PB88-170808
Review and Evaluation of the Influence of
Chemicals on the Conductivity of Soil Clays
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
College Station
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH
Feb 88
L
J
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Podd-170bOrf
EPA/600/2-S3/01&
Februarv 198S
REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICALS
ON THE CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL CLAYS
by
K. U. Brown
Texas Agricultural Experiment Scar:on
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77843
Crane Nos. CR 808824-03-0
and CR 811663-01-0
Project Officer
Walter E. Grube, Jr.
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CIXINTIATI, Oil 45268
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Ptetue reoJ Initrvciiori on Itie rereru tr/orc completing.!
I. REPORT NO.
EPA/600/2-8S/01&
13 RECIPIENT S ACCESSION NO
110 £ C 8
4. T'TLE AND SUBT. fLS
REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE CF CHEMICALS ON
THE CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL CLAYS
S REPORT DATE
February 1933
6 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
K. U. BROWN
8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPOR1 NO
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAfc.E ANO ADDRESS
TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77843
13 PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
II COiMTRACT/GR'tN r NO
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANt- ADDRESS
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB.
OFFICE OF f.ESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OH 45268
13 TYPE OF REPORT ANO Pf RIOU CO VC RE O
14 SPONSORING AGENC• CODE
EPA/600/12
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of organic solvents on
compacted soils. Laboratory measurements showed that clay initially dispersed in
water will flocculate as the concentration of organic increases. The hydraulic
conductivity typically increased two or three orders of magnitude at concentrations
above which the clay flocculated. Laboratory conductivity measurements indicated
that elevated gradient? caused a significant decrease in conductivity when the
permeant was water. No significant changes were found however with organic
liquids. The average conductivity of three commercial clays to xylene was
significantly greater than corresponding conductivities to water. In addition, the
conductivities of two of the three commercial clays to both gasoline and kerosene
were also significantly increased. Conductivities measured in the field test cells
confirmed the results obtained in tne laboratory. All three noils exhibited
increased conductivity when exposed to xylene. When exposed to acetone, the soils
underwent an initial decrease in conductivity, as was also seen in the laboratory,
followed by an increase in conductivity. The overall data indicate that permeants
having a dielectric constant below 30 will cause the clay to flocculate, dessicate,
crack, and allow the permeant move rapidly through the larger pores which are
formed.
7.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tim Report/
Unclassified
21 NO OF PAGES
20 SECURITY CLASS fTint pagel
Unclassified
22. PRIV.B
EPA Forai 2220-1 (Ri*. 4-77) PMCVIOUI COITION n OBSOUCTC
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NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that
the contents necessarily reflect tha views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agpncy, nor does mention of trarte names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recotmendation of use.
11
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FOREWORD
Today's rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial
produces and practices frequently carry '-rich then the increased genera-
tion of solid and hazardous wastes. These materials, if improperly
dealt with, can threaten loth public health and the environment.
Abandoned waste sites and accidental releases of toxic and hazardous
substances to the environment also have iirportant environmental and
public health implications. The Hazardous Waste Engineering Research
Laboratory assists in providing an authoritative and defensible
engineering basis for assessing and solving these problems. Its
products support the policies programs, and -emulations of the
Environmental Protection Agency, the permit tint, and other responsi-
bilities or State and local governments and the needs of both large and
smell businesses in handling their wastes responsibly and economically.
This report describes the results of studies of the effects of
organic solvents and ochtr solutions on compacted clay soils using
several chemical and physical techniques. Data collected confirm the
effects of desiccating solvents in increasing the fluid-conducting pore
spaces in such soils.. This leads ts increased hydraulic flow when such
liquids are ponded on the soil surface. These results have helped to
provide a firm basis for the Agency's regulations limiting the types and
amounts of liquids which can be safely contained by a clay-lined
landfill. For further information, please contact Che Land Pollution
Control Division of the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory.
Thomas R. Hauser, Director
Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory
ill
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ABSTRACT
A study was undertaken to ascertain tne effects of organic solvents
en compacted soils. Included were laboratory studies on Che
flocculation of clays in organic solutions; measurements of the basal
spacing of bentonite equilibrated with organic solutions; laboratory
measurements of the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils to water,
acetone, and xylene; an evaluation of the influence of hydraulic
gradient on the hydraulic conductivity to water, acetone, and xylene;
laboratory measurements of the conductivity of commercially available
clays to common petroleum products; field measurements of the
conductivity of compacted soils to waste acetone and xylene; and
micromorphological observations comparing pore space in compacted soils
permeated with water and organic liquids.
Laboratory measurements showed that clay initially dispeised in
water will flocculate as the concentration of organic or salt increases.
Fiocculation occurred at dielectric constants in the range of 30 to 50
for water mLscible organic liquids or at salt conce.it rat ions above 0.1
to 0.5 N for the three tested clays. The hydraulic conductivity
typically increased two or three orders of magnitude at concentrations
above which the clay flocculated. Volume change measurements indicated
that bulk swelling was proportional to the dielectric constant of the
permeanf. Therefore, above certain concentrations, organics appear to
result in flocculation, subsequent shrinkage, and the formation of
cracks through which tl.e tluids may rapidly move.
Laboratory conductivity measurements indicated that elevated
gradients caused a significant decrease in conductivity when the
permedi't was water. No significant changes were found, however, with
permeants other than water. Average conductivity differences between
gradients of 10 and 181 were only 0.38 and 0.22 orders of magnitude for
the kaolinitic and micaceous soils, respectively.
The average conductivity of the three commercial clays to xylene
was significantly greater than corresponding conductivities to water.
In addition, the conductivities of two of the three commercial clays to
both gasoline and kerosene were also significantly increased. All three
soils showed increased conductivity to diesel fuel and motor oil;
however, due to the variability of the results, the increases were not
large enough to be statistically significant.
Conductivities measured in the field test cells confirmed the
trends been in the laboratory. All phree soils exhibited increased
conductivity when exposed to xylene. When exposed to acetone, the soils
iv
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underwent an initial decrease in conductivity, as was also seen in che
laboratory, followed by an increase in conductivity. The entrance of
rainwater through the cap and the resultant decreaie in acetone
concentration could explain the instances when the behavior differed.
The overall data indicate that permeants havinj, a dielectric
constant below 30 will cause the clay to flocculate, desiccate, crack,
and allow the permeant ^ rapidly pass through it.
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CONTENTS
Foreword ill
Abstract iv
Figures vm
Tables xi
Acknowledgement XIIL
i. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 3
3. Recommendations 4
4. Mechanism by Which Organics Affects Soils 5
Introduction 5
Double Layer Theoretical Consideration 5
X-Ray Data 6
Bulk Shrinki.ig-Swelling 8
Materials and Methods 9
Flocculation Study 9
Volume Change 9
d-Spacing 9
Mobility 10
Conductivity Measurements 11
Results and Discussion 11
Volume Changes 11
Flocculation 15
d-Spacing 19
Mobility 22
Conductivity Measurements 22
5. Micromorphological Observations 28
Introduction 28
Materials and Methods 30
Results and Discussion 33
Visual Examination 33
Petrographic Microscopy 35
Epifluorescent Microscopy 35
6. Effects of Petrochemicals and Organic Solvents
on Commercial Clays 39
Introduction 39
Materials and Methods 39
Results and Discussion 41
7. The Influence of Applied Pressure on Hydraulic Conductivity. . 51
Introduction 51
Materials and Methods 51
vi
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Soil 51
Laboratory Procedures 52
Results and Discuss.on 53
r-ermeamecers Disassembled Prior to Completion 55
8. Field Tests 63
Introduce ion 63
Materials and Methods 63
Field Cells 63
Chemical Analysis 68
Xylene in liquid samples 68
Xylene in soil samples 68
Acetone in liquid samples 68
Acetone in soil samples 68
Results and Discussions 69
Field Cells 69
Xylene 69
Acetone 74
Chemical Concentrations 78
Density 82
Comparison of Laboratory and Field Data 89
Suggestions for Improvement 91
Gundle Samples 91
References 93
Appendices
A. Conductivity of compacted soils to selected concentrations
of acetone, ethanol, and NaCl 97
B. Average conductivity of commercial clay mixtures to acetone
and petroleum products 105
C. Average conductivity data from laboratory permeameters. . . . 124
D. Xylene content of ijachate from laboratory permeameters . . . 169
G. Average conductivity data from field cells 174
F. Chemical concentrations of leachate from field cells 185
G. Chemical concentrations in soil samples from field cells. . . 193
H. Average conductivity of compacted soils to waste used in
field cells 202
vii
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Basal spacing of calcium montmori.lloni.ee equilibrated
with water dilutions of acetone, methanol, ethanol,
and n propanol as a function of dielectric constant.
(After Brindley ££ £K, 1969) 7
2 Percent swelling of the three soils used in the present
experiment equilibrated with acetone, xylene, and water
plotted as a function of dielectric constant 13
3 Percent swelling of the Lhree soils equilibrated with
acetone, xylene, and water plotted as a function of
dielectric constant (After Green e_t a_l., 1983). . . 14
4 Basal spacit.g cf calcium montmonllonit ic equilibrated
with water dilutions of acetone. (After Brindley
et aK, 1969) 16
5 Swelling (cm g ) of Urrbrae B soil in various organic
solvents as a function of dielectric constant.
(After Murray and Quirk, 1982) 17
6 Change in relative clay concentration measured in solutions
of various dielectric constants and salt strengths ... 18
7 Basal spacing of bentonite clay equilibrated with acetone
solutions of various concentrations -and dielectric
constants 20
8 2-sal spacing of bentonite clay equilibrated with ethanol
solutions of various concentrations and dielectric
constants 21
9 Electrophoretic mobility of three clays in water acetone arid
water ethanol solutions as a function of dielectric
constants 23
10 Zeta potential of three clays in water acetone and water
ethanol solutions as a function ot dielectric
constants 24
viii
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Number Page
11 Aveiage conductivity of compacted soils as a function of
dielectric constant and sal1: strength 25
12 Schematic diagram of vacuum impregnation apparatus used
to impregnate soil samples for laicromorphological
analysis A
13 Conductivity of three soils to acetone 42
14 Conductivity of three soils to xylene 44
15 Conductivity of three soils to gasoline 45
16 Conductivity of three soils to kerosine <*7
17 Conductivity of three soils to diesel fuel 48
18 Conductivity of three soils to motor oil 49
19 Conductivity of nonsaturated soil containing kaolinitic
clay to acetone as a function of pore volume at a
hydraulf gradient of 31 57
20 Conductivity of nonsaturated soil containing bentonitic
clay to acetone as a function of pore volume at a
hydraulic gradient of 91 59
21 Conductivity of nonsaturated soil containing bentonitic
clay to acetone as a function of pore volume at a
hydraulic gradient of 181 60
22 Cmductivity of presaturated soil containing bentonitic
clay to acetone as a function of pore volume at a
hydraulic gradient of 91 61
23 Conductivity of presaturated soil containing bentonitic
clcy to xylene as a function of pore volume at a
hydraulic gradient of 91 62
24 Schematic diagram of a field cell 64
25 Construction diagrams for concrete test cells 65
26 Design specifications for 100 mil HOPE linings 67
27 Conductivity and breakthrough curves for compacted
kaolinitic soil liners in the field cells containing
xylene 71
ix
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Number Page
28 Corducti.vi.Ly and breakthrough curves for compacted
micaceous soil liners in Che field cells containing
xylene 73
29 Conductivity and breakthrough curve3 for compacted
bentoniti- soil liners in the field cells containing
xylene 75
30 Conductivity and breakthrough curves for compacted
kaolinitic soil liners in the field cells containing
acetone 76
31 Conductivity and breakthrough curves for compacted
micaceous soil liners in the field cells containing
acetone 77
32 Conductivity and breakthrough curves for compacted
micaceous soil liners in the field cells containing
a:etone 79
33 Conductivity anH breakthrough curves for compacted
bentonitic soil liners in the field cells containing
acetone 80
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Phys.cal properties of Che three soils blended
for ase 12
2 Meat) swelling on shrinkage of compacted boils
containing kaolinitic, micaceous, or bentonitc
clays wnen exposed to organic solvents ar.d
water 15
3 Dielectric constants at which the apparent clay concen-
trations reached 0.5 the d-spacing dropped below
1.8 nm, the electiophorctic mobility was midway
between zero and tne plateau, and the zeta potential
was midway between zero and the plateau1 26
4 Total and effective porosity of all three soils
permeated with water, acetone, and xylene in
laboratory 36
5 Number of different size voids per cm in each of the
three soils permeated with water, acetone, and xylene
in laboratory 37
6 Average effective pore space expressed as percent of
total soil volume for each of the three soils
permeatpd with water, acetone, and xylene in
laboratory 28
7 Physical and chemical properties of the three soils 40
8 Physical and chemical properties of per meant a 41
9 Mean conductivity of soil to each fluid tested 43
10 Physical properties of the three clay soils blended for
use 52
11 Chemical properties of three blended clay soils 53
12 Engineering properties of the three blended clay soils. ... 53
xi
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Number Page
13 Average final permeability of soils Co acetone and xylene
ac different hydraulic gradients 54
14 Data and observations of permeameters disassembled before
breakthrough 56
15 Construction materials and specifications for field cells. . 66
16 Date waace was added to and removed from the waste cells,
average thickness of clay liners and depth of waste
which leaked from the HOPE liner 70
17 Average number of r'ays between the date of waste
application and time leachate appeared 71
IS Concentration of xylene in rag kg in soil samples from
from a typical cell of the three different clay soil
liners 81
19 Xylene content in mg kg of dyed and uudyed surfaces
(1 mm thick soil fragment surface) of clay soil
liners 82
20 Concentration of acetone in percent in soil samples from
a typical cell of the three different clay soil
liners 83
21 Acetone conten: in percent of dyed and undyed surfaces
(1 mm thick soil fragment surface) of clay soil
liners 84
22 Average raoiscure density and compaction of Che
kaolinicic clay liners 85
23 Average moisture density and compaction of the -ica
clay liners 86
24 Average moisture density and compaction of the 30 cm
chick mica clay liners 87
25 Ave-age moisture density and compaction of Che
be'.conitic clay liners 88
26 Conductivity of three soils to water, pure chemical, and
wastes in both laboraCory and field cells 90
27 Placement of Cundle samples in field test cells 92
xii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like co ark.iovledge Che continued interest and
support of Dr. Walter Grube who served as Project Officer for the
present project. Dr. Mike Roulier, Mr. Carlton Wiles, and Mr. Robert
Landreth also deserve credit for assisting in the development of this
research area and for many valuable discussions and exchanges during
Lhis and our earlier related projects.
Thanks is also due to Andy Bruechner, Hector Lopez, Randall
Kippenbrock, Alicia Gill, Pamela Antilley, Wendy Leavens and Peggy Saenz
for their assistance in conducting the research described here. We
would finally like to express our appreciation to Nora Sai for typing
this manuscript.
xiii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Large volumes of wastes have been and will continue to be disposed
of ir. landfills. In addition to landfills, large amounts of liquid
wastes are stored in pits, ponds, and lagoons. There are numerous
reports of groundwater contamination from leaking landfills and impound-
ments. As a result of this, many states and later the federal govern-
ment required all hazardous waste impoundments to have a clay liner to
retard leachate migration to Lhe groundwater. Acceptable clay Hners
were to be compacted and have a peraeability to water of 1 x 10 or
less. Despite this effort to prevent environmental damage, reports
continued to appear that documented the leaking of concentrated organics
from "state of the art" clay lined facilities. One typical case study
was described by Daniels (1985) in which a surface impoundment over-
laying 15 m of clay with an initial conductivity of 1 x 10 to 1 x
10 cm sec leaked contaminants into the groundwater. LaOoratory
and field conductivity measurements made after the leakage was
discovered shewed the. conductivity to average 2 x 10 (lab) and 1 x
10 (field) cm sec . The conductivity differences were attributed
to seepage paths such as cracks and root holes.
A laboratory study revealed that compacted clays undergo large
increases in conductivity when permeated with organic solvents (Brown
and Anderson, 1983); however, this study left numerous questions
unanswered. Do admixed clays behave the same as the native clays used
in the 1983 study? Do clay? behave the same in the field as predicted
by the fixed wall permeameters used by Brown and Anderson (1983)? What
is the effect of dilute organics on the conductivity of clay soils? How
did the elevated hydraulic gradients used by Brown and Anderson (1983)
affect the measurements? What is the effect of common petroleum
products on clay conductivity? If the observed data of Brown and
Anderson (1983) is correct, what is the mechanism by which the increased
conductivity occurred?
The present study was initiated to provide additional data on the
influence of pressure on obtained results, to study the effect of
dilutions on the permeability of clay liners, to provide field
verification of laboratory results, and to develop a mechanistic
explanation for the observed data.
While the laws have changed substantially since this project began,
the data are still significant and will be of use in describing what has
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happened and is likely to happen Co many previously installed landfills
and impoundments. In addition, the data may help to predict the
possible movement of organic wastes that have been injected into deep
underground strata and those that are spilled on the surface.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
1. Exposure of compacted clay soils Co concentrated organic solvents
results in desiccation of the clay and resultant increased
hydraulic conductivity due to the passage of fluids through cracks
and channels.
2. The effect ?f solvents on the conductivity of soils is dependent on
the dielectric constant of the fluid. Solutions with a dielectric
constant greater Char. 30 to 40 will behave much like water, while
permeants with dielectric constants less than 30 to 40 will act
similarly to the concentrated permeant.
3. Concentrated organic solvents, particularly acetone and xylene,
will drastically increase the conductivity of compacted soils
regardless of their mineralogies.
4. Commonly useu t/etiulcum products including gasoline, kerosene,
diesel fuel, and motor oil permeate compacted soils one to four
orders of magnitude faster than water.
5. The use of elevated pressure to measure the hydraulic conductivity
in fixed wall permeameters did cause a significant decrease when
water was the perueant; however, no significant effect was observed
when other permeants were used.
6. Conductivities of field cells permeated with waste acetone and
xylene followed the same patterns and showed similar increases as
the laboratory measurements using fixed wall permeameters.
7. Micromorphological measurements and photographs indicated that
compacted soils permeated with acetone and xylene contained larger
and more continuous pores.
8. Many of the flexible membranes used in the field study leaked.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Concentrated organic solvents should not be placed in clay lined
impoundments.
2. Concentrated petroleum products should not be placed in clay linc-d
impoundments.
3. All clay lined impoundments need to be tested to assure their
compatabi 11ty with the materials t>- be contained.
4. Monitoring efforts should be directed toward clay lined facilities
in which organic liquids have b3i>r> d: >poseJ of in the past.
5. All flexible membrane liners snould be water tented for possible
leaks before use.
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SECTION 4
MECHANISM BY WHICH ORGAMJS AFFECT SOILS
INTRODUCTION
Previously reported research (Anderson e_t al., 1985; Brown and
Ihotnas, 1985; Green e_t a_l. , 1983; and Brown i .\A Thomas, 1984) have
indicated that certain organic liquids can rapi ily penetrate compacted
clay liters. Understanding the mechanism by which this phenomp-.tcn
occurs is important cor extrapolating the present data base to other
chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, or other clays that "light be
candidates for use in soil lined retention facilities.
There are several levels at which one might seek mechanistic
explanations for the observed impact of organic chemicals on the
hydraulic conductivity of soils. These include a theoretical
consideration of the influence of organic chemicals or. the thickness of
the double layer, the basal spacing of smectitic clays observed by x-ray
techniques, the flocculation-dispersion state of clay minerals, and the
bulk shrinicing-swelling response of clay soils. Evidence on each will
be considered in turn.
Double Layer Theoretical Consideration
Double layer theory suggests that the spacing between clay layers
should increase as the dielectric constant (D) and the temperature (T)
increases and decrease as the concentration of electrolyte in the
solution (ti), the ionic change (e) and the valence of the primary ion
(V) increase, as suggested by Mitchell (1976) where K is the Boltzman
constant:
DKT
8nn e2 V2
This relationship suggests that if all other things are held
constant, a decrease in the dielectric constant should cause a decrease
in the basal spacing of primary particles. Since many common organic and
inorganic chemicals have dielectric constants lower than water, they
would be expected to cause clays to shrink (Maryott and Smith, 1951).
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Other factors that may influence the spacing include the size of
the hydration shell around the primary ion and the pH. The system is
complex and not fully understood; therefore, the above proportionality
may not hold for all conditions. The zeta ( X ) potential of Che system
may possibly be more directly related to the spacing than the dielectric
constant:, but sufficient data is no: yet available to demonstrate this
possibility.
X-Ray Data
The interlayer spacing of Ca saturated montmorillonite is known to
be affected by the dielectric constant of the immersion fluid (Brindley
e_t al.. 1969). Several researchers have reported tnat dilute
solutions of certain organic chemicals in water result in an increase in
basal spacing over that in pure water. More data is available on
acetone dilutions than on any other organic. The data of Brindley e_t
al. (1969) plotted on F'gure 1 is typical of the available data.
Dilute solutions with dielectric constants between 60 ar.d that of water
caused swelling in excess of 2.7 nm. Only very low concentrations of
acetone are evidently required to cause swelling, but no threshold
concentrations have been reported. Thus, the line for acetone (Figure
1) is dashed, since its exact location is not known. Similar data on the
swelling of clays exposed to dilute acetone are reported by MacEwan
(1948).
Less swelling occurs for calcium montmorillonite with n propanol,
ethanol, and a small amount with methanol, as seen in Figure 1. An
explanation as to why dilute concentrations of certain organic chemicals
cause the increases in basal spacings must be based on something other
than the double layer, which predicts that the spacing should be
proportional to the square root ot the dielectric constant. Mackor
(1951) suggests that it may be caused by the adsoprtion of a
monomolecular film of acetone on the surface, which in turn influences
the x potential. Acetone is known to form double-layer complexes with
clay minerals (Glaeser, 1948). The adsorption mechanism has been
reported by Bykov ejt al. (1974) to be hydrogen bonding between the
OH group on the surfaca and the carbaryl group of the acetone. At low
concentrations, the acetone-water structure surrounding the clay may
possibly occupy more volume than the displaced water, thereby causing
the basal spacing to increase. In dehydrated systems, the acetone can
bond directly to the surface (Parfir'- and Mortland, 1968), which should
result in a decrease in the basal spacing since the water layers are no
longer present.
Brindley e_t_ jl. (1969) reported on a study of the impact of the
dilution of a group of organic chemicals on the basal spacing of a
calcium montmorillonite. They plotted their spacing as a function of
mole percent of the organic of interest. For all eight organic
chemicals they studied, they found abrupt decreases in basal spacing at
a different mole fraction for each chemical. Their data (Brindley e_t
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2.8 n
o
o
2.6-
2.4 H
~ 2.2-
2.0-
1.8-
o METHANOL
o ETHANOI
A N PROPANOL
* ACETONE ,^
1.6
10 20 30 40 5O 60 70 80
DIELECTRJC CONSTANT
Figure 1. Basal spacing of calcium raontmorillonite equilibrated with
water dilutions of ace Cone, methanol, ethanol and n prtvanol
as a function of dielectric constant. (After Brindley e_c al. ,
1969).
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al., 1969) on dilutions of acetone, methanol, ethaaol, and n propanol
was replotted as a function of the dielectric constants of their
dilutions to determine if there was a unique dielectric constant
associated with the abrupt changes in observed spacing. Tne results
shown in Figure i indicate abrupt changes in spacing for acetone,
methanol, ethanol, and n propanol at dielectric constants of about 23,
47.5, 44, and 65, respectively. There is, thus, apparently no unique
dielectric constant for the clay they tested at which the basal spacing
changes. This indicates that factors other than or in addition to the
dielectric constant are important in regulating the phenomena.
Evidence on tne influence of dielectric constant on the basal
spacing of calcium montmor11loni te was also presented by Hurray and
Quirk (1982). They plotted data from several sources relating snacing
to the dielectric constant of a group of nineteen chemcials. Although
there are a few spurious results, their data suggest that the spacing is
least at low dielectric constants and increases to values similar to
those for water and chemicals with dielectric constants greater than 40.
Thus, there is ample evidence which confirms the theoretical suggestion
that organic chemicals with dielectric constants lower than water should
cause the basal spacing of clays to decrease. While x-ray data can only
be used to document interlayer spacing of smetitic clay, it is the
double-layer theory that suggests that spacing between adjacent
particles of sraectitic and other minerals will likely be smaller when
chemicals with low dielectric constants replace water on the mineral
surfaces.
Bulk Shrinking-Swelling
Physical swelling of illitic clays has been shown to be linearly
correlated with the bulk static dielectric constant of the solvent
(Murray and Quirk, 1982). Green e_t al. (1983) found a similar linear
relationship between swelling of two kaolinitic soils and the dielectric
constant of the solvent.
All the soils on which data are available appear to be subject to
increased conductivity when exposed to concentrated organics, although
the "active clays", i.e., bentonite, etc., are most affected by changes
in soil pore fluid (Acar and Seals, 1984). Decreases in the dielectric
constants of the pore fluid are postulated to decrease the thickness of
the diffuse double layer, thereby causing shrinkage which results in the
formation of cracks or channels that allow increases in conductivity.
Thus, the literature contains data which strongly indicates a
potential relationship between solvent dielectric constant, basal
spacing of smectitic minerals, bulk volume change, and conductivity. The
objective of this study was to document the behavior of three clays when
exposed to solutions with a range of dielectric constants.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Flocculacion Study
Three clays, a predominantly kaolinite, a mica, and a bentonite,
were selected for use in this study. Twenty-two g of each clay was
dispersed by mixing with 50 ml of 0.05 M Na^P 0-.10H 0 and 500
ml of water in a mixer at high speed for 5 rain. (Day, 1965). The slurry
was then air dried and pulverized in a mortar and pestle. The dried
clay was mixed with approximately 250 ml of the desired acetone,
ethanol, or NaCl solution in a blender (explosion proof laboratory) at
high speed for 5 mm. This suspension was then transferred to a
hydrometer jar and brought to 1130 ml with the liquid being tested. The
jar was covered to prevent evaporation and equilibrated overnight in a
water bath at 30°C. The following day, solutions were stirred, and 25
ml samples were pipetted from a depth of 10 cm after settling for 6.25
hr. The clay content was calculated from these measurements. The
relative clay content (C/Co) in each solution was calculated by dividing
the clay content measured in the solution by the clay content measured
in water. Dielectric constants of the solutions were estimated by
linear extrapolation between dielectric constants of the pure liquids.
Tests were conducted using solutions containing 0, 50, 60, 70, 80,
and 1007: by volume acetone and 0, 20, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100Z by
volume ethanol. In addition, solutions 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15,
0.20, 0.25. 0.30. 0.50, 0.65. 0.75. and 1.0 N NaCl were used. All tests
were replicated three times.
Volume Change
Three replications of all three clay soils were packed into volume
change apparatus (Soil Test C-290) and exposed to xylene and acetoiie.
Free liquid, approximately 2 cm deep, was applied to the surface and
allowed to infiltrate by gravity. Permeant additions were made as
needed to maintain a free liquid surface. Measurements of vertical
swelling were nade and converted to a percentage of the original soil
volume.
d-Spacing
Using the pipette method of particle size analysis (Day 1965) the
clay fraction of the bentonite soil was isolated, air dried, and ground
in a mortar and pestle. Clay slurries were made using solutions
containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 percent by volume ethanol and 0,
2, 5, 50, 60, 80, and 100 percent by volume acetone. Each slurry was
equilibrated for two days before analysis. One to 2 ml of the slurry to
be analyzed was vacuum filtered through a porous tile slide using the
procedure of Staricey, e_t a_l (1984) to orient the clay particles on
the basal configuration (001). To prevent significant evaporation of
the organios during orientation, additions of the respective ethanol or
-------
acetone solutions were made as needed. The tile slide was removed and
placed in che x-ray chamber which had been sealed with clear mylar.
Additional pads moistened with the appropriate solutions were placed in
Che chamber just beneath the slide to minimize evaporation during
analysis. The sample was equilibrated three mm. in the chamber before
analyses. A Philips Electronic Instrument Model XRG 3000 was used.
When a slide was too wet to give sufficient peak resolution, it was
removed and exposed for one minute to a high intensity hjat lamp and the
analysis was repeated. This served to remove some of the free standing
liquid which interfered with analysis but did not heat tne clay
sufficiently to remove the adsorbed liquid.
Mobility
The pipette technique for particle size analyses (Day, 1965) was
used to separate the clay fraction of each of the soils. The clay
fractions were air dried and ground in a mortar and pestle. Two series
of dilutions were made containing 0, 10, 20, 50, 65, 80, and 100 percent
by volume of acetone a".J ethanol. Clay was added to each solution at the
rate of 500 mg L and equilibrated for two days. Preliminary studies
showed that eiectrophoretic mobility was independent of the clay
concentration in the range of 100 to 1000 mg L
Movement of individual clay particles under an applied electric
field was measured using an instrument similar to tnac described by
Riddick (1961). A 0.03 x 0.3 mm square glass capillary tube was
suspended between two glass reservoirs. A stainless steel electrode was
placed in each reservoir and connected to a direct current power supply
adjusted to provide an output of 30 volts. The apparatus was placed on
Che stage of a Zeiss binocular microscope and viewed under 200x
magnification. The microscope was equipped with a calibrated occular,
and measurements were made of the time required for a particle to travel
0.5 mm. Movement of ten particles in each of three replications in each
solution concentration were made.. Electrophoret ic mobility was
calculated as urn sec per V cm . The zet* potential was then
calculated by:
(E . E )
o
where Z = zeta potential
u » eiectrophoret ic mobility
E = dielectric constant
E = permittivity of free space (8.85 x 10~ C /N m )
n = viscosity
10
-------
Solution viscosities and densities were measured, and dielectric
constants were estimated by lineai interpolation between those of the
pure liquids, as suggested by the data of Mashni e_t_ al. (1983).
