WORKING PAPER NO. 56
A HISTORY OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
IN THE
WILLAMETTE BASIN, OREGON
July 1965
DISTRIBUTION
Prepared by JEB Project Staff
Reviewed by FLN Cooperating
Agencies
Approved by WWT
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Region IX
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205
-------
This working paper contains preliminary data and informa-
tion primarily intended for internal use by the Columbia
River Basin Project staff and cooperating agencies. The
material presented in this paper has not been fully
evaluated and should not be considered as final.
-------
TABLES
I. Locations of Sampling Points on the Willamette River
and Tributaries
II. Summary of Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
Bacterial Count and Temperature at Sampling Stations .... 5
III. Summary of Chemical Analyses 5
IV. Summary of Data 11
V. Comparison of the August 1929 and August-September 1
1944 Periods 18
VI. Invertebrate Fish Food Organism per One Square Foot of
Bottom at Various Locations in the Willamette River System,
August and September 1944 20
VII. Sewage Plants Constructed 1947-1957 26
VIII. Summary of Sewerage Data for Willamette Basin 27
IX. Willamette River Basin Construction Grants 28
X. Pulp and Paper Mills Located in Willamette Basin 33
FIGURES
1. Dissolved Oxygen Content of River Water throughout Day ... 4
2. Summary of Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
and Bacterial Content of Water at Various Stations along
Willamette River during July and August, 1929 9
3. Oxygen Content and Pollution of Willamette River,
August 1929 and August-September 1944 16
4. Oxygen Saturation of Willamette River, August 1929 and
August-September 1955 17
5. Willamette River Basin D.O. & Temperature 1964 34
6. Bacteriological Profile Willamette River 36
7. Willamette River Basin Dissolved Oxygen Profile 37
-------
Appendix I 38
Appendix II . 53
Bibliography 56
Basin Map Rear Fold-Out
-------
PREFACE
It is intended that this report will serve several purposes, all
oriented towards improvement of the quality of the waters of the
Willamette River Basin. As historic information it should add per-
spective to consideration of the future, as well as give recognition
to past efforts. As an information source it provides a basis for
general comparison of past, present and future conditions and a
bibliography of specific work and data.
The agencies and groups mentioned in the text are by no means
the only ones that have been instrumental in bringing about generally
improved river conditions. Credit and praise should also be directed
to individuals, civic organizations and conservational sporting groups,
as well as the entire tax-paying citizenry that have made it possible
for some past plans to become a matter of fact. Continued efforts
by the same groups are necessary to insure both catching up and keep-
ing pace with the present and future requirements for pollution control,
A change in philosophy during recent years may be noted. Early
riparian users proclaimed a right to remove from and put into the
river whatever was to their individual best interest. As the demand
for quantities of water grew, it became evident that withdrawals must
be regulated and the prior-right doctrine was adopted. Continued
economic and social progress eventually resulted in overloading the
streams with pollutants and contaminants. Water-borne disease reached
epidemic proportion in some areas and legitimate use of water for a
variety of purposes was curtailed in others.
-------
ii
Continued degradation of the river and loss of full beneficial
uses at downstream points stimulated an interest in pollution control.
It soon became obvious that all water users must recognize and accept
a responsibility to provide reasonable treatment to wastes prior to
their discharge. As in other matters of such significance to public
health and welfare, legal steps were taken to make pollution control
an enforceable requirement. In 1939 the Oregon State Sanitary
Authority was formed and has since been setting the standards for
pollution control in Oregon.
Further recognition of the importance of water quality came in
the form of Congressional action that added water quality as a project
function of Federal reservoirs. Storage may be provided to augment
flow to maintain a reasonable quality of water if all wastes entering
the river are adequately treated. A quality benefit greater than the
cost of storage must be demonstrated before such storage may be
authorized.
Future water quality depends upon the lessons of the past, as
well as efficient use of the water resource and technological advance-
ment in the field of waste reduction. The cost of maintaining water
quality continues to rise, but the demand for clean water for munici-
pal and industrial purposes, recreation, the fishery, and general
aesthetic considerations continues to emphasize the need for an
assured supply of clean water.
Hopefully the reader will reach the conclusion that improved
water quality will result from cooperative efforts. Waste producers
-------
ill
must provide the maximum possible level of treatment within reason-
able limits. Water management for flow regulation must be programmed
to provide flow when needed. Water users must make only reasonable
demands for high quality water. The social and economic aspects
must be recognized and kept in perspective. The general public must
be kept advised if they are expected to support policies and regula-
tions, and most important to bear a portion of the cost of water
quality.
J. E. Britton
-------
HISTORY OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
WILLAMETTE BASIN, OREGON
Pollution of public waters of the Willamette River Basin had
been of concern for many years when the first organized step to
meet the problem was taken in September 1926. The State Board of
Health called a meeting at Salem to sketch a general outline of the
problem, organize an Anti-Stream Pollution League, and appoint a
committee to make a study and report on the steps to be taken. The
committee met with the League of Oregon Cities in December to pre-
sent the study results and recommendations for legislative action.
The Public Health Section of the City Club of Portland took the
lead in 1927 by publishing a report which set forth the sources of
pollution and consequences of pollution in the State. Also reported
was a classification of conditions of water supply and sewage and
waste disposal found in cities of the State. The classifications
were based on data compiled from reports from sixty cities, from
State Board of Health records and from two years of records from the
Portland City Bacteriological Department. All of the contributors
had been anticipating the necessity of a comprehensive scientific
study and a well organized approach to the solution of the problem
and were prepared to furnish data.
In 1929 a report "Preliminary Report on the Control of Stream
Pollution" was published by the Oregon State Agricultural College
Engineering Experiment Station. The presentation gave recognition
-------
to many factors of pollution control including economic benefits,
objectivity of stream quality standards, public health, the fishery,
natural beauty, and the responsibility of industry, municipalities
and the State. A major recommendation of the report called for a
sanitary survey of the Willamette River to determine the nature and
extent of pollution and the physical, biochemical, and bacteriologi-
cal condition of the waters of the stream.
Immediately following presentation of the preliminary report in
March of 1929, the Secretary of the State Board of Health appointed
a State Committee to continue the work started in preparation of the
report. A study of pollution of the Willamette River was a major
task assigned to the State Committee composed of representatives of
the State University, the League of Municipalities, the paper in-
dustry, the gas companies, the State Fish and Game Commission, and
the State College. The State College was subsequently asked to study
the effects of stream pollution and methods for sanitary sewage dis-
posal.
Rapid progress continued with execution of an intensive study
of the sanitary condition of the Willamette River from Cottage Grove
to Sellwood Bridge during July and August of 1929 by the State
College Engineering Experiment Station. The survey, covering 200
stream miles included 28 sampling stations, six of which were on
tributary streams (See Table I). Cross sectional area, water
velocity and flow were measured at each of the stations to determine
the dilution of waste and to estimate the time of travel between
-------
stations. The average dissolved oxygen was determine at each
station by taking cross sectional samples at 25 ft. or 50 ft. inter-
vals and at three depths. Hourly samples were taken for dissolved
oxygen tests to establish a day's average and define diurnal fluctu-
ation. The greatest variations in D.O. occurred in upstream areas
(See Figure 1) and only a slight change was detected near the
Sellwood Bridge.
TABLE I
LOCATIONS OF SAMPLING POINTS ON THE WILLAMETTE
RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
Button
number
. 7
. 8
9
10
11
12
IS
U
IB
16
IT
IB
19
20
81
82
2*
24
25
26
2T
28
Date
July 15
16
18
19
22
24
25
26
29
80
Await 1
2
6
6
7
e
12
IS
14
16
. 16
If
81
22
22
28
26
28
Location of the lampllns Mint
Willamette River 8 miles above Cottage Grove
Willamette River 2.8 miles below Cottage Grove
Willamette River 1 mile above Springfield
Willamette River 1 mile below Springfield .. . .
Willamette River 8.6 milea below Eugene
Willamette River .7 mile below Junction of
HeKenxle River
Willamette River at Peoria ferry
Long Tom River 8 miles below Monroe
MeKeniie River at old bridge above Ceburg
Willamette River 1 mile below Corvallla .1.
Willamette River at Bryant Park. Albany
Willamette River 4.4 miles below Albany _.
Santlam River 800 yards above highway bridge
at Jefferson . . .
Willamette River at Buena Vista .... .._ -
Willamette River 1 mile below Independence
Willamette River 2 miles above Salem
Willamette River 2.6 miles below Salem
Willamette River 6 miles below Salem
Willamette River at Wheatland . . .
Willamette River .1 mile above confluence
with YamhiU River _. . . _
YamhIH River 100 yards above junction with
Willamette River _ _
Willamette River .8 mile above Newberg .
Willamette River at Wtbonvllle ferry
Willamette River .2 mile above confluence with
Tualatin River . . _
Tualatin River 60 feet above Junction with
Willamette River _
Claekamas River .1 mile above highway cross-
ing at Gladstone ..««..»«...«... - ... ..**...
Willamette River .1 mile above Claekamas
Rapids and 1.2 miles below Oregon City Fall* ... .
Willamette River .8 mile above Sellwood Bridge.
Portland . _
Apnnnlniat*
dluanre by
rl*er abon
city Units
at Portland
Miles
200.0
195.4
176.0
174.0
168.0
164.8
180.0
181.0
169.0
117.0
106.6
101.6
104.0
9S.6
82.0
70.0
66.6
62.0
65.6
88.0
88.0
88.8
21.5
11.6
11.8
10.0
8.0
0.0
-------
g« '
NOmn UM S1WW-N38AXO Q3ATOSK10
Samples were taken every six hours for bacterial examination
(total count and the B. Coliform index). Similar samples were
analyzed for total and dissolved solids and nitrates. Summaries of
these data are presented in Tables II and III. Other random samples
were taken at intermediate points on the Willamette and tributaries
and general stream conditions were noted at all locations.
