EPA 908 1-76-007
JUNE 1976
CHARACTERIZATION OF
PARTICIPATE SOURCES
INFLUENCING MONITORING SITES
IN
REGION VIII
NON-ATTAINMENT AREAS
US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VIII
AIR & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIVISION
DENVER , COLORADO 8O295
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EPA-908/1-76-007
PEDCo - EN VI RON M ENTAL
SUITE 13 • ATKINSON SQUARE
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45246
S13 /771-4330
CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE SOURCES
INFLUENCING MONITORING SITES
IN REGION VIII NON-ATTAINMENT AREAS
Prepared by
PEDCO-ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS, INC.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-1375
Task Order No. 30
EPA Project Officer: David Kircher
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region VIII
Air Planning & Operations Section
Denver, Colorado 80203
June 1976
BRANCH OFFICES
Suit* 110, Crown Center Suit* 104-A, Professional Village
Kansas City. Mo. 64108 Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency
to report technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.
Copies are available free of charge — as supplies permit — from
the Air and Hazardous Materials Division, Region VIII, Environmental
Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado 80295, or may be obtained from
the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio,
in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1375, Task Order 30. The con-
tents of this report are reproduced herein as received from the con-
tractor. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed are those
of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-908/1-76-007
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CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 METHODOLOGY 2-1
2.1 Microinventories and Site 2-1
Evaluations
2.2 Emission Estimates 2-3
2.3 Evaluation of Potential Emission 2-5
Reductions
2.4 Microscopic Analysis 2-7
3.0 SITE EVALUATION DESCRIPTIONS 3-1
3.1 Adams City 3-3
3.2 Arvada 3-8
3.3 Aurora 3-13
3.4 Brighton 3-18
3.5 Denver-School Administration Building 3-23
3.6 Denver-CAMP 3-27
3.7 Denver-Gates Rubber Company 3-32
3.8 Denver-Wastewater Treatment Plant 3-36
3.9 Denver-C.A.R.I.H. 3-41
3.10 Englewood 3-46
3.11 Lakewood 3-51
3.12 Littleton 3-56
3.13 Longmont 3-61
3.14 Greeley-City Complex 3-66
3.15 Greeley-Wastewater Treatment Plant 3-71
3.16 Loveland 3-76
3.17 Sterling 3-80
3.18 Windsor 3-85
3.19 La Salle 3-90
3.20 Platteville 3-95
3.21 Colorado Springs 3-100
3.22 Pueblo-Fire Station 3-105
3.23 Pueblo-Health Department 3-110
3.24 Trinidad 3-115
3.25 Walsenburg 3-120
3.26 Steamboat Springs 3-125
3.27 Rifle 3-130
3.28 Grand Junction 3-135
3.29 Tract CB Trailer 020 3-139
3.30 Tract CB Trailer 022 3-144
3.31 Great Falls 3-149
3.32 Butte-Greeley School 3-154
3.33 Missoula-Courthouse 3-159
11
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3.34 Libby 3-164
3.35 Magna 3-169
3.36 Ogden-Health Department/NASN Station 3-174
3.37 Provo 3-179
3.38 Salt Lake City-Health Department/NASN 3-184
Station
3.39 Salt Lake City-Airport 3-189
3.40 Rock Springs 3-194
3.41 Rapid City-Health Department 3-199
3.42 Rapid City-Ken Freize Enterprises 3-203
3.43 Rapid City-Cement Plant 3-207
4.0 SUMMARY 4-1
4.1 Reasons for Non-attainment in 4-1
Region VIII
4.2 Need for Implementation Plan (SIP) 4-5
Revisions
4.3 Observations on Air Quality Data 4-7
4.4 Relationship between Emission Densities 4-10
and Air Quality
A APPENDIX A-l
REFERENCES R-l
111
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FIGURES
NO.
4-1 Relative Change in Measured TSP Concentration 4-8
for Region VIII Sites, 1974 to 1975
4-2 Particulate Emission Density versus Measured 4-11
Air Quality
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TABLES
No. Page
•—^— -*
1-1 Non-Attainment Particulate Sampling Sites 1-3
in EPA Region VIII
2-1 Control Techniques for Selected Fugitive 2-6
Dust Sources
2-2 Estimated Particulate Background 2-8
4-1 EPA Region VIII Non-Attainment Summary 4-2
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The preamble to the proposed regulations for submittal
of AQMA plans specifies that the Administrator will notify
the states by July 1, 1976 as to which state implementation
plans (SIP's) are "substantially inadequate" to attain
ambient air quality standards in particular ACQR's, and
require that a plan revision be submitted for these identi-
fied areas by July 1, 1977 (with certain provisions for
extensions). In EPA Region VIII, there are 43 suspended
particulate sampling sites that are presently or have in the
recent past recorded concentrations higher than the annual
3 *
primary standard (75 ug/m ). Since almost all point
sources are now in compliance with applicable SIP regula-
tions, this would indicate that plan revisions may be
required for the AQCR's in which these sampling sites are
located.
Before making the determination of which AQCR's are
substantially violating the particulate standards, the
Regional Administrator desires to verify the air quality
data on which the decisions will be based and to check that
further reductions in ambient concentrations can be achieved
by additional or more stringent control regulations. Recent
area source emission inventories and AQMA analyses for
*
There may be a few additional sites in Region VIII
which do not report data to SAROAD or which are classified
as special studies',sites that measure average concentra-
tions above 75 ug/m but have not been included in this
study.
1-1
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particulates in all Region VIII states have shown that
fugitive dust sources such as unpaved roads are major con-
tributors to ambient concentrations; in many cases, these
fugitive dust sources cannot be controlled to the extent
necessary to attain the standards.
This report contains a compilation of information and
analysis of data for each of the non-attainment sites,
presented in a format that will permit EPA to determine
whether the recorded data are representative of actual air
quality in the area of the sampling station and/or whether
the sources contributing to the high concentrations are
controllable. The 43 non-attainment sites that have been
evaluated in this study are listed by state and AQCR in
Table 1-1.
All of the non-attainment sites were surveyed during
the months of March and April 1976, with the exception of
those in South Dakota, which were completed in November,
1975. Detailed site-specific data were obtained which would
enable the determination of the particulate sources having
the greatest potential impact on measured values and permit
the assessment of possible exposure biases. Photographs
were taken of each site, historical air quality data were
obtained from the appropriate state agencies, and detailed
demographic, traffic, and localized development data were
obtained. Emission estimates were then prepared for each
site and correlated with air quality measurements.
Microscopic analysis of selected filters at all sam-
pling sites was originally planned in order to provide a
second means of estimating relative source impacts on the
samplers' readings. However, the preliminary microscopy
work revealed an inability to distinguish the source origin
of most of the mineral material (fugitive dust) on the
filters. Since this mineral fraction constituted 70 to 90
percent of the material on most of the filters, microscopy
usually did not provide any significant additional information
1-2
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Table 1-1. NON-ATTAINMENT PARTICULATE SAMPLING
SITES IN EPA REGION VIII
State
AQCR
Site
Colorado
Denver
Pawnee
San Isabel
Yampa
Grand Mesa
Montana
Utah
Great Falls
Helena
Missoula
Wasatch Front
Wyoming
South Dakota
Wyoming
Black Hills
Adams City
Arvada
Aurora
Brighton
School Administration Building
CAMP
Gates Rubber Company
Wastewater Treatment Plant
C.A.R.I.H
Englewood
Lakewood
Littleton
Longmont
Greeley-City Complex
Greeley-Wastewater Treatment Plant
Loveland
Sterling
Windsor
La Salle
Platteville
Colorado Springs
Pueblo-Fire Station
Pueblo-Health Department
Trinidad
Walsenburg
Steamboat Springs
Rifle
Grand Junction
Tract CB Trailer 020
Tract CB Trailer 022
Great Falls
Butte
Missoula
Libby
Magna
Ogden-Health Department/NASN
Provo
Salt Lake City-Health Department/NASN
Salt Lake City-Airport
Rock Springs
County Health Department
Ken Freize Enterprises
South Dakota Cement Plant
1-3
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as to the origin of the material. Therefore, results of the
microscopic analyses were concluded to be of limited value
to this study and are not included herein.
Chapter 2 details the methodologies employed for the
assemblage of data, preparation of emission estimates, site
evaluations and quality assurance evaluations, microscopic
investigations of filter pads, and presentation of data.
Chapter 3 presents, by each individual non-attainment
site, a five page data summary including: (1) detailed site
description and a graph of historical trends in air quality;
(2) photographs of sampler location and surrounding area;
(3) map showing sampler locations, one mile radius, and
major sources; (4) summary of emissions; and (5) the meteor-
ological data for that location and site summary and evalua-
tion. The meteorological data were obtained from the nearest
National Weather Service station.
Chapter 4 presents an overview discussion of particu-
late non-attainment in EPA Region VIII, based on summaries
of the individual site evaluations. Overall findings by
AQCR are presented, including emission density versus air
quality relationships, trends in measured air quality,
probable reasons for individual site and AQCR-wide non-
attainment of standards, and representativeness of data from
regional sampling networks.
1-4
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2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 MICROINVENTORIES AND SITE EVALUATIONS
Each of the high volume particulate sampling stations
listed in Table 1-1 was visited and the area within a one
mile radius of the site surveyed to identify all particulate
sources possibly impacting on the sampler which may form a
component of the measured particulate concentration. This
"microinventory" technique was developed by PEDCo and has
been applied to similar investigations in EPA Regions VII
and IX. It has served as the prime basis for development of
an emission density versus air quality relationship from
which air quality could be predicted in areas otherwise not
suitable for utilization of conventional dispersion modeling
techniques. The procedure has demonstrated reasonably good
accuracy and reproducibility in correlating quantified
estimates of source emission strength with measured air
quality.
The survey procedure employed to provide the best
observation of overall site exposure was to ground survey,
via automobile, the sampler stations and all probable
sources of emissions within a one mile radius of each sam-
pling site to identify the sources with primary impact on
the samplers. Sources of fugitive dust and conventional
point and area sources were located on the appropriate USGS
7.5 minute quadrangle map and labeled with pertinent data,
such as size and boundaries, observed activity and opera-
tional characteristics, estimated emission rate, and any
other important parameters. Two observers independently
2-1
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estimated and agreed upon parameters observed at each site
to increase accuracy and completeness.
Large point sources outside the one mile radius were
also located if it was possible that they might contribute
to measured particulate loading. The site locations and
surrounding one mile radius survey areas are illustrated on
the second page of each site data summary in Chapter 3. All
point sources within 1/4 mile of the sampler are indicated
on these site maps regardless of their emission rate. From
a 1/4 mile to 1 mile radius, those sources emitting greater
than 25 ton/yr are shown. Beyond the 1 mile radius, only
those sources emitting greater than 100 ton/yr are shown.
Power plants are shown irrespective of their emission rates
or siting relative to the sampler.
While the survey team was at each site, PEDCo staff
also completed site description forms designed to evaluate
the exposure of the sampling locations and identify any
problems with representativeness or validity of the high
volume sampler data. The sampler site and immediate surround-
ing area (300 feet radius) were subjectively judged with
respect to adequacy of physical placement and potential for
physical or localized pollution interferences, land rise of
surroundings and terrain features, and the probability of
obtaining a representative sample of ambient air given the
existing siting conditions. The survey form used for this
site description evaluation is included in Appendix A.
The field team also contacted cognizant state and local
agency personnel to assess sample handling and quality
assurance procedures employed by operators and laboratories
responsible for each site. The information acquired included
both qualitative and quantitative data regarding operator
performance in high volume sampler calibration, recording of
applicable data, and sample handling, packaging, and mailing.
To ensure that proper laboratory procedures were employed in
2-2
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each case, information on filter specifications, filter
inspection, weighing and marking, and balance calibration
was obtained. The completed survey forms used for this
quality assurance check are also included in Appendix A.
Finally, two photographs illustrating the sampler,
viewed in the directions where the greatest potential for
localized pollution influence existed, were obtained for
every site except seven that were completely inaccessible to
the survey team (School Administration Building and Gates
Rubber Company in Denver, Loveland, Grand Junction, and
three in Rapid City—Health Department, Ken Freize Enterprises,
and South Dakota Cement Plant). These photographs are the
second page of each site data summary in Chapter 3.
2.2 EMISSION ESTIMATES
The survey data were converted into estimates of partic-
ulate emission density (ton/sq mi/yr) within the 3.14 square
mile area (circle of 1 mile radius) by a three-step proced-
ure. First, all identified fugitive dust sources within
each site area were listed and estimates of size in terms of
emission parameters were made. Next, appropriate emission
factors were applied to each source to calculate estimated
annual emissions. Third, conventional area and point source
emissions were added to get total particulate emissions in
each survey area.
The emissions associated with each site are presented
in a table in each site data summary in Chapter 3. Shown
also are the emission factors for the fugitive dust sources.
Variations in these factors between AQCR's are accounted for
by differences in climate of the various geographic areas,
i.e., wind speed, soil erosion parameters, and precipitation-
evaporation indices. Appropriate methodologies for develop-
ment of each factor were obtained from Compilation of Air
2-3
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Pollutant Emission Factors, Supplement 5,1 and from Develop-
ment of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust Sources.2
Conventional area source emissions in the microinven-
tory areas were not estimated by emission factors, but as a
percentage of the respective total county emissions calcu-
lated for the categories included in the appropriate current
area source inventory. The categories were condensed, for
summary purposes, into four general categories: fuel combus-
tion, incineration, other mobile, (off-highway vehicles,
aircraft, locomotives, and vessels) and motor vehicle exhaust
(on-highway gasoline and diesel automobiles and trucks).
The percentage of county emissions occurring in the area was
assumed to be the same as the percentage of the county's
population (or VMT for motor vehicle exhaust) contained in
the microinventory areas. This necessitated the collection
and generation of some demographic data (i.e., population,
employment, vehicle miles traveled) for each survey area.
Current state or NEDS point source inventories were the
reference for emission data for point sources. Small point
sources not included in point source listings were evaluated
from the size and activity parameters obtained during the
surveys together with emission factors keyed to these param-
eters. All of the point sources included on the site emis-
sion data summaries in Chapter 3 may not be located on the
maps, due to the emission rate and distance from sampler
criteria that were detailed in the preceding section of this
chapter. Additionally, all point sources located outside of
the one mile radius survey area were not included in the
calculation of emission density for the area.
Assuming then that particulate emissions in the site
survey areas are, in fact, directly proportional to air
quality measured therein, the 1975 annual geometric mean
concentration for each sampler and corresponding emission
density were plotted by AQCR (Figure 4-2). Using the valid
2-4
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data points, linear regression analyses were performed to
determine the lines of best fit, which resulted in a "back-
ground" concentration from 39 to 68 ug/m (zero emission
density) and correlation coefficients ranging from 0.60 to
0.80. An emission density of approximately 200 ton/sq mi/yr
was shown to be equivalent to 75 ug/m3 annual geometric
mean.
2.3 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL EMISSION REDUCTIONS
In order to determine which of the contributing sources
at the non-attainment sites were most amenable to emission
reductions and whether reductions sufficient to bring about
attainment of the primary standards could reasonably be
expected, the sources were considered under three separate
categories—point sources, area sources, and fugitive dust
sources. For point sources, NEDS printouts and state emis-
sion inventory summaries were checked to find the compliance
status of each source and what regulation was applied to
determine allowable emissions. Where the source was not in
compliance or the applicable regulation represented less
than reasonably available control technology, note was made
of the potential for emission reductions.
It was assumed that no emission reductions could be
obtained from conventional area sources. Fuel combustion in
Region VIII states is already almost exclusively natural
gas, incineration emissions were negligible in most of the
survey areas, off-highway vehicles offer little opportunity
for control, and motor vehicle emissions are under federal
jurisdiction.
Fugitive dust sources are often uncontrolled at present
and therefore provide the greatest potential for significant
emission reductions. Approximate control efficiencies for
several types of fugitive dust sources are shown in Table 2-
1. However, these controls are not necessarily "reasonable
2-5
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Table 2-1. CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR SELECTED FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES
Source
Practicality
of regulation
Control Method
Control
efficiency
Unpaved roads
Construction
activity
to
JTl
Agriculture
2-3
4
3
1-2
1-2
2
3
3
5
5
Paving and right-of-way improvement 85%
Surface treatment with penetration 50%
chemicals
Soil stabilization chemicals worked 50%
into the roadbed
Speed control 25-40%
Watering 50%
Chemical stabilization of completed 80%
cuts and fills
Treatment of temporary access and 50%
haul roads on or adjacent to site
Minimal exposure periods (controlled
by permit; good practice with watering
or chemical stabilization)
Continuous cropping 25%
Limited irrigation of fallow fields 20%
Windbreaks 5%
Inter-row plantings of grain on widely 15%
spaced row crops
Stubble, crop residue, or mulch left 10%
on fields after harvest for wind
protection
Spray-on chemical stabilization 40%
Tailings
piles
Aggregate
storage
2
2-3
2
2
1-2
3
2
Chemical stabilization
Vegetation
Combined chemical-vegetative
stabilization
Continuous spray of chemical on material
going on storage piles
Watering of haul roads and storage areas
Treatment of haul roads and traffic areas
Watering (sprinklers or truck)
80%
65%
90%
90%
50%
50%
80%'
1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = poor, 5 = not recommended
Source: Investigation of Fugitive Dust—Sources, Emissions and Control, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
Publication Number EPA 450/3-74-036, 1974.
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techniques" because of the large number of sources to which
they Would have to be applied on a county- or AQCR-wide
basis.
Potential reductions in emissions in each study area
were estimated to produce proportional changes in the por-
tion of the ambient concentration (annual mean) above back-
ground, or that portion supposedly affected by the emis-
sions. Values used for background in each AQCR are shown in
Table 2-2. These values were estimated from nonurban sites
in the AQCR unaffected by nearby emission sources, from y-
intercepts of emission density versus air quality curves, or
from modeling analyses performed in these areas. The calcu-
lations of potential emission reductions and air quality
associated with such reductions have not been shown because
of the many assumptions and approximations involved in
determining reasonable control measures for both point
sources and fugitive dust sources.
2.4 MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
Strips of exposed high volume filters could not be
viewed directly under the polarized light microscope because
of particle agglomeration on the surface of the filter.
Therefore, particles were resuspended and dispersed in water
in a sonic cleaner and then recollected on a Millipore
filter. A wedge of the Millipore filter was then placed on
a slide and the filter material cleared with a solution of
dimethyl phthalate/diethyl oxylate. Particles on the slide
were identified as to origin, counted, and their sizes
estimated using a calibrated Porton reticule at a total
magnification of 100 power. Based on particle counts and
estimated densities (a function of suspected particle ori-
gin) , the percent by weight of the major components was
calculated.
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Table 2-2. ESTIMATED PARTICULATE BACKGROUND
CONCENTRATIONS
Estimated background
AQCR concentration, ug/m3
Denver 40-45
Pawnee 45
San Isabel
Colorado Springs 30-35
Pueblo 45
Other sites 40-45
Yampa 20
Grand Mesa 40
Great Falls 20-25
Helena 25
Missoula 38
Wasatch Front 40
Wyoming 28-35
Black Hills 30-35
2-8
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Published descriptions and photomicrographs of particle
types plus samples of soil and fine material from ground-
level sources were used as references for determining parti-
cle origins. Personnel performing the microscopy were
experienced in characterization of particulate matter.
Prior to proceeding with microscopic examination of
high volume filters from each site, some quality control
work was done first to determine the accuracy of microscopic
identification of particulate composition and origin.
Results of the quality control evaluation showed that the
particle count by size range for any five fields under the
microscope is ± 52 percent of the true value for mineral
matter and ± 44 percent for combustion products. Of this
total variability, differences in counts by different anal-
ysts account for one-third of the error, differences in the
fields selected account for 21 percent of the error, and
differences in the cores cut from the sample account for 46
percent (as a result of nonhomogeneous impaction on the
filter).
However, a more important problem surfaced during this
quality control work. Even with the polarized light micro-
scope and experienced analysts, it was not possible to
subdivide the mineral fraction (fugitive dust) into any
detailed source categories, such as reentrained dust from
streets, construction dust, or naturally-occurring material
from wind erosion. Since the mineral fraction was 70-90
percent of the total particles on most slides, the micros-
copy results in most cases did not provide any significant
additional information as to the origin of the material col-
lected on the filters and were not included in the individual
site evaluations.
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3.0 SITE EVALUATIONS
The purposes of the visit to each non-attainment site
and inspection of the sampler's exposure were to determine:
(1) whether the readings accurately reflect particulate
concentrations in the vicinity of the sampler; and (2)
whether the sources contributing to the high ambient con-
centrations could reasonably be further controlled by
passing new or more stringent regulations. The site eval-
uations presented in this chapter attempt to correlate all
the available information on each site and identify specific
reasons for non-attainment. This discussion is presented in
the Summary and Conclusions section of every site evaluation
package, which follows the site description, photographs,
map, and emission inventory.
Broader conclusions relative to predominant sources in
non-attainment areas/ common reasons for non-attainment, the
need for SIP revisions in AQCR's with one or more samplers
violating the standards, short-term versus annual average
violations, etc., are discussed in Chapter 4 by compiling
the findings of the individual site evaluations.
The 43 site evaluations presented here involve 11
different AQCR's in five states. The sites are listed by
AQCR in Table 1-1. It should be noted that 13 of the 43
sites surveyed are in the Denver AQCR and that 25 of the
non-attainment sites in Region VIII are in the three Colorado
Front Range AQCR's of Denver, Pawnee, and San Isabel. The
site evaluation package for a specific site can be accessed
most rapidly by referring to the Table of Contents.
3-1
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Two of the sites surveyed and evaluated, Tract CB sites
020 and 022 in Grand Mesa AQCR, do not have any recent
reported concentrations above the primary standards. They
were included because concentrations above the 24-hour
secondary standard of 150 ug/m were reported for the sites,
even though they were established as baseline or background
stations. The purpose of the on-site surveys at these
locations was to determine whether background particulate
levels in arid parts of Region VIII might occasionally
exceed the short-term secondary standard. Alternatively,
the sites could be influenced by nearby open sources.