Conductivity Measurements
Clay-sand admixtures that had hydraulic conductivities to water of
less than 1 x 10~ cm sec were made using each of the clays.
Physical characteristics f the soils, are given in Table 1. The.-.e wer.'
compacted in fixed wall permearaeters, and the procedures ot Anderson
e£ al. (1982) were used to determine conductivities. Three
replications of each soil were exposed to solutions of 0, 60, 80, and
100* ethanol; 0, 60, 80, and 1002 acetone; and 0.10, 0.20, aiyl 0.30 N
NaCl. Ml tests were conducted at a h'uraulic grjdient of 181. Leachate
volume was measured for determination of the hydraulic conductivity by
means of Che following equation:
ATH
where: V = volume of leachate (cm") _
A =• cross sectional area of the permeameter (cm )
T » time (sec)
H « hydraulic gradient calculated as the hydraulic head
in cm of water plus the length of the soil core
divided by the length of the soil cure.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Volume Changes
Within a given soil, the volume change was directly proportional to
Che solvsit dielectric constants (Table ?). Soils swelled least when
exposed Co xylene (dielectric constant of 2.4) and greatest when exposed
Co wate- (dielectric constant of 78). The kaolinitic KOI! swelled Che
lease amount, the micaceous soil swell was intermediate, while Che
bentonitic soil exhibited the greatest amount of swell. The greater
swelling of Che bentonitic clay in likely due primari!" to Che increased
basal d-spacing, while voluine changes in the other soils can only be due
Co changes in spacing betwen particles.
Regression analyses of Che data show the bentonitic soil Co have a
much steeper slope and higher correlation coefficient than that of the
oCher two soils (Figure 2). These daca are in general agreement with
those of Green e_t_ al. (1983), which is plotted in Figure 3. As both
of these sets of data contain chemicals wicn dielectric constants ntar
2, 20, and 78 and Che regression coefficients are large, one could be
led Co Che conclusion that the relationship is nearly linear. This is
not likely, however, when one considers the more abrupt changes in
11
-------
TABLt 1. I'HYS'CAL PROPERTIES OF THE THREE SOILS. BLE.NUKU K)R USE
Clay
Kaolin i te
Mica
Bentoni te
USDA
!<.*
-------
4O-,
30-
*
%^
O
CO
20-
10-
0-
-2
o BENTONITE
• KAOLINPTE
X MICA
MICA
-—X-
KAOLINITE
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
Figure 2. Percent swelling of the three soils used in the present
experiment equilibrated with acetone, xylene, and water
plotted as a function of dielectric constant.
13
-------
15-,
^ 10
*
5-
x KOSSE
• RANGER SHALE
o FIRE CLAY
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
Figure 3. Percent swelling of three soils equilibrated with acetons,
xylene and water plotted as a function of dielectric
constant. (After Green et al., 1983).
-------
TABLE 2. MEAN SWELLING ON SHRINKAGE OF COMPACTED SOILS
CONTAINING KAOLINITIC, MICACEOUS OR BENTONITIC
CLAYS WHEN EXPOSED TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND WATER
Fliud
Acetone
Xyiene
Water
Dielecr ric
Constant
2U.7
2.4
/8.0
Soil
Kaol mite
1.8
-0.4
1.9
Z Volume
Mica
3.2
1.9
4.7
Change
Bentonite
8.0
0.3
39.7
basal spacing exhibited in the x-ray analyses of the smectitic minerals
shown in Figure 4. Swelling data collected by Murray and Quirk (1982) on
nineteen chemicals with a more complete set of dielectric constants is
summarized in Figure 5. They also chcse to describe the relationship
with the dashed line shown in the figure. The solid line which
represents an eyeball fit, however, suggests that there is a raora abrupt
change in the volume dielectric constant relationship, with the volume
change occurring near a dielectric constant of 40.
The x-ray data shown in Figure 1 suggests that an abrupt change in
basal spacing may take place at dielectric constants between 20 and 50
for different chemicals and soils. Since th«: impact of other factors
were not controlled in these studies, the agreement between the x-ray
data and the bulk-swelling data is reasonable.
There is no available data on the swelling of soil exposed to
chemicals or dilutions of chemicals with dielectric constants slightly
less than that of water, as would be the case for dilute acetone. The
x-ray data, however, suggests that swelling greater than that suggested
by any of the data presented here may occur when clays are exposed to
acetone dilutions with dielectric constants between 60 and 78.
Flocculation
The kaolinitic, micaceous, and bentonitic so.Is exposed to various
concentrations of acetone in water exhibited flocculation below
dielectric constants cf 35, 35, and 50 for the kaolinitic, micaceous,
and bentonitic soils, respectively (Figure 6). When exposed to various
strengths of inorganic salt solutions (NaCl), both the kaolinitic and
micaceous soils flocculated at 0.15 N NaCl. The dispersed bentonitic
soil, however, did not flocculate until the concentration was increased
to about 0.45 N NaCl. It is interesting to note that the standard
deviations of the data are generally least at the low dielectric
constants and high salt concentrations when the soils are flocculated
15
-------
tltt
o.u-
2.8-
2.6-
1 2.4-
^
O
o
* 2.2-
2.0-
1.8-
i
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
•
\
^^^ Q
\
\
\
\
\
\
> i
\
i
i
i
O i
20
40
60 80
100
MOLE - % ACETONE
Figure 4. Basal spacing of calcium montmorillonitic equilibrated with
water dilutions of acetone. (After Brindley e_£ a_l. , 1969).
16
-------
0.5 -i
0.4-
0°* 0.3 H
o
[rf 0.2 ^
CO
0.1-
V
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
80 187
Figure 5. Swelling (cm^ g~^) of Urrbrae B soil in various organic
solvents as a function of dielectric constant.
(After Hurray and Quirk, 1982).
17
-------
1
11
Figure 6. Change in relative day concentration measured in solutions
of various dielectric constants and salt strengths.
-------
and greatest near the transition conditions. While the phenomenon
appears to be best characterized as being abrupt, the greatest standard
deviations near the conditions where flocculation occurred nay indicate
that other uncontrolled factors may be influencing the phenomenon or
that there are some near threshold conditions.
Floccul&tion of bentonitic soils at dielectric constants above
those required for micaceous and kaolinitic soils is evidence of the
increased sensitivity of ber.tonic ic soils (.o changes in soil pore fluid.
The abrupt flocculation oc these clays occurring at dielectric constants
similar to those at which the basal spacing of the bentonitic clays
abruptly changed is further evidence that the tested organic liquids
cause the clays to shrank.
d-Spacing
The effect of dielectric constant on the d-spacing of bentonite
clay is shown in Figures 7 and 8. As expected, the spacing in bentonite
equilibrated with water was about 1.8 nm. When the clay was exposed to
dilute concentrations of acetone (2 to 52) having dielectric constants
of 77.3 and 75.6, respectively, the basal spacing increased to 2.0 nm.
At a dielectric constant of 49, corresponding to an acetone
concentration of 502, the spacing decreased bacn to about 1.82 nm and
did not differ significantly from that in water. A furrher decrease in
dielectric constant to 43 resulted in a lowering of the spacing to 1.45
nm. Further decreases in dielectric constant did not significantly
change the spacing, which remained between 1.4S and 1.55 nm.
When exposed to ethanol, a similar type of response was observed.
The spacing increased at dilute ethanol concentrations to 2.3 nm and
then decreased to 2.0 nm at a dielectric constant of 57. The spacing
remained at 2.0 nm through dielectic constants as low as 35 below which
the spacing decreased to about 1.6 nm.
Basal spacings at various NaCl solutions ranging from 0 to 1 M in
strength, all remained at the value obtained with water and are not
shown.
Thus, the x-ray data for the bentonite suggests that the
shrinking-swelling of the interlayer spacing may explain the observed
influences of organic solvents on the conductivity of clay soils. The
sparing increased at dilute concentrations, which explains the decreased
conductivity observed at dilute concentrations of acetone and the
initial decrease often observed when clays are wet with concentrated
acetone. The later probably occurs because the acetone was initially
diluted by the initial water in the sample.
The decrease in d-spacing at dielectric constants less than 35 to
volumes below those observed when the clay is in equilibrium with water
may explain the increases in conductivity observed when concentrated
19
-------
BENTONITE - ACETONE
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
DCLECTRIC CONSTANT
IOO 75 50 25 0
ACETONE (%)
Figure 7. Basal spacing of bentonite clay equilibrated with acetone
solutions of various concentrations and dielectric
constants.
20
-------
BENTONfTE - ETHANOL
2.4
2.2
2.0 ^
1
I
!.£
1.0
10 20 3O 40 90 6O
MELECTR1C CONSTANT
70 80
IOO 75 SO 25
ETHANOL<%>
Figure 8. Basal spacing of bentonite clay equilibrated with
ethanol solutions of various concentrations and
dielectric constants.
21
-------
organic liquids permeated the clay. Changes in d-spacing are not
possible in Che kaolin it: :r and micaceous clays, suggesting the
possibility thoC che shr uiking-swel1 ing necessary Co explain che changes
in conductivity observed in these clays may b? a result of changes in
Che space between, rather than within, the clay particles.
Mobil icy
The electrophoreti~ mobility and zeCa potential of Che three clays
in acetone and ethanol solutions are given in Figures 9 and 10,
respectively. The kaolinite soil exhibited a sharp linear decrease in
mobility as che dielectric constant decreased. The mica clay decrea ed
in mobility as the dielectric constants moved between 80 co 70. The
mobility was nearly constant between a dielectric constant of 70 Co 30,
below which che mobility dropped Co zero. The benconice clay behaved
similar Co Che mica except that the clay exhibited zero mobility at
dielectric constants less than 40.
The decrease in mobility to zero for all three clays in both
dilutions of acetone anJ ethanol correlace well with the flocculation of
clays ac and below similar dielectric constants in the Flocculation
Dispersion Study.
Conductivity Measurements
The conductivity of Che kaolinitic soil Co aceCone solutions
increased significantly at a dielectric constant of 40 (Figure 11).
This is equivalent Co approximately 70Z aceCone by volume and indicates
that solutions less concentrated Chan this will behave much like water,
while solutions in excess of 702 aceCone will behave like concentrated
aceCone. When exposed Co varying concentrations of ethanol, Che
kaolinitic soil exhibited higher conducCivities with solutions having
dielectric constants of 45 or less. The increase in conductivity caused
by these solutions was 2.5 to 3 orders of magnitude. The micaceous soil
exhibited some conductivity increase below a dielectric constant of 45,
buC Che increase was only about 0.5 orders of magnitude and was not
significant. The kaolinitic soil responded to salt solutions as it did
Co organic solutions. A two order of magnitude increase in conductivity
was observed as the NaCl concentration increased Co 0.2 N. The
micaceous soil exhibited a similar increase in conductivity between 0.2
and 0.3 N NaCl concentrations.
Thus, as either Che organic or inorganic solution strengths
increase, there is a point beyond which Che conductivity Increases
significantly. Visual observaCions of clay patterns in Che soils
removed from Che permearaeter indicated that the organic liquids movod
through cracks in the soil. There is, thus, evidence at several levels
Co suggest the mechanisms by which organic liquids influence the
permeability of compacted clay. Double-layer theory predicts that che
spacing between clay particles should decrease as water is displaced by
22
-------
r
r
i-
i-
6 •
4
I
I
'
W
i:
r
i:
S'
r
r
i-
Figure 9. Electrophoretlc mobility of three clays in water acetone
and water ethanol solutions as a function of dielectric
constants.
23
-------
I"
KAOLMTI ACCTOM
f.
ACCTCM*
J-
f-
Figure 10. Zeta potential of three clays in water acetone and water
ethanol solutions as a function of dielectric constants.
24
-------
4
'\
i
V
I
-\
I •
1
Figure 11. Average conductivity of compacted soils as a function
of dielectric constant and salt strength.
25
-------
organic chemicals with low dielectric constants. T.ns is continued by
x-ray data on smectitic soils and t loccu U t ion, nubilitx, and zeta
potential data on soils with clays representative of the three m..>*t
common mineralogies (Table 3). In general, the dielectric constant? al
7ABLE 3. DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS A.r WHICH T'!E APPAiU.N!1 'JLAY CONCENTRATIONS
REACHED 0.5, "iriE .i-SPACINJ DHl-HPE!) Lt^OW 1.1 N1, TrfE ELfc.ClV.l-
PHORETIC MOBILITY WAS MiaWAlT 9ETWLKN ZhKO ASH Trih P'-AI-.AU, AND
THE ZETA POTENTIAL WAS MIDWAY BtTWKKN ZEKO 4.O THE PLATEAU.
Apparent
Clay Basal Elec t rophoret ic Zeta
Concent d-'jpacin^ Mobility Potential
Acetone
Ethanol
Na Cl
K
M
B
K
M
B
K
M
B
31
J7
38 47
30
33
49 28
.16
.14
.48
31
26
37
28
31
38
35
26
41
3i.5
30
39
Average
32
30
41
30
31
39
which each of these parameters are affected by organica are quite
similar within a given soil. The average dielectric constants at which
the kaolinite soil was affected by acetonr and ethanol were 32 and 30,
respectively. The dielectric constants with acetone and ethanol "ere 30
and 31, respectively, for the mica soil and 41 and 39, respectively, for
the bentonite soil. Compaiison of these average value* to the conducti-
vities shown in Figure 11 indicate that solutions with dielectric
constant* less than the averages in Table 3 will result in increased
conductivities. For the mica and bentonite soils, one can be reasonably
assured that solutions with dielectric constants greater than the
averages in Table 3 will have conductivities similar to those wich water
as the permeant. The kaolinite soil, however, will require a dielectric
constant of 50 or above before the conductivity will be similar to that
of water.
The differential volume changes when bulk soils are exposed to
organic liquids also suggests that soils swell more when equilibrated to
water than when equilibrated with organic liquids. The inverse of this
is also likely, i.e., soil in equilibrium wirh water will likely shrink
when the water is displaced with organic liqutdb. As the soil shrinks,
26
-------
cracks, de/elop causing channels through whi:h Che liquids can move more
freely. This, in turn, is expressed as increased saturated conductivity.
-------
SECTION 5
MICROMORPHOLOCICAL OBSERVATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Interactions between soil barriers and leachate components may
lause deterioration of the liquid retention properties of a barrier. Two
important soil barrier properties that may be affected by interactions
with leachate are as follows:
1. Effective pore volume -- the fraction of the cotal pore space
chat transmits most of the leachdte percolating through a soil
barrier; and
2. Conductivity - the rat3 at which leachate percolates through a
soil barrier at a given hydraulic gradient.
A redistribution of soil pores toward larger, more conductive pores
causes an increase in both the effective pore volume and the conduc-
tivity of a soil barrier. An increase in effective pore volume occurs
if a soil shrinks and cracks. The leachate preferentially moves through
the cracks instead of through the soil matrix, which results in leachate
breaching the soil barrier more quickly.
Clay liners are sometimes compacted to artificially induced bulk
densities. Although this compaction reduces the total volume of pores,
planes that allow the flow of fluids can be created, i.e., between lifts
(layers of compacted soils) and along shear planes. Two basic methods
are used to depict these preferential flow paths. The Foil structure
acid obvious planes of weakness can be observed without magnification;
the macropore flow paths or macromorphology can be described b> this
method. The flow paths in the finer pores can be estimated by using
micromorphometric techniques with a light microscope. In addition, soil
components and pores can be examined by scanning electron microscopy
(SCM) at magnifications far greater than is possible with the
petrographic light microscope. When the SEM is used in the backscatter
mode, images can be obtained in the form of photomicrographs of the
poreo and pore patterns of soil thin sections.
Backseattered electrons are produced when a beam cf high energy
electrons strikes a sample which produces an image of the surface
topography of the soil thin section. When used in the compositional
23
-------
mode, they reflect approximate atomic number in that the atoms of
heavier elements, whir.h have stronger fields than lighter elements, alst
possess higher backseatCering properties. These images have been
qualified and quantified by measurements made on the Quar. t iraent (Ciadom
and Thiel, 1981). The photomicrographs must have significant contrast
and clarity for this combination to give reliable porosity measurements.
Dyes have been used by several researchers to give direct visual
evidence of the pathways of water movement in the soil (Kissel et^
a_l. , 1973; Anderson and Bouma, 1973; Bouma e_t e_l. , 1977; Bouma
e_t a_l. , 1979; Omoti and Wild, 1979; and Smettem and' Trudgill, 1983).
After infiltration of water containing a visual dye, disection of ton
soil can indicate pathways of movement and depth of penetration by the
permeating fluid and solute. Most of the dyes used by prior investiga-
tors have been cationic and fluorescent. These dyes are highly water
soluble and have a" affinity for negatively charged mineral surfaces.
There is little or no evidence on the surface of the soil as to the
infiltration ports (entry points) of the fluid and dye tracer. Bulk.
sampling and subsequent chemical analysis done for the quantitative
determination of the tracer are unsatisfactory because "average" results
often have little indicative value. Large numbers of samples taken
randomly o«'er several replicate experimental units w^ll give butler
estimates of flow path qualification and quantification (Brewer, 1976).
The literature found on effective porosity investigative techniques
has concentrated on saturated flow in soils. Two fluorescent dyes and
three nonfluorescent dyes were compared by Smettem and Trudgill (1983)
for use in the identification of water transmission routes in structured
soils. Transmission routes identified in field soils were found to be
associated with structural features readily recognized by routine soil
survey techniques. In the laboratory comparison, cne most desirable
properties of the tested dyes included stability over a wide pH range,
anionic character, and high molecular weight. The fluorescent dye
lessamine yellow FF was found to be the most suitable for tracing
rapidly moving water under field conditions.
Flow patterns of two undisturbed swelling clay soils with different
microstructures were studied by Bouma and Wosten (1979) using methylene
blue cationic visual dye. They reported that the pores affective in
conducting water constituted less than one percent of the entire soil
mass. Most of these dyed pores had a diameter greater than 500 pro.
Fluid flow patterns through a compacted soil with a >:igh clay
content and high bulk density were also studied using a methylene blue
as the dye tracer by Bouma and Dekker (1978). Their data showed that
the tracer moved very rapidly through large continuous voids, and the
soil solution was only slightly displaced from the finer water-filled
pores. Bouma and Dekker (1978) called this phenomenon "short
circuit ing."
29
-------
The small volume of conductive pores in the soils can be
characterized best by an extension of Che dye tracer concept to the
raicromorphological scale. Although constituting a small percent of the
cotal volume, these pores contribute significantly to the hydraulic
conductivity of soilj. Measurements of pore size distribution in terms
of the volumes of selected size classes is, therefore, more relevant
than measurements of the total pore volume. Horton e_c_ al. (1985)
determined the percent of the total porosity which was effective in
conducting fluid faster than the average pore-water velocity. For thp
three soils studied, the percent of the total pore volume which was
found to meet their definition of effective porosity was 13.8, 17.4, and
20 percent.
The portion of the total porosity, which was between 10 and 200 urn
of each of the ten soils studied by Olson (1985), ranged between 0.07
and 23.3 percent, with most falling below 13.5 percent. They suggest
that Lhese larger puies are primarily responsible for the flow of fluids
under saturated conditions.
No information is currently available on the impact of organic
chemicals on the pore size distribution or the effective porosity of
clay soils. This study was, thus, undertaken to develop data on the pore
size distribution and effective porosity of soils permeated with water
and selected organic chemicals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Each soil liner type and permeant treatment combination was
examined in several ways. These included: a) visual inspection for
planes of weakness, liquid permeation as evidenced by the presence of
dye, and any abnormalities witnessed within the soil core; b)
petrographic light microscopy for fabric orientation; c)
epifluorescent microscopy for the qualification and quantification of
pores effective in transmitting the liquid treatments; and d) scanning
electron microsccpy-backscatter mode for the examination of the total
porosity of a section for each liquid treatment type. Examination
techniques "a to c" were conducted in a minimum of three replications
tor each soil-permeant combination in both the field and the laboratory.
Tin; soil cores were examined after permeation was complete, as defined
in the conductivity studies. Examination technique "d" was done only c.
one 7.9 cm block of impregnated soil, which included the top two
centimeters of an internal compacted lift per soil-permeant type.
Samples of the compacted soils permeated with the test fluids were
collected by randoit sampling from both laboratory permeameters and field
cells. Air-dired oriented clods wer*> vacuum impregnated (Cady e_t
al., 1984) using the apparatus shown in Figure 12 with EPO-TECH 301-2
epoxy resin. Samples were set for one to two days under a vent hood and
placed in a 45 C oven for several days, after which the temperature
30
-------
1. 1 .liup
D
pidatlc
(cygon)— •
cubing
D
bell Jai -X*\
\r
ii
polyethylene funnel
clamp
ring stand
to link
••plrator
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of vacuum impregnation apparatus
used Co impregnate soil samples for micromorphological
analysis.
31
-------
was raised Co 65 C for two days Co complete Che hardening process. A
minimum of three slabs were Chen cue fro? each treatment, polished on a
lapidary wheel, and mounted on frosted glass slides with EPO-TECH 301-1
epoxy resin. Thin sections were then cue, ground, and polisied ;o
approximately 30 urn. Horizontal and vertical thin-sections were cut
from various positions in the soil cores. The vertical thin-sections
were cue across Che interface of sjil lifts. Thi! number of sections
varied from core Co core., as the impregnation of Chr epoxy resin was not
always uniform throughout all cores. The variation in the compaction
wichin che soil liner and che lamination or preferred orientation of Che
soil fabric was evident in che vertical cues. The horizontal cues
showed Che cross-cue pattern of Che vertical flow patns. These thin
sections were Chen analyzed by pecrographic and epiflnoiescenc
microscopy.
The pecrographic analysis was performed by using a Zeiss polarizing
microscope at 160X magnification. All thin-section slides were analyzed
by random transect Co identify Che fabric.
A Zeiss Universal Research Microscope equipped with a IIIRS
epi-il luminator system and a 100W mercury arc Isnp wqs used with a
magnification of 160X to evaluate fluorescing pores. The excitation
filter (trans - max 365 nm) and che barrier filter (trans - max > 418
um) were used Co assist in examination of che fluorescing pores.
A ribbon traverse method (Brewer, 1976) was used Co estiuate
effective porosity using a point-counting microscope stage coupled with
a micrometer eyepiece. The point-counting stage was moved incrementally
while che soil pores were counted and classified according co the system
of Brewer (1976). Information on Che -size of fluorescing pores was
gathered in an efforc Co identify the pathways by which Che fluids
penetrated the soils.
The pores in each field of vision were measured and classified
according Co the following system:
A. micropores (5pm - 30 urn), radius
B. mesopores (30 urn - 75 urn), radius
C. macropores (> 75 pm), radius
Planar voids (a. <100 urn; b. 100-300 urn; and c. >300 urn).
The calculations used to estimate che porosity were as follows:
For circular pores, Z voids a 100 x N IT r
A
Where N is Che number of pores in a given class, r is Che average
radius of Che pore class, and A is Che area of Che section analyzed.
The value of r was Caken as 10, 49, and 100 for Che micropores,
32
-------
jiesoDores, and macropores, respectively.
For che planar voids, Che porosicy was calculated as follows:
Z voids = 10U x NOW
A
Where N is Che number of pores, D is Che widch of Che void, and W
is che widch of Che field of vision. For pores with widths <100 urn, D
was taken as 85; toe chocs with wiJchs between 100 and 300 urn, D wa~
taken as 200; and for chr-.se with widths >300 urn, D was taken as 400
urn. These will be refe-r^ci co as pi mar void groups a, b, and c,
respectively. The perci.v. effective porosity was calcuated as che sum of
all the dyed pores in -h» above groups.
Impregnated polished blocks of Che soils cue from Che interface of
che second and chird :.ifc were selected for additional investigation for
pore structure and distribution using che backscatter mode of Che
scanning electron microscope (SEM) as described by Bisdom (1981).
Backscacrer electron images were examined using a JEOLCO JSM-35U
scanning electron microscope ich dual, automated, wavelength
dispersive x-ray spectrometer, an automated energy-dispersive x-ray
spectrometer, with X and Y stage automation, digital beam control, and
compositional contrast. The SEM operated at 35 KeV accelerating
voltage, 39 mm working distance, 140 urn objective aperture, and a
column vacuum of approximatel / 2 x 10 Corr. Photomicrographs weri-
taken on Che block surfaces noimal Co Che life surface and spanning Che
STOP 11 area between lifcj. All 3.3 cm diagonal block samples were
spuCCer coaCed with approximately 5 nm of Au-Pd. Pore size and pore
configurations were evaluated from images recorded on Kada Tri-X film.
Enlargements (20 cm x 25.5 cm) were made from negatives, and estimates
of che cocal porosicy of each soil sample were made using a planimeter
outlining che pore area of each picture in the series. One replication
each of bentonitic, micaceous, and kaolinitic soils permeated with
aqueous 0.01N CaSO,, acetone, and xylene were studied.
Because che SEM photomicrographs show all pores and not just those
that were permeated with the liquid treatments, the total porosity seen
by this technique is expected to give, greater porosicy estimates than
other techniques, which account for only che pores permeated by the dyed
fluids.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Visual Examination
The laboratory soil cores were extruded from the rigid wall
permeameters by slowly forcing che steel permeameCer down over a wooden
33
-------
block Che size of the inside dimensions of the permearaeter. The cores
were inspected after extrusion to find any evidence of side-wall flow.
No evidence on any cores was seen for side-wall flow, as indicated by
the lack of dye along the edges of the cores. When the cores treated
with concentrated organics labile! wich dye were cut open, traces of dye
were typically found in the upper one to two cm of the soil and in the
soil within one to two cm above (.he lift interfaces. When cores were
broken open, traces of dye were often observed in the cracks that
formed, particularly in soil treated with the pigmented xylene paint
solvent waste.
Visual inspection of the field cell soil liners revealed that there
were occasional areas near the edge of the test cell walls that were not
compacted as well as the rest of the liner. These areas extended 10 to
15 cm inward on all sides and were crumbly in the lower 50 percent of
each lift. Observation of the tracer dye, however, irdicated that the
flap extending into the soil liner between lifts appeared to have
prevented side flow a-id lessened the impact of the poorly compacted soil
edges. The remainder of each soil liner exhibited uniform compaction
with the bottom three to four cm or less of each lift, showing the
structure of the original soil peds.
Soil core porosities from the laboratory and the field cells varied
within each cjre as a function of position in lift. The top of each
lift, i.e., the compactive surface, had greater density an-4 less total
porosity than within the lift. The increase in porosity was gradual,
with the bottom of a lift having the greatest porosity. As the density
of the soil matrix decreased in the lower portion of the soil liner
lift, the flow was more random but generally occurred in pores that were
greater than 75 urn. All the soils appeared to have the same dense
massive structure with few planar voids. Even after prolonged exposure
to either acetone or xylene, the bentonitic soil had fewer planar pores
than the micaceous or kaolinitic soil.
Crossections of all three soils collected froa field test cells
permeated with xylene Slowed that the xylene flowed through relatively
large cracks and pores between structural units rather than passing
through the soil as a uniform wetting front. This was evident because
vertical cleavage planes were coated with dye and paint pigments, while
the surfaces of the soil cut during excavation were not stained. While
the dyes were harder to see in the soils from test cells permeated with
acetone because of the absence of the paint pigment that was present in
the xylene waste, all indications are that the acetone movement was
similar to that of the xylene. Because acetone is miscible with water,
it is likely that more acetone penetrated into the soil mass than did
xylene; however, there was dye evidence of flow through cracks and
larger pores .
Platy structure was found in the upper portion of the compacted
kaolinitic soil exposed to acetone for two years. The platy structure
-------
is characterized by horizontal units in the upper soil, while the
sLructure at depths greater than five cm is massive. The compact i-/e
effort is postulated to have initially oriented the clays immediately
below the surface, and as the acetone dessicated the clays it caused
them to collapse into platy structural units.
Petrographic Microscopy
The plasmic structure of all analyzed soil thin-sections was
skel-masepic fabric. This structure is characterized by part of the
plasma having flecked orientation pattern, witn plasma separations
occurring as zones within the s-matrix. Separations apparently are
associated with the surfaces of skeleton grains and not with the walls
of tl.e voids. The original materials were mixed in a pugmill, and the
resulting soil fabric had a random mixture of soil separates.
Primarily, the compaction effort and secondarily, the permeation of the
test fluids are likely responsible for the development of the
skel-masepic fabric.