Figure 1. Dis«
_t
**.
^>.
*«^.
-^
»*
. f
T
y
IV
s
t
A
/
/
**<
\
^
^
Station 1
2
/
*
/
r
y^
^
vtQriOft J
s
Itati
Y~
*>
yr> A
K
X
N
>
-
\
V,
Station 9
^
s
^_
^
tolve
10
B
a
w
1-
1 '
in
O
q
>>n
5
t
d Oxygen Content of River
^*~^
x,
41
^« . .
X
uft^,
rifuFt
i ^"
^/
to
-^
.
f
t
/
Station!?
-rjL.
-*
s
7
^'
Station
/
f^-
^
\
«
-^s.
Station 15
^
'r**"
^1.
V
v^
"^
*.
PM 8AM I2M CPM 12PM 6AM I2M 8PM
TIME OF DAY TIME OF DAY
I
X
P
I
i
I
c
I
Z
w«
8
7
«
5
4
4
I
iter throughout Day.
X,
- ».
-»*
r
.-"i
^j
^
^
=<*=
Station 19
=fc
-^^^
Station 23
m
fc.
^ ^
31-aH
^ » *
.
*>*
*
g^
xi 27
j«-^
.
«=t=
Sf&rtOT} *
^^
*£-
^~*
CPM 8AM I2M OPM
TIME OF DAY
-------
TABLE II
SUMMARY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND, BACTERIAL COUNT AND TEMPERATURE AT
SAMPLING STATIONS
Button
number
1
2
8
4
6
e
7
8
9
10
11
18
18
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
28
24
25
26
27
28
Data
IBM
July 15
:e
18
19
22
24
26
26
29
80
August 1
2
5
6
7
9
12
IS
14
16
16
19
20
22
22
28
26
20
Initial dtuoind
Oxygen
Anr-
an
P-p.
m.
8.8
7.9
8.8
9.2
8.6
9.2
9.0
7.9
92
8.6
86
8.6
8.2
8.7
8.7
8.3
7.4
7.1
6.9
7.0
6.6
6.9
5.1
4.4
7.8
9.6
4.S
8.9
Maxi-
mum
P.p.
m.
9.6
00
9.9
9.0
9.6
10.0
0.6
84
10.8
9.2
9.1
8.9
9.1
9.8
0.8
9.1
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.1
6.8
7.4
6.2
4.0
9.8
10.8
6.8
4.2
Mini-
mum
p.p.
m.
8.2
7.8
6.1
8.6
77
8.3
8.2
7.6
8.2
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.0
7.1
67
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.6
4.9
4 1
6.7
9.2
4.6
8.6
Temperature
desreesC
Ant-
n
De-
greet
C.
10.6
19.6
18.9
17.0
10.8
17.1
10.2
20.6
17.6
21.3
21 7
20.4
21 1
21.9
22.6
22.6
238
22.7
22.2
22.1
22.8
20.6
21 3
21.8
21.6
15.8
21.4
20.R
Maxi-
mum
De-
pref.t
C.
22.0
21.1
20.5
18.0
21.2
18.6
20.0
21.6
1'J.O
22.5
230
21 8
224
228
23.5
23.6
28.8
23.3
23.5
22.8
24.0
21.0
22.4
22.5
242
16.6
22.2
21.9
Mini-
mum
De-
greet
C.
17.2
17.5
17.5
16.0
18.7
16.0
18.6
10.6
16.0
20.4
206
19.6
10.2
21.2
21 8
22.3
22.5
22.2
21.2
21.2
21.8
20.2
20.8
20.7
19.4
14.0
20.4
20.*
ie
3
£
3
3
<3fe
95.0
85.4
94.0
04.4
93.6
94.6
ee.e
87.0
95.6
96.2
96.7
93.6
90.3
98.4
99.6
95 1
85.7
81.4
78.4
79.4
76.8
76.1
67.1
49.7
87.6
96.2
68.8
48.2
US
Is
ll«
j g£
iss
P.P.
m.
1.5
1.8
0.0
1.0
1.4
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.8
2.4
1.6
1.8
00
8.8
83
8.4
2.9
1.4
2.0
2.0
14
2.0
1.0
4.6
20
Total
count
8.600
6.600
2.100
3.600
2.000
850
1.000
1.800
850
1.300
1.600
1.000
2.900
6,300
1.800
2.100
4.800
7.800
16.000
12.000
1.000
8.800
8.600
6.900
t. .
*
7.200
12000
B.001I
Index
0
100
1
1
100
100
10
0
1
100
100
100
100
0
10
10
1.000
10
1
10
0
10
0
0
'
"ioo
in
Samples delayed one day in transit.
tNo bacterial samples taken at this Station.
tNo count due to contamtnated media.
TABLE III
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Button
number
1
2
8
4
6
G
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
28
24
26
26
27
28
Average
Total
p. p.m.
100
89
63
64
71
68
69
78
66
64
58
46
CO
74
69
66
77
78
18
78
99
71
69
66
08
88
105
70.8
Solids
Dluolnd
p. p.m.
90
89
60
67
67
61
48
63
66
69
54
42
49
66
68
66
72
74
74
72
98
68
62
62
61
74
88
66.8
Buspenood
p. p.m.
10
0
a
7
4
2
11
10
0
1
.
2
0
17
6.5
Nitrates
p. p.m.
.02
.02
.08
.08
.01
.08
.02
.04
.08
.08
.08
.08
.01
.01
.08
.02
No samples.
-------
6
The general conclusions reached in the Experiment Station report
were:
"1. The data gathered and observations made show that the
correction of pollution hazardous to public health is a very specific
problem for each locality on the river. The dissolved oxygen tests
taken during the low-water period indicate, on the other hand, a
gradual and continuous reduction of oxygen between Salem and the
upper boundary of Portland, which is a general problem. Changes in
species of stream life along the river confirm these conclusions.
2. The dissolved oxygen just above Portland is so low in the
dry period of the year as to be inimical to natural fish life of un-
polluted streams. The unstabilized wastes contained in the river
before Portland adds its sewage are almost sufficient to absorb
completely the remaining oxygen before the discharge of the Willamette
into the Columbia.
3. The industrial wastes from the State flax plant and pulp
mills above Portland make a demand on the oxygen in the river about
five times as great as the demand for stabilizing the domestic
sewage which is discharged directly into the river.
4. The total bacterial count and the B. coli index are so high
in local places as to make bathing undesirable and to give unsatis-
factory conditions for obtaining public water supplies.
The raw water drawn from the river at Salem (the only city
taking its supply directly from the Willamette) is, however, satis-
factory for treatment.
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7
5. Disposal of sewage above Salem by direct discharge into and
dilution in the river has little effect on the dissolved oxygen and
except for conditions in a few short river reaches is not unsatis-
factory,
6. There is need for a study of the flax wastes from the
State Penitentiary and for a study of the sulphite wastes from the
pulp mills to determine in what manner they can be treated to reduce
the demand which they make upon the oxygen of the river.
7. There is also a need for a more extensive study of the
Willamette River between Sellwood and the confluence with the
Columbia River. Each city should make a study of its own peculiar
problem and plan a program, in cooperation with the State Board of
Health, for a progressive approach to the reduction and stabilization
of its wasteso
8. There is a lack of data concerning the effect of wastes on
life and habits of the natural fish of the Willamette River. There
is also a lack of information on the movements of fish in low-water
seasons. Studies of these factors should be undertaken before posi-
tive conclusions concerning the effect of sewage and industrial wastes
upon fish life can be reached."
Other noteworthy conclusions included the effects of algae on
dissolved oxygen. The diurnal fluctuations were greatest in the
upper reaches and less significant in the lower reaches. Variation
of oxygen in the cross section of the stream was not appreciable
except just below large waste sources which did not mix until the
river flowed over rapids or became quite turbulent. Four oxygen
-------
8
sag and recovery zones were in evidence between Cottage Grove and
the Sellwood Bridge. The effects of industrial wastes from pulp
mills and flax plants were found to be quite severe and noted. A
profile of conditions, Figure 2, shows the areas of low D.O., high
B.O.D., and bacterial contamination.
A winter study was conducted in January 1930 under difficult
conditions. There was an extended cold period with snow and the
river froze over in Portland. In general, conditions were found to
be substantially better during the period of high flow and decreased
water temperatures.
On June 1, 1933, Governor Julius L. Meier called a mayor's
conference of the cities of the Willamette Valley. This meeting was
"responsive to a state-wide demand for abatement of stream pollution
and to a crystallization of this sentiment". Etaphasis on public
health,the importance of the Willamette River as a fishery resource,
and general distaste for pollution provided the necessary drive for
further action. The Governor appointed a committee composed of
Messrs. R. E. Koon, J. W. Cunningham, and R. G. Dieck, all consulting
engineers of Portland, Oregon to study and report existing conditions.
The conference also resulted in stimulating other activities.
During 1933 and 1934 the Willamette River drew the attention
of at least five authors in the following papers:
1. Report of Reconstruction Advisory Board, General Survey of
Willamette River Valley, 1933.
2. Report of the Technical Committee on Pulp and Paper Trade
Wastes, 1933.
