WORKING PAPER NO. 56
    A HISTORY OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

                  IN THE

          WILLAMETTE BASIN, OREGON
                 July 1965



                          DISTRIBUTION

    Prepared by   JEB     Project Staff

    Reviewed by   FLN     Cooperating
                            Agencies
    Approved by   WWT
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
              Public Health Service
                   Region IX

 Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
                570 Pittock Block
             Portland, Oregon 97205

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This working paper contains preliminary data and informa-




tion primarily intended for internal use by the Columbia




River Basin Project staff and cooperating agencies.  The




material presented in this paper has not been fully




evaluated and should not be considered as final.

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                                TABLES
   I.  Locations of Sampling Points on the Willamette River
       and Tributaries 	
  II.  Summary of Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
       Bacterial Count and Temperature at Sampling Stations  ....   5

 III.  Summary of Chemical Analyses  	   5

  IV.  Summary of Data	11

   V.  Comparison of the August 1929 and August-September 1
       1944 Periods	18

  VI.  Invertebrate Fish Food Organism per One Square Foot of
       Bottom at Various Locations in the Willamette River System,
       August and September 1944	20

 VII.  Sewage Plants Constructed 1947-1957 	  26

VIII.  Summary of Sewerage Data for Willamette Basin	27

  IX.  Willamette River Basin Construction Grants  	  28

   X.  Pulp and Paper Mills Located in Willamette Basin	33


                                FIGURES

   1.  Dissolved Oxygen Content of River Water throughout Day  ...   4

   2.  Summary of Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
       and Bacterial Content of Water at Various Stations along
       Willamette River during July and August, 1929	   9

   3.  Oxygen Content and Pollution of Willamette River,
       August 1929 and August-September 1944	16

   4.  Oxygen Saturation of Willamette River, August 1929 and
       August-September 1955	17

   5.  Willamette River Basin D.O. & Temperature 1964	34

   6.  Bacteriological Profile Willamette River  	  36

   7.  Willamette River Basin Dissolved Oxygen Profile 	  37

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Appendix I   	   38




Appendix II  .	   53




Bibliography 	   56



Basin Map	Rear Fold-Out

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                             PREFACE






     It is intended that this report will serve several purposes,  all




oriented towards improvement of the quality of the waters of the



Willamette River Basin.  As historic information it should add per-




spective to consideration of the future, as well as give recognition




to past efforts.  As an information source it provides a basis for



general comparison of past, present and future conditions and a



bibliography of specific work and data.



     The agencies and groups mentioned in the text are by no means



the only ones that have been instrumental in bringing about generally



improved river conditions.  Credit and praise should also be directed




to individuals, civic organizations and conservational sporting groups,



as well as the entire tax-paying citizenry that have made it possible



for some past plans to become a matter of fact.  Continued efforts



by the same groups are necessary to insure both catching up and keep-



ing pace with the present and future requirements for pollution control,



     A change in philosophy during recent years may be noted.  Early



riparian users proclaimed a right to remove from and put into the



river whatever was to their individual best interest.  As the demand



for quantities of water grew, it became evident that withdrawals must



be regulated and the prior-right doctrine was adopted.  Continued



economic and social progress eventually resulted in overloading the



streams with pollutants and contaminants.  Water-borne disease reached




epidemic proportion in some areas and legitimate use of water for  a




variety of purposes was curtailed in others.

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                                                                    ii






     Continued degradation of the river and loss of full beneficial




uses at downstream points stimulated an interest in pollution control.




It soon became obvious that all water users must recognize and accept




a responsibility to provide reasonable treatment to wastes prior to




their discharge.  As in other matters of such significance to public




health and welfare, legal steps were taken to make pollution control



an enforceable requirement.  In 1939 the Oregon State Sanitary




Authority was formed and has since been setting the standards for



pollution control in Oregon.




     Further recognition of the importance of water quality came in



the form of Congressional action that added water quality as a project




function of Federal reservoirs.  Storage may be provided to augment




flow to maintain a reasonable quality of water if all wastes entering



the river are adequately treated.  A quality benefit greater than the




cost of storage must be demonstrated before such storage may be




authorized.




     Future water quality depends upon the lessons of the past, as




well as efficient use of the water resource and technological advance-




ment in the field of waste reduction.  The cost of maintaining water




quality continues to rise, but the demand for clean water for munici-



pal and industrial purposes, recreation, the fishery, and general




aesthetic considerations continues to emphasize the need for an




assured supply of clean water.



     Hopefully the reader will reach the conclusion that improved




water quality will result from cooperative efforts.  Waste producers

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                                                                  ill





must provide the maximum possible level of treatment within reason-



able limits.  Water management for flow regulation must be programmed



to provide flow when needed.  Water users must make only reasonable



demands for high quality water.  The social and economic aspects



must be recognized and kept in perspective.  The general public must



be kept advised if they are expected to support policies and regula-



tions, and most important to bear a portion of the cost of water



quality.








                                J. E. Britton

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               HISTORY OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




                    WILLAMETTE BASIN, OREGON






     Pollution of public waters of the Willamette River Basin had



been of concern for many years when the first organized step to




meet the problem was taken in September 1926.  The State Board of




Health called a meeting at Salem to sketch a general outline of the




problem, organize an Anti-Stream Pollution League, and appoint a




committee to make a study and report on the steps to be taken.  The




committee met with the League of Oregon Cities in December to pre-




sent the study results and recommendations for legislative action.



     The Public Health Section of the City Club of Portland took the




lead in 1927 by publishing a report which set forth the sources of



pollution and consequences of pollution in the State.  Also reported




was a classification of conditions of water supply and sewage and




waste disposal found in cities of the State.  The classifications




were based on data compiled from reports from sixty cities, from



State Board of Health records and from two years of records from the




Portland City Bacteriological Department.  All of the contributors




had been anticipating the necessity of a comprehensive scientific



study and a well organized approach to the solution of the problem




and were prepared to furnish data.




     In 1929 a report "Preliminary Report on the Control of Stream




Pollution" was published by the Oregon State Agricultural College




Engineering Experiment Station.  The presentation gave recognition

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to many factors of pollution control including economic benefits,




objectivity of stream quality standards, public health, the fishery,




natural beauty, and the responsibility of industry, municipalities




and the State.  A major recommendation of the report called for a




sanitary survey of the Willamette River to determine the nature and




extent of pollution and the physical, biochemical, and bacteriologi-



cal condition of the waters of the stream.




     Immediately following presentation of the preliminary report in




March of 1929, the Secretary of the State Board of Health appointed



a State Committee to continue the work started in preparation of the




report.  A study of pollution of the Willamette River was a major




task assigned to the State Committee composed of representatives of



the State University, the League of Municipalities, the paper in-




dustry, the gas companies, the State Fish and Game Commission, and




the State College.  The State College was subsequently asked to study



the effects of stream pollution and methods for sanitary sewage dis-




posal.



     Rapid progress continued with execution of an intensive study




of the sanitary condition of the Willamette River from Cottage Grove



to Sellwood Bridge during July and August of 1929 by the State




College Engineering Experiment Station.  The survey, covering 200




stream miles included 28 sampling stations, six of which were on




tributary streams (See Table I).  Cross sectional area, water




velocity and flow were measured at each of the stations to determine




the dilution of waste and to estimate the time of travel between

-------
stations.  The average dissolved oxygen was  determine at  each

station by taking cross sectional samples  at 25  ft.  or 50 ft. inter-

vals and at three depths.  Hourly samples  were taken for  dissolved

oxygen tests to establish a day's average  and define diurnal fluctu-

ation.  The greatest variations in D.O. occurred in  upstream areas

(See Figure 1) and only a slight change was  detected near the

Sellwood Bridge.
                              TABLE  I
                  LOCATIONS OF SAMPLING POINTS ON THE WILLAMETTE
                         RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
Button
number








. 7
. 8
9
10
11
12
IS

U
IB
16
IT
IB
19
20

81

82
2*
24

25

26

2T

28

Date

July 15
16
18
19
22
24

• 25
26
29
80
Await 1
2
6

6
7
e
12
IS
14
16

. 16

If
81
22

22

28

26

28

Location of the lampllns Mint

Willamette River 8 miles above Cottage Grove 	
Willamette River 2.8 miles below Cottage Grove 	
Willamette River 1 mile above Springfield 	
Willamette River 1 mile below Springfield .. . .
Willamette River 8.6 milea below Eugene 	
Willamette River .7 mile below Junction of
HeKenxle River 	
Willamette River at Peoria ferry 	
Long Tom River 8 miles below Monroe 	
MeKeniie River at old bridge above Ceburg 	
Willamette River 1 mile below Corvallla .1. 	
Willamette River at Bryant Park. Albany 	
Willamette River 4.4 miles below Albany 	 _.
Santlam River 800 yards above highway bridge
at Jefferson . . . 	
Willamette River at Buena Vista .... .._ 	 -
Willamette River 1 mile below Independence 	
Willamette River 2 miles above Salem 	 	
Willamette River 2.6 miles below Salem 	
Willamette River 6 miles below Salem 	
Willamette River at Wheatland . . . 	
Willamette River .1 mile above confluence
with YamhiU River 	 _. . . _ 	 	
YamhIH River 100 yards above junction with
Willamette River 	 _ 	 _ 	
Willamette River .8 mile above Newberg . 	
Willamette River at Wtbonvllle ferry 	
Willamette River .2 mile above confluence with
Tualatin River 	 . . — 	 _ 	
Tualatin River 60 feet above Junction with
Willamette River 	 _ 	
Claekamas River .1 mile above highway cross-
ing at Gladstone ..««..»«...«... - ... ..**... 	 	 	 	
Willamette River .1 mile above Claekamas
Rapids and 1.2 miles below Oregon City Fall* ... .
Willamette River .8 mile above Sellwood Bridge.
Portland . _ 	
Apnnnlniat*
dluanre by
rl*er abon
city Units
at Portland
Miles
200.0
195.4
176.0
174.0
168.0

164.8
180.0
181.0
169.0
117.0
106.6
101.6

104.0
9S.6
82.0
70.0
66.6
62.0
65.6

88.0

88.0
88.8
21.5

11.6

11.8

10.0

8.0

0.0

-------
g« ••••'•••••
NOmn UM S1WW-N38AXO Q3ATOSK10
Samples were taken every six hours for bacterial examination
(total count and the B. Coliform index). Similar samples were
analyzed for total and dissolved solids and nitrates. Summaries of
these data are presented in Tables II and III. Other random samples
were taken at intermediate points on the Willamette and tributaries
and general stream conditions were noted at all locations.
Figure 1. Dis«



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Station 9







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10
B
a
w
1-

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in
O
q
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5

t
d Oxygen Content of River



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Station 15



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••*.