The observed stress pressure faces were associated with skeleton
grains and were orientated parallel to compaction surfaces, with some at
approximately 45 angles to the surface. Most of the horizontal
planar voids were at the lift interfaces. A few weakly oriented
argillans were observed on planar voids. These voids were mctavoids,
where evidence of differential movement under pressure caused elongated
crests and depressions on the plane surfaces.
Epifluorescent Microscopy
Results of the effective pore-size distribution calculations for
each soil and permeant combination are given as mean percent porosity in
Tables 4 through 6. Total porosity, as measured in the laboratory using
the scanning electron microscope, ranged from 11.6 to 14.57, while that
calculated from the bulk density measurements assuming a particle
density of 2.65 g cm ranged from 25.3 to 35.8Z (Table 4). The
calculated porosity was 1.9 to 2.5 times greater than measured with the
least difference in the mica soil and the greatest difference in the
bentonite.
The effective porosity for the k?jlinite f>nd mica soils permeited
with water was 1.3 and 1.7Z, respectively, and did not change
appreciably when acetone was the permeant. When permeated with xylene,
however, the effective porosity dropped to 1.2 and 1.1Z for the
kaolinite and mica soils, respectively. The bentonite soil had a higher
effective porosity to water (3.22), which decreased to 2.9Z when
permeated with acetone and 2.2Z when permeated with xylene. For all
three soils studied, only 3.2Z or less of the volume was active in rapid
fluid movement. This effective porosity was greatest with water and
Decreased when acetone and xylene were the permeants.
35
-------
TABLE 4. TOTAL AND EFFECTIVE TOKOS ITY OF ALL THREE SOILS PERMEATED
WITH WATER, ACETONE, AND XYLENE IN LABORATORY
t
Total Porosicy
Measured (SEM)
Calculated
Caol: nite
11.6
28.7
Mica
m_____
13.2
25.3
Rentonite
14.5
35.8
Effective porosity
when permeated with:
Water
Acetone
Xylene
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.5
!.l
3.2
2.9
2.2
The total number of voids per cm for all soils exhibited similar
trends. From 257 to 304, voids were counted per cm in the soils
permeated with water, while 210 ta 382 and 86 to 151 voids per cm
were counted in the acetone and xylene permeated soils, respectively.
The low number of voids in the xylane permeated soils is likely the
cause of the reduced effective porosiry in Table 4. While the observed
microvoids are the most numerous (Table 5), they comprise the least
volume (Table 5). Approximately one-quarter to one-half of the void
volume is comprised of mesovoids, with the majority of the remaining
volume distributed between rour.d and planar raacrovoids. This pore
distribution is in general agreement with the data of Bisdom and Ducloux
(1983), who reported that at least two-thirds of the total porosity was
in the micropore and ultramicropore range. While water and acetone can
permeate into these pore sizes, xylene would need to displace the
structural water already in these pores before entering. Thus, xylene is
preferentially excluded from uicropores ar-d ultramicropores in the soil.
The length of time the soil is inundated with a permeant will
determine the kind of effective porosity one can expect to find within a
soil. The porosity study included soils which were inundated for
periods ranging from a few weeks to many months. The smallest
detectable pore diameter was 5 urn and did not include much of the soil
porosity. The rapid breakthrough of 100Z xylene concentrations from the
field cells (Table 14) is further evidence that the chemicals bypassed
the small pores.
According to Poiseuille's equation, volumetric flow through porous
media increases with the fourth power of pore oiameter. For instance,
where all other factors are held constant, a 100 uc: diameter pore will
conduct volumetric flow 10,000 times that of a 10 um diameter pore.
36
-------
TABLE 5. NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SIZE VOIDS PER CM IN EACH OF THE THREE
SOILS PERMEATED WITH WATER, ACETONE, AND XYLENE TN LABORATORY
Permeant
Water
Void Size
nucrovoids
meso voicis
raacrovoids
macrovoids
macro voids
macrovoids
planar
planar
planar
a
b
c
Kaol mite
131
IS
15
8
11
3
Mica
320
56
7
14
5
2
Ben com te
34 S
100
22
16
10
8
Tocal 257
Acetone microvoids 138
mesovoids 28
macrovoids 24
raacrovoids planar a 11
macrovoids planar b 5
macrovoids planar c 3
Total 210
X>lene microvoids 62
mesovoids 12
macrovoids 7
macrovoids planar a 6
macrovoids planjr b 10
-oacrovoids planar c 4
Total 101
405
238
66
6
16
4
1
330
47
13
9
7
8
2
86
504
185
155
20
12
7
3
382
60
45
13
10
16
7
151
The tortuosity of micro- and mesopores is generally greater than that of
macropores within the soil matrix. Flow tends to follow the path of
least resistance, i.e., the path with the least tortuosity and the
larger diameter pores.
The total effective pore volume (EPV), as measured in this study,
was greatly dependent upon the number of macropores that were stained
with dye. The number of microvoids can change an order of magnitude
while the total EPV may change only one percent. The number of
macropores effective in transmitting the permeants differed greatly
between treatments; therefore, large differences occurred in the means
of macropores in the various soil-pertneant combinations. This
difference shows up as changes in conductivity values. The counts of
micro- and mesopores of acetone and water were much larger than for the
xylene permeated soils (Table 5). Acetone permeated soils, especially
the bentonitic soils, had higher mean counts in the mesopores and
macropores (mcsr <100 urn in diameter) than found in the water or xylene
37
-------
TABLE 6. AVERAGE EFFECTIVE PORE SPACE EXPRESSED AS PtRCENT OF TOTAL
SOIL VOLUME FOR EACH OF THE THREE SOILS PERMEATED WITH WATER,
ACETONE AnD XYLENE IN LABORATORY
Pet meant
Pore Size
Kaolinite
Mica
Bentonice
(Z)
Wacer
Acetone
Xylene
mic rovoids
mesovoids
mac rove ids
mac rovoids
macrovoi ds
macrovoids
Total
raic rovoids
mesovoids
macrovoids
macrovoids
macrovoids
macrovoids
Total
mi crovoids
mesovoids
macrovoids
macrovoids
macrovoids
macrovoidj
Total
planar a
planar b
planar c
planar a
planar b
planar c
planar a
planar b
planar c
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.17
.33
.48
.13
.44
.21
.77
.13
.24
. /6
.19
.22
.25
.79
.06
.10
.22
.10
.41
.31
.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.31
.48
.21
.24
.22
.19
.66
.23
.58
.18
.27
.15
.06
.47
.04
.11
.29
.12
.33
.17
.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
.33
.87
.69
.27
.39
.61
.16
.18
.34
.64
.20
.30
.27
.93
.06
.39
.42
.18
.65
.54
.24
permeated soils. One reason for this was the bentonitic soil had a
lower bulk density than the micaceous or kaolinitic soils (1.7 g cm
vs 1.95 - 2.0 g cm ) anri was compacted less tightly. Also, the higher
volume of the smaller pores can relate back to the properties of
acetone, e.g., miscible with water, dielectric constant one-third that
of water, and a tendency to flocculate dispersed clays when in high
concentrations. The acetone had been applied in concentrations greater
than 80 percent in both the laboratory and outdoor test cells. The
cumulative pore volume of permeant collected over time periods ranging
from a few weeks to over a year were, between one and two PV. This was a
sufficient concentration and time duration to expect to see molecular
diffusion into the small pores «75 urn) and, also, to expect some
alignment by flocculation of the colloidal sized particles in the
immediate vicinity of the pores.
38
-------
SECTION 6
EFFECTS OF PETROCHEMICALS AND ORGANIC
SOLVENTS ON COMMERCIAL CLAYS
INTRODUCTION
Land disposed hazardous wastes found in industrial disposal
facilities generally fall into four physical classes, i.e., aqueous
inorganic, aqueous organic, organic, and sludges (EPA, 1974).
Cheremisonof f e_t aU (1979) estimated that 90Z, hy weight, of
industrial hazardous wastes are produced as liquids that contain solutes
in the ratio of 402 inorganic to 60Z organic. Although testing with
pure chemicals (Anderson, 1981; Anderson e_t al. , 1982; and Brown and
Anderson, 1983) has been conducted, the effects of couunonly used complex
petroleum products, e.g., kerosene, diesel fuel, gasoline, and -color
oil, on the conductivity of compacted clays has not been researched to
date.
Anuerson (1981) evaluated four native clay rich soils with diverse
mineralogical and chemical properties; however, little data is currently
available on clays that are nrepared and sold for sealing and lining
impoundments. Therefore, this study was conducted :o measure and
document t'le effects ot common petroleum products on the conductivity of
three commercially available clay-sand admixtures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three clays were obtained from commercial sources. Each clay_gWas
mixed with sand to obtain a conductivity to water of about 1 x 10 cm
sec" . Clay:sand mixtures were 9:91, 15:85, and 25:75 (v:v) for CC1,
CC2, and CC3, respectively. The dry materials were mixed by hand in
quantities of abouc 12 1 at a time until they were homogenous. The
physical and chemical properties of the cljy-sand mixtures, hereafter
referred to as soils, are described in Table 7. The dominant mineral in
the materials identified as Soils CC1 and CC2 was smectite, while tnat
in CO was of a mica clay. All soils had a pli of 8.0 or grpajLer and
hydraulic conductivities between 1.6 and '3.6 x 10 cm sec . The
soils were brought to their optimum moisture contents (Table 7) and
allowed to equilibrate overnight. The soils were compacted in 10 cm
diameter, 11.6 cm tall fixed wall molds using a mechanical compactor as
d-scribed in ASTM Procedure 698-70. After compaction, the test permeant
39
-------
TABLE 7. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Of I III. IIIRhh SOIi.S
Opt imum
Sand Silt Clay USDA Dominant Common Moisture
Soil (1) Texture Miners logy Name pH (*)
CC1 89.6 0.4 10.0 LS' smectite blue 8.5-*.5 14.5-15.5
bonton:te
CC2 84.0 5.5 10.5 LS smectite synthetical- 8.5-10.0 U.5-15.5
ly treated
benton i te
CC3 bO.4 17.6 22.0 SCL mica Rancor 8.0 11-1,'
Yellow
LS " loamy sand.
sandy clay loam.
-------
was placed in Che chamber above Che clay, and the chamber was sealed end
allowed Co sec for a 24 tic period. A pressure of 15 psi (equal Co a
hydraulic g-adienc ot 91) was Chen applied Co Che liquid surface, and
leachate volumes were collected periodically. The volumes were used Co
calculate Che conductivity which was Chen plotted as a function of Che
pore volume. Three replications of all treatments were run except for
two cases i... which only duplicate-, were run.
The evaluated pe.meancs incl-.i.-d 0.01 N CaSO, , hereafter referred
Co as water; two organic solve.ita, acetone and xylene; and four
petroleum products, kerosene, diesul fuel, gasoline, and used motor oil.
The physical and chemical properties of the permeants are given in Table
8 for comparison. After permeation, all cores were disassembled and
carefully examined for evidence ot the presence of the permear.c in the
core.
TABLE 8. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PERMEANTS*
Viscosity
Liquid (Cent istokes '.
Acetone
Xylene
Casol me
Kerosene
Diesel Fuel
Motor Oil
0
0
0
0
1
u
.42
.9"
.7
.7-0.9
.4-2.5
.9-13
Density Surface .Tens ion
) (g en ) (dynes cm"1 @ 85°C)
0
0
0
0
0
0
.79
.87
.70-0.75
.79-0.82
.87
.81-0.90
21
28
24
30
36
.1
.9
.4-25
.7-31
.0-37
.8
.2
.5
*Values from Leslie, 1923; beere & Co., 1970; Spiers, 1952
Cruse, 1967; and Weast et al., 1964.
Statistical analysis of the conductivity data was accomplished for
each permeant by using a one-way analysis of variance. Means were
separated using a Duncan's Multiple Range test at a significance level
of P - 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Addicijui of aceCone to,Soil CC1 resulted in final conductivities of
2.3 x 10 to i.O x 10 cm sec , which is three Co four orders
of magnitude greater Chan Che corresponding conductivit> co water
(Figure 13). Individual data are presented in Appendix B. The effect of
acetone on CC2 was less. Replication 1 showed a two order of magnitude
ris«* in conductivity while Replications 2 and 3 showed an increase of
only 1 to 1.5 orders of magnitude. In Che case of Soil CC3, Che
conductivity increased 0.5 to 2.0 orders of magnitude. Soil CC1, Che
41
-------
N)
.4
,00
's
•
e
a
§
u
•o7
*••• •.
CCI
ACfTONE
GRADIENT 91
• REP I
• REPZ
" REPS
LAB VALUE WITH
WATER mo6
u
•67
" CC2
ACETONE
GRADIENT 91
• REP I
* REPB
o REPS
• LAB VALUE WITH
WATER l.6XIOfl
PORE VOLUME2
'P0«f VOLUME2
'PORE vot'JME2
Figure 13. Conductivity of three soils to acetone.
-------
uncreated ben ton ice, was the most suoject Co volume cha.ige and, as
expected, had the greatest conductivity increase in response to acetone.
Similarly, Soil CC3 is a non-swelling micaceous clay and would be the
least subject to large volume changes. When averaged over all
replications, the mean conductivity of. Soils CC1, CC2,_^nd CC3 Co
acetone were 5.05 x 10 , 1.41 x 10 , and 2.51 x 10 cm sec ,
respectively. Even though these values represent conductivity increases
of 1 Co 3 orders of magnitude, they did not differ significantly from
watei (Table 9). Addition of xylere to CC1 resulted in conductivity
increases of three to four orders of magnitude (Figure 14). Replications
1 aad 2 had an equilibrium conductivity of about 2.5- x 10 cm
sec , while Replication 3 only increased to 1 x 10 cm sec
The eitect of xyleue on CC2 was similar with Replications 1 and 3 and
attained conductivities near 1 x IQ cm sec . Replication. 2,
however, only rose as high as 1 x iO and pldteaued at 6 x 10 cm
sec . Conductivity increases for x\lene through CC1 were 2.5 to 3
orders of magnitude. Soil CC3 was similarly aftected by xylene and h.id
a four order of magnitude rise in conductivity rrora 1 x 10 to about
1 x 10 cm sec . Statistical analysis of the data showed a
significantly higher conductivity for xylene through all three soils as
compared to water (Table 9). Thus, xylene equally affected all three
clays.
TABLE 9. MEAN CONDUCTIVITY OF EACH SOIL TO EACH FLUID TESTED
Fluid CCi CC2 CC3
Water
Acetone
Xylene
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel Fuel
Motor Oil
3.61
5.05
1.76
1.96
1.49
5.17
6.13
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10 b*
10 b
10-4a
10 a
10-4a
10 b
10 b
2
1
7
9
9
4
2
.58
.41
.28
.07
.10
.53
.13
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10~8b
10"6b
10"4a
10~5a
10~5a
I0"5ab
I0"6b
1
2
1
6
5
6
9
.57
.51
.00
.19
.68
.29
.48
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
I0"8b
10~7b
ID"4.
10"5b
10~5b
10"7b
10~7b
Values in a given column followed by the same letter do not differ
significantly (P * 0.05).
The conductivity of CCI to gasoline was four orders of magnitude
greater than the conductivity to, water (Figure, 15). The three
replications ranged from 9 x 10 to 3 x 10 cm sec . Two
replications of CC2 permeated with jasoline also had equilibrium
conductivities of 1.4 x 10 cm sec , and the third replication
43
-------
10
* u
E
u
t"b
K
u
3
O
z
o
o
-6
7
*S««l«*f
" •*
.1
I K>
M
*
s
;!Vo-V >V
/ S
/ *-
/ °
/ cc. =
, XYLENE §
GRADIENT 91 °
• REP1 .«
* REP2 '°
o fltPJ
1 LAB VALUE WITH
' WATEfl IX 10* .fi
•- ~~ ~ "
^
9^ ~ i
to
f o 0 ^ o -*
*
U
t«5
5
CC2 P
*~' 0
XlfLENE g
GRADIENT 8 1 2
o
• AEPI
* flEPZ .e
in
"V.^ ° "EPS
^>*V**,
1 LAB VALUE WITH
' WATER 1.6X10*
'PORE VOLUME*
-------
10
C
E
fri5
K
2
U
o
§
o
-<
10
u>7
fa. —
, »„ > -<
ooiuitu 10
W
U
*•»*
CCl 5
GASOLINE p
GRADIENT 91 ^
• REP 1 f
I * REP2 §
1 u REP 3
1
i ~6
!
1
1
1
1
1 LAO VALUE WITH
! WATER IX 10
1- »71
r« • «•„;•..«... ^
r
u
t«5-
>
P
CC2 §
GASOLINE
GRADIENT 91
•C
• REP 1 '0
' REP 2
o REPS
LAB VALUE WITH
WATER 1.6 X I08 jj
__o liu-^ofl.
0
**"•••
*i-
* "^-s^ '
^**v^^
H
CCl
GASOLINE
GRADIENT 91
• KEPI
K HEP 2
LAB VALUE WITH ° REP 3
WATER 1 X IO~H
'PONC VOLUME'
'PORE VOLUME2
'PORE VOLUME*
Figure 15. Conductivity of three soils to gasoline.
-------
equilibrated at 5.2 x 10 cm sec . The conduce ivic les of both CC1
a:id CC2 soils Co gasoline were significantly grearer than corresponding
conductivities to water. The micaceous soil, CC3, was somewhat more
variable in its resoonse, to gasoline. The three _/repl icat Loos
equilibrated at 1.2 x 10 , 2.4 x 10 , and 1 . J. x 10 "* cm sec ,
which represented increases of two to four orders of magnitude over the
conductivity to water. Due to the greater vdriability, the increase in
conductivity for CC3 was not found to be significant.
The addition of kerosene to ail tnree compacted soils resulted in
dramatic increases in conductivity (Figure 16). The.final conductivity
of aJ I three soils li kerosene ranged from 1 x 10 to 1.7 x 10 cm
sec . This represents a conductivity increase of three Lo four orders
of magnitude over the corresponding conductivities to water. In all
replications except Rep 3 of CC3, the permeability had plateaued after
the passage of only 0.25 pore volume of leachate. Conductivities
measured for CC1 and CC2 permeated with kero-.ene were significantly
greater than corresponding conductivities to water (Table 9).
Variability in the replications of CC3 was sufficient to preclude a
significant difference in CC3.
Addition of diesel fuel to CC1 and CC2 resulted in .equilibrium
conductivities in t'.ie range of 1.8 x 10 to 1 x 10 cm sec
(Figure 17). This represents an increase of three to four orders of
magnitude over corresponding conductivities to water. Diesel fuel had
less effect on CC3 and resulted in a conductivity increase of only one
to two orders of magnitude. Although these differences were not
significant, at the 52 level, they do represent a large increase in the
rate at which fluid will move through these soils.
_, Conduct iv it y of CC1 to me "or oil ranged from 1.5 x 10 to 4 x
10 cm sec (Figure IS). The conductivity increased slowly between
0.25 and 2.0 pore volumes. _gAll three replications of CC2 attained a
conductivity near 6 x 10 cm sec . Thus, both CC1 and CC2
exhibited a conductivity increase of two orders of magnitude when
exposed to motor oil. The micaceous soil, CC3, showed a conductivity
increase of one to two orders of magnitude. Again, the conductivity
appeari-i to increase steadily as more liquid permeated the soil.
Conductivities of all three soils to motor oil did not differ at the 52
level from corresponding conductivities to water.
Both solvents and all four petroleum products resulted in dramatic
increases in conductivity over the corresponding permeabilities to
water. Increases ranged from one to five orders of magnitude.
Generally the increase in CC3 was I order of magnitude less than that of
CC1 and CC2. Brown e£ a_l. (1983) postulated that xylene moved
through preferential pathways, e.g., along cracks and ped faces, in the
soil. This movement may have possibly occurred through the removal of
some of the structural water (Yale and Ritchie, 1980). Visual
observations revealed the presence of organic liquids on ped faces
-------
T
s
c
,S .5
t W
0
g
o
•66
l£>7
M * |^^»*** AN
J*>OOO**i>*MH* .4
n
!„
^
*
•
* -3
CCI >
KEROSIME 0
1 GRADIENT 91 g
| • REPt 0
1 « REP2 .£
1 o «tP3 **
1 , LA8 VALUE WITH
1 -a
t WATER IXIO -7
_ , afto tfOAOO
,j>***^ r
1 w
•
^
>- -5
CC2 >
KERO6INE 0
GRADIENT Bl g
• «EPI 8
. * RE-P2
o BEP3 ,06
.LAB VALUE WITH |
'WATER i.6xtoe -
1 i I. • «rJ
• , . . • *!
» iV«i»?v5jw5»!^|t —
^x . —
°o°o
^— O'O^fl OOO >i^ - r^A
" ore*
CC3
GRADIENT 91
• F_Pt
o S5
•0"
f, 0" ° 0
1 0
1 •
1 LAB VALUE WITH
J WATER !X|6* ,
wxutf*
'ranc VOUJME*
PORE
Figure 16. Conductivity of three soils to kerosine.
-------
.4
to
p
*
*
£
o
^
O
*- §
Ot>
10
7
.4
-. ,•••••• K>
f
fl"""a'"r'"""' T«
r ao*°009 i
u
w
I
CCl "
DIESEL FUEL g
GRADIENT 91 °
• HEPI
« REP2 106
1 0 REP J
1
. LAB VALUE WITH
I 1 WATER IX 10* ^7
'PORE VOLUME2
-3
to
--»•••••••»*••••••
c
*
^-^ - 5
fio6
ccz P
DIESEL FUEL g
GRADIENT 91 §
o
• REPI
* HEP2 -7
10
o REP 3
• LAB VALUE WITH
1 WATER I.6XI06 .6
'POKE VOLUME* J
'•
. m^——m ...
s' x •_ ""
/ "X^,
I ""^K \« CC3
1 DIESEL FUEL
1 GRADIENT 91
1 • fiEPI
1 x REP2
o BEP3
LAB VALUf WIJH
/ WATER IX 10"
'PORE VOLUME2 3
Figure 17. Conductivity of three soils to diesel fuel.
-------
«-
v£>
-4
to
O
o
§
Hi6
CCI
MOTOR OIL
GRADIENT 31
• REP I
H REP2
O RCP3
LAB VALUE WITH
IwATCRU.O6
to
'PORE VOLUME2
LAB VALUE witii
WATER I.6X.O
O
o
3
o
•67
10
MOTOR OIL
GRADIENT 9 I
• REP I
x REP2
O REP 3
, LAB VALUE WITH WATER
••«*
PORE
Figure 18. Conductivity of three soils to motor oil.
-------
throughout che soil, indicating that the peruieants moved through the
soil rather than through cracks between the core and side wall. If the
organic permeants caused shrinkage that resulted in greater spacing
between peds in the soil as suggested by Acar and Seals (1984), the
observed increases in conductivity would not be unreasonable. As the
ni'.caceous soil is the least subject to shrinkage, it should also be less
affected by the permeants, as was the observed occurrence. Much of the
variability between replications within a given soi1-permeant treatment
may be due to the size and number of channels formed in response to the
organic liquid. The data indicate that clay-soil lined impoundments
will not be suitable for holding concentrated organic solvents or
petroleum products. They also indicate that the permeability of native
soil to spilled solvents o' petroleum products nay be much greater than
that which would be expected based on the conductivity to water.
50
-------
SECTION 7
THE INFLUENCE OF APPLIED PRESSURE ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
INTRODUCTION
Compacted clay soils have long been u^ed Co line waste storage and
disposal facilities, i.e., waste piles, surface impoundments, and
landfills. Design specifications have in the past been developed using
only water as the permeant liquid. Such installations have generally
been successful when the primary liquid to be retained was relatively
pure water.
When smectite clay is subjected to some organic chemicals, it has
long been known Lo exhibit smaller spacing between adjacent crystalline
layers than when exposed to water (Barshad, 1932). Only recently,
however, have measurements been made of the impact of organic liquids on
the permeability of recompacted clay soils. Previous reports by
Anderson e_t al. (1982) and Brown and A:iderson (1983) evaluating the
impact of concentrated organic liquids on the permeability of four
native clay soils indicated that the permeabilities may be two to three
orders of magnitude grciter than those measured with water.
Observations of the permeated soil cores indicated physical changes in
the soil structure.
Since the previous testing was done at elevated pressures
equivalent to hydriulic gradients of 61.1 and 361.6, further tests were
deemed necessary to evaluate the effects of hydraulic gradient on the
measured conductivity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil
Three clay soils were used in the laboratory and field cell study
of hydraulic gradients and solvents. Each of the three clay soils was
blended with a predetermined amount of sandy loam soil to Attain water
conductivities in the range of 1 x 10 to 1 x 10 cm sec
These three blends were selected to represent t^e range of materials
most widely available and used for the construction of land disposal
facility clay liners. In all the following discussion, the clay soil
blends will be referred to by their dominant mineralogies, i.e.,
51
-------
kaolinite, mica, and bentonite. The textures and mineralogies of the
blends are given in Table 10, and the chemical properties are ->iven in
Table 11. Engineering properties of the three clay soils are given in
Table 12.
TABLE 10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE THREE CLAY SOILS BLENDtD FOR USE.
Clay
Kaol mite
Mica
Bentonite
US DA
Textural
f 1
SCL
SCL
SCL
Sa
62
60
75
Part
Disc
nd
.8
.4
.9
1C 13
ribut
Silt
13.6
17.6
3.9
Size
:on
Cl,
2,
22
20
ay
.5
.0
.2
Minf
K-f
Mi-1
B-l
-'a logy
M-tr
K-2 H-'J
Mi-tr
Organ ic
Carbon
O.D3
0.17
0.29
PH
(1:1 S
u f\ }
H20)
7.
8.
8.
oil
7
0
9
r SCL = sandy clay loam
K = kaolinice*
Mi = mica*
B = bentonite*
M = monrnorillonite
1 = dominant mineralogy
2 = 2nd most dominant mineralogy
3 = 3rd most dominant mineralogy
tr = trace quantity
* = commercially obtained
Laboratory Procedures
Soils were compacted in fixed wall permeameters using a mechanical
compactor (ASTM 698-70), as described in previous reports: by Anderson
e£ al. (1982) and Brown and Anderson (1983). Compaction was to at
least 90? Proctor density; hydraulic conductivity measurements were
conducted with soils slightly wet of optimum. Conductivity tests with
water (0.01 N CaSO,) wern conducted on replicate samples. Thp effects
of pressure in conductivity were tested wir^ both .icetone and xylene on
lahoratory compacted soils that had been saturated firs,t with 0.01 N
CaSO^ and on unsaturated soils at the moisture content used for
compaction. Pressures of 5, 15, and 30 ps i equivalent to hydraulic
heads of 31, 91, and 181, respectively, were tested. Samples tested
with water were permeated until approximately one pore volume of water
had penetrated the cere. The liquid chamber was then opened, waste was
substituted for the water, and pressure was reapplied. Samples of
effluent were collected, quantified, and subsampled. Collection
5.
-------
TABLE 11. CHEMICAL PROPERITES OF THREE BLENDED CLAY SOILS
CEC CEC NH.OAC Ex tractable"
meq/lOOg meq/lOOg ESP SAR Ca- Mg Na K
Clay Soil(NaOAC) Ciay(NaOAc) meq 1~
Kaolinite 9.4 38.0 3.0 1.3 26.0 2.1 0.5 0.3
Mica 7.3 33.0 5.0 3.0 20.5 2.8 0.9 0.2
Bentciito 18.9 94.0 84.0 84.7 29.7 3.2 20.5 0.2
TABLE 12. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF \HE THREE BLENDED CLAY SOILS
Clay
Kaol inite
Mica
Ben ton ice
Liquid
Limit
20.5
21.6
202.0
Plast ic
Limit
14.3
14.1
49.5
Plastic
Index
6.2
7.5
153.0
Activity
0.25
0.34
7.55
continued until the conductivity data indicated no further increase or
until the flow exceeded the reliable range of the measurements.
The last four conductivity values for each test, as reported in
Appendix C, were analyzed by AKOV\ to determine if there were
significant differences due to pressure. Analyses were done within each
soil type, saturation condition, and chemical treatment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Elevated hydraulic gradients did significantly reduce the
conductivity of the kaolinite and mica soils ta water by 0.38 and 0.22
orders of magnitude, respectively, between gradients of 10 and 181. No
significant change for bentonite was found. No significant interactions
between clay type and hydraulic gradient were found, thereby leading to
the conclusion that all three tested soils were similarly affected by
gradients.
A sumnary of the conductivity of laboratory permeameters is given
in Table 13. The presaturated kaolinite soil exposed to xylene showed
53
-------
TABLE 13. AVLKACE FINAL Ph-KMhAblMTY OF SJI1.S D A^h-T'lNr. A.O
XYLKNfc AT UI-hLKt.Nr HYDRAULIC
Ate t j..r
Kjolinite ( pre:> J.. jra tr-d )
(non-presa t urjt-ed 1
*li^a ( presat'jrati-d '
(non-pre>>aturatr"J)
Bentonite ( presaturat ed )
(non-presaturated )
31
9i
181
31
9 1
!81
31
9,
iSl
31
91
181
91
181
272
3!
91
181
272
-4 .
