PB86-154176
DESIGN  SCALE-UP SUITABILITY FOR
AIR-STRIPPING COLUMNS
 (U.S.)  Environmental  Protection Agency
Cincinnati,  OH
Jan 86
             U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
          National Technical Information Service

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                                                       PB86-15U176
                                           EPA/600/2-86/009
                                           January 1986
DESIGN SCALE-UP SUITABILITY FOR AIR-STRIPPING COLUMNS
                         uy
                   Harold Wallman
          Nathan L. Jacobson & Associates
             Chester, Connecticut 06412
                        and
                 Michael D. Cummins
            USEPA Office of Drinking Water
             Technical Support Division
           Water Supply Technology Branch
               Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
      Cooperative Agreement No. CR-810247-01
                  Project Officer

                 J. Keith Carswell
          Drinking Water Research Division
       Water Engineering Research Laboratory
               Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
     This study was conducted in cooperation with
            The Village of Brewster, New York

       WATER ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
         OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
       U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
              CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268

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                                  TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           If lent real Inunctions on the re\erse before eomnlenngi
  EPA/600/2-86/009
                            2.
                                                           RECIPIENT'S ACCESSiC
                                                                          'vNO.
                                                                          '„  ,A-
 TITLE AND SUBTITLE

 DESIGN SCALE-UP SUITABILITY  FOR AIR-STRIPPING COLUMNS
             5 REPORT OATS
               January  1986
                                                         6 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1 AUTHORISI

Wallman, H. and Cummins, M.D.
                                                         8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
 Wallman: N.L. Jacobson & Assoc.,  P.O.  Box 337
          Chester, CT 06412

 Cummins: USEPA/ODW/TSD/WSTB,  26 W.  St.  Clair Street
          Cincinnati. OH 45268        	
                                                         10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
             11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

                CR 810247-01
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 Water Engineering Research  Laboratory-Cincinnati, OH
 Office of Research and  Development
 U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
             13. TVPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
             Final Pro . : 09/82 -  11
             14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
               EPA/600/14
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 J. Keith Carswell - Project  Officer  (513) 569-7389
  Air-stripping in a packed  column is sometimes used to  remove  volatile organic
  compounds from contaminated water supplies.  Since the  design engineer frequent-
  ly uses data from a  pilot  air-stripping column to design  a  full-scale system,
  the suitability of such design scale-up was investigated.   A  total  of 48 exper-
  imental runs was made  in packed columns of four different diameters (6,12,24 &
  57 in.) at air-to-water ratios ranging from 5:1 to 50:1.  Water from the Village
  of Brewster, NY, well  fields (contaminated with PCE, TCE  and  cis-1,2 dichloro-
  ethylene) was used.  Various packing types (1/2,  1 & 3  in.  saddles, 2 in. TRI-
  PACKS) were used in  the experimental runs.  Generally,  it was found that the
  mass transfer coefficient  increased with column diameter, i.e., mass transfer
  coefficients obtained  from a pilot column tend to be conservative.   Thus, a full-
  scale column designed  from pilot data would tend to be  overdesigned.  The exper-
  imental mass transfer  coefficients were compared with values  calculated from the
  Onda mass transfer coefficient model.  Based on these  results, it appears that
  the Onda model would tend  to give a conservative design for a full-scale system.
  Using a cost model developed by USEPA/ODW/TSD, the 2 in.  TRI-PACKS (of the pack-
  ings tested) gave the  most cost-effective design  for a  full-scale system.  No
  operational problems were  encountered during freezing weather other than rupture
  of some sample lines.	
17.
                               KEY WORDS AN3 DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                 DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/Croup
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT


  RELEASE TO PUBLIC
                                             19. SECURITY CLASS /ThisReport/
                                                UNCLASSIFIED	
                          21. NO OF PAGES
                              115
                                             2O SECURITY CLASS (Tha page!

                                                UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                       22. PRICE
EPA Perm 2220-1 (9-73)


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                                  DISCLAIMER
     The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative
Agreement Number CR-810247-01 to The Village of Brewster,  New York.  It
has been subject to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and it
has been approved for publication as an EPA document.  Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recom-
mendation for use.
                                       ii

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                                 FOREWORD
      The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress
with protecting the Nation s land, air, and water systems. Under a
mandate of national environmental laws, the agency strives to formulate
and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human
activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture
life.  The Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Toxic
Substances Control Act are three of the major congressional laws that
provide the framework for restoring and maintaining the integrity of our
Nation s water, for preserving and enhancing the water we drink, and for
protecting the environment from toxic substances.  These laws direct the
EPA to perform research to define our environmental problems, measure the
impacts, and search for solutions.

      The Water Engineering Research Laboratory is that component of
EPA s Research and Development program concerned with preventing,
treating, and managing municipal and industrial wastewater discharges;
establishing practices to control and remove contaminants from drinking
water and to prevent its deterioration during storage and distribution;
and assessing the nature and controllability of releases of toxic
substances to the air, water, and land from manufacturing processes and
subsequent product uses.  This publication is one of the products of that
research and provides a vital communication link between the researcher
and the user community.

      Contamination of groundwater supplies with volatile halogenated
organic solvents has occurred at a number of places in the United States.
A cost-effective method for removing such contaminants consists of
air-stripping in a counter-current packed column, and engineering design
guidelines are needed to design these large-scale packed columns.  The
principal objective of this project is to investigate and confirm the
scale-up capability of an air-stripping packed column from pilot to
full-scale module.
                                              Francis T. Mayo, Director
                                             Water Engineering Research
                                                   Laboratory
                                  iii

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                                   ABSTRACT
      An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of design
scale-up from pilot-scale to full-scale air-stripping columns used in the
removal of volatile organic compounds from contaminated water supplies.

      Forty eight experimental runs were made in packed columns of four
different diameters (6, 12, 24, and 57 inches) at air-to-water ratios ranging
from 5:1 to 50:1.  The study used water from the Village of Brewster, New
York, well fields (contaminated with tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
and cis-1,2 dichloroethylene).  Various packing types (1/2-inch saddles,
1-inch saddles, 3-inch saddles, and 2-inch TRI-PACK.S) were used in the
experimental runs.

      Generally, the mass transfer coefficients increased with column
diameter—that is, mass transfer coefficients obtained from a pilot column
tend to be conservative.  Thus, a full-scale column designed from pilot data
would tend to be overdesigned.  This was true even when the pilot column had
a column diameter to packing size ratio of 12:1 or 24:1.

      The experimental mass transfer coefficients were compared with values
calculated from the Onda mass transfer coefficient model.  Generally, the two
values were in reasonably good agreement.  Based on these results, it appears
that the Onda model tends to give a conservative design for a full-scale
system.  Using a cost model developed by the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, the 2-inch plastic TRI-PACKS (of the packing types tested) resulted
in the most cost-effective design for a full-scale system.  No operational
problems were encountered during subfreezing weather other than rupture of
some sample lines.

      This report was submitted in fulfillment of Cooperative Agreement
No. CR-810247-01 by Nathan L. Jacobson & Associates, under the sponsorship of
the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Village of Brewster,
New York.  This report covers a period from September 1, 1982 to
November 30, 1985, and the experimental work was completed as of May 1985.
                                    iv

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                                 CONTENTS
Disclaimer	    ii
Foreword	   iii
Abstract	    iv
Metric Conversions 	    vi
Acknowledgment 	   vii

     1.     Introduction  	      1
     2.     Conclusions and  Recommendations	      3
     3.     Description of Equipment  	      4
     4.     Plan of  Work  and Test  Procedure	    14
     5.     Operating  Conditions and  Experimental Results	    18
     6.     Data Analysis and Discussion	    31

References	    38

Appendices

     A.     Data Analysis Report by EPA-TSD	    39
     B.     Concentration Profiles for  Tetrachloroethylene  	.  .    68
     C.     Concentration Profiles for  Trichloroethylene 	    80
     D.     Concentration Profiles for  Cis-1,2 Dichloroethylene	    92
     E.     Blower  Power  Measurements	    104
     F.     Environmental Conditions  	    106

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                              METRIC CONVERSIONS
    MULTIPLY
     BY
         TO OBTAIN
     inches
     feet
gal/min (gpra)

gal/min per ft?

cu ft per rain (cfm)

cfm per ft2
0.0254
0.3048
3.785 x  10~3

4.07 x 10~2

2.83 x 10~2

0.305
          meters
          meters
cu meters per rain

cu meters per min per sq meter

cu meters  per min

cu meters per min per sq meter
                                    vi

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                              ACKNOWLEDGMENT
     We wish  Co  acknowledge  the  considerable assistance and/or constructive
suggestions provided by the following personnel:

     Nathan L. Jacobson,  Thomas  J.  Kalinowsky,  and Bernard F.  Baker of
Nathan L. Jacobson & Associates;

     Michael  D.  Cummins,  J.  Keith Carswell,  and Dr. 0.  Thomas  Love of  the
United States Environmental Protection Agency; and

     Mayor E. Stannard  Tuttle, Jr.,  Lou  Gaspirini, and  Carl Peaters of the
Village of Brewster, New York.
                                   vii

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                                SECTION 1

                               INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND

      The Village of Brewster in New York State has a serious groundwater
contamination problem—namely, their well fields are badly contaminated
with industrial chlorinated solvents (tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, cis-1,2 dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride).   A
continuing program has been under way to evaluate various approaches of
providing a potable water supply, such as decontamination of water from
the existing well fields by air-stripping or location of a new water
supply source.  Air-stripping  was selected as the most cost-effective
approach.

      In 1982, a packed column pilot plant (12-inch diameter with 18 feet
of 1-inch packing) was erected at the Village well fields, and an
air-stripping test program was conducted.  This pilot column was designed
for 99% removal of tetrachloroethylene at the average annual temperature
at Brewster, using a design procedure described in the technical
literature (1 and 2) and augmented by the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Technical Support- Division (EPA-TSD).  Test results were very
encouraging:  The removal of tetrachloroethylene exceeded 99% (with 1-inch
ceramic saddles at an air:water ratio of 20:1).

      EPA-TSD, which had developed a computer program based on theory
similar to that noted above, undertook a cooperative study with this pilot
plant, and the data were analyzed using their program.  More recently,
EPA-TSD tested a larger packed column pilot plant (2-foot diameter with
2-inch plastic saddles) at the Village well fields.

      Based on the various studies conducted by the Village's consulting
engineer, a decision was made to design and construct a full-scale
air-stripping column for the Village's water supply.  Since three
different sizes of air-stripping columns would now be available (two pilot
and one full-scale column), a proposal for a cooperative research
agreement was made to EPA's Drinking Water Research Division (EPA-DWRD) to
conduct tests in these columns with various packing materials.  At the
request of EPA-DWRD, a fourth column diameter (6-inch) was added.

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OBJECTIVES OF THIS PROJECT

      The principal objective of this cooperative research agreement is
to investigate and confirm scale-up capability of an air-stripping packed
column from a pilot-scale to a full-scale module (design capacity of 0.5
MGD).  Secondary objectives are as follows:

1.    Develop engineering design guidelines by evaluating mass
      transfer coefficients and Henry's coefficients in full-scale and
      pilot-scale packed columns,

2.    Evaluate the effect of cold weather operation on the full-scale
      module (i.e., the effect of sub-freezing air temperatures on
      operability and the effect of low water temperatures on Henry 's
      coefficient),

3.    Evaluate the limiting column diameter:packing size ratios for
      pilot columns (i.e., are ratios of less than 12:1 feasible?),

4.    Evaluate by means of a computer program the economics of different
      packing sizes and operating conditions, i.e., the optimum range
      for air:water ratio and air pressure drop to give minimum life
      cycle cost), and

5.    Document the installed equipment cost of the air-stripping
      technique in a full-scale module.

      Some additional secondary objectives were initially proposed but
were deleted from, the project because of a budget shortfall.  (The
shortfall occurred when construction bids were received and found to be
significantly higher than the engineering estimate.)  The deleted
objectives were to:

1.    Evaluate the potential effect(s) of air-borne contaminants,
      bacteria, and inorganics on the quality of the water as a
      drinking water supply,

2.    Evaluate alternative methods of preventing and/or removing iron
      deposits from the column packing, and

3.    Operate the full-scale column in a routine fashion for 10 months
      and document the operating and maintenance costs.

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                                 SECTION 2
                     CONCLUSIONS  AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    Based on the  results  reported  here,  the following conclusions  and
recommendations were reached:

1. Generally,  the mass  transfer  coefficients increased as  the  column
diameter increased (i.e., the mass transfer  coefficients increased as the
column diameter to packing size ratio increased).  There did not appear to
be any cut-off  point—that is, the trend continued beyond the column
diameter to   packing size ratios of 12:1.  This trend  is attributed to a
so-called wall  effect that would be more pronounced in a smaller-diameter
column.

2.  Because  of  the trend noted above,  it appears that using pilot plant
data to design  a full-scale column will result in a conservative design.

3.  Based on the  cost model  described  here,  the  2-inch TRI-PACKS of the
packings tested gave the most cost effective design for a full-scale system
(i.e., it gave  the lowest production cost per million gallons of water).

4. Reasonably  good  agreement  was obtained  between the experimentally
derived mass transfer coefficients and those calculated from the Onda model.
Based  on these  results,  it appears that the  Onda correlation tends to give a
conservative design for  a full-scale system.

5.  The  57-inch diameter  column  was run continuously  through periods of
subfreezing  weather, and the low air temperatures did not interfere with the
operation of the packed  column.  The only problem encountered with low
temperatures was with the copper tubing sample lines; some of these lines
split  open during the night-time (even though the sample valves were left
partly open).  For any future designs, it is recommended that any such
sample lines be insulated to prevent freezing in the line.

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                               SECTION 3

                          DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

      An overall system schematic diagram is shown in Figure I.  Water
can be supplied from two old well fields (Well Fields 1 and 2), two old
gravel pack wells (SG 1 and 2), two new gravel pack wells (SG 3 and 4),
and/or a rock well (Deep Well 2).  All of these Village wells are
contaminated with the synthetic chlorinated organics to some degree, with
Well Field 1 having the highest contamination levels.

      There are three pilot-size columns and one full-scale air-stripping
column.  Three of the columns (6-inch, 12-inch, and 57-inch diameters) are
hard-piped installations;  the EPA-TSD column (24-inch diameter) was
set-up on a temporary basis for its scheduled tests.  Details on column
construction are provided below.  A sketch showing the construction
(typical) of an air-stripping packed column is presented in Figure 2.
SIX-INCH DIAMETER PILOT COLUMN

      A photo showing the installed 6-inch column (along side of the
57-inch column) is shown in Figure 3.  The column is constructed of
aluminum, with five flanged sections.  The three middle sections, each
6 feet long, contain the packing (18-foot packing height).  The liquid
distributor (mounted at the top of the column) is a perforated basket
type.  There are two wall collectors located at 6-foot intervals within
the packing.  These collectors are shaped like partial funnels (4-1/4-inch
inside diameter) and are designed to remove excess water from the walls of
the column and redistribute the liquid onto the packing.  The packing
support plate has a corrugated shape with openings in the corrugations
that exceed 100% of the column cross-sectional area.

      There are seven sample taps spaced at equal intervals within the
packing; each sample tap extends into the packing and is constructed of
copper tubing with the top half removed.  Two additional sample taps are
provided for the water into and out of the column.

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WATER  INLET
                                        AIR OUTLETS
                                       LIQUID DISTRIBUTOR
                                       RANDOM  PACKING
                                       COLUMN SHELL
                                       LIQUID WALL WIPER
                                           SAMPLE COLLECTOR
                                           AT 2 FT INTERVALS
                                       PACKING SUPPORT PLATE
                                            AIR INLET
                                            (BLOWER)
                                           FIGURE  2

                      TYPICAL   PACKED COLUMN  CROSS-SECTION
                               VILLAGE  OF  BREWSTER  ,  N.Y.

                                     Nathan L. Jaeobtcn 9 AIIOC.

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      An air blower forces ambient air into Che bottom of the column
(below the packing support plate).  The air flow is measured with a
rotameter, and the water flow is measured with a water meter and stop
watch.
TWELVE-INCH DIAMETER COLUMN

      A photo showing the installed 12-inch column is shown in Figure A.
The column is constructed of fiberglass, with five flanged sections.  The
three middle sections, each 6 feet long, contain the packing (18-foot
packing height).  Design of the liquid distributor, two wall collectors
(9-1/2-inch inside diameter), and packing support plate are similar to the
6-inch column.

      There are seven sample taps spaced at equal intervals within the
packing; the sample tap design (half tube) is similar to the 6-inch
column. Again, there are two additional sample taps for the water into and
out of the column.

      A blower forces ambient air into the bottom of the column, and the
air flow is measured with an Annubar* sensing element and a combination
included-vertical manometer.  The water flow is measured with a water
meter and stop watch.
TWENTY-FOUR INCH DIAMETER COLUMN

      A photo showing the temporary installation of the 24-inch column is
presented in Figure 5.  The column is constructed of aluminum with seven
sections flanged together, plus a bottom section separated by an air gap.
There are six sections, each 3 feet long, that contain the packing
(18-foot packing height).  The liquid distributor at the top of the column
consists of a pipe manifold with four overflow ports located in a square
pattern. There are five wall collectors located at 3-foot intervals within
the packing; these collectors are similar to the funnel-shaped collectors
described previously except that the discharge (inside) edge is fluted and
the liquid runs off of spike-like arms into the packing.  Packing support
plates (flat grates with rectangular openings) are located at the bottom
of each of the column sections.

      There are nine sample taps spaced at equal intervals within the
packing.  These sample taps are half tubes that extend 18 inches into the
packing, with the central 12 inches being open and the 6 inches closest to
the wall being closed.  There is also an inlet water sample tap; the
outlet water can be sampled at the open discharge of the column.
      Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
      constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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    Figure 3.  Six-Inch Diameter
Column (alongside  of 57-inch column)
Figure 4.  Twelve-Inch Diameter Column

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Figure 5.  Twenty-Four Inch
       Diameter Column
Figure 6.  Bottom of 24-Inch Diameter
            Column

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      The 24-inch column uses a suction blower (from the top of the
column) for air flow, hence there is an open section at the bottom of the
column to allow ambient air to enter (see Figure 6).  The airflow is
measured with an orifice plate and an inclined-vertical manometer.  The
water flow is measured with an orifice plate and a mercury manometer.  A
complete description of the 24-inch column is presented in Appendix A.

FULL-SCALE COLUMN

      A photograph of the 57-inch diameter column, as installed, is shown
in Figure 7.  This full-scale column has a nominal capacity of 0.5 MGD and
was designed for 99% removal of tetrachlorethylene at an air to water
ratio of 33:1 (with 1-inch plastic saddles at a height of 17 feet 9
inches).

      The column is constructed of aluminum with the main section
fabricated in one piece (there is one flange only for the top section).
The liquid distributor consists of two rectangular-shaped parting boxes
that drain into three retangular-shaped weir boxes (mounted at right
angles to the parting boxes).  Overflow from the six edges of the three
weir boxes provides liquid distribution across the top of the packing.
(Actual packing depth in this column is 17 feet-9 inches).  There are
three wall collectors equally spaced within the packing bed; these
collectors are shaped as an inverted "L" and have an inside diameter of
51-inches.  The packing support plate has corrugations similar in design
to the 12-inch column.

      There are seven sample .taps, spaced at equal intervals, within the
packing.   Each sample is collected in a 1-inch aluminum angle (open "V"
facing up) that runs across the full diameter of the column to within
1/2-inch of the opposite wall.  The aluminum angle slopes slightly towards
the sample withdrawal end.  Again, there are two additional sample taps
for the water into and out of the column.

      There are two air blowers, connected in parallel, for forcing
ambient air into the bottom of the column; one blower is used for normal
operation and the other is on standby (see Figure 8).  The air flow is
measured with an Annubar sensing element and an inclined-vertical
manometer.  The water flow to the top of the column is measured with an
Annubar sensing element and a direct-reading dial indicator.
PACKING CHARACTERISTICS

      The characteristics of the various packing materials tested are
presented in Table I.  Included in that table are the names of the vendors
and some of the physical properties of each packing, such as surface area
and void volume.
                                     10

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Figure 7.  Fifty-Seven Inch Diameter
Column (with 6-inch column alongside)
Figure 8.  Dual Blowers for 57-Inch Diameter Column

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	TABLE 1.  PACKING TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS USED IN TEST PROGRAM

Nominal  Description
  Size    (Material    Vendor1s  Surface Area  Free Space Packing Factor
(inches)    & Type)      Name    (sq  ft/cu  ft)     (%)          (I/ft)
1/2

1

3

2

Ceramic
Saddles ^
Plastic
Saddles 
Plastic
Saddles
Plastic
TRI-PACKS
Koch

Koch

Koch

Jaeger

190

63

27

42

70

91

94

96

200

30

15

15

(a)     Critical  surface  tension  for  ceramic is 61  dynes/cm.

(b)     Critical  surface  tension  for  plastic (polypropylene)  is  33  dynes/cm.


COST OF FULL-SCALE AIR STRIPPING FACILITY

        The actual construction cost  of  the  full-scale  column (57-inch
diameter) is  tabulated in Table 2.  These costs include the building
(housing the  air blowers, pumps,  and electrical controls), ancillary
equipment, sitework, and contractor's overhead and profit.  This
air-stripping facility has a design capacity of 347 gpm (0.5 MOD) and a
maximum capacity of  600 gpm (0.86 MGD).


AIR DISCHARGE PERMIT

        The New York State Department of  Environmental  Conservation
required that a "Process, Exhaust or Ventilation System" permit  application
be submitted.  Based on the  anticipated air emissions (99% of the volatile
organic compounds in the incoming water), no difficulty was experienced in
obtaining the permit.
                                    12

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    TABLE 2.  CONSTRUCTION COST OF FULL-SCALE AIR-STRIPPING FACILITY

Construction Cost (including Installation)

A.     Process Equipment

       1.    Column shell             )
       2.    Column internals         )  $40,775.
       3.    1"  plastic saddle packing)   '
       4.    Air blowers  (two)         v    4,620.
       5.    High service pumps  (two)  '    18,980.

             Total Process Equipment (sum of above)         $64,375.
B.     Air Well  (also Building Foundation)                  46,818.
C.     Piping, Valves & Appurtenances                       25,000.
D.     Air Ductwork and Appurtenances                        7,260.
E.     Chemical  Feed Equipment                               7,000-
F.     Instrumentation                                       1,320.
G.     Electrical                                           49,103.
H.     Building  Superstructure & Sitework^3^                72,971.
             SUBTOTAL                                      $273,847.
I.     Additional support equipment, piping, valves
       and appurtenances  for research operations             9,792.

       Contractor's Overhead and Profit (included in above)
       TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST                             $283,639-
(a)    Includes sitework, catch basin, masonry, carpentry, metal work,
       painting, exterior piping and valves, and bonding.
                                     13

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                                SECTION 4
                       PLAN OF WORK AND TEST PROCEDURE
OUTLINE OF TEST RUNS
       The packing materials  tested  were  1/2-inch  ceramic  saddles,  1-inch
and 3-inch plastic saddles, and 2-inch plastic TRI-PACKS.  The planned
experimental  conditions were selected to allow evaluation of: (a) different
column diameters with the same packing material (at the same air and water
velocities),  and (b)  different column diameter to packing size ratios
(i.e., minimum column diameter:packing size ratio).

