 30 mg/1 suspended solids.

External Truck Washing                                                 47

    Elxternal truck washing produces oil, suspended solids, and acid    49

or alkaline detergent wastes.  jsince detergents emulsify oil, control  51

technology should include minimization of water flow, gravity          52

separation, emulsion breaking, and flotation and sedimentation;        53

filtration should also be used if necessary.  Since this is a          54

relatively costly process, consideration should first be given to      55

discharging gravity-separated wastewater to publicly-owned systems     56

following pH adjustment and flow equalization.  Otherwise wash and     57

rinse waters should be recirculated to the greatest extent possible    58

after being treated as described above,                                59

    Effluent limitations should be 10 mg/1 average for oil and 30      62

mg/1 average for suspended solids.  pH should be within the range of   63

6.5 to 9.0 units.
                                                         NOTICE
                                         These are tentative n-commenrlations bfised ii],
                                TX-2     "if'Hmation in Jhts report ami ,.r<; suljjwJ to chrtn
                                         based ujx.n comments rw'w.l am! iurlhcr inlc-n
                                                      review by 1:11 ^Y

-------
                           DRAFT
Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight                        67
Truck Interior Cleaning                                                68

    VJastewater from these activities derives from the washing of       72

germinal area floors, containers, and truck interiors.  The waste      74

constituents vary because of the types of materials handled, but,

generally are  amenable ^p municipal treatment.  First consideration   76

should be given to having this done.  If. a company treatment facility  78

is used, it should be designed jfor removal of oil, BOD or COD,         79

suspended solids, and bacteria (from perishable products), and for pH  80

adjustment.


    JJest practicable treatment includes roofing the facilities to      82

minimize the need to treat precipitation runoff and the use of

gravity oil separators, pH adjustment, primary sedimentation,          83

biological treatment, and clarification.  If wastes are highly         85

variable in time or quantity, treatment should jLnclude initial         86

equalization.  Treated wastewaters should be re-used for washing.      87


    Average limits for treated effluent discharges to surface waters   89

are:


    BOI)<5) ms/1                     30                                 93

    Suspended Solids mg/1           30                                 94

    Oil mg/1                        10                                 95

    pH unite                         6.5-9                           96
                                                       NOTICE
                                        fhese are tentative recommendations based upon
                                   3    information in this report and are subject ir> change
                                        based upon comments recew-.d and further internal
                                                     review by EPA.

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                           DRAFT
Tank Truck Interior Cleaning                                           100


    Best practicable wastewater control technology for this activity   102

varies with the range of products cleaned from the tank trucks.  In    104

any case, it requires minimizing water use and segregating

incompatible wastes.


    Dedicated tank trucks that must be cleaned after every trip, s_uch  107

as those used to haul dairy products, fruit juices, other edible

jjroducts and some high purity chemicals, are mainly operated by        108

producers (private carriers).  Cleaning wastes should be handled in    109

treatment systems of either the jshipper or receiver.  JEn general,      111

biological treatment is required.


    Tank trucks dedicated to hauling a particular commodity in the     113

areas of £etroleum products, dry chemicals, cement, fertilizers, or    114

hazardous jsubstances may require only infrequent cleaning if at all.   115

Cleaning wastes from private carrier tanks should be routed to the     116

shipper's treatment system which is designed to handle the wastes      117

from the product manufacturer. The common carrier may dedicate tanks   118

to such commodities to lessen the need for cleaning.  However, when    119

they are cleaned, the wastes are generally combined with those from

lion-dedicated tanks which require frequent cleaning.                   120


    Non-dedicated tank trucks requiring frequent cleaning are those    122

normally operated from common carrier dispatch terminals.  Cleaning    124

wastes are usually complex and highly variable mixtures: they may be

                                                        NOTICE
                                IX-4    These are tentative recommendations based
                                        information in this report and ,re subject to
                                        based upon comments received ;-,•,.; f-.!r|hti
                                                     review by EPA.

-------
                             DRAFT

toxic.  Control technology requires full knowledge of the impact that  125

each  product hauled has on various treatment systems.  This knowledge  127

must be incorporated into the waste control design.


    A_ basic system exemplifying best practicable control technology    129

for a non-dedicated truck dispatch terminal includes  some or all of    130

the following  steps, (depending on raw waste complexity:                131


    1.    recycle  detergent and solvent  cleaning streams;               134

    2.    separate wastes  incompatible with  system  described           135

          below:  such wastes  should be stored,                          136

          individually  if  necessary,  for total  destruction               137

          or for  batch  treatment  (metals, cyanides) prior               138

          to mixing  with wastes  treatable in the following               139

          system.                                                        140

          a.   gravity  separation and skimming;                         141

          b.   equalization with at least two days holding              142

               capacity and perhaps aeration;                            143

          c.   chemical-physical treatment including floe-              144

               culation, coagulation, air-flotation, sedimentation,     145

               sand-filtration;                                          146

          d.   biological treatment such as trickling filter or         147

               extended aeration, or activated  carbon treatment;        148

          e.   clarification;                                           149

          f.   equalization  and holding capability for                  150

               recycling  to  head of  treatment  system, if necessary;     151

                                                        NOTICE
                                 IX-5   These are tentative recomrnend?uior« b.ised upon
                                        information in tbtG repiir'. :;ii.p! \-.<  .'• ' 'o:'' to chnnfjo
                                        based upo.'j •.:uir..Tiei>t<; iv,-"..:. • ••'. :; •-• ;'-••!•• cr internal

-------
                            DRAFT


         g.   granular media filtration, if necessary;                 152


         h.   controlled discharge.                                     153


    Treatment equivalent to the above should result in the following   157


average effluent limitations,  although variations may have to be       158


granted on the basis that such a system is not yet in operation for    159


this activity.




    BOD (5) mg/1              30                                       162


    COD mg/1                 300                                       163


    Suspended Solids mg/1     30                                       164


    Chromium mg/1              0.25                                     165


    Oil mg/1                  10                                       166


    Phenols mg/1               0>1                                     167


    Cyanide mg/1               0.2                                     168


    pH units                   6.5-9.0                               169


    Recycling of the effluent  into the wash-rinse process after this   173


type of treatment may be practical in some installations.              174



General Considerations                                                 176
    _b«8t practicable control  technology may,  in many  caaes, _require     179


consideration of the consolidation of terminals involved  in similar     180


operations, particularly of those where the expense £f  treatment  cuts   181


severely into profits.   In addition,  if treatment  costs appear          182


grossly excessive, relocation Jto sites which have  municipal treatment   183
                                                      NOTICE

                                      These are tentative recommendations based upon

                                      information in this report an;j :;rc si/.:'r;rv; '•.:• chan-^
                                                                           '

-------
                               DRAFT

facilities available should be considered.  The wastes, of course,     185

must be compatible or rendered so by pretreatment.                     186

    If the wastes generated are relatively small in quantity but       188

difficult to treat, it may be possible to transport them to another    189
                                                  ih
industry-owned facility or to a plant specializing in  the disposal of  191

industrial wastes.