3
6
1
3
3
2
2
1
8
4
4
5
5
4
1
. J
.4
.6
.2
.7
.9
.a
.4
.6
.5
.2
.6
.1
.1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IvT b
10* b
-f\
10 %
11>~*C
lO^a
_ 7
10 ,a
10-3
1U
_ 7
10.
10 8
io'8
_7
10 8
™ 5
— H
10 °
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
b
-A
4
9
1
.9
.9
.8
X
X
X
10 "a
1U~7
10"
!a
a
X
6.7
9.2
2.9
4.
5.
9.
1.
1 .
1 .
8.
9.
2.
7.
3.
2.
7.
6.
1.
3
7
9
8
6
8
7
8
1
0
1
3
2
4
6
y .
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
en,
;rj~
!')"
10'
10'
:;>
H/
lo
I'J
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-7
-7a
•^
a
-7
_ b
, b
a
-6
-6b
-5h
a
-6
4b
-*
-8
-9a
,a
— /
a
•Jb
"7b
a
Values in a given column for a given soil and saturation condition
followed by rhe same letter do not differ significantly at P - 0.05.
no significant differences in cor. Activity at the three tested
gradients. When exposed to acetone, th. soil showed higher conductivity
at a gradient of 31, as compared to gra-in'nts of 91 and 181. Nonsatura-
ted kaolinite permeated with acetone showed no trend, even though there
were some significant difference-'. The highest gradient had the highest
conductivity; however, the loues- conductivity occurred at the
intermediate gradient. When permeated with xylene, the nonsaturaled
kaolinite soil had the highest conductivity at the highest gradient
while the lowest and intermediate gradients showed similar b- t lower
conduct i vi: IPS . When viewing all th<* kaolinite data, there is no clear
pattern ot 4ny gradient consistently causing higher or lower
conductivity measurement b .
The pres.it urated mici showed a decreaned conductivity at the
highest gradient for xvlene. When nons aturat f d , the mica uhow«-d
-------
decreased conductivity to acetone as the gradient increased. For
nonsaturated mica permeat-d with xylene, tne highest conductivity
occurred at the intermediate gradient. When considering all mica data
as a group, there are no clear trends in conductivity ab a function of
gradient.
Presaturated bentonite permeated with acetone showed a decreased
conductivity at gradients 181 and 272. When periu.-di.tfd with xylene,
how. v*-.- , there were no ditterences in conductivity. When nonfat uratr-d ,
the bent on 11e snowed similar conductivities to acetone at all gradients.
The corresponding conductivities to xylene s.'iowed an increase at a
gradient jt 1M. Again when viewed as a group, there are no consistent
trends with two treatments having no s ign; f leant difterences, one with a
decrease, and one with an increase as the gradient increases.
The xylene content of Leachate from selected permeameters is given
in Appendix D. The initial leachate from presaturated soils contained
Ijw concentration of xylene. After 0.2 to 0.7 pore volumes had passed,
the leachate was 95 to 100Z xylene. Leachate from nonsaturated soils
was 95 to 100Z xylene from the very first appearance, oven though the
soils contained 11 to 162 moisture. These measurements support the
hypothesis rhat :ne xylene displaces water only from the large
macropores and does not mov.' through the soil as a wetting front.
Permeameters Disassembled Prior to Completion
A total of eight permeameters were disassembled prior to
breakthrough. A summary of pertinent data and observations is given in
Table 14. Each permeameter will be discussed in the order presented in
the table.
The permeameter containing nonsaturated kaolinite soil exposed to
acetone .it a gradient of 31 was under pressure for over one year, and
1.1 pore volumes of effluent were collected. The data are plotted in
Figure 19 as Replication 2. The initial conductivity was similar to
that of Replication 1; however, no sharp increase in conductivity was
observed. Upon disassembly, the outflow was found to be obstructed by a
white deposit. A small leak between the fluid and soil chambers of the
perraeametertf was noted. The leak probably allowed the acetone to slowly
evaporate over the long period of pressurization.
A third replication of this treatment was run for 15 months, and no
Affluent was collected. Upon disassembly, the fluid chamber was full of
acetone; however, the porou-i plate and outflow were clogged with a
yellow colored gelatinous material.
The b«*ntonite core (Replication 1) was still in the presaturated
stage at a gradient of 181 ana never gave any leachate in a seven month
poriod. Upon disassembly, fref water was noted to still be present in
the fluid clmraber, and the soil had swelled 6.1 cm. In addition, the
55
-------
TABLE 14 . DATA AND OBSERVATIONS OF PERNEAMETfcRS DISASSEMBLED BEFORE BREAKTHROUGH
Soil
Kaol mi te
Kaolinite
Bentonite
Bentonite
Bentonite
Benlonito
Benloni te
Bentonite
Fluid Rep.
Acetone 2
nonsaturated
Acetone 3
nonsaturated
Acetone 1
presaturited
at ill in 11.0
atage.
Acetone 1
noniaturated .
Acetone 1
nonaaturated.
Acetone 2
nonaaturated .
Acetone 1
preaaturated
Xylene 2
prekaturated
Gradient Date Date Was Fl id present
Started Ended on Top of Core
31 3/29/83 7/11/84 no (leak between
pern parts )
31 4/29/83 7/11/84 yea (full chamber)
181 12/19/83 7/11/84 yea ( half full
with water)
91 6/28/83 9/19/84 no
Ittl 6/28/83 7/26/84 no (dry & cracked)
181 6/28/83 9/19/84 dry & crumbly
91 3/4/82 7/26/84 no but soil
was we l .
91 1/4/82 9/19/84 no but soil
was wet
Uaa Outflow Swelling Hunber of
Clear or P.V.
Clogged Collected
clogged with
white deposit.
clogged with
yellow gel.
clogged with core swelled
white deposit. 6.1 CD
appeared clear swelled 1 . 3 en
clogged swelled 1 . 9 cm
clear
clear swelled 3.4 cm
partially swelled 5 CD
clogged with
I.I
0
0
1.6
! .1
0
1.9
0.3
dark Lolorud
depobit
-------
:B
o o
KAOLINITE
ACETONE
NONSATURATED
GRADIENT 31
o REP I
• REP 2
W/ WATER
0 'PORE VOLUME 2 3
Figure 19. Conductivity of nonsaturated soil containing kaolinitic clay
Co acetone as a function of pore volume at a hydraulic
gradient of 31.
57
-------
outflow was again obstructed with a white deposit.
The permearaeter containing nonsaturated bentonite soil exposed to
acetone at a grai . nt or 91 yielded 1.6 pore volumes of leachate over
the 15 monch exper.nenta1 period. These data are plotted_as Replication
1 in Figure 20. The initial conductivity was 6.6 x 10 , which was
b»low that of Replication 2. The final conductivity was ,_jhowever,
similar to that of Replication 2 at I x 10 cm sec . This
represents an increase in conductivity of about 2.5 orders of magnitude.
Swelling of this core was much less than that of the presaturated core.
The permeameter containing nonsaturated bentonite soil exposed to
acetone for 13 months at a gradient of 181 resulted in 1.9 pore volumes
of leachate (Figure 21). The initial change in conductivity was a
decrease fclLowed by, a very large increase to a final conductivity of
1.8 x 10 cm sec . This is about 2.5 orders of magnitude greater
than the original conductivity of the soil and 3.5 orders.pf magnitude
greater than the lowest conductivity of 6.1 x 10 cm sec
measured for this sample. Since the outflow was obstructed at the end
of the experimental period, the conductivity may have continued to ns«
had the deposit not formed. Again, the swelling was much less than that
measured for bentonite exposed to water.
Replication 2 of nonsaturated bentonite soil exposed to acetone for
15 months resulted in no leachate. The outflow appeared to be
unobstructed, and no swelling of the soil was observed. The soil
surface was dry, indicating all the acetone had either evaporated or
leaked from the fluid chamber.
The permeameter containing presaturated bentonite soil exposed to
acetone for 28 months at a gradient of 91 resulted in 1.9 pore volumes
of leachare (Figure 22). The curve is similar^to that for Replication
2. Thfh ln'-c^a^ conductivity of about 1 x 10 cm sec dropped to 5
x 10 cm sec before acetone was applied.__ After addition of
acetone, the conductivity rose to about 4 x 10 cm sec and then
dropped slightly. Both replications exhibited a drop in conductivity
near the end, presumably due to a shortage in free liquid head. The
soil swelled 3.4 cm, probably during the initial presaturation stage.
The permeameter containing presaturated bentonite soil exposed to
xylene at a gradient of 91 for 32 months did result in 0.3 pore volumes
of leaihate (Figure 23). The outflow was still functional, although
some dark deposit was present. The soil surface was wet and had swelled
5 cm, presumably during the presaturation stage. The low conductivity
of this replication was probably caused by the lack of sufficient
permeant liquid due to the swelling of the soil material which reduced
the volume of the fluid chamber.
58
-------
€
o
O
Q
O
.o6-
.o7
io9
•LAB VALUE WITH WATER
BENTONITE
ACETONE
NONSATURATED
GRADIENT 9 I
O REP I
• REP 2
PORE VOLUME
Figure i'O. Conductivity of nonsaturatcd soil containing bentonitic clay to
acetone as a function of pore volume at. a hydraulic gradient of
91.
59
-------
10
~ -8
T_ m -
u
O
o
VALUE
WITH WATE
10
OUTFLOW
OBSTRUCTED
BENTONITE
ACETONE
NONSATURATED
GRADIENT 181
12
PORE VOLUME
rigurc 21. Conductivity of nonsaturated soil containing bentonitic clay
to acetone as a function of pore volume at a hydraulic gradient
of 181.
CO
-------
1C
i to-9
P
10
10
rIO
BENTONITE
ACETONE
PRESATURATED
GRADIENT 9 i
o REP I
• REP 2
< i i i
I/O I 2 3
PORE VOLUME
Figure 22. Conductivity of presaturared soil containing betonitic
clay to acetone as a function of pore volume at a
hydraulic gradient of 91.
61
-------
.07H
lO8-
BENTONITE
XYLENE
PRESATURATED
GRADIENT 9 I
o REP I
• REP 2
I/O
PORE VOLUME
Figure 23. Conductivity of pressturated soil containing benonitic
clay to xylene as a function of pore volume at a
hydraulic gradient of 91.
62
-------
SEC110N 8
FIELD TESTS
INTRDDUCTION
Laboratory testing has indicated that concentrated organic liquids
will have an adverse affect on compacted clay soils and result in
conductivities one to four orders of magnitude higher than those
measured using water as the permeant. The extrapolation of these data
to field situations has been questioned due to the sophist icate-i
technology and equipment available for field installation, the low
hydraulic gradients in the field, and the presence of overburden
pressure. Other workers question the use of fixed wall permeameters in
the laboratory saying that shrinkage in such a permeameter will cause
side wall flow, whereas in a field situation sidewall flow is not
possible. It is possible, however, that shrinkage in the field may
result in the formation of cracks or the enlargement of existing pores,
thus greatly increasing the conductivity.
This field study was, therefore, designed to compare the measured
conductivity of compacted clay soil to concentrated organics in the
laboratory and in the field.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field Cells
Twenty-eight field test cells, 1.5 m x 1.5 x 1.8 m tall, were
constructed of 15.24 cm concrete reinforced with 1.27 cm steel. A
schematic' diagram of the cells is shown in Figure 24. Design of the
concrete cells was done by Dr. Myron Anderson, P.E., licensed to
practice in the State of Texas. The units were designed end built using
the drawings shown in Figure 25. The cells were built on a compacted,
lime stabilized subbase similar to that used for road base in South
Central Texas. Thus, the soils under the cells had adequate bearing
capacity to support the structures without shifting or sinking. lr.:eral
soil and water pressure from outside the cells was minimal since the
cells were only 0.9144 m below average ground level, and a minimal
amount of soil was mounded around them. They exceeded all engineering
requirements to be used as retaining walls for a 1.8 m height. A list
of construction materials and specifications are given in Table 15.
63
-------
CROSS SECTION OF TEST CELLS
PLAST1
COVERING
VE9CTA
COVER
WASTE LZVO
HOPE FLAP
TO PREVENT
SIDE FLOW
loam)
.OOra CLEAN
SAND
3ANO
r ./y;/. /•% •P.'/f V
PtPE FOR WASTE
ADDITION AND
VENTILATION
.-LEACHATE COLLEC.
SYSTEM, COPPER
TUBING-.01 m a a
lOOnril THICK
HIOM DENSITY
POLYETHY-
LENE SHEET
UNER.SEAME
IN PLACE
FILL SAND
10m CONCRET
BARRELS W/
HOLES FOR
WASTE ADD.
Oflm RLL
SAND TO
BOTTOM OF
BARREL
08mCOMf«C
CLAY SOIL
UNER
WOODEN PALLET
IRON
IN THE CORNERS
ONLY
Figure 24. Schematic diagram of a field cell,
64
-------
*MU ran MMCWII •«u.t.
cr
Ul
1
».
r-
*
[
V
.r
••ML! «*» OOMONIU turn
" " w w *v
1
'
'
'
VUIBM. «*M Mi. «MUB
I StMV»r.i.ir.t-/
X
X
O.**MM« ii«euniM
*x
4
K
•
•
•
i
I
•
• •
1
»•
— \-
• •
» »
•
•
•
•
{
i
4
I
• * •
• •
* •
•
•
•
i
•
«•
x ft*" HUM irOOOM
•OlMMKCraw
ICMXMMII
Figure 25. Construction diagrams for concrete test cells.
-------
TASLE 15. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIELD CtLLS
Concrete 3 sac*s fron Bernath Co.
Sceel 1 .3 =t rebar, 10.5 cm on center in all w,il
and l>aai! .
r Barr.-r 0.6 cm x 10.2 cm scrap ateel in all wall/
bdae jointa to prevent l
A wooiien platform, 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 0.15 m, wich lifting device-, on
each corner was placed in each cell to facilitate final removal of the
clay linera. The inner lining of 100 mil HOPE, high density
polyetny l«iP.e , w->s designed anci installed by the Schlegel Company, and
the specification.- ^re shown in Figure 26. The 0.25 cm thick HOPE
liners were extei.-eJ to the top of the cell walls. A collection system
consisting of a manifold of four 0.95 cm i.d. perforated copper tubes
was laid on the HOPE liner and covered with 5 cm of washed masonry sand.
The optimum wac-r content tor field compaction, using clay blended
with sand, was determined in the laboratory. Water, sand and clay were
blended to meet the laboratory determined specifications. The blended
cliy soils were added to the cells in two 7.5 cm thick lifts and
compacted to 952 Proctor with a gasoline engine-powered vibratory
compactor. Density and moisture measurements were determined after
placement of each lift 'Troxler 3411 Density Meter). A 10 cm layer of
fill and four perforated barrels were placed abjv,? the liners. Each
cell was then backfilled to a dome shape to encourage rainfall runoff
and covered with polyethylene.
The wastes to be placed in these field cells wer-j dyed with
Automate Red B and Fluorescent Yellow at 154 and 50 mg 1 ,
respectively. About 1,400 liter of each waste was introduced into each
cell through a standpipe on one of the four perforated barrels.
Leachate was collected twice weekly by applying a vacuum to the
collection manifold into 20 liter glass containers, from which it was
measured and subsampled. Two ground rods and a network of wiring
grounded the vacuum tank, storage drums, and all field cells. This
grounding prevented sparks and possible ignition of waste due to static
electrical charge.
After tne permeability was measured at 2 x 10 cm sec or
greater by calculation from the volume of cell drainage collected over
time, each c»ll wjs disassembled. The fill so.l and perforated barrels
were carefully removed with a backhoe. The pallets, HOPE liners, and
clay liners v-->re lifted from the concrete cell by a crane. The HOPE
aides were cut and roraoved to expose the compacted clay liners which
66
-------
==C
-usion Joint
Grout
Lip Detail
1/4
' Anchor
3olt
I 00 rail.
HOPE —«
Field
ell
Elevation View
1/4
I1
S«* Up
,-*-FoWCtyp J \ ;
~co
o
i
Sheet Pattern
(23 Required)
1/4" - r
Vigure 26. 3esign specifications for 100 nil HOPE linings.
-------
were divided according to a randomized grid system and sampled tor
analysis. Typically, four vertical proriles were sampled in 2.5 cos depth
increments for chemical analysis, and 10 sample profiles w*r« taken for
morphological study. Additional samples were taken from re&dily
observable cleavage' planes, which were often colored by dye, and from
cut surfaces representing the inside of single natural soil aggregates
or peds .
Chemical
Xylene in liquid samples —
Since xylene and water are immiscible and this study was concerned
with large concentrations of xylene, liquid samples were allowed to
settle into separated phases for 24 hr. The volume of each phase w;trf
then measured using a graduated cylinder, and the percent xylene was
calculated assuming the xyl.ene content of the water phase to be zero.
Xy'.ene in soil samples- -
Soil samples were placed in one pint mason jars with foil lined
lids and stored at 4°C . The contents of a jar were emptied onto a
teflon sheet, quickly mixed to achieve homogeneity, and a 25 g subsample
was >:aken. The subsample was put in a Waring blender jar with 50 ml of
20* CH.OH:80X CH Cl and blended at high speed, for 10 min. The
mixtrre was vacuum filtered through Whatman #41 filter paper, and the
extract brought to 50 ml by addition of CH,,CL . This solution was
mixed and analyzed by high performance liqufd chromatogrcphy (HPLC).
The HPLC was equipped with a 4 yra "ultrasphere ODS" inverse phase
column, a 254 nm u.v. detector and a 20 pi loop injector. The flow
rate was set at 1 ml min using 30:20 methanol :water as the elutant.
Sampl? peaks were compared to standards to quantify the concentrations.
Acetone in liquid samples —
Liquid samples were placed in one pint mason jars with foil-lined
lids and stored at 4 C. Using a syringe, 100 pi of the sample was
injected into a 125 ml flask through a septum stopper. Addition of 2,4
dini trophenylhydrazine was made through the septum until the resultant
precipitate formation ceased. The solution containing the precipitate
was vacuum filtered, dried overnight at 60 C, and weighed. The
precipitate weight was then compared to a standard curve for
quant if icat ion.
Acetone in soil, samples —
Soil samples were placed in one pint mason jars with foil lined
lids and stored at 4 C. The contents were homogenized, and a 5 g
subsample was accurately weighed and placed in a 125 ml flask equipped
with a septum stopper. Addition of 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine was made
68
-------
through Che septum unr.il the resultant precipitate frra.it. ion ceased.
The contents of the flask were vacuum filtered, dried overnight at
60°C, and weighed. The soil weight wad subtracted, and the
precipitate weight was compared to standard curves for c-u^nt if icat ion .
Individual standard curves were made Ear acetone concentrations in each
soil type.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Field Cells
A summary of test c«t 1 1 disassembly dates and observations is given
in Table 16. Of the 12 cells containing xylene waste, free xylene was
found outside 10 of the HOPE liners indicating leakage. Of the 16 cells
containing acetone waste, only eight were dry. Since the acetone
leachate was basically colorless, the liquid in the eight, cells
containing liquid below the HOPE could be water and/or acetone. Due fo
the long period of time between waste application and cell disassembly
and the many possibilities for degradation, acetone cent rations were not
ueasured in these liquids.
The time between waste application and the beginning of leachate
collection was two tc three days for kaolinitic and micaceous soils
exposed to xylene and 21 to 28 days when exposed to acetone (Table 17).
The bentonitic soils had a much longer time delay of 70 days for xylene
and 704 days for acetone. Permeation of acetone through the 15 and 30
cio micaceous soil required 20 days. No additional time was gained by
doubling the soil thickness to 30 cm. Thus, the compacted micaceous and
kaolinitic soils appear to only contain concentrated organic* for 30
days or less while the bentonitic soil may contain them for up to 700
days.
Exposure of the field cells containing compacted kaolinitic soil to
xylene resulted in a two to three order of magnitude increase in
conductivity (Figure 27). Detailed data are given in Appendix E.
Replication 1 of the kaolinite soils showed the greatest conductivity
increase. By the passage of two pore , volumea of leachate, the
conductivity had risen to about 5 x 10 cm sec , which is three
orders of magnitude over, the laboratory value with water- After two
pore volumes, the conductivity dropped to 1 x 10 cm sec ,
presumably due to- the entrance of water. The conductivity of Hop. 2
rose to 5 x 10 , a two order of magnitude increase, by 0.8 pore
volumes, decreased to 3 x 10 cm sec by 1.5 pore volumes, and
then increased to 2 x 10 cm sec . Analysis of the l*»fchate
showed that 100Z xylene was collected for the first 1.8 pore volumes,
after which it became mixed with 5 to 15Z water (Appendix F). The
conductivity of Rep. 3 followed a very similar trend as Rep. 2. It
69
-------
TABU- 16. »ATi; WAST!'. WAS AIMJMt) TO AND KKMOVT.t) FHOM Till: WASTK CKI.I.S,
AVKKAOI: TIUCKNKSS OK CF.AY I.INT.RS AND DKITH OF WAS IT.
LKAKKI) PROM Till- lii)PK LINKK
Awrag.' Ikipth
• a 2 1 •> So i I Kef
Xylene Kaolinile 1
2
3
4
Mica 1
2
J
4
B*jn tun ice 1
T
1
•vj
o
Acetone KaoliniCe t
2
1
4
Mica I
2
3
4
bent. nil 1 e I
2
j
4
.Kica 12" 1
I
i
Cell *
2
4
JO
12
•i
6
8
II
1
3
7
9
18
20
25
2fl
21
23
26
27
17
19
22
24.
1 t
(4
!•>
1. i i.
Hiick
er
11. -
I cm)
19.
16.
16.
19.
19.
19.
19.
20.
19.
Ife.
22.
22.
17.
24.
21,
17.
17.
16.
17.
17.
„.
19.
19.
20.
r>.
v* .
i'» .
8
U
8
4
2
I
5
2
J
6
b
4
4
13
3
3
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8
7
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in)
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bale
. » Waste
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11/5/81
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11/4/81
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11/4/81
11/5/81
11/3/81
11/4/81
11/4/81
11/4/81
1U/I 1/81
10/12/8!
10/7/81
10/67/81
10/16/61
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i 0 / 1 '1 1 8 1
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10/21/81
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Half
' Waste
KemuvtJ
11/17/81
7/15/82
6/16/82
12/15/81
11/17/81
12/13/81
4/6/8J
4/27/62
7/9/82
3/30/83
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4/«/«i
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Cjiici
Cell
9.
4.
8.
2.
13.
0.
13.
14 .
9.
13.
0.
19.
1 3.
0.
14 .
0
6.
0.
0.
t 3.
' 13.
14 .
12.
0,
H.
1 I.
of
i il
eU;
Uro)
0
•i
0
i
0
(j
0
u
u
•)
0
0
0
0
4(wal
7
0
2
O
3(MI
t» ( U'.'J J
7( w.H
U
Uwal
Uuat
Dili Ujb<<-
i>t>neLrat.«
Clay sol 1
Yes
Yes
Yes
YL^
YviS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ni>
Yes
Ye,
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,-r) Yea
Yes.
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Vos
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.'I'} Yt?S
-------
100
x
*
so
«0
o a
a
o • OM *cx> o a a a
a A <
o a ° . '.
0 • •
•••
\JO
2JO
4.0
KAOUNITE LINER
• XYLENE
GRADIENT 7
o REP I
• REP 2
o REP 3
• REP 4
LAB VALUE WITH WATER
Figure 27. Conductivity and breakthrough curves for
compacted kaolinitic soil liners in the field
cells containing xylene.
71
-------
TABLE 17. AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN THE DATE
OF WASTE APPLICATION AND TIME LEACHATE
APPEARED
Soil
Waste
Time(days )
Kaul 4nite
Mica
Ben con i te
Kaol mice
Mica (15 cm)
(30 cm)
Ben con ire
Xylene
Xylene
Xyele
Acetone
Ace cone
Ace Cone
Acetone
2.5
3.0
70.6*
28.2
21.0
19.0
704 . 0**
Average of 3 of 4 cells. One did not produce
leachac-; within 624 days.
** Average of 2 of 4 cells. Two did noC produce
leachate within 642 and 1,269 days between che
date of waste application and che dare of
d i sassembly.
,-7
-1
peaked at jusc^over 6 x. 10 cm sec by 1 pore volume, decreased to
about 4 x 10 cm sec by 1.8 pore volumes, and a^ain increased to
2 x 10 cm sec . Initially che leachate from Rep. 3 contained 27%
water. The water concent decreased with increasing pore volumes until
pure xylene was leaching out at about 1.6 pore volumes. The conductivity
of Rep. 4 quickly rose co 6 x 10 within the first 0.3 pore volumes
after which it continued a slow but steady rise reaching 2.2 x 10 cm
sec by che passage of 2.7 pore volumes of leachate. The
conductivity then sharply dropped to 1 x 10 cm sec at 3.5 pore
volumes. Leachate analysis showed 100Z xylene until 3.5 pore volumes,
when it became mixed wich about 202 water. In general, Che kaolinicic
soil liners exhibited a two Co Chree order of magnitude rise in
conductivity and were very sensicive to the presence of water. Whrn
rain water leaked into the head fluid, che xylene floated, wad?r
permeated tne soil, and i ic conductivity decreased. After most of tne
water leached through the soil, an increase in conductivity was aga .n
observed, indicating that che conductivity change mechanism is at lease
in part reversible.
A rise in conductivity of all fielJ cells containing micaceous
soils exposed to xylene was also observed (Figure 28). Replication 1 had
thf» largest conductivity increase of Chree orders of magnicudi; by Che
passage of two pore volumes after which ic decreased over two ordeia of
magnitude. Here again, leachate analysis indicated the presence of
water in che system which caused che decrea.se. Replication 2 had .1 two
72
-------
100-f I •
>
X
80
60
• •
a
• • «
o •
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
LAB VALUE WITH WATER
Figure 28. Conductivity and breakthrough curves for compacted
micaceous soil liners in the field cells containing
xylene.
73
-------
order of magnitude increase in the first two pore voluires of leachate
and again exhibited a decrease due to water. Replication 3 had a 1.5
order of magnitude increase in conductivity during the first pore volume
of leachate. The conductivity then decreased almost to tr» laboratory
value with watjr by the passage of another 0.3 pore volume of le-ichste.
The leachate at this time was 65 :o 852 xylene and ID to 35t water. The
conductivity o- E\ep. 4 increased two orders of magnitude above the
laboratory value with water by the _pjs-»age of J.5 pore vol jines, after
which it decroased to 2.5 x 10 cm s».-c and remained fairly
steady. Leachate From the first three pore volumes was 100% \y!*ie and
became mixed with small amounts, (less than 52) of water thereafter. In
general, the micaceous soils, behaved similarly to the kaolinitic soils
and ihowea two to three orders of magnitude increases when exposed to
concentrated xylene. This soil was also reversibly affected by the
presence of water and some conductivity values decreased almost to the
laboratory value with water.
Conductivity of Rep. 1 of the bentonitic soil increased two orders
of magnitude in 0.6 pore volumes, after which it was disassembled
(Figure 29). Replication 2 increased 1.5 orders of magnitude within the
first 0.25 pore volumes and remained fairly steady until 1.7 pore
volumes were passed. The conductivity of Rep. 4 increased two orders of
magnitude in the first 0.5 pore volumes. The conductivity then
decreased one order of magnitude, presumably due to water, aim rose
jgain to 1.7 x 10 cm sec by the passage of 1.25 pore volumes.
Acetone
Replications 1 and 2 of the kaolinite field cells gave conductivity
plots very similar to those reported by Anderson e_£ al. (1985) for
presaturated laboratory permeamecers permeated with acetone. The
initial response to acetone was a decrease in conductivity in the 0.75
pom volumes aid followed by <*n increase in conductivity (Figure 30).
In Rep. 1, which was sampled through four pore volumes, the highest
conductivity occurred after the passage of 2.7 pore volumes.
Replication 3 of this soil showed the initial conductivity decrease
during the first 0.25 pore volume, after wh;ch it rose until 0.6 pore
volumes. After 0.6 pore volumes, the conductivity decreased.
Replication 4 also decreased in conductivity during the first 0.4 pore
volumes and then increased until 0.8 pore volumes, after which rhe
conductivity decreased again. Conductivity decreases at the end of the
experimental periods were Jue to water which diluted the acetone as
indicated by the decreases in acetone concentration of the leac'iate.
Replication 1 of the micaceous soil exhibited trie typical drop in
conductivity in rhe first 0.75 pore volumes and wa-, followed by an
increase in conductivity which peaked at about 2.7 pore volumes (Figure
31). Replication 3 followed a very similar pattern in conductivity with
the miimura value reached at 0.8 pore volumes and the maximum at 1.8
pore volumes. The fourth replication of this soil dropped in
74
-------
100-po
UJ
_1
X
*
SO-
1.0
2.0
3.0
LAB VALUC WITH WATER
BENTONITE LINEN
XYLENE
QRAMENT 7
o REP
• KEPI
O REPS
Figure 29. Conductivity and breakthrough curves
Cor compacted bentonitic soil liners
in the field cells containing xylene.