       An outline of  the  planned  test conditions is presented in Table  3.
Because of budgetary  considerations, the experimental  plan had to be
limited to fit the available funding level.
TABLE 3. OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

Packing Types :
Saddles(a)
TRI-PACKS

6-inch
1/2" & 1"
2"
COLUMN DIAMETER
12-inch 24-inch
1" & 3" 1"
2" o"

57-inch
1" & 3"
Packing Heighten;
18'
18'
18'
17'- 9"
Air-To-Water
Ratios(c)




5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
__(d)
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
(a)   Plastic packing materials were used in all cases, except for the
      1/2-inch saddles which are not available in plastic at this size;
      1/2-inch ceramic saddles were used in this case.

(b)   The full-scale column was designed for a packing height of
      17 feet 9 inches.

(c)   Volume:volume basis.

(d)   There  was  not sufficient well-pumping capacity  to  plan for  the  5:1
      ratio  in the  full-scale column.

                                    14

-------
PRACTICAL FLOW LIMITATIONS

     In  the  case  of  some  of  the test runs,  the 5:1 and 10:1 air-to-water
ratios could not be run because of water flow limitations  (due to either
insufficient pumping capacity  from  the Village's well fields or excessive
pressure drop in a column or water  feed line).  These flow limitations  are
discussed in Section 5.

FLOW CONDITIONS SELECTED

     The  air and  water  flow  conditions (velocities) used for the  various
packing materials are shown in Table  4.  These flow conditions were
selected by EPA-TSD to give a  calculated air pressure drop gradient of
1/16-inch water column per foot of column packing.  (Note  that the
conversion factors for converting the English units to metric units are
given on page vi).

TABLE 4.  FLOW CONDITIONS FOR  PLASTIC AND CERAMIC  SADDLES  AND TRI-PACKS
                  FLOW  CONDITIONS  FOR 1-INCH PLASTIC SADDLES
Air:Water Ratio
(volume basis)
      5:
     10:
     20:
     35:
     50:
Liquid Loading
   (gpm/ft2)

     45
     38
     24
     16
     13
Air Loading
(scfm/ft2)

    30
    50
    65
    78
    87
      FLOW CONDITIONS FOR 3 INCH PLASTIC SADDLES AND 2 INCH TRI-PACK
Air:Water Ratio
      5:1
     10:1
     20:1
     35:1
     50:1
Liquid Loading
  (gpm/ft2)

     75
     58
     37
     25
     20
Air Loading
(scfm/ft2)

     50
     77
    100
    120
    130
              FLOW CONDITIONS FOR 1/2 INCH CERAMIC SADDLES
Air:Water Ratio
      5:1
     10:1
     20:1
     35:1
     50:1
Liquid Loading
   (gpm/ft2)

      20.0
      14.9
       9.64
       6.59
       5.10
Air Loading
(scfm/ft2)

     13.4
     20.0
     25.8
     30.8
     34.1
                                      15

-------
TEST PROCEDURE

    The  following  test  (operating)  procedure  was  used  for  the
experimental runs:

1.  Set  the  air  flow rate  and  the water  flow  rate for  the  conditions
    desired  for  each run.  (It  was usually  necessary  to adjust  the
    water  flow several  times  to  get the  desired rate.)

2.  Allow  column conditions  to stabilize for  approximately 20  minutes.
    During this  time, drain  and  flush  the  column  sample tube risers  at
    least  two  times.

3.  Initiate the run by logging  the test conditions.

4.  Collect  water  samples  in duplicate (seven to  nine  sample  locations
    in column  plus inlet and  outlet) in  accordance with EPA standard
    procedure.

5.  Reread the test conditions to confirm that flows have  not  changed
    significantly.

    Record temperature  conditions,  blower  power measurements,  water  pH
(in and out), and environmental conditions.

    For  the  24-inch column,  the  sample tubes  are  relatively short
(approximately 1 foot long), therefore flushing was done only once.
Also,  for  this column, blower power measurements (gasoline-engine driven)
were not made.

    As much  as was possible,  the  same  feed water  was used  for  all  the
runs.  However, it was not possible to maintain a constant contamination
level  in the feed water for two reasons:

1.  The  contamination levels  in  the various wells increased with time
    over the course of  the  test  period.  This was especially true  for
    Well Field 1 and SG 3  &  4.

2.  The  range  of water  flows  required  with the various sized columns
    was  very broad (i.e.,  from 1.0  gpm to  660 gpm).  This  required
    blending water from the  various well sources  (up to as  many as
    four sources)  to meet  the  higher flow  requirements,  and each of
    these  sources  had a different contamination level.

    During an  initial project  peer  review  that is  routinely conducted
for EPA,  a question with regard to possible cross-contamination of  the
influent air between operating columns was raised.  To eliminate this
possibility,  one column was operated at a time (with the air to the other
columns shut-off).   This eliminated the need for collection and analysis
of air samples to evaluate  this possible  cross-contamination issue.

                                     16

-------
SAMPLE ANALYSES

    All water  samples were  collected  in  duplicate  with  the  use  of
EPA-approved type sample vials and in accordance with EPA procedures.
Samples collected from the 12, 24, and 57-inch columns were packed in ice
and shipped via overnight freight to Holzraacher, McLendon & Murrell (H2M
Corp.).  Samples collected from the 6-inch column were mailed to the
EPA-DWRD,  Cincinnati, Ohio (per the EPA Cooperative Agreement).  Samples
were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in accordance with
EPA Method 601.

QUALITY ASSURANCE
    A  Quality  Assurance  Project  Plan,  required  by  the Special  Conditions
of  this Cooperative  Agreement, was  prepared  and  approved  by the appropriate
EPA officials  before data collection  was begun.
                                      17

-------
                                SECTION  5

                OPERATING CONDITIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
OPERATING CONDITIONS

      Forty eight experimental runs were made in the four packed columns
with various packings and at various air:water ratios.  Tabulations of
the experimental conditions are presented in Tables 5 through 8 for the
6-inch, 12-inch, 24-inch, and 57-inch diameter columns, respectively.
The run numbers represent the chronological order in which the
experimental runs were made.  These tables show the water (well) source,
the packing type, the water and air flows, the air:water ratio, the
column pressure drop ( AP), the water and air temperatures, and the pH of
the water.

For purposes of data evaluation, the runs were assigned an analysis
number as shown in Table 9.  All runs with the same column and same
packing material were collectively referred to as a data group.  The run
numbers in the last column correspond to the run numbers in Tables 5
through 8.  Also shown are the airrwater ratio and the air and water
flows (loading).

WATER SAMPLE RESULTS

      As noted previously, water samples were collected (for each run)
at the inlet to the column, at approximately 2 foot intervals within the
packing (sample taps A, B, C, etc.), and at the outlet from the column.
Approximately 430 water samples were collected and analyzed for these
experimental runs.

      The results of these water analyses (for tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, and cis-1,2 dichloroethylene) are presented in
Appendix A, Tables 2, 3, and 4.  These same data are plotted as
concentration profiles in Appendices B, C, and D for tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, and cis-1,2 dichloroethylene, respectively.  In the
case of vinyl chloride, the concentration levels in the mixed water from
the various well sources were too low (usually less than 1 microgram per
liter) to provide any meaningful data.  However, prior test work with the
12-inch diameter column (using WF-1 only) had shown that vinyl chloride
could be readily stripped.
                                  18

-------
vO

Run
So.
6
7


10
(a
13(b
18
20

22
24
26
44
45
46
47
48

(a)
Date
11/8/84
11/8/84

1 1 /B/A&
11/B/B*!
11/8/84
12/4/84
12/4/84
2/20/85
2/20/85

2/20/85
2/20/85
2/20/85
5/13/85
5/13/85
5/13/85
5/14/85
5/14/85

Repeat
Water Source
WF-l.SC-3/4. DW
UF-1.SC-3/4.DW
ur i ci™ I/A nu
wr- 1 1 air- J/ Q , Urn
VF-1.SG-3/4.DU
WF-1 SC— 3/4
wr-i.sc-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4

WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
UF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
WT-l.SG-3/4
UF-l.SC-3/4

f Run No. 6.
TABLES - TABULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RUNS - 6- IKCH DIAMETER COLtMH

Packing Type
1/2" Saddles
1/2" Saddles
.
1/2 Saddles
1/2" Saddles
1/2" Saddles
1/2" Saddles
2" Trl-Packs
2" Trl-Paeks

2" Trl-Packs
2" Tri-Packs
2" Trl-Packs
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles

(b) R

Wacer Flow
Epm 1 gom/ft*
3.91
2.85
1OA
.»**
11^
. JJ
1.02
3.9
0.98
4.0
5.0

7.2
Uv
. j
14.7
4.6
3.18
2.55
B.85
7.45

peat o£ 1
19.9
14.5
9 on
. yu
67Q
• /7
5.20
20
5.0
20
26

37
17 7
jl . I
75.0
23
16.2
13.0
45.2
38.0

un No. 10.
Air Flow
cfn
2.6
3.9
Sntt
.uo
6fti
• u/
6.7
Zf.
m D
6.7
25
23.5

19.6
1 S ft
1 3t U
10
12.7
15.5
17.1
5.85
9.8


cfo/ft*
13
20

25.9
31.0
34

34
128
120

100
7A ^
ID . J
51
64.8
79.1
87.2
29.8
50


Alr-Uacer
Vol. Ratio
5:1
10:1

20:1
34 : 1
49:1
5, •
! 1
51:1
47:1
35:1

20:1
9Q . 1
• y 1 1
5.1:1
21:1
36:1
50:1
4.9:1
10:1


Column £P
Inches HjO
0.3
0.3
OB
.O

Temi
Water In
10.5
10.6
in &
1U.O
in f-
0.4 iu.o
0.1 ; 10.6
09 in fi
. * | 1U • D
0.9 ! 10.5
1.1 . 10.0
1.0 10.2
t
1.0 .
17
. /
4.0
0.5
0.6
0.65
0.3
0.5


9.8
U5
• *
10.1
11.0
11.1
11.0
10.2
10.2


>eracures. "
Water Out
11.2
11.4
Uf
• O
11. 5
11.0 i
Air In
14.0
11.0


8.3
t
LU. I ,
9.0
9.S
9.8

9.6
97
. /
9.5
13.2
13.7
14.2
11.5
11.5


5.2
1.5
5.2

8.5
4.2
27.0
28.5
28. 4
21.5
20.0



Wat.
7.1
6.7


7.3

-
7.4
7.0

6.9
7.1
7.4

7.3
6.S
6.6


r oil
Tut.
7.5
7.5 !
1

8.0

-
7.8
7.5

7.6
7.4
7.8

7.9
7.1
7.5
|


-------
                                                  TABLE 6  -  TABULATION OF EXPERIMESTAL RUNS - 12-INCH DIAMETER COLUMN
Run
No.
2
4
5
/.
15"
f h
16(b
17
19
21
23
25
39
40
41
42
43

Date
10/24/84
10/24/84
10/29/84
1/3/85
1/9/85
2/20/85
2/20/85
2/20/85
2/20/85
2/20/85
5/13/85
5/13/85
Water Source
WF-1.SG-2/3/4.DU
WF-1.SC-2/3/4.DU
WF-l.SC- 2/3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
UF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SG-3/4
WF-l.SG-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SG-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4
5/13/85 JWF-1.SC-3/4
i
5/13/85
5/13/85

,






1



(a)



WF-l.SC-3/4
WF-l.SC-3/4

Packing Type
3" Saddles
3" Saddles
3" Saddles
3" Saddles
3" Saddles
2" Trl-Packs
2" Trl-Packs
2" Trl-Packs
2" Trl-Packs
2" Trl-Packs
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles

i
1





1
Repeat of Run No. 2.
!
.
1






(b)



Water Flow
gpn
15.7
20
30.0
15.7
19.0
15.0
20.3
30
44.8
59.0
35.5
29.5
18.5
12.6
10.2

gpm/ft'
20.0
26
38.2
20.0
24.2
19.1
25.9
38
57.1
75.2
45.2
37.6
23.6
16.0
13.0



:





Repeat of





Run No. 4
i

_
Air Flow
dm
102
94
78.5
100
93
102
93.8
78.5
60.5
39.3
24
39.3
51
61
68.3










cfn/ft£
130
120
100
127
118
130
119
100
77.1
50.1
30.6
50.0
65
78
87.0





Air -Water
Vol.'Ratlo
49:1
35-1
20:1
48-1
37:1
51:1
35:1
20:1
10:1
5.0:1
5.1:1
10:1
21:1
36:1
50:1





j




1
i
i
Column 4P
Inches HjO
0.8
1.1
1.8
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.8
7.7
0.4
0.7
0.85
1.0
1.1





Water In
11.1
11.5
11.4
10.0
9.0
10.0
9.8
10.1
10.2
10.1
10. 4~
10.8
11.2
11.5
12.2




Water Out
11 7
11.3
11. B
9.0
8.4
9.8
9.0
9.6
10.0
9.8
11.1
11.2
11.6
12.4
13.0



•





i
i







Amb.
Mr In
13.4
14.4
19.8
4.5
-8.0
1.0
2.5
8.3
8.5
5.0
24.0
24.8
24.8
26.0
27.8










*3t j 1* PHJ
In 1 Out !
6.7
6.7
6.7
.
_
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.4
7.3
7.6
7.0
7.2
7.6
7.4




7.6
7.6
7.4
.
_
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.6
8.4
7.8
8.1
8.4
8.5





I

j
,

i ' '•


1 .
i •
to
o

-------
TABIG 1  -  TABULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RUS'5 -  24-INCH  DIAMETER COLUMN
Run
Nq.
27
28
29
30
31
32
31
34
35

Dace
3/5/85
3/5/85
3/5/85
3/S/85
3/6/85
3/6/85
3/6/85
3/6/85
3/6/85

j


Water Source
VF-l,SG-3/«.DU
WT-1.SC-3/4.DW
UF-1.SC-3/4.DU
WF-1.SG-3/4.DW
UF-1.SC-3/4.DW
UF-1.SG-3/4.IM
WF-1.SC-3/4.DU
UF-l,SC-3/4,DU
UF-1.SC-3/4.DW




Packing Type
2" Trl-Packa
2" Tri-Packs
2" Trl-Packs
2" Trl-Packa
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles




Water Flow
gpm
180
120
78
63
140
120
75
50
41




gpm/ft'
57.3
38.2
25
20
44.6
38.2
24
16
13



t
Air Flow
cfo 1
240
310
380
410
94
160
200
240
270

Cfn/ft'
76.4
98.7
121
130
30
50.9
63.7
76.4
85.9

i
i
i
1
!
Alr-.Uater
Vol. Ratio
10:1
19:1
36:1
49:1
5.0:1
10:1
20:1
36:1
49:1




Column AP
Inches 1120
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.6
0.8




Tcmi
Water In
10.4
10.8
10.8
10 4
9.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0




eraiuros. "
Water Out
9.8
10.2
10.4
10.2
10.3
10.2
10.0
9.8
9.8



C
Amb.
Air In
10.8
12.4
11.6
11 0
0.0
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.4

Water pll
In I Out
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.9
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9

i


7.5
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.7





-------
                                                  TABLE  g -  TABULATION OF EXPERIMENTS RUS5 - 57-IVCT DIAMETER COLUMN
Run
No.
1
3
llla
14
-------
TABLE 9 -  OPERATING DATA ARRANGED  FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Data
Group

1






2




3




4




5


6




7




8



9




10


Analysis
N.noer

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Packing
Size
finch)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
Column
Pianccer
(inch)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24 .
24
57
57
57
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
12
12
57
57
57
Air
Water
Ratio
50.
34.
20.
10.
5.0
5.0
49.
50.
36.
21.
9.8
5.0
50.
36.
21.
9.9
5.0
49.
36.
20.
10.
5.0
53.
37.
22.
47.
35.
20.
9.9
5.1
51.
34.
20.
10.
5.0
49.
36.
19.
9.9
48.
35.
20.
48.
37.
49.
36.
20.
Loading
Air
jm' m"2
0.17
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.057
0.057
0.17
0.44
0.40
0.33
0.25
0.15
0.44
0.39
0.33
0.25
0.15
0.44
0.39
0.32
0.26
0.15
0.47
0.40
0.34
0.65
0.61
0.51
0.39
0.26
0.66
0.61
0.51
0.39
0.25
0.66
0.61
0.50
0.39
0.66
0.61
0.51
0.65
0.60
0.66
0.61
0.51
Water
sec-1)
0.0034
0.0046
0.0067
0.0098
0.014
0.013
0.0035
0.0089
0.011
0.016
0.026
0.031
0.0088
0.011
0.016
0.026
0.031
0.0089
0.011
0.017
0.026
0.030
0.0088
0.011
0.016
0.014
0.017
0.025
0.039
0.051
0.013
0.018
0.026
0.039
0.051
0.014
0.017
0.026
0.039
0.014
0.017
0.026
0.014
0.016
0.014
0.017
0.025

f(U"ID!
13
9
8
7
6
12
10
46
45
44
48
47
43
42
41
40
39
35
34
33
32
31
38
37
36
18
20
22
24
26
17
19
21
23
25
30
29
28
27
2
4
5
15
16
14
3
11
                         23

-------
FLOW LIMITATIONS

      Because of flow limitations, some of the planned runs at the lower
airrwater ratios could not be run.  Specifically, the following flow
limitations were encountered:

1.    With the 57-inch column, the two lower air:water ratios (5:1 and
      10:1) could not be run because of the inability of the Village
      wells to supply the required water flow (670 gpm or 0.96 MGD).
      Additionally, the liquid distributor at the top of the column was
      not designed for flows over 600 gpm.

2.    With the 24-inch column, the 5:1 air:water ratio could not be run
      because of flow limitations with the long water hose installation
      used for the temporary installation with the EPA column.

3.    With the 12-inch column and the 3-inch saddle packing, the two
      lower air:water ratios could not be run because of apparent column
      flooding (as indicated by a high pressure drop and surging of
      flows).  The flooding was believed to occur at the restrictions
      caused by the two wall collectors (9.5-inch i.d. or 62.6% of the
      column cross-sectional area).

PERCENT REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS

      As a guide to monitoring the overall results of the experimental
program, percent removals were calculated for tetrachloroethylene and for
the total volatile organic compounds (VOCs).  (The total VOCs are the sum
of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and.1,2 cis-dic^.loroethylene).
The percent removal is defined as:

        Inlet Concentration-Outlet Concentration^ JQQ _ % RemOval
                   Inlet Concentration

      The percent removals for each of the column diameters and packing
types (at the various air: water ratios) are shown in Tables 10 through
19.  In the last three columns, two numbers are presented;  the first
number is the value for tetrachloroethylene and the second  number is the
value for the total VOCs.  It can be seen that, with 1/2-inch and 1-inch
saddles, percent removals in the order of 99% or more are readily
achieved at air:water ratios of 35:1 or higher.
                                    24

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TABLE 10.  PERCENT REMOVALS

Run No.
6
12
7
8
9
10
13
(a)
6"
Air:Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
5:1
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
50:1
Dia. Column - 1/2"
Inlet (a>
(ug/1)
44.6/64.1
74.5/104.6
48.7/68.0
46.4/64.7
46.2/64.9
51.5/70.6
82.7/122.6
Ceramic Saddles
Outlet
(ug/1)
3.15/12.05
4.9/20.0
ND/<3.5
ND/ND
ND/ND
ND/ND
ND/ND

% Removal
93/81
93/80.9
>99.8/>94.9
>99.8/>99.5
>99.8/>99.5
>99.8/>99.6
>99.9/>99.8
Tetrachloroethylene/Total VOCs
TABLE 11. PERCENT REMOVALS


Run No.
47
48
44
45
46

Air: Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
6" Dia. Column - 1"
Inlet 
(ug/1)
188.7/265.2
181.3/260.9
196.2/274.3
196.6/281.0
201.4/281.8
Plastic Saddles
Outlet
(ug/1) %
38.7/82.7
20.6/46.0
9.4/15.7
5.3/7.2
2.8/3.3


Removal 'a'
79.5/68.8
88.6/82.4
95.2/94.3
97.3/97.4
98.6/98.8
(a) Tetrachloroethylene/Total VOCs



Run No.
26
24
22
20
18


Air: Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
TABLE 12. PERCENT
6" Dia. Column - 2"
Inlet
(ug/1)
195.8/276.9
215.3/302.0
206.6/290.7
191.5/268.1
200.4/281.1
REMOVALS
Plastic Saddles
Outlet
(ug/1)
40.7/77.5
23.4/46.5
10.2/19.4
4.7/8.5
3.9/6.6



% Removal
79.2/72.0
89.1/84.6
95.1/93.3
97.5/96.8
98.1/97.7
              25

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TABLE 13.  PERCENT REMOVALS

Run No.
39
40
41
42
43


Run No.
25
23
21
19
17
(a)


Run No.
5
4
16
2
15
12
Air :Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1

12
Air:Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
" Dia. Column - 1"
Inlet
(ug/1)
125/207
130/222
130/214
110/182
110/198
TABLE 14. PERCENT
11 Dia. Column - 2"
Inlet
(ug/1)
120/187
93/167
93/149
99/188
77/134
Plastic Saddles
Outlet
(ug/1)
11/40.2
7.0/21.8
4.1/9.0
0.7/<1.4
1.6/2.6
REMOVALS

% Removal
91/80.6
95/90.2
97/96
>99/>99
99/99

Plastic TRI-PACKS
Outlet^3)
(ug/1)
35/82
9.5/26.1
4.8/10.6
2.2/4.1
1.4/<2.5
% Removal >
71/56
90/84.4
95/92.9
97.7/97.8
98.2/>98.1
Tetrachloroethylene/Total VOCs

12"
Air: Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
20:1
35:1
35:1
50:1
50:1
TABLE 15. PERCENT
REMOVALS

Dia. Column - 3" Plastic Saddles
Inlet
(ug/1)
24/35.5
25.5/37.1
97.4/165.0
25.5/37.3
156.1/220.5
Outlet
(ug/1)
4.3/6.6
2.9/4.7
15.7/23.9
1.8/3.0
10.7/14.2
% Removal
82/81
89/87
84/85.5
93/92
93/93.6
                26

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TABLE 16.  PERCENT REMOVALS
24
Air : Water
Ratio
Run No. (Nominal)
31 5:1
32 10:1
33 20 : 1
34 35:1
35 50:1
(a) Sample I

24"
Air: Water
Ratio
Run No. (Nominal)
27 10:1
28 20 : 1
29 35-1'
30 50 : 1
" Dia. Column - 1"
Inlet
(ug/1)
83/142
96/157
95/164
95/157
110/189

TABLE 17. PERCENT
Plastic Saddles
Outlet(a)
(ug/1)
11/35.4
4.6/15.9
l.O/O.l
0.6/<1.9
<0.5/<1.5

REMOVALS

% Removal
87/75.1
95/90.0
99/>98
99/>98.8
>99.5/>99.2


Dia. Column - 2" Plastic TRI-PACKS
Inlet
(ug/1)
64/119
68/112
88/137
59/98
Outlet97.6
99.4/>99.2
99.4/99.4
                27

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                     TABLE 19.  PERCENT REMOVALS

Run No.
11
3
14
57"
Air: Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
20:1
35:1
50:1
Dia . Column -
Inlet
(ug/1)
40/68.4
24/34.1
72/118
3" Plastic Saddles
Outlet
(ug/1)
1.5/<2.9
0.8/1.3
1.6/<2.6

% Removal
96/>95.8
97/96
98/98
      In order to compare the different column diameters with the same
packing material, the results are retabulated in Tables 20, 21, and 22
for the 1-inch saddles, the 2-inch TRI-PACKS, and the 3-inch saddles,
respectively.  For the 1-inch and 3-inch saddles, the percent removals
generally increase with increasing diameter, thus indicating a wall
effect with the smaller diameter columns.  This same effect is not
apparent with the 2-inch TRI-PACKS.  A further discussion of the wall
effect is presented later in this report.
                     TABLE 20.  PERCENT REMOVALS
PACKING - 1" SADDLES
Air : Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
5:1 •
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1
6" Column
% Reml^3'
79.5/68.8
88.6/82.4
95.2/94.3
97.3/97.4
98.6/98.8
12" Column
% Reral
91/80.6
95/90.2
97/96
>99/>99
99/99
24" Column
% Reml
87/75.1
95/90.0
99/>98
>99/>98.8
>99.5/>99.2
57" Column
% Reml
-
-
98.7/>97.6
99.4/>99.2
99.4/99.4
(a)  Tetrachloroethylene/Total VOCs
                                    28

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                       TABLE 21.  PERCENT REMOVALS

Air: Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
5:1
10:1
20:1
35:1
50:1

Air : Water
Ratio
(Nominal)
20:1
35:1
50:1
PACKING
6" Column
% Reml
- 2" TRI-PACKS
12" Column
% Reml
79.2/72.0 71/56
89.1/84.6 90/84.4
95.1/93.3 95/92.9
97.5/96.8 97.7/97.8
98.1/97.7 98.2/>98.1
TABLE 22. PERCENT REMOVALS
PACKING

- 3" SADDLES
12" Column
% Reml
82/81
89/87
84/85.5
93/92
93/93.6

24" Column
% Reml
67/64
91/90
97/96
96/94

57" Column
% Reml
96/>95.8
97/96
98/98
POWER MEASUREMENTS

     Blower power measurements were made for the 6-inch, 12-inch, and
57-inch diameter columns, in accordance with the requirements of the
cooperative agreement.  However, these power measurements did not prove to
be useful for the following reasons:

1.   Because of the large range of air flows needed for the experimental
     runs, the blowers were over designed and the air flow had to be
     throttled (with a valve) for the experimental runs.