PM 8AM I2M CPM 12PM 6AM I2M 8PM
TIME OF DAY TIME OF DAY
I
X
P
I
i
I
c
I
Z
w«
8
7
«
5
4
4
I
iter throughout Day.

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Station 19




=fc

•

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-^^^
Station 23


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31-aH

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CPM 8AM I2M OPM
TIME OF DAY

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                             TABLE II
        SUMMARY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN.  BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
      DEMAND, BACTERIAL COUNT AND TEMPERATURE AT
                     SAMPLING STATIONS


Button
number





1
2
8
4
6
e
7
8
9
10
11
18
18
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
28
24
25
26
27
28


Data
IBM





July 15
:e
18
19
22
24
26
26
29
80
August 1
2
5
6
7
9
12
IS
14
16
16
19
20
22
22
28
26
20
Initial dtuoind
Oxygen


Anr-
an
P-p.
m.

8.8
7.9
8.8
9.2
8.6
9.2
9.0
7.9
92
8.6
86
8.6
• 8.2
8.7
8.7
8.3
7.4
7.1
6.9
7.0
6.6
6.9
5.1
4.4
7.8
9.6
4.S
8.9

Maxi-
mum
P.p.
m.

9.6
00
9.9
9.0
9.6
10.0
0.6
84
10.8
9.2
9.1
8.9
9.1
9.8
0.8
9.1
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.1
6.8
7.4
6.2
4.0
9.8
10.8
• 6.8
4.2

Mini-
mum
p.p.
m.

8.2
7.8
6.1
8.6
77
8.3
8.2
7.6
8.2
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.0
7.1
67
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.6
4.9
4 1
6.7
9.2
4.6
8.6
Temperature
desreesC


Ant-
•n
De-
greet
C.
10.6
19.6
18.9
17.0
10.8
17.1
10.2
20.6
17.6
21.3
21 7
20.4
21 1
21.9
22.6
22.6
238
22.7
22.2
22.1
22.8
20.6
21 3
21.8
21.6
15.8
21.4
20.R

Maxi-
mum
De-
pref.t
C.
22.0
21.1
20.5
18.0
21.2
18.6
20.0
21.6
1'J.O
22.5
230
21 8
224
228
23.5
23.6
28.8
23.3
23.5
22.8
24.0
21.0
22.4
22.5
242
16.6
22.2
21.9

Mini-
mum
De-
greet
C.
17.2
17.5
17.5
16.0
18.7
16.0
18.6
10.6
16.0
20.4
206
19.6
10.2
21.2
21 8
22.3
22.5
22.2
21.2
21.2
21.8
20.2
20.8
20.7
19.4
14.0
20.4
20.*

ie
3
£
3
3

<3fe

95.0
85.4
94.0
04.4
93.6
94.6
ee.e
87.0
95.6
96.2
96.7
93.6
90.3
98.4
99.6
95 1
85.7
81.4
78.4
79.4
76.8
76.1
67.1
49.7
87.6
96.2
68.8
48.2
US
Is
ll«

j g£
iss
P.P.
m.

1.5
1.8
0.0
1.0
1.4
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.8
2.4
1.6
1.8
00
8.8
83
8.4
2.9
1.4
2.0
2.0
14
2.0
1.0
4.6
20


Total
count





8.600
6.600
2.100
3.600
2.000
850
1.000
1.800
850
1.300
1.600
1.000
•2.900
•6,300
1.800
2.100
4.800
7.800
16.000
12.000
1.000
8.800
8.600
6.900
t. .
*
7.200
12000


B.001I
Index





0
100
1
1
100
100
10
0
1
100
100
100
100
0
10
10
1.000
10
1
10
0
10
0
0
'

"ioo
in
•Samples delayed one day in transit.
tNo bacterial samples taken at this Station.
tNo count due to contamtnated media.
                           TABLE  III
                    SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Button
number

1
2
8
4
6
G
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
28
24
26
26
27
28
Average

Total
p. p.m.
100
89
63
64
71
68
69
78
66
64
58
46
CO
74
69
66
77
78
18
78
99
71
69
66
•
08
88
105
70.8
Solids
Dluolnd
p. p.m.
90
89
60
67
67
61
48
63
66
69
54
42
49
66
68
66
72
74
74
72
98
68
62
62
•
61
74
88
66.8

Buspenood
p. p.m.
10
0
a
7
4
2
11
10
0





1









• .
2
0
17
6.5
Nitrates

p. p.m.
.02
.02
.08
.08
.01
.08
.02
.04
.08
.08
.08
.08
.01
.01
.08













.02
•No samples.

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                                                                    6



     The general conclusions reached in the Experiment Station report



were:




    "1.  The data gathered and observations made show that the




correction of pollution hazardous to public health is a very specific



problem for each locality on the river.  The dissolved oxygen tests




taken during the low-water period indicate, on the other hand, a



gradual and continuous reduction of oxygen between Salem and the




upper boundary of Portland, which is a general problem.  Changes in



species of stream life along the river confirm these conclusions.



     2.  The dissolved oxygen just above Portland is so low in the



dry period of the year as to be inimical to natural fish life of un-




polluted streams.  The unstabilized wastes contained in the river



before Portland adds its sewage are almost sufficient to absorb




completely the remaining oxygen before the discharge of the Willamette



into the Columbia.




     3.  The industrial wastes from the State flax plant and pulp



mills above Portland make a demand on the oxygen in the river about



five times as great as the demand for stabilizing the domestic




sewage which is discharged directly into the river.



     4.  The total bacterial count and the B. coli index are so high




in local places as to make bathing undesirable and to give unsatis-




factory conditions for obtaining public water supplies.




         The raw water drawn from the river at Salem (the only city



taking its supply directly from the Willamette) is, however, satis-




factory for treatment.

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                                                                   7




     5.  Disposal of sewage above Salem by direct discharge into and




dilution in the river has little effect on the dissolved oxygen and




except for conditions in a few short river reaches is not unsatis-




factory,




     6.  There is need for a study of the flax wastes from the




State Penitentiary and for a study of the sulphite wastes from the




pulp mills to determine in what manner they can be treated to reduce




the demand which they make upon the oxygen of the river.




     7.  There is also a need for a more extensive study of the




Willamette River between Sellwood and the confluence with the




Columbia River.  Each city should make a study of its own peculiar




problem and plan a program, in cooperation with the State Board of




Health, for a progressive approach to the reduction and stabilization




of its wasteso




     8.  There is a lack of data concerning the effect of wastes on




life and habits of the natural fish of the Willamette River.   There




is also a lack of information on the movements of fish in low-water




seasons. Studies of these factors should be undertaken before posi-




tive conclusions concerning the effect of sewage and industrial wastes




upon fish life can be reached."




     Other noteworthy conclusions included the effects of algae on




dissolved oxygen.  The diurnal fluctuations were greatest in the




upper reaches and less significant in the lower reaches.  Variation




of oxygen in the cross section of the stream was not appreciable




except just below large waste sources which did not mix until the




river flowed over rapids or became quite turbulent.  Four oxygen

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                                                                    8

sag and recovery zones were in evidence between Cottage Grove and

the Sellwood Bridge.  The effects of industrial wastes from pulp

mills and flax plants were found to be quite severe and noted.  A

profile of conditions, Figure 2, shows the areas of low D.O., high

B.O.D., and bacterial contamination.

     A winter study was conducted in January 1930 under difficult

conditions.  There was an extended cold period with snow and the

river froze over in Portland.  In general, conditions were found to

be substantially better during the period of high flow and decreased

water temperatures.

     On June 1, 1933, Governor Julius L. Meier called a mayor's

conference of the cities of the Willamette Valley.  This meeting was

"responsive to a state-wide demand for abatement of stream pollution

and to a crystallization of this sentiment".  Etaphasis on public

health,the importance of the Willamette River as a fishery resource,

and general distaste for pollution provided the necessary drive for

further action.  The Governor appointed a committee composed of

Messrs. R. E. Koon, J. W. Cunningham, and R. G. Dieck, all consulting

engineers of Portland, Oregon to study and report existing conditions.

The conference also resulted in stimulating other activities.

     During 1933 and 1934 the Willamette River drew the attention

of at least five authors in the following papers:

     1.  Report of Reconstruction Advisory Board, General Survey of
         Willamette River Valley, 1933.

     2.  Report of the Technical Committee on Pulp and Paper Trade
         Wastes, 1933.

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Figure 2.   Summary of Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
             Bacterial Content of Water at  arious             long Willamette
             River  during  July and August, 1929.
                                           BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN KMANO
                                                      TWENTY DAYS
                            ro   ao   to   wo  iio   120
                                   MILES FROM PORTLAND
the tolid line.
                                                lor
                                                                      ,
                                                 .  This probably more accurately illustrales the condition than
                                                                         Co«n," i. tadk.t.d by •

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                                                                    10




     3.  Thesis of E. F. Howard, Oregon State College, 1934.




     4.  Thesis of M. O'Dell, Oregon State College, 1934.




     5.  Sewage Works Journal, V.6, No. 3, 1934.




These reports, as well as all previous work dealt with river con-




ditions above Portland or with specific problems.  The City of




Portland, Department of Public Works, recognized the lack of recent




information concerning river conditions within Portland and proposed




to the City Council that a four-week study be made during the low




water period.  The importance of the study relative to an anticipated




sewage disposal project in Portland, was recognized and an ordinance



was passed directing that the study be made.  The study was made




during the period September 5 - 27, 1934.  The results were reported



and discussed in "A Sanitary Survey of the Willamette River from



Sellwood Bridge to Columbia River", by G. W. Glee son, Bulletin Series




No. 6, April 1936, Engineering Experiment Station, OSAC.