    Zest practicable control technology at the terminal includes £ood  194

housekeeping practices.  Uncontaminated runoff should  be kept  out of   195

the treatment system.  Washing and  fueling platforms should be        196

impervious and designed to collect  all wastes and direct them  to  the   197

treatment system.  Residues drained prior to cleaning, steam cleaning  198

concentrates, spent detergents, and spent cleaning solvents should     199

not be directed  to the  treatment  system but  should be  reclaimed,       200

incinerated, or  ^stored  for removal  by an  industrial waste  scavenger.   201

    Care  should  be exercised  in the amount of water used in cleaning.  203

^n general,  if  the average volume exceeds about  900 gallons per       204

_trailer in  tank  cleaning  (including exterior cleaning),  the            205

procedures  used  should  be examined  by  the industry and the regulatory   206

agency  to determine whether excessive  consumption is  occurring.        207
                                                        NOTICE
                                        These are tentative recommendations based uprn
                                        information in this ropor': ,-VK! ar- v'-ie-l to change
                                 IX~'   based \w\ •x>ir.rr.v:v\tr, r> :>.;..•! nr.<\ !.Iri!n.>>- mi^rr-.!
                                                     review by i\V \.

-------
                             DRAFT

 Monitoring Requirements                                                2QQ


     In establishing monitoring requirement guidelines,  the £ermittor   212

 should require and be guided by information on products washed from    213

 tank trucks,  such as a detailed summary of at least one month of       214

 cleaning operations.  The monitoring requirements  should then be       215

 related to the £omplexity of operations.                                216

     Effluent  flow and pH  should be  continuously monitored in  all       219

 cleaning operations;  they should be measured  at the time of sampling

 in others.  In most  cases,  temperature  need not be  monitored.           220

 Monitoring  frequency and  type  of sample  to be  collected  depend on  the   222

 complexity  of  the  operations carried out.  Recommended monitoring  for   223

 effluents containing  only one  class  of products  in  general would be     224

 one  24-hour composite per week £f at least 3 evenly  spaced  (in time)    225
 grabs over  an  operating day.


    At  terminals where cleaning  involves multiple products containing   228

dlfficult-to-treat constituents, the effluent  should be  grab-sampled    229

and analyzed daily for all pertinent constituents.   Oxygen demand may   230

generally be measured as BOD(5), COD, or TOG at the operator's          231

choice.  The one(s) chosen should be maintained.                        232
                                                        NOTICE
                                        These are tentative recommend^! ions based wion
                                        information in this report a:r! ,-,ro :; ;',:rrrf \,, ci,nT;,/;,
                                        /jased (.ipon coinnen^ ;•;•-• ••; -.;,c :;mh-r aif.;(r.-J
                                IX-8                 "

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                           DRAFT

            Summary of Proposed Effluent Limitations for               235

                 Best Practicable Control Technology                   236

    Table 1 In Section II - Recommendations summarizes the proposed    239

effluent loading limitations per unit attainable by the application    240

of best practicable control technology currently available for the

trucking industry.  Maximum daily loadings should not exceed twice     242

the values listed in Table 1.  The limitations should apply to the     243

bulk of the industry.  Specific isolated cases may have wastes of a    244

special nature which should be examined on a case-by-case basis.       245


Sludge Disposal                                                        247


    Sludges generated by waste treatment must be disposed of in a      250

manner which will not degrade  the environment.  Relatively innocuous   251

materials  such as inorganic silt, sewage-type £>ludge ,and  tightly       252

bound metals may be disposed of  in carefully managed(  landfills.        253

Organic materials such as may  be derived from tank  truck  interior      254

Cleaning,  may have to be incinerated  if  they cannot be recycled into   255

useful materials.  Landfill should not be viewed as first choice       256

disposal  for most £f  these materials.                                  257

             Pretreatment  Standards  for  Existing Sources               260

    Pretreatment  of wastewaters  for  acceptance  at publicly-owned       264

treatment systems  should be  considered wherever p_ossible. Many        266

trucking  industry  discharges now go  to municipal systems.
                                                       NOTICE
                                       These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                 IX-9  information in this report and are subject to cbang?
                                       based upon comments rtrcdvsf' and i>,;c:her intern--;!
                                                    .review- by EPA.

-------
    A minimum level of ptetreatment for existing sources should         268

include gravity separation of  oils and solids and the use  of  an         269

equalization and neutralization basin to prevent shock  loadings  of     271

these inaterials and acidic or  alkaline wastes.  In  addition,  in         272

specific cases, particularly with respect to  tank jtruck cleaning       273

operations, potential toxicity problems involving heavy metals (i.e.   274

chromium),  cyanides,  phenols,  etc. may require  control  to conform to   275

the most restrictive of:   (1) local £rdinances  for  discharge to a      276

publicly-owned treatment works;  02) the pretreatment provisions of     277

Section 304(f) of the FWPC Act  (40 CFR 128);   (3)  the provisions  of    278

Section 307(a) with respect to  to~x±c  substances;  or (4) the             279

limitations as set forth  herein for^-best  practicable control            280

 technology currently available.  Credit can/be taken-in those cases     281

where the publicly-owned  treatment p_lanf is committed  by  its permit    282

 to treat for  removal of such  wastes.
                                                            NOTICF
                                            These are tentative recommendations i'^H II;K«'
                                            information in this report and ars juhjccl l« <;t:;»iu;i
                                  IX-10     based upon comments receJwi -inr- Uiriitt-r intern:,
                                                          review o> '.TA.

-------
                          DRAFT

                              SECTION X                                3

     BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE,         5

                     GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS                        7



          $%Maintenance, Fueling, Lubrication and Repairs$%            9

    In addition to the control technology described in Section IX,      12

all areas where these activities are performed should be roofed to     13

minimize or eliminate the need to treat jsrecipitation runoff and all   14

such areas should be cleaned by dry absorbent methods.

    .Proposed effluent loading limitations for these activities         16

resulting from the application of best available control technology    17

economically achievable are listed in Table 2 in Section II -

Recommendations.  I_t is assumed that additional control technology     18

will achieve a 50% reduction of the loading values listed in Table 1   19

(best practicable control).

$%External Truck Washing$%                                             21

    B_est available control technology economically achievable for      23

this activity includes that Described in Section IX for best           24

practicable control technology currently available.  I_n addition, all  25

the washing facilities used should be roofed so that little or no

runoff water has to be treated.  To the maximum extent possible,       27

wastewater should be recycled to hold the use of wash water to an

absolute minimum.  If blowdown discharges are unavoidable,              28
                                                         NOTICE
                                          These are tentative recommendations based upnn
                                          information in this report and are subject to c!>er tv
                                          based upon comments n.-ceiveu a-d hntluv ir^mV

-------
concentrations  of waste constituents in the effluent should not         28

exceed  those  listed in Section _IX.                                      29

    .Proposed  effluent loading limitations that can be attained by       31

applying  the  best available control technology economically             32

achievable  are  listed in Table 2 in Section II - Recommendations.   It   33

is assumed  that additional control requirements will achieve a 50%

reduction of  the loading values listed in Table I (best practicable    34

control).

£%Dry Freight Terminal Activities and Dry Freight$%                     37
j>%Truck Interior Cleaning$%                                             39

    Best  available control technology economically achievable for       42

these activities includes that described in Section IX for best         43

practicable control technology currently available.  Maximum            45

recycling should also be provided so that an absolute minimum of wash

water is  used.   The concentrations of waste constituents in the         46

effluent  should not exceed Jrhose listed in Section IX.                  47

    proposed  effluent loading limitations that can be attained by       49

applying  the  b_est available control technology economically             50

achievable  are  listed in Table 2 in Section II - Recommendations.   I_t   51

is assumed  that additional control requirements will achieve a 50%

reduction of  the loading values listed in Table 1 (best practicable    52

control).
                                                            NOTICE
                                 X-2       These are tentative  recommendations  based ur>on
                                           information in this report and are subject to chant":
                                           based tn>on comments received --Mid f-^ther internal

-------
                              DRAFT

j>%Tank Truck Interior  Cleaning$%                                       54

     Best  available  control  technology economically achievable for      56

tank truck  cleaning wastes £annot be precisely defined at this time,   57

principally because best practicable treatment £urrently available     58

has  not yet been applied.  Therefore in arriving at recommended        59

effluent  limitations for best available control, a judgment has been   60

made that treatment systems will remain the same as those described

for  best practicable treatment but that source control and waste       61

segregation will effect a, large reduction in volume of wastewater and  62

in kinds of materials allowed into the system.