2.   The air duct work, in some cases, contained more elbows and other
     fittings than would be used in a non-experimental installation.
     The duct work for the 57-inch column, in particular, was somewhat
     complex because the dual blowers were housed in the pump building.
                                   29

-------
3.   Because of operating convenience, the discharge side of the blower was
     throttled for flow control.  This increased the power consumption by
     approximately 3% (as compared with throttling the suction side).


     Because of the above reasons, the experimental power measurements were
excessively high and were not utilized in the data analysis.  However, for
documentation purposes,  the blower power measurements are tabulated in
Appendix E.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

     Various environmental parameters (such as humidity and air velocity)
were measured,  in accordance with the requirements of the cooperative
agreement.   These  measurements were  not  used  for data analysis;
nevertheless, they are tabulated in Appendix F for documentation purposes.
                                     30

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                               SECTION 6

                        DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
GENERAL

     Analysis of the experimental results was conducted by the EPA-TSD,
using programs developed by that organization.  The data analysis prepared
by the EPA-TSD is presented fully in Appendix A, and the results are
summarized herein.  Additionally, the theory of mass transfer in a packed
column has been well developed in the chemical engineering literature (1,2)
and is not repeated herein.

MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

      The mass transfer coefficients resulting from analysis of the
experimental data, as described in Appendix A, are summarized in Tables 23,
24, and 25 for tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and
cis-1,2 dichloroethylene, respectively.  Values for air:water ratios of
20:1, 35:1, and 50:1 are shown, since such ratios are typically used .for
air-stripping of these VOCs.

      It can be seen, generally, that the mass transfer coefficients
increase as the column diameter increases (with the same packing material).
Putting it another way, the mass transfer coefficients increase as the
column diameter:packing size ratio increases.   This is to be expected,
since the wall effect (i.e., channeling of water on the inside of the column
wall) is greater with a smaller diameter column.  Of special note, however,
is the observation that the mass transfer coefficient continued to increase
as the column diameter:packing size ratio was increased from 12:1 and also
from 24:1 (for the 1-inch saddles).  (Typically, the "rule of thumb" used in
designing packed columns is that the column diameter:packing size ratio
should be at least 12:1.)  Thus, based on these results, it appears that
using pilot plant data to design a full-scale column will result in a
conservative design.

FULL-SCALE SYSTEM DESIGNS

      In designing a full-scale packed column system for a specific
requirement (say 99% removal of tetrachloroethylene), there are a number of
design parameters, such as packing type, packing size, and air:water ratio,
that will achieve the same result.  In order to select the cost-optimized
                                   31

-------
design parameters, the EPA-TSD has developed a cost model that estimates
both the capital and operating costs.  The capital costs are based on the
amount of steel, concrete, packing material, pump capacity, and blower
capacity required to achieve a given removal efficiency of a given compound
from a given liquid flow at a given temperature.  The yearly operational
cost is based on the amount of maintenance and electric power required to
keep the system in operation.  The capital cost is amortized over 20 years
and added to the operational cost to produce a yearly cost.  The yearly cost
is divided by the volume of water treated per year and expressed as cents
per 1000 gallons treated.  This is referred to as total production cost.
The cost model is described in Appendix A along with its limitations and
qualifications.

      Using the data obtained from the four different diameter columns,
cost-optimized designs were developed as detailed in Appendix A.  The design
criteria used were as follows:

               99% removal of tetrachloroethylene
               350 gpm (0.5 MGD) design flow
               9 deg C  water temperature
               5.8 cents per kw hr power cost
               10% interest rate
               1.2 safety factor for Henry's coefficient
               1.2 safety factor for mass transfer coefficient

      The results for the 1-inch plastic saddles and air:water ratios of
20:1 to 50:1 are summarized in Table 26.
                                                            •
      TABLE 23.  MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Column
Diameter
(Inches)
6
12
24
57
6
12
24
12
57
Column Dia:
Packing Packing Size
Type Ratio^3'
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
1" Saddles
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
3" Saddles
3" Saddles
6:1
12:1
24:1
57:1
3:1
6:1
12:1
4:1
19:1
Mass Transfer Coefficients (sec )
Air: Water Ratio
20:1
0.0086
0.012
0.015
0.035
0.015
0.016
0.013
0.0091
0.015
35:1
0.0065
0.012
0.012
0.017
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.0064
0.010
50:1
0.0064
0.0078
0.0099
0.014
0.010
0.010
0.028
0.0066
0.0086
(a)  This is a nominal ratio, since "packing size" is not  a definitive
     number (for example, 1-inch plastic saddles  measure  approximately 1.7
     inches across their largest dimension).
                                   32

-------
        TABLE 24.  MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Column
Column Dia. :
Diameter Packing Packing Size
(inches) Type
6
12
24
57
6
12
24
12
57
1" saddles
1" saddles
1" saddles
1" saddles
2" TRI-PAKS
2" TRI-PAKS
2" TRI-PAKS
3" saddles
3: saddles
Ratio
6:1
12:1
24:1
57:1
3:1
6:1
12:1
4:1
19:1
Mass Transfer Coefficients (sec"1)
Air To Water Ratio
20:1
0.0099
0.013
0.015
0.036
0.013
0.017
0.012
0.0099
0.017
35:1
0.0085
0.013
0.013
0.025
0.010
0.015
0.015
0.0054
0.0086
50:1
0.0087
0.0089
0.010
0.021
0.0084
0.010
0.023
0.0058
0.0078
     TABLE 25.  MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR CIS-1,2 DICHLOROETHYLENE
Column
Diameter Packing
(inches)  Type
Column Dia.:
Packing Size
   Ratio
6
12
24
57
6
12
24
12
57
1"
1"
1"
1"
2"
2"
2"
3"
3"
saddles
saddles
saddles
saddles
TRI-PAKS
TRI-PAKS
TRI-PAKS
saddles
saddles
6:
12:
24:
57:
3:
6:
12:
4:
19:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mass Transfer Coefficients (sec" )
Air
20:1
0.0085
0.013
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.010
0.019
To Water
35:1
0.0079
0.012
0.011
0.020
0.012
0.016
0.013
0.0065
0.010
Ratio
50:1
0.0079
0.0089
0.0094
0.019
0.011
0.012
0.023
0.0069
0.010
                                    33

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   TABLE 26.  DESIGN PARAMETERS AND COST ESTIMATES RESULTING FROM COST
Column
Diameter
(inches)
6
6
6
12
12
12
24
24
24
57
57
57
Air:
Water
Ratio
50.
36.
21.
50.
36.
21.
49.
36.
20.
53.
37.
22.
MODEL
Diameter
(inches)
70.
63.
52.
70.
63.
52.
70.
63.
51.
70.
63.
53.
FOR 1-INCH PLASTIC
Packing
Height
(feet)
27.
34.
40.
22.
18.
28.
17.
18.
24.
12.
13.
9.6
SADDLES

Cost Estimate (1982 Dollars)
Capital Operating
(K$) (K$/year)
140.
140.
130.
120.
110.
110.
110.
110.
100.
98.
94.
80.
7.2
7.4
7.2
6.6
5.6
6.0
6.1
5.7
5.5
5.4
5.0
4.1
Production
/1000 gal)
13.
13.
12.
12.
9.9
10.
11.
10.
9.6
9.2
8.8
7.4
   From these results, the following cost-optimized parameters would probably
be selected:
 Test
Column
Diameter
(inches)
    6
   12
   24
   57
  Full-Scale Design
Column
Diameter
(inches)
  52
  52
  51
  53
Packing
Height
(feet)
  40
  28
  24
  9.6
Est. Production
     Cost
 (C/IQOO gal)
      12
      10
       9.6
       7.4
Thus, once again, a full-scale system designed from pilot plant data will
probably result in a conservative design.

      It should be noted that the actual construction costs for the 57-inch
packed column system (Table 2) is significantly higher than the estimated
capital costs resulting from the cost model.  This  is to be expected, since
there are many items and features (such as building, large clearwell, dual
blowers, dual pumps, chemical feed system, etc.) that are not included in the
cost model. These items and features were site-specific for the Brewster
facility because of the prevailing operating conditions of the Brewster water
supply system, the need to replace the existing wellfield pumping station, and
the design engineers'  philosophy regarding sheltering of operating equipment
(air blowers, pumps, electrical equipment, etc.) from inclement weather
conditions.  In more favorable climates, a packed column system configuration
similar to that adopted by the EPA-TSD for the cost model would most likely be
utilized.
                                   34

-------
ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF PACKING MATERIALS

      Comparison of Che minimum production cost (for Che same column
diameter) was made for Che differenC packing types.  The results of the
minimum estimated production costs resulting from the EPA-TSD cost model are
summarized in Table 27.  Comparing the different packing materials in the same
diameter column, the 2-inch TRI-PACKS gave the lower production cost, the
1-inch saddles are intermediate, and Che 3-inch saddles gave Che higher
producCion cosC.

      1C should be noCed, again, chat these cost comparisons are subject to
the limitations and qualifications presented in Appendix A.  For example,
these economic comparisons were made at only one air pressure drop gradient
(1-inch water).  Different air pressure drop gradients may be more economical
for the different .packing materials.  The results of this economic comparison
should be used only as a general comparison.

   TABLE 27.  COMPARISON OF MINIMUM PRODUCTION COST FOR DIFFERENT PACKING

Column
Dia.
(inch)
12
24
57
12
24
12
57




1"
1"
1"
2"
2"
3"
3"
MATERIALS

Packing
Type
saddles
saddles
saddles
TRI-PACKS
TRI-PACKS
saddles
saddles

Minimum Est.
Production CosC
( c/1000 gal)
9.8
9.6
7.4
9.7
7.9
12
9.6
ONDA MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

      Mass transfer coefficients were calculated using Onda 's mass
transfer coefficient model 'Z'.   These results  are  presented in  Appendix
A, and an example calculation is shown in Table 10 of that Appendix.

      The mass Cransfer coefficients predicted by the Onda correlation are
compared, in Tables 28, 29,  and 30, with the best fit experimentally
derived results for tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene,  and cis-1,2
dichloroethylene, respectively.  Generally, but not always,  the two values
are in reasonably good agreement.  Based on these results, it appears that
the Onda corrrelation would  tend to give a conservative design for a
full-scale system.
                                    35

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TABLE 28.  MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
                 Mass Transfer Coefficients (sec"1)
Col. Packing
Dia. Size
(in.) (in.)
6 0.5
6 1
12 1
24 1
57 1

5:1
Exp Onda
0.013 0.015
0.011 0.019
0.025 0.019
0.017 0.019
Air
10:1
Exp ' Onda
0.010 0.013
0.012 0.017
0.021 0.017
0.020 0.017
:Water Ratio
20:1
Exp ' Onda
0.0094 0.010
0.0086 0.012
0.012 0.012
0.015 0.012
0.035 0.012

35:1
Exp ' Onda
0.0075 0.0077
0.0065 0.0093
0.012 0.0092
0.012 0.0090
0.017 0.0091

50:1
Exp Onda
0.0085 0.0062
0.0064 0.0079
0.0078 0.0078
0.0099 0.0078
0.014 0.0079
12
57
3
3
0.0091 0.014 SO. 0064 0.011 0.00660.0092
- - - - 0.015 0.014J0.010 0.011 0.0086 0.0092
TABLE 29. MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR TRICHLORETHYLENE

Col.
Dia.
(in.)
6
6
12
24
57
12
57

Mass Transfer Coefficients (sec"1)
Packing Air: Water Ratio
Size
(in.)
0.5
1
1
1
1
3
3
: 5:1
' Exp Onda
b.0048 0.015
iO.0088 0.019
0.029 0.019
0.018 0.019
_


10:1
Exp Onda
0.0071 0.013
0.010 0.018
0.022 0.018
0.021 0.018
20:1 35:1 , 50:1
Exp 'Onda Exp lOnda 'Exp Onda
0. 0061 'o. 010 0.0030 JO. 007910. 0080 0.0064
0.0099 0.013 0.0085 0.0097 0.0087 0.0083
0.013 0.013 0.0013 0.0097 0.0089 0.0082
0.015 0.0130.013 0.0094,0.010 0.0082
JO. 036 0.012 |0. 025 0.0095,0.021 0.0082


0.0099 0.014 0.0054 0.011 ,0.0058 0.0094
0.017 .0.014 0.0086 0.011 0.0078 0.0094
TABLE 30. MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR CIS- 1,2 DICHLOROETHYLENE

Col.
Dia.
(in.)

6
6
12
24
57
12
57

Mass Transfer Coefficients (sec-1)
Packing Air: Water Ratio
Size
(in.)

0.5
1
1
5:1
Exp Onda

0.0082 0.012
0.0017 0.018
0.013 0.018
1 |0.032 0.018
1
3
3
-

- -
10:1
Exp 'Onda

0.0050 0.011
0.0073 0.017
0.022 0.017
0.024 0.017
-

~ ~
20:1 1 35:1 | 50:1
Exp ' Onda | Exp Onda lExp Onda

0.0067 0.0092 0.00440.0074 0.0092 0.0061
0.0085 0.013 0.00790.0098 0.0079 0.0085
0.013 0.013 0.012 0.0098 0.0089 0.0084
0.015 0.013 0.011 0.0096 0.0094 0.0084
0.014 0.012 0.020 0.0097 |0.019 0.0084
0.010 0.013 0.00650.010 '0.0069 0.0089
0.019 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.0089
                              36

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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OPERABIHTY

      Even Chough the experimental runs were made during both winter and
summer months, the water temperature stayed within a fairly narrow range.  The
water temperature into the packed columns ranged from approximately 9 degrees
to 12 degrees C over the course of all the runs (see Tables 5-8).  This
relatively constant temperature was due, of course, to the consistency of the
groundwater temperature.  Additionally, the ambient air temperature did not
significantly impact the water temperature within the column.  For example, in
the runs when the ambient air temperature was near or below freezing, the water
temperature (from the inlet to the outlet of the column) did not drop by more
than 1 degree C.

      The 57-inch column was run continuously through periods of sub-freezing
weather, and the low air temperatures did not interfere with the operation of
the packed column.  (In fact, since February of 1985, the full-scale column has
been "on-stream", and the product water has been used by the Vi 1-1 age of
Brewster as its public water supply).

      The only problem encountered with low temperatures was with the copper
tubing sample lines; some of these lines split open during the night-time, even
though the sample valves were left partly open.  For any future designs, it is
recommended that any such sample lines be insulated to prevent freezing in the
line.

HENRY'S COEFFICIENT

      Henry's coefficient, a physical-chemical property that expresses the
volatility of a particular VOC, is dependent on the temperature and Che
molecular properties of the VOC.  For each of the experimental runs, Henry's
coefficient was determined by EPA-TSD, and the values are listed on the
concentration profiles (lower left-hand corner) in Appendices B, C, and D.

      An attempt was made to correlate Henry's coefficient with temperature
but was unsuccessful because of scatter in the data.  Instead, a best-fit
Henry's coefficient was determined (see Appendix A), and these values were
0.30, 0.21, and 0.094 atm  m-* water/m ^ air   for tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, and cis-1,2 dichloroethylene, respectively.  The inability
to arrive at any satisfactory correlation for Henry's coefficient may be due,
in part, to the relatively narrow range of temperatures encountered, as
discussed above.
                                    37

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                                 REFERENCES
1.   Treybal, R. E.,  Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw Hill Book Co.,
     New York, New York, 1980.

2.   Ferry, R. H. and Chilton, C. H., Chemical Engineers' Handbook,
     McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, New York, pp.  18-35 and 18-38,
     Fifth Edition, 1973.
                                      38

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                                 APPENDIX A

                      DATA'ANALYSIS REPORT BY EPA-TSD


FIELD EVALUATION OF PACKED COLUMN AIR STRIPPING, BREWSTER, NEW YORK*


                             Table of Contents

  Introduction 	        40
  Summary      	        40
  Background   	        40
  Packed Column Air Stripping Process  	        41
  Mass Transfer Theory	        42
  Objectives   	        43
  Experimental Design  	        44
  Field Evaluation	        44
  Data Analysis	        46
  Full Scale Designs and Cost Estimates	        47
  Comparison of Packing Materials  	        49
  Onda Mass Transfer Coefficient Model 	        50
  Conclusions	        50
  Credits	        51

  Tables 1 through 13	     52-63

  Figures 1 through 4	     64-67

  Appendices:
     B  Tetrachloroethylene Data 	        68
     C  Trichloroethylene Data 	        80
     D  cis-1,2 Dichloroethylene Data  	        92
  * By Michael D. Cummins, EPA-TSD
                                      39

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Introduction:

     The contamination of ground water by various low molecular weight
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been reported in many areas of the
country.  The  frequency of such reports is increasing as more drinking
waters are being analyzed for these types of compounds.  As part of its
mission in implementing the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Office of
Drinking Water within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) evaluates
treatment processes for removing organic compounds from drinking waters.

     The Office of Drinking Water's strategy for developing drinking water
regulations includes consideration of treatment methods and economics
before regulating a particular compound.  The high volatility of the VOCs
indicates that air stripping is a process that should be applicable. The
Technical Support Division, Office of Drinking Water, within EPA is
conducting a series of studies to field verify engineering design
parameters and economics for air stripping VOCs from ground waters. This
report is part of a series that describes that work.  Specifically, this
report describes a field evaluation conducted at Brewster, NY.


Summa ry:

     An evaluation was conducted to determine the effect of column
diameter on mass transfer coefficients.  Four pilot packed column air
stripping systems were evaluated.  The diameters ranged from 6 inches to
57 inches.  It was found that mass transfer coefficients increase with
column diameter.

     Full scale systems were designed using mass transfer coefficients
from each pilot system.  It was found that using mass transfer coefficients
from small scale pilot systems to design full  scale systems resulted in
over designs.   This indicates that there is a safety factor in using mass
transfer coefficients from small scale pilot systems to design full scale
systems.


Background:

     The Village of Brewster, located in Putnam County in southeast New
York State, has a population of 1,650.   The water supply system consists of
wells with individual  pumping capacities from 0.00063 to 0.0063 m3
sec-1 (10 to 100 gallons per minute).  The maximum daily production of
the well fields is 0.022 m3 sec-1 (0.5 million gallons per day (MGD)).
                                      40

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o/
     In 1978, the Village of Brewster discovered that one water supply
well was contaminated with vinyl  chloride,  cis- and/or trans-l,2-dichloro-
ethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and several  other
compounds.   The concentrations ranged from  5-10, 40-80, 30-50, and
400-600 ug L'1, respectively.

     In 1979, the Village, with a grant  from New York State,  contracted
with N.L. Jacobson and Associates, consulting engineers, to investigate
treatment alternatives.  Lagoon spray aeration was tested, found to be
promising,  but the treatment objective of 99% tetrachloroethylene removal
could not be obtained.

     In 1931, N.L. Jacobson, with technical  assistance from EPA, Office of
Drinking Water, Technical Support Division  (TSD), designed and constructed
a pilot packed column air stripping system.   The pilot system consisted of
a 0.30 m (12 inch) diameter column packed with 5.5 m (18 feet) of 0.025 m
(1 inch) plastic saddles.  Tetrachloroethylene removal  efficiencies of 99
were obtained in the pilot system.

     In 1982, TSD conducted a field evaluation using a 0.61 m (24 inch)
diameter pilot packed column air stripping  system.  Using data from the
0.30 m (12 inch) pilot system and the TSD pilot system, a 0.022 m3 sec-1
(0.5 MGD) full scale system was designed.  The full  scale system consisted of
one 1.4 m (57 inch) diameter column packed  with 5.4 m (17'-9") of 0.025 m
(1 inch) plastic saddles.  The design air flow was 0.72 m^ sec*1 (1,530
standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM)) giving an air to water ratio of 33
to 1.

     Later in 1982, the Village, applied  for and received a cooperative
agreement with EPA, Office of Research and  Development, Drinking Water
Research Division to investigate and confirm scale-up capability of an
air-stripping packed column from pilot scale to full scale.

Packed Column Air Stripping Process:

     If water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is
brought in  contact with uncontaminated air,  some of the VOC molecules  will
transfer to the air.  In the packed column  air stripping process, this
transfer is facilitated as air and water are continuously replenished  and
mixed together in a countercurrent flow  pattern (see Figure 1).

 (1) Contaminated water is pumped to the top of a column, distributed  at
     the top, and cascaded down through  a bed of packing material.