     The survey included seven stations ranging from Gillihan's




Landing near the mouth to the Sellwood Bridge.  Samples were drawn



from 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 depth at each station for dissolved oxygen,




temperature, and composites for solids.  Bacterial tests were run on



samples from 1/2 depth at each station.  The data is summarized in




Table IV.  Additional efforts included hourly samples at one station




on September 14, B.O.D. determinations at Sellwood Bridge, flow




gaging, and determination of time of passage.

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                                                                   11
                           TABLE IV




                       SUMMARY OF DATA
Station
dnignation
Sellwood Bridge 	 _._
Rosa Island Bridge 	 .
Burnside Bridge — _.._ —
Kerr Gilford Mill 	 	
Spokane. Portland ft
Seattle Railway
Bridge ... ........................
Municipal Terminal No 4
Gillihan'n Landing 	
Depth
Fiet
30.0
404
47.1
45.7
41.5
36 1
34.9
Average dissolved-
oxygen saturation
I depth
Ptr
,etnl
48.7
379
20.2
0.3
1.1
16 1
98.2
ft depth
Ptr
cent
48.3
38.0
196
01
09
23.2
101.6
g depth
Ptr
cent
48.9
378
198
0.4
08
474
104.2
PH
6.85
6.87
6.81
678
6.84
6.98
7.8S
Bacterial
count
35.700
14.SOO
32.200
48.200
14,300
9.900
870
Total
aolida
P.f.m.
102.9
110.1
119.1
106.0
106.3
1063
121 1
     Several noteworhy conclusions were reached based on this study




and previous work.



     1.  Water quality in the Portland Harbor would be poor even in



the absence of Portland waste;  however, the waste load entering in



the Harbor compounded the problem.




     2.  Flow through the Harbor was difficult to gage, but was esti-




mated to be about 4,000 cfs with 2,880 cfs at Salem.



     3.  The time of passage from the Sellwood Bridge to Multnomah



Channel was 7.6 days.




     4.  The tide and the Columbia River influenced the flow through




the Harbor.  The Columbia River intruded on the bottom to above the



St. Johns Bridge and Willamette River water did not reach Gillihan's



Landing, 4,700 ft. above the jetty at the mouth.




     5.  Flow through the Multnomah Channel is both Willamette and



Columbia River water,  the relative amount of Columbia River water




decreases at low tide.

-------
                                                                   12




     In May of 1936 a report "Industrial and Domestic Wastes of the




Willamette Valley" was published as Bulletin Series No. 7 by the




Engineering Experiment Station, OSAC.  The report was a culmination




of the efforts of a "Technical Subcommittee" appointed by the Governor's




Committee which had been active since June 1933.  The report dealt




with the characteristics and effects of the predominate wastes pro-




duced in the Willamette Valley.




     The four paper mills operating in the Willamette Valley had




previously been identified as the largest contributors of waste and




responsible for the degradation of the river's natural quality.  The




combined capacity of the mills was 1,030 tons per day of pulp and




paper which resulted in a daily fiber loss of about ten tons and a




total organic waste discharge of about 625,000 population equivalents




or 106,000 Ibs. of B.O.D.c*  In-plant surveys and laboratory analysis




of wastes resulted in the following recommendations:




    "1.  A study of ponding and aeration should be undertaken at the




Lebanon plant of the Crown Willamette Paper Company,  where there is a




small pond already in use suitable for experimental work.  Such a




study would involve only nominal expense, and would provide definite




information on the extent to which this treatment would stabilize




sulphite waste liquor.




     2.  The possibility of applying to local conditions one of the




processes that have shown promise elsewhere should be further in-




vestigated, through consultation with engineers familiar with the




latest developments in these processes.

-------
                                                                   13



     3.  For the control of fiber discharge, the performance of




present save-all equipment should be more carefully checked.  This




could be accomplished by means of more accurate measuring and sampling



devices on the waste outlets.




     4.  Additional river data should be obtained below the Oregon




City Falls for low-water periods.



     5.  If feasible and economical methods become available, an



effort should be made to reduce the pollutions1 load 30 percent during




low-water periods.



     6.  All parties concerned should be made cognizant of the fact



that any industrial pollution added to the Willamette River through



expansion of the present industries or through the establishment of



new industries will result in a more and more undesirable situation



in the lower river at low-water periods.  The diversion of any



appreciable quantity of water from the river during low-water periods




will have the same result.



     7.  Other industries besides the pulp and paper mills must also



be considered as major contributors to the pollution of the river."



     Other waste sources were also investigated and the wastes and




their effects described.  The general conclusion reached suggested



that location, treatment, and effects be considered for the guidance




of future developments.



     A policy to restore and maintain a reasonable degree of purity




in all the waters of the river system for the protection and conser-




vation of public health, recreational enjoyment of the people, the

-------
                                                                    14

economic and industrial development of the basin, for the protection

of property, and for the conservation of human, plant, aquatic and

animal life was established in 1938 by a vote of the people.  A

regulatory agency in the form of the Oregon State Sanitary Authority

was formed in 1939 to implement the established policy.

     The State Sanitary Authority immediately notified all cities

and industries of their responsibility to abate their share of

pollution in the waters of the Willamette River system.  The original

order directed that all domestic and municipal wastes be given at

least primary treatment and chlorination to reduce bacterial contami-
                             l/
nation and organic pollution."  Secondary treatment was required at

some locations on small tributary streams.—

     Following the war-time period of shortages of funds and personnel,

the Postwar Readjustment and Development Committee for the State of

Oregon resolved on June 30, 1944, with Governor Snail's approval,

that the State Sanitary Authority, State Game Commission, State Board

of Health, Hydro-Electric Commission, and Engineering Experiment

Station of Oregon State College be called upon to furnish facilities,

personnel, and funds necessary for conducting stream pollution studies;

that such studies be for the purpose of providing cities, industries,

the State of Oregon, and interested individuals with facts pertinent

to the design of postwar pollution abatement projects;  and that the

studies be conducted under the direction of the State Sanitary Authority

I/  Nearly full compliance was not reached for 18 years, or in 1957.  At
    that time and as at present there were raw wastes from some small
    communities and from some areas of the City of Portland discharged
    to the river or its tributaries.

-------
                                                                   15




and an advisory committee consisting of one representative from each



of the contributing and participating agencies.  On July 14, 1944,




the State Sanitary Authority was notified that funds were available



for such studies.  Hie advisory committee met five days later and




authorized the Engineering Experiment Station to proceed immediately




with the recommended studies.  Professor Fred Merryfield was named



as Supervising Engineer for the project.  The results of a study con-




ducted under the authority provided by the board was reported in




Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin Series, No. 19, "1945



Progress Report on Pollution of Oregon Streams", Fred Merryfield and




W. 6. Wilmot, June 1945.  The study and report was intended to deter-



mine the sanitary conditions of the Willamette River and compare them



with the 1929-1930 conditions, and to determine the existing sewage



and industrial waste load imposed on the river.  The success of the




study was due in a large measure to the cooperation and assistance



of 22 city engineers and superintendents at 22 cities along the



Willamette River and tributaries.  Comparative data are shown in




Figures 3 and 4 and Table V.



     Samples were taken at the same stations as were used in the 1929




surveys and similar determinations made.  Spot and representative




samples of industrial wastes were taken from 18 industries for



analysis.  Composite daily samples were taken proportionally on an hourly




basis by 21 cooperating cities and analyzed.at the College.  The




composite municipal waste samples were taken at various times between




July 30 and November 26 and were coupled with flow measurements also




made by the city engineers.

-------
      Figure 3.  Oxygen Content and Pollution of Willamette River.
                       August 1929 and August-September 1944
CD
                    40      60      8O      100     I2O     140      I6O
                      MILES FROM  SELLWOOD  BRIDGE IN PORTLAND
ISO
200

-------
   Figure 4.  Oxygen Saturation of Willamette River,
              August 1929 and August-September 1955.
no
                 *0      60      dO      100     120     140     160
                    MILES FROM  SELLWOOD  BRIDGE  IN PORTLAND
160
200

-------
                                                                    18
                            TABLE V
                        or THE AUGUST 1929 AND Auousr-SBPTEiisEa 1944 PERIODS.
Location
Above Cottage Grove 	
Below .Cottage Grove 	
Below Springfield 	
Peoria 	
Independence . - 	 ••••
Wheatland below Salem .. '-.
Newberg 	
Wilsonville 	
Willamette ....
Below Oregon City 	
DO
1929
8 8
7.9
88
9.2
86
9.0
8.6
8.7
6.9
69
6 1
4.4
4.8
1944
9.5
77
84
84
78
8.7
81
7.7
59
4 4
1 5
1.0
2.1
20-day BOO
1929
I.B
1.8
0.9
10
1.4
0.7
0.8
1.8
3.4
2.0
2.0
1.4
4.5
1944
1.6
3 3
0 7
on
2.7
2 7
2 8
2.2
6.5
30
12.3
9.0
12.6
     Comparison of this survey and  the  1929  survey established the




fact that the critical areas were moving upstream.  It also became




apparent that the river was grossly polluted below Eugene,  as were



several tributary streams.  Sludge  rafts were observed at Wheatland



Ferry and 0.0.*s of 0.0 to 4.0 ppm  accompanied by B.O.Dls of 30 -  50




ppm measured.  The river near Champoeg  was described as a biological



desert with such an organic loading that the river could not recover




by the time the Oregon City - West  Linn load is added.  In summary, it



was stated that the critical D.O. condition  that had existed at the




Sellwood Bridge in 1929 had moved 30 miles upstream, or nearly to




Newberg.  The prevailing condition  of 1929 at Newberg had moved 22




miles upstream to Wheatland.  The pollutional increase was progressive




to Springfield in diminishing amounts.