75
-------
100
ao-l
4O
20
o
I.O
2.O
3.O
4.0
oo
4.0
Figure 30. Conductivity and breakthrough curves for
compacted kao'initic soil liners in the
field cells containing acetone.
76
-------
9 LAB VALUE WITH WATCH
10
1.0
PCREVOUAC
Figure- 31. Conductivity and breakthrough curves for
compacted micaceous soil liners in the field
cells containing acetone.
77
-------
conductivity for the first 0.4 pore volumes and then progressively
.ncreased. The second replication also decreased ."jr the first 0.4 pore
volumes, increased ur.til 0.7 pore volumes, and finally decreased for the
remainder of the study. This decrease was due to dilution of the
acecone by rainfall as evidencee by low acetone concentration in the
leachatc. In general, the final • - nduc11v i.. les of the micaceous soils
were about one orJer of magnitude 'arger Lhan those measured with water
in the laboratory.
Conductivities, for the 30 cm thick micaceous soilo (Figure 32) were
very similar ti> those of the l^C" thick micaceous soils and generally
were in the range of 5 x l'i to 1 x 10 . Yhe time required for
initial leachate collection was 20 to 30 days for all micaceous soils
regardless of the soil thickness. Therefore, the exrra 15 cm thickness
of soil appears to have had little to no apparent pftect in containing
the acetone.
Of the four cells containing bentonitic soil, only two cells
produced leachate during the course of this experiment.. Almost rwo
years were required until leachate collection began from these soils.
Flow through Rep. 1 began at about 6 x 10 cm sec , decreased to 6
x 10 , and then began to increase again aj was typical for acetone in
other soils (Figure 3J) ^ Replicition 2 rose to about 3 x 10 and
then dropped to 6 x 10 . The final decrease in conductivity was due
to the entrance of water which diluted the acetone and caus3d the soil
to swell. Acetone concentrations in the leachate from these two
bentonitic soils never exceeded 20 percent.
Chemical Concentrations
Typical xylene concentrations found in profile samples of each clay
soil liner ara presented in Table 18. The variability of concentrations
occurring with depth in any one profile and ccross the clay soil liner
at any given depth indicates th-
-------
30
60 •
5 40
UJ
4
# 20 •
0
o
1.0
2.0
3.0
§ I08-
IA£. v/ALU£ WITH WATER
• MCALMER
ACTTONE
GRADIENT 7
o REP I
• REP 2
o REP 3
1.0 2.0
PORC VOLUME
3.0
Figure 32. Conductivity and breakthrough curves
for compacted micaceous soil Liners
in che field cells containing acetone.
79
-------
60
40
* 20
0
1.0
.o'9-
LAB VALUE WITH WATER
2.0
3.0
PENTONTTE LJNER
ACETONE
GRADIENT 7
o REP I
• REP 2
1.0 2.0
PORE VOLUME
3.0
Figure 33. Conductivity and breakthrough curves for
compacted bentonitic soil liners in the
field cells containing acetone.
80
-------
TABLE 18. CONCHNIRAFION OF XYLKNE IN MC KG~' IN SOIL SAMPLES FHuM A I'YHICAl. CELL OF I'liE THREE
DIFFERENT CLAY SOIL LINERS
Deptl-
(cm)
0-2.5
2.5-5.0
5.0-7.5
7.5-10.D
10.0-12.5
12.5-15.0
15.0-17.5
17.5-20.0
20.0-22.5
Kaol mite
Location No.
1
;35
S.2I4
5,060
352
13
9.391
3,757
3.401
NU
2
18
45
333
419
12
2
722
860
ND
3
44
238
806
564
71
0
2,015
ND
ND
4
170
303
122
36
160
1 ,669
ND
ND
ND
1
237
251
584
714
1, 289
204
452
2,005
ND
Mica
Loc at ion
2
112
1 ,027
1,158
4.035
4,310
1 ,903
55
ND
ND
No.
3
51
H)5
611
2,031
77
232
1 ,887
3,952
'• , 609
Kent oni I e
Loc at ion No.
1
533
5.689
15.969
2J.099
29.168
4,144
12,706
20,900
ND
2
16
8
31
139
?,585
4,750
2,409
ND
ND
3
4
J8
685
1 ,520
1 ,085
7 ,272
7,500
11 ,352
ND
4
71
4
1
322
17,785
1 , 336
2,542
6,9.jO
ND
Raiulomlv b.; l._>c t-;d from 42 possible sanplt arej-i a-* d«-i *rmi .i«-il by ^r.d
Not determine.!.
-------
TABLE 19. XYLENE CONTENT IN MG KG OF DYED AND
UNDYED SURFACES (1 MM THICK SOIL
FRAGMENT SURFACE) OF CLAY SOIL LINERS
Lysimecer No. Dyed Surface Undyed
11
8
3
19,404
9,149
12,456
2,814
2,691
13,112
16,834
1,147
0
ND ^
155
704
392
511
- not determined.
to the conclusion that xylene moved through preferential pathways,
perhaps along cracks and ped faces, and not. uniformly through the
compacted clay soil mass.
Xylene analysis of soil samples from Cell 7 showed no xylene
present in any sample (Appendix G). No leachate had been collected from
this cell, and the data indicate that in this one of four beutonite
clays exposed to xylene, the soil effectively prevented xylene movement.
It appears, however, that this will be the exception rather thau the
normal case.
Acetone concentrations in soil samples were very variable and
ranged from 0 to 31.8Z (Appendix E). This again indicates that the
acetone did not move uniformly through the soil mass but rather moved
through channels or cracks. Typical acetone concentrations in soil from
one cell of each mineralogy is given in Table 20 and show the large
variability in acetone concentrations. Both ped faces and cut surfaces
showed similar acetone concentrations (Table 21). This may be due to
the fact that acetone is soluble in water and was, therefore, able to
penetrate into the peds rather than being excluded, as in the rise of a
hydropholic chemical.
Density
Measurements of the moisture content and dry density of each lift
in each cell were made as they were constructed. The average percent
moisture, dry density, and percent proctor fo. the upper lift of each
cell are reported as initial values in Tables 22 to 25. The design
densities were 2,000, 1,950, and 1,700 kg m for the kaolinite, mica,
and bentonite soils, respectively. For the mica and bentonite soils in
82
-------
00
TABLE 20. CONCENTRATION OF ACETONE IN PERCENT IN SOIL SAMPLES FROM A TYPICAL CELL OF THE THREF
DIFFERENT CLAY SOIL LINERS
Depth
(cm)
0-2.5
2.5-5.0
5.0-7.5
7.5-1C.O
10.0-12.5
12.5-15.0
15.G-J7.S
17.5-20.0
Kaol mite
Location No. 1
1
6.8
6.2
6.1
6.9
6.7
5.8
6.1
ND
2
5.8
5.9
5.4
5.6
5.0
5.6
6.2
ND
3
1.9
5.0
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.4
7.2
7.8
4
5.9
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.3
5.7
5.7
6.1
1
2.3
3.0
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
ND
Mica
Locat ion No. 1
2
4.0
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.7
2.6
2.6
ND
3
2.2
2.7
J.2
2.8
2.8
3.5
3.5
ND
4
3.7
3.1
2.6
2.9
2.7
3.1
2.1
ND
1
8.7
6.5
7.7
5.4
5.8
4.6
8.1
ND
bentonite
Locat ion Mr.. !
2
26.3
9.5
31.8
6.7
1 I
ND
5.8
1.6
ND
3
8.5
8.9
5.8
6.1
6.7
5.7
6.0
ND
4
10.1
8.7
7.7
6.4
6.9
6.0
6.0
ND
Randomly selected from 42 possible sample areas as determined by grid system.
Not determined.
-------
TABLE 21. ACETONE CONTENT IN PERCENT OF DYED AND UNDYED
SURFACES (1 MM THICK SOIL FRAGMENT SURFACE) OF
CLAY SOIL LINERS
Lysimeter No.
13
14
15
17
19
2U
22
25
28
Fed Face
4.8
6.0
1.4
1 .5
1.6
2.4
5.6
5.1
5.0
5.9
8.1
4.7
5.2
1.5
1.3
0.3
1.5
0.6
1.3
Cue Surface
5.6
0.3
2.7
2.4
1.3
1.2
6.8
6.9
5.6
6.4
6.8
5.2
1.1
0.9
13.9
1.0
0.6
all but one cell, compactions of 90 Co 100% Proctor were achieved. The
kaoli.ni.te soil was ouch more difficult to pack and only Proctor values
of 82.0 to 91.4 were achieved. Compaction was stopped at this point
because further compaction was found to result in a lessening of the
density. This may have been due to the moisture contents being
generally a little over che, des ign of 15.5 or an overeat imation of the
design density of 2,000 kg m
A separate calibration experiment with the density gauge showed
that uhe presence of acetone and xylene does not affecr density
readings; however, moisture concent readings are increased by the
presence of either acetone or xylene.
When each cell watt disassembled, moisture-density readings were
taken immediately after the clay soil surface was exposed. Average
moisture content readings in all soils are higher than original,
probably due to the presence of the acetone or xylene. Dry density and
Proctor values generally decreased after exposure to acetone and xylene.
Decreases were least in kaolinite soil, intermediate in mica soil, and
greatest in the bentonite soil. Much of this reduction may be due to
swelling of the upper layer of soil, which become thoroughly permeated
with organic fluid.
84
-------
00
in
TVBLE 22. AVERAGE MOISTURE DENSITY AND COMPACTION OF THE KAOLlNIiLC CLAY
LINERS
Initial Values
Lysimeter
No.
2
•*
10
12
18
20
25
28
Design Value
Moisture
(Z)
17.5
17.2
18.6
16.0
14.8
17.4
18.8
14.8
15.5
Dry
Density.
/ . J 1 \
(kg m )
1,769
1,738
1,663
1,784
1,756
1,656
1,641
1,756
2,000
Proctor
(Z)
90.7
89.1
85.3
91.4
87.8
84.0
82.0
87.8
100.0
Final
Moisture
(Z)
_<
18.7
17.3
19.1
17.6
18.1
20.2
18.3
Values
Dry
Density
(kg mJ ')
.,
1,641
1,727
1,672
1,699
1,741
) ,669
1,743
Proctor
(2)
_ I
82.0
86.4
83.6
85.0
87.0
83.4
87.2.
- Not measured.
-------
TABLE 23. AVERAGE MOISTURE DENSITY AND COMPACTION OK THE MICA GUY LINERS.
oo
Initial Values
Lysimeter Moisture
No. (Z)
5
6
8
11
21
23
26
27
Design Value
12.8
16.2
11.7
14.4
14.8
13.1
12.8
13.9
13.5
Dry
Density.
(kg m ]
1,886
1,797
1,886
1,844
1,849
1,868
1,884
1,818
1,950
Final
Proctor Moisture
1 (X) (I)
96.7
91.7
96.7
94.6
94.8
95.8
96.6
93.2
100.0
14.8
16.5
14.7
13.9
13.4
13.6
14.2
Values
Dry
Density.
(kg m" l)
1,716
1,768
1,887
1,788
1,843
1,933
1,797
Proctor
UJ
88.0
86.6
96.8
91.6
92.1
94.9
92.1
-------
TABLE 24. AVERAGE MOISTURE DENSITY AND COMPACTION IF THE 30 CM THICK MICA
CLAY LINERS
Initial Values
Lysimeter
No.
13
14
15
Design Value
Moistute
(Z)
12.8
13.8
15.1
13.5
Dry
Density
/i J 1 »
(Kg ID /
1,966
1,847
1,829
1,950
Proctor
U)
100.8
94.7
93.8
100.0
Final
Moisture
(Z)
17.1
16.8
14.7
Valujs
Dry
Density
(kg m3 ')
1,716
1,733
1,878
Proctor
(2)
88.0
88.9
96.3
-------
oo
09
TABLE 25. AVERAGE MOISTURE DENSITY AND COMPACTION OF THE BENIGNTl 1C CLAY
LINERS
Initial Values
Lysimeter
No.
1
3
7
9
17
19
22
24
Design Value
Moisture
(*)
17.6
15.6
13.6
16.2
22.5
20.1
18.6
16.6
16.5
Dry
Density.
(kg mJ ')
1,627
1,690
1,693
1,622
1,496
1,586
1,645
1,578
1,700
Proctor
95.6
99.4
92.6
95.4
88.0
93.3
91.8
92.9
100.0
Final Values
Moisture
(Z)
27. J
27.8
35.1
27.8
50.3
49.8
45.0
A 1.1
Dry
Density.
(kg n> ')
1,426
1 ,480
1,254
1,502
1,103
1,135
1,176
1,195
Proctor
(Z)
82.8
85.8
73.8
87.0
64.9
66.8
69.2
;o.2
-------
Comparison of Laboratory and Field Data
The conductivity of all three soils to water, pure acetone, pure
xylene, waste acetone used in tlie field <.<=llo, and waste xylene used in
the field cells was measured in the laboratory using fixed wall
perraeameters and a gradient of 181 (Appendix H). These values plus
those measured in the field cells are presented in Table 26. Laboratory
conductivities to pure acetone were 300, 3, and 43 times the water
controls for the Icaolinite, mica, and bentonite soils, respectively.
Conductivities for waste acetone in the laboratory were much smaller,
presumably due to the water content of the waste acetone used for the
field work. Conductivities measured in the field cells containing wabte
acetone were almost one order of magnitude greater than the
corresponding conductivities tc water. The actual increases were 7.0,
6.7, and 9.7 times the water values for kaolinite, mica, and bentonite
soils, respectively.
All three soils exhibited large (three to five orders of magnitude)
conductivity increases when permeated with pure xylene in the laboratory
permeameters. Conductivity increases for waste xylene in laboratory
permeameters were between twj and t^rea orders of magnitude. In Che
field cells, the conductivities also increased -.bout two orders of
magnitude.
As noted previously, the xylene waste contained some pairt
pigments, which proved to be very useful in tracing movement through the
soil. These pigiLents were found on the surface of cracks and natural
soil peas in both the laboratory permeameters and field cells.
Structural development was observed in the field for both acetone and
xylene permeated kaolinite soil and to a lesser extent for the mica and
bentonite soils.
Therefore, with water iptmiscible chemicals such as xylene,
laboratory testing with fixed wall permeameters appears to reasonably
predict field data. When dealing with water miscible chemicals, the
conductivity appears to be highly dependent upon the exact conentration
of the solution. Care does ner-d to be taken to assure that the solution
being tested is representative of the solution or leachate that will be
in contact with the soil.
Quality control during construction of the field project was very
high and, therefore, the field data reported herein may more closely
resemble the lab ora'ory datj than in a large scale field installation.
Daniel (1985) reported that field conductivities to water often are two
orders of magnitude prea'.er than laboratory design values. It is
postulated that this difference is due to larger soil units (clods),
poorer moisture control, and poorer quality control during field
construction. Therefore, in large field installations the conductivity
increases resulting from organic fluids may be much larger than those
reported here.
89
-------
TABLE 26. CONDUCTIVITIES OF THREE SOILS TO WATER, PURE CHEMICAL, AN!) WASTES IN BOTH
LABORATORY AND FIELD CELLS
Kaolinite
Hica
Hunt mi lie
vO
O
Average L-iboratoiy
Laboratory Conductivity to
Conductivity Pure Acetone at
..o Water a Gradient
of 181
I.I x IO"8 3.7 x IO"6
I.S x IO"S 4.5 x I0~8
I.S x IO"9 I.S x IO"7
Laboratory Kit'ld Cell laboratory l.ah
Conductivity to Conductivity Conductivity Conduit i x i ' > InndiK 1 i i \ 1 >
Waste Acetone to Watte to Pure Xylcno i<> '• !•.!.• A>!IMI<> to W.IMI X\l-
at a Gradient Acetone at a at a Gradient at a l.in.lifnl nl a (,iu>li-ni
of 181 Crkdicnt of 7 at 181 ol 141 . It)"*1
J.4 x IO"8 1.0 x IO"7 2.2 x 10"' 6.4 a lu"6 2 1 « It)"*
3.4 x IO"8 I.S x 111"* 8 i > lu"' 1 \ * Ml"'
-------
Suggestions for Improvement
While, in Che opinion of the authors, this project was successful
in terms chat the objectives of the research weie achieved, there always
exist possibilities for improvement. While the authors see no need to
repeat the research, the following is a list of such improvements:
1. The drain system in the field cells could be improved by using a
larger diameter pipe or tube and by installing an air vent to the
sand collection layer so that there would not be a possibility of
pulling a vacuum on the bottom of the clay liner when sampling
leachate.
2. The HOPE liners should have been water tested for leaks prior to
use.
3. The concrete cells should have been water testrd for leaks prior to
use.
4. The field treatments should have been expanded to include three
replications of water controls.
5. The benconite soil mixture could be refined to yield a water
permeability closer to 1 x 10-7.
6. A larger cover should have been used so tnat as the fill soil
inside the cells subsided, leaks would not occur. This was
primarily a difficulty with the acetone cells.
Cundle Samples
Eight samples of plastic were obtained from the Cundle Corporation.
Each was 45 x 167 cm. Four of Che samples were welded while the
remaining four were '.inwelded. Details of where each sample was placed
and what clay liner soil and chemicals were used are given in Table 27.
The samples were placed in a U shape about 5 cm above the clay
liner and between the leaking barrels of waste. Sandy loam soil waa
then backfilled around each sample, the cell was carped, and the test
fluid was introduced. After the fluid had penetrated the clay liner and
the cell was to be dismantled, the cap was removed and the back fill was
removed. When the plastic samples became accessible, it was carefully
lifted out, examined, rinsed with tap water, and sent to Dr. Henry Haxo
for further testing.
91
-------
TABLE 27. PLACEMENT OF GUNDLE SAMPLES IN FIELD TEST CELLS
Samples Soil Cell No. Chemical
30 mil HOPE
1 sheet welded Kaolinite 28 Acetone
1 sheet unwelded Kaolinice 25 Acetone
40 mil HOPE alloy
1 sheet welded Mica 14 Acetone
1 ;heet unwelded Mica 15 Acetone
60 mil HOPE
1 theet welded Kaolinite 18 Acetone
1 sheet ur.welded Mica 13 Acetone
60 mil HOPE alloy
1 sheet welded Kaolinite 2 Xyler.e
1 sheet unwelded Kaolinite 4 Xylenp
92
-------
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96
-------
APPENDIX A
CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPACTED SOILS TO SELECTED
CONCENTRATIONS OF ACE'IONE, ETHANOL AND NaCl
97
-------
Table A-l. Average Conductivity of. Compacted Soil Containing Bentonitic Clay to
80:20 Solution ot Acetone:Water (v/v) at a Gradient of 181.
\o
00
Replication 1
Pore Vol .
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
Ave K
2.75E-6
3.43E-6
2.78E-6
2.A6E-6
2.U.E-6
9.80E-7
7.57E-7
4.76E-7
Replication 2
Pore Vol. Ave K
.1 8.3SE-6
• A
• J
.4
• 5
• 6
• i
o
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
l.S
.53E-5
.85E-5
.92E-5
.97E-5
.81E-5
.86E-S
.69E-5
.77E-5
.85E-5
.87E-5
.90E-5
.83E-5
.81E-5
.78E-5
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.It
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
Ave K
1.34E-6
9.87E-6
9.29E-6
7.97E-6
7.27E-6
6.67E-6
5.30E-6
5.85E-6
3.41E-6
6.58E-6
4.45E-6
4.30E-6
-------
Table A-2. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Bentonitic Clay to 60:40 Solution
of Acetone:Uater (v/v) at a Gradient of 181.
Replication 1
Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l -66F.-6
.1
2
• A
. 3
.4
.5
.6
. 7
.8
.9
.06E-5
. 18E-5
.17E-5
. 16E-5
.08E-5
.10E-5
.12E-5
.11E-5
.08E-5
1 9.52E-6
1.1 l.OOE-S
1.2 9.64E-6
> 1.3 9.68E-6
' 1.5 1.09E-5
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.9
Ave K
3.56E-8
4.14E-8
3.15E-8
1.03E-8
3.27E-8
3.06E-8
2.70E-8
9.68E-9
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Ave K
1.10E-6
8.63E-0
8.51L-6
8.18E-6
7.78E-6
7.32E-6
7.10E-6
6.71E-6
6.67E-6
6.50E-6
5.%E-6
5.63E-6
5.61E-6
5.24t-6
4.97E-6
4.89E-6
4.68E-6
-------
Table A-3. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Bentonitic Clay to 75:25
Solution of EthanoL:Uarer (v/v) at a Gradient of 191.
o
o
Replication 1
Pore Vol. Ave K
.1 3.85E-6
.2 7.63E-6
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
.17E-5
.14E-5
.26E-5
.24E-5
.25E-5
.29E-5
.J1E-5
.20E-5
.33E-5
.35E-5
.40E-5
.40E-5
1.5 1.39E-5
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
Ave K
1.11E-6
1.50E-5
.37E-5
.29E-5
.22E-5
.19E-3
.13E-5
1.12E-5
1.12E-5
1.13E-5
1.12E-5
1.13E-5
1.09E-5
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
i.l
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.9
Ave K
1.49E-6
4.75E-6
6.08E-6
5.79E-6
5.58E-6
5.45E-6
5.35E-6
5.22h-6
4.83E-6
4.78li-6
4.49t-5
4.44E-6
4.39E-6
4.04E-6
3.66E-6
-------
Table A-4. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Bentonitic Cluy to a
50:50 Solution of Ethanol:Uater (v/v) at a Gradient of 18l.
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.)
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1. J
1.4
1.6
Ave K
3.64E-6
9.01E-6
8.19E-6
8.26E-6
6.86E-6
6.02E-6
5.13E-6
4.82E-6
4.33E-6
4.21E-6
4.38E-6
4.33E-6
4.27E-6
4.02E-6
3.69E-6
3.27E-6
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Ave K
9.49E-7
3.27E-6
3.61E-6
3.46E-6
2.95E-6
3.2°b-6
2.63E-6
2.93E-6
2.89E-6
2.72E-6
2.59E-6
2.48E-6
2.3IE-6
2.16E-6
2.19E-6
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
Ave K
8.03E-7
1.46b-6
1.28t-6
1.23E-6
1.28E-6
1.12S-6
7.46E-7
9.19H-7
5.33E-7
9.35E-7
1.16E-6
1.20E-6
-------
Tabl. A-5. Average Laboratory Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Bentonitic Clay to
0.01 N CaSO, at a Gradient of 181.
Keplication 1
Pore Vol.
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
1
.1
.2
.it
.5
.7
Ave K
8.76E-7
5.62E-7
4.35E-7
3.62E-'
J.57E-7
2.10E-7
1.39E-7
1.23E-7
8.36E-8
4.93E-8
9.03E-8
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
.1
.?
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
Ave K
1.57E-6
1.50E-6
1.48E-6
1.25E-6
1.12E-6
9.22E-7
8.83E-7
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Ave K
8.26E-6
1.38E-5
3.43E-6
3.23E-6
2.87E-6
2.67E-6
2.62E-6
2.65E-6
2 . 26 1- 6
2.53E-6
2.66h-6
2.49E-6
2.5JE-6
-------
Table A-6. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Beutonitic Clay to 0.5 N
Nad at a Gradient of 181.
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
. i
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
i
i.l
1.2
1.3
1.4
Ave K
5.50E-6
S.«6E-6
8.61E-6
8.30E-6
8.32E-S
8.26E-6
7.89E-6
7.97E-6
7.86E-6
7.86E-6
7.92E-6
7.74E-6
7 . 7t* F.-6
7.59E-6
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
.1
•
• A.
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
Ave K
9.08E-7
3.80E-6
3.07E-6
2.81E-6
1.69E-6
2.09E-6
2.04E-6
2.02E-6
1.72E-6
1.67E-6
1.54E-6
1.54E-6
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
<.:
.1
.3
.6
.7
.8
2
Ave K
6.03E-7
1.IOE-6
8.99E-7
9.06E-7
1.43E-6
9.08E-7
5.07E-7
-------
Table A-7. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Bentonitic Clay to i.O N
Nad at a Gradient of 181.
Replication
Pore Vol.
.1
.2
.3
.A
.5
.6
.8
1.2
1.7
1
Ave K
5.34E-6
7.46E-6
7.00E-6
6.54E-6
5.93E-6
9.56E-6
6.88E-6
3.64E-6
4.10E-6
Kepi
Pore Vol.
.1
.2
.4
.5
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
l.J
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.9
2
ication 2
Ave K
3.06E-5
2.75E-5
2.41E-5
2.31E-5
2.32E-5
2.29E-5
2.38E-5
2.38E-5
2.58E-5
2.64E-5
2.73E-5
2.75E-5
2.63E-5
2.87E-5
2.93E-5
Kepi
For.- Vol.
.1
.2
.3
.5
. 7
2.1
2.2
ication 3
Ave K
3.15E-6
2.86E-6
2.B8E-6
2.68E-6
2.60E-6
2.76E-6
l.f'OE-6
-------
APPENDIX B
AVERAGE CONDUCTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL CLAY MIXTURES TO
ACETONE AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
105
-------
Table B-l. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CCl to Acetone at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
V.I
.1
.2
3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Ave K
!.4lE-5
8.3US-7
1.47E-5
2. 24 E-5
1.71E-5
6.15E-5
2.87E-S
2.78E-5
2.59E-5
2.66E-S
2.S9E-S
2.62E-5
2.51E-5
2.28E-S
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K Fluid
3.85E-4
8.41E-5
9.37E-5
1.03E-4
1.03E-4
l.OOE-4
I .03E-4
9.87E-5
2.I1E-4
1.04E-4
1.09E-4
Replication 3
Poie Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
I
1.1
Av» K
3.31E-5
3.67E-5
4.02E-5
3.87E-5
3.72E-5
3.58E-5
3.43E-5
3.J9E-5
3.19E-5
3.23E-5
3.13E-5
3.IOE-5
-------
Table B-2.
Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC2 to A.etone at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K
2.35E-6
3.54E-6
3.43E-6
3.25E-6
3.28E-6
2.99E-6
2.61E-6
2.21L-6
2.05E-6
2.15E-6
2.12E-6
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
.7
.8
.9
1.2
l.S
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.3
3.6
4.4
4.6
Ave K Fluid
3.31E-7
1.70E-7
3.82E-7
3.15E-7
2.5IE-7
1.69E-7
8.04E-8
6.14E-8
9.73E-8
5.95E-7
3.71E-7
1.50E-7
2.26E-7
1.86E-7
1.53E-7
replication 3
Pore Vol.
<.l
1
2.1
2.T.
3.3
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.2
5.4
5.5
6.5
6.8
6.9
8.9
Ave K
1.75E-7
6.39E-7
4.U9E-7
2.25L-7
3. OIK- 7
4.77E-7
3.09E-7
2.85E-8
1.57E-6
7.57t-7
1.26E-6
1.08E-6
8.45fc-7
7.91L-7
1.43L-6
-------
T^bJe 11-3. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CCJ to Acetone at a Gradient of °! .
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
Acetone <•'
.1
.2
.3
. i,
.5
.6
1 .i
1.3
1.8
2.1
Replication 2
Ave K Fluid
7.25E-9 Acetone
A.68E-9
6.23E-9
8.56E-9
8.81E-9
1.0? -3
1.54E-8
9.30E-3
8.17E-7
1.08E-6
1.35E-6
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.5
.7
.8
i.l
1.2
1 -4
2.3
2.u
Replication 3
Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
3.14E-9
7.06E-9
7.61E-9
5.98E-9
1.6&E-8
2.06E-8
1.09E-S
4.56E-8
4.93E-8
5.48E-8
6.29E-8
5.51E-8
2.6
8.00E-8
o
00
-------
Table B-4. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CCl lo Xylene at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol .
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Av« K
1.79E-4
2.28E-4
2.31E-4
1.79E-4
1 . 99E-4
2.48E-4
2.13E-4
2.4SE-4
2.48E-4
2.'3E-4
2.45E-4
2.6SE-4
2.82E-4
2.73E-4
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
A*e K Fluid
1.79E-4
2.05E-4
2.39E 4
2.05E-4
2.56E-4
2.16E-4
2.73E-4
2.65E-4
2.48E-4
2.50E-4
2.56E-4
2.90E-4
3.07E-4
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
^.1
. 1
.2
.3
.L
.5
.6
.8
.9
1
1.1
Ave K
3.80E-6
3.59E-6
3.82E-6
7.48E-6
1.09E-5
1.23E-5
9.58E-6
1.02E-5
1 .23E-!>
9.63E-6
1.14E-5
o
vO
-------
Table u_5. Average Conductivity ot Compacted Soil Containing CC2 to Xylene at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.40
1.00
1.90
3.00
3.20
3.80
4.50
5.5
6.2
6.9
7.7
Ave K
.001095
.001588
.002)90
.002601
5.48E-4
.001314
.001780
.002409
5.93E-4
5.93E-4
6.02E-4
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K Fluid
1.14E-5
9.01E-6
7.99E-6
8.10E-6
7.15E-6
6.73E-6
6.16E-6
5.86E-6
6.01E-6
5.93E-6
5.93E-6
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Ave K
/.12E-4
6.98E-4
7.26E-4
6.84E-4
7.26E-4
7.26E-4
-------
Table B-6. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC3 to Xylene at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid
Xylene
Pore Vol.