-------
Figure 2. Summary of Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
Bacterial Content of Water at arious long Willamette
River during July and August, 1929.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN KMANO
TWENTY DAYS
ro ao to wo iio 120
MILES FROM PORTLAND
the tolid line.
lor
,
. This probably more accurately illustrales the condition than
Co«n," i. tadk.t.d by
-------
10
3. Thesis of E. F. Howard, Oregon State College, 1934.
4. Thesis of M. O'Dell, Oregon State College, 1934.
5. Sewage Works Journal, V.6, No. 3, 1934.
These reports, as well as all previous work dealt with river con-
ditions above Portland or with specific problems. The City of
Portland, Department of Public Works, recognized the lack of recent
information concerning river conditions within Portland and proposed
to the City Council that a four-week study be made during the low
water period. The importance of the study relative to an anticipated
sewage disposal project in Portland, was recognized and an ordinance
was passed directing that the study be made. The study was made
during the period September 5 - 27, 1934. The results were reported
and discussed in "A Sanitary Survey of the Willamette River from
Sellwood Bridge to Columbia River", by G. W. Glee son, Bulletin Series
No. 6, April 1936, Engineering Experiment Station, OSAC.
The survey included seven stations ranging from Gillihan's
Landing near the mouth to the Sellwood Bridge. Samples were drawn
from 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 depth at each station for dissolved oxygen,
temperature, and composites for solids. Bacterial tests were run on
samples from 1/2 depth at each station. The data is summarized in
Table IV. Additional efforts included hourly samples at one station
on September 14, B.O.D. determinations at Sellwood Bridge, flow
gaging, and determination of time of passage.
-------
11
TABLE IV
SUMMARY OF DATA
Station
dnignation
Sellwood Bridge _._
Rosa Island Bridge .
Burnside Bridge _.._
Kerr Gilford Mill
Spokane. Portland ft
Seattle Railway
Bridge ... ........................
Municipal Terminal No 4
Gillihan'n Landing
Depth
Fiet
30.0
404
47.1
45.7
41.5
36 1
34.9
Average dissolved-
oxygen saturation
I depth
Ptr
,etnl
48.7
379
20.2
0.3
1.1
16 1
98.2
ft depth
Ptr
cent
48.3
38.0
196
01
09
23.2
101.6
g depth
Ptr
cent
48.9
378
198
0.4
08
474
104.2
PH
6.85
6.87
6.81
678
6.84
6.98
7.8S
Bacterial
count
35.700
14.SOO
32.200
48.200
14,300
9.900
870
Total
aolida
P.f.m.
102.9
110.1
119.1
106.0
106.3
1063
121 1
Several noteworhy conclusions were reached based on this study
and previous work.
1. Water quality in the Portland Harbor would be poor even in
the absence of Portland waste; however, the waste load entering in
the Harbor compounded the problem.
2. Flow through the Harbor was difficult to gage, but was esti-
mated to be about 4,000 cfs with 2,880 cfs at Salem.
3. The time of passage from the Sellwood Bridge to Multnomah
Channel was 7.6 days.
4. The tide and the Columbia River influenced the flow through
the Harbor. The Columbia River intruded on the bottom to above the
St. Johns Bridge and Willamette River water did not reach Gillihan's
Landing, 4,700 ft. above the jetty at the mouth.
5. Flow through the Multnomah Channel is both Willamette and
Columbia River water, the relative amount of Columbia River water
decreases at low tide.
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12
In May of 1936 a report "Industrial and Domestic Wastes of the
Willamette Valley" was published as Bulletin Series No. 7 by the
Engineering Experiment Station, OSAC. The report was a culmination
of the efforts of a "Technical Subcommittee" appointed by the Governor's
Committee which had been active since June 1933. The report dealt
with the characteristics and effects of the predominate wastes pro-
duced in the Willamette Valley.
The four paper mills operating in the Willamette Valley had
previously been identified as the largest contributors of waste and
responsible for the degradation of the river's natural quality. The
combined capacity of the mills was 1,030 tons per day of pulp and
paper which resulted in a daily fiber loss of about ten tons and a
total organic waste discharge of about 625,000 population equivalents
or 106,000 Ibs. of B.O.D.c* In-plant surveys and laboratory analysis
of wastes resulted in the following recommendations:
"1. A study of ponding and aeration should be undertaken at the
Lebanon plant of the Crown Willamette Paper Company, where there is a
small pond already in use suitable for experimental work. Such a
study would involve only nominal expense, and would provide definite
information on the extent to which this treatment would stabilize
sulphite waste liquor.
2. The possibility of applying to local conditions one of the
processes that have shown promise elsewhere should be further in-
vestigated, through consultation with engineers familiar with the
latest developments in these processes.
-------
13
3. For the control of fiber discharge, the performance of
present save-all equipment should be more carefully checked. This
could be accomplished by means of more accurate measuring and sampling
devices on the waste outlets.
4. Additional river data should be obtained below the Oregon
City Falls for low-water periods.
5. If feasible and economical methods become available, an
effort should be made to reduce the pollutions1 load 30 percent during
low-water periods.
6. All parties concerned should be made cognizant of the fact
that any industrial pollution added to the Willamette River through
expansion of the present industries or through the establishment of
new industries will result in a more and more undesirable situation
in the lower river at low-water periods. The diversion of any
appreciable quantity of water from the river during low-water periods
will have the same result.
7. Other industries besides the pulp and paper mills must also
be considered as major contributors to the pollution of the river."
Other waste sources were also investigated and the wastes and
their effects described. The general conclusion reached suggested
that location, treatment, and effects be considered for the guidance
of future developments.
A policy to restore and maintain a reasonable degree of purity
in all the waters of the river system for the protection and conser-
vation of public health, recreational enjoyment of the people, the
-------
14
economic and industrial development of the basin, for the protection
of property, and for the conservation of human, plant, aquatic and
animal life was established in 1938 by a vote of the people. A
regulatory agency in the form of the Oregon State Sanitary Authority
was formed in 1939 to implement the established policy.
The State Sanitary Authority immediately notified all cities
and industries of their responsibility to abate their share of
pollution in the waters of the Willamette River system. The original
order directed that all domestic and municipal wastes be given at
least primary treatment and chlorination to reduce bacterial contami-
l/
nation and organic pollution." Secondary treatment was required at
some locations on small tributary streams.
Following the war-time period of shortages of funds and personnel,
the Postwar Readjustment and Development Committee for the State of
Oregon resolved on June 30, 1944, with Governor Snail's approval,
that the State Sanitary Authority, State Game Commission, State Board
of Health, Hydro-Electric Commission, and Engineering Experiment
Station of Oregon State College be called upon to furnish facilities,
personnel, and funds necessary for conducting stream pollution studies;
that such studies be for the purpose of providing cities, industries,
the State of Oregon, and interested individuals with facts pertinent
to the design of postwar pollution abatement projects; and that the
studies be conducted under the direction of the State Sanitary Authority
I/ Nearly full compliance was not reached for 18 years, or in 1957. At
that time and as at present there were raw wastes from some small
communities and from some areas of the City of Portland discharged
to the river or its tributaries.
-------
15
and an advisory committee consisting of one representative from each
of the contributing and participating agencies. On July 14, 1944,
the State Sanitary Authority was notified that funds were available
for such studies. Hie advisory committee met five days later and
authorized the Engineering Experiment Station to proceed immediately
with the recommended studies. Professor Fred Merryfield was named
as Supervising Engineer for the project. The results of a study con-
ducted under the authority provided by the board was reported in
Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 19, "1945
Progress Report on Pollution of Oregon Streams", Fred Merryfield and
W. 6. Wilmot, June 1945. The study and report was intended to deter-
mine the sanitary conditions of the Willamette River and compare them
with the 1929-1930 conditions, and to determine the existing sewage
and industrial waste load imposed on the river. The success of the
study was due in a large measure to the cooperation and assistance
of 22 city engineers and superintendents at 22 cities along the
Willamette River and tributaries. Comparative data are shown in
Figures 3 and 4 and Table V.
Samples were taken at the same stations as were used in the 1929
surveys and similar determinations made. Spot and representative
samples of industrial wastes were taken from 18 industries for
analysis. Composite daily samples were taken proportionally on an hourly
basis by 21 cooperating cities and analyzed.at the College. The
composite municipal waste samples were taken at various times between
July 30 and November 26 and were coupled with flow measurements also
made by the city engineers.
-------
Figure 3. Oxygen Content and Pollution of Willamette River.
August 1929 and August-September 1944
CD
40 60 8O 100 I2O 140 I6O
MILES FROM SELLWOOD BRIDGE IN PORTLAND
ISO
200
-------
Figure 4. Oxygen Saturation of Willamette River,
August 1929 and August-September 1955.
no
*0 60 dO 100 120 140 160
MILES FROM SELLWOOD BRIDGE IN PORTLAND
160
200
-------
18
TABLE V
or THE AUGUST 1929 AND Auousr-SBPTEiisEa 1944 PERIODS.
Location
Above Cottage Grove
Below .Cottage Grove
Below Springfield
Peoria
Independence . -
Wheatland below Salem .. '-.
Newberg
Wilsonville
Willamette ....