     The major recommendations included both continued surveillance




of conditions and further study.  It was recognized that field studies




would be necessary to measure progress  and to identify the effects of




other factors such as large impoundments.  It was also pointed out

-------
                                                                    19




that sanitary and storm sewers should be divorced  for  economic and




adequate treatment of wastes.




     "The Fishes of the Willamette River System in Relation to




Pollution" by R. E. Dimick and Fred Merryfield was published by the




Engineering Experiment Station as Bulletin Series, No. 20, a companion




to No. 19 in June of 1945.  Particular attention was given to temper-



ature, oxygen, and pH as they affect fish and their environment.  No




salmonids were observed in water above 73° F. although some were




found in 72° F. water.  Highest counts of salmonids were in waters




of a 55 - 60° F. temperature range.  Coarse fish were found in water




of temperatures up to 90° F.




     A lower limit for oxygen was established as 5.0 ppm with the



acknowledgement that the salmonids could survive with a lower con-



centration in the absence of toxic material.  Healthy cutthroat trout




fry placed in a live box in the South Santiam below Lebanon died in




two minutes apparently a result of low D.O. and toxic material.  As



with temperature the coarse fish were found to be more tolerant of




poor D.O. conditions.



     Hydrogen-ion concentration or pH does not have a direct effect




upon fish, but is descriptive of a property of their environment.




It was found advisable to view with suspicion any stream having a pH




outside of the pH 6.7 - 8.6 range unless the extra limits1 values



could be attributed to natural causes.




     Fish of 13 families were identified in the waters of the basin




and the location of their occurrence noted.  Invertebrate fish food

-------
                                                                         20

organisms were counted by ten  categories  at  44 locations, and the

biological deserts  described.   Areas previously described as being

polluted according  to analysis of samples were found  to coincide with

the biological deserts.  A summary of fish food organism occurrence

is presented in Table VI.


                               TABLE VI
             INVERTEBRATE FISH FOOD ORGANISMS nm One SQUARE FOOT or BOTTOM AT VARI-
         ov* LOCATION! in THE WILLAMETTE RIVER SYSTEM, AUOUIT AND SEPTIMIEI 1944.


Location


Mam River
Springfield, above city . .
Eugene, above dam . . . .
Eugene, below city . .
Harnsburg 	
Peoria Ferry
Corvallis, below city 	
Albany, above city . , 	
Albany, below city . . 	
Buena Vista ...
Inde|>endenc«, below city
Salem, above city
Salem, below city
Whealland Ferry . ..
Mission Landing 	
Newberff. above city .. .
Wilsonville .
Ore (ton City, above falls 	
Oregon City, below falls
Portland Sellwoqd Bridge
Eaiiside Tnbutanet
Clackamas River, Gladstone 	
Molalla River, above Molalla . ...
Santiam River, Jefferson ..
N Santiam River, Mill City....
S Santiam River, above
Lebanon 	
S. Santiam River below 	
Middle For* 	
Calapooya River, below Browns-
ville 	
Above Holley 	
McKenne River, Coburg Bridge.. .
Walterville Bridge 7 ..
Middle Fork, Homestead 	
Wrslstde Tnbutanei
Tualatin, near mouth 	
Yamhill River, above Willamina .
Mill Creek 	
Rickreall Creek, below Dallas .. .».
Above Dallas 	
Luckiamute, Pedee 	 _ 	
Above Hoskina 	
Mary's River, Rock Creek 	
Wren Bridire 	
Loni Tom. below Monroe 	
Below Fern Ridge Dam 	
Coast Fork. Saginaw .., 	 _, 	
Above Cottage Grave 	


1
K
I

2
1

"l
3












-
S
2
4


14
3


14
6
3
11


1
5
3
2
1
1
8



—


f
3.
Mayfly «

6
5
3
8
9
7
9
6
3

8






•
6
8
3
6


10
16

3
2
13
17
8

8
12
3

3
6
4
13


j
3
1
1
.2
^
Cadda f.

1
1
1
4
9
3
6
24
14
8
2
2


'



13
11
11
4


20
38

2
18
37
99

12
6
8
9
10
11
3
5
9


"2
1
I
|
a
is
c
Midge la

3
5
5
4
2
15
2
3
6
3
4
4
8
12
6
7
8
5
3
6
4
10

82
8
4


"2
3
'e

6


"l
4


"2



18
11
«,
•
T3
|
J3
I

2

f
B<












•
1
4
2
7



' 4

3
2
' 4
3



2
3
2
2
3
1


16


|
|
1
I

4
2

4
2

1
4
10
3
3
2



1
1

6
•


*4
2


9
2



' 1

4
1

2
8
6


"3

|
•i
G
1

4
1

i

"i

*

"i
i




4
4


•










13










—

|
a
c
1



<
t

i
i


*2




2

-

"










6










— •
|
|
|
£
j


3




" i



" 2
14
S
15
6
2
23
30

1

28
2




•
"



"i








....


^
*j
1

24
0 9
05
2 1
28
21
1 9
2 7
2 6
2 3
21
0 1
0.6
0 S
0.7
0 8
0 7
1 0
1 8
1 <>
1 6
1 1
2 1

2 6
2 8
2 2

0 6
1 2
1 R
2 7
2.9

1.7
1.4
1 3
1 1
1 0
I 3
1.0
1.6
I.I
00
0.6
0.8
0.7

-------
                                                                   21




     It was concluded that the condition of the river is a State




shame and a loss to the entire State and progress must be made in




pollution control if a fishery is to be restored and maintained.




     In March 1947 another Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin




was published to present additional information from the study of




1944 and additional work done in 1945 and 1946.  The information




presented was concerned with municipal and industrial waste sources.




The report, "Industrial and City Wastes", Fred Merryfield, W. B.




Bollen, and F. G. Kachelhoffer.  The authors gave thanks to the many




individuals who worked long, hard hours to supply the necessary in-




formation.  Some of the 70 - 75 year old youngsters worked only in




hope that the smaller youngsters might again be able to swim in the




rivers.




     The primary feature of the report was a listing of most all




waste producing industries, waste characteristics, and volumes of




flow in various cities.  Limitation of data and the complexities of




industrial waste disposal were brought to the readers' attention.




Also mentioned were three additional study phases in progress at the




time of publication, a study of Cottage Grove and Fern Ridge reser-




voirs, reaeration of the Willamette and South Santiam Rivers, and




sampling and testing of the Willamette River at the stations listed




in Bulletins 2 and 19.*








*  These studies were not completed or reported.

-------
                                                                    22



     The residents of the Willamette Basin cities voted for funds for




planning and construction of the required waste treatment facilities




during the 1940*s.   This was followed by construction of the first




primary treatment plants which were completed during 1949 at Junction




City, Lowell, and Newberg.  New facilities or major enlargement pro-




jects have been completed at some point in the basin every year since




the first plants were placed in operation.



     The 80th Congress passed P.L. 845, the Federal Water Pollution



Control Act, in June of 1948.  It required the Surgeon General of the




Public Health Service to cooperate with Federal, State, and interstate




agencies, and with municipalities and industries in the formulation of



comprehensive programs for water pollution control.  The programs were



to initiate elimination of reduction of the pollution of interstate




waters and their tributaries, and improve the sanitary conditions of



surface and underground waters.  The policy established directed that



due regard be given to improvements necessary to conserve the Nation's



waters for public water supplies, propogation of fish and aquatic




life, recreational purposes, agriculture, and other legitimate uses.



     In 1951 the Pacific Northwest Drainage Basins Office published,




in cooperation with the Oregon State Sanitary Authority, "Report on




Water Pollution Control, Willamette River Basin".  The report followed




an earlier series covering the 15 major drainage basins of the country




and was based on data available as of December 31, 1960.  The document

-------
                                                                   23



was prepared as an interim report to provide a reference point for



measuring progress;  provide a guide to needed additional data;



provide a basis for the logical development of comprehensive programs;



provide a basis for loans to States, interstate agencies and munici-


palities at such time as the Congress makes available funds for this


purpose;  and serve to inform the public on the water pollution con-



trol problem and needs for the subbasin concerned.



     The conclusions of the report gave emphasis to several facts:


     1.  Water resources of the basin are vitally important to con-


tinued development,and continued reliance upon the resource is de-



pendent upon reduction of present pollution as well as control of


future potential pollution at their sources.



     2.  Pollution is particularly severe in lower sections of the


Willamette River and in several tributaries.
             •

     3.  The total organic waste load discharged in the river system


is equal to four million population equivalents.


     4.  The victims of pollutional damage include (a) industrial


and municipal water supplies; (b) the fishery resource; (c) recre-



ational areas; and (d) property owners.


     5.  The damages are most severe during late summer and fall which



are the periods of low stream flow.


     6.  Surveys since 1929 continually point at excessive bacterial



contamination in certain areas and insufficient dissolved oxygen to


support fish life in the Portland vicinity.  The oxygen deficiency



has at times extended for a lineal distance of 35 miles.

-------
                                                                   24





     7.  Sufficient basic data are available and plans are going for-




ward under the Oregon State Sanitary Authority's program for immediate




construction of many sewage and waste treatment facilities.  Addi-



tional data on industrial wastes, degree of treatment and water



quality objectives are required to supplement the program.




     8.  The program of the Sanitary Authority is strongly backed by



public opinion and by other State agencies.



     The recommendations set forth included:




     1.  A list of 42 municipalities and 29 industries that had



pollution control project requirements.



     2.  Erosion control measures be required on all public water




supply watersheds during and after timber cutting operations.




     3.  Surveys for determining the sources, characteristics and



amounts of industrial wastes discharged into public waters be com-



pleted as rapidly as possible.




     4.  Desirable water quality objectives for all uses be deter-



mined and adopted by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority.



     5.  In order to assure compliance with the Sanitary Authority's




policies, the laws of the State be amended to include a waste dis-




charge permit requirement clause and a penalty clause.



     6.  In order to make the best possible use of regulated stream



flows, all water resource developments in the basin be effectively




coordinated between both State and Federal agencies.