3-2
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3.1
Description
ADAMS CITY - TRI-COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 06-0020-001
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Tri-County Health Department (4301 East 72nd)
about 15 feet above ground level. It is about 100 feet back
from the road in a light commercial/residential area.
Localized pollution influences - The sampler is bordered on
two sides by a large paved parking lot that is relatively
clean. There are large unpaved parking lots 300 feet to the
northwest and northeast and a small cleared area 500 feet to
the northeast. Also, the County Highway Department has a
small sand and gravel operation approximately 600 feet north
of the sampler. There are about 4 roof vents and an air
conditioning compressor about 50 feet from the sampler, but
these do not appear capable of affecting the readings.
Physical interferences - No major obstructions were noted in
the immediate vicinity of the sampler. There were few other
buildings within 500 feet and none taller.
Terrain The site area is relatively flat and comprised of
open land to the north and west with several large highways
cutting through the area.
Comments The site has a reasonable suburban exposure, but
is probably not representative of ambient air in this area,
which is characterized more by industrial land use. In its
current position, the sampler is relatively isolated from
impacts caused by industrial activity in Adams City. The
streets in the area were sanded and dirty at the time of the
survey.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1972 1973 1974 1975
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Adams City sampler viewed to the north.
Adams City sampler viewed to the south.
3-4
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Adams City - Tri-County Health Department.
3-5
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Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Adams City
Population
VMT
2,250
86,400
Source
category
Point sources:
Mack Precast Products
Hungarian Flour Mill
Far Mar Company
1 Conoco
Denver Feeds
CPL Construction
2 Cherokee Power Plant
Barnett Company
Mobile Pre-Mix
Adams County Hwy Dept
3 Refinery Corporation
4 Kilgore Atchison
5 Kellogg Company
Colorado Milling/Elev
Area sources:
Fuel combustion I"
Incineration
Other mobile |_
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Gravel pits/quarries
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
Outside mile radius
Outside mile radius
Outside mile radius
From AQMA emis
ssion
inventory report,
1.2% of county pop
86400 VMT/day
3.0 mi ,
60 ADT
8.1 mi
86400 VMT/day
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
From APCD analysis
56 ac
52 ac
77 ac
24 ac
98 ac
10 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.31 t/ac/yr
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
10.3 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
unknown
12
254
10
neg
925
neg
2
unknown
59
26
102
34
8
neg
1
21
115
12
122
104
32
16
45
17
1009
6
Total emissions, ton/yr 1694
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 539
Percent fugitive dust 87
3-6
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North
Meteorological Data
Average- annual
wind speed = 10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
,20%
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
1974 = 405 ug/m3; 1975 =255 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Adams City site has been consistently over the
primary standard for the past 12 years, with no definite
downtrend in particulate concentrations in recent years.
Seasonal variations have not been as pronounced at this site
as at most others in the Denver area, probably because of
the relatively low local influence of road sanding emis-
sions. Major impacting sources were identified to be
several nearby sand and gravel pits, unpaved roads, street
dust, and possibly some large point sources just outside the
one mile radius survey area. The estimated emission density
in the survey area is quite high, tending to confirm the
ambient measurements (116 ug/m' in 1974 and 96 ug/m3 in
1975).
The sampler appears to be w§ll located and free from
local interferences. In fact, there are probably many
industrial areas in Adams City where concentrations even
higher than measured at the present sampling site could be
recorded.
Since some of the sources and source categories con-
tributing to the readings at this site appear to be further
controllable (e.g., sand and gravel pits), increased en-
forcement effort or additional regulations could reduce
emissions and improve air quality in the Adams City area.
3-7
-------
3.2 ARVADA-GRANDVIEW AVENUE
SAROAD Site No. 06-0120-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a building (7622 Grandview Avenue) about 10 feet
above ground level and set back 20 feet from a paved parking
lot. The surrounding area is primarily commercial.
Localized pollution influences - Immediately adjacent to the
sampler building is a 35 car parking lot and an unpaved lot
100 feet south. Grandview Avenue, approximately 75 feet
from the sampler, is a 4 lane, heavily traveled street.
Physical interferences - There are no obstructions in the
immediate vicinity which may interfere with the sampler's
readings.
Terrain - The terrain is flat in the immediate vicinity of
the sampler, and tapers off to rolling terrain on the
fringes of the 1 mile radius survey area.
Comments - The entire area is mainly residential with un-
cleaned streets. It is questionable whether this site
allows for representative sampling of the overall air
quality in this area due to the localized influences.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-8
-------
Arvada sampler viewed to the northeast,
Arvada sampler viewed to the southeast,
3-9
-------
Arvada-Grandview Avenue.
3-10
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Arvada
Population
VMT
6,700
214,000
Source
category
Point sources :
Asphalt Specialties
Strong Brothers
Armcor, Incorporated
Ready Mixed Concrete
Spano's Greenhouse
Area sources:
Fuel combustion ["
Other mobile 1
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
inventory repc
2.9% of count}
214000 VMT/day
2.0 mi,
30 ADT
2.6 mi
214000 VMT/day
From APCD ana]
31 ac
22 ac
23 ac
15 ac
Emission
factor
ision
>rt,
r pop
0.59 g/VMT
4.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
.ysis
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
20
neg
1
neg
neg
37
3
51
49
4
301
104
18
13
16
9
Total emissions, ton/yr 626
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 199
Percent fugitive dust 82
3-11
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 10.0 mph
* ^ "X. »
20%
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 348 ug/m3; 1975 = 400 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Arvada site has recorded annual geometric means
over 100 ug/m3 every year, since 1968. In all of these years
except one, the highest quarterly average has been in the
first (winter) quarter, indicating a strong seasonal impact
from a source such as road sanding. The microinventory
showed that the three source categories with greatest emis-
sions, accounting for 73 percent of particulate emissions in
the survey area, were all traffic related--dust from paved
roads, street sanding, and motor vehicle exhaust.
The estimated emission density for the area surrounding
the site did not appear sufficient to cause the high ambient
readings at the site. Evaluation of the site location
revealed a probable bias due to its close proximity to a
major arterial street.
If a site in the same area but without the localized
influence still exceeded the annual standard, the only
sources that would be further controllable would be reen-
trained dust from the streets (including sand for snow
control) and some minor fugitive dust sources. The feasi-
bility of. reducing emissions from streets has not yet been
determined, but this source category constitutes such a
pervasive problem in the Denver area that it should cer-
tainly be investigated in detail. The requirement of an SIP
revision would provide an impetus and set a schedule for
such an investigation.
3-12
-------
3.3 AURORA-AURORA CIVIC CENTER
SAROAD Site No. 06-0140-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Aurora Civic Center Building (1633 Florence
Street) about 15 feet above ground level. It is set back
about 50 feet to the west of Florence Street. The surround-
ing area is combined light commercial and residential land
use.
Localized pollution influences - There is a large (5 acre)
unpaved playground across the street at the Crawford School,
about 300 feet from the site. To the rear of the Civic
Center, there is a gravel-covered paved alley about 100 feet
from the sampler. The roof has a couple of small vents and
an air conditioning compressor.
Physical interferences - No obstructions were noted in the
immediate vicinity of the sampler. There were no taller
buildings in the immediate area.
Terrain - The surrounding area is predominately flat with
some rolling areas in the southeast to southwest quadrant.
The airport is at lower elevation than most of the site
area. The mean elevation is approximately 5,350 feet msl.
Comments - The site appears to provide a realistic indica-
tion of urban exposure. However, Stapleton International
Airport is approximately 1 mile due north and there is quite
a bit of traffic in the area. Overall, the streets appear
somewhat dusty and swept infrequently.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
0
•« 150
4>
S
rua . c
01 le tri
eai
0) tf
01 a
>, 100
50
1964 1965 1966 1967 19681969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-13
-------
Aurora sampler viewed to the west.
Aurora sampler viewed to the east,
3-14
-------
I/STAPI [-. 10 N
--TJ---J'—* -*-*
to'r
f . :
''
t
n
r>2b\
^y\ C i I Di-,i.-j-.;
]f .1 ;p^X
; II \ S • V ' B"
• Xx
•
a
I.OW RV-
^
» j^i r"'
^ .01
k\\ &
LJ<
fj__ _
• '-**0t ~ ~ *M ^> ..
•-1 i ~^/>[ nr ;
rx I '-
- r i / *
"i •"' i«? ; ' ' ' ^ *
U ! | i ! . j .-.
i , '' ' • -/
\ £ -I , • /
» . * u. • -' X.^
Aurora-Aurora Civic Center.
3-15
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Aurora
Population
VMT
7,200
190,000
Source
category
Area sources :
Fuel combustion [~
Other mobile
—
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
ssion
inventory report,
2.0% of Adams and
Arapahoe pop
190000 VMT/day
4 . 3 mi ,
10 ADT
1.0 mi
190000 VMT/day
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
From APCD analysis
22 ac
7 ac
3 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
26
3
45
27
1
268
174
13
4
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 563
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 179
Percent fugitive dust 87
3-16
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
20%
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
1974 = 329 ug/m3; 1975 = 231 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
After a three year excursion above the standards, the
Aurora site in 1975 was below both the annual and 24-hour
primary standards. The microinventory showed that almost
all the emissions in this commercial and residential area
were traffic or fuel combustion related. No point sources
were identified within a one mile radius of the sampler.
The site seems to be representative for the Aurora
area; no local interferences were noted.
The current emission density of 179 ton/sq mi/yr would
substantiate ambient concentrations below the standards.
Therefore, it was concluded that Aurora should no longer be
classified as a non-attainment site.
3-17
-------
3.4 BRIGHTON-BRIGHTON NATIONAL BANK
SAROAD Site No. 06-0240-001
Description
General site description The sampler is located on the
roof of the Brighton National Bank (15 South Main) set back
from Main Street approximately 30 feet. It is in the
commercial district of town and the area on the periphery is
comprised of residential and open areas.
Localized pollution influences - The roof of the bank is
composed of loose gravel; it has an incinerator vent 50 feet
east and a furnace vent 30 feet east of and 12 feet higher
than the sampler. It is 900 feet from Highway 85 (4 lanes,
extending north-south).
Physical interferences - The sampler is located 18 feet west
of a 10 foot elevator tower wall, which may partially screen
air movements from the east or town side. It is higher
than all surrounding structures.
Terrain - The immediate site area and surrounding survey
area is generally flat with some rolling hills to the west.
The mean elevation is approximately 4,950 feet msl.
Comments - The older sections of town are very dusty due to
many unpaved roads, lots, and driveways. Overall, streets
are dusty and poorly swept. Much agriculture surrounds the
site area and the land is very dry and arid.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
Quarterly geometric mean,
H ug/m3 H to
en o ui o
o o o o
\
\
i
v
•*-
^
f
1
\
>
1
/
f
v
•
L
\
'1
t
/
n
/
u
/
i
\
V
\
!
^
J
<
1
I
• '.i
A
/
e
\
\
i
',
?
r-
i
/
|
\
\
V,
.
/
1
V
,
,
/I ^
\r/i
V
CD
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-18
-------
Brighton sampler viewed to the north.
Brighton sampler viewed to the south.
3-19
-------
Brighton-Brighton National Bank.
3-20
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Brighton
Population
VMT
7,400
57,100
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Great Western Sugar
Brighton Grain
Kuner Empson Pickles
Area sources:
Fuel combustion [~
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
inventory repc
4.0% of county
57100 VMT/day
2.7 mi,
20 ADT
1.5 mi
57100 VMT/day
10 ac
185.4 ac
6.0 ac,
4 mo
64.8 ac
12 ac
22 ac
3 ac
Emission
factor
ision
>rt,
r pop
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.22 t/ac/yr,
0.09 t/ac/yr
tilling
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
72
1
neg
25
4
14
34
2
80
6
57
15
38
7
16
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 373
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 119
Percent fugitive dust 69
3-21
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed =10.0 mph
_. ".20%
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 241 ug/m3; 1975 = 221 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Brighton site is outside the influence of the high
traffic emissions in the Denver urban area and thus experi-
ences less seasonal variation in particulate concentrations
than the urban sites. Although the first and fourth quar-
ters also generally have the highest readings at Brighton,
these increases are attributed to the higher potential for
wind erosion across croplands when the fields are least
protected during the winter months.
There were no predominant contributing sources identi-
fied in the survey area. Several different fugitive dust
sources accounted for 69 percent of the total emissions, and
one large point source was located within a mile of the
sampler. The estimated emission density of 119 ton/sq mi/yr
was low in comparison with the geometric mean concentration
of 78 ug/m3 (93 ug/m3 in 1974) , but the site does not appear
to be unduly influenced by localized sources. The screening
effect of a nearby wall would tend to lower rather than
increase measured concentrations. Although the emission
density in the surrounding area does not seem to be suffi-
cient to produce the observed readings, background concen-
trations in this agricultural area may be much higher than
in adjacent urban and suburban exposures. Background, the
nonreducible concentration from naturally-occurring sources,
at Brighton is estimated to be 40 to 45 ug/m3.
The fugitive dust emissions could probably be reduced
enough to lower ambient concentrations from 78 to 75 ug/m3.
This could be accomplished by a more comprehensive enforce-
ment program for existing regulations (and thus no SIP
revision).
3-22
-------
3.5 DENVER-SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
SAROAD Site No. 06-0580-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the school administration building (414 Fourteenth
Street) about 40 feet above ground level. It is situated in
the commercial downtown district.
Localized pollution influences - Traffic is the predominant
influence in the area. There are several small incinerators
on the side of the building, with stacks generally higher
than sampler height.
Physical interferences - The only significant obstructions
are several roof vents near the sampler.
Terrain - The immediate area and continuing to the periphery
of the 1 mile radius circle is generally flat. There are no
predominant natural landmarks in the area.
Comments The sampler siting is satisfactory, and it
probably measures quite representatively the downtown air
quality.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
(X)
1964 1965 1966 1967 19681969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-23
-------
Denver-School Administration Building.
3-24
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Population
Denver-School Administration Building VMT
19,900
730,000
Source
category
Point sources:
Mobile Pre-Mix
Thompson Pipe & Steel
Thomas Machine
Spratten Materials
Kaiser Refractories
Trucker Terminal Elev
Panel Corporation
1 Zuni Power Plant
Mobile Pre-Mix
Eversman Manufacturing
Chemitron
Komac
U.S. Mint
Public Service Company
Area sources :
Fuel combustion |~
Other mobile
L
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
Outside mile radius
From AQMA emii
ssion
inventory report,
3.8% of county pop
730000 VMT/day
730000 VMT/day
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 g/VMT
From APCD analysis
1 ac
8 ac,
4 mo
20 ac
34 ac
70 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions.
ton/yr
neg
neg
neg
neg
12
neg
neg
74
neg
neg
neg
neg
1
59
137
8
173
1027
660
1
20
12
24
49
Total emissions, ton/yr 2183
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 695
Percent fugitive dust 82
3-25
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
20%
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
1974 = 436 ug/m3; 1975 = 333 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
This downtown site in Denver has shown a definite trend
toward lower concentrations the past few years, recording an
annual mean below 100 ug/m3 in 1975 for only the second time
in its 12 year history. The air quality data exhibit the
typical seasonal trend for the Denver area, with high aver-
ages in the first and fourth quarters and low averages in
the second and third quarters.
Approximately 77 percent of the emissions in the survey
area were from reentrained. dust from streets and road sand-
ing. Another eight percent were from motor vehicle exhaust.
Therefore, significant emission reductions (sufficient to
attain the primary standard) appear to be achievable only by
improved street cleaning measures or traffic controls. An
SIP revision would probably be required for either of these
approaches.
The estimated emission density agrees well with the
high measured concentrations, and no site location biases
that would inflate the measured readings were noted.
3-26
-------
3.6 DENVER-CAMP
SAROAD Site No. 06-0580-002
Description
General description The sampler is located on the roof of
the CAMP station (2105 Broadway) about 9 feet above ground
level. It is in the center of the downtown commercial dis-
trict. Located on a street island, it is surrounded by
arterial streets 10-20 feet distant.
Localized pollution influences - Traffic-generated particu-
lates are the predominant source at this site.
Physical interferences - The sampler sits in a shallow
"street canyon" surrounded by buildings. These, however,
are low (1-2 stories) and do not form a continuous wall.
Buildings are located within 100 feet in most directions.
Terrain - The immediate area and entire 1 mile radius survey
area is flat with no predominant natural features. The
downtown buildings create a rough surface and cause much
channeling and local turbulence.
Comments - The sampler is probably measuring the downtown
air quality at street level quite representatively. As
stated above, the readings are mainly influenced by traffic
in this area.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
* 350
1964 1965 1966 1967 19681969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-27
-------
Denver-CAMP sampler viewed to the south.
Denver-CAMP sampler viewed to the northwest
3-28
-------
ffi ;I • •/' • • 4
Wf; .
iilj, «y.-- 4 "j .-4 "»t
'^SrLJ1 : * '"•' '•
s; ' -. , l
i. <
J
VI • ;2Q
V i- I*
• I «y||
; M,,.,;. „ ^ '••><> I
>•!'•• ::, ,
Denver-CAMP.
3-2 9
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Denver-CAMP
Population
VMT
16,800
496,000
Source
category
Point sources:
Mobile Pre-Mix
Thompson Pipe & Steel
Thomas Machine
Spratten Materials
Kaiser Refractories
Trucker Terminal Elev
Panel Corporation
Zuni Power Plant
Mobile Pre-Mix
Eversman Manufacturing
Chemitron
Komac
U.S. Mint
1 Public Service Company
Area sources :
Fuel combustion j~
Other mobile
L
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
Outside mile radius
From AQMA emis
ision
inventory report,
3.2% of county pop
496000 VMT/day
496000 VMT/day
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 g/VMT
From APCD analysis
14 ac
11 ac,
4 mo
20 ac
61 ac
172 ac
4 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
neg
neg
neg
12
neg
neg
74
neg
neg
neg
neg
1
59
115
10
118
699
591
8
27
12
43
121
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 1818
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 579
Percent fugitive dust 83
3-30
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed =10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Summary and Conclusions
20%
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
The CAMP site in Denver has an extended record of
annual geometric means near 100 ug/m^ and the same strong
seasonal variations as the other urban Denver sites. The
emissions in the survey area were determined to be 71 per-
cent from paved roads and road sanding, with six percent
from motor vehicle exhaust. As with most of the Denver area
sites, most of the emissions and potential emission reduc-
tions appear to be traffic related. Due to the widespread
nature of this source impact and the extent of standards'
violations, the need for an SIP revision is well established.
Even though this site is near ground level and close to
three major streets, it is probably representative of human
exposure in the central business district. The emission
density of 579 ton/sq mi/yr in the survey area indicates
that the readings are not unduly influenced by the sampler's
location and low height above ground.
3-31
-------
3.7 DENVER-GATES RUBBER COMPANY
SAROAD Site No. 06-0580-003
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Gates Rubber Plant office building (1050 South
Broadway) about 20 feet above ground level. The area is
highly industrialized in the western portion of the survey
area and residential in the east.
Localized pollution influences - The major influence in the
general area would appear to be the Gates Rubber Company.
In the immediate sampler vicinity, there are no interfering
sources of pollution.
Physical interferences - Roof projections in the vicinity of
the sampler would be the only elements that could affect the
sampler's readings.
Terrain - The entire area is flat with many large buildings
in the western sector. Interstate 25 runs northwest to
southeast through the center of the area.
Comments - The sampler is probably drawing representative
samples of the air in this industrial region.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
a
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-32
-------
: i
.
•' - ..... J '
- ••
E1 .i
y
Denver-Gates Rubber Company.
3-33
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Denver-Gates Rubber Company
Population
VMT
21,600
493,000
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Gates Rubber Company
Copeland Concrete
Ace Block
Ready-Mix
Area sources :
Fuel combustion
Other mobile
_
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Aggregate storage
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
i
Emission
factor
ision
inventory report,
4.2% of county pop
493000 VMT/day
1 . 5 mi ,
30 ADT
3 ac
493000 VMT/day
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
From APCD analysis
10 ac
12 ac,
4 mo
37 ac
46 ac
12 ac
6 ac
7 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
1.9 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
31
neg
neg
neg
151
13
117
29
2
694
382
6
30
22
32
8
11
4
Total emissions, ton/yr 1532
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 488
Percent fugitive dust 80
3-34
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
20%
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
1974 = 357 ug/m3; 1975 = 405 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
This sampler had always shown annual mean concentra-
tions in the range of 100 to 130 ug/m3 until 1975, when the
annual mean dropped to 98- ug/m3. in spite of the site's
industrial exposure/ it demonstrates the same marked sea-
sonal variations as the more traffic-oriented sites. The
microinventory results reveal that this is because 70 per-
cent of the inventoried emissions are from paved roads and
road sanding.
The estimated emission density of 488 ton/sq mi/yr
supports the high measured concentrations. It is concluded
that the same control measures which would be effective at
other urban Denver sites would also reduce emissions sub-
stantially at this site.
3-35
-------
3.8 DENVER-WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SAROAD Site No. 06-0580-004
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a pumphouse at the Wastewater Treatment Plant (51st
and Franklin) about 10 feet above ground level. The imme-
diate and surrounding area is completely industrial. It is
not near any major highways.
Localized pollution influences Immediately adjacent to the
sampler (25 feet) is the plant access road which is bare
and under construction. Major industrial sources exist
within 1/8 mile. In the immediate vicinity (300 feet) are
many open areas and unpaved parking lots.
Physical interferences No physical obstructions exist
which could affect the readings of the sampler.
Terrain The immediate and surrounding peripheral terrain
in this survey area is mostly flat to rolling and devoid of
predominant natural features.
Comments - The sampler is situated well and probably repre-
sents the air quality in this industrial area quite accu-
rately.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
c 30°
(0
i,
al
I
••
O
200
I
01
>1
M
4J
|
i
s
X
100
B
o
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
3-36
1975
-------
Denver-Wastewater Treatment Plant sampler viewed to the north,
Denver-Wastewater Treatment Plant sampler viewed to the east.