Below Oregon City
DO
1929
8 8
7.9
88
9.2
86
9.0
8.6
8.7
6.9
69
6 1
4.4
4.8
1944
9.5
77
84
84
78
8.7
81
7.7
59
4 4
1 5
1.0
2.1
20-day BOO
1929
I.B
1.8
0.9
10
1.4
0.7
0.8
1.8
3.4
2.0
2.0
1.4
4.5
1944
1.6
3 3
0 7
on
2.7
2 7
2 8
2.2
6.5
30
12.3
9.0
12.6
Comparison of this survey and the 1929 survey established the
fact that the critical areas were moving upstream. It also became
apparent that the river was grossly polluted below Eugene, as were
several tributary streams. Sludge rafts were observed at Wheatland
Ferry and 0.0.*s of 0.0 to 4.0 ppm accompanied by B.O.Dls of 30 - 50
ppm measured. The river near Champoeg was described as a biological
desert with such an organic loading that the river could not recover
by the time the Oregon City - West Linn load is added. In summary, it
was stated that the critical D.O. condition that had existed at the
Sellwood Bridge in 1929 had moved 30 miles upstream, or nearly to
Newberg. The prevailing condition of 1929 at Newberg had moved 22
miles upstream to Wheatland. The pollutional increase was progressive
to Springfield in diminishing amounts.
The major recommendations included both continued surveillance
of conditions and further study. It was recognized that field studies
would be necessary to measure progress and to identify the effects of
other factors such as large impoundments. It was also pointed out
-------
19
that sanitary and storm sewers should be divorced for economic and
adequate treatment of wastes.
"The Fishes of the Willamette River System in Relation to
Pollution" by R. E. Dimick and Fred Merryfield was published by the
Engineering Experiment Station as Bulletin Series, No. 20, a companion
to No. 19 in June of 1945. Particular attention was given to temper-
ature, oxygen, and pH as they affect fish and their environment. No
salmonids were observed in water above 73° F. although some were
found in 72° F. water. Highest counts of salmonids were in waters
of a 55 - 60° F. temperature range. Coarse fish were found in water
of temperatures up to 90° F.
A lower limit for oxygen was established as 5.0 ppm with the
acknowledgement that the salmonids could survive with a lower con-
centration in the absence of toxic material. Healthy cutthroat trout
fry placed in a live box in the South Santiam below Lebanon died in
two minutes apparently a result of low D.O. and toxic material. As
with temperature the coarse fish were found to be more tolerant of
poor D.O. conditions.
Hydrogen-ion concentration or pH does not have a direct effect
upon fish, but is descriptive of a property of their environment.
It was found advisable to view with suspicion any stream having a pH
outside of the pH 6.7 - 8.6 range unless the extra limits1 values
could be attributed to natural causes.
Fish of 13 families were identified in the waters of the basin
and the location of their occurrence noted. Invertebrate fish food
-------
20
organisms were counted by ten categories at 44 locations, and the
biological deserts described. Areas previously described as being
polluted according to analysis of samples were found to coincide with
the biological deserts. A summary of fish food organism occurrence
is presented in Table VI.
TABLE VI
INVERTEBRATE FISH FOOD ORGANISMS nm One SQUARE FOOT or BOTTOM AT VARI-
ov* LOCATION! in THE WILLAMETTE RIVER SYSTEM, AUOUIT AND SEPTIMIEI 1944.
Location
Mam River
Springfield, above city . .
Eugene, above dam . . . .
Eugene, below city . .
Harnsburg
Peoria Ferry
Corvallis, below city
Albany, above city . ,
Albany, below city . .
Buena Vista ...
Inde|>endenc«, below city
Salem, above city
Salem, below city
Whealland Ferry . ..
Mission Landing
Newberff. above city .. .
Wilsonville .
Ore (ton City, above falls
Oregon City, below falls
Portland Sellwoqd Bridge
Eaiiside Tnbutanet
Clackamas River, Gladstone
Molalla River, above Molalla . ...
Santiam River, Jefferson ..
N Santiam River, Mill City....
S Santiam River, above
Lebanon
S. Santiam River below
Middle For*
Calapooya River, below Browns-
ville
Above Holley
McKenne River, Coburg Bridge.. .
Walterville Bridge 7 ..
Middle Fork, Homestead
Wrslstde Tnbutanei
Tualatin, near mouth
Yamhill River, above Willamina .
Mill Creek
Rickreall Creek, below Dallas .. .».
Above Dallas
Luckiamute, Pedee _
Above Hoskina
Mary's River, Rock Creek
Wren Bridire
Loni Tom. below Monroe
Below Fern Ridge Dam
Coast Fork. Saginaw .., _,
Above Cottage Grave
1
K
I
2
1
"l
3
-
S
2
4
14
3
14
6
3
11
1
5
3
2
1
1
8
f
3.
Mayfly «
6
5
3
8
9
7
9
6
3
8
6
8
3
6
10
16
3
2
13
17
8
8
12
3
3
6
4
13
j
3
1
1
.2
^
Cadda f.
1
1
1
4
9
3
6
24
14
8
2
2
'
13
11
11
4
20
38
2
18
37
99
12
6
8
9
10
11
3
5
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"2
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|
a
is
c
Midge la
3
5
5
4
2
15
2
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6
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6
7
8
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3
6
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82
8
4
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3
'e
6
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18
11
«,
T3
|
J3
I
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f
B<
1
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7
' 4
3
2
' 4
3
2
3
2
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1
16
|
|
1
I
4
2
4
2
1
4
10
3
3
2
1
1
6
*4
2
9
2
' 1
4
1
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8
6
"3
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i
G
1
4
1
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"i
*
"i
i
4
4
13
|
a
c
1
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t
i
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*2
2
-
"
6
|
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£
j
3
" i
" 2
14
S
15
6
2
23
30
1
28
2
"
"i
....
^
*j
1
24
0 9
05
2 1
28
21
1 9
2 7
2 6
2 3
21
0 1
0.6
0 S
0.7
0 8
0 7
1 0
1 8
1 <>
1 6
1 1
2 1
2 6
2 8
2 2
0 6
1 2
1 R
2 7
2.9
1.7
1.4
1 3
1 1
1 0
I 3
1.0
1.6
I.I
00
0.6
0.8
0.7
-------
21
It was concluded that the condition of the river is a State
shame and a loss to the entire State and progress must be made in
pollution control if a fishery is to be restored and maintained.
In March 1947 another Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin
was published to present additional information from the study of
1944 and additional work done in 1945 and 1946. The information
presented was concerned with municipal and industrial waste sources.
The report, "Industrial and City Wastes", Fred Merryfield, W. B.
Bollen, and F. G. Kachelhoffer. The authors gave thanks to the many
individuals who worked long, hard hours to supply the necessary in-
formation. Some of the 70 - 75 year old youngsters worked only in
hope that the smaller youngsters might again be able to swim in the
rivers.
The primary feature of the report was a listing of most all
waste producing industries, waste characteristics, and volumes of
flow in various cities. Limitation of data and the complexities of
industrial waste disposal were brought to the readers' attention.
Also mentioned were three additional study phases in progress at the
time of publication, a study of Cottage Grove and Fern Ridge reser-
voirs, reaeration of the Willamette and South Santiam Rivers, and
sampling and testing of the Willamette River at the stations listed
in Bulletins 2 and 19.*
* These studies were not completed or reported.
-------
22
The residents of the Willamette Basin cities voted for funds for
planning and construction of the required waste treatment facilities
during the 1940*s. This was followed by construction of the first
primary treatment plants which were completed during 1949 at Junction
City, Lowell, and Newberg. New facilities or major enlargement pro-
jects have been completed at some point in the basin every year since
the first plants were placed in operation.
The 80th Congress passed P.L. 845, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, in June of 1948. It required the Surgeon General of the
Public Health Service to cooperate with Federal, State, and interstate
agencies, and with municipalities and industries in the formulation of
comprehensive programs for water pollution control. The programs were
to initiate elimination of reduction of the pollution of interstate
waters and their tributaries, and improve the sanitary conditions of
surface and underground waters. The policy established directed that
due regard be given to improvements necessary to conserve the Nation's
waters for public water supplies, propogation of fish and aquatic
life, recreational purposes, agriculture, and other legitimate uses.
In 1951 the Pacific Northwest Drainage Basins Office published,
in cooperation with the Oregon State Sanitary Authority, "Report on
Water Pollution Control, Willamette River Basin". The report followed
an earlier series covering the 15 major drainage basins of the country
and was based on data available as of December 31, 1960. The document
-------
23
was prepared as an interim report to provide a reference point for
measuring progress; provide a guide to needed additional data;
provide a basis for the logical development of comprehensive programs;
provide a basis for loans to States, interstate agencies and munici-
palities at such time as the Congress makes available funds for this
purpose; and serve to inform the public on the water pollution con-
trol problem and needs for the subbasin concerned.
The conclusions of the report gave emphasis to several facts:
1. Water resources of the basin are vitally important to con-
tinued development,and continued reliance upon the resource is de-
pendent upon reduction of present pollution as well as control of
future potential pollution at their sources.
2. Pollution is particularly severe in lower sections of the
Willamette River and in several tributaries.
3. The total organic waste load discharged in the river system
is equal to four million population equivalents.
4. The victims of pollutional damage include (a) industrial
and municipal water supplies; (b) the fishery resource; (c) recre-
ational areas; and (d) property owners.
5. The damages are most severe during late summer and fall which
are the periods of low stream flow.
6. Surveys since 1929 continually point at excessive bacterial
contamination in certain areas and insufficient dissolved oxygen to
support fish life in the Portland vicinity. The oxygen deficiency
has at times extended for a lineal distance of 35 miles.
-------
24
7. Sufficient basic data are available and plans are going for-
ward under the Oregon State Sanitary Authority's program for immediate
construction of many sewage and waste treatment facilities. Addi-
tional data on industrial wastes, degree of treatment and water
quality objectives are required to supplement the program.
8. The program of the Sanitary Authority is strongly backed by
public opinion and by other State agencies.
The recommendations set forth included:
1. A list of 42 municipalities and 29 industries that had
pollution control project requirements.