-------
                                                                   25




     By 1957, 24 communities in the Willamette River Basin had com-




plied with the 1939 order of the Sanitary Authority to treat wastes




prior to discharge.  An indication of the progress made is shown by




Tables VII and VIII.




     The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 (Public Law 660,




84th Congress) gave promise of material aid for pollution abatement in




the Willamette River Basin.  The Act authorized expenditure of Federal




funds in the form of construction grants for municipal waste treatment




facilities during the period 1957 - 1961.  Grants have been made




yearly since 1957, in limited numbers, to cities undertaking con-




struction of approved pollution control facilities.  The Act was




amended in 1961 to extend the construction grant program for another




five-year period.  A list of the recipients of construction grants




during the period 1947 - Dec.  1964 is shown in Table IX.




     Public Law 660 and the amendments of 1961 also provide for




comprehensive programs for water pollution control, including review




of proposed Federal storage projects for water quality control




features and benefits.  Research, investigations, training, and in-




formation services were made available to qualified organizations




involved in water pollution control.  Provisions were also made to




encourage cooperation among states and other agencies, provide water




pollution control grants, and to enter into enforcement measures




against pollution of interstate or navigable waters.

-------
                                                                    26
                           TABLE VII




              SEWAGE PLANTS CONSTRUCTED 1947-1957




Year Built  Location
Design Population  River Mile
1947
1949
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
TOTAL
Manbrin Gardens
Junction City
Lowell
Newberg
Weyerhaeuser Mill
Monmou th - Independ enc e
Milwaukie
Portland
Lewis & Clark College
Oakridge
Salem
West Linn (Bolton)
Cottage Grove
Oregon City
Albany
Corva His
Eugene
Marylhurst
Lake Oswego
Springfield
Willamette Manor
Canby
West Linn (Willamette)
Harrisburg
(24 Plants)
1,000
2,000*
3,200
8,000
600
6,000
10,000
500,000
1,200
2,000
60,000
3,500
6,000
10,000
13,000*
20,000*
50,000*
1,100
6,000
15,000
1,000
2,000
2,500
1,000
725,100*
W82
W164.3
W187rl8
W50.1
W176-10.8
W96
W18.5
C105.5
W17.9
W187-41.5
W83
W24.3
W187-21
W25.3
W119
W131
W178
W22.5
W21
W184.3
W20.2
W34
W27.7
W161

*  Plus additional capacity for industrial wastes.

-------
                                                                     27
                            TABLE VIII
           SUMMARY OF SEWERAGE DATA FOR WILLAMETTE BASIN

Population served by sewers
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by sewers but not
treatment
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Number of sewage treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by primary treatment
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Number of primary treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Population served by secondary
treatment
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
Number of secondary treatment plants
(a) Main river
(b) Tributaries
(c) Entire basin
1938

305,900
32,600
338,500


305,900
13,900
319,800

0
18,700
18,700

0
22
22

0
13,500
13,500

0
20
20


0
5,200
5,200

0
2
2
1957

507,450
78,970
586,420


41,850
850
42,700

465,600
78,120
543,720

20
60
80

127,950
17,400
145,350

17
15
32


337,650
60,720
398,370

3
45
48
1963

603,600
126,060
729,660


7,650
850
8,500

595,950
125,210
721,160

21
88
109

101,650
14,650
116,300

10
12
22


494,300
110,560
604,860

11
76
87
NOTE:  Gresham and Portland are included in the above data because both
       cities are located in the Willamette River Basin but their sewage
       treatment plants discharge to the Columbia River.  Because they
       discharge to the Columbia they are considered the equivalent of
       secondary treatment as far as the Willamette River is concerned.

-------
                                     TABLE IX
                    WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
No. Status Location
015
016
001
022


027
031

040
051
033
052

059
060

030
037
061
064
3
3
3
3


3
3

3
3
3
3

3
3

3
3
3
2
Albany
Lebanon
Tigard
Sunset
Valley
Sub- total
Hillsboro
Cornelius
Sub- total
Oak Grove
Name of Applicant Pop
City of Albany
City of Lebanon
Tigard San. Dist.
Sunset Valley
San. Dist.
1957
City of Hillsboro
City of Cornelius
1958
Oak Lodge San. Dist.
Fanno Creek Multnomah County
West Slope
Estacada
Sub- total
Woodburn
Oak Lodge

Salem
Eugene
Creswell
Newberg
West Slope San. Dist.
City of Estacada
1959
City of Woodburn
Oak Lodge San.
Dist. 2
City of Salem
City of Eugene
City of Creswell
City of Newberg
4
3
1

2

3
1

3
5
2
1

1

2
5
5
1
2
Desc
1
1
1

6

7
1

5
7
8
9

3

3
3
1
9
5
Type
3
2
1

3

1
1

1
1
1
1

1

1
1
7
1
5
Estimated Eligible Federal Grant
Cost of Project Offer
$ 15,527
43,762
87,197

212.139
358,625
515,422
150.504
665.926
846,676
1,487,107
855,375
223,589
3,412,748
41,722

206,573
143,504
643,997
71,860
295.409
$ 4
13
26

63
107
154
45
199
250
250
250
67
817
12

61
43
193
20
88
,658.16
,128.51
,159.19

.641.67
,587.53
,626.67
.151.00
,777.67
,000.00
,000.00
,000.00
.070.00
,070.00
,510.00

,970.00
,051.31
,199.37
,420.00
.620.00
Approved
Month-Year
2
2
2

9

1
8

5
9
11
12

7

8
8
9
11
12
57
57
57

57

58
58

59
59
59
59

60

60
60
60
60
60
Sub-total 1960
1,403,065
419,770.68

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TABLE IX
(Continued)
No. Status
068
070
058
079
065
3
3
3
3
2
Location
Scio
Springfield
Milwaukie
Lake Oswego
Portland
Name of Applicant
City of Scio
City of Springfield
City of Milwaukie
City of Lake Oswego
City of Portland
Pop Desc Type
1
4
3
3
5
9
1
1
7
5
1
2
2
2
1
Sub- total 1961
Sub-total 1937-1961 (original term of
190
089
069
066
097
099
049
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
Beaverton
Eugene
Silver ton
West Linn
Monmouth
Yamhill
Stayton
City of Beaverton
City of Eugene
City of Silverton
City of West Linn
City of Monmouth
City of Yamhill
City of Stayton
3
6
2
2
1
1
1
PL
1
3
1
1
9
5
1
660)
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
Sub-total 1962
075
108

109

120
134

127
143
129
141
2
2

3

2
2

2
2
2
1
Oregon City
Lafayette

McMinnville

Woodburn
Beaverton

Salem
Sherwood
Cor va His
Tigard
City of Oregon City
City of Lafayette
APW
Cityof McMinnville
APW
City of Woodburn
Sunset Valley
San. Dist.
City of Salem
City of Sherwood
City of Corvallis
City of Tigard
4

1

3
2

2
5
1
4
1
1

9

7
1

4
5
4
3
5
7

1

2
2

5
1
2
1
2
Estimated Eligible Federal Grant
Cost of Project Offer
$ 35
1,017
192
1,374
1.589
4,210
10,050
149
1,200
200
206
174
91
154
2,178
337

61

65
263

300
3,770
209
251
318
,876
,891
,770
,286
,570
,393
,757
,907
,000
,850
,861
,652
,660
,394
,324
,730

,000

,941
,034

,009
,100
,840
,171
,800
10,700.00
250,000.00
57,830.00
250,000.00
250.000.00
818,530.00
2,362,735.88
43,850.00
250,000.00
60,250.00
62,050.00
46,830.00
27,490.00
41.770.00
532,240.00
101,310.00

30,500.00

32,970.00
75,990.00

85,890.00
600,000.00
62,950.00
75,350.00
95.630.00
Approved
Month-Year
7
7
10
11
11


8
8
8
8
10
10
12

1

2

2
4

7
7
7
8
8
61
61
61
61
61


62
62
62
62
62
62
62

63

63

63
63

63
63
63
63
63
Sub-Total 1963
5,577,625
1,160,590.00

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                                                    TABLE IX
                                                  (Continued)
No.  Status  Location    Name of Applicant
                 Estimated Eligible  Federal Grant   Approved
Pop  Desc  Type   Cost of Project        Offer      Month-Year
130
148
122
140
156
154
157
126
163


1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1


Brownsville City of Brownsville
Whit ford McKay Multnomah County
Lebanon City of Lebanon
Aloha Aloha S D
Forest Gove City of Forest Grove
Salem City of Salem
Gervais City of Gervais
Dayton City of Dayton
Lake Oswego City of Lake Oswego
Sub- total 1964
Sub- total 1962 - 1964
1
1
2
4
3
4
1
1
3


9
3
3
7
1
3
9
9
3


1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2


194,000
14,936
93,270
1,848,000
620,000
649,900
51,020
80,000
66,410
3.617.536
11.373.435
58,200.00
4,480.00
27,980.00
122,663.63
186,000.00
194,970.00
15,300.00
24,000.00
19,920.00
653.513.61
2.346.343.63
1
1
2
4
7
7
9
10
11


64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64


             Total 1957 - 1964, Incl.
                   21.424.192
4.709.079.51

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                                                                    31
     Since 1961 the provisions of F.L. 660 have been applied by the




Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, U. S. Public Health




Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Pacific




Northwest office under the Columbia River Basin Project for Water




Supply and Water Quality Management.  Activities of the Project in




the Willamette River Basin have included investigations of water




quality and the uses of water affected by quality.




     Specific activities directly pertaining to water pollution con-




trol have included surveys in the Harbor, Newberg pool and several




storage reservoirs.  Joint studies with the OSSA included sampling




from the river and sewage treatment plants from Springfield to




Portland.  Time of passage has been determined for the main stem and




lower reaches of tributaries through a coordinated inter-agency




effort.  Much of the information has been applied to a computer pro-




gram to determine the flow and treatment combinations required to




reduce the organic load and raise the dissolved oxygen in the river




to a desirable level.  A report setting forth a program for water




quality management will be published in 1965 by the Public Health




Service Columbia River Basin Project Office.