<.l
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Ave K
3.60E-5
6.84E-5
6.39E-5
6.16E-5
7.30E-5
5.93E-5
7.71E-5
7.28E-5
6.J7E-5
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
Xylene • J
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
0.01 N CaSO^j
<. 1
. 1
.2
.3
Repl ical ion 3
Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
1.14E-4
1.38E-*
1.34E-4
1.37E-A
1.38E-4
l.UE-4
1.30E-4
1.38E-*
1.3AE-4
2.13E-9
1.33E-8
1.45E-8
8.55E-9
-------
Table B-7. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CCl to Gasoline at a Gradient, ol" 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K
2.66E-4
3.39E-4
3.11E-4
2.96E-4
3.16E-'*
3.16E-*.
3.05E-4
2.14E-4
3.10E-4
2.83E-4
4.34E-4
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l 6.94E-5
1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.29E-4
.21E-4
.27E-4
.28E-4
.26E-4
.27E-4
.22E-4
Replication 3
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
. I
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Ave K
1.37E-4
1.55E-4
1.42E-4
1.08E-4
9.58E-5
9.49E-5
9.3')E-5
9.07E-5
9.49E-5
9.13E-5
-------
Table B-8. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC2 to Gasoline at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l .25E-4
.1 .48E-4
. 3 .48E-4
.4 .48E-4
.5 .57E-4
.6 .34E-4
.7 .57E-4
.8 .34E-4
.3 .34E-4
1 9.13E-5
1.1 9.13E-5
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
Ave K ~ Fluid
4.38E-6
4.93E-6
5.25E-6
5.11E-6
5.29E-6
S.38E-6
5.34E-6
5.38E-6
5.34E-6
S.43E-6
S.48E-6
S.29E-6
5.36E-6
5.43E-6
5.43E-6
S.66E-6
4.97E-6
Replication 3
Pore Vol. Ave K
<•! 4.68E-4
• 1 4.31E-4
•2 1 . 53E-4
.3 1.47E-4
•4 1.48E-4
.5 1.51E-4
• 6 1 . 50E-4
• 7 .47E-4
• 8 .49E-4
•9 .52E-4
1 .51E-4
1.1 .44E-4
1-2 .40E-4
1.3 .49E-4
1-4 .44E-4
1.5 -.39E-4
1-6 .42E-4
-------
Table B-9. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC3 to Gasoline at a Gradient ot 91
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Ave K
2.17E-6
3.65E-5
3.38E-5
3.53E-5
2.93E-5
2.91E-5
2.5/E-5
2.20E-5
2.51E-5
2.46E-5
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.9
Ave K
1.4SE-6
2.19E-6
2.04E-6
2.00E-6
1.62E-6
1.39E-6
1.8IE-6
1.10E-6
1.14E-6
Replication 3
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l 1.21 E-4
.2 7.(X.E-5
.3 1.43E-4
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
.21 E-4
.36 E-4
.39E-4
.21 E-4
.43E-4
.27E-4
. 36E-4
. 24 E-4
. 36 E-4
. 33 E-4
-------
Table B-10. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing (XI to Kerosine at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K
1.25E-4
1.41E-4
1.52E-4
1.56E-4
1.55E-4
1.60E-4
1.68E-4
1.69E-4
1.68E-4
1.77E-4
1.80E-4
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
Replication 3
Ave K Fluid
1.62F.-4
1.63E-4
1.67E-4
1 . 68E-4
1.61E-4
1.67E-4
1.69E-4
1.66E-4
1.77E-4
1.71E-4
1.71E-4
1.67E-4
Pore Vol .
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K
1.20 £-4
1.15E-4
1.18E-4
1.16E-4
1.16E-4
1.15E-4
1.15E-4
1 . 1 1 E-4
1.16E-4
1.16E-4
l.liE-4
-------
Table B-ll. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC2 to Kerosine at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l 9.95E-5
.1 .23E-4
.2 .27E-4
.3 .21 E-4
.4 .31 E-4
.5 .30E-4
.6 .32E-4
.7 .31 E-4
.8 .30E-4
.9 .29E-4
1 . 31 E-4
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid
<.l 3.80E-5
.1 9.61E-5
.2 9.98E-5
.3 1.00 E-4
.4 1.11 E-4
.5 1.05K-4
.6 9.92E-5
.7 .02E-4
.8 .01 E-4
.9 .03E-4
1 .05 E-4
1.1 .05 E-4
1.2 .03E-4
1.3 .C3E-4
1.4 .04E-4
1.5 .02E-4
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1"
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
Ave K
2.J5E-5
2.95E-5
3.45E-5
3.47E-5
3.54E-5
3.63E-1)
3.83E-5
3.71E-b
3.83E-1)
3.92E-5
3.88E-5
3.92E-5
3.89E-5
-------
Table B-12. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC3 to Kerosine at a Ciadient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
l.i
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Ave K
4.56E-5
5.93E-5
7.76E-5
9.58E-5
5.48E-5
1.51E-4
5.93E-5
7.53E-5
9.13E-5
7.76E-5
7.76E-5
7.99E-5
9.13E-5
7 7'-E-5
9.58E-S
8.44K-5
6.84E-5
H.21E-S
7.76E-5
l.OOE-4
1.14E-4
5.70E-5
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.«>
2
2.1
2.2
Ave K Fluid
1.14E-5
i.02E-5
5.86E-5
7.76E-5
6.62E-5
7.30E-5
7.30E-5
7.07E-5
9.13E-5
5.93E-5
7.53E-5
7.76E-5
6.84E-5
7.07E-5
7.76E-5
6.84E-S
8.21E-5
7.30E-5
8.67E-5
7.30E-5
7.30E-5
1.14E-4
9.13E-5
Replication 3
Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l 3.91E-7
.1 4.91E-7
.2 5.S3E-/
•J 5.36E-7
.4 3.70E-7
.7 4.42E-7
.8 2.47E-7
.9 3.7t>E--7
1 4.11E-6
.2 8.47E-6
.4 3.56E-6
.5 C.70E--6
.6 1.83E-5
.7 1.71E-5
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.i
2.J
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
.92E-5
.69E-5
.02E-5
.54E-5
.48E-5
.56E-5
.37E-5
. 39E-5
.37E-5
. JBE-5
.33E-5
.41E-5
•23E-5
3.1 1.28E-5
3.2 1.30E-5
-------
Table B-13. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC1 to Diesel Fuel at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Ave K
8.52E-5
8.94E-5
9.08E-5
9.00E-5
9.55E-5
9.72E--5
9.67E-5
9.98E-S
9.73E-5
l.OOE-4
-
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Ave K Fluid
3.26E-5
3.26E-5
3.18E-5
3.26E-5
3.79E-5
4.03E-5
4.18E-5
4.23E-5
4.36E-5
4.38E-5
4.46E-5
4.50E-5
4.59E-5
4.56E-5
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K
2.28E-5
3.17U-5
3.08E-5
3.16E-5
2.86E-S
3.07E-5
3.I1E-5
3.18E-5
2.99E-5
3.03E-5
3.03t-5
00
-------
Table B-14. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Cm-'dining CC2 Lo Dio&el Fuel at a Gradient oi 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
V. I
.1
.2
.3
.It
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
Replication 2
Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Avt
1.78E-5 <.l
2.28E-5 .1
2.28E-5 .2
2.36E-5 .3
2.37E-5 .4
2.43E-5 .5
2.J7E-5 .6
2.4JE-5 .7
2.42E-5 „
2.49E-5
2.43E-5
2.51E-5 '
Replication 3
K Fluid P.'ie V 1. Ave
1.08E-S <.l 3
.JoE-5 .1 4
l.WE-5 .2 A
.62E-5 .3 4
.69E-i .U ^
.78E-5 .5 4
.79E-5 .6 4
.78E-5 .7 k
./8E-5 -8 *
-.n« r 94
78E~5
1 4
.72E-5
K
.09E-5
.75E-5
.72L-5
.75E-5
.90fc-5
.56L-5
.84E-5
.78E-5
.84h-5
72fc~ 5
9Ut~!)
-------
Table B-15. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC3 to Diesel Fuel at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
1
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.8
2
2.3
Avc K
2.67E-7
4.78E-7
4.17E-7
2.70E-7
2.13E-7
1.59E-7
1.32E-7
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
.7
.8
.9
1
1.4
1.6
1.9
Ave K Fluid
4.09E-7
4.68E-7
3.71E-7
3.06E-7
2.25E-7
1.74E-7
1.32E-7
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
<.l
.4
.6
1.3
2.3
2.5
2.7
3.6
3.9
Ave K
1.24E-7
5.67E-7
6.23E-7
5.97E-7
5.90E-6
5.73E-7
5.4/E-7
5.21E-7
4.86E-7
ts)
o
-------
Table 11-16. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CCI to Motor Oil at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<-.! 3.23E-6
.1 4.75E-6
.2 5.07E-6
.3 5.89E-6
.4 4.73E-6
.-> 4.94E-6
.6 5.42E-6
.7 5.70E-6
.8 5.96E-6
.9 5.96E-6
1 5.I3E-6
.1 5.70E-6
.2 5.96E-6
.3 5.70E-6
.4 7.06E-6
.5 6.08E-6
.6 6.11E-6
.7 5.70E-6
.8 6.61E-6
.9 6.34E-6
2 6.65E-6
2.1 5.70E-6
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
Replication 3
Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
3.
4.
5.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
6.
5.
5.
4.
6.
5.
04E-6 <.l 3.96E-6
35E-6
07E-6
94E-6
99E-6
13E-6
32E-6
32E-6
32E-6
32E-6
70E-6
32E-6
32E-6
11E-6
70E-6
70 E- 6
68 E- 6
34E-6
32E-6
.1 5.54E-6
.2 5.13fc-6
.3 5.7UE-6
.4 5.70E-6
.5 5.70E-6
.6 6.34E-6
.7 6.6'>E-6
.8 5.70E-6
.9 6.591>6
1 5.96L-6
.1 6.65E-G
.2 6.97K-6
.3 6.34E-6
.4 6.65E-6
.5 6.97E-6
.6 7.6IE-6
.7 6.ME-6
.8 7.0^h-6
.9 6.65E-6
2 I.I4L-5
?.l 7.31E-6
2.2 7.6IE-6
2.3 7.61E-6
2.4
9.13E-6
-------
Table li-17. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC2 to Mo ..or Oil at a Gradient of 91.
N>
to
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l 1.08E-6
.1 1.76E-6
.2 1.96E-6
.3 2.02E-6
.4 2.30E-6
. i 2.72E-6
.6 2.83E-6
.7 2.87E-6
.8 2.54E-6
.9 3.06E-6
1 2.99E-6
.1 3.12E-6
.2 3.26E-6
.3 3.26E-6
.4 3.62E-6
.5 3.80E-6
.6 3.53E-6
.7 3.80E-6
.8 2.83E-6
.9 4.06E-6
2 3.44E-6
2.1 5.32E-6
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid
<.l 3.02E-7
.1 6.69E-7
.2 7.07E-7
.3 8.16E-7
.4 8.65E-7
.5 .11E-6
.6 . 20E-6
.7 .17E-6
.8 . 23E-6
.9 9.51E-7
1 .56E-6
.1 .64E-6
.2 9.30E-7
.3 . 56E-6
.4 .56E-6
.5 .86E-6
.6 .17E-6
.7 .71E-6
.8 .63E-6
1.9 .7JE-6
2 .43E-6
Replication 3
Pore Vol. A./e K
<.l 4.18E-7
.1 8.61E-7
.2 .6EK-6
.3 .96E-6
.4 .19E-6
.5 .30E-6
.6 .38E-6
.7 .37E-6
.8 .41E-6
.9 .98E-6
1 .77E-6
1.1 .73E-6
.2 . 74E-6
.3 .80K-6
.4 .98t-6
-5 .58E-6
.6 2.23E-6
? 2.21L-6
.8 1.92E-6
-.9 2.14E-6
2 2.I4E-6
2.1 2.2/.E-6
2.2 2.V.E-6
2.3 2.45E-6
-------
Table B-18. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing CC3 to Motor Oil at a Gradient of 91.
Replication i
Fluid Pore Vol.
2
2
2
2
5
.4
.5
.7
1
2
.1
.2
.4
.5
3
.6
Ave
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
7.
1.
9.
1.
1.
1.
K
54E-7
73E-7
36E-7
27E-7
28E-6
65 E- 7
OlE-6
65 E- 7
2IE-6
02E-6
56E-6
Replicat
ion 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
.
2.
2.
2.
3.
5
2
1
5
7
2
Ave
2.
5.
8
1.
1.
1.
K Fiuid
08E-7
J7E-7
07E-7
14E-6
16E-6
7IE-6
Repl icat ion 3
Pore Vol.
<..!
.5
.6
.8
1
1.5
Ave
1.
8.
6.
1.
1.
2.
K
38E-8
95E-8
48E-
49E-
38E-
15E-
8
7
7
7
-------
APPENDIX C
AVERAGE CONDUCTIVITY DATA FP.OM LABORATORY PERMEAMETERS
124
-------
Table C-l. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonitic Clay to 0.01 N CaSO, at a Gradient of 181.
Replication 1 Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
0.01 N CaS'>' <-l 2.56E-9
.1 4.53E-9
.2 4.27E-9
.3 7.31E-9
.4 4.43E-9
.5 3.65E-9
.6 4.06E-9
.8 3.47E-9
.9 2.43S-9
1 2.49E-9
125
-------
Table C-2. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay to 0.01 N CaSO, at a Gradient of 31.
Replication 1 Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
0.01 N CaSO, <- 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
l.l
1.30E-8
1.62E-8
1.60E-8
1.55E-8
1.51E-8
1.35E-8
1.24E-8
1.07E-8
1.48E-S
1.37E-8
1.63E-8
2.84E-8
126
-------
Table C-3. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonicic Clay to 0.01 N CaSO Followed by Acetone
at a Gradient of 91.
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N CaSC/. <.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.6
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
5
1
Ave K
/..77E-9
5.41E-9
7.46E-9
1.28E-8
1.27E-8
1.30E-8
1.34E-8
1.01E-8
6.32E-9
1.01E-8
7.17E-9
7.02E-9
6.16E-9
3.41E-9
2.69E-9
1.95E-9
3.01E-9
2.65E-9
2.97E-9
2.28E-9
3.10E-9
3.06E-9
4.00E-9
5.48E-9
6.08E-9
6.08E-9
9.78E-9
6.40E-9
7.87E-9
1.06E-8
1.74E-8
2.59E-8
2.45E-8
3.12E-8
4.94E-7
1.10E-6
1.08E-6
1.03E-6
1.15E-6
1.13E-6
6.86E-7
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
C.01 N CaSO, <.l
4 .1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
9
1
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Ave K
1.03E-8
4.33E-9
8.29E-9
8.71E-9
8.13E-9
7.33E-9
5.99E-9
4.38E-9
1.02E-9
5.9E-10
5.2E-10
6.6E-10
5.16E-9
3.72E-9
3.79E-9
2.69E-9
2.97E-9
2.58E-9
3.28E-9
3.80E-9
3.44E-9
3.63E-9
4.30E-9
5.04E-9
1.36E-8
4.00E-8
2.40E-8
2.17E-8
2.44E-8
9.09E-9
127
-------
Table C-4. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonitic Clay Co 0.01 N CaSO Followed by Acetone at a
Gradient oc 181.
Replica1, ion
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N Ca;::4<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.3
.9
i
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1 Replication 2
Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
4.83E-9
2.10E-9
2.01E-9
4.38E-9
3.89E-9
5.26E-9
4.''3E-9
3.o7E-9
3.66E-9
5.16E-9
3.15E-9
4.87E-9
4.46E-9
4.02E-9
1.44901
1.88E-9
1.74E-9
1.91E-9
2.39E-9
1.92E-9
2.51E-9
2.38E-9
2.46E-9
2.17E-9
2.41E-9
5.23E-9
5.15E-9
5.44E-9
8.17E-9
9.82E-9
1.25E-8
1.64E-8
1.88E-8
2.06E-8
128
-------
Table C-4 continued.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
1.9 1.92E-8
2.1 1.96E-8
2.2 2.07E-8
2.3 1.85E-8
2.4 2.27E-8
3 2.47E-8
3.2 4.33E-8
3.4 4.77E-8
4 5.34<>8
4.2 5.32E-8
4.4 5.43E-8
5.4 4.26E-8
129
-------
Table C-5. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonitic Clay to 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Acetone
at a Gradient of 272.
Rep 1 1 cation
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N CaSO*, <.l
.1
.2
.3
.14
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1 ?
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.8
3.7
1
Ave K
2.55E-9
2.42E-9
1.94E-9
1.66E-9
1.33E-9
1.30E-9
1.06E-9
9.8E-10
1.51E-9
2.04E-9
3.21E-9
3.32E-9
2.42E-9
2.53E-9
2.02E-9
1.46E-9
1.3JL-9
1.65E-9
1.S4E-9
2.06E-9
3.KE-9
4.25E-9
3.61E-9
3.74E-9
8.72E-9
1.14E-8
8.98E-9
6.95E-9
1.17E-8
1.18E-8
1.04E-8
1.47E-9
3.09E-8
7.91E-8
1.60E-7
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
O.OJ N CaSO/, <•!
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.6
2
Ave K
1.82E-9
1.11E-8
1.03E-8
1.02E-8
1.09E-8
7.63E-9
6.44E-9
3.66E-9
3.24E-9
2.77E-9
2.54E-9
3.29E-9
1.64E-9
7.5E-10
3.1E-10
2.8E-10
6.2E-10
8.9E-10
1.85E-9
3.08E-9
1.33E-8
3.43E-8
130
-------
Table C-6. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaoli.ni.cic Clay Co 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Acetone
at a Gradient of 31.
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N Ca3G4<.l
.]
.2
.3
.4
.3
.6
.7
.8
.9
.1
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
1
Ave K
7.10E-9
1.03E-8
1.01E-8
6.71E-9
1.01E-8
9.65E-9
1.05E-8
1.26E-8
1.53E-8
1.43E-8
1.71E-8
1.90E-8
1.05E-8
7.34E-9
5.78E-9
8.&3E-9
6.97E-9
7.07E-9
9.42E-9
1.20E-8
1.07E-8
1.32E-8
1.34E-8
1.56E-8
2.09E-8
1.90E-8
5.23E-8
5.62E-8
4.19E-8
1.03E-7
5.15E-8
4.72E-8
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.0.1 N CaSO, <•!
. i
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.5
Ave K
8.14E- 9
9.53E-9
7.79F-9
9.05E-9
1.02S-8
1.13E-8
1.17E-8
1.27E-8
1.24E-8
1.22E-8
1.21E-8
1.12E-8
9.31E-9
6.51E-9
1.09E-8
2.27E-8
9.22E-9
1.81E-8
4 . 99E-8
5.67E-8
6.14E-8
6.01E-8
7.52E-8
1.0ȣ-7
1.05E-7
8.37E-9
9.34E-8
1.37E-7
1.33E-7
1.38E-7
1.14E-7
1.72E-7
131
-------
Table C-6 concinued.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.5
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.S
4.6
Ave K
9.99E-9
3.84E-8
5.49E-8
7.9UE-8
3.02E-7
1.10E-4
1.07E-4
1.05E-4
9.37E-5
9.13E-5
9.20E-5
8.70E-5
8.36E-S
8.30E-5
8.36E-S
8.03E-5
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
2.8
3
3.6
0.01 N Caf,04
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
. 7
Ave K
2.19E-6
2.88E-6
2.06E-6
1.05E-6
1.57E-7
3.91E-8
2.08E-8
1.42E-8
2.27E-8
132
-------
Table C-7. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaolinitic Clay Co 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Acetone
at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.31 N CaSO,,
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Ace cone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
2.3
2.5
Ave K
1.33E-8
1.66E-8
1.54E-8
1.54E-8
1.59E-8
1.06E-8
9.20E-9
9.60E-9
8.41E-9
6.97E-9
7.44E-9
6.78E-9
3.78E-9
3.55E-9
2.90E-9
3.57E-9
5.80E-9
1.02E-8
6.12E '
1.03E-6
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N CaiiC^ <- !
• 1
.2
.3
.6
.9
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
Acetone
<.l
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.9
1.3
1.4
1.8
Ave K
9.31F.-9
1.61Z-8
2.0SE-8
6.32E-8
U.iE-7
1.67E-8
3.62E-9
5.60E-9
6.36E-9
6.11E-9
6.27E-9
5.60E-9
3.58E-9
7.81E-9
1.99E-9
1.13E-8
4.23E-8
8.4E-8
1.06E-7
1.88E-7
1.93E-7
2.73E-7
133
-------
Table C-8. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaolinitic Clay Co 0.01 N CaSO, Followed oy Acetone
ac a Gradient of 181.
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N CaS J/, <. 1
. 1
.6
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Ace cone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
, •
.5
.6
.7
1.1
1.7
1.8
i.l
2.5
2.8
1 Replication 2
Ave K Fluid
7.82E-9 C.01 N CaSU,
9.94E-9
3.63E-8
5.86E-8
8.82E-9
4.22E-9
4.35E-9
4.99E-9 /cecone
4.33E-9
4.74E-9
3.28E-9
5.70E-9
/».13E-9
3.12E-9
3.65E-9
3.12E-9
3.28E-9
1.67E-8
5.22E-8
1.25E-7
S.72E-8
1.11E-*
1.12E-6
1.13E-6
?ore Vol.
<.l
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.8
2
2.4
2.S
3.8
4.1
5
Ave K
6.76E-9
5.14E-9
4.65E-9
4.48E-9
4.38E-9
4.13E-9
3.83E-9
3.70E-9
5.3'iE-9
4.78E-9
3.86E-9
2.51E-9
2.88E-9
2.80E-9
1.37E-7
1.57E-7
1.2?E-/
9.21E-8
2.06E-7
1.29E-7
6.93E-8
5.09E-7
3.52E-7
3.01E-7
3.56E-7
6.34E-7
134
-------
Table C-9. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay to 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Acetone
at a Gradient of 31.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore VoJ .
0.01 .,' CaLJ/. <.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
Acetone
<. 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.2
2.3
Ave K
1.30E-8
1.78E-8
1.96E-3
1.79E-8
I.78F-8
1.73E-8
1.79E-8
1.31E-S
1.67E-8
1.77E-8
1.51E-8
2.28E-8
2.88E-8
1.76S-8
1.50E-8
2.12E-3
1.07E-8
4.96E-9
1.32E-8
1.13E-8
9.46E-9
7.18E-9
6.29E-9
8.10E-9
9.93E-9
1.11E-8
1.24E-8
2.01E-8
7.25E-8
9.24E-7
1.06E-6
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
J.01 N CaSO,, <•!
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Acetone
<- 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.2
2.3
2J4
2,5
2.6
2.7
Ave K
4.92E-7
7.04E-9
6.51E-9
6.91E-9
8.69E-9
8.13E-9
9.03E-9
9.51E-9
1.05E-8
1.04E-3
9.69E-9
6.76E-9
4.47E-9
2.14E-9
7.12E-9
1.04°-8
1.23E-8
9.87E-9
2.53E-9
1.17E-8
9.07E-9
2.91E-8
2.47E-8
2.21E-8
2.68E-8
1.87E-8
2.31E-8
1.63E-8
2.06E-8
8.91E-9
6.75E-8
2.99E-8
2.74E-8
2.86E-8
135
-------
Table C-9 continued.
Repi icar ion 1 Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave X Fl-jid Pore Vol.
2.8
3. 7
3.9
4. 1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4. 7
4.8
5
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6
6.1
6.2
Ave X
2.46E-*
1.87h-9
2.66E-"
2.62E-8
2..JOE-8
2.32E-8
2.22E-?
1.72E-8
1 .75E-8
3.84E-8
3.74E-8
4.21E-8
3.67E-8
3.92E-8
5.20E-8
5.63E-8
7.061-8
7.14E-8
7.63E-3
6.21E-8
8.76E-9
136
-------
Table C-10. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay to 0.0} N CaSO^ Followed by Acetone
at a Gradient of 91.
Rep! i cad on
Fluid Pore Vol.
O.OL N C-S;'4<.1 .
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Acetone
.01
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.3
1.4
1.)
1.9
2
2.2
2.6
1
Ave K
1.09E-8
1.04E-8
1.03E-3
1.20E-8
.27E-8
. 26E-8
. 21E-8
.06E-8
. 22E-8
1.07E-8
8.96E-9
1.03E-8
8.77E-9
1.06E-8
6.68E-9
5.86E-9
4.89E-9
5.03E-9
4.67E-9
7.32E-9
1.13E-8
1.70E-7
2.99E-7
3.68E-7
4.24E-7
3.96E-7
4.82E-7
6.23E-7
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
^.01 N CaSCA
.1'
.2
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.7
Ave K
1.29E-8
1.25E-8
l.OSE-8
1.22E-8
9.93E-9
1.10E-8
7.25E-9
6.59E-9
6.90E-9
5.79E-9
6.79E-9
7.91E-9
1.73E-8
3.89E-8
4.72E-8
6.20E-8
1.98E-7
137
-------
Table C-1I. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay Co 0.01 N CaSO,
aC a Gradient of 181.
Followed by Acetone
Rep', ication
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N Ca-SO, <•!
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
1
Acetone
<.l
.1
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.7
1
Ave K
3.72E-9
7.32E-9
8.70E-9
7.59E-9
8.62E-9
8.75E-9
9.30E-9
1.04E-8
1.08E-8
1.06E-8
9.08E-9
8.84E-9
7.08E-9
7.32E-9
6.22E-9
5.28E-9
4.82E-9
3.70E-9
5.75E-9
4.28E-9
5.20E-9
5.69E-9
5.99E-9
7.47E-9
7.47E-9
9.19E-9
1.02E-8
7.19E-9
1.11E-8
1.25E-8
1.23E-8
1.06E-8
1.24 E-8
1.38E-8
1.33E-8
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N CaS04 <. 1
.1
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Acetone
<.l
.1
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Ave K
7.92E-9
8.22E-9
8.34E-9
9.61E-9
9.94E-9
9.96E-9
1.06E-8
1.08E-8
1.12E-8
2.11E-8
9.87E-9
9.03E-9
8.2E-9
7.57E-9
6.33E-9
5.19E-9
4.82E-9
5.I9E-9
4.89E-9
5.49E-9
6.I5E-9
6.65E-9
8.01E-9
8.41E-9
9.13E-9
1.23E-8
1.22E-8
1.41E-8
1.48E-8
1.49E-8
1 . 14 E-8
1.49E-8
1. 74 E-8
1.74 £-8
138
-------
Table C-12. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonitic Clay Co Acetone at a Gradient of 91.
Replication 1 Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l 6.7E-10
.1 1.20E-9
.4 5.51E-9
.8 7.43E-8
1.6 1.13E-7
139
-------
Table C-13. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonitic Clay to Acetone at a Gradient of 181.
Replication 1 Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
<.l 5.5E-10
.1 6.1E-11
.8 8.74E-9
1.3 1.16E-7
1.9 1.74E-7
140
-------
Table C-14. V.-erage Concuccivicy of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonitic Clay co Acetone at a Gradient of 272.
Raplication 1
Fluid
Pore Vol.
Ave K Fluid
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
Ave K
Acetone <• 1
. i
.2
.9
1.3
1.4
2.4
5.77E-9 /cetone
9.84E-9
1.87E-8
9.14E-8
1.41E-7
1.67E-7
1.93E-7
<.l
.2
.3
. 7
1.1
1 .?
1. J
1.8
1.9
2
2.2
2.72E-8
4.095-8
5.20E-8
5.58E-8
5.97E-8
5.30E-8
7.44E-8
1.69E-7
2.05E-7
2.28E-7
2.63E-7
141
-------
Table C-1S. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaolinitic Clay to Acetone at a Gradient of 31.
Fluid
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
Replication 2
Ave K Fluid
Pore Vol.
Ave K
Acetone
.1
.3
.4
.5
.6
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
J .5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.6
4.30E-9
1.11£-8
9.57E-8
4.59E-8
1.18E-7
9.78E-8
8.76E-8
5.42E-8
7.99E-8
6.38E-8
7.08E-8
7.36E-8
4.51E-8
2.13E-9
1.40E-6
1.18E-6
1.13E-6
1.26E-6
2.7E-6
142
-------
Table C-16. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaolinitic Clay to Acetone at a Gradient of 91.
Fluid
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
Replication 2
Ave K Fluid
Pore Vol.
Ave K
Acetone
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.7
4.51E-9
1.222-9
1.84E-9
2.65E-9
3.96E-9
3.37E-9
6.72L-9
8.48E-9
1.01E-8
1.07E-8
1.34E-8
7.77E-9
1.54E-8
1.97E-8
2.04E-8
2.55E-8
5.43E-9
Acetone
.4
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.J5E-7
1.10E-7
l.iOE-7
7.31E-8
5.84E-8
5.13E-8
3.15E-9
143
-------
Table C-17. Average Conductivity or Compacted Soil Containing
Kaolinidic Clay co Acecone at a Gradient of 181.