3-37
-------
, I . -~
I .'r
I * '
Denver-Wastewater Treatment Plant.
3-38
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Denver-Wastewater Treatment Plant
Population
VMT
2,500 (est)
185,000
Source
category
Point sources :
Denver Recycling
1 Cherokee Power Plant
Denver Highway Div
Clalite Concrete
Cudahy
Birko Chemical
2 Conoco Refinery
3 ASARCO-Globe Plant
Twin Mountain Rock
Midwest Steel & Iron
Associated Grocers
Trumbull Asphalt
Area sources :
Fuel combustion [~
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Gravel pits/quarries
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
Outside mile radius
Outside mile radius
From AQMA emis
ssion
inventory report,
0.5% of Denver
county pop
185000 VMT/day
5.1 mi,
50 ACT
17 ac
185000 VMT/day
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
From APCD analysis
88 ac
100 ac
156 ac
26 ac
42 ac
15 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.31 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
1.9 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
925
neg
neg
6
neg
254
25
neg
neg
neg
6
18
2
44
163
10
261
273
51
59
48
18
30
28
Total emissions, ton/yr
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Percent fugitive dust
1042
332
90
3-39
-------
20%
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 565 ug/m3; 1975 = 289 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
This site-jhas always recorded an annual geometric mean
above 100 ug/m throughout its history. It does not display
the strong seasonal variations of some of the other Denver
area sites, but 51 percent of its estimated emissions are
still from paved roads and road sanding. Most of the
remaining emissions in the survey area are from many dif-
ferent types of fugitive dust sources, including unpaved
roads and parking lots, agriculture, cleared areas, railroad
yards, and gravel pits. There are some minor industrial
point sources within a one mile radius and some much larger
ones outside this mile radius. Because of the large percen-
tage reduction indicated to be necessary in order to attain
the primary standard at this site, sources in several dif-
ferent categories would need to be further controlled. For
many of the fugitive dust sources, a more comprehensive plan
for enforcement of existing regulations could bring about
significant emission reductions. None of the point sources
are in a noncompliance status.
The site is probably biased somewhat by nearby fugitive
dust sources, although similar sources are found throughout
the one mile radius survey area. Even with an allowance for
the influence of the localized sources, the site would still
not reach the level of the standards. The estimated emis-
sion density of 332 ton/sq mi/yr is intermediate for the
non-attainment sites in the Denver area and would normally
be associated with a site reading in the 80's or 90's
(annual geometric mean). This site provides additional
evidence of the need for an SIP revision for suspended
particulate in the Denver AQCR.
3-40
-------
3.9 DENVER-C.A.R.I.H.
SAROAD Site No. 06-0580-009
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the research center of the C.A.R.I.H. Hospital (2097
Julian) about 20 feet above ground level. The immediate
area and greater part of the 1 mile radius survey area is
residential. The sampler is set back 100 feet from roads on
two sides.
Localized pollution influences - The only adverse influence
in the immediate area is about five acres of cleared land
200 feet to the southeast. The streets are swept and clean.
Physical interferences - There are no physical obstructions
or tall buildings in the area which would affect the sam-
pler's readings.
Terrain - The entire area is composed of flat to rolling
land. The only predominant natural feature is a shallow
gulch at the extreme south of the 1 mile radius.
Comments - The site appears to be located well and depicts
the air quality representatively.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
. 200
S
•a 15°
4J
-------
> . •
Denver-C.A.R.I.H. sampler viewed to the north.
Denver-C.A.R.I.H. sampler viewed to the southeast,
3-42
-------
*• ^ r i (' ~ >Nl i: ^ • i
^| Elilctt Cf1 We 1 ,-
:
rfUBip
i- r
-.1 • ~n"^ it if i "~*
• —
• "i'i!,,^ 'i s:;
I
s
.« s.y ^ ii /r--
^'\ <
'•
.r r'V \ ;\ • -V \ - '. > -i, •/-•-• -b •-••«:
"~T ' --^ I ~ i^'Y'vX i 'I I '
^
J^Q-^ ' :*.-.-,„
v^M-'- p-^ r=
*&r:/ 4..;"1
X /- i-ni,
intp?tei?J : 1
J.JJ^ '_ [.,:„ / I
F^
^ J! ! r-yl| » n"4 - '
01:
,
; , l|| -; fj (i rsMlj
• L J .vv^ir ,.<., , .,U9 . lv,
.?/ WH., J^ -'a-iLfr^l
'On. -^.. i •' '•' i'1'1 «
""* ^1 IL- ' • i i i ii i r
A
.. 4 > High
^ '
i .
,n —
.- ii to ', ,
. '
. 'U.i
^J. ' W'
• J
'J l.h.'ll -
, '. '•••
/Vil i
,!T/^
im
^JjjK:
^mm
mfa
•
•
-•: / i
.a,
"••
5^06
II "I I
.. ! i r
'
»]
Denver-C.A.R.I.H
3-43
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Denver-C.A.R.I.H.
Population
VMT
21,500
357,000
Source
category
Point sources:
Nursery Supply
Area sources :
Fuel combustion f
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
inventory repc
4.1% of county
357000 VMT/day"
0.2 mi ,
30 ADT
0.2 mi
357000 VMT/day
From APCD ana:
10 ac
7 ac,
4 mo
22 ac
7 ac
17 ac
Emission
factor
;sion
>rt,
r pop
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
.ysis
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
147
13
84
4
neg
504
417
6
17
13
5
12
Total emissions, ton/yr 1222
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 389
Percent fugitive dust 80
3-44
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed =10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
,20%
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
1974 = 317 ug/m3; 1975 = 252 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The C.A.R.I.H. site has consistently recorded annual
mean concentrations in the 80's since it was installed in
1971. It has a typical pattern of seasonal concentrations
for the Denver area. There are no point sources with sig-
nificant impact on this residential area sampler, and the
site appears to be free from any localized influences or
physical obstructions.
The major contributing sources identified by the micro-
inventory were paved roads, road sanding, and motor vehicle
exhaust, together accounting for 82 percent of the emis-
sions. Therefore, attainment at this site is also linked to
reduction in these emissions, probably through improved
street cleaning or traffic controls.
3-45
-------
3.10
Description
ENGLEWOOD-ARAPAHOE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 06-0780-001
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Health Department building (4857 South Broadway)
about 15 feet above ground level in a predominately commer-
cial area. It is set back 50 feet from streets parallel to
the building on two sides.
Localized pollution influences - A 4 lane highway borders
the building 50 feet east of the sampler, while there is an
unpaved storage lot 200 feet to the northwest and a dirty
parking lot immediately due west.
Physical interferences - There are no obstructions or tall
structures which would affect the sampler's readings in any
way.
Terrain The terrain immediately surrounding the sampling
site is completely flat. Rolling hills predominate 1/2 mile
to the west and south.
Comments - The sampler readings are mainly influenced by
traffic in the area. The readings are probably representa-
tive of a high density residential area.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-46
-------
Englewood sampler viewed to the east.
3-47
-------
S^jtiN'!
vTVj W&M
• SHiryfffO_ ' P» '•jfjj
fRSip^f p
^. yO-J;'L -fl.-vyTl
\ \ \ *.' /'/""' i11;<~
i\*!'•?*,;„/' [w«
Englewood-Arapahoe County Health Department.
3-48
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Englewood
Population
VMT
10,600
200,000
-
Source
category
Area sources:
Fuel combustion f"
Incineration
Other mobile L
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
inventory repc
6.5% of count}
200000 VMT/day
2.7 mi,
10 ADT
2.6 mi
200000 VMT/day
From APCD ana]
7 ac
4 ac,
4 mo
67 ac
7.7 ac
Emission
factor
ision
>rt,
' P°P
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
VS IS
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
43
1
5
48
17
4
282
104
4
10
39
5
Total emissions, ton/yr 562
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 179
Percent fugitive dust 83
3-49
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 369 ug/m3; 1975 = 224 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Englewood site annual means have centered around
the 100 ug/m3 level over the past 12 years before dropping
to 81 ug/m3 in 1975. The measurements have always shown the
characteristic seasonal variations of sites in the urban
Denver area. As with most of the other sites/ traffic-
related emissions were identified as the major contributor
in this survey area. No point sources with significant
impact on the site were found.
The sampler appears to be well located and not unduly
influenced by localized sources. The estimated emission
density of 179 ton/sq mi/yr is relatively low for a site
exceeding the annual standard. The site survey did not
yield a good explanation for the high concentrations mea-
sured at this location. Since several other obvious non-
attainment sites are located in the Denver AQCR, no further
investigation was made of this anomaly.
3-50
-------
3.11
Description
LAKEWOOD-CITY-COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 06-1260-001
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Health Department (260 South Kipling) about 25
feet above ground level. It is surrounded by residential
and open areas.
Localized pollution influences - Kipling Street, a major 4
lane highway, runs north-south approximately 300 feet east
of the sampler and Alameda Avenue (4 lane) runs east-west
300 feet south.
Physical interferences - There are no obstructions or taller
buildings in the immediate vicinity which would affect the
sampler's performance.
Terrain The entire microinventory area is composed of
gently rolling land with a mean elevation of 5,500 feet msl.
Comments - The sampler appears to represent the air quality
in the Lakewood area well.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
. 200
• = a:iiii: a LI ce o no1.11: rieai
6 50
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-51
-------
Lakewood sampler viewed to the east.
Lakewood sampler viewed to the north.
3-52
-------
.
, j *
nii> ^iv...
Lakewood - City-County Health Department.
3-53
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Lakewood
Population
VMT
11,300
67,200
Source
category
Area sources:
Fuel combustion T
Other mobile
L
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Cleared areas
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
is ion
inventory report,
2.2% of county pop
67200 VMT/day
1.2 mi,
50 ADT
2.3 mi
67200 VMT/day
From APCD anai
23 ac
2.5 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
ysis
•0.59 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions ,
ton/yr
79
7
16
38
3
95
70
14
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 324
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 103
Percent fugitive dust 69
3-54
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed =10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 348 ug/m3; 1975 = 234 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Lakewood site has historically had annual mean
concentrations less than the primary standard, except in
1974 when the mean was 80 ug/m3. In 1975, the annual mean
was only 60 ug/m3. The microinventory of the survey area
did not disclose any significant point sources and revealed
relatively low traffic and population densities. The emis-
sion density was estimated to be 103 ton/sq mi/yr, which
compares well with the measured ambient concentration of 60
ug/m3.
The site evaluation showed no physical interferences or
nearby sources that might bias the readings. All data
seemed to indicate that this site was well below the concen-
tration of primary standard and had experienced atypically
high pollutant levels in 1974.
3-55
-------
3.12 LITTLETON-CENTENNIAL WELLS
SAROAD Site No. 06-1420-002
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a pumping station building (West Boules and Santa
Fe) about 15 feet above ground level. It is in the middle
of a large field and is immediately surrounded by sparsely
vegetated open land.
Localized pollution influences - An unpaved road (15 feet
wide) passes directly next to the building. It is an
access road to the rear of a dirt race track, approximately
1/4 mile north, but does not appear to have any regular
traffic. All the land in the immediate vicinity is open
and a possible source of wind blown fugitive dust.
Physical interferences - There are no interfering obstruc-
tions or buildings in the immediate vicinity of the sampler.
Terrain - The immediate sampler area and a 1/4 mile wide
swath extending north-south through the middle of the 1 mile
radius area is flat, while the land is rolling to either
side. The mean elevation is about 5,350 feet msl.
Comments - The area within a 1/2 mile radius of the sampler
is subject to wind erosion and probably high particulate
emissions. The peripheral residential areas are clean and
the streets are swept. The sampler location is not parti-
cularly biased, but it probably has higher than average
concentration in the Littleton area.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
M
O
o
an
'!'
O Tl
2':i
ne an
geometric
ug/m3 M
CJI
o
>, IOC
' t
2
a 5C
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-56
-------
Littleton sampler viewed to the north,
3-57
-------
Littleton-Centennial Wells.
3-58
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Littleton
Population
VMT
6,100
78,000
Source
category
point sources:
Ligault Fertilizer
Electron Corporation
Area sources :
Fuel combustion ["
Other mobile
L
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR yards and
right-of-way
playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
sion
inventory report,
3.8% of county pop
78000 VMT/day
1.9 mi,
10 ADT
15 ac
78000 VMT/day
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
From APCD analysis
47 ac
40 ac,
4 mo
77 ac
26 ac
3 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/n»o
0.31 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
neg
25
3
19
12
9
110
52
27
100
24
18
2
"Total emissions, ton/yr 401
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 128
percent fugitive dust 88
3-59
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed =10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
20%
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
1974 = 200 ug/m3; 1975 =245 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Littleton site has shown a distinct downtrend in
annual mean concentrations during the past five years. In
both 1974 and 1975, the short-term and annual readings were
lower than the respective primary standards. The microin-
ventory survey showed that paved roads and construction,
both fugitive dust sources, were the major contributors.
Emission density in the survey area was estimated to be 128
ton/sq mi/yr, a value consistent with the 1975 annual geo-
metric mean of 62 ug/m3.
The sampler is located atop a small building in the
middle of a large open area with sparse vegetation. It is
not possible to quantify the effect of this exposure on
readings, but it would appear to bias the measurements
upward compared to other possible site locations in the
Littleton area. All available information indicates that
this site and the surrounding area which it represents have
already attained the primary standard.
3-60
-------
3.13 LONGMONT-CITY HALL
SAROAD Site No. 06-1460-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of City Hall (Fourth and Kimbart) about 30 feet above
ground level. The local area is commercially developed.
Localized pollution influences - A few furnace vents are
located on the roof, while new construction is occurring at
a new city complex directly southeast of the sampler. All
streets are sanded and dirty.
Physical interferences - Various roof projections exist in
proximity to the sampler, which is surrounded on three sides
by a 3 foot high ledge or roof parapet.
Terrain The entire area in general is quite flat. Many
buildings in this central business district are lower in
height than this one. In the south and west sectors of the
1 mile radius area, rolling hills predominate. There is a
high level of agriculture surrounding the city.
Comments There is a high probability that the measurements
of air quality obtained are biased due to the roof obstruc-
tions close to the sampler; however, it is located well
within the city of Longmont and would be representative of
air quality in the central business district if not in-
fluenced by the roof obstructions.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
u>
o
O
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-61
-------
Longmont sampler viewed to the south,
,
Longmont sampler viewed to the west-northwest
3-62
-------
'
Longmont-City Hall
3-63
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Longmont
Population
VMT
10,000
59,300
Source
category
Point sources:
St. Vrain Block
Slack Hoerner Foundry
Western Foundry
1 Great Western Sugar
Co-op Feed
Parma Industries
Golden Gravel
Flatiron Paving
Golden West Mill
Arapahoe Concrete
Area sources:
Fuel combustion |~
Incineration
Other mobile |_
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Aggregate storage
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
sion
inventory report,
7.6% of county pop
59300 VMT/day
2.7 mi,
20 ADT
1.0 mi
59300 VMT/day
20 ac
99 ac
19 ac,
4 mo
45 ac
31 ac
15 ac
19 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.24 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.3 Ib/VMT
0.25 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
10.3 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
neg
neg
46
neg
neg
18
16
neg
neg
72
neg
5
14
32
1
84
11
24
47
26
22
11
195
Total emissions, ton/yr
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Percent fugitive dust
624
199
73
3-64
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed =10.0 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 14.03"
1975 = 15.51"
Normal = 15.51"
No. of days
with precipitation = 84
Stapleton Airport - 1% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 563 ug/m3; 1975 = 390 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Longmont site has consistently recorded annual mean
concentrations of approximately 100 ug/m3 over the past 10
years. While the data do exhibit some seasonal variation,
this variation is not nearly as great as in the Denver urban
area. The estimated emission density of 199 ton/sq mi/yr
from the microinventory is less than would be expected with
the high measured concentrations. Some nearby construction
activity may be temporarily increasing readings, but this
would not explain the historically high concentrations. It
is possible that, as with the Brighton site, more of the
total measurement is due to background in the fringe areas
of the Denver AQCR where surrounding land use is agricul-
tural rather than urban or suburban. Thus, a lower emission
density from inventoried sources would be required to pro-
duce the same ambient concentration as in the central Denver
area.
The source category with greatest contribution in the
survey area is aggregate storage (31%), followed by paved
roads (13%), several point sources C13%), and residential/
commercial fuel combustion C12%). Due to the many different
contributing sources and the high percentage reduction
needed for attainment, emission reductions from many sources
would probably be required. A very comprehensive enforce-
ment program for existing fugitive dust regulations might
provide the necessary emission reductions.
3-65
-------
3.14 GREELEY-CITY COMPLEX
SAROAD Site No. 06-1000-003
Description
General site description - The sampler is situated on the
roof of the City Complex/fire station (Sixth Street and
Tenth Avenue) about 30 feet above ground level and set back
100 feet from Tenth Avenue. It is in an area composed of
light commercial, fringe residential, and park land usage.
Localized pollution influences - The city streets in the
immediate vicinity were very dusty.
Physical interferences There are some small roof vents and
an air conditioning compressor on the roof which would have
no apparent effect on the sampler's readings.
Terrain - The site area is flat and consists mainly of
developed urban/suburban areas. The mean elevation is about
4,650 feet msl.
Comments - This sampler is probably yielding a fairly repre-
sentative picture of ambient air quality in Greeley. It is
situated well and is removed from any possible severe local-
ized pollution influences.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
150
va
Lue
ba:
! 100
i
xn
ft
) Cn
P 3
* 50
fi
1964 1965 1966 1967 1^68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-66
-------
Greeley-City Complex sampler viewed to the northeast,
Greeley-City Complex sampler viewed to the south,
3-67
-------
Greeley-City Complex.
3-68
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Greeley-City Complex
Source
category
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
point sources:
1 Great Western Sugar
2 Greeley Elevator
3 Farr Farms (feedlot)
D & D Bean
(two locations)
Nuffsinger Mfg
Shank Feed
Wellgro
Cowan Concrete
Monfort Packing
Greeley Sand & Gravel
Flatiron Ready Mix
Area sources:
Fuel combustion
Railroad
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
paved roads, motor
vehicle exhaust
and sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Outside mile radius
Outside mile radius
Outside mile radius
From AQMA analysis,
54.5% of total emis-
sions in grids 7, 8,
11, and 12
Included under Paved roads
98
9
78
neg
neg
neg
1
3
18
unknown
unknown
100
2
From AQMA analysis
4.8 mi 0.62 t/ac/yr
From AQMA analysis
46 ac
59 ac
From AQMA analysis
L.4 Ib/VMT
0.25 t/ac/yr
62 ac
14 ac
46 ac
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
216
3
164
27
14
3
36
10
32
Total emissions, ton/yr
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
percent fugitive dust
736
234
69
3-69
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 7.5 mph
t ^ i ~-ic \
. 20%
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 11.90"
1975 = 16.08"
Normal = 12.20"
No. of days
with precipitation = 80
Greeley - 0.6% calm
- 9.8% variable
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 227 ug/m3; 1975 = 139 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
3The Greeley-City Complex site had been reading near 80
ug/m annual mean for eight years before recording a value
of 46 ug/m3 in 1975. The estimated emission density deter-
mined from the microinventory is 234 ton/sq mi/yr, a value
more consistent with the concentrations of about 80 ug/m3
than the 1975 level. Based on this comparison, the 1975
data are suspect. However, this sampler is operated by the
same personnel and the filters are analyzed in the same
laboratory as other Weld County sites, which did not exhibit
such changes.
The site appears to be well located and not subject to
any physical interferences. The source category with the
greatest emissions is unpaved roads, but reentrained dust
from paved streets and point sources also make substantial
contributions. Because this site had only been slightly
exceeding the primary standard in previous years, a return
to those levels in 1976 would require only a low percentage
reduction in emissions for attainment. This could probably
be accomplished best by changes in the enforcement of exist-
ing fugitive dust control regulations rather than by an SIP
revision.
3-70
-------
3.15
GREELEY-WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
SAROAD Site No. 06-1000-004
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a storage building at the sewage plant (1st Avenue
and 10th Street) elevated 15 feet above the ground. It is
surrounded by public use property and open land. The plant
access road passes within 5 feet of the building.
Localized pollution influences - The sampler is fronted on
two sides by an unpaved access road and an unpaved parking
lot. Directly to the west (200 feet) is a 4 lane heavily
travelled highway. There appeared to be a sewage sludge
incinerator 100 feet to the southeast.
Physical interferences - No obstructions or taller buildings
were noted in the vicinity of the sampler which could
affect the readings.
Terrain The site area is flat with much open agricultural
land to the east and a large 4 lane highway cutting through
its middle, north to south. The mean elevation is about
4,650 feet msl.
Comments It is possible that this sampler depicts a biased
indication of air quality in this area due to the proximity
of the unpaved areas and the highway. Generally, the survey
area had sanded, uncleaned streets and quite a few fugitive
dust sources.
200
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
~ innlll« I rior>T icH-yh <' iirnaaii
.4
5150
g
50
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-71
-------
Greeley-Wastewater Treatment Plant sampler viewed to the west.
Greeley-Wastewater Treatment Plant sampler viewed to the
southeast.
3-72
-------
greeley-Wastewater Treatment Plant.
3-73
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Greeley-Wastewater Treatment Plant
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Great Western Sugar
2 Farr Farms
Unnamed elevator
D & D Bean
(two locations)
Nuffsinger Mfg
Greeley Elevator
Shank Feed
Wellgro
Cowan Concrete
Area sources:
Fuel combustion [~
Railroad
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads, motor
vehicle exhaust
and sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA anal
Emission
factor
.ysis,
54.5% of total emis-
sions in grids 8, 9,
12, and 13
Included under Paved roads
From AQMA anal
ysis
5.3 mi 0.62 t/ac/yr
From AQMA analysis
59 ac
470 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.25 t/ac/yr
From AQMA analysis
85 ac
21 ac
34 ac
0.59 t/ac/yr
0 . 7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
98
78
unknown
neg
neg
9
neg
1
3
80
1
306
3
87
34
115
6
50
15
24
Total emissions, ton/yr 910
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 290
Percent fugitive dust 70
3-74
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 7.5 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 11.90"
1975 = 16.08"
Normal = 12.20"
No. of days
with precipitation = 80
Greeley - 0.6% calm
- 9.8% variable
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 606 ug/m3; 1975 = 305 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
This site in Greeley has not shown any distinct long-
term trend or seasonal pattern over the past six years.