2. Erosion control measures be required on all public water
supply watersheds during and after timber cutting operations.
3. Surveys for determining the sources, characteristics and
amounts of industrial wastes discharged into public waters be com-
pleted as rapidly as possible.
4. Desirable water quality objectives for all uses be deter-
mined and adopted by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority.
5. In order to assure compliance with the Sanitary Authority's
policies, the laws of the State be amended to include a waste dis-
charge permit requirement clause and a penalty clause.
6. In order to make the best possible use of regulated stream
flows, all water resource developments in the basin be effectively
coordinated between both State and Federal agencies.
-------
25
By 1957, 24 communities in the Willamette River Basin had com-
plied with the 1939 order of the Sanitary Authority to treat wastes
prior to discharge. An indication of the progress made is shown by
Tables VII and VIII.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 (Public Law 660,
84th Congress) gave promise of material aid for pollution abatement in
the Willamette River Basin. The Act authorized expenditure of Federal
funds in the form of construction grants for municipal waste treatment
facilities during the period 1957 - 1961. Grants have been made
yearly since 1957, in limited numbers, to cities undertaking con-
struction of approved pollution control facilities. The Act was
amended in 1961 to extend the construction grant program for another
five-year period. A list of the recipients of construction grants
during the period 1947 - Dec. 1964 is shown in Table IX.
Public Law 660 and the amendments of 1961 also provide for
comprehensive programs for water pollution control, including review
of proposed Federal storage projects for water quality control
features and benefits. Research, investigations, training, and in-
formation services were made available to qualified organizations
involved in water pollution control. Provisions were also made to
encourage cooperation among states and other agencies, provide water
pollution control grants, and to enter into enforcement measures
against pollution of interstate or navigable waters.
-------
26
TABLE VII
SEWAGE PLANTS CONSTRUCTED 1947-1957
Year Built Location
Design Population River Mile
1947
1949
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
TOTAL
Manbrin Gardens
Junction City
Lowell
Newberg
Weyerhaeuser Mill
Monmou th - Independ enc e
Milwaukie
Portland
Lewis & Clark College
Oakridge
Salem
West Linn (Bolton)
Cottage Grove
Oregon City
Albany
Corva His
Eugene
Marylhurst
Lake Oswego
Springfield
Willamette Manor
Canby
West Linn (Willamette)
Harrisburg
(24 Plants)
1,000
2,000*
3,200
8,000
600
6,000
10,000
500,000
1,200
2,000
60,000
3,500
6,000
10,000
13,000*
20,000*
50,000*
1,100
6,000
15,000
1,000
2,000
2,500
1,000
725,100*
W82
W164.3
W187rl8
W50.1
W176-10.8
W96
W18.5
C105.5
W17.9
W187-41.5
W83
W24.3
W187-21
W25.3
W119
W131
W178
W22.5
W21
W184.3
W20.2
W34
W27.7
W161
* Plus additional capacity for industrial wastes.
-------
27
TABLE VIII
SUMMARY OF SEWERAGE DATA FOR WILLAMETTE BASIN
Population served by sewers
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by sewers but not
treatment
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Number of sewage treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by primary treatment
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Number of primary treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by secondary
treatment
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Number of secondary treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
1938
305,900
32,600
338,500
305,900
13,900
319,800
0
18,700
18,700
0
22
22
0
13,500
13,500
0
20
20
0
5,200
5,200
0
2
2
1957
507,450
78,970
586,420
41,850
850
42,700
465,600
78,120
543,720
20
60
80
127,950
17,400
145,350
17
15
32
337,650
60,720
398,370
3
45
48
1963
603,600
126,060
729,660
7,650
850
8,500
595,950
125,210
721,160
21
88
109
101,650
14,650
116,300
10
12
22
494,300
110,560
604,860
11
76
87
NOTE: Gresham and Portland are included in the above data because both
cities are located in the Willamette River Basin but their sewage
treatment plants discharge to the Columbia River. Because they
discharge to the Columbia they are considered the equivalent of
secondary treatment as far as the Willamette River is concerned.
-------
TABLE IX
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
No. Status Location
015
016
001
022
027
031
040
051
033
052
059
060
030
037
061
064
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
Albany
Lebanon
Tigard
Sunset
Valley
Sub- total
Hillsboro
Cornelius
Sub- total
Oak Grove
Name of Applicant Pop
City of Albany
City of Lebanon
Tigard San. Dist.
Sunset Valley
San. Dist.
1957
City of Hillsboro
City of Cornelius
1958
Oak Lodge San. Dist.
Fanno Creek Multnomah County
West Slope
Estacada
Sub- total
Woodburn
Oak Lodge
Salem
Eugene
Creswell
Newberg
West Slope San. Dist.
City of Estacada
1959
City of Woodburn
Oak Lodge San.
Dist. 2
City of Salem
City of Eugene
City of Creswell
City of Newberg
4
3
1
2
3
1
3
5
2
1
1
2
5
5
1
2
Desc
1
1
1
6
7
1
5
7
8
9
3
3
3
1
9
5
Type
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
5
Estimated Eligible Federal Grant
Cost of Project Offer
$ 15,527
43,762
87,197
212.139
358,625
515,422
150.504
665.926
846,676
1,487,107
855,375
223,589
3,412,748
41,722
206,573
143,504
643,997
71,860
295.409
$ 4
13
26
63
107
154
45
199
250
250
250
67
817
12
61
43
193
20
88
,658.16
,128.51
,159.19
.641.67
,587.53
,626.67
.151.00
,777.67
,000.00
,000.00
,000.00
.070.00
,070.00
,510.00
,970.00
,051.31
,199.37
,420.00
.620.00
Approved
Month-Year
2
2
2
9
1
8
5
9
11
12
7
8
8
9
11
12
57
57
57
57
58
58
59
59
59
59
60
60
60
60
60
60
Sub-total 1960
1,403,065
419,770.68
-------
TABLE IX
(Continued)
No. Status
068
070
058
079
065
3
3
3
3
2
Location
Scio
Springfield
Milwaukie
Lake Oswego
Portland
Name of Applicant
City of Scio
City of Springfield
City of Milwaukie
City of Lake Oswego
City of Portland
Pop Desc Type
1
4
3
3
5
9
1
1
7
5
1
2
2
2
1
Sub- total 1961
Sub-total 1937-1961 (original term of
190
089
069
066
097
099
049
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
Beaverton
Eugene
Silver ton
West Linn
Monmouth
Yamhill
Stayton
City of Beaverton
City of Eugene
City of Silverton
City of West Linn
City of Monmouth
City of Yamhill
City of Stayton
3
6
2
2
1
1
1
PL
1
3
1
1
9
5
1
660)
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
Sub-total 1962
075
108
109
120
134
127
143
129
141
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
Oregon City
Lafayette
McMinnville
Woodburn
Beaverton
Salem
Sherwood
Cor va His
Tigard
City of Oregon City
City of Lafayette
APW
Cityof McMinnville
APW
City of Woodburn
Sunset Valley
San. Dist.
City of Salem
City of Sherwood
City of Corvallis
City of Tigard
4
1
3
2
2
5
1
4
1
1
9
7
1
4
5
4
3
5
7
1
2
2
5
1
2
1
2
Estimated Eligible Federal Grant
Cost of Project Offer
$ 35
1,017
192
1,374
1.589
4,210
10,050
149
1,200
200
206
174
91
154
2,178
337
61
65
263
300
3,770
209
251
318
,876
,891
,770
,286
,570
,393
,757
,907
,000
,850
,861
,652
,660
,394
,324
,730
,000
,941
,034
,009
,100
,840
,171
,800
10,700.00
250,000.00
57,830.00
250,000.00
250.000.00
818,530.00
2,362,735.88
43,850.00
250,000.00
60,250.00
62,050.00
46,830.00
27,490.00
41.770.00
532,240.00
101,310.00
30,500.00
32,970.00
75,990.00
85,890.00
600,000.00
62,950.00
75,350.00
95.630.00
Approved
Month-Year
7
7
10
11
11
8
8
8
8
10
10
12
1
2
2
4
7
7
7
8
8
61
61
61
61
61
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
Sub-Total 1963
5,577,625
1,160,590.00
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TABLE IX
(Continued)
No. Status Location Name of Applicant
Estimated Eligible Federal Grant Approved
Pop Desc Type Cost of Project Offer Month-Year
130
148
122
140
156
154
157
126
163
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
Brownsville City of Brownsville
Whit ford McKay Multnomah County
Lebanon City of Lebanon
Aloha Aloha S D
Forest Gove City of Forest Grove
Salem City of Salem
Gervais City of Gervais
Dayton City of Dayton
Lake Oswego City of Lake Oswego
Sub- total 1964
Sub- total 1962 - 1964
1
1
2
4
3
4
1
1
3
9
3
3
7
1
3
9
9
3
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
194,000
14,936
93,270
1,848,000
620,000
649,900
51,020
80,000
66,410
3.617.536
11.373.435
58,200.00
4,480.00
27,980.00
122,663.63
186,000.00
194,970.00
15,300.00
24,000.00
19,920.00
653.513.61
2.346.343.63
1
1
2
4
7
7
9
10
11
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
Total 1957 - 1964, Incl.
21.424.192
4.709.079.51
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31
Since 1961 the provisions of F.L. 660 have been applied by the
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, U. S. Public Health
Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Pacific
Northwest office under the Columbia River Basin Project for Water
Supply and Water Quality Management. Activities of the Project in
the Willamette River Basin have included investigations of water
quality and the uses of water affected by quality.