     Best available  control technology economically achievable          64

includes that described in Section IX for best practicable control     65

technology  currently available.  It is likely, however, that control   66

technology  for application in this activity will develop rapidly over  67

the next few years, particularly in the area of jsource control.   Some  69

wastes  that now go  to treatment systems will be diverted to other

methods of  treatment and disposal when reclamation for further use is  70

not feasible.  This will be particularly true of substances known to   71

be exceedingly toxic and hazardous such as the variety of biocidal or  72

pesticidal compounds included in 40 CFR Part 129 under Section 307

(a)<       These should be prevented from entering tank washing         73

treatment  systems.   Water usage per unit of  activity must be limited   74

to an absolute minimum in tank truck Cleaning.   Best practicable        76

treatment  technology as described  in Section IX assumes  no  reduction


                                                        NOTICE
                                        These nre tentative recommendations based
                                  X-3    information in this import and are subject to
                                        based u.jori f.ornmcnts >;< -iv:! .  •! ' ir'!-;-r infernal

-------
                             DRAFT
in the present average water use per tank.   It  is  obvious  in many if   78

not all cases that as much as 50 per cent  reductions  in average use    79

can be economically achieved.  With such reductions,  off-site          80

regional treatment facilities may become practical.

    proposed effluent loading limitations that  can be attained by      82

applying the best available control technology  economically           83

achievable are listed in Table 2 in Section II  - Recommendations.   It 84

is assumed that additional control technology will achieve a 75%

reduction of the loading limits listed in Table 1 (best practicable   85

control).
                                                          NOTICE
                                          These are tentative recommendation* based npr.n
                                   X~4    information in Lhia report and are subject to chan:-
                                          based unon comments r.-iv'.vof! r.vrd further Internal

-------
                          DRAFT
                            SECTION XI                               6

     NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND PRETREATMENT STANDARDS       8



                 New Source Performance Standards                    10

    Performance standards for new sources in the trucking industry     13

should be the  same as beat available control technology economically   14

achievable discussed in Section X.                                    1.5
              Pretreatment Standards  for New Sources                  18

    Pretreatment standards for new sources should be at least          21

equivalent  to  those for existing jsources, as discussed in Section IX.   22
                                                    NOTICE
                                          «i« tentative nTommendation* bawd up-
                                     b;»:iv.
-------
                           DRAFT
                             SECTION  XII                               5
                           ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                             9

    Appreciation is expressed to  various people associated with the    12
trucking industry for their cooperation in providing needed            14
information and assistance in arranging for and during on-site
visits.  _In this regard persons so  cited are:  L. C. Kibbee and L. W.  15
Strawhorn £.f the American Trucking  Assoc., Inc; C. J. Harvison and R.  17
S. Reese, Jr., of the National Tank Truck Carriers, Inc.; T_. Clowe     18
and M. W. Hooper, Robertson Distribution Systems, Inc.; £. R.          19
Anderson, Rice Engineering Co.; W.  A.  Reagan, Jr^, and R. Douglas,
Chemical 1-eaman Tank Lines, Inc.; W.  T. Van Pelt, Sr., Transport       20
Service Co., L. C. Hunt, Boutell  Drivaway Co.; C. E, Cranmer, C. R.    21
Dunford and H. Nicholson, Liquid  Transporters, Inc.; G. H. Secrist     22
and D. Bosen, IML Freight, Inc.;  JF. Zotarelli, Western Gilette Co.;    23
D. Miller, Dale Transport Co.; P. Stanley, E. Smith and W. H. Bryan,
Safeway Stores, Inc.

    Acknowledgment is given to the  Water Resources Committee of the    2.5
Manufacturing Chemists Association, and in particular to H. B.
Brown, Assistant Technical Director,  and  to R. J. Mesler, The Dow      26
Chemical Co., Distribution and Traffic Department for providing        27
information on bulk chemicals shipping, handling and disposal.
Acknowledgment is given also to R.  R.  Rich, Department of Public       28
Works, Vernon, California; H. L.  Schleif, DuBois Chemicals Division;  29
                               XII-1

-------
                           DRAFT
H. S. Elston,  Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc.; T_.  Ivey,  Provost       30
Cartage, Inc.; J.  E.  O'Brien, Matlack, Inc.; 0. G.  Ford,  Ford
Brothers, Inc.; C. P. Wilson and E. Snider, The Carborundum Co.;  A.    31
V. Metzner, Permutit  Corp.; J. MacCrum, Calgon Corp.; J.  W. Moore,     32
Aqua Systems,  Inc.; J_.  S.  Neulight, Metpro Water Treatment Corp.; _the  34
Interstate Commerce Commission, in particular, advisor Ms. M. Loepp    35
for providing reference information on Motor Carriers Regulations,     36
and to E. L. Lehr, Office  of Environmental Affairs, U.S.  Department
of Transportation, _for  providing information on hazardous materials    37
transportation.

    Last but not least,  appreciation  is expressed to the EPA          39
(Cincinnati) Mbrary  staff for  providing  research material, to         40
our secretarial staff for _typing and  preparing this document, and to   41
various members of the  National Field Investigations Center ^_         42
Cincinnati staff who  participated  in  the  initial review of this
document.
                               XII-2

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                           DRAFT
                           SECTION XIII
                            REFERENCES                                7

                         References Cited                             9

1.  Standard Industrial  Classification Manual, Superintendent of       12
    Documents,  pp.  219,  221, 224-226, 1972.                            13

2.  Chemical Engineering, "Transporting, Loading and Unloading         15
    Hazardous Materials," pp 82-84, June 25, 1973.                     16

3.  Water Pollution Control Training Seminar for National Tank Truck   18
    Carriers, Inc., Course Seminar prepared by R. F. Weston, Inc.       19
    May 1973.                                                         20

4.  Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, P.L.       22
    92-500, 92nd Congress, S.2770, October 18, 1972.                   23

5.  Brief Facts About  the Trucking Industry, American Trucking         25
    Assoc. 1973.                                                      26

6.  Interstate Commerce  Commission, Statements NOB. 589 and 6406,       28
    1972.                                                             29

7.  American Trucking  Associations, Inc., American Trucking Trends     31
    1973. ATA,  Washington, D.C.,  1973.                                 32

8.  1973 Motor Truck Facts, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association    34
    of the U. S., Inc.                                                35

9.  Association of American Railroads, Yearbook of Railroad Facts,     37
    1973 Edition. AAR, Washington, D. C., 1973.                        38

10. Air Transport Association  of  America, Air Transport 197^, ATAA,    40
    Washington, D.  C.  1973.                                            41

11. U. S. Army Corps of  Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the          43
    United States,  Calendar Year  1972, Part 5, National Summaries,     44
    Corps of Engineers,  Vicksburg, Miss., 1973.                        45

12. Mooz, W. E., Energy  in the Transportation Sector, Rand             47
    Corporation, 1973.                                                48

13. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol.. 4, pp.    50
    353-354, 1971.                                                     51
                               XIII-1