 (2) Uncontaminated air is blown in at the  bottom of the column and forced •
     up through the same bed of packing  material.

 (3) Packing material provides a combination of a large surface area to
     provide mixing of air and water, contact time for VOC molecules to
     transfer from water to air, and a large void volume to minimize
     energy loss of the air system.


                                       41

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 (4) As contaminated water cascades down through the column VOC molecules
     are transferred to the air.

 (5) Air and VOCs  are released to the atmosphere at the top of the
     column.  The  concentration of VOC in air released at the top of the
     column  is less than the original concentration of VOC in water due to
     the large air to water volume ratio.  The concentration of VOCs in
     air is  further reduced by dispersion into the atmosphere.


 (6) The countercurrent flow process provides mixing of the most contami-
     nated air and water at the top of the column and mixing of the
     cleanest air  and water at the bottom of the column.   The counter-
     current flow  pattern provides the highest removal efficiencies
     possible.

     Figure  2 illustrates air to water ratios as a function of liquid and
air loadings.  The upper loading limit at which a packed  column can be
operated is  the combination of liquid and air loadings that force the down
flowing water to become entrapped in the upflowing air.  This is generally
called flooding.  The flooding line for 0.025 m (1 inch)  plastic saddles
at 9 deg C is shown in Figure 2.   Packed columns can be operated anywhere
below the flooding line.  The theory of mass transfer for a packed column
applies to this full  range.  However, the available empirical  models are
limited to much smaller ranges.
Mass Transfer Theory:

     The theory of mass transfer in a packed column  has been well
developed in the chemical  engineering literature (Ref 1).   From mass
transfer theory, the author developed equation 1 which can be used  to
predict the liquid phase concentration at any point  along  the packing
height.  There are a total  of nine (9) terms in equation 1 required to
predict the liquid phase concentration (X).

Concentration Profile with Unstrippable Component:

          X = Xt * ((Xu*(l-C))+ C ) 	   eq.  1
     Where :
          C-((R*A)-1)/((R*B)-1)
          A = EXP((Zt-Z) * (Kla/L) * ((R-D/R) )
          B = EXP(( Zt ) * (Kla/L) * ((R-D/R) )
          R«(G/L)*(H/Pt)

     Xt:  VOC concentration at top of packing (ug L~*).  The concentration
          at the top of the packing material (Xt) should not be confused
          with the raw water concentration.   There may be  some VOC  loss
          as water travels through the well  pump, the piping between the
          well and the air stripping system, and the liquid distribution
          system at the top of the packed column.  This VOC loss is
          collectively referred to as the influent end effect.

                                      42

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     Xu:   VOC  unstrippable  component  (fraction of Xt).   The unstrippable
          component  (Xu)  is used  to account for anomalies that  are
          observed  in  real  systems.  The unstrippable component may  be  due
          to short  circuiting  of  water through the packed column,
          background VOC  contamination in the influent  air, a physical  or
          chemical  complex  holding  the VOC in the liquid phase, cross
          contamination of  sample bottles, or other unknown phenomenon.
          In general the  unstrippable component is a fraction of Xt  that,
          for  some  reason or another, can not be removed by the air
          stripping  process at  even the highest air to  water ratios  or  the
          tallest packing heights.

     G:    Air  loading  (m3 m~2  sec'1).  The air loading  term (G) is the
          total  air  flow  through  the  column per unit of cross-sectional
          area  of the  column.

     L:    Liquid loading  (m3 m~2  sec~l).  The liquid loading term  (L) is
          the  total  liquid  flow through the column per  unit of
          cross-sectional area  of the column.

     H:    Henry's coefficient  (atm  m3 water m-3 air).   Henry's  coefficient
          (H)  is a  physical-chemical  property that expresses the volatility
          of the particular VOC.  Henry's coefficient  is dependent only
          on the temperature and  molecular properties of the VOC and not
          dependent  on the  other  eight (8) terms in equation 1.

     Pt:   Operating  pressure (1 atm).  The operating pressure (Pt) is
          generally  1  atmosphere.

     Zt:   Packing height  (m).   The  term Zt is the total  height  of  the
          packing material.

     Z:    Location within column  measured from top of column (m).  The term
          Z  is  the  vertical  location  within the column  measured from the
          top  of the packing material.

     Kla:  Mass  transfer coefficient (sec*1).   The mass  transfer
          coefficient  (Kla)  expresses the overall  rate  of VOC transfer
          from  the  liquid phase to  the air phase.   The  mass transfer
          coefficient  is  dependent  on the VOC molecular properties,
          packing material  properties,  liquid loading,  and air  loading.
          The mass transfer coefficient is not dependent on the concen-
          tration terms Xt  and  Xu or  the packing height terms Zt and Z.

     X:    Predicted  VOC concentration (ug L'1).   The predicted  VOC concen-
          tration is a function of  the other nine parameters above.
Objectives:

     The main  objective  of  the  cooperative  agreement  was  to  investigate
using data  from  small  scale  pilot  systems to  design  full  scale systems.

                                      43

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secondary objective was to evaluate different packing materials.   A third
objective was to evaluate the mass transfer coefficients predicted by the
Onda correlation.
Experimental  Design:

     The main objective was met by using four packed columns.   Each of the
four packed columns were identical as possible except for the  diameters.
The diameters were 0.15, 0.30, 0.61, and 1.4 m (6, 12, 24 and  57 inches).
All four columns were packed with 0.025 m (1 inch) plastic saddles  and
operated at identical liquid and air loadings.  In addition to 0.025 m (1
inch) plastic saddles, 0.012 m (0.5 inch) ceramic saddles, 0.051 m  (2
inch) Tri-Pack plastic spheres, and 0.076 m (3 inch) plastic saddles were
evaluated.

     The cost to remove 99% tetrachloroethylene from a 0.022 m3 sec'1
(0.5 MGD) contaminated ground water source was used as an evaluation
statistic.
Field Evaluation:

     The Technical  Support Division has designed and constructed  a
portable pilot packed column air stripping system.   The system, shown  in
Figure 3, consists  of a 7.3 m (24 ft) tall, 0.6 m (2 ft)  diameter
aluminum column packed with 5.5 m (18 ft) of 0.025  m (1 inch)  plastic
saddles. Eighteen  sample ports were installed at 0.3 m (1 ft)  intervals
along the column height to sample the center 0.3 m  (1 ft) of the  column.
This sampling system permits monitoring the concentration profile of  VOCs
along the column height.  The pilot system was constructed in  0.91  m  (3
ft) tall sections  to facilitate transportation to the field sites.

     At Brewster,  NY a 0.05 m (2 inch) fire hose was used to connect  the
water system to the influent line of the pilot system.  Mounted on  the
influent line of the pilot system was a control valve, orifice plate,  and
mercury manometer  that was used to control and monitor the liquid flow.
Water was pumped through the liquid flow control system to the top  of  the
pilot system.  At  the top of the pilot system were  four upturned  0.05  m  (2
inch) elbows which  distributed the liquid flow onto the top of the  packing
material.  Water cascaded down through the packing  material  and was
collected in an effluent tank at the bottom of the  column.  A  0.1 m (4
inch) fire hose was used to discharge the effluent  water  to a  field.

     Influent air  was drawn into the pilot system at the  bottom of  the
column.  The air cascaded up through the packing material to the  top  of
the column and was  returned to ground level through an 0.15m(6 inch)  airduct.
Mounted inside the  air duct was a pitot tube and control  damper to
monitor and control air flow.  Following the control  damper the air
duct was connected  to the intake side of a blower.   Air was discharged
at ground level 15  m (50 feet) down wind from the air intake.  Water
manometers were installed above the top of packing  material  and at  the
pitot tube to measure air pressure.  A thermometer  was installed  above the
top of the packing  material to measure air temperature.
                                     44

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     An influent sample port was installed in front of the liquid control
valve to collect influent samples.  Nine of the eighteen sample ports
installed inside the packed coluiin were used.  The nine sample ports that
were used were selected at 0.6 m (2 feet) intervals such that the
concentration of the VOCs could be measured as water passed through the
packed column.  The sample ports were designed such that air was not
withdrawn with the sample.  The pilot system was operated at steady state
for 30 minutes before samples were taken.

     The 0.15, 0.30, and 1.4 m (6, 12 and 57 inch) diameter columns were
designed by N.L. Jacobson.  All four columns were constructed as identical
as possible except for the column diameter and slight variations in the
sample port location.  The location of the sample ports and identification
letters are shown in Table 1.

     The liquid and air loadings were selected such that the air pressure
drop gradient through all columns and packing materials was held constant
at 50 N m-2 m-1 (1/16 inch water column per foot of packing height).
The original plan was to operate all four columns and all four packing
materials at 50:1, 35:1, 20:1, 10:1, and 5:1 air to water ratios.  However,
the maximum pumping capacity limited the flow.  Despite the flow
limitations, each column and each packing material was operated at air to
water volume ratios of 50:1, 35:1, and 20:1.  In addition to these three
air to water ratios the 0.15 and 0.30 m (6 and 12 inch) columns were
operated at 10:1 and 5:1.  The 0.61 m (24 inch) column was operated at
10:1 and 5:1 using 0.025 m (1 inch) plastic saddles and 10:1 using 0.051 m
(2 inch) Tri-Pack packing.

     Table 2 presents the operating data from this field evaluation. Table
2 includes the packing size, pilot column size, air to water ratio, air
loading, and liquid loading.  During the field evaluation run numbers wele
assigned in chronological order.  The field run numbers are shown in. Table  2
in the column labeled Field Run Number.  There were a total of 48 runs
conducted.  However, field run number 1 was a shake down run and not
included in Table 2 or the following data analysis.  For the purpose of
analyzing the data, the runs were sorted and assigned an analysis number as
shown in Table 2 in the column labeled Analysis Number.  All  data
resulting from one operating condition were collectively referred to as a
RUN and have a unique analysis number.  All data resulting from the same
column using the same packing material were collectively referred to as a
data GROUP.  Group numbers are shown in Table 2 in the column labeled Data
Group.  All data resulting from one compound were collectively referred
to as a data SET.  The tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and cis-
1,2 dichloroethylene data sets are .shown in Table 3, 4, and 5, respectively.

     The concentration profile data for tetrachloroethylene, trichloro-
ethylene, and cis-1,2 dichloroethylene are plotted in Appendix B, C, and
D, respectively.
                                      45

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Data Analysis:

     The data analysis adjusted parameters in equation 1 such that equation
1 best fit the three data sets.  The parameters were as follows.

     1) The Henry's coefficients that best fit each data set were
        determined.

     2) The unstrippable fraction that best fit each data group were
        determined.

     3) The mass transfer coefficients and top of packing concentrations
        that best fit each run were determined.

     In this report the square root of the mean square error (Sqjnse)
between the measured concentration and predicted concentration was used in
determining the best fit parameters.  The minimum Sqjnse was found by
adjusting the parameters using a specially developed non-linear
multiregression procedure.  The procedure implemented the above
assumptions.  The Sqjnse was computed using the logarithmic form shown in
equation 2.


Square Root of Mean Squared Error:

        Sqjnse = SQR( (Ln(Xi )-Ln(X) )2/N ) 	  eq. 2

         Where:
            Sqjnse = Square root of mean squared error
               SQR = Square root function
                Ln = Base e logarithm
                 X = Predicted concentration from equation 1
                Xi = Concentration data point from pilot system
                 N = Number of data points in:
                                     Data Run for Xt and Kla
                                     Data Group for Xu
                                     Data Set for Henry's coefficient


     The best fit Henry's coefficient for each data set were 0.30, 0.21,
and 0.094 atm m3 water tn-3 air for tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
and cis-1,2 dichloroethylene, respectively.

     The unstrippable fraction was found to be insignificant for all  but
two data groups.  The data group representing the 0.61 m (24 inch) diameter
column with 0.051 in (2 inch) plastic Tri-Packs and the data group
representing the 1.4 m (57 inch) diameter column with 0.025 in (1 inch)
plastic saddles were found to have an unstrippable fraction that averaged
0.016 and 0.033, respectively.  The unstrippable fraction was probably due
to short circuiting water through the column and packing material.
                                       46

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     The best fit mass transfer coefficients for each run in the
tetrachloroethylene data set are shown in Table 6.  As expected, Table 6
indicates that the mass transfer coefficients increased as the air to
water ratio decreased.  Table 6 also indicates that for any given packing
material the mass transfer coefficients generally increased with increasing
column diameter.   This increase in mass transfer coefficient is probably
due to the column wall interfering with the mass transfer process in the
smaller diameter  columns.   As the ratio of column cross section to
perimeter increased the column wall interference was less significant to
the overall mass  transfer  process.  The same is true for the best fit mass
transfer coefficients for  trichloroethylene and cis-l,2-dichloroethylene
as shown in Table 7 and 8, respectively.

     The best fit top of packing concentration for each run in each data
set were also computed.  Appendix B, C, and D include the four best fit
parameters, square root of the mean squared error, and best fit
concentration profile resulting from this data analysis.  Viewing
appendices 2, 3,  and 4 illustrates that the best fit concentration
profiles do in fact represent the field data.

     The fraction of tetrachloroethylene remaining in the effluent were
computed from equation 1 using the best fit parameters.  The computed
fraction remaining values  are shown in Table 6.  As expected the fraction
remaining increased as the air to water ratio decreased.  Although the
fraction remaining data show some scatter, in general the fraction remaining
decreased as the  column diameter increased.  This indicates that the
removal efficiency increased as the column diameter increased despite the
fact that the same air loading, liquid loading, and packing material were
used.  This is true for the 0.025 m (1 inch), 0.050 m (2 inch), and 0.076
m (3 inch) packing materials.


Full Scale System Designs:

     The significance of the above observations are best illustrated by
using the results from each run in the tetrachloroethylene data set to
design and estimate the cost of a full scale system.  The design criteria
selected in 1982  were as follows.

     1)  99% Removal of tetrachloroethylene
     2)  0.022 m3 sec-1 (0.5 MGD) design flow
     3)  9 deg C  temperature
     4)  5.8 cents per Kw  Hr power cost
     5)  10% interest rate
     6)  1.2 safety factor for Henry's coefficient
     7)  1.2 safety factor for mass transfer coefficient


     In order to  perform economic evaluations of packed column air
stripping and to  generate  cost optimized design parameters, a cost model
was developed by  TSD.  The cost model, as with any cost model, cannot be
universally applied without a critical examination of its components.  Many
different configurations of pumps, blowers, construction materials, and
other items have  been suggested and are workable.  Many assumptions had to
                                    47

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be made that may not be the optimum solution from one site to another site
or from one design engineer's opinion to another engineer's opinion.  The
packed column air stripping configuration shown in Figure 4 is the result
of many discussions with designers, suppliers, and operators.  It should
not be interpreted as the only configuration that will  work or even a
recommended system.  The best configuration at any particular site will  be
dependent on specific site capabilities.  The cost model  used in this
report was originally developed for a single well producing 50 to 2000
gallons per minute (gpm).  The original  model is also discussed in
"Economic Evaluation of Trichloroethylene Removal from Contaminated Ground
Water by Packed Column Air Stripping" (Ref 2).

     The economic analysis estimates both the capital and operating costs.
The capital costs are based on the amount of steel, concrete, packing
material, pump capacity, and blower capacity required to  achieve a given
removal efficiency of a given compound from a given liquid flow at a given
temperature.  The yearly operational cost was based on  the amount of
maintenance and electric power required  to keep the system in operation.
The capital cost was amortized over 20 years and added  to the operational
cost to produce a yearly cost.  The yearly cost was divided by the volume
of water treated per year and expressed  as cents per 1000 gallons
treated.  This is referred to as total production cost.

     The Henry's coefficients and mass transfer coefficients resulting
from this data analysis for tetrachloroethylene were used in sizing the
following systems.  It should be noted that the water temperature during
the field evaluation averaged 11 deg C.   For the purpose  of sizing these
systems the unstrippable fraction was assumed to be zero.  The air
pressure drop as measured in the field was used to estimate the blower
operating cost.  The resulting system sizes and cost estimates are shown
in Table 9.

     Using data group 2 as an example, 99% removal  can  be obtained using
any of air to water ratios.  As shown in table 9, selecting an air to
water ratio of 50:1 results in a column  diameter of 1.8 m (70 inch) and
packing height of 8.2 m (27 ft.).  Reducing the air to  water ratio to 5:1
results in a column diameter of 0.96 m (38 inch) and packing height of
52 m (170 ft.).  Both these systems should remove 99% tetrachloroethylene.
This illustrates that selecting different air to water  ratios can
result in very different column diameters and packing heights.  The
selection of which air to water ratio to use should be  based on the
overall system cost.

     The estimated costs for the group 2, 50:1 system,  are $140,000 capital
and $7,200 per year operating.  Amortizing the capital  cost over 20
years, adding the operating cost, and dividing by the yearly volume of
water treated results in a production cost of 13 cents  per 1000 gallons.
Likewise the estimated costs for the 5:1 system are $240,000 capital,
$17,000 operating, and 25 cents per 1000 gallons treated.  Between the
50:1 and 5:1 systems there exists a minimum production  cost.

     If a full scale system were designed using data from the 0.15 m (6
inch) diameter pilot column then an air  to water ratio  of 20:1 would
probably be selected as the minimum production cost.  The system sizing

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would result in a 1.3 m (52 inch)  diameter column with 12 m (40 ft) of
packing and a production  cost  of 12 cents per 1000 gallons treated.

     If a full  scale system were designed using data from the 0.30 m (12
inch) diameter pilot column then an air to water ratio of 20:1 would also
probably be selected as the minimum production cost.  The system sizing
would result in a 1.3 m (52 inch)  diameter column with 8.5 m (28 ft) of
packing and a production  cost  of 10 cents per 1000 gallons treated.

     If a full  scale system were designed using data from the 0.61 m (24
inch) diameter pilot system then an air to water ratio of 20:1 would also
be selected as the minimum production  cost.   The system sizing would result
in a 1.3 m (51 inch) diameter  column with 7.3 m (24 ft) of packing and a
production cost of 9.6 cents per 1000  gallons treated.

     If a full  scale system were designed using data from the 1.4 m (57
inch) diameter system then an  air  to water ratio of 20:1 would still be
selected as the minimum production cost.   The system sizing would result in
a 1.3 m (53 inch) diameter column  with 2.9 m (9.6 ft)  of packing and a
production cost of 7.4 cents per 1000  gallons treated.

     In all the above cases the cost optimized air to  water ratios were the
same.  As the diameter of the  pilot system increased,  the required packing
height declined along with the estimated cost.  Using  data from smaller
pilot systems thus produced higher packing heights than necessary.  Note
that the 1.4 m (57 inch)  diameter  column is  a full scale system and did in
fact produce higher mass  transfer  coefficients than the other three
columns.  Thus, a full  scale system designed from a smaller pilot system
will probably be a conservative design.


Comparison of Packing Materials:

     Comparison of the production  cost resulting from  using different
packing materials is made using the same column diameter.  In the 0.15 m
(6 inch) diameter column  the 0.012 m (0.5 inch) ceramic saddles indicated
a minimum production cost of 16 cents  per 1000 gallons treated whereas the
0.025 m (1 inch) plastic  saddles indicated a minimum production cost of 12
cents per 1000 gallons treated.  Thus, 0.025 m (1 inch) plastic saddles
are probably more economical.

     Comparing the minimum production  cost of the 0.05 m (2 inch)
Tri-Packs to the 0.025 (1 inch) saddles indicated 10 vs 12, 9.7 vs 9.8,
and 7.9 vs 9.6 in the 0.15, 0.30,  and  0.61 m (6, 12, and 24 inch) diameter
columns.  Thus, the 0.05  m (2  inch) Tri-Packs are probably more
economical than the 0.025 m (1 inch) plastic saddles.

     Comparing the minimum production  cost of the 0.076 m (3 inch) saddles
to the 0.025 (1 inch) saddles  indicated 12 vs 9.8 and  9.6 vs 7.4 in the
0.30 and 1.4 m (12 and 57 inch) diameter columns.  Thus, the 0.025 m (1
inch) plastic saddles are probably more economical than the 0.076 m (3
inch) plastic saddles.

                                       49

-------
     It should be noted that these economic comparisons were made at only
one air pressure drop gradient, 50 N m~2 m-1.  Different air pressure
drop gradients may be more economical for the different packing materials.
The results of this economical comparison should only be used as a
general comparison.


Onda's Mass Transfer Coefficient Model:

     The author has found that the mass transfer coefficient correlation
developed by Onda (Ref 3), in general, provides a good agreement with
field data.  The Onda correlation requires 20 inputs.  Of the 20 inputs
only the liquid and air loadings can be selected by the designer.  The
other 18 inputs are fixed for a given temperature, compound, and packing
material.  An example calculation of the Onda correlation for
tetrachloroethylene in a bed of 1 inch plastic saddles at 9 deg C is shown
in Table 10.  The input parameters are also included in Table 10.

     Tables 11, 12, and 13 contain the mass transfer coefficients predicted
by the Onda correlation for tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene,  and
cis-1,2 dichloroethylene.  Comparing the best fit mass transfer coefficients
from Tables 6, 7, and 8 for the 0.025 m (1 inch) plastic saddles indicates
that the mass transfer coefficient predicted by the Onda correlation were
close to the mass transfer coefficient obtained in the 0.30 m (12 inch)
diameter column.

     Based on this field evaluation, it is expected that a full scale
system will have higher mass transfer coefficients than predicted by the
Onda correlation.  Thus, the design engineer can use the Onda correlation
and be confident that a full scale system will be capable of achieving the
desired removal efficiency.  The designer should be aware that other
problems can arise such as poor distribution of air and water that can
degrade the actual packed column performance.


Conclusions:

     This field evaluation demonstrated that the mass transfer coefficients
from a pilot system increase with the column diameter.  Further, using
data from a small scale pilot system to design a full scale system will
produce larger and more expensive equipment than necessary.  However, it
is possible that the full scale system can perform better than expected
if uniform flow distribution can be maintained over the cross section
area of the column.

     The 0.025 m (1 inch) plastic saddles appeared to be more economical
than the 0.012 m (0.5 inch) ceramic and 0.076 m (3 inch) plastic saddles.
However, the 0.051 m (2 inch) Tri-Pack packing appeared to be more
economical than the 0.025 m (1 inch) plastic saddles.  The economical
evaluation was limited in scope and only conducted at one air pressure
drop gradient.


                                       50

-------
     The Onda correlation predicted mass transfer coefficients that were
similar to the 0.30 m (12 inch) column.   Thus, using the Onda  correlation
to design a full  scale system will  produce a conservative design.