Specific activities directly pertaining to water pollution con-
trol have included surveys in the Harbor, Newberg pool and several
storage reservoirs. Joint studies with the OSSA included sampling
from the river and sewage treatment plants from Springfield to
Portland. Time of passage has been determined for the main stem and
lower reaches of tributaries through a coordinated inter-agency
effort. Much of the information has been applied to a computer pro-
gram to determine the flow and treatment combinations required to
reduce the organic load and raise the dissolved oxygen in the river
to a desirable level. A report setting forth a program for water
quality management will be published in 1965 by the Public Health
Service Columbia River Basin Project Office.
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32
Significant findings of works done during the period 1961 - 64
include:
1. Treatment or reduction of organic wastes has not yet reached
the 85 percent level previously recommended and ordered by the OSSA.
2. The dissolved oxygen level is less than satisfactory
(5 mg/1) at times in the Portland Harbor, and at other locations such
as the South Santiam River below Lebanon.
3. The bacterial contamination level is too high in many areas
for water contact recreation.
4. There is an increasing demand for water of reasonable
quality for all uses.
5. The application of present-day waste treatment technology
has not kept pace with other advancements in the basin.
6. Reduction of waste at its source and flow regulation are
inseparable essential elements of a water quality management program
for the Willamette River and its tributaries.
7. Pulp and paper mills are the largest contributors of waste
in the basin. All mills have complied with orders of the Oregon
State Sanitary Authority to provide plans and time tables for appli-
cation of waste reduction practices and facilities. A list of the
mills and their capacities is given in Table X.
The change of dissolved oxygen as between Oregon City and Swan
Island is illustrated by Figure 5. The relationship between stream-
flow - water temperature and dissolved oxygen also is shown by the
curves. The organic load from pulp mills is very high during periods
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TABLE X
PULP AND PAPER HILLS LOCATED IN WILLAMETTE BASIN
Name
Year
Built
Process Critical Period
Capacity T/D Waste Treatment
Place of Discharge
Weyerhaeuser Company 1949
Springfield
Crown Ze Her bach Corporation 1890
Lebanon
Western Kraft Corporation 1955
Albany
Columbia River Paper Company 1923
(Oregon Pulp and Paper)
Salem
Spaulding Pulp and Paper Co. 1926
Newberg (Recently acquired by
Publishers Paper Co.)
Crown Zellerback Corporation 1888
(Crown Willamette Paper Co.)
West Linn
Publishers Paper Co. 1908
(Hawley Pulp and Paper)
Oregon City
Kraft
415
Sulfite
100
Kraft
420
Sulfite
150
Sulfite
150
Sulfite
150
Ground Wood
280
Sulfite
200
Ground Wood
330
Evaporation & burning
with land irrigation
Evaporation & burning
or spray drying
McKenzie River
Slough to South
Santiam River
Evaporation & burning Willamette River
Summer lagooning with
winter discharge
Summer lagooning with
winter discharge
Summer lagooning with
winter discharge
Summer barging to
Columbia River
Willamette River
Willamette River
Willamette River
Willamette River
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Figure 5
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
D.O. ft TEMPERATURE
1964
J AN IFE Bl MAR I APR
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35
of high flow as a result of lagoon dumping and direct discharge of
strong wastes, but there is not a depression of D.O.
Bacterial contamination levels of the main stem are graphically
shown by Figure 6. The river has been posted as unfit for swimming
at several points nearly every summer. Some of the areas are favorite
water-skiing locations such as at Newberg and the Sellwood Bridge in
Portland.
The results of pollution control are made obvious by Figure 7;
however, improvement is still needed.
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50-
40-
30-
O
o
- 10
to
"O
O
O
5-
4-
3-
o
o
li
Cr -5
O .4
8
.1
Figure 6. Bacteriological Profile Willamette River
Total Conforms
3
III
180
160
120
100
80
e'o
20
August - September, 1962
USPHS Survey
RIVER MILES
LO
-------
Figure 7
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILE
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40
RIVER MILES (from Mouth)
O.S.S.A.Dota
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38
APPENDIX I
THE PROGRAM OF THE OREGON STATE SANITARY AUTHORITY
FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE WILLAMETTE BASIN 1'
The State of Oregon, since 1939, has been conducting a compre-
hensive program for the abatement and control of water pollution in
the Willamette Basin. It has been under the direction and super-
vision of the Oregon State Sanitary Authority and has been based on
a public policy established by a vote of the people in 1938.
The objectives of the State's program, as set forth in the law,
have been to restore and maintain a reasonable degree of purity in all
the waters of the river system for the protection and conservation of
public health, recreational enjoyment of the people, the economic and
industrial development of the basin, for the protection of property,
and for the conservation of human, plant, aquatic and animal life.
When the program was first started, the major pollution problems
were the bacterial contamination caused by the discharge of raw or
inadequately treated sewage and the oxygen depletion caused by both
municipal sewage and industrial wastes.
Following its creation in 1939, the State Sanitary Authority
immediately notified all the cities and industries of their responsi-
bility to abate their share of the pollution in the waters of the
Willamette River system.
JL/ Mr. Kenneth H. Spies, Secretary and Chief Engineer, Oregon State
Sanitary Authority (Communication to W. W. Towne, Project Director,
Columbia River Basin Project).
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39
It was 1957, however, some eighteen years later, before all
cities and major communities along the main stem of the river had
finally complied with the original directive of the Sanitary
Authority that at least primary treatment and chlorination be pro-
vided for all domestic or municipal sewage effluents discharged into
that portion of the river system. On the smaller tributary streams
secondary treatment was required from the start of the program and
by 1957 most of the sewered communities in those parts of the basin
had provided such facilities.
In February 1950 a public hearing was held by the Sanitary
Authority in the matter of waste disposal by five sulphite pulp and
paper mills located on the South Santiam at Lebanon and on the main
Willamette at Salem, Newberg, West Linn and Oregon City. It was de-
termined at that time that the wastes from these mills were responsible
for approximately ninety-one percent of the oxygen demand in the South
Santiam and approximately eighty-four percent of the oxygen demand in
the main Willamette.
As a result of the demand of these and other wastes the dis-
solved oxygen content in both the South Santiam and the lower
Willamette Rivers would on occasions every summer and fall drop to
zero, thereby making it impossible for fish and other aquatic life to
survive.
In response to an order entered by the Sanitary Authority
following the 1950 hearing, the five sulphite pulp and paper mills
proceeded immediately to develop plans for and by the summer of 1952
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40
placed into operation special facilities for the treatment or dis-
posal of their concentrated wastes, namely, the spent sulphite
liquors resulting from the production of pulp. Their other wastes
were permitted to be discharged without treatment into the river.
The facilities which have since been employed each summer and fall
(June through October) by these mills for this purpose include:
(1) concentration by evaporation followed by either burning or
spray drying for recovery of a salable by-product at the Lebanon
mill, (2) impoundment in open reservoirs or lagoons with subsequent
release to the river during periods of high stream flow at the Salem,
Newberg, and West Linn mills, and (3) barging of the concentrated
spent sulphite liquor to the Columbia River from the Oregon City
mill.
Beginning in 1950, the Sanitary Authority each year has con-
ducted routine monitoring surveys of the main Willamette River and
major tributaries for the purpose of determining the effectiveness
of the various sewage and waste treatment works installed under its
program by the cities, communities and industries located throughout
the basin.
During the summer and fall of 1957 a comprehensive survey or
study of all existing sources of pollution in the basin was con-
ducted by the Authority's staff. This study disclosed that during
the period 1939 to 1957 the total sewered population of the basin
had increased seventy-three percent and the total industrial waste
loading, prior to treatment, had increased ninety-three percent.
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41
Because of these tremendous increases in population and industrial
waste loadings, the oxygen demand of all the effluents being dis-
charged into the river system in 1957 was only sixteen percent less
than it was in 1939, even though in the meantime practically all
cities and industries had installed sewage and waste treatment works.
The bacterial contamination of the river during the summer of
1957 was still so excessive that the waters were a hazard to public
health and in August of that year the dissolved oxygen concentration
of the water in Portland Harbor dropped to a low of 0.6 ppm with the
average daily low for that month being only 1.5 ppm.
It was therefore clearly evident that primary treatment and
effluent chlorination for the cities and communities on the main
river and the terms of the Sanitary Authority's 1950 order pertaining
to pulp mill wastes were not adequate to restore and maintain the
required degree of purity in that part of the Willamette River system.
As a consequence, the Sanitary Authority early in 1958 in-
structed (a) the cities of Eugene, Salem and Newberg, primarily be-
cause of their high industrial waste loadings, to install secondary
sewage treatment facilities as soon as possible, (b) the City of
Portland to accelerate its construction program for completing the
interception and treatment of sewage and wastes still being dis-
charged into the tidal reach of the river, and (c) the five sulphite
pulp and paper mills to reduce further their pollution loads.
Pursuant to those instructions from the Sanitary Authority,
the City of Eugene which had completed its primary treatment plant
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42
less than four years earlier proceeded immediately to enlarge and
improve its sewage disposal facilities and in 1961 completed the
installation of secondary treatment works with capacity for serving
a total population equivalent of 75,000 persons.
However, the City of Portland, which previously had spent
nearly $19,000,000 for construction of a master interceptor sewer
system and treatment works, failed to make satisfactory progress in
accelerating its program to complete its sewage collection and
treatment works. The Sanitary Authority, therefore, in October 1958
held a public hearing and later entered a formal order directing
that city to proceed with its project. Progress on the part of the
city was still not forthcoming and so in March 1959 the State insti-
tued legal action against the city. Finally, in November 1960 the
Portland voters approved a pay-as-you-go program to provide approxi-
mately $1,500,000 per year by means of an increased monthly sewer
service charge for financing new construction and as a consequence
the Sanitary Authority early in 1961 dismissed its complaint against
the city.