-------
                            DRAFT
14. Distribution Operations  Manual,  Transporation Equipment Data       53
    Sheets, Vol. II.   The Dow Chemical  Co., Midland, MI 1973           54

15. American Petroleum Institute, Manual  on Disposal of Refinery       56
    Wastes, Volume on Liquid Wastes,  API,  1969.                        57
16. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Development Document        58
    for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source        59
    Performance Standards for Pejjrpleum Refining, U. S. EPA,           60
    Dec. 1973                                                         61

17. Frederick R. Harris, Inc., Port  Collection and  Separation          63
    Facilities for Oily Wastes, Volume  II, General  Technology,         64
    Maritime Administration, NTIS No. COM-73-11069, March 1973.        65

18. Illinois Institute of Technology, Wastevater Treatment             67
    Technology, 2nd Edition, NTIS No. PB216-162, National              68
    Technical Information Service, U. S.  Dept. of Commerce,            69
    Washington, DC, February 1973.                                     70

19. Wood, W. C., Development of a Water Management  Program             72
    for A Tank Truck Washing Terminal,  Presented at the 28th           73
    Annual Industrial Waste  Conference, Purdue University, W.          74
    Lafayette, Ind,,  May 1973.                                        75

20. Associated Water and Air Resources  Engineers, Inc.,                77
    Estimating Water Pollution Control  Costs  from Selected             78
    Manufacturing Industries in the  U.  S.  1973-77,  Part I              79
    Nashville, Tennessee, June 1973,  Appendix B, p. 3.                 80

21. Patterson, J. W.  and R.  A. Minean,  Wastewater Treatment            82
    Technology (2nd Edition), NTIS,  Pub.  No.  PB 216-162,              83
    Feb. 1973, p. 110, p. 55.                                         84
                        References  Not  Cited                           87

Gutzeit, G., Tank Car Wash Water, Industrial  Wastes, March 1959.       90

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report  of  Industrial Investi-    92
gations, ACF Industries. Inc., Shippers Car Line Division, Red House,  93
W. Va. Plant. USEPA, National Field Investigations  Center-Cincinnati,  94
unpublished report, 1972.                                             95

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Proposed  Criteria for Water     97
Quality, Vols. 1 and 2.  USEPA, Washington, DC, October  1973.           98

U. S. Public Health Service,  Drinking Water Standards 1962,            100
                               XIII-2

-------
PHS publication No. 956, U. S. Government Printing Office.             101

Peoples, R. F., P. Krishman, and R. N. Simonsen, Nonbioloeical         103
Treatment of Refinery Wastewater, Journal Water Pollution Control      104
Federation, Vol. 44, No. 11, November 1972.                            105

Code of Federal Regulations 49 Transportation 1000.1, U. S. Govern-    107
ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 1972.                             108

Guidelines for Chemical Plants in the Prevention, Control and Report-  110
ing of Spills, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc., Washington,   111
DC 1972.                                                               112

Water Pollution Causes and Cures, Manufacturing Chemists               114
Association, Washington, DC 1972.                                      115

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxic Pollutant Effluent        117
Standards, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Subchapter D - Water         118
Program (40 CFR 129) December 1973.                                    119

Dixon, Linwood J. and J. M. Thornton, Jr., The Costs of Cleaning       121
Up Pollution, Management Accounting, November 1972.                    122

Clean Air Act. P.L. 91-604, 91st Congress, December 31, 1970.          124

Fisk, Margaret et. al., Encyclopedia of Associations, Gale Research    126
Company, Detroit, MI, 1972.                                            127

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Interscience          129
Publishers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1964.                 130

Laboratory Waste Disposal Manual, Manufacturing Chemists Association,  132
Inc., Washington, DC, Revised, Sept. 1973.                             133

The Chemical Shipper and Pollution Abatement, 18th Annual National     135
Tank Truck Carrier's Middle Management Seminar, Purdue University,     136
Lafayette, Ind. 1972.                                                  137

Engineering Science, Inc., Petrochemical Effluents Treatment           139
Practices. FWPCA Contract No. 14-12-461, February 1970.                140

Aqua Systems Equipment Bulletin, Aqua Systems, Inc., Ft.               142
Lauderdale, Florida                                                    143

JOSAM Portfolio, Josam Manufacturing Co., Michigan City, Ind.          145

Guandolo,  J., Transporation Law, 2nd Edition, 1973.                    147
Wm. C. Brown Co., Publishers, Dubuque, la.                             148
                               XIII-3

-------
                            DRAFT
An Appraisal of the Problem of  the Handling, Transport, and            150
Disposal of Toxic and Other Hazardous Materials. Booz-Allen            151
and Hamilton, Washington,  DC 1970.                                     152

The Fourth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality,      154
September 1973.                                                       155

Preliminary Concept Evaluation,  Water Pollution Abatement Program.     157
Robertson Tank Lines, Inc., Houston, Texas. A Report by R. F. Weston,  158
Inc., 1973.                                                           159

Encyclopedia Britannica, Motor  Transporation, Vol. 15, pp. 938-944,    161
1973.                                                                 162

Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 66,  12455, 1967.                              164

M. L. Burnstein et al., The Cost of Trucking: econometric analysis     166
W. C. Brown Publishing Co., Dubuque, la.  1965.                         167

State Motor Carrier's Handbook,  Western Highway Institute,             169
San Francisco, California  1972                                         170

Modern Bulk Transporter pp 22-28, May 1973.                            172

Chemical and Engineering News,  Industrial Edition, pp 6-7,             174
Feb. 11, 1974.                                                        175

Marketing at A Crossroads, Transportation and Ecology, pp 1-23,        177
published by the American  Trucking Assoc. 1972.                        178

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,          180
13th Edition, 1971.                                                   181

Selected Water Resources Abstracts, U. S. Department of the            183
Interior, Water Resources  Scientific Information Center.               184

1971 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part  23, Water and Atmospheric     186
Analysis, American Society for  Testing and Materials.                  187

National Tank Truck Carrier Directory, 12th Edition, January 1974.     189
                               XT.II-4

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                             SECTION XIV
                              Glossary

     This is a selected list containing key terms likely to be
encountered in treatment technology as described in this document.
Absorption


Acid -
The Act -
Activated Carbon -
Activity  -
Adsorption -
Advanced Waste
Treatment
Aeration -
Aeration Period -
The taking up of one Substance into the
body of another.
11
12

14
15
Most commonly refers to a large class of       17
chemicals having a sour taste with an ability  18
to dissolve certain metals, bases or alkalies  19
to form salts and to turn certain acid-        20
base indicators to their acid form.  Character-  21
ized by the hydrated H(+) ion.                 22

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act        24
Amendments of 1972.                            25

Any form of carbon characterized by high       27
adsorptive capacity for gases and solutes.     28
Activation is usually achieved by heating to   29
high temperatures (800-900°C) with steam or    30
carbon dioxide, which brings about a porous    31
particle structure.                            32

An operation or subcategory, of the trucking    34
segment of the transportation industry.        35

The taking up of one substance upon the surface  37
of or interface zone of another substance.     38

Renovation of used water by biological,        40
chemical or physical methods that are applied  41
to upgrade water quality for specific reuse    42
requirements.  May include more efficient      43
cleanup of a general nature or the removal of  44
components that are inefficiently removed by   45
conventional treatment processes.              46

The operation of adding oxygen to, removing    48
volatile constituents from, or mixing a        49
liquid by intimate contact with air.           50

A theoretical time usually expressed in hours  52
equal to the volume of the tank divided by     53
the volumetric rate of flow.                   54
                               XIV-1