Both the 24-hour and annual primary standards have been
exceeded each year. The microinventory shows several source
categories with a significant impact, including unpaved
roads, agriculture, point sources, and residential/commercial
fuel combustion. Fugitive dust area sources account for
approximately 70 percent of the total emissions in the
survey area.
The emission density is estimated to be 290 ton/sg
mi/yr, which agrees well with the annual mean of 91 ug/m3.
However, the site survey revealed an apparent strong bias to
the readings due to the presence of an unpaved road and
parking lot adjacent to the sampler/ as shown in the photo-
graphs. More comprehensive enforcement of existing fugitive
dust regulations might result in attainment at this site,
but the site should probably be moved to a more representa-
tive location rather than requesting an SIP revision in this
AQCR.
3-75
-------
3.16 LOVELAND-LARIMER COUNTY BUILDING
SAROAD Site No. 06-1480-002
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Larimer County Building (211 East Fourth, NE)
about 40 feet above ground level. It is located in the
central business district of town.
Localized pollution influences - There are no major influen-
tial sources in proximity to the sampler with the exception
of traffic.
Physical interferences - The sampler is not visibly obstruc-
ted by any roof structures. There are no buildings in the
vicinity that are taller.
Terrain - The immediate and surrounding terrain is flat
with a mean elevation of 5,000 feet msl. Lake Loveland
borders the northwest edge of the 1 mile radius area. There
is a canal and associated depression in the south central
part of the area.
Comments - Overall, area streets are sanded and were dirty
on the edges at the time of the survey. The sampler was
moved from 410 East Fifth Street in the fourth quarter of
1974. The present site is three blocks from the old one.
The sampler probably obtains a representative sample of
ambient air in this area.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
100
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-76
Fire
station
Larimer
County
Building
-------
iffiSS^^ ! h
Loveland-Larimer County Building.
3-77
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Loveland
Population
VMT
12,900
55,100
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Great Western Sugar
Loveland Packing
Flatiron Paving
Area sources:
Fuel combustion f~
Incineration
Other mobile |_
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Aggregate storage
Gravel pits/quarries
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
is ion
inventory report,
14.3% of county pop
55100 VMT/day
1.9 mi,
10 ADT
2.3 mi
2.9% of
county VMT
(1346 t/yr)
30 ac
116 ac
40 ac
24 ac
15 ac
4 ac
7 ac
4 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.1 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
1.24 Ib/VMT
0 . 3 t/ac/yr
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
10.3 t/ac/yr
10.3 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
33
1
16
62
neg
10
13
11
3
39
15
35
24
17
11
41
72
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 405
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 129
Percent fugitive dust 67
3-78
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 429 ug/m3; 1975 = 223 ug/ra3
Summary and Conclusions
The Loveland site was located at a fire station in the
central business district for six years, where it usually
recorded annual mean concentrations slightly above the
primary standard (except for the 127 ug/m3 reading in 1974).
However, this station was removed from the network at the
end of 1974 and replaced by a site three blocks away at the
Larimer County Building. At this.new location, the 1975
annual geometric mean was 62 ug/m , well below the primary
standard.
According to the microinventory for the new site, there
are no sources or source categories with a major impact on
the sampler. The estimated emission density is 129 ton/sq
mi/yr, which checks with the ambient concentration of 62
ug/m-3 and indicates that the former site may have been
affected by local source biases. No localized influences
were identified at the new site. Based on the 1975 air
quality data and microinventory results, the Loveland area
does not exceed the particulate primary standards.
3-79
-------
3.17 STERLING-MAJESTIC SAVINGS AND LOAN
SAROAD Site No. 06-0800-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Majestic Savings and Loan building (South Third
and Ash) about 20 feet above ground level. It is set back
30 feet from Third Street. The immediate area is the
commercial district of town; the periphery of the survey
area is residential and open land.
Localized pollution influences - There is a roof vent and an
air conditioning compressor 50 feet from the sampler. The
adjacent streets are clean.
Physical interferences - The walls of the adjacent buildings
50 feet to the southeast and northeast of the sampler extend
above it about 20 feet. No other obstructions are in close
proximity.
Terrain - The immediate and surrounding terrain is flat with
a mean elevation of approximately 3/930 feet msl.
Comments - The downtown area in proximity to the sampler is
generally clean. The streets were sanded and not swept at
the time of the survey. The area contained many cleared
areas subject to wind erosion. The soil is very sandy.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
ar
nua.
epne trie
ii
e ai
arr?
'2 150
8*
100
V
3
01 50
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-80
-------
Sterling sampler viewed to the south.
Sterling sampler viewed to the northeast
3-81
-------
Sterling-Majestic Savings and Loan.
3-82
-------
cources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Sterling
Population
VMT
10,000
31,400
—
Source
category
point sources:
Agri Chem
Lebsacks Feed & Seed
Great Western Sugar
D & C Bean
Trinidad Bean & Elev
Farr Feeds
1 Farr Feedlot
McAtee-Renquist
Nutrena Feeds
Area sources:
Fuel combustion [~
Other mobile
I
Motor vehicle
exhaust
fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
9 ac
Emission
factor
3.0 t/ac/yr
Outside mile radius
From TRW inver
itory
report, 53% of
county pop
31400 VMT/day
3.3 mi ,
20 ADT
5.7 mi
31400 VMT/day
35 ac
10 ac
153 ac
24 ac
41 ac
5 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.6 Ib/VMT
1.84 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.43 Ib/VMT
0.3 t/ac/yr
1.75 t/ac/yr
2.1 t/ac/yr
2.1 t/ac/yr
1.84 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
neg
8 (est)
6 (est)
24 (est)
neg
27
neg
neg
20
4
7
43
24
44
21
3
268
50
86
9
-^tal emissions, ton/yr 644
emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 205
o^rcent fugitive dust 85
3-83
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 231 ug/m3; 1975 = 307 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Sterling site recorded annual means slightly above
the primary standard for its entire 10 year history prior to
1975. In 1975, the annual mean fell to 65 ug/m3. With an
estimated emission density of 205 ug/m3, the comparable air
quality should be in the range of 65 to 80 ug/m3, so this
determination does not aid in deciding whether the Sterling
site has attained the standards or experienced atypically
low concentrations in 1975.
The indicated major contributing sources at this site
are somewhat unusual—cleared areas (42%) and railroad yards
and right-of-ways (21%). Fugitive dust sources account for
approximately 85 percent of emissions in the survey area.
If minor emission reductions would be necessary to perma-
nently attain the standards based on subsequent air quality
data, they could probably be best achieved by more thorough
enforcement of existing fugitive dust regulations rather
than by an SIP revision.
There do not appear to be any localized influencing
sources near the sampler.
3-84
-------
3.18 WINDSOR-FIRE STATION
SAROAD Site No. 06-2220-003
Description
General site description • The sampler is located on the
roof of the Windsor Fire Station on Main Street, approxi-
mately 20 feet above ground level. It is set back about 50
feet from Main Street (a 4 lane road). The surrounding area
is zoned residential, light commercial, and agricultural.
Localized pollution influences - Directly to the east and
immediately adjacent to the sampler there are about 3 acres
under construction (building). The area in the rear of the
fire station is unpaved and to the north (300 feet) lies a
plowed field. Main Street in front of the sampler appears
clean.
Physical interferences - No major obstructions were noted in
the immediate vicinity of the sampler. There were no taller
buildings in the immediate area.
Terrain - The site area is completely flat with a lake and
agriculture comprising about 75 percent of the surface area.
There are no predominant features. The mean elevation is
approximately 4,800 feet.
Comments This site appears to be biased by many localized
interfering fugitive dust sources and may not be completely
representative of air quality in Windsor. The streets in
the area appeared to be swept but were still sandy and dirty
at the time of the survey. This sampler was moved from 509
Ash Street during 1973. The former site was about 2 blocks
from the present one.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
- 200
100
eo
net r i
lea
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
509 Ash Street
3-85
Fire station
-------
Windsor sampler viewed to the north.
Windsor sampler viewed to the south,
3-86
-------
Windsor-Fire Station.
3-87
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Windsor
Population
VMT
1,735
11,900
Source
category
Point sources:
Windsor Elevator
Cowan Concrete
Western Alfalfa
Kerr Elevator
Area sources :
Fuel combustion [~
Other mobile
L
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
sion
inventory report,
2.0% of county pop
11900 VMT/day
3.9 mi,
20 ADT
0.5 mi
0.5% of
county VMT
(1837 t/yr)
13 ac
1000 ac
42 ac
11 ac
2 ac
5 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
1.4 Ib/VMT
1.55 t/ac/yr
0.99 t/ac/yr ,
tilling
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
3
31
neg
8
2
3
43
1
9
8
245
25
8
1
3
Total emissions, ton/yr 390
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 124
Percent fugitive dust 88
3-88
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 7.5 mph
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 11.90"
1975 = 16.08"
Normal = 12.20"
No. of days
with precipitation = 80
20%
Greeley - 0.6% calm
- 9.8% variable
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 1048, second high = 170 ug/m'
1975 = 208 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The sampler in Windsor recorded annual mean concentra-
tions around 100 ug/m3 for three years in the early 1970's.
The site was temporarily shut down and then resumed opera-
tion in late 1973 at its present location on the fire sta-
tion building. The3annual geometric means for 1974 and 1975
were 75 and 56 ug/m , respectively, neither above the-pri-
mary standard. The high 24-hour reading of 1048 ug/m in
1974 was obtained on a day with 15-26 knot winds recorded in
Denver and 22-40 knot winds in Cheyenne. If this sample
were eliminated from the 1974 data, the annual mean would be
reduced to 73 ug/m3.
The estimated emission density of 124 ton/sq mi/yr
appears to be consistent with the relatively low readings
measured in 1975. The only major contributor to the ambient
concentrations was shown to be agriculture (63%).
A large construction site immediately adjacent to the
sampler is undoubtedly biasing the current readings, as
shown in.the photographs. This interference is temporary,
but other nearby fugitive dust sources are probably more
permanent. Therefore, even if the site were to exceed the
standards in the future, it could be attributed to siting
bias rather than high pollutant concentrations in Windsor.
3-89
-------
3.19
LA SALLE-VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 06-2220-004
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the fire station (Main Street) about 15 feet above
ground level. It is set back from Main Street about 75 feet
in a primarily light commercial/residential zoned area.
Localized pollution influences - The sides and back of the
fire station are bordered by large unpaved alleys.
Physical interferences - The only physical obstruction on
the roof is a fire hose drier which should not interfere
with the sampler's exposure. There are no taller buildings
in the area.
Terrain - The site area is flat and sits in the South Platte
River Valley. The mean elevation is approximately 4,670
feet msl.
Comments - It is possible that this sampler is presenting a
biased indication of air quality due to the close proximity
of the unpaved alleys alongside the fire station.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
Quarterly geometric mean,
M ug/m3 ,_ M
ui o en o
o o o o
1964 1965 1966 1967 1<
•
, i
! I
11
I
"
< •
:;
1
1
t
\
•^
I
1
/
, •
s^
1
/
<
->
a
**
\ !
S
V
|:
J
\l/
V
i
168 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-90
-------
La Salle sampler viewed to the east.
La Salle sampler viewed to the west
3-91
-------
La Salle-Volunteer Fire Department,
3-92
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
La Salle
Population
VMT
1,300
21,200
Source
category
Point sources :
John Ewing
Weld Grain
Area sources:
Fuel combustion J~
Other mobile
L
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
sion
inventory report,
1.4% of county pop
21200 VMT/day
2.4 mi,
30 ADT
2.3 mi
0.9% of
county VMT
(1837 t/yr)
28 ac
1280 ac
9 ac,
4 mo
29 ac
20 ac
10 ac
2 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.25 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
15
neg
6
2
5
46
3
17
16
314
22
17
14
7
1
Total emissions, ton/yr 485
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 154
Percent fugitive dust 94
3-93
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 7.5 mph , ,
/ / \JL/\ \20%
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 11.90"
1975 = 16.08"
Normal = 12.20"
No. of days
with precipitation =80
Greeley - 0.6% calm
- 9.8% variable
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 797 ug/m3; 1975 = 388 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The La Salle site has exceeded the primary standards
all three years since it was installed. The major source
which appears to impact the sampler is agricultural dust,
accounting for 65 percent of emissions in the survey area.
All fugitive dust sources account for 94 percent. Estimated
emission density of 154 ton/sq mi/yr is less than would be
anticipated from the 1975 annual mean of 89 ug/m3.
A possible explanation for the high ambient measure-
ments is the presence of unpaved alleys and parking areas on
three sides of the sampler, as shown in the photographs.
These localized influences could be responsible for ele-
vating readings at the site above the standard. Because of
the high percentage contribution from fugitive dust sources
that cannot be controlled by reasonable measures, non-
attainment at this site should be attributed to uncontrol-
lable natural sources or to site bias.
3-94
-------
3.20 PLATTEVILLE-TOWN HALL
SAROAD Site No. 06-2220-005
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of Platteville City Hall in the center of town, about
18 feet above ground level. The immediate surrounding land
use is residential, agricultural, and light commercial.
Localized pollution influences - The bordering street (50
feet wide) immediately adjacent to City Hall and the sampler
is unpaved. There are unpaved lots surrounding the site.
Generally, the whole town is unpaved and dirty.
Physical interferences - The adjacent building due east of
the sampler is 10 feet higher and an effective obstruction.
Terrain - The terrain immediately surrounding the sampler is
flat, while rolling hills and ridges predominate to the east
and west sections of the 1 mile radius area.
Comments - Due to the overall dustiness of the entire area
and the large quantity of unpaved roads and unvegetated
areas, this site is probably yielding measurements quite
representative of air quality in Platteville.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
Quarterly geometric mean,
H- ua/m3 ro u>
01 tn en m
o o o o
1964 1965 1966 1967 1<
•
ll
1
1
i
)
II
t
t
LA
\r
]
H
M
:•
•
;
i
A
I
1
t
V
1
/
t
\ 1
\(
BP
\\l
a
!
\
1
tea 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-95
-------
•
Platteville sampler viewed to the southeast,
Platteville sampler viewed to the southwest,
3-96
-------
Platteville-Town Hall.
3-97
-------
Sources in Nicroinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Platteville
Population
VMT
700
18,700
Source
category
Point sources:
Platteville Elevator
Area sources :
Fuel combustion P
Incineration
Other mobile |_
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA emis
inventory repc
0.8% of count}
18700 VMT/day"
7.7 mi ,
50 ADT
8. 0 mi
0.8% of
county VMT
(1837 t/yr)
15 ac
280 ac
25 ac
12 ac
3 ac
Emission
factor
ssion
jrt,
f pop
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.62 t/ac/yr
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.25 t/ac/yr
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
3
neg
1
4
246
12
15
9
69
15
8
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 384
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 122
Percent fugitive dust 98
3-98
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 7.5 mph
,^/ , \20%
Annual precipitation -
1974 = 11.90"
1975 = 16.08"
Normal = 12.20"
No. of days
with precipitation = 80
Greeley - 0.6% calm
- 9.8% variable
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 659 ug/m3; 1975 = 481 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Platteville site has exceeded the primary standards
all three years since it was installed. Unlike most of the
Colorado samplers, this site records its highest seasonal
readings during the third (summer) quarter. The major
source categories influencing the sampler were shown to be
unpaved roads (64%) and agriculture (18%). The emission
density of 122 ton/sq mi/yr does not appear to be high
enough to justify average ambient concentrations in the
90's. However, a closer review of the location of the
sources—almost all streets in the town are unpaved—indi-
cates that most of the emissions are concentrated within a
quarter mile of the site and therefore have a dispropor-
tionately large impact on the sampler. The higher summer
readings also tend to substantiate the large influence of
dust from unpaved roads at this site.
Although the readings are certainly inflated as a
result of the nearby unpaved roads (see photographs), the
same concentrations probably exist in all parts of Platte-
ville. Control technology is available for reducing emis-
sions from unpaved roads, e.g., paving, but it is question-
able whether this is a reasonable control measure for this
town. Since the State APCD already has a policy of encour-
aging road paving on the basis of its air quality benefit
and has an existing program to implement this policy, an SIP
revision does not seem to be needed.
3-99
-------
3.21
COLORADO SPRINGS-HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 06-0380-004
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the City-County Health Department building about ten
feet above ground level. It is set back 100 feet from South
Tejon Street. The surrounding area is combined light com-
mercial and residential land use.
Localized pollution influences - The Health Department
building is surrounded on three sides by single story
houses. There is a paved parking lot at the rear of the
building. The roof has two small exhaust vents and two air
conditioner compressors, but none of these appear to affect
the sampler's readings.
Physical interferences - No obstructions were noted in the
vicinity of the sampler. There were no taller buildings in
the immediate area.
Terrain - The surrounding area is generally flat, with
rolling hills near the edge of the 1 mile radius to the
west. The foothills of the Rocky Mountains start about
three miles west of the site.
Comments - This site has a good general urban exposure.
The streets in the area appear to be swept routinely and
were clean at the time of the survey. The sampler was moved
from 205 West Rio Grande (Weicker station) in January 1975.
The former site was three blocks west of the present one.
. 200
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
o
•H 150
4>
0)
M
s
1964
002
City
Hall
A
naij
9-or
etr
III Ml
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
003
Weicker
Station 3-100
1975
004
Health
Dept.
-------
Colorado Springs sampler viewed to the west-northwest,
Colorado Springs sampler viewed to the southwest.
3-101
-------
• • • j N« -2 J ;
Colorado Springs-Health Department.
3-102
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Colorado Springs
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Drake Power Plant
Denver Equipment
Simpson Company
Colorado Concrete
Transit Mix
School for Deaf
Ready Mix
Area sources :
Fuel combustion |~
Other mobile 1
Motor vehicle |_
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Aggregate storage
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA ana.
Emission
factor
Lysis,
35% of emissions in
grids 31, 32, 37, and 38
5.3 mi
3.8 mi
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.617 t/ac/yr
From AQMA analysis grids
80 ac
7 ac,
4 mos
100 ac
29 ac
57 ac
12 ac
5 ac
1.4 Ib/VMT
0 . 8 t/ac/mo
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/yr
13.14 t/ac/yr
0.62 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
55
1
neg
neg
4
7
10
-
135
4
58
39
6
347
46
22
59
20
40
158
3
Total emissions, ton/yr 1014
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 323
Percent fugitive dust 73
3-103
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed =10.0 mph
20%
Annual precipitation
1974 = 9.50"
1975 = 11.77"
Normal = 15.73"
No. of days
with precipitation = 90
Colorado Springs Airport - 1% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 804 ug/m3; 1975 = 350 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
In its previous location (Weicker station), this site
in Colorado Springs recorded annual means in the 80's and
90's for 10 years. At the end of 1974, the site was moved 3
to the Health Department building where it measured 81 ug/m
for 1975. Seasonal concentrations are generally highest in
the first and fourth quarters, but the seasonal variation is
not as pronounced as in the Denver area. Possibly this is
because less street sanding is needed for snow control in
Colorado Springs.
The sampler appears to be well located in its new site
and free from any localized influences. The estimated
emission density of 323 ton/sq mi/yr certainly supports the
recorded concentrations above the standard. About 40 per-
cent of the emissions in this central residential/commercial
area are traffic related, with most of the remainder being
various fugitive dust sources. Point sources account for
less than eight percent. One potential control measure for
attainment would be improved street cleaning, while another
would be increased enforcement of existing fugitive dust
regulations. In the former case, an SIP revision would be
needed; in the latter case, it would not.
3-104
-------
3.22 PUEBLO-FIRE STATION
SAROAD Site No. 06-1820-003
Description
General site description •• The sampler is located on the
roof of the fire station (Mesa and Evans) about 20 feet
above ground level in the commercially developed central
business district of Pueblo. It is in an area of heavily
traveled streets.
Localized pollution influences - There are no local adverse
influences which would affect the sampler's readings.
Physical interferences • The sampler is sheltered on one
side by a high wall 50 feet to the southeast.
Terrain All surrounding terrain is flat.
Comments The sampler is probably representative of air
quality in this central business district area.
200
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
anr ua
c eon«:t r i
ii
o
M 150
-P
O
0)
>, 100
H
M
S
50
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-105
-------
Pueblo-Fire Station sampler viewed to the northwest,
Pueblo-Fire Station sampler viewed to the southwest.
3-106
-------
Pueblo-Fire Station.
3-107
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Pueblo-Fire Station
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Southern Colorado
Power Plant
2 Pueblo Rock Wool
Alpha Beta Packing
3 CF&I Steel
Midwest Steel & Iron
Linde Company (Gases)
Pueblo Metals
4 Fountain Sand & Gravel
Colorado Iron & Metal
Area sources :
Fuel combustion f
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust |_
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Outside mile i
Outside mile i
Outside mile i
From AQMA anal
Emission
factor
•adius
adius
adius
.ysis,
20% of emissions in
37, 60% in grid 38,
and 30% in gri
0.1 mi ,
20 ADT
0.9 mi
From AQMA ana!
20 ac
220 ac
21 ac
55 ac
2 ac
.d 30
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.52 t/ac/yr
ysis
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.49 t/ac/yr
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.52 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
23
129
2
1500 (es
neg
neg
8
81
unknown
110
8
35
1
1
74
12
108
12
33
1
Total emissions, ton/yr 1986
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 632
Percent fugitive dust 12
3-108
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed <= 7.7 mph
Annual precipitation ' ^ ^ \20%
1974 = 9.68"
1975 = 9.88"
Normal = 11.91"
No. of days
with precipitation = 65
Pueblo - 2% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 454 ug/m3; 1975 = 317 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
This Pueblo site has shown a,steady decrease in annual
mean concentrations from 153 ug/m in 1964 to 104 ug/m3 in
1975. Seasonal variations do not show a set pattern. Most
of the emissions (80%) in the microinventory survey area are
from a few major point sources. Fugitive dust sources
(outside the industrial point sources' property) account for
only 12 percent of the emissions. The emission density of
632 ton/sq mi/yr is quite consistent with the high ambient
measurements. There do not appear to be any localized
sources unduly influencing the readings at the site.