Credits:

     The author expresses special  thanks to Harold Wall man,  Tom Kalinosky,
Nathan L. Jacobson, and  the  employees of the Village of Brewster,  NY  in  the
design, construction,  and operation of the 6, 12 and 57 inch packed  column
air stripping systems.  The author also  expresses special  thanks to  Eric
Bissonette and Robert  Kneipp  in the construction and operation of  the  24
inch packed column.  Special  thanks is also given to Brad Smith and  H2M
analytical  laboratory  in  analysis  of samples from this  field evaluation.
Finally, the author expresses special  thanks to Dr. Thomas  Love and  Keith
Carswell in overall project planning and guidance.
                                     51

-------
                    TABLE  1
              Sample Port  Location
Sample           Column Diameter  (inch)
 Port         6       12       24        57
  ID            Sample port height  (ft)

  In
   A
   B
   C
   D
   E
   F
   G
   H
   I
  Out
18.
15.75
13.5
11.25
9.
6.75
4.5
2.25
None
None
0.
18.
17.
15.
13.
11.
9.
7.
5.
3.
1.
0.
18.
17.5
15.5
13.5
11.5
9.5
6.5
4.5
2.5
0.5
0.
17.7
15.6
13.4
11.2
9.0
6.8
4.6
2.4
None
None
0.
                        52

-------
            TABLE 2
Operating Data from Brewster,  NY
Data
Group
1






2




3




4




5


6




7




8



9




10


Analysis
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Packing
Size
(inch)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
Column
Size
(inch)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
57
57
57
6
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
12
12
57
57
57
Air
Water
Ratio
51.
34.
20.
10.
5.0
5.0
49.
50.
36.
21.
9.8
5.0
50.
36.
21.
9.9
5.0
49.
36.
20.
10.
5.0
53.
37.
22.
47.
35.
20.
9.9
5.1
51.
34.
20.
10.
5.0
49.
36.
19.
9.9
48.
35.
20.
48.
37.
49.
36.
20.
Loading
A1r
0.17
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.067
0.067
0.17
0.44
0.40
0.33
0.25
0.15
0.44
0.39
0.33
0.25
0.15
0.44
0.39
0.32
0.26
0.15
0.47
0.40
0.34
0.65
0.61
0.51
0.39
0.26
0.66
0.61
0.51
0.39
0.25
0.66
0.61
0.50
0.39
0.66
0.61
0.51
0.65
0.60
0.66
0.61
0.51
Water
sec-1)
0.0034
0.0046
0.0067
0.0098
0.014
0.013
0.0035
0.0089
0.011
0.016
0.026
0.031
0.0088
0.011
0.016
0.026
0.031
0.0089
0.011
0.017
0.026
0.030
0.0088.
0.011
0.016
0.014
0.017
0.025
0.039
0.051
0.013
0.018
0.026
0.039
0.051
0.014
0.017
0.026
0.039
0.014
0.017
0.026
0.014
0.016
0.014
0.017
0.025
Field
Run
Number
13
9
8
7
6
12
10
46
45
44
48
47
43
42
41
40
39
35
34
33
32
31
38
37
36
18
20
22
24
26
17
19
21
23
25
30
29
28
27
2
4
5
15
16
14
3
11
                 53

-------
               TABLE 3
Brewster Tetrachloroethylene Data Set

Group
)

1






2




3




4




5


6




7




8



9




10



Anal
i

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Sample Port
In

A

B

C

0

E

Concentration
83.
46.
46.
49.
45.
74.
52.
200.
200.
200.
180.
190.
110.
110.
130.
130.
130.
110.
95.
95.
96.
83.
140.
140.
94.
200.
190.
200.
210.
200.
77.
99.
93.
93.
120.
59.
88.
68.
64.
26.
26.
24.
160.
97.
72.
24.
40.
48.
28.
26.
38.
42.
67.
17.

74.
110.
120.
130.
85.
94.
96.
110.
120.
100.
92.
77.
86.
44.
39.
36.
20.
120.
130.
140.
150.
160.
60.
59.
33.
86.
96.
78.
46.
49.
69.
15.
13.
21.
43.
70.
31.
16.
31.
5.7
7.4
6.9
16.
26.
46.

52.
64.
71.
120.
130.

54.
73.
92.
100.
49.
37.
49.
50.
67.
14.
14.
7.7
65.
78.
90.
110.
120.





37.
50.
33.
38.
15.
6.4
18.
44.
43.
20.
8.4
19.
0.8
2.6
3.8
8.5
16.
32.
0.9
41.
58.
69.
82.
110.
39.
21.
56.
82.
96.
29.
25.
30.
33.
43.
7.4
5.6
5.1
61.
67.
80.
92.
120.
23.
34.

51.
85.
18.
21.
16.
39.





14.
7.5
11.


2.2
5.0
14.
25.

36.
55.
60.
75.
100.
22.
13.
33.
47.
66.
17.
13.
22.
26.
47.
2.0
2.9
3.1
32.
39.
53.
64.
93.
19.

37.
36.
74.
2.2
12.
14.
37.
10.
11.
12.
33.
45.
13.
6.3
11.



2.9
10.
19.

30.
38.
41.
58.
92.
21.
8.2
31.
38.
59.
9.1
6.5
14.
15.
38.
1.5
2.8
2.9
18.
26.
34.
55.
85.
14.
19.
29.
40.
78.
1.8
14.
22.
34.
5.5
7.6
7.4
44.
51.
8.8
4.0
11.
F

(ug L-



2.2
7.6
15.

13.
21.
27.
46.
75.
9.1
4.1
23.
21.
50.
2.8
2.2
8.0
11.
32.
1.3
1.4
2.1
13.
16.
23.
39.
85.
8.8
12.
15.
32.
56.
0.9
8.4
18.
34.
5.3
5.6
9.6
23.
39.
5.5
2.9
5.4
G

l)



1.9
5.4
10.

8.5
12.
21.
33.
60.
2.7
1.3
6.9
8.7
27.
1.7
1.6
4.3

19.
0.9
0.9
1.5
7.3
9.7
18.
35.
59.
3.6
4.4
6.5
13.
45.
2.9
1.8
6.9
24.
3.6
4.5
7.0
19.
26.
4.2
1.9
3.8
H














1.8
1.0
4.8
7.8
25.
0.8
0.8
2.4
5.7
15.








2.1
1.9
3.9
9.8
35.
2.3
2.1
5.4
22.
2.4
2.9
5.0
11.
16.



I Out






3.2
4.9

2.8
5.2
9.4
21.
39.
1.6
0.7
4.1
7.0
11.

0.6
1.0
4.6
11.
0.8
0.8
1.2
4.1
4.7
10.
23.
41.
1.4
2.2
4.8
10.
35.
2.6
2.3
6.0
21.
1.8

4.3
11.
16.
1.6
0.8
1.5
                   54

-------
              TABLE  4
Brewster TMchloroethylene Data Set

Group
t

1






2




3




4




5


6




7




8



9




10



Anal
a

i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Sample Port
In

A

B

C

0

E

Concentration
15.
7.4
7.0
7.3
6.9
12.
7.3
28.
29.
27.
26.
26.
28.
25.
25.
28.
28.
22.
18.
24.
21.
18.
27.
28.
15.
28.
26.
29.
30.
28.
16.
26.
21.
25.
25.
14.
17.
12.
10.
4.0
4.0
3.9
22.
24.
13.
3.5
7.0
6.2
6.9
4.5
6.5
6.6
12.
3.0

12.
15.
18.
20.
17.
19.
18.
24.
27.
18.
21.
17.
20.
14.
7.6
6.5
3.9
17.
18.
22.
24.
23.
13.
13.
12.
26.
27.
11.
11.
8.9
11.
2.1
1.9
3.7
6.5
15.
7.1
3.0
4.6
0.8
5.4
2.2
4.0
5.8
11.

7.3
8.9
11.
18.
21.

10.
13.
20.
22.
8.0
6.7
13.
12.
14.
2.4
2.7
1.6
9.7
12.
14.
17.
20.





7.7
10.
6.2
7.2
2.2
1.0
3.0
7.4
6.7
4.3
1.5
2.2

2.2
1.8
2.9
5.0
9.4

5.3
7.8
10.
14.
19.
7.0
3.2
11.
17.
20.
4.6
5.3
6.2
8.6
13.
1.0
0.9
1.0
8.2
10.
13.
15.
19.
5.3
8.2

12.
22.
3.6
4.4
3.7
6.2





3.2
1.3
1.7



2.3
4.9
8.8

4.9
7.4
9.0
13.
18.
3.2
1.6
7.7
12.
16.
2.6
2.6
5.2
7.8
12.

0.5
0.6
4.7
6.1
8.8
12.
17.
4.3

9.0
10.
20.
0.7
2.5
3.4
7.0
1.6
2.0
2.0
4.7
6.9
2.9
1.0
1.8



1.8
4.5
8.0

3.5
4.7
6.1
11.
17.
2.9
1.2
6.9
7.5
14.
1.4
1.4
3.1
4.3
9.3


0.5
3.0
4.2
6.2
9.8
16.
2.9
4.4
7.0
11.
19.
0.8
3.3
5.4
6.6
0.9
1.2
1.2
6.1
7.8
1.7
0.8
1.7
F

(ug L-




3.7
6.6

1.3
2.4
3.7
9.7
15.
1.5
0.9
5.0
6.0
12.
0.5
0.5
2.1
3.5
10.



2.4
2.9
4.3
7.5
12.
1.8
2.7
4.1
8.3
15.
0.5
2.0
4.6
5.6
0.8
1.1
1.5
3.1
5.6
1.2
0.6
0.7
G

)




3.1
5.1

0.6
1.2
2.8
6.0
13.
0.4

1.7
3.0
7.6


1.3

5.5



1.7
2.1
3.6
6.9
12.
0.8
1.0
2.0
3.8
12.
0.6
0.7
1.6
4.8
0.7
0.8
1.1
2.2
3.9
1.0
0.6
0.4
H














0.3

1.1
2.2
7.5


0.7
1.7
4.5









0.5
1.0
3.3
9.9
0.5
0.8
1.4
4.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.1
2.6



I Out






2.2
2.4

0.1
0.3
1.0
4.7
8.6
0.2

0.7
1.8
4.2



1.3
4.4



1.3
1.4
2.4
4.8
8.2

0.4
1.2
2.9
10.
0.5
0.6
1.3
4.0
0.4

0.7
1.0
2.5

0.2

                 55

-------
                 TABLE 5
Brewster cls-1,2-Dlchloroethylene Data Set

Group
1

1






2




3




4




5


6




7




8



9




10



Anal
i

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Sample Port
In

A

B

C

0

E

Concentration
25.
11.
11.
12.
12.
18.
12.
53.
56.
51.
54.
50.
60.
47.
59.
64.
54.
57.
44.
45.
40.
41.
68.
62.
43.
53.
50.
55.
56.
53.
41.
63.
35.
49.
42.
25.
32.
32.
45.
7.7
7.6
7.6
43.
43.
33.
6.6
17.
11.
8.9
8.7
12.
11.
19.
5.0

28.
34.
46.
44.
41.
39.
53.
63.
51.
39.
65.
39.
55.
19.
24.
25.
16.
33.
37.
45.
48.
49.
28.
29.
25.
37.
59.
35.
28.
27.
48.
4.7
4.2
7.2
18.
33.
13.
5.3
14.
1.3
4.5
5.4
11.
11.
18.

17.
20.
29.
48.
48.

24.
40.
57.
48.
23.
29.
37.
53.
40.
9.3
10.
7.3
24.
27.
32.
44.
44.





22.
27.
21.
30.
4.8
2.6
6.7
19.
20.
8.4
3.2
9.2


3.9
9.9

17.

13.
19.
27.
45.
44.
18.
9.4
38.
43.
50.
13.
26.
22.
35.
37.
3.2
4.0
4.3
18.
24.
34.
40.
46.
12.
20.

35.
55.
10.
15.
23.
33.





6.9
2.4
7.2


3.0
8.8
10.
18.

12.
17.
24.
43.
45.
11.
6.1
30.
41.
47.
9.9
17.
20.
34.
38.
1.4
2.1
3.0
10.
16.
25.
38.
42.
9.7

28.
32.
55.
2.9
9.5
13.
29.
3.8
4.6
4.8
12.
18.
6.8
2.5
7.1



7.2
10.
18.

8.9
12.
20.
41.
45.
9.4
4.9
28.
34.
46.
5.4
8.2
18.
23.
33.
0.7
1.2
2.8
6.1
11.
19.
32.
45.
6.8
11.
24.
32.
44.
3.3
11.
16.
33.
2.1
3.3
3.7
13.
18.
4.2
1.7
5.3
F

(ug L-



6.6
9.7
21.

4.5
7.1
13.
36.
44.
5.4
3.8
23.
27.
44.
2.3
4.2
12.
28.
33.
1.1
1.0
2.6
4.5
6.8
13.
27.
41.
5.7
8.0
14.
31.
42.
2.0
8.9
14.
30.
1.9
2.5
4.2
8.2
13.
3.0
1.2
3.9
G

l)



5.1
9.3
18.

2.2
3.5
10.
27.
43.
1.4
1.1
8.5
16.
36.
1.7
3.0
9.4

25.
0.8
0.5
2.0
2.2
4.6
12.
24.
39.
1.8
2.9
8.5
18.
35.
2.5
3.0
6.4
17.
1.3
1.4
2.7
4.9
10.
2.0
1.1
2.8
H














0.9
1.0
6.3
14.
34.
0.7
1.5
5.4
15.
30.








0.8
1.3
5.9
17.
30.
2.1
3.3
6.0
19.
0.6
1.2
2.3
2.7
6.1



I Out





3.3
6.7
13.

0.5
1.6
5.2
21.
35.
0.8
0.5
4.2
13.
25.
0.5
0.8
1.6
10.
20.
0.6
0.5
1.9
1.5
2.3
6.8
18.
27.
0.6
1.5
4.6
14.
37.
2.4
3.0
4.3
18.
0.8

1.6
2.5
5.7
0.5
0.3
0.9
                     56

-------
in
                                                                      TABLE 6

                                                   Comparison of Xu, Kla, and Fraction Remaining
                                                    Using Overall best fit Henry's Coefficient
                                                                Tetrachloroethylene
Column
Size
(In)
6
6
12
24
57
6
12
24
12
57
Packing
Size
(In)
0.5
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Henry's
Coeff.
(atm)
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
KLa (sec-1) Fraction Remaining
Air to Water Ratio Air to Water Ratio
Xu SO 35 20 10 5 50 35 20 10 5
0.0 0.0085 0.0075 0.0094 0.010 0.013 0.0000 0.0003 0.0014 0.015 0.069
0.0 0.0064 0.0065 0.0086 0.012 0.011 0.023 0.048 0.073 0.13 0.26
0.0 0.0078 0.012 0.012 0.021 0.025 0.0097 0.0040 0.026 0.035 0.087
0.0 0.0099 0.012 0.015 0.020 0.017 0.0032 0.0043 0.013 0.042 0.16
0.012 0.014 0.017 0.035 0.012 0.012 0.012
0.0 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.019 0.019 0.023 0.028 0.053 0.12 0.25
0.0 0.010 0.014 0.016 0.022 0.018 0.017 0.018 0.052 0.085 0.28
0.017 0.028 0.016 0.013 0.0093 0.017 0.026 0.099 0.34
0.0 0.0066 0.0064 0.0091 0.079 0.15 0.17
0.0 0.0086 0.010 0.015 0.039 0.047 0.052

-------
                                                                        TABLE 7
tn
CO
                  Column
                   Size
                   (in)
 6
12
24
57

 6
12
24

12
57
      Packing
       Size
       (in)
1.
1.
1.
1.

2.
2.
2.

3.
3.
      Henry's
      Coeff.
      (atm)
                             0.5    0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21

0.21
0.21
0.21

0.21
0.21
                                                     Comparison of Xu, Kla, and Fraction Remaining
                                                      Using Overall best fit Henry's Coefficient
                                                                   Trlchloroethylene
Xu
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.025
0.0
0.0
0.029
0.0
0.0
50
0.0080
0.0087
0.0089
0.010
0.021
0.0084
0.010
0.023
0.0058
0.0078
KLa
Air to
35
0.0030
0.0085
0.013
0.013
0.025
0.010
0.015
0.015
0.0054
0.0086
(sec-1)
Water Ratio
20 10
0.0061
0.0099
0.013
0.015
0.036
0.013
0.017
0.012
0.0099
0.017
0.0071
0.010
0.022
0.021
0.017
0.024
0.0084

5
0.0048
0.0088
0.029
0.018
0.018
0.018


0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
50
0000
0072
0059
0028
025
047
020
029
11
056
Fraction Remaining
Air to Water Ratio
35 20 10
0.040
0.022
0.0025
0.0030
0.025
0.054
0.015
0.042
0.20
0.082
0.017
0.058
0.028
0.020
0.025
0.084
0.049
0.13
0.16
0.051
0.069
0.20
0.048
0.055
0.17
0.094
0.40

5
0.33
0.39
0.15
0.22
0.33
0.33


-------
en
vo
                                                                    TABLE  8


                                                 Comparison of Xu. Kla, and Fraction Remaining
                                                  Using Overall  best fit Henry's Coefficient
                                                           ds-l,2-Dich1oroethylene
Column Packing
Size Size
(in) (in)
6 0.5
6 1.
12 1.
24 1.
57 1.
6 2.
12 2.
24 2.
12 3.
57 3.
Henry ' s
Coeff.
(atm)
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.094
KLa (sec-1) Fraction Remaining
Air to Water Ratio Air to Water Ratio
Xu 50 35 20 10 5 50 35 20 10 5
0.0 0.0092 0.0044 0.0067 0.0050 0.0082 0.0000 0.018 0.039 0.27 0.54
0.0 0.0079 0.0079 O.OOB5 0.0073 0.0017 0.017 0.044 0.13 0.41 0.80
0.0 0.0089 0.012 0.013 0.022 0.013 0.0097 0.0092 0.064 0.20 0.54
0.0 0.0094 O.U11 0.015 0.024 0.032 0.0083 0.013 0.051 0.19 0.53
0.010 0.019 0.020 0.014 0.0097 0.010 0.056
0.0 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.037 0.027 0.050 0.14 0.35 0.52
0.0 0.012 0.016 0.015 0.018 0.0092 0.014 0.022 0.12 0.30 0.63
0.053 0.023 0.013 0.017 0.014 0.054 0.085 0.15 0.38
0.0 0.0069 0.0065 0.010 0.091 0.18 0.21
0.0 0.010 0.010 0.019 0.034 0.071 0.074

-------
                                                      Picked Coin
        TABLE 9
Air Stripping Design Using Pilot  Dat«
en
o
Group Tett Packing Pilot
1 1 Sill Column
SI 10
(Inch) (Inch)
1 0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2

10
11
12
1 11
14
IS
16
17
4 18
19
20
21
22
S 21
24
25
C 26
27
28
29
10
7 11
12
11
14
35
8 IS
37
38
39
9 40
41
42
41
44
10 45
46
47
,
.
.
.
•
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
57
57
57
.
.
.
.
•
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
12
12
12
12
12
57
57
57
Air
Hater
Batlo
SI.
14.
20.
10.
S.O
5.0
49.
SO.
16.
21.
9.8
S.O
SO.
16.
21.
9.9
S.O
49.
16.
20.
10.
S.O
SI.
17.
22.
47.
15.
20.
9.9
S.I
SI.
14.
20.
10.
S.O
49.
16.
19.
9.9
48.
IS.
20.
48.
17.
49.
16.
20.
Loading
Air 1 Uater
0.17 0.0034
0.16 0.0046
0.11 0.0067
0.10 0.0098
0.067 0.014
0.067 0.011
0.17 0.0035
0.44 0.0089
0.40 0.01 1
0.11 0.016
0.25 0.026
0.1S 0.011
0.44 0.0088
0.19 0.011
0.11 0.016
0.2S 0.026
0.15 0.011
0.44 0.0089
0.19 0.01 1
0.12 0.017
0.26 0.026
O.IS 0.010
0.47 0.008S
0.40 0.011
0.14 0.016
0.6S 0.014
0.61 0.017
0.51 0.025
0.19 0.019
0.26 O.OSI
0.66 0.011
0.61 0.018
O.SI 0.026
0.19 0.019
0.2S O.OSI
0.66 0.014
0.61 0.017
0.50 0.026
0.39 0.039
0.66 0.014
0.61 0.017
0.61 0.026
0.65 0.014
0.60 0.016
0.66 0.014
0.61 0.017
O.SI 0.025
Pilot Systeia
Kla
0.0085
0.0076
0.0094
0.010
0.013
0.013
0.0075
0.0064
0.0065
0.0006
0.012
0.011
0.0078
0.012
0.012
0.021
0.025
0.0099
0.012
O.OIS
0.020
0.017
0.014
0.017
O.OIS
0.010
0.012
O.OIS
0.019
0.019
0.010
0.014
0.016
0.022
0.018
0.028
0.016
0.011
0.0091
0.0066
0.0064
0.0011
0.0055
O.UU52
0.0186
0.010
O.OIS
Air
Gradient
(N.-1.-I)
29.
10.
32.
33.
30.
30.
10.
29.
28.
28.
11.
21.
29.
27.
28.
31.
22.
35.
34.
36.
45.
28.
32.
27.
29.
31.
JS.
36.
40.
34.
32.
35.
37.
40.
34.
31.
34.
36.
40.
31.
34.
37.
32.
32.
31.
34.
IS.
Full Scale System Cost Es
Diameter
(Inch)
110.
97.
80.
66.
S7.
57.
110.
70.
61.
S2.
41.
38.
70.
61.
S2.
41.
37.
70.
61.
SI.
41.
3B.
70.
61.
SI.
56.
SO.
42.
11.
29.
SB.
SO.
41.
11.
29.
56.
SI.
41.
11.
56.
50.
41.
56.
SI.
56.
50.
42.
Packing
Height
CO
7.7
12.
15.
26.
66.
65.
9.1
27.
14.
40.
60.
170.
22.
18.
28.
11.
71.
17.
18.
24.
35.
110.
12.
11.
9.6
27.
28.
16.
56.
150.
25.
25.
16.
47.
180.
9.S
21.
41.
110.
40.
54.
62.
48.
61.
11.
11.
15.
Air
Flo-
(SCFH)
2400.
1600.
910.
470.
210.
210.
2100.
2100.
1700.
960.
450.
210.
2100.
1700.
960.
460.
210.
2300.
1700.
910.
460.
210.
2500.
1700.
1000.
2200.
1600.
940.
460.
240.
2400.
1600.
910.
470.
210.
2100.
1700.
900.
460.
2100.
1600.
910.
2200.
1700.
23UO.
170(1.
940.
Air Capital I Operatln
Pressure 1
(Inch H20) («) |(K| year.
z>
2!
2.
3.
4_
4.

1.

3,
4.
6.
2.
2.
1.

4!
2.
2.
*
4.
S.
?>
2.
2.
1.
*
1.
4.
8.
3.

3.

9!
2,
j^
3!
7.
1.

4!