-------
Aerobic -
Aerobic Bacteria -
Alkalinity -
Anaerobic -
Anaerobic Bacteria -
API Separator -
Bacteria -
Best Available -
                             DRAFT
A condition characterized  by  an  excess of      56
dissolved oxygen in the aquatic  environment.   57

Organisms that require dissolved oxygen in the  59
aquatic environment to enable them  to metabolize  60
or grow.                                      61

A term used to represent the  sum of the effects  63
opposite in reaction to acids in water.  Usually  64
due to carbonates, bicarbonates  and hydroxides;  65
also including borates, silicates and phosphates.  66

A condition in which dissolved oxygen is not   68
detectable in the aquatic environment.  Commonly  69
characterized by the formation of reduced  sulfur  70
compounds from the use of bound  oxygen  from    71
sulfates as an hydrogen acceptor.             72

Organisms that can metabolize and grow  In  the    74
absence of dissolved oxygen.   Their oxygen    75
supply is obtained from the bound oxygen such  as  76
in sulfates, carbonates, or other oxygen-containing   77
compounds.                                    78

A basin designed according to specifications of  80
the American Petroleum Institute for the separation   81
of free oil from water.                       82

Primitive organisms having some  of  the  features  84
of plants and animals.  Generally included among   85
the fungi.  Usually do not contain  chlorophyll,  86
hence commonly require preformed organic       87
nutrients among their  foods.  May exist as single  88
cells, groups, filaments, or colonies.         89
Control Technology
Economically Achievable July 1, 1983.
 The water pollution control technology to bp
 achieved by all industrial point sources by
91
92
93
 Best Practicable -
 Control Technology
 Currently Available
 Slowdown -
 Bio-Chemical -
 The water  pollution control technology to be   95
 achieved by all industrial point sources by    96
 July  1, 1977.                                  97

 The wastewater which must be discharged in a   99
 recycle system to prevent excessive buildup of  100
 dissolved  materials.                           101

 Resulting  from the combined activities of bio-  103
 logical and chemical transformations.  Usually  104
                               XIV-2

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Biodegradation -
Biological Processes -
Biology -
BOD -
 BTU  (British  Thermal
 Unit)

 Butterworth Nozzle -
 Catch Basin -
 Cent! -
 Centrigrade -
 Channel -
          «<*r A. •fc.g »4S,  ^
measured in terms of the ensuing chemical changes.  105

The stabilization of wastewater contaminants   107
by biological conversion of pollutants into    108
separable materials at a higher oxidation state.  109

Activities of living organisms to sustain life,  111
growth, and reproduction.  Commonly the processes  112
by which organises degrade complex organic material  113
into simpler substances at a higher oxidation  114
state to obtain energy for life processes and   115
growth of new cell mass.                       116

The science and study of living organisms,     118
characteristics and behavior,                  119

Biological or biochemical oxygen demand.  A    121
test for estimation of wastewater polluting    122
effects  in terms of the  oxygen requirements  for   123
biochemical  stabilization  under  specified  conditions   12'
and  time.                                       125

That  amount  of  heat that will raise  the temperature   127
of one pound of water  one  degree Fahrenheit.   128

A 15"  diameter  brass  nozzle fits on  the end of   130
a hose used  in  cleaning interior of  tank trucks  131
by spraying  in  all directions cleaning solutions  132
under 175 pslg  pressure liquid consumption ranges  133
 from 15-250  gpm for a cleaning cycle that could  134
 range from 4-52 min.                            135

 A chamber, well or other enlargement of a channel,   137
 designed to retain grit and detritus "below  the  138
 point of liquid overflow.                       139

 An expression used to indicate 1/100 of a givon  141
 standard unit i.e., centimeter.                 142

 A temperature measurement scale in which  the   144
 freezing point of pure water at sea level  is   145
 designated  as  0°C and the temperature  of boiling  146
 water is designated as  100°C.  This is more   147
 properly  termed the Celsius  scale.             148

 A natural or artificial waterway which continuously   150
  or periodically contains  flowing water.   A    151
  connecting  link between two  bodies  of  water with 152
  a definite  bed and sidewalls to confine the flov.  153
                                 XIV-3

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Chemistry -
Chlorine -
Chlorination -
Chromium -
Clariflcr -
Coagulant -
COD -
 Combined Sewer  -
 Compound -
A science that deals with the. composition and   155
characteristics of substances and their behavior,  156
i.e., the transformations that they undergo.   157

A greenish yellow gaseous element having strong  159
disinfecting and oxidizifcg properties in water  160
solution.  It is commercially available as com-  161
pressed gas, liquid, or in combined form as a   162
povder.  It is highly toxic and irritating to  163
skin, eyes, and lungs in significant concentrations.  16A

The application of chlorine to water or wastewater  166
for the purposes of disinfection, oxidation, odor  167
control, or other effects.  Pre-chlorination -  168
before treatment; post-chlorination - after    169
treatment; in-process chlorination - during treatment.  171
A heavy metal of several liquid compounds; includes
both trivalent and hexavalent states.          173
.172
A basin or chamber .servir;;; as an enlargement of   175
a channel to reduce flow velocity sufficiently to  17fi
permit separation of settleabJe or float.fib.lM   177
materials from the carrier water (a sedimentation  178
basin).                                        179

A chemical, or chemicals, which when added to   181
water suspensions will cause finely dispersed  182
materials to gather into larger masses of improved  183
filterability, settleability, or drainability.  ISA

A test for the estimation of the contamination  186
of a wastewater in terms of oxygen requirements  187
from a strong chemical oxidant under specified  188
conditions, i.e., dichromate, 50% sulfuric arid  189
and 1A5°C for 2 hours.                         190

A group of bacteria that inhabits the  Intestinal  192
tract of man, warm-blooded  anirnnls, and mny he  193
found in plants,  soil, »lr  and  the aquatic     J94
environment.  Includes aerobic  and  facultative  gram  .191'
negative non-spore forming  bad133  that  ferment   196
lactose with  gas  formation.                    197

A sewer designed  to carry wastewaters  and  storm   199
waters in  the same channel.                     200

A combination of  two  or  more  atoms having  definite   202
physical and  chemical characteristics  ar.d  mutually   ?.03
                                XIV-A

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Concentration -
Contamination -
Control Parameter -
Countercurrent -
Criterion -
(pi. Criteria)

Cubic Foot Per Second
(c.f.s)

Cyanides -



Data -



Debris -

Degrade -

Diesel Oil -


Detention Period  -
Detergent -
                        attracted to each other.
A means of designating the ratio of one substance  206
with 'respect to another, such as 15 mg of suspended  201
solids per liter of water.                     208

A general term referring to the introduction of  210
materials into water that make the water less  211
desirable for its intended use.                21?

A constituent parameter used to measure and limit  214
waste discharges.                              215

A purification or extraction process in which a  217
liquid and a vapor stream or two streams of    218
immiscible liquids are caused to :flow in. opposite  219
directions and past or through one another with  220
intimate contact so that individual substances  223
present are transferred to that stream in which  222
they are more soluble under existing conditions,  22'1

Something which can be measured.  Commonly     225
used as a basis for standards.                 226

A unit of discharge rate such as one cubic foot  228
of gas per second past a given point.          229

All of the CN groups in the cyanide compounds  231
present that can be determined as the cyanide  232
ion; considered in most cases as toxic.        233

Records of observations or measurements of facts,  235
occurrences and conditions in written, graphical  236
or tabular form.                               237

The remains of something broken down or destroyed,  2311

To ruduco the complexity of a  chemical compound.  241

Fuel  for  diesel engines obtained from distillation  2^3
of petroleum.                                  244

The  theoretical time required  to displace  the    246
entire volume of a tank or basin at a given    247
rate  of discharge.  Tank volume - rate of      248
discharge.                                     249

Something used for cleaning.   Commonly consists   251
of soap or surfactant  plus various additives   252
                                XIV-5

-------
Dilution -
Disinfection -
Disposal -
Dissolved -
Dissolved Oxygen
(P.O.)