It appears that emission reductions by the largest
point source, CF&I Steel, would be necessary in order for
this site to attain the primary standards. However, it
cannot be determined at this time' whether an SIP revision is
necessary in order to obtain these emission reductions, as
the compliance status of CF&I Steel is being contested in a
court case between the company and the state. Until a
decision is reached in this case, no SIP revision for this
area should be requested.
3-109
-------
3.23 PUEBLO-HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 06-1820-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Health Department building (151 Central Main
Street) about 25 feet above ground level. It is in the
central business district or downtown, but very near a
heavy industrial district.
Localized pollution influences - There are three roof vents
on the building in proximity to the sampler and an unidenti-
fied industrial facility west of the site. The area has
many heavily traveled streets.
Physical interferences - The sampler is severely sheltered
on all four sides by roof retaining walls and parapets and a
stairway tower.
Terrain The immediate and surrounding area is generally
flat. Many buildings are in the vicinity but none are
higher than the sampler.
Comments The area generally has a high incidence of point
source pollution, especially steel mill operations and sand
and gravel operations. Fugitive dust sources predominate
throughout. With the exception of the obstructions caused
by the roof parapet, the sampler is probably obtaining a
representative indication of air quality in this area.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-110
-------
Pueblo-Health Department sampler viewed to the northwest.
Pueblo-Health Department sampler viewed to the southeast,
3-111
-------
Pueblo-Health Department.
3-112
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Pueblo-Health Department
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Southern Colorado
Power Plant
2 Pueblo Rock Wool
Sweeney Feed Mill
Alpha Beta Packing
CF&I Steel
Fountain Sand & Gravel
Colorado Iron & Metal
Area sources:
Fuel combustion [~
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust L
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Aggregate storage
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Outside mile r
Emission
factor
adius
Outside mile radius
Outside mile r
From AQMA anal
•adius
.ysis,
80% of emissions in
30, 10% in grid 29,
and 20% in grd
0.9 mi,
40 ADT
From AQMA ana!
28 ac
48 ac
34 ac
120 ac
3 ac
3 ac
.d 24
3.5 Ib/VMT
ysis
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.49 t/ac/yr
0.59 t/ac/yr
0.59 t/ac/yr
13.14 t/ac/yr
0.52 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
23
129
2
2
1500 (es
81
unknown
148
10
62
23
132
16
24
20
71
39
2
Total emissions, ton/yr s 703
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 224
Percent fugitive dust 47
3-113
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 7.7 mph
20%
I f X 1 X V
Annual precipitation
1974 = 9.68"
1975 = 9.88"
Normal = 11.91"
No. of days
with precipitation = 65
Pueblo - 2% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 280 ug/m3; 1975 = 261 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Health Department site has experienced an irregular
decrease in annual mean concentrations over the past 12
years, but has always reported annual averages above 100
ug/m3. Seasonal variations have tended to become smaller in
recent years. The microinventory survey showed that a wide
variety of sources and source categories contribute to the
high measured concentrations: point sources within the mile
radius (22%), residential/commercial fuel combustion (21%),
reentrained dust from paved streets (19%), other fugitive
dust sources (28%), and the unquantified impact from more
distant major point sources. The emission density of 224
ton/sq mi/yr is relatively low for the measured ambient
values, possibly reflecting a significant contribution from
these major point sources.
No nearby sources which might bias the sampler's read-
ings were identified. Roof parapets may block the sampler's
exposure somewhat, thus reducing the recorded measurements
from actual levels.
Attainment at this site will probably require emission
reductions from several types of sources, possibly including
CF&I Steel (which may also have to reduce emissions for the
other Pueblo site to reach the standards). Fugitive dust
sources with potential for emission reductions include paved
streets, unpaved roads and parking lots, railroad yards, and
cleared areas. The compliance status of Pueblo Rock Wool
was not determined.
3-114
-------
3.24 TRINIDAD-RECTORY
SAROAD Site No. 06-2160-002
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a garage to the rear of a church rectory (235
Convent Street) about 8 feet above ground level. It is
about 50 feet off of Convent Street and borders on a school
parking lot in a residential area.
Localized pollution influences - There are no obvious local-
ized pollution influences in the immediate vicinity of the
sampler, other than the paved parking lot immediately behind
the site.
Physical interferences - The sampler is bordered on two
sides by a wall (4 feet high and 6-8 inches lower than the
sampler head) approximately 6 feet away. The school build-
ing to the rear of the church rectory is higher than the
sampler's elevation.
Terrain The area is rolling with steep ridges to the
northwest and southeast and a river valley extending through
its center from southwest to northeast. The elevation of
the sampler is about 6,000 feet msl.
Comments - The site probably depicts the air quality in
Trinidad in a fairly representative fashion. The micro-
inventory area as a whole seems very dusty and the streets
were uncleaned at the time of the survey. This sampler was
moved from the fire station at Commercial and Main to its
present location in 1974.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Commercial and Main Streets
3-115
l.ectory
-------
Trinidad sampler viewed to the south-southeast,
Trinidad sampler viewed to the northwest,
3-116
-------
Trinidad-Rectory.
3-117
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Trinidad
Population
VMT
8,000
33,200
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Municipal Power Plant
2 Rede Mix Concrete
3 Marty Feeds
Area sources:
Fuel combustion [~
Other mobile
Incineration |_
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Outside mile i
From TRW inver
report, 51% of
county pop
33200 VMT/day
7.3 mi ,
30 ADT
9.9 mi
33200 VMT/day
40 ac
132 ac
29 ac
63 ac
5 ac
Emission
factor
radius
itory
0.59 g/VMT
3.6 Ib/VMT
0.86 t/ac/yr
3 . 5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.82 t/ac/yr
0.99 t/ac/yr
0.99 t/ac/yr
0.86 t/ac/yr
Total emissions, ton/yr
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Percent fugitive dust
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
6
2 (est)
2 (est)
40
5
17
8
145
21
47
24
108
29
62
4
514
164
86
3-118
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 197 ug/m3; 1975 = 147 ug/ra3
Summary and Conclusions
The Trinidad site consistently measured annual mean
concentrations above the primary standard from 1965 through
1974. However, in late 1974 the site was moved a few blocks
from its historic location to a new site where the 1975 mean
was 60 ug/m3. The estimated emission density of 164 ton/sq
mi/yr agrees well with the relatively low concentrations now
being measured and indicates that the previous site may have
had some localized sources inflating the readings. The new
site has no obvious localized sources or obstructions bias-
ing its measurements.
Most of the emissions within the mile radius were
determined to be from difficult-to-control fugitive dust
sources. Unpaved roads (28%), cleared areas (21%1, railroad
yards and right-of-ways (18%), and paved roads (9%) were the
major sources.
Although Trinidad was observed to be quite dusty, the
particulate concentrations and inventory results both indi-
cate that the area is not exceeding the primary standards.
If another site only a few blocks away recorded concentra-
tions above the standards, it is assumed that some source
with a very localized effect was causing this violation.
3-119
-------
3.25
Description
WALSENBURG-HUERFANO COUNTY SHOP BUILDING
SAROAD Site No. 06-2180-002
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Huerfano County Shop Building (128 West Fifth)
about 20 feet above ground level. The location is in the
central business district of town and is right off of Fifth
Street.
Localized pollution influences - The Walsenburg Creamery
(not in operation at the writing of this report) has a stack
200 feet to the northwest and the site building is surrounded
on three sides by unpaved parking lots.
Physical interferences - There are no obstructions or taller
buildings near the sampler which may affect readings.
Terrain - The terrain in the immediate vicinity of and
within a 1/2 mile radius of the sampler is flat, while
rolling hills and ridges predominate in the north and south
portions of the survey area.
Comments - The town is universally dusty. All the streets
are uncleaned and the town is surrounded by open, dry land.
The site was moved one block southwest to its present loca-
tion in 1974 from 516 Main Street. The particulate air
quality measured is probably representative of the arid
southern part of Colorado.
. 200
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
0)
«
150
tn
>, 100
50
aeor
me.
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
516 Main Street
3-120
128 West Fifth
-------
Walsenburg sampler viewed to the northeast.
0FIHIIIII
•vl
Walsenburg sampler viewed to the northwest
3-121
-------
Walsenburg-Huerfano County Shop Building.
3-122
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Walsenburg
Population
VMT
4,200
18,500
Source
category
Point sources :
Walsenburg Mill
1 Walsenburg Power Plant
Sig Sporleder Feeds
Area sources:
Fuel combustion
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
"From TRW inven
Emission
factor
,tory
report, 66% of
.county pop
18500 VMT/day 0.59 g/VMT
13.3 mi,
40 ADT
2.7 mi
18500 VMT/day
32 ac
25 ac
25 ac
50 ac
3 ac
3.6 Ib/VMT
0.56 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.54 t/ac/yr
0.64 t/ac/yr
0.64 t/ac/yr
0.56 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
225
neg
51
8
9
4
353
4
26
19
13
16
32
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 762
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 243
Percent fugitive dust 61
3-123
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 - 181 ug/m3; 1975 = 241 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Walsenburg site was started in 1970 and exceeded
the primary standards its first two years of operation. For
the past four years, the readings have been at or below the
standards, with a reduction in the annual mean each year.
In 1974, the site was moved one block to its present location,
The two sources with greatest emissions in the survey
area are unpaved roads (46%) and the Walsenburg power plant
(29%). Although the estimated emission density of 243
ton/sq mi/yr is somewhat higher than would be expected for
an annual mean of 61 ug/m3, much of this apparent emission
density is contributed by the power plant located at the
edge of the survey area (one mile from the sampler). The
emissions from its tall stack at this distance obviously
have a much lower effect on ambient concentrations at the
sampler than indicated by its portion of the emission
density.
The site has unpaved parking lots on three sides, as
partially shown in the photographs. These localized sources
probably increase measured concentrations, but it appears
that the readings will still be well under the primary
standards. This site should be classified as having attained
the primary standards.
3-124
-------
3.26
STEAMBOAT SPRINGS-MUNICIPAL BUILDING
SAROAD Site No. 06-1920-002
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Municipal Building (Sixth and Lincoln) about 15
feet above ground level and set back from Sixth Street about
40 feet. It is in an area of residential and light commer-
cial land use.
Localized pollution influences - The closest adverse in-
fluence is the boiler stack on the Municipal Building about
100 feet southeast. Overall, the surrounding streets were
all sanded and unswept.
Physical interferences - There were no physical obstruc-
tions or tall structures which would affect the sampler's
readings.
Terrain - The immediate vicinity is flat, while the sur-
rounding area is composed of rolling hills and mountains in
all directions from the sampler.
Comments - The site is placed well and is probably indica-
ting representative values of air quality. Generally, all
the streets in Steamboat Springs are dirty and unswept. The
major particulate sources appear to be unpaved road shoul-
ders and unpaved roads. The site was moved in mid-1974 from
the U. S. Forestry building.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
> 20Q
o
3 15C
airo
e e
100
p-1
8
a
50
• = mruaL cebniitn: neai
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-125
U.S. Forestry
Building
Sixth and
Lincoln
-------
Steamboat Springs sampler viewed to the southeast
Steamboat Springs sampler viewed to the west.
3-126
-------
Steamboat Springs-Municipal Building.
3-127
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Steamboat Springs
Population
VMT
2,500
18,500
Source
category
Area sources :
Fuel combustion
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
FFrom TRW inventory
report, 32% of
L county pop
18500 VMT/day 0.59 g/VMT
4.9 mi,
40 ADT
21 ac
18500 VMT/day
15 ac
20 ac
14 ac
15 ac
3.1 Ib/VMT
0.41 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.2 Ib/VMT
0.39 t/ac/yr
0 . 5 t/ac/yr
0.4 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
12
5
1
4
111
9
26
8
8
7
6
Total emissions, ton/yr 197
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 63
Percent fugitive dust 89
3-128
-------
Meteorological Data North
Average annual
wind speed = 5.5 mph
Annual precipitation
1974 = 23.50"
1975 = 20.62"
Normal = 23.87"
No. of days
with precipitation = data not
available
Steamboat Springs - 54% calm (< 2 mph)
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 518 ug/m3; 1975 = 407 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Steamboat Springs site has been in operation for
five years and recorded higher annual mean concentrations
each year. In 1975, the annual mean was 121 ug/m3. The
sampler was moved to its present location in mid-1974. The
readings show distinct seasonal variations, with high concen-
trations in the second and third quarters and low concentra-
tions in the other two quarters when there is snow cover.
No point sources were identified in the survey area.
Most of the area source emissions are fugitive dust—from
unpaved roads and shoulders (61%) or paved roads (13%). The
estimated emission density of 63 ton/sq mi/yr does not
correspond with the ambient measurements at all, indicating
that some major contributing sources were overlooked, their
emissions were poorly estimated, or there is extreme site
bias resulting from some nearby source. The site survey did
not reveal any problem with the sampler location (see photo-
graphs) , and it is unlikely that both of the sites that have
been used in Steamboat Springs would be strongly biased.
In rechecking for possible contributing sources, it was
found that fireplace burning of wood had not been included
in the fuel combustion emissions. However, fireplace emis-
sions would contribute most to winter concentrations and the
high readings occur during the summer. Poor atmospheric
dispersion in the mountainous terrain might cause emissions
to have a greater impact than in an open area, but certainly
not to the extent shown by these data. This site seems to be
a legitimate non-attainment site, but it is difficult to
determine the need for an SIP revision without first adequate-
ly identifying the sources contributing to the high concentra-
tions and assessing their compliance status and further
controllability.
3-129
-------
3.27 RIFLE-MIDLAND HOTEL
SAROAD Site No. 06-0880-001
Description
General description - The sampler is located on a second
story back porch of the Midland Hotel (111 East Third
Avenue) approximately 15 feet above ground level. The hotel
is centered in the central business district of town. The
sampler is not near any major roads.
Localized pollution influences - Directly south of the sam-
pler is a large, open, cleared area. There are no roof
vents or other obvious influential sources nearby.
Physical interferences - The sampler on the porch is shel-
tered on three sides (north, west, south) by the hotel walls
which rise one story above it.
Terrain - The immediate area surrounding the sampler is
flat, while the majority of the town enclosed in the 1 mile
radius survey area is hilly.
Comments - There is a significant potential for high fugi-
tive dust emissions in the town, due to the quantity of
unpaved shoulders and dusty streets. The sampler is well
sited and, although very sheltered, probably measures a
representative sample of the urban ambient air quality.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
200
= ar.nua. de Diie tr L<: meai
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-130
-------
Rifle sampler viewed to the south,
Rifle sampler viewed to the northwest
3-131
-------
Rifle-Midland Hotel.
3-132
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Rifle
Population
VMT
3,000
17,400
Source
category
Area sources:
Fuel combustion |~
Other mobile 1
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA ends
inventory repc
14.5% of count
17400 VMT/day
3.2 mi,
50 ADT
26 ac
17400 VMT/day
10 ac
19 ac
40 ac,
6 mo
28 ac
14 ac
4 ac
Emission
factor
ssion
>rt,
;y pop
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.39 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.15 t/ac/yr
0.44 t/ac/mo
0.37 t/ac/yr
0.4 t/ac/yr
0.39 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
6
3
4
102
10
25
6
3
106
10
6
2
Total emissions, ton/yr 283
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 90
Percent fugitive dust 95
3-133
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 545 ug/m3; 1975 = 155 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Rifle site has been in operation since 1968 and has
shown highly variable readings on both a seasonal and annual
basis. With limited available data in both 1974 and 1975,
the annual means were 109 and 79 ug/m^, respectively. The
microinventory showed that fugitive dust sources, unpaved
roads and construction in particular, were the major con-
tributors in the survey area. No point sources with impact
on the sampler were identified.
The estimated emission density of 90 ton/sq mi/yr does
not support the measured ambient concentration of 79 ug/m^
in 1975. The sites in western Colorado generally have lower
emission densities than sites with comparable readings in
the eastern part of the state, possibly indicating higher
background concentrations in the very arid Western Slope
areas. Evaluation of the sampling site revealed an unpaved
parking area adjacent to the site and obstructions in the
other directions, plus the erratic nature of the air quality
data may be a sign of some interference.
If a full year of sampling data shows the Rifle site is
still exceeding the primary standard, some emission reduc-
tion could probably be achieved by better enforcement of
existing fugitive dust regulations. Since fugitive dust
accounts for 95 percent of emissions in the survey area,
there are no obvious new or more stringent regulations (as
part of an SIP revision) that could produce further emission
reductions.
3-134
-------
3.28 GRAND JUNCTION-CITY HALL
SAROAD Site No. 06-0980-010
Description
General site description - The sampler is presently located
on the roof of City Hall (Fourth and Rood) in the commercial
central business district about 15 feet above ground level.
It is removed about 100 feet from the streets on two sides.
Localized pollution influences - There are no adverse influ-
ential sources in close proximity to the sampler with the
exception of traffic in the central business district.
Physical interferences - There are no obvious obstructions
near the sampler or tall buildings which would affect the
readings.
Terrain - The area immediately surrounding the sampler is
flat, as is the remainder of the 1 mile radius survey area
down to the Colorado River, which borders the periphery of
the area in the southwest quadrant.
Comments - In general, the area surrounding the sampler and
the central business district is clean, while the north and
south sectors of the survey area contain many cleared areas
and unpaved parking lots. The sampler is probably situated
in a good representative location. The sampler has been
moved several times since 1964. The various locations are
shown below on the graph.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
- 200
8
0
•H -1 c n
Quarterly geometr
H, ug/m3 >
Ul O v
/
/
r
s
\
Irtl
nfW
/
/
4
J
I
D
1
\
n
f
•^
\
>
t/
— — 4
/
r
— —
s
s
\
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
003 Health Department
3-1
L96
35
\
N,
11
t\~
f(
l\
007 Daily
Sentinel to"
Building ^
!
»—
1
l\
^
1
k
/\
BE
G
i
/
]
\
1
/
/
f
1
\
1
i ;
E
. /
y
4
1971 1972 1973
009 Fourth and
Main
IT
^
< •
i
;
S
w
V
I
\
M A
\\
1974 1975
010 Fourtl
and Rood
-------
. .
'<•,.. JWtal I'.-,; ~~~
-'---;'-:
Grand Junction-City Hall.
3-136
-------
Sources in Microlnventory Area (1 mile radius)
Grand Junction
Population
VMT
6,600
116,600
Source
category
Point sources:
Whitewater Building
Materials
Mesa Feed & Farm
Supply
Mix-Mill Feed Factory
Area sources:
Fuel combustion r
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA ends
Emission
factor
ision
inventory report,
11.4% of county pop
116600 VMT/day
1.7 mi,
30 ADT
10.6 ac
116600 VMT/day
21 ac
6 ac
210 ac
25 ac
61 ac
15 ac
Total emissions, ton/yr
0.59 g/VMT
3 . 5 Ib/VMT
0.43 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.43 t/ac/mo
0.41 t/ac/yr
0.5 t/ac/yr
0.5 t/ac/yr
0.43 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
1
neg
22
4
28
33
5
164
12
10
86
12
30
6
413
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 131
Percent fugitive dust 87
3-137
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 8.2 mph
Annual precipitation
1974 = 8.20"
1975 = 9.18"
Normal = 8.41"
No. of days
with precipitation = 90
Grand Junction Airport - 4% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 361 ug/m3; 1975 = 522 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Grand Junction site has been at four different
locations during the past 12 years. Since 1971, annual mean
concentrations have exceeded the primary standard every year
and have shown a steady increase. The air quality data do
not exhibit consistent seasonal variations. The present
site location on the City Hall building seems to be repre-
sentative of the urban area and free of local biases.
Major contributing sources identified by the microin-
ventory were paved streets (40%), cleared areas (21%),
unpaved roads (8%), and motor vehicle exhaust (7%). Point
source contributions were less than one percent. The steady
increase in ambient concentrations in recent years provides
some confirmation of the major impact of the traffic-related
emissions. While the estimated emission density of 131
ton/sq mi/yr does not appear adequate to generate an annual
average concentration of 96 ug/itP, this same relationship
has been found at other western Colorado non-attainment
sites such as Rifle and Steamboat Springs.
Reentrained dust from streets could be reduced by
improved street cleaning and some other fugitive dust emis-
sions could be reduced by more comprehensive enforcement of
existing state regulations. The latter control measure
would not require an SIP revision. It is possible that the
combined effect of these two measures would still not result
in attainment because of the low control efficiencies
achievable for most fugitive dust sources;
3-138
-------
3.29 TRACT CB TRAILER 020
Description
General site description - There are four samplers located
on the roof of the air quality equipment trailer (10 feet
above ground level) in a field next to the Redd Ranch. The
surrounding area is ranchland, fields, and wooded areas
removed from any development.
Localized pollution influences - There are no major influen-
tial sources with the exception of a 500 foot wide strip of
bare earth parallel to and across the road from the sampler
site (300 feet).
Physical interferences - There are no physical interferences
in the vicinity of the samplers.
Terrain - The entire tract area and site location can be
characterized as rolling to semi-mountainous. The site
actually sits in a valley between two ridges.
Comments - The site appears to present a good indication of
background baseline air quality in Tract CB.
3-139
-------
Tract CB Trailer 020 sampler viewed to the south
Tract CB Trailer 020 sampler viewed to the north.
3-140
-------
Tract CB Trailer 020.
3-141
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area {1 mile radius)
Tract CB 020
Source
category
Area sources:
Fuel combustion
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Cleared areas
Size or
activity rate
200 VMT/day
2.2 mi,
4 ADT
4.8 ac
Est 100 veh/dy
x 2 VMT/veh
71 ac
Emission
factor
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.41 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
0.39 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
neg
neg
neg
6
2
neg
28
Total emissions, ton/yr 36
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 11
Percent fugitive dust 100
3-142
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Summary and Conclusions
This site was included in the particulate non-attain-
ment study because some initial readings exceeded the 24-
hour secondary standard, even though the station was estab-
lished to measure background air quality prior to any
development of the area. The site survey showed that the
site was indeed a good location for a background monitor,
having very few identifiable particulate emission sources
and an estimated emission density of only 11 ton/sq mi/yr.