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                                                                    32





     Significant findings of works done during the period 1961 - 64



include:




     1.  Treatment or reduction of organic wastes has not yet reached




the 85 percent level previously recommended and ordered by the OSSA.




     2.  The dissolved oxygen level is less than satisfactory




(5 mg/1) at times in the Portland Harbor, and at other locations such



as the South Santiam River below Lebanon.




     3.  The bacterial contamination level is too high in many areas



for water contact recreation.




     4.  There is an increasing demand for water of reasonable



quality for all uses.




     5.  The application of present-day waste treatment technology




has not kept pace with other advancements in the basin.




     6.  Reduction of waste at its source and flow regulation are



inseparable essential elements of a water quality management program




for the Willamette River and its tributaries.




     7.  Pulp and paper mills are the largest contributors of waste




in the basin.  All mills have complied with orders of the Oregon



State Sanitary Authority to provide plans and time tables for appli-




cation of waste reduction practices and facilities.  A list of the




mills and their capacities is given in Table X.




     The change of dissolved oxygen as between Oregon City and Swan




Island is illustrated by Figure 5.  The relationship between stream-




flow - water temperature and dissolved oxygen also is shown by the




curves.  The organic load from pulp mills is very high during periods

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                                                 TABLE X

                             PULP AND PAPER HILLS LOCATED IN WILLAMETTE BASIN
Name
Year
Built
   Process     Critical Period
Capacity T/D     Waste Treatment
                         Place of Discharge
Weyerhaeuser Company            1949
Springfield

Crown Ze Her bach Corporation    1890
Lebanon

Western Kraft Corporation       1955
Albany

Columbia River Paper Company    1923
(Oregon Pulp and Paper)
Salem

Spaulding Pulp and Paper Co.    1926
Newberg (Recently acquired by
    Publishers Paper Co.)
Crown Zellerback Corporation    1888
(Crown Willamette Paper Co.)
West Linn
Publishers Paper Co.            1908
(Hawley Pulp and Paper)
Oregon City
                 Kraft
                  415

                Sulfite
                  100

                 Kraft
                  420

                Sulfite
                  150
                Sulfite
                  150

                Sulfite
                  150
              Ground Wood
                  280

                Sulfite
                  200
              Ground Wood
                  330
Evaporation & burning
with land irrigation

Evaporation & burning
or spray drying
                                        McKenzie River
                                        Slough to South
                                        Santiam River
Evaporation & burning    Willamette River
Summer lagooning with
winter discharge
Summer lagooning with
winter discharge

Summer lagooning with
winter discharge
Summer barging to
Columbia River
                                        Willamette River
                                        Willamette River
                                        Willamette River
                                        Willamette River

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                 Figure 5
         WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
         D.O. ft TEMPERATURE
         1964
J AN IFE Bl MAR I APR 
-------
                                                                    35




of high flow as a result of lagoon dumping and direct discharge of




strong wastes, but there is not a depression of D.O.




     Bacterial contamination levels of the main stem are graphically




shown by Figure 6.  The river has been posted as unfit for swimming




at several points nearly every summer.  Some of the areas are favorite




water-skiing locations such as at Newberg and the Sellwood Bridge in




Portland.



     The results of pollution control are made obvious by Figure 7;




however, improvement is still needed.

-------
   50-

   40-

   30-
O
o
-  10
 to

"O
 O
 O
5-

4-

3-
o
o
li
Cr  -5

O  .4
8
    .1
                      Figure 6.  Bacteriological Profile Willamette River
                          Total  Conforms
             3

             III
             180
               160
120
100
80
e'o
20
 August - September, 1962

    USPHS Survey
                               RIVER   MILES
                                                                           LO

-------
                Figure 7
        WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN

    DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILE
180  160  140   120  100  80   60  40
         RIVER MILES (from Mouth)
                               O.S.S.A.Dota

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                                                                   38

                          APPENDIX I

      THE PROGRAM OF THE OREGON STATE SANITARY AUTHORITY
      FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE WILLAMETTE BASIN 1'


      The State of Oregon, since 1939, has been conducting a compre-

hensive program for the abatement and control of water pollution in

the Willamette Basin.  It has been under the direction and super-

vision of the Oregon State Sanitary Authority and has been based on

a public policy established by a vote of the people in 1938.

      The objectives of the State's program, as set forth in the law,

have been to restore and maintain a reasonable degree of purity in all

the waters of the river system for the protection and conservation of

public health, recreational enjoyment of the people, the economic and

industrial development of the basin, for the protection of property,

and for the conservation of human, plant, aquatic and animal life.

      When the program was first started, the major pollution problems

were the bacterial contamination caused by the discharge of raw or

inadequately treated sewage and the oxygen depletion caused by both

municipal sewage and industrial wastes.

      Following its creation in 1939, the State Sanitary Authority

immediately notified all the cities and industries of their responsi-

bility to abate their share of the pollution in the waters of the

Willamette River system.


JL/  Mr. Kenneth H. Spies, Secretary and Chief Engineer, Oregon State
    Sanitary Authority (Communication to W. W. Towne, Project Director,
    Columbia River Basin Project).

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                                                                   39




      It was 1957, however, some eighteen years later, before all



cities and major communities along the main stem of the river had




finally complied with the original directive of the Sanitary




Authority that at least primary treatment and chlorination be pro-




vided for all domestic or municipal sewage effluents discharged into




that portion of the river system.  On the smaller tributary streams



secondary treatment was required from the start of the program and




by 1957 most of the sewered communities in those parts of the basin




had provided such facilities.




      In February 1950 a public hearing was held by the Sanitary




Authority in the matter of waste disposal by five sulphite pulp and




paper mills located on the South Santiam at Lebanon and on the main




Willamette at Salem, Newberg, West Linn and Oregon City.  It was de-




termined at that time that the wastes from these mills were responsible




for approximately ninety-one percent of the oxygen demand in the South




Santiam and approximately eighty-four percent of the oxygen demand in



the main Willamette.




      As a result of the demand of these and other wastes the dis-




solved oxygen content in both the South Santiam and the lower



Willamette Rivers would on occasions every summer and fall drop to




zero, thereby making it impossible for fish and other aquatic life to




survive.



      In response to an order entered by the Sanitary Authority




following the 1950 hearing, the five sulphite pulp and paper mills




proceeded immediately to develop plans for and by the summer of 1952

-------
                                                                   40




placed into operation special facilities for the treatment or dis-




posal of their concentrated wastes, namely, the spent sulphite




liquors resulting from the production of pulp.  Their other wastes




were permitted to be discharged without treatment into the river.




The facilities which have since been employed each summer and fall




(June through October) by these mills for this purpose include:




(1)  concentration by evaporation followed by either burning or



spray drying for recovery of a salable by-product at the Lebanon




mill, (2) impoundment in open reservoirs or lagoons with subsequent




release to the river during periods of high stream flow at the Salem,




Newberg, and West Linn mills, and (3) barging of the concentrated




spent sulphite liquor to the Columbia River from the Oregon City




mill.



      Beginning in 1950, the Sanitary Authority each year has con-




ducted routine monitoring surveys of the main Willamette River and




major tributaries for the purpose of determining the effectiveness



of the various sewage and waste treatment works installed under its




program by the cities, communities and industries located throughout




the basin.




      During the summer and fall of 1957 a comprehensive survey or




study of all existing sources of pollution in the basin was con-




ducted by the Authority's staff.  This study disclosed that during




the period 1939 to 1957 the total sewered population of the basin




had increased seventy-three percent and the total industrial waste




loading, prior to treatment, had increased ninety-three percent.

-------
                                                                   41




Because of these tremendous increases in population and industrial




waste loadings, the oxygen demand of all the effluents being dis-




charged into the river system in 1957 was only sixteen percent less




than it was in 1939, even though in the meantime practically all




cities and industries had installed sewage and waste treatment works.



      The bacterial contamination of the river during the summer of




1957 was still so excessive that the waters were a hazard to public




health and in August of that year the dissolved oxygen concentration



of the water in Portland Harbor dropped to a low of 0.6 ppm with the




average daily low for that month being only 1.5 ppm.




      It was therefore clearly evident that primary treatment and




effluent chlorination for the cities and communities on the main




river and the terms of the Sanitary Authority's 1950 order pertaining




to pulp mill wastes were not adequate to restore and maintain the




required degree of purity in that part of the Willamette River system.




      As a consequence, the Sanitary Authority early in 1958 in-



structed (a) the cities of Eugene, Salem and Newberg, primarily be-




cause of their high industrial waste loadings, to install secondary




sewage treatment facilities as soon as possible, (b) the City of



Portland to accelerate its construction program for completing the




interception and treatment of sewage and wastes still being dis-



charged into the tidal reach of the river, and (c) the five sulphite



pulp and paper mills to reduce further their pollution loads.




      Pursuant to those instructions from the Sanitary Authority,




the City of Eugene which had completed its primary treatment plant

-------
                                                                  42



less than four years earlier proceeded immediately to enlarge and




improve its sewage disposal facilities and in 1961 completed the




installation of secondary treatment works with capacity for serving




a total population equivalent of 75,000 persons.




      However, the City of Portland, which previously had spent




nearly $19,000,000 for construction of a master interceptor sewer




system and treatment works, failed to make satisfactory progress in



accelerating its program to complete its sewage collection and




treatment works.  The Sanitary Authority, therefore, in October 1958




held a public hearing and later entered a formal order directing



that city to proceed with its project.  Progress on the part of the




city was still not forthcoming and so in March 1959 the State insti-




tued legal action against the city.  Finally, in November 1960 the



Portland voters approved a pay-as-you-go program to provide approxi-



mately $1,500,000 per year by means of an increased monthly sewer




service charge for financing new construction and as a consequence



the Sanitary Authority early in 1961 dismissed its complaint against




the city.