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
Acetone <. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
1
Ave K Fl- id
5.92E-7 Acetone
8.09E-7
6.56E-7
6.49E-7
6.08E-7
4.89E-7
3.24E-7
1.94E-6
2.20E-6
2.25E-6
2.17E-6
2.20E-6
2.18E-6
1.96E-6
2.94E-6
2.43E-6
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
..7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
2.5
Ave K
4.98E-6
5.83E-6
5.60E-6
5.74E-6
5.39E-6
5.28E-6
5.32E-6
5.16E-6
5.07E-6
5.05E-6
5.11E-6
5.09E-6
5.05E-6
4.59E-6
144
-------
Table C-18. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay to Acetone at a Gradient of 31.
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
Acetone <. 1
1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.9
2.3
1
Ave K
7.82E-9
6.66E-9
1.01E-8
1.53E-8
2.92E-8
3.68E-8
3.66E-8
1.08E-8
1.54E-8
2.35E-8
4.42E-8
2.58E-7
3.48E-7
7.89E-7
8.60E-7
1.27E-6
1.69E-6
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
Acetone < . 1
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
0.01 N CaSOt
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
Ave K
4.34E-9
4.32E-9
7.31E-9
8.30E-9
1.13E-8
3.13E-8
5.85E-8
3.71E-8
1.36E-7
7.43E-9
3.31E-7
3.19E-7
8.20E-7
8.03E-7
2.14E-7
6.60E-8
2.51E-8
1.76E-8
2.02E-8
1.47E-8
1.6SE-8
145
-------
Table C-19. Average Conduceivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay co Acecone ac a Gradient of 91.
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
Acetone <• 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
1.4
1.5
1.8
2.1
1 Replication 2
Ave K Fluid
7.25E-9 Acetone
4.6SE-9
6.23E-9
8.56E-9
8.81E-9
1.02E-8
1.54E-3
9.30E-8
8.17E-7
1.08E-6
1.35E-6
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.5
.7
.8
1.1
1.2
1.4
2.3
2.4
2.6
Ave K
3.14E-9
7.06E-9
7.81E-9
5.98E-9
1.48E-8
2.06E-8
1.09E-8
4.S6E-8
4.93E-8
5.48E-8
6.29E-8
5.51E-8
S.OOIl-S
146
-------
Table C-20. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay :r> Acetone ac a Gradient of 131.
Replication 1 Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K
Aiecone • 1
. £
.3
.5
.6
.8
1.8
4.59E-8 Ace'.one
3.70E-8
3.78E-8
4.30E-8
4.4*E-8
5.0aE-8
6.24E-8
.1
.2
.3
.6
.7
.9
1.4
1.5
1.9
7.06E-9
1.47E-8
1.58E-8
1.58E-8
1.69E-8
2.02E-8
1.58E-8
2.70E-8
7.09E-8
147
-------
Table C-21. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Coitam-ng
Bepconitic Clay co 0.01 N CaSO, Followea by Xylene
at a Gradient of 91.
Fluid
0.01N
Xylene
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
CaSO. <•!
* .1
.2
. 3 '
.it
.5
.6
t
. t
.8
.9
1
<.l
. I
.2
.3
.it
.5
.7
.8
2
Ave K
1.21E-9
3.46E-9
3.98E-9
3.63E-9
2.-.3E-9
2.88E-9
2.05E-9
1.89E-9
I. WE- 9
5.71E-9
5.26E-9
3.53E-9
2.34t-9
7.69E-9
3.71E-8
3.64E-8
2.81E-8
3.85E-8
4.75E-8
4.41E-7
Replication 2
Fluid Pore /ol .
0.01N CaSO. ' • 1
4 .1
.2
. J
.4
.5
.6
T
.8
.9
1
1.1
Xy le ne
<. 1
. 1
.2
.3
.it
Ave K
1. 75E-9
2.07K-9
2.52E-9
' . 2tt F - 9
3. v*c-9
3.00E-9
2.98E-9
2.57E-9
2.30E-9
1.21E-9
1.11E-9
1.37E-9
1.35E-9
9.6E-10
1.39E-9
9.2E-10
9.5E-10
148
-------
Table C-2J.
Average Conductivity of Compacted
Be'Lonitic Clay to 0.01 N CaSO. Followed by X/lene
at a Gradient of 181. *
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N Cu .',<.!
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Xylene
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.8
.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.4
1
A/f K
2.51E-9
3.83F-9
5.82E-9
4.83E-9
5.10E-9
4.99L-9
5.53F-9
5.00E-9
6.65E-9
5.24E-9
3.82E-9
5.72E-9
3.95E-9
2.26E-9
3.85E-9
6.00E-9
5.27E-9
6.79E-9
6.25E-9
5.82E-9
5.99E-9
6.44E-9
6.68E-9
2.81E-8
1.33E-8
5.93E-9
3.73E-8
3.25E-9
2.70E-8
2.40E-8
1.23E-8
7.85E-9
1.31E-8
1.78E-8
Kepi i^-ar ion 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
<\01 S CaSU. •'• 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Xylene
<.l
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
l.b
Ave K
3.iJ9h-9
4.i,«E-9
3.45E-9
3.71K-9
3.98F.-9
3.7-"i-9
3.81E-9
3.1IE-9
3.21E-9
4.C5E-9
i.lOE-9
6.40E-9
5.78E-9
4.26E-9
'..45E-9
. .62t-9
1.92E-9
2.25K-*
2.42E-9
2.26E-9
.61E-9
.35E-9
.16E-9
.47E-9
.22E-9
.66E-9
.80E-9
r.9
-------
Table C-22 continued.
Replication I 5!L2.ii£Hi£iL_? ~
Fluid Pore Vol. Ave K Fluid Pore Vol. Av« K
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3. 1
3.2
J.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
1.29E-8
4.93E-8
9. J7E-9
7.56E-9
i . 19E-8
7. 10 E-1*
7.91E-9
8. 17E-9
8.67E-9
3.24E-9
7.36E-9
7.02E-9
4.76E-9
2. 34E-9
9.97E-9
3.27E-9
3.20E-9
2.28E-9
150
-------
Tabli* C'-Jl. Average Conduct i vi cy of Coapatf^d Soil CWKN
xiitvc Clay to 0.01 N Cai>0, F'j 1 iuved by
it aO 1 vHk, o I i? .'. .
";i i. t on I k* r>; i c.j t i otl 2
Fluid Pore Voi. Ave K FJyid PJ;^ V^l. Av*
U.01 N <.j,. -b •• '
.1 i .E-8
.2 1.09E-8
. .> V.bSE-9
.6 i-OJE-l
X>N:?C
.J 2.E-7
. J i.266-8
.!» 1.4E-8
.5 1.28K-8
.7 1.22E-H
.8 i.31E-»
J 1.23E-*
1.) 7.77£-8
2 1.28E-7
2^ &. " / ^ *"• 'T
• O O • ** *91 "* f
0.1.1 N c^:>';.
' <-l M2R-9
.1 J.02E-9
.2 7.32E-9
.«. 8.35C-9
.5 9.62C-9
.6 »,i;t-9
.7 8.56C-9
.< 7,)9f-»
.9 9.J*t-9
:.i »>.2^t-9
1.2 4.7«-J'J
-------
Table C-2i. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaolinicic Clay to 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Xylene
at a Gradient of 31.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol .
O.U1 X v-j:.ti4 '*. I
. 1
.2
. 3
.4
.5
.6
. 7
.8
.9
1
1.1
Xy lenu
<. 1
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
I
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.7
2
2.3
2.6
Kepi i cdt ion 2
Ave K Fluid Poi e Vol.
3.76E-9 Q 01 \ (.JbL'4 '•!
7 1SE-9 .2
7.84E-9 .3
8.17E-9 .4
1.08E-8 .5
8.89E-9 .6
8.94E-9 .7
9.28E-9 .8
9.33E-9 .9
9.3>E-9 Xvlene
1.25E-8 ' <.l
8.53E-9 .1
.2
9.46E-9 1.3
1.05E-8
1.04E-8
1.13E-8
1.24E-8
1.09E-8
1.35E-8
9.28E-9
1.18E-8
8.20E-9
9.78E-9
1.06E-8
8.66E-9
4.92E-9
2.01E-7
3.85E-7
4.43E-7
4.48E-7
Ave K
:.72E-8
5.91E-8
1.40^-8
1.3/E-8
1.32E-8
1.15E-8
8.43E-9
9.31E-9
9.13E-9
9.49E-9
8.08E-9
2.31E-7
3.66E-6
-------
Table C-25. Average Corduct ivicy of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaoliniiic Clay lo 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Xylene
at a Gradient of 91.
Fluid
0.01 N Ca:
Xylene
Repl icac ion
Pore Vol .
>u,,<-1
. 1
.2
. 3
.4
.5
.6
. 7
.8
.9
<. 1
.1
1.7
4.7
1
Ave K Fluid
1.26E-8 y C1 N t
1.32E-8
1.28E-8
1.37E-8
1.16E-8
1.16E-8
1.21E-8
1.30E-8
1.22E-8
1.09E-8
Xylene
8.60E-9
6.10E-9
7.01E-7
2.21E-6
Replication 2
Pore .Vol.
JSO/.
4 .1
.2
. 3
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
<.l
.1
.8
.9
1.7
4.7
Ave K
7.92E-8
1.95E-8
1.70E-8
2.38E-8
1.49E-8
9.67E-9
6.21E-9
6.WE-9
5.95E-9
4.92E-9
1.14E-8
4.81E-7
8.37E-7
1.08E-6
2.03E-6
-------
Table C-26. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Kaolinicic Clay to 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Xylene
at a Gradient of 181.
Fluid
0.01 N (.a.
Xylene
Replication
Pore Vol.
SC4<. 1
.1
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
<. 1
.1
1.5
1
Ave K
5.57E-9
4.91E-9
4.47E-9
4.81E-9
3.84E-9
4.54E-9
4.35E-9
4.26E-9
3.59E-9
1.83E-9
4.81E-9
1.04E-7
Reoliration 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N CaSCX, -2
.3
.4
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.7
2
2.4
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.4
Xylene
<.l
.1
.9
Ave 1C
1.4: £-8
9.12E-9
7.96E-9
7.19E-9
1.77E-8
6.05E-9
5.12E-9
5.61E-9
8.77E-9
2.19E-8
2.26E-8
4.63E-8
6.31E-8
7.38E-8
2.71E-8
5.57E-9
2.51E-9
•
1.19E-9
6.31E-9
1.63E-7
154
-------
Table C-26 continued.
Replication
Fluid Pore Vol.
0.01 N CaSO^ . 1
.2
. 3
.5
.6
. 7
.8
.9
1
L.6
Xy lene
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
.9
1
1.2
1.3
1.7
2
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
3
3.1
3.3
3.6
3.8
4
4.3
3
Ave K
2.37E-8
3.56E-8
2. 73E-8
9.79E-9
9.89E-9
7.82E-9
7.28E-9
1.04E-8
l.OlE-tJ
5.69E-9
2.66E-9
3.37E-9
2.75E-9
3.01E-9
9.36E-9
1.38E-8
1.41E-8
1.42E-8
1.62E-8
l.OE-8
1.35E-8
1.38E-8
2.14E-8
1.59E-8
1.78E-8
1.87E-8
2.00E-8
1.78E-8
2.07E-8
2.09E-8
2.11E-8
1.98E-8
2.00E-8
2.96E-9
1.51E-8
155
-------
Table C-27. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay to 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Xylene
at a Gradient of 31.
Fluid
0.01 N C;
Xylene
0.01 N C
Replicat ion
Pore Vol.
iSo^ <• 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
<. 1
. 1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
QS()V
<. 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.6
.7
.8
. i
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.6
1
Ave K
1.45E-8
1.66E-8
1.32E-8
1.32E-8
1.35E-8
1.35E-8
1.60E-8
1.49E-8
1.77E-8
1.71E-8
1.40E-8
1.34E-8
1.43E-8
7.70E-9
1.46E-6
3.69E-6
3.76E-6
3.79E-6
3.44E-6
3.29E-6
J.55E-6
3.75E-6
2.73E-6
3.63E-6
4.35E-6
3.21E-7
3.82E-8
1.99E-8
1.70E-8
3.21E-8
5.08E-8
5.92E-8
6.QQE-8
7.01E-8
7.22E-8
4.77t-8
3.82E-8
4.42E-8
9.58E-8
Replication ?
Fluid Pore Vol.
'. .01 N CaSCvi <•• '
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
Xylene
<. 1
. I
.2
.3
4
.5
• 6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Ave K
1.35E-8
1.71E-8
1.75E-8
1.83E-8
1.98E-8
1.84E-8
1.91E-8
2.03E-8
2.25E-8
1.99E-8
2.36E-8
2.84E-8
1.53E-8
2.99E-3
2.04E-8
2.08E-8
2.08E-8
2.91E-8
2.08E-8
2.28E-8
1 . %E-b
1.99E-8
1.79E-8
2.42E-8
1.85E-8
1.96E-8
1.89E-8
156
-------
Table C-28. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay to 0.01 N CaSO^ Followed by Xylene
at a Gradient of 91.
Repl icat ion
Fluid Pore Vol.
O.Oi N CjjO^ <. 1
.1
.2
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Xylene
<-l
.1
.2
.3
.9
1.3
2.1
3.3
1
Ave K
1.12E-8
1.15E-8
1.73E-8
1.43E-8
1.56E-8
1.43E-8
1.55E-8
1.46E-8
1.28E-8
1.46E-8
5.53E-9
1.32E-3
1.32E-8
1.05E-8
1.69E-7
3.33S-6
4.01E-6
5.55E-6
Replication 2
Fluid Pore Vol.
O.C1 N CaSO/, <. l
. 1
.2
.3
.U
.5
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
A>- lone
<.l
.1
.2
2.7
Ave K
8.96E-9
1.03E-8
1.1E-8
1.19E-8
1.35E-8
1.37E-8
1.40E-8
1. J1E-8
1.3GE-8
1.34E-8
1.27E-8
1.21E-8
1.22E-8
l.E-8
9.51E-3
157
-------
Table C-29. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay to 0.01 N CaSO Followed by Xylene
ac a Gradient of 181.
Fluid
O.OL N
Xy lene
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
CaSo. < • 1
^ .1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.6
.7
.9
1
1.1
Ave K
8.15E-9
7.15E-9
6.40E-9
4.60E-9
5.70E-9
6.15E-9
6.49E-9
6.61E-9
7.17E-9
7.74E-9
8.21E-9
7.88E-9
5.27E-9
6.74E-9
6.46E-9
3.71E-7
2.87E-5
1.81E-5
1.81E-5
1.90E-5
1.72E-5
1.72E-5
Rtolicacion 2
Fljid Poie Vol.
0.01 N CaSC. <•!
1 . 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Xylene
<.l
.1
Ave K
6.05E-9
9.90E-9
6.76E-9
6.57E-*
3.46E-9
8.29E-9
8.77E-9
1.63E-8
7.36E-9
7.58E-9
7.65E-9
5.87E-9
7.06E-8
158
-------
Table C-30. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Benconicic Clay to Xylene at a Gradient of 31.
Fluid
Xy 1 ene
Replieat ion
Pore Vo) .
<. 1
.1
.2
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Ave K Fluid
2.45E-5 Xyler.e
5.58E-5
7.72E-5
7.49E-5
6.42E-5
9.12E-5
9.41E-5
9.44E-5
9.86E-5
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
<.l
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
. /
.8
.9
1
Ave K
2.27E-3
3.23E-5
3.33E-5
3.84E-5
4.14E-5
4.29E-5
4.61E-5
4.84E-5
i 96E-3
3.08t-5
5.21E-3
0.01 N CaS04
.1 1.05E-8
159
-------
Table C-31. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Bentonicic Clay co Xylene at a Gradient of 91.
fluid
Replication 1
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
Ave K Fluid
Pore Vol.
Ave K
Xylene <.l
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
5.02E-5 Xylene
7.57E-5
7.48E-5
7.46E-5
7.62E-5
7.62E-5
7.53F-5
7.67E-5
7.62E-5
7.69F.-5
7.6'E-J
7.67E-5 0.01 N CaSO/,
7.67E-5
<.l
. 1
.2
. 3
.e*
. 5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
< . 1
2.84E-5
4.63E-5
4.82E-5
4.82E-5
4.94E-5
4.97E-5
5.06E-5
5.03E-5
5.05E-5
5.02E-5
5.11E-5
2.84E-9
160
-------
Table C-32. Average Conduccivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Benconitic Clay to Xylene ac a Gradient ot 181.
Fluid
Xylene
Replication
Pore Vol.
<.l
.2
.3
.
-------
Table C-33. Average (' 'jft'.vity of Compacted Soil Containing
K.ao 11 n i c 1 c k-iay co Xylere at a Gradient of 31.
Fluid
X>iene
Replicac ion
Pore Vol .
<.l
1
2
2.1
2.2
2. 3
2.7
3.4
3-1;
3.o
1
Ave K Fluid
0 X. l«nd
1.31E-6
4.42E-7
1.62E-6
1.25E-6
1.19E-6
4 . 89<£- 7
22
J .08E-6
3.40E-7
Sealicacion 2
Pore Vol.
^. I
. 1
.4
.5
.9
1.5
Ave K
8.77E-7
..70E-6
8.17E-8
5.01E-9
2.:7E-7
7.13E-7
162
-------
Table C-34. Average Conductivity or Corpacced Soil Containing
Kaolinitic Clay Co Xylend at d Gradient of 91.
Replication 1
Fluid Pore Vol.
<-•!
.1
.2
. 3
. 7
.9
1 .2
1.6
2
2.:
2.5
2.7
2.8
1
7
3
1
2
5
2
1
1
1
I
4
9
1
Ave K ? In id
. 28E-6 Xvlcnu
.i.lE-7
. 98E-7
.22t-7
.86E-7
.77E-8
. 14E-7
.54E-7
.76E-7
.28E-7
. 7U I- 7
.65E-8
.OlE-8
0.01 N C
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
•-. 1
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
. 7
.3
.9
1
1 .2
1.3
1 .4
aSO^
<. I
. 1
.U
.5
. 0
.7
.8
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.8
Ave K
3.52E-7
9.74E-8
8.86E-8
1.76E-8
6.06E-8
5.12E-8
3.16E-8
3.70E-8
3. 19E-8
2.98E-8
3.17E-8
3.07E-8
5. 3bE-8
5.U2E-8
9.00E-8
4.24E-8
1.19E-7
5.02E-8
4.64E-*
4.25E-8
3.85E-8
3.70E-8
3.50E-8
3.48->8
3.20E-8
1.42E-8
2.76E-8
3.05E-8
3.08E-8
3.14E-8
3.06r.-8
3.01E-8
5.91E-9
163
-------
Table C-35. Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil
ic Clay to Xylesie at; n Cc»di
.6
. 7
.8
J
i.l
1.3
1.4
1.6
1 . 72E~^
4.->9t--5
6.89E-5
6.89K-5
6.89E-5
8.01E-}
8. 0 3 £ - 5
8.03E-5
9.I8E-5
9.18E-5
9.18E-5
1.03E-4
9.18E-5
16'*
-------
C-SS. 'Average CoasJue' i»ivy wl Coopac','-^ toil Cyn;ai.n;}ig
Clay Co Xyliri? at a (,ra', ; s sj^i.on 2 ^
! j.i.d fufp Vi>l . Av« K
?.07K-» .2 6. >.fc-7
v.,;ot,-« .'i fc.;ir-7
> •« J.28K.-7
163
-------
Table C-36 continued.
Fluid
Xvlcae <•! 3.96E-8
.3 4. HE-7
.9 6.WE-7
1.3 '3.43C-7
2.8 6.69K-5
3.1 2.721-7
3.2 2.6*E~7
3.6 2.02E-7
0.01 N C*S04 :
' <. J 4.83E-9
.1 8.04E-9
.2 7.64E-9
.3 7.21E-9
.4 1.57E-8
.5 2.07E-8
.6 1.23E-8
.7 1.69E-8
.8 1.V7E-8
.9 1.21E-8
166
-------
Table C-37.
Average Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing
Clay to Xylei.<. at a Gradient ot 91.
Fluid
XyKno
Ki«js_l <.cat ian
Pore Vol .
<.l
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
. 7
.a
.9
\
Avt- K Fluid
3.60E-5 Xylunc
6.84E-J
6. 39E-5
6. !6E-i
7.?Jt-5
5. 9 JE-i
7.;iE-5
7.28E-5
6.17E-5
0.01 H (
Replica", ion 2
Por« Vol. Av«- K
. 1
. 2
. 3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.RE-4
. 3UE-4
. 3tE-4
.37E-A
. 38E-4
. 14E-4
. 30E-4
.« 1.33E-4
.9 1.34E-4
liSO^,
<•! 2.13E-9
•1 1.33E-8
8.55C-9
167
-------
Table C-38. Average Conductivity o: Compacted Soil Cun:aini:i<
Micaceous Clay tj Xylene at a Gradient, ot 181.
rluid
.Xj Icne
Rt-pi i LJ L : 0:1 1
Pore Vol.
• .1
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.b
.6
. 7
.8
.9
1
K^
Ave K HuiJ
4.3E-6 XyU-nu
.26E-5
.61t-8
.57E-5
.67E-5
. b2E-5
. i2t-5
. i3E-5
.ME-5
.70E-5
.59E-5
j,:i.atio.> >
Pure Vol .
'.. 1
. 1
.2
.3
.it
. 5
.6
. 7
.8
.9
1
*
Ave iC
1.86E-5
3. ll'E-b
2. 92h-^
2. 97h-5
2. 92 t-}
2.b7t-5
2. 92fc-5
2.75E 5
2.WE-5
2.69E-b
2.66E-5
0.01 N UjbO,..
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.6
.7
9.74E-9
5.35E-9
3.75E-9
6.73E-9
6.69E-9
6.56E-9
9.03E-9
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.62t-5
2.57E-5
2.54E-5
168
-------
APPEMJIX 0
XYl.ENt CUNIENl Oh LEAUiAfE KROM LABOKAIOKY
Ib9
-------
Tabl3 D-l. Xylcne Con:ent of Leachare fruo Corneacred
Soil Containing Senconiric Clay Permeated
with 0.0! N CaSO Follower by Xylene a:
a Gradient 01 Idl.
Pore Volume
CO. 1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Q.I.
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1 .1
1.2
1 .3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2 .1*
Rep 1
* XV 1
0
0
33
96
91
96
*.
I'JU
100
100
100
100
1UO
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Kep 2
it;
0
0
0
0
0
7
63
91
96
91
88
84
100
100
170
-------
Table 0-2. Xylene Content of Leachat* from Compacted
Soil Contain! 1:3 Bf.nt.onj tii Clay Perinea ted
with Xylene "'. a Gradient «.i 31.
Pore Volume Kep 1 Rep 2
* xylnne
671 TOO* 100"
0.2 100 100
0.3 100 100
0.4 100 100
0.5 100 100
0.6 100 100
0.7 100 100
0.8 100 100
0.9 100 100
1.0 100 100
17L
-------
Table D-3. Xylene Concent of leachate from Compacted
Soil Containing Micaceous Clay Permeated
with 0.01 N CaSO, Followed by Xylene at
a Gradient of 31.
Pot e Volume
<0. 1
0.1
0.2
0.3
o..«
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
Rep 1
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Rep 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
172
-------
Table D-&. Xylene Concent of Leachate from Compacted Soil Containing
Micaceous Clay Permeated with Xylene at a Gradient of 31.
Pore Volume
-------
APPENDIX E
AVERAr-E CONDUCTIVITY DATA FROM FIELD CELLS
-------
I'abl,: K-l. Average Conduct t v I ty of Field Cell* Const rucl-.'d with Soil Containing Ka.-liniLic Clay a:id Exposed to
Xylene.
Cell 2
Pore Vol.
. 1
.6
1.2
1.3
1 .6
1.9
•>
2.1
2.2
2. 1
Cell
Ave K Pore Vol.
3.02E-7 <.l
22 .1
.0000016 .2
5.I9E-7 .4
.00001-47 .6
6.2-.-E-6 .8
1.2E-7 .9
4.61 7E-6
9.5E-8
*.m-8
.1
.2
, 3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
2.1
2 . 2
2.3
2 .4
2.5
4
Ave K
5.395E-8
2.36E-7
l.8t-7
2.51E-7
4.15E-7
6.15E-7
3.49E-7
4.27E-7
1.595E-7
3.04E-8
3.62E-8
2.34E-8
7.86E-8
1.076E-7
9.04E-8
I.74E-7
I.4E-7
I.527E-7
1 . 99E-7
1.825E-7
1 . 7SE-7
I.845E-7
Cell 10
Pore Vol .
<.l
.1
.2
.4
.5
.7
.9
.2
.3
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
2.1
2.2
?.3
2.4
2.6
Ave K
3.48t-8
3.96E-7
2.I4E-7
3.94E-7
3.9E-7
2 95E-7
4.56E-7
1 .02E-6
5. 11E-7
4.0 IE-/
2.645L-7
4.39L-8
3.01E-8
4.875E-8
5.I8E-8
9.57E-8
7.355E-8
1.134t-7
2.265E-7
I.825E-7
I.855E-7
Cell
Pore Vol .
<. 1
. 1
.3
.7
1 .2
1 .7
2.2
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
12
Ave K
3.55E-8
3.38E-7
6.43t-7
8.19E-7
1.74E-6
6.22E-7
1.38E-6
1 . 36E-6
1.77E-7
9. 99t-6
2.S3E-6
3.922E-6
1 .46E-7
7.86E-8
6.8HE-8
7.905L-8
1.235t-7
-------
Table K-2. Average Conductiviiy ot tield Cells Constructed with Soil Containing Micaceous Clay and Kxposed to
Coll
Poie Vol .
-. . 1
.s
1 .1
1 . 3
1.7
2
2.1
2 . I
2. 3
2,-i
2.S
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.s%
3
1.1
3.2
5
Ave K
S.ldt-8
I.ICt-6
1.58E-6
2.*9E-6
9.24E-6
1.29E-7
2.82E-7
. OoOO 1 2
3.2JE-6
9.77E-6
1 . 064 E- 7
I.28E-7
l.i7E-7
9.0bE-8
1.918E-7
l.?9)E-7
1.226C-7
6.8UE-8
Cell 6
P-ire Vol.
<.l
.2
.1
.7
1
5.6
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Ave K
8.096E-8
J.83E-7
2.7bt-7
I.I3E-6
4.04E-7
1.32E-6
I.33E-6
3.I59E-6
2.274E-6
5.So3t-8
J.9I7E-8
8.25E-8
9.81 Jt-8
2.07E-7
1.655E-7
Cell 8
Pore Vol .
<.l
. 1
.2
.A
.5
.6
.8
1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Ave K
1.044E-7
1.27E-7
3.26E-7
4.65E-7
I.09L-7
2.86E-7
7.62E-7
4. 3IE-7
4.415E-7
4.10JE-8
3.225E-8
5.755E-8
Cell
Hoi .' Vol .
<. 1
. 1
. 3
.5
. 7
.9
1.1
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.9
11
Ave K
7.28E-8
2.5E-7
.0000014
3.025E-7
2.88L-7
0
7.06E-7
9.7E-7
9. WE- 7
5.8h-7
4.05E-7
2.23t-7
2.I9E-7
2. 72E-7
3.0oE-7
I.2IE-7
!.(>•. H.-7
3.?bK 7
3.36E-7
2.%E-7
1 .84E-7
5.47h-8
3.56t-7
2.5IE-7
-------
« E-3. Average conductivity ol Field Cells Cou ic met ed with :>oil Containing Bentonilic Clay and Exposed to
Xyleru;.
IX- 1 1 1
J'or^ Vol. Avo K
, .1 2.VJ6E-8
. i 9.S22E-9
.2 7.I05E-8
.3 1.217E-7
.4 1.25E-7
.5 1.097E-/
, S 2 . 24 E- 7
.CeU
Pore Vol.
<. 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
I
1. t
1.2
1.1
1 .4
1 .}
1.6
1.7
3 Co 1 1 7
Av«> K Pore Vol. Avc K
I.692E-8 0 0
6.182E-8
8.093E-8
7.I02E-8
8.631E-8
9.626E-8
9.824E-8
1.053E-7
8.189E-8
6. 186E-8
7 641E-8
8.5S3L-8
8.627E-8
7.488E-8
1.190E-7
9.9S2E-8
1.098E-7
8.4I9E-8
C^J 1 9
Koiti Vol .
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
J.I
1.2
1.3
1 .4
1.5
/.ve K
1.007E-7
2.215E-7
1.024E-7
1.51E-7
1 .035E-7
1.655E-7
3.69t-8
2.645E- 8
2.605E-8
5.287E-8
6.I55E-8
6.492E-8
1.75E-7
I .76E-7
1 . 195H-7
! .587E-7
-------
Table E-4. Average Conductivity of Field Cells Constructed with Soil Containing Kaolinitic Clay and Exposed to
Acetone.
00
Cell
Pore Vol.