Any short-term excursions above the standard would have to
be attributed to either local natural sources (wind erosion
across unprotected soil surfaces) or long-range transport of
dust. Readings taken at this site would provide good back-
ground values for the Rifle sampling site.
3-143
-------
3.30 TRACT CB TRAILER 022
Description
General site description - There are four samplers located
on the roof of the air quality equipment trailer (10 feet
above ground level) in a cattle grazing field next to the
Gerald Oldland Ranch. It is 300 feet from the paved access
road. The surrounding area is fields, ranchland, and wooded
hillsides removed from any development.
Localized pollution influences - There are no major influen-
tial sources with the exception of a 500 foot wide strip of
uncovered ground parallel to and across the road from the
sampler site (300 feet).
Physical interferences - There are no physical interferences
or obstructions in the vicinity of the samplers.
Terrain - The entire tract area and site location can be
characterized as rolling to semi-mountainous land. The site
is situated in a valley between two ridges.
Comments - The sampling site is completely isolated and
probably presents an excellent indication of background
baseline air quality in Tract CB.
3-144
-------
Tract CB Trailer 022 sampler viewed to the south-southeast,
3-145
-------
Tract CB Trailer 022.
3-146
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Tract CB 022
Source
category
Area sources:
Fuel combustion
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Cleared areas
Size or
activity rate
200 VMT/day
0.8 mi,
4 ADT
5.5 ac
Est 100 veh/dy
x 2 VMT/veh
83 ac
Emission
factor
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.41 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
0.39 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
neg
neg
neg
2
2
neg
33
Total emissions, ton/yr 37
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 12
Percent fugitive dust 100
3-147
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Summary and Conclusions
This site was included in the non-attainment study for
the same reasons as the Trailer 020 site and yielded the
same findings: the site is a good background sampling
location; there are no significant anthropogenic sources of
particulate in the vicinity of the sampler; and any short-
term excursions above the standard could only be attributed
to natural sources or long-range transport.
3-148
-------
3.31 GREAT FALLS-FIRE STATION
SAROAD Site No. 27-0660-009
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the fire station (First Avenue, South and Ninth
Street, South) about 20 feet above ground level. It is in
an area of residential/light commercial land use and fronts
on a paved alley immediately adjacent to the building.
Localized pollution influences - There are several unpaved
driveways and a small incinerator stack 50 feet to the south
of the sampler.
Physical interferences - The fire station wall extends up-
ward 20 or more feet about 10 feet east of the sampler and
effectively blocks air movement from that direction.
Terrain - The area in the immediate vicinity of the sampler
is flat to rolling and slopes down into the Missouri River
Valley one mile to the west.
Comments - The major downtown streets appeared swept and
flushed, but the majority of other streets in the city were
not. Visible suspended dust from street traffic was noted.
With the exception of the physical interference, the sampler
probably gives representative samplings of air quality.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
Quarterly geometric mean,
M ug/m3 M K
01 o in a
o o o o
1964
1965 1966 1967 15
0
.
.',
1
a
.
\
il
M
I
|
M
i]
1
!
i
5
11
i •
>!
It
ir
I
i
i
i
•<
1
\
\
\
i
-------
Great Falls sampler viewed to the northwest
Great Falls sampler viewed to the northeast.
3-150
-------
- ljH /i 11 H • ' jli^rSfh p"
\ i i—-^—;- • _j
vj =_ r^'irr^iii
-• . -J '-' y •• j . •• I I"±-
'
t- °u
iiBik.-», ;: j,' "
Great Falls-Fire Station.
3-151
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Great Falls
Population
VMT
20,400
127,600
Source
category
Point sources:
Concrete Service
1 Ceretana Feeds
Western Grain Exchange
General Mills
Great Falls Redi-Mix
Phillips Refinery
Burlington Northern
Maintenance Shop
Area sources:
Fuel combustion
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
Outside mile radius
Outside mile radius
1 ton/200 pop
13 gal/capita
127600 VMT/day
2.1 mi,
20 ADT
1.1 mi
127600 VMT/day
55 ac
8 ac
14 ac
47 ac
2 ac
25 lb/1000 gal
0.59 g/VMT
3.3 Ib/VMT
0.26 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.3 Ib/VMT
0.25 t/ac/yr
0 . 3 t/ac/yr
0 . 3 t/ac/yr
0.26 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
70
neg
32
neg
72
unknown
102
3
30
25
1
180
30
2
4
14
1
Total emissions, ton/yr 494
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 157
Percent fugitive dust 52
3-152
-------
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 13.2 mph
Annual precipitation
1974 = 15.26"
1975 = 25.24"
Normal = 14.99"
No. of days
with precipitation = 100
Great Falls Airport - 1.5% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 477, second high = 288 ug/m3,
1975 = 310, second high = 208 ug/m
Summary and Conclusions
The Great Falls site began operation in the third
quarter of 1973. Until 1975, only two quarters of data with
sufficient samples to be statistically accurate were gener-
ated. The data for 1975 show an annual mean of 60 ug/m3 and
the second highest 24-hour reading of 208 ug/m3, both well
below the corresponding primary standards.
The estimated emission density is 157 ton/sq mi/yr,
lower than would be expected of a non-attainment site.
There are no significant localized sources which would
inflate the sampler's readings.
The major sources contributing to the ambient concen-
trations are several medium sized point sources in or near
the mile radius, reentrained dust from paved streets (36%) ,
and residential/commercial fuel combustion (21%). Fugitive
dust sources other than paved streets contribute about 15
percent of the emissions in the survey area. If subsequent
air quality data would show that emission reductions are
necessary, two potential strategies would be improved street
cleaning and more stringent point source regulations.
However,•current data indicate that Great Falls should no
longer be classified as a non-attainment area.
3-153
-------
3.32 BUTTE-GREELEY SCHOOL
SAROAD Site No. 27-0160-005
Description
General site description • The sampler is located on the
roof of the Greeley School (Silver Bow Boulevard) about 15
feet above ground level. The site is in an older resi-
dential section of town, approximately 1/3 mile from the
Weed concentrator and 1/2-1 mile from the Berkeley Pit area.
Localized pollution influences - In the immediate vicinity,
an unpaved road runs in front of the school 25 feet from the
sampler and a dirt playground is adjacent to the school to
the west. There is a boiler vent on the school roof 25 feet
from the sampler.
Physical interferences The school roof extends upward and
shelters the sampler on two sides.
Terrain - The entire area, both in the immediate vicinity of
the sampler and the surrounding periphery of the survey
area, is flat. The Berkeley Pit is a predominant depression
to the north.
Comments - The entire site area, town, and mine area are
extremely dirty and dusty with a high potential for fugitive
dust emissions. The sampler is probably yielding represen-
tative readings for Butte, although it may be biased some-
what by the unpaved road in front of the school and the
playground.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
- 200
C
id
8
u
M 15C
4J
3
>i IOC
Quarterl
Ul
<->
1964 1965 1966 1967 1<
O|
V
•
i
1
( •
• >
!.
i
i
1
! |
«-
\\
\
\
I
\\
|
g
i
i
1
/
If
i
,1
\
}
1
,
i
|i
M
•I
M
t
!
i
( i
>68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
3-154
,
!
11
i
•— —
i '
,!
\
'S
1
!
•
l
i
(
\\
\
1974 1975
-------
Butte sampler viewed to the south.
Butte sampler viewed to the southeast
3-155
-------
Butte-Greeley School.
3-156
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Butte
Population
VMT
7,300
65,800
Source
category
Point sources:
Gillman Excavating
Continental Concrete
Weed Concentrator
1 Berkeley Pit Crusher
2 Berkeley Pit
Area sources :
Fuel combustion |"
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
See Sept 1975
PEDCo report
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
jsion
inventory report,
16.9% of county pop
65800 VMT/day
3.0 mi ,
50 ADT
27 mi
65800 VMT/day
25 ac
600 ac
16 ac
31 ac
14 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.65 Ib/VMT
0.19 t/ac/yr
3.59 g/VMT
1.5 Ib/VMT
0.18 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
0 . 2 t/ac/yr
0.19 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
neg
neg
283
6080
12
6
16
100
13
93
15
110
4
7
3
Total emissions, ton/yr 6742
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 2146
Percent fugitive dust 94a
a includes most emissions from Berkeley Pit
3-157
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 966, second high = 560 ug/m.,
1975 = 368, second high = 302 ug/m
Summary and Conclusions
The three full years of sampling at this site have all
produced annual means of 100 ug/m^ or greater. Because the
site does not have a long record of continuous operation,
conclusions cannot be drawn relative to air quality trends
or seasonal variations. The survey area has a very high
estimated emission density of 2146 ton/sq mi/yr, which would
support even higher ambient concentrations than those
observed. However, 90 percent of the emissions are from the
Berkeley Pit which lies only partially within the one mile
radius circle. Also, emissions from the pit are from vari-
ous depths up to 1300 feet and are already quite dispersed
by the time they reach ground level. Emission density
resulting from all sources except the pit is 211 ton/sq
mi/yr.
The other contributing sources include the crushing and
conveying operations for the pit, unpaved roads, cleared
areas, and reentrained dust from paved roads. Although it
is not apparent from the available data, emission reductions
from sources other than the Berkeley Pit would probably be
required in order to obtain the standards. An SIP revision
in the form of fugitive dust control regulations would be
one feasible approach.
The site appears to be strongly influenced by a nearby
unpaved road and a dirt playground. However, it is likely
that the site would continue to exceed the standards without
these local biases.
3-158
-------
3.33 MISSOULA-COURTHOUSE
SAROAD Site No. 27-1100-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Courthouse, approximately 40 feet above ground
level. It is in a commercial area and surrounded on all
sides by paved streets, with a paved parking lot on one side
bordering the building.
Localized pollution influences - There are no localized
sources other than traffic in the immediate vicinity of the
sampler.
Physical interferences - No obstructions or taller buildings
were noted in the vicinity of the sampler which could affect
the readings.
Terrain - The immediate site area is flat, while the north-
east portion of the 1 mile radius area rises in a steep
gradient. The elevation of the sampler is about 3,200 feet
msl.
Comments - This sampler is probably giving a fairly repre-
sentative sampling of the ambient air quality in Missoula.
It is well situated and removed from severe localized
pollution influences.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
Quarterly geometric mean,
M ug/m^ j_i to
Ul O Ul O
o o o o
•
1
I
1
1
s
**
t t
s.
: O
0
i!
/
i
\
i
i
'
u
ir
T
i
s
1
/
\
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-159
-------
Missoula sampler viewed to the east.
Missoula sampler viewed to the south.
3-160
-------
_
?i M.
lark
Missoula-Courthouse.
3-161
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Missoula
Population
VMT
11,800
120,000
Source
category
Point sources :
Ceretona Feeds
Size or
activity rate
1 Missoula White Pine Sash
2 Intermountain Company
Montana Feed & Grain
Area sources :
Fuel combustion
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
From AQMA emis
Emission
factor
ssion
inventory report,
18.5% of county pop
120000 VMT/day
2.5 mi,
30 ADT
6.6 mi
120000 VMT/day
35 ac
12 ac
47 ac
34 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.0 Ib/VMT
0.1 t/ac/yr
3.59 g/VMT
1.2 Ib/VMT
0.10 t/ac/yr
0.1 t/ac/yr
0 . 1 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
neg
164
49
neg
42
13
28
41
2
169
17
1
5
4
Total emissions, ton/yr 535
Emission density/ ton/sq mi/yr 170
Percent fugitive dust 45
3-162
-------
north
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 5.6 mph f ^—;—-^ \20%
Annual precipitation
1974 - 10.76"
1975 = 18.48"
Normal = 13.34"
No. of days
with precipitation = 124
Missoula Airport - 12% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 420, second high = 361 ug/m^
1975 = 240, second high = 202 ug/m
Summary and Conclusions
The Missoula Courthouse site has had annual means in
the high 60's for three of its four years of operation.
During 1974, it marginally exceeded the primary standard
with an annual mean of 75.5 ug/m . The estimated emission
density of 170 ton/sq mi/yr seems to confirm the 1975 annual
mean of 69 ug/m3.
The major contributors to particulate concentrations at
this site are two point sources (31% and 9%) and reentrained
dust from paved streets (32%). .The point sources are indi-
cated to be in compliance with existing regulations. If.,
based on 1976 air quality data, slight emission reductions
would be necessary to attain the standard, these could be
achieved by improved street cleaning, fugitive dust control
regulations, or more stringent regulations for the wood
products industry. However, at present no SIP revision or
emission reductions appear to be required to attain the
primary standard.
3-163
-------
3.34 LIBBY-LARCH STREET
SAROAD Site No. 27-0900-009
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a small shed at a private residence (120 West Larch)
about 7 feet above ground level. The site is in an older
residential area and is set back 100 feet from the road.
Localized pollution influences - A small dirt alley runs
behind the shed, 15 feet from the sampler, probably not
heavily travelled. There is a dirt driveway leading to the
shed, 25 feet from the sampler.
Physical interferences • The site is sheltered in the back-
yard by a high concentration of pine trees.
Terrain • The immediate site area is flat, while steep hills
rise to the south. The Kootenai River borders the 1 mile
radius survey area to the northeast.
Comments The town is very dusty, overall. Open burning is
very prevalent in April. The sampler is probably reading
representative samples of air quality in the area.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
Quarterly geometric mean,
H ug/m3 M ^
Ul O Ul O
Q t"*s r~> <— <
1964 1965 1966 1967 1*
68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
3-164
i
i
1974 1975
-------
Libby sampler viewed to the west.
St. Regis Paper Company, located one mile east of the
sampler site, viewed to the northeast.
3-165
-------
Libby-Larch Street.
3-166
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Libby
Population
VMT
3,300
57,000
Source
category
Point sources:
1 St. Regis Paper
Area sources:
Fuel combustion
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
1 ton/200 pop
13 gal/capita
57000 VMT/day
8.6 mi ,
50 ADT
21.6 mi
57000 VMT/day
36 ac
107 ac
5.4 ac
26.4 ac
11 ac
Emission
factor
25 lb/1000
gal
0.59 g/VMT
2.82 Ib/VMT
0.1 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.13 Ib/VMT
0.10 t/ac/yr
0.1 t/ac/yr
0.1 t/ac/yr
0.1 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
370
16
1
14
221
5
80
17
10
1
3
1
Total emissions, ton/yr 739
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 235
Percent fugitive dust 46
3-167
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = approximately 3 mph / . . \20%
Annual precipitation
1974 )
1975 ) data not available
Normal )
No. of days
with precipitation = data not
available
Libby - 28% calm (< 1 mph)
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 227, second high = 218 ug/m:? (based on limited data)
1975 = 196, second high = 161 ug/m
Summary and Conclusions
Only one year of continuous air quality data was found
for the-Libby site. The annual geometric mean in 1975 was
63 ug/m , well below the primary standard. With no recent
sampling data indicating a violation of the standard, it
would be difficult to document this AQCR as a non-attainment
area.
The estimated emission density of 235 ton/sq mi/yr is
sufficient to cause average concentrations above the stan-
dard/ but half of this emission density is from a single
point source almost a mile from the sampler. This point
source would probably have a lesser effect on ambient con-
centrations than indicated by its portion of the emission
density.
The other two sources (in addition to the point source)
with a major effect on ambient concentrations are unpaved
roads (30%) and paved streets (11%). The compliance status
of the point source, St. Regis Paper, was not determined.
If subsequent air quality data show that emission reductions
are necessary, the reductions might be obtained by more
stringent regulations for paper mills or by fugitive dust
regulations. However, at present this site should be con-
sidered to have attained the standard.
The sampler does not appear to be particularly biased
by localized sources, but it may be blocked from obtaining
higher readings by a screen of tall pine trees (see photograph)
3-168
-------
3.35
MAGNA-BROCKBANK JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
SAROAD Site No. 46-0520-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Brockbank Junior High School about 20 feet above
ground level. It is in a residential neighborhood and set
back from the street 75 feet.
Localized pollution influences - The only unpaved area in
the immediate vicinity which may impact the sampler is the
athletic track 300 feet to the rear of the school. To the
northwest about 5 miles lies the Kennecott Copper Smelter
and to the northwest and north about 1 mile the tailings
ponds.
Physical interferences - There are no obstructions or taller
buildings in the vicinity of the sampler which may affect
the readings.
Terrain • The immediate area is flat. Beyond the 1 mile
radius to the west, about 1.2 miles, the terrain rises in a
steep gradient toward the smelter. The mean elevation of
the survey area is 4,300 feet msl.
Comments The sampler is well situated and probably pro-
vides a reasonably representative sampling of ambient air in
Magna.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
. 20C
c
n)
A\
e
o
•H 15C
-p
fl)PO
e e
o\
ni fr*
en 3
>, 100
H
0)
*J
M
fl
^
a 50
.
1 1
i ]
u
i
!
\
\
i .
>
s
,
ii
/
[
»f
V
T"
v
/
"
i |
'
,
• —
i
S
•
i
1
*^
\
\
\
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-169
-------
•I «
Magna sampler viewed to the west,
3-170
-------
I T A I I I N Ci S
Magna-Brockbank Junior High School.
3-111
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Magna
Population
VMT
2,040
32,000
Source
category
Point sources:
Western Ready Mix
Kennecott Smelter
Area sources:
Fuel combustion I"
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Tailings piles
Size or
activity rate
Outside mile
From 1974 sta
Emission
factor
radius
te
emission inventory,
25.5% of total Magna
emissions
32000 VMT/day
0.1 mi ,
20 ADT
7.7 mi
32000 VMT/day
5 ac
95 ac
14.7 ac,
4 mo
3 ac
4.6 ac
40 ac in area
(5580 ac
outside mile
radius)
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.3 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.004 t/ac/yr
0.7 t/ac/mo
0.36 t/ac/yr
0.4 t/ac/yr
0.54 t/ac/yr
(2.7 t/ac/yr @
80% control)
Partic
emissions ,
ton/yr
unknown
12020
1 18
_
8
1
7
45
3
neg
45
2
22
3013
Total emissions, ton/yr 152
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 48
Percent fugitive dust 83
3-172
-------
20%
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 8.7 mph
Annual precipitation
1974 = 14.46"
1975 = 17.92"
Normal = 15.17"
No. of days
with precipitation = 87
Salt Lake City Airport - 5.4% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 3080, second high = 460 ug/m^
1975 = 1456, second high = 725 ug/m
Summary and Conclusions
The Magna site has been recording air quality measure-
ments just slightly under the annual primary standard from
1972 to 1975, with the exception of 1974, when the geometric
mean was 83 ug/mj. The 1975 value was 69 ug/m3, but this
and the 1974 value was based on limited available data, and
included unusually high maximum annual readings. Seasonal
variations are not pronounced at this site. The microin-
ventory showed that emissions from construction activities
and tailings piles were the major contributors in the survey
area. No point sources with probable impact on the sampler
were identified within the one mile radius.
The calculated emission density of 48 ton/sq mi/yr does
not support the measured 1975 concentration of 69 ug/m3 and
is much lower than normal for a non-attainment site. The
site location appears to be free of physical obstructions or
localized pollution influences which could adversely bias
the sampler's readings. Thus, it would appear that two
major sources outside the survey area, the Kennecott smelter
and the major portion of the tailings piles (5580 acres)
could, with a northwesterly wind, contribute to high partic-
ulate loadings measured at the sampler.
If a full year of sampling data shows the Magna site is
still exceeding the primary standard, some emission reduc-
tion could probably be achieved by stringent enforcement of
fugitive dust control regulations and ensuring the Kennecott
smelter is operating under compliance.
3-173
-------
3.36 OGDEN-COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 46-0680-001
OGDEN-NASN SAMPLING STATION
SAROAD Site No. 46-0680-001/P01
Description
General site description - The two samplers are located on
the roof of the County Health Department in the commercial
business district, about 15 feet above ground level.
Localized pollution influences - The area in close proximity
to the sampling site is generally clean and free of pollu-
tion bias. There are several vents and an incinerator stack
on the roof close to the samplers.
Physical interferences - A stairway exit extends 6 feet
above the roof and 10 feet behind the samplers. The fire
station, 100 feet east of the samplers, is also higher.
Terrain - All the immediate and peripheral surrounding
terrain is flat.
Comments Downtown, in the areas surrounding the sampler
site, the streets appeared to have coarse, sandy surfacing
but were swept clean. Only the edges (shoulders) were dirty
in the residential areas.
• 200
o
T|150
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
N
1
•
»
6
s
•
\
•
1
I
f
\
1
/
Je
t
A
\
*•
.
1
j
A
|
A
/•hA i
I
'.I
1
•»
• i
}\
i '
I
/
, ^
•
g
\
-.\
,
\
>
i
[>
/
T
A
M
}f
1
\
•
!
•
i
>ilOO
9)
so
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-174
-------
Ogden sampler viewed to the southwest.
Ogden sampler viewed to the northeast.
3-175
-------
•.
i'
• —
t'.<
•••- \ | . . .....
°\V\ V'M:;:: •'•'•""
"i ^ \ I;. :' : •
" \ •• : ' :"S
' ^fc.
" • I
*20
C"
.-.-,, •
g[ !