Ecology -
Efficiency -
 Effluent -
 Element -
 Emulsion -
                                 DRAFT
                        or associated materials.
                                              253
To make thinner or  more  liquid.  Also a ratio,  255
volume or weight of a more  concentrated sample  256
or effluent flow compared  to  that into which it  257
is discharged.                                 258
To make free of infectious  organisms.
                                                                      260
For wastewaters,  this may represent  any method  262
of disposing, but usually involves some degree  263
of degradation and discard in a  nonpollutional  264
manner.                                       265

Those materials dispersed in water in  ionic,   267
atomic, or molecular form; an homogenous mix-  Z6H
ture or solution.                             269

Dissolved molecular oxygen usually expressed in   271
mg DO/1 or percent of saturation.              272

The relation of an organism to its environment;   274
i.e., how is an organism affected by his surround-  275
ings such as air, water, heat, noise,  contamination,   276
etc.                                          277

The ratio of materials out of a process  to those  279
into that process usually expressed  as a percent-  280
age.                                          281

A  liquid or  product water discharged from  a chamber,   283
basin  or other treatment operation.
 Elementarv substance.
 A  liquid  system in which one liquid It. finely
 dispersed  in another liquid in KUC'!I a manner thr..t  289
 the  two win not separate through the action of  290
 gravity alone.                                 291
 End-of-Pipe Treatment -
 Equalization
 Fahrenheit  -
 Treatment  of  overall wastes, as distinguished  293
 from treatment at  individual processing units.  294

 A secondary waste  treatment process that main-  296
 tains uniformity of waste flow and concentration.  297

 A temperature scale in which pure water at sea  2.99
 level has  a freezing point at 32° and the. boiling  300
 point is 212°.                                 301
                               KIV-6

-------
Fats -
Fecal Coliform -
Filter -
Filter Residue -
Filtrate -
Final Settler;
Clarifier
Floatation -
Floe -
Free Oil -

Fueling Platform

Gravity System -


Grease -



Grit -


Grit Collector -
Naturally occurring compounds functioning as   303
storage products in the living organisms.  Consist  304
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the form of fatty  305
acid esters.  Generally semi-solid or oily at normal  30
temperatures.                                  307

A group of organisms belonging to the coliform  309
group and whose presence denotes recent fecal  310
pollution from warm-blooded animals.           311

A porous media through which a liquid may be   313
passed to effect removal of suspended materials.  314
Filter media may include sand, gravel, asbestos  315
fiber, or other granular material.             316

That material which is retained on or in a filter.  318

That liquid which has passed through a filter.  320

A settling basin or chamber for the mixed liquor  32?
following secondary treatment.                 323

A process for separation of solids from clarified  325
liquid that causes particulates to be floated  326
to the surface by means of attached air globules.  327

Gelatinous or amorphous solids formed by chemical,  329
biological or physical agglomeration of fine   330
materials into larger masses that are more readily  331
separated from the liquid.                     332

Oil which floats easily on water.              334

The structure on which fueling devices are located.  336

A system of open or closed conduits in which the  338
liquid flows by gravity (without pumping).     339

A solid or semi-so] id composition made up oi'   341
animal fats, alkali,  water, oil and various    342
additives.     ;                                343

The heavy material in water or sewage such as   345
sand, gravel, cinders, etc.                    346

A device placed in a grit chamber to collect and  348
to convey the more coarse and dense grit particles  349
out of the chamber and permit return of most of the  350
organic or liquid materials.                   351
                               XIV-7

-------
                                    DRAFT
Hardness -
Heal -



Hydrocarbon -

Incineration -

Industrial Waste -



Indicator -
Infiltration -



Influent -

Inorganic -


Interceptor -
Lagoon
Load -
Manhole -
Commonly refers to the chemicals  interfering with  353
soap action or producing scale  in boilers or   354
heating units.  Specifically refers  to  calcium and  355
magnesium salts; sometimes including iron, aluminum,  356
and silica.                                   357

A term used in the tank truck industry  referring  359
to residual products remaining  in the bottom of a  360
tank following unloading.                     361

A compound consisting of carbon and  hydrogen.  363

Destruction of waste constituents by combustion.  365

All wastes streams within a plant.   Included are  367
contact end non-contact waters.  Not included  are  368
wastes typically considered to  be sanitary wastes.  369

May include the color change of a dye,  electronic  37.1
sensor response, or other means of  estimating  the  372
equivalence point of a reaction between two different  373
materials.                                    374

The penetration of water through  the soil from 376
surface precipitation, stream,  or impoundment  377
boundaries.                                   378

That material entering a process  unit or operation.   380

Being composed of material other  than plant or 382
animal materials.                             383

An intercepting sewer designed  to carry the dry   385
weather flow  from a community to  a  treatment plant,   386
but not large enough to carry storm water above   387
some preset ratio to dry weather  flow.   May be .388
used to collect lateral sewer tIOWB.          389

A nature]  or  artificial bantu used  for sloragp.   391
and/or stabilization of wast.ewater  or sludge.   192
Sometimes  used  i'or  indefinite storage for disposal   393
purposes.  Commonly the lagoon depth is greater  than   394
a wadable  depth but not greater than twenty  feet.   395

The load  to a process is that which is contained  in  397
the inflow to that  process.  It may be expressed   398
as hydraulic, oxygen demand, solids, or other  criteria.   3

An opening by which access may be achieved  for  401
                               XIV-8

-------
Mechanical Aeration -
Meter -
Micro -
Microbiology -
Mill! -
Neutralization -
New Source -
New Source Perform- -
ance Standards
Nitrification -
No Discharge of
Pollutants
Odor  Control -
inspection, maintenance, or repair of a sewer,  402
conduit, or other buried structure or appurtenance.  403

Aeration produced by mechanical energy of the   405
turbine, pump, paddle, or other device that imparts  406
an intimate mixture of liquid and air.         407

The length of a reference platinum bar used as a   409
standard unit of measurement of length in the metric  410
system.  1 meter = 39.37 inches.               411

1/1,000,000 of a unit of measurement, such as micro-  413
gram, microliter.                              414

The science and study of microbiological organisms  416
and their behavior.  Commonly related to the study  417
of pathogenic organisms.                       418

1/1000 of a standard unit of weight, length or  420
capacity such as milligram.                    421

A unit of concentration on a weight/volume basis:   423
Milligrams per liter.  Equivalent to ppm when the  424
specific gravity of the liquid is 1.0.         425

The reaction "between hydrogen ion frons an acid  427
and hydroxyl ion from a base to produce a salt  428
and water.                                     429

Any facility, or installation from which there is  431
or may be a discharge of pollutants and whose con-  432
struction is commenced after the publication of  433
the proposed regulations.                      434

Effluent limitations which apply to newly      436
constructed industrial plants.                 437

The biochemical conversion of unoxidized nitrogen  439
(ammonia and organic N) to oxidized nitrogen   440
(usually nitrate).                             441