4!
j
3.
1.
200. 6.6
220. 6.9
200. 6.4
220. 7.2
170. 12.
170. 12.
220. 6.9
140. 7.2
140. 7.4
130. 7.2
110. 8.2
240. 17.
120. 6.6
110. 5.6
MB. 6.0
100. S.8
140. 8.9
110. 6.1
110. S.7
100. S.S
100. 6.1
180. 12.
98. 5.4
94. S.O
80. 4.1
110. 6.7
100. 6.4
100. 6.4
110. 7.S
170. IS.
110. 6.6
100. 6.0
100. 6.4
100. 6.8
190. 17.
82. 4.8
95. 5.7
110. 7.0
160. 12.
120. 8.1
130. 8.9
120. 8.7
110. 8.9
140. 9.9
110. 7.1
100. 6.8
97. 6.2
I                                                                                                                                             Product I on

                                                                                                                                           (c per 1000 gal)

                                                                                                                                                 16.
                                                                                                                                                 IB.
                                                                                                                                                 16.
                                                                                                                                                 18.
                                                                                                                                                 10.
                                                                                                                                                 10.
                                                                                                                                                 18.
                                                                             11.
                                                                             11.
                                                                             12.
                                                                             11.
                                                                             25.

                                                                             12.
                                                                             9.9
                                                                             10.
                                                                             9.B
                                                                             14.

                                                                             II.
                                                                             10.
                                                                             9.6
                                                                             10.
                                                                             18.

                                                                             9.2
                                                                             8.8
                                                                             7.4

                                                                             II.
                                                                             10.
                                                                             10.
                                                                             II.
                                                                             19.

                                                                             II.
                                                                             9.7
                                                                             10.
                                                                             10.
                                                                             22.

                                                                             7.9
                                                                             9.1
                                                                             II.
                                                                             17.

                                                                             12.
                                                                             11.
                                                                             11.
                                                                             II.
                                                                             15.

                                                                             II.
                                                                             10.
                                                                             9.6

-------
                           TABLE 10
Example Calculation of Onda's Mass Transfer Coefficient Model

                  Temperature =  11.0     (Deg.  C)
inpuLb

bu nuue i ;
Liquid Loading =
Air Loading =
Acceleration of gravity =
Gas Law Constant •
Molar Volume of Gas at STP=


Air at



Water




Standard Temperature »
Standard Pressure =
11 Deg. C
Molecular Weight =
Density »
Viscosity »
at 11 Deg. C
Molecular Weight =
Density-
Viscosity »
Surface Tension -
Tetrachloroethylene at 11 Deg.






1 inch


Molecular Weight »
Molecular Volume »
Boiling Point »
Air Diffusion Coef. •
Water Diffusion Coef »
Henry's Coefficient =
Plastic Glltsch Saddles:
Nominal Size «
Surface Area «
Surface Tension »
0.016
0.32
9.80
0.0821
22.4
m3 m-2 sec'l)
m3 m-2 sec-1)
m sec-2)
atm m3 KM-1 Deg K-l)
m3 KM-1)
273.0 (Deg K)
1.00 (atm)

23.95
1.24

Kg KM-1)
Kg m-?)
1.7E-5 (Kg m-1 sec-1)

18.0
998.

Kg KM-1)
Kg m-3)
0.0013 (Kg m-1 sec-1)
0.074 (Kg sec-2)
C
165.8
0.13
394.4
7.0E-6
5.7E-10

gm M-l)
n.3 KM-1)
Deg. K)
n.2 sec-1)
m2 sec-1)
0.30 (atm m3 m-3)


0.025 (ml
200. (m2 m-3)
0.033 (Kg sec-2)
Internals from Onda's Model:





Liquid




Reynolds Number =
Froude Number =
Weber Number =
Wetted Area =
Shape Factor »
Phase:
Reynolds Number =
Schmidt Number =
Sherwood Number •=
Kl -
62.
0.0054
0.017
100. (
5.2

120.
2300.
0.0052



m2 m-3)





0.00013 (m sec-1)
A1r Phase:




Reynolds Number «
Schmidt Number -
Sherwood Number =
Kg «
120.
2.0
7.0



0.00044 (KM mZ sec-1 atm-1)
                  Overall  Kla  =   0.012   (sec-1)
                                61

-------
                          TABLE 11

Mass Transfer Coefficient Estimated by the Onda Correlation
                  for Tetrachloroethylene
                  Henry's Coefficient^.30
Pilot
Column
(in)
6
6
12
24
57
6
12
24
12
57
Packing
Size
(in)
0.5
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Kla Estimated by Onda Correlation (sec-1)
Air to Water Ratio
50
0.0062
0.0079
0.0078
0.0078
0.0079



0.0092
0.0092

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.



0.
0.
35
0077
0093
0092
0090
0091



Oil
Oil
20
0.010
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012



0.014
0.014
10 5
0.013 0.015
0.017 0.019
0.017 0.019
0.017 0.019






                          TABLE 12

Mass Transfer Coefficient Estimated by the Onda Correlation
                   for Trichloroethylene
                 Henry's Coefficient^.21
Pilot
Column
(in)
6
6
12
24
57
6
12
24
12
57
Packing
Size
(in)
0.5
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Kla Estimated by
Ai r to
50
0.0064
0.0083
0.0082
0.0082
0.0082



0.0094
0.0094

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.



0.
0.
35
0079
0097
0096
0094
0095



Oil
on
Onda Correlation (sec-1)
Water Ratio
20
0.010
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.012



0.014
0.014
10 5
0.013 0.015
0.018 0.019
0.018 0.019
0.018 0.019






                           62

-------
                           TABLE 13

 Mass Transfer Coefficient Estimated by the Onda Correlation
                for cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene
                  Henry's Coefficient^.094
Pilot
Column
 (in)
   6
  12
  24
  57

   6
  12
  24

  12
  57
Packing
 Size
 (in)

  0.5

  1.
  1.
  1.
  1.

  2.
  2.
  2.

  3.
  3.
Kla Estimated by Onda Correlation (sec-1)
           Air to Water Ratio
    50      35      20      10      5

  0.0061  0.0074  0.0092  0.011   0.012

  0.0085  0.0098  0.013   0.017   0.018
  0.0084  0.0098  0.013   0.017   0.018
  0.0084  0.0096  0.013   0.017   0.018
  0.0084  0.0097  0.012
  0.0089  0.010   0.013
  0.0089  0.010   0.012
                             63

-------
                 Figure  1
  Packed Column  Air  Stripping Process
                     (5) VOC  R * i a o a e d to Atmoaphere
    (1) W a t ar Flow
(3) Packing Malarial
                           (4) VOC Trans far
                            (2) Air Flow
                 C«)Hlgh Removal Efficiencies
                    are Possible
                     64

-------
en
in
                              Figure  2
                        flir  to Water Ratio
                                 Vs
                       Liquid & Ri r  Loading
                                         1" PI astisr Saddles
                      Flir Loading  (m3 m-2 sec-1)

-------
                             figure  3
       Packed Column  Air  Stripping Pilot System
     Orifice

             -.i.
Mercury s
M arto m *t er
                   Top of
                  Packing
                           C rrn~nT
                                  £
                                      Air
                               2$
                                   s
                              flJUp
                                nnmni
                              itiniiiinnt
                              f HimiUKl!
                              MimiJMfllf
                              tiniunmu
                              UUUIIIIIUi
                               lillKHtif !(
                                         Temperature
                                              ^>
                                            Liquid
                                         Redlitrlbutor
                                           (Every a')
                            x^TTTTTTTTnTTTrti
                            __ (llillillll'lll!
                            ^ Ui 11 H I It 11
                            _ niu
                  Support/-,
                  Plate  / v
                 Central
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             Sample  Port
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           I/
                                                      r
Influent Water
     from
  Well  Pump
                  S • mp I •
                   Ports
                                       "^Inlet  Air
                                          , Effluent
                                       /t/Tenk

                                         Temperature
                                                         x
                                                          Pltot Tubes
                                                         ^
                                                        ^
                                                            r
                                                              Water
                                                            Manometer
                                                              Typ.
                              Control
                              Damper


                               B o w • r
                                        Effluent  Water
                                           to Drain

-------
Figure 4
Cost Model Configuration
Column Diameter
f

Liquid Distributor-.
X i

1 Inch Plastic
Saddle Packing -N
304 SS Shell ~-v
^ -I

Liquid Redistrf butor
C
V_ -
100 ft of
Influent P pe
^^^••^^
SuDDort Plata —

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A^-.'O-.oo^' ^,
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Length 5
57 Not to Scale

-------
 Packed Column Rir  Stripping Data

Breuister,  NY  - Tetrachloroethyl ene

                                 Plot 2 - Run  9-6 Inch Column
                                     .5
            Plot 1 - Run 13-6  Inch Column

                .5 Inch Ceramic  Saddles

             	HJ
                                 0 Load-.0031

                               Rlr Load-.!?

                                 Rat 10-51
CO
            Xt-130

            XU-B
            K!«-.BBSS
            Henry-.3

            Sq mie-.4B6
           0123456

       Location (Z)  from Top of Packing  (m)

             Plot 3 - Run B - 6 Inch Column

                 .5  Inch Ceramic Saddles

              ""	HJ
                                             C
                                             o
                                             —  o
                                             +»  —
                                             *
                                             i.
                                             +*
                                             C  —
                                             I)
                                             u
                                             C
                                             o  —
                                             u
 Inch Ceramic  Saddles
• i- I i ' i - I•' •  
-------
                    Packed  Column  Rir  Stripping Data
                   Breuster,  NY -  Tetrachloroethyl ene
      Plot 5 - Run 6-6  Inch Column                 Plot 6 - Run 12-6  Inch Column
             Inch Ceramic Saddles
                          0 Load-.014
                         fltr Load-.057
                           Rat Io-5
10
t-
•*»
C —
0
u
c
o —
u
Xt-43
xu-a
Kla-.813
Henry-.3
Sq mse-.114
i i1 I I I i i
               I ' ' '  ' I ' ' ' ' I
' I i ' •
                                              c —
                                              o
                                              o
                                              c
                                              o —
                                                        .5
                            Inch Ceramic Saddles
                            i  . I i . . i I . . . . I . i . .  I
                                                                      H20 Load-.013
                                                                      Rlr Load-.067
                                                                        Ratlo-5
                     Xt-76
                     Xu-0
                     Kla-.ai3
                     Henry-.3
                     5qj»i»-.B7?
                                                 4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
    0123456
Location  (Z)  from  Top of  Packing (m)
      Plot 7  - Run  IB - 6 Inch Column
          .5  Inch Ceramic Saddles
       • i i I •< < » I i '  ' •  I ' » i.'Jj." ' M
 c
 a
 —  is
 c —
 O
 u
 c
 o —
                         H20 Load-.0035
                         fllr Load-.17
                           Rat 10-49
      Xt-58
      Xu-0
      KI a-.0875
      Henry-.3
      5q nia-.IZI
                          4-
                               4-
                                                  0123456
                                              Location  (Z)  from  Top of  Packing (m)
                                                    Plot  8 - Run 46-6 Inch Column
                                                      1  Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                                                                      H20 Load-.8889
                                                                      Rlr Load-.44
                                                                         Ratio-SB
     0123456
Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
                c —
                o
                u
                c
                o -
                u
                                              Xt-190
                                              Xu-0
                                              KI a-.0064
                                              Hen-y-.3
                                              Sq msa-.29
                                                 •4-
•4-
     4-
     4-
                                                  0123456
                                              Location  (Z)  from  Top of  Packing  (m)

-------
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breiuster, NY - Tetrachloroethy 1 ene
Plot 9 - Run 45-6 Inch Column Plot 10 - Run 44-6 Inch Column
s 1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles o 1 inch Plastic Koch Saddles
f~> Cg
_J 0
\ ~"
O) /
3 eg**
^^ CD
C
o
— IS
+» —
a
L.
C —
o
u
£
8-1
.... i .... i .... i .... i .... § ....
H20 Load-. 011
Rlr Load-. 4
JL^^^ Rat lo-36
(5Tn—~4^ 
O-^Q^-
^^""-GU-v
^^©-^_
^^ ^***»
o
Xt-170
Xu-0
K la-. 006 5
Honry-.3
Sq «.- 295 .,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 	

D §
O) f
3 C9^
^^ C3
C
0
— eg
*> —
0
i.
^>
^"
C —
1)
0
L o —
1- u .H
iiiiliiiili iiitiiiilii i i 1 i i i i X
H2"0 Load-.BiB ;
. Hlr Load-. 33
3U^_^ Ratlo-21

^ ™ — CL. /r»
* —
a
L.
4*
C —
o
u
L ° —
r O • '
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
i|iil|i|i|liil|liil|lili|riiiJ
' ' ' H^O Load-. 031 :
Rlr Load-. 15
^ 	 1T> ITt **. Rat I o-5
^^ — ®— ©— ®__ xn_
^^*—Q




Xt-170
Xu-0
Kla-.0ll
Henry-. 3
p0-.01".--09,6. 1 , , , , 1 , , , , 1 , , , , 1 , I , .
















0123456 0133456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
                   Packed  Column  Rir  Stripping  Data
                  Breuister,  NY  -  Tetrachl oroethy 1 ene
    Plot 13 - Run 43  -  12  Inch Column              Plot M - Run  42 -  12  Inch Column
c —
o
u
c
O -i
       1 Inch Plastic  Koch Saddles
         I •  • • • I " " I " ' i.Jj ." '. I
                   H20 Load-.00B8
                   Rlr Load-.44
                     Ratio-SB
XI-I2B
Xu-8
K1.-.0B78
Henry-.3
SqB»e-. 305
              4-
              4-
                         4-
    0123456
Location  (Z)  from  Top of  Packing (m)
     Plot 15 - Run 41 - 12 Inch Column
        I Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                   tf
                     0 Load-.BlE
                   Rlr Load-.33
                      Ratlo-2l
      Xt-130
      Xu-B
      Kla-.BI2
      Henry-.3
      Sq ms
    0123456
Location  (Z)  from  Top of  Packing (m)
                                              c —
                                              I)
                                              u
                                              c
                                              o —
                                                1  Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                                                • ' I • • " I i •  " I ' "
                                                                      H20 Load-.011
                                                                      Rlr Load-.39
                                                                        R«llo-36
Xt-IIB
Xu-B
Kla-.BIZ
Henry-.3
         4-
-f-
4-
4-
                                                  0123456
                                              Location (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
                                                ca
                                             ~ SI
                                             Plot IB - Run  40 - 12 Inch Column
                                                1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddlas
                                         c
                                         4*
                                         C —
                                         o
                                         u
                                         c
                                                       4-
                                                                        0 Load-.026
                                                                      Hlr Load-.25
                                                                         Ratlo-9.9
                                                    Xt-l4B
                                                    xu-a
                                                    Kla-.02l
                                                    Henry-.3

                                                    I 111 | I I
         4-
                                                                  4-
                                                                       4-
                                             0123456
                                        Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)

-------
               Packed Column  Rir Stripping  Data


              Breujster,  NY  -  Tetrach loroethyl ene

Plot 17 - Run  39 - 12 Inch Column              Plot  IB  -  Run 35 - 24 Inch Column

   1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles            _ S  . 1 Inch Plastic GlItsch Saddles
                                                       I I I I I  I I I I I 1^1 ^[j] 'g^g'g' |

                                                                  Rlr Load-.44
c  —
o
o
c
o  —
o
                               4-
                         H20 Load-.031

                         fllr Load-.IS

                           Ratlo-S
      Xt-148

      Xu-B

      K1a-.025

      H.nry-.3
5="-H-
               4-
               4-
4-
4-
    0123456

Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)

     Plot 19 - Run  34 - 24  Inch Column

   G>   1  inch Plastic GlItsch Saddles
<•%  eg
a
i.
4*
C —
o
o
c
o —
u
                                                       4-
                                                                         Ratlo-49
                                               Xt=120

                                               Xu-B

                                               KU-.0099

                                               Henry-.3

                                               Sq mse-.BBl
4-
4-
                                                  0123456

                                              Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
                                                ta
 c
 o
 — s>
 •** —
 id
 t.
 *»
 c —
 o
 u
 c
 o —
                           0 Load-.ail

                         Rlr Load-.39

                            Rat Io-36
 xt-sa
 Xu-a
 Kla-.BI2
 Henry-.3

 Sq me-. 15
               4-
                          4-
                          4-
                                              Plot 2B - Run  33 - 24  Inch Column

                                                1  Inch Plastic GlItsch Saddles
                                                                        4-
                                                                       H20 Load-.017

                                                                       Rlr Load-.32

                                                                         Ratlo-20
     0123456

Location (Z)  from Top of  Packing  (m)
                     a
                     L.
                     +>
                     c -
                     o
                     u
                     c
                     o —
                     u  •
                                                    Xt-94

                                                    Xu-a

                                                    Kla-.BIS

                                                    Henry-.3

                                                    Sq msc-.143
                         4-
               4-
      4-
                                              4-
                                                   0123456

                                              Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)

-------
                   H20 Load-.036
                   Rlr Load-.26
                     Ratlo-10
U)
               c —
               o
               u
               c
               o —•
               u
 Packed  Column  Rir  Stripping  Data

Brewster,  NY -  Tetrachloroethylene

                               Plot 22 - Run 31 - 24 Inch  Column
                             H   1  inch Plastic GHtsch Saddlas

                                                   H20 Load-.'03  j
                                                   Htr Load-.IS  -
Plot 21  - Run 32 - 24 Inch Column
  1  Inch Plastic  GHtsch Saddles
  ' • i I " • i I • • • i  I ' •
Xt-78

Xu-8

KIB-.82

Honry-,3

Sq mse-.161
. ?^ .• ...
                        -t-
                   0123456

               Location (Z) from Top of  Packing (m)

                    Plot 23 - Run 38 - 57 Inch Column
                       1  inch Plastic Koch Saddlas
                     Xt-91
                     xu-.0ia
                     Kla-.BM
                     Honry-,3
                     Sq mse-.341
                   0123456

               Location  (Z)  from Top  of Packing (m)
                                                           s  ""
                                                           01
                                                           3  S)
                                                           ^f  (S

                                                           c
                                                           o
                           a
                           L.
                           4»
                           C —
                           o
                           u
                           c
                           o —
                           u
                                                                    -4-
                                                          -f-
                                                                  Rat Io-5
                                              Xt-7B

                                              Xu-B
                                              KU-.BI7
                                              Honry-.3

                                              Sq mte-.184
                                                            •4-
-f-
                                           0123456

                                       Location  (Z)  from Top of Packing  (m)

                                            Plot 24  - Run 37 - 57 Inch Column
                                               1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                                              • i•IiiiiIi • • i I  i <
                                                                                    HJO Load-.011

                                                                                    fllr Load-.4

                                                                                      Ratla-37
                                            0123456

                                        Location  (Z) from Top of  Packing (m)

-------
                    Packed  Column  Rir Stripping Data
                   Breuister,  NY
     Plot 25  - Run 36 - 57 Inch  Column
        1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
id
i.
+*
c —
0
o
c
o —
u
                    -4-
                        -4-
                         H20 Load-.016
                         Rlr Load-.34
                           Rat Io-22
Xt-120
Xu-.B12
KI a-.B35
Henry-.3

' 'I ' I '
-4-
              -4-
     -f-
     -4-
                 -  Tetrachloroethylene
                              Plot 26 - Run 18-6 Inch Column
                                      2 Inch TrI-Packs
                                       | I I . I I I . I .1 I . I . I
    0123456
Location  (Z) from Top of  Packing (m)
      Plot 27 - Run 28-6  Inch Column
             2 tnch TrI-Packs
                               4-
                                                                 0 Lotd-.BI4
                                                               Rlr Loid-.ES
                                                                 Ratlo-
                                             Xt-2BB
                                             Xu-8
                                             Kla-.BI
                                             Henry-.3
                                             Sq mm-. IBS
                                           0123456
                                       Location  (Z)  from Top of Packing  (m)
                         H20 Load-.017
                         Rlr Load-.61
                           Rat 10-35
 O
 U
 c
 o —
Xt-210
Xu-0
Kla-.BlZ
Henry. 3
Sq mse-.M7
          -4-
         4-
-4-
-I-
                                          o
                                       si  <3
                              Plot 2B - Run 22-6 Inch Column
                                      2 Inch TrI-Packs
     0     1     2    3     4     5    G
Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing (m)
                                                                 0 Load-.025
                                                                Rlr Load-.SI
                                                                  Rat 10-20
                                            0123456
                                       Location  (Z) from Top of  Packing  (m)

-------
Plot
                                   Packed Column
                                  Breuster,  NY  -
                         29 - Run 24-6 Inch Column
                            2 Inch TM -Packs
                                   Rir Stripping  Data
                                   Tetrachloroethylene
     Plot
01
                                           Load-.039
                                        Rir Lo«d-.39
                                          Ratlc-9.9
                     X1-19B
                     Xu-a
                     Kla-.B19
                     Henry-.3
                     Sq mse-.e77
                                                  3B -
                                                    2
                                         id
                                         i.
                                         **
                                         c —
                                         o
                                         u
                                         c
                                         o —
Run 26-6  Inch Column
Inch TrI-Packs
	""{j.
                                                                  0 Load-.851
                                                                 Rir Load-.26
                                                                   Rat Ic-5.1
      Xt-IBB
      Xu-0
      Kit-.BIS
      Henry-.3
      Sq_jnia-. B97
                                                                      -f-
                                                                  •4-
                    0123456
               Location (Z)  from Top  of Packing  (m)
                    Plot 31 - Run 17 - 12  Inch Column
                             2  Inch  TrI-Packs
                                          0 Load-.BL3
                                        Rir Load-.66
                                           Rat Io-51
                L.
                **
                C —
                O
                u
                c
                o —
                u
xt-ai
xu-e
Kla-.BI
Henry-.3
Sq RISO-. 177
          4-
                                             0123456
                                        Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing (m)
                                             Plot 32 - Run 19 -  12  Inch Column
                                                       Inch TrI-Packs
                                                                       t-
                                                                 H20 Load-.BIB
                                                                 Rir Load-.61
                                                                   Ratto-34
                    0123456
                Location (Z)  from Top of Packing  (m)
c —
u
u
c
o _
u
                                              Xt-95
                                              XU-B
                                              Kla-.BM
                                              Herry-.3
                                              Sq msa-.3M
                                                 •4-
4-
-f-
                                             0123456
                                         Location (Z)  from Top  of Packing  (m)

-------
x-w El
oncentratlon (ug/L
1 l 10 100 10
	 _ 	 /-N 	 _
oncontratlon (ug/L) £• C
1 1 10 100 1000 0
. . ^% 	 _ V* ~*
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - Tetrachloroethy 1 ene
Plot 33 - Run 21 - 12 Inch Column Plot 34 - Run 23 - 12 Inch Column
2 Inch Tri -Packs to 2 Inch Tri -Packs
H20 Load-. 02 6
Rlr Load-. 51
Rat lo-20
Xu-0
Kla-.BIS
Honry-.3
Sq msa-.lll
. 1-. . T .... 1 .... 1 .... 1 . . . . 1 ....
oncentration (ug/L
1 l 10 100 10
r~ v 	
H20 Load-. 039
Rlr Load-. 39
Ratlo-10
*^— - ^W_ ^
®~~©-CL_rD^
^^>^cr^o
Xt-96
Xu-8
KU-.022
Henry-. 3

1123456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 35 - Run 25 - 12 Inch Column Plot 36 - Run 30 - 24 Inch Column
2 Inch Tri -Packs si 2 Inch Tri -Packs
rSO Load-. B5 1
Rlr Load-. 25
L^ Rat lo-5
*>~~e-
-------
                    Packed  Column  flir  Stripping Data
                  Breujster,  NY
     Plot 37 - Run 29 - 24  Inch  Column
             2  Inch  Trl-Packs   .
                      11 H20 Lo'ed-.ei? ' |
                        Rlr Load-.61
                           Ratlo-36
C —
o
u
C
      Xt-73
      Xu-,817
      KlB-.BlS
      Henry. 3
      Sq mie-.3«
         4-
               4-
4-
4-
4-
                                        Tetrachloroethylene
                                                   Plot  38 - Run 28 - 24 Inch Column
                                                           2 Inch  Trl-Packs
                                                           	HJ
                     c -
                     o
                     u
                                   4-
                                                                        0 Loid-.BZS
                                                                       Rlr Laid-.5
                                                                         R»tlo-19
                                Xt-4B
                                Xu-.BI?
                                KU-.B13
                                Henry-.3
                                Sq_m»a-.3IB
-t-
4-
-f-
-4-
    0123456
Location  (Z) from Top of  Packing  (m)
     Plot 39 - Run 27 - 24 Inch Column
               Inch  Trl-P«ek»
                                                  0123456
                                              Location (Z)  from  Top of  Packing (m)
                                                   Plot 40 - Run 2-12  Inch Column
C -
o
u
c
o —
                               -4-
                         H20 Load-.039
                         Rlr Laid-.39
                           Ritlo-9.9
      Xt-57
      Xu-.B17
      KI.-.0093
      Hanry-.3
      Sq msa-.l36
                         •f-
                               •4-
                                                ta
                                              *-* s
                                              -J 2
                                              ai
                                              3 s
                                              ^ (9
    0123456
Location  (Z) from Top of Packing  (m)
                           c -
                           o
                           u
                           c
                           o _
                          u
                                  3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                                         •4-
                                         4-
                                              4-
                                                   H20 Lo«d-.BM
                                                   Rlr Load-.66
                                                     Rit10-48
                           Xt-22
                           Xu-0
                           KIB-.0066
                           Henry-.3
                           Sq mse-.133
                                              •4-
                                              •4-
                                                   0123456
                                              Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)

-------
oo
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuister, NY - Tetrachloroethyl ene
Plot 41 - Run 4-12 Inch Column Plot 42 - Run 5-12 Inch Column
eg
~ eg
-" 2
OI
3 (0
xx eg
— eg
•** —
a
L.
C —
o
u
o _
u •
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
H$0 Load-.ai? ;
fllr Load-. 61
Rat lo-35

\5 	 -.
x|x ^••Oi ff*.
^-^"~®^ n»
Xt-17 O
xu-a
Kl ttw.8B64
Henry. 3


eg
_l Q
X ""
DI
3 eg
\* eg
° ea
•** "^
id
c
c —
o
u

i- e^ — e-^^^
cr~^— A-WB.
^^© — -0
Xt-23
xu-a
KU-.0091
Henry-. 3
Sq mse-.IZI
. ;— v . I....1....I....I....I....