2 M I
yj*
21 /—'
•,••'•' "•
• : :••'
- • ill ',
I v , I.1
I ' • '' ' •
ON
\^
iv; i'.'.-i'
. X<
:• o ;, (^••>^
b * * 'i\Jr i
• * ' • jf yst - :. •
/ • I
' • "'"- / r-
N-S"Q Y ' oj
• ', / ••'•
7
SJ v-'
"Vi « ;•,
ftFFS !! \
pi \
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Ogden-Health Department/NASN
Population
VMT
2,040
172,000
Source
category
Point sources:
Fieldcrest Corporation
American Can
Farrell Elevator
Fife Rock Products
W. R. White
1 CM&E Elevator
2 Evans Elevator
Area sources:
Fuel combustion I"
Incineration
Other mobile
_
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Outside mile ;
Outside mile
From 1974 sta
Emission
factor
radius
radius
:e
emission inventory,
2.9% of total
emissions
172000 VMT/day
0.9 mi,
30 ADT
3.2 mi
172000 VMT/day
54 ac
2 ac,
6 mo
17 ac
31 ac
280 ac
2 ac
Ogden
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.1 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.7 t/ac/rao
0.1 t/ac/yr
0.1 t/ac/yr
0.1 t/ac/yr
0.1 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
unknown
unknown
8
unknown
unknown
76
25
"1 20
41
17
1
242
31
9
2
4
33
neg
Total emissions, ton/yr 509
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 162
Percent fugitive dust 67
3-177
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 556, second high
231, second high
1975 = 437, second high
125, second high
356 ug/m:: (State)
185 ug/m:: (NASN)
345 ug/m:: (State)
96 ug/m (NASN)
Summary and Conclusions
The Ogden sites (State and NASN) have recorded annual
geometric means over 80 ug/m3 since 1970 with a slight
downtrend since 1972. In all these years, the highest
quarterly average has occurred in the first (winter) quar-
ter, indicating a strong seasonal impact from a source such
as road sanding. The 1975 State site annual geometric mean,
based on two quarters of data, was 79 ug/m3. Major impact-
ing sources in the one mile radius area were identified to
be two grain elevators, reentrained dust from paved roads,
motor vehicle exhaust, unpaved parking lots, and railroad
yards, which in the aggregate account for 88 percent of the
emissions.
The samplers appear to be well located and free from
localized pollution influences which could adversely affect
the readings. However, the estimated emission density of
162 ton/sq mi/yr for the area surrounding the site does not
appear sufficient to cause the annual average of around 80
ug/m3 at the site. It is possible that sources external to
the survey area are contributing significantly to the
loadings.
Most of the source categories identified as contrib-
uting to the high readings at these sites appear to be
further controllable (e.g., dust from paved roads, unpaved
parking lots, railroad yards). All fugitive dust sources
account for approximately 67 percent of the emissions in the
survey area. If minor emission reductions would be neces-
sary to attain the standards based on subsequent air quality
data, they could best be achieved through an SIP revision to
promulgate fugitive dust control regulations.
3-178
-------
3.37 PROVO-COURTHOUSE
SAROAD Site No. 46-0800-001
Description
General site description The sampler is located on the
roof of the Courthouse (17 South University Avenue) in the
commercial central business district of town. It is 50 feet
above ground level.
Localized pollution influences - There are no adverse
sources of particulates which could bias the sampler's
readings other than traffic.
Physical interferences - On the roof, a five foot wall sur-
rounds the sampler and there are several other roof and
building projections on the Courthouse.
Terrain The immediate area around the sampler is flat.
Just beyond the eastern perimeter of the 1 mile radius
circle, the Wasatch Range mountains begin.
Comments Overall, the town is not highly influenced by
fugitive dust sources. The streets are clean and appear
swept, and there is little agriculture. The sampler siting
is adequate and its measurements probably are representative
of the air quality in Provo.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
Quarterly geometric mean,
M ug/m3 M ^
Ui O t-n o
O O 0 0
•
I
ir
i
i
\
i
1
p
II
1
"t
ffl
1
• (
/
1
\
1
s
•^
1
/
!
!
1
1
V
1
\
11
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-179
-------
View of Provo sampler.
Provo sampler—view to the east,
3-180
-------
Provo-Courthouse.
3-181
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Provo
Population
VMT
2,040
187,500
Source
category
Point sources :
1 Provo City Power
U.S. Steel
Denver & Rio Grande
Western Railroad
maintenance shop
Area sources :
Fuel combustion |~
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Agriculture
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Emission
factor
Outside mile radius
Outside mile radius
From 1974 sta
te
emission inventory,
3.8% of total Provo
emissions
187500 VMT/day
0.6 mi ,
20 ADT
2.5 mi
187500 VMT/day
34 ac
18 ac
8 ac,
4 mo
14 ac
20 ac
39 ac
1 ac
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 Ib/VMT
0.2 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.004 t/ac/yr
0 . 7 t/ac/mo
0.1 t/ac/yr
0 . 2 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
65
6557
unknown
1 16
44
8
1
264
20
neg
24
3
5
9
neg
Total emissions, ton/yr 459
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 146
Percent fugitive dust 73
3-182
-------
Meteorological Data
No local data available.
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 639 ug/m3 (three quarters)
1975 = 226 ug/m3 (two quarters)
Summary and Conclusions
The Provo site has recorded annual geometric means
between 69 and 100 ug/m3 since 1972. The trend has been
toward a steady decrease in measured concentration since
1972, with the 1975 value at 69 ug/m^. However, the 1974
and 1975 values were based on three and two quarters of
data, respectively, lessening the statistical significance
of those averages. The calculated emission density of 146
ton/sq mi/yr is somewhat low in comparison with the 1975 air
quality data. The site has no obvious localized pollution
sources biasing the measurements, although a roof parapet
surrounding the sampler (see photographs) could interfere
with normal air movements.
The microinventory indicated the major contributing
sources at this site to be dust from paved roads (58%),
Provo City Power Company (14%), and motor vehicle exhaust
(10%), with secondary impacts from fugitive dust sources
such as unpaved parking lots and construction (10%). It is
a distinct possibility that the sampler could be reflecting
an impact caused by the U.S. Steel facility to the north, as
well as other point sources outside the survey area, thus
accounting for the low emission density relative to air
quality. Nevertheless, a positive, determination of the
attainment status of this site should be made at a future
date when a full year of post-1974 air quality data can be
analyzed. At that time, if an attainment problem is still
indicated, regulations pertaining to the control of fugitive
dust could be implemented to reduce emissions, since most of
the problem source categories are further controllable.
3-183
-------
3.38 SALT LAKE CITY-COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 46-0920-001
SALT LAKE CITY-NASN SAMPLING STATION
SAROAD Site No. 46-0920-001/P01
Description
General site description - The two samplers are located on
the roof of the County Health Department (610 South Second,
East) approximately 25 feet above ground level. The build-
ing is in an area of light commercial land use and sur-
rounded by paved streets and parking lots.
Localized pollution influences - The only source of signi-
ficance that could impact the samplers is a construction
equipment storage lot 50 feet to the south. Traffic is
moderate in the area.
Physical interferences There are no obstructions or taller
buildings in the immediate vicinity which might affect the
samplers' readings.
Terrain - The terrain in the vicinity of and throughout the
1 mile radius microinventory area is flat with no predomi-
nant features.
Comments - The samplers should be providing representative
indications of air quality as they are situated well and
have good urban exposure.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
- 4
Quarterly geometric mean,
M ug/m3 M t
Ul O 171
O O O C
i
«
M
h
.
A
N
AT>
J
3
}
r
; :
i
\/
\r
1
Q
/
i
a
^
'\
.
i i
A
W
J
<
\
i *
V
i
>
!
••».
V
1
•
•
r/
/
•
•
\
•
i
»
•
i
/
•
.
*
;
V '
\
r
..
i
.V
\>
t
/
/
1
T/
A
I,
t
T
\
\
3i
1
a
* i
•
i
\
i
i
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-184
-------
Salt Lake City-County Health Department sampler viewed to
the west.
Salt Lake City-County Health Department sampler viewed to
the east.
3-185
-------
? ; I- t B ' i n
f !• 1 w},
.rliiftQi
/ , '. ••:• :""':•• II "4 Ml I
' ' •:<>l"-.\'t""hl|l "'•
Mdr> yl| r / (i
// 'r . il i,
••'
••
' ':
fffaasii
Salt Lake City-County Health Department and Salt Lake City-NASN
Sampling Station.
3-186
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Population = 2,040
Salt Lake City-Health Department/NASN VMT = 240,000
Source
category
Point sources :
CM&E Elevator
Ideal Cement
Portland Cement
Area sources:
Fuel combustion I"
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
Outside mile i
Emission
factor
radius
Outside mile radius
Outside mile i
From 1974 stal
radius
:e
emission inventory,
1.2% of total Salt
Lake City emissions
240000 VMT/day
1.7 mi
240000 VMT/day
7 ac
8 ac,
4 mo
20 ac
8 ac
7 ac
5 ac
Total emissions, ton/yr
0.59 g/VMT
0.2 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0 . 7 t/ac/mo
0.1 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
43
unknown
unknown
1 15
57
1
338
4
24
4
2
2
1
448
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 143
Percent fugitive dust 74
3-187
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 8.7 mph
Annual precipitation * '
1974 = 14.46"
1975 = 17.92"
Normal = 15.17"
No. of days
with precipitation = 87
Salt Lake City Airport - 5.4% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 704, second high
235, second high
1975 = 691, second high
180, second high
634 ug/m:? (State)
175 ug/m^ (NASN)
335 ug/m:: (State)
135 ug/m (NASN)
Summary and Conclusions
The two Health Department sites have been recording
concurrently since 1972 and have shown the annual geometric
mean decreasing each year, although there has been limited
available data for the sites since 1973. The 1974 NASN
reading was 80 ug/m3, and the 1975 value was 66 ug/m3 (the
average of the State and NASN means, since only two quarters
of data were available for each). Seasonal variations in
data from the two sites are directly comparable, with the
winter quarter the highest. From 1964 to 1972, the NASN
site indicated cyclical fluctuating annual averages, varying
from 115 to 65 ug/m3. The calculated emission density of
143 ton/sq mi/yr for the survey area appears too low to
support the 1974 or 1975 air quality data.
The major sources identified as impacting the sampler
are traffic related (motor vehicle exhaust and dust from
paved roads—88 percent). Secondary fugitive dust sources
do not appear to play a large role in this area, nor do
point sources. Contributing to the measured air quality in
the area may be impacts from outlying point sources in the
industrial area to the west. Future non-attainment determi-
nations based on post-1974 air quality data will be neces-
sary before additional control strategies or needs can be
assessed. If found necessary, an SIP revision incorporating
improved street cleaning or traffic controls to reduce
reentrained dust emissions from paved roads may be instituted.
3-188
-------
3.39 SALT LAKE CITY-AIRPORT
SAROAD Site No. 46-0920-004
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the National Weather Service (NWS) building at the
airport (175 North and 2400 West) about 15 feet above ground
level. It is totally surrounded by public use land in a
rather sparsely populated area of the city. There are paved
parking lots on three sides of the NWS building.
Localized pollution influences - There are an incinerator
and a heating stack on the roof 20 feet from the sampler.
The predominant secondary influences in the vicinity would
be traffic and aircraft.
•
Physical interferences - With the exception of one small air
conditioning compressor 10 feet from the sampler, there are
no obstructions or tall buildings which would impede its
performance.
Terrain - The immediate vicinity and surrounding areas out
to the edge of the 1 mile radius are flat. The Great Salt
Lake begins about 10 miles northwest.
Comments - The measured particulate concentrations at this
site are probably representative of the air quality at the
airport, since the site is almost entirely influenced by
aircraft-related sources. However, the traffic on North
Temple Street may possibly have a significant impact on the
sampler's readings.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
- 200
23
6
f*
•[J 150
£
O *"•»
4) IT1
t7> 3
>i 100
5
V.
£
|
5 50
.
•
.
n
i
j
i
k
M
f
K
^
V
p
1
y
\
i
j/
\
i
5
/
f
n
L
/
/
1
i
k
I
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}
\
3-189
-------
Salt Lake City-Airport sampler viewed to the east.
Salt Lake City-Airport sampler viewed to the west-northwest,
3-190
-------
SOUTH I. IV >-^ ,f'\ SI
Salt Lake City-Airport.
3-191
-------
Sources in Microinventpry Area (1 mile radius)
Salt Lake City-Airport
Population
VMT
314
73,500
Source
category
Point sources:
Utah Power & Light
Area sources:
Fuel combustion I"
Incineration
Other mobile
Motor vehicle
exhaust
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Size or
activity rate
Outside mile i
From 1974 stai
Emission
factor
•adius
;e
emission inventory,
0.2% of total Salt
Lake City emis
73500 VMT /day
2.0 mi,
20 ADT
4. 5 mi
73500 VMT/day
5 ac
22 ac,
4 mo
110 ac
15 ac
ssions
0.59 g/VMT
3.5 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
3.5 g/VMT
1.4 Ib/VMT
0.7 t/ac/mo
0.1 t/ac/yr
0.2 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
396
1 3
17
26
2
104
3
67
21
4
Total emissions, ton/yr 247
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 79
Percent fugitive dust 92
3-192
-------
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 8.7 mph
Annual precipitation ' /. \ L \ \ 20%
1974 = 14.46"
1975 = 17.92"
Normal = 15.17"
No. of days
with precipitation = 87
Salt Lake Ci.l.y Airport - 5.4% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 827, second high 508 ug/m3
1975 = 239, second high 225 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Airport sampler has been recording annual geometric
means in excess of 70 ug/m3 since 1972, with the exception
of 1975, when the reading was 66 ug/m3. The seasonal variations
have fluctuated during that period and no distinct trends
are evident. The sampler does not appear to be unduly
influenced by localized pollution influences.
The calculated emission density of 79 ton/sq mi/yr is
mostly (92%) composed of impacts from fugitive dust sources,
specifically dust from paved and unpaved roads and construc-
tion. This value correlates well with the 1975 air quality
data (which is incomplete) but is much too low to be in
agreement with the 1974 value (84 ug/m3).
Based on a 1974 base year, it is indicated that an SIP
revision to include measures for fugitive dust control is
warranted for this site.
3-193
-------
3.40 ROCK SPRINGS-BRIDGER AVENUE
SAROAD Site No. 52-0620-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a garage at a private residence (416 Bridger Avenue)
placed approximately 12 feet above ground level. It is set
back from Bridger Avenue about 75 feet to the south.
Localized pollution influences - Unpaved driveways exist on
both sides of the garage and there are numerous roof vents
on the closely spaced surrounding houses. The Rainbow Coal
Company is located about 250 feet to the west.
Physical interferences - There are no obvious obstructions
in the close vicinity. One story houses surround the samp-
ling site.
Terrain - The immediate area around the sampler is flat,
while the terrain is hilly in the north and west quadrants
of the 1 mile radius survey area.
Comments - Overall, all the streets in town are very dirty
and unswept. There are a lot of new developments and
associated open construction sites and a lot of cleared open
areas. The sampler is probably yielding representative
readings of the air quality.
200
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
c
id
I
t
via
mic
in
jec
me tri
O,
base
150
4-1
e e
0\
0) tP
M
0)
-p
50
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-194
-------
Rock Springs sampler viewed to the northwest.
Ro-k Springs sampler viewed to the west,
3-195
-------
Rock Springs-Bridger Avenue.
3-196
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Rock Springs
Source
category
Point sources:
Rainbow Coal
Constantino Building
Mountain Fuel Supply
Area sources:
Fuel combustion f
Highway vehicles
Railroads |_
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA ana]
Emission
factor
.ysis,
emissions in grids 2,
3, 25% of 4, and 60%
of 5
6.1 mi,
80 ADT
(shown as 314 1
3.3 Ib/VMT
:on
in AQMA analysis)
From AQMA analysis
77700 VMT/day 13.5 g/VMT
(shown as 487 ton
in AQMA analysis)
From AQMA analysis
30 ac
39 ac
4 mo
(shown as 140 •
1.3 Ib/VMT
1.06 t/ac/mo
:on
in AQMA analysis)
73 ac
42 ac
20 ac
5 ac
0.36 t/ac/yr
0 . 4 t/ac/yr
0.4 t/ac/yr
0.38 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
unknown
unknown
unknown
49
25
1
294
18
110
110
16
165
27
18
9
2
Total emissions/ ton/yr 844
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 269
Percent fugitive dust 91
3-197
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 7.0 mph
Annual precipitation
1974 = 4.54"
1975 = 8.97"
Normal = 8.79"
No. of days
with precipitation = data not
available
Rock Springs Airport
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 347, second high = 308 ug/m!:
1975 = 231, second high = 207 ug/m
Summary and Conclusions
This Rock Springs site has been in operation since mid-
1972 and has had readings consistently above the primary
standard. The site has not yet shown any regular seasonal
variations, but has had large quarter-to-quarter variations.
The sampler appears to be well located and free from local
biases. Another sampler placed in Rock Springs more recently
has recorded similar concentrations well above the standard,
indicating that the non-attainment problem in the city is
widespread.
The estimated emission density is 269 ton/sq mi/yr, a
value which supports the recent measured ambient concentra-
tion of 83 ug/m-3. Most of the emissions (91%) are from
fugitive dust source categories, primarily unpaved roads,
paved roads and sanding, and construction. Emission esti-
mates made from the microinventory survey in general agreed
closely with emissions estimated in the AQMA analysis for
Rock Springs for corresponding areas.
It appears that attainment of the standard will require
regulations to reduce emissions from some or all of the
above fugitive dust source categories. Control techniques
are available to obtain a low percent emission reduction for
these types of sources.
3-198
-------
3.41 RAPID CITY-PENNINGTON COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
SAROAD Site No. 43-1380-001
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of the Pennington County Health Department building
(615 Kansas City Street) about 25 feet above ground level.
The immediate site area is the core of the central business
district, and is two blocks south of Main Street.
Localized pollution influences - The impact from traffic
constitutes the only localized source which may be measured
by the sampler. There are no localized fugitive dust influ-
ences in proximity to the site.
Physical interferences - The sampler is relatively removed
from obstructions on the building and from surrounding
taller buildings which could affect the readings or other-
wise obstruct the ambient airflow patterns.
Terrain - The immediate site area is flat, but the periphery
of the 1 mile radius study area is composed of steep ridges
and semi-mountainous terrain. The steep north-south ridge
which is due west of the sampler effectively bisects the
city into two distinct aisheds—an eastern section and a
western section.
Comments In all probability, the particulate concentra-
tions measured by this sampler are representative of the
ambient air quality in the Rapid City urban area. The
sampler is sited well and appears to be free from localized
external source biases.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
- 200
* i ^ n
Quarterly geometi
,_ ug/n\3
!
l!
|
|
ff
(
\
•*"
•
1
I
'
\
.
:
s.
\
•
\
B
1
!
!
i
I
/
/
1
L
^
s^
II
,\l
\l\
T
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-199
-------
I '• <• ^ - < N ~ > I f **
ik • \^-
;: - i^<
'/'''
/ ' - .• - .
gy^p
Wi-w^^U: r-'^H'^v
''V^-:|t>K-, Li^i7:l^fc>t.-
"" oJu' *N C..-HO-." ; r, ;---]i\V"l\\
H*iU Sdhi I \ p\Vf. X L •_• i. ..\ I -'\ \
]-k^i;i! •f41^^-l-X^V
•j - ». ivi •"•(• ' -'V,-; - ' 5-nn "ii- \ifA-
LHISI Sitl
• ~ • ^—*-_ i-/ -i -j-yi^, _ _'-^ t ^s\r* _/*
^^frMS> --^-b;^vT?^^i:^^"
m, ^m s
^/^jt v^?~:^;-tx ; > s^rx
^^?^^^kif J ^N'^S^' ^N\'|^, ^<
;,: .:^;^v%.
-^ Aii
Rapid City-Pennington County Health Department
3-200
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area C.I, mile radius)
Rapid City-Pennington County Health Department
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Light Aggregates
Hill's Materials
Birdsall Sand & Gravel
2 Aby's Feed & Seed
3 Hubbard Milling
Area sources :
Fuel combustion [~
Incineration
All mobile sources
-
Fugitive dust sources :
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
RR yards
Playgrounds
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA ana]
Emission
factor
•ysis,
apportioned from
emission estimates
by grid
7.3 mi,
21 ADT
1.3 mi,
3.2 ac
25800 VMT/day
4 ac
11 ac
0.5 ac
4.2 mi,
20.4 ac
15 ac
16 ac
4.0 Ib/VMT
0 . 3 t/ac/yr
0.04 Ib/VMT
0.29 t/ac/yr
6.4 t/ac/mo
0.26 t/ac/yr
0.3 t/ac/yr
0 . 3 t/ac/yr
0.26 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
306
11
8
2
33
18
5
9
112
1
188
1
70
neg
6
4
4
Total emissions, ton/yr 778
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 248
Percent fugitive dust 50
3-201
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 11.0 mph
^ ' ^ \20%
I S\. XI X
Annual precipitation
1974 = 9.12"
1975 = 17.46"
Normal = 17.12"
No. of days
with precipitation = 100
Rapid City Airport - 5.2% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1974 = 242 ug/m3'; 1975 = 473 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The Health Department site has recorded annual mean
concentrations above 100 ug/m3 for all three years since it
was established. The readings have exhibited consistent
seasonal variations, with the highest concentrations in the
fourth (fall) quarter. In contrast to the other sampling
sites in the Rapid City area, this one seems to be well
located and not unduly influenced by nearby sources.
The estimated emission density within a one mile radius
was 248 ton/sq mi/yr, slightly lower than would be expected
for an ambient concentration of 110 ug/m3. The unusual
topography and meteorology in the Rapid City area can explain
the high measured concentrations. Contributing sources
included at least five point sources which accounted for 46
percent of the identified emissions, plus several fugitive
dust source categories—paved streets (24%), unpaved roads
(14%), and construction (9%) . It is probable that both
further point source controls and fugitive dust regulations
will be required, in the form of an SIP revision, in order
to attain the primary standards at this site. New point
source regulations should be directed at the mineral prod-
ucts industry.
3-202
-------
. 350
a
a
o
•a 25°
3.42 RAPID CITY-KEN FREIZE ENTERPRISES
SAROAD Site No. 43-1380-003
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on the
roof of a commercial building (Ken Freize Enterprises, 5001
Sturgis Road). It is approximately 15 feet above ground
level and set back from Sturgis Road about 50 feet. The
area is primarily industrial, just beyond the fringes of the
commercial district.
Localized pollution influences - A large (about one acre)
unpaved parking lot surrounds the sampler on all four sides.