Ho net increase or detectable gross concentration  443
of any parameter designated as a pollutant to the  444
accuracy that can be determined from the designated  445
analytical method.                             446

In wastewater treatment  this  generally refers to   448
good housekeeping in the plant  and  aeration,   449
 chlorination or  other operations  to prevent  onset  450
                                XIV-9

-------
Oils -
Organic -
Organic Chlorine -
Oxidation -
Oxygen Depletion -
Particulates -
Parts Per Million -
Pathogenic Organisms -
Pesticide -
Petroleum -
of malodorous septicity in the wastewater flow.  451

Liquid fats of animal or vegetable origin.  Oily  453
or waxy mineral oils.                          454

Substances formed as & result of living plant  456
or animal organisms.  Generally contain carbon  457
as a major constituent.                        458

Compounds containing chlorine in combination with  460
carbon, hydrogen and certain other elements.   461

Chemically:  The addition of oxygen, removal of  463
hydrogen, or the removal of electrons from an  464
element or compound.                           465

The loss of oxygen from water or sewage due to  467
biological, chemical or physical action.       468

Pertaining to small suspended solids in a gaseous  470
or liquid media.                               471

A unit of concentration signifying parts of some  473
substance per million parts of dispersing medium.  474
Equivalent numerically to mg/L only when the   475
specific gravity of the solution is 1.0.       476
Bacterial, fungal, viral, or other organisms   478
directly involved with diseases of plant, animals,
or man, are included among this group.         480
                                                                            479
Phenol -
A chemical agent used to destroy animal or plant  482
pests.  This includes insecticides, miticides,  483
nematocides,  rodenticides, algaecides, fungicides  484
and herbicides.       '                        485

A complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and   487
small quantities of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.  488

An index of hydrogen ion activity.  Defined as the  490
negative logarithm (base 10) of H(+) ion con-  491
cetvtration at a given instant.  On a scale of  492
0 to 14 pH 7.0 is neutral, pH less than 7.0 indicates  493
a predominance of H(+) or acid ions; pH greater  494
than 7.0 indicates a predominance of OH(-) or  495
alkaline ions.                                 496

Class of cyclic organic hydroxy derivatives of   498
benzene with basic formula C6HOH               499
                               XIV-10

-------
Physical-Chemical
Treatment
Pneumatic Ejector -
Plant Effluent or
Discharge After
Treatment
Pond -
Precipitate -
Pressure -
Pretreatment -
Primary Treatment -
Process -
Process Effluent -
or Discharge

Primary Clarjfler -
Combination of physical and chemical treatment  501
steps, such as chemical precipitation,  coagulation,  502
and sedimentation.                             503

A device for pumping sludge, sewage, or other  505
liquid by admitting the fluid into a chamber   506
through one check valve and forcing it  out of  507
another by air pressure in the chamber  above the  508
liquid.                                        509

The volume of wastewater discharge from the    511
industrial plant.  In this definition,  any     512
waste treatment device is considered part of   513
the industrial plant.                          514

A basin or catchment used for retention of     516
water for equalization, stabilization,  or      517
other purposes.  Commonly less than five feet  518
in depth.                                      519

The formation of solid particles in a solution, or  521
the solids that settle as a result of chemical  522
or physical action that caused solids suspension  523
from  solution.                                 524

The total load or force acting upon a surface.  526
In hydraulics, the term commonly means pounds per  527
square inch of surface, or kilograms per square cm  528
above atmospheric pressure on site.  (Atmospheric  529
pressure at sea level is about 14.7 pounds per  530
square inch.)                                  531

Treatment proved prior to discharge to a publicly  533
owned treatment works.                         534

Commonly the separation of settleable or floatable  536
materials from carrier water.  Usually preceded  537
by pretreatment such as coarse screens, grit   538
separation, comminution.                       539

A series of operations or actions that lead  to a   541
particular result.  A combination of unit opera-  542
tions that may be assembled and used for a given  543
treatment objective.                           544

The volume of water emerging from a particular  546
use in the plant.                              547

The first unit of waste treatment for solids   549
                               XIV-11

-------
                        removal.
                                               550
Publicly Owned
Treatment Works

Raw Wastewater
(Sewage)

Recirculation -
A treatment plant owned by the public, such as  552
a municipal sewage treatment plant.            553
Reduction  -
Residual Product -
Retention Time -
Salt -
Sanitary Sever -
Saturation -
Scavengers -
Screen -
Secondary Treatment -
Used wastewater prior to treatment,
555
556
The return of effluent to the influent of a    558
process unit to reduce influent concentration,  559
stabilize the system, maintain hydraulic flow.  560
To reprocess, or for other beneficial reasons.  561

To make smaller or to remove from a given amount  563
of material.  In chemistry:  The removal of    564
oxygen, addition of hydrogen, or the addition  565
of electrons to an element or compound.        566

The portion of hauled product remaining in a   568
van after delivery.                            569

The time which would be required in an empty   571
treatment unit for the wastewater flow to fill it.  572

A chemical compound formed as a result of the   574
interaction of an acid and an alkali (base).   575

A sewer designed to receive and to convey house-  577
hold, commercial or industrial wastewater mixtures.  578

Commonly refers to the maximum amount of any   580
material that can be dissolved in water or other  581
liquid at a given temperature and pressure.  For  582
oxygen, this commonly refers to a percentage   583
saturation in terms of the saturation value, such  584
as about 9 mg 0(2)/1 at 20°C.                  585

Organisms that feed habitually upon refuse.  In  587
pollution control this commonly refers to      588
commercial firm specializing in waste disposal.  589

A device with openings, generally havinp, a     591
relatively uniform size, that permit liquid to  592
pass but retain larger particles.  The acrecn  593
may consist of coarse to fine wire.             594
                      \
Processes used to convert dissolved and colloidal  596
materials in wastewater to a form that may be   597
separated from the water.  Commonly consists of  598
                               XIV-12

-------
Sedimentation -
Septic Wastewater
(Sewage)
Settleable Solids -


Settling Basin -



Sewage -

Sewer -
Sewerage Collection
System
Sludge -
Sludge Cake -
Solution -
 Specif1c Grayity-
 (Sp. Gr.)
biodegradation and conversion to cell mass in   599
a separable form with partial oxidation,  such as  600
in activated sludge, trickling filtration, or   601
oxidation ponds.                               602

The process of subsidence and deposition of    604
suspended matter from wastewater by gravity.   605
Also called clarification, settling.           606
                      ;
Wastewater in which available oxygen has been  608
depleted and the reduction of sulfates has begun.  609
A result of anaerobic putrefaction.            610

Includes materials that will settle by gravity  612
under low flow velo'clties.                     613

A natural or engineered enlargement of a channel  615
that reduces velocity sufficiently to permit   616
sedimentation of settleable particulates.      617
See Wastewater.
                       619
A pipe or conduit generally covered for the purposes  621
of conveying wastewaters from the point of origin  622
to a point of treatment or discharge.          623

Comprised of conduits controlled by public     625
agencies to intercept house, commercial or     626
industrial discharges and transport them to a   627
treatment facility or discharge point.         628
Accumulated or concentrated solids from sedi-  630
mentation or  clarification of wastewater.  Contains
varying proportions of solids in wastewater    632
depending upon source, process, and nature.    633

The  solids remaining after dewatering sludge   635
by vacuum, filtration, or sludge drying beds.  636
Usually forkable  or spadable, with a water     637
content of 30 to  80%.  Also may occur on  the   638
boundaries of surface water.                   639
                                                                             631
 An homogenous mixture.
 dissolved material.
A water solution of
641
642
 The weight  of  a material  per  unit volume  in     644
 reference to  the weight of water at maximum     645
 density.  Water at  4°C has a  weight of  1  g per   646
 ml.  The  weight ratio of  any  substance  divided   647
                               XTV-13