0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 43 - Run IS - 12 Inch Column Plot 44 - Run 16 - 12 Inch Column
eg
~ eg
-• 2
O)
3 eg(
xx eg
c
o
— eg
*j
«_
c —
e
o
c
o —
o •
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
rdd Load-.BM
Rlr Load-. 65
) Ratlo-4B
"~— --»«.^
G~O "~~~O— ^2~_
\J /T^
^^""O — ©

Xt-83
Xu-a
K la-. BBSS
Henry-. 3
. ^— . . i .' ... i .... i .... i .... i ....

eg
~ eg

S ""
Ol
3 eg.
xx cg(
c
o
— eg
id
i.
C —
o
u
c
o —
*• o • •
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiij
' ' ' H2*0 Load-.ai6
Rlr Load-. 6
Rat lo-37
T^ — ,_ _ yiv
^^5 &*&-&-<*
^-^ — fn — —fft
\Lf ^rU

Xt-83
Xu-a
Kia-.easz
Henry-. 3
















0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
VO
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Brewster,' NY - Tetrach loroethy lene
Plot 45 - Run 14 - 57 Inch Column Plot 46 - Run 3-57 Inch Column
s 3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles  3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
oncsntration (ug/L
1 1 10 100 10
jT*. 	 -
r Concentration (ug/L) £• C
n .1 i 10 100 1000 o
a . . . _ . f^. V — ,
HiO Load-. 01 4
Rlr Load-. 66
Ratlo-49
^'~T!)~Xf~«^®^
**-«-^>
Xt-54 >r,
Xu-8 ^
Kla-.BBBB
Henry". 3
ajn-JV.-rc, 	 i ....
-12 H!»0 Load-. 817
^. Rlr Load-. 61
3 s Rat lo-36
C s t,
.£ Xt-23 ^^^^~~®L^^
U Kla-.BI G)
" Henry-. 3
5 „ SqjnS(,..l7l 	
1123456 0123456
tion (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 47 - Run 11 - 57 Inch Column
3 Inch Plastic Koch Sadd las
HiQ Load-. 025
Rlr Load-. 51
Rat lo-28
^®-^
^^Dr-®^©
^^SSL
£:;' *>
Kla-.eiS
Henry-. 3
fi-rrr,-"4, 	 i,.,.i.,..

3123456
tion (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
OP
o
Packed Column flir Stripping Data
Brewster, NY - Tr i chloroethy 1 ene
Plot 1 - Run 13-6 Inch Column Plot 2 - Run 9-6 Inch Column
*-. (9
_J S
O)
3 0
^ si
c
° s><

+* -""
id
*j
c —
o
u
c
o —
.5 Inch Ceramic Saddles
H20 Load-. 083 «
Rlr Load-. 17
Rat lo-SI


i

N/TS

\
Xt-IB\
Xu-B >^
Kla-.BBA-'V
HBnry-.2l N.
. °— .l.'...l TX .. 1 .... 1 .... 1 ....

IS
• M
X "
O)
3 (S
*^ C9
C
O
—  oad-. IG
KI8-.B03 .t 10-34
Henry-. 21
Sq_rase-.213


>--tf)| /r\
^*=p>-— 4D
^^^--^

i - ^^^
^^~

















0123456 0123-56
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from top -. -.eking (m)
Plot 3 - Run 8-6 Inch Column Plot 4 - Run 7-61 -•.•• .,; lumn
<•% SI
-J 2
N
O)
3 19
^f S)
C
0
•"• 0° >
•** *~c
id v
&.
C —
o
u
c
O — i
o - •
.5 Inch Ceramic Saddles
iiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiii
Xt-6.8 ' ' H^O Load-.BBG7
Xu-B Rlr Load-. 13
KI«-.BB61 Rat to-20
Henry-. 21
Sq_mia-.IB6


1 _
^"®^~
VD^^Ji






SI
-J 2
X
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3 (S
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c
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o
u
c
o -
h cj • H
.5 Inch Ceramic £.* '•• .1*
Xt-7.S Hr. .J-.0098 i
XU-B m - d-. i
KI»-.007I . !8
Henry-. 21
Sq_mse-.B77




^^^
-------
00
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - Tr ichloroethyl ene
Plot 5 - Run 6-6 Inch Column Plot 6 - Run 12-6 Inch Column
~ C9
_j ca
N ""
O)
3 S
w IS
C
o
4» — (
a *
L.
C —
o
u
c
o —
 ea
-« 2
Ol
3 C9
M ea
c /
o v
— ra
4* —
M
t.
C —
O
U
1 O —
t- u • •
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
' H$0 Lo«d-.00B9
nir Load-. 44
Ratio-SB

y>^
^^>^^
^^K^
O^m. /IN

Xt-36 ^<-^U
Xu-B ^^Q^
KIB-.0087 ^^Cl
Henr/-.2l ^^>N.
?W?Tr'9-s. 1 1 , . • i , , , , i , , - - 1 - . - -
















0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
             s
             01
               s
               C3
             id
             L.
             O
             O
                                 Packed  Column Rir  Stripping  Data

                                 Breuister,   NY  -  Tr i chloroethylene

                                                                Plot 10 - Run 44-6  Inch Column

                                                                   §1  Inch  Plastic Koch Saddles
                                                                	| I I I I | I I I I | I ... I .... I ....
      Plot  9 - Run 45-6 Inch Column

        1  Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
      • i - i I i i - < I - i i i  I i > ' • I i i » i I
                         H20 Load-.011

                         flir Load-.4  •

                           Ratlo-36
      Xt-29

      Xu-B

      K U-. 0095

      Henry-.21
                            •4-
                    •4-
     •4-
•+•
                                                           09
                                                           3 (S
                          id
                          L.


                          C -
                          O
                          O
                          c
                                                   H20 Load-.BIG

                                                   flir Load-.33

                                                     Rat Io-21
                     Xt-26

                     Xu-a

                     KI»-.B099

                     Henry-.21
O3
N>
    0123456

Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
                              0123456

                          Location  (Z)  from Top of Packing  (m)
               s>
             <•» 0
             at
             3 (S
             %-• Q
                  Plot 11 - Run 48 - 6 Inch Column

                     1 Inch  Plastic Koch Saddles
             c  —
             u
             u
             c
             O  —
             u
                      4-
               +
•4-
                         H20 Load-.026

                         Rlr Load-.25

                           Rat Io-9.8
      Xt-25

      Xu-8

      Kla-.BI

      Henry-.21
               f* ca .
               _j & \


                ca
                3 CO
                                                    Plot  12 - Run 47-6 Inch Column

                                                      1 Inch  Plastic Koch Saddles
                  0123456

             Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
                          c —
                          ti
                          u
                          c
                          O -i
                          u
•4-
•4-
-4-
H*
-4-
                                                     0 Load-.031

                                                   flir Load-.IS

                                                     Ratlo-5
                     Xt-25

                     Xu-B

                     Kla-.BB8B

                     Henry-.21


                     i 1-T" i' .
                                                                  +
                                              •+•
                                                   0123456

                                              Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)

-------
               (S
             <-N CO

             -J 2

             01
             3 (S
             c
             o
             —  ts
             4*  —
             id
             L.
              u
              u
              c
              o —
         -f-
Packed Column  Rir  Stripping  Data

Breuster,  NY - Trichloroethy1ene

                                Plot  14  -  Run 42 - 12 Inch Column
                                   1  Inch  Plastic Koch Saddles

                                         	 ' ' ' • HJ
                  Plot 13 - Run 43 - 12 inch Column

                     1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
•4-
                         H20 Load-.BBBS

                         Rlr Load-.44

                            Ratio-SB
      Xt-26

      Xu-B

      KI.-.BB89

      Henry-.21

      Sq mse-.ZSS
                                             -4-
                                               « ca
                           01
                                               c
                                               o
                                               —  ca
                                               •»*  —
                                               a
                                               t.
                           o
                           c
                           o
         •4-
                     -4-
                                          20 Load-.811

                                         Rlr Lo»d-.39

                                            Ratlo-36
                      Xt-23

                      Xu-8

                      KI.-.8I3

                      Henry-.21
m
u>
    0123456

Location  (Z)  from Top of  Packing  (m)
                               0     1     2     3     4     S     6

                           Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
             « C3

             -" 2

              Ol
              3 ca
              id
              t_
              *»
              C —
              U
              u
              c
              o —
              u
                  Plot  15 - Run 41 -  12 Inch Column

                      1  Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                     -4-
           -t-
     H20 Load-.BIS

     Rlr Load-.33

        Rat Io-21
      Xt-26

      Xu-B

      Kla-.BI3

      Henry-.21

      Sq mse-.229
                •4-
      -4-
 -4-
                                                            f~. C3
                                                               CO
                                                               CO
                                                    Plot 16 - Run 40 - 12 Inch Column

                                                  ca    1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                  0123456

              Location  (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
to
t.
*>
c  —
u
u
c
o  —
u
                                                                         H20 Load-.826

                                                                         Rlr Load".25

                                                                           Ratlo-9.9
                                 Xt-29

                                 Xu-B

                                 KI»-.B22

                                 Honry-.ai

                                 Sq mse-.16
-4-
-4-
-4-
•4-
                                                    0123456

                                                Location (Z)  from Top  of Packing  (m)

-------
               0
             ~ (3
                  Plot
                     1
             at
               ca
          Packed  Column  Rir  Stripping  Data
          Brewster,  NY  -  Trichloroethylene
17 - Run 39  - 12  Inch  Column               Plot  18 -  Run 35 - 24 Inch Column
Inch Plastic Koch Saddles               ca   l inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles
                                      •s*
                          4-
                     0 Load-.031
                    Rlr Lo.d-.IS
                      Ratlo-S
                   Xt=26
                   Xu-0
                   KIB-.829
                   Henry-.21
                   Sq_mse-.899
                            4-
               4-
                4-
4-
Oo
c  —
o
o
c
o  _
u   •
     0    1     2     3     4     5     E
Location (Z)  from  Top of  Packing (m)
     Plot 19 - Run 34 - 24 Inch Column
^  § .  1  Inch Plastic  Glltsch  Saddles
                                           ca
                                         ~ OS
                                     at
                                     3 G>
                                                            C
                                                            O
id
L.
+*
C  —
O
u
o  -.
u
                                                                        -4-
                                        H20 Load-.0089
                                        Rlr Load-.««
                                           Ratlo-49
                                               Xt-28
                                               Xu-B
                                               Kls-,01
                                               Henry-.21
                                               Sq_m»B-.866
                                                                                           =4-
                                                                0     1     2    3     4     5     G
                                                            Location (Z)  from Top  of Packing  (m)
             _
             en
             3 ca
             C
             o
             — (9
             *» —
             id
             i.
             +>
             C —
             o
             o
             c
             o —
             u
                                            -4-
                    H20 Lo.d-.01l
                    Rlr Load-.39
                      Ratlo-36
Xt-20
Xu-0
KU-.813
Henry-.21
So.jiisa-.M9
                 0123156
             Location  (Z)  from Top of  Packing (m)
                                                            ^ is
                                     m
                                     3 IS
                                    ^^ CD
                                     id
                                     i.
                                     +>
                                     c —
                                     u
                                     u
                                     c
                                     o —
                                     u
                                                                 Plot  28 - Run 33 - 24 Inch Column
                                                                  1 Inch Plastic Glltsch  Saddles
                                                                     •4-
                                                        -4-
                                                         4-
                                              4-
                                        H20 Lood-.0I7
                                        Rlr Load-.32
                                           Ratlo-20
                     Xt-20
                     Xu-0
                     KI.-.0I5
                     Henry-.21
                     Sq fflse-.l29
                                                                           4-
                                                             4-
                                         4-
                                                                              4-
                                             0123456
                                         Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)

-------
00
in
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - Tr Ichloroethy lene
Plot 21 - Run- 32 - 24 Inch Column Plot 22 - Run 31 - 24 Inch Column

u
o —
u •
1 Inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles
HiO Load-. 026
Rlr Load-. 26
Ratio-IB


B-__
c/~-m—^tv
^ sy-~>__
CJ — ~-*a^
^^ ^i^11— *.^
Xt-IB ^^^~~-<'^ yiv
xu-a ^-T-SS
KU-.02I
Henry-. 21
?v?Br,-l3,3, i , , , , i , , , , i , , , ,i. , , ,

eg
^% eg i
J 5
X
a>
3 ca
** ca
c
o (
— ca*
4* "^
a
L.
4*
C —
o
u
L ° —
I- u • H
1 Inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles
' ' ' ' H^O Load-. 03
Rlr Loid-.lS
Ratlo-S


•VWiw^fi__ yi\ ^w
^-e-e-e-^) — QL_
^>-o-®
Xt-16
Xu-0
Kia-.aie
Henry-. 21
'?vr:v.-!z,5, i,, , , i,, -i -- --I- --•















0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 23 - Run 3B - 57 Inch Column Plot 24 - Run 37 - 57 Inch Column
(9
r* eg
_| C3
X
3 B9
« CO
C (
o v
— ca
•»* —
a
t,
4*
C —
O
u
a —
U •
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
Hio Lo»d-.08H8
Hlr Load-. 47
Rat lo-53

t
v-.
Xt-27 1®.
xu-.aas nflV-_
KIB-.B2I
Hanry-.2l
fl-r^T;?3,8. i , , , , i , , , , i , , , , i , , , ,

eg
^^ G)
_| CO
X
m
^ji
3 (S
^^ ca
c (
o v
— CO
** —
id
L.
4J
c —
«J
u
L o —
*• u • '
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
iiiiiiiii|iiiiiiiii|iiti|iiiij
H^O Load-. 011
Hlr Load-. 4
Rat lo-37

)
(.
\_
EL
^Xxiv
Xt-23 *i
Xu-,825 ^*m^_
KI.-.025 ^ ftj 	
Henry-. 21
fln'T,'!9,7, I, i.l,,,, I , ,, , 1,,,,















0 1 2 3 4 5 S 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
•oo
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breujster, NY - Tr i chloroethyl ene
Plot 25 - Run 36 - 57 Inch Column Plot 26 - Run IB - 6 Inch Column
03
*-» 03
-J 2
N
CD
D 03
^s 03
C
o t
— BJ<«
rt
t.
C —
o
u
£
<5-J
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
Hio Load-. 016
Rlr Load-. 34
Rat lo-22


V
k
&V
>^\.
Xt-I5^>ft

Kla-.B36 — ffL (IN
Henry-. 21 °^
?vrTV.-i7.9.i....i....i....i....

03
^» G3 j
_J 01
\ "
O)
3 03
*_, Q3
C /
0 >
— 03
4* ~*
i.
C -
o
u
L o _
i- o -H
2 Inch Trl -Packs
H^O Load-.B14
Rlr Load-.GS
Rat lo-47

)
	 ©-^.
^vD~-/n_
^^^^m^
Xt-24 ^ ©~-^B —
xu-a ^=^-43
Kla-.0084
Hanry-.2l
Sq D1SB-.I2I















0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 27 - Run 2B - 6 Inch Column Plot 28 - Run 22-6 Inch Column
03
«-k O
_J 03
X ~"
CO
3 09
^ 03
C f
o >
— 03
4* —
M
C.
4*
C -
O
u
o —
o •
2 Inch Trl-Pack«
Illllllllllllllllllltllllllll
H2"0 Load-. 017
Rlr Load-. 61
Rat lo-3S

1
* — ffi^
^vD— 
-------
                                  Packed  Column  Rir  Stripping  Data

                                  Breuster,  NY  -  Tr ichloroethyl ene

                   Plot 29 - Run  24-6 Inch Column               Plot 30 - Run 26-6 Inch Column
'03
•sj
              ^ 09

              -J 2

              OI
              3 G
              x^ G9
id
c.
4»
C  -
O
o
C
o  —
u
             2 Inch TrI-Packs
            i i i I ' i  i i I i
                        HZO Lo«d-.039

                        Rlr Load-.39

                           Rat 10-9.9
                    Xt-27
                    Xu-8
                    KI.-.B17

                    Henry-.21
                    Sq_maB-.07
                             4-
                    4-
4-
4-
    0123456

Location  (Z) from  Top of  Packing (m)

     Plot 31  - Run  17 - 12 Inch Column

      .......... Incn. ...............
                    Xt-17

                    Xu-B
                    Kli-.Bl
                    Henry-.21

                    Sq mse-.l39
     0123456

Location (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
                                                              s
                                              O)
                                                tlo-5.1
                          Xt-26

                          Xu-B

                          KU-.0I8

                          Henry*.21

                          Sq mse-.0G9
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
                                                                0123456

                                                            Location (Z)  from Top of  Packing (m)
                                                
-------
Do
00
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Brewster, NY - Tr ich loroethylene
Plot 33 - Run 21 - 12 Inch Column Plot 34 - Run 23 - 12 Inch Column
G>
_J 0
X ~~
O)
3 19
C .
o (
— SI
*> —
id
i.
C —
0
u
c
o —
u •
2 Inch Trl -Packs
H20 Load-. 026
Rlr Load-. 51
Rat lo-20

^3*->_
CT^^— -^ «T» ^
£1»JD
^^^-^1^

Xu-B ^(D •©
Kla-.BI?
Henry-. 21
Sq_msa-. 312_ i .., i .... i ... i .

(3
^% 19

O)
3 19
C t
0 <•
— s
^ "^
id
L.
C —
0
u
c
o —
2 Inch Trl-Packs
H20 Load-. 039
Rlr Load-. 39
Ratio-IB
wTl
^— — — -. ^
O — CV— @L /IN
^^ y / ^^ 1 1 j
?•) IT>-^_ /IN
Xt-25 ^ ^
Xu-B
KIB-.024
Henry-. 21
Sq i •(•-.191 - . , , - ,.,,,,.















0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 35 - Run 25 - 12 Inch Column Plot 36 - Run 30 - 24 Inch Column
o
r*. O i

x -
CD
3 SJ
~ IS
C /
O V
— a
^J «rt
id
+*
c —
u
u
o —
u -
2 Inch Trl-Packs
H20 Load-. BS 1
Rlr Load-. 25
Rat 1 0-5

^/Q 	 sn — . ^
*=* 	 © Q ®-^v_-
^ — ©

Xt-26
XU-B
Kl a-. BIS
Henry-. 21


f-~ IS

x •*
CD
3 (9
•^ <
^S^/IN
Xt-17 ^C
Xu-.B29 n\"~A_
Henr>-.21 ^^ x^ N^
Sq_»«-.26S I ,,,,!,-,,














0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
                                Packed  Column  Rir  Stripping  Data
                                Breuster,  NY - Tr1chloroethylene
                                                              Plot 38 - Run 28 -
                                                           o         2
     Plot 37 - Run  29 - 24 Inch Column
            2  Inch TrI-Packs
      i  i . I i . i . I i i . i I . . i
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VO
              D)
              3 (S3
             \s B

              C
              O
id
c.
«*
c —
o
u
c
o _
u
                                          -t-
                                     flt
                         ) Load-.017
                         • Load-.El
                          Ratlo-36
                   Xt-14
                   Xu-,029
                   Kla-.0l5
                   Henry-.21
        24  Inch Column
     Tr I-Packs
                  0123456
             Location  (Z)  from Top  of Packing  (m)
                  Plot 39 - Run 27 - 24 Inch Column
                                                0123456
                                            Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing (m)
~ § ,
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3 S>
^ ea
C
o
— BJ /
•** — V
a
c.
4»
C —
a
o
c
o -
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2
Xt-9.4
Xu-.029
KI»-.00B4
Henry-. 21
Sq_mse-. IBS

T) _
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^^ ^y






....!....