In the meantime, in September 1960, another public hearing
had been held by the Sanitary Authority and as a result of that
hearing all cities and communities along the lower Willamette River
from Salem downstream were ordered to install secondary sewage treat-
ment works by December 15, 1963. In compliance with that order the
following cities and communities have since completed construction of
their required projects: Canby, Marylhurst, Milwaukie, Newberg,
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43
Oak Lodge Sanitary District (also serves Willamette Manor and Oak
Grove School), Oregon City (also serves Gladstone), Salem, Tryon
Creek and West Linn (two plants - Bolton and Willamette).
Pending completion of the necessary interceptor sewers, the
Milwaukie plant will serve Waverley Heights, the Tryon Creek plant
will serve the City of Lake Oswego, Lewis and Clark College and the
Dunthorpe-Riverdale County Sewer District, and the Salem plant will
serve Manbrin Gardens.
The Salem project was finally completed in October 1964 at a
cost of nearly $5,000,000. It included a new interceptor and outfall
sewer and a new secondary treatment plant with capacity to serve an
ultimate population equivalent of 455,000. It replaced the city's
original primary plant built in 1952 for a population equivalent of
only 60,000. The new plant was designed to treat not only the
sewage from the city and the surrounding suburban fringe areas, but
also the wastes from the several large fruit and vegetable process-
ing plants and other smaller industries located in the city. The
population equivalent of the load on the Salem plant in 1962 was
approximately 70,000 domestic sewage and 245,000 industrial wastes.
The September 1960 order of the Sanitary Authority therefore
resulted in the construction of two new plants, the replacement of
one existing plant, the addition of secondary treatment to seven
existing primary plants and the abandonment of five existing in-
adequate plants.
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44
In June 1964 the members of the Sanitary Authority, after re-
viewing a detailed report prepared by their engineering staff, adopted
as a policy the following revised sewage and waste treatment require-
ments for the Willamette Basin:
(1) All industrial wastes from each pulp and paper mill in
the Basin must year round receive primary sedimentation or equivalent
treatment for removal of settleable solids.
(2) Each sulphite pulp and paper mill, in addition to year
round settleable solids removal, must during the period of critical
stream flow (June to October, inclusive) effect an eighty-five per-
cent reduction in the BOD loading of the effluents from the entire
mill.
(3) All other sewage and waste effluents must receive secondary
treatment equal to eighty-five percent removal of BOD and suspended
solids.
(4) Higher degrees of treatment may be required in some cases
depending upon the size and nature of the waste load and of the re-
ceiving stream.
(5) The deadline for meeting these requirements to be December
1966.
The officials of the sulphite pulp and paper mills were in-
structed to immediately undertake comprehensive engineering s tudies
for determining satisfactory solutions to their individual mill
problems and to submit a report and preliminary plan to the Sanitary
Authority by January 1965. Because of subsequent unexpected mill
shutdowns due to strikes and floods, the deadline for submission of
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45
the reports was later extended to April 1965.
In February 1965 the Sanitary Authority gave tentative approval to
a proposed plan submitted by the Portland City Council for construction
of the additional interceptor sewers and treatment works needed to abate
the pollution still being caused in the lower Willamette River by the
discharge of raw sewage and untreated industrial wastes from sewers
located within the city. The proposal called for completion of facili-
ties for the northwest portion of the city within three years and com-
pletion of the entire project within six years. The total cost of the
needed improvements was estimated to be more than $14,000,000.
The first unit of the Portland interceptor project was installed in
1947. By December 1964 the city had awarded construction contracts total-
ing nearly $22,000,000. An additional $7,900,000 had bden spent on
plant operation and debt service. The Portland project, when completed,
will include the interception of some 65 city-owned outfall sewers and
several private sewers which previously discharged raw sewage and wastes
into the Willamette River and Columbia Slough. The entire flow will be
given primary treatment including chlorination before being discharged
into the main Columbia River. The present plant which was built in
1951 to handle an average daily flow of 60 million gallons will be
enlarged to handle 100 mgd average flow and 300 mgd maximum flow.
At the upper end of the main stem of the Willamette are located
the two cities of Springfield and Eugene, both of which have cooperated
very well in complying with the requirements of the Sanitary Authority.
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46
During 1961 - 62 the city of Springfield spent more than $2,000,000
increasing the capacity from 15,000 to 40,000 PE and improving the
efficiency of its secondary treatment works, and extending sewer
service to 6,000 persons in a recently annexed area. These projects
were needed to abate or control pollution in both the main Willamette
and the McKenzie Rivers.
In 1962-1964 the voters of Eugene approved general obligation
bond issues totaling $17,000,000 for the purpose of (a) further ex-
pansion and improvement of the city's sewage treatment works, (b)
building trunk sewers and lift stations needed to provide sewer
service for 6,000 persons in the Willakenzie area and 7,500 persons
in the Bethel-Danebo area, both recently annexed to the city, and
(c) separation of storm water and sanitary sewage in the portion of
the city served by combined sewers.
The Eugene sewage plant was originally built in 1954 and had
capacity to provide primary treatment for a PE of 50,000. In 1961
secondary treatment units were added and the design capacity was in-
creased to 75,000. By 1966 the plant will be further enlarged to
provide secondary treatment (85% BOD removal) for an ultimate PE of
440,500. With the completion of these additional projects the city
of Eugene since 1946 will have spent more than $20,000,000 for sewage
and waste collection and treatment.
Also, in the upper part of the basin the Weyerhaeuser Company
in 1949 installed a new 150-ton per day unbleached Kraft pulp mill
at Springfield. In compliance with Sanitary Authority requirements
-------
47
every possible precaution known to be available at that time was taken
by the company in order to protect the quality of the McKenzie River
into which the mill effluent was discharged. As a consequence, no
detrimental effects were caused in the downstream waters when this
mill started operation. In 1951 the company increased the capacity
of the mill to 250 tons per day and by 1954 the average daily pro-
duction had been further increased to 350 tons per day. Since 1959
maximum daily production figures have been well above 400 tons.
Following the expansion of the mill in 1954 serious odor nuisances
and slime conditions started to develop during the summer of 1955 in
the downstream waters of the McKenzie River. The company was in-
structed by the Authority to abate the pollution and in 1956 chlori-
nation and temporary impoundment of the strong condensates were used
to alleviate the problem. It should be pointed out that at no time
has the discharge of effluent from this mill caused any significant
drop in the dissolved oxygen content of the river. The DO downstream
from the mill has always been above 8.0 ppm.
The company continued its efforts to improve the efficiency of
solids recovery and by 1959 had developed methods for extensive re-
use and recirculation of process waters which, together with other in-
plant controls made it possible for them to reduce the pollution load
on the stream to less than one-half of what it had been in 1957 and
1958. As a consequence, the nuisance conditions in the receiving
stream were practically eliminated. Still striving to effect further
reductions in its pollution load, the company in 1961 inaugurated the
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43
practice of using the strong evaporator condensate wastes for irri-
gation of adjacent farm land. As a result the downstream waters
during subsequent summers have been maintained in a most acceptable
condition.
Early in 1964 the Weyerhaeuser Company announced plans to again
enlarge its Springfield mill, this time to a total of 1,150 tons per
day. To prevent pollution of the McKenzie River the company has pro-
posed to install the most efficient process and control equipment
available, to employ almost complete recycling and reuse of pulping
process waters, and during the summer to double the present amount of
irrigation. By so doing, the company estimates that the BOD loading
during the winter will not exceed 9-1/2 pounds per ADT and when irri-
gating in the summer will be only 3-1/3 pounds per ADT. In 1963-1964
the BOD loading on the river from this mill averaged 21 pounds per
ADT of product when not irrigating. With irrigation it was only 12
pounds per ADT.
It is not unusual for the pollution load from the chemical pro-
duction of wood pulp when the process does not include recovery of heat
and chemicals to amount to as much as 600 pounds of BOD per ADT of
pulp. The proposal for the Springfield mill therefore represents an
efficiency of 98.4 percent when not irrigating and 99.5 percent with
irrigation.
In 1955 a second Kraft pulp mill was built in the Willamette
Basin. It is located a short distance downstream on the main
Willamette from the city of Albany and is owned by Western Kraft
-------
49
Corporation. Initially it had a capacity of only 120 tons of un-
bleached pulp per day, but this was soon increased to 250 tons per
day. By 1964 the mill was producing as much as 450 tons per day.
In order to reduce slime growths which developed in the receiving
stream during the summers, the company has since constructed an
earthen settling basin for removal of settleable solids from the
waste effluent during the summer and fall months, has installed in-
plant controls, and has increased the practice of recycling and re-
use of process waters, thereby effecting better removal of solids.
As a result, the BOD losses for this mill have averaged approximately
20 pound per ton of pulp and during the past few years the downstream
waters of the Willamette have been maintained in a fairly acceptable
condition.
For the 150-ton per day sulphite pulp mill at Salem, the owners
in 1951, in response to the 1950 order of the Sanitary Authority,
built a 70,000,000 gallon lagoon for impoundment of the spent sulphite
liquor during the summer and fall months. This functioned reasonably
well for about six years and then leaks developed which resulted in
gross pollution of an adjacent slough and the creation of a serious
air pollution problem within the city of Salem. In 1959, therefore,
the company constructed a new 50,000,000 gallon lagoon at a cost of
$100,000. This did not have sufficient capacity to store all the
pulp mill wastes during the entire period of critical stream flow;
so in 1964, in response to instructions from the Sanitary Authority,
the Boise Cascade Corporation, new owners of the mill, constructed
-------
so
still another lagoon, this one with a capacity of 100,000,000 gallons.