An unpaved road passes on the northwest side of the building
about 100 feet from the sampler. Directly across the high-
way to the northeast, Hill's Materials Company operates a
lar-je quarrying, sand and gravel, and limestone crushing
operation.
Physical interferences - No major obstructions were noted in
the immediate vicinity of the sampler.
Terrain • The immediate site area is flat, but the remainder
of the area enclosed by the 1 mile radius is characterized
by rolling and hilly land. Several main highways pass
through the area, including Sturgis Road, which passes
through a shallow valley to the northwest of the sampler.
Comments Due to its extreme source oriented exposure with
respect to the localized fugitive influences and the prox-
imity to Hill's Materials Company, the sampler is probably
not recording representative readings of the ambient air in
Rapid City.
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
i i; I
georae
1! '
e
en
3
150
cr>
M
s
M
I
50
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-203
-------
Rapid City-Ken Freize Enterprises
3-204
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (1 mile radius)
Rapid City-Ken Freize Enterprises
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Hill's Materials
2 Pete Lien & Sons
3 South Dakota Cement
Dakota Block
Area sources:
Fuel combustion [~
Incineration
All mobile sources
-
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Gravel pits/quarries
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA ana]
Emission
factor
-vsis,
apportioned from
emission estimates
by grid
8.7 mi,
21 ADT
1.7 mi,
4.1 ac
12900 VMT/day
12900 VMT/day
5 ac
4 ac
2.6 mi
12.6 ac
240 ac
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.3 t/ac/yr
0.04 Ib/VMT
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.29 t/ac/yr
0.26 t/ac/yr
0 . 3 t/ac/yr
9.4 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
132
2130
221
2
5
1
5
133
1
94
7
1
1
4
2256
Total emissions, ton/yr 4993
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr 1590
Percent fugitive dust 50
3-205
-------
North
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 11.0 mph / xV ^ \20%
Annual precipitation
1974 = 9.12"
1975 = 17.46"
Normal = 17.12"
No. of days
with precipitation = 100
Rapid City Airport - 5.2% calm
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1975 = 1507 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
This site was installed in early 1975 and registered an
annual geometric mean of 166 ug/m3 for that year. The site
inspection revealed that the sampler is located in the
middle of a large unpaved lot directly across the highway
from a large open pit quarry. These nearby sources probably
overshadow the impact from other particulate sources in the
Rapid City area and prevent representative samples from
being obtained. Therefore, this site should not be used to
monitor attainment of the air quality standards for the
Black Hills-Rapid City AQCR.
The survey of the microinventory area showed an extremely
high emission density—1590 ton/sq mi/yr—caused by process
emissions and fugitive dust from quarrying and associated
operations. Even though the readings from this site are
biased for use in determining regional attainment, they do
indicate the need for further control of these mineral
products industry sources in Rapid City.
3-206
-------
3.43 RAPID CITY-SOUTH DAKOTA CEMENT PLANT
SAROAD Site No. 43-1380-004
Description
General site description - The sampler is located on one of
the process buildings on the north side of the cement plant,
approximately 100 feet above ground level. The immediate
area is surrounded by the cement plant property, which is
removed from outlying urban/suburban areas.
Localized pollution influences - Bordering the immediate
sampler area on all sides are various fugitive and point
particulate emissions from many operations at the cement
plant. There are no major highways in the immediate area,
although several do pass through the 1 mile radius area. To
the west (1/4 to 1/2 mile) is a large quarrying, sand and
gravel, and rock crushing operation owned by Hill's Materials
Company and 1/4 mile to the east is the power plant.
Physical interferences The building on which the sampler
is placed has some protrusions and extensions which could
possibly shield the sampler.
Terrain The immediate site area is flat while the remainder
of the area enclosed by the 1 mile radius is characterized
by rolling and hilly land. The cement plant sits in a
shallow valley.
Comments It appears that the sampler is clearly providing
unrepresentative indications of the ambient air quality in
Rapid City due to sampling bias arising from its extreme
source-oriented placement.
700
Trends in Particulate Air Quality
O 100
1964 1965 1966 1967 1
•
i
fi
i
!
IM
<
!!
t
I
Hi
.11
-
1
i
1
/I
J
0
f
1
/
II
^68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
3-207
-------
Rapid City-South Dakota Cement Plant.
3-208
-------
Sources in Microinventory Area (I mile radius)
Rapid City-South Dakota Cement Plant
Source
category
Point sources:
1 Black Hills Power
& Light
Hill's Materials
2 South Dakota Cement
Plant
3 Pete Lien & Sons
4 Hill's Materials
Dakota Block
James E. Simon
Area sources :
Fuel combustion r
Incineration
All mobile sources
-
Fugitive dust sources:
Unpaved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Construction
Cleared areas
RR right-of-way
Gravel pits/quarries
Size or
activity rate
From AQMA ana.
Emission
factor
.ysis,
apportioned from
emission estimates
by grid
8.7 mi,
21 ADT
2.5 mi,
6.1 ac
9000 VMT/day
9000 VMT/day
5 ac
2 ac
22 ac
3.8 mi,
18.4 ac
260 ac
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.3 t/ac/yr
0.04 Ib/VMT
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.29 t/ac/yr
6.4 t/ac/mo
0.26 t/ac/yr
0.3 t/ac/yr
9.4 t/ac/yr
Partic
emissions,
ton/yr
449
8
221
2130
132
2
10
7
1
4
133
2
66
5
1
13
6
6
2444
Total emissions, ton/yr
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Percent fugitive dust
5640
1796
47
3-209
-------
North
Rapid City Airport - 5.2% calm
Meteorological Data
Average annual
wind speed = 11.0 mph
Annual precipitation
1974 = 9.12"
1975 = 17.46"
Normal = 17.12"
No. of days
with precipitation = 100
Maximum Recorded Concentrations
1975 = 1530 ug/m3
Summary and Conclusions
The State Cement Plant site was started in early 1975
and recorded an annual geometric mean of 364 ug/m^ for that
year. The sampler is located on the roof of a process
building at the plant, surrounded by stack emissions and
fugitive dust sources. Due to the bias imposed by the
proximity of the sampler to these major sources, this site
should definitely not be used in assessing the attainment
status of the Black Hills-Rapid City AQCR.
This site is located only 0.7 mile from the Ken Freize
Enterprises site. There is a definite need for a particu-
late sampler in the northwest quadrant of Rapid City, but it
should be located without the source-specific orientation of
the two present sites. It is likely that a well located
sampler would show ambient levels above the standards in
this area.
The microinventory survey area had an extremely high
emission density of 1796 ton/sq mi/yr from the cement plant
and surrounding quarrying and processing operations. As
with the Ken Freize site (which encompasses much of the same
survey area), the high particulate concentrations and emis-
sion density do indicate the need for further control of the
mineral products industry sources.
20%
3-210
-------
4.0 SUMMARY
4.1 REASONS FOR NON-ATTAINMENT IN REGION VIII
The specific reasons for particulate concentrations
above the standards at each of 43 sites in Region VIII
states are summarized in Table 4-1. The reasons generally
fell into one of three categories—excessive impact from
point sources (out of compliance with existing state regulations),
excessive impact from fugitive dust sources, or bias in the
readings caused by location of the sampler too close to a
low-level emission source. In addition, 14 of the sites
investigated were judged to have attained the primary standards
based on recently available air quality data for 1975. It
is important to consider that those sites may or may not
continue to demonstrate attainment based on currently unavailable
air quality data for 1976. One site (Libby, Montana) had
inadequate sampling data to determine whether the standards
were being exceeded. Four sites in Colorado (Englewood,
Steamboat Springs, Rifle, and Grand Junction) have concentrations
above the primary standards, but the reason(s) for the high
readings could not be identified from the site surveys.
Another potential reason for high readings would be
incorrect filter handling, sampler operation, or laboratory
analysis procedures. Agency personnel responsible for air
quality data and field operators were interviewed to deter-
mine the adequacy of their present procedures. The ques-
tionnaires shown in Appendix A were completed in each state.
However, it was beyond the scope of this project to person-
ally monitor the individual steps to confirm that acceptable
procedures were being followed. The interviews did not
reveal any problems with sample handling or analysis that
4-1
-------
Table 4-1. EPA REGION VIII NON-ATTAINMENT SUMMARY
AQCR/Site
Denver
Adams City
Arvada
Aurora
Brighton
School Admin.
CAMP
Gates Rubber
Wastevrater Plant
C.A.R.I.H.
Englewood
Lakewood
Littleton
Longmont
Pawnee
Greeley - City
Greeley - Ttrat. PJ
Loveland
Sterling
Windsor
La Salle
Platteville
San Isabel
Colorado Springs
Pueblo Fire Stn.
Reason for non-attainment
Pt source
impact
X
X
t.
X
Pueblo Health Dept. x
Trinidad
Wals.enburg
Yampa
Steamboat Springs
Fugitive
dust impact
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Site
bias
X
X
X
X
X
Cannot
explain
X
X
Hasa
attained
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Inadequate
a.q. data
based on 1975 air quality data.
4-2
-------
Table 4-1 (continued). EPA REGION VIII NON-ATTAINMENT SUMMARY
AQCR/Site
Grand Mesa
Rifle
Grand Junction
Tract CB 020
Tract CB 022
Great Falls
Great Falls
Helena
Butte - Greeley
School
Missoula
Missoula Cthse.
Libby
Hasatch Front
Magna
Ogden
Provo
Salt Lake City
S.L.C. Airport
Wyoming
Rock Springs
Black Hills
Ken Freize
Cement Plant
Health Dept.
Reason for non-attainment
Pt source
impact
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fugitive
dust impact
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Site
bias
X
X
X
Cannot
explain
X
X
Has a
attained
X
X
X
X
X
Inadequate
a.q. data
X
a based on 1975 air quality data.
4-3
-------
could cause high readings. All of the agencies routinely
void data for damaged filters and recheck data handling and
analytical steps for high reported values. It was originally
planned to discuss quality assurance aspects of the data for
each site, but no problems worthy of note (which might
contribute to the indicated non-attainment) were identified
at any of the sites.
The percentage of sampling sites in a regional sampling
network that are reading concentrations above the primary
standards provides an indication of the extent of the non-
attainment problem in an AQCR. The total numbers of high
volume samplers operating in 1975 in each AQCR are summar-
ized below:
Preliminary Confirmed Total network
AQCR no. of n.a. sites no. of n.a. sites sites
Denver
Pawnee
San Isabel
Yampa
Grand Mesa
Great Falls
Helena
Missoula
Wasatch Front
Wyoming
Black Hills
Total
In general, the sources associated with non-attainment
areas in the large urban centers of Region VIII such as
Denver, Salt Lake City and Colorado Springs were traffic
related (reentrained dust from streets, winter road sanding,
and motor vehicle exhaust). In some moderate sized cities
such as Grand Junction and Rapid City, traffic related
4-4
13
7
5
1
2
s 1
1
2
ont 5
1
s _3
41
10
3
3
1
2
0
1
0
4
1
_3
28
22
11
8
7
15
3
7
7
13
10
7
110
-------
emissions also appeared to be a major cause of non-attainment.
However, in most of the medium and small cities, the major
sources were point sources, unpaved roads, construction,
and/or windblown dust from agricultural and open areas.
None of the non-attainment sites were in rural locations.
Point sources were major contributors to high readings at 10
of the 28 sites which currently have annual mean concentrations
above 75 ug/m^.
4.2 NEED FOR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN (SIP) REVISIONS
In most of the AQCR's, attainment will require emission
reductions from fugitive dust sources. Where the fugitive
dust sources are traffic related, possible control measures
include improved street cleaning, control of material depo-
sition on street surfaces, and traffic controls. These are
probably new areas of regulation for the state agencies and
may require innovative approaches such as administrative
agreements with local governments specifying minimum street
cleaning schedules. EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards is currently preparing a guidelines document
for use by states in evaluating potential measures to reduce
dust emissions from streets.
Most SIP's already have some regulation, such as a
nuisance provision or fenceline opacity restriction, for
control of general fugitive dust sources. However, with the
exception of the Colorado regulation, more enforceable
provisions will probably be needed in the SIP's for control
of such sources as construction sites and unpaved roads. In
the Pawnee, Yampa, and Grand Mesa AQCR's in Colorado, more
comprehensive enforcement programs for the state's existing
regulations appear to be a preferable approach to the addi-
tion of more regulations in the SIP. For some of the sites
with large contributions from fugitive dust sources, reason-
ably available control techniques may not provide the needed
emission reductions.
4-5
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Most of the sites with major point source impact are
affected by one or two very large sources rather than a
group of diverse sources. While there was usually no infor-
mation in state agency files to indicate that these sources
were not in compliance, the magnitude of emission estimates
makes it doubtful that they are in full compliance. Thus,
it is difficult to assess whether an SIP revision or a
compliance schedule under existing regulations is required.
Of the 11 AQCR's investigated, it appears that new
strategies for attainment of particulate standards and/or
implementation of existing controls will definitely be
required for six AQCR's in five different states:
Denver
San Isabel
Helena
Wasatch Front
Wyoming
Black Hills
Three of the AQCR's in Colorado—Pawnee, Yampa, and Grand
Mesa—have ill-defined problems and may be able to utilize
existing fugitive dust regulations in the SIP to bring about
necessary emission reductions. Two AQCR's in Montana—Great
Falls and Missoula—had significant improvements in air
quality in 1975 and appear to have attained the standards.
4-6
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4.3 OBSERVATIONS ON AIR QUALITY DATA
In analyzing the air quality data during this study,
several important observations were made relative to the
question of determining attainment of air quality standards.
These are discussed briefly below.
In Colorado, seven of the non-attainment sites outside
the Denver metropolitan area were relocated during 1974.
These moves, most of them only a few blocks, resulted in
four of the sites (Loveland, Windsor,* Trinidad, and Walsen-
burg) having annual geometric means lower than 75 ug/m3 in
1975. However, there was no evidence that the samplers were
relocated into areas with lower emission densities (the
sites were usually only moved a few blocks, which would not
affect their exposure on a regional scale). It is assumed
that the samplers were moved because of site biases which
were identified or for operational or maintenace reasons.
In all seven cases, the new site locations are in areas
where high particulate concentrations for the respective
cities would be expected.
Almost all of the sites had lower concentrations in
1975 than in 1974, as shown in Figure 4-1. One explanation
for this, given the high incidence of fugitive dust emis-
sions in these areas, is that 1974 was a very dry year
and/or that 1975 had higher than normal amounts of precipi-
tation. Large yearly variations in air quality as a func-
tion of weather conditions could present a problem if 1975
was an extreme year—areas which apparently attained the
standard would again have concentrations above the standard
in subsequent years with a return to average weather condi-
tions. In order to evaluate the possible effect of precipi-
tation on 1974 and 1975 particulate concentrations, the
precipitation data for these two years at the 11 weather
moved in late 1973
4-7
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1975 TSP annual geometric mean, ug/m"
Figure 4-1. Relative change in measured TSP concentration for Region VIII
sites, 1974 to 1975.
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stations used in this study (see the fifth pages of the site
evaluation packages) were compared with the 30 year averages
for annual precipitation at the same stations. In 1974, six
of the stations had less than average precipitation and five
had about average; in 1975, three had less than average,
four had an average amount, and four had more than average
precipitation. Therefore, it can be concluded that 1974 was
a dry year and that 1975 was fairly typical for the Region
VIII states as a group.
Although they weren't evaluated for their possible
impacts, other explanations for the decrease in concentrations
from 1974 to 1975 may be a greater than normal decrease in
overall average wind speeds or the distribution of precipitation
during the year.
Several of the sites had maximum 24-hour readings above
500 ug/m3. Such a high reading increases the annual arith-
metic mean by more than 7 ug/m3 (assuming 60 samples and an
annual arithmetic mean of 80 ug/m3). However, it should be
pointed out that the geometric mean on which the air quality
standard is based is not nearly as sensitive to these
extremely high values. A single reading of 500 ug/m3 only
increases the annual geometric mean for the same data set by
2.5 ug/m3. Therefore, these occasional very high concen-
trations are violations of the short-term standard but do
not have an inordinate effect on attainment of the annual
standard.
There does not appear to be a general pattern for peak
concentrations relative to annual average concentrations.
A few sites exceed only the 24-hour or annual standard, but
most exceed both or have attained both. The maximum and
second highest concentrations are much more variable from
year to year than the geometric mean and are therefore more
difficult to use in assessing the magnitude of the stan-
dards' violations. Also, the observed maximum values for a
4-9
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site are a function of the sampling frequency, as shown very
clearly by comparing the NASN data (every sixth day) and
State data (every day) obtained concurrently at the Salt
Lake City and Ogden sites.
4.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMISSION DENSITIES AND
AIR QUALITY
Estimated emission densities were plotted as a function
of 1975 annual geometric means for all of the sites except
those shown in Table 4-1 to have siting biases. Linear
regression analysis of these 32 data points (Tract CB 020
and 022 were also eliminated due to lack of air quality
data) gave a line of best fit with a slope of 16.92, an
intercept on the ambient concentration axis of 63.5 ug/m3,
and a correlation coefficient of 0.57, as shown in Figure 4-
2. These data thus exhibited a poor to fair linear relation-
ship, but the slope and intercept were both somewhat higher
than had been observed in other similar studies. When data
in Kansas City, Wyoming, South Dakota, Las Vegas, and Reno
were tested separately for relationships between emission
density and air quality, the range of slopes was 6.1 to 8.3
and the range of intercepts was 16 to 38 ug/m3. It was
hypothesized that the intercept value (zero emission den-
sity) provided a good estimate of the particulate background
concentration in an area.
The high values for slope and intercept obtained in the
present case could be attributed to either of two reasons:
(1) the sites are in several different geographic and cli-
matic areas with widely varying backgrounds, causing scatter
in the resulting combined data set; or (2) all of these
sites are non-attainment sites, indicating that their air
quality values are mainly bunched in the range of 75 to 125
ug/m3 and therefore do not have as well defined line of best
4-10
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800
•H
to
C
o
•p
700
600
500
400
« 300
01
c
0
•H
to
(0
I 20°
100 -
Denver AQCR
Pawnee AQCR
San Isabel AQCR
Wasatch Front AQCR
Other AQCR's
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1975 annual geometric mean, ug/m"
Figure 4-2. Particulate emission density versus measured
air quality.
4-11
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fit as a data set with a wider range of air quality data
values. It does not seem to be appropriate to use this line
to estimate background concentrations or to estimate the
emission density equivalent to an ambient concentration of
about 75 ug/m3.
It is recognized that linear regression and correlation
do not account for all the variability in a data set and
that a more sophisticated model may provide a better fit.
Investigation of this possibility was beyond the scope of
this work, however.
For the AQCR's with several sampling sites/ it is
possible to plot individual emission density versus air
quality curves, thereby eliminating the possible problem of
widely varying background concentrations in different geo-
graphic areas. The AQCR's with multiple sites are Denver,
Pawnee, San Isabel, and Wasatch Front. The lines of best
fit for each of these areas are shown in Figure 4-2 and
summarized below:
Data
AQCR points Slope Intercept
Denver 12 19.61 68.0 0.67
Pawnee 3 6.25 39.4 0.80
San Isabel 5 14.08 59.7 0.60
Wasatch Front 5 7.81 54.5 0.63
The individual AQCR data sets show good correlations,
but still have high indicated background levels. Two of the
areas have slopes similar to that for the combined data set
and the other two have slopes within the range of the pre-
viously reported studies. In all four of the AQCR's, an
emission density of about 200 ton/sq mi/yr is associated
with the air quality of 75 ug/m3. This is consistent with
the relationships in other states and AQCR's where this same
analysis was carried out.
4-12
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APPENDIX A
SITE DESCRIPTION AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE FORMS
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Date
By
Site Description:
Site No.:
1. Land use of general surroundings:
2. Sampler location:
3. Localized pollution influences:
4. Physical interferences:
5. Terrain features:
6. Estimate of background concentration:
7. Significance or representativeness of site:
8. Photographs taken:
A-l
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QUALITY ASSURANCE - PN 3155-DD
1. Do filters meet recommended specifications?
a. 99% collection of particles 0.3 u m?
b. pH between 6.5 and 7.5?
2. Are the filters inspected visually?
3. How are the filters marked?
4. Are filters equilibrated before weighing?
5. How often is the analytical balance calibrated?
a. by what method?
b. is the calibration date recorded?
c. is the balance accurate to - .5 mg?
6. Is the filter serial number recorded along with its weight?
7. How is the filter packaged for shipping?
8. Are the filters installed correctly?
9. Are before and after sample flow rate measurements taken?
a. how often is the hi-vol calibrated?
A-2
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b. by what method?
c. is the normal hi-vol flow rate between 40-60 cfm?
d. how often is the elapsed time meter checked?
e. what met parameters are recorded for each sample?
f. what information is recorded in each hi-vol log book?
10. How is the filter packaged for transport?
11. What remarks are included on sample folder?
12. What verification procedure is used for the samples?
13. How are the values reported? To whom?
Comments:
14. Are the current procedures associated with sample collection,
transfer, validation, and reporting adequate? If not, why not?
Agency:
Contact:
Date:
Signature:
A-3
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REFERENCES
1. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supple-
ment 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication Number AP-
42. March 1975.
2. Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust
Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication Number EPA
450/3-74-037. June 1974.
3. Analysis of Probable Particulate Non-Attainment in the
Kansas City AQCR. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists,
Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. Prepared for U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. February 1976.
R-l
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-908/1-76-007
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Characterization of Participate Sources Influencing
Monitoring Sites in Region VIII Non-Attainment Areas
5. REPORT DATE
.limp 1Q76
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1 375
Task Order No. 30
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region VIII
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, Colorado 80203
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Region VIII non-attainment particulate monitoring sites were examined to determine
the nature of the sources most directly impacting them. A technique known as
micro-inventorying was utilized. Trends in air quality at the sites were
analyzed and the quality assurance procedures of the states reviewed. The
report contains individual sections on 43 different sites. Photographies of
most sites are included.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Fuel Combustion
Emissions
Mobile Sources
Stationary Sources
Air Quality Data
Microscopy
A1r Quality Attain-
ment/Maintenance
Analysis
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
247
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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