Inch Trl-Pack*
H20 Load-.
Rlr Load-.
Ritlo-9




?) ft) ff\ -.
^ ^ — ^— o— &~
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B39
39
.9














                                                         - §
                                                         —' 2
                                                         D)
                                                         3 S
                                                 Plot 40 - Run 2 - 12 Inch Column
                                                   3 Inch  Plastic  Koch Saddles
                                                     4-
                                                 Xt-3.1
                                                 Xu-8
                                                 KI«-.00S8
                                                 Henry-.21
                                                 Sq_nse-.l76
4-
4-
                                                                   H2C
-+-
          20 Load-.BM
          Rlr Load-.66
            Ratio—(8
              Location  (Z) from  Top of Packing (m)
                                                0123456
                                            Location (Z) from  Top of Packing (m)

-------
0
r+ GJ
oncentration (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
. _ ^\ 	 	 . I,,,..
oncentration (ug/L) n C
1 l 10 100 1000 o
	 sr\ 	 	 - * — i
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - Tr ichloroethy 1 ene
Plot 41 - Run 4 - 12 Inch Column Plot 42 - Run 5-12 Inch Column
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles ' si 3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
Xt-2.4 ' ' HZ'O Load-. 017
Xu-B Rlr Load-. SI
Kla-.BB54 Ratlo-35
Hanry-.2l
Sq_iue-.326
)
01 001 01 I T
-|/6n) uo|3.B J^uoouo
Xt-3.8 ' ' H20 Load-.B26
Xu-B Rlr Load-. SI
K la-. 009 9 Ratlo-2B
Hanry-.2l
Sq_nie-.l2l
<9-*~~e>^~.
^^~o~<9-©^-®

1123456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 43 - Run IS - 12 Inch Column Plot 44 - Run 16 - 12 Inch Column
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles s 3 inch Plastic Koch Saddles
H20 Load-.BM
Rlr Load-. 65
Rat 10-48
)
Kla-.0B7
Henry-. 21
Sq mm-. 333
. 7— . i .... i .... i .... i .... i ....
oncentration (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
.... t*± 	 	 _
H20 Load-. BIB
Rlr Load-. 6
Ratlo-37
)
Xu-8
K la-. 0061
Henry-. 21

0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
'oncentratlon (ug/L)
1 1 10 100 1000
i . 	 	 s\ 	 _ 	 _
oncentratlon (ug/L) r~ C
1 1 10 100 1000 n
	 ../-\ 	 	 	 • _
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - Tr i chloroethyl ene
Plot 45 - Run 14 - 57 Inch Column Plot 46 - Run 3-57 Inch Column
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles s 3 inch Plastic Koch Saddles
HiO Load-.0U
Rlr Load-. 66
Rat 10-49
^o__
Xt-IB  i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i i i i j
Xl-6.1 ' ' Hio Load-. 025
Xu-B Hlr Load-. SI
Kla-,017 Rat lo-20
Honry-.ZI
Sq_ms«-.Z49
^^r^o-0^0
^^©^^

0 1 2 3 4 5 E
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
vo
N]
Packed Column flir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - cis-1 , 2-Dichloroethylene
Plot 1 - Ruh 13-6 Inch Column Plot 2 - Run 9-6 Inch Column
^ g .5 Inch Ceramic Saddles o .5 inch Car ante Saddles
_, oa i
N :
O)
3 G)
s^ CQ
C /
O ••
— 
C —
o
o
O -i
o •

' ' ' H^O Load-. 0034
Rlr Load-. 17
Rat lo-SI

1
*v
xD
X
X
Xt-32 X^
Xu-B \9v
K la-. 0092 \
Henry-. 094 >v
Sq mje_-.323 § N^ i _ t

**. IS
X ~"
O)
3 (9
xs CO
C
O
"~ G9 (
*» —
id
4*
C -
o
0
L ° —
H 
3|
C
o
£ 2<
id
*j
C -
O
o
o —
.5 Inch Ceramic Saddles
H2"0 Lood-.0067
Rlr Load-. 13
Rat 10-30

>-~^IN
^ ya
T9 — m^.-v
S^^^*fll
Xt-ll ^ 	 *^^
Xu-B ^^-^.^
Kla-.00B7 ^^^v^
Henry-. 094
Sq_»SB-,054 	
(S
^-> ca

o>
3 G3
C
° tsf
It
t.
C -
u
o
C
.5 Inch Ceramic Saddles
HZ'O Load-.e09B
Rlr Load-. 1
Ratio-IB

"\ C\ fT\ (T\ tT\
^^^^~^~^~^~~^^
Xt-13
Xu-B
K la-. BBS
Henry-. 094
Sq mse-. 05 7 . , , ,












0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
                                                                                                                                                                           o

                                                                                                                                                                           §
                                                                                                                                                                           n
                                                                                                                                                                           M
                                                                                                                                                                           •z
                                                                                                                                                                           H
                                                                                                                                                                           §
                                                                                                                                                                                 m

-------
vo
LJ
eg
« eg i
x —
O)
3 eg
w eg
c
o
id
L.
•»»
c —
0
u
c
a —
r- Concentration (ug/L) r" C
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0
OJ . ^ 	 _ 	 » -, J
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - c i s-1 ,2-Dichl oroethy lene
Plot 5 - Run 6-6 Inch Column Plot 6 - Run 12-6 Inch Column
.5 Inch Ceramic Saddles eg .5 inch Ceramic Saddles
H^O Load-. 014
Rlr Load-. BE?
Rat lo-5
G o o-© — ©--0
xt-ia
XU-B
K la-. 0082
Hanry-.B94
s«j -T",--857 , . . . 	 	 1,11,1,,,,
_i s
x —
D)
3 eg
c
o s(
id
i.
c —
0
u
c
H^O Lo«d-.0l3 i
Rlr Lo.d-.067
Rltlo-S
Xt-19
Xu-B
Kla-. 00046
Hanry-.034

1123456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 7 - Run 10-6 Inch Column Plot 8 - Run 46-6 Inch Column
.5 Inch Ceramic Saddles eg 1 inch Plastic Koch Saddles
HiO Load-. 0035
Rlr Load-. 17
Rat lo-49
v^
Xt-12 ^V.
Xu-0 ^\
K la-. BBSS \.
HBnry-.B94 ^^
Sq_.mse-B . ,^\. ,
_l s
0)
3 S
c ~t
o
— eg
id
L.
C -
o
u
c
o —
' ' ' H^O Lo.d-.0089
Rlr Load-. 44
Ratio-SB
Xt-62 ^"^^SL
Xu-B ^^^**-
K la-. 0079 Q
Henry-. 094
Sq mi8-.3B5

3123456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
vo
Packed Column flir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - c i s-1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Plot 9 - Run 45-6 Inch Column Plot 10 - Run 44-6 Inch Column
SI
•-* SI l

V. "~
O)
3 S>
~ *(
c (
o
— S)
4» —
id
L.
4*
C -«
0
0
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
rl^O Load-. ail i
Rlr Load-. 4
Rat lo-36
^
^rr^^
O — ©-^ffl ^.
v ^^-i-^XD ~
— CL
^ — ©-^
xt-53 ^^rh
Xu-B ^
K la-. 0079
Henry-. 094
0 1 2 3 4 5 E
SI
^ IS
_, S ;
N
OI
a si
•^ SI
c -<
o
— si
•*» —

i.
c -
o
u
E
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
H30 Load-. 016
Hlr Load-. 33
Rat 10-21

O 	 ft 	 fli_
-------
                  Plot
                     1
                    Packed  Column flip
               Brewster,  NY  -  cis-1,
          13 - Run 43 - 12  Inch Column
          Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                                                          Stripping  Data
                                                         2-Dichloroethylene

                   H20 Load-.0088
                   Rlr Loed-.44
                     R.tlo-SO
                                      -4-
                                            Plot 14 - Run  42 - 12 Inch Column
                                               1 (nch Plastic Koch Saddlas
Ln
                   Xt-SB
                   Xu-8
                   KI.-.B089
                   Henry-.094
C —
O
u
C
a-
    0123456
Location  (Z)  from Top of Packing (m)
     Plot 15 - Run 41 - 12 Inch Column
  o    1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
                                                                                  H20 Loid-.ail
                                                                                  Rlr Load-.39
                                                                                    Kit 10-36
                                            Xt-«3
                                            Xo-B
                                            Kla-.BIZ
                                            Henry-.
              Ol
              3 eg
              C
              o
              — 
-------
VD
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuister, NY - cis-1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Plot 17 - Run 39 - 12 Inch Column Plot IB - Run 35 - 24 Inch Column
o 1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles o 1 Inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles
_J D
01
3 ca
"^ t
oncantratlon
1 1 10
	 - . ./
tv
Kla-.8B94 C^fl)
Honry-. 094
Sq iiie-. 12 .. 	 ...... 	 . .

9123456 0123456
tion (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 19 - Run 34 - 24 Inch Column Plot 20 - Run 33 - 24 Inch Column
1 Inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles ca 1 inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles
H20 Load-. Bll
fllr Load-. 39
Rat 10-36
Xt-6B ^^^^-YtL
Xu-8 ^^TO
Kla-.Bll >-*
Henry-. 094
Sqj.se-. 164 . .....
01 001 01 1 T
-|/6n) UO^BJ^UOOUO
	 H^O L..di.BI7
Rlr Load-. 32
Rat 10-38
Xt-49 Q
Xu-B
Kla-.BIS
Hanry-.094
Sq mS,-.Z57 . . 	

0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
1
1
1
1
1
!

-------
Packed Column flir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - c is-1 ,2-Dichl oroethylene
Plot 21 - Run 32 - 24 Inch Column Plot 22 - Run 31 - 24 Inch Column
s 1 Inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles s 1 Inch Plastic Glltsch Saddles
oncentratlon (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
yrv ! ,.,._,
O • i
c
Loca
eg
~ eg
^2
01
3 eg
« CO A
c
o
— eg
** —
•»*
c —
0
u
c
o —
u •
Loca
rdo Load-. 026
Rlr Load-. 26
Rat 10-10
fUa^^^^^
®-o
Xu-B
K la-. 024
Honry-,094
ff-TTV.-!?. I-..H 	
_j eg
N -
3 eg
c "<
o
" eg
n
i.
c —
a
u
c
o —
	 H^O Lo.di.B3 !
Rlr Load-. IS
Ratio-5
^Offi©^ f*^.lTi
^ O ^^^
Xt-33
Xu-8
Kla-.033
Hsnry-.B94
S«J"^-217 	 	 	

1123456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 23 - Run 38 - 57 Inch Column Plot 24 - Run 37 - 57 Inch Column
1 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles eg 1 inch Plastic Koch Saddles
' ' ' HZ'O Load-. 0888
flir Load-. 47
Rat 10-53
^V
Xt-73 ^^*»
KU-.019 CD © 	 ©
Henry-. 094
~?—B*Bi™' ''---'--••-. I ....
oncentratlon (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
" " ' " ' ' ' rldo Load-. 011
Rlr Load-. 4
Rat lo-37
Xt-55 ^^^©^^-v
Xu-.Bl ©--^5
Kla-.B2 	 TT) 	 0\
Henry-. B94
Sqjnsa-.l29 . 	

0123456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
              « 03
                    Packed Column  Rir
               Breujster,  NY  -  cis-1,
     Plot 25 - Run  36 - 57 Inch Column
        1 Inch Plastic Koch SaddIas
                         H20 Lo'ad-.'0'l6
                         Rlr Load-.34
              4*
              C —
              t>
              O
              c
              o —
      Xt-19
      Xu-.BI
      Kle-.BM
      Henry".894
      Sqjn«e-.455
                             4-
                    4-
     4-
                                                            Stripping Data
                                                           2-Dichloroethylene
                                                                 Plot 26 - Run  18-6 Inch Column
                                                                         2 Inch  Trl-Packs
                                                                                     H20 Load-.BM
                                                                                     Rlr Load-.65
                                                                                       Ratlo-47
vo
oo
    0123456
Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing  (m)
     Plot 27 - Run 20-6 Inch  Column
                               id
                               L.
                               4*
                               C -
                               o
                               o
                               c
                               o —
                               u
                                Xt-55
                                Xu-0
                                Kla-.BIl
                                Henry-.094
                                Sq_jnsa-. 091
                                                                          4-
                                                                  4-
                                                   4-
                                                   4-
              Id
              L.
              4>
              C ••-•
              o
              o
              C
              o —
              o
                             Inch TrI-Picks
                         H20 Load-.017
                         Hlr Load-.61
                           Rat 10-35
      Xt-57
      XU-B
      Kla-.aiZ
      Hanry-,094
      Sqjn»8-. 116
         4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
                                   0     1     2    3     4     5    6
                               Location  (Z) from Top  of Packing (m)
                                    Plot 28 - Run 22-6  Inch Column
                                            2 Inch Trl-Packs
                                                                                     H20 Load-.025
                                                                                     fllr Lo.d-.51
                                                                                       Rat 10-20
                               c —
                               o
                               o
                               c
                               o —
                  0123456
              Location  (Z)  from  Top of  Packing (m)
                                Xt-56
                                Xu-8
                                Kl«-.013
                                Hanry-.B94
                                Sq_m«e-. 096
                                                                  4-
                                                  0183456
                                              Location  (Z)  from Top of  Packing (m)

-------
VO
 — •
id
i_
*»
c —
0
u
c
o ~
r~ Concentration (ug/L) r* C
n .1 i 10 100 1000 n
BJ . f^... 	 P» -. I
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - c i s-1 f 2-Dichloroethylene
Plot 29 - Run 24-6 Inch Column Plot 38 - Run 26-6 Inch Column
2 Inch Trl -Packs s 2 Inch Trl -Packs
rrfo Laid-. 039
Rlr Load-. 39
Ratlo-9.9
° ^^-^o-^-^-^
Xt-53
Xu-8
Kls-,014
Honry-.B94
fvrr,-1?3,1,!, 	
^2i
01
3 eg
*^ 8
"*(
C V
o
— IS
3~
i.
*»
c —
o
u
c
o —
H^O Lo.d-.851
Rlr Load-. 26
Rail o-S.I
* \J U u C; \J © — ®~-0
Xt-49
xu-e
Kla-.B37
Honry-.B94
Sq mso-.B7
. ~*^ .i....i....i....i....i....

5133456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 31 - Run 17 - 12 Inch Column Plot 32 - Run 19 - 12 Inch Column
2 Inch Trl -Packs g 2 Inch Trl -Packs
H^O Load-. BIS
Rlr Load-. 66
Ratlo-SI
>C^^T>
xt-« ^'^""ny-^
XU-B n^--
Ki.-.aiz \J ^*©
Henry-. 894
?vr:v.-i8,B, i 	 	 i , , 	 , ,
oncontratlon (ug/L
1 ' i 10 100 10
s\. 	 _
H^O Load-. BIB
Rlr Load-. 61
Rat lo-34
® 	 ^©^
^^^LTD
Xt-5l ^^^^«Ti
xu-a CT^O
Kla-.BIE
Henry-. 894
Sq me-. 33 ....

3123455 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
O
o
Packed Column flir Stripping Data
Brews ter, NY - c is-1 , 2-Di chloroethylene
Plot 33 - Run 21 - 12 Inch Column Plot 34 - Run 23 - 12 Inch Column
a 2 Inch Trl -Packs ea 2 Inch Trl -Packs
oncentration (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
	 ^ 	 	
	 H20 Lo.di.BZ6
Rlr Load-. 51
Ret (0-20
^ 	 	 S-fiLff,
^^^~o^o
Xt-39
Xu-B
Kle-.B15
Henry-. 094
oncentration (ug/L
1 1 10 100 10
	 „ . .^TV 	 -
HZ'O Load-. 039
Hlr Load-. 39
Retlo-IB
>© 	 ®~©-®-O-^_^
^ — -0
Xt-44
xu-e
Kie-.aia
Henry-. B94

0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
. Plot 35 - Run 25 - 12 Inch Column Plot 36 - Run 38 - 24 Inch Column
s> 2 Inch Trl -Packs 
-------
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Brewster, NY - cis-1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Plot 37 - Run 29 - 24 Inch Column Plot 38 - Run 28 - 24 Inch Column
ea 2 Inch Trl -Packs ' o 2 Inch Trl -Packs
^^ KJ . ... i . . . . i .... i .... i .... i ... . ^ TO .... « .... i .... i .... i .... i ....
oncentratlon (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
./-\. 	 . imm
u .->
E
Loca
o
*•% o
_J S)
o> :
3 IS
•^ G>
c""C
O
a
L.
C —
o
u
c
o —
u •
Loca
rl^O Load-. 01 7
Rlr Load-. 61
Rat to-36
&--C»v
^^ID-CU_Q^^
^"^5 — &— ®
Xt-33 ^ ^ ^
Xu-.0S3
Kla-.013
Henry-. 094
fl-TT;"5. i 	 	 	 	 	 	
_J S
x -
at
3 IS
^ O
i"*(
— C9
4» —
rt
L.
C —
o
u
	 Uo' L..^.K6 j
Rlr Load-.S
Ratlo-19
^^^""^0-©^
Xt-31
Xu-.053
Kla-.Bl?
Henry-. 094
Sq_m«-.IB . . 	

5123456 0123456
tion (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 39 - Run 27 - 24 Inch Column Plot 40 - Run 2-12 Inch Column
2 Inch Trl -Packs a 3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddlss
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i i i i 1 1 *^ .. .-i.-.. I.---I--.-I. --.i--.-
H^O Load-. 039
Rlr Load-. 39
Rat lo-9. 9
^-^-^-^-^--^ir-e^
Xt-4l
Xu-.053
Kla-.014
Henry-. 094
Sqji.se-. ISZ ....
oncentratlon (ug/L
l i 10 100 10
-./r% 	 _._ 	 _
Xt-6.9 ' ' hdo Load-. 014 i
Xu-B Hlr Load-. 66
K la-. 0069 Rat 10-48
Henry-. 094
Sq_mie-.229
)cr-e^_jT)
^^-^-e^
^®^-o

9123456 0123456
tion (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
O
to
ea
oncentration (ug/L
1 1 10 100 10
. ..r\ 	 _
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - c i s-1 ,2-Dich loroethy lene
Plot 41 - Run 4-12 Inch Column Plot 42 - Run 5-12 Inch Column
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles ea 3 inch Plastic Koch Saddles
Xt-S.71 ' ' rrfd Load-. 017 \
Xu-0 Rlr Load-. El :
K la-. 0065 Rat lo-35
Henry-. 894 i
Sq_m*o-.3B4
oncentration (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
	 yrv . 	 	 _
Xt-8 ' ' ' rl4o Load-. 036
Xu-0 Rlr Load-. 51
Kla-.BI Ratfo-Za
Hanry.094
Sq_tn»o-.079
^^ Q

0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 43 - Run 15 - 12 Inch Column Plot 44 - Run 16 - 12 Inch Column
G> 3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles ca 3 inch Plastic Koch Saddles
oncentration (ug/L
1 1 10 100 10
	 _ . s*.. 	
rrfO Load-. 014
Rlr Load-. 65
Rat 10-48
'srtfr-^e^N
^^-©-^_
Xt-31 CT 	 ©
Xu-0
Kla-,0075
Henry-. B94
Sq_m»-.248 	 .
oncentration (ug/L
1 i 10 100 10
. ^ 	 _
H2o Load-. 816
Rlr Load-. 6
Ratlo-37
^ ^)
Xt-37
Xu-0
KU-.00B9
Henry-. 894
Sq mso-.lS9

0123456 0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
o
LO
Concentration (ug/L)
1 1 10 100 1000
i 	 S\ 	
loncentrat Ion (ug/L) r~ 1
1 1 10 100 1000 n
f^. . * _
Packed Column Rir Stripping Data
Breuster, NY - cis-1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
Plot 45 - Run 14 - 57 Inch Column Plot 46 - Run 3 - 57 Inch Column
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles o 3 ,ncn Rustic Koch Saddlas
H2"0 Load-. 01 4
Rlr Load-. 66
Rat lo-49
Xt-25 ^"^~~^*-^O
Xu-B V<-^^
Henry-. 894 ^
5q mse-. 313
J _ Xt-6.9 H20 Load-. 017
0) Xu'a f"- Load-. 61
3 01 Kla-.BI Rat lo-36
i ** «0 Hanry.894
c "" : Sq_m*e-.24l
0
O — ^. .....
• ' ' O • ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' i ' ' 1 ' i i ' 1 i i i i 1 i i i i I
5123456 0123456
tlon (Z) from Top of Packing (m) Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)
Plot 47 - Run 11-57 Inch Column
3 Inch Plastic Koch Saddles
H2"0 Load-. 025
Rlr Load-. 51
Rat 1 o-30
Xt-18 ^ £»
Xu-B TW
Kla-.BI9 ^
Hanry-,894
Sq msa-,201

0123456
Location (Z) from Top of Packing (m)

-------
            APPENDIX E




   BLOWER POWER MEASUREMENTS








TABLE E-l.  POWER DATA - 6" COLUMN
Run No.
6
12
7
8
9
10
13
26
24
22
20
18

Run No.
5
4
16
2
15
25
23
21
19
17
Amps
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.7

Amps
7.8
8.0
8.7
7.9
7.4
_
8.0
7.7
6.7
8.4
Volts
236
238
237
237
236
237
238
210
215
260
260
259
TABLE E-2.
Voles
118
118
-
118
119
_
131
129
130
130
Power (kw)
0.42
0.43
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.44
0.44
0.44
POWER DATA - 12"
Power (kw)
0.92
0.94
-
0.93
0.88
_
1.00
0.99
0.87
1.09
Packing Type
1/2" saddles
1/2" saddles
1/2" saddles
1/2" saddles
1/2" saddles
1/2" saddles
1/2" saddles
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
COLUMN
Packing Type
3" saddles
3" saddles
3" saddles
3" saddles
3" saddles
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
2" TRI-PACKS
                104

-------
                      TABLE E-3.   POWER  DATA  -  57" COLUMN
Run No.       Amps          Volts        Power  (kw)  ^a'   Packing Type

  11          13.9            230          5.53          3" Saddles
   3          14.5            236          5.92          3" Saddles
   1          15.2            232          6.10          3" Saddles
  14          15.2            234          6.15          3" Saddles

  36          12.0            255          5.3           1" Saddles
  37          12.2            255          5.39          1" Saddles
  38          13.0            255          5.74          1" Saddles
(a)  Three phase power.  Power =   y3 x amps x  voles
                                      105

-------
                APPENDIX F




        ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS








TABLE F-l.  ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Date

10/24/84
10/29/84
11/8/84
11/19/84
12/4/84
12/14/84
1/3/85
1/9/85
2/20/85
2/20/85
3/5/85
3/6/85
4/11/85
5/13/85
5/14/85

Run Nos .

1 - 4
5
6-10
11
12, 13
14
15
16
17-22
23-26
27-30
31-35
36-38
39-46
47-48
Wind
Speed
(mph)
< 1
< 1
0-2
0-2
0-4
0-1
2
2
< 2
< 2
0-6
0-5
2-8
1-6
< 1
Relative Humidity
Dry Bulb
( ° C)
12.8
15.0
7.2
3.5
3.0
3.2
3.0
-3
5
7
11.5
-1.8
11.0
24.8
23.0
Wet Bulb
( ° C)
9.7
14.5
4.2
1.0
1.0
1.2
0
-6
1
2
8.0
-4.0
6.7
21.4
16.5
RH
(%)
68
95
62
62
70
70
54
35
45
38
62
54
54
74
52
General
Weather
Cloudy
Cloudy
Sunny
Cloudy
Mostly Sunny
Cloudy
Cloudy
Sunny
Mostly Sunny
Mostly Sunny
Partly Sunny
Sunny
Mostly Sunny
Mostly Sunny
Sunny
                     106

-------