It is now possible for this company with these two lagoons to store
all of its pulp mill wastes during the summer and fall months and by
so doing to reduce its pollution load by 90 to 95 percent. Except
for the need for removal of settleable solids from the paper mill
wastes, this plant presently complies with the waste treatment require-
ments of the Sanitary Authority.
During the summer of 1963 the four sulphite mills reduced their
total pollution load by 75.5 percent. The efficiencies of the indi-
vidual mills were:
Boise Cascade at Salem 94.6%
Spaulding at Newberg 66.7%
Crown Ze Her bach at
West Linn 74.5%
Publishers at
Oregon City 73.4%
As previously stated, these four mills under the revised policy
of the Sanitary Authority will be required to effect, during the summer
BOD removals of at least 85% and to provide year round removal of
settleable solids before 1967.
In 1953 the Crown Ze Herbach Corporation converted its 90-ton
per day sulphite pulp mill at Lebanon from the calcium to the ammonia
base process and since then has been concentrating its spent sulphite
liquor by evaporation so that it can be either burned or spray dried
By this means the company has been able to reduce the oxygen demand of
its waste effluent discharged to the South Santiam by about 80%. In
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51
1964 the BOD loading to the stream averaged approximately one hundred
pounds per ton of pulp produced. To further protect the river the
company each summer builds a small overflow dam at the lower end of
the slough into which the wastes are discharged, thereby obtaining
some aeration and natural purification of the wastes before they
reach the main stream.
During the summer a large portion of the flow in the South
Santiam is diverted above Lebanon for other uses and consequently
there is not sufficient flow left in the stream to handle satisfactor-
ily the residual pollution load of the pulp mill effluent. Either the
pulp mill will have to effect further reductions in its waste loading
or there will have to be considerable augmentation of the low stream
flow during the summer by the release of impounded waters if a reason-
able degree of purity is to be maintained year round in this important
tributary of the Willamette.
In summary it can be stated that since the start of the Sanitary
Authority's program in 1939, considerable progress has been made in
the abatement and control of pollution in the Willamette Basin. From
1946 through 1963 more than $75,000,000 was spent for new and improved
sewerage facilities. Unfortunately the amount spent for industrial
waste treatment and disposal is not known although it has been con-
siderable.
At the end of 1963 there were 109 public and semi-public sewage
treatment plants in operation in the basin serving more than 721,000
persons or 98.8 percent of the total sewered population, whereas in
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52
1939 there were only twenty-two such plants in operation serving
some 18,700 persons, or only 5.5 percent of the sewered population.
By 1967, or 1968 at the latest, it is expected that practically one
hundred percent of the sewered population will be served by secondary
treatment.
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53
APPENDIX II
The following list of articles, publications and theses is based
on "Publications and Graduate Theses in Water Research at Oregon State
University1,1 July 1, 1961, and a communication from Professor Fred J.
Burgess, Assistant to the Dean, Oregon State University School of
Engineering. These are provided as a partial bibliography of avail-
able information concerning the factors of pollution in the Willamette
River Basin, Oregon. Additional data and information are available
from agencies and organizations using, regulating, or studying the
river system.
PUBLICATIONS IN WATER RESEARCH
Davis, R. C., Wilbur P. Breese, Charles E. Warren and Peter
Doudoroff, 1959: Experiments on the dissolved oxygen require-
ments of cold-water fishes. Sewage and Indust. Wastes 31:
950-966. Reprinted as Techn. Paper 1113, Ag. Exp. Sta., Or eg.
State Univ., Corvallis.
Doudoroff, Peter and Charles E. Warren, 1957: Biological indices
of water pollution, with special reference to fish populations.
In Biological Problems in Water Pollution (Transactions of the
1956 Seminar) R. A. Taft Sanitary Eng. Center, U.S. Public
Health Serv., Cincinnati, Ohio: 144-163. Reprinted 1958 as
Misc. Paper 31, Ag. Exp. Stat., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.
Jonesr B. F., Charles E. Warren, Carl E. Bond and Peter Doudoroff.
1956; Avoidance reactions of salmonoid fishes to pulp mill
effluents. Sewage and Indst. Wastes 28:1403-1413. Reprinted
as Tech. Paper 969, Ag. Exp. Sta., Oregon State Univ.,Corvallis.
Katz, Max, Austin Pritchard and Charles E. Warren, 1959: Ability
of some salmonids and a centrarchid to swim in water of re-
duced oxygen content. Trans. Araerc. Fish. Soc. 8_8:88-95. Re-
printed as Techn. Paper 1114., Ag. Exp. Sta., Oreg. State Univ.
Corvallis.
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54
Warren, Charles £. and Peter Doudoroff, 1958: The development of
methods for using bioassays in the control of pulp mill waste
disposal. Tappi 41; 211A-216A. Reprinted as Misc. Paper 44,
Ag. Exp. Station, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis.
Whitmore, C. M., Charles E. Warren and Peter Doudoroff, 1960:
Avoidance reactions of salmonid and centrarchid fishes .to
low oxygen concentrations. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 89; 17-26.
Reprinted as Techn. Paper 1205, Ag. Exp., Sta., Oregon State
Univ., Corvallis.
MASTER'S THESES
Davis, Gerald Evert, 1960: The influence of dissolved oxygen
concentration on the swimming performance of juvenile coho
salmon at different temperatures. 50 pp.
Davison, Robert Chalmers, 1954: Some effects of low concen-
trations of dissolved oxygen upon juvenile silver salmon.
48 pp.
DeWitt, John William, Jr., 1949: The effects of Kraft mill
effluents on nymphs of Callibaetis sp. (Ephemeroptera)
and Acroneuria pacifica (Plecoptera).
Feigner, Kenneth, 1963: An evaluation of temperature re-
duction on low flow augmentation requirements for dissolved
oxygen control.
Gleeson, George Walter, 1936: A Sanitary survey of the
Willamette River from Sellwood Bridge to the Columbia.
59 pp.
Haydu, Eugene Peter, 1949: The effects of Kraft mill
waste effluents on king and silver salmon. 71 pp.
Herrmann, Robert Bernard, 1958: Growth of juvenile coho
salmon at various concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
82 pp.
Howard, Edgar Fuller, 1934: The biochemical oxygen demand
studies of sewage and industrial wastes in the
Willamette Valley. 81 pp.
Jones, Benjamin Franklin, 1955: The avoidance reactions
of Chinook salmon, Oncorphynchus tschawytscha
(Walbaum), and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch
Walbaum), to paper mill effluents.
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55
Karl, Earl Nyhus, 1963: An evaluation of Che oxygen resource in
the Lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period.
Leman, Bernard Dale, 1955: A biological study of pollution in
Rickreal Creek, Oregon. 43 pp.
McNeil, William John, 1956: The influence of carbon dioxide and
pH on the dissolved oxygen requirements of some fresh-water
fish.
Noble, Richard Earl, 1952: The Willamette River fishes as biolog-
ical indicators of pollution. 131 pp.
Oliszewski, Casimir, 1954: Water utilization and development in
the Willamette River Basin. 100 pp.
Pailthorp, Robert E., 1957: Removal of beet color from waste by
treatment with trickling filters.
Shumway, Dean Lee, 1960: The influence of water velocity on the
development of salmonid embryos at low oxygen levels. 49 pp.
Silver, Stuart Jayson, 1960: The influence of water velocity and
dissolved oxygen on the development of salmonid embryos. 50 pp.
Whitmore, Cecil Marion, 1957: Avoidance reactions of some
salmonid and centrarchid fishes to low concentrations of
dissolved oxygen.
Whitsell, Wilbur John, 1949: Variations in quality of water in a
typical river cross-section. 52 pp.
Worley, John L., 1963: A system analysis method for water quality
management by flow augmentation.
Ziebell, Charles Daniel, 1954: Stream pollution in the South
Santiam River, Oregon, as measured by biological indicators.
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56
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 1,
"Preliminary Report on the Control of Stream Pollution in
Oregon", C. V. Langton and H. S. Rogers, March 1929.
2. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 2,
"A Sanitary Survey of the Willamette Valley", H. S. Rogers,
C. A. Mockmore, and C. D. Adams, June 1930.
3. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 6,
"A Sanitary Survey of the Willamette River from Sellwood
Bridge to the Columbia River", G. W. Gleeson, April 1936.
4. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 7,
"Industrial and Domestic Wastes of the Willamette Valley",
G. W. Gleeson and F. MerryfieId, May 1936.
5. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 19,
"1945 Progress Report on Pollution of Oregon Streams",
Fred Merryfield and W. G. Wilmot, June 1945.
6. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 20,
"The Fishes of the Willamette River System in Relation to
Pollution", R. E. Dimick and Fred Merryfield, June 1945.
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"Industrial and City Wastes", Fred Merryfield, W. B. Bollen,
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Willamette River, Oregon State Sanitary Authority, May 1964.
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Water Pollution Series No. 19, Pacific Northwest Drainage
Basins Office, Division of Water Pollution Control, 1950
10. Report on Water Pollution Willamette River Basin, Supplementing
Report on Water Pollution Control Willamette River Basin - 1950
Water Pollution Series #19, Pacific Northwest Drainage Basin Office
Division of Water Pollution Control, 1951
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