-------
Stabilization -
Standard -
Standard Raw Waste
Loads (SRWL)
Standard Methods -
Storm Sewer -
Surfactant -
Surface Waters -
Suspended Solids -
Synergism -
Tertiary Treatment

TOC -
                                  DRAFT
by the weight of water is the specific  gravity.  648

In organic wastes, generally refers  to  oxidation  650
via biochemical pathways and conversion to     651
gaseous or insoluble materials relatively inert  652
to further change.                            653

Something set by authority.   Having  qualities  655
or attributes required by law and  defined by   656
minimum or maximum limits of acceptability  in  657
terms of established criteria or measurable   658
indices.                                      659

Net pollution loading produced per unit of  pro-  661
duction (or raw material)  by a refining process  662
after separation of the separables (STS).      663

Methods of analysis prescribed by  joint action  665
of APHA, ASCE, AWWA, and WPCF.  Methods accepted  666
by authority.                                 667

A sewer which carries storm  water  from  roofs,  669
surface wash and street drainage.              670

A chemical that, when added  to water, will     672
greatly reduce the surface tension of the      673
solution.  The surface active component in  a   674
detergent mixture.                            675

Navigable waters.  The waters of the United   677
States, including the territorial  seas.        678

The concentration of insoluble materials sus-  680
pended or dispersed in waste or used water.    681
Generally expressed in mg/liter on a dry      682
weight basis.  Usually determined  by filtration  683
methods.                                      684

Refers to the action produced when two  or more  686
substances in combination have a greater effect  687
than that produced by the additive effects  of   688
each one separately.                          689
See Advanced Waste Treatment.
691
Total Organic Carbon.   A test  expressing waste-  693
water contaminant concentration  in  terms of    694
the carbon content.                            695
                              XIV-14

-------
Ton-Mile -
Total Solids -
Trade Association -
Trickling Filter -
Unit Operation -
USPHS -
USPHS Drinking Water
Standards
Velocity (Flow) -
Volatile Material -
Volatile Solids -
Waste Discharged -
Unit of. measurement of freight haulage;  equal  697
to hauling one ton of freight one mile.         698

Refers to the solids contained in dissolved and  700
suspended form in water.  Commonly determined  701
on a weight basis by evaporation to dryness.   702
An association of business or industrial
representatives with a common interest.
704
705
A treatment process employing downward flow of  707
wastewater over the surfaces of a rock or grid  708
system with a large void space for upward move-  709
ment of air.  Slime organisms accumulate to    710
effect biological stabilization.               711

A particular kind of a physical change that is  713
repeatedly and frequently encountered as a     714
step in a process such as filtration, aeration,  715
evaporation, mixing, or pumping.               716

United States Public Health Service, Department  718
of Health, Education and Welfare.              719

A list of standards prescribed for potable water  721
acceptable for use on interstate carriers.     722
Deal with sources, protection, and bacterio-   723
logical, biological, chemical and physical     724
criteria—some mandatory, some desired.  Official  725
for municipal use only upon acceptance by      726
State and local authorities.                   727

A rate term expressed in terms of linear move-  729
ment per unit of time.  Commonly expressed in  730
ft. per sec. (English) or cm/sec (Metric).     731

Refers to those chemicals having a vapor pressure  733
low enough to evaporate from water readily at  734
normal temperatures.  With reference to dry solids,  735
the term includes loss in weight upon ignition  736
at 600°C.                                      737

The quantity of solids in water that represents  739
a loss in weight upon ignition at 600°C.       740

The amount (usually expressed as weight) of    742
some residual substance which is suspected or  743
dissolved In the plant effluent after treat-   744
ment if any.                                   745
                               XIV-15

-------
Waste Generated -
Waste Loading -
Wastewater -
Water Pollution -
 Water Quality Criteria
 Water  Quality
 Standards.

 Weir -
 Weir Box -
 Well -
 Yield
                                 DRAFT
The amount (usually expressed as weight) of some  747
residual substance generated by a plant process  748
or the plant as whole and which is suspended   749
or dissolved in water.   This quantity is measured  750
before treatment.                              751

Total amount of pollutant substance, generally  753
expressed as pounds per day.                   754

Refers to the used water of  a community.       756
Generally contaminated by the waste products   757
from household, commercial  or industrial activities.  758
Often contains surface wash,  storm water and   759
infiltrations water.                          760
Anything appearing in water that renders  it
unacceptable in terms of established water
quality standards.  Commonly conditions or
contaminants that interfere with subsequent
beneficial uses of the water.
762
763
764
765
766
 Includes selected analytical measurements with  768
 limits designated to be acceptable or          769
 unacceptable in reference to water quality     770
 standards.                                     771

 Limits set by authority on the basis of water  773
 quality criteria required for beneficial uses.  774

 A device used for surface overflow from a tank,  776
 basin or chamber.  Generally designed to smooth  777
 out discharge flow to minimize turbulence within  778
 the detention basin.  May be used to measure   779
 discharge  flow.                                780

 An enlargement  of the channel upstream of a    782
 weir to reduce  the velocity and turbulence     783
 before  reaching the weir.                      784

 An artificial excavation or shaft that collects  786
 water below ground level.                      787

 The amount or quantity  produced per unit of    789
 raw material.                                  790
                                XIV-16

-------
                          DRAFT
                          CONVERSION TABLE
                       English  To Metric Units
Multiply (English Units)                by             to Obtain (metric Units)

   English Unit	Abbreviation Conversion  Abbreviation Metric Unit
acre
acre
- feet
ac
ac ft
0.405
. 1,233.5
ha
cu m
hectares
cubic meters
British Thermal
  Unit               BTU
British Thermal
  Unit/pound         BTU/lb

cubic feet/minute    cfm
cubic feet/second    cfs
cubic feet           cu ft
cubic feet           cu ft
cubic inches         cu in
degree Fahrenheit    F°
feet          .       ft
gallon               gal
gallon/minute        gpm
horsepower           hp
inches               in
inches of mercury    in Hg
pounds               Ib
million galJons/day  mgd
mile                 mi
pound/square
 inch (gauge)
square feet
square inches
tons (short)

yard                 yd
                 0.252     kg  cal

                 0.555     kg  cal/kg

                 0.028     cu  m/min
                 1.7       cu  m/min
                 0.028     cu  m
                28.32     1
                16.39     cu  cm
             0.555(°F-32)1 °C
                 0.3048    m
                 3.785     1
                 0.0631    I/sec
                 0.7457    kw
                 2.54     cm
                 0.03342   atm
                 0.454     kg
             3,785        cu  m/day
                 1.609     km
psig  (0.06805 psig +1)1   atm
sq ft             0.0929   sq m
sq in             6.452    sq cm
ton               0.907    kg
                  0.9144   m
1 Actual conversion, not a multiplier
       U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
       R-^io-n V, Library
       2.L;J  South Dearborn Street
       Chicago, Illinois  60604
kilogram-calories

kilogram calories/
kilogram
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters
liters
cubic centimeters
degree Centigrade
meters
liters
liters/second
killowatts
centimeters
atmospheres
kilograms
cubic meters/day
kilometer

atmospheres(absolute)
square meters
square centimeters
metric tons (1,000)
kilograms
meters
                               XIV-17
           I'rlritlnij

-------