<.l
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
18
Ave K
5.E-8
1.5J5E-7
1.25E-7
1.026E-7
1.52E-7
L.094E-7
1.44E-7
3.96E-8
2.85E-8
2.74E-8
6.77E-8
1.01E-7
1.19E-7
I.349E-7
4.5E-7
2.34E-7
3.26E-7
2.57E-7
3.55E-
3.77E-
4.455E-
3.31E-
5.96t-
9.99E-
6.1E-7
1.52E-6
6.98E-7
8.42E-7
Cell 20
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
• .3
.4
.5
.6
.7
Ave K
3.963E-8
1.I01E-8
1.449E-8
5.456E-8
8.167E-8
6.088E-8
4.478E-8
2.450E-8
I.987E-8
2.048E-8
2.802E-8
6.189E-8
8.742E-8
8.077E-8
8.229E-8
7.003E-8
4.983E-8
2.253E-8
Cell
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
25
Ave K
2.275E-8
8.899E-8
6.088E-8
1.072E-8
1.669E-8
2.380E-8
2.985E-8
2.407E-8
.OI9E-8
.066E-8
.193E-8
8.240E-9
.151E-8
.200E-8
6.211E-9
9.434E-9
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
Cell 28
Ave K
2.106E-8
1.404E-8
1.104E-8
1.003E-8
8.2UE-9
1.229E-8
1.UH6E-8
I.410E-8
1.578E-8
7.197E-9
1.0&4E-8
-------
Table E-4 continued.
Cell
Pore Vol .
3.1
J.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
18 Cell 20 Cell 25 Cell 28
Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K
9.95E-7
1.09E-6
3.56E-7
1.04E-6
7.19E-7
7.58E-7
5.97E-7
6.665E-7
6.85E-7
3.81E-7
-------
Table E-5. Average Conductivity of Field Cells Constructed with a 30 cm Thick
Layer of Soil Containing Micaceous Clay and Exposed to Acetone.
Cell
ore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
13
Ave K
1
4
2
1
5
7
7
1
8
8
6
5
5
6
7
7
4
6
.535E-7
.098E-7
.OOOE-7
.869E-7
-561E-8
.017E-8
.857E-8
.060E-7
.174E-8
. 162E-8
.547E-8
.688E-8
.913E-8
.600E-8
.487E-8
.999E-8
.826E-8
.502E-8
Cell 14
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.<*
.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Cell IS
Ave K Pore Vol.
4
.
9
4
5
5
6
8
7
5
4
4
4
5
3
3
4
3
2
.325E-8 <.l
.764E-7 .1
.423E-8 .2
.673E-8 .3
.925E-8 .4
.634E-8 .3
.948E-8 .6
. 117E-8
.S68E-8
.460E-8
.213E-8
.439E-8
.663E-8
.410E-8
.689E-8
.883E-8
.414E-8
.378E-8
.623E-8
Ave K
.959E-8
.771E-8
.702E-8
.823E-8
.9291-8
.832E-8
.690E-8
-------
Table E-6. Average Conductivity of Field Cells Constructed vith Soil Containing Micaceous Clay and Exposed to
Acetone.
Cell
Pore Vol.
<.l
. 1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
21
Ave K
1.855E-8
1.164E-7
1.162E-7
8.471E-8
8.464E-8
4.196E-8
3.639E-8
2.757E-8
5.431E-8
6.168E-8
8.069E-8
8.994E-8
I..US2E-7
1.I72E-7
1.250E-7
1.153E-7
1.410E-7
1.572E-7
1.922E-7
1.733E-7
1.575E-7
2.668E-7
2.160E-7
2.417E-7
2.233E-7
2.206E-7
2.206E-7
2.695E-7
1.5I6E-7
1.915E-7
Cell 23
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
c
.b
.7
Ave K
2.99E-10
6.9IOE-8
4.189E-8
2.496E-8
2.427E-8
2.626E-8
4.601E-8
5.599E-8
3.261E-8
3.660E-8
3.863E-8
3.199E-8
4.051E-8
2.069E-S
2.201E-G
2.341E-8
4.084E-8
L.740E-8
Cell 26
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
. i
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Ave K
1.395E-8
1.405E-7
2.857E-7
9.692E-8
6.556E-8
1.052E-7
4.743E-8
3.935E-8
3.1UE-8
5.739E-8
5.692E-8
5.475E-8
5.896E-8
6.696E-8
9.543E-8
7.557E-8
8.164E-8
7.433E-8
1.062E-7
6.588E-8
7.161t-8
6.720E-8
7.388E-8
5.327E-8
5.656E-8
6.673E-8
5.515E-8
6.091E-8
7.717E-8
roi«- Vol .
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Cell 27
Ave K
2.587E-8
9.11E-8
4.458E-8
4.114E-8
2.265E-8
2.62E-8
4.703E-8
1.028E-7
5.14E-8
7.074E-8
9.173E-8
1.685E-7
2.155E-7
1.935E-7
1.87E-7
2.135E-7
2.08E-7
2.495E-7
2.77E-7
2.88E-7
•«.28E-7
3.38E-7
3.49E-7
1.743E- 7
3.955E-7
-------
Table E-6 continued.
Cell
Pore Vol.
J
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
21 Cell 23 Cell 26 Cell 27
Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K
2.083E-7
2.129E-7
1.635E-7
1.579E-7
1.846E-7
1.268E-7
9.796E-8
8.896E-8
8.810E-8
5.164E-8
CD
N)
-------
Table E-7. Average
Acetone.
Conductivity of frield Ceils Constructed with Soil Containing Bentonitic Clay and Exposed to
Cell
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
. J
.4
.5
.6
.7
17
Ave K
5.899E-b
6.470E-8
5.212E-8
4.477E-8
2.447E-8
6.570E-9
7.bJ2E-9
1.100E-8
Cell 19
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Cell 22 cell 24
Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K
2.767E-8 o.OO 0.00 o.OO 0.00
4.815E-8
6.721E-8
2.512E-8
4.696E-8
7.390E-8
5.198E-8
7.767E-8
7.89/-E-8
7.110E-8
J.840E-8
9.018E-8
1.109E-7
1.297E-8
6.065E-9
00
-------
Table E-8. Daces at Which Waste was Applied anJ When Leachace Began
to Flow from Field Cells.
Cell # Soil Chemica'
2 Kao Unite Xylene
4
10
12
5 Mica Xylene
6
8
11
1 Bentonite Xylene
3
7
9
13 Mica 30 cm Acetone
14
15
21 Mica 15 cm Acetone
23
26
27
18
-------
APPENDIX F
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF LEACHATE FROM FIELD CELLS
185
-------
Table F-l. Percent Xylene in Leachalf. From Field Cells Constructed With
Soil Containing iCaolinicic Cl«»ys and Exposed co Xylene.
Cell 2
P.V Z Xylene
0.14 100
0.96 100
1.27 100
1.61 100
Cell
P.V
0.008
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
4
2 Xyl.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
87
83
95
92
88
94
92
96
Cell
P.V
0.01
0.25
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.7
10
2 Xyl.
72
86
99
80
86
89
92
96
92
100
100
93
100
99
100
99
100
99
Cell
P.V
0.01
0.4
0.7
1.3
1.7
2.7
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
12
2 Xyl.
58
98
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
86
186
-------
Table F-2. Percent Xylene in Leachate From Field Cells Constructed With
Soil Containing Micaceous Clays and Exposed to Xylenp.
P.V
0.04
1.11
1.36
1.78
2.09
2.58
2.74
2.84
2.87
3.00
3.09
3.11
3.14
3.17
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.23
Cell 5
Z Xylene
100
100
100
ICO
100
95
100
69
90
75
66
88
78
73
83
77
68
75
66
77
Cell
P.V
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.7
1.8
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
6
I Xyl.
99
100
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
99
99
98
99
96
95
Cell
P.V
0.04
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
8
Z Xyl.
89
92
89
94
87
86
96
97
99
100
75
63
68
83
Cell
P.V
0.03
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.9
11
Z Xyl.
100
100
100
100
99
100
99
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
93
100
97
100
99
187
-------
Table F-3. Percent Xylene in Leachsce From Field Cells Const rue te-d With
Soil Containing Ben Com tic Clays and Exposed Co Xylene.
Cell 1
P.V Z Xylene
0.03 24
0.03 99
0.05 100
0.05 74
0.06 100
Cell
P.V
0.006
0.006
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.21
0.23
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.33
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.57
0.59
0.63
0.64
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.76
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.86
0.93
0.93
3
Z Xyl.
0.8
6.0
92
97
85
86
84
77
85
88
94
95
97
94
94
98
%
99
95
99
99
97
95
99
99
%
98
99
99
99
99
100
100
99
99
98
100
100
99
94
95
97
100
Cell 7 Cell
P.V Z Xyl. P.V
0.04
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.13
1.14
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
q
Z Xyl.
67
82
89
92
89
99
94
99
97
99
100
100
100
98
99
97
99
97
97
99
98
99
96
96
96
99
188
-------
Table F—i. rercenc Acetone in Leachate From Field Cells Constructed
With Soil Concaini'ig KaoLinitic Clays and Exposed to
Acetone.
Ce
P.V
. 7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.8
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
u
.') 18
2 Ace.
36.90
53.37
45.45
51.65
50.20
37.70
41.25
41.25
8*. 00
61.60
71. /O
75.60
79.20
6«».20
76. 20
71.30
72.80
73.60
68.70
76.80
73.70
71.30
78.00
63.20
63.10
66. 30
67.60
64.20
62.90
M . '+r
72. ,.0
Cell
P.V
. 1
.2
. 3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.3
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
20 Ce'l 25 C*ll 28
: Ace. P.V 2 Ace. P.V 2 Ace.
'•45 .] 3.92
2-93 .2 6.18
7 • 80 .3 4 . 76 .3 8 . 24
6-98 .4 s.&7 .4 1J.83
13-64 .5 6.69 .5 11.32
13.<»3 -6 7.89 .<3 15.10
19.03 .7 11.15 .7 13.66
15.96 .8 10.77 .8 9.73
40-10 .9 11.66
15.06 l 22.70
22.05 l.l 17.08
32.30 1.2 14.33
31-85 1.3 11.20
38 . 50
30.63
27.34
25.64
189
-------
Table F-5. Percenc Acecone in Leachace From Field Cells Constructed
Wici> Soil Containing Micaceous Clays ano Exposed co
Acecone.
Cell 21
P
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
.V
.2
.3
.4
f
. J
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Z
33
28
31
39
45
42
45
45
49
48
46
49
45
31
52
68
39
46
Ace
.50
.43
.53
.13
.38
.68
.04
.23
.40
.53
.68
.53
.33
.86
.64
.20
.15
.78
Cell 23
Cell
P.V Z Ace. P.V
.2 2.13
.3 5.03
.4 7.38
.5 10.69
.6 16.39
.7 12.58
.8 15.06
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
26
Ceil
Z Ace.
9.
12.
11.
9.
8.
18.
20.
22.
26.
28.
63.
65.
57.
25.
26.
45.
36.
37.
32.
42.
43.
40.
43.
30
00
00
37
76
18
13
72
10
60
03
70
70
83
48
57
83
23
31
60
84
30
93
P.V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
.1
f\
.4
.5
.6
. 7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.1
.2
.3
.4
27
?. Ace.
13.71
19.48
26.93
21 .15
24, _.
.35
27.47
26.08
?9.53
37.
41.
43.
51.
49.
59.
76.
64.
65.
62.
67.
59.
10
60
55
60
87
20
40
95
90
30
95
70
67.85
52.
75
190
-------
Table F-6. Percent Acecone in Leachate From Field Cells
Conscrucced With a 50 cm 'ir.ick Scil Layer
Containing Micaceous Clay and Exposed Co
Acetone.
Cell 13
P.V
<. 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
J Ace
12.87
12.88
15.. 10
14.79
8.50
4.12
5.77
8.39
8.91
8.91
14.43
11.43
13.73
14.49
15.30
26.15
21.00
16.28
Cell 14
P.V
<. 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2 ACP.
14.74
15.05
15.04
8.60
6.58
8.01
14.08
12.76
13.98
15.69
12.99
13.34
15.62
26.31
21.55
16.81
Cell 15
P.V 2 Ace.
<.l 4.28
.1 2.16
.2 4.11
.3 6.70
.4 17.85
.5 9.33
191
-------
Table F-7. Percent Acetone in Leachate From Field Cells Constructed
With Soil Containing Benconitic Clays and Exposed to
Acetone.
Cell 17Cell 19Cell 22Cell 24
P V Z Ace P.V I Ace. P.V X Ace. P.V 2 Ace.
< i 6.60 No leachate No leachate
.1 10.50
.2 6.90
.3 11.03 -3 11.75
.4 10.45 -4 5.30
.5 11.31 -5 15.50
.6 10. 73 -6 19.60
.7 8.10
.8 9.60
.9 4.80
192
-------
APPENDIX G
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL SAMPLES FROM FIELD CELLS
193
-------
NOTES
Cells 2, 6, and 12 had 3, 6, and 3.5 month waic periods,
respectively, between the time the head was removed and when the cell
was excavated and sampled. This delay period may have allowed the
free xylene to drain out of the clay into the sand collection area.
Some of the retained xylene may have then vaporized from the clay
liner, thereby causing the concentration data for xylene in soil
samples from Cells 2, 6, and 12 to be artificially low.
194
-------
Table C-> Concentration at Xylene in Kg/kg in Soil Suplel ol Kialinite Linen which keeei.rd Xylene Ui«t->.
VO
Depth
UB>
0-1 4
2.4-4.0
4.0-7.4
7. 4-10. U
ID. 0-14. 4
\l. 5-15.0
15 0-17 5
I/. 4-20.0
Cell 2
1
1,111
47
8
6
8)7
197
2.049
NU
2
1.997
8
6
1,010
1.664
LIMB
ND
NO
1
81
4
19
1,144
1.988
1.640
ND
NO
4
10
4
4
10
1.500
4.400
NO
NO
1
214
1.214
4.UiO
142
11
9. .91
1.7'.7
1.401
Cell 4
2
18
45
111
-.19
12
2
722
860
1
44
218
806
464
71
0
2.0i5
ND
4
170
101
122
16
160
1.669
ND
ND
1
19
4
14
749
4.667
4.742
9.887
ND
Ce 1 1 10
2
2
0
0
2
440
1.182
1.822
ND
1
12.862
872
1.221
17
1
14
144
NO
4
11
1
0
790
74
1.831
ND
ND
1
1
0
1
I
0
4
22
ND
Ce I . 12
2
80
18
1.768
1.478
48
16
42J
ND
1
HI,*
ND
ND
ND
ND
Nl>
HU
ND
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
•NU - not determined.
-------
Table C-2. Concentration of Xylene in ag/kg in Soil Sampled at NIC* Linera which Received Xylene Unlei.
Deplli
(cm)
0-2.5
2.S-5.0
5.0-7.5
7.5-10 0
10.0-11.5
12.5-15.0
ii.o-i: s
17.5-20.0
20.0-22.5
1 •-
1.641
2.622
7.595
9.160
1.891
1.112
4.619
8.217
MD
Cell 5
2
554
1.715
10.415
5,914
5,319
57
2,104
ND
ND
1
504
1.262
1.909
1.585
116
0
12
1.016
ND
4
12
1.040
5.455
15.927
5.631
914
I.4H1
Ml)
ND
1
22
It
0
0
1
1
1
7
ND
Cell
2
11
0
0
0
1
1
0
ND
ND
6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
611
MD
MD
Ce 1 1 8 "
4
ND*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
HI)
'
217
251
584
714
1.289
204
452
2,005
ND
2
112
1 027
1.158
4.035
4,110
1.903
55
ND
ND
1
},
105
611
2.011
7i
212
1.887
1.952
4.609
4
0
0
10
809
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
10
c
258
4*5
5i<
23
IS'.
1.250
ND
Cell 11
2
ts
5
0
811
177
1.614
2.241
ND
ND
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
NP
Nil
4
16<«
13
9
I)
603
2.450
2 , JH;
NU
ND
•ND - not determined.
-------
Ttble C-3 . Concentritioo of Ivlene in Bg/k. .a Sail Sraplei of Bencooitc Linen wibich Received Xylene Watte.
Depth
0-2.5
J. 5-5.0
5.0-7.5
7.5-10.0
10.0-12.5
12.5-15.0
I5.U-I/.*
17.5-20.0
Cel 1
1
84
1.809
8,46*
1 1 . 19S
19.696
9.016
222
1.517
2
34
1.994
/.867
2.M9
22.142
1,470
7,951
NO
3
642
6.248
10.013
20.140
49.599
39.721
2I.S22
9.092
4
593
8,206
5,550
4,988
17.307
24,970
1.678
2,887
Cell 3
1 2 3
201
-------
Table C-4. Concentration of Acetone in Percent in Soil Samples of 15 cm Thick Kaolinite Liners which Received Acetone
Waste.
\o
oo
Depth
(cm)
0-2.5
2.5-5
5-7.5
7.5-10
10-12.5
12.5-15
15-17.5
17.5-20
20-22.5
Cell 18
1 2 3
0 0.02 0.17
0 0.41 0.02
0.05 0.01 0.05
0.04 0.0 0.08
0.18 0.006 0.01
0.007 0.01 0.03
-
4
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.08
0.02
1
6.8
6.2
6.1
6.9
6.7
5.8
6.1
Cell
2
5.8
5.0
5.4
5.6
5.0
5.6
6.2
Dyed Fed G-6
Undyed
20
3
1.9
5.0
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.4
7.2
7.8
5.9
Cell 25
4
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
6.
Fed G-6 6.4
Dyed Fed G-2
Undyed
-
Fed G-
8.1
2 6.8
1
9 1.1
7 1.2
9 1.4
8 1.0
3 2.4
7 1.3
7 0.8
1
Fed
Fed
Dyed Fed
Cut
Cut
Dyed Fed
Cut
2
1.6
1.0
1.7
1.0
2.1
1.1
2.7
Face
Pure
Face 1
Surface
Surface
Face 2
Surface
3
1.0
1.2
3.6
1.1
1.0
1.4
0.9
1.5
1.3
0.3
1 l.i
0.9
1.5
13.9
4
5.9
1.7
NO*
0.8
2.2
1 6
1.8
Cel
1 2
1.6 0.8
1.9 1.7
2.1 1.6
1.6 1.0
0.1 1.0
2.1 2.0
1.3
1 28
3
1.0
l.B
0.7
0.9
0.6
0.7
Cut Surface
Fed Face
Cut Surface
Fed Face
4
1.3
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.6
0.6
1.3
*Not determined
-------
Ttble C-i. Concentration of Act tone in Percent in Soil Sup let of Mica Linen which Received Acetone Wtm«t.
Depth
Urn)
0-2. i
2.5-5.0
7.5-10.0
I2.»-I5.0
15. 0-17. 5
1
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.1
Cel
2
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.1
2.9
11 21
1
2.4
1.0
2.1
1.2
1.2
4
1.2
1.6
2.S
2.8
1.7
1
1.1
1.}
1.8
2.1
NO*
Cell 2
2
1.4
1.5
I.I
1.6
NO
1
1
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.9
NO
4
1.5
1.5
I.H
2.0
2.8
1
2.1
1.0
1.)
1.4
1.1
Cell
2
4.0
2.i
2.2
2.6
2.6
26
1
1. 1
2.7
2.8
1.5
1.5
4
1.7
1.1
2.9
1.1
2.1
1
0.1
0.4
1.2
0.6
1.2
Cell 27
2
0.1
O.I
0.2
Ml)
NO
1
0.1
O.I
0.0
0.1
ND
4
'j.J
0.2
0.4
0.3
NO
•NO - nut determined.
-------
Table G-6-Concentration of acetone in percent in soil samples of 30 cm tluck mica
liners which received acetone waste.
Depth
(cm)
0-2.5
2.5-5
5-7.5
7.5-JO
10-12.5
12.5-15
o 15-17.5
o
17.5-20
70-22. 5
22.5-25
25-27.5
27.5-30
1
5.9
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.8
6.0
5.3
5.5
6.0
5.8
5.8
Cell
2
6.5
6.2
6.0
5.9
5.1
5.6
6.1
5.9
5.7
6.0
5.8
6.1
13
3
5.9
5.0
5.7
5.4
5.7
5.6
4.8
4.7
4.7
5.6
5.5
7.0
4
6.7
5.7 .
6.5
6.2
5.6
'.5
5.1
6.0
6.3
5.9
5.7
5.8
Cell 14
1 2
2.5
ND*
3.2
2.8
3.3
3.3
2.3
3.0
4.1
3.2
3.4
3.3
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.4
2.0
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.0
3
1.6
1.9
1.1
1.6
2.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.9
1.5
1.6
1.6
4
2.2
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.4
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.6
0.7
2.5
1
1.2
0.8
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.4
2.3
0.8
1.5
Cell
2
1.5
2.4
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
0.8
1.7
1.4
!5
3
2.1
0.7
1.8
1.1
1.9
0.7
2.1
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.2
1.8
4
1.7
1.8
1.4
2.2
0.5
1.9
Nl)
2.5
1.5
0.5
1.5
0.6
Fed Face 4.8
Fed Face 6.0
Cut Surface 5.6
Cut Surface 5.3
Cut Surface I 2.7
Cut Surface II 2.4
Fed Face I 1.4
Fed Face II 1.5
Fed Face 1.6
Fed Face 2.4
Cut Surface 1.8
Cut Surface 1.2
*Not determined
-------
K)
O
Table C-7.Concentration of Acetone in Percent in Soil Samples of Beontonite Liners Which Received Acetone Wat.te.
wa t> t e.
Depth
(cm)
0-2 5
2.5-5
51 c
f »J
7.5-10
10-12.5
12.5-15
15-17.5
17.5-20
20-22.5
Cell :
1 2
8.7 26.3
6.5 9.5
7"? 11 fl
• / Jl . O
5.4 6.7
5.8 ND
4.6 5.8
8.1 1.6
Fed Face
Cut Surface
17
3
8.5
8.9
5Q
. O
6.1
6.7
5.7
6.0
5.6
6.8
4
10.1
8.7
71
• /
6.4
6.9
6.0
6.0
1
8.2
8.4
6Q
• O
9.6
7.3
7.8
7.4
Fed
Cut
Cut
Fed
Cell
2
7.5
7.5
7-1
. /
7.7
7.3
3.1
3.3
Face
Surface
Surface
Face
L 19
3
ND*
8.3
7.2
7.7
6.6
7.6
6.8
5.1
1 6.9
2 5.6
5.0
Cell 22
4123
ND 6.1 6.0 5.2
6.3 7.6 7.7 5.4
9.1 6.3 5.7 7.0
7.0 4.5 4.4 4.6
6.8 ND 4.8 4.3
7.3 4.2 4.0 5.4
7.0
Fed Face 4.7
Fed Face 5.2
Cut Surface 5.2
Collection System 2 1.3
Collection System 1 1.9
4
ND
5.4
3 Q
. 7
4.8
3.9
5.0
4.5
1
2.6
2.3
31
. 1
2.6
2.6
1.8
1.6
Cel
2
0.76
1.7
21
. 1
1.4
0.98
0.92
1.2
1 24
3
3.0
2.6
21
.*»
2.3
2.0
1.5
2.0
4
1.9
2.2
11
. /
1.4
1.2
1.3
0.82
*Not determined.
-------
APPENDIX H
AVERAGE CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPACTED SOILS TO WASTES USED IN FIELD CELLS
202
-------
Table tt-1. Average Laboratory Conductivity of Compacted Soil Con mining Kaolnntic Clay to
Xylene Wisle Used in the Field Study at a Gradient of 181.
10
O
Kepi icat
Pore Vol .
. 1
.2
.3
.it
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
l.b
ion I Replication 2 Replication 3
Ave K Pore Vol. Ave K Pore Vol. Avt K
<-l 3.3JE-7 <•' 6.%E-7
1.17E-6 .1 .55E-6 •'
2.40E-6 .2 .68E-6 -2
2.4IE-6 .J .74E-6 -J
2.67E-6 .4 .85E-6 -4
2-91E-6 .5 .90E-D -3
2.73E-6 .6 .95E-6 -6
2.78E-6 .7 .92E-6 •'
2.75E-6 .9 .70E-6 -8
2.70E-6 1 .79E-6 •»
2.89E-6 1.1 .96t-6 '
2.78E-6 .1
2.51E-6 .2
2.40E-6 .4
1.79E-6 .5
1.44E-6 .6
.7
.8
.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
J.9
.UJt-i
.I7K-5
18t-b
•?9t-5
.38t-5
.4Jt-3
.46E-S
.57E-5
.55E-5
.55E-5
.49E-3
.56E-b
.62E-5
.6IE-5
.bht-5
.62E-3
.58t-b
.S8E-5
.64E-b
.68t-5
.64E-i
.65E-5
.WE-5
.68E-5
.63L-5
-------
Table 11-2. Average Laboratory conductivity of Con picted Soil Containing Micaceous Clay to Waste
Xylene Used in the Field Study at a Gradient of 181.
ro
O
Replication 1
Pore Vol. Ave K
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.80E-b
.29E-5
.U5E-5
.27E-5
.14E-5
.12E-5
.12E-5
.I9E-5
.Olt-5
.08E-5
.I2E-5
.06E-5
.05E-5
.05E-5
.7 9.87E-6
.8 9.87E-6
.9 1.03E-5
Replication 2
Pore Vol. Ave K
.2 3.38E-6
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
2
2.1
2.2
2. i
.03E-5
.84E-5
.51E-5
.5IE-5
.51E-5
.51E-5
.53E-5
.58E-5
.63E-5
.66E-5
.65E-5
.62E-5
.582-5
.56E-5
.57E-5
.52E-5
.50E-5
.49E-5
.49E-5
.47t-5
2.4 1.41E-5
Rt^g
Pore Vol
. 1
.2
. 3
.4
.5
.6
. 7
.8
.9
1
.1
.2
.3
.14
.:>
.6
1 i cat ion 3
Ave K
4.14E-6
5.01E-6
4.85E-6
4.73E-6
4.5JL-6
4. J9E-b
3.57L-6
J.99t-6
3.77E-6
3.64L-6
3.48h-6
3. IOE-6
3.14t-C
2.98L-6
2.9Uh-b
2.91E-6
-------
Table 11-3. Average Laboratory Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Bentonitic Clay to
Xylene at a Gradient ot 181.
Implication 1
Pore Vol.
1
1
.1
.2
.5
.7
.9
1
.1
. 2
I
Ave K
2
1
7
3
2
1
1
8
.28E-7
.60E-7
.47E-8
.87E-8
.61E-8
. 35E-8
.17E-8
. 72E-9
Repl icat ion
Pore Vol.
.1
.3
.4
.7
.8
.9
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
Ave K
,
1
1
1
9
8
2
2
1
.41E-fc
.53E-6
.31E-6
.04E-6
.88E-7
. 64 K- 7
. 79E-7
.OOE-7
.89h-7
Kepi i«.di i t-6
06t-ft
9bt-6
/Hb-6
60L-6
6bE-*
65 L- 6
r-j
O
-------
Table 11-A. Average Laboratory Conductivity ot Compacted Soil Containing Kaolinitic Clay to
Acetone Used i:i the Field Study at a Gradient of 181.
Nl
O
Replication 1
Pore Vol.
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
Ave K
3.57E-6
3.JOE-9
2.24E-9
2.95E-9
2.31E-9
2.59E-9
2.93E-9
4.47E-9
5.77E-9
6.24E-9
5.66E-9
4.90E-9
6.28E-9
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
<. 1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
Ave K
3.16E-8
5.22E-9
3.16F.-9
2.I4E-9
1 7CL-9
2.33E-9
2.VOE-9
3.13E-9
4.40E-9
5.20E-9
6.27E-9
5.19E-9
6.58E-9
5.65E-9
7.60E-9
6.55E-9
7.67E-9
Replication 3
Pore Vol.
.1
.5
.6
.8
.9
1
1.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.5
Ave K
4.43E-7
9.80E-6
4.53E-7
7.80E-8
3.13E-9
2.02F-9
1.87E-9
3.88E-9
2.75E-9
2. 38E-9
2. jji--"
2.9i'»l. "
3.0?K-9
3.84t-9
74 E- 9
J.88E-9
4.14E-9
3.95t-9
3.96E-9
4.59E-9
-------
Table 11-5. Average Laboratory Conductivity of Compacted Soil Containing Micaceous Clay to
Acetone Used in the Field Study at a Gradient of 181.
Pore
<.
.
.
.
.
.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
Replication 1
Vol. Ave K
1 8.25E-9
1
2
3
5
6
7
1
.84E-8
.37E-N
.60E-8
.26E-8
.95E-8
.25E-8
.75E-8
1 1.94E-8
2 1.53E-8
3 2.06E-8
4 2.03E-8
8 2.22E-8
Replication 2
Pore Vol.
.2
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.1
1.2
. j
.5
.6
.7
.9
1
7
6
5
6
5
7
8
Ave K
.6/E-8
.54E-9
.48E-9
.93E-9
.44E-9
.83E-9
.66E-9
. 77S.-9
. 92E-8
.04E-8
. 18E-8
.33E-8
. 34E-8
.35E-8
Repl icat ion
Pore Vol.
<.l
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.9
1
3
Ave K
6.
5.
4.
2.
8.
7.
6.
6.
8.
20E-9
70 E- 9
12E-9
60E-9
10E-9
56 E- 9
63E-9
98E-9
57E--9
------- |