      In the meantime, in September 1960, another public hearing




had been held by the Sanitary Authority and as a result of that




hearing all cities and communities along the lower Willamette River




from Salem downstream were ordered to install secondary sewage treat-




ment works by December 15, 1963.  In compliance with that order the




following cities and communities have since completed construction of




their required projects:  Canby, Marylhurst, Milwaukie, Newberg,

-------
                                                                   43



Oak Lodge Sanitary District (also serves Willamette Manor and Oak




Grove School), Oregon City (also serves Gladstone), Salem, Tryon




Creek and West Linn (two plants - Bolton and Willamette).




      Pending completion of the necessary interceptor sewers, the




Milwaukie plant will serve Waverley Heights, the Tryon Creek plant




will serve the City of Lake Oswego, Lewis and Clark College and the




Dunthorpe-Riverdale County Sewer District, and the Salem plant will



serve Manbrin Gardens.




      The Salem project was finally completed in October 1964 at a



cost of nearly $5,000,000.  It included a new interceptor and outfall




sewer and a new secondary treatment plant with capacity to serve an




ultimate population equivalent of 455,000.  It replaced the city's




original primary plant built in 1952 for a population equivalent of




only 60,000.  The new plant was designed to treat not only the




sewage from the city and the surrounding suburban fringe areas, but



also the wastes from the several large fruit and vegetable process-




ing plants and other smaller industries located in the city.  The




population equivalent of the load on the Salem plant in 1962 was




approximately 70,000 domestic sewage and 245,000 industrial wastes.




      The September 1960 order of the Sanitary Authority therefore




resulted in the construction of two new plants, the replacement of




one existing plant, the addition of secondary treatment to seven



existing primary plants and the abandonment of five existing in-




adequate plants.

-------
                                                                   44
      In June 1964 the members of the Sanitary Authority, after re-
viewing a detailed report prepared by their engineering staff, adopted
as a policy the following revised sewage and waste treatment require-
ments for the Willamette Basin:
      (1)  All industrial wastes from each pulp and paper mill in
the Basin must year round receive primary sedimentation or equivalent
treatment for removal of settleable solids.
      (2)  Each sulphite pulp and paper mill, in addition to year
round settleable solids removal, must during the period of critical
stream flow (June to October, inclusive) effect an eighty-five per-
cent reduction in the BOD loading of the effluents from the entire
mill.
      (3)  All other sewage and waste effluents must receive secondary
treatment equal to eighty-five percent removal of BOD and suspended
solids.
      (4)  Higher degrees of treatment may be required in some cases
depending upon the size and nature of the waste load and of the re-
ceiving stream.
      (5)  The deadline for meeting these requirements to be December
1966.
      The officials of the sulphite pulp and paper mills were in-
structed to immediately undertake comprehensive engineering s tudies
for determining satisfactory solutions to their individual mill
problems and to submit a report and preliminary plan to the Sanitary
Authority by January 1965.  Because of subsequent unexpected mill
shutdowns due to strikes and floods, the deadline for submission of

-------
                                                                    45
the reports was later extended to April 1965.
    In February 1965 the Sanitary Authority gave tentative approval to
a proposed plan submitted by the Portland City Council for construction
of the additional interceptor sewers and treatment works needed to abate
the pollution still being caused in the lower Willamette River by the
discharge of raw sewage and untreated industrial wastes from sewers
located within the city.  The proposal called for completion of facili-
ties for the northwest portion of the city within three years and com-
pletion of the entire project within six years.  The total cost of the
needed improvements was estimated to be more than $14,000,000.
    The first unit of the Portland interceptor project was installed in
1947.  By December 1964 the city had awarded construction contracts total-
ing nearly $22,000,000.  An additional $7,900,000 had bden spent on
plant operation and debt service.  The Portland project,  when completed,
will include the interception of some 65 city-owned outfall sewers and
several private sewers which previously discharged raw sewage and wastes
into the Willamette River and Columbia Slough.  The entire flow will be
given primary treatment including chlorination before being discharged
into the main Columbia River.  The present plant which was built in
1951 to handle an average daily flow of 60 million gallons will be
enlarged to handle 100 mgd average flow and 300 mgd maximum flow.
    At the upper end of the main stem of the Willamette are located
 the two cities of Springfield and Eugene, both of which  have cooperated
 very well in complying with the requirements of the Sanitary Authority.

-------
                                                                  46




During 1961 - 62 the city of Springfield spent more than $2,000,000




increasing the capacity from 15,000 to 40,000 PE and improving the




efficiency of its secondary treatment works, and extending sewer




service to 6,000 persons in a recently annexed area.  These projects




were needed to abate or control pollution in both the main Willamette




and the McKenzie Rivers.




      In 1962-1964 the voters of Eugene approved general obligation




bond issues totaling $17,000,000 for the purpose of (a) further ex-




pansion and improvement of the city's sewage treatment works, (b)




building trunk sewers and lift stations needed to provide sewer




service for 6,000 persons in the Willakenzie area and 7,500 persons




in the Bethel-Danebo area, both recently annexed to the city, and




(c) separation of storm water and sanitary sewage in the portion of




the city served by combined sewers.




      The Eugene sewage plant was originally built in 1954 and had




capacity to provide primary treatment for a PE of 50,000.  In 1961




secondary treatment units were added and the design capacity was in-




creased to 75,000.  By 1966 the plant will be further enlarged to




provide secondary treatment (85% BOD removal) for an ultimate PE of




440,500.  With the completion of these additional projects the city




of Eugene since 1946 will have spent more than $20,000,000 for sewage




and waste collection and treatment.




      Also, in the upper part of the basin the Weyerhaeuser Company




in 1949 installed a new 150-ton per day unbleached Kraft pulp mill




at Springfield.  In compliance with Sanitary Authority requirements

-------
                                                                    47




every possible precaution known to be available at that time was taken




by the company in order to protect the quality of the McKenzie River




into which the mill effluent was discharged.  As a consequence, no




detrimental effects were caused in the downstream waters when this




mill started operation.  In 1951 the company increased the capacity




of the mill to 250 tons per day and by 1954 the average daily pro-




duction had been further increased to 350 tons per day.  Since 1959




maximum daily production figures have been well above 400 tons.




      Following the expansion of the mill in 1954 serious odor nuisances




and slime conditions started to develop during the summer of 1955 in




the downstream waters of the McKenzie River.  The company was in-




structed by the Authority to abate the pollution and in 1956 chlori-




nation and temporary impoundment of the strong condensates were used




to alleviate the problem.  It should be pointed out that at no time




has the discharge of effluent from this mill caused any significant




drop in the dissolved oxygen content of the river.  The DO downstream




from the mill has always been above 8.0 ppm.




      The company continued its efforts to improve the efficiency of




solids recovery and by 1959 had developed methods for extensive re-




use and recirculation of process waters which, together with other in-




plant controls made it possible for them to reduce the pollution load




on the stream to less than one-half of what it had been in 1957 and




1958.  As a consequence, the nuisance conditions in the receiving




stream were practically eliminated.  Still striving to effect further




reductions in its pollution load, the company in 1961 inaugurated the

-------
                                                                  43






practice of using the strong evaporator condensate wastes for irri-




gation of adjacent farm land.  As a result the downstream waters




during subsequent summers have been maintained in a most acceptable




condition.




      Early in 1964 the Weyerhaeuser Company announced plans to again




enlarge its Springfield mill, this time to a total of 1,150 tons per




day.  To prevent pollution of the McKenzie River the company has pro-




posed to install the most efficient process and control equipment




available, to employ almost complete recycling and reuse of pulping




process waters, and during the summer to double the present amount of




irrigation.  By so doing, the company estimates that the BOD loading




during the winter will not exceed 9-1/2 pounds per ADT and when irri-




gating in the summer will be only 3-1/3 pounds per ADT.  In 1963-1964




the BOD loading on the river from this mill averaged 21 pounds per




ADT of product when not irrigating.  With irrigation it was only 12




pounds per ADT.




      It is not unusual for the pollution load from the chemical pro-




duction of wood pulp when the process does not include recovery of heat




and chemicals to amount to as much as 600 pounds of BOD per ADT of




pulp.  The proposal for the Springfield mill therefore represents an




efficiency of 98.4 percent when not irrigating and 99.5 percent with




irrigation.




      In 1955 a second Kraft pulp mill was built in the Willamette




Basin.  It is located a short distance downstream on the main




Willamette from the city of Albany and is owned by Western Kraft

-------
                                                                   49





Corporation.  Initially it had a capacity of only 120 tons of un-




bleached pulp per day, but this was soon increased to 250 tons per




day.  By 1964 the mill was producing as much as 450 tons per day.




In order to reduce slime growths which developed in the receiving




stream during the summers, the company has since constructed an




earthen settling basin for removal of settleable solids from the




waste effluent during the summer and fall months, has installed in-




plant controls, and has increased the practice of recycling and re-




use of process waters, thereby effecting better removal of solids.




As a result, the BOD losses for this mill have averaged approximately




20 pound per ton of pulp and during the past few years the downstream




waters of the Willamette have been maintained in a fairly acceptable




condition.




      For the 150-ton per day sulphite pulp mill at Salem, the owners




in 1951, in response to the 1950 order of the Sanitary Authority,




built a 70,000,000 gallon lagoon for impoundment of the spent sulphite




liquor during the summer and fall months.  This functioned reasonably




well for about six years and then leaks developed which resulted in




gross pollution of an adjacent slough and the creation of a serious



air pollution problem within the city of Salem.  In 1959, therefore,




the company constructed a new 50,000,000 gallon lagoon at a cost of




$100,000.  This did not have sufficient capacity to store all the




pulp mill wastes during the entire period of critical stream flow;




so in 1964, in response to instructions from the Sanitary Authority,




the Boise Cascade Corporation, new owners of the mill, constructed

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                                                                   so

still another lagoon, this one with a capacity of 100,000,000 gallons.

It is now possible for this company with these two lagoons to store

all of its pulp mill wastes during the summer and fall months and by

so doing to reduce its pollution load by 90 to 95 percent.  Except

for the need for removal of settleable solids from the paper mill

wastes, this plant presently complies with the waste treatment require-

ments of the Sanitary Authority.

      During the summer of 1963 the four sulphite mills reduced their

total pollution load by 75.5 percent.  The efficiencies of the indi-

vidual mills were:

                  Boise Cascade at Salem    94.6%

                  Spaulding at Newberg      66.7%

                  Crown Ze Her bach at
                    West Linn               74.5%

                  Publishers at
                    Oregon City             73.4%

      As previously stated, these four mills under the revised policy

of the Sanitary Authority will be required to effect, during the summer

BOD removals of at least 85% and to provide year round removal of

settleable solids before 1967.

      In 1953 the Crown Ze Herbach Corporation converted its 90-ton

per day sulphite pulp mill at Lebanon from the calcium to the ammonia

base process and since then has been concentrating its spent sulphite

liquor by evaporation so that it can be either burned or spray dried

By this means the company has been able to reduce the oxygen demand of

its waste effluent discharged to the South Santiam by about 80%.  In

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                                                                  51






1964 the BOD loading to the stream averaged approximately one hundred




pounds per ton of pulp produced.  To further protect the river the




company each summer builds a small overflow dam at the lower end of




the slough into which the wastes are discharged, thereby obtaining




some aeration and natural purification of the wastes before they



reach the main stream.




      During the summer a large portion of the flow in the South




Santiam is diverted above Lebanon for other uses and consequently




there is not sufficient flow left in the stream to handle satisfactor-



ily the residual pollution load of the pulp mill effluent.  Either the



pulp mill will have to effect further reductions in its waste loading



or there will have to be considerable augmentation of the low stream



flow during the summer by the release of impounded waters if a reason-




able degree of purity is to be maintained year round in this important




tributary of the Willamette.




      In summary it can be stated that since the start of the Sanitary




Authority's program in 1939, considerable progress has been made in




the abatement and control of pollution in the Willamette Basin.  From




1946 through 1963 more than $75,000,000 was spent for new and improved



sewerage facilities.  Unfortunately the amount spent for industrial




waste treatment and disposal is not known although it has been con-




siderable.



      At the end of 1963 there were 109 public and semi-public sewage




treatment plants in operation in the basin serving more than 721,000




persons or 98.8 percent of the total sewered population, whereas in

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1939 there were only twenty-two such plants in operation serving



some 18,700 persons, or only 5.5 percent of the sewered population.




By 1967, or 1968 at the latest, it is expected that practically one




hundred percent of the sewered population will be served by secondary



treatment.

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                                                                    53

                            APPENDIX II


    The following list of articles, publications and theses is based

on "Publications and Graduate Theses in Water Research at Oregon State

University1,1 July 1, 1961, and a communication from Professor Fred J.

Burgess, Assistant to the Dean, Oregon State University School of

Engineering.  These are provided as a partial bibliography of avail-

able information concerning the factors of pollution in the Willamette

River Basin, Oregon.  Additional data and information are available

from agencies and organizations using, regulating, or studying the

river system.

                  PUBLICATIONS IN WATER RESEARCH

  Davis, R. C., Wilbur P. Breese, Charles E. Warren and Peter
   Doudoroff, 1959:  Experiments on the dissolved oxygen require-
     ments of cold-water fishes.  Sewage and Indust. Wastes 31:
     950-966.  Reprinted as Techn. Paper 1113, Ag. Exp. Sta., Or eg.
     State Univ., Corvallis.

  Doudoroff, Peter and Charles E. Warren, 1957:  Biological indices
     of water pollution, with special reference to fish populations.
     In Biological Problems in Water Pollution (Transactions of the
     1956 Seminar) R. A. Taft Sanitary Eng. Center, U.S. Public
     Health Serv., Cincinnati, Ohio: 144-163.  Reprinted 1958 as
     Misc. Paper 31, Ag. Exp. Stat., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

  Jonesr B. F., Charles E. Warren, Carl E. Bond and Peter Doudoroff.
   1956;  Avoidance reactions of salmonoid fishes to pulp mill
     effluents.  Sewage and Indst. Wastes 28:1403-1413.  Reprinted
     as Tech. Paper 969, Ag. Exp. Sta., Oregon State Univ.,Corvallis.

  Katz, Max, Austin Pritchard and Charles E. Warren, 1959:  Ability
     of some salmonids and a centrarchid to swim in water of re-
     duced oxygen content.  Trans. Araerc. Fish. Soc. 8_8:88-95.  Re-
     printed as Techn. Paper 1114., Ag. Exp. Sta., Oreg. State Univ.
     Corvallis.

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                                                                  54
Warren, Charles £. and Peter Doudoroff, 1958:  The development of
   methods for using bioassays in the control of pulp mill waste
   disposal.  Tappi 41;  211A-216A.  Reprinted as Misc. Paper 44,
   Ag. Exp. Station, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis.

Whitmore, C. M., Charles E. Warren and Peter Doudoroff, 1960:
   Avoidance reactions of salmonid and centrarchid fishes .to
   low oxygen concentrations.  Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 89; 17-26.
   Reprinted as Techn. Paper 1205, Ag. Exp., Sta., Oregon State
   Univ., Corvallis.

                        MASTER'S THESES

Davis, Gerald Evert, 1960:  The influence of dissolved oxygen
   concentration on the swimming performance of juvenile coho
   salmon at different temperatures. 50 pp.

Davison, Robert Chalmers, 1954:  Some effects of low concen-
   trations of dissolved oxygen upon juvenile silver salmon.
   48 pp.

DeWitt, John William, Jr., 1949:  The effects of Kraft mill
   effluents on nymphs of Callibaetis sp. (Ephemeroptera)
   and Acroneuria pacifica (Plecoptera).

Feigner, Kenneth, 1963:  An evaluation of temperature re-
   duction on low flow augmentation requirements for dissolved
   oxygen control.

Gleeson, George Walter, 1936:  A Sanitary survey of the
   Willamette River from Sellwood Bridge to the Columbia.
   59 pp.

Haydu, Eugene Peter, 1949:  The effects of Kraft mill
   waste effluents on king and silver salmon. 71 pp.

Herrmann, Robert Bernard, 1958:  Growth of juvenile coho
   salmon at various concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
   82 pp.

Howard, Edgar Fuller, 1934:  The biochemical oxygen demand
   studies of sewage and industrial wastes in the
   Willamette Valley.  81 pp.

Jones, Benjamin Franklin, 1955:  The avoidance reactions
   of Chinook salmon, Oncorphynchus tschawytscha
   (Walbaum), and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch
   Walbaum), to paper mill effluents.

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                                                                    55
Karl, Earl Nyhus, 1963:  An evaluation of Che oxygen resource in
   the Lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period.

Leman, Bernard Dale, 1955:  A biological study of pollution in
   Rickreal Creek, Oregon.  43 pp.

McNeil, William John, 1956:  The influence of carbon dioxide and
   pH on the dissolved oxygen requirements of some fresh-water
   fish.

Noble, Richard Earl, 1952:  The Willamette River fishes as biolog-
   ical indicators of pollution.  131 pp.

Oliszewski, Casimir, 1954:  Water utilization and development in
   the Willamette River Basin. 100 pp.

Pailthorp, Robert E., 1957:  Removal of beet color from waste by
   treatment with trickling filters.

Shumway, Dean Lee, 1960:  The influence of water velocity on the
   development of salmonid embryos at low oxygen levels.  49 pp.

Silver, Stuart Jayson, 1960:  The influence of water velocity and
   dissolved oxygen on the development of salmonid embryos. 50 pp.

Whitmore, Cecil Marion, 1957:  Avoidance reactions of some
   salmonid and centrarchid fishes to low concentrations of
   dissolved oxygen.

Whitsell, Wilbur John, 1949:  Variations in quality of water in a
   typical river cross-section.  52 pp.

Worley, John L., 1963:  A system analysis method for water quality
   management by flow augmentation.

Ziebell, Charles Daniel, 1954:  Stream pollution in the South
   Santiam River, Oregon, as measured by biological indicators.

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                                                                  56
                            BIBLIOGRAPHY
 1.   Engineering Experiment  Station Bulletin  Series,  No.  1,
     "Preliminary Report on  the  Control  of Stream Pollution  in
      Oregon",  C.  V.  Langton and H.  S. Rogers, March  1929.
 2.   Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin  Series, No.  2,
     "A Sanitary Survey of the  Willamette Valley",  H.  S.  Rogers,
      C.  A.  Mockmore,  and C.  D. Adams, June 1930.
 3.   Engineering Experiment  Station  Bulletin  Series, No.  6,
     "A Sanitary Survey of the  Willamette  River  from Sellwood
      Bridge to the Columbia River", G. W. Gleeson, April 1936.
 4.   Engineering Experiment  Station  Bulletin  Series, No.  7,
     "Industrial and Domestic Wastes of  the Willamette Valley",
      G.  W.  Gleeson and F. MerryfieId, May 1936.
 5.   Engineering Experiment  Station Bulletin Series, No.  19,
     "1945 Progress  Report on Pollution  of Oregon  Streams",
      Fred Merryfield  and W. G. Wilmot,  June 1945.
 6.   Engineering Experiment  Station Bulletin Series, No. 20,
     "The  Fishes of the Willamette River System  in Relation to
      Pollution",  R.  E. Dimick and Fred Merryfield, June 1945.
 7.   Engineering Experiment  Station Bulletin Series, No. 22,
     "Industrial and  City Wastes", Fred Merryfield, W. B. Bollen,
      and F.  G.  Kachelhoffer, March 1947.
 8.   Report on Water  Quality and Waste Treatment Needs for the
     Willamette  River, Oregon  State Sanitary Authority, May 1964.


 9.   Report on Water  Pollution Control, Willamette  River  Basin,
     Water Pollution  Series No.  19, Pacific Northwest Drainage
     Basins Office, Division of Water Pollution Control,  1950


10.   Report on Water  Pollution Willamette River Basin, Supplementing
     Report on Water  Pollution Control Willamette River Basin -  1950
     Water Pollution  Series #19, Pacific Northwest  Drainage Basin Office
     Division of Water Pollution Control, 1951

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